Byte Magazine Volume 05 Number 03 - Computers in the Labratory

This book was produced in EPUB format by the Internet Archive.

The book pages were scanned and converted to EPUB format automatically. This process relies on optical character recognition, and is somewhat susceptible to errors. The book may not offer the correct reading sequence, and there may be weird characters, non-words, and incorrect guesses at structure. Some page numbers and headers or footers may remain from the scanned page. The process which identifies images might have found stray marks on the page which are not actually images from the book. The hidden page numbering which may be available to your ereader corresponds to the numbered pages in the print edition, but is not an exact match; page numbers will increment at the same rate as the corresponding print edition, but we may have started numbering before the print book's visible page numbers. The Internet Archive is working to improve the scanning process and resulting books, but in the meantime, we hope that this book will be useful to you.

The Internet Archive was founded in 1996 to build an Internet library and to promote universal access to all knowledge. The Archive's purposes include offering permanent access for researchers, historians, scholars, people with disabilities, and the general public to historical collections that exist in digital format. The Internet Archive includes texts, audio, moving images, and software as well as archived web pages, and provides specialized services for information access for the blind and other persons with disabilities.

Created with abbyy2epub (v.1.7.0)

^fattk BIG

State of the art "Winchester"type hard disk with a datastorage capacity of nearly 16 Megabytes, makes theSWTPC 6809 system the most flexible as well as the mostpowerful eight-bit microcomputer system in the world.The intelligent controller, using DMA data transfer, makesmaximum use of the "Winchester" capability. It is com-pletely compatible with the FLEX9 operating system usedon the SWTPC 6809 floppy disk system.

CDS-1 "Winchester" disk drive with controller. .$3,995.00Cabinet—matching our 6809 computer desk . . . $150.00

SOUTHWEST TECHNICAL PRODUCTS CORPORATION

219 W. RHAPSODY

SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS 78216 (512) 344-0241

Circle 279 on inquiry card.

Z-2H

SomputerfijstenL^

C Cromemco

Low-cost nara qisk computersare here and field pit

i

\t/L3 i

11 megabytes of hard disk and 64 kilobytes of fast RAM in a

Z80A computer for under $10K. Two floppy drives, too.

Naturally, it's from Cromemco.

It's a reality. In Cromemco's newModel Z-2H you get all of the aboveand even more. With Cromemco youget it all.

In this new Model Z-2H you getnot only a large-storage Winchesterhard disk drive but also two floppydisk drives. In the hard disk drive youget unprecedented storage capacityat this price—11 megabytes unfor-matted.

You get speed—both in the 4 MHzZ80A microprocessor and in the fast64K RAM which has a chip accesstime of only 150 nanoseconds. Youget speed in the computer minimuminstruction execution time of 1 micro-second. You get speed in the harddisk transfer rate of 5.6 megabits/sec.

EXPANDABILITY

You get expandability, too. Thehigh-speed RAM can be expanded to512 kilobytes if you wish.

And the computer has a full 12-slotcard cage you can use for additionalRAM and interface cards.

BROADEST SOFTWARE SUPPORT

With the Z-2H you also get thebroadest software support in the

microcomputer field. Software Cro-memco is known for. Software likethis:

• Extended BASIC

• FORTRAN IV

• RATFOR (RATional FORtran)

• COBOL

• Z80 Macro Assembler

• Word Processing System

• Data Base Management

with more coming all the time.

SMALL, RUGGED, RELIABLE

With all its features the new Z-2H,including its hard disk drive, is stillhoused in just one compact cabinet.

Included in that cabinet, too, isCromemco ruggedness and reliability.Cromemco is time-proved. Ourequipment is a survey winner forreliability. Of course, there's Cro-memco's all-metal cabinet. Rugged,solid. And, there's the heavy-dutypower supply (30A @ 8V, 15A @+ 18 V, and 15A @ -18V) for cir-cuitry you'll sooner or later Want toplug into those free card slots.

SEE IT NOW

Last summer we told you this newZ-2H would be a smash. And it is.So see it at your dealer's now. Havehim put you in touch with a user—there are lots of them becauseCromemco has been delivering formonths. See for yourself how pleasedour users are.

Hard disk drive at lower left can be Inter-changed just by sliding out and disconnectingplug. Seven free card slots are available.Z-2H includes printer interface card.

PRESENT CROMEMCO USERS

We've kept you in mind, too. Askabout the new Model HDD DiskDrive which can combine with yourpresent Cromemco computer to giveyou up to 22 megabytes of diskstorage.

Circle 1 on inquiry card.

r^J Cromemco

incorporated

280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 • (415)964-7400

Tomorrow's computers today

BYTE March 1980

E^Sfe

LatchedOutputs

4 MHzCrystal Clock

On Card

Voltage

Regulation

Parallel

I/O Port #1

\

ParallelI/O Port #2

/

Parallel

I/O Port #3

\

RS-23ZorCurrent LoopI/O Port #4

/

8KR0MCapacity

IK RAM

Standard Bus

for System

Expandability

ProgrammableBaud RateUART with

Interval Timers

4 MHz Z-80A

Completely BufferedBus Interface

The single card computer

with the featuresthat help you in real life

COMPLETE COMPUTER

In this advanced card you get a pro-fessional quality computer that meetstoday's engineering needs. And it's onethat's complete. It lets you be up andrunning fast. All you need is a powersupply and your ROM software.

The computer itself is super. Fast4 MHz operation. Capacity for 8K bytesof ROM (uses 2716 PROMs which canbe programmed by our new 32K BYTE-SAVER® PROM card). There's also 1K ofon-board static RAM. Further, you getstraightforward interfacing through anRS-232 serial interface with ultra-fastspeed of up to 76,800 baud — softwareprogrammable.

Other features include 24 bits of bi-directional parallel I/O and five on-board programmable timers.

Add to that vectored interrupts.

ENORMOUS EXPANDABILITY

Besides all these features the Cro-memco single card computer gives youenormous expandability if you ever needit. And it's easy to expand. First, youcan expand with the new Cromemco32K BYTESAVER PROM card mentionedabove. Then there's Cromemco's broadline of S100-bus-compatible memoryand I/O interface cards. Cards with fea-tures such as relay interface, analoginterface, graphics interface, opto-isolator input, and A/D and D/A con-version. RAM and ROM cards, too.

Card Cage 32K BYTESAVER PROM card

EASY TO USE

Another convenience that makes theModel SCC computer easy to use is ourZ-80 monitor and 3K Control BASIC (intwo ROMs). With this optional softwareyou're ready to go. The monitor givesyou 12 commands. The BASIC, with 36commands/functions, will directly ac-cess I/O ports and memory locations —and call machine language subroutines.

Finally, to simplify things to the ulti-mate, we even have convenient cardcages. Rugged card cages. They holdcards firmly. No jiggling out of sockets.

AVAILABLE NOW/LOW PRICE

The Model SCC is available now at alow price of only $450 burned-in andtested (32K BYTESAVER only $295).

So act today. Get this high-capabilitycomputer working for you right away.

a

Cromemco

incorporatedSpecialists in computers and peripherals

280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 • (415) 964-7400

BYTE March 1980

Circle 1 on inquiry card.

M

In The Oueue

WII March 1980Volume 5, Number 3

Foreground

page 60

page 114

17 EASE INTO 16-BIT COMPUTING: GET 16-BIT PERFORMANCE FROM AN8-BIT COMPUTER by Steve Ciarcia

Steve tells you how the Intel 8088 is well-suited for building a minimum-configuration 16-bit computer.

34 ELECTRON BEHAVIOR IN A CHEMICAL BOND by Michael Liebl

Learn how to use a computer to explore the inner processes of a molecule by finding solutions to the Schrodingerwave equation.

74 SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING VARIABLE TERRAIN, PART 2: SPECIALCASES, INCLUDING HEXAGONAL GRIDS by Scott T Jones

After developing a general algorithm last month, Scott now explores several modifications that may be applied totypical conflict-simulation problems.

126 A POWER-LINE PROTECTION CIRCUIT by Neil Schneider and Bror Erickson

For hobby applications where an isolation transformer is too big and expensive, this relay-based circuit can providesome protection from power-line wiring errors.

130 LANDING MODULE SIMULATION WITH RANDOM SURFACE by S J Houng

This game uses the Motorola MEK6800 D2 kit. It can be interfaced to display the landing approach on anoscilloscope.

142 THE DIRT-CHEAP BOOTSTRAP, MORE NOTES ON BRINGING UP AMICROCOMPUTER by Albert S Woodhull

An inexpensive way to add front-panel functions to a minimal microcomputer system.

156 HYDROCARBON MOLECULE CONSTRUCTOR, by Randall S Matthews

The program presented here uses the high-resolution graphics ability of the Apple II to give a visual representationof molecular bonding.

232 SUPER TIC by J Roehrig

This is a three-dimensional, 4-by-4-by-4, tic-tac-toe game that can play against a human opponent. The programhas ten levels of expertise, is written in BASIC, and can be modified to run in two dimensions.

Background

60 HEWLETT-PACKARD'S NEW PERSONAL COMPUTER, THE HP-85

by Christopher P Morgan

A first look at a personal computer from a company esteemed for its calculators and minicomputers.

84 TRS-80 PERFORMANCE, EVALUATION BY PROGRAM TIMING

by James R Lewis

James provides us with a direct comparison of the TRS-80 computer with an IBM System/370.

114 ELECTRONIC PLANIMETRY by Peter A Santi, John Fryhofer and GregoryHansen

These authors describe a situation in which a specialized tool was replaced by a general-purpose minicomputer.

194 OPERATION CODES FOR 8080, 8085, AND Z80 PROCESSORS

by D Martin Harrell

The need to convert an assembler mnemonic to the hexadecimal object code often occurs when programming the8080 microprocessor family. Here is a helpful summary of related information.

230 TO ERR IS HUMAN by Roger A McGregor

Techniques to enable your computer to detect and correct typographical errors in assembly-language programs.

Nucleus

6 Editorial: Hunting the Com-puterized Eclipse

14 Letters

68, 212, 240 Programming Quickies:Gear-Ratio Calculations for BicycleDerailleurs; and many more108 BYTE News168 Book Reviews174 BYTE's Bits176 Clubs and Newsletters180 BYTE's Bugs

184 Product Review: Lucidata P-6800

Pascal

186 Technical Forum: The Direct

Impact of the Computer; Cutting the

Gregorian Knot

208 Desktop Wonder: The Periodic

Chart at Your Fingertips....

218 Event Queue

246 What's New?

287 Unclassified Ads

288 Reader Service, BOMB

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Publishers

Virginia Londoner, Gordon R WilliamsonAssociate PublisherJohn E HayesAssistant

Jill ECallihan

Editorial Director

Carl T Helmers Jr

Editor in Chief

Christopher P Morgan

Editors

Richard S Shuford, Gregg Williams

Editorial Assistant

Faith Ferry

New Products Editor

Clubs, Newsletters

Charles Freiberg

Drafting

Jon Swanson

Production Director

Nancy EstleSenior Copy Editor

David William Hayward

Copy Editors

Faith Hanson, Warren Williamson,

Robin M Moss, Anthony J Lockwood

Production Art

Wai Chiu Li, Christine Dixon,

Holly Carmen LaBossiere, Deborah Porter

Typographers

Cheryl A Hurd, Debe L Wheeler,Sherry McCarthy

Advertising Director

Thomas Harvey

Assistants

Ruth M Walsh, Marion Gagnon

Marketing Coordinator

Laura A Hanson

Circulation Manager

Gregory Spitzfaden

Assistants

Pamela R H Spitzfaden, Agnes E Perry,

Melanie Bertoni, Barbara Varnum

Dealer Sales

Anne M Baldwin

Receptionist

Jacqueline Earnshaw

Traffic Department

Mark Sandagata, Thomas Yanni

Controller

Daniel RodriguesAssistantMary E FluhrAdvertising Billing

Karen Burgess

National Advertising Sales Representatives:

Hajar Associates Inc

East

280 Hillside Av, Needham Heights MA 02194

(617) 444-3946

521 Fifth Av, New York NY 10017

(212) 682-5844

Midwest

664 N Michigan Av, Suite 1010,

Chicago IL 60611 (312) 337-8008

West, Southwest

1000 Elwell Ct, Suite 227, Palo Alto CA 94303

(415) 964-0706/(714) 540-3554

ON THE COVER

This month's cover theme is "Computers in the Laboratory." Per-sonal computers can be employed as a tool of analysis and control inscientific applications. We celebrate this theme with a fantasy sug-gestive of one area of scientific application: an advanced color-graphics-oriented personal computer is shown over a Bunsen burneron a beaker stand. On the terminal is a high-resolution image of someliquid boiling. This computer, without floppy-disk drives, certainlysuggests a future direction: built-in, permanent mass storage with suf-ficient capacity to eliminate any need for removable media. We mighteven conjecture that a pattern is shown here being "boiled" into abubble memory.

Officers of McGraw-Hill Publications Company: Paul F. McPherson, President; Executive VicePresidents: James E. Boddorf, Gene W. Simpson; Group Vice President: Daniel A. McMillan; SeniorVice President-Editorial: Ralph R. Schulz; Vice Presidents: Kemp Anderson, Business SystemsDevelopment; Stephen C. Croft, Manufacturing; Robert B. Doll, Circulation; James E. Hackett, Con-troller; William H. Hammond, Communications; Eric B. Herr, Planning and Development; John W. Pat-ten, Sales; Edward E. Schirmer, International.

Officers of the Corporation: Harold W McGraw Jr, President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairmanof the Board; Robert F Landes, Senior Vice President and Secretary; Ralph J Webb, Treasurer.

BYTE is published monthly by BYTE Publications Inc, 70 Main St, Peterborough NH03458, a wholly-owned subsidiary of McGraw-Hill, Inc. Address all mail except subscrip-tions to above address: phone (603) 924-9281. Address subscriptions, change ofaddress, USPS Form 3579, and fulfillment questions to BYTE Subscriptions, PO Box590, Martinsville NJ 08836. Second class postage paid at Peterborough NH 03458 and atadditional mailing offices—USPS Publication No. 102410 (ISSN 0360-5280). Canadiansecond class registration number 9321. Subscriptions are $18 for one year, $32 for twoyears, and $46 for three years in the USA and its possessions. In Canada and Mexico,$20 for one year, $36 for two years, $52 for three years. $32 for one year air delivery toEurope. $32 surface delivery elsewhere. Air delivery to selected areas at additional ratesupon request. Single copy price is $2.50 in the USA and its possessions, $2.95 in Canadaand Mexico, $4.00 in Europe, and $4.50 elsewhere. Foreign subscriptions and salesshould be remitted in United States funds drawn on a US bank. Printed in United Statesof America.

Address all editorial correspondence to the editor at the above address. Unaccep-table manuscripts will be returned if accompanied by sufficient first class postage. Notresponsible for lost manuscripts or photos. Opinions expressed by the authors are notnecessarily those of BYTE. Entire contents copyright © 1980 by BYTE Publications Inc.All rights reserved. <.y"° »

BYTE® is available in microform from University Microfilms International, */^7nr^\'°300 N Zeeb Rd, Dept PR, Ann Arbor Ml 48106 USA or 18 Bedford Row, Dept „<< AHL)/*PR, London WC1R 4EJ ENGLAND. y^S^o

Subscription WATS Line: (800) 258-5485

Office hours: Mon-Thur 8:30 AM - 4:30 PM, Friday 8:30 AM - Noon, Eastern Time

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

512 x 484 resolutiondisplay supervised byits own Z80 micropro-cessor

32K bytes of dual portmemory give a com-pletely undisturbedscreen imageResident software em-ulates an ASCII ter-minal and providesgraphics routines forpoint, line, region, andlight pen usage, andmore

Compatible with anyS-l 00 system, yet eas-ily interfaced to othercomputers

72 key keyboard withgraphics functionkeys

15" high performancemonitor

SUBSYSTEMS

ByMicro Diversions

Wordsmith Word Pro-cessor software40-line page displaySelectric layout key-board plus 20 Word-smith function keys

15" high performancemonitor

Compatible with S-100systems

Complete documenta-tion

Call or write:Micro Diversions, Inc.

8455-D Tyco Road

Vienna, Virginia 22180

(703) 827-0888

,ook tor

Shugarl drives

in personal

computer systems

made by these

companies.

Altos Computer Systems

2378-B Walsh AvenueSanta Clara, CA 95050

Apple Computer

10260 Bandley Dr.Cupertino. CA 95014

Commodore Business Machines, Inc.

3330 Scott BoulevardSanta Clara, CA 95050

Digital Microsystems Inc.

(Formerly Digital Systems)4448 Piedmont Ave.Oakland, CA 94611

Industrial Micro Systems

633 West Katella, Suite LOrange, CA 92667

North Star Computer

2547 9th StreetBerkeley, CA 94710

Polymorphic Systems

460 Ward Dr.

Santa Barbara. CA 93111

Problem Solver Systems

20834 Lassen StreetChatsworth, CA 91311

Processor Applications Limited

2801 E. Valley View AvenueWest Covina, CA 91792

Technico Inc.

9130 Red Branch RoadColumbia, MD 21045

Texas Electronic Instruments

5636 EtheridgeHouston, TX 77087

Thinker Toys

1201 10th StreetBerkeley, CA 94710

^.Shugart

6 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Editorial

Hunting theComputerized Eclipse

by Carl Helmets

As noted last month, the subject of this editorial is completing sometechnical details of a project that has consumed all my spare time during theclosing months of 1979. This project is the practical execution of what wasreally a pipe dream last March when the July 1979 editorial ("Computers andEclipses") was written. The July editorial was inspired by my travels theprevious February to see my first total solar eclipse from a roadside nearRoundup, Montana. During that event, which took place in cold wintryweather, all my pictures were taken manually using the telephoto lens on myNikon F2A camera. I knew there had to be a better way of controlling mycamera during an eclipse event, and set about concocting a suitable firstapproximation of a computer-control method.

As a result of writing about the problem, I received a letter from and even-tually met one of our readers, Norm Whyte, of Monte Rio, California. In thecourse of the ensuing correspondence and telephone calls, we developed adegree of friendship based on mutual interests in matters scientific andtechnological. The result was that since there were a couple of berths left in thetravel plans for Norm's eclipse trip to Kenya during February 1980, I was ableto become more serious about making a real version of the fantasy sketchoutlined in last July's editorial.

With the decision to go made, the next decision was how to implement thesystem. The number one step, of course, was to order a motor drive and amagazine back for the Nikon camera. I quickly came to the conclusion that if Iwere going to travel all the way to Kenya to watch 4 minutes of celestialfollies, more than thirty-six exposures would be appropriate. The Peter-borough Camera Shop did their job, so by September I had the motor drive,and I had the magazine-back and bulk-loading accessories by mid-October.The camera system and methods of developing a 250-frame roll in a smallbatch tank were debugged at the camera store in November, through theefforts of its owner Wayne Esty and lab technician Skip DeLiquori.

At about this time, I began testing my refined concept of electrical controlfor the motor-drive /shutter mechanism. It took about 15 minutes to verifywhat I wanted to know: applying an ohmmeter and a miniature Phillipsscrewdriver to the detachable control head of the motor drive, I was able todetermine the proper wiring of the four-wire MC-1 remote-control cable I hadpurchased. In the normal use of a Nikon motor drive, this cable serves as theelectrical equivalent of a mechanical cable release.

In my application, I simply cut off and set aside the extension socket for thecontrol head. In its place I wired an electronic simulation of the control head.This electronic simulation is the circuit of figure 1 (see page 10), which acts likethe push-button switch of the motor drive head. One silicon diode is requiredin the logic which distinguishes between single shot and continuous firing ofthe motor drive.

The relatively machine-independent, Pascal language interface to themachine-dependent absolute addresses of the annunciator output ANO is pro-vided through a variant record technique. This technique works in UCSDPascal implementations such as Apple Pascal, but may not work in all imple-mentations since it definitely "bends" the formal definition of the language.

■

■'•.»"

UUFSI

111 lop

«■•%,,

V'ft

■

fV

ilillM

ii'-''''~'jit i-■/

■ii— ! >?-*—■■■

■

Shugart invented the minifloppy in 1976.Today there are more than 100,000 of the little drivesin use. That's because users want the affordablerandom access data storage of the minifloppy.

Shugart packs years of proven floppydrive technology into this tiny package. Up to 110kbytes of data storage. Fast random access ofabout one-half second. And high speed data trans-fer of 125 kbits per second. Plus sensible,maintenance-free features like write protect toprevent accidental data loss, an activity light toindicate when the drive is selected by yourcomputer and a door interlock to protect yourmedia from damage.

Our proprietary read/write head providesmaximum data interchange margins, and it is

positioned precisely on the selected track by apatented spiral cam actuator. The DC drive motorwith integral tachometer assures accurate disketterotation and low heat dissipation. A die castaluminum base plate provides a solid foundationfor the drive.

At Shugart, technology leadership is morethan a slogan, it's a commitment. Get reliabilityand value when you invest your money for floppydisk storage. Ask for the standard of the industry,minifloppy. If it isn't Shugart, it isn't minifloppy.

Shugart Associates

435 Oakmead Parkway, Sunnyvale. California 94086

TM minifloppy Is registered trademark of Shugart Associates

BYTE March 1980

Photo 1: The Camera. The camera equipment has slightly ex-panded since originally conceived. The method of interfacinghas also been greatly simplified. The camera now has a250-exposure magazine back, which will be loaded with ASA 64Kodak Ektachrome slide film. It turns out that the Nikon MD-2motor drive allows direct computer control of camera opera-tion, through a single bit interface (see figure 1). When the shut-ter speed control is in the "bulb" position, this single bit out ofthe computer controls exposure time and motor drive action.

A transition from 0 to 1 opens the camera shutter after flip-ping the reflex mirror out of the way; a transition from 1 to 0closes the shutter and causes the motor drive to advance the filmto the next frame. The optically isolated two-transistor interfaceis wired to the four conductors in the Nikon MC-1 remote shut-ter extension cable. Readers should refer back to the July 1979BYTE editorial for a much more elaborate and probably un-workable mechanical kludge suggestion.

All one needs to do is reference the appropriate address.One address, if referenced, sets the ANO output line; thesecond address, if referenced, resets the ANO line. Icould have used the Apple-dependent, machine-languageroutine called TTLOUT, but decided instead to use thevariant record escape of setting a pointer to an integer ad-dress value. The test program of listing 4 was used toverify the operation of the circuit in figure 1.

At the stage of this editoral's writing during December1979, I had created a Pascal program shown in listing 1(with execution shown in listings 2 and 3 photographedfrom my terminal). This program represents the most dif-ficult part of the model, allocating the detail exposuretimes for all the shots of the eclipse.

The advantages of using this high-level languagebecome obvious whenever such an elaborate program iseven contemplated. I started out with a first version ofthe program that defined the application-specific datatypes of "seconds," "milliseconds," "absolute-time,""exposures," and "an-exposure-detail." The records"absolute-time" and "an-exposure-detail" give examplesof how Pascal may be used to create conceptuallyoriented data types for specific purposes.

In this real-time simulation, I chose to use the milli-second as the basic unit of time, with actual time valueson the order of seconds expressed as a two-part recordwith an integer value 0 thru 999 of milliseconds and an in-teger value of 0 thru 32,767 of seconds. I chose to expresstime in this manner as a part of my original intention touse a small, single-board computer programmed in

Photo 2: Field computer equipment. My original plan was totake a small, single board computer for use in the field.However, as the winter solstice of 1979 was fast approaching, itbecame obvious that it would be far easier to simply take alongthe Apple II Pascal machine which has the complete simulationof the event written in a high-level form. Thus, I went huntingat a local computer store, where I came upon a truly elegantApple II traveling case. (Contact Bob McGuffie, Computerlandof Nashua, New Hampshire, if you want one. I paid $108 forthis product.) The case will accept two floppy-disk drives, theApple, and the Sanyo miniature television which will be used asmy field display. (At the eclipse field site, we will have 110 VAC power provided by a small gasoline generator.)

assembly language. Such an expression of the data wouldhave made it easy to translate the high-level languagesimulation into a hand-crafted small program.

