Byte Magazine Volume 04 Number 11 - Fun and Games

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MC6809 PROCESSOR-20-BIT ADDRESS BUSDIRECTLY ADDRESSES UP TO 768K OF RAM

Performance and capabilities never before possible are nowavailable to you in the SWTPC S/09. Computer System.TheS/09 uses the Motorola MC6809 processor, the mostpowerful 8-bit general purpose MPU available. It featuresmore addressing modes than other 8-bit MPU's and anoptimized consistent instruction set enhanced by powerful16-bit instructions. This, plus 24 indexing submodes,promote the use of modern programming techniques likeposition independent code, re-entrancy and recursion.

The 20-bit address bus makes possible direct addressing ofup to 768K of memory without any slow or clumsy pro-cesses such as bank switching. RAM memory is designedwith independent control and array cards for economicalexpansion of memory. The DMA and the processor boardscan access memory independently for different tasks.

Multiuser capability is "built-in". No additional hardwareis required to operate additional terminals. A dynamicmemory management system can allocate available RAM inas small as 4K blocks to the various users or tasks.

The dual-bus motherboard design used in the S/09 makesadding I/O ports to the system quick and economical. I/Oaddress decoding for all I/O slots is supplied with the sys-tem. All serial I/O cards may be quickly programmed to runat standard baud rates from 110 to 38,400.

Both multiuser and multitasking/multiuser operating sys-tems are available for the S/09. BASIC, PASCAL and anAssembler are immediately available. Editor and Debugprograms are also available for use in system development.

S/09 complete as shown with 128K bytes of RAM memory, one parallel and two serial I/O ports. . .$2,995.00128K memory expansion card $1,995.00

Circle 356 on inquiry card.

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COMPLETE COMPUTER

In this advanced card you get a pro-fessional quality computer that meetstoday's engineering needs. And it's onethat's complete. It lets you be up andrunning fast. All you need is a powersupply and your ROM software.

The computer itself is super. Fast4 MHz operation. Capacity for 8K bytesof ROM (uses 2716 PROMs which canbe programmed by our new 32K BYTE-SAVER'8 PROM card). There's also 1K ofon-board static RAM. Further, you getstraightforward interfacing through anRS-232 serial interface with ultra-fastspeed of up to 76,800 baud — softwareprogrammable.

Other features include 24 bits of bi-directional parallel I/O and five on-board programmable timers.

Add to that vectored interrupts.

ENORMOUS EXPANDABILITY

Besides all these features the Cro-memco single card computer gives youenormous expandability if you ever needit. And it's easy to expand. First, youcan expand with the new Cromemco32K BYTESAVER PROM card mentionedabove. Then there's Cromemco's broadline of S100-bus-compatible memoryand I/O interface cards. Cards with fea-tures such as relay interface, analoginterface, graphics interface, opto-isolator input, and A/D and D/A con-version. RAM and ROM cards, too.

I"

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Card Cage 32K BYTESAVER PROM card

EASY TO USE

Another convenience that makes theModel SCC computer easy to use is ourZ-80 monitor and 3K Control BASIC (intwo ROMs). With this optional softwareyou're ready to go. The monitor givesyou 12 commands. The BASIC, with 36commands/functions, will directly ac-cess I/O ports and memory locations —and call machine language subroutines.

Finally, to simplify things to the ulti-mate, we even have convenient cardcages. Rugged card cages. They holdcards firmly. No jiggling out of sockets.

AVAILABLE NOW/LOW PRICE

The Model SCC is available now at alow price of only $450 burned-in andtested (32K BYTESAVER only $295).

So act today. Get this high-capabilitycomputer working for you right away.

a

Circle 80 on inquiry card.

Cromemco

incorporatedSpecialists in computers and peripherals280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 • (415) 964-7400

BYTE November 1979

Z-2H

QomputenAjsaiLs

......

A B

'

C Cromemco t

Low-cost hard disk computers

are here

11 megabytes of hard disk and 64 kilobytes of fast RAM in a

Z80A computer for under $10K. Two floppy drives, too.

Naturally, it's from Cromemco.

It's a reality. In Cromemco's newModel Z-2H you get all of the aboveand even more. With Cromemco youget it all.

In this new Model Z-2H you getnot only a large-storage Winchesterhard disk drive but also two floppydisk drives. In the hard disk drive youget unprecedented storage capacityat this price—11 megabytes unfor-matted.

You get speed—both in the 4 MHzZ80A microprocessor and in the fast64K RAM which has a chip accesstime of only 150 nanoseconds. Youget speed in the computer minimuminstruction execution time of 1 micro-second. You get speed in the harddisk transfer rate of 5.6 megabits/sec.

EXPANDABILITY

You get expandability, too. Thehigh-speed RAM can be expanded to512 kilobytes if you wish.

And the computer has a full 12-slotcard cage you can use for additionalRAM and interface cards.

BROADEST SOFTWARE SUPPORT

With the Z-2H you also get thebroadest software support in the

microcomputer field. Software Cro-memco is known for. Software likethis:

• Extended BASIC

• FORTRAN IV

• RATFOR (RATional FORtran)

• COBOL

• Z80 Macro Assembler

• Word Processing System

• Data Base Management

with more coming all the time.

SMALL, RUGGED, RELIABLE

With all its features the new Z-2H,including its hard disk drive, is stillhoused in just one small cabinet.

Included in that cabinet, too, isCromemco ruggedness and reliability.Cromemco is time-proved. Ourequipment is a survey winner forreliability. Of course, there's Cro-memco's all-metal cabinet. Rugged,solid. And, there's the heavy-dutypower supply (30A @ 8V, 15A @+ 18 V, and 15A @ -18V) for cir-cuitry you'll sooner or later want toplug into those free card slots.

CALL NOW

With its high performance and lowprice you KNOW this new Z-2H isgoing to be a smash. Look into itright now. Contact your Cromemcocomputer store and get our salesliterature. Find out when you cansee it. Many dealers will be showingthe Z-2H soon — and you'll want tobe there when they do.

Hard disk drive at lower left can be inter-changed just by sliding out and disconnectingplug. Seven free card slots are available.Z-2H includes printer interface card.

PRESENT CROMEMCO USERS

We've kept you in mind, too. Askabout the new Model HDD DiskDrive which can combine with yourpresent Cromemco computer to giveyou up to 22 megabytes of diskstorage.

BYTE November 1979

a

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incorporated

280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 • (415)964-7400

Tomorrow's computers now

Circle 80 on inquiry card.

m

In The Queue

EfTE November 1979Volume 4, Number 11

I

Foreground

2666104113152222

14

84

98

140

172232

SOLVING SOMA CUBE AND POLYOMINO PUZZLES by D Macdonald and Y GilrselThe serious application of computers to game problems

PROGRAMMING STRATEGIES IN THE GAME OF REVERSI by Peter B MaggsA tutorial on using the minimax theory in designing a game

A SPACECRAFT SIMULATOR by Gary SivakA space-navigation game

THE NATIONAL MICROPASTIME by Joseph / RoehrigSimulating baseball games using actual statistics

WRITING ANIMATED COMPUTER GAMES by Tony EstepThe essentials of producing animated video games

BUILD A SIMPLE DIGITAL OSCILLOSCOPE by Frank DeCaroDisplay waveforms with light-emitting diodes

Background

THE INTEL 8086 by Steve GarciaHands-on experience with a system design kit

ALPHA-BETA PRUNING by W D Maurer

A programmer's approach to simulating a chess game

INTERFACING THE PET TO A LINE PRINTER by P K GovindConnection through the PET user port plus a screen image-printing program

STACK IT UP by Charlton H Allen

Use your microprocessor's stack to your best advantage

FIVE USEFUL PROGRAMS FOR THE SC/MP by Charles A KappsUtility programs

THE CHERRY PRO KEYBOARD by Dan 5 ParkerA professional keyboard for the hobbyist

Nucleus

Editorial,

Is Pseudoscience Done by ComputersLetters, 12

Programming Quickies, 56, 192BYTE News, 81Technical Forum, 196Book Reviews, 220BYTE's Bugs, 221

Event Queue, 228, 6 Clubs and Newsletters, 236

Desk Top Wonder, 244Languages Forum, 248What's New? 249Unclassified Ads, 295Reader Service, BOMB, 296

page 26

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page 113

Cover Art: The Magic of Computers by Robert Tinney

mi

BYTE is published monthly by BYTE Publications Inc. 70 Main St, Peterborough NH 03458, a wholly-owned subsidiary of McGraw-Hill, Inc. Address all mail except subscriptionsto above address: phone (603) 924-7217. Address subscriptions, change of address, USPS Form 3579, and fulfillment questions to BYTE Subscriptions, PO Box 590, MartinsvilleNJ 08836. Second class postage paid at Peterborough NH 03458 and at additional mailing offices—USPS Publication No. 102410 (ISSN 0360-5280). Subscriptionsare $18 foroneyear, $32 for two years, and $46 for three years in the USA and its possessions. In Canada and Mexico, $20 for one year, $36 for two years, $52 for three years. $32 for one year airdelivery to Europe. $32 surface delivery elsewhere. Air delivery to selected areas at additional rates upon request. Single copy price is $2.50 in the USA and its possessions, $2.95in Canada and Mexico, $4.00 in Europe, and $4.50 elsewhere. Foreign subscriptions and sales should be remitted in United States funds drawn on a US bank. Printed in UnitedStates of America.

Address all editorial correspondence to the editor at the above address. Unacceptable manuscripts will be returned if accompanied by sufficient first class postage. Notresponsible for lost manuscripts or photos. Opinions expressed by the authors are not necessarily those of BYTE. Entire contents copyright © 1979 by BYTE Publications Inc. Allrights reserved.

BYTE* is available in microform from University Microfilms International, 300 N Zeeb Rd, Dept PR, Ann Arbor Ml 48106 USA or 18 Bedford Row, Dept PR, London WC1R 4EJENGLAND.

Subscription WATS Line: (800) 258-5485

Office hours: Mon-Thur 8:30 AM - 4:30 PMFriday 8:30 AM - Noon

November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

In This BYTE

About the Cover

The theme for this issue is"Fun and Games", using thepersonal computer to imple-ment d\/na))iic interactivefor))is of enjoyment nototherwise possible. In thecover by Robert Tinney, en-titled "The Magic of Com-puters", we find the essenceof an ancient shell gameapplied with a desk top com-puter as the missing pea.

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One of the quickest waysto gain experience with aprocessor is to actually pro-gram and interface to it. TheIntel 8086 16-bit processor isnow available for evaluationas the SDK-86 single boardcomputer. Steve Garciaevaluates the SDK-86 board.Page 14

The solution of gamessuch as Soma Cubes andpolyominoes presents thecomputer programmer witha nontrivial problem.Although the method ofsolution may seem quitestraightforward, the actualimplementation may use upexcessive amounts ofmemory or time. This wasone problem facing DouglasMacdonald and YektaGursel when they startedSolving Soma Cube andPolyomino Puzzles Using aMicrocomputer. Their finalprogram is capable of sol-ving many problems of this

sort in reasonable lengths oftime on an 8 K bytemachine.

Page 26

Peter B Maggs takesreaders behind the scenes toshow how a programmercan design a board-gameprogram using minimaxtheory, a technqiue used tomaximize one's chances ofwinning a game. Read Pro-gramming Strategies in theGame of Reversi, a tutorialarticle with broadapplicability in the field ofcomputer games.Page 66

Implementing the datastructures needed to simulatea chess game is a task thatthe average programmer isquite capable of performing.However, developing aneffective method of definingthe respective priorities forall the possible moves is a

cumbersome task whosesolution has eluded manyprogrammers. W D Maurerillustrates the use of thegame-tree diagram in amethod called Alpha-BetaPruning, a technique thatoffers a possible solution tothis problem.

Page 84

Owners of CommodorePETs often wish to havehard-copy printouts of dataappearing on their machine'svideo displays. P K Govindgives advice on how to ob-tain hard copy in Interfacingthe PET to a Line Printer.Page 98

Escape all your earthlyrestrictions and go into orbitwith A Spacecraft Simu-lator. Gary Sivak has puttogether a BASIC programto put your celestial flightskills to the test.

Page 104

One type of popularcomputer-game activity isthe simulation of sportsevents. If you have everwondered if the bestbaseball team of today couldbeat the best team of somelong-past season, you maynow be able to get at least atheoretical answer. Joseph JRoehrig developed a systemthat uses real statistical datato simulate the play ofbaseball games, and he nowshares it with us in TheNational Micropastime.Page 113

Using stacks can help tosimplify otherwise verycomplex programming pro-blems. In Stack It Up,

Charlton H Allendemonstrates a simple pro-cedure for evaluatingmathematical expressionsthat employ stack control.Page 140

Have your recentendeavors with your per-sonal computer been allwork and no play? TonyEstep discusses some of thebasic principles involved inWriting Animated ComputerGames. The software waswritten for the SOL-20, butwith minor modificationswill run on any VDM-based8080 computer.

Page 152

Even if you own aminimum computer system,you can still do interestingthings with it. Charles AKapps gives Five Useful Pro-grams for the SC/MP whichare suitable for minimumsystems. The routines can beconverted to other systems,such as the COSMAC VIPand KIM.

Page 172

Do you need a simpledevice to show logic signalscompared to the systemclock? Frank DeCaro canhelp you to Build a SimpleDigital Oscilloscope.Page 222

Where most people areparticular about the com-puter they buy, they don'tthink twice about the mostfrequently used componentof a system: the keyboard.The Cherry PRO Keyboardis Dan S Parker's choice andhe tells us why.

Page 232

Publishers

Virginia LondonerGordon R WilliamsonAssociate PublisherJohn E HayesAssistantJill ECallihan

Editorial DirectorCarl T Helmers JrExecutive EditorChristopher P MorganEditor in ChiefRaymond G A CoteSenior Book EditorBlaise W LiffickEditors

Richard S ShufordGregg WilliamsAssistant EditorsBob BraistedEditorial AssistantsGale BrittonFaith FerryNew Products EditorClubs, NewslettersCharles FreibergDraftingJon Swanson

Production Director

Nancy EstleProduction Editors

David William Hayward

Ann Graves

Faith Hanson

Warren Williamson

Robin M Moss

Anthony J Lockwood

Art Director

Ellen Bingham

Production Art

Wai Chiu Li

Christine Dixon

Holly Carmen LaBossiere

Deborah Porter

Typographers

Cheryl A HurdDebe L WheelerSherry McCarthyKathy Becker

Advertising Director

Patricia E BurgessAssistantsRuth M WalshMarion GagnonEileen KlndlAdWProd CoordinatorThomas HarveyAdvertising BillingNoreen BardsleyDon Bardsley

Circulation Manager

Gregory SpitzfadenAssistantsPamela R HeaslipAgnes E PerryMelanie BertoniBarbara EllisDealer SalesGinnie F BoudrieauAnne M BaldwinReceptionistJacqueline Earnshaw

Traffic Department

Mark SandagataThomas Yanni

Comptroller

Kevin MaguireAssistant

Mary E Fluhr

National AdvertisingSales Representatives:

Hajar Associates Inc

East

280 Hillside Av

Needham Heights MA 02194

(617) 444-3946

521 Fifth Av

New York NY 10017

(212)682-5844

Midwest

664 N Michigan Av

Suite 1010

Chicago IL 60611

(312) 337-8008

West, Southwest

1000 Elwel! Ct

Suite 227

Palo Alto CA 94303

(415) 964-0706/(714) 540-3554

Officers of McGraw-HillPublications Company: GordonL. Jones, President; Group VicePresidents: Daniel A. McMillan,James E. Boddorf; Senior VicePresidents: Russell F. Anderson,Ralph R. Schulz, Editorial; VicePresidents: James E. Hackett,Controller; Thomas H. King,Manufacturing; Robert L.Leyburn, Circulation; John W.Patten, Sales; Edward E.Schirmer, International.

Officers of the Corporation:Harold W. McGraw Jr., President,Chief Executive Officer andChairman of the Board; Robert F.Landes, Senior Vice Presidentand Secretary; Ralph J. Webb,Treasurer.

November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

>\\^

IVe seen Lanier, Vydec,

Xerox, Olivetti, and Wang.

I've chosen WORDSMITH

from MICRO DIVERSIONS.

Congressman Charlie Rose

Chairman, Policy Group

on Information and

Computers

uxjRTDsroftb

TEXT EDITOR

Yes, I'd like to learn more about Wordsmith.™ Send me your information packet.Name.

Company,

Address.

City.

State.

Zip.

Micro Diversions, Inc.8455-D Tyco Road,Vienna, Virginia 22180(703) 827-0888

BYTE November 1979 5

Look for

Shugart drives

in personal

computer systems

made by these

companies.

Altos Computer Systems

2378-B Walsh AvenueSanta Clara, CA 95050

Apple Computer

10260 Bandley Dr,Cupertino, CA 95014

Commodore Business Machines, Inc.

3330 Scott BoulevardSanta Clara, CA 95050

Digital Microsystems Inc.

(Formerly Digital Systems)4448 Piedmont Ave.Oakland, CA 94611

Imsai Mfg. Corporation

14860 Wicks Blvd.

San leandro, CA 94577

Industrial Micro Systems

633 West Katella, Suite LOrange, CA 92667

North Star Computer

2547 9th StreetBerkeley, CA 94710

Percom Data

318 BarnesGarland, TX 75042

Polymorphic Systems

460 Ward Dr.

Santa Barbara, CA 93111

Problem Solver Systems

20834 Lassen StreetChatsworth, CA 91311

Processor Applications Limited

2801 E. Valley View AvenueWestCovina, CA 91792

SD Sales

3401 W. KingsleyGarland, TX 75040

Smoke Signal Broadcasting

6304 YuccaHollywood, CA 90028

Technico Inc.

9130 Red Branch RoadColumbia, MD 21045

Texas Electronic Instruments

5636 EtheridgeHouston, TX 77087

Thinker Toys

1201 10th StreetBerkeley, CA 94710

Vista Computer Company

2807 Oregon CourtTorrance, CA 90503

Shugart

November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

Editorial

Is Pseudoscience Done byComputer Pseudo-Computer-Science?

by Carl Helmers

One of my main tasks each month is reading all the manuscripts which aresent to BYTE by authors, who are often our readers. The number of well-prepared manuscripts which come our way is fantastic, and for obviousreasons of space we can only accept so many in a given interval of time. Thus,when an unsolicited article is received, we look for a certain uniqueness of ideaand appropriateness for our readers. The article content of BYTE magazine isapproximately 90% the result of unsolicited articles. Of course, exceptionsoccur, for example, the 6809 series by Joel Boney and Terry Ritter (whichrequired a bit of encouragement in advance of its writing), or several of thearticles on LISP in our August 1979 issue, which were solicited explicitly byguest editor John Allen.

Thus, a magazine like BYTE has proven to be a self-generating forum, as thereaders interact with authors and, as they write about their own particularexperiences or pet concepts, even become authors.

This month our featured theme for the issue is loosely entitled "Fun andGames," ie, how computers can be used in various forms to implement mentalrecreations. We describe how to use computers to simulate mythical worldsand situations and to examine logically defined games and their states. Allthese topics and more fit under this general category of fun and games.

Readers who examine our table of contents, however, will find that not oneof our recent articles has been devoted to the subject of "biorhythms," this inspite of the immense popularity of biorhythm programs at every conventionor computer demonstration and a virtual flood of prospective article submis-sions on this topic. Far be it from me to belittle the concept of having harmlessfun with computers by creating fantasy trips and games. Just because one canprogram a computation does not make that computation a valid representa-tion or model of the real world — witness the fun and humor we get out offantasy games. Humor is in large measure due to a gentle (or not so gentle)bending of reality in a specific and limited context.

But some biorhythm writers start out by pontificating the veritable truth ofa hypothesis and its implications, and fail to make the point that it is all afantasy simulation. Most people writing about the biorhythm algorithmassume that it corresponds to a proven, well-documented and scientificallyvalid field of endeavor.

I am reminded of the epistemology of a former associate of mine, who shallremain anonymous. His epistemology essentially boiled down to "if it isprinted on paper it must be true . . . ." Much has been printed about the alleg-ed validity of the biorhythm mythology; there is an entire branch of thespecial-purpose computer industry devoted to cranking out biorhythmcalculators. And biorhythm programs do indeed appear in much of the salespromotional literature of personal computing. But that does not make theresults a science any more than the prevalence of adventure-style games intomorrow's computers makes any statement about the real world, other thanmankind's characteristic love of fantasy. A corollary of the "if it's printed"epistemology is the statement "if it is represented in a programmed calculation,it must be true . . . ."

"My 8 to 5 minifloi>cy™nowworks nights and weekender

"I own a fast-growing business and before Ibought my computer system I put in a lot of latehours keeping up with my accounting andinventory control. Now the computer does mynumber crunching quickly, so I have time afterhours to have some fun with the system. My sonand I started out playing Star Trek on the system,and now we're learning to play chess.

"When I was shopping around for my system,the guys i n the computer stores demonstrated allthe unique features of the minifloppy. I've got toadmit that at first I didn't really understand all thetechnical details. But now that I use the systemevery day, I really appreciate the minifloppy's fastrandom access and data transfer. I like thereliability, too.

I'm glad I went with Shugart drives. Look,when you lay out your own money for a system,you want dependable performance and goodvalue. Do what I did. Ask for the system with theminifloppy."

If it isn't Shugart,it isn't minifloppy.

=1 Shugart Associates

435 Oakmead Parkway, Sunnyvale, California 94086

See opposite page for list of manufacturers featuring Shugart's minifloppy in their systems.

TM minifloppy is a registered trademark of Shugart Associates

BYTE November 1979

As commonly stated, the biorhythm hypothesis hastwo major assertions. The first is that there exists a fixedpoint in time, namely the date of birth, when each indi-vidual's biological clock starts ticking. The second is thatthere are three well-defined periods which start in phaseat that reference point and have an integer relationship toone another. The particular integers are unimportant.Then, by doing a Fourier summation with unit amp-litudes on the three periodic waveforms, we come upwith the time domain evaluation of one's state for anygiven date after birth. Much graphic display program-ming can be done to make the results of this meaninglesscalculation look beautiful on a color terminal.

The holes in this hypothesis are obvious. First, why areinteger ratios used? After all, nature seems to abhorintegers in physical constants, especially so in com-plicated systematic entities such as biological organisms.At the level of physical constants and ratios of physicalconstants, there is only one experimental near-integer ofany prominence: the reciprocal fine structure constant(137.0360) — and even its "integerness" has become lesssignificant of late as the limits of physical precision ofmeasurement have improved.

Then, in a fallacy shared with astrology, biorhythmcalculations assume that the date of birth somehow deter-mines the whole of one's life. In view of even recentknowledge of biological organisms, why not use the dateof conception? Replies the "biorhythmaticianologist,""Oh, but we don't know that precisely! So let's usesomething we know instead!" Thus, if there were anyvalidity to a lifelong cycle, the hypothesis would start offby picking a random phase point which is the date of

birth relative to the whole lifetime of the organism. Butliving systems do not fit ad hoc assumptions. It is truethat we observe periodicities in life, even in our own per-sonal lives. But, in order to study such rhythms, the spiritof the natural science investigator must be invoked,obviously aided by the tools of calculation which arenow so widely available.

A detailed scientific dissection of biorhythms can befound in William Bainbridge's article "Biorhythms:Evaluating a Pseudoscience," in The Skeptical Enquirer,published by the Committee for the Scientific Investiga-tion of Claims of the Paranormal. Editor KendrickFrazier and the editorial board (which includes suchluminaries as Martin Gardner and Philip J Klass) arefighting a valiant fight against the doctrines of pseudo-science in today's world. The magazine is published fourtimes a year. Subscriptions are $10 a year and areavailable from the Executive Editor, The SkepticalEnquirer, POB 5 Amherst Br, Buffalo NY 14226.

Thus, the dearth of biorhythm calculation articles inBYTE will continue. But, on quite a different plane, thereis ample room for appropriate articles on personal infor-mation analysis — possibly with some attention to theidea of biological rhythms, which forms the basis for thegenuine science of chronobiology. Here we make thehypothesis that there are obvious rhythms of some vari-ables of daily life which go up and down.

To explore this hypothesis, we begin to take data onour daily personal lives using an appropriate measure-ment. This could be a single bit of information such as"today was a good day" or "today, on the balance, wasnot so good." Or it could be a series of integer evalua-

Computer Lab offers the following specials tohelp us celebrate the opening of our new store:

Integral Data Systems

Paper Tiger Printer $895.00

Cromemco TU-ART Digital

Interface Board $265.00

California Computer Systems

1 2-Slot Mainframe $359.00

Commodore Pet with

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Anadex Printer Model

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Intersystems DPS-1

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In our new store we are able to carry a wider selection of productsand have it in stock when you want it

We carry the following product lines:

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Computer Lab of New Jersey

538 Route 10

Ledgewood, New Jersey 07852

Phone (201) 584-0556

Hours: Mon, Wed, Fri - 1 0 to 6 • Tues, Thurs - 10 to 9 • Sat - 1 0 to 5

November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 65 on inquiry card.

Circle 335 on inquiry c

New from SSM.

§y^;3K

80 Character Video

our VB3 is the perfect videointerface for word processing.It produces a standard 80x24display of upper and lower casecharacters or as much as 80x51for a full page of text.The matrixfor graphic display goes up to160x204. And with optionalEPROM, as many as 256 userprogrammed characters orsymbols can be produced.

VB3 is memory mappedfor rapid screen updating. But itoccupies memory only whenactivated. So one or more VB3scan be located at the sameaddress with a full 65K of mem-ory still available to the user.

It generates both U.S. andEuropean TV rates and meetsthe new IEEE S-100 standard.Other features include key-board input, black on white orwhite on black, one level of grey,underline, strike thru, blinkingchar., blank-out char., andprogrammable cursor. Softwareincludes a CP/M compatibledriver and a powerful terminalsimulator.

VB3 is available in severalconfigurations. Retail pricesstart at $375 kit, $440 assembled.

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CB2 also features anMWRITE signal, firmwarevector jump, and an output portto control 8 extended addresslines (allowing use of more than65K of memory). Jumperoptions generate the new IEEES-100 signals to insure futureS-100 compatibility.

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Parallel Interface.

This interface can be used to connect yourApple* to a variety of parallel printers. Theprogrammable I/O ports have enough linesto handle two printers simultaneously withhandshaking control. The users manualincludes a software listing for controllingparallel printers or, if you prefer, a par-allel driver routine is available in firm-ware as an option. And printing isonly one application for this generalpurpose parallel interface.

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The AIO is the only board on the market that can interface the Appleto both serial and parallel devices. It can even do both at the sametime. That's the kind of innovative design and solid value that's beengoing into SSM products since the beginning of personal computing.The price, including PROMs and cables, is $135 in kit form, or $175assembled and tested. See the AIO at your local computerstore or contact us for more information.

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To explore this hypothesis, we begin to takedata on our daily personal lives using an appro-priate measurement. This could be a single bitof information such as "today was a good day"or "today, on the balance, was not so good."Or it could be a series of integer evaluations ofthe form "on a scale of 1 to 10, today rated 8."The important idea here is to begin taking mea-surements. When a real sequence of data hasbeen built up over several hundred days, wecan begin to check the hypothesis for validityby using a Fourier analysis of the data to isolateperiodic effects. Due to the sampling time ofonce per day, no periods could possibly be pre-sent shorter than two days, and the longestperiodicity component would be half thenumber of days in the sample. But the resultwould be a calculated spectrum for this "how Ifeel" variable. Then, one could check this con-tinuing curve for function for predictability.Besides the Fourier decomposition approach,other methods of analysis are of course pos-sible. Any of the commonly used methods forstock market "prediction" could certainly beapplied.

But the result of this "biological rhythm"exercise would be very specific and only appli-cable to the individual who makes the measure-ments. There would be no reason to assumethat any period found in this data would be thesame length as the period for any other person.I do not know what the results would be, butthe method of checking the hypothesis is pre-sent, and the means of doing such an experi-ment are within the grasp of every reader whoowns a personal computer and who can findaccess to a Fourier analysis program — such asthe Fast Fourier Transform. (See BYTEDecember 1978 and February 1979 for articleson the Fast Fourier Transform technique.)

So, to answer the question raised by thiseditorial, I would conclude with several points.First, pseudoscience is pseudoscience. Second,pseudoscience done by computer is still pseudo-science, for the tools of implementation hardlyaffect the imprecision of thought used inignoring reality.

Finally, what makes the pseudoscience apseudoscience is its element of pious fraud, anattempt to ignore contrary data and purportthat its premises describe and predict reality.When we remove any intention of purportingthat the given hypothesis is anything other thana fantasy, then the pseudoscience classificationgoes away and we can enjoy it as a game or fan-tasy.

Thus, pseudoscience done by computer ismost definitely not pseudo-computer-science,for even a biorhythm program can be correctlyimplemented from its premises! And, with thecaveat of not purporting a false scientific vali-dity to our fantasies, we can have lots of funcorrectly implementing quasi-computer sciencefantasies and games which make absurdpremises. ■

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BYTE November 1979 11

Letters

Mind Over MatterExpansion

I found your article "Mind Over Mat-ter" (June 1979 BYTE, page 149) veryinteresting. When all the componentsarrive, I hope to have an operationalmuscle monitor. A friend of mine has agreat deal of enthusiasm for brain wavemonitors, and, although I do not quitesee the magic he sees in them, the idea isintriguing.

My difficulty with building the brainwave monitor is that my knowledge ofelectronics has never gotten past thereading the Heathkit-instructions-stage.You mentioned changing the 100 K ohm

resistor on IC2 to 1 M ohm for brainwave amplification, which is OK; how-ever, then you said that bandpass filtersmust be added, and you have lost me.

I know it would be a time-consumingproject, but I thought that I would tryand trouble you for a circuit and partslist at the Heathkit-level for brain wavemonitor expansion. I assume that, alongwith input to an oscilloscope (Heathkit,naturally), the analog output could beused as input to my Cromemco DH-7AI/O board?

Frank Gizinski2060 St Clair StRacine Wl 53402

Author Ciarcia Replies:

/ hope you will have an operational musclemonitor by the time you read this. I regret,however, that I cannot comply with your re-quest. Heathkit and the Muppets both havesomething in common: because the original isdone so well and anything equivalent couldonly be accomplished with a similar effort,there are )io copies. Except through the effortof a complete article on the subject, I hesitateto do only half the job by sketching out a

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few filter circuits which ultimately demanda great deal of technical ability.

In addition to yours, many letters have re-quested expansion information. In actuality,the required circuitry would constitute a low-frequency spectrin)} analyzer. 1 will look intothe design, and use it either as ai\ articlespecifically on expansion of the "Mind overMatter" introduction, or as an additionalsupplement with one of my regular monthlyofferings. I am aware of the obvious interestin expansion, and I do try to present circuitsthat can be readily constructed.

Filially, the biofeedback interface can bereadily used with the Cromemco A/D board,if the analog output from the monitor isscaled down to 0 to 2.56 V. This can be donewith a 500 K ohm potentiometer servingessentially as a volume control. Analysis ofthe acquired data is another subject entirely.

Perhaps your strength is really software,and you will achieve success better by thismethod. The ultimate goal is to aiialyze thelow-frequency spectrum. This can be do)ieeither through hardware or software.

A Rejoycing LISPer

Had James Joyce been a computer scien-tist, he would have created LISP.

Martin D Sandman10720 Cariuto CtSan Diego CA 92124

Move Segmenting

I was gratified to see some evidence("A Digital Alphanumeric Display/'April 1979 BYTE, page 218) that some-one is beginning to realize that7 segments can portray alphanumerics,but noted that Daniel Chester's7-segment set is confusing in theserespects:

A "G" could be a "9,"

a "Q" could be a "9,"

an "S" could be a "5,"

and a "Z" could be a "2."

The following is a set which I devisedtwo years ago:

RbcdEF£HiJhLnnDP?r5tuHU(zarh)^a^dO DI^3HBB1B9

You will note that none of thesecharacters are ambiguous. Furthermore,they do not conflict with Mr Chester'sset of special characters.

Alex Funk110 E Lynch StDurham NC 27701 ■

12

November 1979 BYTE Publications Inc

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Scotch Diskettes are thediskettes you can depend uponwith the information yourbusiness depends upon.

Each one is tested andcertified error-free before itleaves our factory. Because weknow nothing less thanperfection is acceptable foryour vital business data.

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BYTE November 1979 13

Gispcis's Qipcuit Cellar

Copyright © 1979 I

I rights reserved

The Intel 8086

Steve Ciarcia

POB 582

Glastonbury CT 06033

There has been a lot of talk about16-bit microprocessors lately. Youare probably interested in how theywork and how they differ from pre-sent 8-bit microprocessors. This mayseem more important to someonedesigning systems for a living ratherthan to the casual computer ex-perimenter; but ultimately personalcomputing will be affected.

The majority of systems currentlyavailable use 8-bit processorsprimarily because few cost-effective16-bit processors were available whenthese systems were designed. As new

personal computers are conceived,the designers will have more 16-bitmicroprocessors to choose from, andin my opinion, the latter will win out.Software development is muchmore expensive than hardwaredevelopment. It is much cheaper towrite one line of code executing ahardware multiply instruction than towrite an algorithm to do the samefunction on a processor devoid of thisdirect capability. Reduced cost ofdevelopment should be reflected inlower retail cost. There are always ex-ceptions to the rule, but once amor-

f:±JND E F

4. D M 9 A 1

--I' i-J,... s

; | ... | d 5 6 7

, 1 ,. 1 0 1 2 'J

MCS-86System Design Kit

Joy. @|

Photo 1: SDK-86 system as delivered from factory.

tized and in volume production, the16-bit microprocessor should proveto be the logical choice for medium tohigh-level applications.

The Intel 8086

It isn't necessary to wait any longerif you have a burning desire to learnabout 16-bit microprocessors. Thelatest one available and in volumeproduction is the Intel 8086. The 8086is a 16-bit microprocessor which isupward-compatible from the 8-bit8080/8085 series processors. The8086 contains a set of powerful, new16-bit instructions. This enables asystem designer familiar with 8080devices to start coding immediatelyand gradually gain expertise in usingthe additional 16-bit instructions. It isimportant to realize that when I referto compatible instructions I meanfunctional compatibility. A programwritten for an 8080 would have dif-ferent object code than an 8086. Thisis only a slight inconvenience con-sidering that this former 8080 pro-gram should run about ten timesfaster on an 8086. The evolutionarystep between the 8086 and 8080 is fargreater than that between the 8080and 8008.

The apparent goal of Intel de-signers was to extend existing 8080features symmetrically and add awide range of new processing cap-abilities. The added features include16-bit multiply and divide, inter-ruptible byte-string operations, 1 Mbyte direct addressing, and enhanced

14 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Now, compare sound capabilities.Four separate sound channels and a

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Make your own comparison wher-ever personal computers are sold,

Or, send for a free chart thatcompares the built-in features

I of the ATARI 400 and 800

m' to other leading personalcomputers.

PERSONAL COMPUTER SYSTEMS

© Atari 1979

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bit manipulation. Arithmetic opera- In addition to the capability of

tions are accomplished in American handling data in bits, bytes, words,

Standard Code for Information Inter- or blocks, the 8086 incorporates

change (ASCII) or binary-coded many features formerly found only in

decimal with a one-instruction hard- minicomputer architecture. It also

ware conversion. supports such operations as reentrant

la

EXECUTION UNIT

REGISTER FILE

BUS INTERFACE UNIT

r ^^ >

DATA,

POINTER , ANDINDEX REGS(8 WORDS)

TT

RELOCATION

REGISTER FILE

SEGMENT

REGISTERS

AND

INSTRUCTION

POINTER

15 WORDS)

IT

16-BIT ALU

--)

BUS

INTERFACEUNIT

H

A19/S6

Cl>

lb "

4D'b

A, RD,

R, DEN,

6-BYTE

INSTRUCTION

QUEUE

TESTINTNMI

HOLDHLDA

CONTROL AND TIMING

1 1 TT

S2,S1iSq

CLK RESET READY MN/MX GND

code, position-independent code, anddynamically relocatable programs.

The 8086 is fabricated with a newlydeveloped, high-speed metal-oxidesemiconductor (H-MOS) processwhich is considerably faster thanstandard MOS. Running up to 8MHz, the 29,000-transistor 8086 isthe fastest single-chip central pro-cessor currently available. Unlike the8080/8085 processor's registers, the8086's registers can process 16-bit aswell as 8-bit data.

Figure la shows an internal blockdiagram of the 8086. The 16-bit arith-metic/logic instructions are handledwithin the general register files. Thissection contains four 16-bit generaldata registers, two 16-bit base pointerregisters, and two 16-bit indexregisters. Figure lb illustrates an 8086register model for comparison to the8080.

The four data registers, addressablealso in 8-bit partitions, are primarilyfrom the original 8080. There aretwice as many general-purposeregisters as there are on 8-bit pro-cessors.

The relocation register file is theother unique 8086 enhancement. Thisgroup is referred to as the segmentregister file, and extends direct ad-dressing capability to a full megabyteof memory. This file has four addresspointers which contain programrelocation values for up to four 64 Kbyte program segments. In addition,a fifth pointer serves as an I/O (in-

40 LEAD

GND C

1 40

3

AD14 C

2

39

3

AD13 C

3

38

3

AD12 C

4

37

b

AD11 C

5

36

3

AD10 C

6

35

3

AD9 C

7

34

3

AD8 C

8

33

3

AD7 C

9

32

3

AD6 C

10

31

3

AD5 Q

11

30

U

AD4 C

12

29

3

AD3 Cj

13

28

3

AD2 C

14

27

P

AD1 C

15

26

□

ADO C

16

25

3

NMI C

17

24

3

INTR C

18

23

3

clk q

19

22

3

GND C

20

21

3

'CC

vc

AD15

A16/S3

A17/S4

A18/S5

A19/S6

B~HE/S7

MN/M~X

RD

RQ/GT~0 (HOLD)

RQ/GT1(HLDA)

LOCK (WR)

S2

SI

SO

QS0

QS1

TEST

READY

RESET

{ M/IO)(DT/R){ DEN)(ALE)(INTA)

Figure 1: An internal block diagram and pinout specifications of the Intel 8086 (figure la). Figure lb shows the 8086 register model il-lustrating the differences between the 8086 and the 8080. Figure courtesy Intel Corp.

16 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

lb

8086 REGISTER MODEL; (8080 REGISTERS SHADED)

SP

BP

SI

Dl

(SP)

(PC)PSW)

ACCUMULATORBASECOUNTDATA

STACK POINTERBASE POINTERSOURCE INDEXDESTINATION INDEX

INSTRUCTION POINTERSTATUS FLAGS

CODE SEGMENTDATA SEGMENTSTACK SEGMENTEXTRA SEGMENT

put/output) control providingaddress space for a full 65,536 I/Oports.

Logically the 8086 operates morelike larger computers than like aclassical microprocessor. This is ac-complished through independentlycontrolled bus interface and execu-tion units (figure 2). The major con-tribution is to speed processing byoverlapping instruction fetch and exe-cution. Up to six bytes of instructionare placed in a queue before execu-tion. As each instruction is processed,the following instructions move upone position and a new instruction isfetched and placed in the queue. Thissimultaneous fetch and execute cap-ability induces more efficient use ofthe memory bus. It is possible for twosingle-byte 8086 instructions to beexecuted within the time for onememory cycle. The result is improvedperformance, given the same busbandwidth and memory speed asother systems.

Figure 2: Functional block diagram of internal data paths of the 8086. Figure courtesy Intel Corp.

November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc 17

Table 1: Summary of specifications for the SDK-86 board.

Central Processor

Processor: 8086

Clock Frequency: 2.5 MHz or 5 MHz (jumper selectable)

Instruction Cycle Time: 800 ns (5 MHz)

Memory Type

Reacl-Only Memory: 8 K bytes

Programmable Memory: 2 K bytes (expandable to 4 K bytes)(2 bytes equal one 16-bit word)

Memory Addressing

Read-Only Memory: FE000 thru FFFFF

Programmable Memory: 0 thru 7FF (0-FFF with 4 K bytes)

Input/Output (I/O)

Parallel: 48 lines (two 8255As)

Serial: RS232 or current loop (8251A)

Data Transfer: Rate selectable from 110 to 4800 bps

Display: On-board, 8-digit, light-emitting diode (LED) readout

Interface Signals

Processor Bus: All signals transistor-transistor logic (TTL)

compatibleParallel I/O: All signals TTL compatibleSerial I/O: 20 mA current loop or RS232

Interrupts

External: Maskable and nonmaskable; Interrupt vector 2 reserved for nonmaskable

interrupt (NMI)Internal: Interrupt vectors 1 (single-step) and 3 (breakpoint) reserved by monitor

Direct Memory Access

Hold Request: Jumper selectable, TTL compatible input

Software

System Monitors: Preprogrammed 2316 or 2716 read-only memories

Addresses: FE000 thru FFFFF

Monitor I/O: Keypad and Serial (teletypewriter or video display)

Power Requirements

Vcc: +5 V(±5%), 3.5 A

VTTY: - 12 V (± 10%), 0.3 A (required if teletypewriter (TTY) or video display terminalconnected to serial interface port)

D insert the 430 ohW 1 watt resistor a, R2.p whe„ correcUy illMrwd> lh(

square pad.D Inseri ihe 330 ohm (orange-orange-brown),

I-wati resistor at R3. D Solder ihe three diod<

leads.Q Solder the two resistors in place and clip their

touts. □ insert a 5fiQk ohm (gr

R6.Insert a 1N914 or TI914 diode at the following three

locations: D Insert a 110 ohm (bi

^n . at R7.

The Intel SDK-86

Perhaps this brief introduction hassparked your curiosity and you wishto know more about the 8086. Ofcourse, the best method of learning isto use one. Since at this writing the8086 is still so new that it is notincorporated into any general-usepersonal computer, we are left to ourown resources and constructionabilities. Fortunately Intel realizesthat the success of any new productdepends on evaluation by as manypotential users as possible. For thisreason the System Design Kit (SDK)series of products were conceived.

The SDK-86, shown prior toassembly in photo 1, is a single-board, 8086-based computer. Intel'spricing policies make the purchase ofthe SDK-86 kit far more attractivethan a single 8086 chip. It results, inthe name of advertising, in one of thebetter computer offerings on themarket. At $780 the SDK-86 fitswithin most budgets. It is a completecomputer including processor, pro-grammable memory, read-onlymemory, I/O (input/output), anddisplay. Table 1 is a more explicitlisting of specifications and figure 3 isa detailed block diagram.

The SDK-86 is very easy to assem-ble. As shown in photo 2, it comespackaged so that all components areeasily recognizable, even for anovice. Documentation includes anAssembly Manual, User's Manual,User's Guide, and Monitor listings(see photo 3). The assembly pro-cedures are written at such a levelthat even a person having limitedtechnical knowledge may assemblethe kit. The assembly manual pro-gresses from basic solder techniquesand component identification to step-by-step assembly and checkout. Theonly microcomputer assemblyliterature I have read which was aseasily understandable as this comesfrom the Heathkit people.

All major components aresocketed, but to be on the safe side itis a wise idea to purchase additionalintegrated-circuit sockets. This willallow all integrated circuits to beremoved in case troubleshooting isnecessary. The fully constructed corn-

Photo 2: Typical page from the construc-tion manual. Each instruction step isclearly explained and each component isaccurately identified.

18

November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

Both sides now

North Star Announces —

Double Density x 2 Sides = Quad Capacity!

The North Star Horizon now delivers quad capacity by using two-sidedrecording on our new mini drives! That's 360,000 bytes per diskette! A fourdrive North Star system accesses over 14 megabytes of information on-line!Think of the application flexibility that so much information storage cangive you!

North Star has quadrupled the disk capacity of the Horizon computer butprices have increased a modest 15 percent. On a dollar per byte basis,that's a bargain that is hard to beat!

The proven North Star disk controller was originally designed toaccommodate the two-sided drives. North Star DOS and BASIC areupgraded to handle the new capacity, yet still run existing programs withlittle or no change. Of course, single sided diskettes are compatible with thenew disk system.

North Star Horizon ComputerPrices (includes 32K RAM, oneparallel and two serial I/Oports), assembled, burned-inand tested:

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>

HI 1 1

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NorthStar^ ^^^^^^^H?

i on inquiry card.

byte November]

puter is shown in photo 4. Checkout, applying power and pressing the

after determining that there are no system reset button.

obvious errors, is simply a matter of When the SDK-86 is reset, the 8086

M

^ m

V

II

V*

k iny

MCS^86USER'SMANUAL

July 1971

~ W

my

iny

SQK46MCS-86SVSTEM DESIGN KW

ASSEMBLY MANUM. <~

2333WK (4K * 8) ROM

Photo 3: The SDK-86 board comes complete with well-written documentation manualsfor assembly and use.

Photo 4: Assembled SDK-86 board. Note the prototyping area on the left-hand side.

executes the instruction at hexa-decimal location FFFFO. The instruc-tion at this location is an intersegmentdirect jump to the beginning of themonitor program that resides in read-only memory, hexadecimal locationsFF000 to FFFFF. The monitor is com-prised of two programs resident inprogrammable read-only memory;one for use with the on-boardkeypad, and the other a serialmonitor that supports a video displayor teletypewriter connected to theElectronics Industries Association(EIA) serial interface connector. Thislatter communication mode ispreferable if the SDK-86 is to be usedefficiently for software development.Even though the system is con-structed to vector to the keyboardmonitor on power up, simply inter-changing the two sets of program-mable read-only memory will allowthe unit to start up immediately in theserial mode.

The SDK-86 Monitor

Both monitors share similar com-mand capability. The keyboardmonitor is optimized for the 8-digit,light-emitting-diode (LED) displaywhile the serial monitor is obviouslyfor a video display or teletypewriter.The only dissimilarity is that thelatter has the additional ability toread or write to a paper-tape punch,or with the addition of a Frequency-Shift-Keying (FSK) modulator/demo-dulator, cassette storage. Table 2 liststhe serial monitor I/O commands.

Of particular importance are thesingle-step and go commands. Singlestep allows a program to be executedone instruction at a time, while the gocommand allows the user to specify abreakpoint which returns control tothe monitor while preserving themachine's status. This allows a pro-gram to be run in segments facili-tating checkout.

While the monitor does providesome powerful routines, the PL/Mlistings provided in the documenta-tion do not directly give the addressesof the individual routines. Enougheffort is required to extract this infor-mation, that rewriting particularroutines in user memory is a worth-while consideration.

Text continued on page 24

20 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

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21

Figure 3: A detailed block diagram of the SDK-86 evaluation board. Figure courtesy Intel Corp.

22 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Text continued: microprocessors, perhaps the best

In Conclusion place to start is with the SDK-86. The

If you have an interest in 16-bit 8086 is a quantum leap forward for

Table 2: The commands which are available for use with the serial monitor.

Monitor Command Summary

Command

FUNCTION/SYNTAX

S (Substitute Memory)

Displays/modifies memory locationsS[W] < addr >,[[ < new contents> ],]* < cr >

X (Examine/Modify Register)

Displays/modifies 8086 registersX[< reg>][[<new contents>],]* <cr>

D (Display Memory)

Moves block of memory dataD[W]<start addr>[,<end addr>]<cr>

M (Move)

Moves block of memory data

M<start addr>,<end addr>,<destination addr> <cr>

1 (Port Input)

Accepts and displays data at input portl[W]<port addr> ,[,]* <cr>

0 (Port Output)

Outputs data to output port

0[W]<port addr>,<data>[,<data>]*<cr>

G(Go)

Transfers 8086 control from monitor to user programG[<start addr>][,<breakpoint addr>]<cr>

N (Single Step)

Executes single user program instructionN[<start addr>],[[<start addr>],]* <cr>

R (Read Hexadecimal File)

Reads hexadecimal object file from tape into memoryR[<bias number>]<cr>

W (Write Hexadecimal File)

Outputs block of memory data to paper tape punchW[X]<start addr>,<end addr>[,<exec addr>]<cr>

microprocessors and the SDK-86 is acost-effective method of evaluation,complete with all the hardware of abasic computer system. It must becautioned that a first-time user, un-accustomed even to 8-bit micro-processors, may find the learningprocess somewhat complicated. TheSDK-86, while packaged andassembled in a Heathkit fashion, is anindustrial training device and notaimed specifically at the personalcomputing market. Beyond theminimal checkout procedures andbrief description of the monitor com-mands, there are no sample programswhich can be immediately enteredand executed. This unit must bethought of as a rather sophisticatedtrainer. The mechanism is providedin the form of the board, but the ac-tual course of education is completelyin the hands of the user. ■

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Solving Soma Cube and

Polyomino Puzzles Using a

Microcomputer

Douglas A Macdonald

Yekta Giirsel

130-33

Theoretical Astrophysics

California Institute of Technology

Pasadena CA 91125

The genesis of this article was aninexpensive puzzle consisting oftwelve plastic pieces which are sup-posed to be fitted into a rectangularcardboard box. Despite assurances byexperts (see bibliography, MartinGardner) that there are 2339 separateand distinct ways of solving the puz-zle, a year's work by a veritable pla-toon of people (mainly Yekta) pro-duced only slightly more than 150solutions.

Introduction

Polyomino puzzles and SomaCubes are examples of a class of prob-lems which are particularly suited tosolution on a small computer. Theamount of data needed in each case isrelatively small, but the amount ofcalculation needed to do an exhaus-tive search for solutions is staggering.

For a set of Pentominoes, forinstance, you need only encode theshapes of the twelve pieces and pro-vide an array of sixty spaces intowhich you try to fit them. For a SomaCube there are only seven pieces,which fit into an array of twenty-seven spaces. In both cases, all of thenecessary data will easily fit into 2 Kbytes of memory. However, the num-ber of individual situations thatwould have to be considered in an

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to thank MarkZinunennami for teaching t\\em assembly lan-guage, and for allowiiig generous amounts ofcomputer time to write and debug the pro-grain.

unoptimized exhaustive search wouldbe 3.2 X 1016 for the Pentomino puz-zle and 4.7 X 10n for the Soma Cube.

In this article, we will present a6502 assembly language programwhich will solve a wide variety ofpuzzles of the sort where a givenregion, either two or three dimen-sional, must be filled with a given setof pieces. The program has been writ-ten in a general manner so that theshape of the region can be easilychanged and certain pieces can bespecified as fixed, in order to take ad-vantage of symmetry. The numberand shape of the pieces themselvescan also be easily changed.

Due to a clever search method, theprogram given here actually con-siders many fewer cases than theunoptimized search mentionedabove. Using a Commodore PETwith a clock frequency of 1 MHz,most of the problems for which wehave generated a complete set of solu-tions have taken from a few minutesto a few hours to run. The longestrunning problem we have considered,that of Pentominoes in a 10 by 6 rec-tangle, took slightly less than twodays to generate all of the 2339 solu-tions.

If the program is run in BASIC,which we actually tried, this problemtakes more than two months. Thelarge difference in running speeds isdue to the fact that BASIC on the PETis an interpreted language, each lineof which must be decoded every timeit is executed. This should serve as acaveat to anyone intending to write a

BASIC interpreter version of this pro-gram.

The search algorithm used in theprogram is extremely general, as isillustrated by the fact that there areonly three places in the assembly codewhere a check is made to see if theregion under consideration is two orthree dimensional. Thus the usershould find it easy to modify the pro-gram to consider more complicatedor exotic problems, such as those in-volving oddly shaped pieces or morethan three dimensions.

The program given here is writtenin the symbolic assembly language ofthe 6502 microprocessor, but users ofother microprocessors should be ableto adapt the fundamental algorithmto their own machines without muchtrouble. The accompanying BASICroutines are written in Commodore'sversion of BASIC (a Microsoft pro-duct), but they should also be easilyadaptable to other machines. Since"safe" memory locations vary frommachine to machine, users should beaware of the quirks of their own par-ticular computer when they choosethe addresses for the variables in theprogram.

Polyominoes

Polyominoes are planar objectsconsisting of a number of squaresconnected at their edges (see figure 1).The simplest such object is a mono-mino, which is just a single square.Next is the domino, consisting of twosquares joined at a side, which has theshape of the familiar game pieces.

26 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

Both monominoes and dominoeshave only one possible shape. Tromi-noes consist of three squares andthere are two possible shapes, asshown. Similarly, there are five dif-ferent tetrominoes, twelve differentPentominoes (photo 1), thirty-fivedifferent hexominoes, and so on.Interestingly, the formula for thenumber of n-ominoes as a function ofn is not known.

The type of puzzle that we con-sidered was the problem of using agiven set of polyominoes to tile, or fillin, a region with a given boundary.For instance, the twelve Pentominoescan be used to tile a 20 by 3 rectangle(there are only two different ways ofdoing this), a 10 by 6 rectangle (2339ways), a 15 by 4 rectangle (368 ways),or a 12 by 5 rectangle (1010 ways).

We do not even have to be re-stricted to rectangular shapes: we cangive the computer some arbitraryregion consisting of sixty squares,and ask it to find all the solutions or asubset of the solutions. One of themore interesting of the Pentominoproblems is the case of an 8 by 8chessboard with the four centersquares filled in and not used (65solutions).

A variety of problems can be deve-loped using the various polyominoes,but the ones to which computer solu-tion is most applicable seem to bethose involving Pentominoes. Thesmaller polyominoes, especiallymonominoes and dominoes, are sofew in number and simple in shapethat any puzzle involving them istrivial and can be easily solvedwithout a computer. On the otherhand, for hexominoes and higherorders of polyominoes, the number ofobjects in a complete set is so greatthat an exhaustive search is imprac-tical, even on a large computer. Forthis reason, the only examples thatwe have actually run on the computerhave been Pentomino puzzles,although the program is generalenough to consider other polyo-minoes.

In order to make a tractable pro-blem using hexominoes or otherhigher-order polyominoes, a reason-ably sized subset of the complete setof pieces should be chosen. For in-stance, one could try to tile a sixtysquare region using ten of the thirty-five hexominoes, or a seventy-twosquare region using twelve of thehexominoes.

Soma Cubes

The Soma Cube (trademark ofParker Brothers Inc, Salem MA) is apuzzle invented by Piet Hein, con-sisting of seven pieces which can befitted together into a 3 by 3 by 3 cube(and other more exotic shapes). Eachof the pieces consists of a number ofcubes joined together at their faces.Six of the pieces are composed of fourcubes, and the seventh piece is com-posed of three cubes, as shown inphoto 2. Note that piece 2 is just athree-dimensional version of thesecond tromino in figure 1, and thatpieces 5, 6, and 7 are three-dimen-sional versions of three of thetetrominoes.

There are 240 different ways ofconstructing a cube out of thesepieces. If rotations and reflections ofthe cube itself and of individual pieceswithin the cube are treated as dif-ferent solutions, this number isincreased by a factor of 4608 to makea total of 1,105,920 solutions.

As with polyominoes, we can gen-eralize the problem by using morethan one set of pieces, or by trying tofill a noncubical region. The programcan be easily adapted to considerthese situations.

Encoding

In order to make the problemunderstandable to the computer, werepresent the box into which we aretrying to fit the pieces as an array inmemory. Each of the pieces is assign-ed a number. An empty square in thebox is represented by a zero in theappropriate array cell, and squareswhich are filled by piece number Kare represented by the actual numberK in the corresponding array cells.For convenience, the entire array issurrounded by a boundary of cellsinto which we put the number -1.This speeds up the search since themachine does not have to make a dis-tinction between cells which are filledand cells which are off the edge of theboard.

As an example, consider the Pento-mino problem for the 10 by 6 rect-angle. The pieces would be assignednumbers between one and twelve,and the array plus boundary wouldhave dimensions of 12 by 8. Thenumber —1 is also put into anysquare which is off-limits. Thus, an 8by 8 square with the center foursquares off-limits would be repre-sented in memory by a 10 by 10 array

Figure 1: Polyominoes are planar objectsconsisting of a number of squares con-nected at their edges.

a

M0N0MIN0

DOMINO

TROMINOES

TETROMINOES

Photo 1: The twelve different Pen-tominoes, showing their assigned numberand letter designations. Pentominoes is aregistered trademark of Solomon WGolomb.

mm/Km Stm ^SP^If WF*

Photo 2: The seven Soma Cube pieceswith their assigned numbers.

November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc 27

Solomon W Golomb

originally introduced

the terminology and

many of the problems

associated with poly-

ominoes.iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

with —Is around the boundary andin the four center squares.

Unfortunately, things are not quitethis simple, since we cannot specify atwo-dimensional array in assemblylanguage, and must therefore store itas a linear array in memory. Themechanics of how we encode anddecode the coordinates of a particularsquare will be explained later.

The numbering of the pieces issomewhat arbitrary, but it is conven-ient to put the most symmetric piecesfirst. This makes it easy to have thecomputer fix one of the pieces on theboard in order to take advantage ofsymmetry. Again using the Pen-tominoes as an example, the X Pen-tomino should always be assigned thenumber 1, since it has the fewestorientations of any of the pieces (ie:only one). If you look at a 10 by 6board, it is easy to convince yourselfthat any solution can be rotated orreflected to get the X in the lower left-hand quarter of the board. Thus, asimple way to keep from generatingrotations and reflections of alreadyknown solutions is to constrain the Xto the lower left-hand quarter of theboard. Furthermore, it is easy to seethat only seven different positions ofthe X in this corner can possibly leadto solutions; so successive consider-ation of these seven cases is the quick-est way to generate all of the 2339 so-lutions. For these reasons, the pro-gram allows the user to specify anynumber of pieces as fixed.

The numbering of the Pentominoesand the Soma Cube pieces shown inphotos 1 and 2 will be used in the pro-gram. Also shown in photo 1 aremnemonic letters assigned to each ofthe twelve Pentominoes. These lettersare used in printing out the solutionsto make the output easy to read. Forthe Soma Cube we used the numbersone thru seven for the printout sym-bols, but you can easily change theseto any symbols you choose.

The option of fixing pieces also

t,

1

l

I \

\ V

\

\

\

\

\

\

\\

\

\

\

\

\

\

i

\

¥

\

\

\

\

\

\

1

\

\

\\

\\

\

\

1

Figure 2: The scan procedure starts in the lower left-hand corner of the defined area andproceeds up the first column. When the top of the column is reached, the scan returns tothe bottom of the second column, which is scanned from bottoni to top. This procedureis repeated until an empty square is encountered. This empty square is then the basesquare. If no empty squares are found, the problem has been solved.

allows the user to specify part of thesolution. For instance, if you want toknow whether or not a solution existswhen a certain number of the piecesare fixed, enter the positions of thesepieces from the keyboard, and thecomputer will hold them fixed andfiddle around with the remainingpieces. The parts of the programwhich initialize the positions of thepieces and print out the solutionshave been written in BASIC becausethey are not time-critical. These willbe easy for the user to change.

Algorithm

The program has to order the solu-tions so that it knows what solutionshave already been found and whatpossibilities are yet to be tried. Theprogram does this by considering thepermutations of the piece numbers inascending order. The meaning ofascending order is best illustrated byconsidering a simple example. If wehave three pieces, numbered 1, 2, and3, then the permutations in ascendingorder are:

(123), (132), (213),(231), (312), (321)

That is, considering the permutationsas three-digit numbers, these three-digit numbers are in ascending order.The generalization of this example tohigher numbers of pieces is self-evident.

The total number of permutationsof N pieces is given by the product ofall of the numbers between 1 and N,which is denoted by N! (readN-factorial):

N! = N X (N-l) X (N-2) X. . .X 3 X 2 X 1

Thus for the twelve Pentominoes, wehave 12! =479, 001, 600 permutationsto consider! This is not, however,cause for despair; an efficient searchprocedure will reduce the possibilitiesto a small fraction of this number.

In order to make the search pro-cedure clear, we will describe it forthe special case of the 10 by 6 Pen-tomino puzzle. It will be obvious howthe method can be generally appliedto other cases.

The board is arranged with thelong dimension placed horizontallyand the short dimension placed ver-tically. The program applies a scanprocedure which starts in the lowerleft-hand corner and scans up the firstcolumn, then goes to the bottom ofthe second column and scans up thiscolumn, and so on, for the thirdthrough tenth columns. The firstempty square which it runs across inthis search is called the base square(see figure 2).

The search procedure is summar-ized in the flowchart in figure 3. Justbefore the BASIC initialization rou-tine is finished, it performs the search

28 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

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described above and finds the firstbase square. If the user has not speci-fied any pieces as fixed, this is just thelower left-hand corner square. If fixedpieces were specified, it need not bethis square (figure 2). The computerhas in mind a particular permutationof the twelve pieces which was speci-fied by the user. The programchooses the appropriate piece and

( start J

SET UP BOUNDARYAND INITIALPIECE CONFIGURATIONAND PERMUTATION

INITIALIZEPIECE COUNTER,ORIENTATION COUNTER,AND BASE SQUARE

looks up its orientations in a table. Ifthe first orientation that it tries doesnot fit, it goes on to the second, andkeeps trying until one of two thingshappens:

• It finds an orientation which fits,in which case it puts the piece inthe box and then scans as describedabove for the next base square. Itthen tests this new base square tosee whether or not it is isolated (ie:whether or not it is completely sur-rounded by four filled squares). Ifthe base square is isolated, it can-not serve as the new base square,so the program jumps to the iso-lated square routine which will bedescribed later. If the new basesquare is not isolated, the programpicks the next piece in the permuta-tion and goes back to the begin-

ning to look up the orientations ofthis new piece.

None of the orientations fit, inwhich case the program takes outthe last piece it put in and tests thatpiece to determine if it has anyorientations which have not yetbeen considered. If there are addi-tional orientations, the programjumps back to the beginning to trythese. If all orientations have beenconsidered, the program removesthe preceding piece and tests thatpiece for any more orientations.Pieces are removed in this manneruntil either a piece is found whichhas more orientations, in whichcase the program branches back tothe beginning to consider them; orthe program reaches the nucleus ofpieces which the user specified asfixed. When this happens, the next

INCREMENT

ORIENTATION

COUNTER

YES

SET ORIENTATIONCOUNTER TO ZERO;DECREMENT PIECECOUNTER

FIND NEXTBASE SQUARE

YES

REMOVE LASTPIECE

INCREMENTPIECE COUNTER

FIND NEWPERMUTATION

REMOVE LASTPIECE INSERTED

SET ORIENTATIONCOUNTER TO ZERO;DECREMENT PIECECOUNTER

RESET PIECECOUNTER ANDORIENTATIONCOUNTER

( ST0P )

YES

Figure 3: Flowchart for the Soma Cube-Poly'ominoes program described in thetext.

30 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

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permutation in the ascendingsequence described above isgenerated and tested. If there areno permutations left, executionstops.

Immediately after any piece is plac-ed, the program checks to see if theboard is full. If the board is filled,control is transferred back to BASICto print out the solution.

Two refinements have been addedto the above bare-bones routine,which together result in a consi-derable savings of time:

The isolated square routine men-tioned above saves time by imme-diately recognizing and rejectingisolated base squares. Otherwise, themachine would have to make manytests before rejecting an obviously in-valid base square. The routine worksby successively removing pieces untilthe square under consideration is nolonger isolated. This routine results ina savings of time only in the two-dimensional case: in three dimen-

sions, it is no more efficient than thebasic search described above. This ismainly due to the fact that an isolatedsquare seldom occurs in the three-dimensional case because of the largenumber of cubes (six) which must befilled to isolate a given cube. For thisreason, the isolated square routine isbypassed when the program is used torun the Soma Cube.

The other refinement allows themachine to avoid considering per-mutations of the pieces which are cer-tain to lead to no solutions. For in-stance, if the machine never succeed-ed in fitting more than five pieces intothe box in a particular permutation, itwill do no good for the permutationroutine to interchange the eleventhand twelfth pieces: no progress willbe made until the position of the sixthpiece is changed. The program takesaccount of this, and the result is thatwhile the permutations are still donein the ascending order previouslydescribed, a large fraction are simplyskipped since they cannot lead tosolutions.

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The method of scanning for thebase square in the two-dimensionalcase is implemented in two loops: theY-scan loop nested inside the X-scanloop. The scan method for the three-dimensional case is similarly definedby three nested loops: the Z-scan loopis nested inside the Y-scan loop,which is in turn nested inside theX-scan loop.

Orientation Table

We should explain the meaning ofthe phrase which was used abovewhen we said that the computer"looks up" the orientations of thepieces. This phrase means exactlywhat it says: the machine looks upthe orientation from a table inmemory which has been entered bythe user.

But why can't the computer figurethe orientations itself? The answer is,of course, that it could. However thiswould increase the running time ofthe program by a factor of ten to onehundred. The orientation checker isthe most often-used routine in theprogram, and it is important to haveit run as quickly as possible.

The user does not actually have toenter the entire table. Listing 1 is aBASIC program which automaticallygenerates the orientation table inmemory. In using this program, theuser need enter only one orientationfor each piece. The computer auto-matically generates and encodes therest of the orientations. This canresult in a considerable savings intime and frustration, since a polyo-mino can have as many as eightorientations, and a Soma Cube piececan have as many as twenty-fourorientations.

Although this BASIC programmakes it possible to use the programwithout understanding how theorientation table works, it is worth-while for anyone who intends to usethis program to learn how the table isset up, since it is fundamental to theoperation for the entire program.

In a BASIC routine, the tablewould be a four-dimensional arrayB(K, J, M, I). In the assembly lan-guage routine, the table is one-dimensional, but we will explain themechanics of this shortly. At themoment, an explanation of the four-dimensional array will be morehelpful.

32 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 1: BASIC program to generate the orientation tables for polyominoes and SomaCube. The computer generates all possible orientations after the first orientation hasbeen entered.

1 REM COPYRIGHT 1979 ORIENTATION TABLE GENOF DIM ENSTONS" ;D:Cj=B: IF D =OF PTECES"; P:I NPUT"NUMBER

1020

3 0

40

r>0

6070BO90100

1 10120130140150160170180190

200210

220

230240250260

27028029030031032033034035 03603703 603904004104204304404504604704B04905005 10520530540550560570

580590600

INPUT "NUMiER

iNPurf,3HnuF:a

PIECE" ;S

PR INT"KNTB3

PR I NT"EN TER:INPUT \i0DIII X (2 0) , Y (:PQKK I,0:N5FOR 1 = 80 TOREM 3NTEP X,FOR T<=1 TO PFOH 1=1 TO 5PRINT"PIECF:INPUT" K

INPUT" EN

NEXT I:PRINREM TRANSI.AA=0:B=0:C=0U=1O0:FOR INEXT I: FORU=100:FOR INEXT I:FORU=190:FOR IU = Z(I)NEXT I:FORREM ORDER SSQUAREFOR 1=1 TO: G= X (I) *X (IH=X (J) *X (J)IF G = H ANDIF G=H AND

w=x(i) :x (I):Z(I)=Z(J) :

NEXT J:NEXTREM COMPAREFOR 1=1 TOV = Y(J*1) : IFIF X (J*1) <>1^ D<>3 GOTW=Z (J + 1 ) : IFIF UOPEEK (NEXT J:GOTQNEXT IREM PUT ENTJ=0:A = A*1:FV=Y(I):IF Vw = z (I) : i ? wPOKE U,X (I)NEXT IREM ROTATEB = B*1:IF B =FOR 1=1 TOC = C *■ 1 : I F C <C=0:IF D=2E=Ef1:IF E>FOR 1=1 TOF=Ff1:IF F>FOR 1=1 TOFOP 1=1 TOREM PRINT NPRINT A, "ORNEXT KREM GO BACKT= 1 :INPUT"ECORRECT (0 IIF KOO GOTPRINT" ****PRINT"RECOR

R 0 : F IP 5 T

13 0: FIRST

ADDRESS OFADD?ESS OF

ARRAY 0

ARRAY 0

ERATOR

3 THEN J=24

OF JQUA RES PER

F LENGTH";P : INPUT R 0F LENGTH"; (S- 1)*Q*P*D

20) , L (20) :T=0: M=F*C* (S-1) : FOR I=R0 TO RJ + P

XT I

BO* (S-1) *P*0*D: POKS I#0:NEX

YrZ COORDINATES OF EACH SOU

T I

ARE OF EACH PIECE

:X (l)=0: Y (I) =0: 7 (I)=0: NEXT

#";K:FOR 1=1 TO S:PPL NT"NTER X";X(I)TER Y";Y(I):IF D = 3 THEN I l>J P

T" STANDBY "

TE PIECE SO THAT BASE SQUAP:E = 0:F=0

= 1 TO S :IF X (I) <U THEN U= X (1=1 TO S: X (I) =X (I) -U:NEXT I= 1 TO S: IF Y(I)<U AND X(I) =1 = 1 TO S: Y (I) =Y (I) -U:N EXT I= 1 TO S :IF Z (I) <U AND X (I) =

I

SQUARE »";I

UT" ENTER Z";Z (L)

E IS AT ORIGIN

I)

0 THEN U=Y(I):IF D = 2 GOTO 2200 AND Y (I) =0 THEN

1^1 TO S: Z (I) =Z (I) -U :NEXT I

QUARES ACCORDING TO THEIR DISTANCE FROM THE BASE

GOTO 270D Y (I) <Y (J) ) ) GOTO 270

Z (I) <Z (J) GOTO 270J) : Y(U) =W:W=Z (I)

DY OBTAINED

S-1)* U*(K-1) fl-1)

0 J60

S = 1 : FOP J = I ♦ 1 TO S

)+Y (I) *Y (I)*Z (I) *Z (I)

♦ Y(J)*Y(J)+Z(J)*Z(J):IF G<H

(X (I) <X (J) OR (X (I) =X (J) AN

X (I) =X (J) AND Y (I ) =Y (J) AND

= X (J) :x (J )=W : W = Y (I) : Y (I)=Y (

Z (J) =W

I: IF A=0 GOTO 380

ORIENTATION TO THOSE A LP. 2 ^A: FOR J = 1 TO S-1:U = B0 + J-U(

V<0 THEN V=V+256PEEK(U) OR VOPEEK(UtM) GOT0 350

W<0 THEN W=W+25 6U*2*M) GOTO 360

440

RIES IN TABLE

OH 1 = 2 TO S: J = J f 1 :U=B0*J- 1 ♦ (S-1) * [Q* (K-1) + A- 1)

<0 THEN V=V+256

<0 THEN W=W*256

:POKE U+M,V:IF D= 3 THEN POKE U*2*M,W

TO NEW ORIENTATION

4 THEN B=0:GOTO 460

S: W = X (I) : X (I)=Y (I) : Y (I) =-W :NEXT I: GOTO 150

>2 GOTO 520

GOTO 530

1 GOTO 500

S: W = Z (I) :Z (I )=X (I) :X (I) —W:NEXT I : GOTO 150

1 GOTO 54 0

S:W = Y (I) : Y (I )=?. (I) :Z (I) =-W :

S:X (I) =-X (I) :Z(I)=-Z(I):NEX

UMBER OF ORIENTATIONS AND P

IENTAriONS":POKE P. 0 ♦ K , A : I F

NEXT I:GOTO 150T I'.GOTO 150UT IT IN ARRAY RT=1 GOTO 570

AND CORRECT MISTAKESNTER I.D. NUMBER OF A PIECE YOU N£ED TOF NONE)";K0 90

* DONE *****»»D ARRAYS R AND B ON TAPE TO SAVE":END

The first index, K, is the assignednumber of the piece whose orienta-tions are being considered. Thus, forthe case of Pentominoes, K rangesfrom one to twelve, and for the SomaCube pieces it ranges from one toseven.

The second index, J, labels the indi-vidual squares or cubes that make upthe piece under consideration. Thepositions of these squares will bedefined in the table by their Cartesiancoordinates relative to the basesquare, which is taken at the origin,ie: at (0,0) in the two-dimensionalcase, and at (0,0,0) in the three-di-mensional case. Since the coordinatesof the base square are fixed in thisway, we need only tabulate the posi-tions of the other squares relative toit. Thus, for Pentominoes, J rangesfrom one to four (not five), and forthe Soma Cube it ranges from one tothree (not four).

The ordering of the J values as-signed to the various squares is deter-mined by their distance from the basesquare. It is important that thesquares nearest the base square havethe lowest values of J because of themethod we use to define the bound-ary of the box (ie: putting —Isaround it). Unless the J values are inascending order with increasing dis-tance from the base square, there is achance that the program might try toaccess a memory location which isnot a part of the box. The BASICtable-generating program auto-matically takes care of this ordering.

The third index, M, labels whichCartesian coordinate is referred to bya given table entry. M = 1 refers to anX-coordinate, M = 2 refers to aY-coordinate, and M = 3 refers to aZ-coordinate. For any polyominoesM can be either one or two, and forthe Soma Cube M can be one, two, orthree.

The fourth index, I, labels whichorientation is being described. Thenumber assigned to a given orien-tation has no significance except forlabelling purposes. The range of I isgiven by the maximum number oforientations of the pieces underconsideration, which is eight for allpolyominoes, and twenty-four for theSoma Cube pieces.

To sum up this information with anexample, the table element B (1, 2, 3,4) gives the Z-coordinate of squarenumber 2 in the fourth orientation of

34 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE November 1979 35

K=9

12 3 4

M

W

1

i

i

i

2

i

0

-i

l

1

2

l p

n ! ^

i

i

2

2

1

m^ | c

0

i

0

-1

2

IB

2'JJ 1 0

i

i

1

2

1

i J

0

i

2

1

2

rr

B

2 4|

L

4

0

i

1

2

1

i

0

-1

0

2

[I

T

5

i

l

2

2

1

1 3

u

0

-l

0

1

2

IB

1 h

M| U

l

l

1

2

1

0

-l

1

-1

2

iIE

r

l 4|

7

0

l

1

2

1

l

l

2

1

2

IB

1

2 4|3

8

l

l

1

2

1

0

-l

-2

-1

2

Table 1: Orientation table entries for example of Pentomino 9. In the diagrams, the basesquare is labeled B and the other squares are labeled by their ] values. The base square isalways the lowest square in the leftmost column of the figure, and the table gives thecoordinates of the other squares with respect to it.

piece number 1. Table 1 clarifies thisby showing all of the orientations ofPentomino number 9 and the tableentries which go with each figure.

The main program looks up valuesin the orientation table by calling asubroutine called LOOKUP. Thissubroutine is called many times dur-ing each loop of the main programand is therefore the most time-criticalportion of the program.

In the program given here, a cer-tain amount of speed has been sacri-ficed for the sake of generality. If theuser is interested only in a particularproblem, the subroutine can be speci-

fically rewritten for this problem, andthe running time may be cut consid-erably. For instance, the first pro-gram that we wrote considered onlythe Pentomino problem for a 10 by 6box, and ran almost twice as fast asthe general routine given in this arti-cle. Clearly, however, it is mostdesirable to start with a completelygeneral program like the one givenhere.

Definition of Variables

As mentioned before, any arrays ofmore than one dimension must bestored as linear arrays in memory.

The array A, representing the play-ing region, is two-dimensional whenwe are considering polyominoes andthree-dimensional when we are con-sidering Soma Cubes. In both casesthe linearized array is arranged inmemory so that the scan proceduredescribed above goes through thelinear array in ascending order. Forinstance, the Soma Cube array isstored with the Z index varying fast-est and the X index varying slowest:

A(l,l,l), A(l,l,2) A(l,l,5),

A(l,2,l), A(l,2,2)

A(l,2,5) A(5,5,l),

A(5,5,2), . . . A(5,5,5)

(Remember that we put a boundaryof —Is around the box, so the dimen-sions of the array are 5 by 5 by 5rather than 3 by 3 by 3.) The dimen-sions of array A vary depending onthe problem being considered, but areserved memory space of about 300bytes is sufficient for most reasonablysized problems. Array A begins at anaddress denoted by A0 in the BASICand assembly listings, and is indexedby the value stored in variable L.

In the linearization of the orien-tation table, the elements B(K, J, M,I)are stored with the index J varyingfastest, I varying next fastest, K next,and finally M, varying slowest. Morespecifically, if we define the followingquantities:

P: number of pieces,

S: number of squares or cubes per

piece,

Q: maximum number of orientations

for any one piece (eight for

polyominoes and twenty-four for

Soma Cube pieces),

D: number of dimensions (two for

polyominoes, three for Soma Cube),

BO: beginning address of orientation

table, '

then the location in memory of theelement B(K,J,M,I) is given byBO +J-1 + (S-1)X{QX[PX(M-1) + K-1] + I-1}, and thenumber of elements in the table isgiven by (S-l)XQXPXD. Inassigning array space, the user shouldprovide enough space for this table.Note that in the symbolic assemblyprogram, the letters P,S,Q,D,I,J,Kare used to denote the addresses ofthese quantities rather than the quan-tities themselves. Henceforth we will

36 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 2: BASIC driver and printout routine for Soma Cube — Polyominoes program, use (P) with parentheses to denote theThe "blackout" in line 1070 indicates use of the PET Shift-& graphics character. contents of memory location P, etc.

Other symbolic addresses appear-ing in the program include:

1 REM ?OKF. MS, 2 0 TO 'l'R'JTE'JT MAClilSF. CODE FROM BASIC INTERPRETER

;: r 2M n s n)lds psi NT<>u T .; ym p o i, s fop pi ec e s

J B$ = " xrVTU-.^PRZYL"

10 ss*i -OPRioii'T H'N soma-poly o.hino driver program N: address containing 1 plus the

n in par" enter Nu;in':ri of dimensions" ;d

12 PUKE .11, i)

13 INPU1'" ENTER TiiE NilMBE3 OF PIECES

number of pieces currently in the box,Z: address containing the number of

1 u po k e * 2 71 ^ *" pieces specified as fixed by the user,15 i n p ej r *• n u ^ n k i? of sou ails pep piece" ;S T: address containing the maximumit poke 2 5 ,s number of pieces fitted into the box

17 PRINT"ENTER DIMENSIONS OF TUr, BO X" : IN P UT" MX" ; W X : IN P UT" W Y " ; W Y , . ,, , ...

18 wz=-1:if D-J THEN input"wz";wz during the current permutation,

19 «a=*x*2: wy=wy+2:w^ = wz*2: poke 28,wx:poke 29,wY:POKE 30,wz WX, WY, WZ: addresses containing

2 0 rem assign values to ao# fo, bo,ci rC2 ,eo aggrfeing with the width of the box in the X, Y, and

assembly ?Rogham 2 directions respectively (including

21 A0=63Q0:RO=6580:R0=bbOO:Cl=6200:C2=b220:EO=6240 . , , . K . /r L ,?

30 re« a$ holds each solution for pfintout the boundaries of -Is). For two-di-

uo rem arrays R and i'j ahe prodhcec by tab. gen. PROGRAM and mensional problems, WZ is set equal

LOADED FROM TAPE to 1,

5 0 poke 2brs-i:POKE J2,°-i Cl: fast address of an array contain-

60 0=rt:IF D = 3 THEN 0=24 , i • i_ i

70 poke J3,'<2:SPACB=Q*P*(S-1):l = lNT(SPACE/2'j6):J = 3PRCL-25b*i in§ the Piece numbers in the order

:P0K3 36,J:POKE 3/,i given by the current permutation, (P)

80 index-bo- i- (S-1) * (<) + 1) : i = i NT (IndEX/256) : j = in DEX-25b* 1 is the length of this array,

oo ^Ul'ir^X'A^-,.^, lfo:«KT i C2: first address of an array contain-

100 for i=c2 to c2*P:pokl i,0:Next I ing the orientation numbers of the

no rem place BOUNDARY of (-1) »s around box pieces in the order corresponding to

120 j=(rfx-i)«WY*wz:K=(WY-i)*wz:n = WY*wz that in the table beginning at Cl, (P)

13 0 FOR I = A0 TO A0 + M-1:!'OKE 1. 2 5 5: POK E 1 + J , 2 55: N E XT I . i ,i

:for l=1 to wz is length,

1U0 for i = ao*m+l-1 to ao+j*l-w-i step M:P0KE 1,255:poKE i+k,255 K0: first address of an array, the N-th

•.next i-.next l element of which is the number of

150 if 0=3 then for i = a0*?uwz to ao+j-2*wz step HZ: poke 1,255 possible orientations of piece number

160 POKE H-WZ-1,255:NEXT I \* tl- it . ,,

170 print"entsr coordinates of iiff=limits squares." 1N- [ ms taDle 1S automatically

: prI nt"when done enter 999 for x" generated by the BASIC program

i ho input" X";X:IF x-999 goto 210 which generates the orientation table

190 INPUT" Y"; Y:Z=0:IF D=3 THEN INPUT" Z"; 7. g (P) is length

200 POKE A0 + WZ* (W Y*X* i) +Z,255: PFINT:GOTO 180 ' f. ,,g ' , V, M Vi

210 print: pri NT"EN teh iniiial permutation of p i eces" : p R int hO: nrst address or an array, the l\l-tn

220 for 1=1 to P: input x:poke c 1 ♦ I, x : NexT I element of which gives the position of

230 input»enT2R number of pieces fixed«;Z the base square of piece number N,

2^0 POKE 15, Z:POKE 0,Z+ 1 :POKE 14,2+1:IF Z = 0 GOTO 300

(P) is length.

do not overlap; note that the array atB0 is particularly long. Since the

250 REM PUT IN FIXED PIECES, IF ANY

26 0 FOR 1 = 1 TO Z:PR INT:PRINT"ENT PR COORDS. OF EACH SQUARE OF *ne user snOUld choose absolute

pi ece"; ^eek (CHI) addresses for the arrays so that they

270 FOR U=1 TO S : PR IN T"S „)U A RE" ; J : I N PUT" X";X:INPUT" Y";Y:Z=0

: IF D = J THEN INPUT" Z";7

280 P2=P2EK (C1 + I) :POKE A 0fWZ* ( WY*X♦Y) + Z,PE : NEXT J:NEXT I

290 rem initialize base square arrays at K0 and B0 are both

300 for 1=1 to tfx*WY*irf%-1:if p ee k ( a c* I) = 0 then poke 11,1 generated by the BASIC orientation-

:c;oro 32 0 table routine, it simplifies matters if

320 pok1-" 18 1 R0 is about 30 bytes in front of B0 so

3 30 sys (5120) that the two arrays can be recorded

999 c = o on tape as a single file.

1000 rem print a solution Although the assembly language

1010 IF PEEK(1B)=0 THEN PPI NT :P HINT" DONE !!!»!": END LrLi /i- L- n\ •

1020 c = jm:PRINT:PRInt"solution #";c: print Part or the program (listing 3) lscom-

1030 z = 0: a■$ = "••: for y = wy-2 to 1 step -1 pletely symbolic and therefore relo-

:if 0=3 then for z= i to wz-2 eatable, the BASIC driver routine in

10U0 FOR X=1 TO WX-2:A=PEEK (A0+WZ* (WY*X*Y) +Z ,. .. n ,. , . . ., . .

1050 IF X=1 AND ZOO AND ZOWZ-2 THEN AJ=A$*» « ,1Stimg 2' whljch COntainS the im"

106) IP A = o then A 5 = \%♦» 0": goto 1G9C tiahzation and printout routines,

1070 if a = 255 then a I- a b *■ "b lacko u t" : g oto 109 0 must refer to the absolute addresses

1080 A$=A$fMiDS(B$.A, i) 0f some 0f tne variables. Table 2 is a

109 0 NEiCT X:IF D = 3 THEN NEXT 7, ,. . r ,i i 1 l U A • l A

1100 next y s e a^so^ute hexadecimal ad-mo u = wx-2:If d = 3 then u= (w x -1) * (W z- 2) ♦ 1 dresses used in running the program1120 for 1=1 to wy-2:print «i d $ ( a $, u* (i- 1) *i r u) : n ext I on a Commodore Pet with 8 K bytes

1130 REM TYPING "S" WILL CAUSE EXECUTION TO STOP ON NEXT RETURN Qf memory \n relocating the pro-

TO BASIC , i ,i , r ,

11 uo get ygs:if yg$="s" THEN pri NT: pp. I NT" stop": end grarn, tne user snouia oe carerui to

1150 sys (5 7 59) make the addresses referred to by the

116 0 goto 1010 two routines consistent. Listing 4 (see

38 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE November 1979 3.9

Table 2: Absolute hexadecimal addresses used in running the Soma Cube — Polyo- page 52) is a hexadecimal object codeminoes program on an 8 K byte Commodore Pet. This table includes the addresses of all dump of the main assembler routinesymbolic variables used in listing 3. Qc listing 3

Using the Program

The assembly language program(listing 3), the BASIC driver routine(listing 2), and the table-generatingroutine (listing 1) should each berecorded on tape in separate files.

Once a specific problem has beenchosen, the table-generating programshould be loaded and run. As input,this program requires the number ofdimensions (D), the number of pieces(P), the number of squares or cubesper piece (S), and the array addressesRO and BO, defined above. The com-puter then asks for the X and Y (and Zif (D) = 3) coordinates of each squareof each piece. When entering these,the chosen location of the origin ofcoordinates is not important. For in-stance, the second tromino in figure 1could be entered in either of these twoways:

Variable or

Location

Variable or

Location

Location Name

(Hexadecimal)

Location Name

(Hexadecimal)

N

0

REMOVE

14CD

1

1

SAVE

14ED

K

2

LOOP3

1508

J

A

JUMP1

1524

L

B

ISOSQ

1527

U

D

LOOP4

1547

T

E

LEAVE

159C

Z

F

JUMP2

15A8

SAFE

10

REPEAT

15AB

V

11

PERMUTE

15C2

FLAG

12

I LOOP

15CC

BXLO

13

JLOOP

15D7

BXHI

24

MAX

15F4

BYLO

25

SWITCH

1612

BYHI

26

ZEROC2

162B

BZLO

27

ORDER

1643

BZHI

28

NEXT J

164A

S

29

NEXTU

1651

SM1

2A

NOSWTCH

166C

P

2B

LSTPCE

167F

wx

2C

TAKEOUT

168F

WY

2D

LOOKUP

16BC

wz

3E

TOP

16CD

D

3F

MULT1

16D7

PM1

20

STEP1

16DE

Q

21

STORE1

16E5

OLDK

22

MULT2

16EB

OLDI

23

STORE2

16F8

SPACELO

24

MIDDLE

1721

SPACEHI

25

MULT3

1729

INDEXLO

26

STEP3

1730

INDEXHI

27

ADD

1737

TEMP

28

DIM3

174F

START

1400

MULT4

1753

LOOP1

1413

STEP4

175A

TEST

1428

END

1761

INSERT

1437

C1

1838

LOOP2

143B

C2

184C

NXTBASE

146D

E0

1860

INCX

146F

A0

189C

ISOTEST

148C

RO

19B4

REPLACE

14B4

BO

19C8

JSTART

14C8

(X,Y) = (1,0)(0,0)(0,1)

(X,Y) =

or:

:(4,2)(3,2)(3,3)

Listing 3: Symbolic 6502 assembly code listing for Soma Cube — Polyominoes pro-gram. The nonrelative variables addressed are given in table 2. Listing 4 is a hex-adecimal dump of the program for people who do not have an assembler available.

START:

LDX NINC C2, X

L00P1:

TEST:

INSERT:

LDASTALDASTALDYSTY

jse

LDABNSINCLDACMPBCSJflPLDXLDACMPBCCJMPLDYSTY

C2,X

I

C1 ,x

K

#1

J

LOOKUP

A0, X

TEST

J

SM1

J

LOOP1

INSERT

K

I

R0#X

START

RErtOVE

♦ 1

J

[increment orientation counter; (I)=orientation number; (K) =piece nurrber

;check if orientation (I) ofpiece (K) will fit into bok;if no, check for other orientations

;if yes, insert it

;check if piece (K)

more orientations

has any

;if yes, go check them out;if no, remove previous piece

Listing 3 continued on page 42

After the data for each piece hasbeen entered, the computer pauses,prints out the total number of dif-ferent orientations of that piece, andthen asks for the data on the nextpiece. After all of the pieces havebeen entered, the program asks if anywere entered incorrectly, and givesthe user an opportunity to go backand correct any mistakes. Once theprogram stops, the arrays beginningat R0 and B0 should be recorded ontape. They can be recorded as one fileif R0 and B0 were chosen close to-gether as suggested.

There is one slight difficulty. Inrunning the Soma Cube, the programwill ask for the positions of fourcubes for each of the seven pieces,even though one piece, the second, ismade up of only three cubes. Thisproblem can be sidestepped by simplyentering one of the cubes of this piecetwice. A slight redundancy duringrunning will result, but the increasedgenerality in the problems that can berun will more than compensate.

Once the orientation table has beengenerated and saved, the assemblylanguage module and the BASICdriver routine should be loaded intomemory along with the table. In the

Text continued on page 48

40

November 1979 © BYTE Publications In

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BYTE November 1979

41

Circle 99 on inquiry card.

Whenyou want to

improveyour image.

\U!tw/Kfei

Listing 3 continued:

L00P2:

PickA Daisy.

Diablo invented the Daisy Wheel.Winch is why today, more peoplepick one ot over 100 different DiabloDaisy Wheels when they want printquality at its finest.

So, the next time you wantto improve your image, pick our daisyand you're sure to look your best.

Diablo Systems

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XLUOX CORPORATION.

NXTBASE:INCX:

ISOTEST:

REPLACE:

JSTART:REMOVE:

SAVE:

LOOP3:

JSRLDASTAINCLDACMPBCSLDXLDASTATAXLDASTALDACMPBNERTSLDXINXLDABEQJMPSTXLDACMPBEQTXACLCADCTAXLDABEQTXACLCADCTAXDEXLDABEQJMPLDASTAINCLDACMPBCSLDASTAJMPLDXLDASTADEXSTXLDASTALDASTALDACMPBCCJMPLDYLDXSTXLDASTALDYSTYJSRLDASTAINCLDACMPBCSLDXLDA

LOOKUPK

AOrX

J

SM1

J

LOOP2

L

K

A0,X

L

E0, X

P

N

NXTBASE

A0, X

ISOTEST

INCX

J

D

#3

REPLACE

#1

A0,XREPLACE

;insert piece (K) by putting thenumber (K) into the appropriatesquares of the box

;save base square of piece (K)

;if all of the pieces are in the box,

return to BASIC to print solution;otherwise, find next base square

;scan for next base square

WY

A0, X

REPLACE

ISOSQ

J

L

N

T

N

JSTART

N

T

START

N

#0

C2rX

N

C1,X

K

C2, X

I

Z

N

SAVE

PERMUTE

K

E0,Y

L

#0

A0,X

#1

J

LOOKUP

• 0

A0,X

J

SM1

J

LOOP3

K

I

;put new base square in location J

;if (D)=3, skip isolated square test;test if new base square is isolated

;if it is not, go to REPLACE

;if it is, go to isolated square routine

;set new base square

;increment piece counter

;(T)=greatest number of pieces

successfully fitted into box in

current permutation

jreturn to START

;remove last piece inserted

;set orientation number to zero;decrement piece connter

;check if new piece is fixed

;if no, take it out

;if yes, go to next permutation of pieces;recover base square of thepiece to be taken out

;take out piece by putting zeroesin each square it occupies

;check if piece has any more orientations

42

November 1970 BYTE Publications Inc

CMP

RG, X

BCS

JUMP1

JHP

START

JUMP1 :

JHP

REMOVE

ISOSQ:

LDT

K

LDX

EO, Y

STX

L

LDA

#0

STA

A0,X

LDA

J

STA

SAFE

LDY

• 1

STY

J

L00P4:

JSH

LOOKUP

LDA

#0

STA

AO, X

INC

J

LDA

SM1

CMP

J

BCS

LOOP 4

LDA

SAFE

STA

J

CLC

ADC

#1

TAX

LDA

A0# X

BEQ

LEAVE

DEX

DEX

LDA

AO, X

BEQ

LEAVE

TXA

SEC

SBC

WY

TAX

INX

LDA

AO, X

BEQ

LEAVE

TXA

CLC

ADC

WY

ADC

WY

TAX

LDA

AO, X

BEQ

LEAVE

JHP

PEPEAT

LEAVE:

LDX

K

LDA

I

CNP

RO, X

BCS

JU1P2

JMP

START

JUMP2:

JMP

REMOVE

REPEAT:

LDX

N

LDA

#0

STA

C2, X

DEX

STX

N

LDA

CI , X

STA

K

LDA

C2, X

STA

I

JflP

ISOSQ

PEPMUT3:

LDA

T

STA

I

CMP

P

BNE

ILOOP

DEC

I

ILOOP:

LDA

#127

STA

U

LDA

I

CLC

ADC

#1

STA

J

JLOOP:

LDX

I

LDY

J

LDA

C1 , Y

CMP

CI , X

BCC

MAX

;if no, remove a further piece;if yes, go check them out

;cecover base square of piece to be takenout to cure isolation of new base square

;store base square in safe place

;remove last piece inserted

;recover base square

;test if it is still isolated hy checking

if edch of the four squares around it isfilled

;if it is not still isolated,prepare to return to normal routine

;if it is, repeat isolated square routine

;check if piece (K) has anymore orientations

;if no, remove previous piece;if yes, go check them out

;set orientation number to zero;decrement piece counter

;set new values of (,K) and (I)

;repeat isolated square routine;find new permutation, making sure thatthe repermutation goes at least as farback as the (T)-th piece of the oldpermutation

;the nested I and J loops pick two elementsof the permutation to be interchanged.These are: the last element of thepermutation which has a larger elementfollowing it, and the smallest elementfollowing this element which is greatert han it

Listing 3 continued on page 46

Revolutionary

Computerized

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Euier:

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? INT <X-C0S(A-X*2). X);

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7 |1.X|

|0. A | t 1;ft" 11. X A |.|fl. 1/A|Exacl Arithmetic1

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muMATH^

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November 1979 BYTE Publications lnc 43

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Listing 3 continued;

LD\ IJ

CMP C1,Y

BCC MAX

STY V

L DA C1, Y

STA U

MAX:

INC J

LDA P

CMP J

BC3 JLOOP

LDA (I

CMP M27

BNE SWITCH

DEC I

LDA Z

CMP I

dCC ILOOP

LDA #0

STA FLAG

RTS

SWITCH:

INC N

LDA N

STA T

LDX I

LDA C1, X

LDY V

STA C1,Y

LDA tl

STA C1,X

LDA N

STA J

ZFROC2:

LDA #0

LDX J

STA C2,X

INC J

LDA P

CMP J

BCS ZEROC2

LDA PM1

CMP I

BNE ORDER

JMP START

ORDER:

LDA I

CLC

ADC 11

STA J

NEXTJ:

LDA J

CLC

ADC #1

STA (J

NEXTU:

LDX J

LDY 0

LDA C1,X

CMP C1,Y

BCC NOSWTCH

STA V

LDA ClrY

STA C1,X

LDA V

STA C1,Y

noswtch:

INC U

LDA P

CMP U

BCS NEK Til

INC J

LDA PM1

CMP J

BCS NEXTJ

JMP START

LSTPCE:

LDX K

LDA E0,X

STA L

LDA 11

STA J

TAKEOUT:

JSR LOOKUP

LDA #0

STA A0,X

INC J

;if such elements cannot be found, clearFLAG and return to BASIC to stop

[interchange elements found byI and J loops

;reinitialize orientation numbers

;if repermutation only interchanged lasttwo pieces, return to START

[otherwise, reorder new permutationinto ascending order

;return to START

[BASIC returns control to here after

printing a solution so that the (P)-th

piece can be taken out

Listing 3 continued on page 48

46 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 3 continueLDACMPBCSLDXLDASTAJMP

LOOKUP: LDYLDACMPBNELDACMPBNSJMPTOP: LDASTALDASTALDXM U LT 1 : A S LBCCCLCADCSTEP1: DEXBEQASLJMP

STORE1: ADCSTALDXP0LT2: DEXBEQADCBCCINCCLCJMP

STORE2: ADCSTALDAADCSTALDAADCSTALDAADCSTALDACMPRNECLCLDAADCSTALDAADCSTA

MIDDLE: LDASTALDALDXMULT3: ASL3CCCLCADCSTEP3: DEXBEQASLJMPCLCADCSTALDXCPXBEQCLC

ADD:

SM1J

TAKEOUT

L

#0

AO, X

REMOVE

J

I

OLDI

TOP

K

OLDK

TOP

MIDDLE

Q

BXLO

#0

BXHI

#8

BXLO

STEP1

STORE1

A

MULT1

I

BXLO

SM1

STORE2BXLOMULT2BXHI

MULT2

INDEXLO

BXLO

BXHI

I N D EX H I

BXHI

SPACELO

BXLO

BYLO

SPACEHI

BXHI

BYHI

D ;

#3

MIDDLE

SPACELO ;BYLOBZLOSPACEHIBYHI3ZHI(BXLO),YTEMP

to

#8

TEMP ;

STEP3

WY

ADD

A

M U L T 3

(BYLO) ,YTEMPD

#3DTM3

;put square number in Y register

;if (I) and (K) are the same as in the

previous call to LOOKUP, go to MIDDLE,

otherwise to TOP

;one byte multiplicationroutine figures (Q)*(K)

;add (I) to it;store result in BXLO

;multiply this by (S) - 1 and store thetwo-byte result in BXLO and BXHI

;add the two-byte quantity (INDEX) to (BX)

;add the two-tyte quantity (SPACE) to (BX)to get (BY)

if (C)/3, go tc MIDDLE

;adrt the two-byte quantity (SPACE) to (BY)to get (BZ)

;load X coordinate of square

multiply it by (WY)

;add Y coordinate of square;store result in TE1P;if (D)=3, qo to DIM3

Listing 3 continued on page 50

Text continued:

case of the Commodore PET, theBASIC driver should be loaded last.Before it is loaded, the page numberon which the assembly routine startsshould be placed into location 135decimal, using the POKE statement.This insures that the arrays definedby BASIC will not interfere with theassembly routine or the table.

Before running, the user shouldcheck lines 3 and 21 of the BASICdriver routine, to determine whetheror not they are correct for the pro-blem under consideration. When run,the driver routine asks the user for in-put with prompts that are fairly self-explanatory. However, a few specifichints may be helpful.

Although the program will workno matter how the box is oriented, itwill run fastest if the dimensions WX,WY, and WZ are chosen to be in de-scending order (ie: WX>WY>WZ), due to the mechanics of thesearch procedure. Failure to do thismay lengthen the running time by afactor of ten or more.

When entering the off-limitssquares, and also the coordinates ofany fixed squares, the coordinates aredefined for polyominoes so that thelower left-hand corner of the box (ex-cluding boundary) has the coordi-nates (1,1); and for Soma Cubes thecorner with the lowest coordinatevalues has coordinates (1,1,1).

In entering the initial permutationof pieces, the order in which themachine goes through the permuta-tions should be kept in mind. Thus,entering the piece numbers in ascend-ing order: 1,2,3,. . . .,P will result inan exhaustive search, whereas anyother initial permutation will causeonly a subset of the complete set ofpermutations to be considered.

Any pieces which are to be speci-fied as fixed should be put at thebeginning of the initial permutation.For example, to find all of the solu-tions with pieces 2 and 4 fixed in par-ticular locations, the initial permuta-tion array should have 2 and 4 at thebeginning, and the rest of the num-bers in ascending order, (ie: 2, 4, 1, 3,5, 6, 7, . . ., P). The number of fixedpieces should then be entered as two,after which the computer will ask forthe coordinates of each square ofpieces 2 and 4.

The program does not check to seeif the coordinates entered by the userfor a fixed piece correspond to a legal

48

November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

PET / TRS-80 / APPLE: Personal Software brings you the finest!

Ml

CHESS

The Industry's First

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Over 50,000 Sold

MICROCHESS is the industry's best selling computer game. Andno wonder—because MICROCHESS gives you more than just achessplaying program: A convenient, foolproof set of commandsand error checks ... complete instructions in a 5Vfe" by &V2" booklet...a cassette that's guaranteed to load, with disk versions comingsoon ... and several levels of difficulty to challenge you not justonce, but time after time. It's available through well over threehundred computer stores and many mail order sources ... always

originating from Personal Software. What's more, every PersonalSoftware product is selected to give you these same benefits ofeasy availability, reliable cassettes, readable documentation, acarefully thought out user interface ... and most important,continuing challenge and enjoyment, not just once but time aftertime. If you haven't already, order your own gold cassette:MICROCHESS, by Peter Jennings, for 8K PETs, 16K APPLEs, and4K Level I and II TRS-80s $19.95

TIMTREK

A Tour De Force

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TIME TREK by Brad Templeton for 8K PETs and Joshua Lavinsky

for 4K Level I and II TRS-80s adds a dramatic new dimension to theclassic StarTrek type strategy game: REAL TIME ACTION! You'llneed fast reflexes as well as sharp wits to win in this constantlychanging game. Be prepared—the Klingons will fire at you as youmove, and will move themselves at the same time, even fromquadrant to quadrant—but with practice you can change courseand speed, aim and fire in one smooth motion, as fast as you canpress the keys. Steer under power around obstacles—evade enemy

shots as they come towards you—lower your shields just longenough to fire your phasers, betting that you can get them back upin time! With nine levels of difficulty, this challenging game is easyto learn, yet takes most users months of play to master. ADDSOUND EFFECTS with a simple two-wire hookup to any audioamplifier; the TRS-80 also producessound effects directly throughthe keyboard case, to accompany spectacular graphicsexplosions! You won't want to miss this memorable version of afavorite computer game $14.95

BLOCKADE by Ken Anderson for 4K

Level I and II TRS-80s is a real timeaction game for two players, with highspeed graphics in machine language.Each player uses four keys to controlthe direction of a moving wall. Try toforce your opponent into a collisionwithout running into a wall yourself! Astrategy game at lower speeds,BLOCKADE turns into a tense game ofreflexes and coordination at fasterrates. Play on a flat or spherical courseat any of ten different speeds. You canhear SOUND EFFECTS through anearby AM radio—expect somerazzing if you lose! 14.95

GRAPHICS PACKAGE by Dan Fylstrafor 8K PETs includes programs for themost common 'practical' graphicsapplications: PLOTTER graphs bothfunctions and data to a resolution of 80by 50 points, with automatic scalingand labeling of the axes; BARPLOTproduces horizontal and vertical,segmented and labeled bar graphs;LETTER displays messages in largeblock letters, using any alphanumericor special character on the PETkeyboard; and DOODLER can be usedto create arbitrary screen patterns andsave them on cassette or in a BASIC

ELECTRIC PAINTBRUSH by KenAnderson for 4K Level I and IITRS-80s:Create dazzling real time graphicsdisplays at speeds far beyond BASIC,by writing 'programs' consisting ofsimple graphics commands for amachine language interpreter.Commands let you draw lines, turncorners, change white to black, repeatprevious steps, or call other programs.The ELECTRIC PAINTBRUSH manualshows you how to create a variety offascinating artistic patterns includingthe one pictured. Show your friendssome special effects they've neverseen on a TV screen! $14.95

program $14.95

WHERE TO GET IT: Look for the Personal Software® display rack at your local computer store. For the name and address of the dealernearest you, call Personal Software at (408) 745-7841. If you don't have a dealer nearby, you can call or mail us your order with your check,money order or VISAIMaster Charge card number. For a free catalog, ask your dealer or use the reader service card at the back of thismagazine.

PERSONAL SOFTWARE INC.

592 WEDDFLL DR. • SUNNYVALE, CA 94086

Circle 302 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979

49

Listing 3 continued:

ADC

L

TAX

LDA

K

STA

OLDK

LDA

I

STA

OLDI

RT5

DIM3:

LDA

#0

LDX

08

M tf LT 4 :

ASL

TEML>

BCC

STEPU

CLC

ADC

WZ

STEP4:

DEX

BEQ

END

ASL

A

JMP

MULT4

2ND:

ADC

L

ADC

(DZLO),y

TAX

LDA

K

STA

OLDK

LDA

I

STA

OLDI

RTS

;otheL'wise, add base square index;transfer result to X register;store old (K) and {,!) values

;ret urn to main routine

-.multiply (TEMP) by (*Z)

;atd base square index;add Z coordinate of square;transfer result to X register; store old <K) and (T) values

;return to nam routine

SOLUTION # 1

SOLUTION # 2UUXPPPLLLLRTTTWW

UUX1111IZZZRTSOLUTION # 3

SOLUTION II 4

Photo 3: All of the solutions for Pento-minoes in a 20 by 3 box. Solutions threeand four are mirror images of solutionsone and two, so there are only two funda-mentally different solutions.

orientation of that piece, so careshould be taken to insure that all ofthese numbers are entered correctly.

To stop the program in mid-run,the S key may be pressed at any time.This will cause execution to stop onthe next return to the BASIC printoutroutine.

Photo 3 is a typical output of theSoma Cube — Polyominoes problemsolver. The solutions are for Pento-minoes in a 20 by 3 box.

Conclusion

As general as this program is, it byno means exhausts the possibilitiesinherent in problems such as these.

In addition to squares, it is possibleto tile the plane with other figuressuch as triangles and hexagons. Itshould not be hard to modify the pro-gram to consider figures made out ofthese shapes. At a more abstractlevel, since the assembly language

routine depends so little on the di-mensionality of the pieces under con-sideration, the user could extend it toconsider analogous problems in fouror more spatial dimensions. Hard asthese might be to visualize, the com-putations involved are not funda-mentally different from those en-countered in two and three-dimen-sional problems.

Another possibility is to assigncolors to the various pieces and lookfor interesting properties of theresulting solutions. For example, theplastic Pentomino puzzle which pro-vided the inspiration for this articlehad the following piece colors:

X,P,Y

Red

LT

Yellow

v,u,s,

Blue

W,R,Z,L

Green

There is one and only one 10 by 6solution using this set which is a truefour-coloring (ie: a solution in whichno two pieces of the same color toucheach other). Can you find it?

These are only suggestions. Thecapabilities of the program and theuses to which it can be put dependultimately on the interests and inge-nuity of the user.

BIBLIOGRAPHYGolomb, Solomon W, Polyominoes,Charles Scribner's Sons, New York 1965.Gardner, Martin, The Scientific AmericanBook of Puzzles and Diversions, Simonand Schuster, New York, 1959.Philpott, Wade E, Polyomino and Polyia-mond Problems, Journal of RecreationalMathematics, 10:1, pages 2 thru 14 and10:2, pages 98 thru 105, Baywood Pub-lishing Company Inc, 1977-78.Introducing Soma, Parker Brothers Inc,Salem MA, 1969.

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Give the FtT the ability to sense*nre35ure> and control the world aroundit. with EW1 SYSTEMS modules. .Just p1u=Jthe PETSET1 into the PET to Set 16channels of* analog input. Screwterminals are provided for each channelso you can hook up JoysticKs* pots* orwhatever appropriate sensors you have.

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In addition* the F'ETMOD providestwo IEEE F-ort.s and one user port aswell as a DAM SYSTEMS port.

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50 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 76 on inquiry card.

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Besides being beautiful to look at, the MODEL 800prints up to six different character fonts with embeddedelongation in any of five line densities (72, 80, 96, 120and 132 characters per line), prints up to three copiesand is equipped with a long-life cartridge ribbon. Withsuch versatility as four interface modes (IEEE 488, in-dustry standard parallel, 20ma current loop and RS232),baud rates up to 19,200, and with accommodations for115VAC or 230VAC operation, the MODEL 800 matchesany system decor.

As a note of further new world refinement, the MODEL800 can be optionally equipped with high speed paperadvance and graphics output, a versatile tractor feedmechanism, terminal buffer memory, tabs and form feed.

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BYTE November 1979 51

Listing 4: Hexadecimal object code dumpfor the Soma Cube — Polyominoes pro-gram given in listing 3.

HEX DUMP QF

********** * * * * * * * * * * ** * * *

* SOHA/POLYOMINO SOLVER **************************

COPYRIGHT 1979 MACHONALD I GURSELPRINTOUT BY C. A. MCCARTHY'S

* * * * *

f:* ********

* CHEEP

PRINT

h

***************

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A5

ANOTHER FIRST FROM MOUNTAIN HARDWARE.

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SuperTalker is a peripheralsystem which permits theoutput of exceptionallyhigh quality human speechthrough a loudspeaker underprogram control. Initially, words,sentences or phrases are digi-tized into RAM memory througha microphone. Speech data inRAM may be then manipulated likeany other data. The system consistsof a peripheral card, microphone, loudspeaker,and operating software. $279 assembled and tested.

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1558

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EA

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52 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 258 on inquiry card.

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jciaiuiy i

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Programming Quickies

BASIC Game:GOBANG

John Allwork, 21 Brook Rd, Heaton Chapel,Stockport, ENGLAND

GOBANG is, as far as I can tell, a traditional game ofthe Orient. It is a large game of tic-tac-toe (noughts andcrosses), played on a 19 by 19 inch board. The object ofthe game is to get 5 adjacent markers in a row horizon-tally, vertically or diagonally.

The program in listing 1 is written in BASIC; the onlydeviation from standard BASIC being that of theIF...THEN IF... rather than the less flexible IF...GOTO.The BASIC I used is a version of the MicroBASIC sup-plied by SwTPC, and the program was run on an EXOR-ciser system. The program and BASIC interpreter fit into8 K bytes of memory, if the remark statements are omit-ted. Alternatively, the size of arrays T and M can bereduced, but reducing them too much inhibits the game.A 9 by 9 board appears to be the smallest size possible fora reasonable game. (Listing 2 shows a sample output ofthe 19 by 19 board.)

Listing 1: BASIC listing of the GOBANG game.

MICROTEK

OUTPERFORMSCENTRONICS

CHECKTHE CHART

SEE PAGE 71

000100020003000400050006001000150019002000210022002300240025002600270028002900300031003200330034003500360037003800400041004200430044004500460047004800490050005100550060006500700075007600850086008700900091009500960097009901000101010201030104010601100115012001250127012801290130013101410145015001600161016202000201020502100215021602200225

S[20S[10"S[12]

S[13"S

ss

REM GOBANG

REM M IS ARRAY HOLDING BEST MOVE

REM T IS BOARD, S IS PRIORITY OF THAT POSITION

DIM M[19,19],T[27,27]IS[81]

REM SET UP PRIORITIES—SEE TABLE 1

FOR 1 = 1 TO 81

LETS[l] = 0NEXT ILETLETLETLETLETLETLETLETLETLETLETLETLETLETLETLETLETLETLETLETLETLETLETLETLETLETLETLETLETLETREMFOR

272829S[30]31'322436

S[37]"38

S[39

S[40

S[41

S[42

S[43

S[44

S[62]

S[72~

S[73

S[74

78]80"26]S[79""i[603[61

= 1= 40

:30:47

= 15

:20:10:40

= 50= 30

: 1

= 39

:65:40

] = 70= 100

:60

]=30

= 30

' = 30

= 41

= 31

:11:41:51= 90:21:40:21: 11

CLEAR BOARD AND BEST MOVE ARRAYS

1 = 1 TO 27FOR J=1 TO 27

IF l<19 THEN IF J<19 THEN LET M[l, J] = 0

REM MAKE FIRST MOVENEXT JNEXT ILETLETLETLETLET

GOTO 0300GOSUB 0800

REM REQUEST MOVE AND CHECK FOR VALIDITYINPUT Z,YLET Y = Y + 4

LET Z = Z + 4

IF Y> 23 THEN GOTO 0097IF Z>23 THEN GOTO 0097IF Y<5THEN GOTO 0097IF Z<5 THEN GOTO 0097IF T[Y,Z]>0 THEN GOTO 0097LET T[Y,Z] = 2

LET | = Y

LET J = Z

REM STUDY LAST TWO MOVESGOSUB 1000

IF Co -1 THEN GOTO 0310REM IF C = 0 COMPUTER HAS LOST

LET I = W

LET J = X

GOSUB 1000

REM SCAN BOARD FOR BEST MOVEREM NOTE LIMITS TO SPEED UP PROGRAMLET Q=-1

FOR I = N — 1 TO O + 1

FOR J = 5 TO 23

IFT[l,J]>0THEN GOTO 0220

LET A=M[l-4, J-4]

IF A<QTHEN GOTO 0220

LET W = I

LETX=J

LET Q = ANEXT J

C= -1W=14N = 140=14X=14

NEXT I

56 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 209 On inquiry Card.

Listing 1 continued on page 58

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See coupon below for ordering.

Sj?

Circle 380 on inquiry card.

Listing 1 continued:

0299 PRINT "MY MOVE";X - 4;",";W - 4

0300 LETT[W,X]=1

0301 IF M[W - 4,X - 4] < 100 THEN GOTO 00950307 PRINT "I WIN"

0310 IF C = 0 THEN PRINT "YOU WIN"

0330 GOTO 0050

0799 REM SUBROUTINE TO DISPLAY BOARD

0800 PRINT " 12345678 910111213141516171819"0805 FOR I = 5 TO 23

0810 IF I-4< 10 THEN PRINT I - 4;" ";

0811 IF l-4>9 THEN PRINT I - 4;0815 FORJ = 5T0 23

0820 IF [l,J] = 0THEN PRINT " :";

0825 IF T[I,J]= 1 THEN PRINT " X";

0830 IF T[I,J] = 2 THEN PRINT " O";

0835 NEXT J

0840 PRINT " "

0845 NEXT I

0850 RETURN

0990 REM SUBROUTINE TO CALCULATE BEST MOVE

0991 REM SCAN THRU MOVE AT I.J

0992 REM FOR FIVE SQUARES EITHER SIDE OF MOVE

0993 REM IN EIGHT DIRECTIONS,AND UPDATE BEST MOVE ARRAY

1000 LET K=1

1001 LET L=-1

1002 IF KN THEN IF l>5 THEN LET N = I

1003 IF l>OTHEN IF l< 23 THEN LET 0=l

1004 REM UPDATE SCAN LIMITS

1005 LET U = l

1006 LET V = J

1007 REM I.J IS MOVE TO CHECK.D IS LOOP COUNT

1008 REM K.L ARE X AND Y DIRECTIONS THRU MOVE

1010 LETD = 0

1011 LETD=D + 11013 LETP = 81

1020 REM CHECK STILL ON BOARD

1026 IF U>23 THEN GOTO 1090

1027 IF V>23 THEN GOTO 1090

1028 IF U < 5 THEN GOTO 1090

1029 IF V<5 THEN GOTO 1090

1030 LETE=U-4

1031 LETG = V-4

1032 LETA = M[E,G]

1033 LETQ = T[U + KTV+L]

1034 REM CALCULATE PRIORITY OF POSITION

1035 LETR = T[U-K,V-L]*27 + T[U-2*K, V-2*L]*9

1036 LET R=R + T[U-3*K,V-3*L]*3 + T[U-4*K,V-4*L]

1037 LET B = Q*27 + T[U + 2*K,V + 2*L]*9 + T[U + 3*K,V + 3*L]*3

1038 IF R = 80 THEN IF T[U,V] = 2 THEN LET C = 0

1039 IF T[U,V]<>0 THEN GOTO 1075

1040 REM S(R) IS PRIORITY; THE FOLLOWING ARE EXCEPTIONS

1041 REM SEE TABLE 2

1042 IF R<14 THEN IF R> 11 THEN IF Q = 1 THEN LET P = 371044 IF R>71 THEN IF B>53 THEN IF B<63 THEN LET P = 801046 IF R>71 THEN IF B>71 THEN LET P = 80

1048 IF R>53 THEN IF R<63 THEN IF Q = 2 THEN LET P = 72

1050 IF P = 72 THEN IF R = 60 THEN LET P = 31

1052 IF Q< >2 THEN GOTO 1058

1053 IF R = 78 THEN LET P = 80

1054 IF R = 79 THEN LET P = 801056 IF R = 41 THEN LET R = 81

1058 IF R<42 THEN IF R>35 THEN IF Q= 1 THEN LET P = 41

1059 IF R<33 THEN IF R>29THEN IF Q=1 THEN LET P = 41

1060 IF R>53 THEN IF R<63 THEN IF B>71 THEN LET P = 80

1061 IF R>38 THEN IF R<42 THEN IF Q= 1 THEN LET R = 40

1062 IF R>35 THEN IF R<45 THEN IF B>35 THENIF B<45THEN LETR = 40

1063 IF R>27 THEN IF R<54 THEN IF B>38 THENIF B<42 THEN LET R = 40

1064 IF R = 79 THEN IF A = 51 THEN LET M[E,G] = 41

1065 IF R = 0THEN LET R = 81

1066 IF S[P]>S[R]THEN LET R = P

1067 IF S[R]-S[R]/10*10= 1 THEN IF A-A/10*10= 1 THENIF S[R]<41 THEN LET R = 74

1068 IF S[R]-S[R]/10*10 = 9 THEN IF A-A/10*10 = 9 THENIFS[R]<65THEN LET R = 37

1069 REM UPDATE BEST MOVE ARRAY

1070 IF S[R]>M[E,G]THEN LET M[E,G] = S[R]1075 IF D>4 THEN GOTO 1090

1081 LETU=U + K

1082 LETV = V+L1085 GOTO 1011

1089 REM CHANGE DIRECTION

1090 IF K = 0THEN IF L= -1 THEN RETURN

1095 IF K = - 1 THEN IF L = - 1 THEN LET K = 0

1100 IF K= - 1 THEN IF L = 0 THEN LET L= - 1

1105 IF K= -1 THEN IF L= 1 THEN LET L = 0

1110 IF K = 0THEN IF L=1 THEN LET K = - 1

1115 IF K = 1 THEN IF L=1 THEN LET K = 0

1120 IF K=1 THEN IF L = 0 THEN LET L=1

1125 IF K = 1 THEN IF L = — 1 THEN LET L = 0

1130 GOTO 1005

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Circle 13 on inquiry card.

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58 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 303 on inquiry card.

Listing 2: Sample output of the 19 by 19 board.

3 4 5 6 7

3

4

5

6

7

>->

9

1 G

1 1

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19?9j 9MY MOVE 10, 11

12 3 4 5 6 7

9 1 Q 1 1 1 2 1

.6171319

9101112131415161713 19

1

234

5678

101 112131415161718

19 :

? 10,9

MY MD

1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 0

1 1

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

VL lb 92 3 4 5 6

7 8 910111213141516171819

a a

a

X

3 x a n x a

x a a

a a g a

x a a x

a x x

a

0

?9, 1 0

7,6

MY MOVE 11, 10

12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 C 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

au

9

1 01 11213141516171819?6, 5

you vm

I hope I have eradicated most of the bugs, but somemay still exist (as with all programs); for example, I donot check to see if the board is full, because I have neverencountered this situation with a 19 by 19 board.

MICROTEK

OUTPERFORMSANADEX

CHECKTHE CHART

SEE PAGE 71

Circle 209 On inquiry Card. November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc 59

JR"*"

> - ,r.80cOPlain Paprinter

imp

rac^ilucnasV

UnMS

W? "Meters, JPP jde -

d*

'nd""<Sw^

9>2AC!nche>ide

pp^r- p'""8

4%*

gViin

Fullfee*

.

„A. ^lNlPP°nWOSAKA-

60 BYTE November 1979

■co"nUr0e°SPnd m°re

ftiP

plus *"rB

>niy$7

Circle 352 on inquiry can

i

BYTE November 1979 61

11 ^h

Table 2: Some exceptions encountered bythe computer that necessitate redefiningits strategy.

LINE

PATTFRN

PRIGRITY

NUMHFF

IrM?

X * -XX

6S

i tf04

-otnn

90

1046

ootno

90

104R

otn-

31

1050

otu-o-

5*>

1053

otnoo-

90

1054

ntnoox

90

1056

n «xxxo

0

10 5n

xtxx-

60

105R

xtxxx

60

105^

X ♦ X-X

60

1060

outo-

90

1061

X t XXX

100

1 tffS?

xxtxx

100

1 0 6 :i

XXX t X

100

1064

nt nijc:Ks priori t v of

10 67

tnc:r( art s

PRIORITY

106P

INCRr AS{ R

PRIORITY

Table 1: A lookup table that defines the computer's strategy.

0

t

0

27

f X

is

54

tn —

$

1

♦ X

0

26

t X--X

20

55

tn--x

0

1<r

t— n

0

29

tx--u

10

5 6

tn—o

0

3

♦ --X-

0

30

♦ x-x-

40

57

t O-X-

0

4

♦ --XX

0

31

t x-xx

50

5R

tO-XX

0

5

♦ — xo

0

32

t x-xo

30

59

tn-xu

0

6

t—0-

0

33

♦ X-0-

0

6w

tu-n-

? 1

7

♦—ox

0

34

t x-ox

0

61

to-ux

1 1

R

t—on

0

35

t X - 0 0

0

62

t n-no

a 1

9

♦ -X--

0

36

t XX —

39

63

tOv —

0

10

t-x-x

40

37

♦ xx-x

6S

64

U)X-X

(D

1 1

t-X-0

0

3R

♦ xx-0

40

6 5

t nx-n

0

1?

t-xx-

3 0

39

t XXX-

70

66

tOxx-

0

13

t-xxx

47

40

♦ xxxx

100

67

t OX XX

0

14

t-xxo

0

41

♦ xxxu

60

6 R

t nxxn

fl

15

t-XO-

0

42

txxo-

30

69

tnxn-

0

16

t-XOX

0

43

t X X 0 x

30

70

t nxnx

0

17

* -xno

0

44

txxnn

30

71

tnxon

0

1R

f-0 —

0

45

txo—

0

7 2

tno—

3 1

19

t-o-x

0

46

♦ xo-x

0

73

t nn-x

1 i

20

♦ -n-n

1

47

♦ XO-0

0

74

tnn-n

4 1

21

♦ _nx-

0

4fl

* xox-

0

75

t nnx-

0

22

t-OXX

0

49

♦ xoxx

0

76

t noxx

0

23

t-oxo

0

50

txoxn

0

77

tnnxn

0

24

t-oo-

1

51

txno-

0

7fl

tnno-

51

25

t-nox

0

52

♦ xoox

0

79

tnnnx

0

26

t-nnn

2 1

53

t xnno

0

R0

tnnnn

') 0

-nOO- H) 41 JF HLOCKFD AT ONI i MilOK INTF RfltCT INfi ROWS OF 0 ' R

Of- rnTf Riii i: t i run nown nr x'n

The program relies on a lookup table (entry S, table 1)and some exception conditions (table 2) to determine thepriority of move of the square in question. The last 2moves (by nought and cross) are scrutinized, scanningthrough these squares for 4 squares either side of themove in all 8 directions. The priority is calculated andupdated if greater than previously calculated. Finally theboard is scanned for the highest priority and the movemade in this square.

The computer always goes first, and isX, although thiscan easily be modified. On the EXORciser, it takes about40 seconds to think of the best move, compared with 10seconds on a NOVA 2 using the same program and aBASIC interpreter, so do not worry if there is not an im-mediate response.

The program plays a very good game, occasionallyalmost beating the author, and has beaten several peoplewho have played. Changing the strategies radically altersthe way the computer plays, and the strategies in table 1and exceptions in table 2 are the best I have found so far,but try changing S(12) to 29, and S(13) to 49. I would beinterested to hear from anybody who finds betterstrategies. ■

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62 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 10 on inquiry card.

Programme

Shape Table Conversionfor the Apple II

Dave Partyka, 1707 N Nantuckett Dr, Lorain OH 44053

Listing 1: Shape table program for the Apple II.

10 INPUT "STARTING DECIMAL LOCATION",L

20 N = N + 1 : PRINT "PLOT "; N ; "-";

30 Z= PEEK(-16384) : IF Z< 176 OR Z> 183 THEN 30 :

POKE -16368,0 : Z = Z-176 : PRINT Z :

IF N#1 THEN RETURN40 E = 1 : IF Z = 0 THEN D= 1 : A = Z : GOSUB 2050 IF Z#0THEN 60 : IF D = 1 THEN 90 : E = 0 : GOTO 7060 D = 0 : IFZ = 2 0RZ = 4 0RZ = 6 THEN 70 .

Z = Z-1 : A = A + 870 B = Z/2 : GOSUB 20 : I F Z#1 AND Z#2 AND Z#3

THEN 80 : B = ZM + B : E = 1 : GOSUB 2080 B=B*16 + A : POKE L,B : L=L+ 1 : IF E#0 THEN 40 :

A = 0:D = 1:E = 1: GOTO 5090 PRINT "END OF TABLE" : POKE L.O : END

If you own an Apple II with high-resolution graphics, I'm sure youhave tried using the shape table. Ifyou are like me, you converted thepoints to their hexadecimal values,ran the shape subroutine, and got acompletely different shape from whatyou wanted. After two or three triesand a lot of time, you finally got theshape the way you wanted it.

There has to be a better way, andthere is. The program in listing 1 per-forms the plot conversion to hexa-decimal and puts the values in thetable starting at the decimal locationyou specify. After using this pro-gram, you will find it very easy tobuild shape tables. Instead of drawingarrows, you can use just the points.