(After time started growing short and I had not yetreceived the small computer I had intended to use, Istarted asking skeptical questions like: "Why should Iflagellate myself with a macroassembly language expres-sion of a perfectly good program written in Pascal7"After all, this "big machine" with its new suitcase is cer-tainly portable and has the single-bit output needed.)

The variables needed by the program are declared withlong, explanatory names immediately following theTYPE declarations. Thus, whenever I need a variablewhich is intended to be an "absolute-time" value, Ideclare it using the application-specific type of that name.

Text continued on page 12

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 2 on inquiry card.,

At Intersystems,"dump" is an instruction.

Not a way of life.

(Or, when you're ready for IEEE S-100, will yourcomputer be ready for you?]

We're about to be gadflies again.

While everyone's been busytrying to convince you that largebuses housed in strong metalboxes will guarantee versatilityand ward off obsolescence, we'vebeen busy with something better.Solving the real problem with thefirst line of computer productsbuilt from the ground up to con-form to the new IEEE 5-100 BusStandard. Offering you extra ver-satility in 8-bit applications today.And a full 16 bits tomorrow.

We call our new line SeriesII™ And even if you don't need thefull 24-bit address for up to 16megabytes (!) of memory rightnow, they're something to thinkabout. Because of all the perform-

ance, flexibility and economythey offer. Whether you're lookingat a new mainframe, expandingyour present one or upgradingyour system with an eye to thefuture. (Series II boards are com-patible with most existing S-100systems and all IEEE S-100 Stan-dard cards as other manufacturersget around to building them.)

Consider some of the fea-tures: Reliable operation to 4MHzand beyond. Full compatibilitywith 8- and 16-bit CPUs, pe-ripherals and other devices. Eightlevels of prioritized interrupts. Upto 16 individually-addressableDMA devices, with IEEE Standardoverlapped operation. User-selec-table functions addressed by DIP-switch or jumpers, eliminating sol-dering. And that's just for openers.

The best part is that all thisheady stuff is available nowl Inour advanced processor —a fullIEEE Bus Master featuring MemoryMap™ addressing to a full mega-byte. Our fast, flexible 16K StaticRAM and 64K Dynamic RAMboards. An incredibly versatile and

economical 2-serial, 4-parallelMultiple I/O board. 8-bit A/D-D/Aconverter. Our Double-DensityHigh-Speed Disk Controller. Andwhat is undoubtedly the most flex-ible front panel in the business.Everything you need for a com-plete IEEE S-100 system. Availableseparately, or all together in ournew DPS-1 Mainframe!

Whatever your needs, whydump your money into obsoleteproducts labelled "IEEE timingcompatible" or other words peo-ple use to make up for a lack ofproduct. See the future now, atyour Intersystems dealer or call/write for our new catalog. We'lltell you all about Series II and thenew IEEE S-100 Bus we helpedpioneer. Because it doesn't makesense to buy yesterday's productswhen tomorrow's are already here.

DDDfeO^SfeDODS'

Ithaca Intersystems Inc.,1650 Hanshaw Road/P.O. Box 91,

Ithaca, NY 14850607-257-0190/TWX: 510 255 4346

to

° >

£ "

6 •«

2°

-< VI VI

•» ^

tn <y

z

< z

tea.i-z

u-00

.c > -

1-

j= O <a 2.. C

rH-TS IS

6?J o **

O I

UUJ

in

il

Si

H tcO UJ

Z I-

r^

UJ

■H Q.

-t

Z ■

O

a.

= S

tH

> Q

O

in z

+ a

10 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 3 on inquiry card.

New from SSM.

/,/,/. /.

''■-.■''mnu/iMfM,-

/. / A"

"A"Vi\

■■■ mini,' •imir

80 Character Video

With

our VB3 is the perfect videointerface for word processing.It produces a standard 80x24display of upper and lower casecharacters or as much as 80x51for a full page of text.The matrixfor graphic display goes up to160x204. And with optionalEPROM, as many as 256 userprogrammed characters orsymbols can be produced.

VB3 is memory mappedfor rapid screen updating. But itoccupies memory only whenactivated. So one or more VB3scan be located at the sameaddress with a full 65K of mem-ory still available to the user.

It generates both U.S. andEuropean TV rates and meetsthe new IEEE S-100 standard.Other features include key-board input, black on white orwhite on black, one level of grey,underline, strike thru, blinkingchar., blank-out char., andprogrammable cursor. Softwareincludes a CP/M compatibledriver and a powerful terminalsimulator.

VB3 is available in severalconfigurations. Retail pricesstart at S.Y75 kit. $440assembled.

Z-80 CPU

designing the CB2 to

it will be the most fully S-100

compatible Z-80 CPU on the

market.

It operates at 2MHZ or4MHZ by DIP switch selectionand includes two sockets for2716/2732 EPROMs orTMS4016 2K RAMs. Memory sock-ets can be disabled. Separaterun/stop and single step switchesallow system evaluation withoutthe benefit of a front panel.

CB2 also features anMWRITE signal, firmwarevector jump, and an output portto control 8 extended addresslines (allowing use of more than65K. of memory). Jumperoptions generate the new IEEES-100 signals to insure futureS-100 compatibility.

Retail price—$210 kit,$275, assembled.

Our line. CPU, Video. I/O, RAM.EPROM, EPROM Programmer,Music, Prototyping,Terminator,Extender, and Mother boards. 1Available assembled or as kits.

"080 CPU

r popular CB1 with theexception that the on-boardRAM has been increased from256 bytes to a full IK.

It also features an optional2K of 2708 EPROMs, power-on/reset vector jump, MWRITE,parallel input port with statusand DIP switch addressing.

Retail price—$159 kit,S219 assembled.

ssm

2116 Walsh Avenue

Santa Clara, CA 95050 (408) 246-2707

Send for our free brochure and findout why SSM has become the favoriteof discerning Hobbyists and OEMs.

rfH*£

Listing 1: A Pascal eclipse interval-allocation program. Thislisting contains the first cut at a Pascal camera-control programfor the 1980 solar eclipse. The program's name is "eclipse-monitor-simulation" in order to emphasize that the entire pro-cess is a conceptual simulation of an actual detailed sequence ofevents. At this stage in the design, most of the model detailshave been selected in order to produce a detailed time linespecified by tables. The input parameters to the program are thenumber of exposures, the number of exposures during totality,the time expected for totality at the site of observation, and thetime to be reserved at the end of totality for manual cuing of thesecond diamond ring/Baily's beads (so-called third contact) ex-posure sequence. Listings 2 and 3 were made photographicallyfrom the terminal during a run of the program. The program asshown here has the time allocation portion completed, with thedetails of the actual time line simulation represented by dummyprocedures, which were written in late December 1979.

Photo 3: The Apple II/Nikon interface. The interface of figure 1was wired on a framework of "P" pattern Vector perforatedboard. Vector terminal pins were used to provide anchorage forthe Apple II cable (left edge), the cable from the Nikon MC-1shutter extension (right edge), the connector for a9V transistorradio battery (bottom edge), and mountings for the two NPNtransistors. Wiring was done using number 20 guage copperwire for most connections; wire-wrap connections were used forone or two signal buses.

Text continued from page 8:

The model I am using for exposure control is a table-driven one, with two tables of the data type "an-exposure-detail." The table "ten-shot-grouping" is ini-tialized (in procedure "initialize," naturally) with a set often exposures bracketing a range from 2 milliseconds toabout 4 seconds. The second table "transient-shots" isused to specify the exposures that will be taken during thetransient diamond ring events at the beginning and theend of the eclipse.

The exposure control details are provided by twonumbers in my model: the number of millisecondsdevoted to the open camera shutter state, and the numberof milliseconds of waiting time which will be used toseparate the shot from the next shot. This waiting time isinitialized to an "overhead-duration" figure set by aPascal constant of that name. The present value of"overhead-duration" is set at 200 milliseconds, corres-ponding to the motor drive's maximum speed of 5 framesper second. This initial value of the time required for eachframe is used for the first pass through the procedure"sum-up-eclipse" in order to calculate the minimum timeneeded for all the exposures in the total phase.

The procedure "normalize-timing" is the main portionof the simulation program as it stands in listing 1. Aftersome initialization dialog in listing 2, the procedure"alloc-exposures" is used to assign an equal number ofexposures to each diamond ring sequence (second contactand third contact) given the number of exposures duringtotality and the total number of exposures available inthe bulk film cassette.

Then the procedure "preliminary-allocation" is used tototal up the time requirements of the diamond ring expo-sures, totality exposures, and an arbitrary amount ofslack time entered to allow a hand-coordinated cuing ofthe third contact diamond ring sequence. The margin

Text continued on page 102

NOTES

ABOUT

THE

DESIGN

P R D C E S S

Step l: High Level Description - begun November 22» 1979

This is a first cut at a program to simulate the eclipsephotography process, and define some of the necessary globaldata of the problem.

COMPLETED 11/24/79

Step 2: Fill in allocation details -

Achieve a complete allocation of the eclipse camera con-trol function as evidenced by calculation of a detailed timeline for the eclipse event given various conditions!Given I

n = number of totality exposuresm - number of diamond ring exposurest = totality time

s = slack in allocated totality timeThen let us seek the following...

* d2 = diamond ring time at 2nd contact

* d3 = diamond ring time at 3rd contact

* z = extra slack (one half of diamond ring total)f p = anticipation time (half first diamond ring)

* A = reouired time for exposures during totality

* 3 = allocated totality time for exposures* >: = margin per frame in totality

Theorems!

d2»d3 derived from table of diamond ring framesft derived from table of totality framesz = Cd2 + d3)/2p = d2 / 2

x = (a

A) / n

PROCEDURES Detailed Here Are...initializenormalize

COMPLETED 12/14/79

Step 3! Fill in the simulated details...

Create a program which uses the results of step 3 togo through a detailed time line of the experiment on paper(or terminal screen). Each event (shutter transitionopen—>close or close-->open will be marked by a report ofits nature and time of execution relative to <start> signal

PROCEDURES Detailed Here Are...await-Cue

diamond-ring-bursttotality

Step 4! Adapt to real time control -

Put in augmentations of the software to actually demon-strate operation with the Nikon F2A camera via a relayplugged into the Apple 11 Game Paddle SocketTHIS IS THE FINAL FORM OF THE PROGRAM TO BE USED IN THEFIELD CONTROLLING THE EXPERIMENT...

Necessary step! determining a method of measuring timeintervals from the CPU clock which is consistent with UCSDPascal. Possibly use assembly language subroutine.

PROGRAM ecliPse_monitor-simulation*

CONST

overhead-duration

200 Cmi1liseconds}!

TYPE

seconds = INTEGER!milliseconds ■ INTEGER!absolute-time =RECORD

units ! seconds!thousandths ! millisecondsEND!exposures = INTEGER!an_exposure_detail =RECORD

duration ! milliseconds!wait-after ! millisecondsENDSstring-pointer = tSTRING!

crash-ahead

STRING:L2B3IBOOLEAN!

Listing 1 continued on page 96

12

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 4 on inquiry card.,

MORE CAPABILITIES THANANY OTHER PERSONAL COMPUTER

UNDER $1,000*

Compare the built-in features of theATARI""800'Mwith other leading personalcomputers. Whether you program ityourself or use pre-programmed car-tridges or cassettes, the ATARI 800 givesyou more for your money.

Run your own programs? Easy. Justplug in the 8K BASIC or optionalAssembler language cartridge, andgo. They're ROM based. That meansmore RAM for your programs.

Also included with the ATARI 800 isan internal speaker and four separatesound channels, FCC approval, abuilt-in RF modulator, the ATARI 410"Program Recorder and a high speedserial I/O.

Peripherals? Add up to 48K ofuser installable RAM. Or up to fourindividually accessible floppies.

A high-speed printer. And more to come.

Graphics programs? No problem. TheATARI 800 offers 128 color variations:16 colors in 8 luminance levels. Plus29 keystroke graphics symbols and 8graphics modes. All controlled from a57 character ASCII keyboard. With upperand lower case.

Or, program it our way.There are excit-ing programs available and many moreon the way for the ATARI 800. Businessprograms. Home Management pro-grams. Entertainment. And with the 410audio/digital recorder, you can addAtari's unique Talk & Teach" EducationalSystem cassettes.

fEEE "EEE

Your way or our way, you'll find thatthe ATARI 800 is probably the mostpowerful computer that $999.99*can buy.

And with that power, you get depend-ability. Dependability built into Atari'scustom designed and fully-tested LSI cir-cuitry and lower component count, (lesscomponents, less chance for failure).

But if anything ever does go wrong,you'll find a complete network ofcomputer-connected Atari service facil-ities waiting for you throughout thecountry.

Make your own comparison. Hands

on. Anywhere computers are sold. Or,

send for a free chart that compares

the features of the ATARI 800 to

other leading fully-programmable

computers.

"Suggested retail price $999.99, includescomputer console, program recoraerand BASIC language cartridge.

r N L •'• I"

:Bm*.i«ni"-fiTi*iw*TiWJr-ii-

Wiwimimifimi

A ATARI

1265 Borregas Ave., Dept. C, Sunnyvale, California 94086. Call toll-free 800-538-8547CAtir, 1979 (In California 800-672-1404) for the name of your nearest Atari retailer.

©A Warner Communications Company

Letters

Needed: Software and/orComputers in Rhodesia

In the Faculty of Engineering at theUniversity of Rhodesia, we have acritical shortage of computing facilities,and we do not have the foreign currencyor the monies to purchase even simplesystems like the Apple II or Cromemco.We are therefore obliged to build ourown microcomputer systems. Unfor-tunately, we do not have the necessaryexpertise at the University or in thecountry to write the necessary BASICinterpreters, assemblers, and editors tomake our systems useful or suitable forteaching purposes. I would appreciate itif one of your readers could put me onto someone who could possible supplythe BASIC interpreter and/or compiler;assembler, with loader if required; and atext editor for the Intel 8080 or 8085microprocessors.

I have been through BYTE magazine,but no one seems to offer the abovesoftware in the form which we couldadapt for our own homebrew com-puters, and, therefore, we would appre-ciate it if one of your readers couldadvise us of anyone who may be able tosell or donate such software to enable usto offer a more effective computerteaching facility.

W B GreenProjects EngineerPOB M P 167Mount PleasantSalisburyRHODESIA

The Bare Necessities

I enjoyed the article "Budget Buildingon a Bare Board" by Dan S Parker(October 1979 BYTE, page 206). As hepoints out, there are large savings inbuilding up only the parts of a circuitboard that are needed. For instance, Ihave built only one serial input/output(I/O) port (for my Teletype) from thetwo serial and four parallel portsavailable on the SSM IO-4 circuit board.I have also applied this technique to aZ80 processor board, an 8 K-bytememory board, an erasable program-mable-read-only memory board, and acassette interface board.

Mr Parker's article did not go on to

describe what you can do using thesepartially built-up boards. I am using theIntegrand Research mainframe box, theSSM Monitor VI.O (in the erasableprogrammable-read-only memory), andPalo Alto Tiny BASIC (Extended),which I typed into my system from theMay 1976 and February 1977 issues ofDr Dobb's Journal of ComputerCalisthenics and Orthodontia. ThisBASIC interpreter fits in only 2 K bytesof memory and is amazingly powerful.

I am writing a program to store amailing list of 1000 names and addressesin main memory. The program shouldbe able to add, delete, alphabetize, sortby ZIP code, and compress the list tofree space from deleted entries. Just howfar can one go without a floppy diskdrive?

Readers of BYTE can obtain copies ofthe software I have written from me foreither a small copying charge or in ex-change for other software. I use the Intelhexadecimal checksum format on eitherpaper tape or Kansas City cassette tape.

I have found that the Jade Serial/Parallel/Cassette I/O board is notsoftware-compatible with the SSMmonitor, but it can be made so througha process that involves cutting conductoretches on the board. You must reversethe port address bits 0 and 7, invert thetransmitter-buffer-empty signal, invertthe read-data-available signal and moveto bit 7, and cut the control bits for theuniversal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) from the data bus.Following this, you rewire these in thedesired format.

Ralph Johnston35 Groveland StNewton MA 02166

Biological Rhythmsand Biased Data

Regarding the editorial ". . . Pseudo-science Done ..." (November 1979BYTE, page 6): I totally agree with CarlHelmers' comments on the "science ofbiorhythms." At many times I have alsobeen curious about the apparent cyclicalnature of my physical and mental pro-cesses — such as, a few occasionalnights of especially weird dreams; orseveral days of running slower and morepainfully than usual (I run for exercise);days of great mental energy filled with

A growingline of tools toexpand the Apple.

Time.- ur operating modes-continu-

ous, single shot, frequency oomparison, andpulse width comparison. Includes three 16-bitinterval timers, plus flexible patch area forexternal interface. Programmable interrupts,on-board ROM, and much more.

7720A Parallel Interface. Two bi-directional 8-bitI/O ports will connect your Apple to a variety ofparallel devices, including printers, paper tapeequipment, current relays, external on/offdevices. Full featured, programmable inter-rupts, supports DMA daisy chaining.

78m ArrHtmetic Processor. Interfaces withApplesoft, so you just plug in and run. Basedon the AM 9511 device, provides full 16/32-bitarithmetic, floating point, trigonometric, loga-rithmic, exponential functions. Programmed I/Odata transfer, much, much more. (Not currentlycompatible with Apple II Plus—check withyour dealer)

7710A Asynchronous Serial Interface. Conform-ing to RS-232-C A thru E1978 standard, thiscard will drive a variety of serial devices such asCRT terminals, printers, paper tape devices, orcommunicate with any standard RS-232 device,including other computers. Full hand-shaking,and fully compatible with Apple PASCAL!

7470A 3% BCD A/DCoiwerter. Converts a DCvoltage to a BCD number for computerizedmonitoring and analysis. Typical inputs includeDC inputs from temperature or pressuretransducers. Single channel A/D, 400 msper conversion.

7490A GP1B IEEE 488 Interface. A true imple-mentation of the IEEE 488 standard-thestandard protocol for instrumentation and testdevices. Control and monitor test instrumentssuch as digital voltmeters, plotters, functiongenerators, or any other device using theIEEE 488.

7114A PROM Module. Permits the addition to orreplacement of Apple II firmware withoutremoving the Apple D ROMs. Available withon-board enable/disable toggle switch.

7500 A Wire Wrap Board. For prototyping yourown designs.

7510A Solder Board.

7580A Extender Board.

7016A16K Dynamic Memory Add-On.

Watch this space for new CCS products forthe Apple. We've got some real surprises in theworks. To find out more about the CCS productline, visit your local computer retailer. The CCSproduct line is available at over 250 locationsnationally, including most that carry the Apple.Or circle the reader service number on this ad.

Apple II, Apple II Plus, and Applesoft are trademarksof the Apple Corporation.

CCS makes the difference.

14

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

We see the Apple

■ •■■■ mm mm ■ ■■■

erently.

Wm

'%$**-

W**M

Mi*. *

I ' ■■ /

(" i

We see it as a goodway to get things done.

Apple has built a great computer. We at CCS havebuilt a great line of peripherals and components to expandthe Apple. To do almost anything you want to get donewith a computer.

If you wartt to do business with an Apple, we've gottools to connect the Apple to standard business printers andterminals. Or to modems, for communications over tele-phone lines, with other computers, even with other Apples.

If you want to apply your Apple to engineering, scien-tific, or graphic projects, we've got tools for high-powered,

high-speed math functions, and fast, high resolution graph-ics. And tools to connect the Apple to lab test equipmentlike function generators or plotters.

And we have tools to connect the Apple to the outsideworld, including A/D converters and interval timers withexternal interface.

We make components for the S-100 bus, the PET, andthe TRS-80, too. We built our products to deliver hard-nosed value to the OEM, and to the inventor who knows thebest, at prices that are unbeaten.

To find out how much computer your Apple II can be,see things our way. Because for serious users with serioususes for the Apple, we've got the tools.

California Computer Systems

250 Caribbean Sunnyvale, CA 94086 C408) 734-5811

Circle 5 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

15

UP TO 2400 MEGABYTESOF HARD DISK CONTROLFOR THE S-100 BUS

SMC-100

CDC PHOENIXCDCMMD

Konmn'm SMC-100 la vmrmatllm, famt, cost efficient. It'a thedlmk controller that brlnge 8-100 hue micro computer*together with large capacity hard dlak drlvee.

Vereatlle

Interfaces S-100 bus microcomputerswith all fixed or removablemedia disk drives with storagemodule (SMD) interfaces. EachKonan SMC-100 will control up to 4drives ranging from 8 to 600megabytes per drive, including most"Winchester" type drives. Up to 2400megabytes of hard disk percontroller! And you can take yourpick of hard disk drives: Kennedy,Control Data, Fujitsu, Calcomp,Mtcrodata, Memorex, and Ampex, forexample.

Famt

SMC-100 transfers data at fast, 6 to10 megahertz rates, with full onboardsector buffering and sectorinterleaving, and a DMA that's fasterthan other popularS-100 DMAcontrollers.

Cost efficient

SMC-100 is priced right to keep yourmicro computer system micro-priced.It takes advantage of low-cost-per-megabyte disk drive technology tomake the typical cost less than $80per megabyte.

The OEM/Dealer single quantity priceis only $1650, with driver ROM option.Excellent quantity discounts areavailable.

SMC-100 availability:

Off the shelf to 30 days in smallquantities. (Complete subsystemsare on hand for immediated delivery.)

Konan has the'answers. Talk to themtoday. Call direct on Konan's ordernumber: 602-269-2649. Or write toKonan Corporation, 1448 N. 27thAvenue, Phoenix, Arizona 85009.

1448 N. 27th Avenue • Phoenix, Arizona 85009 • 602-269-2649

great plans, etc. . . . But each time Ithink about "taking data" on thesephenomena, I realize the strong possibi-lity that such data would be biased bymy expecting that cycles do exist. Weknow how powerful our subconciousminds are. I feel my subconcious mind iseasily capable of keeping track of daysand thus creating (or at least influencing)the very cyclical data I am searching for.

If this is the case, perhaps the datagathering would only be valid for some-one who had never heard of biorhythms.Or, maybe the human-behavior guyscan figure a way around the bias.

Anyway, thanks for a good magazine.

Sid G Knox4621 South G StOxnard CA 93030

Correspondence Regarding "CurveFitting with Your Microcomputer"

"Curve Fitting with Your Microcom-puter" (October 1979 BYTE, page 150)has resulted in interesting mail cor-respondence, some of which has enoughgeneral value to merit discussion inBYTE.

Several readers have requested infor-mation on reference books which relateto least-squares curve fitting in morethan one dimension. I have yet to find abook which has a good, balanced discus-sion on this subject. Perhaps a readerhas. One useful book is Applied Regres-sion Analysis, by Norman Draper andHarry Smith (John Wiley and Sons,1966). Another more detailed and com-plicated discussion appears in Computa-tional Geometry for Design andManufacture, by I D Faux and M J Pratt(John Wiley and Sons, 1979).

Dr Titus (of Tychon) has informed meof a convolution technique for least-squares smoothing of equally spaceddata. The mechanics of the method arevery similar to those involved in non-recursive digital filters, and reminiscentof Akima's approximation to the cubicspline fit. The reference Dr Titus sup-plied was "Smoothing and Differentia-tion of Data by Simplified Least-SquaresProcedures," by A Savitsky and M J EGolay (Analytical Chemistry, volume36, number 8, July 1964).

As a final note, it has been noted thatprogram line 800 in listing 1 has an errorin it. The correct statement is S =S/(I-3), instead of S = S/(I-1). Thisdoes not affect the curve fit or relativecomparisons, but influences the printedvalue of the standard deviation byseveral percent.

F R RuckdeschelXerox CorpXerox SquareRochester NY 14644 ■

16 March 1980 <!D BYTE Publications Inc

Apple lets you get

personal with Pascal.

There's only one logical way to find out whata person wants in a personal computer.

Ask the person who'll be using one.

At Apple, we've been very successful atidentifying just what people look for in computers. And then providing them with it.

In spades.

For serious enthusiasts, this meansmaking available sophisticated innovationsthat are often conspicuously absent fromother personal computers.

Like Pascal.

Apple II is one of the few personal com-puters that has it. And when you turn this pageand feast your eyes on the many advantages this

high level, general-purpose language has to offer,you'll see why that's very good news indeed.

When you've got it, flaunt it.

If you'd like to let the world knowwho speaks Pascal, here's how:

Follow the dotted line and cut outthe transfer image above.Preheat iron (dry-wool setting) for3 minutes. Slip garment on ironing boardover scrap material. Remove wrinkles.Position transfer face down and pin edgesto ironing board cover. Iron transfer slowlyfor one minute. If paper browns, iron istoo hot. Let transfer cool for one minute, then unpin andslowly pull transfer straight up. Results are best whent-shirt is at least 50% polyester.

i

pCiSCOf*

Pascal by the package.

Our high-level, full feature Language Systemconsists of a plug-in 16K RAM language card, fivediskettes containing Pascal as well as IntegerBASIC and Applesoft extended BASIC, plusseven manuals documenting the threelanguages.

The beauty of this LanguageSystem is that it speeds upexecution and helps cut unwieldysoftware development jobs downto size. Also, because the languagesare on diskette, loaded intoRAM, you can quickly andeconomically take advan-tage of upgrades andnew languages asthey're introduced.

Apple's Pascallanguage takesfull advantage ofApple high reso-lution and colorgraphics, analog inputand sound generationcapabilities. It turnsthe Apple into thelowest priced, high-est powered Pascalsystem on the market.With Pascal, programscan be written, debuggedand executed in just one-thirdthe time required for equivalent BASICprograms. With just one-third the memory.

On top of that, Pascal is easy to understand,elegant and able to handle advanced applications.It allows one programmer to pick up whereanother left off with minimal chance of foul up.

Because Apple uses UCSD Pascal,™ youget a complete software system: Editor, Assem-bler, Compiler, and File Handler. And because weadhere to the standard, your programs run on anyUCSD Pascal system with minimum conversion.Which is really something an enthusiast canget enthusiastic about.

To be more specific.

The Apple IPs specs are tempting enoughwithout the Language System and Pascal. Withthem, they're downright irresistible.

The text screen, a 24 x 40-line window, candisplay an entire 80-column Pascal line, thanksto Apple's unique horizontal scrolling feature.Characters are normal, inverse or flashing,5x7, upper case. Full cursor control is standard.

Since Pascal runs on an Apple computerwith 48K bytes of on-board RAM, the additional16K bytes on the language card bring the totalto a full 64K bytes.

And, Pascal runs on the new Apple II Plus. Itfeatures an Auto-Start ROM that boots the Disk IIat power-on for turn-key operation. Applesoftextended BASIC is resident in ROM.Standard color graphics (in the BASICenvironment) offer 40h x 48v resolution, or40h x 40v with 4 lines text, in fifteen colors.Black/white high resolution, bit-mappedgraphics display 8K bytes of memory as a280h x 192v image (140h x 192v in six colors).

Fully bufferedperipheralconnectorsprovideaccess to allsystem buses,for completeinterfacefreedom.And finally,since it weighs amere 11 lbs. and has its own travel case,as an option, not only is it easy to get carriedaway with an Apple, it's easy to carry one away.

We've got your numbers.

800-538-9696. (In California, 800-662-9238.)Or write us at 10260 Bandley Drive, Cupertino,California 95014. When you contact us, we'll giveyou the name, address and telephone numberof the Apple computer dealer nearest you.

If you'd like more information on the advan-tages of owning an Apple personal computer, hecan fill you in. Personally.

Gispcis's Qipcuit Cellar

Copyright © 1980 by Steven A Ciarcia. All rights reserved.

Ease into 16-Bit Computing:

Get 16-Bit Performance from an 8-Bit Computer

Steve Ciarcia

POB 582

Glastonbury CT 06033

Stopping for coffee at the localdoughnut shop has become a morn-ing ritual. I am quite capable of mak-ing coffee at home, but I am not whatyou would call a "morning person."Even though I have culinary talentsthat include the preparation of eggsBenedict and strawberry crepes, ithad better be evening when you re-quest them around our house.

This morning started out like anyother. I pulled my car into thedoughnut shop's parking lot onlyafter carefully examining all thepotential hazards. I carefully avoidedthe broken glass, the beat-up 1962Chevy and the large black van with a'Tax the Rich!" bumper sticker.

After entering the shop, I sat downand spread my reading material, thelatest issue of BYTE, on the counter.As my coffee and bran muffin weredelivered, I could not help butoverhear the conversation of twoother people at the counter.

"Dave, have you been reading anyof the magazines lately? It looks likeeveryone is going 16-bit crazy."

"I've read a lot of descriptivearticles, but I suppose it'll take awhile before we see any real hard-ware."

"Actually, I'm a little hesitant tojust jump on the bandwagon. My8085 works just fine."

"I know what you mean, Ed. TheZ80 system I built from scratch is still

cranking along. I'd like to dosomething with the 16-bit chips, but Isure don't want to throw out my 8-bitsystem."

"What about building a smallsystem to experiment with? Didn't Isee an article a few months ago on asingle-board 8086?"

'Yeah, I remember. It was inBYTE. Wasn't it written by that guywho lives around here someplace, inhis cellar or something?"

Upon hearing that last statement, Inearly choked on my muffin. Ithought it would be prudent toremain anonymous until I learnedwhether or not they enjoyed the arti-cle. I carefully closed the magazineand placed it face down on thecounter.

One way to easeyourself into the world of16-bit computers is withthe Intel 8088. This micro-processor is an 8086 on theinside with an 8-bit databus on the outside.

iiiiiiiimiiiiiiiimmiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiMMiiiiMM

"Maybe, but anyway, the articlewasn't too bad," said Ed. I'm surethey didn't hear the sign of relief fromacross the counter. Then he con-tinued, "But it just seemed like a

larger computer than I have time tobuild. It's obviously oriented towardguys who don't have any otherdevelopment system. I'd prefer aminimal hardware configuration tostart with. If I want large programs,I'll run a macroassembler on my 8085system, write the object code into anEPROM, and then plug it into the testboard."

"Eliminating all the keys anddisplays will help, but how small acomputer can we end up with and stillbe 16-bit? You'll need 16-bit addressand data buses, and what's 1 K wordsof memory—four chips? All theEPROMs I know are 8-bit output.That means at least two of them."

"Wait a minute," said Ed. "I didn'tsay I had all the answers. Theminimal configuration may be twentychips, but isn't this closer tosomething we could afford to experi-ment with?"

This was the perfect opportunity toexpress my point of view concerningthe things that I write and consultabout. "Excuse me," I said. "Icouldn't help but overhear your con-versation. Had you considered usingan 8088?"

The two young men looked up atme, paused, and harmonized, "An 80what?"

"I know a little about micro-processors. Have you consideredusing an Intel 80887"

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 17

"Is it 16-bit?" asked Dave.

"Well, yes and no," I replied. "Ituses an 8-bit data bus, but, internallyit's an 8086. Essentially it's an 8-bitchip that's completely 8086-software-compatible."

Should they listen to this doughnutand coffee philosopher? "That soundstremendous, but won't it still requirequite a few chips to make an opera-tional computer?"

I sensed that this was a good timefor my exit. Staying any longerwould involve my designing a com-puter for them on the back of anapkin. Ordinarily I probably wouldhave stayed, but I had just completeda similar task in my latest article, so Idecided to let them wait a few moreweeks. I rose to leave, carefully roll-ing up the copy of BYTE, cover pageinside, and stopped behind them onmy way out. "My recollection is thatwhile four chips is a possibility, afive-chip computer is quite a reality.I've even seen how a BASIC inter-preter could be written to run on it. Incase you're interested, the next issueof BYTE has an article all about it."

I excused myself to attend an

important meeting. As I opened thedoor I heard, 'Thanks, I'll look for-ward to reading it." They watched meintently as I drove out. I could onlyspeculate on their final conversation.

The 16-Bit Generation

The exciting items in microcom-puting these days are the 16-bitmicroprocessors made by companiessuch as Intel (the 8086), Zilog (theZ8000) and Motorola (the M68000).All of these devices, although theydiffer in internal architectures, com-monly claim to have compressed thepower of a minicomputer within asingle chip of silicon. Most notablyare the 16-bit data bus and increasedaddressing space. A 20-bit addresscan directly address a megabyte ofmemory.

There seems to be little doubt in theminds of microcomputer-systemdesigners that the 16-bit processorsare the wave of the future. Alreadysome major manufacturers aredesigning the new processors intointelligent terminals, word-processingsystems, and other equipment. Theday when this revolution within a

f NEW ==

INCREDIBLE Computer Opponent Programonly $24.95

^

MONTY™Challenges

NOPOLY

MONTY™ is full of surprises. Entertains as he plays—with

music and colorful visual effects. Cassette programs available

for 16 K APPLE II* and 16K Level II TRS-80* microcomputers for use

with your Monopoly game. MONTY™ is a shrewd operator.

But he can be beaten. Send $24.95 check or money order (postage paid)

lowans add 3% sales tax. Remember..." MONTY™plays Monopoly."

V

fe =■! RitamCoporahon

'Monopoly is a trademark of Parker Bros., Inc.Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer. Inc.TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corp

Ritam Corporation, 1980

P.O. Box 921, Fairfield, Iowa 52556

Address-Cily _ _

Zip

J

revolution will affect the personaland small-business computer market-place is not too far away.

But if it is obvious that the 16-bitmachines will be the trend of futureproduct technology, it is equallyobvious that it is relatively difficultfor the designer to make a leap fromthe 8-bit world of the 8080, Z80, 6800and 6502 to the emerging 16-bitworld. The 16-bit instruction sets aremore complex. The 8086, forinstance, has a repertoire of some 133instructions, as compared to seventy-eight for the 8080. Simply because ofthe larger range of memory that canbe addressed and because of addresssegmentation, addressing of memoryis more advanced. Also, the registerset is more complicated, and the typesof operands with which the processorcan work are more extensive.

As complex as the 8086 or anyother 16-bit microprocessor is from asoftware viewpoint, it is in the designof hardware circuits to work with the16-bit processors where the realcomplexities arise. Peripheral inter-faces and existing hardware systemsare generally based on an 8-bit databus. When your whole design is builtto make efficient use of an 8-bit databus, converting to a 16-bit architec-ture is not a simple matter of replac-ing the processor. This incompatibil-ity dictates substantial design changesto take advantage of the new 16-bitmicroprocessor.

A Gradual Approach to 16-BitComputing

There is an alternative to con-verting abruptly to 16-bit architec-ture. Look at photo 1 and observe theIntel 8088 microprocessor. Thisdevice uses an 8-bit data bus, so all ofyour present hardware system com-ponents will work with it from thestandpoint of getting information be-tween the processor and theperipheral-support devices ormemory, but the 8088 features a com-mon internal architecture and com-plete software compatibility with the16-bit 8086 processor.

As a result, the 8088 provides anexcellent way for designers,engineers, hobbyists, and students toease into the world of 16-bit com-puting. Its 8-bit-compatible bus struc-ture makes it the logical choice forupgrading 6800, 6502, Z80 and 8080designs to 16-bit capability without

18

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 8 on inquiry card.

IVe finally found a personal ia**.™***

' w ^ that professionals

computer 1 respect* p «**? abT thr Ssr10' IL

_^ r ^ _.Jl It s a totally-integrated 80S0A system

C fYfYlfYI lf*f«{Yf* I with full color graphics display, built-in 5 IK

^■^*-'*-*-*-J-'*>*^'*-J**--rM. ■*■■*■• mini-disk drive, and the best cost performance

ratio available in a personal computer.

The complete system is only $1895? And that price includes 8K user RAM, RS-232Ccompatibility and random access file capabilities.

Our 8 foreground and background colors will boost your comprehension, whileintroducing you to an exciting new dimension in BASIC programming. The vector graphicshave 16,484 individually-accessible plot blocks. And the 13" diagonal measure screen givesyou 32 lines of 64 ASCII characters. You also have the flexibility that comes with 16KExtended Disk BASIC ROM.

Compucolor II offers a number of other options and accessories, like a second disktlrive and expanded keyboard, as well as expandability to 32K of user RAM. Of course we alsohave a whole library of low-cost Sof-Disk™ programs, including an assembler and text editor.

Visit your nearest computer store for details. And j ,

while you're there, do some comparison testing. With all ^ ^^J ^ - ^

duerespeci to the others, once vou see it, voufl be sold on ^^W tjOlfipUCOIOr

the compucolor ii. I I Corporation

Circle 9 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980 19

Photo 1: An exhibit of advancingmicroprocessor technology. Here are fourintegrated circuits produced by Intel Cor-poration. From bottom to top, we havethe 8008, the first 8-bit general-purposemicroprocessor; the 8080A, one of thebreed of 8-bit devices that helped ignitethe microcomputing boom; the 8086, theadvanced 16-bit processor; and the 8088,the subject of this article—a componentthat contains 16-bit computing capabilityin a package that can communicate withthe outside world through an 8-bit databus.

alteration of existing 8-bit hardware.

The 8088 can be used in projectssuch as a low-cost system thatemploys multiplexed peripherals suchas the 8155, 8755A and 8185. Or,fullyexpanded, it forms a system thatallows a full megabyte of addressspace and compatibility with the 8086family of coprocessors and multi-processors.

This two-part article is designed togive you a glimpse of the 8088. Thismonth in Part 1, I shall attempt tofamiliarize you with the instructionset of the 8088 and the hardware of amicrocomputer that is made from an8088 and only four other integratedcircuits. The power of this five-chipcircuit will be emphasized by illus-trating, among other examples, howit can be configured to support amulti-user Tiny BASIC.

Architecture of the 8088

Anyone comparing the internalarchitectures of the 8088 and the 8086processors will realize that they are

Photo 2: An exhibit of advancing memory technology. The single black integrated cir-cuit at the center can replace the entire board of components. The center component isthe Intel 8185 1 K-byte static programmable memory. The board is a 1 K-byte memoryboard from a Scelbi 8B microcomputer system, which used the 8008 microprocessor(circa 1975).

Photo 3: Using the 8088 and other components of kindred technology, it is possible tobuild a functional microcomputer system with only five integrated circuits. Part 2 ofthis article (in the April 1980 BYTE) will present more detailed information about thissystem.

identical. Even though I have pre-viously discussed the 8086, a briefexplanation of this architecture isnecessary since the capabilities of ourfive-chip computer depend directlyupon it. However, if you wish to reada more detailed description, youshould refer to a previous Circuit

Cellar article, "The Intel 8086"(November 1979 BYTE, page 14).

A diagram of the internal structureof the 8088 is shown in figure 1. The8088 contains two logical "units", thebus-interface unit (BIU) and the exe-cution unit (EU), and a 4-byteinstruction queue.

20

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 10 on inquiry card.,

COMPARE SMARTS.

'0 HtJMSS

Jfiyt

Ihfornn 95051

SSffiSBfei BBS

i4Mi-;46-Sc8

Jf ■"— ^tf^

' Mica H

Reverse video

Blinking/blank fields

Upper/lower

case char.

Protected fields

Non-glare screen

Underlining

12 X 10 char. res.

Function/editing keys

Blinking cursor

Typewriter! TTY

keyboards

Numeric pad

• 9 Baud rates

(75-9600 Baud)

• Self test

• Auxiliary port

Feature-for-feature our smart CRTterminals cost less than their dumbones. Much less. Compare smarts.Then compare price. You'll pickTeleVideo.

Four different models to choosefrom. Each with features you'd ex-pect to pay extra for. But with Tele-Video, they're standard.

We put a lot of engineering savvyinto pur CRTs. Their modular designmeans high reliability. It also lets usbuild in high volume. And sell to youat low prices.

Find out how you can make yournext CRT buy a smart one. ContactTeleVideo today for information.

Nationwide Field Service is availablefrom General Electric Co., Instrumen-tation and Communication Equip-ment Service shops.

ft TfeleVideo

TeleVideo, Inc., 3190 Coronado Dr.Santa Clara, California 95051Phone (408) 727-5428

COMPARE PRICE.

AH

AL

BH

BL

CH

CL

DH

DL

SP

BP

SI

Dl

II

1 :

♦

OPERANDS

FLAGS

The execution unit is where theactual processing of data takes placeinside the 8088. It is here that thefamiliar arithmetic logic unit (ALU) islocated, along with the registers usedto manipulate data, store inter-mediate results, and keep track of thestack. The execution unit acceptsinstructions that have been fetched bythe bus-interface unit, processes theinstructions, and returns operandaddresses to the bus-interface unit.The EU also receives memory oper-ands through the bus-interface unit,processes the operands, and thenpasses them back to the bus-interfaceunit for storage in memory.

The role of the bus-interface unit isto maximize bus-bandwidth utiliza-tion, (that is, to speed things up bymaking sure that the bus is used to itsfull capacity). The bus-interface unitcarries out this assignment in twobasic ways:

Figure 1: Diagram showing internal operational principles of the 8088 microprocessor.The 8088 (and the 8086) use a pipelined architecture that increases performance byoverlapping instruction execution with memory-fetch operations. The 8088 can directlyexecute any 8086 software.

8088 REGISTER MODEL: (8080 REGISTERS SHADED)

1 07

0

AX

AH

AL

BX

BH

BL

CX

CH

CL

DX

DH

DL

15

0

r

SP

l

BP

SI

Dl

i

5

0

r

I

Tl F°

1 T|S|Z |A

1 |p| |c

i

5

0

CS

DS

SS

ES

(A)

ACCUMULATOR

(HL)

BASE

(BC)

COUNT

(DE)

DATA

(SP)

STACK POINTER

BASE POINTER

SOURCE INDEX

DESTINATION INDEX

(PC)

INSTRUCTION POINTER

(PSW)

STATUS FLAGS

CODE SEGMENT

DATA SEGMENT

STACK SEGMENT

EXTRA SEGMENT

Figure 2: The 8088 contains fourteen 16-bit registers. The shaded registers are thosecommon to the 8088 and the 8080.

• by fetching instructions beforethey are needed by the executionunit, storing them in the instruc-tion queue

• by taking care of all operand fetchand store operations, addressrelocation, and bus control (Theseactions of the bus-interface unitleave the execution unit free toconcentrate on processing data andcarrying out instructions.)

Figure 2 summarizes the 8088 regis-ter set. The shaded registers are the8080 register subset, that is, theregisters that are common to the 8088and its 8-bit predecessors.

The general registers, also calledthe HL group because they can besubdivided into High and Low bytes,include the accumulator (AX), base(BX), count (CX) and data (DX)registers. The AX register may beaddressed as a 16-bit register, AX, orthe high-order byte can be addressedas the register AH and the low-orderbyte as AL. The same holds true ofthe other three general registers (BX,CX, and DX).

Another group of registers is thepointer and index (or P and I) group.This set contains the stack pointer(SP), base pointer (BP), source index(SI), and destination index (DI)

22 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

^■■■MHHBHH

■•■HHBB

HHHHM

■^■■■^■i

More than meets the eye.

The new Series 5000 is mighty for its size.In more than several thousand ways!

In fact, it's the first small system offering over amegabyte of integrated mini-floppy capacity. Andwith its super memory management, you can havebetter than 300k of RAM in desk or desktop ver-sions. But hardware is just the beginning of the story.

It's the wide selection of software that reallymakes this system mighty.

Operating systems? Choose CP/M* withCBASICf—the most widely accepted small computeroperating system ever. Or MVT-FAMOS,** a multi-user, multi-tasking operating system with filemanagement like the big guys, Or MICROCOBOL.tt

also for multiple users, but implemented in COBOL,familiar to commercial users the world over.

And applications programs for these operatingsystems number in the thousands. From real estateto accounting, taxes to inventory control, they're allavailable at low cost—ready to run.

When you add these software and hardwarefeatures to Industrial Micro Systems' reputation forrugged, reliable quality products you'll begin to see itall. A lot more systems than your first glance reveals.

See even more at your dealer. Call us to findout the name of your nearest dealer. He'll tell youeverything you need to know. And really open youreyes!

1 rademark ol Digital Research Inc.

'Trademark of MVT Microcomputer Systems Inc.

fTrademark ol Soltware Systems

ttProductolCAP-CPP

INDUSTRIAL MICRO SYSTEMS

628 N. Eckhoff St., Orange, CA 92668, (714) 978-69662800 Lockheed Way, Carson City, NV 89701

Circle 11 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

23

I 1

SEGMENTREGISTER FILE

CS

SS

DS

ES

FFFFFH

CODE SEGMENT

STACK SEGMENT

)DATA SEGMENT

EXTRA DATA SEGMENT

OOOOOH

Figure 3: Memory organization. The 8088 uses a memory-segmentation technique to ad-dress up to 1,048,576 bytes (1 M byte) of memory. The user can use attributes of thememory-addressing system to dynamically relocate a program anywhere within the en-tire address space.

registers. Generally speaking, theseregisters hold offset addresses usedfor addressing within a segment ofmemory. They can also participate,along with the general register group,in arithmetic and logical operationsof the 8088.

The 8088 uses memory segmenta-tion to address this large memoryspace efficiently. At any one time, the8088 can deal with memory as a set offour 64 K-byte segments. The totalmemory is organized as a linear arrayof 1,048,576 bytes, addressed ashexadecimal 00000 to hexadecimalFFFFF. The 8088 creates a 20-bitaddress by combining a 16-bit offsetand a segment boundary value storedin one of the segment registers. Figure3 demonstrates how this works.

Each of the 16-bit-segment regis-ters, the code segment (CS) register,the stack segment (SS) register, thedata segment (DS) register, and theextra data segment (ES) register, con-tains a value that is added to a 16-bit

offset address, forming a 20-bit ad-dress. The memory is thus dividedinto a maximum of four 64 K-bytesegments that are active at any singletime. The code segment of memory iswhere instructions are stored, thestack segment of memory is where thepushdown stack is located, the datasegment is where data to be operatedon is found in memory, and the extrasegment is an additional 64 K-bytedata area.

When fetching an instruction frommemory, the location accessed isgiven by a 20-bit address that is thesum of two numbers. The firstnumber is the value of the 16-bitinstruction pointer. The secondnumber is a 20-bit value that is the16-bit code-segment register with fourlow-order zero bits appended. Thisforms the 20-bit address required tospecify any location in the megabyte-sized address space.

In the case of a memory-referenceoperation for a transfer of data, the

absolute memory address referencedby a given memory-access instructionis calculated by adding the given16-bit address to the base address.The base address is given by the con-tents of the data-segment or extra-segment register and is followed byfour low-order zero bits.

In the case of a stack operation, thememory location referenced is simi-larly offset from the value containedin the stack-segment register.

The 8088 has both relative andabsolute branch instructions. Whenall branch instructions within a givensegment of memory are specified inrelation to the instruction pointer andthe program segment does not modifythe value of the code-segment regis-ter, the program segment can berelocated dynamically anywherewithin the megabyte address space. Aprogram is relocated in the 8088simply by moving the code, updatingthe value of the code-segmentregister, and resuming execution.

Small System Applications

The 8088 can be used in a broadrange of applications, from systemsrequiring use of a minimum numberof components to systems requiringmaximum performance. The compo-nent-count-sensitive applications in-clude point-of-sale terminals and sim-ple controllers, which require thatsystem cost be kept low, but needsubstantial processing power. A bigreason for this design flexibility is theability of the 8088 to operate in aminimum-hardware mode.

The minimum-mode, multiplexedconfiguration, as shown in figure 4, isan effective way of building a power-ful system around the 8088, whileusing the smallest number of parts.The processor is connected in theminimum mode by wiring its Mn/Mxpin in the high-logic state (at V«potential). The multiplexed bus isdirectly compatible with the Intel8085A-family peripheral components(8155, 8355, 8755A, and the new8185).

A four-chip system can be designedusing the following components: an8088 microprocessor; an 8284 clockgenerator; an 8155 memory, input/output (I/O), and timer device; andan 8755A EPROM and I/O device. Afifth component, the 8185, is a simple

24

March 1980 <<3 BYTE Publications Inc

PEOPLE REACT TO COLOR!

Quite frankly, we dt digitusweren't surprised when ourrainbow sooo started showing up inindustries, power facilities, and even

they're who we tlesn

Standard RS 2M c communicationInterfacing allows the rainbow axx)io be adapted to any current minior advanced system. Tins makes its coloi(haracteristk s especially useful 'or

ge systems, I'lus. maximum ease oatoi use and FEWER ERRORSI

RAINBOW 2000

lull color .Hid iiK

tol under 5,130,

THE RAINBOW 2000-

OUR USERS ARE FINDING IT

MORE THAN JUST FUN AND GAMES!