This program follows the rules ofthe Apple II Reference Guide: a dou-ble move up or 00 will end the pro-gram and put a 0 at the end of thetable. The value of the moves are thesame as in the Reference Guide:

0 = Move up

1 = Move right

2 = Move down

3 = Move left

4 = Plot and move up

5 = Plot and move right

6 = Plot and move down

7 = Plot and move left

The program does not require thatthe user press the return key whileentering the plot values. You can trythis program using the example givenin the Apple II Reference Guide onpage 53. Assign the correct values tothe shape vectors at the top of thepage and the hexadecimal valuesgiven will be in your table.Remember that this program requiresa decimal location, while the shapesubroutine requires the hexadecimalvalue. ■

Circle 328 on inquiry card.

November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc 63

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Programming Strategies in the

Game of Reversi

Figure 1: Typical position in the game of Reversi. The game is played withcounters having two different colors, one on each side. A player's turn con-sists of placing a counter (with the player's color face up) on the board sothat it traps one or more enemy pieces between it and another friendly piecein a straight line. The trapped enemy pieces are then reversed in color. Thus, aplay by Black to square (6,5), with the horizontal coordinate given first,would allow Black to turn over White's pieces at (6,4), (5,4) and (5,5). A playby Black to square (7,4) would allow Black to turn over White's pieces at(6,4) and (5,4). Play ends when neither player can make a legal move. Theplayer with the greater number of counters showing wins the game.

Peter B Maggs2011 Silver Ct EUrbana IL 61801

Board games such as checkers or chesscan be fun and challenging to play, and pro-grams that play these games can be fun andchallenging to write. This article coverssome of the decisions I made and methods Iused in the programming of a board gamecalled Reversi. It examines in turn the choiceof a game, the programming language, thedata structure and the details of the programstructure.

Choosing a Game

There are both legal and practical con-siderations in choosing a game to program.Since I earn a living teaching law, and pro-gram as a hobby, I will start with the legalaspects. Many games present no legal prob-lems. For instance, chess and checkers arein the public domain and anyone is free towrite programs for them, but copyrightedgames could pose serious legal problems.While writing a program to play a copy-righted game solely for your own amuse-ment at home would probably fall withinthe fair use exception to the copyrightlaw, any attempt to distribute, publishor sell the program could be made only withthe permission or tolerance of the copyrightand trademark owner. There is a thirdcategory of game wherein the game itselfis in the public domain, but playing equip-ment is sold under a trademark. Thus, whileno one has any rights to three-dimensionaltic-tac-toe, the manufacturer who sells setsfor playing three-dimensional tic-tac-toeunder a trademark has the right to preventyou from distributing a computer game withthe same name. So, you are free to programand even sell three-dimensional tic-tac-toe,but you will have to make up your ownname for it.

There are also practical problems in

66 BYTE November 1979

choosing a game. The game you selectshould not only be free of serious legalcomplications, it should also be complexenough to be challenging, yet simple enoughto be implemented with the hardware andsoftware at your disposal (taking account ofyour own- programming ability and freetime). If you are clever enough, you canchoose an extremely complex game likechess or Go. If you are a novice programmerwith only a small programmable calculator,you might want to begin with somethingsimple like tic-tac-toe.

Since my own equipment (A SOL-20computer with 16 K of programmablememory, video monitor, Teletype, twocassette drives, BASIC and assembler lan-guages) and my own programming abilityboth fall somewhere between the twoextremes, I sought a moderately difficultgame to program.

The game I selected is called "Reversi."According to the Oxford English Dictionary,Reversi was first mentioned in print in the1880s and its rules were first published inthe 1890s; thus the game has long been inthe public domain. It is now enjoying arevival because of the marketing of a boardand set of playing pieces for the game byGabriel Industries under that firm's trade-mark, "Othello/' and the publication ofa well written book on the game. (See"Othello, a New Ancient Game," Octo-ber 1977 BYTE, page 60, and the bibli-ography at the end of this article.)

The rules of the game are simple, butplay can be quite complicated. The game isplayed on an 8 by 8 square board like astandard chess or checkerboard. The playersstart with a supply of 64 playing pieces,each shaped like a checker piece, but blackon one side and white or red on the other.Players take alternate turns. If a player hasno legal play, he or she loses his turn. Whenneither player has a legal play, the gameends.

A play consists of placing a piece on anunoccupied square on the board with theplayer's color up. Each of the first twoplays by each player must be made to oneof the four center squares. Thereafter, eachplayer may place a piece on any unoccupiedsquare that will result in the formation ofan unbroken line (horizontal, vertical, ordiagonal) of pieces, with one of his ownpieces on each end and one or more ofhis opponent's pieces in the middle. Theopponent's pieces in the middle are thenturned over (see figure 1). At the end of thegame, the player with the most pieces show-ing his color wins.

Strategy for the game can be complex —only the most basic ideas are covered in the

200 page book by Hasegawa mentioned inthe bibliography. However, the variouswriters on the game do agree on some basicpoints: Corner squares are very valuable be-cause they can never be taken; s'quares nextto corners are dangerous because they canmake it possible for one's opponent totake corners. Edge squares are usuallyvaluable because they can be used to forceturnovers of large numbers of opponent'spieces in middle squares. Control of strategicsquares in the middle of the game is moreimportant than having a substantial mate-rial advantage at that time.

Programming Language

After I chose the game, the next step wasto choose a programming language for thegame. I really had only two choices becauseof the limitations of my own softwarelibrary — BASIC or assembler. I choseBASIC because I can program much moreeasily in BASIC and because BASIC pro-grams are more generally transferable toother computers than are assembler languageprograms, which will work with only onetype of processor. With transferability inmind I made considerable efforts to avoidthe use of the fancy special features availablein the BASIC interpreters I have, since theiruse would make transfer a nightmare. Nowthat I have finished the programming, I amstill happy with my choice, though I am nowtempted to convert a few of the criticalsubroutines (which I will discuss later)into assembler language. This conversionwould make the program run faster or toallow it to make a deeper analysis of itsplays while running at the same speed.

Data Structure

Before starting programming I had tochoose a suitable data structure. Followingmethods used in one of the leading com-puter chess programs (see the article byGillogly in the bibliography), I decidedto represent the standard 8 by 8 chess-board as being surrounded by a border ofout-of-bounds squares, thus making a10 by 10 board. For computer purposes,this augmented board could most naturallybe represented as a 10 by 10 array dimen-sioned by the BASIC statement DIMB(10,10). However, because many BASICinterpreters for microcomputers allow onlyone-dimensional arrays, and because use ofa one-dimensional array simplified myprogram in various ways, I decided insteadto represent the board by a single array of100 elements: DIM B(100). (See figures 2and 3.) Another array, DIM E(100), wasText continued on page 70

BYTE November 1979 67

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BYTE November 1979

69

Figure 2: Integer numbers used to identify R ever si squares. These numberscorrespond to the elements of one-dimensional J 00 element BASIC arraysused by the author in his program to store a given Reversi board pattern.

Figure 3: Initial boardposition. These values arestored in the one-dimen-sional 100 element matrixB (see listing 1). Theyenable the program totell where the four centersquares and o ut-o f-bo undssquares are located. (Thefirst four moves of thegame must be made to thefour center squares.)

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Figure 4: Initial strategic values of the board squares stored in the E matrix(see listing 1), used by the program to evaluate it using a mini max strategy.The higher the value, the more desirable the square.

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Text continued:

declared for storage of the strategic value ofeach square (see figure 4). Two more 100element arrays were declared for use insaving different versions of the board whilethe computer was considering possible plays.

This rather lavish use of storage was madepossible by the fact that I was using a 5 KBASIC package in a 16 K memory. If mem-ory were at a premium, it would have beennecessary to use a much more complexboard representation which could pack eachsquare into a few bits (see the article byYost in the bibliography) and perhapsnecessary to develop a method for storingchanges in board positions without storingwhole boards. However, if you have thestorage you might as well use it.

Several simple techniques could be usedto adapt my program for users with lessmemory space. If a BASIC with strings isavailable, board squares can be stored in

1 byte string variables rather than in multi-byte numerical variables. Alternatively,several board squares could be stored inone numerical variable, using the 1 's positionfor the first square, the 10's position for thesecond square, etc. If the BASIC packagehas POKE and PEEK instructions, stillanother possibility is to store each square as1 byte in memory with a POKE instructionand retrieve each square as needed with anappropriate PEEK instruction.

Program Structure

Having chosen the data structure, I nexthad to choose a program structure. Just asI chose a simple data structure so that itwould be easily adaptable to many types ofgames, I selected what I hoped would be avery adaptable program structure. In de-signing the program structure, I drew upon

70 BYTE November 1979

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BYTE November 1979 71

the rich body of published descriptions ofchess playing programs on the theory thata program structure capable of supportinga chess game should be adequate for mostsimpler board games. (See the computerchess material listed in the bibliography.)

The program structure consists of thefollowing parts which will be analyzed inturn: the main game control routine andsubroutines for initialization; board display;move input; legal move checking; legalmove generating; computer move selection;and board evaluation. The following discus-sion will consider each of these, since eachtypifies a routine needed for almost anyboard program.

First I'll discuss the main game controlprocedure. This procedure must first callthe subroutine that gives initial values tothe board squares and to the board evalu-ation array. Then it must display the boardon the video screen or pi-int it on the Tele-type and ask Black to make the first move.It must call the appropriate subroutine tocheck each move made for legality, andmust terminate the game and declare thescore if there are no legal moves. If theuser wants the computer to make a play,it must call the subroutine that selects amove for the computer.

The board initialization routine is thesimplest: Since the board is empty at thestart of the game, it is filled with zeroes, ex-cept for the four center squares that must becovered in the first four moves. The out-of-bounds squares are filled with threes (seefigure 3). If this were a game such ascheckers, which starts with pieces on theboard, they would have to be indicated byassigning appropriate initial values for theoccupied squares. The strategic value ofeach square (high for corner squares, lowfor center squares, negative for next tocorner squares, etc) is also entered by theinitialization subroutine into the evaluationarray (see figure 4).

Next comes the board display routine.Here a simple Teletype oriented printout ofthe 8 by 8 board was chosen. It wouldhave been more elegant and little moretrouble to use POKE commands to directlyalter squares on a board displayed on thevideo monitor, and to represent the pieceswith good-looking symbols from my char-acter generator, but I decided to foregothese luxury features in the interests ofprogram portability. I also made an effortto limit each display frame to 15 lines soit would not disappear off the top of a16 line video display monitor.

Before a player is asked to move, thecomputer must see if that player has anylegal moves. This is done by a subroutine

that checks for the existence of a legalmove. It first searches for an empty square;if it finds one, it checks to see if there isan adjacent square occupied by an oppo-nent. The flattening of the two-dimensionalboard into one dimension causes adjacentsquares to be in positions that are +1, +11,+ 10, +9, -1, -11, -10, or -9 squaresaway from the square in question (seefigure 2). These adjacent squares are checkedin turn. If a square is found that is occupiedby an opponent, the search continues inthe same direction as long as more oppo-nent's pieces are found. When the firstsquare that does not have an opponent'spiece is found, it is examined, ff it con-tains one of the player's pieces, the moveis legal; if it is empty or out-of-bounds, themove is illegal. This search process is con-tinued until a legal move is found, or it isestablished that there is no legal move.Modifications of this search routine wiilwork for games anywhere in the rangebetween tic-tac-toe and chess, inclusively.

The next routine used is the input rou-tine. I decided to ask the user to input twonumbers, giving the x and y coordinates ofthe square to which the player wishes tomove. I avoided alphabetic input since Iwanted the program to work for BASICwithout string variables. I also providedthat the input of the coordinates (0,0)would be a signal that the user wants thecomputer to make the next move. Bothapproaches can be used for almost anyboard game.

Once a play is entered, the next step isto see if it is legal. If so, the computermust make the play and change the colorof any pieces turned over by the play.If it is not legal, the computer must askthe player to try another play. The routineused to check and execute the move is verysimilar to that mentioned earlier for check-ing the legality of moves. However, unlikethe legal move routine, the routine cannotstop after finding that a play allows turn-overs in one direction, but must continueto make all turnovers in all directions theplayer is entitled to.

Some moves may affect the strategicvalue of board squares. For instance if apiece is placed in a corner, the squares nextto that corner no longer are dangerous, sotheir values in the evaluation array mustbe changed from highly negative values toslightly positive. This is the only change inevaluation values made during the runningof the present program. Undoubtedly itcould be improved by introducing a numberof other changes reflecting particular boardconfigurations and the possibility that asquare might have different values for

72 BYTE November 1979

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BYTE November 1979

Black and White in some circumstances.Chess playing programs often have entirelyseparate evaluation routines for beginning,middle and end game positions.

Finally come the most complicated andinteresting subroutines, those for choosinga move for the computer. These use anapproach suggested by Shannon in his classicarticle, an approach later refined by numer-ous other researchers (see the bibliography).This is the minimax algorithm. Assume thatthe computer is to make a play for White. Itgenerates all legal moves for White (usingthe legal move checking procedure dis-cussed above). As each legal move is gen-erated, the computer considers all possiblereplies by Black. An evaluation routine iscalled to calculate the strategic value toBlack of the board position after Blackhas played. The minimax strategy callsfor the computer to select that legal playfor White that minimizes the maximumvalue of the response Black can make.

For instance, suppose White has twolegal plays, and that for the first play Blackmay make reply A with value to Black of 80,or reply B with value 90. For White's otherpossible move, Black may make reply Cwith value to Black of 100, or reply Dwith value 50 (see figure 5). Using theminimax strategy, White will choose thefirst move. This ensures that even if Blackmakes his best reply, he cannot achievea board position worth more than 90 eval-uation points.

This procedure can be extended to anydepth. However, the number of moves tobe evaluated, and consequently the com-puter time needed, rises at an astronomicalrate. In the middle game in chess, eachside may have 50 legal moves. This meansthat the complexity of search is of theorder of 50n, where n represents the depthof the search. This is a very large numbereven for a relatively shallow search, whichmay explain why world championshipcomputer chess matches are usually wonby very large and fast computers. In Reversithere is an average of approximately 8 pos-sible legal plays per turn. This means that

Figure 5: Minimax strategy tree, showing alpha-beta pruning. Minimax is agame theory strategy in which the object is to minimize the value of theopponents maximum response. In this illustration, White has two moves tochoose from: move one enables Black to counter with moves having strategicvalues of 80 or 90 (the higher the number, the better). Move two, on theother hand, enables Black to respond with moves having values of 50 or 700.Move one is the preferable move for White, since it minimizes Black's maxi-mum response to 90, rather than WO. It is not necessary for the computer,playing the role of White, to analyze the move two branch any further, sinceit has already been eliminated by the minimax strategy. That branch cantherefore be pruned to save computing time.

WHITE BLACK

A >»8C

for a search of depth 2 (ie: to considerall possible moves by White and all possiblereplies by Black) 64 final board positionswould have to be evaluated. A search ofdepth 4 would require 2796 evaluations.

Computer chess programmers haveadopted a number of tricks to speed up thesearch process. Many of these tricks areadaptable to other types of board games;one of them is used here. This is what arti-ficial intelligence specialists call alpha-betapruning. A simple example may be given.Consider again the situation mentionedabove, in which White has two legal plays.For play one, Black may make play Awith value 90 or play B with value 80.For play two, Black may make play C withvalue 100 or play D with value 50 (seefigure 5). Suppose the computer evaluatesplay one first. It discovers that the bestthat Black can do if White makes play oneis to achieve a 90 point position. Now thecomputer starts to evaluate White's playtwo. It finds that Black has reply C whichgives it a 100 point position. It need con-sider no further replies to play two, since italready knows enough to realize that playtwo is inferior to play one under the mini-max approach, ie: Black has at least onereply to play two which is better for Blackand hence worse for White than any ofBlack's replies to play one.

Another important method used forspeeding the operation of chess programs,but not yet incorporated in my Reversiprogram, is that of saving particularlygood moves (or particularly harmful repliesby an opponent) and trying them in othersituations. Thus Black may have a replythat is extremely damaging for almost anymove White makes, plus a number of weakerreplies. It pays to check Black's most power-ful replies to previously checked Whitemoves first, since a good reply to one moveis often a good reply to other moves.

A sure way to speed up evaluations sub-stantially and allow a deeper search is to usea compiled rather than interpreted languageor to rewrite the program (or at least themove selection strategy) in assembler lan-guage. Again it is instructive to note thatmost championship chess programs arewritten in assembler language to obtainan extra edge in the depth of search possibleunder the time limits enforced in chesstournaments.

Once a game program is up and working,the most interesting point for furthereffort is to try to improve the program'sstrategy. It certainly helps to be a goodplayer of the game, or at least to have readsome background material on the theoryof play. One ingenious method sometimes

74 BYTE November 1979

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BYTE November 1979

75

Listing 1: BASIC program for playing the game of ReversL

1 REM**** REVERSI ****

2 REM ALL REMARKS MAY BE OMITTED TO SAVE MEMORY50 REM VARIABLES55 REM A(100) - FOR SAVING BOARD60 REM B(100) -BOARD

62 REM C(100) -FOR SAVING BOARD

63 REM D(8) -DISTANCETO NEXT SQUARE IN 8 DIRECTIONS

64 REM E(100) - VALUE OF BOARD SQUARES

65 REM F -VALUE OF OPPONENT'S BEST REPLY TO

66 REM COMPUTER'S BEST PLAY

67 REM G - VALUE OF OPPONENT'S BEST REPLY TO

68 REM COMPUTER'S CURRENT PLAY

69 REM H - VALUE OF OPPONENT'S CURRENT REPLY

70 REM I -NOT USED

71 REM J, K, L - COUNTERS

74 REM M-PLAY

75 REM N- COUNTER

76 REM O-NOT USED

77 REM P- PLAYER, BLACK=-1, WHITE=1

78 REM Q -TOTAL MOVES

79 REM R,S - NOT USED

80 REMT - LOGICAL VALUE, TRUE=1, FALSE=0

81 REM U -COUNTER

82 REM V,W -TOSAVE PLAY84 REM Z- COUNTER

105 DIM Ad00)

110 DIMBdOO)

112 DIMC(IOO)

113 DIM D(8)

114 DIM E(100)

115 REM RANDOMIZE

118 REM IF YOUR COMPUTER HASA RANDOMIZE COMMAND, SUBSTITUTE

119 REM IT FOR LINE 115 AND OMIT LINES 118THROUGH 150123 PRINT "TYPE A NUMBER BETWEEN 100 AND 1000":

125 INPUTN

130 IF N<100THEN 123

135 IF N>1000THEN 123

137 PRINT "RANDOMIZING"

140 FORJ = 1TON

145 LETZ=RND(0)

150 NEXT J

171 LETD(1)=1

172 LETD(2) = 11

173 LETD(3) = 10

174 LETD(4)=9

175 LETD(5)=-1

176 LETD(6)=-11

177 LETD(7)=-10

178 LETD(8)=-9182 REM INITIALIZE185 GOSUB9000

190 REM DISPLAY BOARD

200 GOSUB 8000

205 IF Q<5 THEN 295

210 REM CHECK FOR LEGAL PLAY

215 GOSUB 1300

220 IF T=1 THEN 295

225 LET T3=T3+1

226 IF T3<2 THEN 254

228 PRINT "THE GAME IS OVER"

229 LETN-0

230 LET J=0

231 FOR Z=12 TO 89

232 IF B(Z)=-1 THEN 239

234 IF B(Z) <> 1 THEN 244

235 LET J=J+1237 GOTO 244239 LET N=N+1

244 NEXTZ

245 PRINT "BLACK HAS ";N;", WHITE HAS"; J;" PIECES"248 PRINT "DO YOU WANTTO PLAY AGAIN (0=NO, 1=YES)";

250 INPUTT

251 RESTORE

252 IF T=1 THEN 185

253 GOTO 9998

254 PRINT

255 IF P=1 THEN 260

256 PRINT "BLACK HAS NO PLAY, LOSES TURN"258 GOTO 950

260 PRINT "WHITE HAS NO PLAY, LOSES TURN"

270 GOTO 950

295 GOSUB 1100

380 IF MO 1 THEN 500

390 IF Q>4 THEN 430

395400402403404405430450500510520530540550600640800820830950

REM COMPUTER PLAYS

REM FIRST4 PLAYS

LET M=45

IF B(M)=2 THEN 540

LET M=M+1

GOTO 403

GOSUB 3000

REMCHECK PLAY

IF M<1 THEN 800

IF M>100THEN 800

IF Q>4THEN 600

IF B(M) <>2 THEN 800

LET B(M) = P

GOTO 830

GOSUB 1400

IF TO0THEN 950

PRINT "ILLEGAL PLAY"

GOTO 200

LETQ=Q+1

LETP=-P

Listing 1 continued on page 78

used in order to find better parametersfor evaluation routines is to select a varietyof values for use in these routines and tohave the program run a tournament againstitself using the different values. The winningvalues are then incorporated in the revisedand improved program.

I hope this description and the listing ofthe Reversi program will inspire readers tomake their own game playing programs.The books about board games mentioned inthe bibliography list over 700 games, sothere are plenty of games waiting to beprogrammed.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Bell, R C, Board and Table Games From ManyCivilizations, volumes 1 and 2, Oxford Uni-versity Press, London, 1960 and 1969.

2. Gardner, Martin, Martin Gardner's New Mathe-matical Diversions from Scientific American,Simon and Schuster, New York, 1966, pages75 thru 81.

3. Gillogly, J J, "The Technology Chess Program,"Artificial Intelligence, volume 3, 1972, pages145thru 163.

4. Hasegawa, Goro, with Brady, Maxine, How toWin at Othello, Jove Publications, New York,1977.

5. Levy, David, Chess and Computers, ComputerScience Press, Woodland Hills CA, 1976.

6. Murray, H J R, A History of Board GamesOther Than Chess, Oxford University Press,London, 1952.

7. Newborn, Monroe, Computer Chess, AcademicPress, New York, 1975.

8. Shannon, C E, "Programming a Computer toPlay Chess," Philosophy Magazine, series 7,volume 41, March 1950, pages 256 thru 275.

9. Yost, R R Jr, "Computer Models for BoardGames," BYTE, January 1977, pages 78 thru81.

76 BYTE November 1979

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Listing 1, continued:

955 IF E(M) <>64 THEN 200

960 GOSUB 5000

970 GOTO 200

1099 REM * GET A PLAY *

1100 PRINT

1101 PRINT "IF YOU WANT THE COMPUTER TO PLAY,1115 IF P=1 THEN 1140

1120 PRINT "BLACK";

1130 GOTO 1145

1140 PRINT "WHITE";

1145 PRINT '"STURN, ENTER X,Y";

1150 INPUT X,Y

1160 LETM=X+1+10*Y

1170 RETURN

1299 REM * CHECK FOR LEGAL PLAY *

1300 LETT=1

1301 PRINT "CHECKING";

1302 LETM=1

1310 IF U<4THEN 1318

1316 LETU=0

1317 PRINT".";

1318 LET U=U+1

1320 IF B(M) <>0 THEN 1390

1330 LETN = 1

1340 LETJ=D(N)

1350 IF B(M+J) O-PTHEN 1385

1370 LETK=M+J+J

1380 IF B(K)=3THEN 1385

1381 IF B(K)=0THEN 1385

1382 IF B(K)=PTHEN 1394

1383 LETK=K+J

1384 GOTO 1380

1385 LETN=N+1

1386 IF N<9 THEN 1340

1390 LETM=M+1

1391 IF MOO THEN 1310

1392 LETT=01394 RETURN

1399 REM * MAKE A PLAY *

1400 LETT=0

1410 IF B(M)=0THEN 1430

1420 RETURN

1430 LET N=1

1440 LETJ=D(N)

1444 IF B(M+J) O-PTHEN 1700

1470 LETK=M+J+J

1480 IF B(K)=3THEN 1700

1490 IF B(K)=0THEN 1700

1500 IF B(K)=PTHEN 1530

1510 LETK=K+J

1515 GOTO 1480

1530 LETT=1

1531 LET L=M

1532 IF L=KTHEN 1700

1533 LETB(L)=P

1534 LETL=L+J

1535 GOTO 15321700 LETN=N+1

1705 IF N<9 THEN 1440

1710 RETURN

2999 REM CHECK COMPUTER'S PLAYS *

3000 PRINT 'THINKING";3680 LET F=9999

3690 FORZ=12T0 893700 LETC(Z)=B(Z)

3710 NEXTZ

3750 LETM = 12

3752 IF U<4 THEN 3759

3753 LETU=03755 PRINT".";3759 LETU=U + 13770 GOSUB 14003780 IF T=0THEN 38603790 GOSUB 3900

3800 IF H>F THEN 3840

3802 IF H<FTHEN3810

3803 REM CHOOSE RANDOM OF EQUAL PLAYS

3804 LETZ=RND(0)3806 IF Z>0.7 THEN 38403810 LETF=H

3815 REM FOUND BETTER MOVE

3820 LETW=V

3840 FORZ = 12T0 89

3850 LETB(Z)=C(Z)

3855 NEXTZ

3860

LET M=M+1

3865

IF M<90THEN 3752

3870

LET M=W

3875

PRINT

3880

RETURN

3899

REM * CHECK OPPONENT'S REPLIES *

3900

LET H=-99999

ENTER 0,0"

3920

FOR Z=12T0 89

3925

LET A(Z) = B(Z)

3930

NEXT Z

3935

LET P=-P

3940

LET V=M

3950

LET M=12

3970

GOSUB1400

3980

IF TOTHEN4080

3990

GOSUB4130

4000

IF G<FTHEN4030

4014

REM FORGETTHIS PLAY

4016

LET H=G

4020

GOTO 4100

4030

IF G< HTHEN 4050

4035

REM FOUND MORE HARMFULREPLY

4040

LET H=G

4050

FOR Z=12 TO 89

4060

LETB(Z)=A(Z)

4070

NEXT Z

4080

LET M=M+1

4090

IF M<90THEN 3970

4100

LET M=V

4105

LET P=-P

4110

RETURN

4129

REM * EVALUATE *

4130

LETG=0

4140

LET Z=12

4150

IF B(Z)=PTHEN4190

4160

IF B(Z)=0THEN 4300

4170

LETG=G-E(Z)

4180

GOTO 4300

4190

LETG=G+E(Z)

4195

REM FORGETTHIS PLAY

4200

IF OFTHEN 4500

4300

LET Z=Z+1

4400

IF Z<90THEN 4150

4500

RETURN

4999

REM ADJUST CORNER VALUES

5000

IF M<>12 THEN 5100

5010

LET E(13)=5

5020

LET E(22)=5

5030

LET E(23)=5

5100

IF M<>19 THEN 5200

5110

LET E(18)=5

5120

LET E(28)=5

5130

LET E(29)=5

5200

IF M<>82 THEN 5300

5210

LET E(72)=5

5220

LET E(73)=5

5230

LET E(83)=5

5300

IF M<>89 THEN 5400

5310

LET E(77)=5

5320

LET E(78)=5

5330

LET E(88)=5

5400

RETURN

7999

REM DISPLAY THE BOARD

8000

PRINT " 12 3 4 5 6 7

8200

FOR Y=8 TO 1 STEP -1

8300

PRINT Y;" ";

8400

FOR X = 1 TO 8

8500

IF B(X+1+Y*10)=1 THEN 8700

8550

IF B(X + 1+Y*10)=-1 THEN 8900

8600

PRINT " - ";

8650

GOTO 8990

8700

PRINT "W ";

8800

GOTO 8990

8900

PRINT" B ";

8990

NEXTX

8995

PRINT Y

8996

NEXT Y

8997

PRINT " 12 3 4 5 6 7

8998

RETURN

8999

REM * INITIALIZE *

9000

FOR N = 11 TO 90

9050

READ E(N)

9060

NEXT N

9066

FOR N = 1 TO 100

9068

LETB(N)=0

9070

NEXT N

9074

FOR N = 1 TO 10

78 BYTE November 1979

Circle 77 on inquiry card.

9076 LETB(N)=3

9078 LETB(90+N)=3

9080 LETB(10*N-9)=3

9082 LET B(10*N)=3

9085 NEXTN

9087 LETB(45)=2

9088 LETB(46)=2

9089 LETB(55)=2

9090 LETB(56)=29172 LETU=59186 LETQ=1

9190 LETP=-1

9191 RETURN

9220 DATA 0, 64, -30, 10,5,5,10, -30, 64, 0

9222 DATA 0, -30, -40, 2, 2, 2, 2, -40, -30, 0

9224 DATA 0, 10,2, 5, 1, 1,5,2, 10,0

9226 DATA 0,5,2,1,1,1,1,2,5,0

9228 DATA 0,5,2,1,1,1,1,2,5,0

9230 DATA 0,10,2, 5,1, 1,5,2,10,0

9234 DATA 0, -30, -40, 2, 2, 2, 2, -40, -30, 0

9236 DATA 0, 64, -30, 10,5,5,10, -30, 64, 0

9998 STOP

9999 END

Listing 2: Sample output of the program in listing 7.

IF YOU WANT THE COMPUTER TO PLAY,

ENTER 0,0

BLACK'S TURN, ENTER X, Y

?3,4

12 3 4 5 6 7 8B------.--8

7_______„7

6--------6

5---WB---54--BBB---43------_-3

2-_-___--21 ________1

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TI MICROCOMPUTER PICTURE IN TRANSITION: Although Texas Instruments finally introduced its99/4 personal computer system in June, it is expected to be an interim product. TI failed to get FCCapproval for the original version and also ran into processor production difficulties which forced theintroduction of a high-priced personal computer system ($1150). TI is still pursuing a rule changerequest with the FCC and the development of its 9985 stripped down version of its 9940 16-bit pro-cessor. TI hopes to then introduce a personal computer system for under $500 which connects to astandard color-television receiver.

TI has also expanded its small business computer (99/7) marketing efforts. The 99/7, which startsat $5000, will be marketed by Moore Business Forms, through over 750 sales offices as well asthrough computer stores and TI's own retail outlets.

AT&T TESTING HOME INFORMATION SYTSTEMS: American Telephone and Telegraph Co hasundertaken customer acceptance tests of several home information systems similar to the Viewdatasystem. Among the systems AT&T will test are the Knight-Ridder system (reported in the AugustBYTE News), a system developed by McDonnell Douglas, and a Bell Labs developed system.The Knight-Ridder system test will take two years and involve 150 to 200 families in Miami,Florida. The system will transmit news, sports results, weather,and public information. TheMcDonnell Douglas system will be tested in Kansas City, Michigan, and New York. It will allow usersto call a special number, key a special code on a push button phone, and receive the requestedinformation in audible form. No details are as yet available on the Bell system.

HEATH ACQUIRED BY ZENITH: Heath Co, a leader in the consumer electronic kit business, wassold by Schlumberger Ltd to Zenith Radio Corp for $64.5 million. In 1977 Heath introduced two per-sonal computer kit systems, the H-8 which is based on the 8080 processor, and the H-ll which isbased on the Digital Equipment Corp (DEC) LSI-11. Heath entered into a three-year contract withDEC. Heath also entered the adult-education market. Heath sales for the last several years havedeclined at a 3 to 5% rate.

Zenith, a manufacturer of radio and television receivers, has been diversifying. They have beenmaking video monitors for terminals and cable-television converters. Immediately after the acquisi-tion was completed, Heath announced an aggressive marketing program to sell assembled computersystems through a network of distributors and original equipment manufacturers.

8-INCH WINCHESTER DISK MARKET STILL TRYING TO GET OFF THE GROUND: Despite thepublicity and advertising, only one manufacturer is presently shipping production quantities of8-inch hard-disk drives. The company is International Memories Inc (IMI), which is currently ship-ping limited quantities of their 11 M byte drive at $1775. IMI will introduce a 20 M byte unit earlynext year, and expects to reduce the price on the 11 M byte unit 10 to 20% by midyear as produc-tion is increased.

Micropolis expects to start shipping limited quantities of its 27 and 45 M byte drives soon. Theintroductory price for the 45 M byte drive is $2688 and should drop to under $2000 by midyear.

Shugart has not yet revealed its marketing plans for its 8-inch rigid drive.

COMPUTERIZED PORTABLE HOME ENTERTAINMENT CENTER SHOWN: Sharp Electronicsrecently showed a portable unit, about the size of a typical portable stereo system, which includedthe following: a television receiver with a 4.5 inch screen, an AM/FM radio, a stereo cassette, adigital clock, a calculator, and a personal computer. The computer's 48-key keyboard slides into theunit for storage, when it becomes necessary to transport the unit. The video screen is used fordisplay, and the audio cassette recorder is for data and program storage. It uses BASIC, hasgraphics capabilities, and is expandable. No immediate marketing plans have as yet been announc-ed.

November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc 81

LOOK IT UP IN THE DATA DICTIONARY: Data base management (DBM) systems are growing insize, sophistication, and popularity. Users, therefore, need more advanced tools for defining andkeeping track of their data resources. Data dictionaries have been developed to do this and to aug-ment existing data base management systems. The data dictionary is integrated into the data basemanagement system's nucleus and utilities as well as managing the data resources.

On large computer systems such as the large IBM mainframes, the problem of managing thesesystems is acute, and data dictionaries are popular here. However, data dictionaries are now beingdeveloped for minicomputer systems as they increase in complexity. Someday you can expect to seethem on microcomputer systems.

IEEE-488 BUS INTERFACING SIMPLIFIED: Now you can interface your computer system to theIEEE-488 bus without a special bus interface. ICS Electronics Corp, San Jose, California, has comeup with an easy way of doing it. They have developed a 488-to-RS-232C interface and controller.Just place this device in the line between your terminal and processor and plug your IEEE-488 cableinto the device. Now you can program your computer to process data coming from all those in-struments with 488 interfaces.

SILICON VALLEY-II DEVELOPING: "Silicon Valley7' is the nickname given to the area in Californiajust south of San Francisco that has the highest concentration of integrated circuit manufacturers. Aregional shift now appears underway as more and more integrated circuit manufacturers are openingfacilities in Texas. Long the stronghold of Texas Instruments, the Dallas and Austin areas have seenthe opening of plants by Mostek and Hitachi. Now, Motorola and Advanced Micro Devices arefollowing suit. The desertion of California appears to be due to high operating costs.

GTE TAKES ON VIEWDATA: General Telephone and Electronics Corp has been licensed to offerViewdata information services in the USA and Canada. Viewdata was developed by the British PostOffice, and is a data base information system allowing users to access data on their televisionreceivers via telephone lines.

DUAL-SIDED FLOPPIES STILL IN SHORT SUPPLY: Shugart expects to finally get into quantity pro-duction on dual-sided floppy disks by the end of the first quarter of 1980. Presently they are ship-ping only limited quantities. Originally introduced in early 1977, Shugart did not start shipping untilearly 1979. Media wear problems caused these delays and has limited production to 100 drives perday at best. Shugart has designed a completely new double-sided head which they expect will curethese problems. However, Shugart has found it necessary to increase the price of the drives. TheSA850, an 8-inch drive, in 500-lot quantities will be priced from $485 to $580.

FCC COMPLETES RADIO FREQUENCY RADIATION TESTS: The FCC has completed its test of sixpersonal computer systems and will release its data soon. Reportedly, the FCC has found that all butone exceed the interference levels permitted for devices that connect to television receivers(eg, games). The test included the Atari, Apple, PET, Heath, Southwest Technical Products, andRadio Shack systems. Only the Atari system passed. The rest caused excessive radio frequency (RF)radiation interference on nearby television receivers. None of these systems are required to meet theexisting regulations. In the meantime, the large numbers of personal computer systems in use arebeginning to generate interference complaints.

8080 STILL GOING STRONG: The 8080 microprocessor, introduced by Intel in 1974 and the inte-grated circuit that started the microprocessor "revolution/' is still going great. This is despiteimproved successors such as the Z80 and 8085. An estimated 500,000 8080As are being made eachmonth, and many purchasers are finding them in short supply. The 8080A is currently being madeby five manufacturers. Prices for large quantities have gone back up to the $3 to 4 range, after theyhad dipped as low as $2.75 each in late 1978. Demand for the 8080A is expected to continue strongthrough mid-1980, and it should continue in production for several more years.

MAIL: I receive a large number of letters each month as a result of this column. If you writeto me and wish a response, please include a stamped self-addressed envelope.

by Sol Libes

ACGNJ

1776 Raritan Rd

Scotch Plains NJ 07076

82 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

We're about to makea new name for ourselves

Not that the old one was so bad. AsIthaca Audio, we've made quite a name forourselves. As the source for CPU, memory,video display and disk controller boards toupgrade other makers' mainframes andperipherals. The company that makesthose neat little RAM expansion kits. Andthe folks behind the world's only Z-80Pascal compiler.

But as much as we've enjoyed im-proving other people's equipment, we'vebeen quietly moving towards larger en-deavors, with a lot of encouragement fromour customers/Listening to people's prob-lems, as well as their needs. And, as a primemover behind the IEEE S-100 Bus Standard,answering some really knotty questions.

One of the results is our new identity.And our first new product: the Inter-systems DPS-1. An IEEE S-100 compatiblemainframe with features that live up to itslooks. Dependable operation to 4 MHz.Twenty-card capacity. A modular power

supply. And something no one else has—built-in breakpoints to give you a faster,more powerful tool for testing software aswell as hardware. Directly accessible froman easy-to-use front panel that's as reliableas it is functional. In short, an intelligently-designed computer for the intelligent user.

There's a lot more to Intersystems. Inhardware. And software. All availablethrough the nationwide dealer networkwe're now assembling.

You can watch this magazine forupdates. Or contact us directly for straight,friendly answers and detailed informationfrom key staff people. Just the way youalways have. Because even though we'remaking a new name for ourselves, we'llnever forget who made it possible.

Ithaca Intersystems Inc.

1650 Hanshaw Road/R O. Box 91

Ithaca, NY 14850/607-257-0190

^^0^^^

© 1979 Ithaca Intersystems Incorporated

Alpha-Beta Pruning

W D Maurer

George Washington University

SEAS

Washington DC 20052

Get your shears out, and

get ready to cut back your

game trees, thereby saving

both space and timeiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

Sooner or later, almost everyonewith a small system gets the idea ofprogramming it to play chess,checkers, or some other two-personboard game. Most of us give upbefore we start because we have noidea how to determine the best movein any given situation. The otheraspects of playing a game are gen-erally no problem.

We can see how to represent 64squares on a board by 64 bytes in-memory, each of which contains acode number which might be 3 forBishop, 6 for King, or 0 for a blanksquare, and so on. We can see how towrite a program for each piece, deter-mining where it can move in a givensituation depending upon the rules ofthe game. For example, a Bishop canmove as far as possible in any of fourdirections, so we have to write a pro-gram to search in one direction untilit finds a square that is not blank (ie:the corresponding byte does not con-tain 0, the code for a blank square). Ifthis square is n squares away fromwhere the Bishop is currently posi-tioned, then there are n — 1 possiblemoves that the Bishop can make inthat direction. This loop is thenrepeated, once for each of the fourdirections.

Finally, we can see how to write a

program that would find all of thepieces on the board, would determinethe type of each piece, and would findall possible moves for each piece, ac-cording to its type. In this way wecould get a list of all of the moves thatcould be made by one player in anygiven situation. But to find the best ofthese defies the low-level intuitionthat most of us rely upon.

In this article, I will describe ageneral procedure for programmingboard games, relying heavily on chessin my examples, but utilizing pro-cedures that can be applied in anyboard game where you have to "lookahead." The logic is roughly asfollows: if I make move X, then my

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Figure 1: Chessboard layout just prior tothe conclusion of a famous dramaticending to a chess game.

opponent will make move Y; if Imake move Z, then my opponent canmake move U, which is better for himthan move Y, so I shouldn't makemove Z; but if I make move W...andso on.

The first illustration will be from afamous dramatic finish to a chessgame. This is illustrated in figure 1.White is already far ahead, having aQueen and a Knight, whereas Blackhas only a Rook and two pawns. Tofinish the game quickly, White letsBlack capture his Queen, then givescheckmate with his Knight. For thosewho have forgotten their chess (andalso to illustrate what the computerdoes when it sees this position), theentire finish of the game is illustratedin figure 2 (see page 88).

It is clear that the computer has toperform a complete analysis of thegiven position in a game; much morecomplete than that given in eitherfigure 1 or figure 2. For example, lookat White's first move: N-R6 doublecheck. In chess terminology, as soonas White makes this move, Black'snext move is "forced." There isnothing that Black can do exceptmove K-Rl. But what does thismean? Black actually has severalmoves, but all of the others are illegalbecause White would be able to cap-ture his King. Specifically:

• If Black plays R-B2 (interposingthe Rook), then White plays NxK(capturing the King with hisKnight).

• If Black plays PxN (capturing theKnight), then White plays QxK

Text continued on page 90

84

November 1979 BYTE Publications Inc

■Mm*

6809 PROCESSING POWER!

The Percom SBC/9. Only $199.95.

Fully compatible w th (he SS-requiring no modification of tb^motherboard, memory cy iterate-—-theSBC/Q" is also a; complete, single-board control computer with its ownROM operating] "System - BAM,peripheral ports and a full-range baudclock generator.

□□

Make the SBC/9 the heart of your computer and put to workthe most outstanding microprocessor available, the 6809.

the Mighty 6809

Featuring more addressing modesthan any other eight-bit processor,position-independent coding, special16-bit instructions, efficient argu-ment-passing calls, autoincrement/autodecrement and more, it's no won-der the 6809 has been called the "pro-grammers dream machine."

Moreover, with the 6809 you get amicroprocessor whose programs typ-ically use only one-half to two-thirds asmuch RAM space as required for 6800systems, and run faster besides.

And to complement the extraordi-nary 6809, the Percom design teamhas developed PSYMON™, an extraor-dinary 6809 operating system for theSBC/9™PSYMOfT — Percom SYstem MONitor

Although PSYMON™ includes a fullcomplement of operating systemcommands and 15 externally callable

""trademark of Percom Data Company, Inc.

utilities, what really sets PSYMON™apart is its easy hardware adaptabilityand command extensibility.

For hardware interfacing, youmerely use simple, specific devicedriver routines that reference a table ofparameters called a Device ControlBlock (DCB). Using this technique, in-terfacing routines are independent ofthe operating system.

The basic PSYMON7" commandrepertoire may be readily enhanced ormodified. When PSYMON™ first re-ceives system control, it initializes itsRAM area, configures its console andthen 'looks ahead' for an optional sec-ond ROM which you install in a socketprovided on the SBC/9™ card. ThisROM contains your own routines thatmay alter PSYMON'" pointers andeither subtly or radically modify thePSYMON7" command set. If a secondROM is not installed, control returnsimmediately to PSYMON7"

Provision for multi-address, 8-bit bidirec-tional parallel I/O data lines for interfac-ing to devices such as an encodedkeyboard.

A serial interface Reader Control outputfor a cassette, tape punch/reader or simi-lar device.

An intelligent data bus: multi-level databus decoding that allows multiprocess-ing and bus multiplexing of other busmasters.

Extended address line capability — ac-commodating up to 16 megabytes ofmemory — that does not disable the on-board baud rate clock or require addi-tional hardware in I/O slots.On-board devices which are fully de-coded so that off-card devices may useadjoining memory space.Fully buffered address, control and datalines.

The SBC/97", complete with PSYMONTinROM, 1K of RAM and a comprehensiveusers manual™ costs just $199.95.

PERCOM DATA COMPANY. INC.

211 N KIRBY GARLAND. TEXAS 75042(2141 272-3421

Percom 'peripherals for personal computing'

To place an order or request additional literaturecall toll-free 1-800-527-1592. For technical infor-mation call [21 4] 272-3421. Orders may be paid bycheck, money order, COD or charged to a VISA orMaster Charge account. Texas residents must add

5°/o Sales tax. Circle 305 on inquiry card.

PRICES AND SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE

Welcome to Percom's Wide World

Each LFD mini-disk storage systemincludes:

• drives with integral powersupplies in an enamel-finishedenclosure

• a controller/interface with ROMoperating system plus extra ROMcapacity

• an interconnecting cable

• a comprehensive 80-page usersmanual

Low-Cost Mini-Disk Storage in the Size You Want.

Percom LFD mini-disk drivesystems are supplied completeand ready to plug in the momentthey arrive. You don't even haveto buy extra memory. Moreover,software support ranges fromassembly language programdevelopment aids to high-speeddisk operating systems andbusiness application programs.

Mini-disk storage system prices:

The LFD-4007-* and -400EX1* systemsand the LFD-800?M> and -800EX'* systemsare available in 1-, 2- and 3~driveconfigurations. The -400, -400EX drivesstore 102K bytes of formatted data on40-track disks, and data may be stored oneither surface of a disk. The -800, -800EXdrives store 200K bytes of formatted dataon 77-track disks.

The LFD-1000^ systems (not pictured)have dual-drive units which store 800Kbytes on-line. The LFD-1000,M controlleraccommodates two drive systems so thata user may have as much as 1.6M byteson-line.

liliitti

•III! HI

III

1-DRIVE

2-DRIVE

3-DRIVE

MODEL

SYSTEM

SYSTEM

SYSTEM

For the SS-50 Bus:

LFD-400'*

$ 599.95

$ 999.95

$1399.95

LFD-800,M

895.95

1549.95

2195.95

For the EXORciser* Bus:

LFD-400EX®

$ 649.95

$1049.95

$1449.95

LFD-800EX®

945.95

1599.95

2245.95

LFD-1000'-M

(dual) $2495.00

(quad) $4950.00

J

~ .

EXORciset Bus LFD-40QEXP -800EX^ Systems

Upgrade to 6809 Computing Power. Only $69.95

Although designed with the SWTP 6800 owner inmind, this upgrade adapter may also be used withmost other 6800 and 6802 MPUs. The adapter issupplied assembled and tested, and includes the6809 IC, a crystal, other essential components anduser instructions. Restore your original system bymerely unplugging the adapter and a wire-jumpered

DIP header, and re-inserting the originalcomponents Also available for your upgradedsystem is PSYM0N?M (Percom SYstem MONitor),the operating system for the Percom 6809single-board computer. PSYMON™ on 2716 ROMcosts only $69.95. On diskette (source and objectfiles), only $29.95.

Data Terminal & Two-CassetteInterface — the CIS-3Q+

RATI

TfRMlNAl TA"

300

UNI 0N

(fc 6001200

IOCA1 AUr0

PtFQCM

CII-J0 +

• Interface to data terminal and two cassette recorderswith a unit only 1/10 the size of SWTP's AC-30.

• Select 30, 60 or 120 bytes per second cassetteinterfacing; 300, 600 or 1200 baud data terminalinterfacing.

• Optional mod kits make CIS-30+ work with anymicrocomputer. (For MITS 680b, ask for Tech MemoTM-CIS-30 + -09.)

• KC Standard/Bi-Phase-M (double frequency) cassettedata encoding. Dependable self-clocking operation

• Ordinary functions may be accomplished with 6800Mikbug* monitor

Prices: Kit, $79.95; Assembled, $99.95. Prices includea comprehensive instruction manuaf. Also available: TestCassette, Remote Control Kit (for program control ofrecorders), IC Socket Kit, MITS 680b mod documentationand Universal Adapter Kit (converts CIS-30+ for use withany computer).

of 6800 Microcomputing.

6800/6809 SOFTWARE

System Software

6800 Symbolic Assembler — Specify assembly optionsat time of assembly with this symbolic assembler. Source

listing on diskette $29.95

Super BASIC —a 12K extended random access disk BASICfor the 6800 and 6809. Supports 44 commands and 31 func-tions. Interprets programs written in both SWTP 8K BASIC(versions 2.0, 2.2 & 2.3) and Super BASIC. Features: 9-digitBCD arithmetic, Print Using and Linput commands, and much

more. Price $49.95

TOUCH UP,M- — Modifies TSC's Text Editor and Text Pro-cessor for Percom mini-disk drive operation. Supplied on

diskette complete with source listing $17.95

Operating Systems

INDEX'7® — This easy-to-use disk-operating and file man-agement system for 6800 microcomputers is fast. I/O devicesare serviced by interrupt request. INDEX- accesses peripheralsthe same as disk files — new devices may be added withoutchanging the operating system. Other features; unlimitednumber of DOS commands may be added* over 60 systementry points • display only those files at or above user-specifiedfile activity level • versionsavailable for SWTP MF-68, Smoke's

BFD-68 and Motorola's EXORciser*. Price $99.95

MINIDOS-PLUSX™ — An extension of the originalMINIDOS® for LFD-400® mini-disk systems, MINIDOS-PLUSX-- manipulates files by six-character names. Supportsup to 31 files. Resident commands include Initialize, Save,Allocate, Load, Files (directory list), Rename and Delete.Supplied on 2708 ROM with a minidiskette that includestransient utilities such as Copy, Backup, Create, Pack and Print

Directory. Price $34.95.

PSYMONrM — Percom SYstem MONitor for the Percomsingle-board/ SS-50-bus-compatible 6809 computer accom-modates user's application programs with any mix of peripher-als without modifying programs. PSYMON'* also featurescharacter echoing to devices other than the communicatingdevice, sophisticated register and memory dump routines and

more. Price (on 2716 ROM) $69.95.

WINDEX1- — Described in detail elsewhere on this page.Business Programs

General Ledger — For 6800/6809 computers using Per-com LFD mini-disk storage systems. Requires little or noknowledge of bookkeeping because the operator is promptedwith non-technical questions during data entry. General Ledgerupdates account balances immediately — in real time, and willprint financial statements immediately after journal entries. Userselects and assigns own account numbers; tailors financialstatements to firm's particular needs. Provides audit trail. Runsunder Percom Super BASIC. Requires 24K bytes of RAM.Supplied on minidiskette with a comprehensive users manual.Price $199.95.

FINDER-■ —- This general purpose data base manager iswritten in Percom Super BASIC. Works wth 6800/6809 com-puters using Percom LFD-400™- mini-disk drive storage sys-tems. FINDER- allows user to define and access records usinghis own terminology — customize file structures to specificneeds. Basic commands are New, Change, Delete, Find andPack. Add up to three user-defined commands. FINDER plusSuper BASIC require 24K bytes of RAM. Supplied on minidisk-ette with a users manual. Price $99.95

Mailing List Processor — Powerful search, sort, createand update capability plus ability to store 700 addresses perminidiskette make this list processor efficient and easy to use.Runs under Percom Super BASIC. Requires 24K bytes of RAM.Supplied on minidiskette with a users manual. Price $99.95.From the Software WorksDevelopment and debugging programs for 6800 u.Cs on disk-ette:

Disassembler/Source Generator $30.95

Reloc'tng Disas'mblr/Segmented Text Gen $40.95

Disassembler/Trace $25.95

Support Relocator Program $25.95

Relocating Assembler/ Linking Loader $55.95

SmithBUG** (2716 EPROM) $70.00

1/2-Price Special on Hemenway Software!

CP/68i disk operating system $ 49.97

STRUBAL+t compiler $124.97

EDIT68 text editor $ 19.97

MACRO-Relocating Assembler $ 39.97

Linkage Editor (LNKEDT68) $ 24.97

Cross Reference utility $ 14.97

'"-trademark of Percom Data Company, Inc.

• trademark of Motorola Corporation^Trademark of Hemenway Associates Company

* *SmithBUG is a trademark of the Software Works Company

And looking into' is just whatyou do with the ElectricWindow® as you peer rightinto memory space wherecharacters are being inputand manipulated. Displayis memory-resident,programmable and generatesup to 24 80-character lines.Other features include:

• standard charactergenerator plus provision foroptional special charactergenerator

• dual intensity, high-lightingalphanumeric display

• scrolling by a programmableregister • programmabledisplay positioning

• programmable interlaced ornon-interlaced scan

• descenders on lower caseletters • users manual withapplication instructions andlisting of WINDEX'® driver.

The Electric Window.®Worth Looking Into. $249.95

-V

WINDEX^' is a fast video display driver program forthe Electric Window®. WINDEX® also features:program and keyboard control of charactergenerators • displayable control characters — underprogram control • automatic scrolling • a driverroutine for the parallel input keyboard feature of thePercom 6809 Single-Board Computer, the SBC/9®• auto-linking to PSYMON^. the ROM operatingsystem for the SBC/9^ • Prices: ROM version:S39.95; LFD-4001* compatible diskette (source andobject files): $29.95.

Now Available! the SBC/9 MPU/Control Computer

(Single-Board-Computer/6809) — stands alone as a control computer, but alsocompatible with the SS-50 bus for use as an MPU card. Includes PSYMON® (PercomSYstem MONitor) in a 1K ROM and provides for additional 1K of ROM. Also includes 1Kof RAM. Features: Super Port— provision for multi-address, 8-bit bidirectional datalines • an intelligent data bus for multi-level data bus decoding • an on-board 110-baudto 19.2 kbaud clock generator • extended address capability —to 16 megabytes —without disabling baud clock or adding hardware. And much more. Supplied withPSYMON® and comprehensive users manual. Price w $199.95.

See full page ad elsewhere in this magazine for all of the SBC/9 features.

Full Feature Prototyping PC Boards

All of the features needed for rapid,straightforward circuit prototyping. Use14-, 16-, 24-and 40-pin DIP sockets• SS-50 bus card accommodates 34- and50-pin ribbon connectors on top edge,10-pin Molex connector on side edge* I/Ocard accommodates 34-pin ribbonconnector and 12-pin Molex on top edge

I/O Bus Card: $14.95

• I/O card is 1-fa inches higher thanSWTP I/O card- interdigitated power

| conductors • contacts for power regulatorsand distributed capacitance bypassing

| • use wire wrap, wiring pencil or solderwiring • tin-lead plating over 2-oz copperconductors wets quickly, solders easily

■ • FR4-G10 epoxy-glass substrate.

SS-50 Bus Card: $24.95

To place an order or request additional literature call toll-free 1-800-527-1592. For technical information call (214)272-3421. Orders may be paid by check, money order, COD orcharged to a VISA or Master Charge account. Texas residentsmust add 5% sales tax.

PRICES AND SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE.Circle 307 on inquiry card.

PERCOM DATA COMPANY, INC.

211 N. KIRBY GARLAND. TEXAS 750421214)272-3421

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WHITE CHECKS WITH BOTH QUEEN ANDKNIGHT. BLACK IS FORCED

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THERE IS NOTHING THAT BLACK CAN DO BUTTO TAKE THE QUEEN

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Figure 2: The sequence of moves that White makes to capture Black's King . . . CHECKMATE!

88 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

PERGOM SAMPLER

a r

For your SS-50 bus computer — theCIS-30+

• Interface to data terminal and two cas-sette recorders with a unit only 1/10the size of SWTP'sAC-30.

• Select 30, 60, or 120 bytes per secondcassette interfacing, 300, 600 or 1200baud data terminal interfacing.

• Optional mod kits make CIS-30+ workwith any microcomputer. (For MITS680b, ask for Tech Memo TM-CIS-30+—09.)

• KC-Standard/Bi-Phase-M (double fre-quency) cassette data encoding. De-pendable self-clocking operation.

• Ordinary functions may be accom-plished with 6800 Mikbug™ monitor.

• Prices: Kit, $79.95; Assembled,$99.95.

Prices include a comprehensive instructionmanual. Also available: Test Cassette, Re-mote Control Kit (for program control ofrecorders), IC Socket Kit, MITS 680b moddocumentation, Universal Adaptor Kit(converts CIS-30+ for use with any com-

puter).

MIKBUG® Motorola, inc.

In the Product DevelopmentQueue . . .

Coming PDQ. Watch for announce-ments.

6809 Processor Card —With this SS-50bus PC board, you'll be able to upgradewith the microprocessor that Motoroladesigners describe as the "best 8-bitmachine so far made by humans."

The Electric Crayon™ — This colorgraphics system includes itsown /xP andinterlaces to virtually any microcomputerwith a parallel I/O port.

Printer Interface — For your TRS-80™.Interface any serial RS232 printer to yourTRS-80™ with this system.

™ELECTRIC WINDOW, ELECTRIC CRAYON. Pilon-30 and Pilon-10 are trademarks of Percom DataCompany, Inc.

TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corporation and RadioShack which has no relationship to Percom Oata Company.

Orders may be paid by check or money order,or charged to Visa or Master Charge creditaccount. Texas residents must add 5% salestax.

For your data storage — Pilon-30™ andPilon-10™ data cassettes

• Orders-of-magnitude improvement indata integrity over ordinary audio cas-settes.

• Pilon-coated pressure pad eliminateslint-producing felt pad of standardaudio cassettes.

• Smooth pilon coating minimizes erra-tic tape motion.

• Foam pad spring is energy absorbing.Superior to leaf spring mounted padwhich tends to oscillate and cause flut-ter.

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BYTE November 1979

89

Text continued:

(capturing the King with hisQueen).

• If Black plays anything else, thenWhite can play either NxK orQxK.

You might argue that the computerdoes not need to perform all of thisanalysis, because there is an old rulethat states when you are in doublecheck, you have to move yourKing—there is no other way out. Thisis perfectly true, but how do youknow that you are in double check inthe first place, without a similaranalysis? It is easier to run through allof the moves, as described above, andverify that, in every case but one,Black's King would be captured.Additionally, look at the next posi-tion. Black does play K-Rl, and nowWhite plays Q-N8 check. This timeBlack is not in double check, but hisnext move is still forced, and Black'sKing can be captured in two differentways if he does not make the move heis forced to make. Specifically:

• If Black plays KxQ (capturing with

the King instead of with the Rook),then White plays NxK.• If Black plays P-N3 (or any othermove than RxQ or KxQ), thenWhite plays QxK.

When Black plays RxQ, Whiteplays N-B7, which is checkmate. Butthe computer's job is still not finished.How can you tell that this is check-mate? The only way to tell is to lookat all of Black's possible moves andmake sure that White can captureBlack's King in each case. From thecomputer's point of view, the game isnever over until the King is actuallycaptured.

A diagram of the analyses thathave been carried out so far wouldlook like figure 3. Each point (dot) inthis figure denotes a position of theboard. The lines between board posi-tions denote moves. The actualmoves that have been made are at theleft, but there are other moves whichwere not taken. In Black's case, eachof these led to Black's King being cap-tured. In White's case, they weresimply other possible moves that

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were not made because White has away, as shown, of winning the game.This diagram is called a game tree.

Figure 3: An illustration of the game treediagra)ii. A complete game tree diagramwould enumerate all possible moves sothat the optimum move could be cliosen.

N-R6 dbl ch

K-RI

Q-NB ch

RxQ

Nx K

The game tree of figure 3 is a bithard to visualize because there are somany possible moves. Therefore, inorder to illustrate the processing ofgame trees by computer, I havedrawn a simplified game tree infigure 4. In this game tree there areonly two possible moves for White ateach point, and only two possiblemoves for Black. This will almostnever be the case in a real game situa-tion; here it allows the tree to fit easi-ly on one piece of paper, so that it canbe readily visualized. Like any tree,this tree has leaves, branches, and aroot; in this case A, B, C...through Pare the leaves, 5 is the root, and all ofthe other nodes are branches.

90

November 1979 BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 336 on inquiry card.

In any game tree, the first questionyou must ask is whether or not it iscomplete. A game tree is complete ifevery one of its leaves corresponds tothe end of the game. In figure 3, allleaves that are shown correspond tothe end of the game (the King is cap-tured), but there are some otherleaves, not shown, that do not havethis property. If a game tree is com-plete, it should be obvious that wecan tell who ought to win, and thewinning strategies. Suppose that theleaves B, L, A, C, and K represent awin for Black, and all other leavesrepresent a win for White. White(moving first) can win by moving tobranch 4. Black will move to branch1, and White now moves to branchU, winning regardless of Black'smove (moving to leaf I or J).

Furthermore, this is the only win-ning strategy for White. If White'sfirst move is to branch 3, then Blackmoves to branch Y, and Black nowwins, no matter what White does(moving to branch Q or R). If Whitemoves to branch V on his secondmove, then Black wins by moving toeither K or L. This state of affairs willnot always hold. There are positionsin which White can win no matterwhat his first move is (suppose, forexample, Black's winning positionswere B, L, A, E, K...figure it out foryourself). There are also positions inwhich White cannot win, no matterwhat his first move is. If Black's win-ning positions are B, L, I, C, and K,and White starts by moving to 3, thenBlack moves to Y, whereas if Whitestarts by moving to 4, Black moves to1. In either case, Black can eventuallywin.

Now suppose that the game tree isnot complete. This is presumablybecause it is so large that you wouldrun out of memory if you tried tostore the complete tree, so you wouldonly store part of it. In this case it isstill quite possible that there is a win-ning strategy for one player or theother. Suppose that Black's winningpositions are B, L, I, C, and K, as inthe last of the three examples above,but the other leaves of the tree are notwinning positions for either White orBlack. (In fact, these are not reallyleaves; if I had room to keep more ofthis game tree, I could consider fur-ther moves beyond each of thesepoints.) It is clear that Black can still

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November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc 91

A A A A A A A A

Figure 4: Simplified version of the game tree that assumes each player has only twopossible moves.

win, no matter what White does, andfor exactly the same reason as before.In most cases, however, the gametree will be far from complete. Inchess, for example, you might be inthe middle of the game, and neitherWhite nor Black can win the game inthe next twenty-five moves. You can

still use game trees, but in a slightlydifferent way. The first thing to do iscode your knowledge as to when oneposition is better than another interms of material gained and lost. Forexample, if White captures a pawnand loses a Bishop, or captures aKnight and loses a Rook, then Black

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is obviously ahead. But what if Whitecaptures the Queen and loses bothRooks? Is that good or bad? What ifWhite captures two pawns, but losesa Knight?

The usual pawn and piece valuesare: Queen = nine pawns, Rook =five pawns, Bishop and Knight arethree pawns apiece. Greatly im-proved tables of values have beenconstructed; table 1 is a reprint ofvalues (in abridged form) from R MHyatt, the author of a chess programcalled BLITZ. Through the use ofsuch a table, you can derive, for anyposition, a total numerical score thatrepresents the value of that position.The function which computes thisscore is called the evaluation functioncorresponding to the given table.

You might think that with such anevaluation function there would beno further need for game trees. Youcould simply try all of the possiblemoves, and then choose the one withthe largest value of the evaluationfunction. This, however, would leadto a very bad chess-playing program,rather like someone who had beenplaying for only a few months. Thereason, of course, is that the evalu-ation function is only an approxima-tion. It is very easy to lose a pieceafter you have made what seems to bethe best move according to yourevaluation function, because youhave not looked far enough ahead.The best game programs use a com-bination of game trees and an evalua-tion function, together with thespecial technique of alpha-beta pru-ning, the subject of this article.

Once more I will set up an artifi-cially small and simple game tree, inorder to illustrate how this works.Consider the game tree of figure 5,which is exactly the same as the gametree of figure 4 except that a value ofthe evaluation function at each of theleaves of the tree has been specified.The evaluation function at thebranches has not been specified,because this will be computed in a dif-ferent way. Specifically, look at theleaves A and B. Since the value of thefunction is 26 at A, and 37 at B, youcan conclude that, since it is Black'sturn to play, at the branch Q Blackwill play to branch A. (This moveassumes that the higher the value ofthe evaluation function, the better theposition is for White, and the worse

92 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 14 on inquiry card.

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BYTE November 1979 93

the position is for Black. Black willmake the move that gives the lowerevaluation function value. Again,this is only an approximation, but itbecomes a better one as the tree getslarger.)

In the same way you may concludethat, since it is Black's turn to move,at branch R Black will move tobranch D, since 28 is less than 29. Letus go back to branch Y. Here it isWhite's turn to play, and Whitewants to make the move that resultsin the highest value of the evaluationfunction. Does this mean 37, thelargest of the four values at A, B, C,and D? No, it does not. If White plays

to Q, Black will play to A. If Whiteplays to R, Black will play to D.Therefore, you should compare onlyA and D. Since 28 is larger than 26,White should play from Y to R.

This potential source of confusionsuggests that you should mark thenodes Q, R, S, T, and so on, with theexpected evaluation function values(ie: the values that would ensue ifBlack makes the best play, in a highlyapproximate sense, on the nextmove). In this case Q would receivethe value 26, R would receive thevalue 28, and in general each nodewould receive the lowest of the valuesof the nodes below it. This, of course,

Capturing the Queen

Capturing a Rook

Capturing a Knight or Bishop

Capturing a pawn

Doubled pawns

Tripled pawns

Isolated pawns

Two pawns next to each other

One pawn guarding another

Knight on opponent's side of the board

Same, with pawn guarding it

Bishop on strong diagonal

Rook on open file

Doubled Rooks on open file

Rook behind passed pawn

Rook on seventh rank, two unmoved opposing pawns

Rook on seventh rank, three unmoved opposing pawns

Rook on seventh rank, four unmoved opposing pawns

Rook moved before castling has occurred

King moved before castling has occurred

Castled King

Piece or pawn moved twice in the opening

Taking two moves instead of one to get to a square

Knight never moved

Knight in front of King's pawn or Queen's pawn

Bishop never moved

Bishop in front of King's pawn or Queen's pawn

9000

5000

3000

1000

-30

-100

-90

10

36

40

60

24

60

170

60

100

200

300

-200

-200

300

-30

-30

-36

- 120

-20

-120

Table 1: An abbreviated table of the approximate numerical values assigned to a varietyof possible moves.

A A A A A A A A

• •••• ••••••••• ••

ABCDEFGHIJKLMN OP

26 37 29 28 24 22 13 II 63 25 20 48 51 37 34 32

Figure 5: Same game tree as that shown in figure 4, ah)ig with a specification of theevaluation function at each leaf of the tree.

is only because it is Black's turn tomove. On the next level up, it isWhite's turn to play, and you canmark each of the nodes Y, Z, 1, and 2with the highest of the values of thenodes below it, because White nowwants to make the ultimate value ofthe evaluation function as large aspossible. Continuing this all the wayto the top of the tree, you get thesituation illustrated in figure 6. Theexpected value for White at the top ofthe tree is 25. By following the figure25 down through the tree, you willsee that, at this point in the game,White is expected to move to node 4,Black to reply by moving to node 1,White to then move to U, and Blackto play to J.

This does not, of course, have to bewhat actually happens in the game.Black might be a poor player, andplay to node 2 instead of node 1, orBlack might discover, upon lookingmore moves ahead, that node 2 isactually a better play than node 1.This tends to happen in actual games.As you look further ahead (ie: as youconsider trees with greater andgreater numbers of levels), expectedmoves at all levels, even the top level,can change.

At this point a very importantquestion is raised: is it really neces-sary to generate this whole tree? Itwould be nice to find certain nodesthat do not have to be constructed.

Consider the situation at node Z.White has two possible moves: one tonode S and one to node T. At node S,White gets a score of at least twenty-two on the next move. Is this a bettermove for White than the move tonode T? To determine the answer,look at node T. The first thing youwill see is that if White moves to nodeT, then Black can move to node G. IfBlack does that, White ends up with ascore of only thirteen. By this pointyou already know what White shouldnot move to node T because he cando better by moving to node S.

Now look at node H. If Whitemoves to node T, then Black couldalso move to node H, leaving Whitewith a score of eleven. This is a bettermove for Black than the move tonode G. The point is that this doesnot matter. As soon as you look atnode G, you know that White shouldnot move to node T. When you areaware of this it does not matter what

94

November 1979 BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE November 1979 95

A A A A A A A A

ABCDE FG HIJ KLMN OP

26 37 29 28 24 22 13 II 63 25 20 48 51 37 34 32

Figure 6: A more informative version of the game tree shown in figures 4 and 5. Here theexpected evaluation function values are shown at each of the nodes.

score node H has—in fact, you do nothave to generate node H at all. Thiskind of logic can be applied to either

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Figure 7: A simple example to illustratethe principle of alpha-beta pruning. It isnow White's turn to move. An obviousbad move would be NxP. Black's replywould be NxN, and White would havecaptured a pawn but lost a Knight.

player; it is called alpha cutoff in acase like this, where it is White'soriginal move that is being considered(as at node Z here). It is called betacutoff when it is Black's originalmove that is being considered. Alpha-beta pruning is the combination ofalpha cutoff and beta cutoff withinthe general framework describedhere.

For an example of beta cutoff, lookat node 4. It is Black's turn to move.By considering node 1 and all thenodes beneath it (that is, nodes U, V,I, J, K, and L), you will note thatBlack can eventually expect a score oftwenty-five if he moves to node 1.The next question is whether or not amove to node 2 would be any betterfor Black. Suppose Black moves tonode 2, and that White moves tonode W. By analyzing the nodes (Mand N) beneath node W, you will findthat Black can achieve a score ofeither fifty-one or thirty-seven. Blackwould naturally choose thirty-seven,that is, node N. But if that is the best

that Black can do, then the answer tothe original question must be no; thatis, a move from node 4 to node 2would not be any better for Blackthan a move to node 1. Once youknow this, it is not necessary to con-sider node X at all and, more impor-tant, you do not have to considernodes O or P either. In other words,you have pruned not just a single leaf,but a branch with leaves below it.

An informal example of alpha-betapruning is given in figure 7. Here it isWhite's turn to move. White hasmany possible moves, but an obviousbad move for White is NxP. In orderto determine that this move is bad, itis not necessary to figure out Black'sbest move; it is only necessary to notethat Black can move NxN. Any otherpossible moves need not be con-sidered as long as White has anymove that does not result in the lossof a piece, and as long as NxP is notreally a viable sacrifice. ■

Glossary

alpha-beta pruning: In order toguarantee a winning strategy anentire tree search of a completegame tree would be necessary.Alpha-beta pruning is an algo-rithm devised to optimize the useof game trees by reducing thenumber of branches needed to besearched.

game tree: A graphic representa-tion of the decision making processinvolved in a sequence of movesbetween two opponents. A com-plete game tree is a representationin which all the terminal nodescorrespond to the end of the game.

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EC-1108 $49.95, plus $2.60 shipping & handling.

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EC-1100 $39.95, plus $2.40 shipping & handling.

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If you are not completely satisfiedwith the EC-1100 BASIC Program orthe EC-1108 ASSEMBLY Program,simply return programs for a fullrefund of purchase price.

BYTE November 1979

97

Interfacing the PETto a Line Printer

P K Govind

National Center for

Atmospheric Research

Atmospheric Technology Div

POB 3000

Boulder CO 80307

Introduction

From both software and hardwarepoints of view, this article presents adesign example for interfacing the8-bit user port on the CommodorePET 2001 personal computer to an ex-ternal device. The design examplewill show how the user port may beused to develop a handshake interfaceto a line printer. We shall begin witha brief discussion of the program-mable features of the user port.

Peripheral Interface Port

The 8-bit port, described in thePET user manual, is actually a part ofthe MCS6522 peripheral interfaceadapter (PIA), manufactured byMOS Technology. The 6522 is ageneral purpose I/O (input/output)device, configured as two 8-bit I/Oports A and B. It provides hand-shaking logic associated with paralleldata transfers occurring through I/Oport A. Counter and timer, andelementary serial I/O logic areassociated with the MCS6522 port B.In the PET 2001, most features of portB are reserved for internal use, leav-ing port A as the only peripheralinterface port available to the user.

To the user, the MCS6522 peri-pheral interface adapter appears assixteen contiguous memory locations.Table 1 identifies the sixteen ad-

PET Memory

Function Provided by the 6522

Location

59456

Output register for I/O port B.

59457

Data register for port A with handshake.

59458

I/O port B data direction register

59459

I/O port A data direction register.

59460

Read timer 1 counter (low-order byte).

Write to timer 1 latch (low-order byte).

59461

Read timer 1 counter (high-order byte).

Write to timer 1 latch (high-order byte).

59462

Access timer 1 latch (low-order byte).

59463

Access timer 1 latch (high-order byte).

59464

Read low-order byte of timer 2 and reset counter interrupt.

Write to low-order byte of timer 2 but do not reset interrupt.

59465

Access high-order byte of timer 2;

reset counter interrupt on write.

59466

Serial I/O shift register.

59467

Auxiliary control register.

59468

Peripheral control register.

59469

Interrupt flag register.

59470

Interrupt enable register.

59471

Data register for I/O port A without handshake.

Table 1: Internal registers of the 6522 peripheral interface adapter given in terms ofaddresses in the PET memory address space. Addresses that are of direct concern to thePET user (for interfacing to port A) are shown in italics.

dressable locations of the 6522. Loca-tions of direct concern to the PETuser (for interfacing to port A) are initalic characters.

The characteristics and functions ofthe interface lines on the peripheralinterface port A are determined bythe operating mode selected underprogram control. Two modes ofoperation may be selected under pro-gram control: basic input/output

without handshake, strobed input/-output with handshake. By selectingthe correct operating mode for thedata direction register (this may bedone using the BASIC statementPOKE 59459,X where X = 0 for inputand 1 for output), interface lines maybe configured to fulfill specific inter-face requirements. Device strobesmay be easily generated by softwarewithout utilizing external logic by

98 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

1-80 TURNED

Stanley's office staff says Stanley always staysone step ahead. So no one was surprised when heshowed up with Microsoft's COBOL-80 for theoffice computer. That's when things startedhappening.

As Stanley explains, "Suddenly, the wholebusiness operation is more efficient. I use it foreverything: inventory, payroll, record keeping,customer and employee files. Since COBOL is thestandard language for business and commercialapplications, more programs are written in COBOLthan any other language. Relieve me, nothingbeats it in terms of powerful use of disk files,data manipulation facilities and interactive ter-minal communications;'

Stanley added loudly, "And that's versatility andefficiency I'd like to see more of around here.

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Microsoft's COBOL-80isan ANSI-74 standardCOBOL that supports such advanced datamanipulation verbs as COMPUTE, INSPECT,STRING, UNSTRING AND SEARCH: three-dimensional arrays; full COPY facility; and com-

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Stanley can't say enough about his new additionto the office. "COBOL-80 supports indexed andrelative files, including DYNAMIC access, FILESTATUS, START, READ NEXT, DELETEand REWRITE. Bestof all, interactive ACCEPT/DISPLAY gives the most powerful screen handlingcapability possible.

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The COBOL-80 package for the CP/M orISIS-II operating system with documentation is$750. Documentation may be purchased sepa-rately for $20. Dealer purchases and OEMlicense agreements available on request.

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•••••••••*•

Listing 1: PRINTSCREEN, a program in BASIC which provides a hard copy of anycharacters displayed on the PET's video display. An image of the text appearing on thescreen is sent to the printer. Note that here the program was used to create its ownlisting. The data transfer rate is about 6 characters per second.

5 REM FILEWt "PRINTSCREEN"

10 REM OUTPUT DATA TO EXTERNAL DEVICE

15 REM rWDSHME WITH LINE PRINTER

16 REM CB2 FOR DATA STROBE; TO DEVICE18 REM CA1 FOR ACKN(R£DGE; FROM DEVICE20 POKE 59459,255:REM DIRECTION OUT

25 G0SUB 100:REM HANDSHAKE NOT READY

34 FOR 1=1 TO 25 : REM SC^ ROWS

35 FOR J=l TO 40 :REM SCAN COLUMNS

36 V=PEEK(32767+J-1+40*(I-D)

37 IF V>64 T>€N V=V+32 :REM LOWER CASE

38 IF V<=26 THEN V=V+64:R£M UPPER CASE

39 IF V=128 T>€N V=V-96:REM SPACE

40 IF J=l T>€N 180 :REM PRINT SPACE

50 POKE 59457,V AND 127:REM SEND VALUE

51 G0SUB 150: REM READY TO OUTPUT

52 G0SUB 100:REM NOT READY

56 ACK=PEEK(59469)AND2:REM INT FLG REG58 IF ACK O 2 T>€N 56:REM ACKNOWLEDGE70 NEXT J

READY.

RUN

READY.LIST 71-97

72 POKE 59457,13:REM CR

73 G0SUB 150:REM READY

74 G0SUB 100:REM NOT READY76 POKE 59457,10:REM if78 GOSUB 150:REM READY

80 NEXT I82 G0SUB 100

84 POKE 59457,128 :REM STOP PRINT

85 PRINTOftt(147) :REM CLEM SCREEN

86 END

READY.RUN

changing the contents of decimallocation 59468 (the peripheral controlregister).

Interfacing to a Line Printer

This example demonstrates howthe PET parallel port can be inter-faced to a line printer. The first stepin the design is to examine the speci-fication for the printer, and to iden-tify the control and data signalswhich must be supported by the inter-

READY.LIST 98-199

98 REM SUBROUTINES

100 REM SET CB2 TO LOGIC 1:N0T READY

110 POKE(59468),PEEK(59468) OR 224

120 RETURN

150 REM SET CB2 TO LOGIC 0 :REM READY

160 POKE (59468),PEEK(59468)AND31 OR 192

170 RETURN

180 V=32 AND 127 :REM SPACE

182 GOSUB 150: REM READY

184 GOSUB 100: REM NOT READY

186 GOTO 50

READY.RUN

READY.

POKE 59468,14

READY.LIST 200-

200 PRINT" Upper and Lower Case "240 f^INT-ABCDEFGHIJKUWF^ST\JVWXY2"250 PRINT"abcdef9hiJklinop^r5tuv«xYz"300 PRINT" These listings *ere tade on310 PRINT" TI Model 810 printer"

READY.

RUN 200Upper and Loi#er Case

ABCOEFGHIJCUHPOSTUWXYZ

abcdef9hiJklinop«ir5tuv«xYzThese listings were tide onTI Model 810 printer

READY.RUN 5

face. Figure 1 is a block diagram ofthe interface design. A data strobe/acknowledge interface is supported.The ACKNLG signal notifies the PETthat a character transferred to theprinter by a data strobe has beenaccepted. After ACKNLG is issued,the printer is considered idle.

Software Driver

The software driver implementedfor the example was specifically

100 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

SELECTOR III - C2THE INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Includes these Application Sub-Programs...

Sales Activity, Inventory, Payables, Receivables, Check/Expense Register,Library Functions, Mailing Labels, Appointments, Client/Patient Records

MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MtCRO-AP MICROi-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICIP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRORO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICIO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICROICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICI.CRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICROJ> MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICIMICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICITmICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICROmP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICR■MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICROWkP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICI■MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICROKp MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICRO-AP MICR

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:RO-AP MICRO-AF™ _,nw-«r Miv,nu-»r

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RANDOM, MULTI-KEY RECORD RETRIEVAL under CP/M, CDOS, IMDOS, ADOS

SELECTOR III-C2 ALLOWS INSTANTRECALL OF ANY RECORD USING ANY IN-FORMATION ITEM IN THE RECORD. Thatstatement deserves re-reading, becausethat ability makes SELECTOR III-C2 themost powerful information managementsystem in microcomputers today!

The three major activities in businesscomputing are...Word Processing, Finan-cial Accounting, and the storing, pro-cessing, and reporting of information.The latter is where SELECTOR III-C2shines and fills the professional and per-sonal need.

The system represents the state of theart using Micro-Ap's unique record index-ing, query, and report writing methods.It's 'menu driven' and uses screendisplays with all the instructions and er-ror sensing that allow the novice toquickly learn the system and accomplishhis tasks.

With SELECTOR III-C2 you...

• define a record format assigning up to24 fields as 'key' fields -meaning thatrecords can be instantly recalled byname, date, quantity, ZIP Code, orwhatever.

• create a file and begin entering editedand verified data immediately.

• browse through your file in key fieldorder, making whatever changes or dele-tions needed.

• select collections of records meetingyour exact requirements and arranged inthe order wanted.

• create a unique report that containsthe precise information you need - withnumerical totals, averages, maxima, andminima -for any period of time and sum-marized by name, date...or by any itemyou want.

• bring an application on-line in hours in-stead of months.

SELECTOR III-C2 is a 'turn-key' systemthat can manage most applications as is.It includes source-code and pre-definedrecord formats and sub-programs to per-form the tasks listed at top of page. Pro-grammers can easily add other sub-programs - using the system's powerfulutilities - to perform virtually any specialcomputation or function required.

The system tuns undei CBASIC Veis. 2.and is piiced at $345. It's available in avaiiety of CP/M. disk foimats includingDynabyte: Noith Stat; Miciopolis: TRS-80; Helios II: Heathkit; iCOM; Altait; Im-sai; Ciomemco; and otheis.

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9807 Davona Drive. San Ramon. CA 94583(415) 828-6697

PET USERPORT

PA7-PAO

OUTPUT CB2HANDSHAKE

INPUT CAIHANDSHAKE

OUTPUT DATA A

LINE PRINTERDATA PORT

)

(J5;C-L)

DATA STROBE

(J5.-M)

ACKNLG

(J5: -B)

PA7-PAQ:

DATA STROBE:

ACKNLG:

f SCAN]-

Output data used to supportprinter data port.

Signals to printer that data isavailable at the printer datapart.

Signals to the PET that theprinter has accepted the data.

PET user, port connector J5-Pin A.

^PRINTSCREEN J

Initialize I/O port

Data direction register

far output.

Output handshake CB2

not ready.

Set DATA STROBE

Scan indices, I - J = I

Get Data

PEEK at location

for

Row I, Column J

ASCII Value = V

Load DataPOKE 59457, V

Reset DATA STROBE

Set DATA STROBE

Figure 1: Block diagram of printer inter-face using the PET user port (MCS6522port A). ]5 is the PET user port connector;pins are labeled alphabetically. Pinassignments at the line printer are notgiven since they vary between differentmanufacturers.

designed to generate a hard copylisting of the image displayed on thePET screen.

The PET video display presents1000 characters arranged in twenty-five lines of forty characters each.The display is continuously refreshedfrom a section of memory calleddisplay memory. By direct access tothese 1000 locations, and using theprogrammable I/O port connected toa line printer, you can generate a hardcopy of the screen image. The flow-chart of the procedure is shown in

Output a spaceto positionline printer

J

NO

figure 2, and a program listing is in-cluded in listing 1. The program iscalled PRINTSCREEN. It scans thetwenty-five lines on the PET screenand transmits the data displayedthere to the user port, one characterat a time. You will observe thattransferring data to the parallel portusing BASIC is relatively slow. In thisexample, the data transfer rate isabout six characters per second.■

REFERENCESAn Introduction to Your New PET Com-modore Systems, 901 California Ave,Palo Alto CA 94304.PET User Notes, Volume 1, Issue 2,January 1978. PET User Group, POB371, Montgomeryville PA 18931.An Introduction to Microcomputers,Volume II: Some Real Products AdamOsborne and Associates, POB 2036,Berkeley CA 94702.

I 1

Acknowledged j

-j by

printer

I I

SCAN

Output carriage returnOutput line feed

I =1+1

, SCAN

Set DATA STROBE

f END J

Figure 2: Flowchart of the BASIC program PRINTSCREEN. This program transmits images of text on the PET video display screento the line printer.

102 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTf November 1970 103

A Spacecraft Simulator

Gary Sivak

19 Madison Trail

Hopatcong NJ 07843

This article describes a BASIC pro-gram that enables the user to designand put into orbit a multistage space-craft- launched from Earth-based con-ditions. By asking for engine throttlesettings, thrust angles, and firingtimes, your computer puts you at thecontrols of a multistage spacecraft ofyour own design as you pilot it fromthe Earth's surface into orbit. Con-tinuous data displays of the user'sstatus after each maneuver are pre-sented, as well as arrays of altitudeand range information for possibleplotting at the end of the mission. Thefollowing is a description of the pro-gram operation.

The program first asks for and veri-fies all ship design parameters, thefirst being the number of stages. Thenthe iteration time (dt) in seconds andthe height in miles of the desired orbitare required. During each iteration,the computer calculates formulas ofthe form:

V/lW= V„„w + acceleration X dt (1)

The final values are then taken as theinitial ones for the next iteration. Aniteration time evenly divisible intoone second is recommended; 0.1 se-conds is suggested for faster than real-time computation. A figure of 0.01seconds, for example, will give aslightly better mathematical accuracybut at the expense of ten times moreprocessing time.

The craft is assembled from topdown, the weight of the payload in

Text continued on page 108

Listing 1: BASIC listing of the rocket launcher program.

ROCKET LAUNCHER PROGRAM

10 DIM A(100) ,A0 (100) ,Al20 PRINT "DESIGN AND ORB3 0 INPUT A 5

40 PRINT "VERIFICATION,50 A6 = A5 + 160 PRINT "ENTER ITERATIO70 PRINT " . 1 SEC. IS OK80 INPUT A7,A890 PRINT "VERIFICATION,100 PRINT "ENTER PAYLOAD110 INPUT A2 (A6)120 Al (A6) =0.0130 PRINT "VERIFICATION,140 FOR A9 = 1 TO A5150 3 = A6 - A9160 30 = 3 + 1170 PRINT "ENTER STAGE "180 INPUT Al (B) , A2(3)190 PRINT "STAGE " ;B ; " F200 A2 (3) = A2(B) + A2 (5210 Bl = A2 (3) + Al (3)220 PRINT "ENTER STAGE "230 INPUT A3 (3)24U PRINT "STAGE " ;3 ; " T250 PRINT "ENTER SPECIFI260 PRINT "THIS IS THE T270 PRINT "FOR GASOLINE280 INPUT A4(3)290 PRINT "VERIFICATION,300 NEXT A9310 32 = 10320 33 = B2 * A7360

33 / 100.05280. * .30486.67E-11 * 5.98ATN (1 . ) / 4 5.90.1.0

(7) ,A2(7) ,A3 (6) ,A4 (6)

IT A SPACE SHIP. TYPE NO. STAGES UP TO 6.

";A5;" STAGES."

N TIME IN SEC, AND OR3IT HEIGHT IN MI. "AND .01 BETTER, BUT WITH MORE CPU TIME. "

ITERATION TIME ";A7; ", ORBIT HEIGHT ";A8WEIGHT IN POUNDS. "

PAYLOAD WEIGHT, ";A2(A6)

;3;" FUEL AND HULL WEIGHTS IN LBS. "

UEL ";Al(3);n LBS., HULL ";A2(B);" LBS. "0) + Al (30)

;3;" THRUST AT LEAST ";3l;" .LBS. "

HRU3T, ";A3 (B) ;" LBS. "

C IMPULSE OF STAGE ";3;" FUEL/OXIDIZER. "

HRUST-TO-BURN RATE RATIO. "

=250, PEROXIDE =300, LIQUID HYDROGEN =500.

STAGE ";3;" SPECIFIC IMPULSE ";A4(B)

330 B4

340 35

350 36

360 B7 = 6.67E-11 * 5.983E24

370 38

380 39

390 C ~-

400 CO = SQR(B7/9.80665)

410 CI = CO

420 C2 = SQR(B7/(C0+36*Ac

430 C3 = 0.0

440 C4 = 0.0

450 C5 = 0.0

460 C6 = 0.0

470 C7 = 0.0

480 C8 = 0.0

)) / .304c

Listing 1 continued on page 108

104 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 349 on inquiry card.

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106

BYTfc November 1070

Circle 379 on inquiry card.

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DIGITAL RESEARCH

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MICROSOFT '

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Forms 2 — Forms 1 screen editor plus indexed fileapplication program generator,; Automatically creates aquery and update program Dl indexed files using CRTprotected and unprotected screen tor mats No program-ming experience needed'. Output program directly com-piled by either ot CIS COBOL compilers ., . $2OO/$20

EIDOS SYSTEMS

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D Super-Sort II — Above available as absolute Droaramonly $175/$25

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SOFTWARE SYSTEMS

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STRUCTURED SYSTEMS GROUP

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D

D

LETTERIGHT — Program to create, edit, and type let-ters or other documents. Has facilities to enter, display,delete and move text, with good video screen presenta-tion. Designed to integrate with NAD for form letter mail-ings. Requires CBASIC $179/525

NAD Name and Address selection system — interactivemail list creation and maintenance program with outputas full reports with reference data or restricted informa-tion for mail labels Transfer system foi extraction andtransfer of selected records to create new files. RequiresCBASIC $79/$20

QSORT — Fast sort'merge program for files with fixedrecord length, variable field length information. Up to fiveascending or descending keys. Full back-up of input diescreated $95 $20

GRAHAM DORIAN SOFTWARESYSTEMS

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APARTMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM - Fi-nancial management system for receipts and securitydeposits of apartment projects Captures data on vacan-cies, revenues, etc. for annual trend analysis. Daily reportshows late rents, vacancy notices, vacancies, incomelost through vacancies, etc Requires CBASIC- Suppliedin source code $590/$35

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D tiny C — Interactive mterpreflve system for teachingstructured programming techniques. Manual includes fullsource listings $75/$40

Prices and specifications subjecl to change without notice

□ BDS C Compiler — Supports most major features oflanguage, including Structures, Arrays, Pointers, recur-sive function evaluation, linkable with library to 8080 bi-nary output. Lacks data initialization, long & float type andstatic & registerclass specifiers. Documentation includes"C" Programming Language book by Kernighan &Ritchie $110 $15

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□ ZDT Z80 Debugger to trace, break and examineregisters with standard Zilpg/Mostek mnenomic disas-sembly displays. Facn "> DDT. $35 when or-dered with Z80 Development Package $50/$10

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□ DISILOG — As DISTEL to Zilog Mostek mnemonicfiles. Runs on ZS0 only $65 $10

□ TEXTWRITER III — Text formatter to justify and pagi-nate letters and other documents. Special features in-clude insertion of text during execution from other diskfiles or console, permitting recipe documents to becreated from linked fragments on other fifes. Has facilitiesfor sorted index, table of contents and footnote insertions.Ideal for contracts, manuals, etc $125/$20

□ Postmaster — A comprehensive package for mail listmaintenance Features include keyed record extractionand label production. A form letter program is includedwhich provides neat tetters on single sheet or continuousforms. Requires CBASIC $150/$25

D WHATSIT?**** — Interactive data-base system usingassociative tags to retrieve information by subject. Hash-ing and random access used for fast response RequiresCBASIC $1 25/$25

□ XYBASIC Interactive Process Control BASIC — Fulldisk BASIC leatures plus unique commands to handlebytes, rotate and shift, and to test and set bits. Availablein Integer, Extended and ROMable versions.

Integer Disk or Integer ROMable $295/$25

Extended Disk or Extended ROMable ..... $395/$25

D SMAL/80 Structured Macro Assembled Language —Package of powerful general purpose text macro proc-essor and SMAL structured language compiler SMALisan assembler language with IF-THEN-ELSE. LOCP-REPEAT-WHILE, DO-END. BEGIN-END constructs $75/$15

□ SELECTOR II — Data Base Processor to create andmaintain single Key data bases. Prints formatted, sortedreports with numerical summaries. Available for Microsoftand CBASIC (state which). Supplied in source code

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D SELECTOR III — Multi (i.e.. up to 24) Key version ofSelector II. Comes with applications programs includingSales Activity, Inventory, Payables. Receivables. CheckRegister. Expenses, Appointments, and Client'Patient.Requires CBASIC. Supplied in source code $295/$20Enhanced version for CBASIC-2 $345 $20

□ CPM/374X Utility Package — Has full range offunctions to create or re-name an IBM 3741 volume, dis-play directory information and edit the data set contents.Provides full file transfer facilities between 3741 volumedata sets and CP/M files $195/$10

□ BASIC UTILITY DISK-Consists of: (1) CRUNCH-14 - Compacting utility 1o reduce^ the size and increasethe speed of programs in Microsoft Basic and TRS-80Basic. (2) DPFUN - Double precision subroutines torcomputing nineteen transcendental functions includingsquare root, natural log. log base 10, sin, arc sin. hyber-bolic sin, hyperbolic arc sin. etc. Furnished in source ondiskette and documentation $50 $35

□ STRING BITS Fortran character string handling.Routines to find. fill. pack, move separate, concatenateand compare character strings. This package completelyeliminates the proble" d with character stringhandling in FORTRAN: Supplied with source S45/S1 5

□ Flippy Disk Kit — Template and instructions to modifysingle sided 5V« diskettes for use of second side in sin-gled sided drives $12.50

Software for most popular 8080/Z80 computer disk systemsincluding NORTH STAR, iCOM, MICROPOUS, DYNABYTE DB8I2,EXIDY SORCERER, SD SYSTEMS, ALTAIR, VECTOR MZ,8IBM, HEATH H17 & H89, HELIOS, IMSAIVDP42 & 44, REX,POLYMORPHIC 8813; OHIO SCIENTIFIC and IMS 5000 formats.

Shopping ListNo.6

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Lifeboat Associates, 2248 Broadway. n.y„ n.y. 10024

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Listing 1 continued:

490 cy

= 0.0

500 D =

0.0

510 DO

= 0.0

520 Dl

= 0.0

530 D2

= 0.0

540 D3

= 0.0

550 PRINT "THE SHIP CAN SNIVEL ";32;" DEG/SEC. "

560 PRINT "EARTH'S GRAVITY

IS 32.174 FT/SEC/SEC. "

570 PRINT "FORWARD VELOCITY

' NEEDED FOR ORBIT " ; C2; " FT/SEC

580 D =

D + 1

590 D4

= A2(D) / 2.2046

600 D5

= A3(D) / A4(D) / 2.

2046

610 D6

= Al(D) / 2.2046

620 D7

= D6

63U D8

= A3(D)/2.2046*9.80665

64 0 PRINT "IGNITION OF STAGE " ;D ; " , ENTER THE STAGE NUM3ER

645 INPUT XI

650 GO

TO 109 0

660 PRINT "ENTER THROTTLE SETTING IN lf FROM 0 TO 100, "

670 PRINT "THRUST ANGLE IN

DEG. FROM -";3 4;" TO ";34

680 PRINT "AND BURN TIME IN SECONDS. "

6 90 INPUT D9, E, E0

700 D9

- A3S (D9 / 100.0)

710 El

= D9 * D8

720 E2

= D9 * D5 * A7

730 E3

- E2 / 100.

740 E4

- E0 - (A7 / 100.0

)

750 E5

- C5 * CI

760 E6

= 0.0

770 IF

E0 = 0.0 THEN 1030

780 IF

CI < CO THEN 10 80

790 E6

= E6 + A7

800 E7

= D7 - 22

810 E8

= El / (D4 + (D7 +

27 ) / 2.0 )

820 IF

E7 >= E3 THEN 850

830 E7

= 0.0

840 E8

= 0.0

850 IF

A 3 S ( E - 39 ) < 35

rHEN 930

860 IF

E < 39 THEN 89 0

Listing 1 contifiuerf on page 110

Text continued:

pounds being required first. For eachstage, the computer then asks for theweights of the fuel and hull (ortanks), the maximum thrust desired,and the specific impulse of the fuel.To insure the possibility of achievingorbit, a fuel to hull weight ratio of 4or 5 to 1 is suggested. A thrust ofabout 20 percent more than the mini-mum amount required to lift the shipis suggested, so that the ship has suffi-cient acceleration, even when heavilyladen with fuel.

Specific impulse is a figure of meritfor fuel performance, the thrust toburn-rate ratio. Suggested values fordifferent fuels are given in the pro-gram. Knowing the thrust and speci-fic impulse defines the burn rate, andknowing the amount of fuel on boarddesignates how long it will last at fullthrottle expenditure. Next, a printoutchart, to be described shortly, dis-plays initial fuel, altitude, and thevelocity status of the ship.

At this point, the flight begins; theuser is in control, and must specifythe throttle setting, firing angle, andburn time for each maneuver. Theforce on the ship (in newtons) is firstcomputed from the throttle setting

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Something flew on the Horizon

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Finally, a BASIC for serious businessapplications or scientific programming isavailable. All the features of our regular BASICare supported—and more. Floating pointcalculations are carried out to an internalaccuracy of 17 digits. Most math functions areaccurate to 16 digits with a minimum accuracyof 13.5 digits. Integer variables have beenincluded to allow fast execution of control loopsand array indexing. Even with the doubleprecision math package, this BASIC is still oneof the fastest around.

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AP68-12 6800 Extended BASIC $100

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This program allows the creation of BASICprograms without the use of line numbers orrestrictive two-character variable names.Alphanumeric line and subroutine labels maybe used, as well as variable names of anylength. Comment lines are marked with non-alphanumerics for easy readability. The outputof the precompiler is in the standard BASICcompiled form. This allows applicationsprograms to be written, precompiled, and thendistributed in a non-source form. Theprecompiler can only be used with one ofTechnical Systems Consultants' BASICs.Specify 8" or 5" (5" 6800 is FLEX™ 2.0) whenordering.

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Box 2570, West Lafayette, IN 47906(317) 463-2502

Circle 363 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979

109

Listing i continued: and maximum specified thrust. Also,

note that a firing angle of ninety

870 B9 = -^9+83 ou j

880 go to 900 degrees is vertically upward, and

890 89 = 39 - 33 angles less than ninety degrees are to

900 E9 = 39 * B8 the right, or east, etc. A one hundred

910 C4 = COS(E9) 11

920 c = sin(E9) percent throttle setting at ninety

930 f = 28 * C4 degrees for fifteen or twenty seconds

950 fi = C5 + f * A7 is suggested to §ain altitude before

960 C6 = ( C5 + Fl ) / 2.0 beginning to swivel the ship to

970 C7 = C7 + C6 * A7 achieve horizontal orbital velocity.

L8n° l\ = Fo + Cfl2 / C1 ~ S? / C1"2 The amount of fuel used during an

990 F3 = C8 + F2 * A7

lOGu F4 ="ci + ( C8 + F3 ) / 2.0 * A7 iteration is simply the throttle setting,

luio if D9 <> o.o then 1030 times the maximum burn rate, times

w,?° ll'll ' F4 dt. This amount, subtracted from the

103U 07 = E7 . ' . .

1040 C5 = Fl weight of the fuel at the beginning or

1050 C8 = F3 an iteration, gives the amount

107U if E6?< E4 then 770 remaining at the end. The amount of

1080 C3 = C3 + E6 fuel available during an iteration is

1090 D2 = D2 + l taken as the average of the amounts

before and after. This is added to the

1100 A(D2) = ( CI - CO ) / .3048

1110 IF C9 >= A(D2) THEM 1130

1120 C9 = A(D2) weight of the tanks and the upper

1130 if A(D2) >= o.o then 1150 stages tnat the engines must lift, and

1140 A(D2) =0.0 - °, . . . to . , . ,.

1150 if A(D2) < 400000.0 then 1170 IS the instantaneous weight (in

1160 D3 = 03 + l kilograms) of the craft. Dividing into

1170 F5 = A(D2) / 52 80. fae thrust force yields the current

1180 F6 = C8 / .3048 , \ , .

1190 F7 = F6 * 15./22. engine thrust acceleration At during

1200 F8 = C5 / .3048 the iteration, in meters per second per

second (m/s2)

1210 F9 = F8 * 15./22.

1220 A0(D2) = C7 / B6

1230 3 = loo. * D7 / D6 For a glven firing angle, the hon-

1240 go = D7 / D5 zontal and vertical components of

1250 Gl = B7 / Cl**2 - C6**2 / Cl fhi arrplpraHon a onH a are

1260 G2 = D8 / (D4 + D7) / .3048 th S a<\Cfleratlon; a<'< and a"« are

1270 G3 = G2 * 15. / 22. taken. Horizontal velocities and the

1280 G4 = 32 - ( Gl / .3048 ) range are computed by:

1290 G5 = G4 * 15. / 22.

1300 G6 = Gl / .3048 / G2

1310 G7 = 100. * G6 Vyy, =V,7l + ath Xdt (2)

1320 G8 = 90.0 VIM* = (V„+V,J/2 (3)

1330 IF G6 >= 1.0 THEN 1350 „„„,>„ _„™_i_\7 s/^ ia\

1340 G8 = atn( G6 / sqr ( i.o - G6**2 ) ) / 38 range = range + Vtn,/; X dt (4)

1350 G9 - SQR( 37 / Cl ) / .3048

1360 h = ioo. * F8 / C2 where, for a particular iteration, Vih

1370 HO = 100. * A(D2) / ( A8 * 5280. ) . ,, .... , , r . , , , .. w .

1380 Hi = ioo * F8 / G9 is the initial horizontal velocity, vfh is

1390 H2 = ( C2 - F8 ) / G2 the final horizontal velocity, and Vuyh

1400 H3 = ( G9 - F8 ) / G2 is trie average of the two.

1410 IF F6 = 0.0 THEN 1440 -ri L t i L j L- i i

1420 H4 = (A8*5280. - A(02) ) / F6 The total outward vertical accel-

1430 if H4 <= 9999.99 then 1460 eration ari. is computed by adding

1440 H4 = 9999.99 centrifugal acceleration to the engine

1450 REM-TIMES OVER 9999.99 SET TO 9999.99 TO NOT EXCEED DISPLAY. i ?• j i . • -. ,

1460 if D3 <> l.o then 1480 acceleration and subtracting gravity s

1470 print "400K ft. achieved, you are in vacuum. " downward contribution as follows:

1480 PRINT "FLIGHT TIME","FUEL LEFT", "AT FULL THROT. " , "SHIP ANGLE"

1490 PRINT C3;"SEC,",G;"%" ,G0;"SEC,",39;"DEG."

150 0 PRINT "

1510 PRINT "ALTITUDE","ASCRNT RATE","FORWARD V.","RANGE"

1520 print A(D2) ;" ft .", f 6 ;" ft/sec" , f a ;" ft/sec ", ao (D2) ;"mi." where y is the initial value of the

1530 PRINT F5; "MI . " ,F7; "MI/HR." ,F9; "MI/HR. " .. ', V. . c ., ,. c .,

1540 print " " vertical distance or the ship trom the

1550 print "max accel","max vert accel" ," angle (c. a .)", "throt (c. a .) " Earth's center, G is the gravitational

1560REM-\NGLE (CA. ) , CRITICAL ANGLE FOR CONST. ASCENT AT FULL THROT. constant and M is the maSS of the1570REM-THROT(CA.), CRITICAL THROT. OF CONST. ASCENT ^T 90DEG. n , ' , . , ,

1580 print G2; "ft/s/s" ,G4; "ft/s/s" ,"full throt .", "vert . pos ." harm. rrom the vertical acceleration,

1590 print G3; "Mi/H/S" ,G5; "mi/h/s" ,G8; "deg. " ,G7;"%" the velocities and altitude are com-

1600 print " " puted just as the horizontal compo-

1610 PRINT H;"% ORBITAL VELOCITY",HO;"% 0R3ITAL HEIGHT." k j r

1620 print [11;"% velocity needed for OR3IT at current altitude." nents were computed in equations 2

1630 print " " thru 4.

164 0 PRINT " "," ","TIME TO ACHIEVE:"

1650 PRINT "ORB. ALT.","0R3. VEL.","CUR. ALT. 0R3. VEL.'

1660 print "at cur. rats", "at full throt.", "at full throt." if no external force is applied by the

1670 print d4;"SEC",H2;"SEC.",H3;"SEC." engines, the rocket's angular momen-

1680 PRINT " " , • , , c ,

turn is a constant, ror each maneu-Listing 1 continued on page ill v^r, therefore, the computer retains

110 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

a,t. = an. + (V2tu,,/r,,) ~GM/r2<v (5)

From physics, it will be noted that

Listing 1 continued:

The following constants wereused in listing 1:

G: Gravitational constant,

6.67X10-uNm2/kg2M: Mass of the earth,

5.983 X1014kgg: Gravitational acceleration,

9.80665 N/kg,

m/secz= 32.174 ft/sec2

0.3048 meters/foot2.2046 pounds/kg

the product of horizontal velocityand distance from the Earth's center.If the engines are off during an itera-tion, the new horizontal velocity isset equal to this product divided bythe new vertical distance value at theend of the iteration. Thus, angularmomentum is conserved. As the shipcoasts towards Earth, its horizontalvelocity increases slightly, and woulddecrease slightly if the ship werereceding. Quantities are then reini-tialized and the next iteration begins.When a firing sequence is com-pleted, an important quantity Q iscomputed. It is the ratio of the netdownward acceleration (gravitationalminus centrifugal) to the total acce-leration. The engines can currentlydeliver:

Q

(t

GM

V;

r,->.

)/

af

(6)

Multiplied by 100, this is the criticalthrottle setting which will cause theship to hover if stationary, or movevertically at a constant speed withoutaccelerating. It is also the sine of thecritical angle of ascent at which thevertical component of thrust equalsthe current weight of the ship. Theangle, equal to the inverse sine of Q isalternatively computed from:

1690170U

1 71017201730174017501760177U178U179U180018101820183 U18401850186018701880189019001910192019301940R1950196019701980199020002010

2 0 202030204020502060207020802090

TO CONTINUE ENTER 1, TO PLOT ENTER 2.

THEN 1890580

1850

IF H < 10 0.0 THEN 1760

IF HO < 100.0 THEN 1760

DO = DO + 1

IF DO > 1 THElvI 1760

PRINT "IN DESIRED ORBIT.

INPUT H5

IF H5 = 2 THEN 1920

IF C3 = 0.0 THEN 66 0

IF D7 <= E3 THEN 1800

IF A(02) <= 0.0 THEN 1800

GO TO 660

IF A(0 2) = 0.0

IF D < A5 THEN

Dl = Dl + 1

IF Dl <> 1 THEN

PRINT "LAST STAGE SHUTDOWN."

IF DO <> 0.0 THEN 1880

IF A (D2) <= 0. 0 THEN 1880

GO TO 66 0

IF A(D2) > 0.U THEN 1920

H6 = INT( SQR( F6**2 + F8**2 ) + .5)

H7 = INT( SQR( F7**2 + F9**2 ) + .5)

PRINT "YOU CRASHED AT ";H6;" FT/SEC,

PRINT "AFTER " ; D 2; "' PLOT POINTS: "

FOR H8 = 1 TO D2

EM-PLOT A(H8) Y-AXIS, VS. A0(H8) K-AXI5, ALTITUDE VS. RANGE.

NEXT H8

H9 = 2 5.0

REM-LOWER 2 5% CUTOFF OF ALTITUDE FOR A BLOWUP PLOT.

I = C9 * H9 / 1U0.0 * 1.0001

10 = 02 + 1TO = 10 - 1

IF A(10) > I THEN 20 00

11 = 100.0 *PRINT "LOWERPRINT "FIRSTPRINT "WITHFOR 12 = 1 TO 10REM-PLOT A (12) Y-AXISNEXT 12END

1 ; H7; " MI/HR.

A0 (10) / A0 (D2)";H9;"% OR " ; I ; " MI.";I 1 ; "% OR ";A0(TO) ;

;10;" STEPS:"

OF MAX ALT. ATTAINED.MI. OF TOTAL RANGE."

VS. A0(T?) X-AXIS, LOWER ALT. VS. RANGE.

angle = tan'1 (Q/n/i.O - Q2)

At this time, distance and velocityvalues are converted from metric toEnglish units for display purposes.

The first information printed con-sists of the elapsed flight time, thecurrent ship angle, and the fuel left,both as a percentage of the originalamount, and the number of secondsleft at full throttle. Next, the programprints the altitude in miles and feet,the ascent rate and forward velocityin miles per hour and feet per second,and the number of miles down range.

The next printed information con-sists of the critical angle and throttlevalues of constant ascent, the maxi-mum acceleration the engines candeliver, and the maximum verticalacceleration against gravity in bothmiles per hour per second and feetper second2. For example, if theengine can deliver about 40ft/s2 the

ship can accelerate at 8ft/s2 againstgravity.

Next the percentages of the orbitalvelocity and altitude are presented.The final items displayed are the timeto achieve orbital altitude at the cur-rent ascent rate, and the time toachieve orbital velocity at the currentfull throttle rate of horizontalacceleration.

At this point the user is ready forthe next move, and must againspecify a new throttle setting, firingangle, and burn time. Finally, at theend of the mission (either when youachieve orbit, or run out of fuel), youcan plot a picture of your trajectory,altitude versus range, and an expand-ed plot of the start of your mission,the lower 25 percent of your totalattained altitude.

Have fun. As you will soon learn,getting your spacecraft to achieveorbit is no easy task.B

November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc 111

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112 BYTE November 1979

Circle 355 on inquiry card.

The National Micropastime

Joseph J Roehrig

JJR Data Research

POB74

Middle Village NY 11379

During the past few years I havespent too many Saturdays solderingintegrated-circuit sockets intoprinted-circuit boards and have nothad enough time to enjoy a goodbaseball game. I fulfill my need toparticipate in our national pastime byhaving my personal computer simu-late the play of a baseball game. I canbe the manager of any team I choose.All I have to do is input a few base-ball statistics. Presto! Out comes abaseball simulation (assuming thatthe system I shall describe is set up).

System Demonstration

The search for baseball statistics iseasy. The Sports Encyclopedia: Base-ball, published by Grosset and Dun-lap, has all that you could want. Aprogram called Input (shown in list-ing 1) is used to enter the statistics in-to the computer. Figure 1 shows theprogram Input working.

First you enter a file name to corre-spond to the team (the 1975 BostonRed Sox in the sample run) whose sta-tistics are being entered. Next, theprogram requires the name and datafor seventeen players who are notpitchers. Yastrzemski is input alongwith his batting code of 1 (0 = batsright, 1 = bats left, 2 = bats fromeither side), number of times at bat(543), hits (146), doubles (30), triples(1), home runs (14) bases on balls(87), and strikeouts (67). The com-puter asks us if the data input is cor-rect. A carriage return indicates

Listing 1: Program Input which accepts data from the terminal and stores it in disk filesfor use by the baseball simulation. This program and others in the system are written inNorth Star BASIC and use the North Star disk system.

10 LHMBC7) ,N$( 10)

:l.2 J$-" — - - - ■

15 INPUT1TEAM FILE ? ",F$

20 0PFN10*F$

Q 0

! ■HITTERS'

100

FORA^O 1016

110

INPUT"NAME 1 "rN$

120

! " BATS,AB fH?D?T?MR fBBfKG"

130

I NPUT 1 '-? " > B < 7 ) r C > B < 1 ) > B ( 2 ) > B < 3 > > B < 4 > r B ( 5 > > B < 6 >

132

IFC=0THENC==1

135

INPUT" OK ?'fZ*\IFZ*<>'"THEN110

13 7

P9-B(1)\H-C:-B(1 )

140

oc:fB<5)\B(i)^B(i)/c:

14 2

FORF~2T04\B<F>-B(F)/B9 \IFF-2THEN 146

144

BCF)^B(F) fB(F-l)

146

NEXTAB ( 5 ) = ( B9 + B ( 5 ) ) /CAB ( 6 ) ~B ( 6 ) /H

155

N$*N*+J$

160

URITE-IO ? N$ ? B (7 ) \F0RE-1 TC)6\URI TE#0 ? B ( E ) \NEXT\NEX T

190

' "PITCHERS"

200

F0RA=0T09

210

I NPUT "NAME ? " >N$

220

! "THROUSfIPfH>BB>KOb f

230

INPUT 1" 1 ">B(0)»CrB(l)>B<2)>B<3>

232

1FO0THENC-1

235

INPUT" OK ? " »Z$\IFZ$0" "THEN210

237

DO*2, 75

240

D-<C*2.75)+B<1)+B<2>

;>:5o

B(1)"=B(1)/C

260

B(2)=(B<2)/C:> +B(1)

270

B(3)~B(3)/C

273

N$~N$+.J$

280

URITr-MO»N$FB(0) >B(1)>B(2)>B(3)

290

NEXT\Z-0\F0RA-1T0138\URITE#0>Z\NEXT\CLOSE#0\END

TEAM FILE ? 75 -BOSTON

HITTERS

NAME ? YASTREMSKI

BATS »AB»HfD»T»HRrBB,KO

'? 1? 54 3 f 146,30> l?lAr &"/? 67 OK 'i

PITCHERS

NAME ? WISE

THROUSrIP>HfBB»KO ? 0,255>26 2>72 * 141 OK ?

Figure 1: Portion of sample execution of the program Input of listing 1. Normally data ientered for sixteen nonpitching players and ten pitchers.

November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc 113

Listing 2: A program, Roster, which reads data from a disk fileconcerning composition of a given baseball team and displays iton the terminal for inspection by the user. Figure 2 shows anexample of its use.

.1.01.2151720

SO

40

•50

!.)5

60

6 '5

70

75

80

90

.100

LOS

.110

120

130

DIMBC6) >N$CL0)

INPUT'TEAM FILE

fF$

2E<

;3E<

0PENt0?F$

! • '.I H " r

•'HITTERS BATS HITS

FURA*0T016

READtO?N$\FGRB-0TG6\READ10,B(B)\NEXT

!X2IfA?" " r

1NtfTAB(16) rB(0) ,

i "ZSrS f B < 1 ) f B ( 2 ) » B ( 3 ) f B ( 4 ) r B (!i:;) r B ( A )NEXT

! ' "\! ' "\ ! " Hi ' ,! 'PITCHERS R-L HITSFURA-0TC)9READ* 0 ?N$ fB(0) >B<1)> B(2) tB(3)

XllIfAf" ",

!N$tTAB(16)rB(0) r!;^F3rB( 1 )rB(2)?B(3)NEXTXEND

HR

BB

KG'

everything is all right. Any other in-put allows for the reentry of the data.

Figure 1 omits the other sixteen en-tries and shows the first of ten pitcherentries. Here, the player's name Wiseis entered along with his throwingarm designation of 0 (0 = right,l = left), innings pitched (255), hits(262), bases on balls (72), and strike-outs (67).

The next step is to see what infor-mation was entered and how thecomputer translates this data. Inorder to accomplish thisRoster (listing 2) is

run.

programFigure 2

shows that the execution of this pro-gram asks for a file name, and75—BOSTON is entered to corre-spond to the information just fed intothe computer. The computer assignedidentification numbers to the seven-

TEAM FILE ? 7?.

-BOSTON

ID

HITTERS

BATS

HITS

2B

3B

m

BB

KG

0

YASTREMSKI

1

.232

.205

. 2 J. 2

.30 8

. 370

.16 9

1

DOYLE

1

. 296

. 2 1. 9

.24 0

.231

.340

.05.1

2

BURLESON

0

.234

. 171

.1.78

. 2 19

,306

.101

3

PETROCELLI

0

. 217

,156

.16 7

.24 0

, 309

. 1 99

4

EVANS

0

.2 46

.212

.26 5

. :sb 1

.349

.201

5

LYNN

1

.297

. 269

.309

,429

.4 02

.255

6

RICE

0

.290

.16 7

.19 0

,3.16

. 3:50

.313

7

FISK

0

.300

.16.1

.207

.322

.393

.182

8

COOPER

1

. 293

. 179

.242

,389

. 3152

, 157

9

CARBO

1

.204

, 2:56

.293

,4 76

,410

.291

10

GRIGGIN

0

.226

.087

.087

. 101

♦ 2RS5

.13 3

11

BENIGUEZ

0

.262

. 192

.24 7

.274

. 351

. 144

.12

MILLER

1

.16 3

.095

.143

.143

.326

.230

13

HEISE

0

. 208

. 111

. 1 1.1

.111

.238

.061

14

MONTGOMERY

0

.221

.227

.250

.295

.241

.245

15

BLACKWELL

» 172

, 11 :s

,192

. 1 92

, ;;>(>>8

.12 3

LA

CONEGLIARG

0

,108

.14 3

.14 3

,429

, 2 31

,180

ID

PITCHERS

R-L

HIT S

BB

KG

0

WISE

0

,2:53

.323

. 136

1

TIANT

0

,250

.318

. 135

2

LEE

1

.259

.324

.074

3

MO RET

1

.218

.34 3

.132

4

CLEVELAND

0

.24 9

.324

. 112

5

UILLOUGHBL

0

.237

.320

. 14 9

6

POLE

0

.267

.351

, 11 0

7

BRAGG

0

.229

.333

,14 3

8

SEGUI

0

.230

.369

,14 6

9

BURTON

1

.260

.346

. 1 75

Figure 2: Execution of the program Roster of listing 2. The filename is the same as that used for program Input.

teen nonpitchers and ten pitchers,and translated all of the historicalstatistics into percentages.

That was a lot of data entry. Since Iwould not want to redo the entire in-put job again to change one player,program Fix (listing 3) was written;its execution is shown in figure 3. Allthat must be done to change an entryis to enter a file name and a hitter'sidentification number (from 0 thru16), or a number greater than 16 asthe identification number to change a

pitcher. Once the pitcher correctionsection is entered, an identificationnumber greater than 9 ends the pro-gram execution.

Hypothetical Matchup

With this data I am ready to play afictitious World Series between the1961 New York Yankees (led byRoger Maris, who hit 61 home runsthat year, along with Mickey Mantleand Whitey Ford) and the 1963 LosAngeles Dodgers (who beat the 1963

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November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE November 1979

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Listing 3: A program, Fix, which allows the user to selectively correct data for a singleplayer that has been stored on the disk by the Input program.

yF$

1.0 DIMB(7),N$<10)

12 J$~" "

15 INPUT'TEAM FILE ?

20 (DPEN#0»F$

90 ' 'HITTERS'

100 INPUT" I ? ' ,A\IFA>16THEN190\A^A*47

110 INPUT'NAME ? '*N$

120 l ' & A I S t A B ? H t 0 r T 9 HR > BB > K0 '

1.30 1NPUT1 ' ? ' t B ( 7 ) r C: t B (1 ) » B (2 ) r B (3 ) , B ( 4 ) , B ( 5 ) r B ( 6 )

132 IFO0THENO1

135 INPUT " OK ? " f Z$\IFZ$<> ' ' THEN 11 0

137 B9=B<1 >\H~OB(l)

14o c~c: f b (5) \b < i) --B (i) /c:

141! F0RF-2TU4\B<F)~;B(F)/B9 \IFF«=2THEN146

.1.44 B(F)~B(F> fB(F -1)

146 NF.XTXB (5) -< B9TB ( 5 ) ) /C\B ( 6 >~B ( 6 ) /H

1155 N*-"N$1J$

1 60 WRI TE*0%A ? N* , B ( 7 ) r B (1) » B ( 2 ) r B ( 3 ) , B ( 4 ) , B ( 5 ) t B ( 6 ) » NGE.NDMARK170 G0TO100

190 ' "PITCHERS"

200 INPUT"I ? "»A\IFA> 9THEN310\A-7991(A*32)

210 INPUT'NAME ? 'tN$

220 i 'THROWS tIP tHr BBrKG ' »

230 INPUT 1" ? 'r B(0)rCr B(1)r B(2)fB(3)

232 IFO0THENO1

2 3 '■., INP U r " OK r? ' ? I % \ IFZ $ <> ' " THEN210237 EU«C*2.75

240 C'= ( C*2 . 75 ) +B (1 ) \ B ( 2 )

230 B(l)=B<1)/C

260 B(2)-(B(2)/C) ■♦■ B (1 )

270 B(3)«-B(3)/C

275 N$-"N* + J*

230 URITE I07.A f N$ f B ( 0 ) * B ( 1 ) t B ( 2 ) > B ( 3 ) t NOENDMARK

300 GOTO 200

310 CLOSE I0\END

TEAM FILE ? 75-B0ST0HITTERS

* V 0

NAME ? YASTREMSKI

BATSfABfH»D»TfHRf BB»K'a

1 1r 54 31146 » 30 f1f14 > 87 »67 OK ?

t ? 99

PITCHERS

* ? 0

NAME ? WISE

THROWS r IP » H» BB f KG '? 0 r 255 r 262 » 72 1141 OK ?

* ? 99

Figure 3: Sample execution of the program Fix of listing 3. This program allows selectivecorrection of the input data.

Yankees in four straight games in the1963 World Series on the strongpitching of Sandy Koufax and DonDrysdale). To play this hypotheticalseries, all that is necessary isto load the program called Game andenter the file names 61-YANKS and63-LA (assuming these files have beencreated in the manner just described).Simulation of the first five games ofthis hypothetical World Series ob-tains the following results:

Game 1: Dodgers 6, Yankees 2.Game 2: Yankees 3, Dodgers 1.Game 3: Dodgers 6, Yankees 3.Game 4: Yankees 11, Dodgers 4.Game 5: Yankees 2, Dodgers 1.

Detailed Play of Game 6

The series now stands with theYankees having won 3 and theDodgers 2 games. A win by theYankees ends the series, so I willshow the details of the sixth game.Program Game is loaded and ex-ecuted as shown in figure 4. The com-puter asks for a random number; 41 isinput. Next, the file name of thevisiting team is entered, followed bythat of the home team. It is now timeto enter the Dodger batting order.

This is done by entering the iden-tification number (taken from thecomputer roster, a sample was shownin figure 2) and position number of

Text continued on page 122

116 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

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'Trademark of Digital Research plusdelivery

'' Trademark of Software Systems Add Sales Taxwhere applicableAVAILABLE FROM

COMPUTER EMPORIUM, Ltd.

11 West 46th StreetNew York, N.Y. 10036 212/226-2038

OR ORDER DIRECT FROM

LOBALARAMETERS

1505 Ocean Ave. Brooklyn, N.Y.212/252-5002

Figure 4: Predicted play of a hypothetical baseball game between the 1961 New YorkYankees and the 1963 Los Angeles Dodgers, using the Game program described in thisarticle. The entry for NUM? is a seed for generating random numbers; the entries for theTEAM? inquiries are file names to reference data stored on disk by the Input program.The user enters the batting order and pitching staffs, and play of the game proceeds ac-cording to statistical probabilities.

NUM? 41

TEAM ? 63-

LA

TEAM ? 61-

YANKS

GIVE THE 1.

INE--UP

BATTING 1

ID, POS 1

?2r6

WILLS

SS

OK

?

BATTING 2

ID, F'GS t

71 ,4

GILLIAM

2B

OK

-?

BATTING 3

ID, F'GS 1

?5,8

DAVIS U

CF

OK

'?

BATTING 4

ID, POS 1

?6,7

DAVIS T

LF

OK

j

BATTl NG 5

ID, F'GS 1

?4,3

HOWARD

IB

OK

7

BATTING 6

ID, PGS 1

?3,5

MCMULLEN--

3B

OK

7

BATTING 7

ID, PGS 1

? 7 r 2

RGBEDORG - -

C

OK

-?

BATTING 8

ID, PGS *

? 0,7

FAIRLY

RF

OK

'?

BATTING 9

ID, POS *

?1O,10

OLIVER-- -

DH

OK

7

ID* GF PIT CHER1 ? 3

PODRES

OK

7

GIVE THE LINE-UP

BATTING 1

ID, PGS #

'•'15, 1

GONDER

P

OK

7

ID, F'OS 1

?1 ,4

RICHARDSON

2D

OK

1

BATTING 2

ID, POS 1

?2,6

KUBEK- -~

BS

OK

7

BATTING 3

ID, F'OS #

?4,9

MARIS

RF

OK

'?

BATTING 4

ID, F'OS +

?5,8

MANTLE

CF

OK

-?

BATTING 5

ID, F'OS #

? 7 f 2

HOWARD

C

OK

7

BATTING 6BATTING 7

ID, F'OS *ID, F'OS *

?0, 3? 1 O , 7

SKOURQN

IBLF

OKOK

7

CER V

BATTING 8

ID, PGS *

?8 , 10

I n&E"7

DH

OK

q>

L. Ur r. C

BATTING 9

ID, PGS 1

?3,5

BOYER-

3B

OK

7

ID* OF" F:'IT C:HER ? 6

riAi irv

OK

q>

L'hlii. r

INNING * 1

l.l T 1 1 C

- IS OUT

W .1 L.L. O —

GILLIAM-—

■ SINGLE

FUJNNER ON

FIRS!

DAVIS U •

- DOUBLE PLAY

61--YANK'S

61-YANK'S

RICHARDSON SINGLERUNNER GN FIRST

KUBEK SINGLE

RUNNER GN FIRST RUNNER ON THIRDMARIS — IS OUT

1 RUNS SCORE A3-LARUNNER GN SECONDP,H, OR B I1MANTLE H. R.

2 RUNS SCORE 63-LAP,H, OR B "i PP# ? 9

HGUARD-- IS OUT

SKDURON— SINGLE

RUNNER ON FIRST

CERV- STRIKES OUT

INNING t 2

DAVIS T -- STRIKES OUT

H GUARD- — H. R.

1 RUNS SCORE 63-LA 1 61 -YANKSPyHt OR B ?

MCMULLEN-- STRIKES OUT

ROSEBORO-- IS OUT

LOPEZ -- SINGLE

FUJNNER ON F'IRiiJT

BOYER IS GUT

RUNNER ON SECONDRICHARDSON IS OUT

KUBEK- — WALK

RUNNER ON FIRST RUNNER ON SECONDMARIS IS OUT

INNING I 3

FAIRLY IS OUT

OLIVER- - IS OUT

WILLS IS OUT

MANTLE- - SINGLE

RUNNER' GN FIRSTHOWARD— - SINGLE-

NO

Figure 4 cotititmed oti page 120

118 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

DesigningDigital Systems

Two programmed learning courses:hardware and software; theoryand application.

Design of Digital Systems - six volumes

ADVANCED COURSEDESIGN OF DIGITAL SYSTEMS

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Book 2: OR and AND functions; logicgates; NOT, exclusive-OR, NAND, NOR andexclusive - NOR functions; multiple inputgates; truth tables; DeMorgan's Laws;canonical forms; logic conventions; Kar-naugh mapping; three-state and wiredlogic'.