11 )R llll NAMI ( il VOI IK' NlRAINB< >W .'11X11 H5TRIBUTOH

i ai i nil,niis 11 hi i ki i

I 8006.18 M/r

In M.tiyl.niil«l| 46/ Uii

irsn n nun s

WIIU IMI

,»in»ou< »«,„

*,:&

Circle 12 on inquiry card.

<-s

CRYSTAL

HOh

"cc

Xl x2

CLKREADY

iis

8284

RESET

A8-A15 I ADDR ~)ADq-AD7

CLK

8088READY

MN/MX

ALE

RD

WR

10/M

RST

ADDR/DATA

'CC

/77

D

c

s

i, i

i

vSs vcc

1 i

CE

PORT

WR A

RD PORT

ALE PORTDATA/ CADDR

IN10/M TIMER

RESET 0UT8155

i

f&>

CUD

"

CUD

!

i

i

i

iOW 8355/— 8755ARD

ALE PORTCE *

A 810

DATA/ADDR PORT

10/MRESET

lOR

GsO

iiiii :

(

>

diO

——<

i

■

vCc

J

\

i

t t t tSS VCC VDD PR0G

<

(

WR

RD 8185

CEj

ALE

CS,CE2

A8.A9

AD0-7

:

/■

t t

VSS VCC

Figure 4: When used in the minimum mode (MN/ MX line held high), the 8088 interfaces directly with the multiplexed address anddata components in the 8085A-support family to form a functional microcomputer system using only five integrated circuits. Detailedinformation concerning this circuit will be given in Part 2.

addition to the system and providesan extra 1 K bytes of user memory.

In the minimum-mode configura-tion, the 8088 provides all necessarybus-control signals, including RD ,

WR, IO/ M and ALE. It furtherprovides HOLD and HLDA (hold-acknowledge) signals to allow direct-memory-access (DMA) data transfer,INT and INTA to interface the8259A interrupt_ controller, and

DEN and DT7 R to control trans-ceivers on the data bus.

The power of the 8088 can beextended in large-system applicationsby wiring it into the maximum-modeconfiguration. However, a discussion

of maximum-mode features is beyondthe scope of this article.

The 8088 Instruction Set

A complete discussion of the 8088'sinstruction set is also beyond thescope of this article. Rather thanattempt it, I shall concentrate onsome specific features of the 8088instruction set that facilitate thespecific application discussed nextmonth in Part 2 of this article. Thesefeatures include extended arithmeticinstructions, direct use of ASCII-encoded data, multiprocessingfeatures, string-manipulation instruc-tions, and table-translating aids. The

8088 instruction set includes single-instruction multiplication and divi-sion instructions, along with five dif-ferent types of addition and seventypes of subtraction operations.

These multiply and divide instruc-tions greatly facilitate "numbercrunching." This numerical abilitysaves much time in such applicationsas data sampling, signal processing,and scientific calculation. Not onlyare fewer machine instructions need-ed to perform a given task, withcorresponding savings in memoryusage and execution time, but the ver-satility of the instructions and theText continued on page 30

26 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Meet the IMPs. A pair of stylish 3V2 inch highimpact printers that will look great on any desk.

Styled for desk top use, these sleek units stand just 31/2inches high, yet the unique fan-cooled printing systemcan knock out 80, 96 or 132 columns of crisp hardcopywith continuous throughput of one line per second.

A winning pair. IMP-1, with friction feed, can makemulti-copies on plain 81/2 inch wide paper, or on teletyperolls. In addition, IMP-2 has tractor feed and full formscontrol, with tractors adjustable from 1 inch to 91/2 inches.

Interfaces abound. All IMPs have Centronics paralleland RS232C/20mA serial inputs as standard equipment.But if you need something different, then we makeinterfaces for just about any system — high speed serial,Apple, Pet, TRS-80, IEEE 488...

Versatile, too. 96 ASCII character set is standard. Andyou can select 6 character sizes, even graphics, undersoftware control. Options include 2K buffering andspecial character sets.

Service — a big difference. No other printermanufacturer offers Axiom's combination of low cost andnation-wide service and distribution — in the USA andeighteen overseas countries.

Pssst — the price!!! It's low. $695 for IMP-1. $795 forIMP-2. And that's the single unit price.

Better phone, write or mail the bingo card today!

AXIOM

AXIOM CORPORATION

Circle 13 on inquiry card.

5932 San Fernando Road, Glendale, CA 91202Tel: (213) 245-9244 »TWX: 910-497-2283

BYTE March 1980

27

^■HHMB^HHHHM^^HH^HHHHII

Get serious

Infr

oducing the New Eaton LRC 7000+ Dot-Matrix Impact Pri

No matter what type ofpersonal computer you nowhave, or are thinking of buying

Apple

Cromemco

TRS-80

Tl

Exidy

Interact

Commodore PetNorthstarOhio Scientificand others

- the new Eaton LRC 7000+ dot-matrix impact printer will quicklyinterface and be printing in amatter of seconds. Ycu'llimmediately have hard copycapabilities that will allow you togo beyond computer games andget down to serious business.

An Invaluable Addition

Adding a printer increases thepracticality and usefulness ofyour personal computerdramatically. You'll be able toperform all sorts of bookkeepingand accounting functions —from balancing your personalcheckbook to monitoring yourcompany's inventory — andyou'll have a permanent copy foryour records. You'll find thatwhether you're controlling yourfamily's budget, recording yourprogram listing, plotting the

J

growth of a stock in the market,or any of the other thousands ofanalytical functions yourcomputer can perform, a qualityprinter is simply invaluable. Butyou'll want to be sure to pick theright printer for your system.

The RightPrinter

The EatonLRC 7000+ isdesigned specifically forpersonal computers. Its plug-insimplicity makes it remarkablyeasy to interface with anycomputer. Its simple designfeatures the fewest possiblemoving parts, making it virtuallymaintenance free. Unlike manyother printers, the 7000+ canprint on any type of roll paper,eliminating the hassle and addedexpense of purchasing a special,treated paper. Its rugged case istough enough for industrialenvironments, yet attractiveenough for home or office use.And most importantly, it offersthe high performance andfeatures you demand in a qualityprinter.

Super Performance

The 7000+ features uni-directional printing with a linespeed of 1.25 lines per second. Itaccepts any single or two-plypaper roll from 3/4 inch to 3-7/8inches wide, and prints a 3-1/3inch line. Capacity is adjustableand can be 40 columns at 12characters to the inch using thesingle width font; or 20 columnsat 6 characters to the inch usingthe double-wide font. An avail-able option allows the unit toprint 64 columns at the singlewidth setting, and 32 columnsusing a double width font.

An Unbeatable Price

The real beauty of the new7000+ is the fact that you can'tbuy another printer that offersyou all these features at any-where near the price. EatonLRC's 7000+ has a suggestedretail price of $389.00 and comeswith a 90-day factory warranty.

Specify Eaton LRC

Whether you're looking for aquality printer to add to yourexisting computer, or are aboutto buy a complete system, don'tsettle for less than an EatonLRC printer. Stop by your localComputerland store or contactQuest Electronics, 2322 WalshAvenue, Santa Clara, CA 95051,(408) 988-1640 or SigmaInternational, Inc., P.O. Box 1118,Scottsdale, AZ 85252, (602) 994-3436 for more information. Onceyou've seen the new 7000+, youwon't settle for anything less.LRC, an EATON company,Riverton, Wyoming 82501,(307)856-4821.

Master distributor inquirieswelcome. Contact your nearestLRC Regional Sales Office:Northeastern office, OneLakeside Office Park, Wakefield,MA 01880, (617) 245-2730;Southeastern office, 29 DelmontDrive Northeast, Atlanta, GA30305, (404) 231-4105; Westernoffice, 510 Lawrence Expressway,Suite 210, Sunnyvale, CA 94086,(408) 245-1590.

an K al#lll company

Listing 1: An example of the efficiency of the 8088 and 8086 instruction set. This shortroutine accepts input of five values from an input port, and then calculates and sends arunning-average value to an output port. Compare this listing with listing 2.

Average

XOR

BX, BX

;CLR BX

MOV

CX, 5

; Set loop counter

INC

BL

.■Increment data counter

IN

AL, Port §

; Input data

ADD

BH, AL

; Update running total

MOV

AL, BH

DIV

BL

; Divide running total by;data counter.

OUT

Port #, AL

;Output running average

LOOP

Average

;Return unless fifth pass;is completed.

HLT

Listing 2: A routine that performs the same task as the routine given in listing 1. Thiscode, however, was written for the older 8080 processor. As you can see, it is longerand more tedious to write.

Average

Divide

Loop

Next

MVI

H,00

MVI

E,00

INR

E

MOV

C

H

IN

A,

Port §

ADD

H

XRA

A

MOV

B,

A

MOV

L,

A

MVI

c,

80

MOV

A,

C

RAL

MOV

c,

A

MOV

A,

B

RAL

MOV

B,

A

CMP

E

JC

Next

SUB

E

MOV

B,

A

MOV

A,

D

ORA

L

MOV

L,

A

MOV

A,

D

RRC

JNC

Loop

MOV

A,

L

OUT

Output #

MVI

A,

05

CMP

E

JNZ

Average

; Clear H register;Clear E register

; Increment data counter

; Input data

;Add data to running total

; Clear accumulator; Clear B register; Clear L register; Initialize bit counter

; Shift B and C as;a 16-bit unit—;one bit left

;Compare data

;counter (divisor) with

;dividend; if divisor is larger,

;bypass subtract.

;Divisor is smaller; subtract.

;Set current bit of;L to 1

Shift D right and check carryIf no carry, return for next bit.Outport running average

; Return unless fifth pass is; completed.

HLT

Text continued from page 26ability of the 8088 to deal with severaltypes of data remove the usualnecessity of handling messy conver-sions from one type of data represen-tation to another and back again.

Two program listings demonstratethe saving of effort. Listing 1 gives the8088 code for the skeleton of asubroutine that accepts data from aspecified input port and calculates arunning average of the valuesentered. The same subroutine sectioncoded for the older 8080 micro-processor is shown in listing 2.

Direct Use of ASCII andDecimal Data

The direct use of unpacked binary-coded decimal (BCD) or ASCII-encoded data in a microcomputer hasa number of obvious advantages.Since many I/O devices present datato the processor in American Stan-dard Code for Information Inter-change (ASCII) format and expectresponses in the same format,microcomputer-system designershave for years faced the necessity ofputting their input and outputthrough a translation process (usuallyinvolving a table look-up operation)before processing the input orresponding with output.

With the 8088's instruction set,such manipulation is no longernecessary. All four mathematicalinstruction types (add, subtract,multiply, and divide) provide forASCII adjustment of the accumulatorcontents by a single instruction. Thisfeature is obviously of great use ineveryday microprocessor applica-tions. Equally interesting (and useful)are the two instructions that adjustthe results of addition and subtrac-tion to packed decimal form.

Table-Translating Aid

Despite the availability of singleinstructions to convert accumulatorcontents from one type of datarepresentation to another, it may stillbe necessary from time to time totranslate data by means of the tradi-tional look-up table. This might, forexample, be necessary if the data isbeing received or transmitted inEBCDIC (Extended Binary-Coded-Decimal Interchange Code) ratherthan in ASCII form.

30 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

New on the North Star Horizon:

18Mb Hard Disk Drive!

O

Horizon Computer with 64K RAMand dual quad capacity (720kb)floppy disks

Up to four 18Mb Winchester-type hard disk drives

Display terminal

Letter-quality or dotmatrix printer

Horizon I/O flexibilityallows expansion tomeet your needs

Unsurpassed Performance and Capacity!

North Star now gives you hard disk capacity and process-ing performance never before possible at such a lowprice! Horizon is a proven, reliable, affordable computersystem with unique hardware and software. Now theHorizon's capabilities are expanded to meet your growingsystem requirements. In addition to hard disk perform-ance, the Horizon has I/O versatility and an optional hard-ware floating point board for high-performance numbercrunching. The North Star large disk is a Century DataMarksman, a Winchester-type drive that holds 18 millionbytes of formatted data. The North Star controller inter-faces the drive(s) to the Horizon and takes full advantage

NorthStaf^

North Star Computers Inc.

1440 Fourth St.

Berkeley, CA 94710

(415) 527-6950 TWX/Telex 910-366-7001

of the high-performance characteristics of the drive. Ourhard disk operating system implements a powerful filesystem as well as backup and recovery on floppy diskette.

Software Is The Key!

The Horizon's success to date has been built on the qual-ity of its system software (BASIC, DOS, PASCAL) andthe very broad range and availability of application soft-ware. This reputation continues with our new hard disksystem. Existing software is upward compatible for usewith the hard disk system. And, with the dramatic increasein on-line storage and speed, there will be a continuallyexpanding library of readily available application software.For more information, see your North Star dealer!

HORIZON — HD-1

Horizon computer with 64KRAM, 2 quad capacity minidrives and one HD-18 harddisk drive $9329

HD-18

Additional 18Mb hard disk drivefor expansion of HD-1, or yourpresent Horizon $4999

SYS-1N

Complete Horizon HD-1 plus80 x 24 display terminal andNEC Spinwriter printer $13,239

SYS-1A

Complete Horizon HD-1 with80 x 24 display terminal andAnadex printer $11,319

Circle 14 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

31

Listing 3: A segment of 8088 code that translates characters from Extended Binary-Coded-Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC) to American Standard Code for Informa-tion Interchange (ASCII) form. The 8088 instructions for manipulating and translatingstrings of characters are put to good use.

Source index register contains start of EBCDIC BufferB register points to translate tableDestination index points to ASCII bufferC register contains length of buffer

NEXT:

MOV

SI, FFFE

MOV

BX, 0100

MOV

DI, ASCBUF

MOV

CX, 528

CLD

ICXZ

EMPTY

LODS

EBOBUF

XLAT

TABLE

STOS

ASCBUF

CMP

AL, EOT

LOOPNE

NEXT

Skip if input buffer empty

Get next EBCDIC character

Translate to ASCII

Transfer ASCII character to buffer

Test for EOT character

Continue if no EOT received (CX decrements first)

EMPTY: (Program continues)

The XLAT (ie: translate) instruc-tion allows the user to define a256-byte table of correspondence andthen to reference any point in thetable very easily. The base address ofthe table is placed in the BX registerand the index (ie: table position) isstored in the accumulator. Then thesingle instruction code XLAT is usedto refer to the proper point in thetable, pick out the translation, andstore the result in the accumulator.

This is useful particularly whendata that has been entered from aport comes into the accumulator fordisposition or transfer. If you aredealing with a stream of incomingcharacters in EBCDIC format, forexample, the translation proceedsthusly. You begin by storing thebeginning memory address of your256-byte translation table in the BXregister. If you set up the table so thatthe base address of the table cor-responds to an incoming EBCDICvalue of 00, the next address to an in-coming value of 01, etc, all you mustdo is simply accept a byte of data andexecute the XLAT instruction.

This simple procedure lets usobtain the correct translation of thatbyte into the proper format for hand-ling by the 8088 or some other pro-cessor. A MOV instruction will thenstore the result of translation until itis needed; the translation process canthen be repeated with the next incom-ing byte. Setting up the necessaryinstruction sequence requires oneinstruction: a MOV to the BX registerof the base address of the table. Theloop for handling the translationrequires only three basic instructions:

the input instruction, XLAT, andMOV.

String-Manipulation Instructions

Since typical computer applica-tions often deal with strings ofcharacters consisting of letters,numbers, and special symbols, easy-to-use string-manipulation instruc-tions are a welcome enhancement to8-bit processors. The 8088 addressesthis need by providing five powerfulprimitive string operators that maybe preceded by a single-byte repeti-tion prefix.

For a byte-for-byte or word-for-word comparison of two data strings(as you might use in verifying theaccuracy of data loaded into memoryfrom a mass-storage device, forexample), the 8088 offers the CMPSinstruction. This also allows termina-tion of a program segment uponoccurrence of a predeterminedequality or inequality condition, aswell as automatic incrementing ordecrementing.

You can scan through a string ofdata for an occurrence or for anabsence of occurrence of a specificstring or character by using the SCASinstruction. This operation subtractsthe byte or word operand in memory(or elsewhere) from the accumulatorand changes the logic state of theflags; it does not, however, return aresult. Again, decrementing or incre-menting is automatic.

The STOS instruction allows youto fill a string of arbitrary length witha single value (eg: a string of zeros ornulls for a floppy disk initializationroutine), once more with automatic

incrementing or decrementing of apredetermined count.

Putting Some Things Together

Let's take a quick look at a smallbut powerful example that employsboth the string manipulation and theXLAT instructions to solve a verypractical problem.

You are designing an input routinethat must translate a buffer filled withEBCDIC characters into ASCII form,continuing the transfer until one ofseveral possible EBCDIC characters isreceived. The transferred ASCIIstring should be terminated with anEOT (end-of-transmission, hexa-decimal value 04) character. Assumethat the buffer starts at hexadecimalmemory location FFFE, the table totranslate the EBCDIC form to ASCIIbegins at hexadecimal location 0100and the CX register is to contain avalue giving the length of the buffercontaining EBCDIC characters. Thebuffer may, of course, be empty.

The small 8088 program segmentshown in listing 3 accomplishes thistask in a small number of instructionsand handles a great deal of overheadwork with little effort or concern onthe part of the system designer andprogrammer.

By now you should have an under-standing of the power of the 8088microprocessor. Even in a minimal-mode, five-component circuit, our lit-tle computer will have the followingattributes:

• 5 MHz 8088 8-bit processor (com-pletely 8086 software-compatible)

• 1280 bytes of static user memory

• 2048 bytes of erasable, program-mable read-only memory(EPROM)

• 38 parallel I/O lines

• a 14-bit counter/timer

• power-on reset and nonmaskableinterrupt.

Next month, in Part 2, we will dealwith some key features of the 8088which make it particularly suited tomultiprocessing situations. We willinvestigate the operating system of amulti-user, Tiny BASIC languagesystem on our minimal-configurationcomputer. ■

These figures are provided through thecourtesy of Intel Corporation.

32 Marcti 1980 © flVTE Publications Inc

fr McGRAW-HILL PUBLICATION Jj\ ®

GVJVDETO PERSONAL c!Ib COMPUTING

GETT.NG ST/»J

What You Need Am

EQU.PMENT RE'

TRS-80, Apple, Sore

rED

/hat It Will Cost

Be&t-SelHng Author

JERRY POURNELlA

"Writlns With A Microcomputer'

THE BINAJRY WORl/\Uo...

A PERSONAL

COMPUTER DIRECTOR/COMPUTER CLUBS:WHO MEEDS THEM?

Are you prepared for the explosivetransformation? Right in your ownhome? Electronic mail. Personalized *investment analysis. Foreign languagetutorial. Home energy management.Robots. Computer music. Secretarialservice. Diet°and menu planning. Andmore, more, more.

onComputing™ the new McGraw-Hillquarterly, prepares you for theenormous changes coming during the

LJ

ComputerYOU?

1980's (Some are already here).

onComputing111 explains in nontechnical

language what personal computers are,

how they work, and how you can use

them at home, for fun and profit.

Don't let the personal computer

explosion catch you off guard. Know

what's happening and help make it

happen! Prepare now for the exciting

future with a subscription to

onComputing™!

Call Toil-Free

800-258-5485

Start yoursubscription today.

onCompnttag™ Subscription Dept. P.O. Box 307, Martinsville, NJ 08836

DOMESTIC subscription rate: 3

□ U.S. 1 yr. (4 issues) @ S8.50 □ Canada & Mexico, 1 yr. (4 issues) @ $ 10.00 SFOREIGN (to expedite service, please remit in U.S. funds drawn on a U.S. bank.) a

□ Europe (and all other countries, except above), 1 vr. @ $12.00 — surface delivery, o

□ Bill Visa □ Bill Master Charge D Bill me (North America only)

© onComputing, Inc. 1980

Card Number

Expiration

Signature

Name (please print) 1

(

Street/Apartment Number v

c

City

State/Province/Country Code

Electron Behavior ina Chemical Bond

Michael Liebl, OSB

Mount Michael High School

Elkhorn NB 68022

Years spent subconsciously gather-ing and sifting data in our daily livesgives each of us a common sense in-tuition for the laws of nature. But ourintuitive understanding of hownature works often fails when we ex-plore worlds beyond the realm ofcommon experience. In the sub-microscopic world of atoms andmolecules, matter exhibits unex-pected behavior attributable to itsdual nature as particle and wave.Scientists interpret this world withthe aid of quantum mechanics, adiscipline that more often than not in-volves long and complicatedmathematical operations.

The computer, by virtue of the easeand speed with which it handles suchoperations, has become an invaluabletool in the quantum-mechanicalstudy of atoms and molecules. Thisarticle describes a program written inBASIC which allows anyone with anelementary understanding of quan-tum mechanics to investigate thebehavior of an electron in the bondformed between two atoms in adiatomic molecule.

Electronic Potential Well

A chemical bond is the result of at-tractive, electric interaction betweenthe atoms' electrons which arenegatively charged and the nucleiwhich are positively charged. Op-posite charges attract; like chargesrepel. In the vicinity of the nucleus ofan atom, an electron feels an attrac-tive force. The environment in whichthe electron is subject to this force is

described as a potential. A rect-angular potential well, as shown infigure 1, is an approximate model ofthe relation between an electron andits nucleus. The depth of this rect-angular well determines the extent towhich the electron is confined to theregion about the nucleus. If the well isdeep, it is difficult for the electron tocross the boundaries of the highwalls. If, on the other hand, the wellis shallow, then it is relatively easyfor the electron to escape the nucleus.A molecular bond can form whentwo atoms exchange or share an elec-tron. For example, table salt is com-posed of two elements, sodium, analkali metal, and chlorine, a halogen.Sodium, like all alkalis, can arrive ata stable electronic configuration bygiving away one of its electrons toform a positively charged sodiumion. This element has a shallow

Figure 1: Rectangular potential wellmodel that approximates the relation ofan electron to the nucleus of an atom. Thedepth of the well indicates the extent towhich the electron is confined to theregion about the nucleus.

potential well. Chlorine, like allhalogens, can arrive at a stable elec-tronic configuration by accepting anextra electron to form a negativelycharged chloride ion. Chlorine has adeep potential well.

A bond can form between a sodiumatom and a chlorine atom, and be-tween any alkali and any halogen,when the former donates an electronto the latter. The result is a molecule,the positively charged sodium ionbound to the negatively chargedchloride ion. We will use thepotential well model to study dif-ferent elements and the bonds thatthey make.

No two elements are exactly alikeeither in their ability to receive or intheir ability to donate an electron.Thus the behavior of the electron in achemical bond depends upon certainproperties of the two elements in-volved. To determine the depth of therectangular potential well for a givenelement, we will refer to twocharacteristic properties of theelements: ionization potential andelectron affinity.

Ionization potential is a measure ofthe amount of energy required toremove an electron from a neutralatom of some element X: X—X+ + e~.For alkalis this number is small, forhalogens large. Electron affinity is ameasure of the amount of energyreleased when a neutral atom ac-quires an extra electron: X + e" — X".For alkalis this number is 0, forhalogens the number is large. (Forvalues of ionization potentials and

34 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

The Solution Store

MicroAge

co/MPUTer srores

Your Computer Store for the 80s.

MicroAge Computer Stores were de-signed for the 80's. . . and beyond.Designed to provide solutions, notjust to sell hardware. From systemsintegration to easy-to-use applicationsoftware. From research and develop-ment to warranty service and repair.

From systems consulting to trainingand installation. In all these, we arethe acknowledged leaders, the in-dustry pioneers. The model for all

/MicroAge

co/MPUTer srores

computer stores of the future.Don't just take our word for it. Visit theMicroAge Computer Store nearestyou. You'll leave with a whole newidea about what a computer store isall about... and will be for years tocome.

Circle 15 on inquiry card.