Book 3: Half adders and full adders; sub-tractors; serial and parallel adders; pro-cessors and arithmetic logic units (ALUs);multiplication and division systems.

Book 4: Flip-flops; shift registers;asynchronous counters; ring, Johnson andexclusive-OR feedback counter; randomaccess memories (RAMs); read-onlymemories (ROMs).

Book 5: Structure of calculators; key-board encoding; decoding display data;register systems; control unit; programROM; address decoding; instruction sets;instruction decoding; control programstructure.

Book 6: Central processing unit (CPU);memory organization; character represen-tation; program storage; address modes;input/output systems; program interrupts;interrupt priorities programming; assem-blers; executive programs, operatingsystems, and time-sharing.

OUR CUSTOMERS

Design of Digital Systems has beenbought by more than half the 50 largestcorporations in America, and by Motorola,Intel, DEC. National Semiconductor, Fair-child, General Instrument, Hewlett-Packard, Heath Co.. M.I.T., NASA, Smith-sonian Institute, Bell Telephone Labs. Andmany, many more, as well as corporationsand individuals in over 50 countries.

BASIC COURSE

Digital ComputerLogic andEwctrenics

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Digital Computer Logic and Electronicsis designed for the beginner. No mathe-matical knowledge other than simple arith-metic is assumed, though you should havean aptitude for logical thought. It consistsof 4 volumes — each HV2" x 8V4" — andserves as an introduction to the subject ofdigital electronics.

Contents include: Binary, octal anddecimal number systems; conversion be-tween number systems; AND, OR, NORand NAND gates and inverters; Booleanalgebra and truth tables; DeMorgan'sLaws; design of logical circuits using NORgates; R-S and J-K flip-flops; binarycounters, shift registers and half-adders.

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NAME

ADDRESS

CITY/STATE/ZIP RB

BYTE November 1979

119

CP/M SOFTWARE TOOLS

NEW ED-SO TEXT EDITOR

ED-80 offers 3 refreshing new approach for the creation and editingof program and data files conversationally-and it saves you money.Its powerful editing capabilities will satisfy the most demanding profes-sional-yet it can still be easily used by the inexperienced beginner.

Look at These Outstanding Features:

■ FULL SCREEN window displays with forward and backwardscrolling for editing your data a page-at-a-time, rather thanline-by line.

■ Provides you with all the features found on the large main-frame and minicomputer editors, such as IBM, UNIVAC,CDC, and DEC.

■ Commands include forward or backward LOCATE, CHANGE,and FIND; and INSERT, DELETE, REPLACE, APPEND,SAVE, PRINT, WINDOW, MACROJABSET, SCALE, DUMP,and others.

■ Compatible with existing CP/M edit and text formattedfiles, with CBASIC, and with Microsoft's M BASIC, FORTRAN,COBOL, and ASSEMBLER.

■ CHANGE commands allow you to make conditional changesand to use variable length strings.

■ Designed for CP/M and derivative operating systems, in-cluding LIFEBOAT, CDOS, IMDOS, DOS-A, ADOS, etc.

■ GET and PUT commands for concatenating, moving, dup-licating, and merging your edit files on the same or differ-ent diskettes.

■ Provides you with fast memory-to-memory COPY com-mands, and an intermediate buffer for copying lines over-and-over.

■ Repays your initial investment many times over with uniquetime-saving editing capabilities.

■ Saves your last LOCATE, CHANGE, FIND, and APPENDcommand for easy re-execution.

■ Simple line-oriented commands for character string editing.

■ Automatically displays the results of every edit commandfor your verification.

■ Single keystrokes for your most commonly used commands.

■ Safeguards to prevent catastrophic user errors that resultin the loss of your edit file.

■ INLINE command for your character-oriented editing.

■ Designed for today's high speed CRT's, video monitors,and teletypewriter terminals.

■ Thoroughly field tested and documented with a compre-hensive User's Manual and self-instructional tutorial.

And remember - in today's interactive programming environment- your most important software tool is your text editor. ED-80 isalready working in industry, government, universities, and in personalcomputing to significantly cut program development time and toreduce high labor costs. Why not let ED-80 begin solving your textediting problems today? ORDER NOW and well pay the postage!

*^fS*-J M tfel

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P.O. Box 4511, Huntsville, AL 35802ED-80 is protected by copyright and furnished under a paid-up licensefor use on a single computer system.

O Pl«ase send additional information.

□ Send Diskette, User's Manual and paid-up license $99.00

Specify SINGLE DENSITY Disk Make/Model. Size. Hard/Soft SectoredMake/Model G B" or Q 5" Q HS or Q SS

□ Send User's Manual {credited on purchase of paid-up license) $10.00

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Dealer Inquiries Welcomed® CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research

ON THIRD

1 61-YANKS 4

Figure 4 continued:

RUNNER ON FIRST RUNNER

SKOWRON DOUBLE PLAY

1 RUNS SCORE 63-LAPrl-lr OR B 'i

CERV SINGLE

RUNNER ON FIRST

LOPEZ - - - SINGLE

RUNNER ON FIRST RUNNER ON SECONDBOYER STRIKES OUT

INNING I A

GILLIAM SINGLE

RUNNER ON FIRST

DAVIS W IS OUT

DAVIS T SINGLE

RUNNER ON FIRST RUNNER ON SECOND

HOWARD- -- STRIKES OUT

MCMULLEN-- IS OUT

RICHARDSON WALKRUNNER ON FIRST

KUDEK- -- DOUBLE

RUNNER ON SECOND RUNNER ON THIRD

MARIS IS OUT

MANTLE — H, R.

2 RUNS SCORE 63-LAPrl-I* OR B ? P

61-YANKS

HOWARD SINGLE

RUNNER ON FIRST

SKOURON IS OUT

RUNNER ON SECONDCEFW ~ --• IS OUT

INNING I 5

ROSEBORO-- STRIKES OUT

FAIRLY IS OUT

OLIVER WALK

RUNNER ON FIRST

Wl'L LS WALK

RUNNER ON FIRST RUNNER ON SECOND

GILLIAM- - SINGLE

1 RUNS SCORE 63-LA 2 61-YANKS 6RUNNER ON FIRST RUNNER ON THIRDPrHr OR B ?DAVIS U IS OUT

LOPEZ

IS OUT

BOYER -

WALK

RUNNER ON f

IRST

RICHARDSON

DOUBLE PLAY

INNING t 6

DAU.TS T ~

IS OUT

HOWARD- --

STRIKES OUT

MCMULLEN--

IS OUT

KUBEK-- -

SINGLE

RUNNER ON \

•IRST

MARIS -

SINGLE

RUNNER ON 1

IRST RUNNER

ON THIRD

MANTLE

DOUBLE PLAY

1 RUNS SCORE 63-LA

2 61-Y

PrH» OR' B '

'

HOWARD

IS OUT

INNING 1 7

ROSFBORO--

IS OUT

FAIRLY —

IS OUT

OLIVER -

SINGLE

RUNNER ON F

IRBT

WILLS

SINGLE

RUNNER ON l:

IRST RUNNER

ON SECOND

GILLIAM

IS OUT

SKDURON

SINGLE

RUNNER ON FIRST

CERV - -

IS OUT

LOPEZ- -

IS OUT

BOYER --•-

IS OUT

YANKS

Figure 4 continued on page 122

120

November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

fop users ofRadio Shack's TRS-80*

***

Vr

top users 01Radio Stack's TRHO

*

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AND MUCH MORE

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CP/M-operating system modified for use with TRS-80computer and disks in addition to the standard CPM utilities ofEditor. Assembler. Debugger etc.. we have added: DCV2 (Util-ity to convert system tapes to CP M files.) DISKAS & CASDISK(Utilities to back up files to tape and recover to disk.) MOVER(Program to transfer files with single drive systems) $145/525

All items listed below operate inconjunction with the CPM operating system.

MAC — 8080 Macro Assembler Full Inlel macro defini-tion:. Psuudo Ops include RPC IRP. REPT TITLE,PAGE and MACLIB Z-80 library included Producesinlel absolule hex oulPul plus symbols Me lor use by SID(sec below) $100 515

SID — 8060 symbolic debugger. Full Irace, pass counland break-poinl program tfsltng syslem wilh back-lrace;ind histogram ulilities Wfisn used «ilh MAC. providesfull symbolic display ol memory labels and equaledv.ilues $85 $15

TEX Tesl lormaller lo create paginated. Page-nurnb^'od and |uslilied copy irom source le»t Mes. d>-reciabie 10 d,sk or pnnier SSS'SI 5

DESPOOL Progra/n io nermil simultaneous pnntrngol daia trom disk while user executes another programirom lhi:> console S50S10

Disk Extended BASIC - versron 5 ANSI comoah-t>le *»4h long van;ible names WHILE. WEND chaining,variable length die records $300 $25

BASIC Compiler — Language compatible wtih ver-sion 5 Microsoft .nii.-rpreter a r>d 3-10 linies faster e«ecu-lion Produces slandardMicrosoitrelocalable binary out-put Indudos Macro-80 Also linkable to FORTRAN-80 orCOBOL-80 code modules S350S25

FORTRAN-80 ANSI 66 (except lor COMPLEX)plus many extensions Includes relocatable obtecl com-piler, linking loader, library with manager Also includesMACRO-80 (see below) . $400 $25

MACRO-80 — 8080780 Macro Assembler Intel andZi'og mnemonics supported. Relocatable linkable outpulLoader Library Manager and Cross Reference Lis!utilities included $149$ 15

EDIT-80 Very fast random access text editor for textwitti or without line numbers Global and iptra-lme com-mands supported File compare uliMy included $89 $15CIS COBOL (»t«nd«rd) - ANSI 74 COBOLstandard compiler fully validated by U S Navy tests loANSI level 1 Supports many features to level 2 induingdynamic loading of COBOL modules and a lull ISAM filefacility Also, program segmenlation. interactive debugand powerlut mteraclive extensions lo support protectedand unprotected CRT screen lormatlmg Irom COBOLprograms used with any dumb terminal S850.S3O

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Formm 1 — CRT screen editor lo build application CRTtormats witti protecfed and unprotected field areas Out-put is COBOL data descJipUons for copying into CISCOBOL programs Eliminates the en ore ol wntmg screeninput and outpul descriptions by hand and greatly speedsinteractive appbcabori programming GViipul requires CISCOBOL compaclcompiler S125 120

Form* 2 — Forms t saeen editor plus indexed fileapplication program generator. Automatically creates aquery and update program of indexed files using CRTprotected and unprotected screen lormats. No program-ming (ixpenence needed Output program dir«ciiy com-piled by ei ther ol CIS COBOL comp.iers S20O»20CBASIC-2 Disk Extended BASiC - Non-interactiveBASIC wilh pseudo-code compiler and runtime nlerpre-ler Supports lull die conlrol. chaining, integer and <;x-lended precision variables, elc S109'$15BDS C Compiler — Supports most maior leaturesoflanguage including Structures. Arrays Pointers, recur-sive lunction evaluation linkable with library fo B080 bi-nary output Lacks data initialization, long a, Hoal type andstatic & register classspecfiers Documentation includesC Programming Language book by Kernigtian &Ritchie $110 $15ALGOL 60 Compiler — Powerful biock-struciuiedlanguage featuring economcal runtime dynamic alloca-tion ol memory Very compact (2-lK lolal F*AM| systemimtitemenlng almost all Algol 60 report tealoies plusmany powerful extensions including string handling drecldisk address I O elc Requires Z80 CP J $ 199 $20Z80 Development Package — Consists ot (i> disktile line editor, with global inter and mlra-l.ne ladies. (2i^80 relocating assembler Zilog/Moslek mnemonicsconditional assembly and cross reference tablecanabililios. (3i linking loader producing absolute Inlelnex disk l.le $95 $20ZDT Z80 Debugger to trace break and examineregisters witri standard ZilogMoslek mnenomic disassembly displays Facilities simitar lo DDT $35 wnen or-dered witn Z8Q Deveiopmenl Package $50 $ 10TEXTWRITER III Text formatter lo justify and pagi-nate loners and otner documents Special features in-clude insertion ol text during execution irom other diskhies or console, permitting recipe documents to betreated Irom linked tragmenls on other dies Has facilitieslur sorted index, table of contents and toctnote insertions

Ideal lor contracts, manuals, elc $125*20

Postmaster — A comprehensive package lor mail lislmaintenance Fealures include keyed record exlraclionand label production, A lorm letter program is includedwhich provides neat tetters on single sheet or continuousforms Requires CBASIC $150 $25

SELECTOR III - Mulh (i e up to 24) Key version ofSelector II Comes with applications programs includingSales Activity. Inventory. Payables. Receivables. CheckRegister Expenses. Appointments, and Client PalieniRequires CBASIC Supplied in source code $295 $20Enhanced version lor CBASfC-2 $345 $20

Flippy Disk Kit — Template and instructions lo modifysingle sided 5"« drsketles lor use ol second side in sin-gled sideddnves $12.50

G2 Level III BASIC by Microsoft

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Lifeboat Associates, specialists in microcomputer disk software,is proud to offer the first professional disk-based language andutility package for the Radio Shack TRS-80 computer. Writtenby Microsoft, creators of Level II BASIC, the package runs ona TRS-80 system with 32K RAM, one or more drives andTRSDOS. The software is supplied on diskettes and consists of:

rUn I HAN a true relocatable machinecode compiler for ANSI FORTRAN X3.9(except COMPLEX variables).

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LINKING LOADER to link edit andload FORTRAN and assembler modulesfor execution.

a complete

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DISK TEXT EDITOR tocreaeand

modify FORTRAN and assembler programsas disk files: also can be used as a generalpurpose text editor for correspondenceand other documents.

This high-powered professional software pack-age with full documentation is available at the

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Radio Shack and TRS-80 are trademarks of Tandy Corporation.

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Please send the following:

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Text continued:

each player. The position numbersare standard baseball scoring sym-bols: 1 = pitcher, 2=catcher/ 3 = firstbaseman, 4 = second baseman,5 = third baseman, 6 = shortstop/7 = left fielder, 8 = center fielder,9 = right fielder, and 10 = designatedhitter (yes, I am using the designatedhitter). The computer asks OK? and acarriage return signifies that all iswell. This is done for the nine battingpositions, and then the pitcher iden-tification number is entered.

When the Yankee batting order isentered, I intentionally make amistake. Jesse Gonder was entered asthe pitcher, batting leadoff. The com-uter asks OK?, but this time "NO" isentered (anything except a carriagereturn will do) and the computer re-jects the input.

Game 6 matches pitchers Podresand Daley. The Yankees start quicklyand score 3 runs in the first inningpowered by Mickey Mantle's two-runhome run.

After each run is scored, the Gameprogram branches to the substitutesubroutine. As seen in figure 4, that

Figure 1 continued:

INNING I £)

Davis w -- is; GUT

DAUIS T IS GUT

HOWARD-- - H. R.

I RUNS SCORE A3-LAY'r \\r OR B ? BP* ? 9

I.<ATSr F:'l ? 6,13POS ? 5

BATSr P* ? 0,0ZIMMLR - IS GUT

RICHARDSON IS OUT

KUBEK- - IS OUT

MARIS- - H. R.

1 RUNS SCORE A3-LAF',Hr OR B ?

MANTLE SINGLE

RUNNER ON FIRSJHCiWARD---- is gut

INNING I 9

RGSEBORO-" IS GUI

FAIRLY- - IS GUT

OLIVER — IS OUT

in the first inning after Maris made anout to score the first Yankee run, thecomputer asked "P, H or B". A car-riage return in response to this in-quiry means "no substitute" and thegame continues. Entry of P means apitching change, H means a substitutefor any of the players on the teamcurrently batting, and B means that

61-YANKS

61- YANKS

both changes P and H are desired.

Following Mickey's home run, apitching change is made—NormSherry replaces Podres. The gamecontinues with the Yankees peckingaway and adding to their lead. TheDodgers score a run in the eighth inn-ing, but it appears certain that theywill lose the game and the series. For

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Phone 031-22 8430

Telex: 54-21-389 (AOUAMAT Si

BANGKOK DOCUMENT CO.. LTD.

Bangkok. Thailand

Phone; 2527506

Cable: DOCUMENT BANGKOK

122 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 345 on inquiry card.

DOUBLE DENSITY -A CAN OF WORMS?

DATASPEED believes it's time to put a long-standing rumor to rest. Double density diskrecording is alive and well and living in hundreds ofDATASPEED disk controllers around the world.Many companies are advertising double densitydisk controllers — some have even delivered a few— but hundreds of delivered AND WORKINGsystems prove that DATASPEED is the front-runnerin double density disk systems.

/2 MEGABYTE OF DISK STORAGE -$295 ASSEMBLED

The DATASPEED CONDUCTOR™ disk controllerwill put V? megabyte of storage on any standard 8"disk — reliably. It also alows DOUBLE-SIDEDrecording for a fantastic 1 megabyte of storage on asingle flexible diskette — reliably. We guarantee it.

THE CONDUCTOR can also offer the sameguaranteed reliability for 51/i" diskettes in eithersingle or double density and single or double sidedmodes. THE CONDUCTOR comes fully assembledand fully tested and can even be ordered with acustomized, ready to go CP/M™ that performs diskaccesses almost twice as fast as most other doubledensity CP/M's.

DRIVE SYSTEMS

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DATASPEED is also offering COMPLETE DISKsystems. For instance, you can order a single drivesystem for just $1095 that includes:

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drives1 2 drive power supply

The above system also includes everything youneed to upgrade to a dual drive system at a laterdate — just plug in any standard 8" disk drive andyou've got 1 megabyte of disk storage — or youcan order a double drive system from us (as abovebut with 2 Shugart drives) for just $1649.

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DATASPEED, INC.

1302 NOE STREET

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA 94131

Telephone (415) 282 - 5616

e:ee3i

BOX SOORE

A3-LA

A 1 -YANKS

NAME

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AD

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NAME

ROB

AD

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GILLIAM

DAVIS U- -

DAVIS T- -

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1

30

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READY

Figure 5: Box score from the game played in figure 4.

this reason, a pinch hitter and a newpitcher are entered in order to illus-trate all of the possible input situa-tions occurring in this simulation.In answer to the question "P, H or

B" in the Dodgers' half of the eighthinning, a B is input. A pitcher's iden-tification number is solicited and 9 isentered, corresponding to YankeeRyne Duren. Next, the computer asks

for the batting (Dodgers) team's sub-stitutes with the question "Bats, P#".Here it is necessary to input whatplace in the nine batting positions (1thru 9) the substitute will bat in andthe player's identification number.The numbers 6 and 13 are typed in.Six is the sixth batting position; 13represents Don Zimmer's identifica-tion number.

The "Bats, P#" question is againasked, and the user can continue tomake substitutes or you can enter a 0for the batting position in order toend the substituting. In the example,0,0 is input and the game continues.

The Yankees go on to win the sixthgame 8 to 3 and the series 4 games to2 games. Figure 5 shows the box scorefor the final game of the series. Typ-ing a carriage return ends the game atthis point; typing any other characterplays another game between the sametwo teams.

If the option to play another con-test is selected, the computer asks"Line-ups OK"; and typing a carriagereturn lets the programmer playanother game just by entering theidentification numbers of two new

New to the U.S.! Produced and widely used in England—COMPLETE CP/M BUSINESS PACKAGE.

INCLUDES EVERYTHING FROM INVENTORY TO SALES SUMMARYPROMPTS USER, VALIDATES EACH ENTRY, MENU DRIVEN

Approximately 60-100 entries/inputs require only 2-4 hours weekly and your entire business is under control.♦PROGRAMS ARE INTEGRATED- SELECT FUNCTION BY NUMBER—

01 = ENTER NAMES/ADDRESS, ETC

02= 'ENTER/PRINT INVOICES

03='ENTER PURCHASES

04= 'ENTER A/C RECEIVABLES

05= * ENTER A/C PAYABLES

06= ENTER/UPDATE INVENTORY

07 = ENTER/UPDATE ORDERS

08= ENTER/UPDATE BANKS

09= EXAMINE/MONITOR SALES LEDGER

10= EXAMINE/MONITOR PURCHASE LEDGER

11 = EXAMINE/PRINT INCOMPLETE RECORDS

12= EXAMINE PRODUCT SALES

13= PRINT CUSTOMER STATEMENT

14= PRINT SUPPLIER STATEMENTS

15= PRINT AGENT STATEMENTS

16 = PRINT TAX STATEMENTS

17= PRINT WEEK/MONTH SALES

18= PRINT WEEK/MONTH PURCHASES

19= PRINT YEAR AUDIT

20= PRINT PROFIT/LOSS ACCOUNT

21 = UPDATE END MONTH FILES

22= PRINT CASH FLOW FORECAST

23= ENTER/UPDATE PAYROLL (NOT YET AVAILABLE)

24= RETURN TO BASIC

WHICH ONE? (ENTER 1-24) Each program goes to sub menu, e.g.: (9) allows A. LIST ALL SALES; B. MONITOR SALES BY

STOCK CODES; C. RETRIEVE INVOICE DETAILS; D. AMEND LEDGER FILES; E. LIST TOTAL ALL SALES.

• VERY FLEXIBLE. • ADD YOUR OWN FUNCTIONS. • EASY TO INTEGRATE.

All programs in BASIC for CP/M.

Package includes 31 programs. Version 2: $750 Complete listing in BASIC also available: $300

John D. Owens Associates is the U.S. Distributor for G.W. COMPUTERS, LTD, the producers of this beautiful package.

WE EXPORT TO ALL COUNTRIES — OVERSEAS CALLERS USE (212) 448 6298 ONLY

JOHN D. OWENS ASSOCIATES, INC.

12 SCHUBERT STREET, STATEN ISLAND, NEW YORK 10305(212) 448 6283 DAY, EVENING, WEEKEND, HOLIDAY CALLS WELCOME! (212) 448 6298We have no reader inquiry number. Please write or call.

124 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

AN

■

:

■

.JS0^

'■_' I

Every so often an individual is born exhibiting extraordi-nary talent at a very early age. Often, they rise above themultitude establishing themselves as masters in their fields.These individuals are called prodigies.

The Prodigy computer is so advanced, it clearly estab-lishes itself as a master in the field of small businesscomputing.

Modular design and single board construction mean reli-ability, expandability, and ease of service. But it is SOFT-WARE which truly sets Prodigy apart. Unlike other compu-ters, software was a major design consideration rather thanan afterthought. Prodigy utilizes a highly advanced operat-ing system and the PROTEGE* to provides some very im-pressive features:

DATA BASE MANAGEMENTVIRTUAL CODEDATA COMPRESSION

INDEXED FILES

SPOOLING

MULTI-TASKING

The result? Incredible speed and storage capacity,and economical systemsdevelopmentand maintenance.

... "Though it may look like many other microcompu-ter systems — . . . Prodigy One literally speeds awayfrom them." — ... Max Schindler, Software Editor-ELECTRONIC DESIGN.

Your local Prodigy dealer maintains an extensive libraryof field proven application software. Available applicationsinclude General Ledger, Accounts Receivable, AccountsPayable, Payroll, Medical Billing, and a remarkable systemfor the Personnel Placement Industry. All are easy to use yetprovide a level of sophistication unheard of in its price class.And Prodigy also does word processing!

Prodigy systems are supported by a nationwide organiza-tion of thoroughly trained, experienced professionals. YourProdigy dealer is a SINGLE source for hardware, softwareand a level of service that continually insures effective, trou-ble free operation.

Speed, sophistication, and low cost; an incredible combi-nation for a small business computer. Would you expectless from a prodigy?

PRODIGY,

SYSTEMS, INC.

497 LINCOLN HIGHWAY • ISELIN, N.J. 0BB30 • (2011 283-2000

'Prodigy's easy to use compiler-based small business applications development language. Prodigy also supports other popular languages such as FORTRAN, COBOL. BASIC, and PASCAL.

Circle 331 on inquiry card. byte November 1979 125

pitchers. If anything other than a car-riage return is entered, the computerbranches to the lineup entry sectionof the program and the user will berequired to enter new lineups.

You can keep track of battingaverages, earned run averages, andother statistics by loading the pro-gram Stats (listing 4) and entering theappropriate file name. This will giveyou a complete printout of all thestatistics as shown in figure 6. Thestatistics shown are for all six gamesof the "World Series" that was justplayed.

The statistics keep accumulatingeach time the program is run. There-fore, I have provided program Erase(shown in listing 5). Figure 7 showsthis program being used; the usermerely supplies the file name. Thisprogram erases statistics extractedonly from the games played, not theratings information shown on theroster (figure 2) for each player. That

Listing 4: The Stats program, which computes and displays statistics from box scores ofsimulated baseball games. An example of its use is shown in figure 6.

i i.ij:mk*(25 L ini:: eo

JO INPUT:I2 FORA-0FORA^Oi"NAME' " KOFORA-0I FOOTN=(A*1IFA>9TREAD 10Pl-Ptf76 F9*0\J78 'N<C>CNr7 0 !""\NE100 FURA^J. 10 IF"I1>12 0 i "130 ' "

142030405060707 274

70)

FILE NAT016\N~r09\N'=l

UB wT016\BHENG-D/(.)) + 1 \ ' NHEN90XDXBrCfUr

C:\P2n::R2

FOOT HP

N + 9) ri4

XT

1 TG79\i

0THENT5

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ME '•' " »F$\0PEN#0rF$

(A*10)f 1\READ*0»N$(N» N + 9) f Z f Z f Z f Z f Z f Z f Z\NE'XT

70+(< A*10) + 1)\READ*0f N$(N f N + 9)f Z f Z f Z tZ\NEXTAD H MR RBI AVE NAME IP H R

L ERA"\F0RA"1T079\ ! ' =" f\NEXT\ I " "1119+ ( A*20 ) \READI07.D ? C r D ? E f F\G-0C \ T I ■■- I 1 I C \ T 2 ■■■■■- T 2 + D \ T 3 ~ 1 3 + E \ T 4 ■■= T 4 + F$ ( N f N + 9 ) f 7.41 ? C ? Ii ? 7.3 I r E r 7.4 I r F , 7.5F3 ? G f ' ' t■■■1 459+ ( A*35 ) \N-171 + ( A* 10)F f F f G f H f l\ J-1 NT £ I /1 00 > \K> I •- < 1 00* J )

+ D\P3~:P3 + ti:\P4~P4 + F\P5~PS + G\P6^P6 + H\P7~P7 + .J\P8:=P8+KN F 9 =■- ( F * 2 7 > / C \ C ~ INK C / 3 )I t t: r D f E f F » G f H f 7.31 f J ? K f 7. A F 2 r E 9 ,

" - " f\NFXT\! " n

-r2/M\IFPl>0THENF9- (P4*27)/!:*l\Pl-INT(Pl/3>

" f 7.4 I f T 1 f 12 f %31 f T3 f 7.4 I f T4 f 7.5F3 ? T5 f

' f 7.4 I f PI f P2 f P3 f P4 f P5 f PA f 7.3 I f P7 f P8 f 7.6F2 f P9

is how I run my complete computeriz- cessor system that can be linked to a

ed baseball simulation.

Necessary System Components

What do you need to run these pro-grams? An 8080-based micropro-

North Star floppy-disk system, aNorth Star disk-operating system in-cluding BASIC, 24 K bytes of mem-ory, and a terminal. The memory re-quirement is large because of the size

6a

6b

FILE NAME ?

61-

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Figure 6: Statistics for six games of the "World Series" between the 1961 Yankees (6a) and the 1963 Dodgers (6b).

126 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

-■aim

t- r

.S8BE-I1 .&■■

r

,9B»

.S»i

to your doto acquisition and display problemswith COMPCO'S Analog - Digital I/O System.

The complete ADI/OS system includes everything required for a research and developmentlaboratory and many OEM systems: 16 channels of single-ended analog input (or 8 differen-tial channels); two double-buffered D/A channels for driving a X-Y display (display not included);02 bits of programmable digital I/O; 4 completely independent R5202 serial ports withsoftware-selectable Baud rates; a Microterm MIME-I CRT terminal; a Houston Instruments HIPL0Tincremental plotter; and an ALTOS 8000-2 microcomputer system, with 4MHzZ80* processor,64K of RAM memory, twin Shugart double-density floppy disk drives, CP/ZVVoperating system,and Microsoft FORTRAN. COMPCO's G5P interactive graphics package is included to providegraphics output on the CRT terminal, HIPL0T plotter, and/or a X-Y display A FORTRAN-callablesubroutine package is also provided to perform the analog data acquisition. In addition, twounused serial ports may be used to drive a modem (permitting the system to talk to a largermachine), an additional CRT terminal for color graphics, or a serial line printer such as a TI-810 or

NEC Spin writer. *Z80 is a trademark of Zilog t tm - Digital Research

This entire ADI/OSsystem is availablefrom COMPCO for

Microterm

MIME-Iterminal

11111111111111111111111111111111

digirol I/O4 byres (32 birs)

Housron InstrumentHIPL0T

printer

S

9,995

double bufferedD/A

A/D 12 bit16 channels

modem

lllitillllllllii

OEM, Institutional and Dealer Inquiries Invited

Compco

8705 North Port Washington RoadMilwaukee, Wis. 53217 414/351-3404

COMPUTER SPECIALISTS

Circle 49 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979

127

Listing 5: The Erase program, which deletes from the data file statistics developed fromthe games which have been simulated by the Game program. The roster ratings infor-mation is retained. See figure 7 for an example.

10 INPUT'FILE TO BF. ERASED 7 ' ,F*

20 0F'E:N*0»I"$

30 B~l 114\KE:AD#0ZB f G\F ORA =1 T0138\URI TE#0 f ZVNEXT

40 CLOSE#0

FUN

FILE 10 BE ERASED

FCEADY

RUN

61-YANKS

KILE TO BEREADY

ERASED ? 63-LA

Figure 7: Sample execution of the programErase of listing 5. This program purgesstatistics from simulated games; it doesnot alter the roster ratings information.

Listing 6: The Game program, written in North Star BASIC, which uses data based onhistorical performance of real baseball players to simulate any desired contest betweenvarious teams. This program occupies 24 K bytes of programmable memory when usedwith the North Star BASIC system.

1 IN P U T ' N U M V ' r A \ F 0 R B ~ 0 TO A \ C =-"■■ R N D ( 0 ) \ N E X T

101.51720304 0

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P $ -' F C1B 2 B 3 B S S I... F C F R F D H '

r 0R A - 0 T Q J \ B - ( A * 1 0 ) + 10 \ INPUT ' TE AM ? ■ ? T $ ( B 9 f & ) \ F $ T $ ( B - 9 f B )

0 P E N * 0 f l:: $ \ B - 2 7 0 * A \ F 0 R G = 0 T 016 \ B ~ B F1.0READtO ?N$(B- 9 *B)\FGRD -0TG6\READ#0fH(A fG fDF 0 R C = 0 T 0 9 \ B « B F 10 \ R E A D # 0 ? N $ ( B - 9 t B ) \ F 0 R D ~ 0 TNEXrG\GLOSEIO\NEXTAFOR A-0T ill

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G-(270*B)F(10*F)Fl

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IF H ( B t F y 0 ) ~P ( D f l:> t 5 ) T H E N12 9 \ I... s=. 015 \ G 0 T 013

l- ♦o:i.:3

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F|:-G*A\ ! H$ ( H-5 f H ) \H ( B f F f 8 ) =H ( B f F f 8 ) F1 \G0S

IF G == 4 T F^ E N F^ ( B ? F , 9 ) ~ H ( B r F f 9 ) F 1

c: - c f i \ 11" c: .> F) t F^ e n c: === o \ u ( b ) ■■■■-- C \ E 9 == 0

IFA>8ANDB---= 1ANDS1 ( 1 ? 1 0 ) >S1 ( 0 f 1 0 ) THENEXITIF' 0 <:: ■ 3 T H E N12 0 \ G 0 T 0 9 '5 0

1 " UAI...K ■ \Fl ( B f F f 7 ) := H ( B f F f 7 ) -1 \P ( D f F' f 9 ) =--=P ( DGnSUBS9H0\G0T0200

IF- . !3* ( H ( B f I" f 6 ) \-P ( D f P , 3 ) ) \ IFRND ( 0 ) >HTHEN8' 'STRIKES OUT"

I • ( D v F f 8 > :■■= P ( D f P f 8 ) F1 \G0TO830IFRNU ( 0 ) < . 98THEN825\G = 1\K== 1 \ ! "ERROR " \G9 =IFRND ( 0 ) > » SORB ( 1 ) =*00R0> 1 THEN828\ ! " DOUBLER ( 1 ) * 0 \ IF 3:: ■ 0 9 "I IIE N G 0 S U B 7 0 0 0

G •:•: 0 \ K := 1 \ 11 3 > 0 TIIE N G 0 S U B 6 0 0 0 \ P ( D ? P f 4 ) ~- p ( D fl ■ IS 0 U T'' \ G;:: 0 \ I F R N D ( 0 ) > . '5 T F^ E N 8 3 0 \ K «= 1 \ IFIFU v2rUENG08UB6000

I) - 0 F1 \ l::' \ D f P f 4 ) •-- P ( D f P f 4 ) F1 \ 0 9 - 0 9 F1 \ G 0 T 0 2 0I" 0 UG1::; I. I 08\B ( G 1 ) ■■■■--0 \R ( G1 ) ■*0\NEXT\0^0\09 = 0IFSJ (Of 10) < >81(1y10)THEN 9 7 0\Q-10\I^10\G0G 1 -= W ( 6 ) \ G 2 =- U ( 7 > \ G 3 »■ U < J.:)) \ G 4 ^ W ( 9 ) \ P ( G 1 f G 2P ( G3 v G4 f 10 ) -4"' ( G3 f G4 f 10 ) F 1G 0 S U B 1.0 0 0 \ l;: 0 R G1 ■'■'■■■ 0 T 01 \ F 0 R G 2 *■ 0 J 016 \ F 0 R G 3 ••= 7

HENEXIT970\NEXT

0

7) -H(BfFf7)Fl

190UB7000\G0SUB5900

960

f P f 9 ) F1 \ G ■■-1 \ G 0 S U B 6 9 5 0

20

0 9 F 1 \ G 0 S U B 6 0 0 0 \ G 0 T 0 2 0 0P I... A Y " \ 0 == 0 F 2 \ B ( 1 ) == 0 \ 0 9 == 0 9 F1

Pf4)F2\G0T020009<2THENG0SUB7000

0

\! " '\NEXr\NEXT

10.110

10)==P(G1 fG2f.I.O) F100

TO 10

Listuig 6 continued on page 130

of program Game. With Game load-ed in memory, only 132 bytes out of24 K bytes are free, even after releas-ing the memory allocation for thefunctions ATN, SIN, COS, LOG,and EXP. The actual memory used byGame is 11,432 bytes.

Table 1 shows the North Star direc-tory of the disk used to store the sixprograms of the package and the datafiles. Each team data file is eightblocks long. Five of the programs inthe package are short. Programmingdetails will be given only for the onelong program, Game. It is likely thatif the user wishes to enhance ormodify the package, program Gamewill have to be changed. If youunderstand the workings of Game,the rest is simple. The North StarBASIC code for Game appears inlisting 6.

Table 2 describes the operations ofGame by line number groups, whiletable 3 defines the key variables.Figure 8 is a flowchart of the majordivisions of program operation.

Use of Statistics

The program determines if a battergets a hit by adding his hits rating tothe pitcher's hits rating (consult figure2). This result is combined with thepitcher's tiring factor and a factordetermined by the relationship be-tween the batter's hitting side (rightor left) and the pitcher's throwingarm (right or left). This result is thenmultiplied by 0.5 and compared to arandom number. Look at table 4 foran example.

If the random number is below thefinal hit factor, the batter gets a hit.Note that the hits rating is not theplayer's batting average, because theplayer has the possibility of walking.Next, a walk rate is determined: Yas-trzemski's .370 plus Wise's .323 multi-plied by 0.5 = .3465.

This walk rate is compared to thesame random number as before to

128 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

THEEE$AH*ANIN THB ffiALJTIFUL BQCK

ANNOUNCINGCOMPANION I & II.

Beneath this beautifulteakwood roll-top desk exterior,there beats a heart of pure RadioShack TRS-80 Microcomputer.

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Two versions are available;each designed around theTRS-80 system with videomonitor, keyboard, cassetterecorder, expansion inter-face,mini-disk system and printer.Both include the latest versionof the TRS-80 disk operatingsystem, disk BASIC and Level IIBASIC as well as the assuranceof Radio Shack's reputation,warranty and national servicenetwork.

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Circle 315 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979

129

Listing 6 continued:

9/397 4

976?7B990

9 9 2

993

996

99 B

1000

.1. 0 .1.0

1.020

102?

10 2 4102(f)10M).1.0501060.1.07010751080

:l. o 90

111 011201.1301140.1 ISO115211601 170

11 GO2000201020202030203?j204020 SO20 602070207520805900

5 9 SO396060006003601060206030604060416042

6 04360486050606060/061006 11 06120ft 150616 061 70618061906200621062206 2 30695069607000700570.107020'030

704 0

H f. G 1 ? G 2 f G 3 F 4 ) ~ H ( G 1 r G 2 r G 3 F 4 ) F H ( G 1 ? G 2 ? G 3 ) \ H ((3 11 G 2 »G 3 ) - 0 \ N E X T \ N E X T

F0RG2 ■■■■' 0T09\F 0RG3-4T010\P ( G 1 r G2r G3 F 7 ) -P ( G 1 r G2 r G3F7 ) IP ( G 1 > G2 r G3 )

P ( G1 f G 2 . G 3 ) "= 0 \ N E X T \ N E X T \ N E X T \ l:: G R G1 ■■■■■■ 0 T 010 \ U ( G I. ) ™ 0

SI (0.G1 ) :::=()\<;jj. (1 > G1) *0\NEXT\U9■■-■ 0

IN P LJ T ' R F- T LJ R N TO E NI" ? ' > Z $ \ IF Z $ - ' ' T H E N 9 9 8

i n r- u r■ ■ i.. i. n i::: ••• lj p s g k ? ■, z * \ 11:: z <r, < ;> ■ ■ r h e n 6 7

! T"* I I. v L0 ) y \ i:Nl::'UT ' PITCHER ,? MJ( 2 )' 1 '!> (11 ? 2 0 ? , \ IN P U 7 " P I. T C H E R ? ' ? U ( 3 )GOTO100

LU.mi.JB2000\ ! FREI! ( 0 ) \ENI."! "EfGX SCORE'\! " '

I" GRG:=•■ 0TtJ I \B- ( G*:L0 ) F 1 0\G1 -40*Gi T AD ( Gl > » T* < I>-9 ?B) t \NEXT\ ! " "!""\rWRG-OT01\Gl-40*G

'TAD(Gl)r 'NAME PGS AB H HR RBI'rNEXr\! " "\! ''I G R G •■= 0 T 0 8 \ F 0 R G1 - 0 T 0 2

G4-.0\E0RG3«0T01\IPS(G3rG » Gl»1)-0THEN1080\GS^40*G3\G6-S(G3rG?G1r0)B= ( 270*G3 )K10*G6 ) F 1 0\G4=\1\G7» ( S ( G3 r G , G1 ? 1 ) * 2)!TAEKG5)rN$(B-9>EOr' "rP$(G7-1?G7)? ' " rP"0RG8-7TG10\ ! "/.A I > H ( G3 ? G6 r G8 ) ? \NEXTNEXT\:[FG4~lTHEN.i ' ' \NEXTG1\NEXTG'■ "\ J "PITCHERS IP H R EFi: K BB'M"F"0RB1 ===■■ 0TG1 \I"GRG2-0T09\ 11- P ( G1 > G2 ? 4 ) >0THEN11301FP ( Gl r G2 f 3 ):: • OTHEN 11 30\.IF'P ( Gl ? G2 t 8 ) >0THEN11 30XGGTG1160G3~ ( Gl *270 ) f 170 f ( 1 0*82 ) + I. \G4-P ( Gl ? G2 ? 4 ) /3|N*(G3fG319) t XTjPI f G4 r

F0RG4-5TG9\ ' X3.1 y P ( G 1 , G2 ? G4 ) r \NEXT\Ii P (G 1 ? G2 r 10 ) ^lOOTHEN ! ' WINNER ' »IFP(G1f G1M 0)«iTHEN! ' LOSSER"r\J' '

NEXT\NEXT\''"\!" 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ~ T'

1'VI STORK"f\FGRG1«OTO10\'^3 IrS1(0rG1)r\NEXT\i' '' 'HOME " r \F0RG1:~0T0:L0\ ' %3I f 81 ( 11 Gl ) t \NEXT\RETURNl» 0 R A ■"= 0 T 01 \ B :=•■ ( A * 10 ) f 1 \ 0 P E N * 0 r T $ C B r B1 9 ) \ B ~ 11 I. 4

RE AH %07.B j C\PGRB-0 TO 16\RE AD#0 r H ( A ? B f 7 ) » H ( A r B r 8 ) r H ( A > B » 9 ) r H ( A f B f .10 )FORO.1.1 T0.14\H ( A r I.« r C ) -H ( A » B » C ) +H ( A ? B ? C -4 ) \NEXT\NEXTF"GRB-0TG9\REAriK) ? P ( A r B ? 4 ) t P ( A t B r 5 ) r P ( A r B r 6 ) f P ( A t B t 7 ) r P ( A r B r 8 )REAMI0 »P(A kB.9)?P(A f B ?10)

I'■ G R C - J. 1 I G1 7 \ P ( A f B , C ) =* P ( A f B f C ) F P ( A y B , C - 7 ) \ N E X T \ N E X Tl!~-11 14 \ R E A D10 7. B r C \ F G R B - 0 T (J 16

LJR J TE*0 r H ( A y B y 1 J. ) t H ( A y B r 12 ) y H ( A f B ? 1 3 ) y H ( A r b f 1 4 ) \NEXTFORB ' 0TG9MJRI TE 10 y P ( A ? B ? 11 ) t P ( A ? B , 1 2 ) y P ( A y B y 1 3 ) y P ( A ? B ? 1 4 )WRIT E 10 y F' ( A y B y .1 5 ) y P ( A y B t 1 6 ) y P ( A y B y 1 7 ) \NEXT\CLOSE 10NEXT\RETURN

K = G \ 11" H N D ( 0 ) > * 6 T H E N K = K f 1 \ G 0 T 0 6 0 0 0K := 1 \ I! F- B ( 1 ) ~ 0 J H E N 6 0 0 S \ IF" B ( 2 ) ■- 0 T H E N !:i 9 6 0 \ G G T 0 6000D(2)-*PI 1\G0T0A005

F- Gl<G I, ■■■■• 3T01STEF-' 1 \B ( G1 + K ) =•■= B ( G I. ) \B ( G1 ) -0\NEXT:i'FG«4THFNB (8 ) ^F'F.l \II"G04THENB ( G )■■"£' f l\ttA~Q

G2- 0\F0RGl-4 r08\IFB i Gl ) ■ 0 FHEN6040\G4-G4-FlAU-b ( Gl )•■■■! \B ( G .1 ) :^0L -A- 1 \ :iFA>9THLNI..~9\Sl ( B ? I... ) -SI ( B y I...) f 1 \S1 ( B ? 10 ) -SI ( B ? .10 ) IIB ( G1 ) ^0\H ( B 9 \ y 10 ) :.-H C B y F r 1.0 ) + 1 \P (Ii y y y 6 ) -F' (I.i y U y 6 ) + 1NEXT\IF'G4<1 THEN604 2\ ! G4 ? ' RUNS SCORE ' y' T$ ( 1 y 1 0 ) y S .1. ( 0 y 1 0 ) y ' ' t T* ( 1 1 f 20 ) r <:; I. ( 1 y 1 0 )

I PG4<2THEN6043\U ( 41 D ) - U ( 4 fl.D » * 025f-t-0

■RUNNER ON FIRST

nRUNNF:R' GN SECOND

"RUNNER GN THIRD

IFUa ) -0THEN601:>0\IFD(2)-0THEN6060\!IFB(3)-0THEN6070\!IFM-i 1THEN ! " 'MFG4^INPUT-F'yHf OR D ^U(D F4)==0\INPLJT*"P4

\M»1y\M=--=l

\M-1

0rHFNRETURN\GGSUB6200\G0SUB6100\RETURN" yZ$\IFZ<i=.-" ■THENRETURN\IFZ$-'H"THEN6150'' ' y Z\IFZ>9THEN611 0\U ( 2FD ) -Z\P-Z

IFZ'li^-p'THENRETURN

INPUT" BATS y Pt 'i * yZyZl\Z-Z 7IAIFZ:: 8THENRETURN\IFZ ::OTHENRETURN

FTJRG1 -0TG2\ IES ( B y Z y G1 » 1 ) -OTHENEXIT6180

NEXTVi 'TUIO SUBS ALREADY USED THERE ' \G0T061 ZO

S ( B y Z y G .1 y 0 ) - Z1 \ IN P U I ' l:> OS ;' ' » Z1 \ IF Z 1: ■■ 10 T H E N Z1 ¥" 1 0

SCDFZyGl y 1 )"«21\G0T0A:l.:::i0

I I"' U 9 := 0 I H E: N 6 2 2 0 \ I. FBI I. »= U 9 T F^ E N R E T LJ R N

IPS I (0» I 0)-Sl ( I. y 10 )THEN6230\IFS1 ( By 10 )>S1 (D» 10 ) THEN6220\RETURN

U ( 8 ) * D \ U ( 9 ) :=■■ U ( 2 »I.i) \ U ( 6 ) ^ B \ U ( 7 ) - U ( 2 + B) \ Ul 9 -1 i B \ R E T U R N

W9*0\RETURN

K:- I. \ IF" R ( I.) « 0 T H E N 7 0 0 5 \ IF" R ( 2 ) =-■ 0 T H E N 6 9 6 0 \ Ci 0 T 0 7 0 0 0

RC2) ="P+1\G0T07005

I F0?::« 2THENRETURN\FGRG 1-3TG1 STEP- 1 \R ( G 1 FK ) -R ( G 1 ) \R ( G1 ) -OXNEXT

i: F G -; 4 T H E N R ( 8 > - P F1 \ 1F G •:: !> 4 T F^ E N R ( G ) ■?■■ P11

F: 0 R G1 - 4 T 0 i:-J \ I F: R ( G1 ) - 0 T H E N 7 0 4 0

'M(G:l)-l

R ■: G 1 ) a 0 \ F:' C I.I y U y 7 ) -F' ( D ,V?7)>t 1NEXTXRETURN

'?

*LI

ERASE

4

4

2

ERASE2

S

4

2

INPUT

12

6

'?

INPUT2

18

6

n

KOSTEK

24

6

'?

ROSTER2

30

6

2

GAME

36

'!'1

2

GAME 2

58

,-,,-,

'?

STATS

80

6

'?

STATS2

86

6

2

61-YANKS

92

8

3

69--METS

100

8

3

75-B-OSTO

108

8

3

63-LA

1 .16

8

3

62-METS

12 4

8

3

FIX

132

6

2

FIX2

138

6

n

*

Table 1: Directory of the disk files con-sisting of the baseball-simulation pro-grams and data. Each team data file iseight blocks long on this North Star Com-puter floppy disk system.

determine if the batter gets a base onballs. Assuming that the batter makesan out, a strikeout possibility is deter-mined in a similar manner with a newrandom number (.169 + .136 x 0.5 =.1525 is the Yastrzemski/Wise strike-out factor). If the batter is not astrikeout victim, another randomnumber is generated to see if he hitsinto a double play, reaches base on anerror, or advances the runners thatmight be on base.

Hits, Runs, and Errors

On the occasions when a battergets a hit, a random number is com-pared first to his double rate, then histriple rate, and finally his home runrate (Yastrzemski has ratings of .205,.212, and .308 for these hits). [By apleasant coincidence, this article wasedited on the same day that Carl Yas-trzemski hit his home run numberhexadecimal 190....RSS/. If at anypoint in the comparisons the rate ex-ceeds the random number, the com-parison process ceases and the batteris awarded the type of hit currentlybeing considered. If all comparisonsfail, the hit is assumed to be a single-base hit. A new random number isgenerated to see if the possible baserunners advance one base more thanthe hit is valued at (single = 1,double = 2, etc).

The variable array (with seven ele-ments) is used to keep track of base

Text continued on pnge 134

130 November 1979 BYTE Publications Inc

Do TRS-80's new lower prices

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computers?

NoWay!

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Production costs drop and manufacturingefficiency rises when you deliver more than100,000 TRS-80® Model I systems built inyour own factories in less than two years.No other computer — ever — has had cus-tomer acceptance on such a scale.

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Circle 318 on inquiry card.

New TRS-80 Model II

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BYTE November 1979

131

Circle 278 on inquiry card.

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132 October 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

Line

Operation Performed

Numbers

1 thru 20

a) Generate seed for random number

b) dimension variables

c)read descriptive data

30 thru 65

Read data from disk files

67 thru 94

Batting order input section

100

Set start and end inning

110 thru 990

Play game

992 thru 998

Select pitchers for new game

1000 thru 1180

Subroutine for printing box game

2000 thru 2080

Subroutine to write updated statistics to disk file

5900 thru 6070

Subroutine to determine run scored and position of base runners

6100 thru 6190

Subroutine for player substitutions

6200 thru 6230

Subroutine for determining winning and losing pitchers

6950 thru 7040

Subroutine for calculating earned runs

Table 2: Operations performed by various lines of BASIC code in the Game program of

listing 6.

Variable Use

andDimensionsS(1,8,2,1) 1 =Teams

8 = batting order

2 = up to three players in each batting position1 = identification number and position

T$(20) Team names

P$(20) Position names

1-1(1,16,14) 1 = Teams

16 = seventeen players

14 = 0 to 6 = player ratings

7 to 10 = at bats, hits, home runs, and runs batted in

for the game11 to 14 = total at bats, hits, home runs, and runs batted inas read and written to disk

P(1,9,9) 1= Teams

9= ten pitchers

9 = 0 to 3 = player ratings

4 to 10 = innings pitched, hits, runs, earned runs, strikeouts,

walks and win or loss for the game11 to 1 7 = total innings pitched, hits, runs, earned runs, strikeouts,walks and wins or losses as read and written to disk

W(9) 0 who's up (visiting team)

1 who's up (home team)

2 visiting team's pitcher

3 home team's pitcher

4 visting team pitcher's tiring factor

5 home team pitcher's tiring factor

6 leading team number (0 or 1)

7 identification number for leading pitcher

8 trailing team number

9 identification number for trailing pitcherB(7) 1 runner on first

2 runner on second4-3 runner on third4-7 runs scoredR(7) same as B(7), but tracks earned runs

Table 3: Use and size of array variables in the Game program of listing 6.

Yastrzemski Hits

Wise Hits

Pitcher tiring f actor (assume 0)

Left handed batter versus

right handed pitcher

= .232= .253= .000

= .015

.500 X .5 =

.250

Table 4: Statistical determination of the probability of batter Yastrzemski producing asafe hit from a pitch thrown by Wise. The hits factors for pitcher and batter are addedtogether, along with a factor for pitcher tiring and a factor for the relationship of a left-handed batter facing a right-handed pitcher. The sum of these factors is multiplied by0.5 and then compared with a random number. If the random number is less than thecomputed probability, Yastrzemski has hit safely.

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I3\TE November 1979

133

[ START J

INPUTTEAMS

READ DATAFILES

INPUTLINE-UPS

PLAYGAME

DISPLAYBOXSCORE

UPDATESTATISTICS

I 1

--[ END OF GAME !

YES

YES

f STOP J

INPUT NEW

PITCHER

IDENTIFICATION

Figure 8: Flowchart of the major divisions of operation of the Game program of listing6.

are ignored, and innings end earlierwith this variable allowing for theproper calculation of earned runs.

A subroutine for calculating win-ning and losing pitchers (beginningwith line 6200 in listing 6) is consultedafter each run is scored. If the par-ticular run scored breaks a tie (thegame starts with the score 0 to 0), anew winning pitcher is recorded. Ifthe run causes a tie, the current win-ning and losing pitchers are removedfrom their particular status.

As demonstrated in the sample, asubstitution can be made only after arun is scored. This is due to the factthat the subroutine at line 6100 is cur-rently consulted only at that point. Ifyou desire the option of a substitutionafter every play, merely add the pro-gram line:

122 GOSUB 6100

and remove the current:

"GOSUB 6100"

from line 6070.

Program Testing

After you enter the Game programinto your computer, a test routinewill be necessary to check for possibleerrors made during the program's en-try. Changes in line 990 and in line6100 of listing 6 will permit the pro-gram to loop and play numerousgames without requiring any inputfrom the user after the lineups areassigned. The revised lines are:

Text continued:

runners; all B values are set to 0 everyhalf inning. If a batter gets a singlethat advances all runners by onebase, variable B(4) is set to equal thevalue of B(3), B(3) is set to B(2), B(2)to B(l), and B(l) is set to a value of 1plus the opposing pitcher's identifica-tion number. If a batter gets a single-base hit that moves runners twobases, B(5) is set to the value of B(3)and B(3) is set to 0, B(4) is set to thevalue of B(2) and B(2) to 0, B(3) toB(l) and B(l) to 0, and B(l) is set to avalue of 1 plus the opposing pitcher'sidentification number. A similar pro-cess is used on outs that advance run-ners.

This procedure is done in the sub-

routine beginning with line 5900 inlisting 6. The second half of thissubroutine determines if any runs arescored by seeing how many of the Barray elements with subscripts be-tween 4 and 7 are not 0. Each positivenumber indicates one run. When Ifirst wrote the program, the B arrayelements were set to either 0 or 1.However, by using the pitcher's iden-tification number plus 1, all runsscored can be attributed to the recordof the appropriate pitcher.

A similar tracking of runners andruns is recorded in the variable arrayR (with seven elements). This is need-ed to register earned runs only. All er-rors are assumed to be outs. There-fore, certain runners and advances

990 C9 = C9 + 1:THEN 998 :6100 RETURN

IF C9 = 50GOTO 100

These modifications make the pro-gram play fifty consecutive games(C9 = 50 determines the number ofgames) with the same lineups andwithout asking the user for any sub-stitutions.

In order to test the program after Iwrote it, I played the 1961 New YorkYankees against the 1962 New YorkMets for fifty games. The results wereamazing. The Yankees (who won 109of 162 real games for a winningpercentage of 67% in 1961) won 35 ofthe 50 games in the simulation for a70% winning average. The Mets(who won 40 of 160 games, or 25%,

134

November 1979 BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE November 1979

135

9a

FILE NAME

? 61-

YANKS

name:

AD

H

MR

RBI

AVE

NAME

IE

II

R

EE

KG

BB

U

1

ERA

X5K0UR0N

174

A3

3

7

.244

FORD- -

476

4 71

228

202

291

251

3 9

11

3 . 82

RICHARDSON

233

6 a

4

27

,292

TERRY

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

.00

KUBEK

220

70

A

32

.318

ARROYO -

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

.00

BOYER—

193

48

0

15

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STAFFORD--

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

.00

MARIS

227

71

:>9

84

. 3 13

C GATES -

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

. 00

MANTLE

1 84

66

to

29

. 359

SHELDON •• •-

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

.00

BERRA - -

199

54

7

33

.271

DALEY-- -

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

.00

HOWARD --

204

90

25

67

.441

TURLEY -"•--

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

.00

LOPEZ -

0

0

0

0

.000

REN.IFF —

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

.00

BLANCHARD■

194

45

18

38

.232

DUREN- ■- ~

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

.00

CERU --

0

0

0

0

.000

GARDNER

0

0

0

0

.000

DEMASIR I -

0

0

0

0

.000

REED - -

0

0

0

0

. 000

TORGESSON -

0

0

0

0

.000

GC1NDE R

0

0

0

0

.000

JOHNSON-

0

0

0

0

.000

1830

5 5 lii J

04

332

.303

476

471

228

202

291

251

39

11

3.82

9b

NAME

AB

H

HR

R BI

AVE

NAME

IP

H

R

ER

KG

BB

u

1...

ERA

THRONEBERR

0

0

0

0

.000

CRAIG

455

555

332

270

158

178

11

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NEAL- -

228

4 8

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.211

HOOK - —

0

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CHACON

170

49

0

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.288

JACKSON

0

0

0

0

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0

0

0

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MANTILLA-

0

0

0

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. 000

MACKENZIE-

0

0

0

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0

0

0

0

.00

ASHBURN

207

58

4

24

. 280

ANDERSON ■--

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

.00

HICKfVlN-

195

51

5

29

. 262

HI LEER

0

0

0

0

0

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0

0

.00

THOMAS

220

5 9

8

35

.268

CISCO

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

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CANNIZZARC)

175

39

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. 223

DAUIAULT

0

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0

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KANEHL

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0

0

0

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.00

CHRISTOPHE

192

3 6

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23

. 188

MILLER--

0

0

0

0

0

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UODDLING

0

0

0

0

.000

TAYLOR- -

0

0

0

0

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COLEMAN

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0

0

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HODGES • -

205

59

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DOUCHEE

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1792 471 51 228

332 270 158 178 11 39 5.34

Figure 9: Individual player statistics derived from the simulated play of fifty baseball games between the 1961 New York Yankees (9a)and the 1962 New York Mets (9b). In this fifty-game series the pitcher-tiring factor was set to 0. In team results, the Yankees won 39of 50 (78%) of the games, and the Mets won 11 of 50 (or 22%).

in 1962) won the other 15 games for a30% winning average.

The numbers of hits and runsscored in this simulation were a littlebit high, since the designated hitterwas used (this did not occur in either1961 or 1962) and the pitchers werenever removed after tiring. Everylime 2 runs are scored in an inningand for every scoring occasion in aninning after the 2 runs have beenscored, the pitcher's hit rating isworsened by 0.025. This is done inline 6042 of the Game program.

A second test of fifty games wasrun. However, this test eliminated thetiring factor by changing the equation

in line 6042. This line is branched toby other program statements; thus itcould not be removed. Instead itbecame a nonfunctioning line:W(D+4) = W(D + 4). The programwas again tested.

In the second test, the Yankees won39 (or 78%) of the games, while theMets won only 11 (or 22%). The in-dividual statistics appeared reason-able and are shown in figure 9. Themodel was clearly performing ac-curately with the statistically betterteam winning the majority of thegames. The program Game wasmodified back to its original form,and the World Series described at the

beginning of this article was run usingthe model.

Due to memory limitations, otherenhancements were left out of thisbaseball-simulation model. For exam-ple, the display message for outscould be replaced by regular baseballscoring (6-3 meaning ground-outfrom shortstop to the first baseman),home run rates could be determinedby the size of the field the simulationis assumed to be played in, and pre-pared lineups for each team could bestored on disk to facilitate play. Ifyou modify these programs, pleasewrite to me. I would like to know thedetails. ■

136 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE November 1979 137

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138

BYTE November 1979

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BYTE November 1979

139

Stack It Up

Charlton H Allen

20B Blossom St

Nashua NH 03060

Most microprocessors currently availableemploy a stack of some sort. This stack iseither a scratch memory in the processoritself or an addressable programmablememory characterized by retrieval of infor-mation in the reverse order of storage using apointer. In the common parlance, a stack is aLIFO (last in first out) mechanism. It is avery useful feature for preserving the proper

Listing J: PARSE, a trans/at ion procedure written in an in forma/ ALGOL.

STRING PROCEDURE PARSE(Exp):

STRING Exp;

BEGIN

EXTERNAL INTEGER

PROCEDURE

Intoken ;

LOGICAL

Endinput,

Errflag ;

INTEGER

Position,

I,

J, T ;

INTEGER ARRAY S =

( 1 -1

-2

2 -9,

-3 3

4

-4 -9,

5 -5

-6

6 -9,

-7 7

8

-8 -9,

-9 -9

-9

-9 -9);

STACK Q ;

Errflag := Endinput := false;PARSE := null; Position := 0I := Intoken(Exp, Position, Endinput);J := Intoken(Exp, Position, Endinput);COMMENT I is last token, J is current ;IF Endinput THEN Errflag := trueELSE WHILE NOT Endinput DO BEGIN

T := S(I,J); IF T < 0 THEN Errflag := trueELSE CASE T OF BEGIN

COMMENT valid sequence of tokens ;CASE1: BEGIN

Q := PARSE; PARSE := null;END;

CASE2: null;

CASE3: PARSE := PARSE . Q;

CASE4: PARSE := PARSE . Exp(Position)

. '$';

CASE5: BEGIN

Q := PARSE . '$'; PARSE :=

null;

END;

CASE6: PARSE := PARSE . Exp(Position);

CASE7: PARSE := PARSE . Q;

CASE8: PARSE := PARSE . Exp(Position)

. Exp (Position-1)

END;

I := J;

J := Intoken(Exp, Position, Endinput);

END;

WHILE NOT Q = empty DO PARSE := PARSE -Q

IF Errflag THEN PARSE := null;

END.

order of subroutine call and return pointswith minimal hassle. Experienced program-mers using 8080 type machines quickly dis-cover its other uses; for example, a directregister store instruction is three bytes longon the 8080, whereas a register stack instruc-tion is only one byte. As a result, savingregisters used by subroutines and restoringthem later is cheaper if the stack is used inpreference to some directly addressedmemory area. More importantly, perhaps,the availablity of such a mechanism greatlysimplifies the writing of reentrant routines,ie: ones which do not modify themselves inthe process of execution. Note, however,that all the mechanisms provided in micro-processors to date for stack operations areexplicitly fixed mode and singular. There isonly one stack, and it operates on entities ofthe same width, in number of bits, as theaccumulator(s). Moreover, these entitieshave no attribute other than their fixedwidth, in bits.

In contrast, several large scale computers,such as the Burroughs 5500 processor withwhich I am familiar, employ a more genera-lized stack mechanism in which:

• The storage area for the stack(s) is in-dependent of the central processor'smemory, ie: not directly addressable.

• The entities being stored and retrievedhave attributes of type (integer,logical, real, string, array) and oflength (array size).

• Multiple stacks may be processed si-multaneously and independently.

To achieve the latter, the stack controllerrequires a "stack control block" in centralprocessor addressable memory to beuniquely associated with each active stack.Otherwise, such stack controllers bear ap-proximately the same relation to the centralprocessor and its addressable memory as a

140 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

high speed data channel, in that the datatransfers are generally effected through cyclestealing direct memory addressing, and anunmaskable interrupt to the central proces-sor occurs only when an error condition,stack overflow or underflow, is detected.

I don't seriously propose such a stackcontroller for the representative homebrewcomputer system. I do propose, however, toshow by example that incremental program-ming development in that direction can pro-vide correspondingly simpler solutions to alarge class of computing problems.

A Problem

One of the curious properties of calcula-tors using Polish notation techniques is thatany expression using the operators providedon the keyboard can be evaluated in an abso-lute minimum of keystrokes. Moreover, therequired number of temporary storage areas,depth of stack, is at most the number ofoperands for the most complex operator. Inan exactly analogous way, a stack of depthtwo or a second accumulator is sufficient indigital computers for evaluating any size ex-pression using operators corresponding tonative instructions, provided that the termsare calculated in the correct order. The priceone pays for this admittedly pleasingproperty is learning to think things from theinside out. The user mentally seeks theinterior of the expression, innermost term inparentheses, and works outward in calcula-tion left to right. The pity is that it doesn'tcome easily to lots of folks since mostpeople use the algebraic method of solvingexpressions which is the way they weretaught in school. [If a larger stack is usedthe expression can be evaluated from the leftto right with the intermediate answerspushed onto the stack. . . RC/

A Solution

The main problem with Polish notation isreally one of representation. One wants toenter an expression in the same way itappears in, for example, a statistics hand-book. If that could be done, if a way couldbe found to rearrange expressions fromalgebraic form to Polish notation, amathematical calculator or computer couldbe constructed having the computationalefficiency of Polish notation without sacri-ficing ease of use. In fact, this process ofrearrangement has been intrinsic to mosthigher level programming language compilersand interpreters for many years. The mannerin which the rearrangement is done is mosteasily explained in terms of a program

Input string:

Position i

1 4

2 4

3 3

4 1

5 1

1 + (((A+Bl/C) - (D*(E-F)/G)) / H

j t PARSE

null3 8+1

1 5 null

1 1 null

1

1

null

empty

+1$null,+1$null,null,+ 1$

6

1

4

2

7

4

3

8

+A

8

3

4

6

+AB

9

4

2

7

null,+ 1$

10

2

3

4

+AB/$

11

3

4

6

+AB/$C

12

4

2

7

+ 1$

13

2

3

4

+AB/$C-$

14

3

1

5

null

+AB/$C-+1$

15

1

4

2

16

4

3

8

*D

17

3

1

5

null

*D$,+AB/$C+ 1$

18

1

4

2

19

4

3

8

-E

20

3

4

6

-EF

21

4

2

7

-EF*D$

+AB/$C-+1$

22

2

3

4

-EF*D$/$

23

3

4

6

-EF*D$/$G

24

4

2

7

-EF*D$/$G+AB/$C-

-$$

+ 1$

25

2

2

3

-EF*D$/$G+AB/$C-

-$$+1$

empty

26

2

3

4

-EF*D$/$G+AB/$C-

-$$+1$/$

27

3

4

6

-EF*D$/$G+AB/$C-

-$$+1$/$H

Figure 1: Sample parsing process resulting from use of program PARSE.

which does just that by use of a stack onlyslightly more general than the native stack inmicroprocessors.

Explanation

Listing 1 is a procedure for parsing, com-puter jargon for rearranging, generalizedbinary operator expressions. In somewhatless prosaic language: PARSE is a programwhich takes an algebraic form expressionand rearranges it to produce a sub-Polishnotation form expression containing refer-ences, where needed, to the runtime stack.Its output presumes that the result of eachcalculation is immediately placed on thestack.

Note that PARSE does not count paren-theses. In fact, it does not even use themdirectly. Instead, it uses an external pro-cedure called INTOKEN to scan the inputexpression, EXP, and produce encodedtokens depending on the current input:

1 for a left parenthesis.

2 for a right parenthesis.

3 for an operator.

4 for a constant or symbol.

5 if none of these. Text continued on page 144

November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

141

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142 BYTE November 1979

Circle 291 on inquiry card.

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BYTE November 1979

Listing 2: INTOKEN encodes the current character in the input expression,Exp. As before, an informal ALGOL type notation is used.

INTEGER PROCEDURE INTOKEN (Exp, Position, Endinput):LOGICAL Endinput;INTEGER Position ;STRING Exp;

BEGIN INTOKEN := 0;

IF Position = SIZE(Exp) THEN Endinput := trueELSE BEGIN

Position := Position + 1;

WHILE Exp(Position) = ' ' DO Position := Position + 1,

IFExp(Position) = '(' THEN INTOKEN :=1

ELSE IF Exp(Position) = ' ) ' THEN INTOKEN := 2

ELSE IF Exp(Position) - ANY( ' + ', '-', '*', '/' ) THEN INTOKEN := 3

ELSE BEGIN

INTOKEN := 5;

COMMENT Presume error first, determine otherwise later;IF NOT ( 0 > Exp(Position) OR '9' < Exp(Position))THEN BEGIN

INTOKEN := 4;

WHILE NOT ( 0 > Exp(Position) OR '9' < Exp(Position))DO Position := Position + 1; Position := Position -1;END ELSE

IF NOT ('A' > Exp(Position) OR 'Z' < Exp (Position))THEN BEGININTOKEN := 4;

WHILE NOT ('A' > Exp(Position) OR 'Z' < Exp(Position))DO Position :.= Position + 1; Position := Position 1;END;END;END;END.

Listing 3: Single stack control routines written for the 8080 processor.STACK places a string of characters on a LIFO list, followed by the lengthof the string. POPSD removes the length of the last entered string, if any,from the list. POPUP removes the last entered string, if any, from the list.(Note: These routines are not debugged; in fact, the symbol STACK ismultiply defined, so that it won't assemble correctly. They are included hereonly to suggest an appropriate technique.)

STACK:

STKCY:

STKCX:

PUSH

PSW

PUSH

B

PUSH

D

PUSH

H

XCHG

LHLD

STACK

PUSH

H

POP

B

ADI

3

CALL

ABUF

MOV

A,H

ORA

L

JZ

STKOF

SHLD

STACK

MOV

A,C

STAX

H

INX

H

MOV

A,B

STAX

H

INX

H

POP

PSW

MOV

B,A

STAX

H

ORA

A

JZ

STKCX

INX

H

LDAX

D

STAX

H

INX

H

INX

D

DCR

B

JNZ

STKCY

POP

H

POP

D

POP

B

COMMENT The following presumesexternal procedures ABUF andRBUF whose functions are,respectively,

acquire a buffer of byte size

specified by A, returning

address in H,L or zero if

none availablerelease a buffer addressed by

HrL to the buffer pool ;

STACK: SAVE(H,L);ABUF(A+3); IF 0THEN SET (Carry)ELSE BEGIN

COMMENT Stack entry contents:

+0 addr of previous entry

+ 2 size of current item

+ 3 current item

caller provides size in A,item data address in H,L ;RESET (Carry);MEMORY(H,L) := Stack;Stack := (H,L);(H,L) := (H,L) + 2

MEMORY(H.L) := A(H,L) := (H,L) + 1

RESTORE(D.E); SAVE(D,E);WHILE NOT A- 0 DOBEGIN

MEMORY (H,L) := MEMORY (D,E);

(H,L):= (H,L)+ 1;

(D,E):= (D,E)+ 1;

A := A - 1;

Listing 3 continued on page 146

Text continued:

Another peculiar property of PARSE,presuming you haven't figured out how itworks yet, is that only one completeINTOKEN scan of the input expression isrequired because of the use of a stack, Q, forretaining the symbols for intermediateexpressions. INTOKEN recognition of paren-theses (output codes 1 and 2) effectivelycontrols stacking and popping up symbolsfor intermediate expressions in the requiredorder.

The operation of PARSE depends criti-cally on the array S. In use, its row subscriptis presumed the value of the last INTOKENoutput, its column subscript the value of thecurrent INTOKEN output. Specifically, ifthe last input token was a left parenthesisand the current input token was 'E' (asymbol or constant) then INTOKEN's lastand current outputs would be I and 4; thematching element in S (row 1 column 4) hasvalue 2, so that the statement CASE2 wouldbe performed. Subsequently, J replaces I andINTOKEN is again invoked to evaluate Janew; a new element of S is fetched usingthe new values of I and J as subscripts; andthe element of the CASE statement listmatching the new value taken from S isperformed. This process is repeated untilINTOKEN sets Endinput true, indicating theend of the input string Exp has been detec-ted. Since the last two tokens might be rightparentheses, and PARSE does not in factprocess the last token since tokens are usedonly in pairs, the stack Q is always flushedbefore PARSE finishes.

PARSE is presented in informal ALGOLonly in the hope the process per se of suit-ably rearranging algebraic form expressionscan be made more easily understood than viaan equivalent 8080 assembly language pro-gram which might prove to be a trans-literation nightmare for the novice LSI-11 orPPS-8 programmer. Contrarily, the step bystep listing of PARSE and the associatedcontrol indices in figure 1 should aid inunderstanding what PARSE is really doing,with respect to the hypothetical expression.The function of INTOKEN, recognizing andencoding the elements of an expression, issufficiently straightforward that an explicitstatement of it is hardly necessary, but list-ing 2 is included nonetheless in informalALGOL. The remaining question, perhaps, isone of making the stack Q of PARSEoperable on a microcomputer. To that end,listing 3 shows a hypothetical implementa-tion of single stack control routines STACK,POPUP, and POPSD using 8080 assemblerformat.

144 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

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170-119BYTE November 1979 145

Now what? Well, for a start let's observethat PARSE will work only with binaryoperator expressions. Right? Well, not quite.Note that PARSE passes the buck for recog-nition. If INTOKEN can recognize unary

Listing 3, continued:

STC

END;

CMC

END;

RET

RESTORE(H,L);

STKOF:

POP

H

POPUF:

POP

D

POP

B

POP

PSW

STC

RET

POPSD:

PUSH

H

POPSD; IF Stack- 0

STC

THEN SET(Carry)

LHLD

STACK

ELSE BEGIN

MOV

A,H

COMMENT Givecaller size

ORA

L

of next entry to pop, for

JZ

POPZD

buffering as needed ;

INX

H

RESET(Carry);

INX

H

SAVE(H.L);

CMC

(H,L) := Stack + 2;

LDAX

H

A := MEMORY(H.L);

JMP

POPXD

RESTORE(H.L);

POPZD:

SUB

A

END;

POPXD:

POP

RET

H

The following mustbein R/Wmemory, since Stack is thelist-origin address, and LHL1is externally modified toeffect an indirect LHLD.

LHLI:

LHLDRET

0 ;

STACK:

0

j

POPUP:

PUSH

PSW

POPUP: IF Stack - 0

PUSH

B

THEN SET(Carry)

PUSH

D

ELSE BEGIN

PUSH

H

COMMENT Target area is

LHLD

STACK

specified by caller H,L;

XCHG

RESET(Carry);

POP

H

SAVE(D,E,H,L);

MOV

A,D

(D,E):= Stack;

ORA

E

B := MEMORY (D,E + 2);

JZ

POPUF

SAVE(D,E,H,L);

PUSH

H

(D,E) :=(D,E)+3;

PUSH

D

WHILENOTB = 0DO

INX

D

BEGIN

INX

D

COMMENT Zero-length entries

LDAX

D

are removed but not copied ;

ORA

A

MEMORY(H,L) := MEMORY(D,E

JZ

POPCX

(D,E) := (D,E)+ 1;

INX

D

(H,L) := (H,L)+ 1;

MOV

B,A

B := B 1;

POPCY:

LDAX

D

END;

STAX

H

RESTORE(D,E,H,L);

INX

H

Stack := MEMORY(DrE);

INX

D

RBUF(D.E);

DCR

B

RESTORE(D,E,H,L);

JNZ

POPCY

END;

POPCX:

POPXCHG

D

SHLD

LHLI + 1

CALL

LHLI

SHLD

STACK

LHLD

LHLI+1

CALL

RBUF

POP

H

POP

D

POP

B

POP

PSW

STC

CMC

RET

operators, it can also stuff in a dummyoperand on the fly, since PARSE initializesPosition, and thereafter leaves it alone. Thatis, the common unary operators are specialcases of a binary and either zeroes or ones:NOT FRED is equivalent to ones exclu-sive-OR FRED; NEGATIVE VIBESis equivalent to 0 VIBES; and

INVERSE HYPOTHESIS is equivalent to1/HYPOTHESIS.

How about the results? PARSE can easilybe modified to directly generate machinelanguage code if INTOKEN is modified tocreate or at least have access to a symboltable; or its output can be used, as is, by aninterpretive calculator program. Obviously,8080 machines and, for that matter, mostmicroprocessors lack multiply and divideinstructions, but nonnative operations caneasily be interpreted as operator subprogramcalls. PARSE makes no presumption aboutthe computer on which it's run except theavailability of a stack to use with its outputreferenced by '$'. The operators, for exam-ple, for which PARSE was developed in theform shown were character string operatorsof combination and proximity. The PARSEoutput was interpreted by a program forsearching large textual files on an IBMSystem 360 disk unit. The point is that theresults are what you make of them, PARSEbeing no more than a procedure for rear-rangement of expressions.

A final apology before getting under way.FORTRAN freaks may by now have noticedan ''error" in that although the tokens 1 andH in the example of figure 1 are at thesame parenthesis level, the add-1 parse pre-cedes the divide-H in the final step. Why? Iprefer to ask why one bothers anyway withoperator priorities so long as the desiredorder of computation can be explicitly speci-fied by using parentheses. The example offigure 1, in fact, was contrived in part toillustrate that PARSE as shown herepresumes a strict left to right evaluation atany parentheses level. Operators are not"ranked" as in FORTRAN and several otherhigher level programming languages.

One More Time

If the available stack mechanism is onlyonce more generalized, to provide multiplestacks simultaneously, some conceptualsimplification of a large class of problemsoccurs. As a near trivial example, we illus-trate in listing 4 a 2 stack sorting procedure.In essence, it removes records (strings) froma file one at a time and manipulates the twostacks, Highside and Lowside, back andforth until the new record fits in the in-clusive interval of values bounded by the top

146 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

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By the time you read this, we will be shipping our industrial-grade enclosure.It's perfectly suited to creating a powerful system based on our line of S-100boards (or anyone else's, if you're so inclined). It's rack mount or desk mount(with sliders for pulling it out of the rack if desired), neat-looking, heavy duty, andcomes with the back panel pre-punched to accept a variety of connectors. Ohyes, and let's not forget the power supply for powering all your boards; it comeswith the box, too. See your computerstore for details, or write us direct.

Terminator <

$34.50 kit

Plugs into any S-100 motherboard (although ours don't need it) to reduce ring-ing, noise, crosstalk, and other buss-related problems. Here is an upgrade that issimple and effective.

We supply theS-IOO revival.

Why S-100? Because S-100 machines are not consumer-orientedtoys — but flexible, modular, professional-level systems that are easyto upgrade, modify, and adapt to specific applications. As a result,over the years the S-100 buss has proven to be the ideal choice forcommercial, industrial, and scientific applications. It doesn't obsoleteitself, but simply adapts to innovation.

We use the experience we've acquired in the past, along withthe very best technology offered by the present, to build products forthe future... products that meet, and often exceed, the demands ofthe new wave of professional S-100 users. Our expanded S-100 line isthe right approach at the right time; we invite you to write for furtherinformation.

NEW!

HIGH-PERFORMANCES-IOO MOTHERBOARDS

19 slot: $174 unkit*, $214 assm

12 slot: $129 unkit*, $169 assm

6 slot: $ 89 unkit*, $129 assm

'Edge connectors and termination resistors are pre-soldered in place for assembly.

These 3rd generation motherboards, designed to work with the latest 5 and 10MHz CPUs coming on line, exceed the latest S-100 specs and offer superior per-formance. Includes true active termination (with half of the termination load ateach end of every buss line), grounded Faraday shield between all buss signallines to minimize crosstalk, and edge connectors included for all slots. All sizesfit Godbout, Vector, TEI, IMSAl, and similar enclosures.

These high quality motherboards are a welcome addition to any system — orthe start of a great one.

NEW!+ S "Intentacer II"S-IOO I/O board

$189 unkit, $249 assm, $324 CSC

Incorporates 1 channel of serial I/O (with all the features of a port from the 2S' "Interfacer"), along with 3 full duplex parallel ports. The parallel section usesLSTTL octal latches for latched input and output data with 24 m A drive current,attention/ enable/ and strobe bits for each parallel port (with selectable polarity),interrupts for each input port, and separate 25 pin connectors with power foreach channel along with a status port for interrupt mask and port status. All inall, this is an incredibly versatile and flexible board.

NEW!

Memory ManagementS-IOO board

$59 kit, $85 assm, $100 CSC

Now you can add bank select and extended addressing to older S-100machines like the Altair, IMSAl, Sol, Polymorphic, etc. Either use this board withour new extended addressing boards, or retrofit our high density Econorams (theones with phantom or extra qualifier lines) for use with the Memory ManagementBoard to get up to Vz a megabyte of memory space for your computer.

"Interfacer"S-IOO I/O board

$189 unkit, $249 assm, $324 CSC

Dual serial port with 2 full duplex parallel ports for RS-232 handshake;EIA232C line drivers and receivers (1488, 1489) along with current loop (20 mA)and TTL signals on both ports. On-board crystal controlled timebase with in-dependently selectable Baud rate generators for each port (up to 19.2 KBaud).Hardware UARTs don't tie up the CPU. And, there's much more...this is a no-excuses serial board that does things the others only dream about.

S-IOO EROM

$85 unkit

4 independently addressable 4K blocks, with dipswitch selectable jump startbuilt right into the board. Includes all support chips and manual, but does not ieluded EROMs.

TERMS: Cal res add tax. Allow 5% forshipping, excess refunded. VISA*/Mastercharge* call our 24 hour orderdesk at (415) 562-0636. COD OK withstreet address for UPS. Prices goodthrough cover month of magazine.

Circle 150 on inquiry card.

(ompuPro

Bldg. 725, Oakland Airport, CA 94614

from ®mmi

^^ ELECTRONICS ^

FREE CATALOG: Send us your name andaddress...we'll take care of the rest. Inreturn, you'll get pages and pages oftechnical information, pricing, specials,kits, and lots more. Include 41<c instamps for 1st class delivery.

BYTE November 1979

147

Listing 4: A SORT procedure expressed in informal ALGOL type notation elements of thedemonstrates use of two stacks. has two virtues:

two stacks. The procedure

STRING ARRAY PROCEDURE SORT(File):

STRING ARRAY File;

BEGIN

INTEGER K;

STRING This;

STACK Highside, Lowside;

Lowside := File (1);

Highside := File (2);

COMMENT top function references item

on the top of some stack;

IF TOP(Lowside) > TOP(Highside)

THEN BEGIN

This := Highside;

Highside :- Lowside;

Lowside := This;END;

COMMENT size function produces thecurrent number of elements in array;K := 3;

WHILE K CSIZE(File) DOBEGIN

This := File(K);

K := K + 1 ;

WHILE This < TOP(Lowside) DO Highside -Lowside;

WHILE This > TOP(Highside) DO Lowside -Highside;

Highside := This;END;

WHILE NOT(Lowside = empty) DO Highside := Lowside;K := 1;

WHILE K <SIZE(File)DOBEGIN

SORT(K) := Highside;

K := K + 1;

END;END.

Stocking

genuine DEC computer

spares

call

IvaCLgOt Radgo is stocked and staffed to helpyou with your requirements for most general pur-pose K&M series and many computer spare modulesmanufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation— at factory prices. We alsostock a large assortment ofCOMPUTER SUPPLIES.Call today:(513) 752-6880Outside Ohio:

(800) 543-1986 | ^^^ " ^T^ 3988 McMann

Cincinnati, Ohio 45245

• It's easy to describe and understand.

• It requires an absolute minimum ofworkspace.

The price one pays is speed. It's probablyone of the two or three slowest sorting algo-rithms around. ■

The program examples which appear in thisarticle are written in an informal ALGOL typenotation. The basic unit of ALGOL is the state-ment. It can be either a simple statement such as:

Position :=0;

which is read "position is evaluated as 0," or acompound statement defined by BEGIN . . . ENDsuch as:

BEGIN

Q := PARSE; PARSE : = null;END

which is read "Q is evaluated parse, PARSE isevaluated null."

The statements defined between the BEGINand END statements are not restricted to type. Apreceding conditional such as (IF . . . THEN . .ELSE) will affect the entire command statement.One of the constituents of the statement may wellbe another compound statement. For example,to add an array of samples having subscripts 1through Limit which is specified elsewhere wecould write:

BEGIN

Subscript : = 1; Sum :=0;WHILE Subscript < Limit DOBEGIN

Sum := Sum + Sample(Subscript) ;Subscript := Subscript + 1;END;END;

The WHILE statement's operand (the state-ments after the DO) rather intuitively is in exe-cution so long as the conditional part (Subscript<C Limit) is true.

The CASE statement is simpler in effect. It actsapproximately like an indexed jump. It has twooperands. The first of these (T in the PARSE pro-cedure) is an integer, and the second is a list ofstatements bracketed by BEGIN and END. Thefirst operand selects for execution the statementfrom the list whose position matches the value ofthe index specifier.

Following are the informal extensions thathave been made to ALGOL and used in the pro-grams:

• The period indicates concatenation of char-acter strings. Presuming values of 'WHAT'and 'STUFF' for symbols A and B, A . Bwill have a value of 'WHATSTUFF.'

• Q is declared to be of type STACK which,however implicit in most implementationsof ALGOL-60, was not construed to beexplicitly available. It is, in effect, a LIFOindexed character string array.

• Null and empty are used for assigningvalues, respectively, of a character string oflength zero and a stack having zero entries.

148 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 338 on inquiry card.

r

ComputerLand

Introducing the Personal Computing Shopping Centers

r.

^

50FT SPOT

PET

Off-The-Shelf Software

In the past few years, many fine personal computers have beenavailable, but not much software to use with them. ComputerLandhas now taken the lead to make personal computing softwareavailable to everyone with Soft Spot™, an exclusive, custom-designed, self-merchandising fixture. You can select off-the-shelfprograms for personal use in finance, time-budgeting, education,sophisticated games, stock portfolio evaluation and much, muchmore.

Soft Spot™ will assist you in quickly selecting the educational,recreational, and practical software you want, starting at $7.95from major suppliers like Apple Computer, Inc., Personal Soft-ware, Program Design, Inc., Commodore, Powersoft, Softape, andothers. Stop in today at ComputerLand's Soft Spot™, andchoose from a wide variety of the finest software available.

A Storehouse of Knowledge

Main Brain™ is your ie-stop center for books, self-study coursesand other educationci media on personal computing. Self-studycassettes, video tape courses, "in-person" lecture programs andmore is available to you from well-known publishers such asSybex, Osborne and Associates, and Hayden.

Main Brain™ has self-service instructions to assist you in choosingfrom a variety of desired multi-media products from "introduc-tory" through "hands-on" to "in-depth" levels. It's all availableto you at ComputerLand's Main Brain™, your one-stop centerfor educational media on personal computing.

■>

Available at all participating ComputerLand stores .

Humsvitle, ALPhoenix, AZUtile Rock, ARBelmont, CADublin, CAEl Cerrito, CAHayward, CALawndale, CALos Altos, CALos Angeles, CAPasadena, CASacramento, CASaddleback Valley, CASan Bernardino, CASan Diego, CASan Diego East, CASan Francisco, CA

San Jose, CASan Rafael, CASanta Maria, CASanta Rosa, CAThousand Oaks, CATustin, CAWalnut Creek, CAColorado Springs, CODenver, CONorth Denver. COFairfield, CTHartford, CTNewark, DEBoca Raton, F LFt. Lauderdale, FLJacksonville, F LMiami, FL

Tampa, F LAtlanta, GA

Honok

, HI

Arlington Heights, ILDowners Grove, ILMundelein, I LNiles. ILOak Lawn, I LPeoria, ILIndianapolis. INOverland Park, KSLouisville, KYBoston, MARockvitle, MDGrand Rapids, MlRochester, MlSouthfield, Ml

Product availability may vary by regional location

Bloomington, MNHopkins, MNIndependence, MOSpringfield, MOSt. Louis, MOOmaha, NENashua, NHCherry Hill. NJBergen County, NJMorristown, NJBuffalo, NYIthaca, NYNassau County, NYCharlotte, NCCleveland East, OHCleveland West, OHColumbus, OHOklahoma City, OK

Portland, ORHarrisburg, PALehighValley.PAPaoli, PAAustin, TXDallas, TX

SouthWest Houston, TXHouston Bay Area.TXSalt Lake City, UTTyson's Corners, VABeilevue, WA

Federal Way, WATacoma, WAMadison, W IMilwaukee, WlINTERNATIONALAdelaide, AustraliaBrisbane, AustraliaMelbourne, AustraliaPerth, AustraliaSydney, AustraliaBrussels. Belgium

nark

Burlington, CanadaCalgary, CanadaToronto, CanadaWinnipeg, CanadaCopenhagen, DennrParis, FranceManila, PhilippinesSingapore

Stockholm, Swedenand otherlocations worldwide.

ComputerLand

I WE KNOW SMALL COMPUTERS14400 Carolina St., San Leandro, CA (415) 895-9363

© 1979 ComputerLand Corp., San Leandro, CACircle 75 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979

149

•UDl-V.

ssgS MINI MAX

C° "FULLY INTEGRATED COMPUTER SYSTEM"

PRINTER NOTINCLUDED IN PRICE

MINIMAX SERIES COMPUTER

THE MINIMAX SERIES WAS DESIGNED

TO OFFER THE MARKET MINICOMPUTER

CAPABILITIES AT MICROCOMPUTER PRICES.

COMPARE THE CAPABILITIES & PRICE!

CONTACT NEECO FOR FULL SPECS - FREE MINIMAX MANUAL.

MEET THE

THE MINIMAX SERIES COMPUTER WAS DESIGNED BY INDUSTRY PROFESSIONALS.MINIMAX COMPUTER C0MPARE THE PRICE AND FEATURES TO ANY OTHER COMPUTER IN ITS CLASS!

• THE MINIMAX SERIES COMPUTER ISAN INTEGRATED, COMPACT UNIT CONTAINING THE CPU. DUAL DENSITY DISK STORAGE. 12INCH CRT. AND FULL STYLE KEYBOARD, WITH SEPARATE NUMERIC ENTRY PAD. ALL KEYS (INCLUDING CURSOR) WITH FULLREPEAT • HYBRID 2 MEGAHERTZ 6502 CPU • 108K SYSTEM RAM (48K USER) • FASTEST FLOPPY DISK ACCESS (24K LOADS IN 4.2SECONDS) • 16K ROM CONTAINS COMPUTHINK BASIC (AN EXTENDED MICROSOFT BASIC) WITH EXTENDED PRECISION. DOSINCLUDES COMPLETE FILE I/O WITH FULL RANDOM ACCESS, COMPLETE MONITOR WITH DEBUG & TRACE, AND T/NY 6502ASSEMBLER • COMPLETE HIGH RESOLUTION GRAPHICS WITH INDIVIDUAL DOT (240x 512) POINTSCREEN ADDRESSABILITY •FULL SCREEN TEXT EDITING WITH OVERWRITE, INSERTION OR DELETION • SPLIT SCREEN/WINDOW MODES • INDIVIDUALFIELD EDITING WITH FIELD PROTECT AND AUTO SKIP TO NEXT FIELD • DISK STORAGE SYSTEM TRANSFERS 6K PER SECONDWITH AUTO VERIFY AND PARITY CHECK • 12 INCH CRT-64 CHARACTERS BY 30 LINES. UP TO THREE PROGRAMMABLECHARACTER FONTS FOR LANGUAGES OR SPECIALCHARACTERS • • • SWITCHABLE 110 OR220VOPERATION • • • • HYBRIDCPU IS MICROPROGRAMMABLE WITH 64 USER DEFINABLE OPCODES. CHOICE OF BOOK OR 2.4 MEGABYTE DISK STORAGE • FULLSERIAL RS-232C PORT WITH PROGRAMMABLE BAUD RATES AND MODEM CONTROL SIGNAL • DEDICATED DISK PORT •PRINTER PORT SUPPORTS PARALLEL COMMERCIAL PRINTERS • 24 PIN I/O USER PORT • PAGEMATE DATABASEAVAILABLE • PLM COMPILER AVAILABLE • BUSINESS PACKAGES AVAILABLE • COMPLETE DIAGNOSTICS & SCHEMATICSINCLUDED • COMPLETE USER MANUAL INCLUDED

MINIMAX I -

$4495

MINIMAX I - .8 MEGABYTEON LINE MINIFLOPPY STORAGE

MINIMAX II - $5995

MINIMAX II - 2.4 MEGABYTEON LINE 8" FLOPPY STORAGE

THE MINIMAX WAS DESIGNED AND IS MANUFACTURED BY COMPUTHINKCOMPUTER CORP. DISTRIBUTED IN EUROPE AND THE EASTERN U.S. BY NEECO.

FOR 8K PETS

(small keyboards)1

.4 Megabytes of Disk

Storage for8K PETS!

(Requires Expandamem)

400K-8S DISK SYSTEM INCLUDES RANDOM

ACCESS IN DOS-LOADS 20K IN 4 SECONDS1

24K Expandamem Memory s525 $100*%

32K Expandamem Memory ^615 I fc%/w

COMPUTHINK .4 & .8 MEGABYTE DISKDRIVES FOR THE NEW 16/32K PETS!

DISK SYSTEMS INCLUDE DISKMON OPERATINGSYSTEM IN ROM AND INTERFACE TO 16/32 PETS!

• Dual Miiiilloppy Drives with 200K per diskette side forlolal 400K 800K on line

• 800K model accesses all 4 diskette sides via dual read and write arm system

• Dual Density Hardware and DOS loads 20K (with verification) in 4 2 seconds complete

• DISKMON (DOS) adds |7 commands lo BASIC including Random Access and printer support

• System comes complete with plug in intern;)! board containing 3K RAM, DOS. and Disk ConlHardwaie — Board plugs directly onto internal memory expansion pins

• System does not utilize IEEE or USER Port, system functions directly Irom memory port

• All DISKMON DOS commands reside interactively with BASIC-disk directory command anclormat command do no! interfere with program in RAM-DOS command were designed loisimplicity of use System was manufactured for heavy commercial use

• System installs completely in less than ten minutes immediately ready for use

• '1295 and '1595 puces include all hardware, 10S complete user manual, and demo utility diskette

• Available software includes PLM Compiler (>250) Relocatable Assembler (*70). Source-EditoiProgram ['70). Autolink Linking Loadei 070) and a complete Database system (Pagemate M95)

• Call oi write for complete product information and specifications User manual '10

Her

(PRODUCT AVAILABILITY IS AUG/SEPT — CALL FOR INFO)

ALL 16/32K MODELS INCLUDE AN 400K-16N M295

INTERNAL PLU3-IN INTERFACE 400K-32N J1295

BOARD CONTAINING DOS. 8K OF 800K-16N M595

RAM. AND CONTROLLER 800K-32N *1595

NEECO

NEW ENGLAND ELECTRONICS CO., INC.

679 HIGHLAND AVE., NEEDHAM, MA 02194

MON-FRI, 9:00-5:30, E.S.T.

(617)449-1760

Moocwxiipntef Systems Division

150

BYTE November 1979

Circle 281 on inquiry card.

NEECO

PROUDLY ANNOUNCES THE NEWEST

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE FOR YOUR PET!

The PET is now a truly sophisticated

Business System with the announcement

of these peripherals and software packages.

3SK

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION

PET 2001—8KN (Large Keys) 8K RAM

PET 2001-8K 8K RAM

PET 2001 —16KN(Large Keys)16K RAM*PET 2001— 32KN (Large Keys)32K RAM

PET 2023 PRINTERPET 2022 PRINTERROMRETRO KITPET 2040PET C2N

PRICE$ 795$ 795$ 995$1295$ 850$ 995$ 90$1295$ 100

AVAILABILITY

DEC/JANIMMEDIATEIMMEDIATEIMMEDIATEIMMEDIATEIMMEDIATEIMMEDIATEIMMEDIATEIMMEDIATE

ROLL FEED

TRACTOR/ROLL

UPDATED O/S

DUAL FLOPPY*

2nd Cassette

'The 16K/32K (large keyboard) units do not include a cassette drive. Order C2N Cassette.2040 Floppy Drive requires a 16K or 32K unit. 8K RAM Retrofit available July.

ALL PETS ARE FULLY TESTED BY NEECO BEFORE SHIPMENT. NEECO IS AFULL CUSTOMER-ORIENTED BUSINESS. CALL FOR OUR FREE CATALOG.SEND US A COPY OF THIS AD WITH AN ORDER AND WE WILL WARRANTEEYOUR COMMODORE PET FOR ONE FULL YEAR!

PET-DISK BASED BUSINESS SOFTWARE

SOFTWARE/APPLICA HON

WORDPRO II /WORD PROCESSING

WORDPRO III / WORD PROCESSING

GENERAL LEDGER

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE

MAILING LIST

NEECOLEDGER

NEECOMAILER

*The CMS Software (G/L, A/R, A/P) are based on Osborne & Associates trial tested business basic software.Software is complete with full documentation and user instructions. All packages require a printer for output.Commodore recommends the NEC Spinwriter (available from NEECO) as the output printer for WORDPRO.

REQUIRES

AUTHOR

AVAILABILITY

PRICE

2040 + 16K PET

PRO/MICRO

IMMEDIATE

$100

2040 + 32K PET

PRO/MICRO

DECEMBER

$200

2040 + 32K PET

CMS SOFTWARE

IMMEDIATE

$295*

2040 + 32K PET

CMS SOFTWARE

DECEMBER

$295*

2040 + 32K PET

CMS SOFTWARE

DECEMBER

$295*

2040 + 32K PET

CMS SOFTWARE

IMMEDIATE

$100

COMPUTHINK .4

NEECO

IMMEDIATE

$795

M DRIVE + 32K PET

COMPUTHINK .4

NEECO

IMMEDIATE

$150

M DRIVE + 32K PET

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED ON SOFTWARE & NEC (PET) SPINWRITER

FOR WORD PROCESSINGNEC IS BEST!

* 55 characters per second output speed

* Changeable thimble for different typestyles

* Less than 1% warranty malfunction rate

* IBM quality letter output

* Dealer inquiries invited

THE NEC SPINWRITERMODEL 5530-P ( ™c^t )

$2995

'Price includes IEEE interfaceto PET. IEEE Port is availablefor use with 2040 Dual Disk.

*The NEC 5530-P is the output printer recommended by Commodore for their Word Processing System.

NEECO

NEW ENGLAND ELECTRONICS CO., INC.

679 HIGHLAND AVE., NEEDHAM, MASS. 02194SHOWROOM HRS.: MON. - FRI. 9:30 - 5:30. EST.

(617)449-1760

MASTERCHARGE OR VISA ACCEPTEDTELEX NUMBER 951021, NEECO

MicrocooipiiU.'f Systems Division

Circle 282 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979

151

Writing AnimatedComputer Games

Tony Estep

Vice President

Kidder, Peabody and Company Inc

10 Hanover Sq

New York NY 10005

Listing 1: 8080 assembly-language program to create an animated computer game.

0100

0005

♦GALLOON*

0100

0010

* A PROGRAM

IIUUSTRATING SOME PRINCIPLES OF

uioo

0015

* PROGRAMMItJG AN ANIMATED GAME

0100

0020

*

uioo

0025

* COPYKIGHT

1979 '10NY ESTEP

0100

0030

*

0100

0035

VIJMBAS

ECU

0CC00H

0100

0040

[■HDL

EQU

0CE1EH ;ALL THESE RELATE TO 'HIE SOL/20 &

0100

0045

CLSCN

EQU

0C0D5H ;ITS VDM AND SCREEN CLEAR ROUTINE

0100

0047

SCBOT

EQU

0CFC0H ; MIDDLE OF LOWEST LINE

0100

0050

RAR

EQU

93H ;T11ESE ARE ARROWS ON KEYBOARD

0100

0055

LAR

EQU

81H

0100

0060

UAR

EfU

97U

0100

0065

DAK

EQU

9AH

0100

0070

ORG

10OH ;SO IT WILL RUM WITH CPM

0100 31

OC

06

0075

LXI

SP,STACK+46

0103 CD

D5

CO

0080

CALL

CLSCN ;FOR NON-SQL, WRITE SIMPLE ROUTINE TO CLEAR

0106 21

00

OC

0085

LXI

H,VDMBAS

0109 36

20

0090

MVI

M,» '

010B CD

79

02

0095

BEGIN

CALL

WAIT

010E AF

0100

GO

XRA

A INITIALIZE FLAGS

010F 32

A3

03

0105

STA

Gl

0112 32

9E

03

0110

OTA

FLG1

0115 32

88

04

0115

STA

MSCR

0118 32

89

04

0120

STA

PSCR

011B 3E 01

0125

MVI

A,l

011D 32

47

04

0130

STA

BFLG1

0120 32

30

05

0135

STA

RAFL

0123 32

EA 04

0140

STA

STRTF

0126 CD

D5

CO

0145

CALL

CLSCN

0129 21

00

CC

0150

LXI

H,VDMBAS

012C 36

20

0155

MVI

M, ' '

012E 21

IE

CE

0160

LXI

H,MIDL

0131 22

F6

02

0165

SHLD

OORNR

0134 CD

89

01

0170

CALL

SHIP

0137 CD 6A

02

0175

CALL

DELAY

013A CD

6A 02

0180

CALL

DELAY

013D CD 6A 02

0185

CALL

DELAY

0140 CD

6A

02

0190

CALL

DELAY

0143 CD 6A

02

0195

CALL

DELAY

0146 CD

6A

02

0200

CALL

DELAY

0149 CD

6A 02

0205

CALL

DELAY

014C

0210

**********************************

014C

0215

*MAIN LOOP STARTS HERE

014C CD CI

01

0220

RUNIT

CALL

TAKOF ;PUT BLANKS III SHIP UV\CE

014F CD

by

01

0225

CALL

SHIP ;PUT n ON SQU£N

Listing 1 continued on page 154

It has been quite some time sincethe arrival of memory-mapped I/O(input/output) boards upon theamateur computer scene, but thevoluminous home computer litera-ture rarely contains any listings ofanimated video games. Since it seemsto me that there breathes not a hob-byist with soul so dead that he wouldnot play one of these devilish littletime wasters if he had one, I con-cluded that perhaps the lack of videogames was due to some lack of infor-mation about how to get one up andgoing. This was certainly the casewith me; I just started with a blankpiece of paper and began scratching.But as the reader will see, there reallyis no mystery to it, and the results arewell worth the effort.

A video game works just the sameas an animated cartoon; there are aseries of frames, each of which showsone or more of the objects in the pic-ture in a slightly different position.Since the viewer's visual system has acertain persistence, the effect is one ofcontinuous motion. In the case of atelevision picture, each frame is a sin-gle rewriting of the raster. This isvery fast, and the flicker is seldomnoticeable. A computer can pop in-formation in and out of screen mem-ory much faster than the monitor canText continued on page 158

152 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

MUFS FOR EVERYONE (especially dealers)MULTIPLE FLOPPY SYSTEM

MUFS is a prom resident supervisor for the Vector Graphic System B which allows menu selection of all the followingoperating and disk system configurations* without changing a single board on the system, or plugging in and unpluggingperipherals.

Disk Drive

Disk

Disk

Disk

Drive

Operating

Configuration

Size

Controller

Density

Assignment

System

Persci 277

8"

Micromation

Single/Double

A, B

CP/M

I

Shurgart SA450

5V<"

Northstar

Single/Double

CD

CP/M

ibJL*

Persci 277

8"

Micromation

Single/Double

A. B

CP/M

Miropolis MODll

5Va"

Micropolis

Quad

CD

CP/M

Persci 277

8"

Micromation

Single/Double

A, B

CP/M

Shu^art SA450

5'."

North Star

Singe/Double

A, B

CP/M

Migropolis MODll

5'/'

Micropolis

Quad

A. B

CP/M

Micropolis MODll

5'V

Micropolis

Quad

0. 1

MDOS

Micropolis MODll

5'/'

Micropolis

Quad

1. 2

MZOS

Micropolis MODll

51-."

Micropolis

Quad

A. B

OASIS

ShuKart SA450

5l4"

North Star

Single/Double

1, 2

DOS

Persci 277

8"

Alpha Micro*

Single

1. 2

AMOS'

Those configurations using two types of drives permit file copy from one type to another with the facilities of 'PIP'. MUFS includes Vector Graphicscomplete System B, all the above mentioned disks/controllers with operating systems fully configured and operational on the System B. OASIS,AMOS and the ALPHA MICRO CPU/Disk Controller are extra. MUFS also includes UNIVID (Universal Video, which allows the mindless terminalwhich comes with the System B to emulate the Hazeltine 1500 and Adam-3A). Additionally, MUFS also includes the communications software (IC)described below (IC is available separately). With MUFS, computer/software dealers can develop/copy/demo most all of their software on a singlesystem with the snap of a disk drive door! Since MUFS supports multiple terminals, the 'Mime' terminal is available as an option. If purchased, thisallows MUFS to run software designed specifically for either memory mapped or serial I/O (most software works on either).

IC FOR CP/M**INTERSYSTEM COMMUNICATIONS

Communicates with other computers through a user selected RS232-C Port

Transmits ASCII Data to/from all computers (Maxi, Mini, Micro, Time Sharing and Single User)Jransmits ASCII and Binary

Data between CP/M Systems.

Supports multiple terminals and printers which can be local oi remote, and can be logged on and off the system.

Supports 9600 Baud to printers with the X-on/X-off feature

Permits an IC installed computer to function both as a computer, and as a terminal or systems console to other computers,

with software switching between the two modes.

Permits dealers to operate customers computers remotely.patching software, sending new software, testing the customer's

computer, etc.

When sending data, IC is programmed to automatically wait for the receiving computer if it cannot keep up with a steady

Baud rate.

Throughly tested with 7 different computer systems, full and half duplex.

Software available on diskette only, or diskette/prom (prom version boots faster)

Does not require an interrupt capability

DOCUMENTATION

Prints formated program listings with •

user selected spacing, titling, dating,

and paging

Prints an alphabatized cross reference

listing of all variables with an ordered

list of the line numbers they are used #

in.

For all lines which are the destination

of a 'GOTO' type statement prints a

list of all line numbers containing a

reference to the selected destination

line.

PRICES:

MUFS $9,500.00 OASIS OPTION

IC DISKETTE VERSION $150.00

DOC $59.00

DOC FOR NORTH STAR

OPTIMIZATION

Optimizes speed of execution prim-arily through reduction in executiontime of 'GOTO' type statements. Thisresults from a reduction in thenumber of statements through state-ment concatenation.Optimizes program size throughremoval of all unnecessary blanks.Optionally removes REM statements.Saves 3 BYTES for every short state-ment concatenated into a longerstatement.

CONFIDENTIALITY

Protects the confidentiality of yourprograms by inhibiting the North; Starlist and edit functions once aprogramhas been optimized by DOC. Offersvirtually as much protection ascompiler basics.

MIMETERMINAL OPTION $825.00

$500.00 ALPHA MICRO CP/U AND DISK CONTROLLER OPTION - $2,190.00DISKETTE/PROM VERSION $200.00MANUALS AVAILABLE SEPARATELY FOR $10.00 EA.DEALER QUANTITY DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE FOR IC/DOC

MINI BUSINESS SYSTEMS

SEND ORDERS AND INQUIRES TO:2461 S. Main • P.O. Box 15587 • Salt Lake City, Utah 84115

PH (801) 467-1571

Amos is not menu selectable, and does require removal and insertion of some board's in the S-100 Bus*CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research

Circle 234 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979

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A,' ' ; REPLACES ShlP Q'/JHICD UI'Jll BLANKS

WHIT ;50 'lliAT 'DHIP' leO/i'ItiE WILL BLAMK

BL/j; ;tXTi' PIC1UKI-: ^ DH1P

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WILD & CRAZY

ASSEMBLYPROGRAMMERS

The number 2 manufacturer ofstand alone POS terminals needsexperienced assembly program-mers to help introduce 14 newsoftware based products in 1979.Challenging assignments cur-rently exist at all levels includingapplications, diagnostics andsystems software development.Great benefits including yearlyvacation to Europe. Startingsalary 16-30K. Please call or writeDave Adams, (617) 246-2815.N.E. Recruiters, 6 Lakeside OfficePark, Wakefield, MA 01880.Collect calls accepted. Strict confi-dence assured. All fees, relocationand interviewing expenses assumedby company.

Circle 289 on inquiry card.

154 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

"CRT INTERFACES"black * white/colon

Monitors * Combination Rcvr/monitor sets* Modulator kits * B-W Cameras * ColorCameras * Audio Subcarrier kits * Parts

WRITE or PHONE for DETAILS & PRICING.

DIAL: 402-987-37711

Dealers welcomed. Well established program

13-B ATV Research Dakota City,Broadway ^-^l^M NE. 6873f

Circle 19 on inquiry card.

AIRCRAFT SIMULATORFOR APPLE II

PROGRAMMERSSOFTWARE EXCHANGE

Three versions on cassette Jbr $19.95

1. Presents the pilot with a Hying situationwhich must be successfully completed toavoid a crash.

2. Presents a simulated instrument panel duringan IFR (light for prolonged practice.

3. Provides machine code for building flightproblems and displaying them on the screen.

Satisfaction guaranteed!(501)843-6037

P. S. E.

P.O.BOX 199

CABOT, ARKANSAS 72023

Circle 334 on inquiry card.

MAX-550

mwBwmwmjmmm'

».. 4001 PULSE GENERATOR

fy f^ («f

Tomorrow^ toolkFor todays problems.

You might say we make time machines.

CSC's smarter tools for testing anddesign help you make the most of your timein every corner of electronics, by workingsmarter instead of harder, for far less thanyou'd expect

We give your head a head start with avariety of soldedess breadboarding systemsthat let you translate ideas directly intoworking circuits, as fast as you can think.

- We offer the most logical way to testlogic—The Logical Force™—portable, circuit-powered digital instruments that dramaticallycut the time (and cost) of diagnosing state-oriented logic. Available singly or in LogicalAnalysis Test Kits. The Logical Force

simplifies design, maintenance, field service,education.. .whereveryou need logicalanswers at a logical price.

Also instrumental in making life easierare CSC's value-packed test instruments.Including palm-size frequency counters thatgo from audio to past 550 MHz. Our Ultravari-able Pulse Generator™ that lives up to its namewith a range of 0.5Hz to 5 MHz and a dutycycle variable over ten-million-to-one. Afunction generator whose VCO is externallysweepable over 100:1.

There's a lot more, too. All in our new38-page catalog, crammed full of smarterideas in testing and design. Send for your freecopy today.

Smarter tools for testing and design.

CONTINENTAL SPECIALTIES CORPORATION

70 Fulton Terr. New Haven. CT 06509 (203) 624-3103. TWX 710-465-1227

OTHER OFFICES San Francisco (415) 421-8872 TWX 910-372-7992

Europe CSC UK LTD Phone Saffron-Walden 0799-21682. TLX 817477

Canada Len Finkler Ltd. Ontario

Call toll-free for details1-800-243-6077

8:30AM-5PM Eastern Time

sat selected local di<

Circle 78 on inquiry card.

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Listing 1 continued on page 158

TUNE-UP YOUR PET®...$109.95 SSL^m*.

Exact Pet keyboard layout

Double-shot keytops with graphics

legends

Duplicate Return, Space and Shift

keys on numeric pad for

programming ease

• Added function key which can behard wired as a system reset

• Flexible cable and connectorsupplied

TM of Commodore Business Machines, Inc

156 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

Century Research &Marketing, Inc.

4815 W. 77th St.Mpls., MN 55435

Erhardt & Jost Electronics

Rossligasse 2CH 4450 SissachSwitzerland

Visa/Master Charge/Bank of America cards accepted.

Circle 48 on inquiry card.

INTROL/X-IO.

COMPUTERIZE YOUR HOME.

The lntrol/X-10 peripheral system for your Apple*Computer allows you to remotely control lights andelectrical appliances in your home.

YOU'RE ALREADY WIRED.

lntrol/X-10 operates by utilizing your computer's intelli-gence to command the BSR System X-10 to send signalsover regular 110 volt household wiring. That means youcan control any electrical device in your home withoutadditional wiring.

READY TO USE.

lntrol/X-10 comes with complete software to controldevices on pre-determined schedules, and features:• Control devices at a specific time. • Select a daily orweekly schedule. • Specify a day of the week, or an exactdate for a particular event. • Specify an interval of time foran event. • Rate device wattages for a running accountof power consumption during your schedule for energymanagement. • Used with our Apple Clock™ your sched-ules may run in "background" while other programsmay run at the same time in "foreground."

EVERYTHING YOU NEED.

The Introl Controller board plugs into a peripheral slotof your Apple. With an ultrasonic transducer it trans-mits control signals to the BSR/X-10 Command Consolewhich may be plugged into any convenient AC outlet nearyour computer. On command, signals are sent to remotemodules located at the devices you wish to control. Upto 16 remote module addresses may be controlled fromyour Apple.

AVAILABLE NOW.

The lntrol/X-10 System consists of the Introl Controllerboard with timer and ultrasonic transducer, the X-10Command Console and three remote modules. $279.Complete and tested. If you already have a BSR SystemX-10, the Introl Controller board is available separately for$189. Additional remote modules are available at $15. Seeyour computer dealer for a demonstration. Or, return thecoupon below for complete information.

Available through computer dealers worldwide

*Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc.BSR/System X-10 is a trademark of BSR. Ltd.

V2 Mountain Hardware, Inc.

if

LEADERSHIP IN COMPUTER PERIPHERALS

300 Harvey West Blvd., Santa Cruz, CA 95060(408) 429-8600

Sounds great.

D Home control from my Apple?

That sounds like a great system. Send me all the details.

Name

Address.City

State.

.Zip.

Phone_

Circle 257 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979 157

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/"BEGIN

PUT DESIRED CHARACTERSIN MEMORY

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Listing 1 continued on page 160

MOVE THEM TO SCREENAT LOCATION L

TIME DELAY

ADD DESIRED OFFSET TO L(UP, DOWN, RIGHT, LEFT)

WRITE BLANKS INTO PRESENTLOCATION OF CHARACTERS

VEND

Figure 1: A Warnier-Orr diagram de-scribing the steps involved in simulatingmotion.

Text continued:

rewrite its screen, so the programmermight think that computer gamescould represent extremely smoothmovement.

However, the movement has to berepresented in finite increments,which will be determined by the mini-mum distance between the charactersor points that can be written on thescreen. In the case of a typical videodisplay board which can put 1024characters on the screen, the usermust move in increments of V16th theheight of the screen when movingvertically and y64th the width of thescreen when moving horizontally.This means that the movement willnecessarily be a little jerky, butsmooth enough for games.

The whole essence of writing ananimated game is to put a picture on

r S-100 USERS: GIVE YOUR COMPUTER THE GIFT OF SIGHT!

The DS-80 Digisector* is a randomaccess video digitizer. It works inconjunction with a TV camera (eitherinterlaced or non-interlaced video) andany S-100 computer conforming to theIEEE standards. Use it for:

• Precision Security Systems

• Moving Target Indicators

• Computer Portraiture

• Fast To Slow Scan Conversion

• Robotics

• Reading UPC Codes, schematics,paper tape, musical scores

CHECK THESE FEATURES:

D High resolution — a 256 x 256 pic-ture element scan

□ Precision — 64 levels of grey scale

Speed — Conversion time of 14microseconds per pixel

□ Versatility — scanning sequencesuser programmable

Economy — a professional toolpriced for the hobbyist; comes fullyassembled, tested and burned in,with fully commented portrait print-ing software.

Price: $349.95 MasterCharge and Visa

• IMAGE PROCESSED BY DS-80 •

THmO©0^§)

LJK7@[nMj5!? P.O. BOX 1110, DEL MAR, CA92014 (714) 942-2400_J

158 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 231 on inquiry card.

pgrade your Level II TRS-80 and brighten yourprogramming without the cost of a Radio Shackexpansion interface and disk drives.

Microsoft's Level III BASIC is an enhancement to theLevel II, loading from a cassette tape right on top of theLevel II ROM. It contains all Disk BASIC features notalready in Level II, except for file management com-mands. And it adds six new Level III exclusives notavailable in Level II or Disk BASIC.

No one knows better than Microsoft how to increaseyour TRS-80's BASIC power. Microsoft created the TRS-80Level II and Disk BASIC plus the industry standardMicrosoft BASIC.

Advanced graphics is Level Ill's most exciting additionto the TRS-80—and it's exclusive. Draw a line, outline orsolid box by specifying just two points, then save it andput it back with BASIC statements, You'll find yourselfwriting more programs with charts, graphs and evenanimation.

Other Level III exclusives include 26 user-definablesingle stroke instructions so you can enter anycommand, statement or string with a shift-key entry. NewSAVE and LOAD commands improve the reliability ofloading tape programs by eliminating problems withcassette recorder volume sensitivity. Aggravating key-board bounce is also eliminated. INPUT#LEN and LINEINPUT#LEN statements allow you to write programs witha time limit. And, joy of joys, Level III has automatic linerenumbering.

TRS-80 power increases with Level Ill's seven Disk BASICfeatures. Ten user-defined subroutines can be used in aprogram. Error messages are spelled out. LINE INPUTinstruction accepts punctuation marks within a stringand eliminates the automatic "?" from the INPUT

prompt. A more flexible MID$ increases string manipu-lation power. INSTR function searches a string for aspecified substring. And Level III performs hex and octalconversion.

Level III even adds new capabilities to a TRS-80 systemwith an expansion interface by outputting to the RS-232port in BASIC and setting and reading time and datefrom BASIC.

Level III occupies only 5.2K RAM with something forevery TRS-80 from the 16K Level II minimum systemrequirement and up. It can be stored on disk as a file,but it only works in conjunction with Level II; it will notoperate with Disk BASIC. Programs written in Level IIIBASIC are stored on cassette tape.

The users manual is full of how-to-use descriptions,,sample programs and a complete graphics section. Thereference card provides a quick-find list of commands,statements, functions and other Level III features.Manual, reference card and Level III cassette tape foronly $49.95.

Microsoft Level III BASIC is sold at Computer retailersnationwide. If your local computer store doesn't haveLevel III, ask them to call us. You can call us, too, forthe name of your nearest Microsoft dealer. Phone(206) 454-1315. Or write Microsoft Consumer Products,10800 Northeast Eighth, Suite 819, Bellevue, WA 98004

/MKROSOfT

V CONSUMER^ PRODUCTS f

Now! The most powerful TRS-80 BASIC you can buy,from the #1 name in microcomputer system software.

Circle 233 on inquiry card

BYTE November 1979 159

Listing 1 continued:

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BLUD

DB

0

02FD 00

1185

ntiiF

DB

0

02FE 00

00

1190

LiLMR

DW

0

0300 3A A3

03

1195

PEA1

LDA

CI

0303 FE

01

1200

CPI

1

0305 CA

31

03

1205

JZ

SIICT1

030B CD

A4

03

1210

CALL

RND

030D D6

FO

1215

SUI

0F01I

030D D8

1220

RC

030E 87

1225

ADD

A

030F 87

1230

ADD

A

0310 5F

1235

in/

E,A

0311 16

00

1240

im

D,0

0313 21

CO

CF

1245

LXI

ILSCBOT ;MIDDLE OF BOTTGi; OF SCP.

0316 19

1250

DAI)

D

0317 22

45

04

1255

SHLD

PLOC1

031A 36

18

12C0

MVI

n,i8ii

031C 23

1265

INX

ii

031D 36

18

1270

MVI

11,1811

031F 23

1275

INX

I!

0320 36

18

12H0

MVI

M,18Ii

0322 11

EF

FF

1285

[JCI

D,-G5

0325 19

1290

Dtt)

D

0326 36

96

1295

MVI

Mr9GH

0320 11

CO

FF

1300

LXI

D,-G4

032E 19

1305

DAD

D

032C 19

1310

DAD

D

032D 22

Al

U3

1315

SIILD

PY1

0330 3E

01

1320

MVI

A,l

0332 32

A3

03

1325

STA

Gl

0335 AF

1330

XRA

A

0336 32

47

04

1335

STA

BFLtil

0339 CD

9U

03

1340

GMX

UFF1

033C C9

1345

RET

033D CD

OF

05

1350

cn*n

C/\LL

J171011

0340 CD

BE

03

1355

CAIL

an

0343 CD

B6

03

1360

CALL

RMD4

0346 FK

OJ

1365

CPI

1

0348 CA

EB

04

1370

JZ

JET'l

03411 FE

02

1375

CPI

2

034D CA

EE

04

1300

JZ

JET1

0350 2A Al

03

1385

TEMP

LI Hi J

PY1

0353 22

C7

03

1390

SIILD

•LI

0356 3E

01

1395

MVI

A,l

0358 32

9E

03

1400

STA

FL-G1

035B CD DC

03

1405

CALL

RIID4

Listing 1 continued on page 164

the screen, leave it there for a shortlength of time, then write blanks overthe parts wanted to be moved and re-write them in the next space of themotion sequence. After another de-lay, the process is repeated. It doesnot take much thinking to realize thatthe main body of the game will be aloop with these essential elements,plus whatever keyboard checking,score updating, message displaying,and the like are wanted as the gameprogresses.

This lends itself to a fairly modularprogram structure (see figure 1). Theprogram I am going to use to illu-strate this process is quite simple;elaborate discussion of programlogic. Let us start with a descriptionof the program from the point of viewof a player.

Let us write a program in which theplayer flies a motorized delta-wingover his friend's backyard computer-controlled peashooter. The peashoot-er fires a pea and a water jet at you asyou cruise past. When you are hit thepeashooter receives 100 points. Youtry to position yourself directly overyour friend's backyard and drop awater balloon on the peashooter. Ifyou hit him with the balloon, youreceive 100 points. To make it inter-esting, we will have the gunnerappear and disappear at randomtimes and places.

Before we start burning up codingsheets, or typing madly into the

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Special introductory offer: Return this ad with yourorder and save $50. Offer good through December 15,1979.

Available on 8" soft sectored disks.

MICRO B+ ™ in CBASIC-II source code, with manualand demonstration program...$195**. Manual and de-monstration disk in CBASIC-II intermediatecode...$25. Look for MICROSOFT and other versionssoon.

To order, send check or money order. VISA and MAS-TERCHARGE welcomed, send card number, expira-tion date and your signature.

•Trademark of Digital Research

•Single CPU License

160 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 135 on inquiry card.

$3,995

Million-Character Computer SystemOne-Year Transferable Warranty

-$335T

$3,995

SEE System 6684 Unique Standard Features

CPU integrated into Diskette Cabinet with

peripheral ports in rear of cabinet4 Full communications ports RS232 or 20mA/60 mA CL; 75 to 19,200 bits/sec.

SEE System 6784 Unique Standard Features

CPU integrated into video terminal cabinet

with peripheral ports in rearVideo has 16 programmable function keys,

128 high resolution characters withgraphics, numeric keypad, reversed video,full editing, 24 x 80 display

Standard Features on All Systems

• Central Processing Unit with 12 slots; 2 MHz (ex-pandable to 4MHz with pipelining architecture)

• 8 Free Slots for expansion; capacity for 442,368characters of memory within standard chassis

• 49,152 characters of 200 ns random access memory;150 ns memory optional

• 8 vectored interrupts; all input and output is interruptdriven

• 1.2 million characters, double sided, dual 8" diskettes.

IBM 3740 compatible

• Printer controller; Centronics compatible

• Magnum BASIC. Extremely fast business BASIC withfull editing capabilities, print using, sequential and randomfiles, integer and floating point arithmetic with up to 16digits precision; N-dimensional matrices and much more

A superset of Microsoft 16K extended disk BASIC

• Interactive conversational macro assembler and editorfor 6800 family microprocessors.

• One-year transferable limited warranty on parts andlabor for all SEE hardware

• Guaranteed 24-hour turn-around time on repairs

Optional Features on All Systems

• Up to 64 interconnected, intelligent terminals with nodegradation of response time. Each is a stand alone CPU.True distributed processing

• Expandable to 12 MB of 150 ns RAM for each terminal

• Up to 64 RS232 ports with full communications. Talks toany peripheral or CPU with RS232 interface

• Expandable to 4 MB of diskette storage

• Up to 660 MB hard disk storage with removable modules

• ANSI standard 10.5 inch tapes (1600 BPI)

• 11 MB cartridge tape system

• Matrix and word processing printers from 55 CPS to1400 LPM

• Choice of 6809 and/or 6512 CPU board with speed of upto 4 MHZ with 150 ns memory

• Interactive relocatable macro assembler, developmentsystem and DOS for 6502 and 6512 microprocessors. Canassemble source programs up to 2 MB long

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Quantity discounts to bona fide dealers, OEMS, and schoolsSpecial configurations and modular shipment availableA few distributorships available in the United States and other countries

SYSTEMS ENGINEERING ENTERPRISES

1749 Rockville Pike, Rockville, Maryland 20852(301)468-1822

Circle 350 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979

161

r

r

WATERBALLOONGAME(1, n)

BEGIN

MAIN RUN

LOOP

(1.n)

^ END

BEGIN

CLEAR SCREEN

ASK FOR SPEED

INITIALIZE

CLEAR SCREEN

OUTPUT PICTURE%. END

SEE FIGURE 3

BEGIN

FREEZE SCREEN

DISPLAY FINAL SCOREEND

BEGINSET FLAGSGET UP SHIPINITIALIZE SCORESEND

Built-in Interface forTRS-80, PET and Apple n Computers

Axiom has made it simple for TRS-80,PET and Apple II users. Just go to yourcomputer store and pick up an Axiomprinter with the appropriate built-ininterface, lake it home, plug it in andstart printing. We even supply thecable and connector.

There are two models: The EX-801prints upper and lower case alpha-numeric characters and all the

graphic symbols used by your com-puter. The EX-820 goes a step further,providing precise alignment of bothhorizontal and vertical dot patternsfor a true hardcopy of computer gen-erated graphics. With up to 128 dotsper inch resolution, the only limit isyour imagination. The price is right,too. Just $535 for the EX-801. So visityour computer store today.

162

5932 San Fernando Road, Glendale, CA 91202(213) 245-9244 • TWX: 910-497-2283

November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 24 On inquiry card.

Figure 2: The modular components of theballoon game.

assembler, consider what functionsmust be added to those in figure 1 toround out the whole game. To geteverything ready to play, an initial-ization routine is needed to clear thescreen, set the scores to 0, and so on.After waiting for the player to set thespeed, put the delta-wing on thescreen, give him a chance to get hisfingers on the buttons and survey thesituation, and then we will enter themain loop.