Paradise Valley Mall(Cactus Rd. & Tatum Blvd.]Phoenix. Arizona

1220 Melbourne Dr.Hurst. Texas

2525 N. Scottsdale Rd.Scottsdale. Arizona

Spring Valley Rd. & Coit St.Richardson. Texas

2612 East BroadwayTucson. Arizona

24 West Camelback Rd.Phoenix. Arizona

For franchise opportunities, contact the director of franchising, (602) 967-1421.

electron affinities see the Handbookof Chemistry and Physics publishedby the Chemical Rubber Company.)The depth of the potential well of anyelement, that is, its ability to hold onto an electron, can be estimated byaveraging the element's ionizationpotential and electron affinity.

Composite Potential Model

When two atoms form a diatomicmolecule, each of the atoms brings itspotential well to the bond. The elec-tron exchanged or shared by the twoatoms can be pictured as being con-fined to a composite rectangular wellthat consists of the two potentialwells placed side by side, as shown infigure 2. Unless the two atoms are ofthe same element, one side of thecomposite well will be deeper thanthe other. The difference in height be-tween the two levels of the well is theessential feature of the bond whichdetermines how much time the elec-tron spends in the vicinity of oneatom's nucleus as compared to theother.

Because the difference in height isthe crucial factor, the lower level ofthe potential well can always be

assigned as the origin on the potentialaxis of a Cartesian coordinate system.The upper level of the well is locatedat the point that represents the dif-ference between the averages of theionization energies and electron af-finities of the two elements. Finally, itis also convenient to assume that thewalls of the potential well at the end-points of the bond are infinitely high.Given this assumption, it is impossi-ble for the electron to escape the con-fines of the molecule. This potentialmodel of the bond in a diatomicmolecule simplifies the equations thatdescribe the behavior of the electronin the bond.

Schrodinger Wave Equation

In 1926, Erwin Schrodinger for-mulated a differential equation todescribe the behavior of a sub-microscopic particle such as an elec-tron. This equation incorporates boththe particle and wave nature of theelectron. Fundamentally, Schro-dinger's equation is a restatement ofthe basic energy relation; the kineticenergy, p2/2m (derived from momen-tum and mass), plus the potentialenergy, V, yields the total energy, E,

• 5-10 times faster...and more!

Meet Pascal/Z,™ the fast, flexible compiler withhigher speed, greater efficiency and improved debugging:

■ True Z-80 native code Pascal compiler—5-1 OX fasterthan competing P-code implementations—no interpreterrequired.

■ The only multi-tasking Pascal—produces ROMablereentrant code.

■ Optimized for fastest execution —recognizes andexploits special cases.

■ Easily transportable—all hooks to your system madethrough support library.

■ Includes standard floating point package. Singlecopy on CP/M-compatible disk includes compiler,companion macro-assembler & source of the library, $395.OEM licenses available. Write or call for more information.

OODfeD^^feDIM "

Ithaca Intersystems Inc., 1650 Hanshaw Road/fO. Box 91,Ithaca, NY14850/607-257-0190/TWX: 510255 4346

of any particle:

p2/2m + V = E

Schrodinger's equation takes theform:

_-#2

2m

dx2

+ V$ = EiA

for a single-dimension model.

In the equation, -fi is read as"h-bar," and stands for a value equalto Planck's constant divided by 27r.Planck's constant, h, is an empiricallydetermined value equal to 6.6256 X10~34 Joule-seconds. The mass of theparticle is shown as m. The Greek psi(\j/) is the notation for the wave func-tion. In Schrodinger's formulation,the energy equation has beenmultiplied by a wave function, \j/, toaccount for the wave-like behavior ofsubmicroscopic particles, and thesquare of the momentum has beenreplaced by the differential operator,—n2 d2/dx2.

When the Schrodinger equation issolved for a particular set of cir-cumstances, called boundary condi-tions, it yields as a solution the formof \p, the wave equation. i/<2 gives therelative probability, for the condi-tions assumed, of finding the particleit describes at some point in space. Itis known as the probability distribu-tion function.

In our model, the depth of the rect-angular potential well is a measure ofthe magnitude of the potentialenergy, V, which acts on the electronand affects its location. In a split-levelwell the deeper side exerts a greaterforce on the electron. Therefore we

v=v„

36 March 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc

©1979 Ithaca Intersystems Inc.

Circle 16 on inquiry card.

Figure 2: When a diatomic molecule isformed, the relationship between the twoatoms may be considered as a combina-tion of two potential wells.

m

if

PaV0

EA

C,D

mass of an electron; 9.109 x 10~31

kilograms

charge on an electron; 1.602 x 10~18

Coulombs

Planck's constant divided by 2ir;

0.658 x 10~15 electron-volt-seconds

momentum of the electron

length of chemical bond

potential difference between

elements

total energy of the electron

coefficient of the wave equation, fa,

for the left side of the potential well

coefficient of the wave equation, fa ,,

for the right side of the potential well

when E> V0

coefficients of the wave equation,

^h,,.,, for the right side of the potential

well when £< V0

Table 1: Symbols and constants that areused throughout this article.

would expect the probability distribu-tion function, \p2, to be skewedtoward the deeper side of the well.

Two-Part Equation Solution

For the potential well pictured infigure 2, the Schrodinger equation issolved in two parts, corresponding tothe lower or left side and to the upperor right side of the well. The potentialin the left side of the well is equal tozero. The potential in the right side ofthe well is equal to the difference be-tween the potentials of the twoelements, V0.

The wave-equation solution, \j/,must meet four requirements:

At the left boundary of the well,the potential wall is infinitely high.There is no possibility for the elec-tron to pass beyond this point.Therefore at x = —a, the value ofthe function \pL must be zero.Similarly, the wall at the rightboundary is infinitely high. Thereis no possibility for the electron topass beyond this point. Conse-quently at x = +a, i/'b must alsobe equal to zero.

We are studying a single electron.Although we attack the solution intwo parts that correspond to thetwo sides of the potential well, a

Text continued on page 44

Listing 1: BASIC program that solves the Schrodinger equation to simulate the behavior of an electron in a diatomic chemical bond.The program finds aa, Ba, and ya in terms of V0.

The correspondence of variables in the program to terms in the equations is as follows: Al stands for aa; Bl stands for Ba; Glstands for ya; VO stands for V0.

20

30

40

50

60

70

30

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

195

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

270

280

290

300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400

REM PROFILE OF A CREM WRITTEN BY MICREM CALCULATION OFREM PROGRAM LINES

IIEMICAL BONDIIAEL LIEBL

N AND VO10-1000

IN A DIATOMIC MOLECULE

.EA <10 >OF A CHEMICAL

PRINT : PR] NT : PRINT-DIM S*<10),R(10),XPi10)

PRINT TAB(20)'"-PROFILE OF A CHEMICAL BOND-"PRINTPR]NT" THE ELECTRON DENSITY IN THE CHEMICAL BOND OF A DIATOMIC MOLECULE"

PRINT"DEPENDS UPON THE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE (VO) BETWEEN THE TWO ELEMENTS"

PRINT"WHICH ARE BOUND TOGETHER AND UPON THE LENGTH OF THE BOND (A). THE"

PRINT"AVERAGE OF THE IONIZATION ENERGY AND THE ELECTRON AFFINITY OF AN"

PRINT"ELEMENT OFFERS A MEASURE OF THE POTENTIAL OF THE ELEMENT."

PR1NF

PRINT" THIS PROGRAM CALCULATES A PROFILE OF A CHEMICAL BONO BASED"

PRINT"UPON THIS INFORMATION. FROM THE LIST OF ELEMENTS BELOW, SELECT TWO"

PRINT"WHICH WILL MAKE UP THE MOLECULE. ENTER THE SYMBOLS FOR THESE"

PRINf'ELEMENTS AT THE REQUEST OF THE PROGRAM. "

PRINT : PRINT

F=0

PRINT TAB(10)"HYDROGEN - H"

PRINT TAB(10)"LITHIUM - Li"

PRINT TAB(10)"SODIUM - Na"

PRINT TAB(10)"POTASSIUM - K"5

PRINT TAB(10>"RUBIBIUM - Rb"

PRINT TAB(10)"CESIUM - Cs"

PRINT

PRINT

INPUT"ENTER ELEMENT NUMBER ONE - "! A*

FOR 1-1 TO 10

READ St- ( ] ) , R ( 1 ) , ] P ( ] ) , EA ( 1 )

IF S*<I)OA* THEM NEXT I

IF lOl 1 THEN 350

OOSUB 800

GOTO 280

RESTORE

INPUT"ENTER ELEMENT NUMBER TWO - ";A*

FOR J*»l TO 10

READ S*(J),R<J),IP <J),EA(J)

IF S*(J)OA* THEM NEXT .J

IF JO 11 THEN 430 Listing 1 continued on page 38

;TAB(40)"FLOURTNE;TAB(40)"CHLORINErAB(40)"BROMINE;TAB(40)"IODINE

Br'

r

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 37

Listing 1 continued:

410420430440450460470480490500510520530540550560570530590600610800310320330340850360900910920930940950960970930990L 0001010102010301040105010601 0701 0301 0901 100111011201 1 301 1 401 1 50116011701 1 SO119012001210122012301 24012501260

GOSUB 800

GOTO 360

RESTORE

PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

M=9.109E-31

Q9-1.602E-19

1-1=0.658E- 15

A=^ (R (I ) +R (J > ) * 1E- 10

Vl^=< IP( I MEA( 1) )/2

V2=(IP(.JHEA(.J> )/2

V0-V2-V1

IF VO-CO THEN VO=^-VO

M=SQR ( 2*M#V0/Q9 ) *A/II

N2~N'-2

PRINV'VO = ";

PRINT US1NG"##.###"JVO

PRINT" N = "■

PRINT USING"##.#tttt";M

PRINT : PRINT ? PRINT

INPUT"WHEN READY TO CONTINUE

GOTO 1010

REM SYMBOL. ENTRY ERROR

PRINT

PR]NT"THE -CHEMICAL

TYPE A CARRIAGE RETURN.

: A*

PRINT"THE LEST AMD

PRINT

RESTORE

RETURN

REM DATA FILE

SYMBOL ENTERED DOE!FRY AGAIN."

NOT MATCH ANY IN THE FILE,

CHECK"

DATADATADATADATADATADATADATADATADATADATAREM

Li,Na,K,Rb,

1

1

CI ,

Br,

I,

CAL

4. 176

17.418,13.01,11 .84,10.454,Al

4

0.63,

0.97,1. 33,

1 .47,

1.67,1 .33,

1.01,

1.96,

2, 20,CULATION OFPRINTPRINT'PRINT'PRINTPRINTFOR A-PRINTNEXT APRINTPRINT "FOR Al=PRINT UPRINT"-1 ";A2-A1 '•■2GOSUB 1530IF INT<Y1)~1NT(Y2)IF Y2<Y1 THEN GOTO

595, 0.39, 0138, 039, 0

U0

.443.613. 3633. 063AND Bl OR

Gl, LINES 1010-1730

GRAPHICAL SOLUTION OF"TRANSCENDENTAL EQUAL ION"

TAB < 6)= 1 TO 60TAB(A-«&)!

—30

TAB(36)?"0";TAD(64)

-Al-'

1 TO

>1NG '

TAB(36);.2 STEPtt.tt#";Al

II | II

. 1

IF ABS(Yl)-IF ABS(Y2><GOTO 1300PRINT""GOTO 1300IF ABS(Y2)-[F ABS(Y1><GOTO 1300

:-30

:~30

-30

-30

THEN GOTO 1290

1240THEN PRINTTHEN PRINT

1ABC36+Y1 )LAB(36+Y2)

"+'

"#'

THENTHEN

PRINTPRINT

TAB(36+Y2);TABC36+Y1 )!

ELSE GOTO 1220

ELSE GOTO 1270

Listing 1 continued on page 40

38 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

CHOICE PRINTERSFOR THE SMALL BUSINESS

Mow the small business can have theadvantage of Centronics performance. Withthe introduction of a new series of low-costprinters designed to meet the needs of thesmall business, Centronics' features andreliability are yours for the choosing.We have models with high thruput forinventory control, full 132 column width

for accounts receivable, versatile forms-handling capability for invoicing, payrolland statements. Plus excellent print qual-ity for correspondence labels and listings.And, we support you with the largestworldwide service organization of anyindependent printing company.

You can see the Centronics printers

at your Authorized Hamilton/Avnet dealerwho can assist you in deciding which oneis best suited to your particular application.

Circle 17 on Inquiry card.

BU\v/

ELECTRON

i

jwaiwiir

CENTRONICS FROM YOUR LOCAL DEALER

For the name of your neaest Authorized Hamilton/Avnet Dealer, just call our toll-free number:

CALL TOLL-FREE:

1-800-252-0627

IN CALIFORNIA CALL TOLL-FREE:

1-800-421-4645

Listing 1 continued:

1270 PRINT""

12 8 0 (3 0 T 0 13 0 0

1290 PRINT TAB(36+Yl)S"x"

1300 Nil XT Al

1310 FOR A=l TO 60

1320 PRINT TAB(6+A)""-";

1330 NEXT n

1340 FOR A=l TO 3

1350 PRINT

1360 NEXT

1370 PRINT"AT WHAT VALUE OF Al DO THE LINES SEEM TO INTERSECT?"

1380 PRINT"A1- "5

1390 INPUT Al

MOO IF N-0 THEN Al =-1.57079

1410 G9-1000

J 420 A1=A1 +. 0001

1430 A2-=Al-"-2

1440 GOSUB 1530

14 50 IF S<G9 THEN G9=S ELSE GOTO 1480

1460 IF Al-3.1416 THEM PRINT"DID NOT FIND POINT OF INTERSECTION"

14 70 GOTO 1420

1480 PRINT

1490 PRINT"THE POINT OF INTERSECTION IS:"

1500 PRINT"Al«= ";

1510 PRINT USING "##.###"?<A1~.0004)

1520 GOTO 1670

1530 REM SUBROUTINE FOR TRANSCENDENTAL EQUATION

1540 IF N>At THEN GOTO 1560 ELSE GOTO 1610

1550 REM PAIR OF EQUATIONS FOR N>A1

1560 Q1=SQR(N2-A2>

1570 Y1=Q 1. *8IN(A1)/< A1*COS(A1 ))

1580 Y2»-(EXP<Q1 ) -EXP(-Q1 ) ) / (EXP(Q1 )+EXP(-Q.i ) )

1 590 S- (Y1 - Y2) --2

1600 RETURN

1610 REM PAIR OF EQUATIONS FOR N<A1

1620 Q2«SQR(A2-N2)

1 630 Y1~Q2*S1N(A1)/(A1 * COS(A1 ))

1640 Y2= -SIN(Q2)/COS(Q2)

1650 S=(Y1-Y2>~2

1660 RE TURN

1670 REM END SEARCH

1680 A2«A1"W2

1690 IF N>A1 THEN G2-N2-A2 ELSE B2-A2--N2

1-700 G1-SQR(G2)

1710 B1-SQR(B2)

1720 IF N<A1 THEN GOTO 1760

1730 PRINT"G1- "5

1740 PRINT USING "tt#.##tt";Gl

1750 GOTO 1780

1760 PRINT"B1= "5

1770 PR]NT USING "##.###"?B1

1780 PRINT

2000 REM CALCULATION OF PS I

2010 PRTNT"-CALCULATION OF PSI-"

2020 PRINT

2030 REM CHOICE OF OUTPUT

2040 PRINV'DG YOU WANT QUI PUT AS TABLE OF VALUES (1) OR IN GRAPHICAL FORM (2)?"

2050 PRINT"ENTER A 1 OR 2"

2060 INPUT Z9

2070 IF Z9=l THEN GOTO 2090

2080 IF Z9=2 THEN GOTO 2310 ELSE GOTO 2050

2090 REM TABLE OF VALUES

2100 PRINT TAB(9>?"TABLE OF VALUES"

2110 PRINT TAB<8>;" "

21 2V r'ri INT Listing 1 continued on page 43

40 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

BANK SELECT - 64K BYTE EXPANDABLE MEMORY BOARD

MODEL DMB6400 SERIESFULLY COMPATIBLE WITH:

ALPHA MICRO

CROMEMCO

NORTH STAR

MP/M

and most otherS-100 systems

• Four independent, 16K softwareselectable banks.

• Switch selectable bank sizes —from 16K to 64K in 16K increments.

• Eight banks (512K) per I/O port foreach of the 256 ports.

• Z-80 4MHz operation with nowait states.

• Low power — 8 watts maximum.

• Reliable, tested and bumed-inmemory.

• ONE YEAR GUARANTEE

• IEEE S-100 compatible timing.

• Attractive Dealer 8v OEM Prices

MEASUREMENT

systems &. controls

incorporated

867 North Main Street • Orange, CA 92668Telephone: 714/633-4460

BITE March 1980 41

You can put our new C8000 microcom-puter system to work today. Because whileothers are talking, we're delivering. Rightoff the shelf.

This powerful general-purpose micro-computer system combines a processor,memory, 8-inch Winchester disk and car-tridge tape drive into one low-profile desk-top package. And the entire 10-Mbyte diskcan be backed up on one tape cartridge.

Industry-compatible versions of BASIC,COBOL, FORTRAN and Pascal are availableon several operating systems, along withcommunications software, word processingand business applications packages.

When you need to expand the system,you can do it in the field. Just add our forth-coming Z8000* upgrade. Then you canconnect eight terminals and link C8000stogether. Directly. In a high-speed localnetwork.

More features. Better performance. Im-mediate delivery. And higher quality thanany other unit for the price. To join othersuccessful Onyx OEMs and dealers, call orwrite us today.

Onyx Systems, Inc.10375 Bandley DriveCupertino, CA 95014(408) 257-8022

Inside or out,^Ce're all business.

The Onyx C8000

'ZB00Q is a registered trademark ofZilog, Inc.

42 BYTE March 1980

The software you need to sell C8000microcomputers is available now.

Onyx provides the tools you need topenetrate the business market. Specifyeither Multi-user OASIS or CP/M 2.0*for an operating system. And selectfrom COBOL, MBASIC, CBASIC II,FORTRAN, Pascal, 2780/3780 Emu-lator and a CODASYL DBMS.

Choose several popular business andfinancial applications. These integratedpackages include: General Ledger, Ac-counts Payable, Accounts Receivable,Payroll, Order Entry/Inventory Con-trol. And for the office we have mailinglist and word processing systems.

Contact lis today about these andother new software products for theOnyx C8000.

os^

Onyx Systems, Inc.10375 Bandley DriveCupertino, CA 95014(408) 257-8022

Here's the supportto prove it.

91*

C8000 Software

*CP/M 2.0 is a registered trademark of DigitalResearch, andCBASIC II is a trademark of Software Systems.

Listing i

continued:

2130

PRINT TAB<4); "A" ; TAE:( 17 ) 5 "PS

I"? TAB (26); "(PS I) ■'■"2"

2140

FOR P=-16 TO 0

2150

GOSUB 2610

2160

GOSUB 2330

2170

NEXT P

21 SO

FOR F=l TO 16

2190

GOSUB 2680

2200

GOSUB 2830

2210

NEXT P

2220

PRINT

IF F=-l THEN 3000

2240

PRINT"WOULD YOU LIKE TO SEE

THE GRAPHICAL FORM?"

2250

PRINT"ENTER A YES OR NO"

2260

F-l

2270

INPUT A*

22S0

IF A*-"YES" THEN LSUIU 2310

2290

IF A*="N0" THEN 3000

2300

GOTO 2250

2310

REM GRAPHICAL FORM

2320

PRINT

2330

PRINT TAB(9)""GRAPHIGAL FOf*

"

2340

PRINT TAB<8>; " -

li

2350

PRINT

236.0

PRINT TAB(IO); 'UPSI >'"2"

2370

PRINT

.

2380

FOR A=^l TO 50

2390

PRINT TAB<12<-A) 3"_"5

2400

NEXT A

2410

PRINT

2420

FOR P»-16 TO 0

2430

GOSUB 2610

2140

GOSUB 2900

2450

NEXT P

2460

FOR P=^l TO 16

2470

GOSUB 2680

2480

GOSUB 2900

2490

NEXT P

2500

IF F=-l THEN 3000

2510

PR INI

2520

PRINT"WOULD YOU LIKE TO SEE

THE TABLE OF VALUES?"

2530

PRINT"ENTER A YES OR NO"

2540

F«l

2550

INPUT A*

2560

IF A*-"YES" THEN GOTO 2090

2570

IF A*="N0" THEM 8000

2580

GOTO 2530

2590

PRINT

2600

GOTO 3000

2610

REM SUBROUTINE FOR PSI FROM

-16 TO 0

2620

W-P/16

2630

X-W*A

2640

A9=l

2650

P1=A9*SIN<A1*<X+A)/A)

2660

P2=PL"2

2670

RETURN

2680

REM SUBROUTINE FOR PSI FROM

0 TO 16

2690

W=P/16

2700

X=W#A

2710

IF N>A1 THEN GOTO 2720 ELSE

GOTO 2790

2720

D=A9»SIN(A1)

2730

C=-D*(EXP(G1MEXPC-G1))/<EXP(Gl)-EXP(-Gl))

2740

E5=EXP(G1*X/A)

2750

E6=EXP(-G1*X/A>

2760

PI =C* (E5--E6 ) /2+D* (E5+E6) /2

2770

P2=P1'"'2

Listing 1 continued on page 44

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 43

FOR GRAPHICAL FORM

Listing 1 continued:

2780 GOTO 2820

2790 B=A9*SIN(A1)/SIN(B1>

2800 P1 =B*S IN (B1 * ( A--X ) / A )

2810 P2=Pl-"-2

2820 RETURN

2830 REM SUBROUTINE FOR TABLE OF

2840 PRINT USING "##.###"5W3

2850 PRINT TAB(14)!

2860 PRINT USING " #.###"?Pi 5

2870 PRINT TAB(26);

2880 PRINT USING " tt.###";P2

2890 RETURN

2900 REM SUBROUTINE

2910 P9-INT(50*P2)

2920 PRINT TAB<5)5

2930 PRINT US ING"##.###"5 W5

2940 PRINT "1"5

2950 FOR F9~0 TO P9

2960 IF F9+13013 THEN PRINT

29 70 NEXT F9

2980 PRINT

2990 RETURN

3000 REM CONTINUE OR FINISH

3010 PRINT -" PRINT

3020 PR]NT"WOULD YOU LIKE TO

3030 PR INT"ENTER A YES OR NO"

3040 INPUT A*

3050 IF A*-"YES

3060 IF A*O"N0

3070 END

VALUES

TAB(F9+13);"=

STUDY ANOTHER PAIR OF ELEMENT:

THENTHEN

190

3030

Text continued from page 37:

single function, \p, must describe asingle particle. Thus at the junctionof the two sides of the well, thesolution for the left side must takeon the same value as the solutionfor the right side:

4>t = 4>r at X = 0

• In addition, the solutions for theleft and the right sides must fittogether smoothly at the junctionof the two sides.

Mathematically, this fourth re-quirement is met if the firstderivatives of the solutions for the leftand the right sides of the well take onthe same value at the junction:

dx dx

at x = 0.

There is a further complication inthe solution for the right side of thepotential well. Two cases must bedistinguished. The total energy of the

electron, E, may be greater than thepotential difference between theelements, V0, or E may be less thanV0- According to classical theory, if Ewere less than V0, the electron wouldnever be able to pass into the regionof the bond that is represented by theupper level of the potential well. Butsuch is not the case in quantummechanics.

Because of the wave-like nature ex-hibited by submicroscopic particles,it is possible for an electron to enteran area where its total energy is lessthan the potential of that area. If E >V0, ipR is a sine function designated0H (similar in form to the solution forthe left side of the potential well. Butif £< V0, then \pR is a linear combina-tion of hyperbolic functionsdesignated \i-fi „. The Schrodingerequation and these boundary condi-tions lead to the equations listed intable 2. The program in listing 1 por-trays electron behavior in a chemicalbond based on these equations.