The main loop, figure 2, will con-tain the functions described before; itwill put the peashooter and ship on,leave them there for a short time,then write blanks over them andrewrite them, in a new location ifrequired. In addition, there will bekeyboard checks to see if the playerhas fired his acceleration rockets tochange the movement of the delta-wing, and update the score. Checkfor hits by a water balloon or pea-shooter and see if a water balloon isbeing dropped. Move the peas andwater jet which are being fired, andput on impact marks if any hits havebeen scored.

Figure 3 summarizes the functionsperformed in the main loop, andnames the subroutines which performthose functions. There are a numberof possible changes that could bemade in this program to tailor theprogram to the user's personal taste.The programmer should be able tofigure out where to put the wrench byreference to the diagrams and thecomments in the listing.

Most of the housekeeping functionsof this program are no different fromthose found in any assembly-lan-guage program, so it will be assumedthat the user can find the waythrough those, but a few more com-ments about the animation tech-niques might be worthwhile. For anillustration, follow the progress of apea fired from the peashooter.

Starting at line 1195 the programchecks to see if a peashooter is on thescreen, since you want peas to comeonly from a real peashooter. If one isthere, jump to SHOT1, where youcheck to see if a water jet is alreadyon the screen (water jets last for two

Text cotititmed on page 168

Bring

inging Music Home

I

€wk -Aw

% ).

I*

Being a spectator is great. . .but why not participate?

i . i

LET MICRO MUSIC TURN YOUR APPLE 11 ® INTO A FAMILY MUSIC CENTER!

• Sing along

• Compose

• Play

• Learn from Specialists

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• Play up to 4 simultaneous voices

• See all 4 voices at the same time you're hearing the music—amust for music editing!

• Enter music notes by a fast, simple and well-tested codingsystem.

• Program the pitch, rhythm, and timbre of the music. Tempo isvaried by the Apple paddle.

• Choose 7 different tone colors for each voice or create yourown tone color.

• Compose, edit, display, and play music through an interactive,command-driven language that's easy to learn.

• Save your music on disk or cassette. TM

• Hear quality music sound at lowcostthrough the MICRO MUSICDAC card. No amplifier needed! Designed for MMI by HalChamberlin and Micro Technology Unlimited.

• Select from future bhN^, music instruction software to accompanythe MICRO MUSIC DAC.

Ask your local dealer for information on MMI products, or contact:

The MICRO COMPOSER is an APPLE II ® compat i bile, low-costmusic system designed by the folks at MMI. Our music software wasdesigned by leading experts in music education. A simple step-by-step instruction manual leads you through entering, displaying,editing, and playing music with up to four voices—soprano, alto,tenor, and bass. You can change the sound of each voice to reed,brass, string, or organ sounds and you can even color your own musicsounds!

HAVE FUN! THE MICRO COMPOSER comes complete with an instruction manual,software disk or cassette—in either Integer or ApplesoftROM BASIC, and the MICROMUSIC DAC music card. Just plug the MICRO MUSIC DAC into the APPLE extension slotand connect the audio cable to a speaker.

Suggested retail price $220.

WUSiC InC 309 W. Beaufort, University Plaza, Normal, Illinois 61761 (309) 452-6991Circle 226 on inquiry card.

APPLE II is a trademark of Apple Computer IncBYTE November 1979 163

Listing 1 continued:

035E 5F

1410

t'DV

E,A

035F 16 00

1415

MVI

D,0

0361 21 EB FF

1420

LXI

IIf-G9

0364 19

1425

am

D

0365 22 9F 03

1430

5IILD

INQll

03GC 2A 9F 03

1435

JIEl

LILD

IMCRl

03GB E5

1440

PUiJH

il

03GC 1)1

14'15

POP

D

036D 2A C7 03

1450

LHLD

BL1

0370 36 20

1455

riv/i

M, ' »

0372 01 40 00

1460

LXI

D,64

0375 09

1465

DAD

B

0376 36 20

1470

MVI

M, ' '

037b 2A C7 03

1475

UILD

BL1

037B 19

1480

DAD

D

037C 7C

1485

IOJ

AMI

037D FE CB

1490

CPI

OCBH ;MISSILE IS OFF TOP OF SCREEN

037F CA 98 03

1495

JZ

OFF1

03B2 36 07

1500

MVI

H,0711

0384 22 C7 03

1505

SHLD

BL1

0387 11 40 00

1510

LXI

D,64

038A 19

1515

D/vD

D

038B 36 0A

1520

MVI

M,0AH

038D C9

1525

KET

038E 3A 9L 03

1530

0N1

LDk

FLG1

0391 FE 01

1535

CPI

1

0393 CO

1540

ra-j;-;

0394 Fl

1545

POP

PSW

0395 C3 6L 03

1550

J MP

iJliBl

0358 3E 00

155j

uFFl

MVI

A,0

039A 32 9E 03

1560

STA

FtCl

039D C9

15G5

KLT

039E 00

1570

FIfil

DB

0

039F 00 00

1575

njciu

DW

0

03Al 00 00

1580

PYl

d\;

U

03A3 00

1585

Gl

DB

0

03A4 21 CO 03

1590

RID

LXI

llfRNWi ;A RAtiDOM MJM ROUTINE WHICH

DOFi:

03A7 EB

1595

XCHG

;KEPEAT FOR 40,000 TRIES

03A8 21 C2 03

1600

LXI

11,13,1)1

03AB 7E

1G05

»IOV

AMI

03AC 3C

1610

INK

A

03AD OF

1615

RRC

03AE 47

1620

NOV

BfA

03AF 1A

1625

LDAX

D

03B0 07

1630

RLC

03B1 80

1635

/iDD

B

03B2 77

1640

MOV

M,A

03B3 78

1645

MOV

A,B

03B4 12

1650

STAX

D

03B5 C9

1655

RET

03B6 CD A4 03

1660

RItfM

c/ax

KHl)

03B9 IF

1665

R/7-l

03BA IF

1670

RAR

03BB E6 07

1675

AMI

7

03BD C6 01

1680

ADI

1

03BF C9

1685

RET

03C0 00 00

1690

RNEM

DW

0.

03C2 00 00

1695

KNDl

Dt/

0

03C4 C3 50 03

1700

SiELl

JMP

temp

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I 11© wDlVI Cassette Recorder free M BCIDDlC

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16K system w/dual floppy and printer $125Text editor software - requires 16K

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AM sales cash. No COD's. 31/2% service charge on CHECKS,

VISA AND MASTERCHARGE.

Sale ends December 15,1979. NO REFUNDS.

Add 2% for shipping and handling. California residents add 6%

sales tax.

Allow 2 weeks for cashiers check to clear, 4 weeks for personal a WV W ■ !%#%■ m

checks. Prices subject to change without notice. ^H^ ^HP^ 1 I JL#Cfjf (213)370-4842

$1195

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Apple II16K

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*$10.00 installation charge is required.

S^^S ^B <?r\llth 15818 Hawthorne Blvd.^^^■^^1^!™*/' Lawndale.CA 90260

164

November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 55 on inquiry card.

03C7 CO

CF

1705 DL1

»;

SCLCA'

03C9 3A

47

04

1710 Vl'jJdl

LDA

[JPLCJ

03OC FL

01

1115

CPJ

1

03CE CC

1720

nz

03CF 3/,

EA

04

172b

LDA

S'nrrF

03D2 FE

CI

1730

CPI

l

03D4 as

1735

PZ

03D5 2A

45

04

174U

LHLD

PLCC1

03D8 7E

1745

IUJ

A,M

03D9 FE

20

1750

CPI

t >

03DB CA

ED

03

1755

JZ

XPLDl

03DE 23

1700

LUX

II

03DF 7E

1765

ISCV

A,li

03EO FE

20

1770

CPI

i »

03E2 CA

ED

03

1775

JZ

XPLDl

03E5 23

1780

nix

II

03E6 7E

1785

IVf

A,li

03E7 FE

20

1790

CPI

• i

03E9 CA

ED

03

1795

JZ

XPLDl

03EC C9

1800

RET

03ED 22

24

04

1805 XPLDl

SKID

BLCW ;

03F0 3E

01

1810

rivi

Arl

03F2 32

47

04

1815

STA

DFLG1

03F5 3E

2B

1820

MVI

A, • + •

03F7 CD

2G

04

1825

CALL

BLOP

03FA CD

6A 02

1830

CALL

DEL/.Y

03FD 3E 23

1835

MVI

A,'*'

03FF CD

2G

04

1840

CALL

BLOP

0402 CD 6A

02

1845

CALL

DEL/vY

0405 3E 20

1850

MVI

A,' '

0407 CD

26

04

1855

GML

BLOP

040A 2A C7

03

I860

LIILD

DU

040D 77

1065

NOV

ll,A

040E 01

40

00

1870

LXI

B,G4

0411 09

1875

DAD

B

0412 77

1880

MOV

K,A

0413 3E

00

1885

MVI

A,0

0415 32

A3

03

1890

STA

CI

0418 3A

89

04

1895

LDA

PSCU

041B C6

01

1900

ADI

1

041D 32

89

04

1905

STA

PSCU

0420 32

9E 03

1910

STA

FtCl

0423 C9

1915

RET'

0424 00

00

1920 BLUJ

DW

0

0426 06

05

1925 BLOP

MVI

B,5

0428 2A

24

04

1930

LilLD

DLCV/

042B 11

FC FF

1935

LXI

D,-4

042E 19

1940 BLP1

DAD

D

042F 77

1945

IUJ

M,A

0430 23

1950

INX

11

0431 77

1955

ViN

MfA

0432 23

19G0

INX

U

0433 77

1965

IUJ

M,A

0434 23

1970

INX

H

0435 77

1975

hOJ

M,/\

0436 77

1980

MOV

M,A

0437 23

1985

INX

II

0438 77

1990

MOV

t-l,A

0439 23

1995

INX

II

043A 77

2000

MOV

M,A

043B 23

2005

INX

H

043C 77

2010

MKV

M,A

043D 11

BA

FF

2015

LXI

Df-70

0440 05

2020

DCR

D

0441 C8

2025

RZ

0442 C3

2E

04

2030

JMP

BLP1

0445 CO

CF

2035 PLOC1

DW

SCBOT

0447 00

2040 BFLC1

DC

0

0448 7E

2045 HIT

MOV

A,M

0449 FE 20

2050

CPI

i i

044B CI

2055

RZ

044C FE

10

2060

CPI

1011

044E CC

20G5

RZ

044F FE 90

2070

CPI

90li

0451 as

2075

R2

0452 FE

3C

2000

CPI

3CIi

0454 C8

20b5

\<L

0455 FE

3E

2090

CPI

31-31

0457 C8

2095

R2

0458 22

24

04

2100

SIILD

BLOW

045B 3E

2/v

21C5

MVI

A, '*'

045D CD

26

04

2110

CJsLL

BLOP

0460 CD

6A

02

2115

CALL,

DELAY

0463 3E

4F

2120

MVI

A, 'G»

0465 CD

2G

04

2125

CALL

BLOP

0468 CD

fcA

02

2130

call

DEL>\Y

046B 3E

20

2135

MVI

A,* '

04GD CD

26

04

2140

call

BLOP

0470 3A

88

04

2145

LDA

IVCR

0473 CG

01

2150

/il)I

1

0475 32

88

04

2155

STA

liiCK

0478 21

00

00

21G0

LXI

11,0

t\ VERY DUrU>-LOC»KirC EXPLOSION

;'niLSE ARE a^PACTEi<S l/IUQi ITIDiavTE A HIT

Listing 1 continued on page 166

64KB MICROPROCESSORMEMORIES

S-100-$750.00LSI ■ $750.00

CI-S100 64K x 8

jllfiiiii t^^,-

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CI-1103 32K x 16

Ml'lill'iPi

CI-6800 64K x 8

iffitt • Jt

CI-8080 64K x 8

• SBC 80/10-$750.00

• 6800-$750.00

CI-S100 — 64K x 8 on a single board.Plugs directly into the IMSAI, MITS,TDL, SOL and most other S-100 Buscomputers. No wait states even withZ80 at 4Mhz. Addressable in 4K in-crements. Power requirement 6 watts.Price $750.00.

CI-1103 — 8K words to 32K words in asingle option slot. Plugs directly intoLSI 11, LSI 11/2, H11 & PDP 1103.Addressable in 2K increments up to128K. 8K x 16 $390.00. 32K x 16 $750.00qty. one.

CI-6800 — 16KB to 64KB on a singleboard. Plugs directly into Motorola'sEXORcisor and compatible with theevaluation modules. Addressable in4K increments up to 64K. 16KB $390.00.64KB $750.00.

CI-8080 — 16KB to 64KB on singleboard. Plugs directly into Intel's MDS800 and SBC 80/10. Addressable in4K increments up to 64K. 16KB $390.00.64KB $750.00

€

Tested and burned-in. Full year warranty.

Chrislin Industries, Inc.

Computer Products Division

31352 Via Colinas • Westlake Village, C A 91361 • 213-991-2254

Circle 47 on inquiry card.

November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc 165

Listing 1 continued:

047B 22 F4 02047E 22 F2 020481 21 IE CE0484 22 F6 02

0487 C9

0488 00

0489 00

048A 21 04 OC048D 11 BC 05

0490 CD 64 05

0493 23

0494 3A 89 040497 CD AB CT4049A 21 30 CC049D 11 C4 0504A0 CD 64 0504A3 23

04A4 3A 88 0404A7 CD AB 0404AA C904AB FE 0A04AD D2 BA 0404BO C6 3004B2 7704B3 2304B4 36 3004B6 2304B7 36 3004B9 C904BA FE 1404BC D2 CC 0404BF 36 3104C1 2304C2 C6 2604C4 7704C5 2304C6 36 30

2165

2170

2175

2180

2185

2190 MSCR

2195 PSCR

2200 9CORE

2205

2210

2215

2220

2225

2230

2235

2240

2245

2250

2255

2260

2265 SCU/T

2270

2275

2280

2285

2290

2295

2300

2305

2310 LTR

2315

2320

2325

2330

2335

2340

2345

SHLD3EJ)LXI

SHLD

RET

DB

DB

LXI

[JCI

CALL

INX

LDA

CALL

LXI

IJCI

CALL

INX

LDA

CALL

RET

CP1

JNC

ADI

MOV

INX

MVI

INX

MVI

RET

CPI

JNC

MVI

INX

ADI

MCV

INX

MVI

UDLR

H,MIDLCDRNR

0

n

ll,VDMBAS+4D,BLMSG

PRim1II

PSCR

soon'

II,VDUBAS+48

d, rnu isg

PRIfTTII

MSCRSCCUT

0ah ;a very dumb hex-to- d dc if 1al converterltr

3011

M,A

II

M,301l

H

M,30H

20

tv/em

M,31H

H

38

M,A

II

M,30ll

Make your own interface easily

for Apple llT and Superkimx with

Vector 4609 Universal Plugbord!

tt)COMPONENT SIDE it 5Tninmmrinnmifcm £

WIRING SIDE

?**bebef/ZjM

HIGH CAPACITY:22 16-pin DIPs or 2 40-pin plus 18

sixteen-pin DIPs.

VERSATILE

.1 inch grid; .042 inch diameter holes.

i Extra I/O connector—gold plated.

4609 is 7.7" x 3.06", $21.50

* ■ tor easy cor

INCORPORATED * *

Extended length! Extra area!No interference.

Wrap wire or solder.

Quick solder mounting of any ICsockets.

Hot tinned 2 ounce copper power& ground buses between IC leadsfor easy connection.

12460 Gladstone Avenue, Sylmar, California 91342phone (21 3) 365-9661, TWX (910) 496-1 539<D T. M. APPLE COMPUTER, Inc. 680679 <J) T. M. MICROPRODUCTS

04C8 2304C9 36 3004CB C904OC 36 3204CE 2304CF 06 IC04D1 7704D2 2304D3 36 3004D5 2304D6 36 3004D8 FE 3504m CA DE 0404DD C904DE 21 % CD04E1 11 CC 0504E4 CD 64 0504E7 C3 0B 0104EA 0004EB 3E 0304ED 32 30 0504F0 CD B6 0304F3 5F04F4 16 0004F6 21 BE FF04F9 1904FA 22 9F 0304FD 2A 9F 03

0500 E5

0501 Dl

0502 2A Al 030505 06 0C

0507 19

0508 36 04050A 05

050B C2 07 05050E C9050F 3A 30 050512 FE 01

0514 C8

0515 3D

0516 32 30 050519 FE 01051B C2 31 05051E 2A 9F 03

0521 ES

0522 D\

0523 2A Al 03)526 06 0C

3528 19

3529 36 20)52B 05

)52C C2 28 05)52F C9)530 01)531 Fl)532 Fl3533 C3 4C 013536 CD A4 030539 D6 D2053B D8053C D6 03053E DO053F 2A 45 040542 06 20

0544 70

0545 23

0546 70

0547 23

0548 70

0549 11 BF FF054C 19

054D 70054E AF054F 32 A3 030552 32 9E 030555 3E 010557 32 47 04055A 2A C7 03055D 70055E 11 40 00

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0562 70

0563 C9

0564 1A

0565 FE 00

0567 C8

0568 77

0569 23056A 13

056B C3 64 05056E 00 0U

2350

mx

II

2355

MVI

M,30ll

2360

RET

2365 IWEN

MVI

M,32H

2370

INX

H

2375

ADI

28

2380

MV

M,A

2385

INX

H

2390

MVI

M,30N

2395

INX

H

2400

MVI

M,30H

2405

CPI

35H

2410

JZ

OVER

24is

RET

2420 OVER

LXI

ii,vuibas+4O0

2425

LXI

d,fihmdg

2430

CALL

PRINT

2435

JMP

BEGIN

2440 STRTF

DD

0

2445 JET]

MVI

A,3

2450

STA

RAFL

2455

CALL

RMD4

24G0

MOV

E,A

2465

MVI

D,0

2470

LXI

H,-66

2475

DAD

D

2480

SllLD

IHOU

2485

LHLD

EKJd

2490

PUSH

II

2495

POP

D

2500

LHLD

PY1

2505

MVI

B,12

2510 RX2

DAD

D

2515

MVI

M,4

2520

OCR

n

2525

jin

RX2

2530

RET

2535 J ETON

LDA

RAFL

2540

CPI

1

2545

RZ

2550

OCR

A

2555

STA

RAFL

256U

CPI

1

2565

JNZ

RX5

2570

LHLD

INCP.l

2575

push

I!

2580

POP

D

2585

LHLD

PYl

2590

MVI

0,12

2595 I0C3

DAD

D

2600

MVI

M,20H

2605

co:

B

2610

Jit

HX3

2615

RLT

2620 RAFL

DB

I

2625 KX5

POP

Pi*

2030

POP

KM

2635

JMP

IttJNIV

2640 PEAOF

CALL

ra-iu

2645

SUI

0D21!

2650

RC

2655

SUI

3

2660

rnc

2665

LHLD

PL0C1

2670

MVI

Df20ll

2675

MOV

M,B

2680

EiX

11

2685

MCV

H,B

2690

lift:

li

2695

MOV

m,b

2700

LXI

D,-G5

2705

DAD

D

2710

MOV

M,B

2715

XKA

A

272U

sta

Gl

2725

STA

PLG1

2730

IJVI

A,l

2735

STA

LFLG1

274U

LiiLD

DL1

2745

liOV

M,B

2750

IAI

D,G4

2755

DAD

D

2760

MOV

M,D

2765

RLT

2770 PRINT

LDAX

D

2775

CPI

0

2780

RZ

2785

MCV

M,A

27 90

INX

11

2795

no;

D

2800

JMP

pRiwr

2805 SPEI-E

DW

0

Listing 1 continued on page 168

166 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 377 on inquiry card.

Now!For theS-100 bus

8086 Power

WITH 16-BIT WORD LENGTH

8086 CPU

This card brings state-of-the-art performance to the S-100bus. It may be used to upgrade existing 8-bit systems by"swapping" the CPUs or it may form the foundation for a highperformance 16-bit system. It will operate with 8-bit, 16-bit, ormixed memory and peripherals. It has a 1-megabyteaddressing range. It can be factory upgraded at nominal costfrom 4 Mhz. to 8 Mhz. when the faster CPU chip is available.Price — $895.

CPU Support Card

This is a companion to our 8086 CPU. It includes a 2Kmonitor with machine language debugger and disk bootstraploader, serial port with software-selected baud rate, time-of-day clock with battery backup capability, two general purposetimers/counters, and a vectored interrupt controller with 7interrupts generated on board and 8 accepted from the bus.Price — $395.

8/16 Memory Card

Through the use of the sXTRQ line of the proposed IEEEStandard, this memory board will appear to be 8K by 16 bits toour 8086 CPU or 16K by 8 bits to 8-bit CPUs. It is offered with250 nsec. memory chips only and will perform without waitstates with our 8086 CPU using an 8 Mhz. clock. It has 24-bitextended addressing. Price — $595.

Z80/8086 Cross Assembler

This cross assembler runs under CP/M and its derivatives.Its mnemonics are the same as or similar to Intel's ASM-86. Itis available in 5" soft-sectored, 5" North Star, or 8" soft-sectored (IBM) formats. Price — $250.

Microsoft BASIC-86

Microsoft's BASIC interpreter for the 8086 is essentiallyidentical in features to their 5.0 release for the 8080 and isANSI compatible. It is a "stand-alone" version and includes alldisk and terminal I/O drivers. Programs written for any earlierversion of Microsoft BASIC will run under BASIC-86 with littleor no modification. Price — $350.

'Hf.fMIUH'l

(Prototypes shown)

AVAILABLE NOW!

STOCK TO TWO WEEKS

Call for more information

or the name of

our nearest dealer

MCS-86 User's Manual

By Intel — Feb., 1979, edition. This is the primary hardwareand software reference manual for the 8086 CPU. Price —$6.25. (Includes shipping)

zs

Seattle Computer Products, Inc.

1114 Industry Drive, Seattle, WA. 98188(206) 575-1830

Circle 330 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979 167

Listing 1 continued:

0570 2l\ 2A 53

4b

2810 MfcSGl

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•**SET SPI

2Qi, 1 '

1IIRU 4,

54 20 53

50

15 45 44

2C

20 31 20

54

48 52 55

20

34 2C 20

31

3D 4G 41

53

54 45 53

54

20 2A 2A

0593 00

2U15

DLi

0

0594 2A 2A 20

42

2820 I EG

ASC

'** BALL/OUTi **»

41 4C 4C

4F

4F 4E 20

2A

2A

05A1 00

2825

DB

0

05/\2 43 6F 70

79

2830 .*liJG2

t&C

'Cu^'iitji;

t 1979

Tony Et

72 69 07

61

74 20 31

39

37 39 20

54

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20

45 73 74

65

70

05BB 00

2835

DB

0

05BC 44 52 4F

50

2840 BUi3C

/&C

• DRUI'PfcK'

50 45 52

05C3 00

2845

DB

0

05C4 53 48 4F

4F

2850 'IlUfcJG

AiJC

• siKxrrEK'

54 45 52

05CB 00

2855

DB

0

05CC 2A 2A 20

46

2860 FINMiC

ASC

*** FINAL

SCORE

** t

49 4E 41

4C

20 53 43

4F

52 45 20

2A

2A

05DD 00

2865

DC

0

05DE

2870 STACK

DS

50

BALN 0226

BDY/N

024A

BEG 111

010B

BFLG1

0447

BLi 03C7

BLAK

02F9

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05HC

BLt a

0235

BLNCH 0259

BLND

02FC

BLNF

02FD

BLtni

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0426

BLOW

0424

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DOT 02 EB

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Willi

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02F8

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03EO

Text continued:

cycles, as you will see when youplay). If there is no water jet there,then a random number test decideswhether to shoot a pea or water jet. Ifit is a pea, control falls through toTEMP. This locates the starting pointfor the pea line and then sets the flagthat tells the program that a pea is be-ing fired. The program keeps track ofthat, since it will be on for severalprogram cycles, until it makes a hit orgoes off the screen.

Next, we determine the randomdirection of fire, and at last the pro-gram is ready to start the pea in mo-tion. An increment is computed andstored at lines 1425 thru 1450.

Note at SHB1 that the user shouldreload the HL register pair with thesame values that are already in it.This is a practice I always followwhen I will be coming to an entrypoint from a number of differentplaces. The idea is to eliminate para-meter passing, or rather to pass theparameters through a named storagelocation, which makes it much easierto debug. Be that as it may, you canreadily see how in the ensuinginstructions, the heart of the matter isreached. Write hexadecimal 20 intothe area occupied by the pea and itstrail (hexadecimal 07 and 0A respec-tively in the Processor Technologyvideo display module (VDM) charac-ter set), then add the increment.Check to see if it is off the screen, andif not put the characters into the new

DOCMAIL

You can produce, edit and sortmailing, identification and in-ventory lists using index files.

You can create, format andjustify documents, reports andpersonalized business lettersusing document control files.

LOW COST DOCUMENT AND MAILING LIST SYSTEM

This system of more than 10CBASIC programs runs on your8080 or Z-80 computer usingCP/M and 24K or more bytes ofmemory.

BONUS: An 8080 assembly filefor a bi-directionalprint driver.

Manual includes instructionswith examples and a quick ref-erence guide.

$50: DOCMAIL system on8" diskette, samplefiles and manual.

$10: Manual only.

RBB Software Products

P.O. BOX 2111

YORBA LINDA, CALIFORNIA 92686

(714) 637-5965

168 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

Word Processors are here. Just thumbthrough the pages of this magazine.There are at least five different com-panies selling them. So, which one's foryou? How do you judge the differ-ences? And what about cost. Are youwilling to pay the 300 plus dollars thatsome of the companies are asking?

Well go ahead and compare! AU-TOTYPE comes out ahead in EVERYcaiegory!

Features? AUTOTYPE has more pow-erful features than ANY other WordProcessor on the market. But, don'ttake our word. Go ahead, compare!AUTOTYPE has an exclusive MACROprogramming capability. No other WordProcessor can make that claim. AU-TOTYPE also has a scratch HoldingBuffer. Again, no one else even comesclose.

Price? AUTOTYPE beats em all! Witha price tag of $195. AUTOTYPE is wellbelow the competition. But, again, don'tjust take our word. Go ahead, look foryourself. Then fill out (he order formbelow to start processing words insteadof using a word processor!

CAN I MOVE PARAGRAPHSAROUND?

YES! AUTOTYPE has a Holding Bufferthat can be used to save any amount oftext and then Unhold it to the locationyou want. AUTOTYPE even allows youto do multiple Unholds!

CAN I MERGE CUSTOMERSNAMES INTO LETTERS?

YES! AUTOTYPE contains a "merge"character that may be placed any-where in text. Then, at the time text isprinted, a separate file may be mergedinto the letter and then printed! An-other feature that NO OTHER WORDPROCESSOR has!

CAN I ENTER TEXT IN SOME OTHERFORMAT THAN 64 CHARACTERSWIDE?

YES! AUTOTYPE has a screen redi-mension command. The screen can beset from 16 characters wide to 120characters wide. There's even horizon-tal scrolling to view the text! Once more,we're far beyond the competition!

CAN IT HANDLE TEXT LARGERTHAN MY COMPUTERS MEMORY?

YES! Most other Word Processors de-mand that the entire text be inside thecomputer. AUTOTYPE allows you to"spool" your text from the disk. Thismeans that you can have edit files thatare over 200 type written pages long!!

CAN IT UNDERLINE?CAN IT BOLDFACE?CAN IT INDENT?CAN IT HYPHENATE?

YES! YES! YES! YES! AUTOTYPEhas ALL the standard Word Processorfeatures including underlining text,boldface printing and paragraph in-dentation. AUTOTYPE also has softand hard hyphens. Soft hyphens areused at the end of lines and disappearif moved!

WHAT ABOUT INSERTING IN THEMIDDLE OF A WORD?

Certainly! AUTOTYPE allows insertinganything anywhere! You can movesingle letters or entire chapters rightinto the middle of any word. NowTHAT'S POWER!

■". \\ .'■■-', '*%

wiri i

•■■■ ■-.. J.-Tfi

-

CAN IT SEARCH AND REPLACE?

YES! But, there'smore! AUTOTYPE al-lows simple searches or search and re-place. AUTOTYPE also allows wildcard characters in the search string forprobable matching! A very simple fea-ture that AUTOTYPE makes very pow-erful!

CAN IT DO AUTOMATIC PAGENUMBERING AND TITLING?

Of Course! Any length title up to thecurrent line length. Page numbers canstart anywhere. And if that's notenough, the number of blank linesbelow the title is adjustable!

DOES IT HAVE "DYNAMICFORMATTING?

PRINT

OH YES! And with a flare! The pagesthat you see printed here were allprinted from the samefile. Only the printMACRO was altered! What's more,they were all printed on a standard se-rial printer. Complete "dynamic" printformatting can be accomplished withNO alteration of text!! Let's see thecompetition make that claim!

CAN IT DO SUBSCRIPTS ANDSUPERSCRIPTS?

YES! Once again, AUTOTYPE has thefeatures to be called a true proces-sor of words and not just another wordprocessor.

CAN IT VERTICAL TAB?

YES! And do negative vertical tabs tothe top of page also! This is invaluablefor two column printing.

CAN YOU ADJUST THE INDENT,LINE LENGTH ANDJUSTIFICATION?

COMPLETELY! Either in the text itself,by manual formatting commands orwith a print MACRO. Only AUTOTYPEgives you that kind of choice!

WILL IT EXECUTE A SERIES OFCOMMANDS AUTOMATICALLY?

YES! That's one of AUTOTYPE'S stan-dard features. No other Word Proces-sor has the ease of use or the powerfulcommands that AUTOTYPE has.

ARE THE TABS ADJUSTABLE?

All tab stops are displayed graphicallywith a simple command. Tab removaland setting are simple cursor move-ments and a single key command! Nomore "guessing" where your tabs areset. They're all laid out in front of you!

HOW MUCH DOES AUTOTYPECOST?

S195. This question is the easiest toanswer. It's simple. We want you to useyour computer to its fullest extent. Andwe want you to be able to do it at areasonable price, This is the one areawhere our competition is way aheadof us!! They simply charge more thanwe do!

HOW DO I ORDER?

We thought you'd never ask! Just fillout the order form below and mail toINFINITY MICRO. Or call us directlyand place your order. It'll be shippedthe same day.

WORD PROCESSINGPOWER IS HERE!With AUTOTYPE©

Mail To:

INFINITY MICRO

P.O. BOX 4627

SANTA CLARA, CA 95050

(408) 988-1867

VIDEO

Memory mapped Video at CC00

hex. as 64 characters by 16 lines.

Processor Tech or equivalent.

*Cursor addressable terminal.

(ADM-3A)

"Cursor addressable terminal.

(HAZELTINE1500)

DISK

D CP/M on IBM standard 8"

□ CP/M on Micropolis MOD I

□ CP/M on Micropolis MOD II

□ CP/M on North Star

□ CP/M on Double Density 8"Please specify Manufacturer.

D

□

□

ADDRESS

CITY

_ STATE

PHONE

Please ship

AUTOTYPE disks

and manuals immediately! Please findenclosed $ ^___ @ $195/each.'Available Nov-Dec of 1979Copyright© 1979 Infinity Micro

Circle 174 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979

169

TAKOF

r

MAINRUNLOOP(1-n)

SHIP

r BEGIN

I PUT BLANKS INTO/ LOCATION FROM WHICH\ MOTORIZED DELTA-WING IS MOVED ONTOI SCREEN>^END

BEGIN

MOVE MOTORIZED DELTA-WING LOCATION IN

MEMORYTO SCREEN

END

ADD OFFSETS LR, UD

(

PUTON

SHIP

KYCHK

TOPB

BLNCHK

DELAY

v

PEAC

HKC

SCORIT

{

BEGIN

PUT MOTORIZED DELTA-WING CHARACTERS

INTO MEMORY WHERE

BLANKS NOW ARE

END

BEGIN

MOVE DELTA-WING TO SCREEN

END

BEGIN

UPDATE UD AND LR FROM KEYBOARD

END

BEGIN

DID WE HITTOPOR

BOTTOM OF SCREEN?

END

BEGIN

IS WATER BALLOON CALLED FOR OR ALREADY ON

ITS WAY? UPDATE WATER BALLOON CHARACTER LOCATION

END

BEGIN

LEAVE SCREEN AS IT IS

FOR A MOMENT

END

BEGIN

UPDATE PEASHOOTER AND PEA

END

BEGIN

CALCULATE SCORES

PUT THEM ON SCREEN

END

Figure 3: A summary of the functions per-formed in the main loop, along with adefinition of the individual tasks executedby each subroutine,

locations, and return. Checking for ahit is done when the ship is displayed.I hope that playing around withthis program will prove to be as muchfun for you as it was for me. In orderto adapt it to your system, you mayneed to change the control keys, theclear routine, and the display loca-tion, but if you have a SOL-20 it willwork as is. If you tackle the develop-ment of an animated game, you willfind the simple principles embodied inthis program will work in much moreelaborate games. One final note:when you first play this, you will bepositive that it is impossible to win.The "random" peashooter seems tohave an incredible sixth sense aboutwhere to aim his pea. However, it canbe done ... in fact, my seven-year-old can beat it on speed 1, so hang inthere! Good luck, and have fun.■

G. W. COMPUTERS LTD.

This is how your business appears on the screen

Approximately 60-100 entries/inputs require only 2-4 hoursweekly and your entire business is under control.

^PROGRAMS ARE INTEGRATED -

01 = bNTLR NAMES/ADDRESS, ETC

02 = * ENTER/PRINT INVOICES03= "ENTER PURCHASES04= "ENTER A/C RECEIVABLES05=*ENTER A/C PAYABLES

06 = ENTER/UPDATE INVENTORY

07 = ENTER/UPDATE ORDERS08= ENTER/UPDATE BANKS09= EXAMINE/MONITOR SALES LEDGER10= EXAMINE/MONITOR PURCHASE LEDGER

11 = EXAMINE/PRINT INCOMPLETE RECORDS

12 = EXAMINE PRODUCT SALES

WHICH ONE? (ENTER 1-24}

£ac/) program goe* tm st/b menu, e.g.:(<» allows. A, LIS I ALL SALLS; I!. MONIIOK SAILS RV STOCK COD! S,C, KtlRlEVL INVOICL Dl I AILS: I). AMI ND l.kDCIK lilt S;b. LIST TOTAL ALL SALLS

Think of the possibilities and add to those here if yon wish.

Price tor current package Version I is $550, or Version 2 (including ayud debtors analysis, etc.) is $750, or full listing, S.iOO

PET 16/32K disk-based version, SWTP 6H00, IMS/CPM/Z80/S-100. Compatible systems shortly available (or Apple and Tandy.

SELECT FUNCTION BY NUMBER

13= PRINT CUSTOMER STATEMENT

14 = PRINT SUPPLIER STATEMENTS

15= PRINT AGENT STATEMENTS

16= PRINT TAX STATEMENTS

17 = PRINT WEEK/MONTH SALES

18= PRINT WEEK/MONTH PURCHASES

19= PRINT YEAR AUDIT

20= PRINT PROMT/LOSS ACCOUNT

21 = UPDATE END MONTH FILES

22 = PRINT CASH I LOW EORECAST

23 = ENTER/UPDATE PAYROLL (NOT YET AVAILABLE)

24 = RETURN TO BASIC

PtT Software Distributor for USA i

Grass V.illoy Computer Sys

I' O Uo\ b7«

Rough & Ready, CA •157^5

(')](>) 272-27')\

contact: Tony Winter on 01-636-821089 Bedford Court MansionsBedford AvenueLondon W1, UK

ZHUCPM Software DisttOwens Associates12 Shubert StrertStaten Island. NY ID (0r>(212) 44H-6283

ibutor tor USA is

170

November 1979 BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 153 on inquiry card.

See yournearest dealer

NOW YOU CAN OWN A SMALLCOMPUTER THAT PAYS FOR ITSELF!

If you've wanted to own your own computer, but didn't think you could af-ford it, we may have the answer you've been looking for.

Computer Ideas, Inc. has developed a small computer system that canbe used for many purposes ... in business, in the home, and as a sourceof full or part-time earnings to help you pay for it.

Designed around a Digital PDP-11 computer, our new system features a3-color matrix plotter/printer (Centronics 102BL) that produces sharp,graphic printouts in color on standard computer paper in minutes.

The equipment is reliable, versatile, and easy to operate. It can be usedin business to relieve you of a lot of paperwork. And in the home formoney management, fun and games, learning, and more.

The key to making it pay for itself is its capability to produce color pic-tures or portraits that can be transferred to tops, T-shirts, jackets andother apparel. There is nothjng else like it on the market today, and manyowners have discovered it to be a proven moneymaker in high-trafficareas such as shopping malls, resort areas, fairs, and other locations.Everybody is a photo sketch customer! Every sale is for cash! The profitmargin is high.

So if you want to own your own computer.. .and put some big dollars inyour pocket in your spare time, call or writefor more information on howwe make it easy for you to do both!

Computer Ideas, Inc.

10 Keith Way, Hingham, Mass. 02043

(617) 749-9555

Circle 62 on inquiry card.

MASSACHUSETTS

Anthony Ghelfi

56 Shady Lane

Hatchville, Ma 02536

617-563-9200

NEW YORK, MAINE,

NEW HAMPSHIRE,

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

Computer Ventures. Inc.

P.O. Box 984

Acton. Ma 01720

617-263-8601

RHODE ISLAND, CONNECTICUT

Computer Achievements

Old Northfield Road

Thomaston.Ct 06787

203-283-4179

NEW JERSEY

KELCO

2 Mt. Prospect Avenue

Dover, NJ 07801

201-361-3331

VIRGINIA, DELAWARE,

MARYLAND, WASHINGTON, DC,

WEST VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA

Baby World

3700 Old Silver Hill Road

Marlow Heights, MD 20031

301-899-2180

GEORGIA, SOUTH CAROLINA, NORTH

CAROLINA

Giant Photos

P.O. Box 3313

Anderson. SC 29621

803-225-6201

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High Plains Computer Foto

Rehm Rte. Box 444

Dalhart,TX 79022

806-249-2092

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Bob Johnson Enterprises

5008 West Northern Avenue

Glendale. Arizona 85301

602-939-9241

ILLINOIS

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5026 Jarvis Avenue

Skokie, III 60077

312-673-6146

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7812 Foster

Overlook Park. Kansas 66204

913-341-2200

MICHIGAN

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3258 Kearsley Lake Drive

Flint. Michigan 48506

313-736-2618

N. CALIFORNIA, UTAH, NEVADA, IDAHO

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Logan. Utah 84321

801-752-2770

Travis Weaver

Roy. Utah 84067

801-731-2904

WESTERN CANADA

Computer Silhouette, Inc.

112-6780 Buswell Street

Richmond, B.C. V6Y 2Y7

604-278-9758

EASTERN CANADA and the

UNITED KINGDOM

JohnCho

50 Blackwell Avenue, Unit No. 21

Agincourt, Ontario MIB IK2

416-291-7500

John Van Hall

1300 Young Street, Suite 804

Toronto. Ontario

416-929-0715

FRANCE, HOLLAND, SPAIN

Martos & Haak International

Stationsplein 64

2011 LM Haarlem, The Netherlands

023-323731 or 023-325803

GERMANY

Martin K. Beck

H. Wolfgang Haug

7800 Freiburg I.BR.

Jacobstrasse 15. West Germany

04761-250-41

SWITZERLAND, ITALY, GREECE, AUSTRIA,

SAUDI ARABIA, TURKEY, BULGARIA,

RUMANIA, YUGOSLAVIA, HUNGARY, IRAQ,

JORDAN, SYRIA, KUWAIT, KUTAR, ABU

DABI, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

Micropro, Inc.

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Houghton, Ml 49931

906-482-8489

KOREA

United Young Co., Inc.

1225 Broadway, Room 804

New York, N.Y. 10001

212-889-3523

AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND

CGH Business Service

Unit 10Wellard'

56-58 Matheson Road

Applecross, Western Australia 6153

09-364-7475

BYTE November 1979

171

Five Useful Programsfor the SC/MP

Associate Professor Charles A Kapps

Temple University

School of Business Administration

Philadelphia PA 19122

Now that you are the proud owner of one of the leastexpensive microprocessor kits, what can be done with it?Before that question is answered, why do you own theSC/MP to begin with? You may be someone interested inlearning about microprocessors or computers, and sinceyou are a cautious person of modest means, you havechosen to begin slowly.

No computer is useful unless it has a means ofcommunicating with the outside world. The SC/MP is noexception. The SC/MP kit by itself provides no suchcapability. Thus, some sort of I/O (input/output) hard-ware must be obtained, such as a teletypewriter. Thisarticle assumes that you have the minimum of I/O hard-ware, probably a video display, which is likely to costthree times as much as the computer. (This is an impor-tant thing to know about computers. They are worsethan automobiles because the accessories really accountfor most of the cost. This is even true with the bignumber-crunching computers).

The main limitation of such a system is it is not feasibleto attempt to write very large programs. This is not onlybecause of the SC/MP's rather meager amount ofmemory (256 bytes). It is also due to the fact that,without any means of assembling, editing, and backingup programs, it becomes humanly impossible to do anyserious programming endeavors. For this reason, the pro-grams in this article have been kept short and simple. Formore ambitious readers, these programs can be combinedor added to in order to accomplish more sophisticatedtasks.

Input and Output on the SC/MP

A thorough search of the manuals provided with theSC/MP kit provides little information about program-ming input and output functions. Clearly, input and out-put are possible, because the KITBUG monitor programprovided in read only memory is able to perform thosefunctions. The assembly listing of KITBUG, which is pro-vided in the SC/MP Kit User's Manual, shows how inputand output are accomplished. The input and output por-tions of the monitor are located at the end of the listing,and occupy hexadecimal locations 186 thru 1FB of theread only memory (over 100 bytes).

The main reason those functions require so muchcoding is that the SC/MP has neither a parallel I/O portnor an internal universal asynchronous receiver/-transmitter (UART), as a more sophisticated processormight. Instead, it is necessary to have a program whichsimulates the primary functions of a universal asyn-chronous receiver/transmitter, namely converting be-tween parallel-byte data and asynchronous serial data(ANSI). For example, the output program transmits a 0(note that the actual bits are inverted). This is the startbit. The program must then idle for 1/110 second becausethe transmission rate is 110 baud. The least significant bit(LSB) of the data byte is then transmitted, and the pro-gram again idles for 1/110 second. This is repeated untilall data bits are transmitted. Finally, the program outputsa 1 and idles for 1/55 second for the 2 stop bits needed bya teletypewriter. For input, a similar procedure isoperated in reverse.

After study of these programs, it should be possible toimitate these processes and incorporate them into ourown programs. Although studying other people's pro-grams is often a good way to learn how to program,copying these programs is not the best thing to do here.

As every good programmer knows, basic processesshould be written in the form of subroutines which can becalled from various places in the main program. This rulewas followed by the writers of KITBUG, and all thevarious areas of the program assume the form of sub-routines. These subroutines can be called from anywhere,including your own program area. In particular, there are4 subroutines which are useful for all kinds of programs:

PUTCGECO

PHEX1andPHEX2GHEX

This subroutine prints a single ASCII

character on the output device.

This program reads 1 character typed in

at the keyboard, and returns the ASCII

code.

Here are 2 different entry points to a

subroutine which converts a byte into a

2-digit hexadecimal number and prints it.

This program reads a hexadecimal

number of up to 4 digits, and returns the

16-bit value as 2 bytes.

172 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Using System Subroutines

Before these subroutines can be used, or anysubroutines written by someone else, you must befamiliar with all of the usage conventions of thesubroutines. These conventions include:

• how to call and return from the subroutine

• how to pass information back and forth

• special conventions, such as the saving and re-storing of registers, temporary storage used, etc

The standard method for calling subroutines inKITBUG is to use pointer register 3 to contain the returnaddress. This is done by loading pointer register 3 withthe address of the subroutine. Then execute the instruc-tion XPPC P3; this exchanges pointer register 3 and theprogram counter. This leads to the subroutine, and sincethe program counter value at the time of the call is savedin pointer register 3, the subroutine returns the same wayit was called, with XPPC P3.

Of special note here is a peculiarity of the SC/MP pro-cessor. Most computers increment their programcounters between the fetch and execute cycles. In theSC/MP, the program counter is incremented after theexecute cycle. This is, in effect, the same as incrementingit just before the next fetch. The result is that whenever ajump is executed (such as the XPPC instruction), theeffective address must be one less than the actual addresswhere you want to jump. For example, the PUTC sub-

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routine is located at hexadecimal 01C5, so when you callPUTC, you must load 1C4 into pointer register 3.

Note that after control has been returned from thesubroutine, pointer register 3 no longer has its initialvalue. In fact, it has the last value that the programcounter had in the subroutine, and thus points to the endof the subroutine. Normally this would mean that pointerregister 3 would have to be reloaded in order to call thesubroutine a second time. Actually, the writers ofKITBUG foresaw this problem, and were kind enough tomake life simple. Every return instruction (XPPC P3) isfollowed by a jump back to the beginning of the sub-routine. This allows a subroutine to be called severaltimes, merely by executing XPPC P3 instructions.

The second matter pertaining to subroutine callingconventions is concerned with how data is passed backand forth between the calling program and the subrou-tine. The first 3 of the subroutines, PUTC, GECO, andPHEX, deal only with a single byte of information. Forthese subroutines, the byte is simply passed by means ofthe accumulator. For example, PUTC prints a singlecharacter. When PUTC is called, the ASCII code of thecharacter to be printed must be loaded into the accumu-lator, then the subroutine is called by executing XPPCP3. (It is assumed that pointer register 3 has already beenset up.)

For example, the following program segment wouldcause an A to be displayed:

J

LDI

C4

; this loads

XPAL

P3

; 1C4 into pointer register 3

LDI

01

; note 1C4 = 1C5 - 1

XPAH

P3

; the location of PUTC

LDI

41

; 41 is ASCII code for A

XPPC

P3

; call PUTC

; control is returned here

Subroutine GHEX is not quite as simple, because thedata being transferred is a 16-bit quantity, and thereforewill not fit in the accumulator. The answer to whatGHEX does with its results lies in the third category ofsubroutine conventions: special conventions.

All of the subroutines in KITBUG use a special conven-tion for dealing with temporary data, saving registers,etc. Note that KITBUG cannot use its own program areafor storing data. KITBUG resides in read only memory.KITBUG must then be able to use some of the 256 bytesof programmable memory for its storage needs. It doesthis through a common storage area known as the stack.The stack is an array which holds data in a last-in-first-out fashion. The stack resides in the higher addresses ofprogrammable memory, and advances downward asdata is added. Pointer register 2 is used to point to themost recently added piece of information on the stack.Since all of the KITBUG subroutines use the stack,pointer register 2 may not be used except in carefullyprescribed and compatible ways.

When the program is started, KITBUG loads pointerregister 2 from locations OFFB and OFFC. (Note thatbecause of the addressing overlap, these locations are thesame as 02FB and 02FC.) Unless these locations are

modified, they will contain 0. Thus, pointer register 2will initially be 0. When an item is stored on the stack, itis done with the instruction ST @ — 1(P2). Negative auto-indexing is performed before the effective address is com-puted. Therefore, the effective address is OFFF. (Note thatborrows and carries do not propagate into the most signi-ficant 4 bits during effective address computation.) Sincethe address OFFF is the same as 02FF on the SC/MP, thestack will effectively start at the high end of the program-mable memory and proceed downward. This is probablythe best place for the stack anyway, so the best thing todo about initializing the stack is nothing.

Program 1: Output

The first program, listing 1, is a simple program whichcan be used for checking out the machine. It also illus-trates how to use subroutine PUTC.

The program is written in an infinite loop and re-peatedly prints a message. The message is stored in theform of an ASCII character string starting at locationhexadecimal 0220. An ASCII code for 0 is used to ter-minate the message. Control characters such as carriagereturn and line feed must be included in the message. In

the example, the message is simply "HELLO." However,any message could be put in its place. If the I/O (input/-output) device is a video display, rather than ateletypewriter, some interesting geometric patterns canoften be formed by typing messages with random char-acters and control characters mixed together.

The functioning of the program is quite simple: loca-tions 200 thru 205 set pointer register 1 equal to 0220, thebeginning of the message string. Hexadecimal locations0206 thru 020B set pointer register 3 to point to PUTC,the printout subroutine. At 020C a character is loadedinto the accumulator. Auto-indexing is used, so thatrepeated executions of this instruction will cause suc-cessive characters to be fetched. At 020E there is a jumpback to the beginning if the zero end code is reached;otherwise, PUTC is called at location 0210, which causesthe character in the accumulator to be printed. Thenjump back to 0206 to print the next character. (Note thatas stated above, it is not necessary to reload pointerregister 3 every time the subroutines are called.Therefore, there could be a jump to location 020C andthe program would work just as well. This can be doneby changing location 0212 to F9.)

Text continued on page 178

Listing 1: The program will print an ASCII message over and over. The message is a string of ASCII character codes followed by a 0.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

IB

19

20

21

22

23242526272829

0200020202030205020602080209020B020C020E02100211

0220022202240226

0200

C4

31

C4

35

C4

33

C4

37

C5

98

3F

90

0220

48

4C

4F

0A

0001

0002

0003

01C5

000D

000A

0200

. = 200

20 START:

02

C4 LOOP:

01

01F0

F3

454C0D00

.=0220

STRING:

P1 = %1P2=%2P3 = %3PUTC=0CR=0DLF = 0A

NLIST TTM

TITLE PROGRAM #1

THIS PROGRAM PRINTS OUT A MESSAGE

OVER AND OVER FOREVER.

THE MESSAGE TAKES THE FORM OF

ANY STRING OF ASCII CHARACTER CODES

FOLLOWED BY A TERMINATION CODE OF ZERO

LDI

XPAL

LDI

XPAH

LDI

XPAL

LDI

XPAH

LD

JZ

XPPC

JMP

1C5

"L<STRING)

PI

^U<STRING>

PI

^L<PUTC>-1

P3

'-U< PIJTO

P3

@1(P1)

START

P3

LOOP

PI IS USED AS APOINTER TO THEMESSAGE STRING

P3 MUST BE ONE LESSTHAN THE ADDRESSOF PUTC = 1C5

GET NEXT CHARACTERZERO IS END CODEOTHERWISE PRINT CHARACTERAND LOOP

.ASC11 /HELLO/< CR> < LF> < 0>

.END

START

SYMBOL TABLE

CR = 000D LF = 000APUTC = 01C5 PI =30001P3 =%0003 START 0200

LOOP 0206P2 =%0002STRING 0220

ERRORS DETECTED: 0FREE CORE: 17525. WORDS

,PROGl=PROGl

November 1979 BYTE Publications Inc 175

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Text continued:

In order to run this, or any program in this article, it isnecessary to initialize the register save locations ofKITBUG. These are 0FF7 thru OFFF. (In the kit setup theseare equivalent to 02F7 thru 02FF.) Locations 0FF7 and0FF8 should contain 0200 (02 in 0FF7, 00 in 0FF8). The re-maining locations, especially 0FFB and 0FFC (the stackinitialization), should contain 0. Typing G to KITBUGthen causes the program to run.

Program 2: Output and Input

The second program, listing 2, is much longer than thefirst, but is not conceptually more complex. This pro-gram combines some message printout with some input.

The program is designed to do the following: first, itprints out HELLO, I'M A COMPUTER, WHO AREYOU? The computer than waits for a name to be typed,such as JOHN DOE. It responds HI, JOHN DOE, I'MPLEASED TO MEET YOU, and jumps back to themonitor. The initialization registers are saved, so that theprogram can be rerun by simply typing G.

The input is managed by subroutine GECO. GECO iscalled by executing XPPC P3, as usual. Routine GECOwaits until something is typed at the keyboard. It thenreturns to the program with the ASCII code for thecharacter typed in the accumulator.

Printout for program 2 is handled by a subroutine ofmy own called PRINT. This is found starting at line 49 ofthe listing. PRINT is basically the same as program 1, butmodified to have the form of a subroutine. Instead oflooping endlessly, when done printing a message, itreturns from where it was called. Note that PRINT callsPUTC. Whenever a subroutine calls another subroutine,pointer register 3 must be saved for the return. PRINTuses the stack for this purpose. Note the basic rules forusing the stack. Whatever is added to the stack by a sub-routine must be removed before exiting. PRINT usespointer register 1 to point to the message it is printing.Pointer register 1 must be set by the main program beforePRINT is called.

The first thing program 2 does is to save pointerregister 3. The reason is that KITBUG treats the programas if it were a subroutine. Saving pointer register 3 makesit possible to return to KITBUG when it is done. There isa catch, however. Because of the peculiarity of how theSC/MP treats the program counter, KITBUG must sub-tract 1 from the number in memory locations 0FF7 and0FF8 before using it as a jump address. Unfortunately,this will get you into a loop if you try to get subsequententries to the program by typing G a second time. Theproblem is that KITBUG does not add 1 back on to theprogram counter value when you return. To get aroundthis, put 200 into pointer register 3, and then return usingan XPPC PI. This fools KITBUG into working properly.The rest of the program is straightforward, and consistsof calls to PRINT and GECO.

To keep this program as short as possible, advantagewas often taken of the fact that registers (particularly thehigh-order parts of pointer registers) already contain theright value. Thus, these registers are not reloaded. Thissaves 2 or 3 bytes of program here and there, and sincethe programs are being entered into the computer by

178 November 1979 © BYTE Publications inc

Listing 2: This program outputs a prompt, accepts some input, and then outputs another message which has your input embedded.

1

.NLIST

TTM

2

.TITLE

PROGRAM #2

3

;THIS PROGRAM TYPES A MESSAGE

4

;PROMPTING YOU TO TYPE SOMETHING.

5

;IT THEN ANSWERS WITH A MESSAGE

6

;WHICH

HAS YOUR TYPEIN IMBEDDED.

7

0200

• =200

8

0200

C4

3E

START:

LDI

^L<PRINT>-1

;SET UP TO

9

0202

33

XPAL

P3

;CALL THE

10

0203

CE

FF

ST

@-l(P2)

;PRINT SUBROUTINE

1 1

0205

G4

02

LDI

-U<PRINT>

;BUT SAVE THE OLD

12

0207

37

XPAH

P3

VALUE OF P3 ON

13

0208

GE

FF

ST

@-l(P2)

THE STACK

14

020A

G4

60

LDI

^L<MSG1>

SET PI

15

020C

31

XPAL

PI

TO POINT

16

020D

C4

02

LDI

~U<MSG1>

TO

17

020F

35

XPAH

PI

FIRST MESSAGE

18

0210

3F

XPPC

P3

CALL PRINT

19

0211

G4

85

LDI

~L<GEC0>-1

SET UP

20

0213

33

XPAL

P3

TO CALL

21

0214

G4

01

LDI

'HJ< GECO>

INPUT ROUTINE

22

0216

37

XPAH

P3

IN KITBUG

23

0217

G4

90

LDI

^L<MSG2>

PI POINTS TO INPUT

24

0219

31

XPAL

PI

BUFFER (HIGH PART OF PI OK)

25

021A

3F

LOOP:

XPPC

P3

CALL GECO

26

021B

CD

01

ST

@1(P1)

SAVE CHARACTER IN BUFFER

27

021D

E4

0D

XRI

CR

COMPARE WITH CR

28

021F

9C

F9

JNZ

LOOP

LOOP UNTIL CR TYPED

29

0221

CD

FF

ST

<fy- 1 ( P1)

CHANGE CR TO ZERO

30

0223

G4

3E

LDI

-L<PRINT>-J.

SET UP CALL

31

0225

33

XPAL

P3

TO PRINT AGAIN

32

0226

G4

02

LDI

"U<PRINT>

33

0228

37

XPAH

P3

34

0229

G4

B0

LDI

"L<MSG3>

PIPOINTS TO MESSAGE 3

35

022B

31

XPAL

PI

(HIGH PART OF PI OK)

36

022C

3F

XPPC

P3

CALL PRINT

37

022D

G4

90

LDI

"L<MSG2>

PI POINTS TO BUFFER

38

022F

31

XPAL

PI

(HIGH PART STILL OK)

39

0230

3F

XPPC

P3

CALL PRINT

40

0231

G4

GO

LDI

"L<MSC4>

PI POINTS TO MESSAGE 4

41

0233

31

XPAL

PI

(HICH PART STILL OK)

42

0234

3F

XPPC

P3

CALL PRINT

43

0235

G6

01

LD

<<H(P2)

GET ORIGINAL P3 OFF

44

0237

35

XPAH

PI

STACK AND PUT IN Pi

45

0238

G6

01

LD

@1(P2)

WE HAVE TO DO FUNNY

46

023A

31

XPAL

PI

BUSINESS WITH P3 SO THAT

47

023B

G4

00

LDI

0

IT WILL EQUAL 200

48

023D

33

XPAL

P3

FOR RESTART (HIGH ORDER PAR

49

023E

3D

XPPC

PI

RETURN TO KITBUG

50

023F

G4

C4

PRINT:

LDI

"L<PUTC>-1

PRINT SUBROUTINE

51

0241

33

XPAL

P3

P3 IS SET TO PUTC

52

0242

GE

FF

ST

<«Hl(P2)

BUT IS ALSO SAVED

53

0244

G4

01

LDI

~U<PUTC>

ON STACK FOR

54

0246

37

XPAH

P3

RETURN

55

0247

CE

FF

ST

(3-1 (P2)

56

0249

C5

01

PLOOP:

LD

@ 1 ( P 1)

GET CHARACTER

57

024B

98

03

JZ

POUT

DONE IF ZERO

58

024D

3F

XPPC

P3

OTHERWISE CALL PUTC

59

024E

90

F9

JMP

PLOOP

AND LOOP

60

0250

G6

01

POUT:

LD

@1(P2)

RESTORE

61

0252

37

XPAH

P3

P3

62

0253

G6

01

LD

@1(P2)

FROM

63

0255

33

XPAL

P3

STACK

64

0256

3F

XPPC

P3

65

0257

90

E6

JMP

PRINT

JI

66

0259

90

E4

JMP

PRINT

JUMP BACK IF RECALLED

67

0260

.=260

68

0260026202640266026802GA026C026E0270

484G4F202720204F50

45

4G2G494D41434D55

MSGl:

.ASCI I

/HELLO, I'M A C01

1PUTER./<CRXLF>

0272

54

45

Listing 2 continued on

November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc 179

Listing

2 cotititmed

0274

52

2E

0276

0D

0A

69

0278

57

48

.ASCIZ

027A

4F

20

027C

41

52

027E

45

20

0280

59

4F

0282

55

3F

0284

0D

0A

0286

00

70

0290

MSG2=290

71

02B0

.=02B0

72

02B0

0A

0A

MSG3: .ASCIZ

02B2

0A

0A

02B4

48

49

02B6

21

20

02B8

00

73

02C0

,=02C0

74

02C0

2C

0D

MSG4: .ASCIZ

02C2

0A

49

02C4

27

4D

02C6

20

50

02C8

4C

45

02CA

41

53

02CC

45

44

02CE

20

54

02D0

4F

20

02D2

4D

45

02D4

45

54

02D6

20

59

02D8

4F

55

02DA

2E

00

75

0001

Pl = tfl

76

0002

P2=*2

77

0003

P3=S3

78

000D

CR=0D

79

0004

LF=0A

80

0186

GECO=0186

81

01C5

PUTC=01C5

82

0200

.END

/WHO ARE YOU?/<CRXLF>

<LF><LFXLFXLF>/HIT /

/,/<CRXLF>/rM PLEASED TO MEET YOU./

SYMBOL TABLE

CR

000D

GECO = 0186

LOOP

021A

MSG1

0260

MSG3

02B0

MSG4

02C0

POUT

0250

PRINT

023F

PI

=30001

P2

=30002

START

0200

ERRORS

DETECTED

: 0

START

LF = 000A

MSG2 = 0290PLOOP 0249PUTC = 01C5P3 =30003

hand, it is worth it. However, in the broader sense of pro-gramming, taking advantage of these kinds of savings isnot a good practice because it destroys the possibility ofincorporating programs into a larger system.

Program 3: Time

The third program, listing 3, has some practical utility.It is a digital clock. The logic of the program is simple,consisting of one major loop containing a counter and adelay loop. The delay loop is adjusted so that the timearound the entire loop is exactly 1 minute. The count isdisplayed each time through the loop.

This program was designed to produce output for avideo display, so each line overwrites the previous line.The program could be modified to produce output on ateletypewriter, by adding a line feed to the output.

Output for this program uses the routine PHEX, whichprints out the 2-digit hexadecimal numbers contained inthe accumulator. In this case we are dealing with decimal,not hexadecimal, but since the SC/MP has decimal

instructions this only means that neither digit will begreater than 9.

PHEX has two entry points, PHEXl and PHEX2, thedifference being PHEXl follows its output with a space,and PHEX2 does not. PHEX2 is generally used when amulti-byte number is to be printed. Here two 2-digitnumbers for hours and minutes are being printed, soPHEXl is used. This occurs in lines 8 thru 15 of the pro-gram.

The minutes are then incremented. When 60 is reached,go back to 0 and increment the hours. Thirteen hours getsreset to 1.

The program then delays for the remaining part of aminute, and then loops, printing out the next minute'stime.

The delay is controlled by the numbers at locations0228, 022C, and 022E. The numbers shown in the listingworked for the author's own setup, and kept time withina few seconds a day. The timing is controlled by theactual crystal frequency on the SC/MP board. Other

180

November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

MICROCOMPUTER BOOKSHELF

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BYTE November 1979

181

Listing 3: Looping through several time delays is used to keep track of time. This program displays the time accurate to the minute.

12

. iibioi i in

.TITLE PROGRAM #3

3

;THIS

PROGRAM DISPLAYS THE

4

;TIME

OF DAY ON A CRT

5

;THE

TIME IS RE-WRITTEN

6

;EVERY MINUTE

7

0200

.=200

8

0200

C4

3D

START:

LDI

~L<PHEX1>-1 ;

GET ADDRESS

9

0202

33

XPAL

P3 ;

OF NUMERIC

10

0203

C4

01

LDI

~U<PHEX1> ;

PRINT ROUTINE

1 1

0205

37

XPAH

P3 ;

IN P3

12

0206

C0

39

LD

HOUR ;

GET HOUR

13

0208

3F

XPPC

P3

CALL PHEX1

14

0209

C0

37

LD

MINUTE

GET MINUTE

15

020B

3F

XPPC

P3

CALL PHEX1

16

020C

C0

34

LD

MINUTE

GET MINUTE

17

020E

02

CCL

CLEAR LINK

18

020F

EC

01

DAI

1

ADD ONE

19

0211

C8

2F

ST

MINUTE

STORE NEW VALUE

20

0213

EC

40

DAI

40

DOES MINUTE = 60?

21

0215

9C

10

JNZ

DELAY

NO SO DELAY ONE MINUTE

22

0217

C8

29

ST

MINUTE

MINUTE = 0

23

0219

C0

26

LD

HOUR

GET HOUR

24

021B

EC

00

DAI

0

ADD 1 (LINK = 1)

25

02 ID

C8

22

ST

HOUR

HOUR = HOUR + 1

26

02 IF

EC

87

DAI

87

IS HOUR = 13?

27

0221

9C

04

JNZ

DELAY

NO SO DELAY

28

0223

C4

01

LDI

1

OTHERWISE

29

0225

C8

1A

ST

HOUR

HOUR = 1

30

0227

C4

IE

DELAY:

LDI

01E

WE WILL DELAY

31

0229

C8

18

ST

COUNT

225 = (FF-1E) TIMES

32

022B

C4

22

DL:

LDI

22

THEN DELAY

33

022D

8F

FF

DLY

0FF

131070 MICRO CYCLES

34

022F

A8

12

ILD

COUNT

INCREMENT COUNT

35

0231

9C

F8

JNZ

DL

LOOP UNTIL OVERFLOW

36

0233

C4

C4

LDI

^L<PUTC>-1

GET CHARACTER PRINT

37

0235

33

XPAL

P3

i IN P3

38

0236

C4

0D

LDI

CR

;LOAD CARRIAGE RETURN

39

0238

3F

XPPC

P3

;CALL PUTC

40

0239

90

C5

JMP

START

,GO BACK TO THE BEGINN INC

41

0240

HOUR=240

42

0241

MINUTE=

241

43

0242

C0UNT=242

44

000D

CR=0D

45

0001

P1 = 7H

46

0002

P2=32

47

0003

P3 = r«3

48

013E

PHEX1=013E

49

01C5

PUTC=01C5

50

0200

.END

START

SYMBOL TABLE

COUNT = 0242 CR

= 000D

DELAY 0227

DL

022B HOUR

= 0240

MINUTE= 0241

PHEX1 = 013E PUTC

= 01C5

PI

= 520001

P2

= 720002 P3

= 520003

START 0200

ERRORS DETECTED: 0

crystals might require different settings. Location 022Chas the fine setting; the other values give a coarsersetting.

Programs 4 and 5: Calculation

Programs 4 and 5, listings 4 and 5, are designed to per-form calculator-like arithmetic functions. Program 4 is an

adder, and program 5 is a multiplier. The functions werekept separate in order to make the programs simple;however, an enterprising reader could easily combine thefunctions into a single program, and even include sub-traction and division.

Both programs use the decimal addition instruction, asdid program 3. Multiplication is performed in a very sim-

182 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Usting 4: Calculator {mictions can be easily programmed into the SC/MP. This routine inputs 2 numbers and outputs the sum.

12

.TITLE

PROGRAM #4

3

;THIS PROGRAM ADDS

4

;TWO NUMBERS, WHEN TYPED

IN AS

5

; "253+792= "

6

;INPUT

HAS FOUR DIGIT MAX

7

;OUTPUT

IS FIVE DIGITS

8

0200

.=200

9

0200

C4

DF

START:

LDI

^L<GHEX>-1 ;

SET P3

10

0202

33

XPAL

P3 ;

TO ADDRESS

11

0203

C4

00

LDI

"U<GHEX>

OF

12

0205

37

XPAH

P3

GHEX

13

0206

3F

XPPC

P3

CALL GHEX TWICE

14

0207

3F

XPPC

P3

TO GET TWO NUMBERS

15

0208

02

CCL

CLEAR OLD CARRY

16

0209

C2

01

LD

1(P2)

GET LOW HALF 2D NO

17

020B

EA

03

DAD

3(P2)

ADD TO LOW HALF 1ST NO

18

020D

CA

03

ST

3(P2)

STORE AT BOTTOM OF STACK

19

020F

C6

02

LD

@2(P2)

GET HIGH HALF 2D NO

20

AND BUMP STACK POINTER

21

0211

EA

00

DAD

0(P2)

ADD HIGH HALF 1ST NO

22

0213

CA

00

ST

0(P2)

STORE ON TOP OF STACK

23

0215

C4

C4

LDI

~L<PUTC>-1

P3 SET FOR CHARACTER PRINT

24

0217

33

XPAL

P3

HIGH P3 IS OK (REALLY)

25

0218

C4

30

LDI

30

GET ASCI I 0

26

021A

F4

00

ADI

(1

ADD CARRY FOR FIFTH DIGIT

27

021C

3F

XPPC

P3

PRINT 0 OR 1

28

021D

C4

43

LDI

^L<PHEX2>-1

P3 SET FOR BYTE PRINT

29

021F

33

XPAL

P3

30

0220

C6

01

LD

@1(P2)

POP HIGH BYTE OFF STACK

31

0222

3F

XPPC

P3

AND PRINT

32

0223

C6

01

LD

@1(P2)

;POP LOW BYTE

33

0225

3F

XPPC

P3

;AND PRINT

34

0226

C4

C4

LDI

-L<PUTC>-1

;P3 SET AGAIN FOR CHARACTERS

35

0228

33

XPAL

P3

;HIGH P3 STILL OK

36

0229

C4

0D

LDI

CR

;GET CARRIAGE RETURN

37

022B

3F

XPPC

P3

;PRINT

38

022C

C4

0A

LDI

LF

;GET LINE FEED

39

022E

3F

XPPC

P3

;PRINT

40

022F

90

CF

J MP

START

;LOOP TO BEGINNING

41

0001

Pl =

•%\

42

0002

P2 =

= 722

43

0003

P3 =

= %3

44

000D

CR=

= 0D

45

000A

LF=

:0A

46

00E0

GHEX=00E0

47

01C5

PUTC=01C5

48

0144

PHEX2=

= 0144

49

0200

.END START

SYMBOL TABLE

CR = 000DPHEX2 = 0144P2 =%0O02

GHEX = 00E0PUTC = 01C5P3 =%0003

LF = 000API =£0001START 0200

ERRORS DETECTED: 0

pie way by repeated addition. Thus 573 X 426 is com-puted by adding 426 to itself 573 times. This may seemlike a very slow procedure, but in fact, the SC/MP is fastenough that computation time does not become notice-able until the multiplier is in the 1000s. The compu-tational delay is then about 1.2 seconds per 1000.

Input to the program is performed using GHEX. Thisprogram reads a 4-digit hexadecimal number from thekeyboard. Since these numbers are decimal, not hexa-

decimal, this means only that digits greater than 9 mustbe avoided. Since a 4-digit number cannot fit in 1 byte,GHEX cannot return its answer in the accumulator, asdid the other subroutines. GHEX returns the 2-byte resulton the stack. (The least significant byte is first, or at thehigher address.)

The first 6 lines of both programs cause the data to beread in. Notice that lines 5 and 6 simply call GHEX twice.

Text continued on page 188

184 November 1979 © BYTE Publications lnc

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Circle 159 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979

185

Our MacroFloppygoes twice the distance.

For $695.

Introducing the Micropenis MacroFloppy™:1041 and :1042 disk drive sub-systems Forthe S-100/8080/Z-80 bus. Packing 100% more capacity into a5%-inch floppy disk than anyone else. 143K bytes, to be exact. For as littleas $695.

The MacroFloppy:1041 comes with the Micropolis Mod I floppy packagedinside a protective enclosure (without power supply). And includes an S-100controller. Interconnect cable. Micropolis BASIC User's Manual. A diskette con-taining Micropolis BASIC, and a compatible DOS with assembler and editor.The :1041 is even designed to be used either on your desk top, or to be inte-grated right into your S-100 chassis.

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Or better yet, see your local dealer

MICROPOLIS"

More bytes in store for you.

Listing 5: As an extension of the addition routine, the multiplication routine inputs 2 numbers and multiplies them.

1 . NLIST TTM

2 .TITLE PROGRAM #5

a

; Til IS

PROCNAM MULTIPLIES

4

; TWO

NUMRERS WHEN TYPED

IN AS

5

; "357X942- "

6

:INPUT HAS FOUR DICI

T MAX

7

;OUTI

UT IS EIGHT DIC

ITS

a

0200

.=200

9

0200

C4

DF

START:

LDI

"L<OJIEX>- 1

SET P3

10

0202

33

XPAL

P3

TO ADDRESS

1 1

0203

C4

00

LDI

'•U<G-HEX>

OF

12

02O5

37

XI5 AH

P3

OHEX

13

020b

3F

XPPC

P3

CALL CHEX TWICE

14

0207

3F

XPPC

P3

TO GET TWO NUMBERS

15

02011

C4

06

LDI

6

SET UP LOOP

J 6

020A

ca

65

ST

TEMP

TO PUT SIX ZEROS

17

020C

C4

00

LI :

LDI

(1

ON STACK

ia

02QE

CE

IT

ST

i"-| (P2)

LAST FOUR ZEROS ARE

19

0210

Ba

5F

OLD

TEMP

INITIAL PRODUCT

20

0212

9C

Fa

JIM/

LI

FIRST TWO EXTEND MULTIPLICAND

2 1

TO EI CUT DIGITS

22

0214

02

L2:

CCL

CLEAR OLD CARRY

23

02 15

C2

09

LI)

9( P2)

AND SUBTRACT

24

02 17

EC

99

DAI

99

ONE FROM

25

02 1 9

CA

09

ST 9(P2)

MULTIPLIER

26

02 113

C2

oa

LI)

iH P2)

BOTH HALVES

27

02 li)

EC

9 9

DAI

99

IN TENS COMPLIMENT

2a

02 IK

CA

oa

ST

«( P2)

THERE IS NO CARRY ON

29

022 1

06

CSA

LAST ADD 0-1 = 9999

30

0222

94

13

JP

OUT

SO GET OUT

3 1

0224

02

CCL

OTHERWISE CLEAR CARRY

32

0225

C6

04

LI)

<&4(P2)

TEMPORARILY BUMP STACK BY 4

33

0227

C4

04

LOI

4

COUNT = 4 DIGITS

34

0229

ca

46

ST

TEMP

FOR LOOP

35

022B

C6

IT

L3:

LD

C'1- 1( P2)

NOW ADD

36

0221)

EA

04

DAD

4( P2)

MULTIPLICAND TO

186 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

MetaFloppy™

The Micropenis MetaFloppy™ gives you more than four times the capacity ofanyone else's 5%-inch floppy. Because it uses 77 tracks instead of the usual 35.

The field-proven MetaFloppy with thousands of units delivered, comesin a complete family of models. And, like our MacroFloppy™ family of diskdrives, MetaFloppy is designed for the S-100/8080/Z-80 bus

For maximum capacity, choose our new MetaFloppy: 1054 system. Whichactually provides you with more than a million bytes of reliable on-line stor-age. For less money than you'd believe possible

The MetaFloppy:1054 comes complete with four drives in dual config-uration. A controller. Power supply. Chassis. Enclosure. All cabling. A new BASICsoftware package. And a DOS with assembler and editor. There's even a built-in Autoload ROM to eliminate tiresome button pushing

If that's more storage than you need right now, try ourMetaFloppy:1053, with 630,000 bytes on-line. Or our Meta-Floppy: 1043, with 315,000 bytes on-line. Either way, you canexpand to over a million bytes on-line in easy stages, when youneed to. Or want to.

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Or better vet, see your local dealer.

MICROPOLIS™

goesbeyond

More bytes in

store for you.

p//<~Korr>Ji/s /

37

022F

CA

(10

ST

0( P2)

PRODUCT AS EICHT DIGIT

38

023 1

B8

3E

OLD

TEMP ;

OR FOUR BYTE ADD

39

0233

9C

FG

JNZ

L3

LOO}' UNTIL DONE, THEN

40

0233

90

DO

J MP

Ll>

DECREMENT MULTIPLIER AGAIN

41

0237

C4

04

OUT:

LI) I

4

WHEN DONE

42

0'>39

C8

a6

ST

TEMP

PRINT OUT FOUR BYTES

43

023 n

CA

43

L4:

LDI

-L<PIIEX2>-1

SET P3 TO PHEX2

44

0231)

33

XPAL

P3

HIGH P3 IS OK

45

023 K

C6

01

LO

<<«1(P2)

POP PRODUCT OFF STACK

46

0240

3F

XPPC

P3

PRINT

47

024 1

BfJ

2E

OLD

TEMP

. DECREMENT AND LOOP

48

0243

9C

F6

JNZ

L4

, NOTE INSTRUCTIONS AFTER L4

49

;CANNOT BE SKIPPED

50

0245

C6

06

LD

H6(P2)

{BUMP GARBAGE OFF STACK

5 1

0247

C4

C4

L01

"L<PUTC>-1

SET P3 TO PUTC

52

0249

33

XPAL

P3

,HIGH P3 IS OK

53

024A

C4

*>I)

LDI

Cll

;PRINT CARRIAGE RETURN

54

024C

3F

XPPC

P3

; THEN

55

024D

C4

OA

LDI

LF

;LINE FEED

56

024F

3F

XPPC

\K\

; AND

57

0250

90

AE

J MP

START

;00 BACK TO BEGINNING

58

0270

TEMP=270

59

0OE«

GHEX=00E0

60

0 144

PHEX2=0 144

61

01C5

PUTO01C5

62

000 1

P 1 = % 1

63

0002

P2=%2

64

0003

P3=%3

65

000D

CK=0I)

66

000A

LF=0A

67

0200

.END

START

SYMBOL TABLE

CR

= 000D

CHEX

= 00E0

LV

= 000A

LI

020C

L2

0214

L3

022B

L4

023B

OUT

0237

PHEX2

s 0144

Listing 5 continued on page 188

November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc 187

Circle 324 on inquiry card.

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Listing 5 continued:

PUTC = 01C5P3 =£0003

Pi =%000 1 P2 ^.0002START *0200 TEMP = 0270

ERRORS DETECTED: 0FRER CORE: 17525. WORDS

,PROG5=PllOG5

Text continued:

This causes 2 numbers to reside in the top 4 locations onthe stack. GHEX "knows" a number has been typed whena nonhexadecimal character, such as W, is typed. Thus,to add 2 to 2 with program 4, the programmer could type2W2W. "2 + 2 =" could also be typed, which is muchmore impressive when demonstrating the program. (Notethat GHEX always gives a 2-byte result, even thoughfewer than 4 digits are typed.)

Lines 14 thru 21 add the 2 numbers, leaving the resulton the stack. Note that there may be overflow indicatinga fifth digit of 1. Lines 22 thru 26 create this fifth digit of 0or 1 and print it. (Note the comment on line 23. Origi-nally, the high part of pointer register 3 was 00, butGHEX will leave it as 01. nb earlier comments on thisprogramming practice.)

Lines 27 thru 32 pop the rest of the sum off the stackand print it. Lines 33 thru 39 type a carriage return andline feed and loop back to the beginning to solve anotherproblem.

Program 5 is designed to produce an 8-digit or 4-byteresult, because the product of two 4-digit numbers canhave 8 digits. Steps 14 thru 19 form a loop which places 6Os on the stack. The lower 4 Os form an accumulator forthe product. The 2 other Os combine with the 2-bytemultiplicand to extend its precision to 4 bytes or 8 digits.This simplifies addition of the multiplicand to the pro-duct accumulation.

Lines 20 thru 39 form a loop for adding the multi-plicand to the product accumulator. The multiplier isdecremented each time through the loop. Decrementing isaccomplished by adding 9999, which is a 10's comple-ment negative 1.

Finally, steps 40 thru 56 print the result and loop backto the beginning. Note that in the loop beginning at line42, pointer register 3 is reloaded each time through theloop. If this were not done, subsequent calls would endup at PHEXl rather than PHEX2, and blank spaces wouldbe interspersed in the result.

Conclusion

The 5 programs described in this article are intended tobe simple demonstration programs that can be easilyhand loaded into a minimal system. They are also de-signed to illustrate some of the basic concepts involved inprogramming the SC/MP. I hope that these programswill give the reader some ideas which can be used todesign the applications for the SC/MP. The reader mayalso be able to apply the concepts of this article to othermicrocomputer kits, since many of them, such as theKIM-1, have useable system subroutines in read onlymemory. ■

188 November 1979 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 171 on inquiry card.

Introducing

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BYTE November 1979

189

Introduction to Low Resolution

GRAPHICS

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Now you can produce amazingcomputer graphics — even if youcan't draw a straight line. Literal-ly! Learn how to draw lines andshapes, make graphs, draw pic-tures and even do animations. Thesimple secrets of how to do all thisare contained in SCELBI's newbook "Introduction to Low Reso-lution Graphics."

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BYTE November 1979

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BYTE November 1979

191

PpogPSfflffliog Quickies

Keyboard Input Soft-ware for the Z80

Kerry W Newcom, 10 Evergreen Ave, Burlington MA 01803

Every program that uses terminal or keyboard inputmust scan the incoming data to determine its validity.The order of keyboard entries is unpredictable, and in-teractive programs will often fail because all input se-quences are not tested. In some cases, testing all inputcombinations may be impractical or impossible as thenumber of valid input strings increases.

These problems usually force a choice between two un-pleasant alternatives. One alternative is to rely on com-plex error checking and error messages. The other is toguarantee operation for only a small set of rigidly definedinputs. Error checking sometimes takes more lines ofcode than the routine that will eventually process thedata, while rigidly defined input specifications result inan unfriendly and unforgiving user interface.

The routine KEYIN, shown in listing 1, circumventsthese problems by checking as narrow or wide a range ofdata inputs as desired by the calling routine. KEYIN willnot return an invalid input to the calling routine, and baddata can be rejected by a single error message. KEYINwill also convert hexadecimal, decimal, or octal digits tobinary while it is doing the error checking. KEYIN maybe called by routines with vastly different requirementsfor alphanumeric data checking.

Knowledge of two variables and the table on whichthey operate is central to understanding how KEYINworks. The variables are stored in locations TBLPNT andTBLCNT. TBLPNT holds the address pointer for thetable, and TBLCNT holds the number of entries in thetable. The table these variables operate on may be placedin read-only or programmable memory. If the table is inread-only memory, TBLPNT can move up or down thetable as subroutines require larger or smaller sets of inputcharacters. If the table is in programmable memory, onemay put its contents under program control in additionto moving TBLPNT.

For example, a subroutine may want to allow entry ofone or more hexadecimal digits followed by an alphabeticcommand such as G for go or R for run. The table for thisexample would be constructed as shown in listing 2. Theroutine that calls KEYIN should place the address ofTABLE in the location TBLPNT and the number of en-tries in the table (18 in this example) in locationTBLCNT. The variable BASE should be set to 16 forhexadecimal decoding.

When KEYIN is called, routine KEYIN2 will load reg-

Listing 1: Z80 assembler code for the KEYIN routine. The pro-grat)i uses a table, as shown in listing 2, to determine acceptableinput.

LINE

ADDR R

OBJECT

IS

16

F200

TBLF'NT

EOU 0F2O0H

17

F202

TBLCNT

EQU 0F20SII

10

F204

BASE

EQU 0F2O4H

1?2 0

0007

BELL

EQU 07H

*ABS

22

F" 0 0 0

CODE OF 0 0 OH

23

FU00

D5

KEYIN:

PUSH DE

24

F 0 0 1

C5

PUSH BC

25

F002

F5

PUSH AF

26

F003

210000

LD HL, 0

INITIALIZE HL

2 7

FD06

ES

KEYIN1:

PUSH HL

,SAVE NUMERIC INPUT

2B

F007

2A00F2

KEYIN2:

LD HL, <TBLPNT)

LOAD THE TABLE POINTER

29

F00A

ED4BQ2F2

LD BC, (TBLCNT)

,LOAD * OF ENTRIES IN TABLE

30

F00E

CD4AF0

CALL CHARNE

,ACCEPT INPUT WITHOUT ECHO

31

F011

EDBi

CPIR

;SEARCH THE TABLE

32

F013

2807

JR Z, KEYIN3

IF VALID ENTHY NOT FOUND

J ',

FO i 5

3E07

LD A, BELL

THEN BEEP

34

F017

CD38F0

CALL CHAROUT

OR WRITE AH ERROR MESSAGE

35

F0 1A

1BEB

JR KEYIN2

GO BACK AND GET NEXT ENTRY

36

F01C

CD38F0

KEYIN3:

CALL CHAROUT

ELSE ECHO CHARACTER

37

F01F

El

POP HL

RESTORE NUMERIC INPUT

38

F020

47

LD B, A

SAVE CURRENT INPUT IN KEG. I

39

F0 21

79

LD A ,C

LOAD COUNT REMAINDER INTO A

40

F022

ED5B04F2

LD DE, (BASE)

LOAD BASE INTO DE

41

1-026

BB

CP E

42

F027

3 0 0 A

JR NC, KEYIN4

IF ENTRY WAS GREATER THAN

43

F029

2M0B

JR Z, KEYIN4

OR EQUAL TO F-iASE THEN EXIT

44

F02B

2 9

ADD HL, HL

ELSE FORM THE BINARY

4,y;

F02C

29

ADD HL, HL

46

F02D

29

ADD HL, HL

47

FD2E

29

ADD HL, HL

48

F02F

85

ADD A, 1...

4 V

F030

6F

LD L, A

50

F03i

18D3

JR KEYIN1

;AND GET THE NEXT ENIRY

51

F033

Fi

KEYIN4:

POP AF

;RESTORE AF

52

F034

78

LD A , B

;PLACE THE COMMAND IN REG A

53

F035

CI

POP £<C

;RESTORE BC

54

F036

Dl

POP DE

;RESTORE DE

55

F037

C?

RET

;EXIT KEYIN

56

5960

6.1

EEF-E

DECODE

EQU 0EEFEH

(if.!

F03B

cs

CHAROUF

:PUSH fC

63bA6 5

F039

F5

PUSH AF

F03A

oinr.EE

LD BC, DECODE

I/O ADDRESS DECODING

6 6

F03D

ED 71')

CHAR01:

IN A , ( C )

CHECK STATUS OF OUTPUT DEVICE

67

F0 3F

CB6F

BIT 5, A

IF NOT READY

6 a

F04J

2BFA

JR 7., CHAROi

THEN LOOP

69VI)7\

F0 43

0EFF

LD C, 0FFH

ELSE BET DECOIE FOR DATA 011*1

F0 45

Fi

FOP AT

7 2.

F046

ED79

OUT (C) .A

WRITE TO OUTPUT DEVICE

73

F048

Ci

POP BC

7 4'7 57 6

r 1) 4 9

C9

RET

EXII

FIJ4A

C5

CHARNE:

f'USH BC

77

7!:)

-HAR DUAf?

cr MCTLJCTMriirMT r* o n cr _

F04B

OiFEEE

LD BC, DECODE

I/O ADDRESS DECODING

7 9

F04E

ED70

CHAR1:

IN A,(C)

CHECK STATUS OF INPLU DEVICf

80

F05!)

CB77

BIT 6, A

IF NOT READY

81

F052

28FA

JR Z, CHAR1

THEN LOOP

82B3

F054

0EFF

LD C, DFFH

ELSE SET DECODE FOR DAIA TN

8 4

F056

EI) 78

IN A, (C>

85

F0SEI

C1

POP BC

86

F059

C9

RET

L" XIT

87

end

ERROR

COUNT

CPU <SEC>=7

ASSEMBLY COMPLETE - NO ERRORS

Listing 2: Table setup to allow KEYIN to recognize the coni-mands G and R for go and run, along with a hexadecimalnumber.

TABLE: DEFM 'GR'

DEFM fFEDCBA9 87 6 54 3 210!

192 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 320 on inquiry card.

Listing 3: Multiple tables allow KEYIN to search for one ofseveral different valid commands. Here tables are set up tosearch for RUN, RES (reset) and REG (register).

TABLE:

TABLEl:

TABLE2:

DEFM 'R'DEFM fEUfDEFM ' SG1

ister pair HL with the table pointer and load register pairBC with the number of entries in the table. The routineCHARNE is called and it will accept one character fromthe keyboard without echoing the character. The routinesCHAROUT and CHARNE are hardware dependent andare shown here only to illustrate how KEYIN interactswith the user. CHAROUT can be any routine that sendsone character to an output device, and CHARNE can beany routine that accepts one character from an inputdevice. The keyboard entry is passed back fromCHARNE to KEYIN in register A.

After CHARNE accepts an entry, the CPIR instructionin KEYIN2 begins searching TABLE for a valid entry. If avalid entry is found, the input character is echoed back tothe terminal. If a valid entry is not found, an errormessage may be returned or the input may simply be ig-nored or rejected with an audible signal as it is here.Routine KEYIN2 will be reexecuted until it recognizes avalid entry.

The CPIR instruction decrements the BC register pairas it compares the input character against the charactersin the table. This is important since the value that is left inthe BC register pair will be the binary value of the hexa-decimal input when the CPIR instruction terminates.When a valid entry is found, KEYIN checks register Cagainst the variable BASE. If the value in register C isgreater than or equal to BASE, KEYIN will return to thecalling routine with hexadecimal input in register pair HLand the nonhexadecimal character in register A. If thevalue in register C was less than BASE, its binary valuewill be placed in the register pair HL and KEYIN will resetthe table pointer and counter and wait for another char-acter.

Another use of KEYIN is searching a tree for valid in-put. As an example, assume that a program would like toevaluate three similar commands and reject all others.For this example, valid command strings are RESET,REGISTER, and RUN. TABLE would be set up with R asthe root letter followed by branches EU and SG, asshown in listing 3. Before KEYIN is called, TBLPNT is setto address TABLE, TBLCNT is set to one and BASE is setto zero. On the first call to KEYIN, all inputs will be re-jected except R. Once R is input, the calling routine setsTBLPNT to TABLEl and TBLCNT to two. Now only theletters E and U will be accepted by KEYIN. If a U is input,a valid command has been found and the appropriate ac-tion can be taken. If the input was an E, the callingroutine sets TBLPNT to TABLE2 and KEYIN is calledagain. KEYIN will now only accept the letters S and G,and the appropriate action may be taken once a valid in-put is accepted.

In general, KEYIN will allow n-way branching fromthe root or any branch of a tree by setting TBLCNT to n,TBLPNT to the first of the n acceptable inputs, and BASEto zero for character input.■

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193

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194

BYTE November 1979

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8080-Z80 Conversion by M. Kelleher. Permits you toenter 8080 codings and returns the Z80 equivalent. LII, 16K $15.00.

KVP Extender by Lance Micklus. Corrects keyboardbounce, upper case lock, permits use as a terminal,screen printing. On tape ($24.95) or disk ($29.95)

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BYTE November 1979

195

Technics! Fopum

A Proposed GraphicsSoftware Standard, Part l

Vincent C Jones, 1913 Sheely Dr, Ft Collins CO 80526

A major stumbling block to making good softwareavailable in the personal computer market is the lack ofstandardization. Each manufacturer and softwaredeveloper establishes internal standards for software andhardware interfaces, and they are usually incompatiblewith one another. Reasons for this vary from theexperimenter's attempts to save 1 byte of memory in a14 K byte program, to the mainframe manufacturerseeking to protect a development investment. The netresult is the same. Extensive modifications are typicallyrequired to run software on any machine that differsfrom the original development's hardware and softwareconfiguration.

In an effort to prevent this fragmenting effect fromoverwhelming graphics applications programming, thefollowing graphics interface software protocol is pro-posed as a standard.

This two-part article presents a completemicrocomputer-oriented graphics software protocol andthe algorithms required to implement it on typical rasterscan graphics displays. The functions of hardwareinitialization, screen erase, point display, line generation,character generation, and animation are defined, andtheir implementation is demonstrated with a sample8080/Z80 assembly language version for the CromemcoDazzler. The power of a standard protocol is illustratedby a diagnostic demonstration program using the propos-ed 1 K byte 8080 assembly language protocol standard.

The standard actually proposes two separate butdependent protocols. The top-level protocol is machineindependent. It defines a standard display coordinatesystem, several standard display modes, the availablefunctions, and what these functions do. For example, arequest for a red line from the center of the screen to thebottom right corner would always require the followingcommand sequence:

CHAR (RED)

CURSOR(128,128)

LINE (255,0)

Set the currentcolor to REDMove to thecenter of thescreenDraw the line

Obviously, not all displays are capable of color; ablack and white display would draw a white line instead.To compensate for any deficiencies in the hardware thatis being used, a feedback path is included to inform the

user program of the available capabilities. General-pur-pose programs can check to verify that the display beingused is suitable and, if necessary, display an error (orwarning) message, or use a different algorithm toaccomplish the task at hand. For example, a TV tennisgame could check to see if full color was available. If so,it could use red paddles, a yellow ball, a green court, andwhite boundaries. If only three colors were available, thepaddles and ball could be the same color. If only a blackand white display was available, all markings could be inwhite with a black court and background.

The lower-level protocol defines the calling sequencesused in a particular programming language. Whennecessary, it also defines where the routines are loaded inmemory, and the addresses of their calling vectors.Returning to the example of drawing a red line, an 8080(or Z80) assembly language program would use the in-struction sequence:

MVI

A,11H

;Code for Red

CALL

0113H

;Vector for CHAR

LXI

H,8080H

;X = 128, Y = 128

CALL

010AH

;Vector for CURSOR

LXI

H,FF00H

;X = 255, Y = 0

CALL

0110H

;Vector for LINE.

Similarly, a BASIC program would read:

REM — Set the current color to RED

CHA 17

REM — Move to the center of the

screenCUR 128,128

REM — Draw the line down to cornerLIN 255,0.

Suitable standards for other languages remain to bedeveloped. Reader suggestions are welcome.

1-4

I

Af-I

X,Y

J

INCREASING X

Figure 1: Standard coordinate si/stem used in the proposedgraphics software standard.

196

November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

S reasons why you should not buy

the electric pencil II

• ° 1978 Michael Shrayer

Check the appropriate box(es):

You love typing the same copy 20 thousand times a day.

□ Your secretary can type 250 words per minute.

□ You're dying to spend $15,000 on a word processing system, just for thetax investment credit.

□ All your capital assets are tied up in a 10-year supply of correction fluid.

□ You never commit a single thought to paper.

If you have checked one or more boxes, you do not need The Electric Pencil.On the other hand, you may want to join the thousands of people who haven'tchecked a single box.

TM

The Electric Pencil II is a Charac-ter Oriented Word Processing System.This means that text is entered as astring of continuous characters and ismanipulated as such. This allows theuser enormous freedom and ease in themovement and handling of text. Sinceline endings are never delineated, anynumber of characters, words, lines orparagraphs may be inserted or deletedanywhere in the text. The entirety ofthe text shifts and opens up or closesas needed in full view of the user. Thetyping of carriage returns or wordhyphenations is not required sincelines of text are formatted automatic-ally.

As text is typed and the end of aline is reached, a partially completedword is shifted to the beginning of thefollowing line. Whenever text is insert-ed or deleted, existing text is pusheddown or pulled up in a wrap aroundfashion. Everything appears on thevideo display as it occurs, which elim-inates guesswork. Text may be review-ed at will by variable speed scrollingboth in the forward and reverse direc-tions. By using the search or searchand replace functions, any string ofcharacters may be located and/or re-placed with any other string of charac-ters as desired.

Numerous combinations ofline length, page length, linespacing and page spacing permitautomatic formatting of anyform. Character spacing, boldface, multicolumn and bidirec-tional printing are included inthe Diablo versions. Multiplecolumns with right and left justifiedmargins may be printed in a single pass.

Wide screen video

Versions are available for ImsaiVIO video users with the huge 80x24character screen. These versions put al-most twice as many characters on thescreen!!!

CP/M versions

Digital Research's CP/M, as well asits derivatives, including IMDOS andCDOS, and Helios PTDOS versions arealso available. There are several NECSpinwriter print packages. A utilityprogram that converts The ElectricPencil to CP/M to Pencil files, calledCONVERT, is only $35.

Features

CP/M, IMDOS and HELIOS compatibleSupports four disk drivesDynamic print formattingDIABLO and NEC printer packages

• Multi-column formatting in one pass

• Print value chaining

• Page-at-a-time scrolling

• Bidirectional multispeed scrolling con-trols

• Subsystem with print value scoreboard

• Automatic word and record numbertally

• Cassette backup for additional storage

• Full margin control

• End-of-page control

• Non-printing text commenting

• Line and paragraph indentation

• Centering

• Underlining

• Bold face

Upgrading policy

Any version of The Electric Pencil

Have we got a versionfor you?

The Electric Pencil II operateswith any 8080/Z80 based microcom-puter that supports a CP/M disk sys-tem and uses an Imsai VIO, ProcessorTech. VDM-1, Polymorph'c VTI, SolidState Music VB-1B or Vector Graphicvideo interface. REX versions alsoavailable. Specify when using CP/Mthat has been modified for Micropolisor North Star disk systems as follows:for North star add suffix A to versionnumber; for Micropolis add suffix B,e.g., SS-IIA, DV-IIB.

Vers. Video

Printer

SS-II

SOL

SP-II

VTI

SV-II

VDM

SR-II

REX

Sill

VIO

DS-II

SOL

DP-ll

VTI

DV-II

VDM

DR-II

REX

Dl-ll

VIO

NS-II

SOL

NP--II

VTI

NV-II

VDM

NR-II

REX

Nl-ll

VIO

SSH

SOL

DSH

SOL

Price$225.

225.

225.

250.

250.

275.

275.

275.

300.

300.

275.

275.

275.

300.

300.

250.

300.

MICHAEL SHRAYER SOFTWARE, INC

1 198 Los Robles Dr

Palm Springs CA 92262

(714) 323-1400

may be upgraded at any time by sim-ply returning the original disk or cas-sette and the price difference betweenversions, plus $15 to Michael ShrayerSoftware. Only the originally purchas-ed cassette or diskette will be acceptedfor upgrading under this policy.

TTY or similarTTY or similarTTY or similarTTY or similarTTY or similarDiablo 1610/20Diablo 1610/20Diablo 1610/20Diablo 1610/20Diablo 1610/20NEC SpinwriterNEC SpinwriterNEC SpinwriterNEC SpinwriterNEC SpinwriterHelios/TTYHelios/Diablo

Attention: TRS-80 Users!

The Electric Pencil has been de-signed to work with both Level I(16K system) and Level II mod-els of the TRS-80, and with vir-tually any printer you choose.Two versions, one for use withcassette, and one for use withdisk, are available on cassette.The TRS-80 disk version is easily tran-sferred to disk and is fully interactivewith the READ, WRITE, DIR, andKILL routines of TRSDOS 2.1.Version Storage Price

TRC Cassette $100.TRD Disk $150.

Demand a demo from your dealer!

Circle 319 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979

197

WE ARE KNOWN FOR OUR PROMPT,COURTEOUS SERVICE

TELETYPE MODEL 43

■ 4320 AAA (TTL interface) $985

■ 4320 AAK (RS232 interface) $1,085

with transformer to operate on 50Hz, 220v, installedinside cabinet add $100

lA/e stock paper and ribbon for the Teletype Model 43

PET, NEC SPINWRITER, DIABLO, CENTRONICS^TRS-80, PER SCI also available.

HAZELTINEl500(assembledonly) $945

1510 $1,085

with 50Hz, 220v current adaptation $100

also available with Danish, German or French

character sets add $30

INTERTUBEII $800

IMS 5000 SERIES, COM PLETE Z80 SYSTEM

2 I/O ports, 1 KEPROM bootstrap loader, doubledensity, dual 5Va " disks, CP/M. S-100,12 slot main-frame. A new rising star! No waiting.

MARINCHIP SYSTEMS M9900

ELEGANT 16 BIT CPU, S-100 COMPATIBLE.

Multi-user, multi-processor operating system. PASCAL,Extended precision commercial BASIC, FORTH, META &applications package. Complete kit and DISCEX soft-ware$550; Assembled $700. We configure systems tomeet your budget & your needs. Hard Disk interface (withsoftware) available.

IMS MEMORY, 16K Fully static, 250 ns $280

TEI S-100 Mainframes

12 slot — MCS112 $433

22 slot — MCS 122 $609

These mainframes are completely assembled, testedand contain everything required for plug-in operation.

TARBELL Floppy Disk Controller $255

KONAN HARD DISK CONTROLLER $1,550

S-100 compatible, plugs into S-100 mainframe.

INTERTUBE~SUPER BRAIN $2,885

Dual Z80, dual floppy double density, 4Mhz., CP/M.Contained in Intertube II.

INNOTRONICS —the most reliable 8" floppy drive on themarket! MTBF greater than 8,500 hours. Head life greaterthan 15,000 hours under normal operating conditions.Shugart compatible.

Drive alone $ 545

2 drives with power supply and cabinet $1,525

SIEMENS DRIVES

8" Double Density, Shugart Compatible $420

~MODEM: "THE CAT" from Novation $190

Originate/Answer. 300 baud.

TO ORDER: We ship within 24 hours after receipt of certified check, money order or cash-iers check. Credit cards: add 4%. Personal checks: allow ten days. $12 shipping for ter-minals. $3 for memories and modem. New York residents include sales tax. Prices andavailability subject to change without notice.

—WE EXPORT TO ALL COUNTRIES——OVERSEASCALLERS USE(212)4486298ONLY—

We have no reader inquiry number. Please call or write.

J0HND OWENS ASSOCIATES, .nc.

12 SCHUBERT STREET (New Address)STATEN ISLAND, NEW YORK 10305

DAY, EVENING, WEEKEND, HOLIDAY CALLS WELCOME!(212)448-6283 (212)448-6298

The Standard Display

The protocol defines a standard display device to cir-cumvent hardware differences. The standard devicedisplays 256 lines with 256 points on each line. As shownin figure 1, the origin (X = 0, Y = 0) is defined as the bot-tom leftmost point on the display. X increases to a max-imum value of 255 as you move to the right, Y increasesto 255 as you rise to the top. This defines the firstquadrant of the standard Cartesian coordinate system.Each picture element (pixel) may be black, white, red,green, blue, yellow, cyan, or magenta (any combinationof the three primary colors).

The display to be used is programmed to imitate thestandard. To facilitate this procedure, four standarddisplay modes are defined. Mode 0 requests the max-imum possible resolution while mode 1 requests the max-imum choice of colors. This allows for displays, such asthe Cromemco Dazzler, which offer a trade-off betweenresolution and color. Two additional modes provide theability to deliberately select larger pixels. Mode 2 is 128by 128 resolution and mode 3 is 64 by 64 resolution.Regardless of the resolution actually used, the coordinatesystem remains at 256 by 256, as defined above. General-purpose applications programs can check to determinethe available resolution and range of colors, whether thedisplay is black and white or color, whether or notindividual points can be erased, and if dual-bufferedanimation is available.

The Standard Functions

A five command repertoire is generally considered tobe the bare minimum for a general-purpose graphicsdisplay. These commands provide all the outputcapabilities normally found on commercial nonintelligentgraphics terminals, such as the Tektronics 4010. Theroutines are:

PAGE:

CURSOR (X,Y):

DOT:

LINE (X,Y):

CHAR (VAL):

Next page, ie,erase the entirescreen.

Position the cur-sor at the pointX,Y.

Set the pixeldefined by thecursor position tothe currentlyselected color.Set the pixelsalong the lineconnecting thecurrent cursorposition to thepoint X,Y to thecurrently selectedcolor.

Display thecharacter whoseASCII value isVAL at the cur-rent cursor posi-tion using thecurrently selectedcolor.

198 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

INTERTEC'S

INTRTIBE11

VIDEO DISPLAY TERMINAL

ATTENTION OEM'sand DEALERS:

Your customers request InterTubeterminals for one simple reason. Theyoutperform the competition so wellthat it's foolish to consider anyother terminal. Add to that I nterTube'srugged design which insures you ofthe reliability that brings customersback. And modular design engineeringthat makes service a snap!

But best of all, the InterTube isreadily available. Just a quick call andyou'll have units in stock.Immediately! And our scheduleddelivery program will help you keepthem in stock.

Good margins, good service, gooddelivery. Simple? You bet it is!InterTube 11 dealerships and OEMagreements are now available in manyareas. Contact us today and start sellingfrom stock tomorrow!

The InterTube II Video Display Terminalis truly representative of the lateststate-of-the-art advances inmicroprocessor technology. Its basicteletypewriter compatabilitycombined with its numerous /ysmart"terminal features satisfy the universalrequirement for a low-cost, highperformance video terminal.

You get everything you need. An upperand lower case character set displayed ona sharp 8 X 10 dot matrix. A full 24 lineby 80 character screen. A status linedisplayed in reverse video. A completeASCII keyboard with an 18-keynumeric pad.

You get full cursor addressing,automatic repeat of all keys andindividual backspace and shiftlock keys.Plus, a graphics mode for easy designand display of all types of forms. Andan RS-232 serial printer port.

And you get everything your operatorsneed to make their jobs a pleasure. Ahooded display that cuts glare and givesextra privacy. A wide bandwidth monitorfor sharp images everywhere on the screen.Below-the-line character descenders tomake reading easier. A programmablewhite-on-black or black-on-white displayand a self-test mode for easy maintainability.

You get high powered text editing withsuch features as character and lineinsert/delete, full and/or partial blocktransmit, programmable end-of-lineterminators, and protected fields. Allstandard! And all for a retail price youwon't believe . . . only $995. Incredible!

= INTE^TEC"DATAI— SY5TEMS,

hh Corporate Headquarters: 2300 Broad River Road • Columbia, South Carolina 29210 • 803 / 798-9100 • TWX: 810-666-2115Circle 180 on inquiry card. byte November 1979 199

To facilitate matching the hardware requirements ofmany displays, an initialization command is alsorequired:

INITG: Initialize the graphicssubsystem.

Finally, a 2-buffer animation command is included forinteractive graphics and game playing:

ANIMAT: Display the refresh buffercurrently being filled andopen a second refreshbuffer for filling.

Display mode and current color selection are providedby the routine CHAR through ASCII control characters.Standard carriage control characters are also recognized.Display description parameters are returned by theroutine INITG.

Let us now examine the function of each of the sevenroutines in detail.

INITG

The INITG function serves three primary functions. Asan aid to the user, the display software is initialized to astandard configuration; the cursor is positioned at X = 0,Y = 0, the current color is set to white, the display iscleared, animation is disabled, and the display mode isset for maximum resolution (mode 0). Special optionspeculiar to the particular display are also disabled so that

general-purpose programs do not have to be aware ofthem to function correctly. Secondly, this routine per-forms any initialization functions required by the displayhardware. For those displays which refresh from pro-gram memory, the routine establishes the refresh buffers.If the display is under program control, it is turned on.Finally, INITG sets the display description variables tothe appropriate values. Failure to initialize the displaybefore using any of the other functions may lead tounpredictable and potentially disastrous results.

PAGE

The PAGE function clears the display screen. No otherchanges are made to the state of the display: the cursor isnot moved, the current color is not changed, and thedisplay mode is unaffected.

CURSOR

The CURSOR function sets the display cursor to a par-ticular pixel on the screen. This establishes the initiallocation for the display functions which affect individualpixels on the screen. Coordinates are always interpretedon the 256 by 256 pixel matrix regardless of the actualresolution of the display. This is true even when thedisplay mode is deliberately set to a lower resolutionmode.

When in a lower resolution mode, the low-order bits ofthe position requested are ignored. For example, when in128 by 128 resolution mode (mode 2), the points (8,4),(8,5), (9,4), and (9,5) will all be interpreted as the samepixel (the low-order bit in each coordinate has no effect).

SPECIALIZING IN

QUALITY MICROCOMPUTER HARDWARE

INDUSTRIAL • EDUCATIONAL • SMALL BUSINESS • PERSONAL

BUILDING BLOCKS FOR MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEMS, CONTROL & TEST EQUIPMENT

R2 I/O

2K ROM

2K RAM

3 Serial Ports

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WIRED: $295.00

16 K RAM

FULLY STATIC;MEMORY\ KIT: $279.00! WIRED: $310.00

ECT-100-F

RACKMOUNTCARD CAGESKIT: $200.00WIRED: $250.00

i icr

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POWER SUPPLIES, CPU's, MEMORY, OEM VARIATIONS

TT-10

TABLE TOPMAINFRAMESKIT: $340.00WIRED: $395.00

763 RAMSEY AVE.HILLSIDE, N.J. 07205

nlLLolUCL. M.J. U/tUD

ELECTRONIC CONTROL TECHNOLOGY god gsgsoso

200

November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 120 on inquiry card.

Circle 175 on inquiry card.

Circle 401 on inquiry card.

WMEJT.

for Apple II*.

Finally, the world's most popular data basequery system can be used in one of the world'smost popular personal computers— Apple II*.

WHATSIT™ is also available for:

• Northstar Basic & CP/M.'*

• IBM single & double density, Icom micro,Micropolis Mod I & II. Helios II, Altair Hard Sector.

See it at the

West Coast Computer

Faire, booth 327.

INFORMATION UNLIMITED

P.O. Box 8372

Merrillville, Indiana 46410

(219) 924-3522

Dealer inquiry welcome.

Whatsii is a trademark of Computer HeadwaieApple II is a trademark of Apple Computers Inc- CP M is a trademark of Digital Research

Zs - SYSTEMS

64K RAM BOARD

The Zs-SYSTEMS 64K RAMboard is designed to operatein any Z80 based microcom-puter having S-100 bus. Ituses 16K dynamic RAM chips,& features:

— Board select

— Bank select

— Transparent on-boardrefresh

—2 or 4MHz operation

(w/ no wait state)—Memory disable

FLOPPY DISKCONTROLLER

Handles with no modificationup to:* 4 standard 8" drives

(Shugari or compatible) or

3 minidrives 5"Run with 2 or 4 MHz CPU

Compatible with Cromemcoand M/PM multiuser. Fully

assembled, burned in, &

tested. Available from stock

to 60 days

As low as $500.00 in

quantities of 100

Price of one.

.$695.00

With 16K RAM $359.00

Plus shipping charges

Use CP/M Disk Operating SystemUsing the 1771 LSI controller

Price of one S245.00

PC board only $35.00

SEND FOR FREE INFORMATION

6 months warranty on our boards with normal use

Zs-SYSTEMS

PO Box 1847, San Diego, CA 92112(714) 447-3997

FROM THE ORIGINATOR OF THE TRS-80 PROJECT

HEADQUARTERS FOR PASCAL

CORPORATION

PASCAL COMPILER

Pascal/MT^ is designed to run under CP/M.It provides an efficient development cycleplus efficiently executing object programs us-ing a highly structured language so fewerprogramming errors are made. Pascal/MThas extensions to standard Pascal.

Features:

'Compiler executes only in 32K.'Direct I/O manipulation.'Logical Functions allow bit manipulation.'Assembly languages interface.'Object programs execute ten times faster thanP-code system.

'Includes real time symbolic debugger.'Accurate 16 digit BCD business arithmetic.

Package Includes System Diskette and In-struction Book (Requires CP/M)price S10000

"Pascal Users Manual and Report" is avail-able and highly recommended, price ... S995

UCSD PASCAL

The powerful, general purpose language sys-tem, originally developed for large, complexsystem, is now available from FMG for yourTRS-80. This new FMG/UCSD Pascal Systemgreatly increases the value and capability ofthe TRS-80.

Package Includes:'Operating System'Screen Editor'280 MacroAssembler

'Library

'Pascal Compiler'Utilities and SystemReference Book

/Requires 48K, \

/F

Price S15000 ^2 drive System)

available without Macro Assembler,

Linker and Library

(not for compiling programs). . price S10000

High Level Languages for the TRS-80BASIC • FORTRAN • COBOL • PASCAL

|S£l Call or write for complete information

D

CORPORATION

TRS-80 COMMUNICATOR

New RS232 Communication Program thatallows your TRS-80 to transmit or receiveprograms and data files. Also makes the TRS-80 into a remote terminal. Requires RadioShack RS232.

CP/M version S2500

TRS DOS version S3000

CP/M? OPERATING

SYSTEM

New 1.5 Version

Includes RS-232 and I/O Byte implementa-tion, Editor, Assembler, Debugger and Utili-ties for 8080 and Z80 Systems.

Package Includes:

'CP/M System Diskette 51/*"

'CP/M Features and facilities Manual

'CP/M Editor's Manual

*CP/M Assembler Manual

*CP/M Debugger Manual

'CP/M Interface Guide

/Requires 16K and \PRICE S15000 ^one drive min. J

Setof5manuals S2500

Update for 1.4 version owners,

new disc supplied S2000

P.O. Box 16020 (B11) • (817) 294-2510Fort Worth, Texas 76133

; n regtsteied trademark oi Raio Shnck • CP M is a reqislered trademark of Digital Research Corp

Circle 138 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979

201

Circle 89 on inquiry card.

TRS-80 BUSINESS PROGRAMS

So good, they're guaranteed!!!

These are the best ... & we're willing to back them ip with our software guarantee !*Created by Data Access' professional staff, our programs are versatile, comprehensive,

AND easy to use.Using BASIC and ASSEMBLER, they're fast ready to "RUN". They are powerful tools that

can expedite clerical tasks, and expand management reporting.

All programs:

+ Have Data Base Management System

+ Use ISAM or Hash Access Techniques

+ Give Instant Record Retrieval

+ Have Interactive Screen Displays

+ Use Error Trapping Entry Procedures

+ Include Thorough Documentation

+ Provide Comprehensive Reporting

+ Utilize Fast Assembler Routines

+ Run under DOS 2.2

+ Include Complete Support

+ Run On 2, 3, or 4 Disk Drives

On line Inventory $600

Up to 1800 Items on 4 Drives. Distributor/Jobber orientation. Includes invoice printing-1

Point of Sale wllnventory Control $750

Complete retail inventory management system. On the Screen: builds sales ticket, price items, checksfor sale prices and qty's, interactive low stock alerts, allows price & qty changes (w/audit). Cash, Check,6 Credit Cards or Company Charge, & Reporting: Daily Ticket Journal, Inventory Transaction Journal,Salesman's Report, Stock Status, Profit, & Low Stock Reports. MORE!

Accounts Receivable $500

Up to 1200 accounts on 4 Drives.Full Trial Balance, Aging, Credit Checking, Monthly Statements. Alsoprints mailing labels for accounts!

General Ledger w/Check Writer $500

Prints Checks in Cash Disbursements JL! 600 Accounts & 2100 Transactions/Month on 3 Drives;300/900 on 2! Supports multiple cost/profit centers, user has complete control of formatting. PrintsBalance Sheet, Income Statement (P&L), Ledgers, Journals, Transaction Reports, Posting Reports ... ATotal General Ledger System!

Payroll $500

Up to 600 employees on 4 Drives! Handles Federal, State, Tips, Dues & Deductions. Complete usercontrol of all payroll functions. Prints on the same check as the General Ledger!

Mailing List $200

Up to 1800 Names on 4 Drives! Six character alphanumeric key & 4 character select code for eachrecord. Sort by key, name, state or ZIP code!

MANUALS ONLY $20 each

WRITING YOUR OWN??????

Save Days, Weeks, Months with Data Access' proven utility packages. On diskette ...

Memory Sort $39

Speed operation of BASIC programs! VERY FAST in memory assembler sort. Supplied pre linked to loadat any 4K boundary through 48K.

DrskSortRoutines $79

Make the most of disk capacity & speed! Reads random data from disk, performs FAST assembler sort,and returns alphanumerically sorted list ready to pass to other program operations in BASIC. Reads &sorts 1000 records in less than 5 Minutes! Sorts as many records as can be contained on your disks'

Data Base Manage w/ISAM $175

Complete database handling system! ISAM directory; interactive record create, delete, edit, display andprint; file compress and backup; routines for loading assembler programs from BASIC; disk sort; INKEYdata entry subroutines; random and sequential access to any record. Interactive data base specification.All source included!

*Data Access Corporation guarantees that its programs will load & run,

and that they are free from programming defects.

A licensing agreement is required for each installation of the above programs.

DEALER INQUIRES INVITED

Call for the name of the dealer in your area, or order direct from:

Data Access Corporation

11205 SOUTH DIXIE HIGHWAY

MIAMI, FLORIDA 33156

(305) 238-7919

•TRS-8D is a trademark of Radio Shack.

ASCII

Standard Function

Mnemonic

Hexadecimal

Display Mode Selection

MAXR

NUL

00

Maximum resolution

MAXC

SOH

01

Maximum colors

R128

STX

02

128 by 128

R64

ETX

03

64 by 64

RXXX

EOT

04

UndefinedCarriage Control

BS

BS

08

Backspace (optional)

HT

HT

09

Horizontal tab (optional)

LF

LF

OA

Line feed

VT

VT

OB

Vertical tab (optional)

FF

FF

OC

Form feed

CR

CR

OD

Carriage returnCharacter Style

SO

SO

OE

Undefined

SI

SI

OF

Undefined

Current Color Selection

BLK

DLE

10

Black

RED

DC1

11

Red

BLU

DC2

12

Blue

MAG

DC3

13

Magenta

GRN

DC4

14

Green

YEL

NAK

15

Yellow

CYN

SYN

16

Cyan

WHI

ETB

17

White

N

ETX

18

Eight

0NE

to

to

optional

GS

1F

colors

Table 1: Standard control character functions.

When changing between display modes, cursor positionis not required to be maintained by the interface soft-ware. To avoid erroneous results, all changes to displaymode should be followed by a cursor positioning com-mand.

DOT

The DOT function sets the display pixel indicated bythe cursor to the currently selected color. With somedisplays in low-resolution mode, several physical pixelsmay be affected. For example, the Matrox ALT-256**2turns on (or off, as selected) sixteen hardware pixels forevery "dot" when in a 64 by 64 resolution mode.

LINE

The LINE function generates the line connecting thepixel defined by the cursor to the pixel requested. Bothendpoints are included in the line. Therefore, a line ofzero length is logically equivalent to a call to DOT. Caremust be exercised when erasing or otherwise changing thecolor of a line, since the pixels in a line from pixel A topixel B may differ from those used when the line is drawnfrom pixel B to pixel A. When lines are drawn in lowerresolution modes, the pixels used are the size made by theDOT function at that resolution.

CHAR

The CHAR function provides the capability to displayalphanumeric as well as graphical data. In addition, con-trol characters provide limited cursor positioning andcontrol over display mode and current color as shown intable 1. Control characters that are not recognized areignored. Note that form feed positions the cursoronly—it does not erase the screen.

Characters are positioned so that the cursor defines the

202

November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

lower left corner of a normal character (characters withdescenders will extend below the cursor position). Thecursor is left at the next character position. No check ismade to detect characters off the edge of the screen.Parity is ignored. Lowercase characters, if not supported,are converted to uppercase.

ANIMAT

The function ANIMAT provides for flicker-freechanges in the display by permitting the user to load onerefresh buffer while displaying another. Each call toANIMAT displays the buffer which is being filled, andopens another buffer for filling. This buffer exchange isperformed at the start of the next vertical blankingperiod. Those displays without the ability to utilizemultiple buffers but which do allow the erasing ofindividual pixels (such as the Matrox ALT-256**2) willjust delay until the start of the next vertical blankingperiod. In either case, no changes are made to either buf-fer, and the cursor position is maintained. The ANIMATfunction does nothing on those displays which supportneither double buffering nor selective erase. To return tonormal mode where updates are displayed in real time, itis necessary to reinitialize with INITG.

Standard Calling Sequences

To encourage maximum software interchange, twostandard programming language protocols are currentlydefined. The first protocol is for 8080 and Z80 assemblylanguage users, the second is for BASIC programs. Byfollowing one of these protocols, a program written forone display will work with any other display of sufficientresolution and color flexibility. The standard display andfunction definitions described previously are common toboth protocols.

8080 Assembler Protocol

The 8080 assembly language interface is loaded intohexadecimal memory locations 0104 to 04FF. This pro-vides a standard location for the package, regardless ofmemory size. To avoid conflict with programs requiringuse of the restart (RST) instruction and most popular8080 monitors, a lower starting address is not used. Thefirst 21 bytes (hexadecimal 0104 to 0118) are the entrypoints to the different routines, as indicated in table 2. Allarguments are passed to the called routine in register pairHL, except for the CHAR routine, which uses register A.The contents of all registers and flags are preserved, ex-cept for the INITG routine.

Routine INITG is called with the address of the firstunused memory location above the program, to indicate

Routine

INITG

PAGE

CURSOR

DOT

LINE

CHAR

ANIMAT

Vector Address(hexadecimal)

Parameters

HL = first free address

104 Returns display description in HL

107 None

10A H = X coordinate; L = Y coordinate

10D None

110 H = X end coordinate; L = Y end coordinate

113 A = ASCII value of character

116 None

H

ANIM

IMRCOLS

_J I I

I i

MRSCLFI I

D7

D6

D5 D4

MAXRD

L

D3

D2

Dl DO

COL

I I I

MCCOLSI I I

I ! I

MCSCLF J

I I '

ANIM =COL =

MRCOLSMCCOLS

MRSCLFMCSCLF

Figure 2:

fields.

D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 Dl DO

MAXCD

0 - Delay to start of vertical blanking.

1 - Double buffered animation supported.

1 - Display is in color.

0 - Display is black and white.

- Colors (grey shades) in MAXR mode.

- Colors (grey shades) in MAXC mode.

256

Display resolution

in MAXR mode.

256

. in MAXC mode.

Display resolution8080 assembly language standard display parameter

Table 2: 8080 assembly language standard vector addresses.

available space for refresh buffers. While some displaysdo not require this information, it should always beincluded for compatibility. The address in HL is replacedby INITG with a 2-byte description of the display beingused (all other registers and flags are left undisturbed).The format for these bytes is given in figure 2. The colorsand scale factor fields which are available in register Hdescribe the display when maximum resolution isselected; the same fields in register L describe the max-imum color selection mode.

The available colors field gives the number of colors,other than white, to which a point can be written. If thefield is zero, it means that the way to erase what has beenwritten is to page the display. The scale factor fieldindicates the physical size of display points in standardcoordinates. If the X and Y scale factors differ, the largerof the two is used. For example, if the display had 64 lineswith 100 points on each, the scale factor would be four,based on the Y axis resolution.

The animation and color fields apply to all displaymodes. If the animation field is one, the display supportsdouble buffered animation. If this field is zero, it isimpossible to build one display scene while another is dis-playing. In this case the ANIMAT routine is a delay untilthe start of vertical blanking. The color/black and whitefield is self-explanatory: if it is one, the display is in color;otherwise it is black, grey, and white. Note that this fieldhas no real meaning if the number of available colors iszero or one.

BASIC Protocol

For maximum flexibility and machine independence, aBASIC language usage protocol is also defined. Table 3summarizes the commands and their arguments. Displayinitialization (IGR command) sets the variables Al

November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc 203

SOFTWARE

"Precise, humanized, well documented an excellentvalue" are the applauds now being given to UnitedSoftware's line of software. These are sophisticatedprograms designed to meet the most stringent needs ofindividuals and business professionals. Every packageis fully documented and includes easy to understandoperator instructions.

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Mnemonic Function Arguments

IGR

PAG

CUR

DOT

LIN

CHA

ANM

TXT

VariableName

A1A2A3A4A5A6A7A8

INITG

PAGE

CURSOR

DOT

LINE

CHAR

ANIMAT

PRINT

DisplayParameter

None

None

<X>, <Y>

None

<X>,<Y>

< numeric ASCII value>

None

Equivalent to print except on display

X scale factor, high-resolution mode

Y scale factor, high-resolution modeAvailable colors, high-resolution modeX scale factor, maximum color mode

Y scale factor, maximum color modeAvailable colors, maximum color modeAnimation support

Grey scale

Table 3: BASIC standard protocols.

through A8 to reflect the display parameters. The scalefactors Al, A2, A4, and A5, normally given exactly, arepermitted to be rounded off to the nearest integer. Thesevariables are ordinary BASIC variables and may be usedand set as desired by the program.

The additional command TXT provides the user withthe full flexibility of the BASIC PRINT command. Textand variables are displayed using the formats requestedin the TXT statement starting at any location on thescreen by using CUR to position the cursor. Allcharacters are displayed using the current color.

Function Algorithms

To facilitate development of this standard, thealgorithms used to produce the Matrox ALT-256**2 andthe Cromemco Dazzler implementations of the 8080assembly language standard are provided here. Of par-ticular interest to most readers will be the line andcharacter generation algorithms, which are independentof the hardware configuration of the display used.

For those readers not familiar with Nassi-Schneiderman design charts, a brief explanation is inorder. More detailed information can be found in theoriginal article published in the 5IGPLAN Notices(August 1973). The Nassi-Schneiderman chart is a styl-ized flowchart for structured programming. By suppor-ting only standard structured programming constructs(see figure 3) and not GOTOs and off page connectors,the chart forces the software designer to avoid the con-volutions and obscurities in logic which make programsexcruciating to debug and impossible to maintain.

The INITG and DOT routines are the only routineswhich normally require extensive adaptation to suit dif-ferent displays. Since the Matrox ALT-256**2 is the onlycurrently available low-cost display which is not directmemory access (DMA) refreshed from program memoryand an enhanced 8080 assembly language package that iscompatible with this standard is available from Matrox,the special considerations required to program I/O portdriven displays are not included in this article. For directmemory access displays, the only other adaptations nor-mally required are the refresh memory size parameter in

204 November 1979 & BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE November 1979 205

Up YourOutput.

TEMPOS

MULTI-TASKING!

The TEMPOS Operating System is quickly becoming the standard in Multi-User, Multi-Tasking operating systems for 8080 and Z80 microcomputers.Multi-Tasking means that, even with only one user at one terminal, morethan one job can be running on the systemsirnu/£«neous/y/If you have everhad to go get a cup of coffee while you wait for your computer to print list-ings, you know the advantages of a system that will handle one job whileyou are working on another. TEMPOS is a true time sharing system, andthe maximum number of jobs is limited only by your memory.

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SEQUENTIAL EXECUTION

IF A THEN B ELSE C(F = FALSE, T= TRUE)

BLOCK NAME

BEGIN .... END DO A WHILE B

Figure 3: Nassi-Sclmeiderman charts, a system of stylizedflowcharts which are designed for use with structured program-ming techniques. Each of the charts physically resembles theprogram section it emulates. The charts are read from top tobottom.

PAGE, the color and mode select controls in CHAR, andthe scale factors used by the internal subroutine SCALE.

INITG Logic

Initialization is normally required for both hardwareand software (see figure 4). The first step is to establishthe refresh buffer. This requires taking the address whichdefines the top of the user program and moving up to thefirst address legal for refresh buffers. This address isneeded by other routines, as well as for starting thedisplay hardware. The different variables and flags arethen set to the required values, and the page routine iscalled to clear the screen. The appropriate display

INITG

Save refresh buffer address

Set Animation Inactive flag

Set Cursor to X = 0, Y = 0

Set Current Color to White

Set Mode to MAXR

Turn off all nonstandard options

Call PAGE to clear the screen

Start the display hardware

Figure 4: The INITG function. INITG serves three purposes asan aid to the user: it initializes the system, performs any in-itialization functions required by the display software, and setsthe display description variables to the appropriate values.

206 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 8 on inquiry card.

Circle 204 on inquiry card.

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Circle 223 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979

207

PAGE

ADR = Refresh buffer address

CNT = Refresh buffer length

D0

Set [ADR] to zero (black)

ADR = ADR + 1

CNT - CNT - 1

UNTIL CNT equals 0

Figure 5: The PAGE function. PAGE is used to clear the displayscreen.

CURSOR

Call SCALE to interpret coordinates

Set the software cursor to the scaled values.

Figure 6: The CURSOR function which sets the display cursor toa particular pixel on the screen.

description is generated, and control is returned to thecalling program.

PAGE Logic

The PAGE command clears all the memory used fordisplay refresh (see figure 5). The most general algorithm,and the one that is charted, is clear byte, incrementaddress, decrement byte count, and test for done. Inmachines with indexed addressing, the byte count can

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double as an index register. In machines with a memory-to-memory block transfer instruction, it is usually possi-ble to clear one byte and transfer it to all of the displayrefresh memory.

CURSOR Logic

The CURSOR routine must convert from standardcoordinates to software coordinates (see figure 6). Soft-ware coordinates are required by the LINE and CHARalgorithms to have a one-to-one correspondence with theactual display pixels being used. CHAR further requiresX coordinates to increase to the right and Y coordinatesto increase to the top. Since LINE must also scale itsarguments, CURSOR and LINE can usually share thesame internal scaling routine for efficiency.

DOT Logic

DOT is the only routine (other than PAGE) whichactually modifies the refresh memory (see figure 7). BothLINE and CHAR use it to modify the desired pixels in thedisplay. This routine is extremely hardware-dependent.Indeed, one of the primary reasons for defining this pro-tocol was protection from differing display idiosyn-cracies. The DOT routine must translate the coordinatesin the software cursor to the actual corresponding bits inmemory. Remember that the software cursor is scaled sothat a unit change in a coordinate is equivalent to theadjacent pixel. The logic presented here assumes a linearscan through refresh memory to generate the entire dis-play, a line at a time, with the top line displayed first.Note that this algorithm is not adequate for the Dazzler,nor is it suitable for self-refreshed displays like the

DOT

F

--_j™« raw _____

iK'loinline the

Ca

culate the address of the affected byte

Mode in useand proceed inthe same man-ner as MAXR tocalculate theaddress of theaffected byteand obtain amask of theaffected bits.

Convert Y coordinate to Line Number

Y_0FF5ET = Line Number • Gytes/line

XJ3FFSET = X coordinate / Pixels per byte

Address - Base address + X offset + Yoffset

Dc

temiine the affected bits in the byte

""" —-——^_^_^^ X even ^——■—

MASK = 01010101

MASK = 10101010

^^~~-—-~^___^^ X/2 even ___—■—-—~—"~"

MASK = MASK AND

00110011

MASK = MASK Ah'D11001100

' _________^^ X/4 even ^ *"

MASK - MASK AND00001111

MASK = MASK AND

11110000

Moc

ify refresh memory to current color at addressed pixel

Temp = NATK AND [Address]

MASK = MASK AND Color

[Address] = Temp OR MASK

Figure 7: The DOT function which sets the display pixel in-dicated by the cursor to the currently selected color.

208 November 1979 BYTE Publications (nc

Circle 33 on inquiry card.

Circle 18 on inquiry card.

Circle 342 on inquiry card.

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Circle 12 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979

209

LINE

Scale destination coordinates

" i——- XF t x_l————-—t

X = XC - XF

X = XF - XC

Sector Code = 0

Sector Code - 4

~~T~^————-JH * YL—-——-*—f ""

Y = YC - YF

Y = YF - YC

Sector Code = Sector Code + 2

7"- _____ Xf Y __ ' f~~~~~

OK

Exchange X and Y

Sector Code - Sec tor Code + 1

Using the Sector Code, look up the appropriate cursor adjustmentsfor a "Move 1" and a "Hove 0".

x = 0

TA - x - Y = 0

TO « -(y + 1) • X - - |

WHILE x < X

D0

Display a "DOT" at cursor location XC,YC

x = x + 1

TA = TA + Y

~^— _____ TA + TO < 0 ____________ ~~*

Make a "Move 1"

Make a "Move 0"

TO = TO - X

"Move 0" the cursor

"Move 1" the cursor

Figure 8: The LINE function which generates the line connectingthe pixel defined by the cursor to the pixel requested.

Matrox ALT-256**2. The former divides the display intofour quadrants, each in its own block of memory withevery byte describing points on more than one line. Themodifications to the algorithm are explained in the sam-ple implementation, and need not concern the non-Dazzler owner. The Matrox's refresh memory is directlyaddressed by X,Y coordinates and no conversion isrequired.

The first step is to determine the address of the bytewhich contains the requested point. The cursor Y coor-dinate is converted to a display line number which, whenmultiplied by the number of bytes per line, gives the off-set into the refresh buffer of the first byte on the line. TheX coordinate corresponds directly to the desired pointalong the line. Dividing the X coordinate by the numberof points in each byte gives the offset from the first bytein the line. Taking the base address of the refresh buffer(set up by INITG) and adding the offsets to the desiredline in the buffer and the desired point on the line yieldsthe address of the byte which requires modification.

The second step is to determine which bits in the bytecorrespond to the desired pixel. The hypothetical displaydepicted by the Nassi-Schneiderman chart has eight pix-els in each byte. The selected bits are then changed tomatch the current color, and the refresh memory is up-dated to reflect the revised point. An effective procedureis to generate a mask which contains ones at bit positions

corresponding to the addressed point, and zeroselsewhere in the byte. The byte of refresh memory isANDed with the complement of the mask to delete theold contents. The mask itself is then ANDed with the bitpattern for a byte with every pixel. The current color andthe result are ORed into the cleaned up byte of refreshmemory.

LINE Logic

Perhaps the most crucial facet of any graphics system isits line generator (see figure 8). Before introducing theactual algorithm used, it may prove beneficial to discussits theoretical development.

We wish to generate an arbitrary line from a point(XC, YC) to a point (XF, YF) (see figure 9). The goal is todetermine those discrete points (xn,yn) which bestapproximate the desired line.

To simplify the derivation, we will only considergenerating a line from point (0,0) to point (X,Y), where Xis greater than or equal to Y and both are greater than orequal to 0 (figure 10). (This situation is general becauseany arbitrary line may be rotated and translated to matchthe proposed conditions.) Under these conditions, there isa point along the line for every value of x (0 < x < X), andfor every value ofx there is only one value of y. Closer ex-amination reveals that for any value of x, the y value forthe following point (x + 1) will either remain unchangedor increase by 1. No other value of y is possible. Further-more, it can be shown that the decision to increment y forthe next x is based solely on whether the point (x + 1, y+ Vi) lies above or below the line. If it lies above the line,y remains unchanged. If it lies below the line, y is in-cremented. In the event (x + 1, y + V_) is exactly on theline, either option is correct. For convenience, "on theline" is arbitrarily treated as equivalent to "above theline."

Assuming that we have a method to determine theposition of the point (x + 1, y + Vz) relative to thedesired line, we can generate an optimal approximationof the line from (0,0) to (X,Y), where X > Y > 0, usingthe following algorithm:

Figure 9: Generating an arbitrary line.

210 November 1979 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 96 on inquiry card.

Low Power 32K RAM for Heath'

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^ Operates with existing Heath memory

\S Protected Memory Output Buffers in the event of

Address error.iS Utilizes popular 4116 RAM devices\S Memory Address DIP switch changeable\S Arranged as 4 Independent 8K BlocksiS Low Power Consumption: Less that 6 watts, typicaliS Transparent Refresh\S One year guaranteeiS Compatible with all current H8 peripherals.

HeathK and H8are registered trademarks of the Heath Corporation. Benton Harbor, Michigan.

$479

D-G

ELECTRONICDEVELOPMENTS CO.

D«G Electronic Developments Co. brings you a totally Icompatible, fully assembled and tested 32K RAM foriHeath(S) H8 computers. The DG-32D has less than 6 wattslpower consumption. This allows you to add a full 32K|bytes of Random Access Memory without taxing or re-placing your computer's power supply. Engineered to|plug-in and run without any user modifications, the DG-32D can be used with or without existing H8 RAM without Imodification. Protection of the memory output buffers is Iprovided in the event of assigning two blocks to the same|address space. The DG-32D is the ideal answer to expan-sion of the Heath H8 computer... Low power consump-tion, low price, high capacity, total engineering and exact-1ing production methods.

Ordering Information: DG-32D RAM available only from DG ElectronicDevelopments Co.. P.O. Box 1 124, 1827 South Armstrong, Denison, Texas75020. Check, money-order. VISA or Master Charge, Phone orders acceptedon charge orders. NO COD's. Foreign orders add 30%. Texas residents add5*. For VISA or Master Charge orders call 214-465-7805. $479.00 freightprepaid.

El

• •

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Distributed by:

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• Lifeboat Associates / 212-580-0082 (CP/M model only)2248 Broadway, Suite 34, New York City 10024

• Structured Systems Group, Inc. /415-547-15675208 Claremont Avenue, Oakland, California 94618

BYTE November 1979

211

DYNACOMP

Quality software for:

AltairNorth StarTRS-80 (Level II)

Sophisticated software written by recognized computer pro-fessionals. Each program is supplied with completedocumentation. All programs can be run with standard ter-minals (32 character or wider) and within 12K programmemory space. *

FLIGHT SIMULATOR

(as described in SIMULATION, Volume II)

• Realistic and extensive three-dimensional simulation oftake-off, flight and landing.

• Based on aerodynamic equations and real airfoil.

• Practice instrument approaches and navigation usingradials and compass headings.

Price: $17.95

SIMULATION, Volume II (BYTE Publications): $6.00

VALDEZ* (Requires 16K of program memory)

• Exciting simulation of supertanker navigation in PrinceWilliam Sound and Valdez Narrows using radar map.

• Detailed physical model of ship response and tidal pat-terns.

• Chart course through ship and iceberg traffic.

Price S14.95

BRIDGE 3.0

• Complete contract and duplicate bridge game.

• Computer both bids and plays.

• Computer will play offense or defense according to thebid.

• Challenging entertainment for the advanced player.

• Excellent learning tool for the bridge novice.

Price: S17.95

HEARTS 1.5

• An entertaining computer simulation of this popularcard game.

• Play against two computer opponents.

• Beware the Black Maria!

Price: $14.95

NORTH STAR TEXT EDITOR

(Update of program described in BYTE, June 1979)

• Designed as an easy to use (and remember) basic texteditor.

• Works through unmodified North Star DOS.

• Line oriented editing, variable line width, simpleparagraph indexing.

Price: $14.95 (Available only on North Star diskette)

NORTH STAR COMPRESSION PROGRAM

• Removes all unnecessary spaces and remark statementsfrom program.

• Requires only a single disk drive.

• Any size program may be processed.

• Increases execution speed of programs while using lessmemory.

Price: 69.95 (Available only on North Star diskette.Requires release 4 or higher North Star BASIC.)

Except where noted, all software is available on NorthStar diskettes, and Altair and TRS-80 cassettes.

Additionally, Microscoft BASIC ASCII listings areavailable on paper tape and cassette (modem compati-ble, 300 baud).

All orders processed within 48 hours. Write for moredetailed descriptions of these and other programsavailable from DYNACOMP.

DYNACOMP

P.O. Box 162Webster, New York, 14580

New York residents

idel 7% NYS sales t.ax.

Figure 10: Simplified line generation.

1 initialize x — 0, y — 0.2)Display the point (x,y).3)Test for done: x = X?4)Calculate the position of

the point (x + 1, y + Vi)

relative to the desired

line.5)Set dy to 1 if below the

line; 0 if on or above.6)Calculate the next point:

x - x + 1

y - y + dy7)Go to step 2.

There are only two obstacles to overcome beforeimplementing this algorithm: step 4 and the restrictiveinitial conditions. Let us examine each in turn.

A brief excursion into trigonometry is required toevaluate step 4. Referring to figure 10, if we call the anglebetween the desired line and the X axis 6, and the angleformed by the current point (x,y) the origin and the Xaxis 6', then if (x,y) lies above the desired line, 6 < 6'.Conversely, if (x,y) lies below the desired line, 6 > 6'.Of course, if the two coincide, 6 = 6'. We know fromtrigonometry that for angles in the first quadrant, thegreater the angle, the greater its tangent. We also knowthat the tangent of 6 is X-, while that of 6' is y—.Therefore, we can easily determine the position of anypoint relative to the desired line by comparing the quo-tients £ and £-.

Unfortunately, performing division on microcom-puters is a time-consuming process. Using the propertiesof inequalities to eliminate the divisions, we can build adecision table (see table 4) which requires onlymultiplication. Returning to our original algorithm, weset dy to 1 if:

(x + 1) x Y > X x (y + Vz)and to 0 if it is not. Further advantage can be gained byrealizing that at each iteration the product on the left sideof the inequality increases by Y, while the right either re-mains the same or increases by X. By remembering the

212 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 105 on inquiry card.

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Circle 376 on inquiry card.

• PET • PET • PET • PET • PET • PET • PET • PET • PET • PET • PET • PET • PET • PET

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CHECKBOOK record

ACCOUNTS keep track ol who owes you how much

MED1T create and maintain data files

CALENDAR appointments, meetings at a glance

WORKBOOKS

WB-1 Getting Started with Your PET $3 95 "

WB-2 PET String and Array Handling $3 95 UJ

WB-3 PET Graphic* $4 95 °-

WB-4 PET Ceaatrtt I/O $4 95 *

WB-5 Mlicvtianaoui PET Faatura* $3 95 £

WB-6 PET Control and Logic $3 95 Q.'These programs are special purpose data base management systems They all can

• Sort numeric or string fields *JJ

• Select based on numeric or string (=) Q.

• Select based on substring match •

• Select based on range ot entry number iuPrices: $9.90 each for programs using cassette storage for data °-

$12 95 each using sequentie1 floppy disk storage for data. .

Prica indudM 40- 60 p«g« Instruction manual C

Add $2.00 for shipping and handling TI8 •

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From S-lOO toIEEE-488

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P&T-488+ S-100 computer = Intelligencefor your Instrumentation System

The P&T-488 permits an S-100 computer to operate as a talker,listener, or controller on the IEEE-488 instrumentation bus forless than half the cost of calculator-based systems. Softwarepackages which give access to the 488 bus from high level lan-guages such as BASIC are available for CP/M, North Star DOS/BASIC, and Cromemco CDOS. Or "roll your own" systemwith the custom system package of assembly language drivers.P&T-488, assembled and tested, + anysoftware package: $400 (domestic USA)

PICKLES & TROUT

P.O. BOX 1206, GOLETA. CA 93017. (805) 967-9563

^Rouf

(THEMM-103 DATA MODEM,

AND COMMUNICATIONS ADAPTER

S-100 bus compatible

FCC APPROVED

Both the modem and telephone system interface areFCC approved, accomplishing all the required protectivefunctions with a miniaturized, proprietary protectivecoupler.

WARRANTY

One year limited warranty. Ten-day unconditionalreturn privilege. Minimal cost, 24-hour exchange policyfor units not in warranty.

HIGH QUALITY

-50 dBm sensitivity. Autoanswer. Auto originate. Autodialer with computer-controlled dial rate. 61 to 300 baud(anywhere over the long-distance telephone network),rate selection under computer control. Flexible, soft-ware-controlled, maskable interrupt system.

ASSEMBLED & TESTED

Not a kit! (FCC registration prohibits kits)

LOW PRICE-S359.95- andTSSm

plus shipping& handling

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Write for brochure:First Lincolnia Bldg., Suite B14810 Beauregard St.Alexandria, Va. 22312

Call for further information:

VOICE: (703) 750-3727

MODEM: (703) 750-0930 (300 baud)

Circle 327 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979 213

+

1

-X =Y

X « Y

\

/

\

/

\

/

2nd QUADRANT

1st QUADRANT

\\ SECTOR 3

SECTOR 2 ,'

\

/

\

/

\

/

// SECTOR 1

SECTOR 4 \

\

/

X *"'

0,0

(XC,YC)

/

\

/

SECTOR 5 /

\ SECTOR 8

/

/

\

/

/

\

/ SECTOR 6

SECTOR 7 \

/

\

3rd QUADRANT

41h QUADRANT

/

\

/

\

/

\

-X = -Y

X- -Y

(

Figure 11: Quadrant and sector definition.

products from the previous iteration, and whether or noty is incremented, the multiplication can be reduced toaddition. For maximum efficiency, the right-hand pro-duct can be maintained negated so that the comparisoncan be made with a single addition.

The restriction that the line runs from (0,0) to a point(X,Y) with X> Y > 0 requires the use of coordinatetranslations, rotations, and reflections. The first step is totranslate the line so that it starts at (0,0). Since the lineoriginates at the cursor, we would traditionally subtractthe cursor from the other endpoint to obtain its relativeposition. However, because a 256 by 256 display does notgive us room for a sign-bit in an 8-bit byte, it is firstnecessary to rotate the line to the first quadrant and thencalculate the magnitude of the endpoint displacementsfrom the cursor.

While all these coordinate transformations may seemcomplicated, the actual implementation is quite simple.Consider the command to generate the line from the cur-rent cursor position (XC,YC) to a final point (XF,YF).The first step is to compare XF to XC. If XF > XC thenwe are in the first or fourth quadrant (see figure 11);otherwise, we are in the second or third. Similarly, if YF> YC, we are in the first or second quadrant; otherwise,the third or fourth quadrant. By combining the tworesults, the quadrant is uniquely determined, and we canproceed to determine the magnitude of the X and Ydisplacements, XM and YM, as shown in table 5. FinallyXM and YM are compared to determine the exact sector.

The easiest technique for remembering this multiplelogical decision is to weight the results of each decisionand check the sum. Each sector is then assigned anequivalent weight, and the sector parameter table isreordered accordingly. Column 2 of table 6 applies aweight of 4 to (XF > XC),2 to (YF > YC) and 1 to (YP >XP).

Once the sector is determined, we have all the informa-tion required to construct any arbitrary line. Referring to

Above

On

Below

AngleRelationship

6 < 6'

6 = 6'

6 > 6'

TangentRelationship

Y <XX x

X x

Y >X

X x

Relationshipafter Multiplyingthrough by x.X

xY < Xy

xY = Xy

xY > X^

Result of

xY -Xy

Negative

Zero

Positive

Table 4: Point position relative to a line.

Quadrant

123

4

XM

XF -XCXC - XFXC- XFXF- XC

YM

YF - YCYF - YCYC - YFYC - YF

Table 5: Component magnitudes in the four quadrants.

>ctor

Sector

X

Y

M

ove

0

Move

1

Weight

x incr

y

incr

x incr

y incr

1

6

XM

YM

+ 1

0

+ 1

+ 1

2

7

YM

XM

0

+ 1

+ 1

+ 1

3

3

YM

XM

0

+ 1

- 1

+ 1

4

2

XM

YM

- 1

0

- 1

+ 1

5

0

XM

YM

- 1

0

- 1

- 1

6

1

YM

XM

0

-1

- 1

- 1

7

5

YM

XM

0

-1

+ 1

- 1

8

4

XM

YM

+1

0

+ 1

- 1

Table 6: Coordinate equivalents for each sector.

step 5 of the fundamental sector 1 algorithm, we callsetting dy to 0 "move 0," setting dy to 1 "move 1," andgenerate the equivalence chart in table 6. As thealgorithm steps along in transformed coordinates, it usesthe "move 0" and "move 1" to modify the cursor positionusing X and Y increments appropriate for the sector theline is actually in.

CHAR Logic

One of the most common formats for displayingcharacters is the 5 by 7 matrix of points (see figure 12).However, not many people realize why 5 by 7 is thesmallest common size. The limiting width is, of course,the minimum number of points capable of displaying thethree separate parallel lines required for the letters M andW. This sets the minimum possible width to 5, but whymust 7 be the minimum height? The answer is, it need notbe! However, human engineering studies have indicatedthat the average person finds it easier to read characterswhich are proportioned the same as in standard printing.Ratios of width to height far removed from the "normal"0.75 increase fatigue and error rates.

To generate easily read lowercase characters, evenlarger matrices are required. This is a result of the greatercomplexity and finer detail of the lowercase characters.The full ASCII character set can be generated with a 7 by9 matrix if provision is made for characters withdescenders (g, j, p, etc). This requires the use of an extra

214 November 1979 BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 127 on inquiry card.

HOW TO STARTYOUR OWNSYSTEMSHOUSE

A practical guide for the smallEDP entrepreneur. 213-pagemanual covers all aspects of start-ing and successfully operating aSmall Business Computer com-pany. 5th revised edition June 1979. From the contents:

• The Systems House Industry • Hardware, Software orBoth? • Market Selection & Evaluation • Industry Applica-tion Opportunities • Equipment Selection • Becoming aDistributor • Product Pricing • Getting Your AdvertisingDollars Worth • The Selling Cycle • Financing For TheCustomer • Questions You Will Have To Answer BeforeThe Customer Buys • Solving The Service Problem •Protecting Your Product • How To Write A Good Business

Plan

Raising Capital

Send $36.00 (check, VISA or Mastercharge) to:

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Credit card orders: Send card #, date exp. Add $2.00 forrush, air mail shipping. N.J. residents add 5% salestax. For faster shipment on credit card orders, phone(201) 783-6940.

Circle 366 on inquiry card.

© LIGHT PEN TRs-so

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TRS-80

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PET

■ Professional — $29.95

(Plugs into user port. No batteriesneeded. Sample program in-cluded.)

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plug in. Demonstration program andcomplete documentation so you canwrite your own programs in BASIC.

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Circle 216 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979

215

w

|H

pi

w

my

ft

6v///

W

p

22222

in

y////

111

u

wfr.

H^

Figure 12: Typical character generation.

CHAR

Remove parity bit from character

______ Control Character

T

"~ ■——-____^ Lower case ^^__^---*^~""^

F^~"

NUL—-_ ? _.

^-—^T

OK

Convert toupper case

OK

MODE - MAXR

Determine Chai. Table entry

f"~""~~

SOH

—~-~-^T

Retrieve byte with flags

OK

MODE - MAXC

Calculate next char position

F

STX

——--~~~T

"""--^^^ Five wide ^—■

OK

MODE = R128

OK

^^^ M or W ^^^

f""""""-

£TX■——_^?

-—-"■"- T

Look up 1stcol. in theAux. Table

Pretendretrievedall ones

OK

MODE = R64

F

LF

—-~-_^__ ?___

-—^"t

Put up a "DOT" in thefirst column for eacf"one in the entry

OK

Adjust cursorY = Y - 8

F^~~-

FF

-^^^T

Hove cursor right 1 col

OK

Adjust cursorX = 0. Y = -6

Set width to 4 columns

F^~~*

CR~~~~~-«^__?_-

-^^~T

--—^_^^ Descender ^—^~~~

OK

Adjust cursorX - 0

OK

Move down 2 rows

r~""~"~-

DLE

-—-—* T

Look up the hot ten row and putup a "DOT" at each positionindicated by a one.

OK

COLOR ■ black

F~"^~

DC1

-~~-~*~~~T

Do the same for the 2nd row

OK

COLOR = red

Do the same for the 3rd row

F""""-~~

DC_ thru

ETB _^-^"_^ T

Do the same for the 4th row

OK

Set COLOR asrequested

Do the same for the Top row

Similarany oto be

y check

for and act onontrol charted

Set cursor to next char. pos.

impi em

L

en

Char Size

LC

Char/Line(256 by 256)

9x11

Y

25

7x9

Y

32

5x7

N

42

4x5*

N

64

Lines/Page Memory For(256 by 256) Tables (bytes)

18213232

1200864320192

*See text

Figure 13: The CHAR function which provides the capability todisplay alphanumeric as well as graphical data.

Table 7: Effects of differently sized character matrices.

bit to determine if the matrix is displayed normally orshifted down two positions. As far as the display is con-cerned, the character uses a 7 by 11 matrix of displaypoints. Larger display matrices can be used for greaterlegibility and varying character fonts, but even a 7 by 11character matrix severely restricts the total number ofcharacters that will fit on the low-resolution displays forwhich this standard is designed. If even one row of blankpoints is left between adjacent characters, then only six-teen 7 by 9 characters will fit across a 128-wide display.Memory requirements for large matrix character patternstorage are also severe. The table space required is direct-ly proportional to the area of the matrix (see table 7).

A character matrix size less than the "absoluteminimum" 5 by 7 was desirable, since even 5 by 7characters require 320 bytes for their lookup table.Readable versions of 58 of the 64 uppercase printingASCII characters can be generated within a 4 by 5 matrix.The remaining 6 characters (#, $, &, %, M, and W) fit ina 5 by 5 matrix. Since these are normally considered widecharacters, their unity width-to-height ratio is not objec-tionable.

To simplify table lookups and the special handling of 5wide characters, 3 bytes are used for each character.Twenty bits are used for the 4 by 5 display matrix; thefour extra bits are used as flags to define the specificparameters for each character. Two flag-bits are used toindicate the width of the character. Proportional spacingalso fits the maximum number of characters into anygiven space. The third flag-bit is used by 5 widecharacters to indicate whether the first column is all ones(M and W), or must be retrieved from an auxiliarylookup table (#, $, %, and &). The remaining flag is used

to indicate descending characters (, ; and ). These

characters are displayed two positions lower than theirmatrices indicate. Each character is therefore displayed inan n by 7 display area, where n ranges from 2 to 5.

The basic character generation algorithm (figure 13) isapplicable to any size character matrix, whether thecharacter is stored by column (more efficient for 5 by 7and 6 by 8 matrix characters), or by row (more efficientfor variable 4 by 5, 7 by 9, and 8 by 11). If the characterset being used does not include lowercase, it is necessaryto shift lowercase characters to their uppercase equiva-lents. Comparing the ASCII value of the character to 32separates control characters for special handling.

The character table is ordered by ASCII value andlookup is done by indexing on the ASCII value requested.Since the first 32 ASCII characters are control characters,

216 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 133 on inquiry card.

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Each BMI review is complete—it has every-thing you need to know about a program. Abrief index line capsulizes the review for quickreference. Source information shows youwhere the program can be found. Any updatesor corrections are shown so you know theprogram is accurate and complete. The text ofthe review gives you a full description of whatthe program does. In addition, the review givesdetailed technical information about whathardware and software the program needs.Everything you need to know is right at yourfingertips!

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Computer and Data Machines (England)

BUSINESS BASIC COMPILER

Asuperfastapplication oriented BASIC. 10digit BCDfor values to 100

million dollars with pennies. Random access to variable size, variablecontent records. Long, meaningful variable names, formatted output,IF-THEN-ELSE with multiple statements per line, and error-trappingmake this BASIC extremely powerful. Compiled code, automaticinteger optimization, and fast floating point make applications writtenin SD Basic run faster than on virtually any other microcomputer, andprotectthe source code of the application. 104 pages of documentation.

EDIT

A powerful and easy to use text editor with change, delete, insert, andremove commands. Automatic display of text or context changes,macro facilities for complex or repetitive editing. 44 pages ofdocumentation.

ASM

A lovely 2 pass assembler with conditional assembly, long labels,symbol table dump and cross-reference, error cross-reference,extensive arithmetic and listing control. 103 pages of documentation.

Write for a free catalogue or contact the hardware manufacturer.All SD software comes with a 1 year warranty.

,HON IN SOFTWARE

e>

SOFTWARE DYNAMICS

2111 W. Crescent, Suite GAnaheim, CA 92804(714) 635-4760

Circle 306 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979

217

Circle 95 on inquiry card.

o

?R

NOW BETTER THAN EVER

• Control Prosram for Microcomputers.

• Includes Editor, Assembler, Debusser, Utilities.

• Supports Floppy Disks and Hard Disks.

• For 8080, 8085, Z-80, MDS, Cromemco.

• $150-Diskette and Documentation

• $25-Documentation only

Q

NEW INDUSTRY STANDARD

• Multi-terminal access.

• Multi-prosrammins.

• CP/M-compatible.

• Real-time features.

• $300-Diskette and Manual

• $25-Manual only

OPTIONAL SOFTWARE PACKAGES

MAC™ MACRO ASSEMBLER:

• Compatible with new Intel macro standard.

• Complete suide to macro applications.

• $90-Diskette and Manual.SID™ SYMBOLIC DEBUGGER:

• Symbolic memory reference.

• Built-in assembler/diassembler.

• $75-Diskette and Manual.TEX™ TEXT FORMATTER:

• Powerful text formattins capabilities

• Text prepared usins CP/M Editor.

• $75-Diskette and Manual.DESPOOL™

• Backsround print utility.

• Use with CP/M

• $50-Diskette and Manual.

Dl DJGJTflL RESEARCH'

P.O. Box 579* Pacific Grove, California 93950(408) 649-3896

Am MAT

u

slay until the start of the next Vertical Blanking period

WHILE Vertical Blanking in progress

D0

Kill time

UN

8

riL Vertical Blanking in progress

Kill time

Display buffer currently being filled

. . Filling buffer 0 . —""""

Shift to filling buffer 0

Shift to filling buffer 1

Figure 14: The ANIMAT function which provides for flicker-free changes in the display by permitting the user to load onerefresh buffer while displaying another.

the physical contents of the table start with character 32(blank). To index into the table, the ASCII value of thefirst table entry is subtracted from the value requested.This index value is then multiplied by the number ofbytes per character, and the product is added to the ad-dress of the first character in the table in order to obtainthe address of the first byte of the character desired. Thecursor is then sequenced through the character matrix,turning on the points indicated. Only the points actuallymaking up the character are affected, so background datais not erased and an overprint results.

Control characters are handled separately. Mode andcolor changes will depend on the DOT routine. Sincethese will be overly hardware-dependent, their implemen-tation is left as an exercise to the reader. Carriage controlcharacters modify the cursor position without otherwiseaffecting the display. Any unrecognized charactersshould be ignored.

ANIMAT Logic

The first requirement of the ANIMAT logic is to waitfor vertical blanking to start (see figure 14). Mostdisplays provide an input port with a status-bit whichindicates when vertical blanking is in progress. By delay-ing until the status-bit indicates normal scan, then delay-ing until it indicates vertical blanking in progress, we areassured of a full vertical blanking period being available.If the display being programmed does not support chang-ing the location of the refresh buffer by software con-trols, the routine is finished.

Displays in which refresh buffer locations can bechanged are programmed to provide double buffering.After waiting for the vertical blanking period, the refreshbuffer currently being filled is put on display. The alter-nate buffer is then opened for filling. Note that thisalgorithm is valid whether the buffer being filled isdisplayed (first call to ANIMAT after an INITG) or isbeing filled while another buffer is being displayed (allsubsequent calls to ANIMAT).

In part 2 we will present an implementation of the 8080assembly language protocol for the proposed graphicssoftware standard, plus a series of demonstration pro-grams. ■

218 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

Creative Software Introduces: Programs & Products for the TRS-80 (16K level II)

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COftt TK 1.1.$.PWIF lKttFBSWKBKNOD

to aw ml ms& mo.

101 SHUT M nUMlC fWMS In DSH MTtEKT ft* Ttf

lOfTHCrtfSIMfTD

»1---

I1U1H

IICOC «50».ll

«HTBff*D1T

J15H.B

IMS «■•■

aoncs

ntw.ee

idka/smim. t7ii.ee

Dflonfliitfxr

tim.m

vbjmc hoiiik Kee.ee

EWCATIOnfOOO

maxLB

iuee.eetteee.ee

VMM

wires i5Bi.eeUT1U11B m.m

vacation imeinanuns w.ei

TOT* MUTT 9tM IMS II3W.II.

10TN.I

ICOCIK SKW.II.

» VTJJ Mm TO SET A 9WB

IC POTllf FOR THlSmmf (YORK)

Household Finance I & II

$15.00

P.irt I: Inputs data on each household expenditure', lists, adds. updates,chanyes or deletes previously input items. Writes data to cassette tape.Part II: Reads data tape. Provides monlhly and yearly summaries otfinancial data, single CYtieyory summaries, and ijraphs a spending profile.

ALSO: New Programs for the PET:

PET Word Processor $75.00

Complete word processing capabilities including upper/lower case, stringsearch, string change and many other features found on commercial wordprocessors. Package includes both text editor and formatter and requires16K or 32K PET.

PET Space War II $10.00

Fantastic real-time action! You are in complete control of the Enterpriseas you fend off aliens to search the universe for colonizable planets.Requires the Creative Software single joystick for the PET.

PET Road Race $10.00

Another great machine-language program gives you a choice of three dif-ferent tracks as you battle with your opponent to finish the race. Includesoil slicks, automatic lapcounters, and an elapsed time clockshowing timeto tenths of seconds. Requires the Creative Software dual Joystick.

NEW! A super JOYSTICK interface for the TRS-80!

Three sockets allow you to use one I-airchild™ or two Atari™joystickswith no modifications to the TRS-80. Joystick interface with twoprograms, separate power supply and instructions.

Only $65.00

Joysticks (Faircfvkf or Atari7"), each $12.50

Household Utility 1 $12.00

(Includes Calendar, Loans and Buy or Kent Programs)

Household Utility 2 $12.00

(Includes Compound interest. Amortization and Car Costs Programs)

Many other Creative Software products arv available for thePET and TRS-80. If your local dealer doesn't carry CreativeSoftware products or program information, write directly to theaddress below. When placing an order please note:Specify computer & program(s). Add $1.50 shipping for eachprogram ordered, $2.50 for joystick interface. California residentsadd 6",. sales tax. VISA MASTERCHARGE accepted. Includecard number and expiration date.

Creative Software

P.O. BOX 4030, MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040

68 MICRO JOURNAL *

**

THE

ONLY6800/09

USER-ORIENTEjlMAGAZINE

Months ahead of all others with6800/09 articles & new products

Crunchers Corner — Bryant (A monthly programmingtutorial) * Flex" to BFD — Puckett * Tiny Music —Thompson * Semiconductor, Part 1 — Kinzer * Soup UpYour TVT — Pass * Hints & Kinks — fixes (soft & hard) *50 pages plus Each Month!

Crunchers Corner — Bryant * A Look atthe SWTPC CT-82 - Ferguson * 6800Relative Branch Calculation (Hand) —Berenbon * Relative Calculator (Machine)— Heatherington * Maillist (Disk) — Lilly *Modems — Schuman * Semiconductor -Part 2 — Kinzer * Locate — Pigford * A20MA, Printer-SWTPC - Perdue * AS-50Monitor Board — Pentecost * TSC Basicfor 6800 — Shirk * Plus Much-Much More!

Crunchers Corner — Bryant * ACasefortheSmall DOS —Mauch

* MF-68 Motor Fix — Sorrels *Transfer (FLEX 1 to 2 or 5) -Womack * 6800 Delay — Beren-bon * Make Like a 6809 — Fein-tuch * Games (Basic) — Harmon

* Boot (Flex-BFD) - Puckett *Freeze Display(SSB) —Johnson

* Paper Tape Reader — Adams *FLEX,M Fixes and Much More!

MAGAZINE COMPARISON

(2 years)

Monthly Averages

6800 Articles

KB

7.8

TOTALPAGES-

BYTE CC DOBB'S

6.4 2.7 2.2 19.1 ea. mo.

Average cost for all four each month; S5.88

(Based on advertised 1-ye3r subscription price)

68 cost per month Si.21

Thai's Right! Much. Much More

for About

1 5 the Cost'

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1-Year S14.50 2 Years S26 00. 3 Years S36.50

OK, PLEASE ENTER MY SUBSCRIPTIONBill My: Master Charge \J — V|SA !Card rr Exp. Date

For □ 1-Year □ 2 Years □ 3 YearsEnclosed: S

Name

Street _^____ . _

City State.

My Computer Is:

-Zip

68 MICRO JOURNAL

3018 Hamill RoadHIXSON, TN 37343

FOREIGN ADD:$9.50 Per Yr. Surface$29.00 Per Yr. Air Mail

• MORE 6800 ARTICLES THAN ALL OTHERS COMBINED*

Circle 337 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979

219

Bock Reviews

8080/8085: AssemblyLanguage Programming

Lance R LeventhalOsborne and Associates IncBerkeley, California 1978467 pages softcover$9.50

8080/8085: AssemblyLanguage Programmi>ig isanother in the series ofOsborne and Associates'books on microcomputers.Those who are familiar withearlier works published bythis company know that, inits contents, the entire seriesis comprehensive. Unfortu-nately, these books havebeen extremely difficult toread due to the use of bold

and regular type and the ap-pearance of obscure abbre-viations in their diagrams. Iam pleased to say that thisnew book upholds thereputation for completeness,and it is also quite readable.

Chapter 1 defines andjustifies assembly languageprogramming. I doubt thatanyone who purchases thisbook needs this chapter, butit is reassuring to usassembly language enthu-siasts.

Chapter 2 describes howan assembler works andgives a very complete viewof all the available features.As with all this publisher'sbooks, it is not merely anoverview. This chapter willgreatly assist you in choos-ing among the availableassemblers.

Chapter 3 is technicalwriting at its finest. Eachassembly language instruc-tion given is elaboratedupon with diagrams thereader has become ac-quainted with in the earlierbooks—minus the incom-prehensible abbreviations.Bold type is used onlywhere it should be—fortitles.

Chapters 4 thru 13 givesample programs rangingfrom very simple to extra-ordinarily complex. The ear-ly examples are slightlybeyond the informationgiven in chapter 3, but theyprogress through arithmeticand tables to I/O (in-put/output) routines and in-terrupts. Each chapter endswith self-testing exampleswhere the answers, but not

5-10 times faster...and more!

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■ True Z-80 native code Pascal compiler—5-1 OX fasterthan competing P-code implementations—no interpreterrequired.

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■ Optimized for fastest execution—recognizes andexploits special cases.

■ Easily transportable—all hooks to your system madethrough support library.

■ Includes IEEE standard floating point package.Single copy on CP/M-compatible disk includes compiler,companion macro-assembler & source of the library, $275.OEM licenses available. Write or call for more information.

n a tm a

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Ithaca Intersystems lnc.,1650 Hanshaw Road/RO. Box 91,Ithaca, NY 14850/607-257-0190/TWX: 510255 4346

the methods, are given.These self-tests are well-thought-out variations ofearlier examples and,therefore, double the learn-ing experience.

The final chapters givedetailed advice on program-ming. These are mandatoryif one expects his programsto be useful to anyone else.Leventhal repeatedlyemphasizes that commercialprograms must be writtenfor the program buyer, notthe writer.

In summary, this is an ex-cellent encyclopedia ofassembly language program-ming. If you understand allof this book and have it forreference, you will have fewproblems.

Bruce R Evans MD16 Marwin RdPickering OntarioCANADAL1V 2N7

Technical Aspects ofData Communication

John E McNamara

Digital Press

Digital Equipment Corp,

Educational Services Dept

12 Crosby Dr

Bedford MA 07130

$19.95

Technical Aspects of DataCommunication by John EMcNamara is the book Iwas looking for five yearsago. It could have saved mehundreds of hours of search-ing and reading. The lastparagraph of the introduc-tion states why: "This bookwill not teach anyone everything about data communi-cation. Knowledge of datacommunication is acquiredby a bootstrapping processin which one learns enoughto read the next book or ex-plore the next problem,from which one learnsenough to go on further.This book is intended to fill

220 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

a place in that process."

This book deals with thereal nitty-gritty of data com-munications from "what is astop bit?" all the waythrough an explanation ofpacket switching. All the in-formation is presented inpractical terms rather thanthrough math and theory. Aglossary in the back of thebook defines all the termsused. Various accompanyingtables list character codes,pin connections, and usableline lengths. If you need toknow what a UART is andhow it works, there is anappendix devoted entirely toUARTs.

If you need to knowabout asynchronous or syn-chronous communication,common protocols and whatthey are suited for, howtelephones work, thecharacteristics of differentmodems, and what types ofautomatic-calling units areavailable and how to write aprogram to talk to them,you can find it in this book.If you only need to knowwhat pin 8 on the 25-pinconnector on your terminalis used for, you can alsofind that information in thisbook.

There are about 400 pagesof good reference informa-tion with readable explana-tions for anyone who mustdeal with data communica-tions hardware or software.Technical Aspects of DataCommunication is wellworth the price. ■

Phil HughesPOB 2847Olympia WA 98507

BYTE's 6

Broken Text

Several readers havebrought to our attentionthat line 1790 of the Questprogram on page 181 of theJuly 1979 BYTE is difficultto read. The line shouldread 1790 ON Al GOTO1000, 9999, 1760. ■

Start Computing For Just $129.95 With An8085-Based Professional Computer Kit—

Explorer/85

700% compatible with all 8080A and8085 software & development tools!

No matter what your future computing plans maybe, Level "A "—at $129.95—is your starting point.

Starting at just $129.95 for a Level (,A" operating system,you can now build the exact computer you want. Explorer/85can be your beginner's system, OEM controller, or IBM-formatted 8" disk small business system.. .yet you're neverforced to spend a penny for a component or feature you don'twant and you can expand in small, affordable steps!

Now, for just $129.95, you can own the first level of a fullyexpandable computer with professional capabilities—a com-puter which features the advanced Intel 8085 cpu, therebygiving you immediate access to all software and developmenttools that exist for both the 8085 and its 8080 A predecessor(they are 100% software compatible)—a. computer whichfeatures onboard S-100 bus expansion—plus instant conver-sion to mass storage disk memory with either 5-1/4" diskettesor standard IBM-formatted 8" disks.

For just $129.95 (plus the cost of a power supply, keyboard/terminal and RF modulator, if you don't have them already),Explorer/85 lets you begin computing on a significant level. . .applying the principles discussed in leading computer maga-zines. . .developing "state of the an" computer solutions forboth the industrial and leisure environment.

Level "A" Specifications

Explorer/85's Level "A" system features the advanced Intel8085 cpu, an 8355 ROM with 2k deluxe monitor/operatingsystem, and an 8155 ROM-I/O—all on a single motherboardwith room for RAM/ROM/PROM/EPROM and S-100 ex-pansion, plus generous prototyping space.

(Level "A" makes a perfect OEM controller for industrialapplications and is available in a special Hex Version whichcan be programmed usingthe Netronics Hex Keypad/Display.)

PC Board: glass epoxy, platedthrough holes with solder mask• I/O: provisions for 25-pin(DB25) connector for terminalserial I/O, which can also sup-port a paper tape reader...provision for 24-pin DIPsocket for hex keyboard/dis-play. . .cassette tape recorder in-put. ..cassette tape recorder output.. .cassette tape controloutput. . .speaker output... LED output indicator on SOD(serial output) line.. .printer interface (less drivers).. .total offour 8-bit plus one 6-bit I/O ports'Crystal Frequency: 6.144MHz • Control Switches: reset and user (RST 7.5)interrupt. . .additional provisions for RST 5.5, 6.5 and TRAPinterrupts onboard • Counter/Timer: programmable, 14-bitbinary ♦ System RAM: 256 bytes located at F800, ideal forsmaller systems and for use as an isolated stack area inexpanded systems.. .RAM expandable to 64k via S-100 bus or4K on motherboard.

System Monitor (Terminal Version): 2k bytes of deluxesystem monitor ROM located at F000 leaving 0000 free for userRAM/ROM. Features include tape load with labeling ...tapedump with labeling.. examine/change contents of memory...insert data... warm start.. .examine and change allregisters.. .single step with register display at each break point,a debugging/training feature...go to execution address...move blocks of memory from one location to another.. .fillblocks of memory with a constant... display blocks of memory... automatic baud rate selection.. . variable display line lengthcontrol (1-255 characters/line). . .channelized I/O monitorroutine with 8-bit parallel output for high speed printer. . .serial console in and console out channel so that monitor cancommunicate with I/O ports.

System Monitor (Hex Version): Tape load with labeling. . .tape dump with labeling . . .examine/change contents of mem-ory... insert data •..warm start.. examine and change all

By Netronics

Level "A " at $129.95 is acomplete operating system,perfect for beginners, hob-biests, or industrial con-troller use.

Hex Keypad/Display.

Explorer/85 with"C" card cage.

registers.. .single step with register display at each break point...go to execution address. Level "A" in the Hex Versionmakes a perfect controller for industrial applications and canbe programmed using the Netronics Hex Keypad/Display.HHP Hex Keypad/DisplaySpecifications

Calculator type keypad with 24system defined and 16 userdefined keys. 6 digit calculatortype display which displays fulladdress plus data as well asregister and status information.

Level "B" Specifications

Level"B" provides the S-100 signals plus buffers/drivers tosupport up to six S-100 bus boards and includes: addressdecoding for onboard 4k RAM expansion select-able in4k blocks.. .address decoding for onboard 8k EPROM expan-sion selectable in 8k blocks... address and data bus drivers foronboard expansion.. .wait state generator (jumper selectable),to allow the use of slower memories.. .two separate 5 voltregulators.

Level "C" Specifications

Level "C" expands Explorer'smotherboard with a card cage,allowing you to plug up to sixS-100 cards directly into themotherboard. Both cage and*l cards are neatly contained insideExplorer's deluxe steel cabinet.Level *'C" includes a sheet metal superstructure, a 5-card goldplated S-100 extension PC board which plugs into the mother-board. Just add required number of S-100 connectors

Level "D" Specifications

Level "D" provides 4k or RAM, power supply regulation,filtering decoupling components and sockets to expand yourExplorer/85 memory to 4k (plus the original 256 bytes locatedin the 8155A). The static RAM can be located anywhere from0000 to EFFF in 4k blocks.

Level "E" Specifications

Level "E" adds sockets for 8k of EPROM to use the popularIntel 2716 or the Tl 2516. It includes all sockets, power supplyregulator, heat sink, filtering and decoupling components.Sockets may also be used for soon to be available RAM IC's(allowing for up to 12k of onboard RAM).

Order A CoordinatedExplorer/85 Applications Pak!

Experimenter's Pak (SAVE $12.50)—Buy Level "A" and HexKeypad/Display for $199.90 and get FREE Intel 8085 user'smanual plus FREE postage& handling!

Student Pak (SAVE $24.45)—Buy Level "A," ASCII Key-board/Computer Terminal, and Power Supply for $319.85 andget FREE RF Modulator plus FREE Intel 8085 user's manualplus FREE postage & handling!

Engineering Pak (SAVE $41.00)—Buy Levels "A," "B,""C," "D," and "E" with Power Supply, ASCII Keyboard/Computer Terminal, and six S-100 Bus Connectors for $514.75and get 10 FREE computer grade cassette tapes plus FREE8085 user's manual plus FREE postage & handling!Business Pak (SAVE $89.95)—Buy Explorer/85 Levels "A,""B," and "C" (with cabinet), Power Supply, ASCII Key-board/Computer Terminal (with cabinet), 16k RAM, 12"Video Monitor, North Star 5-1/4" Disk Drive (includes NorthStar BASIC) with power supply and cabinet, all for just$1599.40 and get 10 FREE 5-1/4" minidiskettes ($49.95 value)plus FREE 8085 user's manual plus FREE postage & handling!

Continental U.S.A. Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut

CALL TOLL FREE 800-243-7428

( To Order From Connecticut Or For Technical

"Netronics R&D LtcT, DepMiMO Assistance, Etc. Call (203) 354-9375 "1

I 333 Litchfield Road. New Milford,CT 06676

* Plpnvp npnrl thp i/omc rhprtcpri hplnw nlllS$2nA'l

□ Deluxe Steel Cabinet for ASCIIKeyboard/Terminal, $19.95 plus $2.50p&h.

□ Power Supply Kit (±8V @ 5 amps)in deluxe steel cabinet, $39.95 plus $2p&h.

□ Gold Plated S-100 Bus Connectors,$4.85 each, postpaid.Q RF Modulator Kit (allows you touse your TV set as a monitor), $8.95postpaid.

D 16k RAM Kit (S-100 Board expandsto 64k), $199.95 plus $2 p&h.

□ 32k RAM Kit, $329.95 plus $2 p&h.

□ 48K RAM Kit, $459.95 plus $2 p&h.D 64k RAM Kitr*589.95 plus $2 p&h.

□ 16k RAM Expansion Kit (to expandany of the above up to 64k), $139.95plus $2 p&h each.

□ Intel 8085 cpu User's Manual, $7.50postpaid.

□ Special Computer Grade CassetteTapes, $1.90 each or 3 for $5, postpaid.

□ 12" Video Monitor (10 MHz band-width), $139.95 plus $5 p&h.D North Star Double Density FloppyDisk Kit (One Drive) for Explorer/85 (includes 3 drive S-100 controller,DOS, and extended BASIC with per-

Please send the items checked below-D Explorer/85 Level "A" Kit (ASCIIVersion), $129.95 plus $3 p&h.

□ Explorer/85 Level "A" Kit (HexVersion), $129.95 plus $3 p&h.

□ 8k Microsoft BASIC on cassettetape, $64.95 postpaid.

□ 8k Microsoft BASIC in ROM Kit(requires Levels "B," "D," and "E"),$99.95 plus $2 p&h.

□ Level "B" (S-100) Kit, $49.95 plus$2 p&h.

□ Level "C" (S-100 6-card expander)Kit, $39.95 plus $2 p&h.

□ Level "D" (4k RAM) Kit, $69.95plus $2 p&h.

□ Level "E" (EPROM/ROM) Kit,$5.95 plus 50c p&h.

□ Deluxe Steel Cabinet for Explorer/85, $49.95 plus $3 p&h.

□ ASCII Keyboard/Computer Ter-minal Kit (features a full 128 characterset, upper & lower case, full cursor con-trol, 75 ohm video output convertibleto baudot output, selectable baud rate,RS232-C or 20 ma. I/O, 32 or 64 char-acter by 16 line formats, and can beused with either a CRT monitor or a TV

■ set (if you have an RF modulator),

3 $149.95 plus $2.50 p&h.

ID Hex Keypad/Display Kit, $69.95

sonalized disk operating system—just ■plug it in and you're up and running!),!$699.95 plus $5 p&h.

□ Power Supply Kit for North StarlDisk Drive, $39.95 plus $2 p&h.

□ Deluxe Case for North Star Disk IDrive, $39.95 plus $2 p&h.

□ Experimenter's Pak (see above), I$199.90 postpaid.

□ Student Pak (see above), $319.851postpaid.

□ Engineering Pak (see above), |$514.75 postpaid.

D Business Pak (see above), $1599.4olpostpaid.

Total Enclosed $ I

(Conn. res. add sales tax) By— I

□ Personal Check □ M.O./Cashier's ICheck □ Visa □ Master Charge ■

Acct. H _Signature .PrintName

City_State _

(Bank#

_JSxp. Date.

i

Circle 280 on inquiry card.

— Zip B

D Send Me Information ob wJt

November 1979 • BYTE Publications Inc 221

Build a Simple DigitalOscilloscope

Frank DeCaro

103 Spit Brook Rd, Apt C-2

Nashua NH 03060

A digital-logic probe is a conve-nient device for examining signals. Atypical probe has one or more lightemitting diodes (LEDs) to indicatelogic states. The LED lights to in-dicate a high (1) logic state, and turnsoff to indicate a low (0) logic state. Itis not possible, however, to comparethese signals with the state of thesystem clock. The system clock is thesquare wave source from which allother signals are derived.

The digital oscilloscope presentedhere allows comparison of selectedsignals with the system clock. Theschematic diagram is given in figure1. The digital oscilloscope converts aserial digital signal into a visibledisplay on 16 LEDs. Each LED corre-sponds to Vi of a clock cycle. Figure 2shows some typical waveform tracesand their corresponding displays onthe digital oscilloscope. Figure 3shows a typical method of connectionfor displaying serial waveforms. Onelimitation of the 16 LED display isthat it cannot completely show asignal which is derived from the clocksignal by dividing by more than 8.

A block diagram of the digitaloscilloscope is shown in figure 4. Themajor sections are:

• data and enable sequencer

• enable strobe

• data strobe

• latch

• display

The clock is fed into a circuit whichdivides the frequency by 8. These 2signals comprise the data and enablesequencer. Eight clock cycles are re-quired for the sequencer to complete16 transitions. The 16 address inputs

Text continued on page 226

Photo 1: Digital oscilloscope as constructed on a project board. The photo shows theoriginal design (the schematic diagram in figure 1 shows an updated version whicheliminates all capacitors on the output lines).

Device

Type

+ 5 V

GND

IC1

74154

24

12

IC2

7404

14

7

IC3

7404

14

7

IC4

7404

14

7

IC5

7474

14

7

IC6

7474

14

7

IC7

7474

14

7

IC8

7474

14

7

IC9

7474

14

7

IC10

7474

14

7

IC11

7474

14

7

IC12

7474

14

7

IC13

74154

24

12

IC14

7493

5

10

Table 1: Power and ground connections for integrated circuits in figure 1 schematicdiagram.

222 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 286 on inquiry card.

SORCERER* SOFTWARE!

All programs on cassette. Only 8k of memory required.

FASTGAMMON™ by Bob Christiansen. Backgammon players love this machine languageprogram that provides a fast, skillful opponent. Eight-page instruction manual includesrules of backgammon. S19.95

PLOT by Vic Tolomei. Now Apple owners will be envious of how easy you can get goodgraphics on your SORCERER. PLOT includes both a super high resolution mode and a quicklow resolution mode. Both are accessible from your BASIC programs using simple com-mands. Hi-res & lo-res examples included on tape. S14.95

SHAPE MAKER™ by Don Ursem. Construct special characters and fancy shapes with easeusing this on-screen character editor. Detailed 12-page instruction booklet includesexample applications. S14.95

DEBUG by Bob Pierce. Debug machine language programs by stepping through oneinstruction at a time. Relocatable. Several display options. Multiple break points. Modifymemory and registers. S14.95

Z-80 DISASSEMBLER by Vic Tolomei. Decode machine language programs, includingSORCERER'S monitor and ROM-PAC's. with thrsZ-80 Disassembler written in BASIC. Printsout machine code. Zilog mnemonics, and ASCII. $14.95

MAGIC MAZE™ by Vic Tolomei. A challenging maze game. Ten levels of play. Holding yourlantern, you wander through a maze trying to stay on the right path and avoid pitfalls.Automatic scoring tells you how good a pathfinder you are. S11.95

Circle 236 on inquiry card.

SOFTWARE INTERNALS MANUAL FOR THESORCERER by VicTolomei.Amustforanyone writing software for the SORCERER. Seven chapters: Intro to MachineLanguage. Devices & Ports. The Monitor. Cassette Interface, BASIC structure,Video & Graphics. The Keyboard. Indexed. Includes diagrams and software rou-tines. 64 pages. 514.95

QUTlLny SOFTWARE

6660 Reseda Blvd., Suite 103, Reseda, CA. 91335Telephone 24 hours, seven days a week: (213) 344-6599

WHERE TO GET IT: Ask your nearest Sorcerer dealer to see Quality Software's Sorcererprograms. Or. if you prefer, you may order directly from us. MasterCharge and Visa card-holders may telephone their ordersand we will deductSI from orders over S19 to compensatefor phone charges. Or mail your order to the address above. California residents add 6% salestax. Orders outside North America add S5 for registered airmail, pay in U.S. currency.* The name "SORCERER" has been trademarked by Exidy. Inc.

IMMEDIATEDELIVERY

Domestic & Export

DEC LSI -11COMPONENTS

A full and completeline with softwaresupport available.

mini ComputerSuppliers. Inc.

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SINCE 1973

(201)277-6150 Telex 13-6476

680D.64K BYTE RAM AND CONTROLLER SETMAKE 64K BYTE MEMORY FOR YOUR 6800 OR6502. THIS CHIP SET INCLUDES:

* 32 M5K4116-3 16KX1, 200 NSEC RAMS.

* 1 MC3480 MEMORY CONTROLLER.+ 1 MC3242A MEMORY ADDRESS

MULTIPLEXER AND COUNTER.

* DATA AND APPLICATION SHEETS. PARTSTESTED AND GUARANTEED.

S3Z5.0Q PER SET

S10D FULLY ASSEMBLED MOTHERBOARDS—

FULLY SOCKETED.INDUSTRIALGRADE+ 8SLOTASSEMBLEDS149.00* 19 SLOT ASSEMBLEDS199.00

64K BYTE EXPANDABLE RAM

DYNAMIC RAM WITH ON BOARDTRANSPARENTREFRESH GUARANTEED TO OPERATE INNORTHSTAR.CROMEMCO.VECTORGRAPHICS,SOL. AND OTHER 8080 OR 2-80 BASED S100SYSTEMS*4MHZ Z-80WITHNOWAITSTATES.

* SELECTABLE AND DESELECTABLE IN 4KINCREMENTS 0N4K ADDRESS BOUNDARIES.

+ LOW POWER-8 WATTS MAXIMUM.

* 200NSEC4116RAMS.

* FULL DOCUMENTATION.

+ ASSEMBLED AND TESTED BOARDS AREGUARANTEED FOR ONE YEAR ANDPURCHASE PRICE IS FULLY REFUNDABLE IFBOARD IS RETURNED UNDAMAGED WITHIN14 DAYS.

ASSEMBLED/

TESTED KIT

64KRAM $595.00 S565.00

48K RAM $529.00 S499.00

32K RAM $459.00 $429.00

16KRAM $389.00 $359.00

WITHOUT RAM CHIPS S319.00 $289.00

EPR0M2716-450NSEC S49.00

VISTA V-Z00 MINI-FLOPPY SYSTEM

S100 DOUBLE DENSITY CONTROLLER204 KBYTE CAPACITY FLOPPY DISKDRIVE WITH CASE & POWER SUPPLYMODIFIED CPM OPERATING SYSTEMWITH EXTENDED BASIC

S695.00EXTRA DRIVE, CASE & POWER SUPPLY

S395.00

16KX1 DYNAMIC RAMTHE MK4116-3 IS A 16.384 BIT HIGH SPEEDNMOS, DYNAMIC RAM. THEY ARE EQUIVALENTTO THE MOSTEK, TEXAS INSTRUMENTS. ORMOTOROLA 4116-3.

* 200 NSEC ACCESS TIME, 375 NSEC CYCLETIME.

* 16 PIN TTL COMPATIBLE.

* BURNED IN AND FULLY TESTED.

PARTS REPLACEMENT GUARANTEED FORONEYEAR.

$9.50 EACH IN QUANTITIES OF 8

BETA COMPUTER DEVICES

P.O. BOX 346SORANGE, CALIFORNIA 9266S

(714) 633-7280

MOTOROLA MEMORY ADDRESS MULTIPLEXER—MC3242A

THE MC 3242A IS AN ADDRESS MULTIPLEXERAND REFRESH COUNTER FOR 16 PIN, 16KDYNAMIC RAMS THAT REQUIRE A 128 CYCLEREFRESH.

* CONTAINS MEMORY REFRESH COUNTER.

* MULTIPLEXES SYSTEM 14 BIT ADDRESS TOTHE 7 ADDRESS PINS OF THE RAMS.

* COMPATIBLE WITH 3480 MEMORYCONTROLLER.

* PART IS GUARANTEED.

S12.50 EACH

MOTOROLA DYNAMIC MEMORY CONTROLLER-

MC34B0L

MEMORYCONTROLLEROESIGNEDTOSIMPLIFY

CONTROL OF 16 PIN 4K OR 16K DYNAMIC RAMS.

* GENERATESRAS/CAS ANDREFRESHTIM1NGSIGNALS FOR 16K TO 64K BYTE MEMORIES.

+ GENERATES MEMORY READ/WRITE TIMING.

* DIRECT INTERFACE WITH MOTOROLA ORINTEL 3242A ADDRESS MUX AND REFRESHCOUNTER.

+ PART GUARANTEED.

S13.95 EACH

KIM/SYM/AIM-65-32K EXPANDABLE RAMDYNAMIC RAM WITH ON BOARDTRANSPARANTREFRESH THAT IS COMPATIBLE WITH KIM/SYM/AIM-65 AND OTHER 6502 BASEDMICROCOMPUTERS.

+ PLUG COMPATIBLEWITH KIM/SYM/AIM-65.MAY BECONNECTEDTOPETUS1NGADAPTORCABLE. SS44-E BUS EDGE CONNECTOR.

* USES +5V ONLY (SUPPLIED FROM HOSTCOMPUTER BUS). 4 WATTS MAXIMUM.

* BOARD ADDRESSABLE IN 4K BYTE BLOCKSWHICH CAN BE INDEPENDENTLY PLACEDON4K BYTE BOUNDARIES ANYWHERE IN A 64KBYTE ADDRESS SPACE.

* BUS BUFFERED WITH 1 LS TTL LOAD.

* 200NSEC4116RAMS.

* FULL DOCUMENTATION

* ASSEMBLED AND TESTED BOARDS AREGUARANTEED FOR ONE YEAR. ANDPURCHASE PRICE IS FULLY REFUNDABLE IFBOARD IS RETURNED UNDAMAGED WITHIN14 DAYS.

ASSEM8LED/

TESTED KIT

WITH 32K RAM S495.00 S459.0O

WITH 16K RAM S4Z5.00 S389.00

WITHOUT RAM CHIPS S355.00 $319.00

HARD TO GET PARTS ONLY (NO RAMS) $180.00

BARE BOARD AND MANUAL S65.00

S1DD MAINFRAMEAND CARD CAGE,

* W/SOLIDFRONTPANELS239.00

* W/ CUTOUTS FOR 2 MINI-FLOPPIES S239.00

* 30 AMP POWER SUPPLY S119.00

CALIF RESIDENTS PLEASE ADD 6% SALES TAX.MASTERCHARGE & VISA ACCEPTED. PLEASEALLOW 14 DAYS FOR CHECKS TO CLEAR BANK.PHONE ORDERS WELCOME.

2-8D CPU • 2-80 CPU • 2-80 CPU • Z-80 CPU

* 2MHZ OR 4MHZ SWITCH SELECTABLE

* 2 SERIAL PORTS

* 2 PARALLEL PORTS

* SELECTABLE BAUD RATES 150-9600

* POWER ON JUMP TO ON BOARD 2708 OR2716 EPROM (BOARD DELIVERED WITHOUTEPROM

S325.00

TRS-80 16K MEMORYEXPANSION KIT

THIS KIT PROVIDES THE IC'S TO EXPAND THETRS-80 MAINFRAME FROM 4K BYTES TO 16KBYTES OR MAY BE USED IN THE EXPANSIONCHASSIS. THE KIT INCLUDES:

* 8M5K 4116-4 16K X 1, 200 NSEC RAMS.

* 1 DIP PROGRAMMING SWITCH.

* 1SETOFEASYTOFOLLOWINSTRUCTIONSTHAT ONLY REQUIRES A SCREWDRIVER TOSUCCESSFULLY COMPLETE THEINSTALLATION.

SB0.00 PER KIT

BYTE November 1979

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224 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 139 on inquiry card.

Circle 151 on inquiry card.

T.D.Q.TAPE DATA QUERY

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* T.D.Q. APPLICATION CASEBOOK

-COMPLETE DIRECTIONS TO MICRO-COMPUTERIZE:

CUSTOMER DIRECTORYAPPOINTMENT SCHEDULINGVENDOR MASTER FILEPAYROLL JOURNALCHECKBOOK JOURNALTELEPHONE BOOKRENT COLLECTIONJ 100.00**

INVENTORY CONTROLACCOUNTS RECEIVABLEACCOUNTS PAYABLEORDER PROCESSINGLABEL PRINTINGCHECK PRINTINGINVOICE PRINTING

^SPECIAL YEAR-END SALE PRICE

INCLUDES:

CASEBOOK; 2 CASSETTES; 3 USER'S MANUALS & REF. CARDS

ORDERS MUSI BE RECEIVED BY IAN. i\, 1980

SEND CHECK OR MONEY-ORDER TO.

H. GELLER COMPUTER SYSTEMS

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Here's $395 worth of convenience for anyone►working with digital systems. Carry it, anywhere in a pocket, valise ortoolkit to enter_and retrieve data, run diagnostics, changeconstants, test data links, etc.

Look at its facilities:

•Transmits 128| ASCII codes■• Can display last 30characters received•Displays full64-character ASCIIset on clear 16-segment LEDs•25-line RS232/Ci compatible interface^§ •Single 5V supplyI required at 400mAtypical• 110 or 300 baudtransmission selectablefli •Parity codes, stop bitssettable to your standard•Obeys bell, cursor anddata format control codes■ Phone or write us for more details now:GR ELECTRONICS LTD;^ 1640 Fifth Street,

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See your dealer

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HIRES GRAPHIC PRINTER Pnnl in Hires all MATRIX INVERT This program will quickly

the standard alphanumeric keyboard chai- Unci the inverse mid determinant to a

actets in addition to 16 user defined charac- symmetrical matrix or solve a system of

lets Will append to yours wilh 2 easy call symmetrical linear equahons ( 316k)*

statements. ( D 16k) S19.95 si 1.95

HIRES PLAYGROUND Load a piclure or any THE PLOTTER Wilh Ihe APPLE II. tins pro-Hues screen from tape or disk and I hen gram wjh allow you to easily plot equa-do text editing with any ol Ihe standard tions in High Resolulron Graphics in rust

kevboaid oi 16 user defined characters seconds. ( n 16k)* $12.95

(:l16k)* SZ450 MANDALA SUPREME You can now create

THE FORECASTER II The Forecaster II does arlrslic objects wilh the APPLE II similar

a linear regression trend analysis on to the popular Double Bessel Function

your data and automahcally labels the within minules d 16k)* S14.95

Hires graph screen lor easy reading. sm RflCE So|Q Race |S a ve excjtj

1 . ' ""' d"aD and challenging Low Resolution auto

DUAL RACE Dual Race is a very exciting race game where you drive a race car

last paced and challenging auto lace ovei CLHVy mads and around obstacles

game loi two players. (> 16k)... S14.95 ( >i6k) S9.95

MAILING LIST This versatile program has FUNPAK I The Funpak I is a small library

many features such as alphanumeric of 5 programs all rolled into one. The Rat

sor t ol any field, vertical spacing adjusl- Race Maze. Mine Field. Canyon Bomber.

merit printer interrupt foi label adjust- Music Machine and Sound (>16k)S9.95

merit, search any field and pnnl labels. , \

and much mme. ( 3 32k)* S24.95 (^$

MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS This '(^?APR0 FOOTBALL Never before has

program may be used in business, educa- JtRiflSTthere been a progiam that can

iion. or in any field where historical rial a r..yJS^^T pi edict such unbelievably accu-

'S used to predict future evenls Includes fy ^»-*? late poinlspreads with the AP-

the correlation matrix, the inverted \^J fel& PLE II You may predict any

matrix the sum. mean, standard devia- ^^\'t^ game wrlhin seconds horn dala

lion and much more ( D 16k) ... S19.95 /-.-4^'\ saved on casselle or disk. The

TURF ANALYSIS Take the guesswork out ( ^p^\-^} data file will inslantly give you

ol handicapping with this new and easy '^fb I i a complete rundown ol the

way to handicap horse racing on the & ^* season's activily Each pro-

APPLE II. This piogiam piovides incredi- \^ & G,am includes a complete pnoi

bly accurate prediclions through the use mrXh season data file O 22k)* Also

of mulitiple regression. ( 116K)* Also ^ j*f Available in TRS BO S19.95

Available in TRS 80 19.95 • **&

COLLEGE'FOOTBALL Similar to Ihe PRO*„ . , FOOTBALL program. This piogiam con-

Requires an Applesoft rom card tains over 78 major college football

teams and a complete prior season datafile. (D 35k)* S19.95

2612 Artesia Blvd., Suite B -1 Javelin

Redondo Beach, CA 90278 ^J?

(213)374-4471 S15M5

Circle 351 on inquiry card.

BYTE No

nber 1979

225

SIGNAL

_rLrLrLn_n_rLrLr

• LED ONO LED OFF

DISPLAY

0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15

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c

2

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c

4

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2*4

_ Texas InstrumentsHome Computer ti-99/4

Speech Synthesizer

S149.95

Video Graphs

19.95

Early Learning Fun

29.95

Beginning Grammar

29.95

Diagnostic

29 95

Home Financial

29 95

Football

2995

Physical Fitness

29.95

Early Reading

2995

Household Budget

44.95

Speech Editor

44 95

Investment Anal.

44 95

PersonalRecordkpg.

44 95

Video Chess

69 95

Statistics

44 95

Tax/investment-Record 69.95

Send $1.00 for 12 page ColorBrochure. (Refundable withyour TI-99/4 order.)

Superior color, music, sound and graphics-

iinda powerful extended BASIC—all built in

Plus a unique, new Sol id State Speech Synthesizer

ORDER NOWSAVE $150

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Price subject to change without notice[SATISFACTION GUARANTEED OR YOUR MONEY BACK! Re,unds 9uaran,eedCopyright ©1979 Factory Direct Sales

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999

oooooo##oooooo##

Figure 2: Comparison of waveforms asthey might be displayed on an analogoscilloscope, and as they are displayed onthe digital oscilloscope. The dark circlesindicate lighted light emitting diodes(LEDs). The open circles show unlightedLEDs.

Text continued:

of the enable and data strobes aresequentially scanned.

The data and enable strobe signalsare sent to latches. The data strobeprovides the information to be storedwhen the enable strobe of the samelatch goes low. The latches are up-dated every 8 clock cycles. The out-put of each latch is used to drive anLED. The LED will glow if the outputof the latch is low (a 0 state). In thismanner, the serial digital signal ismapped onto the array of 16 LEDs.

The digital oscilloscope is alsouseful as a logic design and analysisaid. It can generate a truth table for acombinational logic network of up to4 inputs. To accomplish this, simplyconnect the clock signal, the clockdivided by 2, the clock divided by 4,and the clock divided by 8 to the in-puts of the logic network (pins 23, 22,21, and 20 of ICl.) Connect the out-put of the logic network to the signalinput of the digital oscilloscope.Figure 5 illustrates how to make theseconnections to a logic network. ■

226 November 1979 © BYTE Publications In

Circle 134 on inquiry card.

Circle 322 on inquiry card.

Figure 3: Typical method of connection for displaying serial waveforms.

DATASTROBE

>

i

1

DATA AND

ENABLE

SEQUENCER

LATCH

DISPLAY

i

i

ENABLESTROBE

Figure 4: Block diagram of digital oscilloscope function.

CLOCK/8

LOGICNETWORK

DIGITALOSCILLOSCOPE

CLOCK/4

CLOCK/2

OUTPUT

CLOCK

EXTECLOC

]

RNALK

l

SIGNALINPUT

Figure 5: Connections to determine truth table for a logic network.

&>.<£. inc.

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This totally integrated, single entrysystem is easy to learn and easy touse because it is "Menu" oriented.

The software requires a minimum systemconsisting of 48K memory, CRT,Printer, dual floppy disc. It is readyto run on the following systems :

v DEC PDP-11

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v PASCAL MICROENGINE

v CIT PENSEE

We are working on the followingsystems and feel we can install oursoftware on them within 30 days ARO:Data General, General Automation, LSI4/10,4/30, Some Z80 Systems

Price for the total system is$2995.00. Order a user manual ($25.00plus $2.00 shipping & handling) or theDemo Floppy & Manual ($65.00 plus$2.50 shipping & handling) to reservethis price for you beyond our expectedprice increase Nov 1, 1979.

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VISA AM) MASTERCHARGE WELCOMEOR SEND CHECK OR MONEY ORDER TO

P. S. INC, 619 NP AVE, BOX 2017LFARGO, ND 58107(PH) 701/235-8145

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc 227

Event Cueue

In order to gain optimumcoverage of your organization's computer conferences,seminars, workshops,courses, etc, notice shouldreach our office at least threemonths in advance of thedate of the event. Entriesshould be sent to: EventQueue, BYTE Publications,70 Main St, PeterboroughNH 03458. Each month wepublish the current contentsof the queue for the month ofthe cover date and the twofollowing calendar months.Thus a given event may ap-pear as many as three times inthis section if it is sent to usfar enough in advance.

NOVEMBER 1979

November 1

Invitational Computer Con-ference, Cherry Hill NJ. Thisconference is directed to thequantity buyer and willfeature the newestdevelopments in computerand peripheral technology.Contact B J Johnson andAssociates, 2503 EastbluffDr, Suite 203, NewportBeach CA 92660.

November 5-7

Thirteenth Asilomar Con-ference on Circuits, Systemsand Computers, AsilomarHotel and ConferenceGrounds, Pacific Grove CA.Contact Roger C Wood,

Electrical and ComputerEngineering Dept, Universityof California, Santa BarbaraCA 93106.

November 5-8

Electronics ProductionEngineering Show, KosamiExhibition Center, SeoulKorea. This international in-dustrial exposition will bedevoted to the needs ofmanufacturers of electronicproducts in Korea. ContactExpoconsul, Clapp andPoliak International SalesDivision, 420 LexingtonAve, New York NY 10017.

November 6-8

IEEE Third InternationalConference on ComputerSoftware and Applications,

The Palmer House, ChicagoIL. Contact IEEE ComputerSociety, POB 639, SilverSpring MD 20901.

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November 6-8

Midcon/79 Show and Con-vention. O'Hare ExpositionCenter and Hyatt RegencyO'Hare, Chicago IL. ContactElectronic Conventions Inc,999 N Sepulveda Blvd, ElSegundo CA 90245.

November 6-8

New England Printed Cir-cuits and Micro-ElectronicsExposition, Northeast TradeCenter, Woburn MA. Thisshow is devoted to theequipment, materials, tools,supplies, and test instru-ments needed to manu-facture electronic andmicroelectronic circuits,components, and systems.The show is sponsored bythe International ElectronicsPackaging Society. ContactIndustrial and ScientificConference ManagementInc, 222 W Adams St,Chicago IL 60606

November 6-8

Third Digital AvionicsSystems Conference, Ft

Worth TX. This conferencewill probe the expectationsand challenges of the digitalrevolution in avionicssystems. Contact John CRuth, Technical ProgramChairman, POB 12628,Ft Worth TX 76116.

November 8-10

Entering a Decade ofExperience - Where Are Weand Where Are We Going?,

Atlanta Hilton, Atlanta GA.Sponsored by the Societyfor Computer Medicine, thisconference will covermicroprocessing in medicine,computers and medicalrecords, automated ill-patient monitoring and otherrelated topics. Contact theSociety for ComputerMedicine, Suite 602, 1901 NFt Myer Dr, Arlington VA22209.

November 12-14

Computer Cryptography,

The George WashingtonUniversity, Washington DC.The objective of this courseis to provide each partici-pant with a workingknowledge of the use of

228 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 2 on inquiry card.

cryptography in computerapplications. Contact Con-tinuing Education, GeorgeWashington University,Washington DC 20052.

November 12-16

Communications SatelliteAntenna Technology,

University of SouthernCalifornia, Los Angeles CA.This course is for engineersengaged in the design ofmilitary or commercialsatellite communicationsystems, spacecraft antennaand ground stations. Multi-ple beams, frequency reuse,

polarization control, thenew generation of satellites,and other topics will bediscussed. For more infor-mation, call (213) 741-2410.

November 13-15

DPMA Education Founda-tion Sponsors Systems Con-version Symposium,

Washington DC. The themeof the three-day meeting is"Converting Today'sSystems to Tommorow'sTechnology." Hardware andsoftware aspects of com-puter conversion, strategiesand techniques, and transi-

tion to a distributed database system will be dis-cussed. Contact Ken Bur-roughs, DBD Systems Inc,1500 N Beauregard St,Alexandria V A 22311.

November 14-16Advanced ProgrammingTechniques Using Pascal,

Allentown PA. This classwill teach Pascal program-mers how to build a com-prehensive and effectivePascal-based softwaredevelopment environment.Emphasis will be on pro-gramming exercises with

group and individual in-struction. Contact SoftwareConsulting Services, 901Whittier Dr, Allentown PA18103.

November 14-16

1979 International Microand Minicomputer Con-ference, Astro Village,Houston TX. This con-ference concerns micro andminicomputer systems, asurvey of the range of cur-rent applications, andexploration of potentialareas for future develop-ment. Emphasis will be

FOR THE VERY BEST INNORTHSTAR® COMPATABLE SOFTWARE

OATA BASE MANAGERSSPECIAL!! $10.00 OFF of Selector III C2

Selector III C2: SuperSoft is proud to offer the Selector III C2 at a special $10.00 discount. Selector IIIallows instant recall of any record using any information item in the record. This makes Selector III themost powerful Data Base Management System in micro computers today! You can define a data formatand begin entering your data in minutes. Helps bring applications on line in hours instead of months. (Note:Selector-Ill C2 requires CPfM and C BASIC 2, not supplied - also 4BK Ram required for some applications)Selector-Ill C2 is: $335.00 ($10.00 off list!). (Manual alone: $20.00)

BUSINESS

CHS - Client Record System. A complete program package for the Insurance agent.CRS will provide youwith very fast online access to your client records, print reports and mail labels, and give you all the infor-mation you will need to increase your sales through the use of CRS as a MARKETING TOOL.

CRS stores a complete record for each client that includes the name, address, telephone ft , as well asprovisions for customer ff, salesman ff and up to six policies (expandable if needed). The policy informationis complete with both the type of coverage and the company that is underwriting it, as well as exp. date,premium, term, and payment schedule. You also have a remark field.

You can search the files by any field, and CRS supports a powerful sieve' search to provide you with allthe information you need to increase insurance sales. CRS comes with two(2| user's manuals, one for theowner, and one for office personnel! (minimal system: one drive, 40K RAM starting 2000H) $250.00(Manual: $40.00)

TEXT PROCESSORS

TFS - Text Formatting System. At last a full featured text processor forNorthStar thatyoucan rely on!TFShas left & right margin justification, page numbering, chaptering, page headings, centering, paged out-put & MORE. Supports powerful text manipulations including: global & local 'search and change,' filemerges and block moves. This means that you can restructure your text file at any time to look the wayyou want it to, you can even 'chain' files together from disk for documents larger than your currentmemory.

TFS is completely 'load and so' therefore you can start using it at once. You get two{2) user's manuals:one is a Quick Start manual to get you going in minutes, the other is an in depth study of TFS. (TFSrequires RAM from 0000H to 2000H) $75.00 (Manual only: $20.00)

COMPUTER AI0E0 INSTRUCTION

MISS- Microcomputer Instructional Support System. A complete, self-contained CAI packageapplicable to home, school or business education. Includes everything needed to create a sophisticatedcomputer learning environment. MISS allows one to create any type lesson complete with wrong answerbranching, re test, and complete record keeping. The student is prompted 100% of the way and need haveno special knowledge. A special feature is the optional use of a unique algorithm which separates spellingerrors from incorrect responses. Absolutely no programming knowledge is required. MISS is completely in-teractive and maintains complete records on any number of students and lessons (limited only by diskspace). MISS is a completely flexible system that will allow you to either create lessons or to purchase

pre programmed lessons which run under MISS. Complete with user's manual $40.00. (Manual alone:

$10.00)

ASSEMBLERS

ARIAN - A complete 8080 assembler that interfaces directly to your DOS. ARIAN is completely 'loadand go'. Features include: dynamic file and RAM allocation, custom disk and RAM command capability,several library routines directly accessable by the user. Also, a complete text editor, and system executive.ARIAN is both powerful and easy to learn and use; it is an assembler that you can grow with. Comes com-plete with a 51 page user's manual (ARIAN requires RAM from 0000H to 2000H) $50.00 (Manual alone:$10.00)

ARIAN Utility Package - Several disk based utilities. Includes a complete DEBUG Package:$50.00

, . , PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Tiny PaSCai - This is the famous Chung/Yuen 'tiny' Pascal. FAST • ELEGANT STRUCTURED.Local and global variables plus procedure and function independence make 'tiny' Pascal great for highspeed applications. Compiles to 8080 code that executes up to 25 times faster than BASIC. You alsoreceive SOURCE to 'tiny' Pascal written in Pascal. This means that you can compile the compiler! Addfeatures, relocate, etc. (you will need 36K to do this) $40.00

nrnr UTILITIES

D E B E - (Does Everything But Eat!) This is a must for NorthStar user's, You can: COMPACT & EXPANDBASIC programs. Compacting removes unnecessary spaces and remarks. This saves money and makesfor programs run faster. Expanding puts them back again.

Cross-reference BASIC programs by variables and transfer statements.

Global substitutions of variables and transfer statements.

Formatted print outs of BASIC programs as well. $40.00

SPECIFY SINGLE OR DOUBLE DENSITY

FOR THE VERY BEST IN

TRS-80 COMPATIBLE SOFTWARE

'Tiny'

Pascal FOR TRS-80

Now you too can have Pascal! The famous Chung/Yuen 'tiny' Pascal has been specially designed forthe TRS-80! The full power and elegance of 'tiny' Pascal is at your command. Programs written in 'tiny'Pascal run at least 4 times faster than the same program in BASIC! 'tiny' Pascal is also a great way tolearn Pascal programming, & fun too.

Best of all, you only need a 16K Level II TRS-80! No disk is required. The 'tiny' Pascal operating systemis self-contained and very easy to use.

Tiny' Pascal is a subset of standard Pascal & includes: RECURSIVE PROCEDUREjFUNCTION, IF THENELSE REPEAT/UNTIL. 'PEEK' ft 'POKE', WHILE 00, CASE, MORE! (Plus full graphics for your TRS 80).

You can save and load programs to and from tape in both source or compiled form.

You get all this and more, plus a user's manual for $40.00

Energy-Miser

Energy Miser is a complete heating/cooling analysis program for your home, office or business! WithEnergy-Miser you can calculate heat loss because of poor insulation, leaky doors and windows, poor plann-ing and more. With Energy-Miser you can predict the annual savings on your utility bills for various im-provements or modifications, including: use of solar power, better insulation, opening and closing drapery,etc.

But there is even more: Energy-Miser can also calculate your Return on Investment. That is, you can findyour break point for converting to solar, for insulating better, etc. Energy-Miser even takes into considera-tion the Energy Tax Credit! Energy-Miser is a program designed to save your money!

Energy-Miser is a proven program written by a professional and includes a complete user's manual for$22.50. (Minimum System 1 6K Level II, No Disk Required)

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November 1979 © B\TE Publications Inc 229

placed on technical papersand exhibits. Contact Dr SC Lee, School of ElectricalEngineering and ComputerSciences, University ofOklahoma, Norman OK73019.

November 15

Invitational Computer Con-ference, Southfield MI. SeeNovember 1 for details.

November 15-19

White House Conference onLibrary and InformationServices, Washington DC.This conference has beencalled to help shape policieson public access anddissemination of informationin this country. Two issuesto be covered are thelibraries' ability to help stopfunctional illiteracy and theuse of computers, cabletelevision, audio and videosystems as alternative routesof information delivery.Contact Susanne

Roschwalb, (202) 466-7800or Vera Hirschberg, (202)653-6252.

November 27-29

Sixth Datacommn, PacificGrove CA. This sym-"~"posium is sponsered by theIEEE Computer Society, theIEEE Communications Socie-ty, and the Association forComputing Machinery.Some of the subjects of theeleven sessions are electronicfund transfer, protocols,routing and flow control,new data network servicesin Europe, and local net-works.

For more information,contact Sixth Datacomm,POB 639, Silver Spring MD20901.

November 28-30

Business and Personal Com-puter Sales Expo '80,Philadelphia Civic Center,Philadelphia PA. Contact

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40 tracks, 2 sideswith power supply & caseVERBATIM DISKETTES $3.00DYSAN DISKETTES $4.60

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GAMES

TRS-80 SOFTWARE

UTILITIES

BUSINESS

ANDROID NIM $14.00

nim robots that wink and respond.Excellent graphics and sound.

STAR TREK III $14.00

Travel through the galaxy on theEnterprise and destroy kilingons.New updated version.

AIR RAID $14.00

Real time shooting gallery.SARG0N:CHESS ... $19.00Best chess for TRS-80

LIBRARY 1D0 $49.00

100 games, utilities, and businessprograms in one package.Great value!

NEW0DS+ $99.00

Enhanced DOS. Contains manyimprovements over TRS00S. 7useful utilities built in. For 40track use also.

NEWD0S $49.00

Same as above without utilities.SYSTEM INTEGRATION TEST

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tests memory, disk drives, and

printer.

MICROSOFT FORTRAN$325.00

CPM $150.00

RENUMBER $14.00

disk $17.00

G2 LEVEL III $49.00

FOUTHbyMSS $35.00

GL, AR, AP, PAYROLL INTERAC-TIVE $350. reports includeunbilled invoices, open/closedaccounts, ageing. Trial balance,income statement, balance sheet.Handles 200 accounts, 1750transactions. Based on Osbornemethod. Stand alone of each $95

INVENTORY II $99.00

activity listing, complete listing,selected listing, minimum quantitysearch, 1000 items per diskALL ABOVE PROGRAMSBY SBSG

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disk $150.00

BEST word processor for theTflS-80

5 Theabovelist isjust a brief summary of some of our most popular software. We have a large selection of other5 software for many uses and for many computers. Documentation for any of our programs is available on re-S quest. If you have any questions, please call. We would like to hear from you.

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November 29-30

Metric ManagementWorkshop, Dallas NorthPark Inn, Dallas TX. Theworkshop is designed tohelp personnel at all levelsplan and implement a cost-effective transition to metricin their company. The ses-sions will cover establishinga metric plan and strategy,assigning responsibility forthe transition within theexisting organizational struc-ture, and developing a sen-sible apporach to controllingconversion costs. ContactLen Boselovic, ANMC, 1625Massachusetts Ave NW,Washington DC 20036.

DECEMBER 1979

December 2-6

MUSE North AmericanAnnual Meeting, Bahia MarHotel and Yachting Center,Ft Lauderdale FL. This con-ference of Modcomp UsersExchange (MUSE) willfeature technical sessions,workshops and user/manufacturer interface ses-sions on the use of Mod-comp computers and their5-elated software. ContactKathy Black, MUSE, 4620W Commercial Blvd, Suite6C, Tamarac FL 33319.

December 3-5

The Application of Com-puter Technology toAccounting Systems,

Washington DC. The themeof the conference is "Infor-mation Systems as aManagement Tool for theFinancial Executive." It issponsored by the Associa-tion of Government Ac-countants (AGA). ContactKen Burroughs, DBDSystems Inc, 1500 NBeauregard St, AlexandriaVA 22311.

December 3-5

COMDEX 79, MGM GrandHotel, Las Vegas NV. Thisconference and exposition

for third party sellers ofcomputer systems, wordprocessing systems,peripherals and softwarepackages and media willfocus on solutions tobusiness problems normallyencountered in structuring asuccessful dealership and theoperational aspects of thedealership from both thesupplier and the customerside. Contact The InterfaceGroup, 160 Speen St, Fram-ingham MA 01701.

December 3-5

Implementing Cryptographyin Data Processing andCommunications Systems,

New York NY. Goingbeyond an introduction tocryptographic systems, theseminar will stress imple-mentation of the DES andaddress public key imple-mentation considerations.Contact Ms Jansen, Cryp- ^totech, 12 State Rd, BellportNY 11713.

December 3-5

Winter Simulation Con-ference, Holiday Inn,Embarcadero, San DiegoCA. This conference willfeature papers and paneldiscussions on discrete andcombined (discrete and con-tinuous) simulations. Con-tact Professor Robert EShannon, University ofAlabama in Huntsville,School of Science andEngineering, POB 1247,Huntsville AL 35807.

December 8-9Data Processing forBusinesspeople, Cherry HillInn, Cherry Hill NJ.Management InformationCorporation presents thisseminar to meet the needs ofcompany management inunderstanding computers.The seminar includes basicconcepts of data processingalternatives (service bureaus,timesharing), small businesscomputer systems, programpackages availability andselection, managing thecomputer system, and thefuture of data processing.Contact ManagementInformation Corporation,

230 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 235 on inquiry card.

140 Barclay Or, Cherry HillNJ 08034.

December 10-11

Mini and Microcomputers inControl, Gait Ocean MileHotel Ft Lauderdale FL.This symposium will covercomputer architecture andhardware for control,languages for control,algorithms for control,hierarchical control,methodology, and othertopics. Contact TheSecretary, Computers inControl Symposium, POB2481, Anaheim CA 92804.

December 10-12

Project Managment forComputer Systems, ChicagoIL. This seminar will illu-strate techniques for plan-ning, implementing, in-stalling, and controlling pro-jects. Contact The Univer-sity of Chicago, 1307 E 60thSt, Chicago IL 60637.

December 10-13

1979 Fall DECUS USMini/Midi Symposium, San

Diego CA. This symposiumis an opportunity for DigitalEquipment Computer usersto participate in a technicalexchange. Contact DECUS,One Iron Way, MR2-3,Marlboro MA 01752.

December 10-14

IEEE Computer Society'sTutorial Week 79, Hotel DelCoronado, San Diego CA.Fifteen different one-dayseminars will be offeredthroughout the week. Con-tact IEEE Computer Society,POB 639, Silver Spring MD20901.

JANUARY 1980

January 3-4

Hawaii International Con-ference on System Sciences,

Honolulu HI. The con-ference will cover develop-ments in theory or practicein software and hardware,and advanced computersystems applications inselected areas with emphasison medical infor-

mation processing andcomputer-based decisionsupport systems for upper-level managers in organiza-tions. For more information,contact Perry G Patteson,Office of Management Pro-grams, University ofHawaii, 2404 Maile Way,Honolulu HI 96822.

January 23-26

International Microcom-puters MinicomputersMicroprocessors (IMMM),Harumi Exhibition Centre,Tokyo Japan. This is a showfor manufacturers, commer-cial and financialestablishments, serviceindustries and institutions,and design engineers in-terested in buying computersystems, components andservices. For more informa-tion, contact Industrial andScientific ConferenceManagement Inc, 222 WAdams St, Chicago IL60606.

January 28-30

Principles of ProgrammingLanguages, Las Vegas NV.This symposium concernspractical and theoreticalaspects of principles andinnovations in the design,definition, and implemen-tation of programming lan-guages. Some topics arealgorithms and complexitybounds for language pro-cessing tasks, specificationlanguages, error detectionand recovery, and unusual orspecial-purpose languagesthat raise issues of principle.Contact Professor JohnWerth, Department ofMathematical Sciences,University of Nevada, LasVegas NV 89154.

January 30-hebruary 1

MIMI '80 Asilomar,

Asilomar ConferenceGrounds, Pacific Grove,CA. This symposium coversall aspects of mini andmicrocomputers includingtechnology, hardware, soft-ware engineering, languages,education and more. Con-tact The Secretary, MIMI'80 Asilomar, POB 2481,Anaheim CA 92804. ■

GYTE*s Bits

The Formation of a

New PersonalComputer Society

Do peisonal computerowners need a nationalorganization? A personalcomputer user named AbbyGelles would answer in theaffirmative. She was inter-acting with a number of theattendees of the NationalComputer Conference Per-sonal Computer Festival lastJune when the usual pro andcon arguments were raisedin her conversations. She isconvinced there is a need.

So, with some kindredspirits in New York City,Abby has formed the Per-sonal Coniputer Society.You can find out aboutwhat she is proposing bywriting her at: Ms AbbyGelles, Executive Director,

Personal Computer Society,POB 147, Village Sta, NewYork NY 10014.

ICS AnnouncesNew Courses

Integrated ComputerSystems Inc (ICS), 3304 PicoBlvd, POB 5339, SantaMonica CA 90405, hasannounced the fall andwinter schedule for theirShort Course series. Courseson computer graphics,digital signal processing,troubleshooting micro-processor systems, andother topics, will becovered. The courses will beheld in cities around theUnited States from Novem-ber through February. Thesecourses are structured fortechnical and managerialpersonnel. ■

PRINTED CIRCUIT KIT

Makes circuits THREE WAYS

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Copy circuits right from a magazine using special photo film.No camera or darkroom used. Page is not destroyed in process

Do your own master art, make negatives, sensitize boards andetch one or a hundred circuits; all identical, all perfect.

For one-ot-a-kind PCs, use special dry transfer patterns asa direct etch resist right on the blank copper board.

Do it all with the ER-4. In stock at parts distributors or orderdirect. Add 7% shipping. Minimum factory order: S30.00

ER-4 Complete Photo Etch Set $29.95

ER-2 Assorted Etch Resist Patterns & Tapes 4.25

ER-3 1/4 lb. Dry Ferric Chloride (makes one pint) .... 1.85

ER-5 Six sheets Pos-Neg Copy Film, 5"x6" 4.75

ER-6 Film Process Chemicals 2.50

ER-71 Photo Resist Liquid (negative) does 1700 inz . . . . 6.50

ER-8 Photo Resist Developer, 16 oz 2.95

ER-12 Power Etch bubble pump unit* 7.25

* not included in ER-4 set

the DATAK corp.65 71st St. • Guttenberg, N. J. 07093

Circle 92 on inquiry card.

November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc 231

Dan S Parker1007 Third St #3Davis CA 95616

In the few short years since the birth ofthe personal computer, the list of peripheraldevices has grown tremendously: printers,video displays, mass storage devices, andkeyboards. At first, many of these itemswere overruns from original manufacturers,or were removed from used business or mili-tary systems. Documentation was scarce andcomplete schematics were often nonexistent.Keyboards were available in a myriad ofstyles, but not with all the features of a pro-fessional unit. If they were encoded at all,it was often in half ASCII (upper case ASCIIonly, as available on the Teletype Model 33).

About the Author

Dan S Parker is presently completingwork on a PhD degree in Physics atthe University of California at Davis.His area of research is magnetic propertiesof rare earth crystals in solid state, lowtemperature physics. He is also activelydeveloping a data acquisition and cryo-genic control microcomputer for hisresearch equipment.

No more! Enter the PRO, Cherry's newentry into the personal computer keyboardmarket (Cherry model B70-05AB). Aptlynamed, it is indeed a professional keyboardthat comes fully assembled, tested, andready for installation in your computersystem. Its features rival those of key-boards found in expensive terminals.

General Features

The PRO features the full 128 ASCIIcharacter set of upper case, lower case, andcontrol characters. A total of 67 gold con-tact keys, engraved in white on durablematte black injection molded plastic, areeasy on the eyes. The shift, shift lock, con-trol, linefeed, and return keys are oversizefor easier operation (see photo 1). Cherrylists the operating force of the keys at 2.5ounces. They feel solid, positive, and verysmooth. The keys are wave soldered to1/16 inch glass epoxy circuit board materialand anchored to a 1/16 inch black anodizedaluminum cover subplate. No wobble inthose keys or flexing of the circuit boardwhen a key is pressed.

Five of the keys are unassigned and

232 November 1979 © BYTE Publications lnc

available for user defined functions. Theycan be relabeled (clear plastic covers to putlabels under) and are all momentary contact.The operation and customizing manual iseasy to read and has the full set of diagramsincluding schematics.

Electrical Specifications

The PRO operates from a single +5 Vpower supply and draws 325 mA maximumcurrent as listed in the operator's manual. Imeasured it and found that it draws con-siderably less: 200 mA nominal. Outputs arevia one of two 22 pin edge connectors andare TTL and DTL (transistor-transistorlogic and diode-transistor logic) compatible.Pinouts include the seven ASCII bits, op-tional parity, +5 V, ground, strobe and in-verted strobe, shift, break, repeat, control,and keyboard lockout. Cherry has conven-iently placed these contacts so that onlyone side of a 22 pin edge connector (notsupplied) is needed. Thus a single readout22 pin connector may be used. The otherpins are available with solder pads forcustomizing.

A second 22 pin edge connector (the onein the upper right of photo 1) is designed forpiggybacking a numeric keypad onto thePRO. The matrix scanning technique em-ployed makes it easy to modify key assign-ments and generate custom output codes.

The strobe pulse is generated 2.5 jus aftera key is pressed to insure data stability andis nominally 100 jus wide. This seems to beideal for both the Dajen SCI and ProcessorTechnology 3P+S that I've used the key-board with. The manual describes how tomodify this timing.

Customizing

The keyboard is truly designed for theexperimenter; Cherry is to be commendedfor making the keyboard user adaptable witha minimum of effort. As shipped, the key-board is ready to use for most applications.As an example of the ease of modification,two of the integrated circuits are provided insockets. Changing these two circuits to otherintegrated circuits (not provided but stand-ard parts) and making no other changes con-verts the board to negative logic. Yet adifferent exchange of these two circuitsresults in a positive logic 3 state output sothat two or more PRO keyboards can bewired in parallel. Still a fourth choice ofcircuits gives high voltage CMOS drivecompatibility.

Circle 98 on inquiry card.

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= Right cabinet of same dimensions is open in back to |§ feed paper to printer. Eliminates paper on floor. Front || provides storage for manuals or notebooks.

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November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

233

All schematic reference points, integratedcircuit designations, and modification pointsare marked on the circuit board. All of thekeys are equipped with dual plated-throughholes so that the link connecting them canbe cut to isolate the keyswitch. This makesit easy to add custom features. A large num-ber of solder pads and a spare integratedcircuit pad have also been provided.

A provision has been made for the addi-tion of an automatic repeat key by installinga 74123 monostable multivibrator in a pro-vided integrated circuit pad along withappropriate timing capacitors and resistors.The manual's suggested timing componentsmade this very easy to implement. My onlycomplaint is that the holes on the emptypad are filled with solder which has to beremoved (eg: the board is wave soldered).

The repeat function has two modes. Inthe first mode, holding down any key formore than 1/2 second causes that characterto repeat at about nine characters per second.In the second mode, simultaneously holdingdown the repeat and character keys causesthe automatic repeat.

A few of the other documented changesthat can be made include the generation ofodd or even parity, latched output, and ashift control mode in which, by depressing

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both the shift and control keys, additional8 bit codes can be generated.

Alpha Lock versus Shift Lock

Shift lock and alpha lock are not thesame thing, and a lot of confusion amongexperimenters and dealers seems to existabout this point. Put simply, alpha lock(often called caps lock or teletypewriterlock) simply locks out the lower case charac-ters so that the keyboard generates onlynumbers and uppercase letters. In this modethe shift key still operates and gives theshifted mode characters above the numberssuch as ") (*&%$#. The advantage of thismode is that much software, like mostBASICs and assemblers, accepts only uppercase letters and numbers.

In the second mode, with the alpha locknot engaged, the keyboard generates upperand lower case just like a typewriter, such asmight be needed for text editing. In bothmodes the shift and shift lock keys areactive. The alpha lock key is shown in photo1 just to the left of the space bar and is analternate action key, as is the shift lock key.My preference would have been to positionthe alpha lock key a bit further from themain section of the keyboard.

Enclosures

The PRO comes without an enclosure butis provided with mounting wings. A recom-mended panel cutout diagram is includedwith the manual for custom cutting if you sodesire. Fortunately, the cutout is simplifiedby a minimum of contour "stair step" cuts.Dimensions of the keyboard are 14 by IVaby 7/8 inches (34.6 by 1 8.4 by 0.9 cm). Thethickness is measured from bottom of theprinted circuit board to top of aluminumcover plate. Hence the keyboard can bemounted extremely low profile either flator tilted. At present, the only custom precutkeyboard enclosures available commercially,I believe, are offered by Electrolabs (POB6721, Stanford CA 94305) and Ironman(POB 1260D, Southgate CA 90280). Anumber of firms offer blank enclosureswhich also appear to be suitable for use withthe PRO. Better yet, make your own.

Concluding Remarks

The PRO is priced at $135 in singlequantities. For two to four pieces, the priceis $107 each, directly from Cherry. Theprice plummets to $94.50 for five or morekeyboards. Delivery takes two or threeweeks.

For more information, contact CherryElectrical Products Corp, 3600 SunsetAv, Waukegan IL 60085."

234 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 203 on inquiry card.

Circle 214 on inquiry card.

TRS-80 disk software

DATA BASE MANAGER IDM-III 32K $49

You can use it to maintain a data base & produce reports without anyprogramming. Define file parameters & report formats on-line. Features keyrandom access, multi-keys, sort, field aritn, audit log. Enhanced version $69.

ACCCOUNT manage client accounts & accounts receivable. Order entry. Printinvoices, statements & reports. 32K $69.

WORD PROCESSOR 16K $39

Our Word-Ill is the first word processor specifically designed for the TRS-80that uses disk storage for text. Written in BASIC. No special hardware andtext limit. Use for letters, manuals & reports. 32K version featuresupper/lower case without hardware change. $49.

MAILING LIST 16K $35

Lets you m aintain data base and produce reports & I abels sorted in any field.Random access. 2-digit selection code used. 32K version fast SHELL sort$49. Advanced version with report writer $59.

INVENTORY 16K $39

While others use i nefficient sequential file, we use 9-digit alphanumeric keyfor fast on-line random access. Reports give order info, performancesummary, etc. Enhanced 32K version $49.

KEY RANDOM-ACCESS UTIL16K $19

Lets you access a record by specifying a key. Features hashing, blocking,buffering technique.

Send S5 for each manual.

MOD-II, superior, integrated software available.

MICRO ARCHITECT

96 Dothan St., Arlington, MA 02174

Circle 79 on inquiry card.

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TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

810 Printer 1595.00

Optima Cabinets (New) ., . .99.95

5" Scotch Diskette Box/29.95

8" Scotch Diskette. . ..Box/34.95

Most items in stock for immediate delivery. Factory-fresh, sealed cartons.

DATA DISCOUNT CENTER p.o. box 100

135-53 Northern Blvd., Flushing, New Yon\ 11354, 212465-6609

N.Y.S. residents add appropriate Sales Tax. Shipping FOB N.Y.BankAmericard, Master Charge add 3%. COD orders require 25% deposit.

rtimes AonM

KEYED FILEMANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Sophisticated applications made simple.

Put data at your fingertips.. .easily accessed, displayed, andupdated by key. MAGSAM™ allows your CBASIC programs tocreate and access sophisticated keyed file structures throughsimple CBASIC statements.Powerful, affordable, and easy to use.

MAGSAM™ is now available in three versions offering an array offeatures and capabilities. Standard MAGSAM™ features includerandom by key. sequential by key. generic by key. randomly byrecord number, and physical sequential access techniques. EachMAG SAM,W Package incudes the MAGSAM'" file manager, tutorialprogram, file dump utility. User Guide, Reference Card, and oneyear update service.

• MAGSAM™ — Most advanced version. Secondary Indexing withany number of keys, and Record and Key Deletion with automaticreuse of freed space S145t

• MAGSAM II™ — Single Key support with full Record and KeyDelete capability S99t

• MAGSAM I™ — Entry level version. Single Key support withoutDelete functions $75f

• MAGSAM™ User Guide only — comprehensive tutorial andreference manual. S15

Available for 8" soft sector, Micropolis. and TRS-80 disk formats.

Requires CP/M' or derivative and CBASIC. Distributedas CBASIC

subroutines in source form.

Visa and Masterchagre welcome. Dealer and OEM inquiries

invited.

(ruiME

"\ MICRO APPLICATIONS GROUP7300 CALDUS AVENUEVAN NUYS. CA 91406

Trademark of Digital Research t Single site license

Circle 91 on inquiry card.

Circle 213 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979 235

Globs and Newsletters

ACM Special Interest

Group Publishes

Newsletters

The Special InterestGroup on LanguageAnalysis and Studies in theHumanities' SICLASHNewsletter is published inMarch, June, September andDecember by the Associa-tion for ComputingMachinery (ACM). Thenewsletter contains unrefer-eed papers, reviews of booksand articles, abstracts ofmembers' work, a "rap" sec-tion for short communica-tions, announcements ofgeneral interest, and lettersto the editor. Membership inthis special interest group,which includes the newslet-ter, is $4 a year for ACMmembers and $10 for non-ACM members. Contact

ACM Inc, POB 12105,Church St Station, NewYork NY 10249.

Tri-StateComputer Club

The Tri-State ComputerClub is a newly establishedhobbyist group serving theriver cities in the Ohio,West Virginia and Kentuckyareas. They have over 40members representing 6800s,TRS-80s, Digital EquipmentCorporation (DEC) andHeath equipment. Themeetings are held on thesecond Saturday of themonth at 3:30 PM in theLawrence County OH publiclibrary. Meetings are openand the public is invited toattend. Contact Douglas

What you Cis whatyou get!

C Compiler for CP/M

New, and available now! A n easily affordable compilerincorporating most of the features of the full C language.

BD SOFTWARE

System requirements: CP/M and at least 24K of RAM

Variable Types: char, int, unsigned

Composite Types: arrays, structures, unions

Pointers: to variables, structures, unions and functions

Features: is a structured language, all functions (Programs)recursive; more powerful expression operators than anyother von Neuman type language; allows free-formattedsource; close enough to UNIX**C to make conversionsfeasible.

Speed: On 2 MHz 8080, the statement for (i = 1; i < 30000;i ++) x = 5; takes about 4 seconds to execute.

Package contains: compiler, linker, library manager; standardfunction library; sample source files include games, aterminal emulator with disk l/Om plus the source formany standard library functions; BDS C User'sGuide;Book—The C Programming Language by Dennis Ritchieand Brian Kernighan of Bell Labs.

Price: $110

Recipient of the Computer Lib Seal of Approval

"CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research Corp'' UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories

Lifeboat Associates

2248 Broadway, New York, MY. 10024 (212) 580-0082 Telex 668585

Troughton, 508 Colony Dr,Wheelersburg OH 45694.

Apple Computer

Users Group in

Honolulu HI

Honolulu HI now has itsown Apple Computer UsersGroup. The Honolulu AppleUsers Society (HAUS) sup-ports a newsletter containingthe latest up-to-date infor-mation concerning theApple, including programtips and techniques, listings,reviews, etc. Meetings areheld the first Monday ofeach month at the Com-puterland store in Honolulu.The president is BobMcDowell, and RandyBrumback is vice-president.The club holds weekly ses-sions on programming,BASIC, hi-res graphics,etc. Annual dues are $10which include a newsletter.Additionally, the group isinterested in exchanginginformation and softwarewith other clubs. ContactBill Mark, 98-1451-AKaahumanu St, Aiea HI96701 or phone (808)488-2026.

PPC Journal for

Hewlett-Packard

Programmable

Calculator Users

The PPC Journal is themonthly publication of thePersonal Programmers Club(PPC) which is a volunteer,nonprofit, loosely organized,world-wide group ofHewlett-Packard program-mable calculator users.The purpose of the publi-cation is to disseminate userinformation related to theselection, evaluation, careand application of allHewlett-Packard program-mable calculators. The jour-nal is available throughmembership in PPC. Inter-

ested individuals shouldwrite to PPC, 2541 WCamden PI, Santa Ana CA92704. A sample issue of thePPC Journal and otherinformation materials maybe obtained by sending aself-addressed 9 by 12 inchenvelope with 2 ounces offirst class US postageattached.

Non-Mikbug 6800

Series System

User Group

According to a letterreceived from Mark Siebart,he is attempting to set up ausers group and newsletterfor non-MIKBUG 6800 seriessystems with emphasis onthe Capitol Radio Engineer-ing Institute (CREI) andNational Radio Institute(NRI) machines. These arebased on a J-Bug compatiblemonitor using the MEK for-mat. Anyone interested insuch a group should write toMark at 2599 Caulfield, SanDiego CA 92154.

Bulletin for TRS-80tiny-c andAssembler

The TRS-80 tiny-c andAssembler ProgrammingBulletin specializes in pro-grams and techniques forRadio Shack's editor andassembler and tiny-cassociates' tiny-c interpreterfor the TRS-80. An annualsubscription (4 issues) costs$8.50 and a single issue ispriced at $2.50. Contact RobVarty, 2193 Haygate Cr,Mississauga, OntarioCANADA L5K 1L7.

Wake is the Word

for Washington

Area KIM

Enthusiasts

WAKE, Washington AreaKIM Enthusiasts, meets eachmonth at the McGraw-HillContinuing EducationCenter in Wasington DC tostudy operation, expansionand applications of KIM-1microcomputers. The

236

November 1979 BYTE Publications lnc

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Orders - You may phone forVisa, MC, COD ($4 handling chargesfor COD) orders. Personal checks must clear prior to shipping.Shipping-Stock to 72 hours normally. Will notify expectedshipping date for delay beyond this. Illinois residents add 5%tax. Please include phone number with order.

the ULTIMATE inCHEAP VIDEO

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SPECIAL OFFER: Buy the Kit Cupper case alphanumeric option included3 & get the Book at 1/2 price.

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Circle 341 on inquiry card.

Circle 297 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979

237

meetings are at 7:30 PM onthe third Wednesday ofevery month. For a copy ofthe current WAKE news-letter, send a stamped, self-addressed envelope toWAKE, c/o Ted Beach,5112 Williamsburg Blvd,Arlington VA 22207 orphone (703) 538-2303.

Microcomputer

Investors

Association

The most recent issue ofthe Microcomputer Inves-tors Association journal con-tains 200 pages with 20articles that deal with uti-lizing microcomputers tomake and manage invest-ments. Practical computerprograms accompany half ofthe articles. The Associationis a nonprofit group whichwas formed 3 years ago toenable members to sharedata and information. Aninformation packet is

available for $1. ContactJack Williams, MCIA, 902Anderson Dr,Fredericksburg VA 22401.

Free Newsletter

for Science and

Technology

Educators

Hands On! is a freenewsletter published 3 timesa year by the TechnicalEducation Research Centers(TERC), 575 Technology Sq,Cambridge MA 02139.TERC is a nonprofit curri-culum research and develop-ment corporation. Billed asa forum for science andtechnology educators, thelatest issue of the newslettercontains articles such as ABiased Introduction to theWorld of the 6502Microprocessor; TowardAffordable Computers: Net-working and Graphics;Microcomputers in Instru-

ment and Control and muchmore. To be added toTERC's mailing list, contactthe company at the aboveaddress.

Computer Clubin Venezuela

The Cuatro ComputerClub, Los Pinos Ave, EDFAirosa 5, La Florida,Caracas VENEZUELA, has amonthly newsletter entitledMicronews. The newsletterincludes short programs oncomputer graphic art andgame programs, as well asfuture conferences andevents, and anecdotes.

The DelmarvaComputer Club

The Delmarva ComputerClub has been formed tocreate a communityawareness of microcomputeruses for business andpleasure. The club meets at

TRS-80® BUSINESS SOFTWARE

Why not buy THE GENUINE ARTICLE???

The Osborne & Associates applications (Payroll with Cost Accounting, Accounts Pay-able E.r Accounts Receivable, and General Ledger) are on their way to becoming thestandard applications software in the microcomputer field.

The genuine O&A software is written in CBASIC® for the CP/M- Operating System.Any other combination of language and operating system represents a reprogrammingeffort... for the TRS-80, Model I, several organizations have done such a reprogram-ming in Disk BASIC under TRSDOS. These packages have certain drawbacks such ashaving some features of the application removed. In addition, the fact that they are writ-ten in a source interpreter BASIC causes the comments in the source programs (if theseare distributed at all) to be removed in the interest of saving space and execution time.Since CBASIC is a compiled language, comments cost nothing (in either space or execu-tion time) in the executable version of the file—but such comments are invaluable in thelater program maintenance and modification that is always required on applications soft-ware. Without having such comments, it is easy to spend many times the cost of the soft-ware on just one modification/maintenance effort. A buyer should take this into con-sideration when looking at the apparent cost of the package. The CBASIC source pro-grams we sell are heavily commented to aid the programmer.

Our programs are THE GENUINE ARTICLE. . .the CBASIC source code as de-veloped by Osborne & Associates. We furnish the buyer BOTH the TRS-80. Model I ver-sion (requires a 48K Model I with two or more disks) AMD the unmodified 8" version (forlater use on the TRS-80, Model II or other 8" CP/M system)... at no extra charge. Byusing our DOWNLOAD program, it is possible to start using the applications on theModel I, and then when the Model II is up and running at a later date, download the datafiles from the Model I to the Model II and keep running the same applications withoutdisrupting your operation.

The Osborne tr Associates books have been rewritten to reflect the CP/M, CBASICversions of the applications. These books can be purchased either from your localcomputer store or from us directly. We can see no percentage in your buying other thanTHE GENUINE ARTICLE. . .which is what we sell. . .the Osborne & Associatessource programs in CP/M and CBASIC.

CP/M Operating System SI 50.00

CBASIC Compiler 95.00

O&A Payroll w/Cost Accounting 250.00

OE.A Accts. Rec./Accts. Payable 250.00

O&A General Ledger w/Cash Journal 250.00

O&A CBASIC books for above (e.ich) I 5.00

DOWNLOAD program 95.00

TRS-80 isa registered trademark ol Radio Shack, ri Tandy companyCP/M is a registered trademark of Digital ResearchCBASIC isa registered trademark of Software Systems

C3*e

B E |R IN |E |T I

804! NEWMAN AVENUE • SUITE 208 • HUNTINGTON BEACH. CALIFORNIA 92647 • (714)848-1922

Arcadia High School in OakHill VA at 7:30 PM on thefirst and third Wednesday ofeach month. Beginners areable to get hands-on pro-gramming instruction inBASIC, and advancedmembers work on commu-nity projects and softwaredevelopment and exchange.Contact Jean Trafford,POB 36, Wallops Island VA23337.

Albany-Schenectady NYMicrocomputer

Society

Capital Area Microcom-puter Soceity (CAMS) is anewly organized group inter-ested in informationexchange among members,solving software and hard-ware problems, and presen-tation of programs ofgeneral interest. Presentlythere are about 30 membersand meetings are held atvarious locations around theCapital District on thesecond Wednesday of eachmonth. Contact Stanley LMathes, Box 348 Ridge Rd,RD#1, Scotia NY 12302,(518) 372-3767.

Electronotes forMusicians

Electronotes 99 is a news-letter for knowledgeabledesigners, technicians andhobbyists in the music syn-thesizer field. There are pro-jects, diagrams, items forsale and articles of generalinterest to sound engineersand designers. For moreinformation, contact Elec-tronotes 99, 1 Pheasant Ln,Ithaca NY 14850.

Utah ComputerAssociation

The Utah ComputerAssociation (UCA) meetsevery second Thursday ofthe month at 7 PM at Mur-ray High School, 5440 SState St, Salt Lake City UT.The club also has special in-terest groups that meet atdifferent times to reviewnew products and exchange

238 November 1979 BYTE Publicalions lnc

Circle 288 on inquiry card.

Circle 221 on inquiry card.

6809!

MD-690b Single Board Computer y. 1 k ram $299 Assembled .'

• 10K PROM space <tOQQ !/'+ *

• Parallel keyboard input $Zo^ I\lt • A.## c^

• Memory-mapped video firmware + w* 4'

• Fully S-100 compatible /a(V ^(including 8080 type I/O) •

• MONBUG II monitor included * £

• 2400 baud cassette interface f \y

• 20 I/O lines +*$

• w

.4#

• RS-232 level shifters

• Real time clock

• DMA

• 6809

yOU DRW T KNOW!

OAE'S new PP-2708/16

PROM Programmer is theonly programmer with allthese features:

• Converts a PROM memorysocket to a table top pro-grammer: No complex inter-facing to wire —just plug itinto a 2708 memory socket*

• A short subroutine sendsdata over the address linesto program the PROM

• Programs 2 PROMS for lessthan the cost of a personal-ity module. (2708s and TMS2716s)

• Connects or more in paral-lel — super for productionprogramming

• Complete with DC to DCswitching invertor and 10

**Pat's Pending

turn cermet trimmers (forprecision pulse width andamplitude alignment)

• All packaged in a handsomealuminum case

PP-2708/16 ..A & T$325.

PP-2716 (Programs Intel's2716) A & T $295.

OAE

Oliver Advanced Engineering, Inc.

676 West Wilson Avenue

Glendale, Calif. 91203

(213) 240-0080

IQMHICOMPUTER PRODUCTS^,

S-1OO • TRS-80 |C8APPLE • PET ^ADD-ONS

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Quality, intelligible natural sounding COMPUTALKERSpeech Synthesizer, a proven superior product since 1976,comescomplete with Load'N'Go software, userdocumentation and source programs.

CT-1 S-100 Bus Plug-In S495

CT-1T TRS-80 add on w/interconnect to self contained

enclosure 595

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enclosure 595

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enclosure 595

FLEXIBLE DISK DRIVES

Quality single or dual headed single or multi-drive

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Load'N'Go software and cable interconnects available

when required.

,-, „._. 35/40 TRACKS ^

Flip Sided Dual Sided

40F1 Single Drive S400 40D1 Single Drive $500

40F2 Two Drives S700 40D2 Two Drives S800

40F3 Three Drives S990 40D3 Three Drives S1090

ALL PRODUCTS

FullyWarranted-Sold Direct-Shipped Directfrom Stock.Please contact us for prompt, personal, professional service.

DIAL (714)

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Main/Frames

Main/Frames - $200

• 14 Basic Models Available

• Assembled & Tested .

• Power Supply:8v@15A, ± 16v@3A

• 15 Slot Motherboard .(connectors optional) ^

• Card cage & guides

• Fan, line cord, fuse, power& reset switches, EMI filter

• 8v@30A, ± 16v@10Aoption on some models

Rackmountedfrom $200

8" Floppy Main/Frame(includes power for drivesand mainframe) from $365

Write or call for ourbrochure which includes our

application note:'Building Cheap Computers'

INTEGRAND

8474 Ave. 296 • Visalia, CA 93277 • (209) 733-9288We accept BankAmericard/Visa and MdsterCharge

Circle 287 on inquiry card.

Circle 177 on inquiry card.

B^TE November 1979 239

Circle 73 on inquiry card.

SENSATION!

You have been reading about our astounding

Pascal MICROENGINE'"* CPU that executes

Pascal 13x faster than an LSI-11 and 3x

tasterthanaPDP11-34.Yourordersshow

it! That is our Model X-90.

Now meet another sensation in our X-pert

Systems"' configuration. CRT Model X-

920.

Trademark Wesiern Dt§ Hal Corporation

DISPLAY/EDIT TERMINALModel X-920

$968*

S856*(Without 18 function keys)

STANDARD FEATURES (partial list)

• Microprocessor controlled

• Senal RS232C and 20 ma current loop

• 10 baud rales —75lo 19.200

• 24 lines x 80characters

• 96 ASCII displayablecharaclers

• Upperand lowercase

• \2 x 10characler resolulion

• Dual intensity display

• Clear full intensity data only

• Programmable reverse video

• Programmable underline

• 105 keys with alpha lock

• 14 key numeric pad with decimal

• 16 special function keys

• 8 edit function keys

• 2 block iransmission keys

• Self test mode

• Protect mode

• Block mode

• 80 storable tabbing

• Insert'cielete character and line

• Scrolling

• Addressable cursor

• A host of other features, including cursor controlsand remote commands such as clear to nulls.spaces, end of line, end of screen set hi.lo.zerointensity set blink, etc

• Optional screen print & 2nd page memory

For our system or for yours, in commercial.

technical, educational or personal applications,

the Computex X-920 is unmatched in its price

class

Coming soon is our Model X-8000 This high

performance 16-bit CPU. using the Z-8000.

addresses 8M bytes of memory directly1

All features of the Hazeltine 1400 and ADM-3APlus: 128 ASCII characters7 x 10 matrix . Reverse

video . Print keyShiftlock Transparentmode ... BackspaceTabbing Integratednumeric pad

$799*

List price S956*PERKIN-ELMER (Model 550)

Off the shelf delivery now on the Model X-920and P-E Model 550. Same day shipping on nilorders with certified cash payment Specifyshipping and add 40 lb cost. Any differencerefunded A S25 connecting cable free withevery CRT ordered before December 1Customer satisfaction is guaranteed. Full refundwith the return of any product within 10 daysServicecontractsavailable. Systemscatalog S1.Pascal MICROENGINE'" owners manual S19.95(postpaid)

•LIMITED TIMEcashprice. 10%downguaranteespnonty IL residents add 5% sales tax MasterCharge and VISA accepted.

(312) 684-3183

COMPUTEX

"The Computer Experts'x.5710 Drexel AvenueChicago, IL 60637

information on programs.Their newsletter, Bits, ispublished monthly and in-cludes articles concerningclub meetings, programs andinstructions for microcom-puters, advertisements, andgeneral information for com-puter users. Membership inthe club is $7.50 per yearwhich includes subscriptionto UCA Bits. For more in-formation, contact UCA,378 E 9800 S, Sandy UT84070.

Chicago Area

Computer Hobbyist

Exchange

The Chicago Area Com-puter Hobbyist Exchange(CACHE) meets at 1 PM onthe third Sunday of themonth at the NorthernIllinois Gas Building, Golfand Shermer, Glenview IL.Annual dues are $10 whichincludes the monthlynewsletter, the CACHERegister. For further infor-mation, call the club'shotline at (312) 849-1132 orwrite to CACHE, POB 52, SHolland IL 60473.

Computer Clubin Tucson

The Pima CommunityCollege Computer Club hasbeen formed at the East Sidecampus at 7830 E Broadwayand meets the second Fridayof each month at 7:30 PM.Most of the members havealready purchased systems,but those still searching forthe best buy are welcome,as are nonstudents. ContactMike Blicharz (602) 749-9157or Saul Levy (602) 793-0670.

Institute for Computersin Jewish Life (ICJL)

The ICJL recently spon-sored a conference on theuse of the microprocessor inJewish education. The con-ference was open to alleducators interested in theapplication of computers ineducation. The Use ofMicroprocessors in JewishEducation newsletter coversprograms used for teaching

NEW, never before available!A Complete ProgrammingCourse for the 8080!

FreeSoftware

by Weller, Shatzel & Nice

A comprehensive text teaching 8080assembly language programming indepth; a workbook paralleling the textwith exercises and example programsto illustrate; and an editor/assem-bler/debugger that allows the user togain real experience in assemblylanguage programming on 8080/8085or Z80 machines.

TEXTD Practical Microcomputer Programming:The Intel 8080 Over 300 pages of heavilydocumented programming information.

#093 $23.95WORKBOOK□ Workbook for Practical MicrocomputerProgramming: The Intel 8080 Study guidethat parallels the text, with many worked-outexamples. #228 $9.95

SOFTWAREQ An Editor/Assembler System for8080/8085 Based Computers Will run on any8080/8085 orZ80 machines, includes couponfor FREE object code on paper tape. 148 pp.

#157 $15.95

D All three books — A complete course!

$49.85 -

BITS carries over 200 titles of books onmicrocomputing, including —

G Basic BASIC, 2nd ed. by James Coan.Contains step-by-step instructions withmany illustrations and example programs forlearning BASIC. 256 pp. #014 $8.95

'J PASCAL User Manual and Report, 2nd ed.

by Jensen & Wirth. Mainly tutorial, withmany examples, also a concise reference forprogrammers. 167 pp. #088 $7.90

D Practical Microcomputer Programming:TheZ-80 by W. J. Weller. Comprehensive texton assembly language programming. Freesoftware (editor/assembler & debug monitor)coupon included. 481 pp. #156 $32.95

Postage $.75/item USA, $1.00/item foreign, to amaximum charge of $3.00. Foreign airmail$7.00/item.

DIAL YOUR BANK CARD ORDERSTOLL FREE 800-258-5477 I

(In N.H.dial 924-3355) ^J

or enclose your check with this ad:

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Ask for our new, FREE Catalog

240 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 217 on inquiry card.

Circle 353 on inquiry card.

Pascal / MT

from

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bobo / ZBO

COMPILER Sl SYMBOLIC DEBUG!RUNS UNDER CP/M [Sl Derivatives]Generates Romable Machine CodeNeeds only 32K bytesOutput is 10X faster than P-codeEfficently compiles a subset ofStandard Pascal

Available for ALL CP/M Systems

Options include: real/business arithmeticmulti tasking, interrupt procedures, etc.

Call/Write

Dealer InquiriesInvited

Meta Tech

33DB Midway Drive

Suite 2BS

San Diego, CA 3211D

\7/\4\ 223-5566 X2B3

It's

LOGIC

for graphics!

3D GRAPHIC SOFTWARE

for Apple II, TRS-80, 8080andZ80,M6800, and BASIC.

Plus Graphic Drivers for Dazzler, MatroxALT-256 and 512, and Vector Graphics.

HARDWARE

Matrox ALT-256 andALT-512S100 displays,andthenewSubLOGIC50/T80 Hi-Res forTRS-80.

We reopen 9 to6, Mondaythru Friday, central time.Give us a call.