Algorithm for Simulation

To simulate the behavior of the

electron in a chemical bond, the pro-gram executes the following steps:

1. determine the potential difference,V0, between the two elements thatmake up the molecule

2. determine the bond length, a

3. determine the parameter, n, whichis a function of V0 and a

4. determine aa (where a is equal tothe momentum of the particledivided by-ft when the particle is inthe left, low side of the well) bysolving the appropriate transcen-dental equation depending uponwhether E > V0 or £ < V0

5. determine /3« or ya (where 0 and ycorrespond to a, but for the right,high side of the well) dependingupon whether E > V0 or E < V0

6. determine the coefficients B or Cand D in terms of A dependingupon whether £ > V0 or E < V0

7. evaluate \pL and, depending uponwhether E > V0 or E < V0,evaluate either \J/R , or \j/R ,,

8. list the values of \p and i/'2 intabular form or display \j/2 ingraphical form

44

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 20 on inquiry card.

Created by Dayner/Hall.lnc. Winter Park, Ft

=■«■

E9H1 [°E1

'// i

Universal Data Systems

Break outwith our breakthrough!

Give your small computeraUDS103-LPmodemfor less than $200

End your isolation. Talk to the rest of the world. Add a UDS103-LP modem to your personal or small business com-puter system and you'll have access to the whole dial-uptelephone network.

You can communicate with time-sharing services, fel-low computer buffs or the larger systems of your cus-tomers and suppliers. And, thanks to our breakthrough,the investment is less than $200.

You get a fully Bell-compatible, originate only, Model103 modem. It offers full duplex communications capabil-ity at any speed from 0 to 300 bps. It fits right under yourphone, is FCC certified for direct connection to the tele-phone network and requires no AC power source. Allrequired operating power comes directly from the phoneline itself.

Break out now by getting full details.Contact Universal Data Systems,5000 Bradford Drive, Huntsville, AL 35805.Telephone 205/837-8100.

TWX 810-726-2100. Member IDCMA

Patent Applied For

uonTidence in Communications i i

Universal Data Systems IU

Table 2: Equations and definitions for solving Schrodinger's equation. The author is indebted to Lars Melander for the potential-wellmodel described in this article and the equations listed in this table. For a complete description of the problem and its solution seeMelander's article "Rectangular Box Model of the Polar Bond" in the Journal of Chemical Education, October 1972, pages 686 thru688. Melander's article was the inspiration for the program of listing 1.

A dhj, _ -2mBji _ _a2^ . ^ _ A Sin(Q:(x + a))

dx2 ft

The Schrodinger equation and its solution for the left side of the potential well. The solution can be verified by differentiating \pL twice.

B |) cfrp _ -2m(£ - W = -ffty ; j, = B sin(0(a - x)) for £> V0dx1 ft

II) W _ 2m(V„ - E$ _ 7^ . ^ u _ c Sjnh(7x) + D cosh (7x)dx2 -ri2 for E< V0

The Schrodinger equations and their solutions for the right side of the potential well. There are two possible solutions depending upon whether £ isgreater than or less than V0. The solutions can be verified by differentiating ^K twice.

c n2 _ 2ml/„a2ft

Definition of n, a parameter which is a function of V0 and a. It is introduced for reasons of convenience.

D i) ^2a2 = a2a2 - n2 for f > V„ii) 72a2 = n2 - a2a2 for £< Va

Identities that can be verified by combining the appropriate definitions from A, B and C.

E rjVa'a'-n' tan(aa) = - tan(Va2a2 - n2 ) f°r ^> V°

ii)Vn2-a^a2 ~ tan(aa) = - tanh(vn2-a2a2 )for E< vo

Pair of transcendental equations that derive from the boundary conditions. They determine the value of aa given n. The equation used dependsupon whether £ is greater than or less than V0.

F \) B = A sin(aa)/sin(j3a) for £> Va

ii)C = -D/tanh(7a) f E<v

D = Asin(aa) rort<v0

Equations which define the coefficients of the solutions for the right side of the potential well in terms of the coefficient (amplitude), A, of the solu-tion for the left side of the potential well. These equations also derive from the boundary conditions.

A small data file is created. The filecontains a list of elements capable offorming a diatomic molecule by ex-changing or sharing a single electronwith another element. The file con-tains the following information: thechemical symbol of the element, itsionic radius, ionization potential, andelectron affinity. [Note: The ionicradius of an element depends uponwhether the molecule is a single unit,as in the gas phase, or whether itbelongs to a larger group as in thecrystalline or solid phase. Thecrystalline ionic radii used in this pro-gram may be found in the Handbookof Chemistry and Physics, ChemicalRubber Company, 18901 CranwoodParkway, Cleveland OH 44128.]

The program lists the elements by

name and symbol after a short in-troduction. The operator enters thesymbols for the two elements to be in-volved in the bond. The programdetermines potential energy, V0, andthe bond length, a, then solves forand prints out the parameter, n. Thenthe product of the momentum and thebond length, aa, must be determined.If the diatomic molecule is in a stateof lowest energy, the ground state,then aa must lie in the interval be-tween 0 and it.

Theoretically, the best method ofsolving the appropriate transcenden-tal equation for aa would be toevaluate each side of the equationseparately for all values of aa be-tween 0 and 7r, and find the point atwhich the two sides of the equation

are equivalent. It is possible for acomputer to find the correct value ofaa by stepping aa from 0 to it in verysmall increments. In practice, this isfar too time-consuming, especially ona small computer.

The program of listing 1 determinesthe value of aa in two stages. In thefirst stage, aa is increased from 0 to ttby steps of 0.1. A graph of each sideof the transcendental equation is plot-ted on the same axis. The point wherethe two lines generated by the twohalves of the equation intersect givesa rough approximation to the propervalue of aa. The operator then entersthe value of aa immediately beforethe point of intersection. The pro-gram begins with this value of aa andincrements it in steps of 0.0004. When

46 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

IT'S THE THOUGHT THAT COUNTS

The Microtek MT-80 looks like a few otheralphanumeric line printers on the market to-day. But there is a difference.

Our versatile, low-cost MT-80 has been de-signed with a more powerful brain resultingin more advanced features and more depend-able performance. We believe our printer isso reliable that we offer you an incredible365 days warranty.

If you want dependable performance, fastfactory service and a low price, look for theMicrotek label. The brain behind our printerreally makes the difference. It's the thoughtthat counts.

LOADED WITH INNOVATIONS

• 40, 80 or 120 columns (software select-able)

Non-thermal paper, pin feed125 CPS, 70 lines per minute9x7 dot matrixVertical format unit

96-character ASCII (upper and lower case)Adjustable forms width to 91/2"Parallel and serial (RS-232C) interfacesavailable

Circle 21 on Inquiry card.

MICROTEK

For more information contact:

MICROTEK, Inc.

9514 Chesapeake Drive

San Diego, CA 92123

Tel. (714) 278-0633

the difference between the two sidesof the transcendental equation(squared so that negative numbers areinconsequential) is a minimum, theprogram prints out the value of aa.Depending upon the relative sizeof aa and n, the program thenevaluates and prints out either (3a orya.

Next the coefficients of the equa-tions for the right side of the potentialwell are determined in terms of A, theamplitude of the wave equation forthe left side of the potential well. Thevalue of the coefficient A could bedetermined by normalization, mak-ing the probability that the electron isat some point between — a and +aequal to 1. In this program, the waveequation is left unnormalized.

The equations defining the rela-tionship among these coefficients are

the result of application of the bound-ary conditions. Finally, numericalvalues of \p and \p2 can be determined.The program evaluates \p for eachside of the potential well at fractionalintervals along the bond lengthaccording to the appropriate equa-tion. The data is available to theoperator either in tabular or ingraphical form. As might be ex-pected, the graphical form gives abetter impression of how the electronbehaves in the bond.

Characteristics of the Program

The program of listing 1 was writ-ten in AlphaBASIC to run on anAlphaMicro Systems AM-100 com-puter. The hyperbolic trigonometricfunctions, sinh(x) and cosh(;c), do notappear in AlphaBASIC. But thesefunctions can be defined in terms of

the natural exponential function,which appears in most versions ofBASIC:

sinh(x)

_ ex

e~*

coshU) =

_ e* + e

In these equations, e is the base of theNapierian natural logarithm and hasa value of approximately 2.71828.Otherwise there are no unusualstatements or functions in the pro-gram. The processing of math-ematical variables is carried out infloating-point notation with eleven-digit accuracy.

The formatted output rounds off

all results at the third decimal place.

Text continued on page 56

Listing 2: A sample execution of the program of listing 1.RUM CHMBNQ

-PROFILE OF A CHEMICAL BOND-

THE ELECTRON DENSITY if-\ THE CHEMICAL BOND OF A DIATOMIC MOLECULEDEPENDS UPON THE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE (VO) BETWEEN THE TWO ELEMENTSWHICH ARE BOUND TOGETHER AND UPON THE LENGTH OF THE BOND (A). THEAVERAGE OF THE IONIZATION ENERGY AND THE ELECTRON AFFINITY OF ANELEMENT OFFERS A MEASURE OF THE POTENTIAL OF THE ELEMENT..

THIS PROGRAM CALCULATES A PROFILE OF A CHEMICAL BOND BASEDUPON THIS INFORMATION. FROM THE LIST OF ELEMENTS BELOW, SELECT TWOWHICH WILL MAKE UP THE MOLECULE. ENTER THE SYMBOLS FOR THESEELEMENTS AT THE REQUEST OF THE PROGRAM.

HYDROGEN -

H

LITHIUM

Li

FLOURINE

-- F

SODIUM

Na

CHLORINE

- C1

POTASSIUM -

K

BROMINE

- Br

RUBIDIUM -

Rb

IODINE

- I

CESIUM

Cs

ENTER

ELEMENT NUMBER-

ONE -

Na

ENTER

ELEMENT NUMBER

TWO -

CI

VO ■

5.743

N =

3.414

WHEN READY TO CONTINUE TYPE A CARRIAGE RETURN.

GRAPHICAL SOLUTION OFTRANSCENDENTAL EQUATION

Listing 2 continued on page 50

48 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

MicroDaSys SoftwareCP/M™ Compatible

TM

The Pencil Sharpener™ - Now with subscripts and superscripts! Theform letter merge utility for the Electric Pencil II. $195. order code: psi.

Osborne Accounting Packages. Complete CBASIC II source disk-ettes of the best accounting software at the lowest price. AccountsPayable, Receivable, Payroll and General Ledger. $99 each. Order codes:

APO,ARO,PCO,GLO.

6800 and 6809 Cross Assemblers for 8080 and Z80 CP/MSystems. Full Mnemonic assemblers with complete options specificationand output formatting. $89 each, order codes: asm68, asm69.

For all software specify format: 8", 5" North Star, 5" Micropolis.

We Need Your Help!

An International Company Called Micro-

DaSyS has designed a dynamite solution for thesmall businessman seeking a computer. We call it the"millie"TM. it's a system that combines the absolutebest business software available with fast, dependablehardware.

The "millie" is the smartest buy a smallbusiness can make, it comes with the most

powerful accounting, word processing and applica-tions software available, And to take advantage ofthat power, the "millie" uses the S-100 bus, eight inchdisk drives and the universal CP/Mt operating system.It can be programmed in BASIC, FORTRAN, Pascaland dozens of other languages. Best of all, "millie"prices start at under $3000. The one illustrated in-cludes a reproduction-quality printer and full accoun-ting and word processing software for just $6995,"Millie" has been in use for over a year in the US,Europe, South America and Australia. It is a provendesign, regularly updated as the state-of-the-art ad-vances.

But an international company can't knockon doors. Without branch offices in every city ofthe US (and the world) we have the same problem asdozens of other computer manufacturers. We simplycan't contact all of the small businessmen who couldbenefit from our "millie". That's where you come in.

We seek your help. Sell our "millie" as a com-plete, integrated system to your neighborhood busi-nesses, universities, writers and other professionals. If

you're reading this magazine you probably have allthe expertise required to demonstrate and sell"millies". All that's really required is the motivation toseek out prospective customers and the ability to pre-sent "millie's" features to them in a way most under-standable to them. Put us in your customer's place.

We offer you a piece of the exciting computermarket, the chance to work with the most sophisti-cated software and hardware available, and best ofall, a handsome commission and no minimum pur-chase requirements (not even one!)

It's easy to sell "millies". You will be supportedby an international advertising campaign, a depen-dable system made by a well known manufacturer,and the best documentation available. All you need isthe enterprise to seek out new customers and providethem with the support they need (perhaps earning yourown consulting fees) during and after installation. Wewill even supply you with potential sales leads in yourarea — Reader Service Questionaires, Direct Mail In-quiries, and Telephone Responses. These are peolewho want you to sell them a "millie"! All you need todo is act!

You've got nothing to lose! There are abso-lutely no strings, no minimum purchases, no specialdegrees or instruction required, no retail store neces-sary. All that is required is the sincere desire to earnmoney selling our computers. Join the fascinating fieldof computer sales now. The market is ready if you are!Write or call today for your introductory salespackage and complete info.

MicroDaSys S-100Products

8P2SM I/O Card. Eight 8-bit parallel I/Oports with handshaking, one serial RS-232 I/Oport, one modem I/O port. Kit $149,

Assembled $199. Order Codes 8P2SMK, 8P2SMA.

MD690a S-100 6800 CPU card, iok

PROM space, 1K RAM, 2400 baud cassette in-terface, 2 Parallel I/O Ports. Kit $198, Assembl-ed $258. Order Codes: MD690aK, MD690aA

New!

ColorMaster™ 80 x 25 Full Color

Memory-mapped Video Board. Kit $399,

Assembled $499. Order Codes: CMK, CMA.

4P4S I/O Card. Four 8 bit parallel I/O portswith handshaking, four serial RS-232 or TTLI/O ports. Kit $199, Assembled $249. Order

Codes: 4P4SK, 4P4SA.

Super Z™ - The amazing system on a board.Z80 Processor, two parallel I/O ports, serialRS-232 I/O port, counter/timer, 2708/2716EPROM, and 48K Dynamic Ram -All on onecard! Assembled only $950. order code-, sz.Manuals for hardware and software are $15,creditable towards purchase.

6809!

Single Board Computer

r"|ilii

Sri.

S-100 Compatibility.6809 Computabiiity

• 1K RAM • RS-232 level shifters

• 10K PROM space • 20 I/O lines

• Parellel keyboard input

• Memory-mapped video firmware

• Fully S-100 compatible(including 8080 type I/O)

• MONBUG II monitor included %*

• 2400 baud cassette interface +

!J>,Z-7_7 /\SS

eii

iDiea

}>239 Kit

Order Codes:

•

MD690bA

•

MD690bK

• x. /

III/ *

For distribution in the Netherlands contact:

Computer Programming Interantional BV

Burg Penstraat 3, Postbus 288, 3740AC Baarn, Holland

% CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research Cc

Circle 22 on inquiry card.

VPN

<fO

///^f*

Listing 2 continued:

-Al-O. 10-

0. 20-

0. 30 -0.40-0. 50—0. 60-0. 70-0. 80-0. 90-1 . 00-1 . 10-1 ,. 20-1 . 30-1 .40-1 . 50-1 . 60-1 . 70-1 . 80-1 . 90-2. 00-2. 10-2. 20-2. 30 -2.40-2.50-2.60-2.70-2. 80-

2. 90-

3. 00-3. 10-3.20™

"■m

i

*

#

ft*

ft#

#

ft

ft«•

i- *+ *

■h-ft

++

+

•!■•

+

+

ft +

AT WHAT VALUE OF Al DO THE LIMES SEEM TO INTERSECT?Al = ? 2.3

riie:: point of intersection is:

Al = 2.378Gl - 2.449

-CALCULATION OF PSI -

DO YOU WANT OUTPUT AS TABLE OF VALUES (1) OR IN GRAPHICAL FORM (2)?ENTER A 1 OR 2? -1

TABLE OF '.'ALLIES

A

PS 1

(ps i) •-•

1 . 000

I). 000

0. 000

0. 938

:>. 148

0. 022

0. 875

D, 293

0 „ 036

0.813

:>.431

0. 186

0. 750

D. 560

0.314

0.688

I). 677

0. 4 58

0. 625

J. 7 73

0. 606

0. 563

:>. 863

0.744

0. 500

I). 928

0.86 1

Listing 2 continued on page 52

50

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Now...You, the small systems user can enjoythe advantages of HI-performancelo^ c<M computer graphics

For complete information contactHouston Instrument, One HoustohSquare, Austin, Texas 78753.(512)837-2820. For rush literature re-quests persons outside Texas calltoll free 1-800-531-5205. In Europecontact Houston Instrument,Rochesterlaan 6, 8240 GlstelBelgium. Phone 059/27 74 45.

DIVISION Of MUlCH&tOMlft

The perfect small system output device

Displays data in easy to read

graphical format

Both serial and parallel inputs

built-in.

Used standard 8V2" x 11" paper

(DIN A4)

Plotting speed up to 2.4 ips (60

mm per sec)

Resolution of both 0.01 and 0.005

in. (0.1 mm and 0.2 mm)

Baud rate and step size easily

changed

Completely assembled and ready

to use

Priced at $1085'

The perfect small system input device

Resolution and repeatability of0.005 in. (0.1 mm)Origin is completely relocatableRS232C and 8 bit parallel inter-face selectable at the connectorAccuracies of ±0.015 in. (0.4 mm)Optional LC display shows actualvalues being inputtedDigitizing surface 11" x 11"(28 mm x 28 mm)Priced at $795*

"the graphics ■ recorder company"

HIPLOT-Circle Inquiry #292HIPAD-Circle Inquiry #293

TM Trademark of Houston Instrument'U.S. Domestic Price Only

Listing 2 continued:

0.4380.3750.3130. 2500. 1SS0. 1250. 0630. 0000. 0630. 1250. 188

0. 2500.3130.3750.4380. 5000. 5630.6250. 6880. 750313'.75

000

0.973

0.94 7

0. 996

0.993

0. 998

0. 996

0.977

0. 955

0.935

0.875

0.872

0.76 1

0. 790

0. 625

0. 691

0. 477

0.591

0. 350

0. 506

0. 256

0. 432

0. 186

0.368

0. 135

0.313

0. 098

0.265

0. 070

0.223

0. 050

0. L87

0. 035

0. 155

0.024

0. 127

0. 016

0. 101

0. 010

0. 078

0. 006

0.057

0. 003

0. 037

0. 001

0.018

0. 000

0. 000

0. 000

WOULD YOU LIKE TOENTER A YES OR MO? YES

SEE THE ORAPHICAL FORM-

GRAPHICAL f-ORM(PSI)-2

-1.000

■0.938

0.875-0.813■0.750-0.688-0.625-0.563•0. 500

0.438-0.375-0.313-0.250-0. 188-0.125■0. 063

0. 000

0. 063

0. 125

0. 188

0. 250

0.313

0. 375

0.438

01 50'..)

U.563

0. 625

0. 688

0. 7500.8130.8750.938

1. 000

Listing 2 continued on page 54

52 March 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc

For years many small business system buyersthought that in order to get "real" performanceand enough storage to be a "real" business systemthey would have to sacrifice the family jewels.

But with the introduction of the Smoke SignalChieftain series office computers a lot of people'sminds have been changed.

Because we designed the highly reliableChieftain small business system with the mostinnovative combination of performance and effi-ciency around.

At your fingertips there are 64,000 charactersof random access memory and you can addressanywhere from 740,000 characters to 2 millioncharacters with Smoke Signals's new double den-sity controller. For larger concerns, there's a 20Mbyte hard disk available.

At a time when other small computer manu-facturers tell you "you're on your own", SmokeSignal offers an abundance of easy-to-use softwareprograms such as order entry, inventory control,

accounts receivable, invoice entry, payroll, wordprocessing and much, much more. There's BASIC,COBOL and FORTRAN — even a multi-user BOS(Business Operating System) that allows fornumerous users simultaneously.

Chieftain systemsstarting at under $200.00per month display per-formance on par with sys-tems costing twice tothree times as much.

So call (213) 889-9340for your nearest autho-rized Smoke Signal dealerdemonstrate the Chieftain's high reliability andease of operation. For dealers only, circle 24

All other inquiries, circle 7

he'll be glad to

SMOKE SIGNAL

BROADCASTING

31336 Via Colinas, Westlake Village, California 91361. (213) 889-9340

.

Listing 2 continued:WOULDENTER? YES

YOU LIKEA YES OR

TO STUDYNO

ANOTHER PAIR OF ELEMENTS?

HYDROGEN

- H

LITHIUM

- I_i

SODIUM

- Nn

POTASSIUM

- K

RUBIDIUM

- Rb

CESIUM

C s

ENTER

ELEMENT NUMBER

ONE

ENTER

ELEMENT NUMBER

TWO

FLOURINE

- F

CHLORINE

- CI

BROMINE

- Br

IODINE

- I

■"■) =

N =

0.439

1.270

WHEN READY TO CONTINUE TYPE A CARRIAGE RETURN.

GRAPHICAL SOLUTION OF

TRANSCENDENTAL EQUATI ON

■ 30

-A1-

0. 10 - I0.20-10.3.0- I0.40-10.50 -10.60-10.70-10.80-10.90-I,00-110-1,20-130-1,40-150- I, 60- I70 -1, 80- I90 • I2.00-12.10-12.20-12.30-I2.40-12.50-12.60-12.70-12.80-12.90-13.00-13. 10 I3.20- 1

*

+•

•»

•+

*

4.

■K-

■+

*

•1-

#

+

*

■I-

«

+

«■

t-

#

+

»

•1-

# +

■^■-1

«•

i- i.+ ■)

+#

f-S-

Listing 2 continued on page 56

54 March 1980 © BYTE Publications toe

26 MEGABYTES$4995.

Suddenly, S-100 microcomputer systems can easily handle 100 millionbytes. Because Morrow Designs™ now offers the first 26 megabyte hard diskmemory for S-100 systems-the DISCUS M26™ Hard Disk System,

It has 26 megabytes of useable memory (29 megabytesunformatted). And it's expandable to 104 megabytes.

The DISCUS M26™ system is delivered complete-a 26 megabyte hard disk drive, controller, cables and operating system-forjust $4995. Up to three additional drives can be added, $4495 apiece.

The DISCUS M26™ system features the Shugart SA4008Winchester-type sealed media hard disk drive, in a handsome metal cabinetwith fan and power supply.

The single-board S-100 controller incorporates intelli-gence to supervise all data transfers, communicating with the CPU via ithree I/O ports (command, status, and data). The controller has the ability togenerate interrupts at the completion of each command to increase systemthroughput. There is a 512 byte sector buffer on-board. And each sector can beindividually write-protected for data base security.

The operating system furnished with DISCUS M26™systems is the widely accepted CP/M* 2.0.

See the biggest, most cost-efficient memory ever intro-duced for S-100 systems, now at your local computer shop. If unavailablelocally, write Morrow Designs,™ 5221 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804.Or call (415) 524-2101, weekdays 10-5 Pacific Time.

•CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research.

Q /MORROWDESIGNS™

Thinker Toys

Circle 25 on inquiry card.

Listing 2 continued:

AT WHAT VALUE OF AI DO THE LINES SEEM TO INTERSECT?Al = ? 1.70

THE POINT OF INTERSECTION IS:Al ™ 1.791Bl » 1.264

-CALCULATION OF PSI -

DO YOU WANT OUTPUT AS TABLE OF VALUES (1) OR IN GRAPHICAL FORM C2)'ENTER A 1 OR 2? 1

TABLE OF VALUES

A

PSI

(PSI)A2

-1.000

0. 000

0. 000

-0. 938

0. 112

0.012

-0.875

0.222

0. 049

-0.813

0. 330

0. 109

-0.750

0. 433

0. 188

-0.688

0.531

0.282

-0.625

0. 622

0.387

0. 563

0.706

0. 498

-0. 500

0.781

0. 6 L 0

-0.438

0.846

0.715

-0.375

0. 900

0. 310

0. 313

0. 943

0. 889

-0.250

0.974

0.949

-0.188

0. 993

0. 987

-0. 125

1. 000

1. 000

-0.063

0. 994

f) £>£:;-;

0. 000

0.976

0. 952

0.063

0.948

0. 899

0. 125

0.915

0.837

0.188

0.876

0.767

0. 250

0.831

0.691

0.313

0.782

0.611

0.375

0.727

0. 529

0.438

0.668

0.446

0.500

0.605

0.366

0.563

0.538

0. 289

0.625

0.467

0.218

0.688

0.394

0. 155

0.750

0.313

0. 101

0.813

0.240

0.058

0.875

0. 161

0. 026

0. 938

0.081

0. 007

1. 000

0. 000

0. 000

WOULD YOU LIKE TOENTER A YES OR NO? YES

Text continued from page 48:

The format (PRINT USING) state-ments are somewhat rare and mayhave to be modified according to theparticular version of BASIC withwhich you happen to be working.The program requires no specialgraphics systems. All graphic featuresare generated by using terminalkeyboard symbols (such as theasterisk).