The engineering & graphics people(217)359-8482 ■ *^A

LOGIC

'Box V, Savoy, IL 61874

WORD PROCESSING

TEXTWRITER IS THE ULTIMATE TEXT FORMATTERFor CP/M, TRS-80, Northstar & Micropenis

• PERSONALIZED FORMLETTERS

Names, addresses, etc. replaced by entriesfrom a mail list file or from the keyboard

• REPORTS & MANUALS

Table of contents & alphabetized indexprinted automatically

• CONTRACTS & SPECIFICATIONS

Standard paragraphs or sections stored infiles and inserted by name when printed

• BOOKS & ARTICLES

Footnotes collected & printed at pagebottom, chapters kept in separate fileschained together when printed

Ask Your Dealer For ADemonstration

Textwriter III $125

Manual alone - Sl5

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FUN & PROFIT

HEAVYWEIGHT BOXING - You match 40 con-temporary or all time great boxers in computerfights. What-if bouts like Jack Johnson vs Alior Marciano vs Larry Holmes are possible withthis super enjoyable game program.$24.95 Postpaid

STOCK MARKET — Now you can invest in thestock market with this stock market simulationfor l to 4 players. Buy on margin, sell short,then figures your Federal Taxes! Includes cal-culations for long and short term capital gains.$19.95 Postpaid

1979 INCOME TAX - Does 1040 schedulesA, B, D, G and TC. Specify if you have a printerwhen ordering this program.$39.95 Postpaid

Send check or money order to:Dealer inquiries invited.

SOFT SALES

1524 UNIVERSITY AVE.

ST. PAUL, MINN. 55104

Circle 295 on inquiry card.

Circle 358 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979

241

Circle 58 on inquiry card.

ANDSTUFF

Computer terminals, business systems,lab components . . . they all need desksand enclosures. That's what we're allabout. Computer Furniture and Acces-sories offers a standard line of furnituresuitable for a wide variety of applica-tions. Handsome, rugged, economicalfurniture in all shapes, sizes and colors.Basic models shipped from stock indays, not months. And we're nice peopleto deal with. What more could youask for?

CFA

Computer Furniture and

Accessories, Inc.

1441 West 132nd Street

Gardena, CA 90249

(213)327-7710

parts of the Bar Mitzvah,for determining proper timesof prayer and other dailyresponsibilities in a Jewishhome. Other courses of in-terest to everyone concernedwith Jewish education areincluded. For more infor-mation, write to the ICJL,Hebrew Theological College,7135 N Carpenter Rd,Skokie IL 60077.

The Eastern IowaComputer Club

This group meets on thelast Sunday of each month.Their newsletter deals withthe events of the meetingand future activities of theclub. They have printedgame programs in the reportand are currently workingon a software contest. Theclub invites inquiries fromother computer groups andusers. For more information,contact the Eastern IowaComputer Club, POB 164,Hiawatha IA 52233.

The HomebrewComputer Club

The Homebrew ComputerClub, POB 626, MountainView CA 94042, meets atthe Fairchild Auditorium inthe Stanford Medical Centeron the third Wednesday ofeach month from 7 to 10PM. The group exchangesprograms, works out bugsand tries out new microcom-puter systems. Theirnewsletter covers new pro-ducts, conferences, and hasa section of used computersfor sale.

The Popular ComputingNewsletter

This is a newsletter forTRS-80 users. It includesprogramming tips, variousprograms for home andbusiness, reviews of booksand programs, and one edi-tion has programs for twogames and a program foradd-on interest comparison.It is available from PopularComputing Inc, POB 16875,FT Lauderdale FL 33318, at$24 for one year, $36 fortwo years, and $48 for threeyears. ■

HAYDEN

11 j& 19

YOUR

PROGRAMMING

New! PROBLEMS FOR COM-PUTER SOLUTION, SecondEdition (Spencer) Offers a wideselection of problems for solution forthose who wish to test theirprogramming skills. Problemsinclude mathematical disciplines,science, business, game playing,and more. #5797-3, $5.95

New! BASIC COMPUTERPROGRAMS FOR THE HOME

(Sternberg) Each program isdocumented with a description of itsfunctions and operation, a listing ofthe BASIC program, a symbol table,sample data, and one or moreoutput samples. #5154-9,$10.95

New! STIMULATING SIM-ULATIONS, Second Edition

(Engel) contains twelve "simulationsprograms," which are gameprograms. Written in BASIC, theyare original and well-documented.#5170-0, $4.95

1980 HAYDEN COMPUTERCALENDAR — the first and onlyComputer Calendar being offeredanywhere! This truly unique itemincludes: full-color original computerart throughout • a complete programfor a perpetual calendar • computeranecdotes • only $5.95!

Available at your localcomputer store!

Or Write to:

Hayden Book Company, Inc.

50 Essex Street, Rochelle Park, N.J. 07662

Prices subject to change without notice

242 November 1979 BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 161 on inquiry card.

Circle 339 on inquiry card.

Circle 219 on inquiry card.

±

.+.

NAVAJO RUGPATTERNS

Create Navajo rug style patterns ininfinite variety on your 6800 or680X computer's alphanumericdisplay or printer. Enter simple con-trol directives to determine dimen-sions, borders, lines of symmetry,diagonal motifs and background.

Watch as patterns with depth,sophistication and subtle beauty

pour hypnotically onto yourdisplay. You control the patterns

but you never cease to beamazed at the result. Easy to con-trol yet endlessly fascinating, thesepatterns also have obvious com-mercial possibilities. Includesassembly language listings, instruc-tions and examples. Send yourcheck for $19.98 to:

Sterling Software

15832 Lime Grove Road

Poway, Calif. 92064

(714)748-1750

California residents please add 6% sales tax.

M I C A H

MIC AH presents

OSBORNEBUSINESS SOFTWARE

in CBAS1C2 or CROMEMCO 16K BASIC

* features *

Four Complete Packages—

• General Ledger

• Accounts Receivable■ Accounts Payable

• Payroll with Cost AccountingStrong support from Osborne ManualsCBASIC2 runs under CP/M or under CDOSversion 1.07 onCromemcocomputers16K BASIC runs on Cromemco computersCursor addressing routines for H.izeltine,Lear Siegler and Cromemco (Beehive)Terminals

Source Codes and Installation Instructions

provided along with disks

Automatic Command Start-up

Easy to apply to all of your business and

systems needs

• hardware required *

• One or more 8" or 5" FloppyDrives

• CRT with cursor addressing

• 132-Column Printer

$95p

package

■\ii<! 5>'i Inf .li[|i|]inv.

( ,il<! atfeih I t<\ -.il.- I ,.

tKtnn e-\uns \ct H'in>

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

' [XCANDlAllfiwsCI'rMrtmCmmenifoStittw.ui

' DUI'.'l (Oisk Ui*tii".f(»iCIVM .inri DH)S|

■ DV\' 2 Disk Untitle* to

OIHFK MIC.AI t I'KODUCTS or DISTINCTION

WICROPLOr VimPrinter C.r,i|ili,<^iDRIVE 'CtiMorm/1'DmO.MBLACKJACK .Tutor

■ CUIUS lO"

,>MAD

• C.ill or Wrile tor Free Catalogue .ind More Information •We will Customize any of our programs at our Standard Consulting Rates

M I C A H

Ah! MICAH....Satisfyin' Software

That turns your system on!

MICro Applications jnd Hardware

llox 22212

<un Pranclsto, California S4122 USA

phono: 4IS hfU-0778

• CONSULTANTS and SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS •

NOTICE

TO ALLTRS-80 USERS

VR Data regrets the pricing error in our Octoberad (page 274) on the TRS-80 equipment. Asthe industry's largest discounter of TRS-80equipment . . . the following prices reflect ourdiscount policy:

TRS-80 Model II

• 32k RAM

• % MEG Disk

$3208.50

ADDITIONAL 32k RAM $418.50

ADDITIONAL DISK DRIVE (1st):

$1069.50ADDITIONAL DISK DRIVE (2nd, 3rd)

$558.00

ED SMITH'S SOFTWARE WORKSNEW

6809 SOFTWARE TOOLS

CROSSMAC A 6800 TO 6809 CROSS ASSEMBLER version of RRMACwhich runs on your 6800 to produce relocatable 6809 object code from ex-isting (6800) or new (6809) source files. Handles deleted 6800 instructionsvia macros. Supplied with 6809 machine language linking loader.

M68CX $200.00

RRMAC RELOCATABLE RECURSIVE MACROASSEMBLER and LINKINGLOADER for 6809. The one macro assembler with real macro capabilities.Retains all features of 6800 version.

M69RR $150.00

M6809 RELOCATABLE DISASSEMBLER AND SEGMENTED SOURCETEXT GENERATOR. An invaluable tool for modifying large object pro-grams for reassembly on your system.

M69RS $50.00

M6809 RELOCATING ASSEMBLER and LINKING LOADER is a version ofRRMAC without its macro capabilities. Retains all of RRMAC's program-mer convenience features.

M69AS $75.00

All programs come complete with Programmer's Guide and extensivelycommented assembly listing. Available on cassette or mini-floppy. Specifycassette, SSB disk, mini-Flex disk or FLEX 2.0 disk.

Order directly by check or MC/Visa. California residents add 6% sales tax. Customersoutside of U.S. or Canada add $5 for air postage & handling.

Bealer inquiries welcome. FLEX is a trademark of TSC

Ed Smith's SOFTWARE WORKS

P.O. Box 339, Redondo Beach, CA 90277, (213) 373-3350

Circle 384 on inquiry card.

Circle 332 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979

243

Circle 165 on inquiry card.

Heuristics

SpeechLink™

2000

Talk To Your Computer. . .

• Voice data entry to the Apple®computer

• Voice control of your Apple®system

• User variable vocabulary(64 words and up)

• Applesoft & Integer Basiccompatible with or withoutdisk operating system

Useful For. . .

• Collecting inventory data

• Running the Apple® as a terminal

• Controlling production testequipment (say "test 2")

• Menu selection of programs(say "stocks")

• Entering stock market data

• Educational programsfor the kids(say "square")

See your computer dealer.Model 2000 suggested retail price$259, model 20A$189.

Heuristics

INC

1285 HAMMERWOOD AVENUESUNNYVALE, CALIFORNIA 94086408/734-8532

Apple® is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Corporation

244 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

QeskTcpWoncteps

Extended Multiplicationwith the TI-58

Michael E Manwaring, 3608 73rd Ave N,Minneapolis MN 55429

Most calculators have 8 to 10 digits of display. A fewhave as many as 14 digits. For most applications, we havevery little interest in any more than 8 significant digits;there are, however, a few fields, such as cryptology, inwhich someone might want many more digits of answer.The Number Cruncher is a mathematical program thatwill enable the user to multiply two numbers with a totalof up to 90 digits, using a TI-58. The TI-59 can handle atotal of 300 digits using this program.

After entering the program (see listing 1), press E.Subroutine E clears the memories, sets the programpointers, and repartitions the memory space to give the

Listing 1:

TI-58

program

for multiplying tuoc

numbers with an

answer totaling up to 90

digits

long.

i: iz s

fn 7

- i

H

0 4 8

1 3

i j

* -1U H b L k

pi \-

-: C HI N G

0 1 8

:'"' LL

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0 4 9

97

1: -D ._

0 i 9

il 1

n i

n s n

06

06

LfiBEL I

1 ST

0 2 0

69

dp"

05 1

9f

5 J

U d 1

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dp"

n r '~;

7 0

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0 U 1

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L

f! •"; "•

'"■•9

1 i fi 4

05

0 5

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I I

R

024

RTN

n 5 *=;

6 5

0 2 6

1 2

R

:~i ~: R

7 6

LBL

n -= =-.

"7 ■";

R C *

048

1 ";

0

0 2 6

12

B

n -■■ y

n ■-!

|j ":

i • .> ~.>

1 4

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f::'-: 7

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11 ^ :=:

—. A

'j

i"i -": :=:

01

0 1

0 5 9

74

SM*

PRQGRfi

i L [

-: T

0 2 9

97

D S Z

0 6 0

0 i

01

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Li Li

061

;""" 2

RC*

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76

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y & k

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l i '■

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n' -. -~:

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69

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002

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n"! '->

69

dp"

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01

1

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2 1

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c; cr

-

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69

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0 6 6

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0 3 6

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59

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009

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STD

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st a

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£ 1

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06

06

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69

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7 4

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0 l 2

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4

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074

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06

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Listing

continu

ed o/? opposite

page

Listing

J continued:

129

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13 0

14

II

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i u 4

v y

29

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I 38

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091

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49

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54

144

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61

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0 8

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99

PRT

1 .j d

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10 1

42

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69

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right. In this case, the result is on the order of 4 X 1046, soit will be necessary to press D 8 times to recall the entireresult. If D is pressed one too many times, the last enteredgroup of digits from the second multiplicand will bedisplayed. Each time D is pressed 6 more digits of theresult are displayed.

greatest possible capacity. The partition will bedisplayed. Now you can enter the multiplications, 6digits at a time, pressing A after each 6 digits of the firstmultiplicand, reading from left to right.

Each multiplicand is divided into groups of 6 digitsfrom right to left, then the numbers are entered from leftto right. If the number of digits in a multiplicand is notexactly divisible by 6, the first group of digits of thatmultiplicand will have less than 6 digits. When the firstmultiplicand has been entered, the second multiplicandmay be entered in the same manner by pressing B aftereach group of 6 digits.

For example, 6,853,233,214,307,635,533,673. X5,822,756,618,783,644,505,626,130. must be entered inthe following manner:

6853 A

233214 A

307635 A

533673 A

5 B

822756 B

618783 B

644505 B

626130 B

When the multiplicands have been entered, press C tocalculate the result and enter it into computer memory. Itmay take 5 seconds for each 6 digits of the multiplicandsentered to perform this step. When the calculation iscompleted, a meaningless number is displayed. The resultcan be extracted from memory by pressing D severaltimes. Pressing D causes the result to be read from left to

D

0

D

39904

D

709058

D

677695

D

645793

D

103475

D

894028

D

753563

D

675490

It appears at first that the TI-58 uses the 10-digitdisplay value in its calculations. In reality, all calcula-tions are done using a 13-digit internal register or accu-mulator which allows it to multiply two 6-digit numbersand retain all eleven or twelve digits.

The algorithm used in this program is very similar tothe old method of pencil and paper multiplication, whereyou multiplied one digit of one multiplicand by one digitof the other multiplicand at a time, carrying the tens digitto be added to the next multiplication. The main dif-ference is that instead of multiplying and carrying onedigit at a time, the computer does 6 digits at a time, great-ly speeding up the calculation. ■

Calculator AirborneNavigation

The HP-25 Finds Ground Speedand True Heading

L J Kuhns

801 Hastings Dr

Kissimmee FL 32741

The program in listing 1 calculates the ground speedand true heading for all quadrants when the true course,wind direction, air speed, and wind speed are known.

The addition of 0.1 degrees to the wind direction eli-minates any problems with head and tail winds (whichotherwise result in division by zero) without any majoreffect on the answer.

Storage of 180 degrees and 360 degrees facilitates tak-ing care of the different quadrants for making drift corr-ections.

November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc 245

Circle 85 on inquiry card.

@uS

HAS IT!

TexasInstruments

TI-99/4

Home Computer

• 26 K ROM extended Tl BASIC.

• 16 color graphics, and music and sound effects.

• High quality 13" color monitor.■ 16 K RAM user memory

CTC'S DISCOUNT PRICE FOR THE COM-PLETE SYSTEM; CONSOLE & 13" COLORMONITOR

$1099

Order now. Subject to availabilityby manulai.;turer.

Price subject to change without notice.Refunds guaranteed prior to delivery.

.. (SiKS ...

The Computer People

San Diego's largest Discount Computer & CalculatorStore. 5560 Ruffin Road, San Diego. CA 92123

Please ship me the following merchandise.Tl HOME COMPUTER PRODUCTS

PHC004M TI-99/4 Home ComputerPHA2000 Dual Cassette CablePHP1100 Remote Controls (Pair)PHP1500 Speech Synthesiser

COMMAND

PHM3000PHM3001PHM3002PHM3003PHM3004PHM3005PHM3006PHM3007PHM3008PHM3009PHM3010

MODULES

Diagnostic

Demonstration

Early Learning Fun

Beginning Grammar

Number Magic

Video-Graphs

Home Financial Decisions

Household Budget Management

Video Ciiess

Football

Physical Fitness

S1099.00 $_

6.95 $

29 95 s _

149.95 s_

29.95 $_

69.95 $ _

29.95 $_

29.95 $_

19,95 $ _

19.95 $

29.95 $_

44.95 $_

69.95 $.

29.95 $_

29.95 $

Special Prices on Calculators,Micro Computers, Accessories

Tl-Programmer Calculator

HP-41C Programmable Calculator

HP-41C Card Reader

HP-41C Printer

HP-41C Memory Module

SDROC 10-120

Ha;eltine 1400

IMSAI V0P-42/32K

IMSAI PCS-44/32K

IMSAI 1-8080

IMSAI 1-8080 Kit

IMSAI 1KB 1 Intelligent Keyboard

Cromemco Z-2H Computer System

with 64 K. Dual Floppy. 10MB Hard Disk

TOTAL

Shipping, add 3%

Cal. residents add 6% tax

Amount enclosed

(check or money order)

Charge to my □ VISA Q MASTER CHARGEAcct it Bank ~ Exp. Date

49.95249 95159.95319.95

39.95849.695..695..695931699.275..995.

Signature:

(Required if using credit card)

Name-

Street or P.O..% City

. State-

Zip-

NAVIGATION - CALCULATES GROUND SPEED AND TRUE HEADINGFOR ALL QUADRANTS

DISPLAY

KEYENTRY

COMMENTS

REGISTERS

LINE

CODE

00

0.1° ADDED TO

R0 TRUECOURSE(DEGREES)

01

2401

RCL 1

WIND DIRECTION

02

2400

RCLO

TAKES CARE OF

03

41

—

TAIL AND HEAD

R, WIND

DIRECTION

+ 0.1°(DEGREES)

04

2407

RCL 7

WINDS

05

41

—

06

2304

ST0 4

R2 AIRSPEEDMILES/HR.

07~~08

2407

RCL 7

51

+

R3 WINDSPEEDMILES/HR.

09

1551

8 > 0

10

1313

GTO 13

11

1312

GTO 12

12

2304

ST0 4

R4 AIRSPEED e

13

2404

RCL 4

14

1541

8 X < 0

R5 WINDSPEED 0

15

1320

GTO 20

16

09

9

17

00

0

R6 180°

18

51

+

19

2304

ST0 4

20

1404

f SIN

R7 360°

21

2403

RCL 3

22

61

X

23

2402

RCL 2

24

71

+

25

1504

8 SIN "1

26

2305

STO 5

27

2404

RCL 4

28

2406

RCL 6

29

51

+

30

1551

8 > 0

31

32

CHS

32

2405

RCL 5

33

1551

8 > 0

34

32

CHS

35

51

+

36

2406

RCL 6

37

51

+

38

1404

f SIN

39

2403

RCL 3

40

61

X

41

2405

RCL 5

42

1404

f SIN

43

71

■*■

44

1541

8 x < 0

45

32

CHS

46

74

RS

GROUND SPEED

47

2400

RCLO

48

2405

RCL 5

49

51 ;

+

IHUbHEADING ■

246 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

CIRCUIT BREAKER PRICE SLASHING

16K MEMORY UPGRADE KITS

•300 NS for TRS-80* $69.00

•250 NS for TRS-80*, Apple II, Sorcerer(specify)$75.00

•200 NS for TRS-80*, Apple II, Sorcerer(specify)$85.00

All kits complete with jumpers and instructions.90 DAY WARRANTY

LETTER QUALITYHIGH SPEED PRINTER

NEC Spinwriter

$2679.00

lncludesTRS-80* interface software, quick change print fonts,55 cps, bidirectional, high resolution plotting, graphing,proportional spacing. 90 DAY WARRANTY.

DISK OPERATING SYSTEMS

Radio Shack DOS 2.2—No key bounce $14.95

NEWDOS by ApparatT-No key bounce $49.95

Enhancements to DOS 2.1, enhanced RENUM, BASIC varia-bles and constants locater, enable/disable passwords, auto-matic validity check for disk write, load and save up to 30%faster, diskette space allocated in 1-granule incrementsinstead of 2, BASIC open "E" allows additions to sequentialfiles, "JKL" option outputs screen display to printer, DOScom-mands executable from BASIC, one-step entry to BASIC fromDOS. LIST, EDIT, and DELETE abbreviations. BASIC scrolling.

NEWDOS "PLUS" by Apparat+ $99.95

NEWDOS plus the following functions: enhanced DIRCHECKcommand, improved EDITOR, ASSEMBLER, DISASSEMBLER.SUPERZAP. Machine language RELOCATOR, LEVEL I on disk.

DOS 3.0 by the original author of 2.1 $49.95

No key bounce. Check EOF, write EOF, SEEK, REREAD,REWRITE, LOC, variable length records, SKIP, disk logging ofmessages, BOOT, CHAIN, PAUSE, PURGE, SET, RESET,ROUTE. RUN and LOAD for 1 drive system. XFER, FORMATw/o ERASE. DIR from BASIC, PATCH, LINK, user defined keys,key auto repeat, upper and lower case driver, shift lock, RS-232drivers, MULTI PROTOCOL COMMUNICATIONS.

TRS-80*COMPATIBLE HARDWARE

DISK DRIVES

More capacity than Radio Shack 35 track (80K Bytes) drives.Fully assembled and tested. Ready to plug-in and run themoment you receive it. Can be intermixed with each other andRadio Shack drive on same cable. TRS-80* compatible silverenclosure. 90 DAY WARRANTY.

CCI-100 40Track(102K Bytes) $324.00

CCI-200 77 Track (197K Bytes) $594.00

2 Drive Cable $25.00

4 Drive Cable $35.00

PRINTERS

779 CENTRONICS TRACTOR FEED PRINTER $1050.00

Same as Radio Shack line printer

701 CENTRONICS TRACTOR FEED PRINTER $1499.00

2V2 times faster than line printer, full 132 characters,carriage bell tone.

P1 CENTRONICS PRINTER $349.00

Same as Radio Shack quick printer.

CENTRONICS CABLE for TRS-80* $39.00

For use with above printers.

PAPER TIGER (IP440) Up to 198 cps $ 994.00

With 2K Buffer and Graphics $1189.00

HIPLOT DIGITAL PLOTTER by Houston Instrument $ 995.00X-Y Plotter, RS-232-C or Parallel Interface.7" x 10" plot size. Multi-colored pens included.

TRS-80* COMPLETE SYSTEMS

TRS-80* LEVEL II-4K reg. $540.00 $494.00

TRS-80* LEVEL II-16K with 10 key keypad reg. $799.00 $764.00

TRS-80* Expansion Interface $254.00'

TRS-80* RS-232-C Interface $84.00

MISCELLANEOUS

TRS-232 by SMALL SYSTEMS SOFTWARE RS-232-C orTeletype Current Loop output from cassette port. $49.00

CAT MODEM $169.00

Originate and answer same as Radio Shack TelephoneInterface II.

DISKETTE TRS-80*

BUSINESS SOFTWARE BY SBSG

Free enhancements and upgrades to registered owners forthecost of media and mailing. 30 day free telephone support fromvendor. User references supplied upon request.

Fully Interactive Accounting Package: Requires 2,3, or 4drives. Includes General Ledger, Accounts Payable, AccountsReceivable, and Payroll. Report generating. Well documentedand fully tested by accountants.

Complete package(Requires 3 or 4 drives) $389.00

Individual Modules (Require 2 or 3 drives) $99.00

Inventory II: Requires 2 or 3 drives. Handles up to 1000 itemsper disk drive. Reports include complete activity, inventory,listing, and minimum quantity search. $95.00

Mailing List Name & Address II System: Requires 2 drives. Usewith Electric Pencil files for automatic insertion of name,address and greetings in letters. Has ability to print envelopes.Menu driven. Includes enter, delete, update, search, extract,merge and print. Up to 1250 names per diskette. Will sort up to600 names in 7 minutes. 40 page manual. Zip code sort isexcellent for bulk mail applications. $129.00

Intelligent Terminal System ST-80 III: Enables a TRS-80* to actas a dial'up terminal on any standard time sharing network.Provides a TRS-80* with control key, ESC Key, Repeat Key,Rub Out Key, Break Key, full upper and lower case support,selectable printer output and program selectable transmissionrates. $150.00

Note: SBSG maintains a time-sharing computer where you candial-up and leave your problems, 24 hours, 7 days a week.

Word Processing System: The Electric Pencil from MichaelShrayer. Diskette $150.00

Cassette $99.00

File Management System: For specialized storage needs.Sorts files in ascending or descending order on 3 separatefields. Scanable. Some applications have been fixed assets,phone numbers, names, slides, albums. Selectively totalsnumeric and dollar fields. Display and print capability. $49.00

MMSFORTH System Diskette: A complete professionalFORTH system. Requires 16K TRS-80* and 1 drive. $45.00

Book on FORTH. Contains documentation. $15.00

The CPU SHOP

TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-343-6522

Massachusetts residents call 617/242-3350

For detailed technical information, call 617/242-3350

Hours: 10 AM - 6 PM (EST) Monday - Saturday

*TRS-80 is a Tandy Corporation Trademark "l"Requires Radio Shack TRSDOS*

39 Pleasant Street, Dept. B-11Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129

Freight collect, F.O.B.Charlestown

Massachusetts residents add

5% sales tax

Dealer Inquiries Invited

VISA*

master charge

Circle 81 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979

247

SNOBOL Commentary

Jonathan Sachs, 6713 Richmond Ave,Richmond View CA 94805

As a long-time SNOBOL addict, I enjoyed BruceBurns' "SNOBOL Conquers All?" (June 1979 BYTE, page220), but I want to protest two things he said.

First, that "opponents to the language say they feel thatthe language's power invites unstructured program-ming..." I think we are basically in agreement on thisone, but uncareful readers may get the idea that if youunderstand what you are doing, unstructured program-ming in SNOBOL is OK. Make no mistake: when the fullpower of SNOBOL4 is applied to a problem, it is beyondthe power of a human to understand the resulting pro-gram without extensive documentation and thoroughstudy. It is wise to use the language below its capabilities99% of the time, and end up with readable code.

While I am on the subject of structure, I will add thatSNOBOL's lack of strong structure (WHILE/DO,IF/THEN/ELSE) is its single intolerable vice. I object, notbecause it allows fools to write bad code, but because it

prevents me from writing good code unless I sweat blood.Because of this, I am planning to modify my SNOBOLcompiler (FASBOL II on the DECsystem-10) to supportthe above constructs. I would like to hear from anyoneelse who has tried this.

Now, for my second objection. It concerns the one-linecode segment to put the characters of a string in lexicalorder. The one-liner works, but it is horribly inefficientfor long strings. When it finds characters N and N +1 areout of order it transposes them, then returns to the begin-ning of the string, even though we know characters 0through N —1 are ordered.

Gross inefficiency is not a sin, but there is no justifi-cation for it unless it buys some overbalancing benefitsuch as storage economy or generality. Here, the onlybenefit we get is a one-liner. I think that is a poordemonstration of elegance. I wish Mr Burns had come upwith a one-liner (if he had to use one at all) that someonemight want to use in a real program.

Incidentally, the following "3-liner" benchmarksalmost 4 times faster on my system, for the string THEQUICK BROWN FOX JUMPS OVER THE LAZY DOG':

LEXORD

+

ORDERED

P = 0

S TAB(*P) $ A @Q LEN(l) $ B @P LEN(l) $ C

*LGT(B,C) = ACB :F(ORDERED)

P = 7GT(Q) Q - 1 :(LEXORD)

But these are minor complaints. Mr Burns' crusade toimplement SNOBOL on microcomputers is a worthyone, and if there is anything I can do to support it, I will.

, 'COLOR <C

OG

['■TRS-80 HBCDMPUCOLD>y

^

SOUNDWARE:

Everything youneed to odd the joyof sound to your entireBASIC librory!

You get hardware —'a near speaker-amplifier unirwith volume control, earphone jack and con-nectors. No wiring, no soldering, just add barreriesand plug ir in.You get software — two programs demonstrate andhelp you create your own sound effects. Add lasersounds bird calls, bounces, clicks, sirens, music notes.Complete with step-by-step instructions,

1 year limited warranty. x

SSSSST $29.95 $39.95

All PETS & TRS-80 Level II5 COMPUCOLQRII.

GREAT CHRISTMAS GIFT!

See your dealer or order direct by phone,(406) 371-412Q or by mail.

VISA/Bankamericard or Mosrer Chargeaccepted, for COD.add 15% California™ odd 6% soles rax. No charge for shii

ien paymenr is enclosed

JR IIBAPPLE III

ITRS-8A

Fascinating newgames to renewyour home library

STARFIRE GAMEWARE

• APPLE II with Disc. 32K ond upLightning Command & Dark

Castle* . $24.95

Dungeon

Quest II* $19.95

Space 2020* $24.95

STARFIRE GAMEWARE

• COMPUCOLORII, 16K

Space 2020* $24.95

Dungeon Quest II .. $19.95Lightning

Command $19.95

Bomb Squad & WallStreet* . $19.95

SOUNDWARE SOFTWARE

• COMPUCOLOR II. an

Action Pack* (Dreakthru.Caterpillar. Snakes, Target,Sketch. Popshot) . . $19.95

SOUNDWARE SOFTWARE

• All PETS

Action Pack* (Dreakthru, Tar-get, Caterpillar) ... $ 9.95

The Classics* (Backgammon.Checkers. PianoPlayer) $ 9.95

Word fun* (Speller. Scramble.Flashcard) $ 9.95

'Gomes with sound ond super graphics

_GREAT CHRISTMAS GIFTL

See your dealer or order direct by phone,(408) 371-4120 or by mail.

VISA/Bankamericord or Masrer Chorge accepred For COD

odd 15% Colifornions odd 6% soles rax. No chorge for shipping

when poymenr is enclosed

CAP Electronics, Depr. D1884 Shulman Ave H Son Jose. CA 95124 ■ (408)371-4120

_ CAP Elecrronics. Depr. D1884 Shulmon Ave. ■ Son Jose. CA 95124 ■ (408)371-4120

248 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 40 on inquiry card.

Circle 41 on inquiry card.

WhsftNew?

Portable ElectronicChess Game

The Boris Diplomat is a compact, por-table, battery-operated electronic chesscomputer. Designed with various opera-tional strengths, the Diplomat will playat a level that will teach a child or willkeep the attention of a master. As a

teacher, the Diplomat suggests movesfor the unsure beginner. The PositionProgrammer allows more advancedplayers to set up special board positionsto practice specific strategies. Beginnersuse the Position Programmer to removepieces for handicapping or for practiceof specific positions. The Diplomat has abuilt-in chess board with pieces, is 8 by

7 by I1: inches (20.32 by 17.78 by 3.81cm), and operates several hours on six\A battery cells or on the AC adapterwhich is included.

The price of the Boris Diplomat is$119.95. For further information, con-tact Chafitz Inc, 1055 First St, RockvilleMD 20850.

Circle 624 on inquiry card.

Programmable High-Performance Toy Vehicle

Voice Controlled Toy Van

George, the toy van controlled byvoice, is available from BeneficialMarketing, Suite 1920, Wall St Plz, NewYork NY 10005. George will go whereyou tell him only to the extent that youcontrol him with your voice. Thenumber of words used, the length of thewords, and the combination of wordsare all controls. George is priced at$24.95.

Circle 625 on inquiry card.

Milton Bradley's Big Trak is a toyvehicle which is programmed to followan extremely complex route. Big Trakadvances for as many as 99 units, eachunit being the measure of its own13-inch length. By pushing the Repeatbutton, it travels twice as far. It givesthe same performance in reverse. Thevehicle pivots either right or left in a fullcircle or more. It also pivots in tinyfractions of a circle, for Big Trakpossesses 60 swiveling positions. It canmake a turn, proceed in a straight line,

turn again, and continue traveling onwhatever course has been set.

Big Trak has a total of 16 programm-ing steps which direct its functions. Byestimating the distances and punching incommands, the user may send it aroundtables, chairs, and other obstacles, andhave it return. The user may input acommand which will call up its arsenalof weaponry, firing a single shot, orshort or long bursts of sound and lightlaser-cannon fire. It may be strategicallydeployed, firing at some target as it

maneuvers, or lurk silently in ambush.

Big Trak has a companion item calledBig Trak Transport. The Transportattaches to Big Trak and hauls anddumps loads on a preprogrammed com-mand. The approximate retail price ofBig Trak is $43 and the Big TrakTransport is priced at $13. For furtherinformation, contact Milton Bradley Co,Springfield MA 01101.

Circle 626 on inquiry card.

November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc 249

COMPUCRUISE

Put a computer inyour car, which givesyou the most effec-tive and functionalcruise control everdesigned, plus com-plete trip computing,fuel management sys-tems, and a remark-able accurate quartzcrystal time system.

So simple a child canoperate, the newCompuCruise com-bines latest computertechnology with

state-of-the-art re-liability in a packagewhich willnot likely beavailable on new carsfor years to come •Cruise Control •Time,E.T.. Lap Timer, Alarm

• Time, Distance, Fuelto Arrival • Time, Dis-tance. Fuel to Empty •Time, Distance andFuel on Trip • Currentor Average MPG,GPH -Fuel Used, Dis-tance since Fillup •Current and Aver-age-Vehicle Speed •Inside, Outside orCoolant Temperature

• Battery Voltage •English or MetricDisplay. $199.95

FLOPPY DISKSTORAGE BINDER

This black vinylthree-ring bindercomes with tentransparent plasticsleeves which ac-commodate eithertwenty, five-inch orten, eight-inch floppydisks. The' plasticsleeves may be or-dered separately andadded as needed. Acontents file is in-cluded with eachsleeve for easy iden-tification and organiz-ing. Binder & 10 hol-ders £14.95 Part No.B800; Extra holders95c each. Part No.BOO

OPTO-ISOLATED

PARALLEL INPUT

BOARD FOR

APPLE II

There are B in-puts that can be dri-ven from TTL logic orany 5 volt source.Thecircuit board can beplugged into any ofthe 8 sockets of yourApple II. It has a 16 pinsocket for standarddip ribbon cable con-nection.

Board only $15.00.Part No. 120, withparts $69.95. PartNp. 120A.

TIDMA

• Tape Inter-face DirectMemory Access • Re-cord and play programswithout bootstrap load-er (no prom) has FSKencoder/decoder fordirect connections tolow cost recorder at1200 baud rate, anddirect connections forinputs and outputs toM digital recorder atany baud rate • S-1 00bus compatible * Boardonly S35.00 Part No.112. with parts $110Part No. 11 2A

SYSTEMMONITOR

8080, 8085, or Z-80System monitor for usewith the TIDMA board.There is no need for thefront panel. Completewith documentation

$12.95.

16KEPR0M

Uses 2708 EPROMS,memory speed selec-tion provided, ad-dressable anywhere in65K of memory, canbe shadowed in 4K in-crements. Board only$24.95 part no.7902, with parts lessEPROMs £49.95 partno. 7902A.

ASCII KEYBOARD

TTL & DTL compatible • Full 67 key array

• Full 128 character ASCII output • Positivelogic with outputs resting low • Data Strobe

• Five user-definable spare keys • Standard22 pin dual card edge connector • Requires+5VDC, 325 mA. Assembled & Tested.Cherry Pro Part No. P70-05AB. $135.00.

ASCII KEYBOARD

53 Keys popular ASR-33 format • RuggedG-10 P. C. Board • Tri-mode MDS encoding• Two-Key Rollover • MOS/DTL/TTL Compat-ible • Upper Case lockout • Data and Strobeinversion option • Three User DefinableKeys» Lowcontactbounce -Selectable Par-ity • Custom Keycaps • George Risk Model753. Requires +5, -12 volts. $59.95 Kit.

ASCII TO CORRESPONDENCECODE CONVERTER

This bidirectional board is a direct replace-ment for the board inside the Trendata 1000terminal. The on board connector providesRS-232 serial in and out. Sold only as anassembled and tested unit for $229.95.Part No. TA1000C

DISK JACKET™

Made from heavy duty.0095 matte plasticwith reinforced

grommets. The mini-diskette version holdstwo 5-1/4 inch disk-ettes and will fit anystandard three ringbinder. The pockets tothe left of the disk-ette can be used forlisting the contents ofthe disk. Please orderonly in multitudes often. $9.95/10 Pack.

INTERNATIONAL

MICROPROCESSOR

DICTIONARY

English, French, Dan-ish, German, Italian,Hungarian, Norwe-gian, Polish, Spanish,Swedish. 10 lan-guages, 28 pp.SYBEX. Ref. IMD.$4.95

VIDEO TERMINAL

16 lines, 64 columns •Upper and lower case •5x7 dot matrix •RS-232 in - RS-232out with TTL parallelkeyboard input • Onboard baud rategenerator 75, 110,150, 300, 600, &1200 jumper selecta-ble ■ Memory 1024characters C7-21L02]• Video processor chipSFF96364 by Necu-lonic • Control char-acters (CR, LF, », <-,', ;, non destructivecursor, CS, home, CL-White characters onblack background orvice-versa • With theaddition of a keyboard,video monitor or TVset with TV interface[part no. 107A] andpower supply this is acomplete stand aloneterminal • also S-100compatible • requires+ 16, & -16 VDC at100mA, and 8VDC at1A. Part no. 1000A$199.95 kit.

RS-232 20mAINTERFACE

This board has twopassive, opto-isola-ted circuits. One con-verts RS-232 to20mA, the other con-verts 20mA to RS-232. All connectionsgo to a 10 pin edgeconnector. Requires-1-12 and -12 volts.Board only $9.95,part no. 7901, withparts $14.95 PartNo. 7901A.

COMPUCOLORII

Model 3, BK $13 95,Model 4, 16K $15 95,Model 5, 32K$1B95.Prices include colormonitor, computer,and one disk drive.

n

PET COMPUTER

With 32K & monitor-$1195. Dual DiskDrive-$1195.

^cipphz ii

or

APPLE II PLUS

16K - $995, 32K -$1059, 48K - $1123-Disk &cont. $589

\

6502APPLICATIONS

BOOKZ80 APPLICATIONS

BOOK*This book will teachyou how to connect aboard to the outsideworld and implementpractical applicationsfor the 6502, (orZ80). Applicationsrange from home con-trol Ca complete alarmsystem, includingheat sensor], to in-dustrial applications.You will learn tech-niques ranging fromsimulated traffic con-trol to analog-digitalconversion. All exper-iments can be realizedwith a minimum of ex-ternal [low-cost)components. They aredirectly applicable toany 6502-basedboard such as SYM,KIM, AIM 65. Thisbook also studies indetail input-outputtechniques and com-ponents, and is thelogical continuation ofC202 Cor C2B0). ByRodney Zaks.

SYBEX. 6502: Ref.D302; ZBO: RefD3B0. Each $12.95

T.V. INTERFACE

• Converts video toAM modulated RF.Channels 2 or 3. Sopowerful almost notuning is required. Dnboard regulated powersupply makes this ex-tremely stable. Ratedvery highly in DoctorDobbs' Journal. Recom-mended by Apple •Power required is 12volts AC C.T., or +5volts DC • Board only$7.60 part No. 107,with parts $13.50 PartNo. 107A

PARALLEL TRIAC

OUTPUT BOARD

FOR APPLE II

This board has B tnacs capable ofswitching 110 volt 6 amp loads (660 wattsper channel) or a total of 52B0 watts. Boardonly $15.00 Part No. 210, with parts$119.95 Part No. 210A.

TX rjr/fpr■ Mention part no. description, and price. In USA shipping paid by us for orders accompanied by check or money order.u v c ■ We accept C.O.D. orders in the U. S. only, or a VISA or Master Charge no., expiration date, signature, phone no.,shipping charges will be added. CA residents add 6.5% for tax. Outside USA add 10% for air mail postage and han-dling. Payment must be in U. S. dollars. Dealer inquiries invited. 24 hour order line [408] 448-0800

Send for FREE Catalog... a big self-addressed envelope with 41 * postage gets it fastest!

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS Dept. B, P- 0. Box 21638, San Jose, CA USA 95151

BYTE November 1979

Circle 125 on inquiry card.

TRS-80ESSERIAL I/O

• Can input into basic

• Can use LLIST andLPRINT to output, oroutput continuously •RS-232 compatible •Can be used with orwithout the expansionbus • On board switchselectable baud ratesof 110.150,300,600,1200, 2400, parity orno parity odd or even,5 to B data bits, and 1or 2 stop bits. D.T.R.line • Requires +5,-12 VDC • Board only$1 9.95 Part No. B010,with parts $59.95 PartNo. B010A, assembledS79.95PartNo.B010C. No connectors pro-vided, see below.

EIA/R5-232

con-

nector Part

rvo

OB25PS6.0O,with

0mm

9', 8 conductor

JiB

cable S10.95 Part

^BK

No. DB25P9

3'

ribbon cable

wichatcachedcon

m>^i*»°**

nee

CDrstofitTRS

wmm

BO

and our seria

'&$$$&$%!&

No,

-dS19.95Par3CAB4D

RS-232/ TTLINTERFACE

• Converts TTL to RS-232, andconverts RS-232 to TTL ©Two sep-arate circuits • Re-quires -12 and +12volts • All connectionsgo to a 10 pin goldplated edge connector

• Board only $4.50Part No. 232, withparts $7.00 Part No.232A 10 Pin edgeconnector $3.00 PartNo. 10P

MODEM

• Type 103 • Full orhalf duplex • Works upto 300 baud • Origi-nate or Answer • Nocoils, only low costcomponents • TTL in-put and output-serial

• Connect B (I speak-er and crystal mic.directly to board •Uses XR FSK demod-ulator • Requires +5volts • Board only$7.60 Part No. 109.with parts $27.50 PartNo. 109A

DISKETTES

Boxof 10, 5"$29.95,B" $39.95.Plastic box, holds 10diskettes, 5'* -$4.50,8"-$6.50.

RS-232/TTYINTERFACE

This board has twoactive circuits, oneconverts RS-232 to20mA, and the otherconverts 20mA toRS-232. Requires

+ 12 and -12 volts.Board only $4.50 PartNo. 600, with parts$7.00 Part No. 600A.

'..:■■ <?> ■■ '

S-100 BUSACTIVE TERMINATOR

Board only $14.95 Part No. 900, with parts$24.95 Part No. 900A

apple ii-::-

SERIAL I/OINTERFACE

Baud rate is continuously adjustable from 0to 30,000 • Plugs into any peripheralconnector • Low current drain. RS-232 inputand output • On board switch selectable 5 toB data bits, 1 or 2 stop bits, and parity or noparity either odd or even • Jumper selectableaddress • SOFTWARE • Input and Outputroutine from monitor or BASIC to teletype orother serial printer • Program for using anApple II for a video or an intelligent terminal.Also can output in correspondence code tointerface with some selectrics. • Alsowatches DTR • Board only $1 5.00 Part No.2, with parts $42.00 Part No. 2A, assembled$62.00 Part No. 2C

8K EPROM piiceon

Saves programs on PROM permanently (untilerased via UV light] up to BK bytes. Programsmay be directly run from the program saversuch as fixed routines or assemblers. • S-100 bus compatible • Room for BK bytes ofEPROM non-volatile memory (270B's). • On-board PROM programming • Addressrelocation of each 4K of memory to any 4Kboundary within 64K • Power on jump andreset jump option for "turnkey" systems andcomputers without a front panel • Programsaver software available • Solder mask bothsides • Full silkscreen for easy assembly.Program saver software in 1 270B EPROM$25,Bare board $35 including custom coil,board with parts but no EPROMS $1 39, with4 EPROMS $179, with B EPROMS $219.

WAMECO PRODUCTS

WITH

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS PARTS

FDC-1 FLOPPY CONTROLLER BOARD willdrive shugart, pertek, remex 5" & B" drivesup to B drives, on board PROM with powerboot up, will operate with CPM [notincluded]. PCBD $42.95

FPB-1 Front Panel. (Finally) IMSAI size hexdisplays. Byte or instruction single step.PCBD .... $42.95

MEM-1A BKxB fully buffered, S-100, uses2102 type RAMS.PCBD $24.95. $16B Kit

QMB-12 MOTHER BOARD, 1 3 slot, termi-nated, S-1 00 board only $34.95

$B9.95 Kit

CPU-1 BOBOA Processorboard S-1 00 with

B level vector interrupt PCBD .. $25.95

$B9.95Kit

RTC-1 Realtime clock board. Two independ-ent interrupts. Software programmable.PCBD $25.95, $60.95 Kit

EPM-1 1702A 4K EPROM

card PCBD $25.95

$49.95 with parts less EPROMS

EPM-2 2708/2716 16K/32K

EPROM card PCBD $24.95

$49.95 with parts less EPROMS

QMB-S MOTHER BOARD. Short Version of

QMB-12. 9 Slots PCBD $30.95

$67.95 Kit

MEM-2 16KxB Fully Buffered 2114 BoardPCBD $25.95, $269.95 Kit

T.V.TYPEWRITER

• Stand alone TVTe 32 char/line, 16lines, modifications for64 char/line included

• Parallel ASCII (TTL]input • Video output

• 1 K on board memory

• Output for computercontrolled curser •Auto scroll • Non-destructive curser •Curser inputs: up, down,left, right, home, EOL,EOS • Scroll up, down

• Requires +5 voltsat 1.5 amps, and -12volts at 30 mA • All7400, TTL chips •Char. gen. 2513 •Upper case only •Board only $39.00Part No. 106, withparts $145.00 PartNo. 106A

UART &BAUD RATEGENERATOR

• Converts serial toparallel and parallel toserial • Low cost onboard baud rate gener-ator • Baud rates:110, 150. 300, 600,1200, and 2400 •Low power drain +5volts and -12 voltsrequired • TTL com-patible • All characterscontain a start bit, 5to B data bits, 1 or 2stop bits, and eitherodd orevenparity.• Allconnections go to a 44pin gold plated edgeconnector • Board only$12.00 Part No. 101,with parts $35.00 PartNo. 101 A. 44 pin edgeconnector $4.00 PartNo. 44P

TAPEINTERFACE

• Play and record Kan-sas City Standard tapes

• Converts a low costtape recorder to adigital recorder • Worksup to 1200 baud •Dig-ital in and outareTTL-serial • Output ofboard connects to mic.in of recorder • Ear-phone of recordercon-nects to input on board

• No coils • Requires+5 volts, low powerdrain • Board only$7.60 Part No. 111,with parts $27.50 PartNo. 111A

HEX ENCODEDKEYBOARD

E.S.This HEX keyboardhas 19 keys, 16 encod-ed with 3 user defin-able. The encoded TTLoutputs, B-4-2-1 andSTROBE are debouncedand available in trueand complement form.Four onboard LEOsindicate the HEX codegenerated for eachkey depression. Theboard requires a single+ 5 volt supply. Boardonly $15.00 Part No.HEX-3, with parts$49.95 Part No. HEX-3A. 44 pin edge con-nector $4.00 Part No.44P.

DC POWER SUPPLY

• Board supplies a regulated +5volts at 3 amps., +1 2, -1 2. and -5volts at 1 amp. • Power required isB volts AC at 3 amps., and 24 voltsAC C.T. at 1.5 amps. • Board only$12.50 Part No. 60B5, with partsexcluding transformers $42.50Part No. 60B5A

TO OrdPr ■ Mention part no. description, and price. In USA shipping paid by us for orders accompanied by check or money order.We accept C.O.D. orders in the U. S. only, or a VISA or Master Charge no., expiration date, signature, phone no.,shipping charges will be added. CA residents add 6.5% for tax. Outside USA add 10% for air mail postage and han-dling. Payment must be in U. S. dollars. Dealer inquiries invited. 24 hour order line [4083 448-0800

VZS4

ggj

Send for FREE Catalog... a big self-addressed envelope with 41* postage gets it fastest!

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS Dept. B, P- 0. Box 21638, San Jose, CA USA 95151

Circle 125 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979

What's few?

FUN and GAMES

Game Playing Device IsAlso a TeachingCalculator

Mathemagician is a teachingcalculator and game-playing device foradults and children of all ages. It canteach children arithmetic operations:multiplication tables, division tables,addition and subtraction. Children andadults can play any of six differentgames, which are: Number Machine,Counting On, Walk the Plank, GooeyGumdrop, Football, and Lunar Lander.Mathemagician's games can be playedby one or two people. All functions letthe user know at the end of each pro-blem if he or she has given the correctanswer, and if not, will then display thecorrect answer.

Mathemagician sells for $29.95. For

further information, contact APF Elec-tronics Inc, 444 Madison Ave, NewYork NY 10022.

Circle 627 on inquiry card.

Microvision Features SevenDifferent Game Cartridges

Milton Bradley's Microvision is ahand-held mini "video" game with itsown screen. The electronically operatedMicrovision comes equipped with thegame Blockbuster; moreover, six addi-tional game cartridges may bepurchased, including Bowling, Pinball,Connect 4, Star Trek Phaser Strike,Vegas Slots, and Mindbuster. Microvi-sion is priced at $51.25. Game cartridges

Electronic Robot PromisesPreschool Fun

Alphie is an electronic toy robot offer-ing action, lights, sounds, music andgames for children 3 to 8 years old.Preschoolers will enjoy Alphie's Ques-tion and Answer games. Once the childmakes a decision, Alphie lights up thecorrect answer. If the child has made theright selection, Alphie plays a renditionof Sousa's "Stars and Stripes Forever." Ifthe child's answer does not match,Alphie gives a good-natured"razzberry." Alphie also plays othertunes, and there is a choice of fivepopular children's songs.

Slightly older children will enjoy play-ing Robot Land. In this color matchinggame, the child tries to beat Alphie or afriend by being the first to move aminiature Alphie piece along the pathfrom the Robot Factory to SpaceshipXK-3. In the Lunar Landing game,children count the tones Alphie makes inorder to be first to assemble an Alphiepuzzle on the lunar game board.

Alphie is priced at approximately $28.For further information, contactPlayskool Inc, 4501 W Augusta Blvd,Chicago IL 60651.

Circle 630 on inquiry card.

Game Software for theTRS-80

The Software Association hasannounced a new line of entertainmentprograms for the TRS-80. All programsare written in machine language andprovide fast response times. The initialofferings include:

Z-Chess — a full-featured chessopponent providing seven levels of dif-ficulty, from Blitz to Expert. Six movesof look-ahead are possible, and Z-Chesscan solve mate-in-two problems quickly.Numbered squares and a board setupmode are provided for ease of play.

Back-40 — a backgammon challengerwith an unrivaled graphic board display.Doubling is permitted, and every featureof a regulation backgammon match isprovided including the score.

Dr Chips — a fascinating programbased on Doctor and Eliza programs.Machine language allows Dr Chips toanalyze sentences and talk back in-stantly.

All programs require a 16 K byteLevel II machine. Z-Chess is priced at$17.95, Back-40 and Dr Chips are $14.95each. For further information, contactThe Software Association, POB58365 Houston TX 77058.

Circle628 on inquiry card.

range in price from $16.50 to $18. Con-tact Milton Bradley Co, Springfield MA01101.

Circle629on inquiry card.

252 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 126 on inquiry card.

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r MICRO-

PROCESSORS:FROM CHIPSTOSYSTEMS

This book cover all as-pects of microp-rocessors, from thebasic concepts to ad-vanced interfacingtechniques, in a pro-gressive presenta-tion. It is independentfrom any manufac-turer, and presentsuniform standardprinciples and designtechniques, includingthe interconnect of astandard system, aswell as specific com-ponents. It intro-duces the MPU. howit works internally, thesystem components(ROM, RAM. UART.PIO. others), the sys-tem interconnect,applications, pro-gramming, and theproblems and tech-niques of system de-velopment. By R.Zaks. SYBEX. Ref.C201. $9.95

MICRO-PROCESSORINTERFACINGTECHNIQUES

Microprocessor in-terfacing is no longeran art. It is a set oftechniques, and insome cases just a setof components. Thiscomprehensive bookintroduces the basicinterfacing conceptsand techniques, thenpresents in detail theimplementation de-tails, from hardwareto software. It coversall the essential per-ipherals, from key-board to floppy disk,as well as the stan-dard buses (S100 toIEEE 488) and intro-duces the basic trou-bleshooting tech-niques. (2nd Ex-panded Edition). ByAustin Lesea and R.Zaks. Ref. C207SYBEX. $11.95

PROGRAMMINGTHE 6502

PROGRAMMINGTHEZ80

PROGRAMMINGTHE 8080*It covers all essentialaspects of program-ming, as well as theadvantages and dis-advantages of the6502 and shouldbring the reader tothe point where hecan start writingcomplete applicationsprograms. For thereader who wishesmore, a companionvolume is available:The 6502 Applica-tions Book. By R.Zaks. 6502: Ref.C202; Z80: Ref.C280; 8080: Ref.C208. SYBEX. Each$10.95

44 BUS MOTHERBOARD

Has provisions for ten44 pin (.156) connec-tors, spaced 3/4 of aninch apart. Pin 20 isconnected to X, and22 is connected to Zfor power and ground.All the other pins areconnected in parallel.This board also hasprovisions for bypasscapacitors. Boardcost $15.00 Part No.102. Connectors

$3.00 each Part No.44WP.

AN INTRODUCTION

TO PERSONAL AND

BUSINESS

COMPUTING

No computer back-ground is required.The book is designedto educate the readerin all the aspects of asystem, from the se-lection of the mic-rocomputer to therequired peripherals.By Rodnay Zaks. Ref.C200, SYBEX $6.95

TVTCOOKBOOK

Bk 1064 — by DonLancaster. Describesthe use of a standardtelevision receiver asa microprocessorCRT terminal. Ex-plains and describescharacter genera-tion, cursor controland interface infor-mation in typical, easy-to- understand Lan-cascaster style.$9.95

COMPUTER

PROGRAMMING

HANDBOOK

A complete guide tocomputer programm-ing S. data process-ing. Includes manyworked-out examples.By Peter Staak, TAB$9.95

DIGITALCASSETTE

5 min. each side. Boxof 10 $9.95. Part No.C-5.

TO OrdSr ■ Mention Part no- description, and price. In USA shipping paid by us for orders accompanied by check or money order.We accept C.O.D. orders in the U.S. only, or a VISA or Master Charge no., expiration date, signature, phone no.,shipping charges will be added. CA residents add 6.5% for tax. Outside USA add 10% for air mail postage and han-dling. Payment must be in U. S. dollars. Dealer inquiries invited. 24 hour order line [4083 448-0800

Send for FREE Catalog ... a big self-addressed envelope with 41 * postage gets it fastest!

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS D^x- B' P- °- Box21638,SanJose, CAUSA95151

Circle 125 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979

What's New?

of INTEREST to DESIGNERS

Muscles for Robots

This 12 V DC, 17 RPM, reversiblegearmotor has been designed for roboticapplications. The motor produces 11inch-pounds of torque and operates on750 mA full load current. The motor ispriced at $18. Contact Gledhill Elec-tronics, FOB 1644, Marysville CA95901.

Circle 634 on inquiry card.

Pascal Processor for theS-100 Bus

The Pascal-100 processor is a 16-bitcentral processor board for the S-100bus, especially designed for use with thePascal programming language. The pro-cessor directly executes p-code instruc-tions generated by the Pascal compilerwritten at the University of California,San Diego (UCSD Pascal). It runs thelatest version of the entire UCSD Pascaloperating system, including the Pascalcompiler, screen editor, filing system,BASIC compiler, graphics package,games library, computer-based learningsystem, and utilities and cross-assemblers for other micro andminicomputers.

Other features of the Pascal-100 pro-cessor include support of up to 128 Kbytes of directly addressed mainmemory, 16-bit data bus transfers, vec-tored interrupts and floating pointoperations. The processor complies withthe Institute of Electrical and Elec-tronic Engineers standard for the S-100bus, and will also operate with mostperipheral and memory boards designedprior to the standard.

The Pascal-100 processor is priced atS995. For further information, contactDavid Lewis, Digicomp Research Corp,Terrace Hill, Ithaca NY 14850.Circle 635 on inquiry card.

Microprocessor ControllerCard

The System A process control boardutilizes an 8085 microprocessor and caninterface to 76 I/O (input/output) lines.The board contains 4 K bytes oferasable read-only memory and up to4.6 K bytes of programmable memory.It also has RS-232 teletypewriter controland 14-bit binary counter and timers.The board can be purchased with a resi-dent program that allows the user loprogram interface requirements and datarates from an external source. Minimalconfiguration boards may also be pur-chased. The board dimensions are 4 by5 inches (10.16 by 12.20 cm). TheSystem A board starts at $295. For fur-ther information, contact FH and M

Enterprises Inc, 1850 Gravers Rd, Nor-ristown PA 19401.

Circle 636 on inquiry card.

Hewlett-PackardIntroduces High-ResolutionOptical Reflective Sensor

The HEDS-1000 is a fully integratedmodule designed for optical reflectivesensing. The module contains a 0.007inch (0.178 mm) diameter light-emittingdiode (emitting visible 700nmwavelength light) and a matched inte-grated circuit photodetector. A bifur-cated aspheric lens is used to direct theactive areas of the light-emitter and thedetector to a single image spot 0.171inch (4.34 mm) in front of the package.The reflected signal can be sensed direct-ly from the photodiode or through aninternal transistor that can be configuredas a high-gain amplifier. Applications

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For further information, contactHewlett-Packard, Optoelectronics Divi-sion, 640 Page Mill Rd, Palo Alto CA94304.

Circle 637 on inquiry card.

254

November 1979 BYTE Publications lnc

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Circle 137 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979

255

What's New?

MASS STORAGE

Intelligent Disk System forS-100 Computers

A 10 M byte intelligent rigid disk system has beenintroduced by Corvus Systems, 900 S WinchesterBlvd, San Jose CA 95128. Plug compatible with theRadio Shack TRS-80, Apple and all S-100 bus-typecomputers, the system adds cost-effective massstorage to these computers, while maintaining totalcompatibility with existing hardware and software.The disk systemconsists of a compact IMI 7710 disk driveemploying Winchester technology with two8-inch rigid disks; a Corvus Z80 intelligent diskcontroller with comprehensive disk diagnostics;

and an intelligent personalitymodule and associatedsoftware for each formof computer. Eachdrive has a capacity of10 M bytes of format-ted storage. Up to fourdrives can be supportedin a simple daisy chain.The priceof the system is $5350, includingdisk drive, controller, and per-sonality module. Add-on disk drives arepriced at $2900.

Circle 631 on inquiry card.

Where Do New Products ItemsCome From?

The information printed in the newproducts pages of BYTE is obtained from"new product" or "press release" copysent by the promoters of new products. Ifin our judgement the information mightbe of interest to the personal cotnputingexperimenters and homebrewers whoread BYTE, we print it in some form. Weopenly solicit releases and photos frommanufacturers and suppliers to thismarketplace. The information is printedmore or less as a first in first out queue,subject to occasional priority modifica-tions. While we would not knowinglyprint untrue or inaccurate data, or datafrom unreliable companies, our capacityto evaluate the products and companiesappearing in the "What's New?" feature isnecessarily limited. We therefore cannotbe responsible for product quality or com-pany performance.

5-Inch Disk Drive IsCompatible with ShugartSA-400

The Teac FD-50A 5-inch disk drivemoves its data-transfer head directly tothe selected track, giving the drive atrack-to-track access time of 25 ms andan average access time of 298 ms. Aprecision built stepper motor ensures ac-curate head positioning while an im-proved head configuration is used forprecise erasing. In its basic 35-track con-figuration, the capacity of the FD-50A is109.4 K bytes (unformatted). This maybe extended if desired by addressing anadditional 5 tracks. Recording on a totalof 40 tracks expands the capacity to125 K bytes. Up to four FD-50A 5-inchdisk drives can be daisy-chained to asingle controller. The FD-50A is fullyplug-to-plug and disk-compatible withthe Shugart SA-400.

For further information, contact TeacCorp, 3-7-3, Naka-cho, Musashino,Tokyo, JAPAN.

Circle 632 on inquiry card.

5-Inch Double DensityDisk Drive for TRS-80

Percom Data Company has expandedits TFD line of add-on 5-inch disksystems for the Radio Shack TRS-80computer to include a dual drive unitfeaturing double-density storage.Designated the TFD-1000, the unit pro-vides 800 K bytes of on-line storage.Two systems (four drives) may be usedwith a TRS-80 to provide 1.6 M byteson line.

The TFD-1000 is supplied completewith an interconnecting cable (which ac-commodates either one or two units), aPeripheral Adapter Module (PAM)printed circuit card, Percom'sMICRODOS operating system, and sup-port documentation. The PAM cardreplaces the RS-232C card in the TRS-80

expansion interface and includes RS-232C circuitry so that serial interfacingcapability is retained. The MICRODOSoperating system, which replacesTRSDOS, was developed especially forbusiness and professional applications. Itprovides full random-access capability,is faster than TRSDOS and requires lessthan 7 K bytes of programmablememory. It is supplied on a system diskthat includes BASIC program examplesand a menu of the programs. The menuis activated on power-up or reset.

The TFD-1000 complete with cable,operating system, PAM card anddocumentation costs $2495. TwoTFD-1000 units (four drives) cost $4950.For further information contact the com-pany at 211 N Kirby, Garland TX75042.

Circle 633 on inquiry card.

256 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Jnc

ProComp/New England

Supet 0vu5tma5 S<zU

Prices marked with * good thruDec 31. Mail and phone orderswelcome. Prices FOB Boston, MA.Shipping costs billed COD.Mass residents add 5% sales tax.

TRS-80

MEGABYTES

.... and MORE!

The MEGABOX includes provision to add 32K of RAM and a UARTwith the RS-232 interface, so the MEGABOX can be used with theTRS-80 alone to provide a complete 48K system, capable of sup-porting a printer. (By MICROMATION, of course! )

One MByte Storage $2295

Two MByte Storage $3095

[ TRS-80 TM Tandy Corp. ]

CP/M + TRS-80

Software Patch $249 *

Microsoft FORTRAN... $199 *

Add

a PRINTER

0 COMPRINT

0 Epson TX-80

(Parallel) $589

(Parallel).

.. $739

(Serial) $549

(Serial)

.. $769

° Sanders Technology

o TI-825 (RO)

.. $1749

MEDIA 12/7

... $3589 *

Add Capacity and Powerto your S-100 System.

— DISK STORAGE

Micromation ' Doubler '

( 2D / Disk Controller )

$449.00

One MByte Disk Sub-System(Two REMEX 8" RFD-2000)(Controller / Housing & CP/M) $2,295

Two MByte Disk Sub-System

(Two REMEX 8" RFD-4000 dual head)

(Controller / Housing & CP/M) $2,595 *

--- MEMORY BOARDS

Measurement Systems & Controls

48K Dynamic (DM-4800) $549.00 *

Seattle Computer Products

M6K Plus1 Static (250ns) $325.00 *

A Special Value ProComp Custom System

o o o o o o

We put it all together in a rugged TEI tabletop cabinet,then test it and burn it in.

You get all the advantages of a Cromemco System Two (plusan extra drive) for 15% less.

Take your pick of Operating Systems [ CDOS /or/ CP/M ]

* 3 MPI 5.25" Drives

* Cromemco ZPU ( CPU Card )

* Cromemco 4FDC Disk Controller

* 64K Measurement Systems & Controls

Memory (Model DM-6400)

All for ONLY "3390.

MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEMS o SOFTWARE « BOARDS ° SUPPLIES

ProComp/IMew England

120 Boylston St. Fourth Floor Boston, MA. 02116 (617) 482-4450HOURS M-F 9-5 S 10-6 Write or call for our current price list.

Circle 66 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979 257

What's New?

PUBLICATIONS

Predict Object MotionWith Your ProgrammableCalculator

Countdown, a book by RobertEisberg and Wendell Hyde, will showthe reader how to use a programmablecalculator to accurately predict themotion of a variety of interestingobjects. Using only basic math andphysics, the book explains how tocalculate the motion of skydivers, singleand multistage rockets, Earth satellites,planets, and alpha particles. The book iswritten without the assumption that thereader has any familiarity with aprogrammable calculator. This 114 pagepaperback book is priced at $6.95. Forfurther information contact DilithiumPress, POB 92, Forest Grove OR 91776.Circle 598 on inquiry card.

#\

«P

#

TM990 Series Microcom-puter Module SelectionGuide Available fromTexas Instruments

A 20-page product selection guide andcatalog covering the TM990 Series of16-bit microcomputer modules isavailable free from Texas InstrumentsInc, POB 1443, MS-6404, Houston TX77001. It provides engineers with a con-

venient reference to TI's line of TM990Series microcomputer modules and otherTM990 Series software, firmware, andhardware products. The publication, CL377A, covers TM990 Series microcom-puter modules; memory expansionmodules; I/O (inut/output) expansionmodules; industrial AC and DC I/Omodules; analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog interface modules; universityeducational module; and softwaredevelopment module. Product descrip-tions include key specifications andfeatures.

Also included in CL 377A are descrip-tions, k.py features and specifications forTI's data entry and display Microter-minal; firmware support, includingTIBUG Monitor and line-by-lineassembler; software, including PowerBASIC high-level language and TIPMXExecutive Library, a collection ofassembly language programs availablefor users of TI's TMS9900 family ofmicroprocessors; TM990 transportablecross support; Advanced MicroprocessorPrototyping Lab (AMPL); and TM990Series accessories.

Circle 600 on inquiry card.

Free Technical Catalog

The 1979 edition of EngineeringGuide: AC/DC and DC/DC PowerSources contains 44 pages and includes10 pages of design, applications, andselection information for both linear andswitch mode regulated power sources.Designed to help the engineer select themost cost effective power source for anapplication, this reference includes com-plete specifications, dimension drawings

and extended pricing information for 23product families ranging from dual-in-line packaged single and dual outputDC/DC converters to high-efficiency 76W multioutput open frame power sup-plies. The Guide presents a variety ofnew products and lists price reductionsfor certain existing product groups. Forfurther information, contact Semicon-ductor Circuits Inc, 218 River St,Haverhill MA 01830.

Circle 601 on inquiry card.

Publications on BusinessComputing

BusinessComputing Press has an-nounced a series of publications inform-ing businessmen and professionals aboutthe effective utilization of low-costmicrocomputers in business. The bi-monthly journal, BusinessComputingReview, provides research reporting onbusiness computers and applicationssoftware. The information is presentedin a concise review format thatsimplifies the selection of systems basedon business requirements. Related ar-ticles and commentary compliment thereviews.

The report, Evaluating Small BusinessSoftware, details the characteristics thatany quality software package mustpossess in order to be used successfully.Specific evaluation criteria are providedfor General Ledger, AccountsReceivable, Accounts Payable, Payroll,and Inventory Control packages.

BusinessComputing Newsletter,published 6 times annually, presentsnewsworthy information about the useof microcomputers in business. Thenewsletter contains tutorials on businesscomputing and abstracts of new pro-ducts. The newsletter is sent tosubscribers of BusinessComputingReview.

BusinessComputing Review isavailable for an annual subscription rateof $25. The report, Evaluating SmallBusiness Software, is $15 per copy. Con-tact Business Computing Press, POB55056, Valencia CA 91355.

Circle 599 on inquiry card.

Computers for BusinessPeople

DDC Publications has announced thepublication of a new book for peopleplanning to buy a business computersystem. The book, entitled Winning theComputer Game by Chris Kloek,presents a business computer guide tothe layman or professional. The bookrecommends when a company shouldcomputerize, when it should not, how tobuy systems and services, and how tolive happily with them. Winning theComputer Game goes into detail on suchsubjects as custom versus packaged soft-ware, contract negotiation, installationmanagement, and financing alternatives.Appropriate cautions are also provided.

The 178 page guide costs $12.95 andis available from DDC Publications,5386 Hollister Ave, Santa Barbara CA93111.

Circle 602 on inquiry card.

258

November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

The

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Features Include:

• two dual-density minifloppies with 320K bytes of disk storage

• 32Kof RAM to handle even the most sophisticated programs

• a CP/M Oisk Operating System with a high-powered text editor,assembler and debugger.

APPLE II PLUS ONLY$1195

A completeself-contained computer system with APPLESOFT floating pointBASIC in ROM, full ASC I I keyboard in a light weight molded carrying case.

Features Include:

• auto-start ROM • Hi-Res graphics and 15 color video output.

• Expandable to 48K.

Disk

Add-on Disk

Pascal Card

Business Software .

Monitor

Printer Card

. $595. 495. 495. 625. 149. 180

Programmer's Aid 50

Speechlab 229

Lightpen 250

Communication Card 225

Modem 200

EPROM Programmer 100

NEW D. C Hayes MICROMODEMir

• Combines the capabilities of a communications card and acoustic coupler.

• Plugs directly into Apple sl«t and modular telephone jack. .

• Auto dial/receiver* FCC approved Only $379

NEW Mountain Hardware SUPERTALKER

• Digitized speech recording and playback. • Must be heard to be believed!

• Foreign language teaching pack available, • Software compatible.

only $279

• 16-bit microprocessor» 16K RAM

» t3" color monitor(24 lines of 32 chrs.)

■ 26K ROM operating system(includes 14K BASIC)

■ Sound - 3 tones, 5 octaves

• 16 colors: 192 x 256 res.

■ Large Tl library of ROMprograms available.

Commodore Computer

NEW!

MINIMAX

The Minimax Series Computer is anintegrated, compact unit containing theCPU, Disk Storage, 12 inch CRT. andFull Style Keyboard.Features Include:

• 2 Megahertz 6502 CPU

• 108K System RAM

• High Res. Graphics (240x512)

• Switchable 110 or 220V Operation

• Choice of Book or 2.4 Megabyte Disks

• Business Packages Available

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• 130-150 cps • Proportional Spacing

• Tractor Feed.* N x 9 Matrix

Call for Special prices

t

64 graphic chafaclers

PET DUAL 'FLOPPY DISK

, • Stores 360.000

dual sided floppiesHI-SPEED PRINTER

" ^150 characters persecond* Up to 4copies8'."wide• MicroprocessorControlled* Prints"All Graphics

PERIPHERALS FOR PET

• 24K Memory Expansion

• 16K Memory Expansion

• PET to RS232 Seriat ...»2 Way Serial/Com munic

• Modem Board for PET .

• Analog to Digital Boardtor 16 Devices

• Second Cassette Drive .

• Parallel Printer Interface

$1495 Complete!16K Modeladd $20032K Modeladd $500

CENTRONICS 730

Parallel $995Serial $1045

Compueolorll

50 CPS - MICROPROCESSOR1CONTROLLED!

Tractor & Friction Feed • UsesSingle Sheets, Roll, Fanfold • Upper& Lower Case * Light Weiqht

COMPUCOLOR II Disk-BastAdvanced hardware and softgives you:

• 13" Color Display

• Advanced Color Graphics

• 51K Disk Built-in

• 16K ROM Operating Syste

• 8K RAM User Memory

• 4K RAM Refresh

• 8080A Microcomputer

• RS-232 I/O

sed Model 3ftware technology

ANDERSONJAC0BS0N

d procKSing and imall busi — tS

sTOCK

IN

841 1/0 Terminal

Ideal lot

ne«K

•ASC II Cad, uOW

• High Qualnv Selective PrintingP» Use Keyboard tor PET

» Reliable heavy duly Mechanism

• Completely flelurbuherj by A J

• Service in 15 Maior Cm«

Plus $35 Freight-in Charge

Parallel

$1095

Serial

$1195

onlyFINALLY k^& k$1150

TCVAO \w BS^Llncludes 13"

I lAAO %B Color Monitor!

INSTRUMENTSTI-99/4Home Computer

Many Peripherals. Coming soon!

DATA GENERALmicro NOVA

The ultimate in smallBusiness Computerswhen matched withCOMPUTER FACTORY'Sinicomputer. Software:Accounts Receivable/PayableInventory Control/ Order Entry,Genreal Ledger, Payroll Systems. . . .from $12,140 for 64K computerwith cabinet, printer terminal, video terminaldual disk and mutli-user operating system1

¥

RADIO SHACK • PET • SORCERERAPPLE • COMPUCOLOR • ETC.

PRINTERS • PRINTERS • PRINTERS

The COMPUTER FACTORY'S extensive CENTRONICS 779 ... .$ 945

inventory and wide selection ol computer TRENDCOM 100 375

printers assures you of finding the pr inter TRENDCOM 200 595

best suited for your needs and PAPER TIGER 440 $995

specifications The following printers wurk (New) Remington Selectricwell with all known personal computers w/int $1895

FREE

$35 of Softwarewith purchaseof any computeron this page.

Min Credit CardOrder $75

OpenMon.-Fri.

10-6Sat. 10-4

N Y residents add 8°o sales tax• Same day shipment on prepaid andcredit card orders • Add S5 shippingfor computers. S3 for boards.$1 each cassette tape.

Over 1000 software tapes, books,diskson display. Come in and brouse.

TO ORDER CALL (212) 687-5001 (Mh^

TLA fVMUIDI ITCD CAf*TIf\BV 485 Lexington Avenue 750 Third Avenue New York. N.Y. 10017I fits WWlVIr U I CO "MU I Wrl I Foreign order desk Telex 640055

BYTE November 1979

259

What's New?

SOFTWARE

Add-on Graphics forApple II Software

Superchip is a 16 K bit read-onlymemory designed to be plugged into theApple II computer. The device providesan alternate set of I/O (input/output)service routines. The output routine candisplay, within the window concept, thefull American Standard Code for Infor-mation Interchange (ASCII) character set(lowercase included), along with 32 newcharacters. User defined characters andcharacter sets are also supported. Text isavailable in reverse video and may befreely mixed with high-resolutiongraphics. Characters can be rotated in90 degree steps to achieve vertical andupside down printing. The new inputroutine permits the generation of all thenew characters from the standardkeyboard. An enhanced full screeneditor is also provided with full cursormotion, character insertion and deletion,and several other features to increase thespeed of editing. The Character EditProgram, which is available on cassette,permits one to construct or modify acharacter pattern by working with amagnified grid. Superchip was designedto be transparent to existing Apple soft-ware, and most programs run under itwith no modification.

Superchip supports printing througheither the communications or printer

Full Standard PILOTon PET

Commodore PET owners can get fullstandard PILOT on a minimum size PETwith the PETPILOT language processorand editor which is suitable for prepar-ing long programs of up to 80,000characters. The product features fullBASIC in compute statements as well astwo new keywords designed to makePILOT programming easier and faster.All language features of the most recentPILOT standard are implemented. Onlythe tape drive supplied with the PET isrequired to run any PILOT program.While simple PILOT programs can becreated on a single drive PET, authorswriting long programs will need thesecond cassette drive offered byCommodore.

The package offered by the PET-PILOT project contains both programs,a sample PILOT program, a teacher'smanual, a quick reference card, andlicenses to run the programs on a singlePET. The basic package costs $25.Specify the PET serial number to belicensed when ordering. Contact DaveGomberg, 7 Gateview Ct, San FranciscoCA 94116.

Circle 640 on inquiry card.

Hon c*n your APPLE do this'?<Turr% OMer for answer)

I mix texjk_ Display %hm usual*-

■-- 8^ ■

P; m:-;v: ,3+_

I - Plus the <jesirech

?•-$■-„~ + ..n.»». -.-:Hies Pius the nen;HORIZONTAL <"**M :***4>*4.c«.:».

Ewen add your owrt:0. ? / t» 2 $

c dimmdns m snt<* %sap /sw>

3NTAL

interface board and requires a 16 K bytesystem to operate. The Applesoft boardis also supported. Superchip is priced at$99.95, and the Character Edit Programis $19.95. A disk interface is available

for $19.95, and a word processingpackage costs $19.95. For further infor-mation, contact Eclectic Rentals Inc,2830 Walnut Hill Ln, Dallas TX 75229.

Circle 638 on inquiry card.

User-Oriented DatabaseManagement System

Global is a comprehensive and ver-satile user-oriented database manage-ment system for database creation andlist maintenance. Global runs underCP/M and CBASIC2 on a microcom-puter system in 40 K bytes of program-mable memory. This general-purposetool can be used for diverse applicationssuch as inventory systems, mail lists,indexing collections, history reports,payroll files, accounting files, price lists,client lists, etc.

Some features include completelyuser-defined file structure with sequen-tial, random, and linked filemaintenance; user-defined number offields; data transfer between records;

automatic high-speed search algorithmswith global search function, built-inindexed sequential-access method, etc;fast sort and merge utility; record-selectable output that can be formattedand printed on various forms; links toCP/M commands or programs withautomatic return to Global; statusreports on disk, data file and hardwareenvironment; and disk used as extendedmemory.

Global is supplied on standard 8-inchIBM-compatible disks and comes com-plete with a BASIC subroutine librarysupplied in source code, and a com-prehensive manual for $295. The manualalone is $35. For further information,contact Global Parameters, 1505 OceanAve, Brooklyn NY "J 1230.

Circle 639 on inquiry card.

Educational Software forApple and TRS-80

Mind-Memory Improvement (CourseSteps 1 and 2) has been designed for theApple and the TRS-80 (Level I and II). Itcombines the advantages of the homecomputer with a teaching manual andaudio cassettes. The Mind course teachesa system for memorizing lists of itemseasily. In addition, the course

develops memorizing skills for more dif-ficult material as well as teaching asystem for listening and remembering.Emphasis is placed on remembering peo-ple's names and faces. The price forMind-Step 1 is $24.95 and Mind-Step 2is priced at $29.95. Both courses areavailable for $49.90. For further infor-mation, contact TYC Software, 40Stuyvesant Manor, Geneseo NY 14454.Circle 641 on inquiry card.

260

November

ber 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

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•7-

16K EPROM CARD-S 100 BUSS V 8K LOW POWER RAM KIT-S 100 BUSS

OUR

BEST

SELLING

KIT!

USES 2708's!

Thousands of personal and business systems aroundthe world use this board with complete satisfaction.Puts 16K of software on line at ALL TIMES! Kit featuresa top quality soldermasked and silk-screened PC boardand first run parts and sockets. All parts (except 2708's)are included. Any number of EPROM locations may bedisabled to avoid any memory conflicts. Fully bufferedand has WAIT STATE capabilities.

OUR 450NS 2708'SARE $8.95 EA. WITHPURCHASE OF KIT

ASSEMBLED

AND FULLY TESTED

ADD $25

SALE

$119^

(450 NS RAMS!)

Thousands of computer systems rely on this rugged, workhorse, RAM board. Designed for error-free, NO HASSLE,systems use.KIT FEATURES:

16K STATIC RAM KIT-S 100 BUSS

PRICE CUT!

1. Doubled sided PC Board with soldermask and silk screen layout.Goldplated contact fingers.

2. All sockets included.

3. Fully buffered on all address and datalines.

4. Phantom is jumper selectable to pin67.

FOUR 7805 regulators are providedon card.

Blank PC Board w/Documentation

$29.95

Low Profile Socket Set...13.50

Support IC's (TTL & Regulators)

$9.75

Bypass CAP's (Disc & Tantalums)

$4.50

ASSEMBLED AND FULLYBURNED IN ADD $30

*279

KIT

liiuiiiiiiiiii.iii

^IMIII III III111II

FULLY

STATIC, AT

DYNAMIC PRICES

WHY THE 2114 RAM CHIP?

We feel the 2114 will be the next industry standardRAM chip (like the 2102 was). This means price,availability, and quality will all be good1 Next, the2114 is FULLY STATIC We feel this is theONLYway to go on the S-100 Buss1 We've all heard theHORROR stories about some Dynamic RamBoards having trouble with DMA and FLOPPYDISC DRIVES Who needs these kinds ofproblems? And finally, even among other 4KStatic RAM's the 2114 stands our Not all 4K staticRams are created equal' Some of the other 4K'shave clocked chip enable lines and various timingwindows just as critical as Dynamic RAM's Someof our competitor's 16K boards use these "tricky"devices. But not us! The 2114 is the ONLY logicalchoice for a trouble-free, straightforward design

KIT FEATURES:

1 Addressable as four separate 4K Blocks

2 ON BOARD BANK SELECT circuitry(Cromemco Standard!) Allows up to 512K online1

3 Uses 2114 (450NS) 4K Static Rams.

4 ON BOARD SELECTABLE WAIT STATES

5 Double sided PC Board, with solder mask andsilk screened layout. Gold plated contact fingers

6 All address and data lines fully buffered.

7 Kit includes ALL parts and sockets.

8 PHANTOM is jumpered to PIN 67

9 LOW POWER under 2 amps TYPICAL from the♦8 Volt Buss.

10. Blank PC Board can be populated as anymultiple of 4K.

BLANK PC BOARD W/DATA—$33LOW PROFILE SOCKET SET-S12 ASSEMBLED & TESTED-ADD $30SUPPORT IC'S & CAPS—$19.95

16K STATIC RAM SS-50 BUSS

PRICE CUT!

*275

KIT

1 1 fl(| 1 •

';i 11 i 11111111 in i

fc;iiiii!ii*iii;i*ili

FULLY STATICAT DYNAMIC PRICES

KIT FEATURES:

FOR SWTPC6800 BUSS!

ASSEMBLED ANDTESTED - $30

5.6.

BLANK PC BOARD-S33

SUPPORT IC'S AND CAPS

Addressable on 16K Boundaries

Uses 2114 Static Ram

Runs at Full Speed

Double sided PC Board. Solder

mask and silk screened layout.

Gold fingers.

All Parts and Sockets included

Low Power: Under 2 Amps

Typical

COMPLETE SOCKET SET—$12$19.95

S-100 Z80 CPU CARD

ASSEMBLED AND TESTED! READY TO USE! Over 3 years ofdesign efforts were required to produce aTRUE S-100 Z80 CPUat a genuinely bargain price! a MH7! $1 RQ$5

cpati IRFS: ivinz.. | ^^

* 2 or 4 MHZ Operation.

Generates MWRITE, so no front panel required. Perfect For

Jump on reset capability I OEM's

8080 Signals emulated for S-100 compatability.

Top Quality PCB, Silk Screened, Solder Masked, Gold Plated Contact

Fingers.

LOW POWER - 250NS

2114 RAM SALE!

4K STATIC RAM'S. MAJOR BRAND, NEW PARTS.These are the most sought after 2114's, LOW POWER and250NS FAST. S750 ea or 8 For S55

SPECIAL SALE: (We reserve the right to limit quantities.)

PROC. TECH. QUITS THE MICROPROCESSOR BUSINESS!

FACTORY CLOSE OUT - SPECIAL PURCHASE!

#16KRA

16K S-100 Dynamic Ram Board - $149.95

ORIGINALLY PRICED AT S429 each!

We purchased the remaining inventory of PT's popular16K Ram Board when they recently closed their plant.Don't miss the boat! These are brand new, fully tested,ASSEMBLED and ready to go. All are sold with ourstandard 90 day limited warranty!!

72 Page Full Manual, Included Free!

NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DIGITAL RESEARCH OF CALIFORNIA, THE SUPPLIERS OF CPM SOFTWARE.

Digital Research: Computers

** (OF TEXAS) r

P.O. Box 401565 • GARLAND, TEXAS 75040 • (214) 494-1505

TERMS: Add 50C postage, wp pay balance Cider? under S15 add 75c handlingNo C O D We accept Visa MasletChaige and American Express cards TexRes add 5% Tax Foreign orders (except Canada add ?0°.> P & H 90 Dav MoneyBack Guarantee on all items >

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Circle 100 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979

261

Your one-stop mail order

California Computer Systems

Available at HOBBY WORLD

Model 2500AS-lOO

Wire WrapBoard

' S-100 BUS compalible' Double sided PC hoard

• Plated thru holes1 Perimeter ground

• All S-100 BUS signals labeledand numbered

• Accommodates standard si^eIC sockets

• 4 to-220 regulator positionsavailable

» Allows either positive or neg-ative regulatorsDense hole configuration

Cat No. 1600 S 27.00

Model 2501AS-lOO

Solder Board

• S-100 BUS compatible

• Double sided PC board

• Plated thru holes

• Perimeter ground

• All S-100 BUS signals labeledand numbered

• Accommodates standard si/eIC sockets

• 4 to-220 regulator positionsavailable

• Allows either positive or neg-ative regulators

• Dense hole configuration.Cat No. 1604 S 27.00

[Model 2501AS-100I

Mother Board

• 12 slot capability

• All 12 S-100 bus connectors in-cluded

• Low inductance inner-conncctto reduce signal noise andcrosstalk

• Active termination of all buslines to further reduce signalnoise and line reflections

• Distributed bypassing of allpower lines

• Solder mask both sides ofboard

• Silkscrecn of reference desig-nations

• Simple strong board mounting

• Criss-cross BUS lines bothsides of board

• All holes plated thru' Solder plated circuit area

Cat No. 1616 Kit $ 90.00

kCat No. 1615 A&T 5105.00 .

Model 2520AS-lOO

Extender/Terminator

• Active and/or dynamic term-ination

• All power lines fused for pro-tection

• All S100 lines labeled andnumbered

• Can be used as an extenderand/or terminator

• Solder mask both sides ofboard

• Silkscreened reference desig-nations

■ Gold plated fingers.Cat No. 2520 Kit S 37.95 A

Model 7811AApple II

ArithmeticProcessor

' B.ised on AMD AM9511 dovice

Fixed point 16 and 32 bit op-eration

Floating point 32 bit operationBinary data formats1 Add, subtract, multiply, and

divide1 Trigonometric and inverse tri-gonometric functionsSquare roots, logarithms, ex-ponentiation

Float to fixed and fixed to floatconversions1 Stack oriented operand stor-age1 Programmed UO data transfer1 End signal selectable interrupt' Supports interrupt daisy chain1 Allows DMA daisy chain| • Power down ROM

256 bytes firmware (ROM) orsoftware (RAM) space avail-

able

S375.00

Model 7114AApple II

Prom Module

The 7114A PROM MODULE per-mits the addition or replacement

I of the Apple II firmware withoutthe physical removal of the Appleli ROMS. This allows soft-

I ware/firmware replacement,change, and/or patch to be madeon a ROM or BYTE BASIS. Anoivboard enable/disable toggleswitch is also available.

i • BYTE oriented program over-lay

• Selectable prom overlay

• Power down of PROMS

• 14K PROM sp.ice available

• Uses +5 volt 2716 type proms

• Allows use of DMA/interruptdaisy chains

Cat No. 1631 A&T $ 72(H)iCal No. 1fi30 Kit $ 62.00

Model 2016B

s-ioo16K StaticMemory

• Fully static operation

• Uses 2114 type static ranis

• +8 VDC input at less than 2amps

• Bank select available by hankport and banli byte

I • Phantom line capability

• Addressable in 4K blocks in 4Kincrements

• 4K blocks can be located any-where within 64K bank

• May be used as a 4K, 8K, 12Kor 16K memory board

• led indicators for board/bankactive indication

• Solder mask on both sides ofboard

I • Silk screen with part and refer-I ence designationI • Available fully assembled andtested, as a kit, or as a hart*hoardCat No.1601A Kit 450ns5285.00Cat No.1601B Kit 200ns 5340.00Cat No.1602A A&T 450ns $130.00LCat No.1602B A&T 200ns S385.00 A

Model 7470AApple II

VU Digit BCDA/DConverter

The 7470 allows conversion of aDC voltage to a BCD number forcomputer monitoring and analy-sis. Typical inputs would be DCinputs from temperature or pres-sure transducers.

• Select.lble interrupt on end ofconversion

• 200,1^ per conversion

• 4 to +4 VDC full scale

• Plus or minus .05% nonlincar-ity

• Plus or minus 1 count quanti-zation

• Correctible offset error

• Temperature coefficient ad-justment

• Calibration adjustment

• Input offset adjustment

• Floating inputs

• Ovcrange and sign indicators

• Input filter

• Power down ROM

• Supports interrupt daisy chain

• Allows DMA daisy chain

• 256 byte firmware (ROM) orsoftware (RAM) space avail-able

I Cat No. 1621 Kit 5115.00

LCal No. 1622 A&T 5135.00 j

Model 2200A

Mainframe

S-100 compatible

Industrial/commercial quality

construction

Flip-top cover

Excellent cooling capability

12 slot capability (uses model

2501A)

Input 105, IIS, or 125 VAC

Output +8 VDC, 20A + - 16

VDC 4A

Active termination of ail bus

lines

Fan and circuit breaker includ-ed

Rugged conslruction• All parts available separatelyCat No. 1612 Kit 5330.00

L Cat No. 1614 A&T $375.00 4

Model 7440AApple II

■Programmable!1 Timer Module \

• Flexible external interfacepatch area for custom inter-face applications

• Selectable prescaler on timer3 capable of 4mhz input

• Programmable interrupts

• Readable down counter indic-ates counts to go to time-out

• Selectable gating for frequen-cy or pulse width comparison

• Three asynchronous externalclock and gate/trigger inputsinternally synchronized

• Three masliahle outputs topatch area

• Power down ROM

• Supports interrupt daisy chain

• Allows DMA daisy chain

• 256 byte firmware (ROM) orsoftware (RAM) space avail-able

Cat No. 1617 Kit 5135,00

LC.it No. 1f)18 A&T $145.00J

AppleModel 7712A

Synchronous

Serial

Interface

• Conforms to RS-232C (config-uration A thru E)

' Supports half or full duplexoperation

DTE type configurationFailsafe RS-232C operation

• 14 STD CLK rates 50-19.2KBAUD plus EXT CLK

• BAUD rates dip switch select-able

• All BAUD rates crystal con-trolled

• Programmable interrupts fromtransmitter, receiver, and errordetection logic

• Character SYNC by one or twoSYNC codes

Programmable SYNC code re-gister

I • Standard synchronous signal-ing rate per RS-269/ANSI X3.1-1976

Peripherahmodem controlfunctions

I • Three bytes of fifo bufferingon both transmit and receivedate

7,H, or 9 bit transmissionOptional odd, even, or no par-ity hit

Parity, overrun, and overflowstatus chechsPower down prom

I • 256 bytes firmware (ROM) orsoftware (RAM) space avail-able

I • Supports interrupt daisy chain■ Allows DMA daisy chain

Lc.it No. 1627 Kit 5 90.00 1

Apple IIModel 7710A

| Asynchronous |

Serial

Interface

• Parity, overrun, and framing |error check

• Optional divide by 16 clock Imode

• False start bit detection

• Software programmable inter-rupts

• Data double buffered

• One or two stop bit operation I

• Power down PROM

• 25f» bytes firmware (ROM) orsoftware (RAM) space avail-able

• Supports interrupt daisy ch.iin

• Allows DMA daisy chain

• 134.5 BAUD available for sel-ectric interface

• Conforms to RS-232C (config-uration A thru E)

• Supports half or full duplexoperation

• DCR type interface

• Failsafe RS-232C operation

• 14 STD CLK rates 50 19.2KBAUD plus EXT CLK

• BAUD rates dip switch selec-tahle

• All BAUD rates crystal con-trolled except EXT

• 8 and 9 bit transmission

• Optional even, odd, and noparity bit

• Programmable control regis-ter

Cat No. 1624 A&T $145.00LCat No. 1623 Kit S 90.00J

Model 7720AApple II

ParallelInterface

» Two bi-directional 8 bit busesfor interface to peripherals

' Tow programmable controlregisters

• Two programmable data dir-ection registers

» Four individually controlledinterrupt input lines; two use-able as peripheral control out-puts

1 Handshake control logic forinput and output peripheraloperation

1 High impedance 3 state anddirect transistor drive pheri-pheral lines

1 Programmable interrupts

• CMOS drive capability on sideA peripheral lines2 TTL drive capability on all Aand B side buffersPower down ROMSupports interrupt daisy chainAllows DMA daisy chain256 bytes firmware (ROM) orsoftware (RAM) space avail-ableI Cat No. 1633 A&T SI05.00[ Cat No. 1632 Kit S 62.00

Model 7500AApple II

Wire WrapBoard

I The 7500A is used for theprototyping or building of unique|circuits for the Apple IIcomputer.

• All bus signals labeled on Iboard

• Perimeter ground

• Size: 7 inch long x 2.75 inch Ihigh

• All holes plated thru

• Cold plated conector fingers ICat No. 1606 5 19.00 |

Model 751OAApple II

Solder Board

The 7510A is the same as the7500A except it is designed forsoldering of circuits.I Cat No. 1607 S 19.00

Model 7590AApple II

Etch Board

. ..e 7590A is a two sided copperI hoard which allows the actualI etching of circuits for use in theI Apple II computer.I Cat No. 1608 5 19.00

Model 7520AApple II

Extender

Board

The 7520A is a handy toolwhen debugging or testingmodules in the Apple II.^Cat No. 1611 Kit S 21.00J

19511 Business Center Dr. Dept Bll Northridge, Ca. 91324

262 BYTE November 1979

Circle 170 on inquiry card.

i

•TrTI»

computer store!

CALL TOLL FREE:

(800)-423-5387

CA.HI.AK:(213) 886-9200

BUY ANY 3 PROGRAMS, TAKE 10% OFF!BUY lO, TAKE 15% OFF

SMALL BUSINESSBOOKKEEPING

Based on the Dcimc BookkeepingJournal, includes all phases ex-cept payroll.Cat No. 1043TRS-80 L2,16K S14.95

ARCADE I

Kite flight, maneuver kites acrossterrain. Pinna)), the excitement ofarcade pinball.Cat No. 1986 PET, 8K $7.95

APPLE TALKER

Gives Apple the power ofspeech! Requires recorder and 2mikes. Can be used as sub-routines.Cat No. 1691 Apple II S15.95

APPLE LIS'NER

Communicate with your Applevia spoken words! Use yourcassette recorder and mike-Cat No. 1692 Apple II S19.95

ADVENTURE

Explore an almost endless maze

of treasures and pitfalls. Chal

lending and fun!

TRS 80 L2, 16K.

Cat No. 1723 $14.95

CUBES

Based on the game "Instant Itvsanity". Extremely challenging!Cat No. 1689TRS-80, L2,16KS9.95

CRIBBAGE

Plays according to Hoyle's Rules.

You vs the computer.

Cat No. 1179TRS-80, L2,16KS9.95

TAROT

Excellent graphics, frigh-teningly accurate!TRS-80 L1/L2 4K

Cat No. 1042 $5.95

BACKGAMMON

You play against the com-puter! With hints onstrategy, etc. Extremelygood! TRS-HO LJ-tl,K

Cat No. 1481 $10.95

SANTA PAVARIAEN FIUMACCIO

Complex simulation of 15th cen-tury Italian city-state. Four levelsof difficulty.Cat No. 1740TRS-80, L2,16KS7.95

INVENTORYMODULAR

Features cost/value summary,

reports, recorder search, index,

detailed report, read and write

file, data base change.

Cat No. 1038

TRS-80 L2.16K S19.95

PET GRAPHICS

DOODLER lets you draw and

savefor later use, PLOTTER plots

corves given a function and a

variable, LETTER formats large

letters.

Cat No. 1684 PET.8K $14.95

SPACE GAMES I

Full color graphics, with ROCKETPILOT (advanced lunar lander),SAUCER INVASION {shootingdown alien saucers), DYNAMICBOUNCER (color demo).Cat No. 1731 APPLE II, 16K $7.95

SOUNDWARE

Add music and sound effects to

your programs. Complete with

software and hardware. Installs in

seconds.

Cat No. 1899 PET.HK $29.95

Cat No. 1898 TRS-HO, L2 $29.95

NEWDOS +

Better than TRSDOS! Allows DIRwhile in basic, ;>nd then returningto basic, DIRCHECK, DISASSEM,EDTASM, and SUPERZAP! Amust for disk owners!Cat No. 1549TRS-80, L2+ disk$99

RENUMBER

Renumbers program lines to yourspecifications. Machine lan-guage.

TRS-80 L2, 4-48K.Cat No. 1039 $14.95TRS-80 L2, 16-48K w/diskCat No. 1680 $24.95

BARRICADE

Similar to breakout. A real timegame, with options of speed,halls, angle, etc.TRS-80 L1/L2 16K.Cat No. 1362 $14.95

SYSCOP

Duplicates SYSTEM tapes (fo

backup).

TRS-80 L2, 4K.

Cat No. 1681 $9.95

ANDROID NIM II

Super improved version of NIM.

Constant excitement!

TRS-80, L2, 16K.

Cat No. 1686 $14.95

TREK-X

A pet version of Star Trek, with

optional sound effects. Superb

graphics! Exciting!

PET, 8K.

Cat No. 1564 S7.95

TRS-232

SERIAL INTERFACE

Software driven RS232 output

port for printers. Installs in

seconds.

TRS-80 L2, 4-48K.

Cat No. 1199 $49.95

MACHINELANGUAGE

RSM-2. Monitor .ind disassenv

bier, interract directly with the

ZHO.

TRS-HO L2, 1(>K

Cat No. 1189 $'2(>.«)5

TRS-80, L2, 16-4HK, w/diskC.it No. 1190 S2<).««

AIR RAID

An arcade-type real timeg.inie or target practice.Excellent GraphicsTRS-80 L1/L2 4KCat No. 118b $14.95

DISK/DISKETTEBINDERS

Organizes and protects your datafiles! 5' *" disks (it two per insert,H" lit one per insert. Hinders irveludes 10 inserts.Cat No. Description Price

1'i50 5'A" binder $9.95

1651 8" binder $9.95 f

1653 extra 8" insertsl 1652 extra 5' *" inserts

BUY ANY 3 PROGRAMS, TAKE 10% OFF!BUY lO, TAKE 15% OFF

PET

8KPET $750

With huilt-in cassette.Cat No. 1H23

16K PET

Large keybo.ikeypad.

$965

ird, plus nuCat Nn,

meric

1824

32K PET

Standard keylkeys.

$1165

board, no gr,Cat No

ipfitcs. 1025

Fexidy sorcerer!

1 SORCERER $995

| Willi 8K RAM. Cat No. 1999 |

SORCERER $1095

With 16K RAM. Cat No. 1904

SORCERER $1349

| With T2K RAM. Cat No. 1772Cal No.1773 S-100

Expansion 5329Cal No.T903 Development

Pac 90

Cat Nn.1775 Word processingpacLCat No.177h Dual Disk 1B25 ,

COMPUCOLOR8K RAM 72KEY

$1485 C.il No. 1865

16K RAM, 72 KEY

$1680 Cat No. 1866

32K RAM, 72 KEY

$2280 Cat No. 1867

Cat No.186tl 101 key

option add SI40 ICal No.1869 117 key

option add 5.210Cat No. 1991 add-on disk $500 |Cat No.1992 RS232

adaplor $147,

VERBATIMCERTIFIEDCASSETTES

$2.95 each

Cerlified specifically (or personalcomputers such as the TRS-80,Apple, Pet, etc, Splice-tree,leaderless, with folding recordingLl'i»s Cat No. 1945J

rTIL305

DOT MATRIXREADOUTS$5.50 4 for S20

Pirvfor-pin equal to MAN2A. RedLED, 5 \ 7 matrix, plus decimal,L.3" char. C.»t No. 1931 j

FLEEDEX

12" MONITORS

BLick and white, high resolution.Accepts composite input No airshipments.t C.U No. 1204

$139,

LEVEL 12 DISKCONVERSION

Allows level 2 tapes to he con-verted to disk, and executeddirectly from TRSDOS.TRS 80, L2, 16~t8K w/disk.Cat No. 1309 S9.95

8O8O/TRS-8OEDITOR ASSEMBLER

Lels you create, assemble, exe-cute, and debug using (3080mnemonics. TRS-80, L2, 1hKCat No. 1188 S29.95

ELECTRIC PENCIL

The famous word proces-sor for the TRS-80 L1/L216K

Cat No. 1338 $95L2 diskette versionCat No. 1338D $145

BRIDGECHALLENGER

You and dummy play

against the computer in

regular contract bridge.

Either you or romp sets

up.

TRS-80 L2, 1dK

Cat No. 1195 $14.95

Apple 16K

Cat No. 1196 $14.95

LEVEL III BASIC

Gives your TRS-80 thepower of a full size sys-tem. Disk commands, ad-vanced editing, etc.TRS-80 L2, 16KCat No. 1332 $49

FORTRAN PLUS

By Microsoft! For TRS-80

L2 with 32K and single

disk.

Cat No. 1341 $340

STAR TREK III

The most advanced ver-sion we've seen!TRS-80 L2, 16KCat No. 1041 $14.95

MICROCHESS

Graphic Chessboard with3 levels of play.TRS-80 L1/L2, 4KCat No. 1182 $19.95

Apple II

Cat No. 1183 $19.95

Send for

FREECATALOG

The best selection of com-puter accessories add-ons,factory fresh IC's, led's,semi's, software, PC aids,prototyping aids, books,lest equipment, and more:Always updated! Dozensof new products everyissue!

TRS-80 UTILITY I

Duplik, duplicates basic, asscnv

bly, «ind machine language pre*

gr.ims, copies level 1 onto level 2.

Renum, for renumbering hasic

programs.

Cat No. 1983 TRS-80 L2, 16K S7.95

TRS-80 UTILITY 2

CFETCH searches tapes for filemanes, merges programs withconsecutive line numbers.CWRITE combines subroutines,b.isic or machine language.Cat No. 1984 TRS-80 L2, 16K S7.95

MICRO TEXT EDITOR

Full text editing, economical,features non destructable cursor.Machine language, uses 3K ram.TRS-80, L2, 4K w/printer.Cat No. 1049 S9.95

TRS-80 CP/M

Allows software interchange withall other CP/M programs. 6 convmands plus utilities.TRS-80, L2, 16K w/disk.Cat No. 1679 S149.95

NAME&ADDRESS SYSTEM

A modular mailing list system,

handles 500-1000 names per disk.

You can enter, correct, search,

sort, .ind more!

Cat No. 1738

TRS-HO L2, 32K -f 2 disks $99.95

HOUSEHOLDACCOUNTANT

Budget and expense analysis, life

insurance cost comparison,

datebook.

Cat No. 1985TRS-80 L2.16KS7.95

INVENTORYSYSTEM II

Handles up to 1000 items perdisk, and features activity, com-plete inventory listings, selectedinventory listings, minimumquantity search. Uses the follow-ing data fields: class #, item #,vendor #, location, quantity, cost,selling price, and date.Cat. No. 1737TRS-HO, L2,32Kw/2 disks 599.95

MACHINE

LANGUAGE

MONITOR

Allows you to interact dir-ectly with the TRS-80 atmachine language level.11pp manual.TRS-80 L1/L2Cat No. 1048 $23.95

HOW TO ORDER

Pay by check, COD, VISA, or |Mastercharge. Charge orders irvelude expiration date. Order by Iphone or mail. Minimum orderS10. Please include phone Inumber and magazine/issue you Iare ordering from. USA: add S2for shipping/handling ground, [add S3 for air. FOREIGN: Add $3for shipping/handling surface, Sb Ifor air. COD's SI addt'l. IGuaranteed satisfaction for 120 Idays or your money back! Not Iresponsible for typographical ferrors. We reserve the right to Ilimit quantities.

19511 Business Center Dr. Dept B11 Northridge, Ca 91324

Circle 170 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979

8" DISK CONTROLLER

APPLE DOS COMPATIBLE

• DOUBLES APPLEirSTORAGE

• SHUGART 800/801 COMPATIBLE

• STANDARD IBM,m 3740 FORMAT

• CP/M'm,UCSD PASCAL"" CAPABILITY

Available at your local APPLE Dealer S400.

£SVA>

SORRENTO VALLEY ASSOCIATES11722 SORRENTO VALLEY RD.SAN DIEGO. CA 92121

Circle 347 on inquiry card.

aTRS-80 basic

renumbering program

that does more

Renumber a program in any desired manner in onepass • renumbers even the longest programs inseconds • changes all line number references •rearranges program order • easily repeated usebecause commands are BASIC remarks • returnsoriginal BASIC program on errors • called fromBASIC, returns to BASIC* specify 4 or 16K Level IIor 32 or 48K DOS

Tested cassette/program both sides S20

TRS-80 acting up7 • check your RAM with our ver-satile RAM check • runs until interrupted - findspermanent and intermittent bad memory* memorysize mdependenl

Tested cassette/program both stdos SiO

MICROBIOTIC COMPUTING, INC

Qft 6515 ROSS AVENUE S.E. HALBUQUERQUE. NEW MEXICO 87108

DATA PROCESSINGSUPPLIES

BASF Floppies . . $2.98 ea.Mini Floppies .... 2.49 ea.Centronics Ribbons

5.95 dz.

Other SuppliesAt Similar Bargains

Order Now fromJohn Richards

KEY SUPPLY CO.

2101 S. IH 35 Suite 300

Austin, Texas 78741

TOLL FREE (800) 241-7320

All products from major manufacturers, fullyguaranteed. No limit while quantities last!

Circle 201 on inquiry card.

•

(•APPLE)

APPLE II or

APPLE II PLUS $1019.95

•

DC HAYES MODEMS 339.95

•

FLOPPY DISK W/CONT. 529.95

•

APPLE SOFT CARD 159.95

•

PASCAL CARD 459.95

•

ALF MUSIC

SYNTHESIZER 249.95

•

10 MEGA-BYTE DISK DRIVE

(for APPLE) 4695.00

UCATAN

COMPUTER STORE

across from Homadu Inn

PO Box 1000

Destin, Florida 32541

(904) 837-2022 or (904) 243-8565

Network Planning on TRS 80

Calculating PDM-critical path.3 relation types; max 100 activitieseach with max 6 relations with floatResults disp. or printed in 5 sorts:EST, ECT, LST, ECT, Float. Cass, i /oFor 16K/level II on cass $ 127

Messages in big letters!

For demo, showroom, teaching etc.Over 200 words from cass. or key-board automatically displayed, rol-ling or paging 4 lines of 16 char.Upper/lower case 4x4 times bigger!For 16K/level II on cass $ 49

Send check to

mfoam

postbox 173 9640 AD VeendamNetherland

Circle 179 on inquiry card.

tinyFORTH

tiny FORTH is the TRS-80 cassette orientedversion of the dictionary based computerlanguage called FORTH.tinyFORTH includes these features:^ Dictionary-oriented structured high-levellanguoge ^ Built-in assembler ond texteditor ^ Enhanced graphics ^ Cassettetape input and output ^ Interpreter for quickprogrom development s Compiler for fastexecution ^ tinyFORTH is faster, morecompact. and more powerful thonBASIC • tinyFORTH and FORTH programs areinterchangeable ^ Easy to use.tinyFORTH cassette for 16K TRS-80 and full

documentation S29.95

Documentation Only S9.95

All orders are fully guaranteed. Add S1.50 forpostage and handling. Order with check,money order. COD. Visa, or Mastercharge.Specify TRS-80 level when ordering.

The Software Farm

Box 2304 Dept.A4 Reston, VA 22090

Circle 309 on inquiry card.

Circle 333 on inquiry card.

8048

Family

A one board microcomputer utilizing the

8035 geared toward stand alone applica-

tions with:

•

one 8-bit input port

•

one 8-bit output port

•

one 8-bit bidirectional port

•

fully programmable hand shake lines

on each port

•

crystal based timer

•

64 bytes RAM, expandable to 1 k

bytes

•

provisions for program memory to 4k

bytes

•

single supply capability [ + 5V]

•

low cost [64.95 - singles]

Money order. Check, or C.O.D.

Send orders to:

Adroit Electronics, Inc.

5 East Long Street

Suite 1012

Columbus, Ohio 43215

614-221-3060

IN CALIFORNIA

m LP

Mainframes

Personal Computers

S100 Bus Boards

Systems

Software

Peripherals

Supplies

BooksMagazines

701 MacArthur BlvdSAN LEANDRO, CA(415) 569-4174

SURPLUS ELECTRONICS

ASCII

ASCI

IBMSELECTRIC

BASED I/O TERMINAL

WITH ASCII CONVERSION

INSTALLED $645.00

• Tape Drives • Cable

• Cassette Drives • Wire

• Power Supplies 12V15A, 12V2 5A,5V35A Others, • Displays

• Cabinets • XFMRS • HeatSinks • Printers • Components

Many other items, SEND $ 1.00 FOR CATALOGREFUNDABLE FIRST ORDERWORLDWIDE ELECT, INC.130 Northeastern Blvd.Nashua, NH 03060

Phone orders accepted using

VISA or MC

Call 603-889-7661

Circle 5 on inquiry card.

Circle 70 on inquiry card.

Circle 391 on inquiry card.

page

Precut Wire Wrap Wire

PRECUT WIRE SAVES TIME AND COSTS LESS THAN WIRE ON SPOOLS

Kynar precut wire. All lengths areoverall, in-cluding 1" strip on each end. Colors andlengths cannot be mixed for quantitypricing, All sizes listed are in stock forimmediate shipment. Other lengthsavailable. Choose from colors: Red, Blue,Yellow, Orange, Black, White, Green andViolet. One inch tubes are available at 500.State second choice on colors when pos-sible.

Length

100

500

1,000

Length

100

500

1,000

2.5 inches

1.04

2.98

5.16

6.5 inches

1.60

5.37

9.84

3

1.08

3.22

5.65

7

1.66

5.63

10.37

3.5

1.13

3.46

6.14

7.5

1.73

5.89

10.91

4

1.18

3.70

6.62

8

1.78

6.15

11.44

4.5

1.23

3.95

7.12

8.5

1.82

6.41

11.97

5

1.28

4.20

7.61

9

1.87

6.76

12.51

5.5

1.32

4.48

8.10

9.5

1.92

6.93

13.04

6

1.37

4.72

8.59

10

1.99

7.26

13.57

Kit #1 $7.95Less than 2.7C/ft. (#30)

Kit #2Less than

$19.952C/ft. (#30)

KIT #3Less than

$24.951.7C/ft. (#30)

Kit #4 $44.95Less than 1.6C/ft. (#30)

#30 Spools1-4

5-9 10+

250 3" 100 4"250 3" 100 5"100 4" 100 6"

250 2V'2"500 3"500 372"500 4"250 AW

250 5"100 572"250 6"100 61/2"100 7"

500 2V?"500 3"500 3'/?"500 4"

500 AW500 5"500 51/?"500 6"

1000 2W 1000 41/2"1000 3" 1000 5"1000 3'/?" 1000 5"1000 4" 1000 6"

50 ft.

100 ft.

250 ft.

500 ft.

1000 ft.

1.753.004.758.5014.50

1.60 1.402.75 2.504.50 4.258.00 7.5012.50 10.50

Wire Wrap Tool

BATTERY HOBBY TOOL*

• Auto Indexing

• Anti-Overwrapping

• Modified Wrap

• Includes #30 Bit

BW2628 Tool $19.85

BT30 #30 Bit 2.95

BT2628 #26 Bit 7.95

BC1 Batteries & Charger. .. 11.00

*Requires 2 "C" Niced Batteries

NOVEMBER SALES!

SolderlessBreadboarding

SK10 2/S25.00 __£i&r£e~

The SK10's unique matrix config-uration is embedded in a high temp-erature plastic molding. It gives you 64pairs of 5 common spring contacts forprinciple circuit construction and aseries of common buss strips (8) of 25connections each.Dimensions: ,33"h x 2.2"w x 6.5"l

ICSockets

RN HIGH RELIABILITY eliminatestrouble. "Side-wipe" contacts make100% greater surface contact with thewide, flat sides of your IC leads forpositive electrical connections.

AVAILABLE AT SELECTED LOCAL DISTRIBUTORS

Tl Edge CardConnectors

44 pin ST100 pin ST100 pin WW

(156" centers){.125" centers)(.125" centers)

All

are Gold 100 pin, IMSAI spacing.

Gold 1.95Gold 2.50Gold 2.95

WIRE WRAP

Size

Quant./Tube

Price Ea.

Price/Tube

SOCKETS

08 pin

WW 52

.31

$16.12

3-level Gold

14 pin

60

.32

$19.20

Closed Entry Design

16 pin

52

.34

$17.68

All prices include Gold

18 pin

23

.50

$11.50

20 pin

21

.65

$13.65

2-level Sockets

22 pin

19

.70

$13.30

Also Available

24 pin

10

.70

$7.00

Sockets sold at these

28 pin

10

.95

$9.50

prices by the tube only.

40 pin

7

1.20

$8.40

ORDERING INFORMATION

• Orders under $25, add S2 handling

• Blue Label or First Class, add $1 (up to 3 lbs.)

• CODs, VISA & MC orders will be charged shipping

• Most orders shipped next day

page

135 E. Chestnut Street 5A, Monrovia, California 91016 Phone (213) 357-5005

Circle 298 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979

FLOPPY DISKREPAIR

• PerSci and S hug art

• Quick turnaround

• Eight inch andminis

COMPUTER SERVICE CENTER

7501 Sunset Blvd

Hollywood CA 90046

213-851-2226

Circle 68 on inquiry card.

MetnorexFloppy Discs

Lowest prices. WE WILL NOTBE UNDERSOLD!! Buy any

quantity 1-1000. Visa, Masterchargeaccepted. Call free (800)235-4137for prices and information. Allorders sent postage paid.

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.San Luis Obispo. CA93401. (In Catcall(805) 543-1037.)

Circle 294 on inquiry card.

TRS-80, PET,APPLE,

SORCERER

Hardware/SoftwareSystems

Available now:

■ HAM INTERFACE-including themost sophisticated RTTY systemsmoney can buy.

■ Baudot and ASCII printerinterlaces.

■ ElectraSketch® .ANIMATIONGRAPHICS Compiler

Write or call for free catalog

/HdCROTVONICSJnc..

P.O. Box 518(A) Keyes, CA 95328(209) 634-8888 / 667-2888

We are experiencing telephone difficulties,please keep trying.

Circle 206 on inquiry card.

CROMEMCOSYSTEMS

DISCOUNTED

System 2 with 64k RAM—$3195

System 3 with 32k RAM—$4795

with 64k RAM—add $ 595

Discounts up to 20% on most Cromemcohardware. We carry the full Croinemco line.

TOHHEY PINES BUSINESS SYSTEMS

14260 Garden Hd„ Suite 8A

Povnay Space Center

Poway, California 92064

Add 3% for shipping and handlingCalifornia residents add 6% sales tax

SHORTCASSETTES

Ai

mi. in,',n ti to -r,i c.

Qty. Price1 $1.00

50 $0.65

Premium tape and cassettes acclaimedby thousands of repeatordermicrocom-puter users. Price includes labels, cas-sette box and shipping in U.S.A. VISAand M/C orders accepted. Californiaresidents add sales tax. Phone (408)735-8832.

MICROSETTE CO.777 Palomar AvenueSunnyvale, CA 94086

Circle 227on inquiry card.

LIFETIME GUARANTEED

QUARTZ CRYSTALS

1.000

5.000

11.1550

1.8432

5.0688

12.440

2.000

5.185

14.3182

2.0971

5.2428

15.000

2.4576

5.7143

17.2422

2.500

6.000

18.000

3.000

6.144

18.432

3.2768

6.5536

20.000

3.579

6.7584

22.1 184

4.000

8.000

27.000

■ U*343

8.1818

32.000

4.JI52

10.000

36.000

ALL ABOVE MIX 1

-9

4.50

MIX 10+

3.95

ADD 5% SHIPPING

CAL.

RES. - ADD 6% SALES TAX

FREE OSCILLATOR SCHEMATICSWITH ANY ORDER

QUALITY COMPUTER PARTS

P.O. BOX 743/CHATSWORTH, CA. 91311

Circle 375 on inquiry card.

Circle 323 on inquiry card.

FIVE DISKLESS TRS-80 PROGRAMS:

(1) TELEPHONE/ADDRESS/MAILING - NAME& ZIP SORT. EVEN RETRIEVES NAME FROMPHONE H. VERY QUICK ACCESS OF OVER 120LISTINGS @ 16K, 300 @ 32K

(2) CHECKBOOK - KEEP UP WITH THEBANK. CAN 170 EASILY ACCESSIBLELISTINGS COVER A YEAR'S ACTIVITY?

(3) TAX RECORDER - LISTS YOUR YEARLYTAX DEDUCTIBLE EXPENSES. ADDS ALLYOUR COLUMNS, SAVES PENCILS.

{4) FOOD FOR THE HEAD - NUTRITIONALCONTENTS OF FOODS, VITAMINS,MINERALS, AMINO ACIDS, CAR-BOHYDRATES, FATS, FIBER, PROTEIN,CALORIES. 16K $40, 32K $60(5) MANDALAS FOR THE CYBERNECTIC AGE- WARNING: HIGHLY HYPNOTICGRAPHICS. 2 SETS OF 4 INTERWEAVINGDESIGNS.

ALL ABOVE LEVEL II. 16K

$30 OR AS NOTED.

LOWECO ALSO CARRIES MICROSOFT, TSE

AND TBS FOR THE TANDY TRADEMARK

TRS-80. SEND $2 FOR CATALOG.

LOWECO COMPUTOR

1803 RODNEY

LOS ANGELES CA 90027

213-660-7530

Money Order, Cashier Check Speeds Delivery6% Sales Tax For Californians

TRS-80 16K LEVEL II GAMES

(Distributed on Cassette)

MICRO FOOTBALL: Superior Graphicsdisplay a playing field, moving players and a Hy-ing ball. A scoreboard (with clock) keeps track ofthe game. Two must play. The combination of theplays selected by the offense and defense deter-mines the gain or loss. JUST LIKE THE REALTHING! Instructions included $12.95

MICRO GOLF: 18 holes of Championshipgolf. You select the club and how hard you wantto hit the ball. (Watch out for water and hazards).This game is a combination of skill and chance.IT'S LOADS OF FUN S6.95

Circle your choices and mail with a check to:

GLA ENTERPRISES, INC.

P.O. Box 125

Reisterstown, MD 21136

Select both and pay only $15.95

ORDER NOW TO RECEIVEIN TIME FOR CHRISTMAS

(MD Residents Include Sales Tax)

COMPLETE BUSINESS

AND FINANCIALANALYSIS PROGRAM

Portfolio, home ownership, realestate, yield to maturity, ROI,economic order quantity, andmore - all in a single input/outputformat. Many examples. Com-pletely documented. Diskette orcassette. Specify system. In sourcecode for popular BASICs - $36.

Microcomputer

Applications, Inc.

4614 Trail Crest Circle

Austin, Texas 78735

(512) 892-0156

(Dealer Inquiries Invited)

Circle 207 on inquiry card.

Circle 225 on inquiry card.

Radio Hut

201 L0CHW00D MALL • DALLAS, TEXAS 75218ORDER BY PHONE—214-324-5509

Rockwell AIM-65: The Head-Start inMicrocomputers

AKIM-1 compatible machine with on-boardprinter and a real keyboard!

$369.95 w/1K RAM

S445.95 w/4K RAM4K assembler/editor in ROM: $808K BASIC in ROM: 95.00Power Supply: $54.95Case of AIM-65 $45.95

The EXPANDORAM is available in versionsfrom 16K up to 64K, so for a minimum in-vestment you can have a memory systemthat will grow with your needs. This is a dy-namic memory with the invisible on-board re-fresh, and IT WORKS!

• Bank Selectable

• Phantom

• Power 8VDC, + 16VDC, 5 Watts

• Lowest Cost Per Bit

• Uses Major Brand 1 6K RAMS

• PC Board is doubled solder masked andhas silk-screen parts layout

• Extensive documentation clearly written

SD EXPANDORAM

• Complete kit includes all Sockets for64K

• Memory access time: 375ns, Cycle time:500ns.

• No wait states required

• 16K boundaries and Protection, via DipSwitches

• Designed to work with Z-80, 8080, 8085CPUs

EXPANDORAM64KKit(16KRam)

16K $226.00

32K $286.00

48K $359.00

64K $426.00

WITHOUT MEMORY $159.00

Please write for catalog or call for prices

SD'SPROM-100PROM Programmer Board

The PROM-100 Programmer is a development toolfor S-100 Bus computer systems. The Zero InsertionForce Programming Socket extends above the cardcage height for easy access to PROM devices. Soft-ware verifies PROM erasure, verifies program load-ing and provides for reading of object file from Disk orPROM and programming into PROM/EPROM. Fea-tures include: On-board generated 25vdc Program-ming pulse, TTL compatible, maximum programmingtime for 16,389 bits is 100 seconds. Programs: 2708,Intel 2758, 2716, 2732 and Tl 2516. DIP SelectableEPROM type.

PROM-100 Board Kit $ 149.95

SD SYSTEM'S POWERFULMPB-100 Z80 CPU Board Kit

The MPB-100 provides a Z80 microprocessor basedCPU for S-100 Bus systems. Front panel usage isoptional making the MPB-100 suitable for upgradingexisting systems to Z80 level. A PROM socket isprovided on-board which makes the MPB-100 adapt-able to process control applications. Features include:Power-on Jump to 4K boundaries, 2 Megahertz or 4Megahertz operation, optional wait states, on-boardPROM socket.

MPB-100 Kit

$199.00

SD'S VERSAFLOPPY II

Enhanced Flexible Disk Drive Controller

• IBM 3740 Compatible Soft Sectored Format for SingleDensity Drives • Operates with Single and Dual SidedDrives, Single or Double Density Drives and 5" and 8"Drives. . in any combination of four simultaneously • DriveSelect and Side Select Circuitry • S-100 Bus Compatible •Vectored Interrupt Operation Optional • Phase Locked LoopData Recovery Circuit • Operates with Z80 CPU s • UsesFD1791-1 Controller Chip • The Versafloppy II incorporatesall the possible features of a flexible disk drive controller intoone board. Capable of handling four drives simultaneously,combinations of any variety are possible, such as 5 inchsingle sided — 8 inch dual density dual sided — 8 inch singlesided — 5 inch dual density single sided. Most populardrivesare controlled directly with the Versafloppy II. The operatingsystem tor the Versafloppy II is the extremely powerfulSDOS available for SD Systems. The Versafloppy II also hasdiagnostic and control software available to complete yourdisk system. 290.00 Kit, 385.00 Assembled & Tested

LEDS AND READOUT

Jumbo Red LED's 8/1.00

Jumbo Green LED's 4A95

Jumbo Yellow LED's 4/.95

Jumbo Amber LED's 4A95

MVRed 10/1.00

FND70CC .50

DL 707 .95

DL747CA 1.65

DL728CC 1.19

FND800CC 1.50

Red Filter 4' Bezel 2.50

Green Filter 4" Bezel 2.50

Amber Filter 4" Bezel 2.50

4N25 1.60

4N26 1.25

4N27 1.10

4N28 .95

4N31. 1.20

SD'S VDB-8024Video Display Board

The VDB-8024 features its own on-board Z80microprocessor. This gives the capability ofusing software (included in ROM) to controlfunctions and enhancements without interfer-ence with the computer's CPU. Included in thespecial features: 80 characters by 24 lines dis-play. Keyboard power and interface, Compos-ite and separate video output. 2K on-boardRAM, a total of 256 available characters, fullcursor control, Forward and Reverse Scroll-ing, Underlining, Field Reverse, Field Protectenhancements, programmable characters.

VDB-8024 KIT

$319.00

SD'S

"VERSAFLOPPY I"KIT

FEATURES: IBM 3740 Soft Sec-tored Compatible, S-100 BNSCompatible for Z-80 or 8080. Con-trols up to 4 Drives (single ordouble sided). Directly controls thefollowing drives: Shugart

SA400/450 Mini Floppy • ShugartSA800/850 Standard Floppy •PERSCI 70 and 277 • MFE 700/750 • CDC 9404/9406 $13g 0Q

MINIATURE SPEAKERSPECIAL!

2 INCH—.8 OHM.PERFECT FOR CLOCKS! $.79

IC SOCKETS

Solder Tin Low Profile

PIN PIN PIN PIN

8 .12 16 .17 24 .32 40 .54

14 .15 18 .24 28 .39 20 .26

DIP SWITCHES

3 Pos $1.10 7 Pos $1.22

4 " $1.12 6 " $1.26

5 " $1.16 9 " $1.36

6 $1.20 10 " $1.30

Z80 STARTER KIT

SD Systems Z80 Starter Kit enables the noviceto build a complete microcomputer on a singleboard. Featuring the powerful Z80 microproces-sor the Z80 Starter Kit features: • Keyboard andDisplay • Audio Interface • PROM Programmer• Expansion and Wire Wrap Area • On BoardRAM • 4 Channel Counter/Timer • Z-BUGMonitorin PROM • I/O Ports.

THE BEST SELLING

COMPUTER KIT ANYWHERE

$226.95 Kit $369.95 A&T

SD'SSBC-100SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER

The SBC-10 0 provides a complete micro-computer on a singleboard! The Z80 microprocessor is used as the heart of theSBC-100. The SBC-100 meets all the requirements of a Z80CPU board with the added features of I/O ports, counter/timerchannels, on board RAM, provisions for PROM/ROM and asoftware programmable baud rate generator. S-100 Bus com-patible, the SBC-100 features are: 8K bytes of availablePROM, 1024 bytes on-board RAM, Serial I/O with both synch-ronous and asynchronous operation, Parallel I/O ports, Op-tional Vectored Interrupts, and Four Counter/Timer Channels.SD Monitor available for RS-232 and Video Terminals. Diskbased system software also available.