BEE THE GRAPHICAL FORM?

Uses of the Program

The program can be easily adaptedfor further study of chemical bonds indiatomic molecules. You can studythe electron distribution for differentbond lengths at a constant potentialdifference. Alternately, you couldstudy the electron distribution forvarying potential differences at a con-stant bond length.

Listing 2 continued on page 58

It is also possible to estimate theionic character of the bond. If thepotential difference between twoelements was infinitely large, the elec-tron would be confined indefinitely tothe lower side of the potential well.The most probable electron locationin a symmetrical well would be at thecenter of the well, in this case atx = — 0.5a. Since one nucleus would

56 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Sfc*

Color communicates better. That's the obvious benefit ofISC's new CP/M®2 compatible desktop computer.

■ *s*-»:"'';. ^-&—""•- -"■~

■ «ff- — "s«(drsw.iA*.*.nr^j|

M

611,11, I. i„i ,.. i,l iii lii„

What isn't as obvious is the benefit of the CP/M2 operatingsystem. CP/M2 allows Intecolor® 8963 users to choose from anabundance of software. The wide variety of business programsavailable in CP/M greatly reduces the need for specially-prepared software.

Simply load the CP/M2 operating system disk to run any CP/Mprogram (without modification), whether it's in BASIC, COBOL,FORTRAN IV, orany other programming language. Add the superbreadability and improved comprehension of color graphics andyou've got unparalleled desktop performance.

The Intecolor 8963 is complete with 19" display, 32Kof userRAM, 591K dual 8" floppy disk drive, CP/M2 operating systemand a color version of Microsoft® Business BASIC. At just $6395fit's perfect for the small business.

See the new 8963 at selected computer dealers. Or ask yourISC sales representative for a demonstration and find out howcolor—and CP/M2—can work to your advantage.

•U.S. domestic price.

Unretouched photo of screen

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research Corp.

ISC SALES REPRESENTATIVES: AL: 205/883-8660, AZ: 602/994-5400. AR: (TX) 214/661-9633, CA: Alhambra 213/281-2280. Goleta 805/964-8751, Irvine 714/557-4460, Los Angeles 213/476-1241,

Los Altos 415/948-4563, San Diego 714/292-8525, CO: 303/779-0666, CT: 203/624-7800. DE: (PA) 412/922-5110, DC: (VA) 703/569-1502. FL: Ft. Lauderdale 305/776-4800. Melbourne 305/723-0766,

Orlando 305/425-5505. Tallahassee 904/878-6642. GA: Atlanta 404/455-1035, HI: 808/524-8633. ID: (UT) 801/973-7969, IL: (No.) 312/564-5440. (So MO) 816/765-3337, IN: (IL) 312/564-5440.

IA' (MO) 816/765-3337 KS" (MO) 816/765-3337. KY: 606/273-3771, LA: 504/626-9701. ME: (MA) 617/729-5770, MD: (VA) 703/569-1502, MA: 617/729-5770. Ml: Brighton 313/227-7067,

Grand Rapids 616/393-9839, MN: 612/822-2119, MS: (AL) 205/883-8660. MO: 816/765-3337 MT: (CO) 303/779-0666. NB: (MO) 816/765-3337, NH: (MA) 617/729-5770. NJ: (No ) 201/224-6911.

(So 1215/542-9876. NV: (AZ) 602/994-5400, NM: 505/292-1212, NY: Metro/LI (N J) 201/224-6911, N. Syracuse 315/699-2651, Fairport 716/223-4490. Utica 315/732-1801 NC: 919/682-2389,

ND: (MN) 612/822-2119, OH: Cleveland 216/398-0506. Dayton 513/429-9040. OK: (TX) 214/661-9633. OR: 503/620-5800, PA: (E) 215/542-9876. (W) 412/922-5110. Rl: (MA) 617/729-5770,

SC: 803/798-8070. SD: (MN) 612/882-2119, TN: 615/482-5761. TX: Austin 512/454-3579, Dallas 214/661-9633. El Paso Area (Las Cruces, NM) 505/523-0601. Houston Only 713/780-2511.

UT: 801/973-7969. VT: (MA) 617/729-5770. VA: 703/569-1502, WA 206/455-9180. WV: (PA) 412/922-5110. Wl: (IL) 312/564-5440. WY: (CO) 303/779-0666.

EUROPEAN EXPORT SALES EUROPE IMA) 617/661-9424, BELGIUM: Brussels 02-242-36-04. FRANCE: Rueil Malmaison 749-40-37. GREECE: Athens 642-1368, ITALY: Milano 02600733.

THE NETHERLANDS Poeldljk 01749-7640. SPAIN: Barcelona 204-17-43. SWEDEN Vallingby 08-380-370, SWITZERLAND: Mulschellen 057-546-55. UNITED KINGDOM: Bournemouth 0202-293-115.

WEST GERMANY' Koblenz (02611-31025/6. AUSTRALIA & NEW ZEALAND: Auckland 814-9385. Canberra 58-1811. Chermside 59-6436, Melbourne 03-543-2077, Sydney 02-808-1444,

Wellington 64-4585 CANADA' Dorval 514/636-9774. Otiawa 613/224-1391. Toronto 416/787-1208. Vancouver 604/684-8625. CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA & CARIBBEAN: (GA) 404/394-9603.

MEXICO Monterrey 564-876, FAR EAST: (CA) 213/382-1107. HONG KONG: 5-742211. JAPAN: (Tokyo) (03) 463-9921. TAIWAN: (Taipei) 02-7026284, MIDDLE EAST: (GA) 404/581-0284.

ISRAEL: Ramal Gan 03725749, KUWAIT: Kuwait 438-180/1/2. LEBANON: Beirut 221731/260110, SAUDI ARABIA: Jeddah 27790. Ryadh 25083-39732

For sales and service in other countries contact ISC headquarters in Norcross, GA., U.S.A

Intelligent Systems Corp.

Intecolor Drive • Technology Park/Atlanta • Norcross, GA 30092 • Telephone 404/449-5961 • TWX 810-766-1581Circle 26 on inquiry card.

Listing 2 continued:

(PSD--2

-1,-0-0-0-0—0-0

—o

-0

-0

-o

• -0

-o

-0

- 0

000 I9381875 I81317501688162515631500143813751313125011881125 I06310.00010.06310.12510.18812501313137514381500 I5631

6881750 I81318 75 19381000 I

WOULD

ENTER? NO

YOU LIKEA YES OR

TONO

STUDY ANOTHER PAIR OF ELEMENTS'

have exclusive possession of the elec-tron, such a bond would be 100%ionic.

If there was no potential differencebetween the two elements, the mostprobable location in the symmetricalwell would again be the center of thewell, but this time at x = 0. The bondhas 0% ionic character.

All real molecular bonds lie be-tween these two extremes. Toestimate the ionic character of abond, search for the fractional valueof the bond length at which the pro-bability distribution curve has max-imum amplitude. Multiply thisnumber by two, make it positive, andconvert it to a percentage form. Theresult is a model estimate of the ionic

character of the bond.

This program represents a merepeek at the quantum mechanicalworld of atoms and molecules. Muchhas been discovered and much re-mains to be discovered. The com-puter facilitates investigation of thisworld. Moreover, the computer canbe a spur to our imagination beckon-ing us to new vistas in themicroscopic world and beyond. ■

Bibliography

Arya, Atam P, Elementary ModernPhysics, Addison-Wesley Publishing Com-pany, Reading MA, 1974.Blanchard, C H, et al, Introduction toModern Physics, Prentice-Hall Ino,Englewood Cliffs NJ, 1969.

3. Ford, Kenneth W, Classical and ModernPhysics, Volume 3, A Textbook forStudents of Science and Engineering,John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1974.

4. French, A P and Taylor, Edwin F, An In-troduction to Quantum Physics, The MITIntroductory Physics Series, W W Nortonand Company Inc, New York, 1978.

5. Goble, Alfred T and Baker, David K,Elements of Modern Physics, The RonaldPress Company, New York, 1962.

6. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, TheChemical Rubber Publishing Company,Cleveland OH.

7. Kim, S K and Strait, E N, Modern Physicsfor Scientists and Engineers, MacmillanPublishing Company Inc, New York, 1978.

8. Melander, Lars, "Rectangular Box Modelof the Polar Bond," Journal of ChemicalEducation, October, 1972, pages 686 thru688.

9. Pauling, Linus, The Chemical Bond, Cor-nell University Press, Ithaca NY, 1967.

10. Strauss, Herbert L, Quantum Mechanics:An Introduction, Prentice-Hall Inc,Englewood Cliffs NJ, 1968.

58 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Let this New Series from

BYTE BOOKS answer your

programming questions

Programming Techniques is a series ofcollected articles concerned with the art andscience of computer programming. The firstvolume in the Programming Techniquesseries is entitled Program Design. The pur-pose of the book is to provide the personalcomputer user with the techniques neededto design efficient, effective, maintainableprograms.

ISBN 0-07-037825-8 Pages: 96Price: $6Editor: Blaise W. Liffick

Simulation is the second volume in theProgramming Techniques series. Boththeoretical and practical applications areincluded. Particularly stressed is simulationof motion, including wave motion and fly-ing objects, and the use of simulation forexperimentation.ISBN 0-07-037826-6 Pages: 126Price: $6Editor: Blaise W. Liffick

Numbers in Theory and Practice is thethird book in the series. It includes infor-mation of value to both the novice and theexperienced personal computer user. Themechanics of the binary system are dis-cussed, including software division andmultiplication, as well as floating point

numbers, numerical methods, random

numbers, and the mathematics of computer

graphics.

ISBN 0-07-037827-4 Pages: 192

Price: $8.95

Editor: Blaise W. Liffick

The 4th volume of the ProgrammingTechniques series, Bits and Pieces, coversvarious topics of interest to programmers

It

is a collection of the best articles from pastissues of BYTE magazine plus new materialcollected specifically for the series, on sub-jects such as multiprogramming, stacks,interrupts optimation, and real timeprocessing.

ISBN 0-07-037828-2 Pages: 160Price $8.95Editor: Blaise W. Liffick

\m

□

Please send p,□

copies of Program Design

copies of Simulation 1

copies of Numbers in Theory and Practice

copies of Bits and Pieces

. Name

Title

Company

1 Street

BITE

LBfldMS

City State/Province Code

G Check enclosed in the amount of $

□ Bill Visa □ Bill Master Charge

Card No. Fxp. Date

Add 60c per book to cover postage and handling.

70 Main St, Peterborough, NH 03458

Circle 113 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

59

Hewlett-Packard'sNew Personal Computer

The HP-85

Christopher P MorganEditor-in-Chief

Photos by Ed Crabtree

A question often heard in personalcomputer circles is, "When isHewlett-Packard going to bring out apersonal computer?" The questionhas been answered, and the newHP-85 computer is quite a system.

Hewlett-Packard (HP) has longbeen a respected manufacturer ofminicomputers, desktop calculators,and handheld calculators; the highquality of their electronic test equip-ment is well known to the engineering

community. Hewlett-Packard alsohas the reputation for being a careful,conservative company, and theHP-85 is, not surprisingly, a logicaloutgrowth of their desktop and hand-held calculators.

We recently had the opportunity toaudition the HP-85. Our preliminaryfindings are listed below.

System Features

The basic HP-85, shown in photo

1, costs $3250 and consists of a micro-computer with a custom 8-bit pro-cessor and several other custom inte-grated circuits, data cartridge drivefor DC-100 tape cartridges, a high-resolution video display with a 5-inchscreen (measured diagonally) withresolution of 256 by 192 dots (indi-vidually addressable) for graphics, 16lines by 32 characters of text, key-board, and thermal printer. The unitcomes with 16 K bytes of program-

Photo 1: Hewlett-Packard's new entry into the personal computer market: the HP-85. The $3250 unit features a 5-inch video display,data cartridge drive, keyboard with user-programmable keys, and thermal printer. The HP-85 also offers interesting graphicscapabilities. Every point on the 256 by 192 dot array can be individually addressed by the programmer. The built-in thermal printercan make a copy of any graphic design on the screen or any alphanumeric data. Sophisticated features included in this unit are a hard-ware and software self-test key; four levels of security protection for files on data cartridges; plug-in memory expansion to the basicpackage of 16 K bytes of programmable memory and 32 K bytes of read-only memory; ANSI standard Enhanced BASIC with theability to chain programs together; and line editing.

60 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

ntrtk: data systems supe?brain

The Honor Graduate

There's been a lot of talk latelyabout intelligent terminals withsmall systems capability. And, it'salways the same. The systemswhich make the grade in perfor-mance usually flunk the test inprice. At least that was the caseuntil the SuperBrain graduated withthe highest PPR (Price/Perfor-mance Ratio) in the history of theindustry.

For less than $3,000*, SuperBrainusers get exceptional performancefor just a fraction of what they'dexpect to pay. Standard features in-clude: two dual-density mini-flop-pies with 320K bytes of disk storage,up to 64K of RAM to handle eventhe most sophisticated programs,a CP/M Disk Operating Systemwith a high-powered text editor, as-

*Quantity one. Dealer inquiries invited.Circle 28 on inquiry card.

sembler and debugger. And, withSuperBrain's S-100 bus adapter, youcan even add a 10 megabyte disk!

More than an intelligent terminal,the SuperBrain outperforms manyother systems costing three to fivetimes as much. Endowed with ahefty amount of available software(BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL), theSuperBrain is ready to take on yourtoughest assignment. You name it!General Ledger, Accounts Receiv-able, Payroll, Inventory or Word Pro-cessing . . . the SuperBrain handlesall of them with ease.

Your operators will praise theSuperBrain's good looks. A fullASCII keyboard with a numeric key-pad and function keys. A non-glare,dynamically focused, twelve inchscreen. All in an attractive desktopunit weighing less than a standard

office typewriter. Sophisticatedusers will acclaim SuperBrain's twinZ-80 processors which transfer datato the screen at 38 kilobaud! Inter-facing a printer or modem is noproblem using SuperBrain's RS-232C communications port. But bestof all, you won't need a PhD in com-puter repair to maintain the Super-Brain. Its single board design makesservicing a snap!

So don't be fooled by all the fresh-man students in the small systemsbusiness. Insist on this year's honorgraduate . . . the SuperBrain.

3

sinte3tecCdata

= SYSTEMS,

2300 Broad River Road, Columbia, SC 29210(803) 798-9100 TWX: 810-666-2115

BYTE March 1980 61

mable memory (14,500 of which areavailable to the user) expandable to32 K bytes, and 32 K bytes of read-only memory. The latter contains theoperating system and the EnhancedBASIC package.

Data Cartridges

One of the main differences be-tween the HP-85 and most othersmall systems on the market is its useof data cartridges for reading andwriting programs and data. This isnot surprising, since the company ex-pects to sell the unit in large quan-tities to professionals, and the datacartridge is one of the most reliableforms of mass storage availabletoday. The cartridge-drive slot islocated on the front of the machine(see photo 1).

Each cartridge can hold 780 pro-gram records consisting of 192 Kbytes each, or 850 data records of 210K bytes. There can be a maximum offorty-two named files per cartridge.

Cartridge rewind time is 29

seconds; search speed is 152 cm (60inches) per second; data transferspeed is 25.4 cm (10 inches) persecond; and tape length is 43 meters(141 feet). With the data cartridgesystem the user can create data files,input arrays into the computer with asingle program statement, store an"autostart" program that is auto-matically loaded and executed atpower-on, and secure programs fromunauthorized access.

Keyboard

The keyboard is divided by func-tion: the typewriter keyboard forentering alphanumeric data, thenumeric pad for entering numeric in-formation, and eight user-definablekeys. (These keys are located directlyunder the video screen. Labels for thekeys can be entered by the user andwill appear at the bottom of thescreen). Display, editing, and system-control keys permit the user to con-trol the video display. The keyboardis hinged and can be easily swung out

of the way after the cover is removedto service the processor board (seephoto 3).

Video Display

One of the HP-85's strong points isits graphics and alphanumeric displaycapability. Sixteen lines of text can bedisplayed at a time on the screen, buta buffer holds up to sixty-four lines,so the user can back up and see a partof a listing that has scrolled off thescreen— a decided convenience inwriting or debugging programs. Ifyou come to the end of the sixty-four-line section in the buffer, the displaywraps around to the beginning again.Characters are formed in a 5 by 7 dotmatrix.

In the graphics mode, the displayconsists of a 256 (wide) by 192 (high)dot field, giving a total of 49,152 indi-vidual dots available for high-reso-lution plotting. The HP-85 also storesthe last alphanumeric display and thelast graphics display in separate buf-fers so the user can switch more freely

Photo 2: Inside the HP-85, showing the 5-inch video display cathode-ray tube, thermal printer, and data cartridge drive. The pro-cessor board is located under the keyboard (see photo 4). Note the set of user-definable keys at upper left of the keyboard. Labels forthese keys are displayed at the bottom of the video screen.

62 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

MioraHIET

It's off and running. And delivering

as promised.

What is MicroNET?

It is the personal computingservice of CompuServe,Incorporated. CompuServe is anationwide commercial timesharing computer network withlarge-scale mainframes.MicroNETallowsthe personalcomputer user access toCompuServe's large computers,software and disc storageduring off-peak hours (from6 PM to 5 AM weekdays, all dayon Saturdays, Sundays andmost holidays).

What do I get?

You can use our powerfulprocessors with X-Basic,Fortran, Pascal, Macro-10, AIDor APL You get 128K bytes ofstorage free (just access it atleast once a month). Softwareincludes games—includingnetworking multi-player games—personal, business andeducational programs.

In addition, there is theMicroNET National BulletinBoard for community affairs,

for sale and wanted notices andthe MicroNET Electronic MailSystem for personal messagesto other MicroNET users. Youcan even sell software viaMicroNET.

NEWlMicroQUOTE, asecurity informationsystem for corporatestocks and public debt.NEW! MicroNET Soft-ware Exchange withdozens of newprograms available fordownloading to yourpersonal computer at aspecified charge.NEW! Executive pro-gramsforTRS-80, AppleII and CP/M systems (soyour machine and ourscan talk to each othererror-free). You canswitch between terminaland local mode whileon line.

What do I have to have touse MicroNET?

The standard 300 baud modem.MicroNET has local phone

service in most major cities (seebelow) and a reduced phonecharge in overa hundred others.

What is the cost?

We've saved the best for last.There is a one-time hook-upcharge of only $9.00! Operatingtime—billed in minutes to yourVISA or MasterCharge card—isonly $5.00 an hour.

Want more information?

Good. Write to us at the addressbelow. We'll send you afullpacket of information aboutMicroNET.

CompuServe

Personal Computing DivisionDept. B

5000 Arlington Centre Blvd.Columbus, Ohio 43220

MicroNET is available via local phone callsin the following cities: Akron, Atlanta,Boston, Canton, Chicago, Cincinnati,Cleveland, Columbus, Dallas, Dayton,Denver, Detroit, Houston, Indianapolis,Los Angeles, Louisville, Memphis, WestCaldwell (NJ), New York, Philadelphia,Pittsburgh, San Francisco, Stamford (CT),St. Louis, Toledo, Tucson andWashington, D.C

Access to the MicroNET service is avail-able in 153 other cities for an additionalcharge of $4.00 per hour.

". . . but the really impressive stuff is in the back room.'

Circle 29 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980 63

from one mode to the other withoutlosing data.

Readers familiar with the com-pany's desktop calculators will beimmediately at home with theHP-85's graphics-handling routines.There are sixteen graphics commandsfor setting up graphs, locating theorigin, and scaling and labeling theaxes quickly.

Anything that appears on thescreen can be printed on the thermalprinter by simply pressing theGRAPH and COPY keys in thatorder. You may also enter commandsfrom the keyboard while in graphicsmode. Inverse video is also available,as well as a BPLOT routine for user-defined graphics.

The alphanumeric characters areon the small side compared to theaverage personal computer displaybecause of the screen size. However,they are quite readable— not unlikethe IBM 5100 display. Screen editingis convenient. There are five cursor-

control keys, plus keys for clearingthe screen, a line, or a singlecharacter. The ability to edit within aprogram line is a great time saver.

Security

The HP-85 offers unprecedentedversatility when it comes to securingdata and programs. The SECUREcommand is used to prevent specificprogram files from being listed,edited, or stored; to prevent any file'sname from appearing in the directorylisting; and to protect the user fromwriting over a file. The UNSECUREcommand removes security onsecured programs or data files. Thefile name to be secured must alreadyappear in the directory (ie: it mustalready exist on tape).

The file name may be any string ofcharacters except the null string. Thesystem takes the first two charactersof the string and stores them as thesecurity code. There are four levels ofsecurity.

At level 0, the program may not belisted or edited. Level 1 furtherprevents the program from beingduplicated. At level 2, the programmay also not be overwritten. Level 3removes the name of the file from thecatalog and replaces it with blank.

Printer

The thermal printer operates inboth alphanumeric and graphicsmodes. In the alphanumeric mode, itcan print the full 128-character ASCIIcharacter set, which includes upper-case and lowercase letters, numerals,and special symbols. The full char-acter set can be underlined. Printerspeed is 2 lines per second.

Enhanced BASIC

The HP-85's Enhanced BASICinterpreter meets and exceeds themost recent ANSI standard. Itsfeatures include: 12-digit accuracyand exponents up to ±499 forcalculations; extremely versatile

Photo 3: Internal view of the HP-85, showing the processor board under the hinged keyboard. The 8-bit processor is a customHewlett-Packard design, as are most of the integrated circuits in the computer.

64 March 1980 © BYTE Publicaeions Inc

^REE

No ticket to buy! No parking problems!

4.;

FREELAND INTERNATIONAL COMPUTERMiari'Niw Pridncts-Svstens-Sirtware

SHOWS

f

Major manufacturers launch into the 80s inthis Computer Odyssey. The newest computerand computer related products are madedirectly available for demonstration to theend user, the broad spectrum of people—theNOW market. Create computer fever and thedemand for more knowledge, service, andproducts. The NOW market is growing andconstantly winning new users—encouragethem to examine the unlimited potential. Bethere, where they shop and compare in com-fortable leisure, with no ticket to buy and noparking problems. The telephone, the televi-sion, and now a computer in every hom^Kgoal possible when you step into the 80s withFre^Und International Computer Shows.

You are invitedtant invitation oft

?d. Scheie. This is the most impor-he t980's for you and your business.

April 9 -13. 1380

®

THE FABULOUS DAYTON MALL

2700 Miamisburg Centerville Road, Dayton, Ohio.45459 llntersectiorfWiio State Rts. 741 & 725, justoff 1-75) * J

For dealerrir!formation contact:FREELAND INTERNATIONALCOMPUTER SHOWS

2918 Martel Drive'ayton, Ohio 45420513/254-2900

TMT

ID

' *Registered Trademark ofFreeland Shows, Inc.

*Freeland International Computer Shows is a division of FREELAND SHOWS, INC.

Circle 30 on Inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

65

string-handling capability (a string inHP-85 Enhanced BASIC can theoret-ically be up to 32 K bytes long) com-patible with string handling on otherHP computers; 42 predefined func-tions; formatted output; the ability tochain BASIC programs together;multistatement lines; a program-mable sound generator that can playsingle-voice lines of melody throughthe built-in speaker or make audiblebeeps at predetermined times duringthe execution of a program; andcalculator capability. For debugging,the user can single-step throughBASIC programs, branch ONERROR, or have the program pro-vide a default value with DEFAULTON to enable a program to continueexecuting. In particular, theformatted-output capability is usefulfor generating headings, columns,and spaces for program output.

Self-Test

A unique feature of the HP-85 isthe built-in self-test routine. Whenthe TEST key is pressed, the com-puter runs through an electroniccheck of all internal components— a

feature common to many Hewlett-Packard electronic instruments. Ifeverything checks out correctly, aparticular set of characters is dis-played on the screen. (The graphicsdisplay will be cleared, but programsand variables in memory will remainintact.) If the system is not operatingcorrectly, the system displays "Error23 SELF TEST."