SBC-100 KIT

$226.00

COMPUTER CORNER

CPU's

Z80 10.99

Z80A 13.99

RELATED CHIPS

2114 (300ns) 5.99

Z80PIO 9.95

Z80CTC 11.95

2708 8.99

4115 8 for 34.95

4116 8for80.00

DISC CONTROLLER

1771 29.95

TERMS: Orders under $15.00 add 75c handling. No C.O.D. Weaccept Visa, MasterCharge, and American Express cards. Tex. Res.add 5% Tax. Foreign orders (except Canada) add 20% P&H. 90 DayMoney Back Guarantee on all items. Add 5% Postage and Handling,maximum $5.00.

Color Burst Crystal (3 57MHz) 89c

While in Dallas visit our retail store at Lochwood Shop-ping Center, Garland Road and Jupiter.

Circle 317 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979 267

R30I0 #H3vK oi«LinCOMPUTER CENTER

fVUCHQ MANAGEMENTSVSTEIYIS

Up To 15% Discount

on

TRS-80's

WEHAVETHE HIGHLY

RELIABLE LOBO DISK DRIVE

IN STOCK!

MINI MALL DOWNTOWN SHOPPING CENTER

CAIRO,GEORGIA31728

912-377-7120

SPECIAL PRICE

IBM SELEGTRIG I/O TERMINAL

$950.00

Price Includes:

• 15" Carriage, CorrespondanceTypewriter

Off Line Use As A TypewriterOn Line 15 cps Quality Printer,Word Processor

• RS 232 C Smart Terminal Inter-face, Clocked or Fixed BAUD Rates- 110 To 9600

• L Shape KDS Desk 33" x 44" x28" Formica Top

• Connector Cable

IBM Installed Electronics, Selectric

1/0 Service Manual

Available from IBM

Many Sold. IBM Selectric Trade-in

Accepted

For Information Write or Call

MohawkTypewriter

286 Genesee StUtica, N.Y. 13502(315) 735-5201

Circle 229 on inquiry card.

)N

CASSETTEDUPLICATIC

TRS-80 (I & II). PET. APPLE, KIM, ATARI

Quality software duplication is morethan copying cassettes. Microsette du-plication uses a proprietary high speedduplicator designed specifically forcomputer program duplication. The fin-ished products are of consistent quality,guaranteed to load. Minimum order is100 with discounts for higher quanti-ties. Call (408) 735-8832 for details.

»

1 :.•— • S

--■•-• _

= #■««£

v;

MICROSETTE CO.777 Palomar AvenueSunnyvale, CA 94086

Circle 245 on inquiry card.

Circle 228 on inquiry card.

SWTPC 6800 OWNERS

AD - 8/1

ANALOG TO DIGITALCONVERTER

• 8 Analog Input Channels

• Very Fast - 25jis A/D Con-

version Time

• 1 Analog Output Channel

with Sample and Hold

• Bipolar Input and Output

• Full 8 Bit Resolution

• Uses Single I/O Slot

• Fully Assembled and Tested

• Full Documentation Provided

$109.50

CCM, INC

P.O. Box 2308Reston, Va. 22091

STATISTICAL DATA

&

SOFTWARE FOR TRS80

DATEBANK programs contain 10 yearsof monthly statistical data on ten relatedsubjects. Includes graphs, tables, trends,internal/external comparison, and capa-city for data file expansion/update.Six DATABANK programs now availablefor TRS-80 1 6K Level II Cassette.

* General Economy

* Manufacturing S. Trade

* Industrial Production

* Money S. Credit

* Money Rates S. Yields

* Commodity Spot Prices

$29.95 each 3 for $84.95

Free cassette storage album with orderfor all six programs. Money orders speeddelivery.

DATABANK

POB 9283, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33310

J-IIGH-TISCH

X- jewelry

Jfc

£&&&*4U

THE

COMPUTER

MEMORY PENDANT

A unique conversation piece

,-*nd gre.il .v;ty ot letting yum inlfjfosts be kmi.vn

Ton y<»iirs ay sucn i p.vpl .v.is umrn igin inl.>

Tcriay IMS Vi hr il »gy k ii.t(\$loiming our livta

irdthr. socio*? .'.-•• !:'■■» n

The svmte cetrtuiK mil tlu.'srv wukuqn

ittncis fllleiHion, -.vnik' i i I .s<v i,- i. ryvfj.ils

t! le mime Fii , ,nxl r,.'e isi iri it t»»i silirj •" i ir, uit

Tms higi :■• n s,-vt t tr - se.*3,

:■■■ , ■ • : ■ 1 , " f " >-• -nil • i «'.- l'-n - ■(■>. jji •

Pendant i..iil.,S -

gold plated i turn Si 6 95 gold hlifci i r ci,n S19 95

UK gold chain $46.00 Or as ;> StK* pm Si 4 95

Send check or money order

plus S1 50 postage and handling to

HIGH-TECH JEWELRY 290 LARKIN ST

PO BOX 1099. BUFFALO. NY 1.1210

Circle 42 on inquiry card.

Circle 90 on inquiry card.

Circle 167 on inquiry card.

MAXIMUM VALUEFOR YOUR DOLLAR

NORTH STAR COMPUTER PRODUCTSDOUBLE DENSITY KIT ASM

$1590. $1850.1910. 2200.550. 640.330.KIT ASM$1750. $2040.2230. 2560.720. 800.480.

HRZ-1-32K-DHRZ-2-32K-DMDS-A-DEXTRA DRIVEQUAD DENSITYHRZ-1-32K-QHRZ-2-32K-QMDS-A-QEXTRA DRIVEAll HORIZONS now come standardwith 3 ports and all edge connectorsand minimum 32K memory.BOARDS-DISCS KIT ASM

RAM-16K W/PARITY $300. $345.

RAM-32K W/PARITY 475. 520.

FPB-A 205. 270.

VERBATIM DISCS, BOX OF 10 . . $29. PPWe will try to beat any deal. Call:

A.E.I.

3851 HACKETT AVE.

LONG BEACH, CALIF. 90808

(213)421-4815

Come Help UsCelebrate The Child

St. Jude Children's ResearchHospital continues its search forlife-saving Knowledge aboutcatastrophic childhood disease.And this search continuesbecause people core. There'sno charge to patients or theirfamilies once admitted to itsresearch studies by physicianreferral. The cost of drugs,equipment, and researchprograms is met primarilyby public contributions. Helpus celebrate the child by send-ing your tax-deductible checkor request for further informa-tion to St. Jude Children's^ m Research Hospital,* m 539 Lone Ave.,i&J Memphis, TN 36105.

■"11)

PFFPW

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER $99.50*

with 6800 MPU, 6850 serial I/O. 2 6820parallel I/O (32 lines). 512 RAM, socket for2708, 2716, EROM. Interface modules forindustrial control, data acquisition, labinstrumentation, on 44 pin 41/i"x6'/?" PCB's.RAM, ROM, CMOS RAM/battery, A/D, D/A.Driver/Sensor, Serial I/O, Parallel I/O.Counter/Timer, IEEE 488 GPIB, floppycontroller.

'OEM (500 piece) price

uixiii:

1801 South StreetLafayette,IN 47904Phone (317) 742-8428

Corp.

Circle 21 on inquiry card.

Circle 389 on inquiry card.

save

on add-onproducts for..

SUPER DISK $695

TF-7D Micropenis Largest capacity mini floppy, up to 195 Kbytes on 77 tracks with 77TKDOS+

PRINTERS

• LP779 Centronics 779 w/tractors

• LP700 Centronics 700

• LP701 Centronics 701

• NEC Spinwriter

• LP702 Centronics 702

• DP8000 Anadex Printer

• LP1 Centronics P1

• Centronics cables

$1099$1495$1759$2499$1899$ 990$ 399$ 39

SOFTWARE

Improve TRS-80 Performance With

NEW DOS+

Over 200 modifications, corrections and enhancements to TRS DOS.Includes utilities. Available in two versions.

• 35 Track Version $ 99

• 40 Track Version $110

• Accounts Receivable . $ 39

• Inventory Control $ 39

• Electric Pencil $150

> Job Entry/Status

• General Ledger

• Game Diskette

• AJA Word Processor

• Radix

$75$79$19$75$99

SEND FOR FREE CATALOG

Choose From A Complete Family Of

DISK DRIVES...IN STOCK

ALL DISK DRIVE SYSTEMS COME COMPLETEWITH POWER SUPPLY AND CHASSIS.

TF-1 Pertec FD200, SW'AO track use both sides $382

TF-3 Shugart SA400, $U". 35 tracks same as tandy $389

TF-5 MPI 5'/i", 40 track door lock and

auto diskette ejection $379

TDH-1 Pertec dual head 35 track same capacity

as 2 drives $499

Four Drive Cable $35. Two Drive Cable $25.

220 volt versions available.

ALL PRICES CASH DISCOUNTED • FREIGHT FOB/FACTORY

NEW PRODUCTS

•Small System RS232 Interface•txpansion Interface w/32K■AC Line interference Eliminator'•AC Isolator (6 connectors)•Telephone Interface•Verbatum 5" soft sector Diskettes■6WM6K RAM Kit Computer•16 Key Pad Kit

• • $ 49.00

• • $499.00

$ 18.95. $ 45.95$179.95$ 3.39$ 82.00$ 68.00

.Pertec FD200 -•■

•Shugart SM00 (unused) ■••■ _

.Pertec FD250 (Dual Head) .........

.mpi 8-51 ■■■•■■ ";

•MP B-52 (Dual Head)

5282.005286.005399.00$279.00$349.00

nin

/VIlCROCOyVIPUrER

TECHNOLOGYINCORPORATED

2080 South Grand Ave.

Santa Ana, CA 92705

(714)979-9923

[master charge]

6000 E. Evans Ave., Bldg. 2Denver, CO 80222.(303) 758-7275

pparat, Inc.

Circle 224 on inquiry card.

Circle 16 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979

269

What's New?

PERIPHERALS

Real-Time Third OctaveAudio Spectrum Analyzer

This real-time audio spectrumanalyzer is designed to fit inside theCommodore PET computer. Theanalyzer divides the audio spectrumfrom 20 Hz to 20 kHz into 31 one-thirdoctave bands, and displays those bands,with their relative amplitudes, on thePET screen. The unit can be used formeasuring sound and noise levels, foroptimizing the equalization of a music orpublic address system, for checking thefrequency response of audio com-ponents, and for speech and sound pat-tern recognition (useful for voice controlsystems).

Because of the capabilities of theCommodore PET, great flexibility in themanipulation of the analyzed data ispermitted. The PET can store and recallspectral data, and make comparisonswith past, future, or other channel data.There is a Peak Hold feature, whichenables the unit to determine whetherany preset levels have been exceeded.Programs to access the analyzer are

written in BASIC; accordingly, threeprograms are provided with the unit:interactive operation, self-test, andminimal operation.

The analyzer comprises a single circuitboard, which installs in about 5 minutesinside the PET. It has 31 one-thirdoctave filters, detectors, an analog-to-digital converter, a 1 K byte read-onlymemory which contains machinelanguage routines, and the necessaryperipheral circuitry for transferring datainto the PET memory. The board drawsits power from the PET transformer.

The cost of the analyzer is $595. Forfurther information, contact EventideClockworks Inc, 265 W 54th St, NewYork NY 10019.

Circle 642 on inquiry card.

New Tractor-Feed ImpactPrinter

The Model 440 Paper Tiger printer isa low-cost impact printer from IntegralData Systems Inc, 14 Tech Cr, NatickMA 01760. Standard Paper Tiger

features include full upper and lowercase96-character set; adjustable form width;forms control with eight standard formlengths; both 80- and 132-column for-mats; choice of six or eight lines perinch vertical spacing; software-selectablecharacter density; automatic multilinebuffering; and both RS-232C serial andCentronics-compatible parallel inter-faces. Multiple transmission rates from110 to 1200 bits per second (bps) arealso switch selectable. The new printeruses a stepper motor paper feed, and anautomatic re-inking mechanism extendsribbon life. A variable character-sizefeature permits program controlledhighlighting and formatting of copy.

The modular Paper Tiger uses a singleprinted circuit board that contains allprinter electronics and uses a printheadrated at a life of over 100 M characters.An optional 2 K byte buffer andgraphics package provides full dot-plotting graphics capability. The larger2 K byte buffer holds the contents of afull video screen or 1920 characters.The Paper Tiger is priced at $995.

Circle 643 on inquiry card.

/^**************************************^>

*f NOWPRESENTINa.. ^*

Software for Apple9 II

for your Entertainment * Business * Education/

******************************** ***** *

-%

FILEMASTER 2 programs: F OR MA T & RETRIEVAL comprisea powerful data file manager. Great lor everything from phone liststo legal abstracts. Needs 32K. Design your own data structure. Upto 500 characters per record. Up to 15 searchable fields in any com-bination. On Disk S34.95

SPACE Multi-faceted simulation of life in interstellar society. Youand opponents must make life & death decisions. Keepstrack ofyour progress from one game to next. Needs 48K and Applesoft

ROM. Disk S29.95

Pot 0'Gold I or our All New Pot 0' Gold II A collection of 49 pro-grams for 16K Apple. Everything from Logic to action games. Onlya buck a game. Specify I or II. Price each: Tape S49 .... Disk S54

ADVENTURE Fight off pirates and vicious dwarfs. 700 travel op-tions, 140 locations. 64 objects. Needs ROM & 48K, Disk. . S29.95

16K CASSETTE INVENTORY Use item number, description,stock amount, reorder amount, restock date, cost & sell price. Holdsup to 140 items. Tape S35

32K DISK INVENTORY: Use stock numbers description, vendor,record of purchase and sales date, amount on hand, cost & sell price,

total value. Holds up to 300 items. Disk £40

With Parts Explosion: Disk S50

32K DATA BASE Cross file for phone lists, bibliographies, recipes.Run up to 9 lines of 40 columns each. Search by item anywhere.Disk S20

24K HIRES LIFE SIMULATION Conway's equations on 296x180screen. A mathematical simulation to demo population growth withbirth, death and survival as factors. Tape S10

16K CIRCUIT LOGIC DEVELOPMENT AID Evaluate circuits of

up to 255 gates, including AND, OR, NOR, NAND, X0R, XN0R

land INVERTER.Tape S10

16K MORSE CODE TRAINER Learn Morse Code,and transmit orreceive over radio. Tape S10

32K C0MPU-READ 5 programs to teach you speed reading, in

mP^L^^^ Mm m%Mtmt4mt ^Bm%Sl ^m*MA m9 m sta9es- Includes synonym and antonym identification. You control

mWWmjKF MM W Wm mm mwWmmmWWSm vour ra,e of speed' or keep up with ,he compu,ers pace

16K OEVIL'S DUNGEON: Adventure through dark passages wheremonsters, demons, poisonous gas, dropoffs threaten ... all to disco-ver fantastic treasures. Comes with instruction book. Tape . . . S10

16K PACIFICA. Discover the floating island and rescue the beauti-ful princess. To win you must recover the enchanted crown, but youlace the threat of magic spells and demons. Tape S9.95

RAINBOW'S CAGIN0 9 gambling games: Roulette, Blackjack,Craps, H orserrjce, and a few originals that Vegas hasn't heard about.Needs 16K. Tape $29.95

16K SPACE WAR: You in your space capsule battle against thecomputer'ssaucer... in hires graphics. Tape S12

16K MEMORY VERIFY Diagnostic routine to check range of mem-ory. Indicates faulty addresses, data in memory cell, and faulty data.Tape S5

16K APPLEDD10N Music synthesis composes original Irish jigs.Enter your own music and save on tape or disk. Includes 3 Bach

fugues. Tape SI 0

16K APPLEVISI0N Demo for Hi-Res graphics and music.

Tape S10

Garden Plaza Shopping Center, Dept. 11B

9719 Reseda Blvd., Northridge, Ca 91324

Telephone: (213)349-5560

Disk S24.95

48K PERCEPTION I, II, III random shapes and sizes must bematched. In III, you control format and display time and getweighted scores. Needs ROM. Each Disk S24.95

32K STORY TELLER Use your bizarre imagination and input keywordsfor fantastic and funny tales. Never the samestory twice.

Tape S12.95

32K WAR/RESCUE Engage in 10 battles with your infantry againstthe Apple robots. Calculate Apple's strategy and win more battles

than the computer. Tape S12.95

24K POLAR PLOT Plot polar equations in Hi-Res Graphics.

Tape S10

32K SHAPE SCALER Utility to generateand animate Hi-Resgraphic shapes. Simple routine provided to inspect position ofshapes, and specify precise X/Y coordinates and scale. Needs ROM.Disk S13.95

32K ZINTAR/PROPHET Great party game. Under control of themighty Zintar's edict you take a very special trip to the world ofKrintar. Heightened visual graphics. Needs ROM.Oisk .... S16.95

APPLE MONITOR PEELED Everything you wanted to knowaboutthe Apple Monitor but couldn't figure out. User-written manual inplain English clearsyourconfusion. Only S9.95

Don't see what you've been looking for, here?Then write for our FREE SOFTWARE CATALOG.We're saving one just for you!

To order software, add S2 shipping. To transfer tape ver-sions to disk add S5. California residents add 6% sales tax.Sorry, we can not ship to P. 0. Boxes. VISA/MASTERCHARGEWelcomed!

270 November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

THE

INFLATION

FIGHTE

You can't buy morecapability for less ... Butyou can buy less for more

MPI presents the perfect answer to your inflation-riddled printer budget. THE MODEL 88T DOTMATRIX PRINTER. The first in a series of new full-capability low-cost printers designed specificallyfor the general use computer market. The Model 88T is a fully featured printer with a dualtractor/pressure-roll paper feed system and a serial or parallel'interface. The tractor paperfeed system provides the precision required to handle multi copy fanfold forms, ranging inwidth from 1 inch to 9.5 inches. For those applications where paper costs are important, thepressure-roll feed can be used with 8.5 inch roll paper. A long-life ribbon cartridge gives crisp,clean print without messy ribbon changing. The microprocessor controlled interface has 80,96or 132 column formating capability while printing upper and lower case characters bi-directionally at 100 characters per second.

With all of these features, plus quality construction, continuous duty print head and attractivestyling, the Model 88T would easily sell at the competition's "under $1000" (999.99) tag. But weare offering it for only $749; this should make you happy and several hundred dollars richer.

Write for complete specifications and pricing information.

Amp

Circle 260 on inquiry card.

MICRO PERIPHERALS, INC. 2099 WEST 2200 SOUTH / SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH 84119 / (801) 973-6053

BYTE November 1979 271

Circle 1 on inquiry card.

FREE

PET SPECIALS

PET 16N 16K full size graphics keyboardPET 16B 16K full size business keyboardPET 32N 32K full size graphics keyboardPET 32B 32K full size business keyboardPET 8K 8K small keyboard, integral cassettePET 2040 Dual Disk Drive - 343,000 bytesPET 2022 Tractor Feed PrinterPET 2023 Pressure Feed PrinterPET C2N External Cassette Oeck

Axiom EX-801 PET Printer(with graphics) $475.00

Axiom EX-820 PET Plotter $790.00

Atari 400 and 800 Write for Price

UP TO SI 70 INMERCHANDISEWITH THE PURCHASE OF ONEOF THE FOLLOWING PET-CBMITEMS!!

ASK ABOUT

EDUCATIONAL

DISCOUNTS

ON PET

LIST

FREE*

$ 995

$130

$ 995

$130

$1295

$170

$1295

$170

$ 795

$100

$1295

$170

$ 995

$130

$ 849

$110

$ 95

$ 12

IEEE - RS232 Printer Adaptor for PET $ 79.50

BETSI PET to S-100 Interface & Motherboard $119.00

PET Connectors-Parallel or IEEE $ 1.95

Cassette Port $ 1.45

Personal Information Management System— $ 8.90

Protect-A-Pet dust cover $ 9.50

Programmers Toolkit - PET ROM Utilities $ 45.00

Microchess for PET (Peter Jennings) $ 17.90

PET 4 Voice Music Board (MTUK-1002-2) $ 44.90

Music Software (K-1002-3C) for PET $ 16.90

CmC Word Processor program for PET $ 25.00

Bridge Challenger program for PET $ 13.45

Adventure 1 for 24K PET $ 7.95

Adventure 2 for 24K PET $ 7.95

Tunnel Vision/Kat & Mouse-maze - PET $ 7.95

Graphics Utility Package for PET $ 13.45

Stimulating Simulations-Book & PET tape $ 13.45

Kite Fight - 2 player action game - PET $ 7.95

Write for PET Software ListDrive Test - machine language arcade game

Word Processor for PET — Machine Language version.Auto scroll, insert, delete, form letter append, etc.

8K Version $24.00 16K or 32K with disk $95.00*Amount of Free Merchandise with Purchase of PET-CBM Item.

WRITE FOR 6502 ANDS-100 PRODUCT LIST

2114

FREE!

UP TO $170 INMERCHANDISE

KIM-1 $159(AddS30forPowerSupply}SYM-1 $222

BAS-1 Microsoft ROM BasicforSYM$ 85

Memory Plus $199

SYM Assembler in ROM $ 85

SEA-16 New 16K Static RAM $325

Seawell Motherboard-4K RAM $139KTM-2 Synertek Keyboard and

Video Interface with Graphics $290

RAM 16 4MHz 16K Static RAM $270

2716 EPROM (5 volt) $ 45

6550 RAM (for 8K PET) $12.70

6502 Microprocessor Chip $ 9.95

6522 VIA $ 9.75

6520 PIA $10.50

450ns $5.70 24 @ $5.15 100 @ $4.45BOOKS

Hands on Basic with a PET $ 9.90

Programming the 6501 (Zaks) $ 9.90

6502 Applications Book (Zaks) $11.90

6500 Programming Manual (MOS) $ 6.50

6500 Hardware Manual $ 6.50

Programming a Microcomputer: 6502 $ 8.90

Basic for Home Computers $ 5.90

3M "Scotch" B" disks o a I C3M "Scotch" 5" diskettes oALt

10/S31

10/$35

Verbatim 5" diskettes

10/$27

Diskette Storage Pages

each $.45

(Write for quantity prices)

$ 490 MINIMUM ORDER $10.00

A B Computers

Cassettes (all tapes guaranteed)

Premium quality, high output lownoise in 5

screw housing with labels:

C-10 10/5.95 50/25.00 100/48.00C-30 10/7.00 50/30.00 100/57.00

115-8 E. Stump RoadMontgomeryville, PA 18936(215)699-8386

H^^^^l

H ^H

^H |

^■^■^H ^H ^H ^H ■

■ ^H ^H^B

iBECKIAN ENTERPRISES ^ A" *ime g^LTc^ZZ"5 °"'y I

J EDGE CARD CONNECTORS: GOLD P

LATED. (Not GValox.

old Flash)

RS232 & D' TYPE SUBM1NIATURE CONNECTORS:

g BODY: Non brittle. Solvent res.. G.E.

QUANTITY 1-4 59 10-24

I.C. SOCKETS. GOLD. H

CONTACTS: Bifurcated; Phos/Bronze

Gold over Nickel.

DE9P Male 1.45 1.35 1.25

WIRE WRAP 3 TURN. ■

ABBREVIATIONS: S/T Solder Tail; S/E Sold. Eyelet:

DE9S Female 1-93 1.80 1.70

14 pin $0.36 ea.

W/W Wire Wrap 3

SW/W Short

W/Wrap;

DE1 10963-1 2pc. Grey Hood 1.20 1.10 1.00DA1 5P Male 1 .95 1.80 1 .70

16 pin 0.38 ea.

B PART ft Description

Row Sp.

1-4

5-9

10-24

DA15S Female 2.80 2.60 2.40

5010 50/100 S/T ALTAIR5020 50 100 S T IMSAI5030 50 100 WW IMSAI1 5040 50/100 SE ALT/IMSAI5050 50/100 S/T CROMEMCO1450 IMSAI CARD GUIDES

.140.250.250.140.250

3.753.954.105.006.250.16

3.503.753.904.506.000.14

3.303.503.704.255.750.12

DA51211 1 1pc. Grey Hood 1.25 1.15 1.10DA1 10963-2 2pc. Grey Hood 1.22 1 10 1.05DB25P Male 2.20 2.10 1.90DB25S Female 3.20 3.00 2.70DB51212-1 1pc. Grey Hood 1.30 1.20 1.10DB51226-1A 2pc. Black Hood 1.40 1.30 1.20DB1 10963-3 2pc. Grey Hood 1.35 1.25 1.15

I.C. SOCKETS.Dip Solder. Tin.

14 pin $0.1 5 ea.16 pin 0.1 7 ea.

H .100" Contact Center Connectors.

DC37P Male 3.70 3.50 3.35

1020 13/26 S/E Imsai MIO:

140

2.10

1.B5

1.75

DC37S Female 4.90 4.70 4.40

8080 PRIME

1040 25/50 S/E

.140

2.95

2.75

2.50

DC110963 4 2pc. Grey Hood 1.95 1.85 1.75

$8.00 ea. m

1050 25/50 S/T

.140

3.00

2.80

2.60

DD50P Male 4.40 4.30 4.10

1 1060 36/72 W/W Vector.

.200

4.80

4.60

4.30

DD50S Female 4.90 4,70 4.50

1065 36/72 S/T Vector.

.200

4.00

3.75

3.50

DD51216-1 1pc. Grey Hood 2.30 2.10 1.90

| 1070 40/80 S/E PET

.140

4.80

4.50

4.30

DD1 10963-5 2pc. Grey Hood. 2.40 2.20 2 00

2708 EPROMS PRIME a

_ 1075 40/80 W/W PET

.200

5.00

4.65

4.35

D20418-2 Hardware Sets 0.7 5 0 70 0.65

$14.00 ea.

1080 40 80 ST PET1085 43 85 S E Cos.ELF

.140.140

4.905.00

4.604.75

4.254.50

CONNECTORS FOR CENTRONICS 700 SERIES:

1 1090 43/86 S/T Cos.ELF

.140

5.10

4.85

4.60

Amhpenol 57-30360 For Back of Centronics '700' Series: mPrice: $9.00ea. 5 pes. $7.50ea.

m 1093 43 86 S/T Cos.ELF

.200

4.95

4.70

4.45

1095 43 86 W/W Cos.ELF

.200

5.50

5.20

4.90

WHISPER FANS: Excellent for Computer cabinet cooling. Extremely quiet.

POLARIZING KEYS: For Above

0.10

0.10

0.10

Dim. 4-3/4" x 1-1/2" thick. U.L. Listed. 1-4 5-9 10-24 ■

$22.00 $19.00 $18.00 ■}

^ .156" Contact Center Connectors.

WRITE FOR LARGER QUANTITY DISCOUNTS. DEALER INQUIRIES AREM

1550 6/- S/E PET.Etc

.140

1.30

1.10

0.90

WELCOME.

1560 6/1? S/T PET:NSC.

.140

1.35

1.15

0.95

■ 1575 12/24 S/E PET

.140

2.1 5

1.95

1.75

WE ARE CONNECTOR (EDGE CARD) SPECIALISTS. IF YOU DO NOT SEE M

m 1580 12/24 S/T PET

.140

2.10

1.90

1.70

WHAT YOU NEED IN THIS ADVERTISEMENT, PLEASE WRITE US. WE WILL ■

1590 15/30 S/E GRI Keybd.

.140

2.25

2.05

1.85

RE PL Y.

1620 18/36 S/E

.140

2.40

2.20

2.00

■ 1650 2 2/44 S/E KIM, VECTOR

.140

2.20

2.00

1.80

TERMS: Minimum Order $10.00: Add $1.25 for handling and shipping. All orders H

B 1660 22/44 S/T KIM,VECTOR

.140

2.00

1.80

1.70

over $25.00 in USA and Canada: WE PA Y THE SHIPPING.

1670 22/44 W/W KIM,VECTOR

.200

2.40

2.20

2.00

NOTE: CA residents please add 6% sales tax.

1690 36/72 W/W

.200

3.90

3.75

3.50

NO C.O.D. SHIPMENTS OR ORDERS ACCEPTED.

■ 1710 36/72 S/E

.140

3.50

3.30

3.10

■ 1720 36/72 S/T

1730 43/86 S/T Mot. 6800

.200.140

3.304.40

3.104.15

2.903.90

mail orders roBeckian Enterprises

1 740 43/86 S/T Mot. 68001750 43/86 W/W Mot. 68001 POLARIZING KEYS: For Above

.200.200

4.354.450.10

4 10

4.250.10

3.854.100.10

P.O. Box 3089Simi Volley, CA 93063 \

hHHHHH

RHHnmHHHIHBiH

272 BYTE November 1979

Circle 15 on inquiry card.

A low cost Modem for your APPLEthat lets you be a part of it all.

$OQy1 95

Complete with software on cassette ^O^t —

Keep up with the latest information, share yourideas and programs with other hobbyists, time-share clubs,colleges, businesses, friends . . . anywhere, everywhereacross the country.

The MICRONET MODEM, an originate-answer and auto-answer modem, part of theAutomodem II series, is furnished with anFCC registered coupler and two inter-connecting cables and plugs into any standardtelephone jack.

MICRONET . . . enhanced by ahandsomely styled and coordinated enclo-sure with a simple inexpensive interface to theAPPLES' game jack, allows you to make fulluse of all the input/output slots provided forother peripherals. Full compatability with Bell,Westinghouse 103, and Westinghouse 113.

Don't be left behind . . .

Order the MICRONET MODEM today!

Manufactured by Micromate Electronics, Inc.

Dealer's Inquiries Invited

ASCII KEYBOARD* KIT $79.95

ASCII KEYBOARD KIT— Assembled and Tested $95.95

• Single +5V Supply • Full ASCII Set (Upper and Lower Case) • Parallel Out-put • Positive and Negative Strobe • 2-Key Rollover • 3 User Definable Keys •P.C. Board Size: 17-3/16"x 5" • Control Characters Molded on Key Caps •Optional Provision for Serial Output. OPTIONAL: Metal Enclosure $27.50 •Edge Con. $2.00 • Sockets $4.00 • Upper Case Lock Switch $2.50 • ShiftRegister (for Serial Output) $2.00. Dealer inquiries invited.

APPLE I1I/O BOARD* KIT $49.00

APPLE II I/O BOARD KIT — Plugs into Slot of Mother Board• 1 8-Bit Parallel Output Port (expands to 3 Ports) • 1 Input Port • 15mA Out-put Current Sink or Source • Can be used for peripheral equipment such asprinters, floppy discs, cassettes, paper tapes, etc. • 1 Free Software Listingfor SWTP PR40 or IBM selectric. PRICE: 1 Input and 1 Output Port $49.00, 1Input and 3 Outpot Ports $60.00. Dealer inquiries invited.

VENUS 2001 VIDEO BOARD kit $19995

Assembled and Tested $259.95 • Complete Unit with 4K Memory and Video Driver onEprom assembled and tested $339.95. OPTIONAL: • Sockets $10.00 • 2K Mem-ory $30.00 • 4K Memory $50.00 • Video Driver Eprom $20.00.S-100 Plug-In • Parallel Keyboard Port — On board 4K Screen Memory(optional). On board Eprom (optional) for Video Driver or Text Editor Software.Up and down scrolling through video memory — Reverse Video,Blinking Characters. Display: 128 ASC11 Characters 64x32 or 32x16 ScreenFormat (Jumper Selectable). 7 by 11 Dot Matrix Characters.American or European TV Compatible (CRT Controls Programmable).Dealer inquiries invited.

Circle 130 on inquiry card.

Manufacturedby Micromate.

THE APPLESTICK™ S499S

Just plug it into your game connector andmake your present games more enjoyable.

The APPLESTICK is a wonderful add-onfor your Apple II. With an APPLESTICKyou can enjoy the smooth, easy control ofa true 360° joystick.

Not recommended for scientific applications requiring linearity.

new! A DREAM COME TRUE

lntroducing:30 MZH

DUAL TRACEPORTABLESCOPE „

for an ^wCCamazing JJJC

MODELMS230

• Dual trace 2-channel; separate, chopped or alternate modes • 30 megahertzbandwidth • External and internal trigger • Time base -0.05, Microseconds to0.2 SEC/div 21 settings • Battery or line operation • Line synchronizationmode • Power consumption less than 50W • Vertical gain 0.1 to 50 volts/div-12 settings • Size: 2.9" H, 6.4" W, 8.5" D • Weighs only 3.5 lbs with batteries

• Complete with input cable and rechargeable batteries and charger unit.OPTIONAL: Leather case $45.00 • 10:1 probe $27.00 (2 for $49.00)

MS-215 — 15 MHZ DUALTRACE PORTABLE SCOPE — s399°°MS-15 15 MHZ SINGLE TRACE SCOPE — s299°°

SHIPPING $3.50 / California residents add 6% sales tax

ELECTRONICS WAREHOUSE Inc.

15820 Hawthorne Boulevard

Lawndale, CA 90260

(213) 370-5551

BYTE November 1979 273

Circle 67 on inquiry card.

* EXCITING MAILORDER DISCOUNTS •

''*

NOVATION CAT

ACOUSTIC MODEM

• ANSWER. ORIGINATE

• 300 BAUD

• BELL 103

• LOW PROFILE DESIGN

*179

00

MICROPOLIS MetaFloppy

DRIVES

1043 (Single) 31 5Kb1053 (Dual) 630Kb

$995°'$1695°'

• QUAD DENSITY DESIGN

• COST EFFECTIVE STORAGE•4 TIMES STANDARD CAPACITY

EVEN AFTER FORMATTING'

[apple II16k

PORTABLE MINISCOPES

LOW POWER CONSUMPTION

MS-15 SINGLE TRACE 1 5 MHz $289MS-215 DUAL TRACE 15 MHz $389MS-230 DUAL TRACE 30 MHz $519

SOROCIQ120

SERIAL RS232C

FULL ASC II UPPER/LOWER CASENUMERIC KEYPAD CURSER KEYSSCREEN CONTROL &PROTECTED FIELDS

■64K S- 1 00 DYNAMIC RAM BOARD•WORKS WITH Z-80. 8080 & 8085•POWER CONSUMPTION 5 WATTS• BANK SELECT -PHANTOM REFRESH•NO WAIT STATES REQUIRED

"^OR APPLE II PLUS

*975°°

COLOR •

GRAPHICS

• SOUND

APPLE DISK II $495.00

INCLUDES CONTROLLER

kNDORAM

WITHOUT MEMORY

IRK KIT

S149 00215 00

32KKIT

269 00

H 48KKIT

349 00

64KK1T

409 00

ADD S50 FOR ASSEMBLED & TESTED

00

»775

LEEDEX VIDEO 100

12" BLACK & WHITE MONITOR

• VIDEO BANDWIDTH 12MHz±3db

• COMPOSITE VIDEO INPUT

$129

oo

• TO ORDER .

Phone orders invited, using credit cards Or send personalcheck or money order Add 1% (or packing and handlingCalifornia resident add 6°., sales tax Ail equipment isshipped freight collect in factory carton with manufacturerswarranty. AN equipment subject to availability and pricechange without notice

VISA

OMPUTER SPECIALTIES

6363 IL CAJOM BLVD., SUITE 205,SAN DIEGO, CA. 92115 • (714) 579-0330

Wfi VP MnVR(U \P*cific Office S^tems formerly at 2600 El Camino. Real, Palo Alto, CA 94306■IIf Wli IllUWIiU. New Address: 918 INDUSTRIAL AVENUE, PALO ALTO, CA 94303

► ► ► ► ► New Telephone: (415)493-7455

PRINTERTERMINALS

• ASCII SELECTRIC PRINTER/TYPEWRITER: Why

settle lor less than letter-quality printout from \ouicomputer? IBM Model 725 can bv used .is off-line type-writer or on-line printer. Complete with solenoids,power supply, case and ASCII inter Tate- card (TIL toCPU parallel port). Interface includes programmableASCII translation table on I.PROM with up to 8 tablesfor use with various type spheres, feedback signals oncompletion of each print cycle insures fastest printingspeed (I 5 cps), cleaned anil adjusted.Price: programmed w/3 translationtables (one type sphere) $795.00

• SELECTRIC I/O TERMINALS by C. I 'E/lntoi malionSv stems}. Both ASCII & IBM code versions with micro-computer interface software & hardware (RS-232connector). Cassette drive models permit up to 2-100baud data transfer rate .is well as oil-line data storage,use .is memory typewriter, & use as data entry devicefor office personnel lamiliar with Selectric typewritersbut not computers. Wide-carriage, interchangeabletype spheres; optional built-in modem. All unitscleaned, adjusted & warranted.

Model 5511

(IBM Correspondence code) S 795.00

Model 5550

(cones, code, built-in cassette drive) , , . SI 195.00Model 5560

(ASCII code, built-in cassette drive) , . .$1295.00

• "DAISY-WHEEL" I/O TERMINALS: Both DIABLOand QUME versions of the industry standard "daisy-wheel" printing terminals are available. All haveKeyboards w/ful! ASCII character set & RS-232 serialinterface. Models in stock usually include Diablo 155 0,DIC 300 &300Q, GenCom 300 ,*i 300Q, and others.Prices lor refurbished units Mnge from $1800.00to $2-100.00

• DIABLO HYTYPE 1 Model 1200 PRINTER MECHA-NISM: Used, complete and tested. Requires powersupply, l.wc & mCPU interface, lesied: . . . $750.00

6' Ribbon cable and connector

lor printer Main Logic PCB $ IU.00

"As-is" spare printer PCB's lot parts

(Logic, Meat Sink, Control): each .... $ 20.00

New Pin-Iced Platen (If):

$50 if bought w/printer; separately ... $100.00

MODEMS

full documentation included PLUS interface instructiorecciwd. Prices ma\ change without notice. Call or wriAll orders shipped from stock. No back orders, no substi

• POS 103/202 "MIX or MATCH" MODEM: BELL 103and/or BELL 202 FREQUENCIES: Unique POScontrol design permits use in one housing of bothBell-compalible 103 (0-300 baud) and 202 (0-1200baud) modem modules originally made by VADICCorp. tor a telephone company subsidiary. FEATURES:RS-232 serial interlace, auto-answer, auto-dial, LEDdisplay, telephone line interface via acoustic coupler,manual DAA, or auto-answer DAA (sold separately).I ULLY ADJUSTED; no special tools required. 3,000mile range over standard dial-up telephone lines.

POS 103 MODEM $179.95

POS 202 MODEM $2 19.95

POS 202 MODEM (Auto-Answer) $279.95

POS 103/202 MODEM $399.95

- NO RISK!! 15 DAY APPROVAL ON ALL MAIL-ORDERSns where indicated. All equipment is shipped insured I OB Palte for details. quantit\ prices, catalog. 15 day return privilegetitions. Master Charge and VISA accepted.

TAPE DRIVES &CONTROLLERS

• POS-100 NRZ1 TAPE DRIVE CONTROLLER/FOR-MATTER: Designed as interface between S-100 busmCPU and 9-track, 800 BPI, NRZ I tape drive. Allowsmicrocomputerisl to read and write IBM-compatibleV/' mag tapes. Software provided lor 8080 or /-SOsystems. Requires modification lor drives of variousmfrs. Std. version: 2 Mil/ 8080/Z-80CPU lor use withl2"/sec. PIRTEC-style Tape Drive.

Price: (Includes S-100 card, controller card, 10' cable,software listing) ' $750.00

• NRZ1 TAPE DRIVE by CIPHER Data Products: I ullsi/e PfiRTEC-style 800 BPI drive model I00SXX;2-100' Tape, 9 track, 25 to 3 7 ips, used, relurbished.Wt.approv 120 lb. Price: $1500.00

• CONVERT 15 IBM OFFICE SELECTRIC TO I/OTYPEWRITER: Kit includes assembled solenoids,switches, wire harness, magnet driver PCB plus instruc-tions tor installation and mCPU interlace . . $200.00

• DIGITAL CASSETTE DRIVEflrom CiTt/lS Terminal):1800 baud, 6"/sec; AC motor; fwd/rewnd circuitryplus tape head, no read/write electronics . . . $25.00

• FORMS TRACTORS, Moore Variable width "I ormA-l inei " I or print terminals:

a) Model 5b5P tor I 5" CarriageIBM Selectric^ (used) $7^.00

b) Model KSI lor QUMI oi UIAHLOIKlvpe I or II printers (new) $90.00

• POWER SUPPLIES lor Disk Drive, mCPU, testedunder load shown:

No. S 19 (n/tan & AC cord): + SV reg.

< 12 V reg., +2-1 V. @U A (10 lb.) $ 39.95

o Alto within 14 days after check clears or COD order isPLUS 90 da\ no charge replacement •! detective parts.

274

BYTE November 1979

Circle 296 on inquiry card.

10-DAY FREE TRIAL

Send for ourFREE Catalog

$100 FREE ACCESSORIESWITH 16K Or 32K PET

Buy our16K or32KPETand we'll give you your first $100 worth of'accessories, FREE. Just indicate on your order that you havereduced the cost of your accessories by $100.

f fttt Terminal Package with 8K PETs

PET ACCESSORIES

V

4K - Keyboard C $ 595

8K - Keyboard C $ 795

16K - Keyboard B $ 995

16K - Keyboard N $ 995

32K - Keyboard C $1295

32K - Keyboard B $1295

32K - Keyboard N $1295

C — calculator keyboard (only version with tape deck)

B — Large Keyboard (graphics not on keys)

N — large keyboard with graphics symbols

Used 8K PET with 90-day warranty $650

Commodore Dual Floppy Disk Drive HflBSI

Commodore Printer (tractor feed) $995.00

Commodore Printer (friction feed) $995.00

Second Cassette — from Commodore 595.00

Commodore PET Service Kit $30.00

Beeper - Tells when tape is loaded $24.95

Petunia - Piay music from PET ..... $29.95

Video Buffer - Attach another CRT $29.95

Combo - Petunia and Video Buffer $49.95

New Serial Printer Interface for PET $79.95

Call lor Availability

COMMODORE^DISK DRIVES

Reg. $1,295 sale $1,100

apple II

200 FR€€ RCC€SSORI€S

The new Apple II with Applesoft BASIC built-in! Elimi-nates the need for a $200 Firmware Card and includes Inew Autostart ROM for easy operation. This combined Iwith the FREE accessories from NCE could save you up Ito $400 on a 48K Apple II system'

16K Apple II Plus— $1195 (take $ 100 in free accessories)32K Apple II Plus —$1345 (take $150 in free accessories)48K Apple II Plus —$1495 (take $200 in free accessories)

Apple II Accessories

Centronics Printer Interface $225

Disk and Controller Call for Availability. $595

Second Disk Drive $495

Parallel Printer Card .. $180

Communications Card ....

Hi-Speed Serial Card

Firmware Card

Hobby/Proto Card

Microverter RF Mod .... $35

Sanyo M2544 Recorder $55

IN STOCK NOW!

EVERY ITEM IN THIS ADVERTISEMENT IS IN STOCKAND READY TO SHIR EXCEPT WHERE NOTED.

NOW Graphics printer$1,098 for Apple II

Now you can print high resolution graphics from yourApple using the IP-225 printer and graphics option fromIDS. The IP-225 is a tractor feed primer with 96 possiblecharacters. Line length is 80/132 col. with a speed of50/80 cps. We include software which allows it to useeither parallel or serial interface at 1200 baud, ABSO-LUTELY FREE (you save $50)'

Call forAvailability

$225

$195

$200

$24

Hazeltine 1400

LIST SALE

SUPER SALE PRICETOO LOW TO ADVERTISE

Immediate Delivery— 2-Year Factory WarrantyYou may have seen the Hazeltine advertised at$850. Youmay have seen it sale prices at $749 or even $699 but ournew price is so low that we can't even advertise it. Call usfor a quote. Hurry, we have a limited quantity at this price.The8048-based Hazeltine 1400 has a 12" screen. 24 x 80display. TTY-style keyboard, addressable cursor, andRS-232 I/O from 110 to 9600 baud.

PET OWNERS...

REMOTETERMINAL

foronly $69

A self-containedmodule and programcassette enables yourPET to function as a300 baud terminal,Supports Upper/Lowercase, Rubout, Escape& all control functions.Output is TTL.

-— WITH

' 8KPETPURCHASE

DISK&

MEMORY

IEXPANSIONI

You can instantly turnyour PET into a speedyand efficient professionalcomputer. Its easy withthe new 400K Disk Driveand Memory Expansionfrom Computhink Add upto32Kinternally then load20K program in only 3seconds!800K Disk

Drive $1,295.00

Memory Expansion

16K $425.00

24K $525.00

32K. $615.00

t0i

from Heath Data Systems

The All-in-One Computer

Dual Z-80 Processors • Built-in 102K Floppy Disk • 16Kto48KRAM-25x 80 Character Display • Upper/LowerCase and Line Graphics • 80 Character Keyboard withKeypad • 8 User-definable Keys • Two BASIC'S andAuto-Scribe Word Processing available • Can supportCP/M

Heath's third generation of computers is a compact,hi-style desktop unit which includes a complete termi-nal, a computer and a disk All-ln-One! System includesBootstrap in ROM. other programs available separately.HDOS operating system includes Heath's BASIC, an as-sembler and text editor along with important diskutilities. Microsoft language requires HDOS.

WH89 with 16K RAM $2,295

WH89 with 32K RAM $2,445

WH89 with 48K RAM S2,595

WH17 Second Disk Drive $550

Dual-port Serial Interface $85

HDOS Operating System $100

Microsoft BASIC $100

Word Processing $395

Hazeltine 1410 -Hazeltine 1500 -

- $835-$1069

Hazeltine 1510 — $1195Hazeltine 1520 —$1499

PET - Compatible Selectnc in Desk $895.00 J

I

CATCOUPLER

LOW COST

PRINTER

FOR

PET$395

^SR 33 :t...-r>,nal

New 300 baudOriginate/AnswerAcoustic Coupler.Looks good, works

$189

IN STOCKNOW

CompuMart

Department BYB9270 Third St., Cambridge, Ma., 02142

To Order Call 1 (800)3435504

in Mass. (617)491-2700 [

1+1=3RIGHT!

EDUCATORS

ORDER YOU R

FREE PET

TODAY!

Between now and Nov. 30th any educational institutionwhich buys 2 PETs at list price will receive a 3rd PETABSOLUTELY FREE! That's right. FREE' For example,buy 2 8K PETs at $795 each and get 1 8K PET, FREE. Buy1 16K at $995 and 1 32K at $1,295 and your school willreceive 1 16K PET absolutely FREE! Join the hundreds ofpublic & privateschools. colleges,and Universities whohave bought from us with confidence. Look at our PETbox in the upper left hand corner of this ad for descrip-tions and prices of the Commodore PET product line. Ifyou need more informationjustcaII, we love questions.

SANYO MONITOR$169 $279

9-inch -ftt<)Q_ 15-inch -)i»QO.

^S(f

SINCE1971

I t/si |Mr-^';'~

Member:

Computer Dealers

Association

IMPORTANT ORDERING INFORMATIONAll orders must include 4% shipping and handling. Michigan residents add 4%for state sales tax. All foreign orders (except Canada) need an additional 10% forshipping and handling.

Phones open from 9:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. EST Monday-Friday, 10:00 a.m. to5:00 p.m. Saturdays • P.O.'s accepted from D & B rated companies — ship-ment contingent upon receipt of signed purchase order • All pricessubject to change without notice • Most items in stock for immediateshipment — call for delivery quotation • Sorry, no C.O.D.'s •In the Ann Arbor area? Retail store open 11:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. Tuesday-Friday, 10:00 a.m.to 5:00 p.m. Saturdays (Closed Sunday and Monday)

if not satisfied, return your purchase with-in 10 days for fullrefund of purchase price!

Circle 54 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979 275

7400 TTL

SN7400NSN7401NSN7402NSN7403NSN7404NSN7405NSN7406NSN7407MSN740BNSN7409NSN7410NSN7411NSN7412NSN7413NSN7414NSN7416NSN7417NSN7420NSN7421NSN7422NSN7423NSN7425NSN7426NSN7427NSN7429NSN7430NSN7432NSN7437NSN7438NSN7439NSN7440NSM7441MSN7442NSN7443NSN7444MSN7445NSN7446NSN7447NSN7448NSN7450NSN7451NSN7453NSN7454NSN7459ASN7460N

SN747DNSN7472NSN7473NSN7474NSN7475NSH7476NSN7479NSN7480NSN7482NSN7483NSN7485NSN7486NSN7489NSN7490NSN7491NSN7492NSN7493NSN7494NSN7495MSN7496NSN7497NSN74100NSN74107NSN74109NSN74116NSN74121NSN74122NSN74123NSN74125NSN74126NSN74132NSN74136NSN74141NSN74142NSN7i143MSN74144NSN74145NSN74147NSN74148MSN74150NSN74151NSN74152NSN74153NSN74154NSN74155NSN74156WSN74157N

CD4000CD4Q0IC04002CD4006CD40Q7CD4009CD4010CD401'CD4012CD-1013CD4014CD4015CO4016CD4017CD4018CD4019CD4020CD4021CD4022CD4023CD4024CD4025CD4026C04027

74C0O

nm,

74C0474C0874C1074C1474C2074C3074C4274C4B74C73(4C74

78MGLM106HLM300HLM30ICN/HLM302HLM304HLM305HLM307CN/IILM308CN/HLM309HLM309KLM31QCNLM311N.HLM312HLM317KLM318CN/HLM319NLM320K-5LM320K-5.2LM320K-12LM320K-I5LM320K-I8LM320K-24LM320TSLM320T-5 2LM320T-8LM3201-12LM320M5LM320T-1BLM320T-24LM323K-5LM324NLM339NLM340K-SLM340K 6LM340K-8LM40 K12LM34 B- 1 5

74LS0074LS0174LS0274LS0374LS0474LS0574LS0874LS0974LS1074LS1174LS5374LS1474LSI5T4LS2074LS2I74LS2274LS2674LS2774LS2874LS3074LS3274LS3774LS4074LS42

C/MOS

CD4028C9029CD4030CD4035CD4040CD4041CD4042CD4043CO4044CD4046CD4047CD4048CD4049CD4050CO405ICD4053CD4056CO4059CD4060CD4066CD4068CD4069

74C00

74C857-JC9D74C9374C9574C10774C15174tl5474C15774C16074C161

2 903.00215249

LINEAR

LM340K-18 135

LM340K-24 135

LM340T-5 125

LM340T-6 1.25

LM340T-8 1.25

LM340T-12 1 25

LM340T-15 1 25

LM340T-18 1 25

LM340T-24 1 25LM358N

LM371KI

LM373N

LM377N

LM380N

LM380CN

LM3B1N

LM382N

NE501N

NE510A

NE529A

NE531H/V

NE536T

NE54QL

NE544N

NE550N

NE555V

NE556N

NE550B

NE561D

NE562B

NE565N/H

NE56BCN

NE567V/H

ME570N

LM703CN.H

LM709N H

1 953 2S

74LS00TTL

74LS4774LS5174LS5474LS5574LS7374LS7474LS7574LS7674LS7874LS837.1LS8574LS8674LS9074LS9274LS9374LS9574LS9674LS10774LS10974LS11274LS12374LS12574LS13274LS136

SN74160NSN74161NSN74162MSN74163NSN74164NSN74165NSN74166NSN74167NSN74170NSN74172HSN74173NSN74174NSN74175NSN74176NSN74177NSN74179NSN74180NSN74181NSN741B2NSN74184HSN74185NSM74186NSN74188NSN74190NSN74191NSN74192NSN74193NSN74194NSN74195NSN74196NSN74197MSN74198NSN74199NSN74S200SN74251NSN74279HSN74283NSH74284NSN74285MSN74365NStJ74366NSN74367NSN74368NSN74390NSN74393N

CD4070

CD4071

CD4072

CD4076

CD40B1

CD4D82

CD4093

CD4098

MC14409

MC14410

MC14411

MC14419

MC14433

MC14506

MC14507

MC14562

MC14583

CD4508

CD4510

CD4511

CD4515

CD4518

CD4520

74C163

74C16474CI7374C19274C19374C19574C92274C92374C92574C92680C9580C97

! 53

LM710N .79

LM711N 39

LM723N/H .55

LM733N \ 00

LM739N 1 19

LM741CN/H .35

LM741-14N 39

LM747N/H 79

LM748N/H .39

LM1310N I 95

LM1458CNH 59

MC143Srj 1 95

UC1489N 85

LM1496N 95

LM1555V 17 5

MC1741SCP 3.00

LM2111N 1.95

LM2901N 2.95

LM3053N 1.50

LM3065N 1.49LM3900N(3401) 59

LM3905N l 49

LM3909N 1.25

MC55 58V 59

8038 B 4 95

LM75450N 43

75451CN 39

75452CN 39

75453CN 39

75454CN 39

75491CN .79

75492CN 89

75493N 89

75494CN B9

RC413B 1.25

RC4(51 3 95

RC4194 j 95

RC4195 4 49

INTERNATIONALTIME ZONE CLOCK

• Four individually pro-grammed clocks to timezone of your choice

• Single synch, switch tosynchronize time zones

• Alterable vinyl lettering(change zone identity let-tering when desired)

• Hrs., minutes & secondsdisplayed for each zone•Hi-bright LED digits (.6"character height)

• Continuous AM or PM in-dication using 12 hr. formatSPECIFICATIONS:Power: Wall plug transform-er input voltage 117VAC60Hzoutput voltage 12VAC 6OH2.Case: Standard: wood mold-ing w/simulated walnut fin-ish redplexiglasslens. Blacktextured ABS back.Dimensions: 5" x 18"

T2-4 Assembled $159.95

DIGITAL STOP TIMEROR CLOCK

• 10 hour stopwatch timer

• 12 or 24 hour operation

•G function controls: fast, slow, hold,reset, 12/24 hour and 5/6 digit

• Large .560" red display•50Hz or 60Hz operation

• Includes mounting bracket•Size: 4" x 2" x 5"

JB1001A Assembled . . . $59.95

DISCRETE LEDS

.200" dla.

XC556R redXC556G greenXC556Y yellowXC556C clear

.200" dla.

XC22RXC22GXC22Y

red

green

yellow

.170" dla.

INFRA-RED LED

t/4"x1/4"x1/16" flat5/S1

DISPLAY LEDS

TIMEX T1001

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

CLASS II

FIELD EFFECT

4 DIGIT 5'- CHAHACTEl

THREE ENUNCIATORS2.00" X 1.20" PACKAGEINCLUDES CONNECTOR

T1001-Trartsmissive S7

TIOOIA-Reflective 8

TYPE

MAN 1MAN 2MAN 3MAN 4MAN 7GMAN 7YMAN 72MAN 74MAN 8 2MAN 84MAN3620MAN 3630MAN 3640MAN<1610MAN4640MAN 4710MAN 4730MAN 4740MAN 4810MAN 4840MAN6610MAN 6630MAN 6640MAN 6650MAN 6660MAN 6680MAN 6710

POLARITY ^

Common Anode-red5 x 7 Doi Matrix-redCommon Cathode-redCommon Cathode-redCommon Anode-greenCommon Anode-yellowCommon Anode-redCommon Cathode-redCommon Anode-yellowCommon Calhode-yeliowCommon Anode-orangeCommon Anode-orange * 1Common Calliode-orangeCommon Anode-orangeCommon Cathode-orangeCommon Anode-redCommon Anode-red * 1Common Cathode-redCommon Anode-yellowCommon Cathode-yellowCommon Anode-orange-D DCommon Anode-orange ± 1Common Calhode-orange-D D .Common Calhode-orange • 1Common Anode-orangeCommon Cain ode -orangeCommon Anode-reo-D 0

TYPE

MAN6730

MAN 6740

MAN 6750

MAN 6760

MAN 6780

DL701

DL704

DL707

DL728

0L741

DL746

OL747

DL749

DL750

DL33B

FND70

FND358

FND359

FND503

FMD507

5082-7730

HDSP-3400

HDSP-3403

5082-7300

50B2-7302

5082-73D4

6082-7340

POLARITY

Conimon Anode-red ^ 1Common Cathode-red-D.D,Common Cathode-red s 1Common Anode-redCommon Caihode-redCommon Anode-red r. 1Common Cathode-redCommon Anode-redCommon Cathode-redCommon Anode-redConimonAnode-red r 1Common Anode-redCommon Cathode-red t 1Common Cathode-redCommon Cathode-redCommon CathodeCommon Cathode r 1Common CaitiodeCommon Cathode(FND500)Common Anode (FND510)Common Anode-redCommon Anode-redCommon Calhode red4 x 7 sgl Digit-RHDP4 x 7 Sgl Oigit-LHOPOverrange character (-1)4x7 Sgl. Digit-HexarJecimal

RCA LINEAR

CA3013TCA2023TCA3035TCA30391CA3046NCA3059NCA3060KCA3080TCA3081N

74LS138 89

74LS139 69

74LS151 89

74LS155 89

74LS157 89

74LS160 1 15

74LS161 1 15

7.1LS162 1 25

74LS163 1 15

74LS164 1.25

74LS175 99

74LS181 2 49

74LS190 1 15

74LS191 i 15

74LS192 1 15

74LSI93 1 15

74LS194 1 15

74LS195 1 15

74LS2S3 99

74LS257 89

74LS258 1 75

74LS260 69

7.1LS279 75

74LS367 75

74LS368 75

71LS670 ? .19

15 CA3082N 2.00

56 CA3083N 1 60

48 CA3086N .85

35 CA3069N 3 75

30 CA3130T 1 39

25 CA3140T 1 25

25 CA3160T I 25

.85 CAWOIN 59

00 CA3600N 3 50

CALCULATORCHIPS/DRIVERS

MM5725 S2.95

MM5738 2 95

DM8864 2.00

DM8865 1.00

DM8887 75

DMB889 759374 7 seg

C.A. LED driver 1 5D

CLOCK CHIPS

MM5309

S4.95

MM5311

495

M,v15312

4 95

MM5314

.! 95

MM 5316

6 95

MM5318

9 95

MM5369

■ 55

MM53B7/1998A

4.95

CT 7 001

6 95

MOTOROLA

MC1408L7 $4.95

MC1408L8 5.75

MC1439L 2 95

MC3022P 2 95

MC3061P 350MC4016(74416)

MC4024P 3 95

MC4040P 6 95

MC4044P 4.50

IC SOLDERTAIL — LOW PROFILE (TIN) SOCKETS

8 pin LP14 pin LP16 pm LP18 pin Lp20 pin LP

14 pin ST16 Din ST18 pm ST24 pm ST8 pin SG14 pin SG16 pm SG18 Pin SG

8 pin WW10 Pin WW14 pin WW

25-49 50-100

22 Pin LP S .37

24 pin LP 38

28pin LP .45

27 36pm LP 60

30 SOLDERTAIL STANDARD (TIN) 40 ^ * 63

28pinST S .99

36 pm ST 1.39

25-49 50-100

30

40 pin ST

SOLDERTAIL STANDARD (GOLD)

24 pin SG S 70

40 pin SG

WIRE WRAP SOCKETS(GOLD) LEVEL *3

22 pin WW $ 9524 pin WW 1.0528 pin WW 14036 pin WW 1.5940 pm WW 175

1/4 WATT RESISTOR ASSORTMENTS -5%

18 OHMt l)MM 39 OHM -17 OHM

ASST. 1

ASST. 2

■ 17110HM MJOOIW. (.80 OHM 82(.l()liM IK

ASST. 3 5 ea i.?k i.'ji- T.HK ?.?h .'..■*.

3.3K l.tlr. xjt-. 5.6.. i,.HK

ASST. 4 5ea &:> it1- l2« ijr. It-

2"'. 2;» <3K IS* 47K

ASST. 5 5 ea bb* at* 8?r. 10O i.c

I 50k I8CI-. 221k ?70r. m*

ASST. 6 5 ea 39C- :7tk i60K 680-^ 820-

If.! !.?M 1.5M 1.8M 2.2M

ASST. 7 5 ea 2.7M :i,JM 3.9M 4./M !..6M

ASST. 8R Includes Resistor Assortments 1 -7 (350 PCS.

50 PCS

S1.75

50 PCS

1.75

50 PCS

1.75

50 PCS

1.75

50 PCS

1.75

50 PCS

1.75

50 PCS 1.75

$9.95 ea.

S10.00 Min. Order - U.S. Funds Only Spec Sheets - 25«!

Calif. Residents Add 6% Sales Tax 1980 Catalog Available -Send AM stamp

Postage-Add5%plusS1 Insurance (if desired)

orriQGO w°erldceomse

■ JIJAJ-MMT^M (A15) 592-8097

MAIL OtWi.K ELECTRONICS- WORLDWIDE

1021 HOWARD AVENUE. SAN CARLOS. CA 94070ADVERTISED PRICES GOOD THRU NOVEMBER

TELEPHONE/KEYBOARD CHIPS

AY-5-9100 Push Button Telephone Dialler

AY-5-9200 Repertory Dialler

AY.5-9500 CMOS Clock Generator

AY-5-2376 Keyboard Encoder (88 keys)

HD0165 Keyboard Encoder (16 keys)

74C922 Keyboard Encoder (16 keys)

74C923 Keyboard Encoder (20 keys)

ICM7045

ICM7205ICM7207ICM7208ICM7209

ICM CHIPS

CMOS Precision TimerCMOS LEO Stopwatch/TimerOscillator ControllerSeven Decade CounterClock Generator

24.9519.95

75019.95

6.95

NM0S READ ONLY MEMORIES

MCM6571 128X9X7 ASCII Shifted with Greek 13.50

MCM6574 128 X 9 X 7 Math Symbol & Pictures 13.50

MCM6575 128 X 9 X 7 Alpha' Control Char, Gen 13.50

MISCELLANEOUS

TL074CN Quad Low Noise bi-fet Op Amp 2.49

TL494CN Switching Regulator 4.49

TL496CP Single Switching Regulator 1.75

11C90 Divide 10/11 Prescaler 19.95

95H90 Hi-Speed Divide 10/11 Prescaler 11.95

4N33 Photo-Da flington Opto-lsolator 3.95

MK50240 Ton Octave Freq. Generator 17.50

DS0026CH 5Mhz 2-phase MOS clock driver 3.75

TIL308 .27" red num. display w/integ. logic chip 10.95

MM5320 TV Camera Sync. Generator 14.95

MM5330 4% Digit DPM Logic Block (Special) 3.95

LD110/111 l\h Digit A/D Converter Set 25.00/set

MC14433P 3Vj Digit A/D Converter 13.95

LITRONIX ISO-LIT 1

Photo Transistor Opto-lsolator(Same as MCT 2 or 4N25)

49d each

SN 76477

SOUND GENERATORGenerates Complex SoundsLow Power - Programmable

$3.95 each

TV GAME CHIP AND CRYSTAL

AY-3-8500-1 and 2.01 Wl Crystal (Chip & Crystal _ -_. .

includes score display, 6games and select angles, etc. /. JJ/SGI

XR205XR210XR215XR320XR-L555XR555XR556XR567CPXR567CT 1.25XR1310P 1.95XR1468CN 3.85XR1488 1.95XR14B9 1.95

S8.404.404.401.551.50.39.99

EXAR

JE22Q6KB 19.95XR1800 3.20

XR2206XR2207XR2208XR2209XR2211XR2212XR2240

4.403.855.201.755.254.353.45

XR2242CP

XR2264

XR2556

XR2567

XR3403

XR4136

XR4151

XR4194

XR4202

XR4212

XR4558

XR4739

XR4741

TYPE

1N746

1N751

1N752

1N753

1N754

1N757

1N759

1N959

1N965

1N5232

1M5234

1fJ5235

1N5236

1N5242

1N5245

1N456

1N4SB

1N485A

1N4001

DIODES

VOLTS W

3.3 400m

5.1 400m

5 6 400m

6 2 400m6.8 400m80 400m

12.0 400m

8 2 400m

15 400m

5 6 500m

6.2 500m

6 8 500m

7 5 500m12 500m15 500m

TYPE

1N4002

PWCE 1N4003

4/1 00 1N40O4

4/1 00 1N40O5

4/1.00 1N4006

4/1.00 IN4007

4/1.00 1N3600

4/1.00 1N4148

4/1.00 1N4154

4/1.00 1N4733

4/1.00 1N4734

2 8 1N4735

28 IN4736

28 1N4738

28 1N4742

26 1N4744

28 IN) 183

6/1.00 1N1184

6/1.00 1N1185

5/1.00 1N1186

12/1.00 1M188

VOLTS W

100 PIV 1 AMP200PIV1 AMP400PIV1 AMP600 PIV 1 AMP800PIV1 AMP1000 PIV 1 AMP200m

12

10m10m

PRICE12/1 0012/1 0012/1.0010/1.0010/1.0010/1 006/1 0015/1.0012/1002828

Iw

50P1V35A M100 P1V 35 AMP150 PIV35 AMP200PIV35 AMP400PIV35 AMP

C36DC36M2N2328M DA 980-1MOA 9BQ-3

SCR AND FW BRIDGE RECTIFIERS

15A („ 400V35Afu600V1.6A (u 300V

C106B1

MPSA05

MPSA06

TIS97

T1S98

40409

40410

■10673

2fJ9l8

2N2219A

2N2221A

2N2222A

PU2222 Plasiic

2N2369A

HPS2369

2M2484

2N2906

2N2907

PN2907 Plastic

2N2925

TRAMSISTORS

FYV BRIDGE RECFW BRIDGE REC

2/V004,1 005,1 0D7/1 004/1.005/1-004/1.004/1 005/1.007/1.005/100

1252/100

2N3055

MJE3055

2N3392

2N3398

PN3567

PN3568

PN3569

M PS3638A

MPS3702

2N3704

MPS3704

2N3705

MPS3705

2N3706

MPS3706

2N3707

2N371l

2N3724A

2N3725A

2N3772

2N3823

2N3903

5/1 005/1 003/1.004/1 004 1 005/1 005<1 005/1 005/1 005/1 005/1.005/1.005/1 00

2fJ39042fJ39052N39062N40132N4123PN4240PN42502N44002N44012N44022N44032N44092N50862N50872N50882N50892N5129PN5134PN51382N51392N52102N54492NS951

4/1004/1,004/1004/1 00

4/1.004/1 004/1.005/1 005/1.005/1.005/1.00

CAPACITOR

CORNER

10 pi22 pi47 pi100 Rt

220 [It470 of

.OOtrnt00220047ml01ml

1,35V15/3 5V22/35V3305V47/35V68/35V1.0/35V

47/50V1.0/50V3.3,50V4 7,25V10-25V10/50V22/25V22/50V47/25V47:50V100/25V100/50V220/25V220/50V470/25V1000/16V2200,16V

04 03 OOImF

.04 03 WOii

.04 .03 D1M F

.04 .03 022/iF

.04 .03 047,iF

04 035 1/jF1D0 VOLT MYLAR FILM CAPACITORS

,10 07 ,022ml

05 04 035

1ml

27

.12 .10 .07 22ml+20% DIPPED TANTALUMS (SOLID) CAPACITORS28 23 17 1.5/35V 30 2

.28 23 .17 2.2/35V \y> .3

28 23 17 3.3/25V .35 .3

28 23 17 4.7/25V .33 .2

28 23 17 6.8/25V .49 .4

.28 .23 ,17 15/25V -75 .6

.28 .23 17 22/6V -75 .6

MINIATURE ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS

15 13

10

47/25V47/50V1.0/16V10/25V1.0.50V4.7/16V4 7/25V4.7/50VIO.16V10/25V10/50V47/50V100/16V100/25V100/50V220/16V470/25V

Radial Load

15

13

28 ,

y

276

BYTE November 1979

Circle 200 on inquiry card.

Transistor Checker

— Completely Assembled —— Battery Operated —

The ASI Transistor Checker is cap-able of checking a wide range oftransistor types, either"in circuit"or out of circuit. To operate,simply plug the transistor to bechecked into the front panelsocket, or connect it with the alli-gator clip test leads provided.The unit safely and automaticallyidentifies low, medium and high-PNP and NPN transistors.

Size: 3%"

t 6'/<"

t 2"

"C"cell battery not included,

Trans-Check $ 19.95 ea.

Custom Cables & Jumpers

Pari No.

DB25P-4-PDB25P-4-SDB25S-4-S

0J14-1

DJ16-1

DJ24-1

OJ14-1-14

DJ16-1-16

DJ24-1-24

DB 25 Series Cables

Cable Length Connectors Price

4 Ft. 2-DP25P S15.95 ea.

4 Ft, 1-DP25P/1-25S Sl6,95ea

4 ft. 2-DP25S

Dip Jumpers

1 ft, 1-14 Pin

1 II

1 It

1 It.

1 It.

1-16 Pin1 -24 Pin2-14 Pin2-16 Pin2-24 Pin

S17.95 ea

S159 ea.

1.79 ea.2.79 ea.2.79 ea.3.19 ea.4 95 ea.

For Custom Cables & Jumpers, See JAMECD 1979 Calalrjg lor Pricing

CONNECTORS

25 Pin-D Subminiature

D825P (as pictured) PLUG (Meets RS232) S2.95

DB25S SOCKET (Meets RS232) S3.50

DB51226-1 Cable Cover for DB25P or DB25S S1.75

PRINTED CIRCUIT EDGE-CARD

156 Spadno-TinOouble fiead-Oul — Bluracied Contacts _ fits 054 io 070 P C Cards

15/30 SE18/36 SE22/44 SE22/44 WW50/100 WW(.125 Spacing)

PINS (Solder Eyelet)PINS (Solder Eyelet)PINS (Solder Eyelet)PINS (Wire Wrap)PINS (Wire Wrap)

S1.95$2.49S2.95$3.95R681-1 $6.95

4-Digit Clock Kit

* Bright .357" ht. red display

* Sequential (lashing colon» 12 or 24 hour operation

* Extruded aluminum case (black)

* Pressure switches for hours, minutes & hold functionsIncludes all components, case and wall transformer

• Size: 3Vj x m :

IV*

JE730 $14.95

Jumbo 6-Digit Clock Kit

* Four ,630"ht. and two .300"ht.common anode displays

* Uses MM531<1 clock chip

* Switches for hours, minutes and hold functions

* Hours easily viewable to 30 feet

* Simulated walnut case

* U5VAC operation

* 12 or 24 hour operation

* Includes all components, case and wall transformer

* Size: 6^4 x 3V« x W*

JE747 $29.95

JE701

• Bright .300 ht. comm. cath-ode display

•Uses MM5314 clock chip•Switches for hours, minutes

and hold modes•Hrs. easily viewable to 20 ft.

• Simulated walnut case•115 VAC operation•12 or 24 hr. operation•Incl. all components, case &

all transfon

•Size: 6>/i"

: 3-1/8"

1 %■■

6-Digit Clock Kit $19.95

REMOTE CONTROLTRANSMITTER & RECEIVER

$19.95

Digital Stopwatch Kit

*Use Intersil 7205 Chip

* Plated thru double-sided P.C. Board

* LED display (red)

* Times to 59 min. 59.59 sec. with auto reset

* «uartz crystal controlled

* Three stopwatches in one: single event, split(cummulative) & taylor (sequential timing)

• Uses 3 peize- 4.5"

■ litex 2.15"

attei

.90"

JE900 $39.95

MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS

821282148216822482268228823882518253825582578259

-8080A/8080A SUPPORT DEVICES-CPU

8-Bit Input/OutputPriority Interrupt ControlBi-Directional Bus DriverClock Generator/DriverBus Driver

System Conlioller/Bus DriverSystem ControllerProg. Cornm. I/O (USAflT)Prog. Interval TimerProg. Periph. 1/0 (PPI)Prog. 0MA ControlProg. Interrupt Control- 6B0O/6B00 SUPPDRTOEVICES—MPU

MPU with Clock and Ram128X8 Static RamPeriph Inter. Adapt (MC6820)Priority Interrupt Controller1024X8 Bit ROM (MC68A30-8)Asynchronous Comm AdapterSynchronous Serial Data Adapt0-600 bps Digital MODEM2400bps Modulator

MICROPROCESSOR MANUALS-

M-Z80 User Manual

M-CDP1802 User ManualM-2650 User Manual

The IncrediblePennywhistle 103'

-ROM'S-

Quad 3-State Bus. Trans (MC8T26)

MICROPROCESSOR CHIPS-MISCELLANEOUS -

Z80(780C) CPUZ80A(780-1) CPUCDP1802 CPU2650 MPU

6502 CPU

8035P8085TMS9900JL

MPUw/clock. RAM. 1/0 lines

2 25

SI4 9516.95199519.9511951995

2513(2140) Character Generator(upper case)

2513(3021) Character Genera!or(lower case)

2516 Character Generator

MM5230N 2048-Bit Read Only Memoiy

RAMS

Sialic

Dynamic

Sialic

Static

Static

Static

Sialic MOS

Static 450ns

Static 450ns low power

Slalic300ns

Static 300ns low power

Static

Dynamic

Static

Static Tristale

Static

Oynamic 16 pin

Dynamic 16 pin 250ns

Static

1101

256X1

1103

1024X1

2101(8101)

256X4

2102

1024X1

21L02

1024X1

2111(8111}

256X4

2112

256X4

2114

1024X4

2114L

1024X4

2114-3

1024X4

2I14L-3

1024X4

5101

256X4

5280/2107

4096X1

10.9510.9511.95

16-BM MPU w/ltardware. multiply

& divide

SHIFT REGISTERS

7489

74S200 ;

93421 ;

UPD414

(MK4027)UP0416

(MK4116)TMS4044-

45NLTMS40452117

MM500I1

Dual 25 Bit Dynamic

MM5Q3H

Dual 50 Bit Dynamic

MM504H

Dual 16 Bit Stalic

MM506H

Dual 100 Bit Sialic

MM510H

Oual 64 Bit Accumulator

MM5Q16H

500/512 Bit Dynamic

2504 T

1024 Dynamic

251S

Hex 32 Bit Static

2522

Dual 132 Bit Static

2b2>;

512 Static

2 32:-

1024 Oynamic

2527

Dual 256 Bit Static

2528

Oual 250 Static

2:i,'j

Dual 240Bit Static

W

Quad 80 Bit Static

3341

Filo

74LS670

4X4 Register file (TiiSta

S 50 MM5262

1702A

27161NTEL

TMS25I6

(2716)

TMS2532

2708

2716T.I

"R5203

A-Y-5-1013 30KBALID

82S2382S11582S123741867418874S287

32X8409632X8

4 Static

1X1 Dynamic 350ns

(house marked)

Dynamic

PROM'S

FAM0S

EPR0M

EPR0Mires single +5V power supply

EPROM

EPROM

EPR0M3 voltages. —5V. h5V, •

FAMOS

Tristate Bipolar

Open C Bipolar

Open Collector

Bipolar

Tiislate

TTL Open Collector

TTL Open Collector

Static

2V

S5 9559 9549 95

89.95109529 95

JE600 HEXADECIMALENCODER KIT

FEATURES:

> Full 8 Dit latched output tor micro-processor use

3 usei Define keys with one being bi-stable operation■ Oebounce circuit provided tor all 19

keys' LED readout to verity entriesi Easy interfacing with standard 16 pin

1C connector• Ontv - 5V0C reauired tor ooerattonsFULL 8 BIT LATCHED OUTPUT-19 KEYBOARDThe JE600Encoder Keyboard provides two separate hexadecimaldigits produced Irom sequential key entries to allow direct prog-ramming for8 bit microprocessor or 8 bit memorycucurls Tnree13) additional keysaie providedtoi user operalionswithonenavinga bistable outputavailable The outputsare latched and monitoredwith LEO leadouis Also included is a kev enlty strobe

JE600 $59.95

Hexadecimal Keypad only $14.95

DIGITALTHERMOMETER KIT

•Oual sensors—switching control for in-door/outdoor or dual monitoring•Continuous LED .8" ht. display•Range: -40»F to 199°F / -40°C to 100°C•Accuracy: ±1° nominal•Set for Fahrenheit or Celsius reading•Sim. walnut case • AC wall adapter incl.•Size: 31/4"Hx6-5/8"Wx1-3/8"D

JE300 S39.95

62-Key ASCII Encoder Keyboard Kit

The JE610 62-Key ASCII Encoder KeyboardKit can be interfaced into most any com-puter system. The JE610 Kit comes com-plete with an industrial grade keyboardswitch assembly (62 keys). IC's, sockets,connector, electronic components and adouble-sided printed wiring board. Thekeyboard assembly requires +5V @ 150mAand -12V @ 10mA for operation.

FEATURES.

•60 Keys generate the full 128 char-acters, upper and lower case ASCIIset

• Fully buffered

•2 user-define keys provided for

custom applications•Caps lock for upper case only

alpha characters

• Utilizes a 2376 (40 pin) encoderread only memory chip

• Outputs directly compatible withTTL/DTL or MOS logic arrays

• Easy interfacing with a 16-pin dipor 18-pin edge connector

JE610 $79.95

62-Key Keyboard only . . $34.95

REGULATED POWER SUPPLY <&

JE200

JE200 $14.95

5V-1 AMPPOWER SUPPLY

*Uses LM309K*Heat sink provided*PC Board construction•Provides a solid 1 amp

@ 5 volts*Can supply u p t o ±5V,

+ 9V and ±12V with

JE205 Adapter

* I n c I u d e s components,hardware & instructions

• Size: 3^"x5"x2"H

JE205

- o&

mi

ADAPTER BOARD- Adapts to JE200 -±5V,±9Vand±12V

•DC/DC converter w/+ 5V input

•Toriodal hi-speedswitching XMFR

•Short circ.protection

•PC Brd. construction

•Piggy-back to JE200board

•Size:3^"x2"x9/16"h

JE205 $12.95

$10.00 Min. Order - U.S. FundsOnly Spec Sheets - 25i

Calif. Residents Add 6% Sales Tax 1980 Catalog Available- Send 414 stamp

Postage —Add 5% plusSI Insurance (if desired)

PHONE

ORDERS

WELCOME

(415)592-8097

FREE

1980

CATALOG

J a

MAIL ORDER ELECTRONICS - WORLDWIDE

1021 HOWARD AVENUE, SAN CARLOS, CA 94070ADVERTISED PRICES GOOD THRU NOVEMBER

$139.95

Kit Only

The PennywfilslJe 103 is capable of recording data to and Irom audio tape without

critical speedrequirements lor the recorder and itis ablelo communicatedirectlywilh

another modern and terminal for telephone "hamming" and communications. In

addition, itisfreeofcfiticaladjustmentsandisbuiltwilhnon-precision, readityavaitabte

parts.

Data Transmls»ion Method Frequency-Shift Keying, lull-duplex (hall-duplex

selectable).

Maximum Data Rate 300 Baud.

Data Format Asynchronous Seiial(relurnto mark level required

between each character).Receive Channel Frequencies .. .2025 Hi for space; 2225 Hz for markTransmit Channel Frequencies . .Switch selectable: Low (normal) 1070 space,

1270 mark; High 025 space, 2225 mark

Receive Sensitivity 46 dbm accouslically coupled

Transmit Level -f 5 dbm nominal Adjustable from 6 dbm

to -20 dbm.Receive Frequency Tolerance ...Frequency reference automatically adiusls to

allowloroperationbetweenf800H?and2400Hz.Olgllai Data Interface E1A RS-232C or 20 mA cuirent loop (receiveris

optoisolated and non-polar)

Power Requirements f 20 VAC. single phase, fO Walts

Physical AU component mount on a single 5' by 9"

printed circuit board All components includedReauires a VOM, Audio Oscillator. Frequency Counter and/or Oscilloscope to align

TRS-8016K Conversion Kit

Expand your 4K TRS-80 System to 16K. Kitcomes complete with:

* 8 each UPD416-1 (16K Dynamic Rams) 250NS

* Documentation for conversion

TRS-16K

$75.00

COMPUTER CASSETTES

€.- i«,«««?« 4- y SB.* ,■•

* 6 EACH 15 MINUTE HIGHQUALITY C-15 CASSETTES

. PLASTIC CASE INCLUDED12 CASSETTE CAPACITY

* ADDITIONAL CASSETTESAVAILABLE #C-15-:S2.95 ea

, CAS-6

i $14.95

(Case and 6 Cassettes}

SUP R' MOD II

UHF Channel 33 TV Interface Unit Kit

Wide Band B/W or Color System

• Converts TV to Video Display forhome computers, CCTV camera,Apple II, works with Cromeco Daz-zler, SOL-20, IRS-80, Challenger,etc.

MOD II is pretuned to Channel 33(UHF).

* Includes coaxial cable and antennatransformer.

MOD II

$29.95 Kit

ULTRA-VIOLETPRODUCTS, INC.

EPROM Erasing Lamp

•Erases 2708, 2716,1702A, 5203Q, 5204Q, etc.•Erases up to 4 chips within 20 minutes.•Maintains constant exposure distance of one inch•Special conductive foam liner eliminates static build-up•Built-in safety lock to prevent UV exposure•Compact - only 7-5/8" x 2-7/8" x 2"•Complete with holding tray for 4 chips

UVS-11E. $69.95

IDEAL FOR TRS 80

"Plug/Jack interlace to anycomputer syslem requiringremote control ol cassettefunctions"

The CC100 controls cassettemotor functions, monitorstape location with its internalspeaker and requires nopower. Eliminates the pluggingand unplugging of cables dur-ing computer loading opera-tion from cassette.

CASSETTE CONTROLLER

#CC-100$29.50

{new?

Micro-Miniature1; Joystick

• 2 each 1 00K pots (Linear Taper)

• Printed Circuit Board Mount

• Size: 1"x 1-3/16" x 1-3/16"

Micro-Miniature Joystick . . . .^^r,\3^J

Circle 200 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979

277

Circle 230 on inquiry card.

€

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS

16K RAM BOARD. Fully buffered addressable in 4Kblocks. IEEE standard for bank addressing 2114's

PCBD $26.95

Kit 450NSEC $259.95

PT-1 PROTO BOARD. Over 2.600 holes 4" regu-lators. All S-100 buss functions labeled, gold fingers.

PCBD $25.95

PT-2 PROTO BOARD. Similar to PT-1 except set-up to handle solder tail sockets.PCBD $25.95

==m

FORMERLY CYBERCOM/SOLID STATE MUSIC.

PB-1 2708& 2716 Programming Board with provisionsfor 4K or 8K EPROM. No external supplies require

textool sockets. Kit S124.95

CB-1 8080 Processor Board. 2K of PROM 256 BYTERAM power on/rest Vector Jump Parallel port with

status Kit $119.00 PCBD $30.95

MB-6B Basic 8KX8 ram uses 2102 type rams, S-100

buss. Kit 450 NSEC $139.95 PCBD $26.95

MB-7 16KX8. Static .RAM uses uP410 Protection,

fully buffered Kit $299.95

MB-8A 2708 EROM Board, S-100, 8K8X or 16Kx8

kit without PROMS $75.00 PCBD $28.95

MB-9 4KX8 RAM/PROM Board uses 2112 RAMS or82S129 PROM kit without RAMS or PROMS $72.00IO-2 S-100 8 bit parallel /IO port, % of boards is for

kludging. Kit $46.00 PCBD $26.95

IO-4 Two serial I/O ports with full handshaking20/60 ma current loop: Two parallel I/O ports.

Kit $130.00 PCBD $26.95

VB-1B 64 x 16 video board, upper lower case Greek,composite and parallel video with software, S-100.

Kit $125.00 PCBD $26.95

Altair Compatible Mother Board. 11 x 11 Vz x Va ".

Board only $39.95. With 15 connectors $94.95

Extended Board full size. Board only $ 9.49

With connector ..$13.45

SP-1 Synthesizer Board S-100

PCBD $42.95 KIT $135.95

W71?C/;nc WAMECO INC.

FDC-1 FLOPPY CONTROLLER BOARD will driveshugart, pertek, remic 5" & 8" drives up to 8 drives,on board PROM with power boot up, will operatewith CPM"-;(not included).PCBD $42.95

FPB-1 Front Panel. IMSAI size, hex displays. Byte,or instruction single step.

PCBD $47.50

MEM-1 8KX8 fully buffered, S-100, uses 2102 type

rams. PCBD $25.95

QM-12 MOTHER BOARD. 13 slot, terminated, S-100

board only $34.95

CPU-1 8080A Processor board S-100 with 8 level

vector interrupt PCBD $26.95

RTC-1 Realtime clock board. Two independent in-terrupts. Software programmable. PCBD $23.95

EPM-1 1702A 4K Eprom card PCBD $25.95

EPM-2 2708/2716 16K/32K

EPROM CARD PCBD $25.95

QM-9 MOTHER BOARD. Short Version of QM-12.

9 Slots PCBD $30.95

MEM-2 16Kx8 Fully Buffered

2114 Board PCBD $26.95

8080A $9.95

8212 2.49

8214 4.49

8224 3.49

2708 9.49

5101-1P .... 6.90

5101-8P $ 8.40

2114 (450 NS) low pwr 7.252114 (250 NS) low pwr... 7.99

2102A-2L 1.50

2102A-4L 1.20

4116 .8/89.95

M

(415) 592-1800P. O. Box 424 • San Carlos, California 94070

Please send for IC. Xistorand Computer parts list

NOV. SPECIAL SALEON PREPAID ORDERS

(Charge cards not included on this olfer)

WAMECO PWR SUPPLY AND TERMINA-TOR BOARD

12 Regulators for driving external equip-ment $24.95

8KX8RAM. Fully buffered 450 NSEC. 2.5amp typical assembled parts may be un-marked or house numbered $99.99

MIKOS PARTS ASSORTMENT

WITH WAMECO AND CYBERCOM PCBDS

MEM-2 with MIKOS ~7 16K ram

with L2114 450 NSEC $249.95

MEM-2 with MIKOS r13 16K ram

with L2114 250 NSEC . $279.95

MEM-1 with MIKOS #1 450 NSEC 8K

RAM $119.95

CPU-1 with MIKOS #2 8080A CPU $94.95

MEM-1 with MIKOS #3 250 NSEC 8K

RAM $144.95

QM-12 with MIKOS #4 13 slot mother

board $89.95

RTC-1 with MIKOS #5 real time clock .... $54.95

EMP-1 with MIKOS #10 4K 1702 less

EPROMS $49.95

EPM-2 with MIKOS #11 16-32K EPROMS

less EPROMS ... $59.95

QM-9 with MIKOS #12 9 slot mother

board $79.95

FPB-1 with MIKOS "14 all parts

for front panel $134.95

MIKOS PARTS ASSORTMENTS ARE ALL FACTORY PRIMEPARTS. KITS INCLUDE ALL PARTS LISTEO AS REQUIREDFOR THE COMPLETE KIT LESS PARTS LISTED. ALL SOCKETSINCLUDED.

VISA or MASTERCHARGE. Send account number, interbanknumber, expiration date and sign your order. Approx. postagewill be added. Check or money order will be sent post paid inU.S. If you are not a regular customer, please use charge,cashier's check or postal money order. Otherwise there willbe a two-week delay for checks to clear. Calif, residents add6% tax. Money back 30 day guarantee. We cannot accept re-turned iC's that have been soldered to. Prices subject tochange without notice. $10 minimum order. $1.50 service chargeon orders less than $10.00.

WAMECO

THE COMPLETE PC BOARD HOUSEEVERYTHING FOR THE S-100 BUSS

NEW! POWER SUPPLY AND TERMINATOR BOARD. PROVIDES UP TO12 REGULATORS TO DRIVE ALL THOSE PERIPHERALS FROM THECOMPUTERS POWER SUPPLIES. TERMINATES THE MOTHER BOARD.

KIT (ALL HEAT SINKS, RESISTORS, CAPACITORSAND PARTS FOR TERMINATOR EXCLUDES THE

12 REGULATORS) $55.95

PCBd $30.95

AT YOUR DEALER NOW!

FUTURE PRODUCTS: 80 CHARACTER VIDEO BOARD,IO BOARD WITH CASSETTE INTERFACE.

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED, UNIVERSITY DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE

AT YOUR LOCAL DEALER

W7J7C

iftC. WAMECO INC. 111 GLENN WAY #8, BELMONT, CA 94002 (415) 592-6141

278 BYTE November 1979

Circle 387 on inquiry card.

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS MICROPROCESSOR LED'S SOCKETS CAPACITORS DIODES TRANSISTORS RESISTORS POTENTIOMETERSto S

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LU

CO

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I-o

LU

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im-

electronic components

One-StopComponent Center

AUTHORIZED DISTRIBUTORS

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CO

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CO

OC

oo

LU

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zo

ALABAMA

FLORIDA (Continued)

MICHIGAN (Co

ntinued)

PENNSYLVANIA (Continued)

oo

o

Cropwell

Tucker Bros.

Panama City

Bay-Mar Electronics Inc.

Muskegon

H. R. Electronics

Philadelphia

Heathkit Electronic Center

CO

Huntsville

Industrial Electronic Supply

Tampa

AMF Electronics

Niles

Niles Radio Supply

Philadelphia

Resco Electronics

CO

-J<

-J

Mobile

Lafayette Radio Electronics

Tampa

Microcomputer Systems

Oak Park

Eric Electronics

Phoenix ville

Stevens Electronics

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ALASKA

GEORGIA

Pontiac

Electronic Supply

Pittsburgh

Heathkit Electronic Center

r-

Anchorage

The Electronic Company

Atlanta

Atlanta ComputecMart

J>.ort Huron

Main TV Radio Electronics Inc.

Pittsburgh

Tydings Company

Hco

>-

cc

CO

Anchorage

TV Mart

Atlanta

CompuShop

Saginaw

Electronic Mart

Wilkes Barre

Hamline Electronics

>

ARIZONA

Columbus

Radio Wholesale

Sterling Heights

Eric Electronics

York

G. Y.C Company

oc

Flagstaff

Jim's Audio & Stereo Repair

Stone Mountain

Coleman's Electronics

Traverse City

Traverse City Electronic Supply

RHODE ISLAND

o

Sierra Vista

B & S Electronics

HAWAII

MINNESOTA

Cranston

Jabbour Electronics City

o

to

LU

Yuma

Yuma Electronics

Aiea

Detcoms Hawaii

Duluth Northwest Radio of Duluth Inc.

Pawtucket

Jabbour Electronics City

CO

CALIFORNIA

Honolulu

Integrated Circuit Supply

Hopkins

Heathkit Electronic Center

Warwick

Heathkit Electronic Center

LU

o

r-

Anaheim

Heathkit Electronic Center

IDAHO

Minneapolis

Pal Electronics

TENNESSEE

I

AntiochAzusa

Radio MartAmco Electronics

BoiseCaldwell

Custom Electronics

St. Paul

Heathkit Electronic CenterHiawatha Electronics Inc.

ClarksvilleChattanooga

MasstronicsWilliam's Data Comp Division

o

A-Gem Supply Inc.

Winona

1-

Bellflower

Earl's Hobby Shop

ILLINOIS

MISSOURI

Cooke ville

Wagnon's Stereo Center

5

5

Berkeley

Al Lasher Electronics

Carbondale

Picks Electronics

Bridge ton

Forsythe Computers

Nashville

Electra Distributing Co.

CO

Brea

Century Electronics

Evanston

Tri-State Electronic Corp.

El Dorado Springs , Beckman Electronics

Knox ville Shields Electronics Supply Inc.

CO

COLU

Buena Park

Ford Electronics

Groveland

Moyer Electronics

Florissant

1 Computer Country

Memphis

Bluff City Electronics

CO

Chula Vista

Lion Electronics

Morton Grove

CompuShop

Kansas City

Computer Workshop

Memphis Sere-Rose & Spencer Electronics

LU

Cypress

SCR Electronics

Mount Prospect

Tri-State Electronic Corp.

St. Louis

Computer Country

Memphis

Warren Radio Company

-100

2

3

DavisEl Monte

OdysseyKimball & Stark

NilesNormal

Computer LandB-N Computer Works

MONTANA

Nashville Eddie Warner's Parts CompanyOakridge National Electronics

CD

Billings

Conley Radio Supply

^

Fontana

Fontana Electronics

Oak Park

Spectronics Inc.

Bozeman Electronic Service & Distributing

TEXAS

LU

Fresno

Sparky Electronics

Peoria

Computer Land of Peoria

Greet Falls

Arts Electronics

Beaumont

Electro-Hut

LU

CO

Fullerton

Orvac Electronics Inc.

Peoria

Warren Radio Co.

NEBRASKA

Dallas

CompuShop

CO

CO

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CO

Glendale

Eagle Electronics

Robinson

Radio Shack

Lincoln

Altair Computer Center

Dallas

Heathkit Electronic Center

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Harbor City

Buff's Electronics

Rockford

Computer Store of Rockford

Lincoln

Scott Electronic Supply

Dallas

Ram Micro Systems

LU

Hawaiian Gardens Carson Electronics

Schaumberg

Data Domain of Schaumberg

North, Platte

Scott Electronic Supply

Houston

CompuShop

LU

•J

Lancaster

Consumer Electronics

Skokie

Ulipute Computer

Omaha

Heathkit Electronic Center

Houston

Interactive Computers

_l

CO

Long Beach

Scott Radio Supply Inc.

Villa Park

Melvin Electronics

Omaha

Omaha Computer Store

McAllen

Broadway Electronics

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Mission Viejo

Tower Electronics Corp.

INDIANA

NEVADA

McAllen

Carlos Franco Electronics

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u

Modesto

Computer Magic

East Chicago

Aero Electronics Corp.

Las Vegas

Century 23

San Antonio

Appliance & Equipment Co.

o

Modesto

Pacific Radio

Evansville

Hutch & Son Inc.

NEW JERSEY

San Antonio Sherman Electronics Supply Inc.

CO

oc

LU0.

CO

Monterey

Zackit

Gary

Calumet ElectronicSupply

Bricktown

Radio Shack Associate Store

UTAH

oc

Morro Bay

Morro Bay Electronics

Munster

Meade Electronics

Cherry Hill

The Computer Emporium

Midvale

Heathkit Electronic Center

LU

National City

Willy's Electronics

IOWA

Fair Lawn

Heathkit Electronic Center

Provo

Alpine Electronic Supply Co.

2

Ocean side

Electronic Center

Clinton Bridge Electronics Computer Center

Ocean

Heathkit Electronic Center

Salt Lake City

Best Distributing

5

Palrndale

Radio Shack A.S. C. Palrndale

Davenport

Memory Bank

Patterson

; AllTronics

Salt Lake City

Computer/and of Salt Lake

D

Palo Alto

U.S. Electronics

Des Moines

Gifford Brown Incorporated

Pennsauken

Lafayette Radio

VERMONT

*n

Palo Alto

Zack Electronics

Des Moines

Radio Trade Supply Co.

Pompton takes

Computer Corner

Essex Junction

Lafayette Radio

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a.

Pasadena

Dow Radio Inc.

Indianola

Elecironix Limited

Ramsey

Typetronic Computer Store

VIRGINIA

Q

Paso Robles

Mission Electronics

KANSAS

Vine/and

Lafayette Radio Electronics

Alexandria

Computer Hardware Store

5

Poway

Conway Electronics

Kansas City

Electronic Surplus Sales

NEW MEX ICO

Alexandria

Computers Plus Inc.

CO

Redding

Radio Mart

Salina

Electronics Inc.

Farmington

Micro-Computer Service

Alexandria

Heathkit Electronic Center

CO

H

Riverside

Computer Center

Wichita

Amateur Radio Equipment Co.

Las Cruces

Mannie's Electronic

Arlington Arlington Electronic Wholesalers

5

Sacramento

Heathkit Electronic Center

KENTUCKY

NEW YORK

Blacksburg

Scotty's Radio & TV Inc.

*

Sacramento

The Radio Place

Lexington

Radio Electronic Supply Co.

Albany

Fort Orange Electronics

Charlottesville

Graves Electronics

CO

Sacramento

Zackit

Louisville Peerless Electronic Equipment Co.

Albany

Greylock Electronics

Colonial Heights

Southside Radio Comm.

CO

*

Salinas

Salinas Radio

LOUISIANA

Buffalo

Radio Equipment Corp.

Falls Church

Crossroad Electronics

^

o

San Carlos

J & H Outlet Store

Baton Rouge

Davis Electronics Supply Co.

Endwvll

Computer Tree Inc.

Hampton

Electronic Sales Inc.

o

O

CO

San Diego

Radio Shack A.S. C. Mira Mesa

Baton Rouge

Menard Electronics Inc.

Jericho

Heathkit Electronic Center

McLean

Tyson's Computer Emporium

O

San Diego

Byte Shop

Baton Rouge

Pelican Electronics

Kingston

Greylock Electronics

Norfolk

A vec Electronics Corp.

CO

San Fernando

San Fernando Electronics

Houma

Pelican Electronics

Jamestown

Warren Radio

Norfolk

Priest Electronics

CO

0-

CO

San Francisco

Zack Electronics

Lake Charles

Wholesale Radio & Equipment

New York

Manhattan Electronics Corp.

Portsmouth

Electronics Unlimited

CL

San Jose Peninsula Electronic Supply Inc.

Metairie

Pelican Electronics

Poughkeepsie

Greylock Electronics

Richmond

Avec Electronics Corp.

_l

San Jose

Ouement Electronics

New Orleans

Wm 8. Allen Supply Co.

North White Plains Heathkit Electronic Center

Richmond

Computers-To-Go

_l

o

San Jose

United Radio & TV Supply

MARYLAND

Rensselaer

Com-Tech Electronics

Roanoke

The Computer Place Inc.

o

r-

co

San Luis Obispo

Mid-State Electronic Supply

Annapolis

J & M Electronics Inc.

Rochester

Heathkit Electronic Center

Springfield Computer Workshop of N. Virginia

\-

San Rafael

Electronics Plus

Baltimore Computer Workshop of Baltimore

Troy

Trojan Electronics

Virginia Beach

Heathkit Electronic Center

co

LU

Santa Ana

Quality Electronics

Baltimore

Everything Electronic

Utica

Am-Com Electronics

WASHINGTON

LU

1-

Santa Barbara

Lombard Electronics

Baltimore

Harco Electronics

Vestal

Harvey Electronics

Bellevue

ABC Communications

H

Santa Clara

Olson Electronics

Baltimore

Tritronics Inc.

White Plains

The Computer Corner

Everett

ABC Communications

CO

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LU

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co

Santa Cruz

Santa Cruz Electronics

Churchville

Churchville Electronics

NORTH CAROLINA

Kennewick

C & J Electronics Inc.

oc

Santa Maria

Cap's Communications

Damascus

Damascus CB

Boone

Alpha Digital Systems

Longview

Progress Electronics

LU

Santa Monica

Mission Control

Frederick Frederick Computer Products Inc.

Durham

Futureworld

Moses Lake

Ron's Electronics

Q

Santa Rosa

Electronics Inc.

Glen Burnie

Revacto

Greensboro

Byte Shop

Pasco

Riverview Electronics

-I

South Lake Tahoe CalPine Electronics

La Vale

J & M Electronics

Greenville

Pair Electronics

Richland

C & J Electronics

O

Suisun City

Byte Shop

Rock ville

Computer Workshop

Raleigh

Byte Shop of Raleigh

Seattle

ABC Communications

I

Sunnyvale

Sunnyvale Electronics

Rockville

Heathkit Electronic Center

NORTH DAKOTA

Seattle

Amateur Radio Supply

LU

Torrance

SE Electronics

Silver Spring

Computers Etc,

Fargo

The Computer Company

Seattle

C-Com

LUCO

D

LL

CO

Torrance

Torrance Electronics

To wson

Bayhesville Electronic Inc.

Fargo

S Si S Electronics

Seattle

Empire Electronics

D

Vacaville

D.C. Electronics

Towson

Computers. Etc.

OHIO

Spokane

Personal Computers

LL

Vallejo

Zackit

Towson

Computers Unlimited

Bucyrus,

Mead Electronics

Tacoma

C & G Electronics

CO

Z

Van Nuys

Thrifty Electronics Supply Inc.

Towson

Heathkit Electronic Center

Cincinnati*

Digital Design

Tacoma

Northwest Radio Supply

CO

Ventura

Lombard's Electronics Inc.

MASSACHUSETTES

Cincinnati

Heathkit Electronic Center

WEST VIRGINIA

*

Walnut Creek

MicroSun Computer Center

Fitchburg

RM Electronics Inc.

Columbus

Heathkit Electronic Center

Morgantown

The Computer Corner

z

West Sacramento

Lane Enterprises

Med ford

Tufts Etectronics\

Reynotdsburg

Universal Amateur Radio

Morgantown

Electro Distributing Co. Inc.

CO

Westminster

JK Electronics

North A dams

Electronics Supply Center*

Wickliffv

Amateur Electronic Supply

Wheeling

Lafayette Radio Assoc. Store

CO

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Whittier

D & S Electronics

Peabody

Heathkit Electronic Center

Youngstown

Ross Radio Company

WISCONSIN

H

Whittier

Whittier Electronics Company

Pit tsfield

Pittsfield Radio Co. Inc.Computer Mart Inc.

OKLAHOMA

West Allis

Olson Electronics

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COLORADO

Walt ham

Oklahoma City

Bits, Bytes & Micros

CANADA

LU

I

Aurora

Aurora Electronics

Wellesley

Heathkit Electronic Center

Oklahoma City

Heathkit Electronic Center

Alberta:

X

Colorado Springi

Centennial Electronics Inc.

Worcester

RM Electronics Inc.

Oklahoma City

Trice Wholesale Electronics

(Calgary)

CompuShop Alberta Ltd.

CO

Denver

Amptec Inc.

MICHIGAN

Tulsa

High Technology

(Calgary)

The Computer Shop,

CO

cc

Denver

Mt. Coin Distributing Co.

Adrian

E & B Electronics Inc.

OREGON

British Columbia:

cc

o

Durango

The Computer Shop

Ann Arbor Airway Electronic Communications

Albany

Oregon Ham Sales

(Prince George)

Elwest Technical Services Ltd.

o

H

Steamboat Springs Norm's TV & Electronics

Ann Arbor

Eric Electronics

Beaverton

Norvac Electronics

(Vancouver)

CompuShop

1-

u

CONNECTICUT

Ann Arbor

Wedemeyer Electronic Supply

Coos Bay

Herrick Electronix

Ontario (Toronto) House of Computers

o

LU

Avon

Heathkit Electronics Center

Can ton

The Electronic Connection

Dallas

Zero-Gee Books

Op tario (Willo wdale) Home Computer Centre

LU

z

Bridgeport

Bridgeport Computer

Claw son

Radio Supply & Engineering Co.

Eugene

Eugene Amateur Radio Supply

Ouebec (Montreal) Wang's Microcenter

z

z

Milford

Daz Electronics

Detroit

Heathkit Electronic Center

Medford

Portland Radio Supply

ENGLAND

z

o

New Haven

Customized Computer Systems

East Detroit

Heathkit Electronic Center

Ontario

Miller Electronics

Berkshire

NewBear Computing Store

o

o

DELAWARE

East Lansing

Eric Electronics

Portland

Portland Radio Supply

GUAM

Marianas Electronics

u

New Castle

Delaware Amateur Supply

Flint

Hobby Electronic Center

Salem

Computer Pathways

PANAMA

CO

-1

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co

>

OC

u

CO

CO

FLORIDA

Garden City

Computer Center

PENNSYLVANIA

Panama City

Redigetec. S.A.

—i

Ft. Lauderdale

Computers For You

Grand Rapids

Micro Computer World

Braddock

Left Electronics

Panama City

Sonitel, S. A.

<

Gainesville

Lafayette Radio

Grand Rapids

Radio Parts Inc.

Chambvrsburg

Sunrise Electronic Distributing

Panama City

Tropelco, S.A.

H

Hialeah

Heathkit Electronic Center

Jackson

Fulton Radio Supply

Drexel Hill

Kass Electronics Distributors

SINGAPORE

Applied Digital System

co

>

Lakeland

Lakeland Specialty Electronics

Lansing

Fulton Radio Supply

Drums

Mr. D's Digital Electronics

SINGAPORE

Inter-Trade (PTE) Ltd.

Miami

Herman Electronics

Livonia

Eric Electronics

Erie

Warren Radio

SINGAPORE

Sys-Tech

oc

Orlando

Southeast Micro Data Corp.

Livonia Radio Supply & Engineering Co. Inc.

Hershey

Microcomputer Systems Inc.

SWEDEN

CJCO

Pensacola

Grice Electronics Inc.

Midland

Computronix Corporation

Murrysville Computer Workshop of Pittsburg

Umea

Interkomponent

For Distributor Information, write or phone JIM-PAK® 1021 Howard Avenue, San Carlos, CA 94070 (415) 592-8097ASK YOUR ELECTRONICS STORE TO STOCK JIM-PAK® TODAY!!

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS MICROPROCESSOR LED'S SOCKETS CAPACITORS DIODES TRANSISTORS RESISTORS POTENTIOMETERS

Circle 202 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979

279

Circle 354 on inquiry card.

■El

BUILD YOUR OWN LOW COSTMICRO-COMPUTER

POWER SUPPLIES

FOR S-100 BUS, FLOPPY DISCS, ETC.

POWER TRANSFORMERS (with mounting brackets)

ITEMNO.

USED INKIT NO.

PRI. WINDINGTAPS

SECONDARY WINDING OUTPUTS2x8 Vac 2x14 Vac 2x24 Vac

SIZEW x D x H

UNITPRICE

T1

T4

OV, 110V, 120V0V, 110V, 120V0V, 110V, 120V0V, 110V, 120 V

2X7.5A

2x12.5A

2x9A

2x4.5A

2x2.5A2x3.5A2x2.5A

2x2.5A2x4.5A

33/4"x35/a"x3Va"33/4"x43/8"x3V8"3%"x4%"x3V8"33/4" x 35/8" x3Vb"

19.9525.9527.9519.95

POWER SUPPLY KITS (open frame with base plate, 3 hrs. assy, time)

ITEM USED FOR @+8 Vdc @~8Vdc @+16Vdc @-16Vdc @+28 Vdc

SIZEWxDxH UNIT PRICE

KIT1 18 CARDS SOURCE 15A

KIT 2 SYSTEM SOURCE 25A

KIT 3 DISC SYSTEM 18A

KIT 4 DISC SOURCE 8A

1A

1A

2.5A3A2A

2.5A3A2A

4A8A

12"x6"x47/a"12"x6"x47/s"14"x6"x47/s"10"x6"x47/a"

46.9554.9562.9544.95

EACH KIT INCLUDES: TRANSFORMER, CAPACITORS, RESIS., BRIDGE RECTIFIERS, FUSE & HOLDER, TERMINAL BLOCK, BASEPLATE, MOUNTING PARTS AND INSTRUCTIONS.

REGULATED POWER SUPPLY "R2" assy. & tested, open frame, size: 9" (w)x 5" p)x 5" (H) $69.95

SPECS: +5V +1%, @ 5A, +24V, +1%, @ 5A. OVERCURRENT PROTECTION AND +5% ADJ. FOR BOTH VOLTAGES.REMARK: IDEAL FOR ROCKWELL AIM-65 MICROCOMPUTER. ALSO -5V, @ 1A OPTIONAL $5.00 ADDITIONALSHIPPING FOR EACH TRANSFORMER: S4.75. FOR EACH POWER SUPPLY: S5.00 IN CALIF. S7.00 IN OTHER STATES. CALIF. RESIDENTS ADD 6% SALES TAX. OEM WELCOME.

MAIL ORDER:

P.O. BOX 4296

TORRANCE, CA 90510

SUNNY INTERNATIONAL

(TRANSFORMERS MANUFACTURER)

Telephone: (213) 633-8327

STORE:

7245 E. ALONDRA BLVD.

PARAMOUNT, CA 90723

STORE HOURS: 9 AM-6 PM

ff^OXOFF 20Z0F

YOUR OWN TRS-80 SYSTEM AT TREMENDOUS SAVINGS©TRS-80 Complete System DISK DRIVES NOW IN STOCK! INNOVATIONS

IIIATIAAIC ^

Includes: CPU/Keyboard, Power Supply,Video Monitor, Cassette Recorder, Manual,and Game Cassette.

*y Line Printer©Mini Disk SystemQ C-10 Cassettes©Verbatim Diskettes

REG.

OUR

ITEM

PRICE

PRICE

Level II—4K

$698.00

$628.20

Level II—16K

$988.00

$889.20

Expansion Interface

$299.00

$269.10

Mini Disk Drive

S 495.00

S 385.00

Centronics 779 Printer

S1599.00

$1175.00

Centronics 101 Printer

$1595.00

$1400.00

Anadex DP-8000 Printer

51295.00

S 99500

Centronics PI Printer

S 534.00

S 445 00

Trendata 1000

51495.00

S1295.00

Memory Kit-(16K)

$ 199.00

S 98.00

FREE INSTALLATION

Verbatim Diskettes ea

S 5 95

S 4 95

3

S 17 89

S 1200

10

S 59 00

S 37.00

Maxell Diskettes ea

S 10 00

S 7.50

3

S 30 00

S 21 00

10

S 100 00

S 60.00

C-10 Cassettes 5

S 4.95

S 4 50

25

S 24 75

S 1875

C-30 Cassettes 12

S 29 95

S 23 95

Paper (91? 'x 11 fanfold

3500 sheets)

S 35.00

S 29.95

TRS—80 MODEL II

$3208.50

• 32KRAM

• y2 MEG DISK

ADDITIONAL 32K RAM

418.50

ADDITIONAL DISK DRIVE (1ST)

1069.50

ADDITIONAL DISK DRIVE (2ND + 3RD)

558.00

TOLL FREE

1-(800) 345-8102 Orders only!

FOREIGN and DOMESTIC DISTRIBUTORSHIPS AVAILABLE .

Centronics 730

Same as Line Printer II

' Special 1st 25 units soldSimilar to Line Printer III

$ 850 Reg.$ 895Anadex 9500

$1,295 Reg. $1,999

■ All printers include cables

There are new developments every day—write or call for the latest information.

Outlet Hours: Mon.-Fri.; 9 am.-Sat. 12—5 pm.

777 Henderson Boulevard N-6Folcroft Industrial ParkFolcroftPA19032(215)461-5300

-7 pm.

VtSA

n 1111 ii i it 111111 ill ninmiimirf

280

BYTE November 1979

Circle 384 on inquiry card.

SAVE THE WHALE

The Fin Whale is the world's greatest long-distance communicator.

Scientists believe that loud, deep-tone, low-frequencysounds made by Fin Whales (frequencies around 20hertz, or cycles per second) actually travel kvSSS^

underwater for distances of at least 500miles, and under optimum conditionsmight carry for a radius of over4,000 miles, potentially reach-ing an area greater than theentire Atlantic Ocean.

Fin Whales, the second largestcreatures ever to have lived on planetearth, grow up to 24 meters in length (ex-ceeded only by the 30-meter Blue Whale), andinhabit all the oceans of the world. Tens of thousands ofFin Whales have been "harvested" in recent years, by agreementof the International Whaling Commission, for the sale of productsfor which substitutes are readily available.

The CONNECTICUT CETACEAN SOCIETY is a small, totally volunteer, non-profit edu-cation and conservation organization dedicated to seeking the abolition of all whale killing. Anyconcerned citizen can help our efforts by sending name and address and a $1 5 or more contributionto: CCS, P. O. Box 145, Wethersfield CT 06109.

MS) §fS££ir

inc.

1 1542-1 Knott St

Gorden Grove CA

92641

(800)854-6411(714)891-2660

MICROBYTE16KRAM BOARD

• FULLY S-100 COMPATIBLE

• USES LOW POWER MM52574Kx1 STATIC RAMS

• 2MHZ OR 4MHZ OPERATION

• 4K BANK ADDRESSABLE

• EXTENDED MEMORY MAN-AGEMENT

• NO DMA RESTRICTIONS

• ASSEMBLED & TESTED2MHZ $280.00 4MHZ $300.00

MICROBYTE32KRAM BOARD

• FULLY S-100 COMPATIBLE

• USES LOW POWER MM52574Kx1 STATIC RAM

• 2MHZ OR 4MHZ OPERATION

• 4K BANK ADDRESSABLE

• EXTENDED MEMORY MGMT.

• ON BOARD 8-BIT OUTPUT PORT

• NO DMA RESTRICTIONS

• ASSEMBLED £f TESTED2MHZ $580.00 4MHZ $595.00

ORDERING INFORMATION

NAME, ADDRESS, PHONE

SHIP BY: UPS OR MAILSHIPPING: ADD $2.50 UP TO(5) LBS. CREDIT CARDSCHARGED APPROPRIATEFRT.

4116'S (250NS)

FOR APPLE OR TRS-80

8 for 64.0016 for 120.00

FULLY GUARANTEED

SPECIAL

•1@12vOLTS

CERAMICCAPS

100 each

OR

100/$9.00

TERMS

WE ACCEPT CASH, CHECKMONEY ORDERS, VISA &MASTER CHARGE CARDS.(U.S. FUNDS ONLY)TAX: 6% FOR CALIF. RESI-DENTS ONLY.

SHUGART

SA800 DISK DRIVE

INSTALLED IN DUAL

CABINET W/PWR SUPPLY.

ASSEMBLED & TESTED

(1} DRIVE INSTALLED

$695.00

(2) DRIVES INSTALLED

$1125.00

2708's

LOW POWER450 NANO SEC.

$8.25 each

OR8 for $64.00

8251

TESTED@4MHZ

U-ART

$4.50 ea

18-PIN

LOW PROFILESOCKETS

17$ ea.

2716's

5 VOLT ONLY

LOW PWR

450 NS.

$35.00 ea.

TRS-80

FLOPPY DISK DRIVE

WITH CABINET & POWERSUPPLY, COMPATIBLEWITH RADIO SHACKINTERFACE. ASSEMBLED& TESTED. 1 YR. WAR-RANTY.

$425.00

INTERFACECABLES ($35.00)

CABLE ASSEMBLY

(2) 50 PIN CARD-EDGECONNECTORS ON 4 FT.RIBBON CABLE

$15.00 ea.REGULATORS

320T-5 75

340T-5 65

320T-12 75

340T-12 65

IMSAI CONN.

100 PIN • SOLDERTAIL

$3.00 each

OR10 for $2.60 ea.

74 L$ 244

$3.00 each

Circle 11 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979

281

Circle 340 on inquiry card.

C/MOS IDIODECLAMPEDI

1071 - jo

■J5207.1CO0 ■1.JC02

<J0J9 -

4050 -

4051 - I

EPOXY glass vector board

ithi 1/10" spacing $1.95

PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD

7 WATT LD 65 LASER DIODE IR $a95

25 watt Infra Red Pulse I SG 2006 equ.v, )Laser Diode (Spec Bht;et included) $24.95

8" DISKETTES - HARD SECTOR$1.75, 10/816.00

CRYSTALS $3.45 ea.2 000 MHi 6.144 MHz4.000 MHz B.000 MHj3.57 MHz 10.000 MHz5 000 MHz 20.000 MHz6.000 MHz

RIBBON CABLEFLAT (COLOR CODED)#30 WIRE

UNIVERSAL 4Kx8 MEMORY BOARD KITS69.9532-2102-1 fully buffered. 16 address lines, onboard decoding for any 4 of 64 pages standard44 pin buss, may bo used with F-8 & KIM

SILICON SOLAR CELLS

MINIATURE MULTI-TURN TRIM POTS100, 1K, 2K. 5K, 10K, 20K, 50K,200K. IMeg, 2Meg, S 75 each 3/S2.00 '

2N 3820 P FET

2N 5457 N FET

2N2646 UJT

ER 900 TRIGGER DIODES

2N 6028 PROG UJT

rn.rtf r. a WJt) for J TO7J0 TOjuliilot Triers ,i.1 17 Pineda conotcior vvlfi 150" ihotmg

FP 100 PHOTO TRANS $ .50

RED. YELLOW, GREEN

LARGE LED's. 2" 6/Sl .00

TILUSOPTO-ISOLATOR $ .75

MCT-6 0PTO ISOLATOR $ .80

1 WATT ZENERS: 3.3, 4.7, 5.1, 5.6,9.1,

10. 12. 15, 18. or 22V 6/Sl.OO

MCM 6571A 7x9 character gen . . S 10.75

TRANSISTOR SPECIALS

2N6233.NPN SWITCHING POWER S 1.95MRF-8004 a CB RF Transistor NPN $ 752N3772 NPN S. TO 3 S 1.00

2N1546 PNP GE TO-3 $ .75

2r\M'J08 PNP S, TO 3 S i 00

2N5086 PNP Si TO 92 4 S 1 00

2N3137 NPN Si RF , S .55

2N3919 NPN Si TO 3 RF S 1.50

2N1420 NPN Si TO 5 3/S 1.00

2N3 767 NPN S, TO 66 S 70

2N2222 NPN S> TO 18 5 S i 00

2N3055NPNS.TO 3 S .60

2N3904 NPN Si TO 92 6/S 1.00

2N3906 PNP Si TO 92 6/S 1.00

2N529G NPN St TO-220 . S 50

2N6109 PNP Si TO-220 S .55

2N3I538 PNP Si TO 5 . 5'S 1 00

MPSA 13 NPN Si 4/S 1.00

TTLICSERIES

Silicon Power Rectifiers

4" diameter .4V at

AMP

■SI 0.00,

FND 359 C.C. .4" $ .60 LEO READOUTS

FCS8024 4 d.g.t DL-707C.A. 3" $ ,75

C.C 8" djsplav S5.95 DL 747 C A G" SI.50

FND 503 C.C $■■ S 85 HP3400 .8" CA $1.95

FND510C.A 5'S 35 Hp3405 Q-> CC SI .95

DL 704 .3" C C S 35 MrjifUD ° ^*-

12 50 20.00

RED1CON 1024

IN 4148 (IN914)

.1 uf 25V ceramic caps

RS232 DB 25P .11,

CONNECTORS DB 25S f«><HOODS

SI 1,0

REGULATORS

323K - 5V 3A . .S 5.75 340K ■ 12. 15

309K . . ..S 1.60 or 24 V. . . ,S 1 50

723 S.50 340T-5,6,S. 12

15, 18 or 24VS 1.30

or 15 V 78 MG or 79MG Si.35

. • .$ 1.30 78M05 S .75

14 pin headers

MM53R7AA . CLOCK CHIPS ■ S5.95

M7001 S7.50

MM 5311 ■ S3. 75

NO. 30 WIRE WRAPWIRE SINGLESTRAND 100" SI.50

Full Wave Bridges

PRV

100

1.30

1.65

1.90

J.LiO

4.40

DIP SOCKETS

fl PIN .17 24 f IN .3514 PIN .20 2a PIN 4016 PIN ,22 "10 PIN .6018 PIN .25

SANKEN AUDIO POWER AMPS

Si 1010 G 10 WATTS $ 7.80

Si 1020 G 20 WATTS . $15.70

Si 1050 G 50 WATTS . $28.5Q

TANTULUM CAPACITORS

.22UF 35V5/S1.00 6.8UF 35V 4/Sl.OO

.47UF 35V5/S1.00.68UF 35V5/S1.001UF 35V 5/S1.002.2UF 20V 5/S1.003.3UF 20V 4/S1.004.7UF 15V 5/S1.00

10UF 10V S .:22UF 25V S.4015UF 35V 3/S1.0030UF 6V 5/S1.00150UF 15V $ .9568 UF 15V S .50

74LSSERIES

Linear circuits

LM 201 - .75LM 301.748 2SLM307 - 30

LM 308 75

J\ 318

I ?0

LM 324 -.95

publication

js availablein micfofoffln

Please send me additional information University Microfilms International

Name

Institution

Street

City

State

-Zip

300 North Zeeb Road

Dept. P.R.

Ann Arbor, Ml 48106

U.S.A.

18 Bedford RowDept. P.R.London, WC1R4EJEngland

282 BYTE November 1979

CaUFornIa DiqiTAl

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503

soft;charfeedlo ac

With Purchase of TheINTEGRAL DATA 440

Paper Tiger

Your Choice, $200 Value

1) Graphics Option Package

2) Interface for APPLE II3)TRS-80 Printer Interface

California Digital lias resentlyresearched the complete lowcost printer market.. It is ouropinion that the IDS 440 PaperTiger is, without doubt, themost versatile and offers thebest value of any printer cost-ing under $1 ,000.

This quality dot matrix printerincoi-porates such features as

vare selectable character size to allow print densities upto 132

aclers per line. Full forms handling capabilities and tractormechansim adjustable to 9.5". The Paper Tiger is engineered

:eepl either parallel or RS232 serial ASCII. 110/220V.50/6011/..

^fr*** $995.00 plus shipping -;-::-:--:=* ^_^^„^^„

CONNECTORS

»»»»"""»»,

=£

g3

l°«zzN

your cliojcc

DB25P

male plug & hood

or

0B25S female

»3.95

Qty. fe. male lu).10 3.45 2.45 LIS25 3.15 2.25 1.05100 2.85 1.90 .95500 2.25 1.60 .85IK 1.97 1.37 .73

Edge

Connectors

GOLD100 PIN

1MSAI/ALTAIR

Imsai solder. 125x250Imsai w/w ,125centersAltair soldertail .140rowSPECIALS22/44 Kim eyelet.156"25/50 solder tab .156"36/72 wide post w/w.156

*3.95 3/* 9 00J4.95 3/M3.00J5.95 3/*15.00

$1.95 3 $5.00$1.09 3/$2.00$1.95 3/$5.00

S-100 Mother Board

QuietSuss

TELETYPE MODEL 43

Even if we have to give themaway, we're going to ship more43's in 1979 than the aggregateof all our competitors.

Model 43AAAEACH 3_

*925. 875

RS-232 Interfaced" Add*7500

TTL

10

850.

825. .■L.,. :

Minidisk Drive for TRS-80

your choice C^QQ

f4>° OSStUlSta Interface Cable

rnCC PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE

■™|%LbC with purchaseof each box^of ....

Verbatim mini-diskettes. $5 value, i

DISKETTES

stn

;t (>i-cri»ii:i that appears su titui|uw thai \\<:to our product Km-. Nua is tin- Hyst-.-m X-iby ili.r I"i SK tnj-til.-iblt- ioi:i|.,1iiv, I'ln.-s sjjace ;icontrol any Uftlit 01- .ippli;u)cc in your liimn 01- uffio-.l.- ti-jtfisro*tt.sil rriun ihr u»mnuitid coiirioli' "virvoutcour bcO or easv cli.nr you can control up lo Hi diTforiisid<; and outside your hnmr. Use ihr System X-l« i

i tie modular svsiot: is .ivailublu in the following ec

Ultrasonic Mas!.-r Comrul Consult-

Hatu-rv Unrated lair.iscimit Controller

.\j..pluim>- .Module. L..rr.u Moduli- •.• Wall Switch...

SPECiflL

APPLE ((

IBK MEMORY

COLOR" GRAPHICS'SOUND

$988

PLUS SHIPPING

Mlg.Sug.Retail....

,Eor*39

50 + *365

m

Scotch

Diskettes

SinchSofUIBTVP8 inch 32 sectorMini Soft sec.Mini 10 sectorMini 16 sector

Certified Digital

CASSETTES

Won't drop a BIT!

*550

—m CALIFORNIAINDUSTRIAL

is an

Authorized

Dealer of

Scotch Brand

Dataproducts

MEMORY

• Shugart Associates

SA800-R Floppy Disk Drive

primewilh Ihi

st cast effective way to store (Jala proc-ni'nrmation, when random recall is aactor. The SA800 is fully compatibleIBM 3740 formal. Write protect cir-low maintenance & Shugart quality.

TRS-80 «|APPLE II

16k memory (8)4116's

Installation is simple. Anyone who hasever changed a spark plug should be ablelo up-grade his microcomputer.How can C;difornia Distal offer thesememory up-grade sets at 25% below our competition?Simple, we buy in volume, wholesale to dealers andsell the balance directly to owners of personal micro-systems. These 16K dynamic memory circuits arefactory prime and unconditionally guaranteed for onefull year. N O W, before you change your mind, pickup the telephone and order your up-grade memoryfrom California Digital. Add $3 for TRS80 jumpers.

S44950

KEYBOARDASCII ENCODED

KEYTHONICASCII & ASCIIcomplement.+ Ten key data pad |* Cursor controls*Six user switches]

* Alpha Lock*Auto repeat

* Single 5 volt.*Glass reed.

NEW

STATIC

21L02 450nS.21 L02 250nS.2114 live 4 4502114 IKx-'l M00•1044 4K>:1 4:30

4044 IKxl 250

4045 lKvl 4504045 IK\-4 2505257 low pow.

1-311. 191.495.958. 955-959.95

8. 95

9. 955.95

32-99 100-5C. 99 .951.39 1.255. 508. 50

■999. 90

IK+

8. 00 + *5. 25 * *

9. 00 * *8. 00 * *9.00 * *5. 00 4. 80 4. 60

SPECIAL CIRCUITS

X80A 4 MHz. 24. Ufi

8080A CPU 9.95

8085 2 2.50

8086 Intel 16bits B5.00rMS9900 16 bits 49. 95

AY5-1013A UART 4. 95Floppy Disc ControllersWD 1771 single D. 39. 95WD 1781 Double D 65. 00WD 1791 D/D3740 '

E PROMS 1-15 16-63 64r

1702A708

.50 4.009.95 9.50 9.0039.95 35.0024.88 20.0085. 00

f' from

APPLIED DIGITALDATA SYSTEMS

Buying a CRT Terminal?

Hazeltine* Soroc • Lear Siegler

Well if you really insist upon purchasing one of the aboveterminals, sure, we'll sell it to you. But when the key-board starts to double bounce, the screen fades and thepower supply just craps out don't call us, complain tothe manufacturer.

The alternative, take a serious look at the ADDS Regent25, we have, and concluded ihat this terminal offers, thebest value in todays market. Through years of researchthe ADDS Company has evolved a low maintenance, ex-tremely durable CUT terminal capable of withstandingan abusive 21 hour duly cycle. The Regent 25 featuresIntel 11085 microprocessor controlled circuitry along withthe Cherry Switch long-life capacitance keyboard.18 key cursor and numeric pad doubles to allow for userdefinable special functions. True descending lower casecharacters along with a fully addressable cursor makesthe Regent 25 tin- ideal word processing terminal.High-resolution screen is capable of displaying 96 upperand lower case ASCII characters and 32 control codes.This unique fealure assist in the debugging of programs.The Regent 25 is switch selectable to display six Euro-pean languages along with Katakana.

Clearly the Regent 25 is not your adverage terminal,but than, ADDS is not your adverage terminal company.

MiniatureSwitches

V

your choice<T qq 10 bO 100 Ik

$•98 S.88 .81.73.66 jSPDT Miniature Toggles

7101 C&K ON N0NE-0N

7107 jbt ON-OFF(mnt.ON) I

7108 CK ON(moment.ON)

Rocker J8T DPDT

Rotary 3P-4Pos.

Rotary 3P- G-Pos.

PushBtN.0.) S.39ea.4/Sl

DIP Switch

$J29

25 100 IB

SPST

DISCOUNT ' t

Wire WrapXenter

PORTABLE DATA ENTRY SYSTEM

,;•!,;

ii rv i,v;-l

•■ -v-'-

All units

ihle Caasi

the unit priirder, the main warehouse is lelephoand all the recorded information is tIttk- imagination ami mte of tht-se potf programs and computer inform a

•DBZ5 Cable

IC SOCKETS

pin

wire wrapea. 25 50

low profileea. 25 50

814

17< 16 1518 17 16

37c 36 35

16

38 37 36

19 18 17

24

99 93 85

36 35 34

40

169 155 139

63 60 58

$.98

500 1,000 11,00059. $15. S105.

$23.95 >BW630 I

0K HOBBY WBAP-30

1

^r — 1

V/SA

rmaster charge|

^•P^BJOI

(213)679-9001

Circle 39 on inquiry card.

FLOPPY SYSTEMS

8" Siemens FDD 120-8

All Siemens options in-cluded in this drivemay be configured hardor soft and single ordouble density. We findthis to be an extremelyreliable drive. S399.00

514" BASF Magical Miniature Mini

drive only 2/3 the size of othersis reliable and durable and quicklygaining in popularity with ourcustomers. Single or dual densityfast access times $274.00

Tarbell Controller may be re-configured to control 5Vk" drivesand includes short cable for onedrive. KIT S 179.00, ASM $265,but onlyS219 with purch. of 2 drives,

SOFT-WARE:SUPERDOS I (Z-80)Single User, UNIX- LikeFile System, AND TotallyUpward Compatable From "XX/X"(What did you say, Digital Research??)

PS: SUPERDOS-I runs on the TRS-80,and can transform it from a toy computerto a real business machine !!!

SVtf

10MByDRIVE$3300

S-100DMA

CONTROL$495

POWER

UNIT

$395.00

For the first time in something like 10 years,a new STANDARD in removable media hasevolved. Selected by Datapoint, and otherswho have not yet announced, this drive isbeautifully simple and easy, if not trivial tomaintain. 920kBy/sec. transfer rate, 3600 RPM39 lbs and only 125 Watts.

Cable Kits For 8" Drives with1 0' 50 cond. cable and connectors. Also power cable andconnectors. Flat cable assemjf you wish. For one drive27.50, two 33.95, three 38.95

Cable Kits for S'A" Drives as above, but 34cond. For one drive 24.95, two 29.95.

"Power One" Model Cl'206

Power Supply adequate for

at least two drives. 2.8A/24V

2.5A/5V, 0.5A/-5V beautiful

quality. S99.00

CABINETS for FDD120and801 R drives, or CP206 supply.Matte finish in mar resistantblack epoxy paint and stack-ing design 29.95

DISKETTES

(3M, MRX, BASF,Georgia Magnetics,& Victor Borge)8" $39.95/105Vi" $29.95/10

32K/16K Static RAM, 4MHz.

(Showing Amazing Similarity to Tarbell's unit)(16K Shown in photo)

32 K - $549.00 16 K - $349.00

"BACK TO SCHOOL"KEYBOARD SPECIAL

CHERRY "PRO" Keyboard SI 19.00Streamlined Custom Enclosure S34.95BOTH ONLY SI24.95 !!!!!!!!

Daisy Wheel PrintersGlunne Sprint 3\45

PRINTER (factory warr.) $1199.00POWER SUPPLY (Boschert) $349.00(shown mounted on rear of printer)

COMBINATION SPECIAL $1499.00

DATA DISPLAY MONITORS

Electrolabs

POB 6721, Stanford, CA 94305

415-321-5601 800-227-8266

Telex: 345567 (Electrolab Pla)Visa MC Am. Exp.

Used 12" Sylvania mon-itors. Composite Video,15 MHz, 120VAC. Re-built with NEWP39anti-glare tube SI 19.00New P4, 109.00, usedP4 79.00.

fefc.

IMew!

MBait|

ESAT 200B

BI-LINGUAL 80x24

COMMUNICATING

TERMINAL

Scrolling, full cursor, bell,8x8 matrix, 110- 19,200baud, Dual Font Appli-cations. Arabic & Hebrew,Multilingual Data EntryForms Drawing, Music, &Switchyards. $349.00

"OEM STYLE" as above,will fit any ease. (Bothversions servieed by quali-fied tech). Identical toabove but subtract $12.00

Doppler Motion SensorIntrusion Detector

Extremely effective microwavemotion detector for detectingunwanted visitors. Ignores miceand other non-larcenous creatures.Operates on 12VDC or from smalltransformer supplied. Output isrelay closure for alarm controlinterface, or to switch on lightsannunciators. Will operate THROUGHdoor of closet or thin wall. Bestapplication seems to be to turnon outside lights to help invitedguests, and to intimidate un-wanted ones, $159.00Water Repellent Cover $24.95

SOCKET SPECIAL

'Won't Let Go"

Low ProfileSolder Tail

1 CENT/Pin !!

(0.75/1000's)

8 14 16 18 20 22 24 28 40

284

BYTE November 1979

Circle 115 on inquiry card.

CP/M* Source Code -FREE! when you purchase "OS-1"Electrolabs' new operating system for the Z-80 designed to have exactlythe appearance of UNIX**, including virtual I/O, "setTTY", a tree and ashell, filters and pipes PLUS total compatability with CP/M software!

^T| ^^^ #fl (Because OS-1 is truly a comprehensive

I I ^^ "OS", and not merely a file handling

I I «^\ ^ I rr AT||nrp "DOS",we have changed the name

UU I FEATUREb from "Superdos" to "OS-1")

VIRTUAL I/O - copy with a single command between floppy and hard

disk, or from TTY to printer to tape to disk... etc., etc.

No messy I/O routines to write, & no awkward transfers.SECURITY - 9 modes of file protection, user and login protection.MULTI-USER - up to 256 passwords, (non-simultaneous users)16MBy FILE SIZE - but no limit to no. of directories per device, thus

allowing EASY implementation of gigantic storage devices."SET TTY" - for printer or crt: tabs, page width, buffer, cursor, UC/LC,

fonts, formfeed, arbitrary control characters etc., etc."LOGIN" - automatically executes user selected programs and "set TTY".OCCUPIES 12KBy - only 50% larger than CP/M, but 500% more features.CP/M & CDOS COMPATABLE - your library is guaranteed to run!

* (Naturally, we are not giving away the version of CP/M written byDigital Research, Please pardon our pun, but they might object.What we ARE giving you is a greatly enhanced version of CP/Mwhich resides on OS-1, and allows the user of OS-1 to run any andall of his programs, packages or system utilities which are alreadyrunning on CP/M. We give you the source code at no charge sothat you may modify any part of the CP/M to suit your own sys-tem requirements. At no charge, you also receive the enhancementallowing 4MBy files instead of 256K.)

OS-1 (with debugger, linker and screen oriented editor $199.00

Update service, per year 29.00

Symbolic Debugger 150.00

MACRO-Assembler (Creates relocatable code) 150.00

"C" Compiler 660.00

FORTRAN Compiler 100.00

BASIC Compiler (very fast) 150.00

Graphics

High Resolution ' 480x512

for B&W and Color Imaging and Graphics

Light pen, A-D, D-A, TV synchro (needs no time basecorrection or adjustment with anything between ran-dom interface & NTSC commercial standard). T.V.single frame grabber ("snapshot"). Up to 1 Byte of at-tributions per pixel.

LSI 100 & S-100 applied to:

Graphic Presentation — such as computer generated animation & othergraphic displays up to 256 colors & up to 256 b&w gray scales. ImageAnalysis — using built-in FRAME GRABBER, for medical image en-hancement, contour analysis, & pattern recognition. Commercial TV

Tilting & Advertising - using synchronization capability. Interactive

graphics — using light pen accessory.

BASIC CONFIGURATION-

LSI-11 $1995. S-100$1265.

For TRS-80/Exidy Add $595.00

Includes: Data Board - 32K (480

x 512 x 1 pixel) D-A 16 level video

generator. Video Synchronization , p^*" "■■ "S^^> «4|

Circuitry. Address Control & Tim- *

ing Boardc

FEATURES - High speed. DMA.

or 2KBy window memory mapped interface.

Full NTSC commercial color capability. Low |->£.*> ■ M J

power consumption. Excellent Software ^pL-v" wm\

fOptions - Accessories - Software i$lL > Hi SESS

Options include: light pen, auxilliary outputs, ^K^'mJJH- fef^llytext mode, memory and much more. Acces- IPL*'^ : " Blj|K -'sories include: b&w and color cameras and Jm~"' " .-._.-

monitors. Software: "Plot" 2D or 3D,"Tilting", "Contour", "Image Enhance-ment", "Vector Curve Generation".

Call for price and details

*CPM and **UNIX ,_

trademarks of Digital Research and Western Electric respectively,

Circle 115 on inquiry card.

ANEW

System

CONCEPT!!

BRAND NEW POWER!!BRAND NEW OPERATING SYSTEM!!UN-INTERRUPTABLE POWER CAPABILITY!!DON'T LOSE YOUR DATA!!

FEATURING: Expandability - hardware and OS expand - up to16 users. Double density - (it works!!!) UNIX like operatingsystem (OS-1). Supports all CP/M utilities and programs. Timesharing capability. Turnkey software included.

BUSINESS DATA WORK SAVER^!!!

Standard features: Enclosure, 10 slot backplane, Z-80 CPU,32K RAM, I/O and controllers, Bantam terminal, Paper TigerPrinter, OS-1, Two floppies (8" or 5%"). Basic compiler withapplication programs for accounts payable, accounts receivable,general ledger and payroll $6495.00

WORD SAVERS!!MULTI-USERUPTO EIGHT STATION WORD PROCESSING

Standard features: Enclosure, 10 slot backplane, Z-80 CPU,48K RAM, Daisy Wheel Printer, ESAT Terminal with two fonts(Arabic, Hebrew, Cyrillic, Greek, Catakana, any custom font for$50.00) Three floppies: (8" or 5%") OS-1. Word processorpackage with additional memory which is expandable up toeight users (each extra terminal $900.00) $8695.00

ELECTROLABS

POB 6721 Stanford, CA 94305415-321-5601 800-227-8266Telex: 345567 (Electrolab Pla)

OPTIONS: 10 MBy hard disk (avail-able now!!!) Extra memory, graphics,etc. Call or write for further details.This is the most advanced microcom-puter system available at this time.

Electrolab's System Switcher Model SP04Tames /l^ / '

RAW POWER

FEATURES:

Brown-Out Proof

Line Frequency Indifferent

Very Low EMI

UL L. Approved

20 KHz

High Efficiency

Soft Start

Extremely Lightweight

Open Frame Design

Short Circuit andOV Protection

20,000 Hour MTBF(MIL 217B

Adaptable to Un-lnter-ruptable Power ap-plications,and

Low Cost!! {just look atDEC's price)

LSI-11/23*

And Hard Disks

* Kft

BYTE November 1979 285

WDrareD)

r~

COMPtnTO

STATICW/RAM BOARDS.

S-100 32K (uses 21 14)ASSEMBLED Kit * l'/z*

450ns. 599.00 450ns. 539.95

250ns. 699.95 250ns. 599.95

Bare Board 49.95Bare Board w/all parts less mem. 99,95

S-100 16K (uses 2114) KIT (exp. to 32K)

ASSEMBLED 450ns. 279,00

450ns. 325.00 250ns. 299.00

250ns. 375.00

Bare Board 49.95

LOGOS I 8K

ASSEMBLED

ISM W$l

169.95 KIT 450ns. 125.95250ns. 189.95 250ns. 149.95

Bare PC Board w/Data $21.95Now over 1 year successful field experience"Special Offer" Buy (4) 8K 450ns. Kits S11 7.00

FLOPPY DISK DRIVES

1. VISTA V-B0 MINIDISKFOR TRS-80■*■ 23% More Storage

Capacity- 40 Tracks■*■ 40 track patch now availy* "*v

• Faster Drive - /__ AUp to 8 Times Faster l3*5'wJ

2 Drive Cable Add $29:95 ^__^4 Drive Cable Add $39.952. VISTA V-200 MINI-FLOPPY SYSTEM

• 204K Byte Capacity • w/CPM, Basic "E"

• Double Density Drive •^"^v

• One Double Density /V-200 AController w/Case & p.S. \699.00/

Add to your EXIDY, HORIZON,and other S-100 computers.

3. VISTA V-1000 FLOPPY DISK SYSTEM

• (2) Shugart 8" Floppy Disks

• Controller Card, Cable, /fT7«^\Case & PS CtlSSSJ

• CPM & Basic "E", \1699.00/

lnstructions& Manual v>««—^

4. MPI B51-51/*", 40 tracks 279.00

5.Shugart SA40O5V4",35 tracks.... 295.00

6. Siemens/GSI FDD100-8 8" 375.00

7. Shugart 800/801 R 8" 495.00

8. PERSCI Model 277 Dual 1195.00

^^WANGO/SIEMENS5V^rive^^9a£0

EXPANDORAM MEMORY KITS

• Bank Selectable • Uses 411 5 or 4116

200 ns.

• Write Protect • Power 8VDC, ±16VDC

• Phantom • Lowest Cost/BitExpando32Kit(4115) Expando64 Kit (411 6)

8K $158.00 16K $248.95

16K $199.00 32K $369.00

24K $299.00 48K $469.00

32K $349.00 64K $565.00

IMS STATIC RAM BOARDS j?

k Memory Mapping -k Low Power **k Phantom • Assembled & tested

Recommended by Alphamicrosystems

250 ns. 45U ns.

8K Static $209.00 $189.00

16K Static $449.00 $399.00

32K Static $799.00 $699.00

ANADEX PRINTER

Model DP-8000compact, impact, parallel or

/jm^ serial. Sprocket feed, 80 cols,/MV^B 84 iines/min., bi-directional.ln_P^ New only $895.00

FLOPPY DISKETTES

• 5Va" Minidiskettes *Softsector, 10 Sector, 16 Sector$4.25 Each, 10/39.95

:<*

«s*

w

■k 8" Standard Floppy DisksSoft Sector, Hard Sector$4.50 Each, 10/41.95*Add 4.95 for 10 Pack in Deluxe Disk Holder

ROLA EXORCISER COMPATIBLE

9600 MPU Module w/6802 CPU S495.00

9601 16 Slot Mother Board 175.00

9602CardCage(19"RetmaRackMount) .75.00

9603 8 Slot Mother Board 100.00

9604 Switchmode System PowerSupply.... 250.00

9610 Utility Prototyping Board 36.00

9616 Quad 8K Eprom Module *"

9620 16 Channel Parallet I/O Module....295.009622 Serial/Parallel I/O Combo "*

9626 8K Static RAM Module 29 5.00

9627 16K Static 450ns 495.00

9630 Card Extender 68.00

9640 Multiple Programmable Timer

(24 Timers) 395.00

9650 8 Channel Duplex Serial I/O 395.00

96103 32/32 I/O Module 275.00

96702 32 Point Reed Relay Module 350.00

08OO BARE BOARDS

9620-0 $45.00 9603-0.... 27.00

9626-0 45.00 9600 55.00

9650-0 45.00 96103 55.00

9601-0 50.00 96702 55.00

Also AMI EVK System in Stock

APPLE/EXIDY/EXPANDO

■»l:Kg:i'MM.qH;iH:M»l=lJhl

■*■ 16K with Jumpers & Instructions

for either Level I or Level II $74.95

* 16K for Apple II Upgrade $74.95

Special: TRS80 Schematic $ 4.95

Expansion Interface Schematic $ 4.95

TRS 80 TO S-100

PET TO S-100 ADAPTER

Allows Pet/TRS 80 to be interlaced topopular S-100 Bus.

Pet to S-100 Kit $189.95

Assembled $269.95

TRS 80 to S-100 HUH 8100 Kit .... $275.00Assembled $355.00

KEYBOARD ASCII ENCODED

■ One time purchase of

B NEW Surplus key-

I boards. From the Singer

| Corporation. The

;;iiij.7M"r i=H keyboard features 1 28: !,,f%JASCII characters in a 63* key format, MOSencoder circuitry "N" keyrollover, lighted shift fock, control, escape andrepeat functions. Ltd Qty 63 KEY $59.95

UV "Eprom" Eraser

Model UVS-11E $69.95

Holds 4 Eprom's at a time.

Backed by 45 years

experience.

Model S-52T... $265.00

Professional Industrial Model

TARBELL FLOPPY INTERFACE

* 280/8080 S 100 Compatible * Uses CPMAssembled for Shugart SALE $259.95

Assembled Other Drives $269.95

Kit $179.95

Bare Board $36.95(Doc. Add $10.00)

Nolo: For CPM Add S70.00. Documentation Add S20.00

Vista Double Density 5'V Controller Assem S299.00

SO Versa Floppy Kit $159.95

SD Versa Floppy Assembled ...S 189.95

Tarbel Cassette I/O Kit S115.00

Sale* 1771-01 Floppy Chip S27.95

BYTE USER 8K EPROM BOARD

* Power on Jump * Reset Jump

Assembled & Tested S94.95

Byteuser Kit $64.95

Bare PC Board $21.95

Special Offer: Buy 4 kits only $59.95 each

MR-8 8K w/1 K Ram $99.50

MR-16 16KW/1K Ram $99.50

EPM-1 4K 1702 $59.95

EPM-2 2708 or 2716 Eprom $69.95

Z-80/Z-80A/8080 CPU BOARD

• On board 2708 • 2708 included (450ns.)

• Power on jump • completely socketed

Assembled and tested $185.00

Kit $129.95

Bare PC Board S 34.95

• For 4MHz Speed Add $15.00

8080A Kit S 99.95

8080A Assembled 5149.95

S-100 MOTHERBOARD SPECIAL

8 slot expandable w/9 conn.

reg $69.95. NOW $52.95

PROBLEM SOLVER SYSTEM USERS

We recently purchased all finished goods,work in process and product designs fromP.S.S. Send for more details

ACOUSTIC MODEM

NOVATION CAT™

0-300 Baud

Beil 103

Answer, Originate S 198.00

ACOUSTIC COUPLER SPECIAL

AJ MODEL A30SPECIAL PURCHASEOF SURPLUS UNITSAVAILABILITY LIMITED $29.95

DATA BOOKS • COMPUTER BOOKS

1979ICMasier 49.95 Intel MCS80 Manual . .7.95

NSC TTL Data 3.95 Intel MCS 40 Manual 4.95

NSC Linear 4.95 AMD 8080A Manual. .5.95

NSC Linear App Notes II. 3.95 AMD Schottky Dalabook 4 95

NSCCMOS 3.95 AMI MOS/LSI Dala 3.95

NSCMemory.... 3 95 Gl MOS/LSI Dala 4 95

Intel Dalabook 4.95 Harr is Analog Oatabook. 495

Inlei MCS 85 Manual 7.50 Tl Linear Control Dala. 3.95

SALK • OSBORNE BOOKS • SALZ

Intro lo Micros Vol. I

80B0A Programming

6800 Programming

Vol. II Some Real Microprocessors w/8inderVol. Ill Some Real Support Devices w/Binder.

..3DSO 27.50..2ft«a. 18.50..70S0. 18.50

SALE • DILITHIUM COM PUT* a BOOKS • SALE

Understanding Compulers '8-96. 7.95

8O80Microcompuler Experiments 1336- I 1.95

Beginning BASIC ^96. a.95

Beginners Glossary 4 Guide W96. 5.95

Peanut Bulter 4 Jelly Guide to Computers Tr9fc- 6.95

6080 Machine Language Programming T9fc. 6.95

Home Compulers Vol. I Hardware TSS. 6.95

Home Compulers Vol. II Software T536. 1 1.95

THE FIRST TO OFFER PRIME PRODUCTS TO THE HOBBYISTAT FAIR PRICES NOW LOWERS PRICES EVEN FURTHER'

U PrOVGIl QllSllty Factory tested products only, no re-testsor fallouts. Guaranteed money back. We stand behind our products.

1979 CATALOG NOW AVAILABLE.

Send $1.00 for your copy ol the most complete catalog of computer products. A mustfor the serious computer user.

MICROPROCESSORS STATIC RAM HEADQUARTERS SOCKETS

Z8000 . .

Z-80

Z-80A

F-8 I3850)

2650

CDI802

8080A

80B0A-4MHr

SALE 8085

6008-1

2901

290IA

TMS 9900JL

CP1600

6502

6802P80358755

SCALL14.8016 95

16951895

6995SCALLSCALL

SUPPORT DEVICES

AM 9511-1 300nAM95I7»MAC0AM9519Un,versa3881 IZ80 PIO)

9 9514 95

3882 (Z-60CTCI3882-4|4MHji U95'

3883 SIO 2g.9S

3U84 DMA 49.95

!)2;r>/MS' sB l)rv,-,(|fT 2 9b

8212 8 bil I/O

8216 B

8224 Clock Gen8224-4 {AMHzi8226 Hus Driver8T26 Bus Driver8228 Sys Con1r«l9238Sys Com8251 Prog t/O8253ln! Time,8255 Prog I/O8257 Prog DMA8259 Prog Int8275CRT Controller8279 Prog Keyboard6810-1 128 » 8 RAM

6820 PIA

6821 PIA6828 Pr.or.lyln!«B34-i5l2x8 Enron,6850 AClA68S2Se..al Adapter684S/Hi46505CRTOvr,ir6860 Modem

6862 Modular*'6871 A 1 CMH2 OSC6875

68808us DriverMC68488

1821 SCD IK RAM

1822 SCD 256 x-1RAM1824 CD32* 8 RAM1852 CD 8l>il I/O

1854 uan

1856 CD I/O

1857 CD I/O6520 PI A6522 Mull6530-OO26530-0036530-0046530005

DYNAMIC RAMS

416/4116 16K(16 Pin)Setof6 416's .. .41158K(16Pin)

5262 I 9:

5270 4.9:

5280 4 9

5290 ...12.4:

PROMS

2708

;»708-61702A

2732

27165V2716-5V 12V2758 5V5203AO

4008L660566046002

AV51014A/1612 (5-I4V)

AVS101SA/1863 I5V|

TMS 601 1 |5V, l?V)

IM6402

IM6403

2350USRT

16 71B Aslros

SALETR1472B

BAUD RATE GEN

KEYBOARDENCODERS

AV5-2376 13 75

AY5-3600 '3 75

HD0165 ....9.95

74C922 9.95

74C923 9.95

A/D CONVERTERS

8700 8 bit Binary . 13 SO

8701 10 bil Binary 22 008703 8t*lTS 13 509400Voltto Preq Conv 7 258750 3-1/2 Diqil BCD 1395

21102 450ns2 1L02 250ns2102

2 114L-250ns21 14L-300nS2114L-450ns.4044/4041 300ns4044/4041 4SOniEMM4200A

EMM48045l0tCtuDd410 142001AM09l.J0.4lAM D9130/3 1rsc .I60.ae.ii6

P2125/93«25 r4Snsl 7 956508 IK . 1 CMOS 7 955518 IK i 1 CMOS 7 9574S18964 bil Ram 3 958155 1/0 w/Ram 21 £52147LowPower4KSiaHc lag

1095

1095

12 95

CC» Only <

CHARGE COUPLED DEVICES

hild460CCDnem w.lhCCD7 pageAppi.ca

$18.95 each (reg. 43.O0)

450 CRYSTALS

??° MlCronrocMS!

595

143181818 OMHj13 432MH.-200MH/

100KC

DISPLAYS/OPTO/LED'S

* 7SEOMENT * CALC * CLOCKS *

DL704(CC). DL 707 (CAI.300" Red 9

FND 357 ICC) 357" Red 9

FND 500/503 ICC) 500" Red 9

FND507/510 (CA) 500"Red 9

FND 800/803 {CO .800" Red ... .1.7

FND 807/8 10(CA) .800" Red 1.7

XAN3062 500' Green 1 1

HP5082-7731 (CA).30O" Red ...9

9 Dig.I Bubble M.m Calc Display 9

9 Oigii Panaplex Display 400" 9

l| P.n WW 60

TEXTOOL ZEROINSERTION FORCESOCKETS

CONNECTORS

Sel w/H»od.Sale22/44 WW. S/r,KlM43/86 W/W. S/T. MOT50/100 S-100 Connector w/w50/100 S-100 Connector s/t

CTS DIPS WITCHES

CTS206 4' SI 75 CTS206-8 SI 95CTS20SS St 75 CTS206-9 SI 95

cr.'v'cfHi $i /5 CIS206-10S1 -a,

CTS206-7 SI7S

NAKED PC BOARD SALE

Z-60CPU (Ithaca) S3495

8080ACPU 34 95

8K Stat.c RAM ILogos) 21.95

16K Sialic RAM (2114) 2995

32K Sialic RAMI21KFloppy I/O (Tarbell)Casselle I/O (rarbett)8K EProm (2708)1702 Eprom Board2708/2716 Eprom (llhacal2708/271 6 Eprom(WMC) . 30 00Realtime Clock 3 4 95

ACPProloBd.(3MConnVector 6800 Prolo..'...,Veclor 6803 11 slot M BACP Extender w/Conn..Video Interface (SSM) 27.95

Parallel Interface (SSM)... 279513 Slot M0!her6oa rd (WMCI 32959SlotMo1herBoard(WMC) 29.958SlolMolher(e»pandable) 34.95

399529952 19530.0C

27 95

29 95

9 Digil FluoreMA1003 12\'/i

LED i;

il 300"o Clock l\

10.95

* HEX DISPLAYS * ENCODED DISPLAYS *

HP 5082-7340 Red Hexidecimai 1 5.95

HP 5082-7300 Red Nymeric 14 95

TIL 306 Numeric w/LogiC 8.95

TIL 308 Number w/LogiC 8.95

TIL 309Numberw/Logic 6.95

TIL 311 Hexadecimal 1 2.95

MAN 2A 320" Red Alpha-Numeric 5 95

MAN 10A 270" Red Alpha-Numeric ... 895

WAVEFORMGENERATORS

8038 Function Gen

MC4624 VCO

LM566VCO

XH.-206 Fynciion General.-

FLOPPY DISK I/O

1771-01 S S Min.lloooy 2

uPd3/2Nec FloDRy 4

17 81 Dual Floppy 2

1791 Dual Floppy 2

TV INTERFACES

3 3599.0044.95

2 95

IM 5610

SALE8223 32 x 8 2.00

82S115512x8(TS) 16.95

62S12332X 6 2.50

62S126 256x4 3.50

825129 256x4 (TS) 3 50

825130 512x4 (DC) 6 50NSC DM7578 32 x8 . 2.95

CHARACTER GEN

2513-001 15V) upper . 950

2513-»05ISV) Lower 1095

251 3-ADM3(5V) Lower 14.95

MCM6571 1075

MCM6571A 1075

MCM6574 14 50

MCM6575 14 50

UARTS/USRTS

SPECIAL PURCHASE(while supply lasts)

21 L02-4 (450 ns) 100 @ 99C ea.21 L02-2 (250 ns) 100 @ $1.15 ea.TMS4060 NL 4K Dynamic RAMS(pullouts) $1.95 ea. (prime) $3.75 ea.

1488 Line Receiver 100 @ 75$ ea.

1489 Line Driver 100 @ 75C ea.

1489 House Marked 100 @ 50C ea.

1496 L Demodulator 25 @ 75$ ea.LM3900 QUAD OP AMP 3/$ 1.992716 5 VOLTS EPROM 3/$9900

COM

POT1

R SPECIALS

LIST

SALE

Apple II Plus w/16K 1195.

990.

IPSI 1620 Diable R0 3295. 2695.

PET2001-16N 995.

895.

Anadex DP 8000 995. 895.

Exidy Sorcerer w/8K 895.

795.

Centronics Micro P-l 595. 395.

Compucolor llw/8K 1495.

1395.

Centronics Micro S-l 595. 525.

CromemcoSysMI 5990.

4990.

Soroc IQ 120 995. 850.

Horizon I w/16K 1599.

1349.

Teletype Model 43 1349. 1150.

TEI PI208 W/32K

HiPlot Plotter 1085. 899.

duaifloppyi CRT

HiPlOt Digitizer 795. 735.

(1 avail.) 4995

2995

Intertube tl 895. 784.

Pascal Microengine 2995

2395

Ptoc. Tech,SOL-20 $1095.

* LEO'S * OPrOISOlATERS *

LEOS Red. Yellow. Green 105 .,5/100

MCT 2 PholO XSTR HFE 250. 30V 99

4N25 Pholo XSTR HFE 250. 30V 1.29

4N33PholoDarlinglon 1.75

FPT l 10BPha10XSTR RatLense 5ALE4/1 00

MONTHLY IC SPECIALS

LF13508 JFETAnfoqMulti8bil 8.95

ICM7206 Seven Decade Counter 17.95

ICM7207 Oscillator Controller 8.95

ICM7045 Precision Sto/Walch Timer 22.95

ICL7107 3V, Digit A/D(LED) 14.95

ICL8211 Vollage Retarence 1.95

LM390 Baltery OP. Audio Amp 3/1.00

LM1850 Ground Fault IC .....3/1.00

LM1800 Pnase LocK Loop FM Stereo 3/1.00

LM1620 AM Radio 3/1.00

OS3625 Dual Mos Sense Amp 2.50

1 408L8. 4/19.95 1014 7ECLRam... 9.95

1488/1489 2/1.99 LF356HBiFel .3/1.99

22 PinS/rSockel10/1 00 MCM14505 8.95

8223 Prom.. ,, 2.95 74S69 3/1.99

MK5014 Calc 2/1.99 74107N 6/1.99

74141N 3/1.99 75452N 8/1 99

8T26/8T28 ...2.39 741N-14 .10/1.99

95H90 9.95 SSSCN 5/1.99

8281 50 556CN 3/1.99

TV CHIPS/SOUND

AV3850O-1 6 Games B/VV SAY385 15 Color ConverterAY38603-1 RoadraceGameAY38605-1 Warfare Game !AY38606-1 WipeoulGame !AY38607-1 Shooling Gallery... IAY389lOGiminiCricKetSo und

Generaior 1;

SN76477TI Sound Generator :MM5320/21 TV SyDch Gen. <MM5369Prescaler ;

LM1B89 RF Modulatot ;

MM 571000 NSC Color TV

Game I

All Shipments FCM or UPS Ordersunder S100.00add 5«ohandling andPOslaSe. Orders »ver S100 00 add2.5°u handling 4 posiage Masier-Charqe/ Kol A /American Express/COO acctfoled w/25«o deposit Ca'itornia Residents add6aola>. ForeignOrd«rs add 8% handling All partsprime lactory tested guaranteedAdd .35 cents lor Data

P.O. BOX 17329 Irvine, California 92713 Phone (714) 558-8813

TWX: 910-595-1565

Retail Store Open Mon. - Sat.Located at 1310 "B" E. Edinger,Santa Ana, CA 92705

286

BYTE November 1979

Circle 4 on inquiry card.

TO^Ni^a

SHS™

P.O. Box 17329, Irvine, CA 92713(714) 558-8813

HOLIDAY

COMPUTERSPECIALS

j -.i *wm *m» SALE $100.00 OFF... and it's COLOR

"The Compucolor II"

... a personal colorgraphics system for the modern computer man...

• Color Graphics 13" Color CRT

• Proven 8080A CPU System

• 16K Extended Disk Basic

• Up to 117* Key Keyboard

• Up to 32K* RAM

• Minidisk Drive 51.2K Bytes/Side ^^Z^S^ *°P,ion

Model 3 w/8K. 72 Key Keyboard, RS232 . Sft| .. .($1495.00Model 4 w/1 6K, 72 Key Keyboard, RS232 «i no 00 ■ { $1695.00Model 5 w/32K, 72 Key Keyboard, RS232 0FF ... I $1995.00

Options: 101 Key Keyboard Add $150.00

11 7 Key Keyboard Add $225.00

Formatted Diskettes 2/$19.95

Programmed Diskettes $19.95

Diskette Library Inc. Hangman, Othello, Math, Chess, Startrek,Blackjack, Cubic TicTacToe, Finance Vol. I, Finance Vol. II, Bonds andSecurities, Assembler, Text Editor, Personal Data Base.

EXIDY SORCERER only $799.00

$799 w/8K$1099 w/16KS1249w/32KS1449w/48K

User programmable or use cartridges.Combines thedesirable features of thePET, APPLE and TRS-80 into a com-plete expandable computer system.

• • I/O expansion kit $149.00

• •Vista V-200 add-on mini-

floppy for Exidy. (requires exp.module) w/CPM $699.00

KIM-1Now only$179.00

••Power Supply Add $59.95

••CassetteRecorder ...Add$44.95•• Sanyo 9" Monitor... Add $ 169.95Add enclosure $29.95.

COMMODORE"PET"

Delivery fromstock

Advanced 8KModel

only $775.00

SYM-1 in STOCK

Reg. $269.00

Now$249.00

• KIM-1 Compatible

• 4K ROM Monitor

• 1 KBytes 2 114 RAM

• 65K Memory Expansion

• UserEPROM 2716

• • Power Supply Add $59.95

•• Cassette Recorder Add $44.95

•• Sanyo 9" Monitor Add $169.95

School & group discounts available.Buy now and receive $1 00.00 worth

of discount coupons: i.e.,

• SRM-1 1 K Static RAM exp.

reg. 42.00 disc. $32.00

• PEX-1 I/O Port. reg. $60.00 . disc. $50.00

• SYM BAS-1 Basic ROM (Microsoft)reg. $159.00 disc. $ 109.00

• KTM-2 CRT7TV Keyboard,

reg. $349.00 disc. $319.00

SYM Enclosure $39.95

• • New Word Processing Pac

$99.00

• INCLUDES:Keyboard & enclosure90 day WarrantyMICROSOFT BASICVideo & Cassette CableComplete Documentation

• • S100 Expansion

Module Add $299.00

• • Cassette recorder

Add $44.95

• • Sanyo 9" Monitor

Add $169.95

$375.00

ADVANCED INTERACTIVEMICROCOMPUTER

• On Board 20 column alphanumericprinter

• Alphanumeric 20 character display

• Terminal style Keyboard 54 Keys

• 6502 based CPU

w/1 K RAM $375.00*

w/4K RAM $450.00*

Assembler ROM ... Add $85.00BASIC IN ROM ... Add $100.00

Power Supply Add$99.95

Enclosure Add $44.95

RCACOSMAC VIP

NEW LOW PRICE $249.00

Assembled. Regular price $299.95

w/Sanyo 9" Monitor $169.95

VP-590 Color Board 69.95

VP-595 Sound Board 49.95

VP-570 4K Expansion Board 95.95

VP-580 Expansion Keyboard 1 5.95

VP-700 Tiny Basic ROM 49.95

VP-710 VIP Game Manual 10.95

oq

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CO

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LU

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tow APPLE II PLUS $990.00

APPLE'S new upgraded APPLE II w/1 6K is now in stock andavailable for the lowest price ever, only $990.00. You can add:• • M & R Modulator for $29.95** Sanyo tape recorder for $44.95•• 16K upgrade kit for only $74.95 ea.This isa limited offer and we reserve the right to change without notice.

NORTH STAR HORIZON *double density*

Now in stock North Star Z-80 based high-performance computer.

• 180K Byles per Disk

• Z-80 Processor

• Motherboard

• 2 Serial+1 Parallel Port Avail.

• 32 K RAM

Horizon I Kit Sale $1849.00

North Star Double Density Disk Subsystem Kit

PROCESSOR TECHNOLOGY SALE <£****

SOL-20 DEALERS & USERS INVITED!

We purchased Processor Technology's entire inventory ofspare parts, work in process, and finished goods. Thismaterial will be sold on a first come first served basis.Advanced will continue to support some SOL products on alimited basis so make sure you get a copy of our completeinventory listing and a place on our SOL mailing list.

'%£

**

• New SOL-20 w/o Memory

• SOL-20 Keyboards

• SOL-20 Bare Logic Boards

• NKRA Memory Boards up to 64K

$1095.00

$139.95

$125.00

$CALL

Plus more endless PTI bargains send for details.

WE TAKE B/A, VISA, AM. EXP. • ADD 2.5% HANDLING & POSTAGE • PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE W/O NOTICE

Circle 4 on inquiry card. BYTE November 1979 287

Widen the ability of your TRS-80

The Vista V80:$395

The Vista V80 MiniDisk System is the perfectway to widen the capabilitiesof your TRS-80* Micro-computer. Quickly andinexpensively. Our $395price tag is about $1 00 lessthan the Radio Shackequivalent. Our delivery timeis immediate (24 hourturn-around from our Santa Ana,Ca. factory). And our system isfully interchangeable. That'sjust the start.

It will give you 23%more storage capacity byincreasing useable storagefrom 55,000 to 65,000 bytesper drive with our newsoftware patch.

It can work 8 timesfaster than the TRS-80 Mini-Disk system, because track-to-track access is 5ms versus40msfortheTRS-80. Youcan realize this added speed

♦TRS-80 ©Tandy Corp.288 BYTE November 1979

once the new double diskexpansion interface isavailable without expensivemodification of the existingunit.

It has a betterwarranty than any comparableunit warranty available - a full120 days on all parts andservice. When you considerhow much more goes into theVista V80, that shows a lot offaith in our product.

A full 3 amp powersupply means you have 21/2times the power necessary tooperate the V80, and fullventilation insures that therewill be no problems due tooverheating.

The Vista V80 MiniDisk System requires Level 11Basic with 16KRAMExpansion interface (itoperates from the RadioShack interface system. It

comescomplete with adependable MPI Minifloppydisk drive, power supply,regulator board and ventedcase. It's shipped to youready to run - simply take itout of the box and plug it in.You're in business. From thecompany that meansbusiness-Vista ComputerCompany.

The Vista Computer Company.

Manufacturers of Quality

Computer Systems

and Software.

714/953-0523

1401 Borchard

Santa Ana, Ca. 92705

Circle 378 on inquiry card.

ATTENTION ELF OWNERSANNOUNCING QUEST SUPER BASIC

At last a Full Size Basic for 1802 systems. Acomplete function Basic including two dimen-sional arrays, string variables, floating point,arithmetic and 32 bit signed integer arithmetic(10 digit accuracy) with I/O routines. Easily adap-table on most 1802 systems. Requires 12K RAMminimum for Basic and user programs. Cassetteversion in stock now. ROM versions comingsoon with exchange privilege allowing somecredit for cassette version.

Super Basic on Cassette

$40.00

Tiny Basic Source now available $19.00

S-100 Slot Expansion. Add 3 more S-100 slots toyour Super Expansion Board or use as a 4 slotS-100 Mother Board. Without connectors $9.95.Coming Soon: Assembler and Editor; Elf IIAdapter Board. High resolution alphas/numericswith color graphics expandable up to 256 x 192resolution for less than $100. Economical ver-sions for other popular 1802 systems also.16K Dynamic RAM board expandable to 32K forless than $150.

RCA Cosmac Super Eff Computer $106.95

A 24 key HEX keyboard includes 16 HEX keysplus load, reset, run, wait, Input, memory pro-tect, monitor select and single step. Large, onboard displays provide output and optional high

Compare features before you decide to buy anyother computer. There is no other computer onthe market today that has all the desirable bene-fits of the Super Elf for so little money. The SuperElf is a small single board computer that doesmany big things. It is an excellent computer fortraining and for learning programming with itsmachine language and yet it is easily expandedwith additional memory, Full Basic, ASCIIKeyboards, video character generation, etc.Before you buy another small computer, see if itincludes the following features: ROM monitor;State and Mode displays; Single step; Optionaladdressdisplays; Power Supply; Audio Amplifierand Speaker; Fully socketed for all IC's; Real costof in warranty repairs; Full documentation.The Super Elf includes a ROM monitor for pro-gram loading, editing and execution with SINGLESTEP for program debugging which is not in-cluded in others at the same price. With SINGLESTEPyou can see the microprocessor chip opera-ting with the unique Quest address and data busdisplays betore, during and alter executing in-structions. Also, CPU mode and instruction cycleare decoded and displayed on 8 LED indicators.An RCA 1861 video graphics chip allows you toconnect to your own TV with an inexpensive videomodulator to do graphics and games. There is aspeaker system included for writing your ownmusic or using many music programs alreadywritten. The speaker amplifier may also be usedto drive relays for control purposes.

and low address There is a 44 pin standardconnector slot for PC cards and a 50 pin connec-tor slot for the Quest Super Expansion Board.Power supply and sockets for all IC's are in-cluded in theprice plus a detailed 127 pg. instruc-tion manual which now includes over 40 pgs. ofsoftware info, including a series of lessons tohelp get you started and a music program andgraphics target game.

Many schools and universities are using theSuper Elf as a course of study. OEM's use it fortraining and research and development.Remember, other computers only offerSuper Elffeatures at additional cost or not at all. Comparebefore you buy. Super Elf Kit $106.95, Highaddress option $8.95, Low address option$9.95. Custom Cabinet with drilled and labelledplexiglass front panel $24.95. Expansion Cabinetwith room for 4 S-100 boards $41.00. NiCadBattery Memory Saver Kit $6.95. All kits andoptions also completely assembled and tested.Questdata, a 12 page monthly software publica-tion for 1802 computer users is available by sub-scription for $12.00 per year.Tiny Basic Cassette $10.00, on ROM $38.00,original Elf kit board $14.95. 1802 software;Moews Video Graphics $3.50. Games and Music

$3.00, Chip 8 Interpreter $5.50.

Super Expansion Board with Cassette Interface $89.95

This is truly an astounding value' This board has monitor functions simply by calling them up.

been designed to allow you to decide how youwant it optioned. The Super Expansion Boardcomes with 4K of low power RAM fully address-able anywhere in 64K with built-in memory pro-tect and a cassette interface. Provisions havebeen made for all other options on the sameboard and it fits neatly into the hardwood cabinetalongside the Super Elf. The board includes slotsfor up to 6K of EPROM (2708, 2758, 2716 or Tl2716) and is fully socketed. EPROM can be usedfor the monitor and Tiny Basic or other purposes.A IK Super ROM Monitor $19.95 is available asan on board option in 2708 EPROM which hasbeen preprogrammed with a program loader/editor and error checking multi file cassetteread/write software, (relocatible cassette fiile)another exclusive from Quest. It includes registersave and readout, block move capability andvideo graphics driver with blinking cursor. Breakpoints can be used with the register save featureto isolate program bugs quickly, then follow withsingle step. The Super Monitor is written withsubroutines allowing users to take advantage of

Improvements and revisions are easily done withthe monitor. If you have the Super ExpansionBoard and Super Monitor the monitor is up andrunning at the push of a button.Other on board options include Parallel Inputand Output Ports with full handshake. Theyallow easy connection of an ASCII keyboard to theinput port. RS 232 and 20 ma Current Loop forteletype or other device are on board and if youneed more memory there are two S-100 slots forstatic RAM or video boards. A Godbout 8K RAMboard is available for S135.00. Also a 1K SuperMonitor version 2 with video driver for full capa-bility display with Tiny Basic and a video interfaceboard. Parallel I/O Ports $9.85, RS 232 $4.50,TTY 20 ma l/F $1.95, S-100 $4.50. A 50 pinconnector set with ribbon cable is available atS12.50 for easy connection between the SuperElf and the Super Expansion Board.The Power Supply Kit for the Super ExpansionBoard is a 5 amp supply with multiple positive andnegative voltages S29.95. Add $4.00 for shipping.Prepunched frame S7.50. Case $10.00. Add $1.50for shipping.

Multi-volt Computer Power Supply

8v 5 amp, ±18v .5 amp, 5v 1.5 amp. -5v.5 amp, 12v .5 amp, -12 option. ±5v, ±12vare regulated. Kit$29.95. Kitwithpunched frame$37.45. Woodgrain case $10.00.

60 Hz Crystal Time Base Kit $4.40

Converts digital clocks from AC fine frequencyto ciystaltime base. Outstanding accuracy. Kitincludes: PC board, IC, crystal, resistors, ca-pacitors and trimmer.

Same day shipment. First line partsonly.

Factory tested. Guaranteed money back.Quality IC's and other components at fac-tory prices.

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

7400TTL

7400N74G2N7.104U7409N7410N7414N

7J30N

7442N

7445N

7447N

7448N

745IN

7474N

7475H

7485N

7489N

7490N

7492N

7493N

7495M

741O0M

74107N

74121N

74123N

74125N

74I45N

74150N

74157N74161N74162N74163N7.1174N

74190N

74193H

7-1298H74365N74366N74367IJ

66

74LSDD TTL

74LS00N .-J5

74LS02N .35

74LS04N .35

74LS05N 35

74LS08N 35

74LS10N 35

74LS13N 40

74LS14N .90

74LS20N .35

74LS22H 35

74LS28N 41

74LS30N 25

74LS33N 39

74LS3BN 30

74LS74N 1.25

74LS75N 1.00

74LS90N -85

74LS93N 51

74LS95N 1.89

74LS107N .35

74LS112N .35

7,1LS1!3rJ .35

74LS132N 72

74LS136N .35

74LS151N 67

741SI55N .67

74LS157N 67

74LS162N 91

74LS163N 91

74LS174N 2.00

74LS190N 1 05

74LS221N 1.95

74LS258N 67

74LS367N 1 35

LINEAR

CA3045 90

CA3046 67

CA3081 180

CA3082 1.90

CA3089 2 95LM301

AN/AH 35

LM305H .87

LM307H .35

LM30BN 89

LM309H 1.15

LM309K 1 SO

LM311H/N 90

LM317T/K 2 92

LM318 1-35

IM320K-5 1 50

LM323K-5 6 95

LM320K-12 1 50

LM320K-15 1 50

LM320T-5 1 60

LM320T-8 1 60

LM320T-12 1 50

LM320MS 1-60

LM324N 1 15

LM339M 155

LM340K-5 135

LM340K-B 135

LM340K-12 1.35

LM340K-15 1.35

LM340K-24 1.35

LM340T-5 1.25

LM340T-8 1.25

LM34DT-12 125

LM340T-15 125

LM340T-18 1.25

IM340T-24 1 25

LM343H 4 50

LM350 7 50

LM370 1 15

LM377 3,00

LM379 5.00

LM380N 1.00

LM381 1.60

LM382 1.60

LM703H 40

LM709H 28

LM723H/N .50

LM733N 67

LM741CH 35

LM741N 25

LM747H/N 62

LM748N 35

LM1303N 82

LM1304 1.10

LM1305 1.27

LM1307 2 00

LM1310 2 75

LM1458 47

LM1800 1 -75

LM1812 7 50

LM1B89 3 00

M2111

LM2902

150

IM3900N

6U

LM3905

1 tb

LM3909N

61

MC1458V

50

NE550N

H5

43

NE556A

79

NE565A

1 00

NE566V

1.5(1

F567V

12(1

NE570B

5 00

78L05

.60

78L08

60

78M05

Kb

75108

1 75

75491CN

50

75492CN

55

75494CN

89

A lo 0

CONVERTER

80388

4 5(1

8700C.J

13 95

8701CN

2200

8750CI

13 95

LD130

9H5

9400CJV/F

7.40

ICL7103

HMI

ICL7107

14,25

CMOS

CD34001

Fair.

50

CD4000

16

CD4001

7V,

CD4002

28

CD4006

1 10

CD4007

W

CD400B

?*

CD4009

39

CD4010

31

CD4011

2H

CD4012

2H

CD4013

3b

CD4014

86

CD4015

86

CD4016

3b

CD4017

W

CD4018

M

CD4019

28

CD4020

CD4021

CD4022

CD4023

C04024

CD4025

CD4026

CD4027

CD4028

CD4029

CD4030

CD4035

CD4040

CD4042

CD4043

CU4044

CD4046

CD4049

CD4050

CD4051

CD4060

CD4066

CD4068

CD4069

CO4070

CD4071

CD4072

CD4073

CD4075

C04076

CD4078

CD4081

CD4082

CD411B

CD4490

CD4507

CD4508

CD4510

CD.1511

CD4515

CD4516

CD4518

CO4520

CD4527

CD4528

CD4553

CD4566

CD4583

CD4585

C040192

74C00

74C04

74C10

74C14

74C20

74C30

74C48

74C74

74C76

74C93

74C16074C17574C19274C22174C90574C90674C9147.1C92274C92374C92574C92674C927

8T098T108T138T20

P.O. Box 4430X Santa Clara, CA 95054

"^^^^For will call only: (408) 988-1640J/^^^Mk 2322 Walsh Ave. —

^^P^^ELECTRONICS

L02-1 1 18 ^^^^m RESISTORS '. wall 5°/=

P02 1.25 ^^^^W 10 P» type 03 1000 per type ,012

21102-1

1 18

21F02

V25

2104A4

4 95

21078-4

3 75

2111-1

3 75

2112-2

395

2114L-1

7 40

2114L-3

7,90

4116

10.95

2513B

6.30

MM5262

40

MM5280

3.00

MM5320

9 95

MM5330

5.9-1

PD411D-3

4 00

PD411D-4

5.00

P5101L

13,95

420OA

9 95

82S25

290

91L02A

1.50

(C mi .-•,

6.95

MM57100

450

GIAY385QQ-1

995

!/C:.'B57iA

9 95

9368

3 50

410D

10 00

416

16.00

CLOCKS

MM-.'li

3.90

■:r,iv;i'.

4.00

:■.".: •,>■:

2.10

MM5641

14.45

MM5865

7.95

CT7001

5 80

CT7010

8 95

CT7015

7,25

MM5375AAN 3 90

MM5375AG/N 4.90

7205

16.50

7207

7 50

7208

1595

7209

4 95

DS0Q2GCN

3.75

r.vLi1 ■■■:.

3 75

MM53104

2.50

MICROPROCESSOR

6800

17,50

6802

18 75

8080A

8 95

8085

27.00

Z80

14 75

280A

19 75

8212

2 90

8214

8 00

8216

2 90

8224

2 90

8228

5 35

8251

6.50

8253

15 00

8255

9 25

8257

19 50

8259

19 50

1802CP

plas.

13 95

18020P

17 95

1861P

11.50

CDP1802CD

19 95

CDP18020

25 00

CDP1861

12 95

N82S126 3.

NB2S129 3

M82S131 3.

NB2S136 8

N82S137 8.

DM8577 2

8223 2

CONNECTORS

30 pin edge 2

100 pin edge 4100pm edge WW 5

IC SOCKETSSolder Tin Low ProfilePIN 1UP PIN 1UP

RESISTORS V. wad 5%10 per type 03 1000 per type ,01225 perlype 025 350 piece pack

lOOper lype 015 S per type 6.75V) watt 5*5 perlype 05

KEYBOARDS

56 key ASCII keyboard k;it $67.50

Fully a:

mbled

77 50

WIRE WRAP LEVEL 3

5 MHz10 MHz18 MHz20 MHj32 MHz32768 MHz1.8432 MHz3.5795 MHz2 0100 MHz2.097152 MHz

2 4576 MHz

3 2768 MHz5 0688MHz5 185 MHz

5 7143 MHz

6 5536 MHz14 31818 MHz18 432 MHz

Green. Orange. Yellow Jumbo .25Cllpllle LED Mounling Clips 8,51.25(speafyred.amber, green, yellow, clear)

CONTINENTAL SPECIAtflES In slockComplete tin e ot breadboard lesiequipMAX-100 8 dlgll Fieq. Clr. S128.95

Switches Mom Pushbutton 273 pos slide 25

Encoder H00165-5 695

3 Olgll UniversalCounler Board KitOperates 5-18 Volt DC lo 5 MHztyp 125'LEO display 10.50Psratronlcs IDDA LogicAnalyzer Kit 1224.00

Model 10 Trigger

Expan

S22900

22 1

87258T26

8T28

8T97

8T9B

MOS/MEMOFiY

RAM

2101-1 3.95

2102-1 95

2102AL-4 1.25

2102AN-2L 1.60

66206850650265046522

UART/FIFO

AY5-1013AY5-10143341

PROM

1702A

2708

2716T1

2716lntel

2732

2758

8741A

8748

8755A

N82S23

N82SI23

22 5085.0075 006500

KEYBOARD ENCODERSAY5-2376 S12.50

AY5-3600 17 95

74C922 550

74C923 5,50

HD0165-5 6.95

D Connetlors RS232

D825P 2.95

0B25S 395

Cover 1.50

RS232CompleleSe16 50DE9S 1.95

DA15P 210

DA15S 3.10

TRANSISTORS

2N18932N2222A2N23692N2904A2N2907A2N30532N363B2N36432N39042N39062N30552N4400

2N4402

TIP31TIP33A

Model 150 Bus

Grabber Kil $369 00

Sinclair3V: Olgll

Multimeter S59.95

Clock Calendar Kit 523.95

2.5 MHz Frequency Counter

Kit $37.50

30 MHz Frequency Counter

Kit S47.75

TRANSFORMERS6V 300 ma 3 25

12 Voll 300 ma iranslormer 12512 6V CT 600 ma 3.75

12V 250 ma wall plug 2 95

12V CT 250 ma wall plug 3.5024V CT400 ma 3.95

10V 1 2 amp wall plug 4 85

12V 6 amp 12-95

12V 500 ma wall plug 4.75

12V 1 amp wall plug 6 50

12V 3 amp wall plug 8.50

DISPLAY LEOS

MANI

CA .270 2.90

MAM3

CC .125 39

MAN72/74

CAXA .300 1.00

DL704

CC .300 1.25

DL707/DL707F

CA 300 1.00

DL727/72B

CA/CC 500 1.90

DL747/750

CA-'CC 600 1.95

DL750

CC 600 1.95

FND359

CC 357 70

FN0500/507

COCA 500 1 35

FN0503/510

COCA 500 90

FNDaOO/807

CC.'CA BOO 2 20

4 digil BubbleDG8 fluorescentDG10 Fluorescent

5 digit 14 pin displayNSN69 9 digil display7520 Clairex photocells

7IL311 HexMAN3640MAN4610MAN4640MAN4710MAN4740MAN664DMAN6710MAN6740

39950

CC 30

CA 40

CC 40

CA 40

CC 40

CC .56 2 95

CA 60

CC f

1.35

MA1002A 8.95

MA1012A 8.95

102P3 Iranslormer 2.25

Rockwell AIM 65 Computer

6502 based single board with full ASCII keyboardand 20 column thermal printer. 20 char, al-phanumeric display, ROM monitor, fully expand-able. S375.00. 4K version $450.00. 4K Assem-bler S85.00, 8K Basic Interpreter $100.00.Power supply assy, in case $60.00. AIM 65 inthin briefcase with power supply $485.00.

Not a Cheap Clock Kit $14.95

Includes everything except case. 2-PC boards.6-.50" LED Displays. 5314 clock chip, trans-former, all components and full instructions.Orange displays also avail. Same kit W/.80"displays. Red only. $21.95 Case $11.75

Video Modulator Kit $8.95

Convert your TV set into a high quality monitorwithout affecting normal usage. Complete kitwith full instructions.

S-100 Computer Boards

8K Static RAM Kit Godbout $135.00

16K Static RAM Kit 265.00

24K Static RAM Kit 423.00

32K Dynamic RAM Kit 310.00

32K Static RAM Kit $475.00

64K Dynamic RAM Kit 470.00

8K/16K Eprom Kit (less PROMS) $89.00

Video Interlace Kit $139.00Motherboard $39. Extender Board $8.99

79 IC Update Master Manual $35.00

Complete IC data selector, 2500 pg. master refer-ence guide. Over 50,000 cross references. Freeupdate service through 1979. Domestic postageS3.50. No foreign orders.

Auto Clock Kit $17.95

DC clock with 4-.50" displays. Uses NationalMA-1012 module with alarm option. Includeslight dimmer, crystal timebase PC boards. Fullyregulated, comp. instructs. Add $3.95 for beau-tiful dark gray case. Best value anywhere.

Stopwatch Kit $26.95

Full six digit battery operated. 2-5 volts.3.2768 MHz crystal accuracy. Times to 59min., 59 sec., 99 1/100 sec. Times std., splitand Taylor. 7205 chip, all components minuscase. Full instructions.

NiCad Battery Fixer/Charger Kit

Opens shorted cells that won't hold a chargeand then charges them up, all in one kit w/fullparts and instructions. $7.25

PROM Eraser

Will erase 25 PROMs in 15 minutes. Ultra-violet, assembled $34.50

Hickok V/2 Digit LCD Multimeter

8att/AC oper. 0.1mv-1000v. 5 ranges. 0.5%accur. Resistance 6 low power ranges 0.1ohm-20M ohm. DC curr. .01 to 100ma. Handheld, Vz" LCD displays, auto zero, polarity, over-range. $69.95.

Digital Temp. Meter Kit $34.00

Indoor and outdoor. Switches backand forth.Beautiful. 50" LED readouts. Nothing like itavailable. Needs no additional parts for com-plete, full operation. Will measure -100° to+200°F, tenths of a degree, air or liquid.Beautiful woodgrain case w/bezel $11.75

TERMS: $5.00 min. order U.S. Funds. Calif residents add 6%tax.BankAmericard and Master Charge accepted.Shipping charges will be added on charge cards.

FREE: Send for your copy of our NEW 1979QUEST CATALOG. Include 28<? stamp.

Circle 311 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979

289

Computer Products

JADE'S NEW MAINFRAME

THE PIGGY IS HERE!

This sleak new mainframe is beautifully designedaround JADE'S six slot ISO-BUS motherboard andan 18 amp power supply with provisions for up to 3mini-floppy drives. This is a practical, state-of-the-I art design whose looks just can't be beat!ENS-106320 (without drives) $475.00

VISTA V80 /j^££

DISKETTE SPECIAL

5.25" SOFT. 10, OR 16 SECTOR

10 for $29.95SOFT SECTOR IBM COMPATIBLE

10 for $34.95

$-100 CONNECTOR SALE

100 PIN IMSAI TYPE SOLDER-TAIL CONNECTOR

6 for $17.50 12 for $29.95

TRS-BOMINI-DISKSYSTEM

The V80 out-performs standard Radio Shackdrives!—23% more storage capacity, 8 times fasteraccess time, more reliable, and much lessexpensive. Includes disk drive, power supply,| regulator board, and case. MSM-358000 $395.00Interface cable for V80 WCA-3421 $24.95

RS-232 SET SPECIAL $6.50

DB-25S. DB-25P, DB-25 COVER

DB-25S (FEMALE) $3.65

DB-25P (MALE) $3.15

DB-25C (COVER) $1.50

SPST DIP SWITCHES

\jjZ% ij2«te^E

«MMMW

PART NUMBER NUMBER OF SWITCHES PRICE

SWD-103 3 $1-18

SWD-104 4 $120

SWD-105 5 $1.24

SWD-106 6 $128

SWD-107 7 $130

SWD-108 8 $1.34

SWD-109 9 $1.36

SWD-110 10 $1.38

d

TEXTOOL

ZIP* DIP II SOCKETS

Lnnrmrmn]

1=1

11 in 11

16 PIN ZIP' DIP II $5.50

24 PIN ZIP* DIP II . $7.5040 PIN ZIP* DIP II . $10.25

' ZERO INSERTION PRESSURE

JADE'S NEW INTELLIGENT CONTROLLER

THE DOUBLE-D

Read/write in single or double density.

8" or 5%" drives.

CP/M compatible in either single or double density.

On-board Z-80 CPU allows universal compatibility.

Programmed data transfer. No DMA.

Controls up to 8 drives.

Software selectable density.

Our new controller utilizes the IBM standard formats for

proven reliability. Data recovery is enhanced through the use

of a phase-locked-loop data separation circuit and write

precompensation Single and double density disk drivescan

be mixed in the same system.

KIT $285.00

ASSEMBLED & TESTED $349.00

BARE BOARD with MANUAL $55.00

MANUAL $10.00

SD SYSTEMS

VERSA-FLOPPY

KIT $159.95

ASSEMBLED & TESTED $239.00

TARBELL

FLOPPY DISK INTERFACE

JADE KIT $190.00

ASSEMBLED A TESTED $260.00

FLOPPY DISK SPECIAL

TWO SIEMENS 8" DISK DRIVES

JADE DOUBLE-D CONTROLLER KIT

POWER SUPPLY FOR DRIVES

CP/M OPERATING SYSTEM W/BASIC-E

BOX OF 10 DOUBLE DENSITY DISKSINTERFACE CABLES—A $1594.95 VALUE.

JADE SPECIAL $1225.00FLOPPY DISK DRIVES

NEW BASF MINI-FLOPPY $319.95

Shugart SA400 compatible but only two-thirds thesize1 40 track, double density 51/4" drive. Very lowpower consumption!

MPI B51 5V." DRIVE $295.00

Single or double density, up to 40 tracks, track-to-track access time of 5ms, Shugart SA400compatible.

MPI B52 5V DRIVE $450.00

Double-sided version of MPI B51.

SHUGART SA400 51/4" DRIVE $325.00

Single density, 35 track.

SIEMENS FDD100-8 8" DRIVE $495.00

Certfied double density Shugart 801 Rreplacement.Runs much cooler and quieter.

SIEMENS FDD200-8 8" DRIVE $575.00

Double-sided, double density version of FDD100-8.SHUGART 801R 8" DRIVE $575.00

Hard or soft sectored, 400K byte drive.

PERSCI277 DOUBLE 8" DRIVE $1595.00

Limited quantity with slim line case & power supply.

POWER SUPPLIES

For a single 5'/4" disk drive

PSD-249A $52.00

For a single 8" disk drive

PSD-205A . $89.95

For two 8" disk drives

PSD-206A $125.00

For Rockwell AIM-65

PSX-030A $59.95

For K1M-1 or SYM-1

PSX-020A $59.95

CP/M 2.0

Digital Research has done it again! This new release of theirindustry standard disk operating system is bound to be aneven bigger hit than the original version All of thefundamental file-size restrictions of release 1 have beeneliminated, while maintaining full compatibility with theearlier versions This new release can be field-configured bythe user for a single mini-disk up through a multiple drivehard-disk system with 128 megabyte capacity Fieldconfiguration can be accomplished easily through use of theMacro Library (DlSKDEF) provided with CP/M 2 0

A powerful operating system for only ... $150.00

INTEGRAL DATA SYSTEMS MODEL440 PRINTER

THE PAPER TIGER

Up to 198 CPS

1.75 to 9.5 inch adjustable

tractor feed.

Parallel and serial

interface.

98 character ASCII set

132 columns- 6 or

lines/inch

Eight software selectable

character sizes

110, 300, 600, 1200 baud.

PRM-33440 $995.00

For the Graphics Option with 2K Buffer add $199 00

JADE JP80-T PRINTER

HARD COPY EASY PRICE!

JADE is proud to announce the low-cost solution to your

hard copy needs The JADE JP80-T printer is a high quality

80 column dot matrix printer with an adjustable width tractor

feed mechanism. We are certain that you can notgeta better

printer in this price range1

FAST-150 cps print speed, 80 columns per line.

VERSATILE-adjuslable tractor feed 2" to 10".

Upper and lower case 96 character ASCII set.

5X7 dot matrix with software selectable character widths.

Cerftronlcs-type parallel Interlace.

interlace/cables available for most popular microcomputers.

PRM-27081 $749.95

CENTRONICS 730 PRINTER

THE ANY-PAPER PRINTER

This printer can use roll paper, fanfold paper, or single

sheets because it is equipped with both friction feed and pin

feed mechanisms.

RS232 or parallel Interface.

96 ASCII character set, upper and lower case.

80 characters per line, 7X7 dot matrix.

50 cps print speed.

Weighs less than 10 pounds!

PRM-15730 $950.00

EXIDY SORCERER

FREE

12 INCH B & W MONITORWITH EVERY 16K SORCERER

Flexibility is the key The SorcererComputergivesyoutheflexibility of using ready-to-run. pre-packaged programs or doing Iyour won thing and personalizing the programs for yourself Whicever you choose The Sorcerer is the personal computer that |speaks your language

The Sorcerer also provides full graphics capabilities Each Icharacter formed by an 8 x 8 dot cell, can be programmed as agraphic symbol set High resolution (512 x 240 addressablepoints) gives a total ol 122.880 locations tor super animation andextremely light plotting curves The alphanumencsetgives64 x30characters on the video screenWith 16K of memory $1150.00 I

LEEDEX MONITOR $139.00

• 12" Black and White

• 12 MHZ Bandwidth

• Handsome Plastic Case

JADE DISK CABLES

MINI-DISK CABLE KIT~Connects two 51/," mini-floppies to your disk controller board and powersupply. Includes 5' signal cable with three 34 pinedge connectors, plus power supply connectorsand cables. WCA-3431K $34.95

SIGNAL CABLE ONLV-Connects one 57," drive toedge type controller card. WCA-3421A .. $24.95For two 5y4" drives. WCA-3431A $29.95

8" DISK CABLE KIT-Connects two 8" disk drives toedge type controller card such as the Versafloppyand Double D. Includes 5' signal cable with three 50pin edge connectors, plus power supply cables and

connectors. WCA-5031K $38.45

8" DISK CABLE KIT-Same as WCA-5031K exceptcontroller end of signal cable has a pin typeconnector such as the Tarbell controller.WCA-5032K $38.95

BYTE November 1979

Circle 195 on inquiry card.

PLACE ORDERS TOLL FREE

800-421-5809 CONTINENTAL U.S.800-262-1710 INSIDE CALIFORNIA

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

TI-99/4

High quality 13 inch color monitor!Up to 72K total memory capacity16-color graphics capability - easy Jo access high resolutiongraphics have special features that let you define your owncharacters, charts, graphs, etc

Music and sound effects - build three-note chords and ad|ustfrequency,duration and volume quickly and simply Five fulloctaves Built-in equation calculator—Unique conveniencefeature helps you find quick solutions to everyday mathproblems, as well as complex scientific calculationsProgramsaresealedsecurely in SOLID STATE SOFTWARECOMMAND MODULES These ROM pack acctually addmemory to the Tf-99 4 so that the console s memory can beutilized for user input SYO-8994A $1150.00

SD SYSTEMS

Z-80 STARTER KIT

Based on the powerlul Z-80 CPU. this kit is an idea! introductionto microprocessors It has an on-board keyboard and display pluscassette tape interface and expansion provisions for two S-100connectors This Do-it-all-Board will also program the 2716 2K

Kit $249.95

Assembled and tested $439.00

SD SYSTEMS

SBC-100

An S 100 single board computer Z 80 CPU with 1024 bytes ofRAM 8-32K bytes of PROM Serial I/O port

Kit $239.95

Assembled $369.95

Solid State Music

1/0 4

2 Serial and 2 Parallel I/O

Ports S 100 with full hand shaking

JADE Kit $149.95

Assembled $199.95

Bare Board $29.95

PARALLEL/SERIALINTERFACE

S-100 compatible. 2 serial I/Oports, 1 parallel I'O

Kit $124.95

Assembled & Tested $179.95

Bare Board W/ Manual $30.00

PROTO BOARD

Includes gold plated fingers S-1 00 size, holds 72-16 pin dips,accomodates all 8 thru 40 pin dip packages Reg 19 95TSXA-140B $16,95

SYM-1

6502- Based singte board computer with keyboard display.KIM 1 hardware compatible, complete documentation

SYM-1 CPK-5002A $245.00

SYM-1 CASE, ENX-000005 $39.95

JADE'S NEW MOTHERBOARDS

THE ISO-BUS

The only motherboard availible today that isdesigned to IEEE S-100 Bus Standards—a uniquenetwork theory of design in which each signal line issurrounded by current mirrored ground lines,significantly reducing RF radiation virtuallyeliminating crosstalk. No need for activetermination. The perfect foundation for a 4MHzsystem 6-SLOT

BARE BOARD $24.95

KIT $49.95

ASSEMBLED & TESTED $59.95

12-SLOT

BARE BOARD $39.95

KIT $89.95

ASSEMBLED TESTED $99.95

18-SLOT

BARE BOARD $59.95

KIT $129.95

.ASSEMBLED & TESTED $149.95

JADEMEMORY EXPANSION KITS

FOR

TRS-80 APPLE EXIDY

Everything you need to add 16K of memory to yourcomputer. Your kit comes neatly packaged witheasy to follow instructions. In just minutes yourcomputer is ready to tackle more advancedsoftware.

$7,750.00

THE BIG Z

THE NEW Z-80 CPU BOARD FROM JADE

Features include • S-100 Compatible available in 2MHz or4MHz versions •On-board 2708 2716. or 2532 EPROM canbe addressed onany 1K 2Kor4K boundary with power-onjump to EPROM • On-board EPROM may be used inSHADOW mode allowing full 64K RAM to be used •Automatic MWRITE generation in front panel is not used• On-board USART for synchronous or asynchronous R232operation (on-board baud rate generator) •Reversechannel capability on USART allows use with bufferedperipherals or devices with not-ready s.gnal

2MHz Kit: CPU-30200K. 2lbs $149.95

Assembled and Tested CPU 30200A 2lbs $199.95

4MHz Kit: CPU-3020 1 K. 2 lbs $159.95

Assembled and Tested CPU-30201A. 2lbs $209.95

MICROPROCESSORS

F8

Z80 (2MHz)

Z80A (4MHz)

CDP1802CD

6502

6800

6802

8008-1

8035

8035-8

8080-A

8085

TMS9900TL

$16.95$10.95$14.95$24.95$11.95$12.50$20.00$15.95$24.00$24.00$10.00$23.00$49.95

8080A SUPPORT DEVICES

8212 $5.00

8214 $4.65

8216 $2.95

8224 (2MHz) $4.30

8226 $2.75

8228 $6.40

8238 $6.40

8243 $8.00

8251 $7.50

8253 $20.00

8255 $6.40

8257 $19.95

8259 $19.95

8275 $69.95

8279 $17.70

USRT

S2350 $10.95

UARTS

AY5-1013A $5.25

AY5-1014A $8.25

TR1602B $5.25

TMS6011 $5.95

IM6403 $9.00BAUD RATE GENERATORS

MC14411 $10.00

14411 Crystal $4.95JADE maintains an inventory ofand delivery on Items not listed

devices!) please give us a call.

6800 PRODUCT6821P $5.25

6828P $12.00

6834P6850P6852P6860P6862P687516880P

$16.95$4.80$7.50$9.25

$12.00$7.30$2.50

CHARACTER GENERATORS2513 Upper $7.95

2513 Lower $6.75

2513 Upper (5 volt) 9.75

2513 Lower (5 volt) $13.00MCM6571 up scan $13.00

MCM6571A down scan$10.95

PROMS1702A $5.00

2708 $12.95

2716 $49.00

2716 (5v) $49.00

2758 (5v) S30.00

DYNAMIC RAMS4116/416D (20Ons) $12.95

2104/4096 $4.75

2107B-4 $3.95

TMS4027 4096 $4.75

STATIC RAMS21L02 (450ns) $1.50

21L02 (250ns) $1.75

2101-1 $2.95

2111-1 $3.25

2112-1 $2.95

2114L (450ns) $8.00

2114L (300ns) $9.00

TMS4044 (450ns) $8.00

TMS4044 (300ns) $9.95

410D (200ns) $9.95

4200A (200ns) $9.95

MM5257 (450ns) $8.00

MM5257 (300ns) $9.95

over4000 line items, tor price(Including hard to find 74LS

Computer Products

4901 W ROSECRANS, HAWTHORNE, CA 90250213-679-3313

PLACE ORDERS TOLL FREE

800-262-1710 800-421-5809

INSIDE CALIFORNIA CONTINENTAL U.S.

WRITE FOR OUR FREE 1979 CATALOGFOR CUSTOMER SERVICE OR TECHNICAL INQUIRIES

CALL 213-679-3317TERMS OF SALE: Cash, checks, money orders, and creditcards accepted. Minimum order $10.00. California residentsadd 6% sales tax. Minimum shipping and handling charge$2.50. Prices are for U.S. and Canadian delivery only and aresubject to change without notice. For export prices andinformation send for a JADE INTERNATIONAL CATALOG.

ROCKWELL AIM-65

THE HEAD-START IN MICROCOMPUTERS

A KlM-1 COMPATIBLE

MACHINE WITH ON-

BOARDPRINTER AND A

REAL KEYBOARD'

AIM-65 w IK ol RAM S375 00

AIM-65 w 4K ol RAM S450 00 ^ U **^^m-iW£3?i

8K BASIC m ROM S100 00 M i<*i $^^^S??^-

4K Assembler Editor S80 00 fSBl M I' *■£ < ||Hp*

Power Supply S59 95 *fc£ *v\v

Case of AIM-65 S49 95

Special Package Price $599.0(T

4K AIM-65 8K BASIC ROM Power Supply and Case

SD SYSTEMS

EXPANDORAM

Expandable to 32K or 64KEXPANDO-32K KITS

Uses 4115 (8K X 1.250ns) Dynamic RAMs Can beexpandedin 8K increments up to 32K

8K $159.95 24K $249.95

16K $199.95 32K $299.95

EXPANDO-64K KITS

Uses 4116 (16K X 1 200ns) Dynamic RAMs Can be

expanded up 1o 64K in 16K increments

16K $249.95 48K $469.9532K $369.95 64K $569.95

STATIC RAM BOARDS

8K 2MHz KIT $125.95

8K 2MHz ASSEMBLED & TESTED $175.00

8K 4MHz K IT $149.95

8K 4MHz ASSEMBLED & TESTED $180.00

8K BARE BOARD & MANUAL $25.00

16K 2MHz KIT $250.00

16K 2MHz ASSEMBLED & TESTED $325.00

16K 4MHz KIT $285.00

16K 4MHz ASSEMBLED & TESTED $350.00

16K BARE BOARD & MANUAL $35.00

32K 2MHz KIT $539.95

32K 2MHz ASSEMBLED & TESTED $650.00

32K 4MHz KIT $619.95

32K 4MHz ASSEMBLED & TESTED $67500

SD SYSTEMS

VDB-8024

An 80 by 24 I/O mapped video board for S-100systems An on-board 2-80 processor is used tocontrol all functions. A total of 256 user-programmable characters are available, including128 characters that are supplied with the boardThis Is virtually a stand-alone terminal!

KIT $319.95

ASSEMBLED AND TESTED $469.95

JADE VB-1B

This 64 by 16 memory-mapped video board is idealfor use with word processing software such as theElectric Pencil

KIT $127.50

ASSEMBLED AND TESTED $169.95

BARE BOARD/MANUAL $35.00

VECTOR GRAPHICS

FLASHWRITER II

The ultimate memory-mapped 80 character by 24line video board, the Vector Graphics FWII hasmany advanced features Onboard parallelkeyboard port. Power-on |ump circuit, 8X10 dotcharacter matrix, and the optional ability to programyour own characters and or graphics symbols thisis THE perfect board for text editing systemsASSEMBLED AND TESTED $320.00

NOVATION CAT

ACOUSTIC MODEM

Features include 300 Baud Answer Onginale Bell 103Assembled and Tested $189.00A

Circle 195 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1979

memory War

HICKOK LX303$7495*

^■r RS232 & "D" TYPE CONNECTORS

.5%, 3V2 digit 19

Range DVM. Vz" LCD displays

runs 200 hrs on 1 battery. 10 Meg

Ohm Input. 1 yr. guarantee, made in

U.S.A.. test leads included.

Available Accessories

RC-3 115V AC Adapter $7.50

CC-3 Deluxe Padded Vinyl

Carrying Case $7.50

VP-10 X10 DCV Probe Adapter/

Protector 10Kv $14.95

VP-40 40Kv DC Probe $35.00

CS-1 10 Amp Current Shunt $14.95

PART NO

DE 9P

DE 9S

DE9C

DA15P

DA15S

OA15C

DB-2SP

DB-25S

DB51212 1

DB1226 1

9 Pin FnrrMlp9 Ptn Covet!i Pin Male15 Pm Female15. Pin Cover25 Pin Male25 Pin Female

1 pc Grey Hood

2 pc. Black Hood

^ffllilM'liMu i|

1 60

1.45

DB110963-3 2 pc. Grey Hood

DC37PDC37SDC37CDD50PDO50SDO50CD20418-5

37 Pin Mai37 Pin FernaK37 Pm Cover50 Pm Malt'50 Pm Fem.ili50 Pin CoverHardware

a

lector tor CENTRONICS 700 SERIES:7 30360 tor back of Centronics 700 SenI 4 $9 DO Sup—$7 50

2.90 2.60

3.75 3.85

1.65 1.40

1.90 1.60

1.60 1.55

3 95 3 80

5 75 5.50

2.20 1.95

4.95 4 75

750 720

2.50 2 20

1 00 .80

*FREE

Just for Asking.FREE BATTERY with your meter.

S1Q0-WWG W.tfW Com t?5 rlrs

LEVEL WIRE WRAP 025 sq posts

?50 spacfd rows GOLD PLATED

14 5-9 10-24

14.00 13.75 S3.50

S100ALT 50/100 Com i;»5 ctrs (SOLDER TAIL on 140 spaced rowsALTAIR motherboards GOLD pialed

DIP

sioo-stg so-mo Com i?;> i

SOLDER tail on 250 spacedVECTOR IMSAI CROMENCO motherboards GOLD ulaie-d

14 5-9 10-24

13.50 1325 J3.00

S100SE 50/100 Com I25rirs PiERCEDSOLDEREYELET rails GOLD

1-4 5-9 1024

S5 00 14 50 54.00

$4.25 $4 00

Other Popular Edge Connectors

$220CG 1 IMSAI

$395 $370

Gmdes S.'SI 00

See our July Ad for many other connectors.

3 LEVEL GOLD WIRE WRAP SOCKETS

Sockets purchased in multiples of 50 per type may be combined 'or bes! price

8 pin14 pin16 pin18 pin20 pin22 pin24 pin28 pin40 pin

40

3950709095951.251.65

25-99 100-249 250-999

34

.5065

1 00

1 35

All sockets are GOLD 3 level closed entry. 2 level Tail. Low

Profile. Tin Sockets and Dip Plugs available. CALL FOR QUOTATION

Dapple plugboard

Vector 4609 Peripheral Interface Plugboard for construction of custom circuitsPlug compatible with Apple II Commodore PET and Super Kim microcomputersThree connectors, in addition to the standard 25/50 system bus. are available lorinput/output A 20M0-contact card-edge connector, fabricated on the rear of theboard, mates with a 3-M type ribbon connector Alternatively, a right-anglesoider-iail header may be positioned in this same location The Model 3609 alsoaccomodates the miniature SIP-type connectors which mav be placed on thepenphetv or in mid-board 1.4 ^.g 10-24

$21.50 $19.36 $17.267520 APPLE EXTENDER CARD $24.95

[Z

SE

E~

Universal

piete wiih n

8800V

MicrocomfHjte' processorb witn S 100 this Comsink !> iiarriware 'i 3 *

Price:$29.50

1-4 5-9

$19 95 $17 95

8801-1

Same .is 8800V bxceoi »i;«i

Buses & Heal &

1-4$15.22

5-9

$13.79

10-24S15 96

10-24$12.18

3682 9.6,x4.5"

S12.97

3682-2 6.5" x4.5"

59.81

Hi-Densny Duai-ln-LmePlugboard for Wire Wrapwith Ptwer & Grci BusEpoxy Glass 1/16" 41pin con spaced 156

3677 9 6" x 4.5'

$10.90

3677-26.5" x4.5"

$9.74

I ■ ISii

3662

6.5" x4.5"

$8.95

3662-2 9.6" x4.5"

$11.45

P pattern plugboards forIC's Epoxy Glass 1/16"44 pin con spaced 156

1/16 Pec!df BOARD

.042 dia holes on

0.1 spacing for IC's

Phenolic

PART NO.64P44XXXP169P44XXXP

SIZE4.5x6.5"4.5x17"

PRICE

1-9 10-19

$1.56 $1.40

$3.69 $3.32

TRS-80/APPLE

MEMORY EXPANSION KITS

4116's RAMS $

*>_

.«Fkcf

'V?u

(16Kx1 200/250ns)

8 for $75.00

Add $3.00 for programming Jumpersfor TRS-80 Keyboard

<&

Gen. Purpose D I P.Boards with Bus Patternfor Solder or Wire Wrap.Epoxy Glass 1/16" 44pine n spaced 156

"1 Extender/ Terminator

•Active and/or dynamictermination

• All power lines fusedfor protection

• All S-100 lines labeledand numbered

•Can be used as an

extender and/or

terminator•Solder mask both sides

of board•Silkscreened reference

designations•Gold plated fingersCat.No.2520 ^.^ „_

kit $39.95

ii.!liiiin;ii:,i,!,'.i!.''' '

3690-12CARD EXTENDERCard Extender has 100con-tacts 50 per side on 125centers-Attached connec-tor-is compatible withS-100 Bus Systems S25.833690 6.5" 22/44 pin .156ctrs. Extenders .... S13.17 „

^

O

o

' 1—CO

I

14 & 16 PIN

GOLD 3 LEVEL

WIRE WRAP

SOCKES

14 - G3 100 for$33.00 |

16-G3 100 for$33.00 |50 of each for $35.00-

MEMORY MEMORY

2102LIPC Low Power 450ns in lots of 25 $1.102102AL-2 Low Power 250ns in lots of 25 $1.252114-3L 1 Kx4300ns Low Power 8/$50.00

5257-3L 4Kx1 300ns Low Power 8/$50.00

2708 8K 450ns EPROM 8/65.00 $9.00

2716 16K 5 Volt Only EPROM $40.00

CALL FOR QUANTITY PRICES

1

^/^^^ Perfectly bals

PANAVISE TILTS. TURNS, ANDROTATES TO ANY POSITION.IT HOLDS YOUR WORKEXACTLY WHERE YOU WANT IT.

$0

WRAP POST

for .042 dia. holesall boards on this page)| T44/C pkq 100 S 2^34| T44/M pkg

1000 $14.35

lA-13 hand installing

tool J 4.19

im-ioa List'sag.oo

SPECIAL$56.95 with tube

balanced lluorescent lightingwith precision magnifier lens. Toughthermoplastic shade. Easy lens re-moval New wire clip design permitseasy installation and removal oflluorescent tube. Comes with plasticshield to protect tube from soiling anddamage

Colons Gray. Black, and Chocolate Brown.Comes with one 22 wall T-9 Circllne fluorestube 3 diopter lena

m

PRIORITY

16723K Boscoe

J ELECTRONICS

*

Blvd. Seoulveda CA 91343

Terms: Visa, MC, BAG, Check, Money Order, C.O.D. U.S. Funds Only. CA residents add 6% sales tax.

Minimum order $10.00 Prepaid U.S. orders less than $75.00 include 5% shipping and handling,

MINIMUM $2.50. Excess refunded. Just in case . . please include your phone no.

Prices subject to change without notice.

We will do our best to maintain prices thru Oct. 19,79.

phone orders welcome (213) 894-8171, (800) 423-5633

ORDER TOLL FREE

1 800 423 5633 -

except CA.. AK., HI., Call

{21$ 394-8171

TINI TINY.1uf 50V

OEM and Institutional!

•nQUif Ipc;

Monolithic CeramicBypass Capacitors.2" lead Spacing

6/s100 ■\Q0M4.to

ORDER TOLL FREE 1-800-423-5633 ORDER TOLL FREE 1-800-4g3.fiftM

Memory War Shop and Compare

TheVistaV80:

S39500

widen the ability of your TRS-80

The Vista V80 Mini Disk System is the perfect way to widen the capabilitiesof yourTRS 80* Micro-computer. Quickly and inexpensively. Our$395 price tagis about $100 less than the Fladio Shack equivalent. Our delivery time is im-mediate. And our system is fully interchangeable. That's just the start.

It will give you 23% more storage capacity by increasing useable storagefrom 55.000 to 65.000 bytes per drive with our new software patch.

It can work 8 times faster than the TRS-80 Mini-Disk system, because track-to-track access is 5ms versus 40ms for the TRS-80. You can realize this addedspeed once the new double disk expansion interface is available without ex-pensive modification of the existing unit.

It has a better warranty than any comparable unit warranty available - a full120 days on all parts and service. When you consider how much more goes intothe Vista V80. that shows a lot of faith in our product.

Afull3amppowersupplymeansyouhave21/2timesthe power necessarytooperate the V80, and full ventilation insures that there will be no problems dueto overheating.

The Vista V80 Mini Disk System requires Level II Basic with 16K RAM Expan-sion interface (it operates from the Radio Shack interface system. It comescomplete with a dependable MPI Minifloppy disk drive, power supply, regulatorboard and vented case. It's shipped to you ready to run-simply take it out of thebox and plug it in. You're in business. From the company that means business-Vista Computer Company.

DATA CABLES, VC80-2 (2 drive) $29.95VC80-4 (4 drive) $39.95SPECIAL: Box of 10 DISKETTES$20.00 with Purchase of VISTA 80

Use with TRS-80

• Parallel interface

• Continuous variable printing density80-132 characters per line

• 5x7 dot matrix

• Printson plain paper, sheets.

rolls, fan fold

• Form thickness control

• Horizontal and verticalform positioning

779-1 pinch roll

friction feed

Reg. $1250 $95000

779-2 tractor feedReg. $1400 $105000

CENTRONICS730 PRINTERS730-1 PARALLEL INTERFACE

730-3 RS-232 INTERFACESHOP and.COMPARE

CENTRONICS 779 PRINTERS

REGJ$©9S[

$850.

Reg.$1;S43T

' $895.

NOVATION CATACOUSTIC MODEM

•0-300 Baud Regular $i98:G0~

•Bell 103

•Answer, Originate Sale $189.00

IIEjjp

* m m/1*| I-

i

M-XVI

FREE

15MHZ^

DUAL

TRACE

SCOPE*

SAVE $12400

"no not really, but here is our deal. The NLS MS-230 DUAL TRACE 30MHZ"MINISCOPE, regularly sells for $559.00, but we will sell it for $435.00 (The priceof the MS-215 Dual Trace 15 MHZ Miniscope) when you purchase any 2 probeslisted below and your order prepaid or paid by credit card.•30-Megahertz bandwidth»Accuracy 3% full scale.•Internal, line or externaltrigger.-Batteries and charger/transformer unit included»Graticule: 4x5 divi-sions, each division 0.25"»Time bf.se: 1 micro sec. to 0.5 sec/div 21 set-tings»Verticle Gain: 0.01 to 50 Volts/div. 12 settings»Size2.9"H x 6.4" W x 8.5"D.3.5 lbs. • TEST MOST DIGITAL LOGIC CIRCUITS INCLUDINGMICROPROCESSORS-

MS-230 Dual Trace 30 MHz J§«^HZ5.00

41-141 Deluxe 10tol probe with 4 interchangeable tips $27.00

41-37 Deluxe 10tol/1tol probe with 4 interchangeable tips $38.50

41-180 Leather carrying case. $45.00

MS-15 Single trace 15 MHz $318.00

MS-215 Dual trace 15MHz S435.00

The true 16K Static Ram module ^Qofor S-100 bus systems. ^5

ASSEMBLED & TESTED-100% BURN IN ^

The M-XVI gives you unbelievable expansion capability for your S-100 bus1system—even beyond 64K. Manufactured to the highest industry standardsdocumented and designed to make assembly, use, and programming a snap.The M-XVI board is a true revelation for the serious hobbyist and use in prac-tical business or industrial applications.FEATURES:

• Fully static•Uses popular 2114

static RAMS

• +5 volt operationonly•Bank Select available

by bank port and

bank byte•Phantom line capability•Addressable in 4K blocks•4K blocks can be

addressed anywhere with-in 64K in 4k increments•Meets IEEE proposed S-100

signal standards•LED indicators for board

selection and bank

selection•FR-4 epoxy PC boards•Solder masked on both sides•Silk screen of part number

and part designator

SPECIAL

2016BA 450ns 2MHZ2016BB300ns4MHZ2016BY Bare Board only

3M Scotch® Brand

DISKETTES

Reg.s>495Reg.^388ef

Sale Priced

s29500

S32900s2g95

Soft-IBM

Soft IBM

32 Shugart 801

32-Shugart 801

Soft-ShugartDbl5"

Soft Shugart SA400

(TRS-80)

Softn0SA400ingle Soft/16 Micropolisludes Kas-ette/10 Storage BoxS5.00 Value (TRS-80)T SETTLE FOR ANYTHINGESS THAN SCOTCH-

FTYPETIL311/1707

HEXADECIMALDISPLAYWITH LOGIC |

$995ea.or

4/$3495

'...*«jk>

LOGIC MONITOR 1

Trace signals through all types of diclips over any DIP IC up to 16 pins. Each of its 16 contactsconnects to a single-bit level detector that drives a high-intensity, numbered LED readout activated when the ap-plied voltage exceeds a fixed 2 V threshold. Logic "1"turns LED on; logic "0"' keeps LEDoff. A power-seekinggate network automatically locates supply leads andfeeds them to the LM-1's internal circuitry. Saves minutes,even hours in design, troubleshooting, debugging ofequipment. Voltage Threshold: 2 V ± 0.2 V. Input Im-

I pedance: 100,000 ohms. Input Voltage Range: 4-15 V max.

I across any two or more inputs. Current Drain:200mA at 10

I V. Size: 4" I. x 2" w. x 1.75" d. when open. Weight: 3 ozs.

I CSC Model LM-1 Logic Monitor—Complete.

ORDER TOLL FREE 1800-423-5633 ORDER TOLL FREE 1-800-423-5633

Memory War Shop and Compare

The EXPANDORAM is availablein versions from 16K up to 64K, sofor a minimum investment youcan have a memory system thatwill grow with your needs. This isa dynamic memory with the in-visable on-board refresh, and ITWORKS!

• Interfaces with Altair, IMSAI, SOL-8,Cromenco, SBC-100, and others.

• Bank Selectable

• Phantom

• Power 8VDC, ± 16VDC, 5 Watts

• Lowest Cost Per Bit

• Uses Popular 4116 RAMS

• PC Board is doubled solder masked andhas silk-screen parts layout.

SD EXPANDORAM

74e 1tt£t*H4te, S-fOO THem&Ut

• Extensive documentation clear-ly written

• Complete Kit includes allSockets for 64K

• Memory access time: 375ns,Cycle time: 500ns.

• No wait states required.

• 16K boundries and Protectionvia Dip Switches

• Designed to work with Z-80,SQ90, 8085 CPU's.

EXPAND0 64KIT(4116)

SALE

16K . $5?i

32K . $285

48K $350

64K . $415,

SHUGART SA 400 S1/*"

110 KB. 35 tracks,SHUGART SA 400 $295.00

SHUGART SA 400

with attractive metal case with

cutouts for Data Cable switch,

fuse and power cord

LOBO SA400-C $325.00

SHUGART SA400

with Cabinet and Power Supply

Assembled, tested & guaranteed

LOBO SA400-PSC $395.00

SHUGART 801R 8"

6.4 megabits . single or double

density, hard or soft sector, write

protect, and more

SHUGART 801 R $495.00

Siemens FDD 2008 8"double sided double density

$650.00

DISC CONTROLLERSD "VERSAFLOPPY" Kit

The Versatile Floppy DisController

FEATURES: IBM 3/40 Soft Sectored Compati-ble. S-100 BUS Compatible for Z-80 or 8080. Con-trols up to 4 Drives (single or double sided).Directly controls the following drives:

1. Shugart SA400/450 Mini Floppy

2. Shugart SA800/850 Standard Floppy.

3. PERSCI 70 and 277.

4. MF.E 700/750.

5. CDC 9404^9408.

6. GSI/Siemans FDD120-8.

34 Pin Connector for Mini Floppy. 50 Pin Con-nector tor Standard Floppy. Operates withmodified CP/M operating system and C-BasicComptler The new "Versafloppy" from S.D.Computer Products provides complete controlfor many of the available Floppy Disk Drives.Both Mini and Full Si2e. FD1771B-1 Single Den-sity Controller Chip. Listings for Control Software are included in price S-mr*00

LCPM for SD Versafloppy *1 UU

SAVE M0000

DM2700S DISK &

CABINET withPOWER SUPPLY

DM2700S includes SiemansFD120-8" Disk Drive with thefollowing features:

•Single or Double Density

•Hard or Soft Sector

•Door Interlock

•Write Protect

•Hard Sector Detection

•500 KB/S Transfer

• 800 KB unformated•Bit density 6536 BP1

• Sugart 800 Series Compatable

DM2700S Disk Drive & Cabinet

REG. $750 SALE PRICED

Cabinet includes:•110V to 125V 60 Hz power supply•Data Cable•Fan

•Accepts per SCI, Shugart,Siemans 8" Drives

DM2700 Cabinet, less Drive

oo $24900 s22500

$650

J&»

*

*

THE MICROBYTE M32KSS32K STATIC MEMORY BOARD

ASSEMBLED & TESTEDSALE PRICED

M32KSS-L(2MHz)List $650

SALE$53000

M32 KSS-H (4 MHz)List $680

SALE s56000

• Fully S100 Bus Compatible, IMSAI, SOL, ALTAIR,ALPHA MICRO. • Uses National's Low Power5257 4K x1 Static Rams. • 2 MHz or 4 MHz operation. • Gold con-tacts for higher reliability. • On board single 5 ampregulator. • Thermally designed heat sink (boardoperating temperature 0° — 70°C). • Commerciallydesigned power bus, 7 ground bus bars, 0.1 uf decoup-ling capacitors. • Fully tri-state buffered. • Inputs fullylow power Shottky Schmitt, Trigger buffered on all ad-dress and data lines. • Phantom is jumper selectable topin 67. • Each 4K bank addressable to any 4K slot with ina 64K boundary. • 4K hardware or software selectable. •One on board 8-bit output port enables or disables the32K in 4K blocks. • Selectable port address. • 4K bankscan be selected or disabled on poweron clear or reset. •Will operate with or without front panel. • Compatiblewith ALPHA MICRO, with extended memory manage-ment for selection beyond 64K. • No DMA restriction. •Low power consumption 2.3 — 2.5 amps. • Fully war-ranted for 120 days from date of shipment.

SD COMPUTER BOARDS

IS299 KITVDB-8024 Video Display Board

With On-Board Z80 Microprocessor

2K I)>t,.s IndM

961 ppcran

tll.m

erCuse C

32 Sfxxial C

harai

t.-rSti

128 Atliliij

mul

user I'm

Characters

Full Cursor

oiur

1

Fonvanlam

kot

rsi- Serolli

Capability

Operates as

an ln<

o,K.n<k..i

Variable Sp

cd l)i

iplay liau

Blinking, 1"

Kl.rrli

iiii«. I'id

$219 KIT

SBC-100 Single Board Computer

with On-board RAM, PROM, CI C

• FourChannelCoLuiier/Tm.(Z8«-C.TX-)

■ Software ProgrammableGenerator

• S-10O But*Compatible

• NoI;rontl'ajiel Required ft

• ZfrUK^ntral Processing I'nii

• 1034 Betes of Random Access

• 8K Bytesol Available PROM

Optional Vci

-H-fc

$225 Nl! P i IBBkLlZ80 Starter Kit

A Complete Microcomputer on a Board|

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS*

16723K ■ Roscoe Blvd. Sepulveda "CA 91343

Terms: Visa, MC. BAC, Check, Money Order, C-O.D. U.S. Funds Only. CA residents add 6% sales tax.Minimum order $10.00 Prepaid U.S. orders less than $75.00 include 5% shipping and handling,MINIMUM $2.50. Excess refunded. Just in case . . . please include your phone no.Prices subject to change without notice.We will do our best to maintain prices thru Oct. 1979. q^^ an(j institutional ,

phone orders welcome (213) 894-8171, (800) 423-5633 inquiries invited.

Switch Selectable I'l« )M ->r Muni

Restart

2KKmcZHK,.Moi.itor.il ROM

(T( ainiZ«0 I'Kl

ORDER TOLL FREE 1-800-423-5633 ORDER TOLL FREE 1-800-423-5633

Unclassified Ads

FOR SALE: Sharp and Associates Selectric conversionwith instructions. Also Axiom EX-801P printer, 20/40/80columns, software selectable, with cable and softwaredriver forTRS-80. Like new. Make offer. J R Reich Jr, 585E Market St. Marietta PA 17547.

FOR SALE: Morrow processor/front panel card. 8080,S-100, octal display, built-in keyboard, operating systemin read-only memory. Works perfectly, with all documen-tation. S82 postpaid in 48 states. Money order or certi-fied check. Ron Tipton, POB 227, Greenwood MO 64034,(816) 537-7927.

FOR SALE: Super ELF operating and in good condition.Also have expansion board completed, but not con-nected. Includes RS-232, teletypewriter, cassette input/output (I/O), and 8-bit parallel I/O ports. Power supply forELF board only. I'll include encoded ASCII keyboard.$300. Jess Hillman, POB 642, Columbus MS 39701, (601)327-1244 after 5 PM.

WANTED: 1802 computer systems and parts. Any condi-tion, any quantity, immediate cash. Prefer RCA systems,but will accept ELF II by Netronics, memory, and sup-port boards. Tom Inskip, 6504 Democracy Blvd,Bethesda MD 20034.

FOR SALE: Teletype ASR33 teletypewriter with paper-Tape reader punch and stand. $595 and shipping. 32 Kslatic programmable memory, four 8 K, S-100 boardsfactory assembled and tested. $150 each. I pay postage.Maik Lyon, 6320 Red Prairie Rd, Sheridan OR 97378.

FOR SALE: Vandenberg 16 K s latic-memory board. 4MHz, each 4 K block addressable to any 4 K boundary;S-100 bus compatible; $275. Also Practical AutomationDMPT-6-3 96-column printer with cabinet, power supply,and two CY-480 universal printer controllers; serial orparallel hookup with all documentation and driving soft-ware; $650. Both items presently in use with a SOL-20system. Send SASE for sample printout. Larry Rosen,POB 2197, Williamson WV 25661.

FOR SALE: TRS-80, 16 K, Level II processor. Perfectworking condition. In original carton with cassettes,cables, power pack, manuals, and software. Will includePixie-Verter to connect to regular TV for $10 more. Retailprice $690, will sell for $595 or best offer. I pay freightanywhere in US. Charles Fields, 924 W Washington PI,Broken Arrow OK 74012.

FOR SALE: IMSAI 8080 processor kit. Still in factory boxwith warranty. $600 or best offer. (Interface boards alsoavailable.) I am moving. Jim Siegman, 17602 OakwoodDr, Hazel Crest IL 60429, (312) 798-2536.

FOR SALE: Complete set of BYTE magazine thruDecember 1978. Excellent condition. Best offer. I payshipping. Netronics/RCA Cosmac 1802 ELF II computerkit unassembled in original carton, RCA User's Manual,applications articles; all for$75 or best offer, postpaid.Mike Au, 2006 Alaeloa St, Honolulu HI 96821, (808)548-5318.

WANTED: TI-59 or HP-67 calculator with all standardaccessories in perfect condition. The more accessoriesthe better. Willing to trade Shugart SA400 minifloppydisk drive (never been used) for calculator. Best offer willbe notified by mail or phone. Gary R Eschborn, 513Follett Run Rd, Warren PA 16365.

APPLE USERS: Add line input capabilities to your Apple-soft II programs which will enable you to input commas,colons, quotes, etc. This fix is available for $1 to coverthe cost of postage and duplication. Jules H Gilder, 202279th St, Brooklyn NY 11214.

FOR SALE: PDP-8/L minicomputer; $600. PDP-8/L withBA08 memory extension 8 K and peripheral adapter;$1200. Checked out with DEC diagnostics. Certifiedchecks only. O Glaser, 508 3rd St. West Roundup MT59072, (406) 323-2339.

WANTED: TRS-80 complete and ready to use. Level IIwith 16 K programmable memory; Level II with 4 K pro-grammable memory; Level I with 16 K programmablememory, or Level I with 4 K programmable memory. I amalso interested in TI-59. Price must be right. SCastiglioni, 2245 Glenwood Rd, Brooklyn NY 11210.

PET OWNERS: Group of three PET owners have 26 gameprograms. We will trade one for one for other PET pro-grams. Those wishing to trade should send theircassette with programs. Keith Selby. 7205 S Utica AvApt 1016 Cinnamon Stick Apartments, Tulsa OK 74136,

FOR SALE: Texas Instruments new TI-59 card program-mable calculator with PC-100A printer. Includes aviationlibrary, extra cards, programs, and PPX materials.Almost new. Meticulously maintained. Packed inoriginal cartons. Sent UPS.$287total cost. DaveBalmer,POB 325, Union Lake Ml 48085, (313) 739-4280 (bus) or669-9319 (res).

FOR SALE: TRS-80 4 K, Level II 12 inch video display,CTR-41 cassette recorder, twenty program tapes. Listprice $900, will sell for $750. J Kennedy. 5179 Eliot St,Denver CO 80221,(303)477-4114.

FOR SALE: Centronix printer Model 306. Prints 64 ASCIIcharacters. 5 by 7 dot-matrix impact, 120 cps. up to 80columns, tractor feed to 9V2 inches wide, parallel input.Includes RS-232 interface to 9600 bps, HW vertical formcontrol, auto motor control, stand, and paper tray.Technical manual. Excellent condition. $800. TomJacobs, 100 W University Pky Apt 3G, Baltimore MD21210, (301) 467-0703.

FOR SALE: Texas Instruments SR-52 handheld program-mable calculator. Factory reconditioned on April 13,1978. In perfect working order. Unit comes with two ACadapters, three sets of cards, and copies of Statistics,Financial, and EE program libraries. Best offer. Donald LMitchell, 24466 Mulholland Hwy, Calabasas CA 91302,(213) 347-3617.

FOR SALE: New factory-wired, Meca Alpha-1 dual-cassette. Includes Meca OS Version3.0. Couldn't figureout how to use it with my system! Take advantage of mymistake. $600 (or make reasonable offer). Send certifiedcheck or money order, I'll pay shipping. W D Wilkens, 24N 3rd St, Womelsdorf PA 19567.

FOR SALE: Altair8800A, VDM-11 video, MITS 1 K, S andDSales4 K, SwTPC/CT-1024 and seven or eight assortedboards with documentation. Mostly Mini Micro Martstuff, not working. $450 or best offer. Dave Johnson.3054 Roundtree. Ypsilanti Ml 48197, (313) 434-3832 after6 PM EST.

WANTED: Seeking documentation for the Merlin displayboard. Also seeking super-dense graphics option anddocumentation. Dick Walter, 2891 Baylis Dr, Ann ArborMl 48104. (313) 991-7944.

FOR SALE: Three 32 K static programmable-memoryboards. S-100, assembled and working perfectly (with2114's low-power 250 ns), used for300 hours.$495 each.Also have 2114s for S5 each, 4116s at 150 ns for $15each, Dynamic N MOS ceramic 8 K by 1 22-pin withspecification sheets, $4 each, eight for$30 and 4 K by 1Dynamic 16 pin, $3 each, eight for $22. Richard Smith,3648 Madrid Dr, San Jose CA 95132, (408) 946-0735.

Unclassified Policy

Readers who are soliciting or giving ad-vice, or who have equipment to buy, sell orswap should send in a clearly typed noticeto that effect. To be considered for publi-cation, an advertisement must be clearlynoncommercial, typed double spaced onplain white paper, contain 75 words or less,and include complete name and addressinformation.

These notices are free of charge and willbe printed one time only on a spaceavailable basis. Notices can be acceptedfrom individuals or bona fide computerusers clubs only. We can engage in nocorrespondence on these and your confir-mation of placement is appearance in anissue of BYTE.

Please note that it may take three or fourmonths for an ad to appear in themagazine.

FOR SALE: Apple 1 with 8 K programmabie memory and44-pin mother board, power supply, keyboard and 4 KBASIC on cassette plus documentation. $250. NationalMultiplex SwTPC 2SIO controller board and CC-8recorder set up for 4800 bps. Unit is for SWATBUG read-only memory with serial interface in control port.Documentation included. Best offer over $330. DigitalGroup Phi-Deck controller card plus Triple I single-deckcontroller card and remote control box. Included is onePhi-Deck, documentation, and 8080/Z80 program on cas-sette. Unit used only a few times: guaranteed to work.Best offer over $290. Items shipped collect. ClintonCook, 2737 Beachwood Dr, Merced CA 95340, (209)723-0516.

FOR SALE: SYM-1 in original carton and under warranty.First check for $230 gets it. COD is ok. Darian Carr,13709 Peyton, Dallas TX 75240.

WANTED: Jolt computer and Martin Research8008-based computer. Can also use an Intel SIM-8board. J Titus, POB 242, Blacksburg VA 24060, (703)951-9030 or (703)951-2684.

WANTED: I wish to purchase two random-beam videodisplays for use as vectored graphic displays. Displaysmust measure 12 inches or larger. Prefer working units,but can repair or modify if necessary. Will pay top dollarfor quality equipment. Send description and price.Edward Rees,8835S Oak Park Dr, Apt #20, OakCreek Wl53154, (414) 764-3093.

FOR SALE: IBM Selectric-based input/output (I/O) writer(Series 731), heavy-duty, all solenoids, 8V2 inch platen.Was working, now needs repair. Ideal for talentedtinkerer. $200, including cable and connector. Joe Bren-nan, 13 W 13th St, New York NY 10011, (212) 691-7939.

FOR SALE: TRS-80 which uses any RS-232 keyboardprinter or video display as remote terminal. Performs allkeyboard functions, places video-display data on ter-minal. Run BASIC or disk operating system from ter-minal. For information send SASE. H S Gentry, Rt 1 POB39B, Earlysville VA 22936.

FOR SALE: H11 LSI processor with maximum memory.Also contains parallel and serial interface and cables.$1000. Also, H10 paper-tape reader punch. $150. H9video terminal. $300. Can be bought individually or save$100 by buying all three. Complete with documentation,tapes, and several programs. Will deliver within a 200mile radius. Jean P Bonin, 44 Pearl St, Sidney NY 13838.

FOR SALE: Up and running IMSAI 8080 with 22-slotmainframe, MIO board, 8 K Seals memory, 16 K Godboutmemory, active terminator, logic-extender board, PolyVDM board, SDS 16 K erasable read-only memory boardwith 9.1 K IMSAI BASIC, microswitch keyboard. Costover $3000, will sell for first certified check for $900.David Rosenblatt, POB 2600, Tampa FL 33601, (813)988-3007.

November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc 295

fieaden Service

To get further information on the products advertised in BYTE, fill out the reader service card with your mime and address. Then circle the ap-propriate )iutuhcrs for the advertisers you select from the list. Add a 15-cent stamp to the card, then drop it i)i the mail. Not o)iiy do you gain infor-)}hition, but our advertisers are encouraged to use the marketplace provided In/ BYTE. This helps us bring you a bigger BYTE.

Inquiry No.

Page No.

Inquiry No.

Page No.

Inquiry No.

Page No.

Inquiry No.

Page No.

1 AB Computers 272 96

8 Administrative Systems 206 99

5 Adroit Electronics Inc 264 86

2 Advanced Access Group 228 954 Advanced Computer Products 286, 287 97

10 Affordable Microcomputer Systems 62 98

3 Aladdin Automation 173 100

6 Altos Computer Products 21 105

13 American Square Computer 58 11512 Anderson Jacobson 209 120

16 Apparat Inc 269 125

17 Apple Computer 33 130

14 ARIES Computer Products 92 127

11 ASAP Computer Products 281 131

23 Atari Personal Computers 15 13419 ATV Research 154 135

7 Automated Comp Software Service 77 133

9 Automated Comp Software Service 103 138

18 Automated Simulations 209 137

21 Avionic Enterprises Inc 268 139

24 Axiom 162 140

22 base 2 inc 51 141

15 Beckian Enterprises 272

* Beta Computer Devices 223 145

* Bits Inc 183, 240 15036 BYTE Books 176, 177 15133 Byte Shop East 208 153

39 California Digital 283 159

40 CAP Electronics 248 161

41 CAP Electronics 248

42 CCM Inc 268 16344 Central Data 133 165

46 Centronics 93 167

48 Century Research & Marketing 156 170

47 Chrislin Industries 165 171

49 COMPC0 127 169

52 COMPRINT (Comp Printers Intl) 138, 139 174

53 Compucolor 35 179

54 CompuMart 275 175

55 Computer Components of South Bay 164 176

* Computer Factory of NY 259 17758 Computer Furniture & Accessories 242 ieo

* Computer Headware 211

62 Computer Ideas Inc 171 195

65 Computer Lab of NJ 8 200

75 Computerland 149 202

77 Computer Mart of NJ & PA 79 20168 Computer Service Center 266 20567 Computer Specialties (CS) 274

70 Computer Store of San Leandro 264 208

73 Computex 240 207

76 CT Micro Computer 50 206

78 Continental Specialties 155 21083 Corvus Systems 39 212

79 Cover Craft 235 21581 C.P.U. Shop 247 217

' Creative Software 219 216

80 Cromemco 1, 2 21385 CTC 246 218

* Cybernetics Inc 238 21987 Cygol 114

89 Data Access Corp 202 214

90 DATABANK 268

91 Data Discount Center 235 225

92 The DATAK Corp 231 224

93 DataSearch 205 220

94 Data Speed 123 221126 Data-Trans 253 222128 Delta Products 73

DG Electronic Development 211

Diablo (Div of Xerox Corp) 42

Digital Pathways 137

Digital Research Corp (CA) 218

Disco-Tech 100

Dontho Scientific 233

DRC(TX)261

Dynacomp 212

Electrolabs 284, 285

Electronic Control Technology 200

Electronic Systems 250, 251, 253

Electronics Warehouse 273

Essex Publishing 215

Excel Company 205

Factory Direct Sales 226

FAIRCOM 160

Falcon Publishing 217

FMG Corp 201

Fordham Radio Supply 255

H Geller Computer Systems 225

GFN Industries 119

Gimix 46

GLA Enterprises 266

Global Parameters 118

Godbout Electronics 147

GR Electronics Ltd 225

GW Computers 170

H & E Computronics 185

Hayden Book Company 242

Heath Company 23

Heath Company 68, 69, 97

Heuristics 244

High-Tech Jewelry 268

Hobby World 262, 263

IBS/Integrated Bus Systems 188

Industrial Micro Systems 115

Infinity Micro 169

Infocient Holland 264

Information Unlimited 201

Integral Data Systems 29

Integrand 239

Intertec Data Systems 199

Ithaca Intersystems Inc 83, 220

Jade Co 290, 291

Jameco 276, 277

Jim-Pak 279

Key Supply 264

Konan 91

Lifeboat Assoc 107, 121, 178, 236

Lobo Drives International 95

Loweco 266

Macrotronics 266

Marketline 237

Matrox Electronic Systems Ltd 116

Measurement Sys & Controls 135

MetaTech 241

Micro Age Wholesale 215

Micro Ap 101

Micro Applications Group 235

Micro Applications &

Hardware (MICAH) 243

Micro Architect 235

Microbiotic Computing Inc 264

Microcomputer Applications 266

Microcomputer Tech Inc (MTI) 269

Micro DaSys 11

Micro DaSys 12, 239

Micro Data Base Systems 75

Micro Diversions 5

223 Micromail 207

229 Micro Management Systems 268204 Micro Mike's 207

226 Micro Music 163

* Micropolis 186, 187

* Micro Pro International 64, 65

227 Microsette 266

228 Microsette 268

232 Micro Soft 99

233 Micro Soft (Consumer Prod Div) 159209 Microtek 56, 59, 71

231 The Micro Works 158

235 Midwest Computer Peripherals 230

230 Mikos 278

234 Mini Business Systems 153

236 Mini Computer Suppliers 223245 Mohawk Typewriter Repair 268255 Morrow/Thinker Toys 44, 45

257 Mountain Hardware 157

258 Mountain Hardware 52260 mpi 271

278 MVT Microcomputer Systems 132

279 National Technical Schools 193

281 NEECO 150

282 NEECO 151

280 Netronics 221

289 New England Recruiters 154

285 North Star Computer 19

* NRI Schools 145

299 Ohio Scientific Instrument CIV

300 Ohio Scientific Instrument 53-55

291 OK Machine and Tool 79, 142, 143288 Oliver Advanced Engineering 239287 Omni Computer Corp 239

* onComputing 80

295 Organic Software 241

292 Osborne/McGraw-Hill 181

* Owens Associates Inc 124. 198

293 Pace Inc 217

294 Pacific Exchanges 266

296 Pacific Office Systems 274298 Page Digital 265

297 PAIA Electronics 237

303 Pan American Electronic Inc 58(A Radio Shack Auth Sales Ctr)

290 Patch Publishing Co 189

304 PerCom Data Clll

305 PerCom Data 85

307 PerCom Data 86, 87

308 PerCom Data 89

301 Personal Software 47

302 Personal Software 49

314 Pickles & Trout 213

327 Potomac Micro Magic 213

324 Practical Applications 188

312 Priority I 292, 293, 294

66 PROCOMP/New England 257

315 Prodata129331 Prodigy 125

334 Programmer's Software Exch 154

336 Protect Inc 90

322 PS Inc 227

203 Q.Kit (Div J P Conwell Corp) 234

323 Quality Computer Products 266

286 Quality Software 223311 Quest Electronics 289310 RACET Computes 108338 RADGO 148

317 Radio Hut 267

318 Radio Shack 131

* Rainbow Computing 270

* RBB Software Products 168

325 Rochester Data 174316 S-100 237

* St Jude 106320 Sara-Tech 193

341 SC Digital 237

326 SCDP 207

329 Scelbi 190, 191

330 Seattle Computer Products 167

319 Michael Shrayer Software 197

* Shugart Associates 6, 7

342 Sirius Systems 209337 68 Micro Journal 219

332 Ed Smith's Software Works 243328 Smoke Signal Broadcasting 63

* Softagon Inc 24358 Soft Sales 241

* Software Dev and Training 120306 Software Dynamics 217

333 The Software Farm 264

* Soft Warehouse 43

335 Solid State Music (SSM) 9, 10

340 Solid State Sales 282

345 Sord Computer Systems 122

346 Soroc 37

347 Sorrento Valley Associates 264

362 Source 32

356 Southwest Tech Products Corp CH

339 Sterling Software 243

353 SubLogic 241

354 Sunny International 280352 Superbrain 60, 61

* Supersoft 229

349 Sybex 105

355 Synchro Sound 112351 System Design Lab 225

350 Systems Engineering Enterprises 161361 Talos 31

360 Tarbell Electronics 41

363 Technical Systems Consultants 109

364 Tecmar Inc 96366 3-G Company 215368 3/M Company 13

380 Robert Tinney Graphics 57

376 TIS 213

375 Torry Pines Business Systems 266

381 Trimm Enclosure Products 117

313 TRS-80 Software Exchange 194, 195

309 Ucatan Computer Store 264

* United Software of America 204379 US Robotics 106

377 Vector Electronics 166374 Verbatim 25

378 Vista Computer 288

* V R Data 243384 V R Data 280387 Wameco 278

* Whales 281389 Wintek 268

391 Worldwide Electronics 264

392 Xitex 205

401 Zs Systems 201

Article No.

ARTICLE

1 Ciarcia:Thelntel8086

2 Macdonald and Gursel: Solving Soma Cube and Polyomino Puzzles

3 Maggs: Programming Strategies in the Game of Reversi

4 Maurer: Alpha-Beta Pruning

5 Govind: Interfacing the Pet to a Line Printer

6 Sivak: A Spacecraft Simulator

7 Roehrig: The National Micropastime

8 Allen: Stack It Up

9 Estep: Writing Animated Computer Games

10 Kapps: Five Useful Programs for the SC/MP

11 DeCaro: Build a Simple Digital Oscilloscope

12 Parker: The Cherry Pro Keyboard

Page

14

26

66

84

98

104

113

140

152

172

222

232

"Correspond directly with company.

August BOMB Results

The first and second place winnersof the August BOMB were "AnyoneKnow the Real Time?" by Steve Ciar-cia (page 50) and "An Overview ofLISP" by John Allen (page 10). Thesearticles placed 1.30 and 1.09 standarddeviations above the mean. First andsecond prizes of $100 and $50 will beawarded to the authors. Third placewent to "A Preview of the Motorola68000" by A I Halsema (page 170)followed by "Exploring TRS-80Graphics" by George H Yeager (page82). ■

296

November 1979 © BYTE Publications Inc

from PEFGOM

One-Drive System:

$399. (40-track) & $675. (77-track)Two-Drive System:

$795. (40-track drives) & $1350. (77-track drives)Three-Drive System:

$1195. (40-track drives) & $2025. (77-track drives)Requires Expansion Interface, Level II BASIC & 16K RAM.

Low Cost Add-On Storage for Your TRS-80'

In the Size You Want.

When ''you're ready for add-on disk storage, we're ready for you.Ready with six mini-disk storage systems — 102K bytes to 591K bytes of

additional on-line storage for your TRS-80*.

• Choose either 40-track TFD-100™ drivesor 77-track TFD-200™ drives.

• One-, two- and three-drive systems im-mediately available.

• Systems include Percom PATCH PAK#1™, on disk, at no extra charge. PATCHPAK #1™de-glitches and upgradesTRSDOS* for 40- and 77-track operation.

• TFD-100™ drives accommodate "flippydisks." Store 205K bytes per mini-disk.

• Low prices. A single-drive TFD-100TMcosts just $399. Price includes PATCHPAK #1™ disk.

• Enclosures are finished in system-compatible "Tandy-silver" enamel.

Whether you need a single, 40-track TFD-100™ add-on or a three-driveadd-on with 77-track TFD-200™s, youget more data storage for less moneyfrom Percom.

Our TFD-100™ drive, for example,lets you store 102.4K bytes of data onone side of a disk — compared to 80Kbytes on a TRS-80* mini-disk drive —and 102.4K bytes on the other side, too.Something you can't do with a TRS-80*drive. That's almost 205K bytes permini-disk.

And the TFD-200™ drives provide197K bytes of on-line storage per drive

— 197K, 394K and 591K bytes for one-,two and three-drive systems.

PATCH PAK #1™, our upgradeprogram for your TRSDOS*, not onlyextends TRSDOS* to accommodate 40-and 77-track drives, it enhancesTRSDOS* in other ways as well. PATCHPAK #1 ™ is supplied with each drivesystem at no additional charge.

The reason you get more for lessfrom Percom is simple. Peripherals arenot a sideline at Percom. Selling disksystems and other peripherals is ourmain business — the reason you getmore engineering, more reliability andmore back up support for less money.

In the Product Development Queue ... a printer interface for using your TRS-80* with anyserial printer, and ... the Electric Crayon™ to map your computer memory onto your color TVscreen — for games, animated shows, business displays, graphs, etc. Coming PDQ!

PERCOM DATA COMPANY, INC.211 N. KIRBY - GARLAND, TX. • 75042

™ TFD-100, TFD-200. PATCH PAK and Electric Crayon are trademarks of PERCOM DATA COMPANY.

•TRS-80 and TRSDOS are trademarks of TandyCorporation and Radio Shack which have no relationship to PERCOM DATA COMPANY :

To order add-on mini-disk storage for your TRS-80*,or request additional literature, call Percoms toll-freenumber: 1-800-527-1592. For detailed Technical infor-mation call (214) 272-3421.

Orders may be paid by check or money order, orcharged to Visa or Master Charge credit accounts. Texasresidents must add 5% sales tax.

Percom 'peripherals for personal computing'

Circle 304 on inquiry card.

Microcomputing comes of age.

OhioScientific'sOS-65ULevel 3 operating systemsoftware brings newnetworking and distributedprocessing capabilitiesto microprocessor basedcomputer systems.

DUMBTERMINAL

]-

DATABASE

INTELLIGENTTERMINAL

DATABASE

B.

Until now, the only alternative for lowcost multiple-user computerapplications was time-sharedsystems. However, a seriousdrawback of microcomputer or mini-computer multi-user time-sharesystems is the fact that under heavywork loads they slow down to a crawlsince the central processor time insuch a system is shared by all of theusers.

In a microprocessor based distributedprocessing system, using floppybased microcomputers as intelligentterminals (local systems) most of thework load is handled locally. Overallsystem performance does notdegrade under heavy job loads. Eachlocal system performs entry, editingand execution while utilizing thecentral data base for disk storage,printer output, and other sharedresources.

For more demanding applications it isdesirable to have several data bases,each with its own collection of localsystems. Such an inter-connected setof data bases is called a network.Each data base and its local intelligentand dumb terminals is called a cluster.

Level III

OS-65U Level 3 now supports thisadvanced networking and distributedprocessing capability as well asconventional single user operationand time-sharing. Level 3 nowsupports local clusters of intelligentmicrocomputer systems as well as

dumb terminals for the purpose ofutilizing a central Winchester disk database and other shared resources.Thesystem also has full communicationscapability with other Level 3 databases providing full network capability.

The system utilizes Ohio Scientific'slow cost, ultra high performancecomputer systems throughout for intel-ligent terminals as well as data bases.This general systems configurationprovides a cost/ performance rationever before attained in this class ofcomputer power.

Level 3 resides in each network database. A subset system resides in eachintelligent terminal. Each databasesupports up to 16 intelligent systemsand up to 16 dumb terminals.However, since dumb terminals canheavily load the system, they shouldbe kept to a minimum. Level 3 alsosupports a real time clock, printermanagement, and other sharedperipherals.

Data Base Requirements

Minimal requirements for a Level 3network data base are a C3-C or C3-Bcomputer system with 23 or 74megabytes respectively, consoleterminal, 100K bytes RAM andaCA-10X 16 port I/O board for network andcluster communications.

Intelligent Terminal Requirements

Any Ohio Scientific 8" floppy basedcomputer with 56K RAM and one database communications port.

Connections

Intelligent terminals and networkeddata bases are connected by low-costcabling. Each link can be up to 10,000feet long at a transfer rate of 500K bitsper second, and will cost typically 30$a foot (plus installation).

Syntax

Existing OS-65U based software canbe directly installed on the networkwith only one statement change!Level 3 has the most elegantly simpleprogramming syntax ever offered on acomputer network.

File syntax is as follows:

DEVA.BX.D. Local Floppies \ unchanged fromJ single user andDEV E Local hard disks t timeshare systems

DEV K-Z Specific network

Data Bases

Each of up to 8 open files per user can

be from 8 separate origins. Specific

file and shared peripheral contentions

are handled by 256 network

semaphores

with the syntax Waite N

Waite N, close.

The network automatically prioritizesmultiple resource requests and eachuser can specify a time out onresource requests. Semaphores areautomatically reset on errors andprogram completion providing thesystem with a high degree ofautomatic recovery.

SALESCLERKS

INVENTORYCONTROL

PURCHASING

RECEIVING

=

DB23M

B.i

DB

74M

■c^s:

bd.H

CONTROLLER

>-c^m

DB74M

A Typical System

A typical system with two networkdata bases will have 148 megabytes ofdisk, four intelligent subsystemsequipped with dual floppies, two dumbterminals, a word processing printer, afast line printer, network data basemanager software and 1000 ft. of inter-connecting cable. Utlizing .7 MIPSprocessors throughout it will cost lessthan $50,000 plus installation. GToption computers (1.2 MIPS) can beutilized at a slightly higher cost.

One Step at a Time

Best of all, Ohio Scientific users candevelop distributed processingsystems economically one step at atime. A user can start with a singleuser floppy system, add a hard disk,then time-sharing, then a secondWinchester data base for backup andfinally cluster intelligent terminals toachieve a full network configuration.

1333 S. Chillicothe Road

Aurora, Ohio 44202

(216) 562-3101

Circle 299 on inquiry-card.