Input/Output

Photo 4 shows the back of theHP-85 and the four input/output(I/O) ports. Additional memory canbe added via the ports. The companywill be introducing a variety ofperipherals for the unit, includingdual 5-inch floppy-disk drives, exter-nal printers, plotters, and so on. Anextra 16 K bytes of memory costs$395.

Software

Software currently available ondata cartridges for the HP-85 includesBASIC training, general statistics,mathematics, electrical engineering,finance, linear programming, andregression analysis. Each packagecosts $95. More packages are under

development. BASIC program devel-oped for Hewlett-Packard's desktopcomputers can be adapted for use onthe HP-85, as can most programswritten in ANSI BASIC. The unit alsocomes with a well-written, 350-pageowner's manual and a standard appli-cation software package. Hewlett-Packard is quoting immediate de-livery on the HP-85.

Evaluation

We were impressed with the perfor-mance of the HP-85 computer. Thegraphics alone make this an attrac-tive, albeit not inexpensive, alternateto existing small systems on themarket. And many of its features areunique. Although Hewlett-Packard ispinning its hopes on heavy sales tothe professional marketplace, it is ourguess that many personal computerexperimenters and hackers will wantthis machine.

In future issues of BYTE we willevaluate the HP-85 in greater depth.

For further information about theHP-85, contact: Inquiries Manager,Hewlett-Packard Co, 1507 Page MillRd, Palo Alto CA 94303. ■

Photo 4: Rear view, showing the four I/O ports and their removable covers,

66 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

From PEflGCM

One-Drive System:

$399. (40-track) & $675. (77-track)Two-Drive System:

$795. (40-track drives) & $1350. (77-track drives)Three-Drive System:

$1195. (40-track drives) & $2025. (77-track drives)Requires Expansion Interface, Level II BASIC & 16K RAM.

Low Cost Add-On Storage for Your TRS-80

In the Size You Want.

When you're ready for add-on disk storage, we're ready for you.Ready with six mini-disk storage systems — 102K bytes to 591K bytes of

additional on-line storage for your TRS-80*.

• Choose either 40-track TFD-100™ drivesor 77-track TFD-200™ drives.

• One-, two- and three-drive systems im-mediately available.

• Systems include Percom PATCH PAK#1™, on disk, at no extra charge. PATCHPAK #1,ude-glitches and upgradesTRSDOS for 40- and 77-track operation.

• TFD-100™ drives accommodate "flippydisks." Store 205K bytes per mini-disk.

• Low prices. A single-drive TFD-100™costs just $399. Price includes PATCHPAK #1™ disk.

• Enclosures are finished in system-compatible "Tandy-silver" enamel.

Whether you need a single, 40-track TFD-100™ add-on or a three-driveadd-on with 77-track TFD-200™s, youget more data storage for less moneyfrom Percom.

Our TFD-100™ drive, for example,lets you store 102.4K bytes of data onone side of a disk — compared to 80Kbytes on a TRS-80* mini-disk drive —and 102.4K bytes on the other side, too.Something you can't do with a TRS-80*drive. That's almost 205K bytes permini-disk.

And the TFD-200™ drives provide197K bytes of on-line storage per drive

— 197K, 394K and 591K bytes for one-,two and three-drive systems.

PATCH PAK #1™, our upgradeprogram for your TRSDOS*, not onlyextends TRSDOS* to accommodate 40-and 77-track drives, it enhancesTRSDOS* inotherwaysaswell. PATCHPAK #1™ is supplied with each drivesystem at no additional charge.

The reason you get more for lessfrom Percom is simple. Peripherals arenot a sideline at Percom. Selling disksystems and other peripherals is ourmain business — the reason you getmore engineering, more reliability andmore back up support for less money.

In the Product Development Queue ... a printer interface for using your TRS-80* with anyserial printer, and .. . the Electric Crayon "•', to map your computer memory onto your color TVscreen —for games, animated shows, business displays, graphs, etc. Coming PDQ!

™ TFD-100, TFD-200. PATCH PAK and Electric Crayon are trademarks of PERCOM DATA COMPANY.

•TRS-80 and TRSDOS are trademarks ol Tandy Corporation and Radio Shack which hare no relationship to PERCOM DATA COMPANY.

To order add-on mini-disk storage for your TRS-80*,or request additional literature, call Percom's toll-freenumber: 1-800-527-1592. For detailed Technical infor-mation call (214) 272-3421.

PERCOM DATA COMPANY, INC.211 N. KIRBY • GARLAND, TX. • 75042

Orders may be paid by check or money order, orcharged to Visa or Master Charge credit accounts. Texasresidents must add 5% sales tax.

Percom 'peripherals for personal computing'

Circle 31 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980 67

Programming Quickies

Gear-Ratio Calculationfor Bicycle Derailleurs

John A Lehman, 716 Hutchins, Apt 2, Ann Arbor MI 48103

KERCHUNK! "Hey, what gear is next on this thing?"asked my wife, Lisa. Since my old, reliable three-speedbicycle suffered a close encounter of the worst kind witha car impatient to turn right on a red light, we had bothdecided to buy used ten-speed bikes. Unfortunately, thatmeant having to worry about seven more "speeds."

"Why don't you use your computer to figure out whatorder to do things in?" she asked. This was a good sug-gestion, especially since one of our neighbors had beenwanting me to figure out whether it would be worthwhilefor him to change from a five-speed to a ten-speed shiftmechanism. The result is this Programming Quickiewhich describes a program that helps answer these andother questions.

The most popular gear shift mechanism on bicyclesthese days is the derailleur. This mechanism uses one,two, or three front gear sprockets (ie: chain wheels) andeither five or six rear gear sprockets. This means that onecan have a five-, six-, ten-, twelve-, fifteen-, or eighteen-speed shift mechanism. The derailleur device moves thechain between the different gear sprockets, as shown infigure 1 on page 70. This means that, unlike two- andthree-speed bikes, the shift mechanism cannot go directlyfrom low to high gear. Rather, there are as many separatesequences of gear combinations as there are front chainwheels; the rider has to combine these different sequencesinto one overall shift pattern.

To make things more complicated, there are fairlywide variations in the number of gear teeth on the frontand rear sprockets. Differently configured gear-toothcombinations are used for different riding conditions. Forexample, racers who ride mostly on level ground have anarrower gear-ratio range than bike tourists who have tomanage both long, level stretches and steep hills. It wouldbe nice to be able to tell what difference it would makeriding up that long hill if you changed to a given frontand rear sprocket combination.

The program given in listing 1 addresses both of theseproblems. It will analyze any combination of betweenfive and eighteen speeds; it will produce a shift chart toindicate the order in which to use different combinationsof front and rear gear sprockets and a chart of gear rangeso that comparisons can be made between different com-binations of sprockets with variations in the number ofgear teeth.

The unit of measure used here for gear range is thetraditional one of wheel size. This is the size of the frontwheel that would be necessary to produce the same drive

ratio on one of the old high-wheel (ie: penny-farthing)bikes of the nineteenth century. The program is written inTDL 12 K BASIC, but should run unaltered on any com-puter that uses Microsoft or a similar BASIC system suchas the TRS-80, PET, Apple II, or Ohio Scientific. Happycycling, and wear a helmet!

Listing 1: A program written in TDL 12 K BASIC that calculatesthe gear ratios available from combinations of front and reargear sprockets with varying numbers of teeth.

Special language features are as follows. A PRINT USINGstatement provides formatted output. A simple PRINT willwork, but will be slightly less neat. If your BASIC does not havethe EXCHANGE statement used in lines 310 thru 314, you cansubstitute a simple swap routine such as:

T1=P(]+1,1) : P(]+1,1)=P(],1) : P(1,1) = T1to perform the exchange. A question mark is an abbreviation forPRINT.

10

'PROGRAM TO CALCULATE 10 SPEED OR 15 SPEED

GEAR RATIOS

20

DIM W(16),P(16,3)

30

INPUT "NUMBER OF FRONT GEARS";F1

40

INPUT "NUMBER OF GEARS ON REAR

FREEWHEEL";R1

50

IF F1=0 THEN F1=2

60

IFR1=0THEN R1 =5

70

N = R1.F1

80

INPUT "REAR WHEEL DIAMETER";W1

90

IF F1=3 THEN 120

100

F$(1) = "INNER ":F$(2)= "OUTER "

110

GOTO 130

120

F$(1) = "INNER ":F$(2) = "MIDDLE ":F$(3)= "OUTER

130

FOR 1 = 1 TOF1

140

PRINT "NUMBER OF TEETH ON ";F$(I); "GEAR";

150

INPUT T(l)

160

NEXT I

170

FOR 1 = 1 TOR1

180

PRINT "NUMBER OF TEETH ON "; I;" REAR GEAR";

190

INPUT S(l)

200

NEXT I

210

FOR I = 1 TO F1

220

FOR J = 1 TO R1

225

X = (I-1)*R1+J

230

W(X) = T(I)/S(J).W1

235

P(X,1) = X:P(X,2)=I:P(X,3) = J

240

NEXT J

250

NEXT I

260

FOR 1 = 1 TO N:P(I,1)=I:NEXTI

270

'START SORT

280

FOR I = 1 TO N

290

FOR J = 1 TO N - 1

300

IF W(P(J,1))<W(P(J + 1,1)) THEN 320

310

EXCHANGE P(J,1),P(J +1,1)

312

EXCHANGE P(J,2),P(J + 1,2)

314

EXCHANGE P(J,3),P(J + 1,3)

320

NEXT J

330

NEXT I

340

?:?:?

350

?"WHEEL";TAB(10);"FRONT";TAB(20);"REAR"

360

FOR I = 1 TO N

370

PRINT USING "###.##"; W(P(I,1));

375

PRINT TAB(10);F$(P(I,2));TAB(20);P(I,3)

380

NEXT

390

END

68 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

CPU Support Card

REQUIRED

For 8080, Z80 and 8086Multi-User Systems

If you plan to use multi-user software, youneed our CPU Support Card's vectored inter-rupt controller and sophisticated timers.Whether your system is powered by an 8080,Z80 or 8086, this card was designed to make

software interfacing easy. The card's I/O ports,EPROM socket, and "sense switch" give youan expanded flexibility that can greatly simp-lify those difficult jobs.

VECTORED INTERRUPT CONTROLLER

The card's vectored interrupt controller uses two 8259As toaccept 7 interrupts from the board and 8 from the bus. On-boardinterrupts are generated by the timer chip (3), the serial port (2), theparallel input port (1), and the parallel output port (1). The 8259Asare fully programmable for 8080/Z80 "CALL" mode or 8086 mode.

THE ULTIMATE TIMER CHIP

The card uses Advanced Micro Devices' new Am9513 SystemTiming Controller — "The Time Machine". Of its five 16-bitcounters, one is dedicated to baud rate generation for the serialport while two others can be combined to make a time-of-day clock.All counters are programmable. A special regulator is used for thischip so either +8V or regulated +5V can be provided from anoutside source to keep the time-of-day counters running whencomputer power is off.

OTHER FEATURES

In addition to full modem control and programmable baud rate forthe serial port, the card also includes a 8-bit parallel input port, an8-bit parallel output port, a socket for a 2K EPROM (addressable toF000H, FF000H, F800H, or FF800H — our Monitor fits here if thecard is used with our 8086), and an 8-bit "sense switch" input portto use for system control. Power requirements for the card are lessthan 1.0 amps at +8V (including timer chip) and less than 0.1amps for each of the +16V and -16V supplies, The card isprovided with a 24" cable for the serial port (DB-25 female).Additional cables for the parallel input (female) and output port(male) are available at $11.50 each.

PRICES

1-4 5-9 10-up

$370 302 235

(Add $25 for 8086 Monitor ROM)

HOW TO ORDER

There are two ways to go. You can check with your local dealeror order direct from the factory. Bank cards, personal checks,CODs okay. There is a ten-day return privilege on factory orders.All cards are guaranteed one year — both parts and labor. Shippedprepaid by air from stock.

Write or check reader service

card for information about our

other 8086 products

k

Seattle Computer Products, Inc.

1114 Industry Drive, Seattle, WA. 98188(206) 575-1830

Circle 32 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

69

Notes on Gear Ratios

Contrary to popular belief, on most ten-speedbicycles the first five gear ratios are not all producedusing the small front sprocket, with the top five gearratios correspondingly produced using the large frontsprocket. The actual case is more complicated, as canbe seen from listing 2.

On many bikes, the setup is as follows. The first and

Listing 2: Sample execution of the program of listing 1. The gearratios are measured in terms of the equivalent size of the frontwheel of a high-wheel (ie: penny-farthing) bicycle needed toproduce the same final drive ratio.

RUN

NUMBER OF FRONT GEARS? 2

NUMBER OF GEARS ON REAR FREEWHEEL? 5

REAR WHEEL DIAMETER? 27

NUMBER OF TEETH ON INNER GEAR? 44

NUMBER OF TEETH ON OUTER GEAR? 52

NUMBER OF TEETH ON 1 REAR GEAR? 14

NUMBER OF TEETH ON 2 REAR GEAR? 16

NUMBER OF TEETH ON 3 REAR GEAR? 18

NUMBER OF TEETH ON 4 REAR GEAR? 20

NUMBER OF TEETH ON 5 REAR GEAR? 22

WHEEL54.0059.4063.8266.0070.2074.2578.0084.8687.75100.29

FRONTINNERINNER

OUTERINNER

OUTERINNER

OUTERINNER

OUTER

OUTER

REAR5453423121

READY:

lowest gear ratio is produced using the small frontsprocket and the largest rear sprocket. The second gearratio is produced using the small front sprocket andthe next-to-largest rear sprocket.

Now for the anomaly. The third gear ratio is pro-duced using the large front sprocket and the largestrear sprocket. The fourth gear ratio is obtained usingthe small front sprocket and the third-largest rearsprocket. For the fifth gear ratio, we move the chainback onto the large front sprocket and onto thesecond-largest rear sprocket.

At this point, we may become perplexed. Is therenot one pattern in the sprocket use that we canremember? Well, there is some regularity. Using thesmall front sprocket and all the rear sprockets in orderfrom largest to smallest, we obtain gear numbers 1, 2,4, 6, and 8. Using the large front sprocket and all therear sprockets in order from largest to smallest, we ob-tain gear numbers 3, 5, 7, 9, and 10. So really, only thevery top and bottom gears fall out of the easily remem-bered even/odd sequence.

Now you may object, "How am I supposed to fol-low such a complex shifting sequence while I am dodg-ing traffic, pot holes, and vicious dogs?" Well, youdon't have to follow the sequence strictly.

Most bike riders, in fact, rarely use gears three andeight. These are the extreme combinations of largefront sprocket with largest rear sprocket, and of smallfront sprocket with smallest rear sprocket. Since thechain has to bend rather sharply when it is set up inthese combinations, mechanical stress and wear are in-creased.

In my own riding around hilly Peterborough, NewHampshire, I typically leave the chain on the largefront sprocket and shift up and down through therange made available by moving the chain to thevarious rear sprockets. I move the chain to the smallfront sprocket when I need the bottom two gears, suchas when I ride up the steep hill that leads to myhome. . . . RSSB

FRONT DERAILLEUR DEVICE

REAR DERAILLEURDEVICE

CHAIN

FRONT GEAR SPROCKETS(CHAIN WHEELS)

Figure 1: Diagram of the drive mechanism of a ten-speed, derailleur-equipped bicycle. The pedal cranks (not shown) are attached tothe front gear sprockets {ie: chain wheels) through the crank axle. The front derailleur device can shift the chain between the largefront sprocket and the small front sprocket.

The rear gear sprockets are attached to the rear axle by means of a freewheel hub that allows the rider to stop pedaling while thebicycle remains in motion. The rear derailleur device can shift the chain between any of the five rear gear sprockets. Different frontand rear sprocket combinations produce the ten gear ratios.

70 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

6809 PROCESSING POWER!

The Percom SBC/9. Only $199.95.

he SS-50,bUs^on of tbe' mother7TJ]&6ts—--.the

f Fully compatible w threquiring no modificatboard, memory cjrSBC/91" is also a conrfplete, single-board control computer with its ownROM operatingT "system? - B&M,peripheral ports and a full-range baudclock generator.

Make the SBC/9 the heart of your computer and put to workthe most outstanding microprocessor available, the 6809.

the Mighty 6809

Featuring more addressing modesthan any other eight-bit processor,position-independent coding, special16-bit instructions, efficient argu-ment-passing calls, autoincrement/autodecrement and more, it's no won-der the 6809 has been called the "pro-grammers dream machine."

Moreover, with the 6809 you get amicroprocessor whose programs typ-ically use only one-half to two-thirds asmuch RAM space as required for 6800systems, and run faster besides.

And to complement the extraordi-nary 6809, the Percom design teamhas developed PSYMON", an extraor-dinary 6809 operating system for theSBC/9"PSYMON-— Percom SYstem MONitor

Although PSYMON™ includes a fullcomplement of operating systemcommands and 15 externally callable

"trademark of Percom Data Company, Inc.

utilities, what really sets PSYMON'"apart is its easy hardware adaptabilityand command extensibility.

For hardware interfacing, youmerely use simple, specific devicedriver routines that reference a table ofparameters called a Device ControlBlock (DCB). Using this technique, in-terfacing routines are independent ofthe operating system.

The basic PSYMON" commandrepertoire may be readily enhanced ormodified. When PSYMON" first re-ceives system control, it initializes itsRAM area, configures its console andthen looks ahead' for an optional sec-ond ROM which you install in a socketprovided on the SBC/9" card. ThisROM contains your own routines thatmay alter PSYMON" pointers andeither subtly or radically modify thePSYMON" command set. If a secondROM is not installed, control returnsimmediately to PSYMON"

Provision for multi-address, 8-bit bidirectional parallel I/O data lines for interfac-ing to devices such as an encodedkeyboard.

A serial interface Reader Control outputfor a cassette, tape punch/reader or simi-lar device.

An intelligent data bus: multi-level databus decoding that allows multiprocess-ing and bus multiplexing of other busmasters.

Extended address line capability — ac-commodating up to 16 megabytes ofmemory — that does not disable the on-board baud rate clock or require addi-tional hardware in I/O slots.On-board devices which are fully de-coded so that off-card devices may useadjoining memory space.Fully buffered address, control and datalines.

The SBC/9", complete with PSYMON "inROM, 1K of RAM and a comprehensiveusers manual" costs just $199.95.

PERCOM DATA COMPANY, INC.

211 N. KIRBY GARLAND. TEXAS 75042(214) 272-3421

Percom 'peripherals for personal computing'

To place an order or request additional literaturecall toll-free 1-800-527-1592. For technical infor-mation call C214] 272-3421. Orders may be paid bycheck, money order, COD or charged to a VISA orMaster Charge account. Texas residents must add

5% sales tax. Circle 25 on inquiry card.

PRICES AND SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE.

Circle 33 on Inquiry card.

Welcome to Percom's Wide World

Each LFD mini-disk storage systemincludes:

• drives with integral powersupplies in an enamel-finishedenclosure

• a controller/interface with ROMoperating system plus extra ROMcapacity

• an interconnecting cable

• a comprehensive 80-page usersmanual

Circle 34 on inquiry card.

Low-Cost Mini-Disk Storage in the Size You Want.

Percom LFD mini-disk drivesystems are supplied completeand ready to plug in the momentthey arrive. You don't even haveto buy extra memory. Moreover,software support ranges fromassembly language programdevelopment aids to high-speeddisk operating systems andbusiness application programs.

Mini-disk storage system prices:

The LFD-400® and -400EX® systemsand the LFD-800® and -800EX® systemsare available in 1-, 2- and 3-driveconfigurations. The -400, -400EX drivesstore 102K bytes of formatted data on40-track disks, and data may be stored oneither surface of a disk. The -800, -800EXdrives store 200K bytes of formatted dataon 77-track disks.

The LFD-1000® systems (not pictured)have dual-drive units which store 800Kbytes on-line. The LFD-1000® controlleraccommodates two drive systems so thata user may have as much as 1,6M byteson-line.

1-DRIVE

2-DRIVE

3-DRIVE

MODEL

SYSTEM

SYSTEM

SYSTEM

For the SS-50 Bus:

LFD-400®

$ 599.95

$ 999.95

$1399.95

LFD-800®

895.95

1549.95

2195.95

For the EXORciser" Bus:

LFD-400EX®

$ 649.95

$1049.95

$1449.95

LFD-800EX®

945.95

1599.95

2245.95

LFD-1000®

(dual) $2495.00

(quad) $4950.00

—

-'illlhtll•flit tf If

EXORciser* Bus LFD-400EX®> -800EX® Systems

Although designed with the SWTP 6800 owner inmind, this upgrade adapter may also be used withmost other 6800 and 6802 MPUs. The adapter issupplied assembled and tested, and includes the6809IC, a crystal, other essential components anduser instructions. Restore your original system bymerely unplugging the adapter and a wire-jumpered

Circle 35 on inquiry card.

>ing Power. Only $69.95

DIP header, and re-inserting the originalcomponents. Also available for your upgradedsystem is PSYM0N® (Percom SYstem MONitor),the operating system for the Percom 6809single-board computer. PSYMON® on 2716 ROMcosts only $69.95. On diskette (source and objectfiles), only $29.95.

Data Terminal & Two-CassetteInterface — the CIS-30+

Circle 36 on Inquiry card.

• Interface to data terminal and two cassette recorderswith a unit only 1/10 the size of SWTP's AC-30.

• Select 30, 60 or 120 bytes per second cassetteinterfacing; 300,600 or 1200 baud data terminalinterfacing.

• Optional mod kits make CIS-30+ work with anymicrocomputer. (For MITS 680b, ask for Tech MemoTM-CIS-30+-09.)

• KC Standard/Bi-Phase-M (double frequency) cassettedata encoding. Dependable self-clocking operation.

• Ordinary functions may be accomplished with 6800Mikbug* monitor

Prices: Kit, $79.95; Assembled, $99.95. Prices includea comprehensive instruction manual. Also available: TestCassette, Remote Control Kit (for program control ofrecorders), IC Socket Kit, MITS 680b mod documentationand Universal Adapter Kit (converts CIS-30+ for use withany computer).

of 6800 Microcomputing.

6800/6809 SOFTWARE

System Software

6800 Symbolic Assembler — Specify assembly optionsal time of assembly with this symbolic assembler. Source

listing on diskette $29.95

Super BASIC — a 12K extended random access disk BASIClor the 6800 and 6809. Supports 44 commands and 31 func-tions. Interprets programs written in both SWTP 8K BASIC(versions 2.0, 2.2 & 2.3) and Super BASIC. Features: 9-digitBCD arithmetic, Print Using and Linput commands, and much

more. Price $49.95

TOUCHUP'-" — Modifies TSC's Text Editor and Text Pro-cessor for Percom mini-disk drive operation. Supplied on

diskette complete with source listing $17.95

Operating Systems

INDEX® — This easy-to-use disk-operating and file man-agement syslem for 6800 microcomputers is last. I/O devicesare serviced by interrupt request. INDEX® accesses peripheralsthe same as disk files — new devices may be added withoutchanging Ihe operating system. Other features: unlimitednumber of DOS commands may be added- over 60 systementry points • display only those files at or above user-specifiedfile activity level • versions available lor SWTP MF-68, Smoke's

BFD-68 and Motorola's EXORciser*. Price $99.95

MINIDOS-PLUSX* — An extension of the originalMINID03® for LFD-400® mini-disk systems, MINIDOS-PLUSX- manipulates files by six-character names. Supportsup to 31 files. Resident commands include Initialize, Save,Allocate, Load, Files (directory list), Rename and Delete.Supplied on 2708 ROM with a minidiskette that includestransient utilities such as Copy, Backup, Create, Pack and Print

Directory. Price $34.95.

PSYMON® — Percom SYstem MONitor for the Percomsingle-board/SS-50-bus-compatible 6809 computer accom-modates user's application programs with any mix of peripher-als without modifying programs. PSYMON® also featurescharacter echoing to devices other than the communicatingdevice, sophisticated register and memory dump routines and

more. Price (on 2716 ROM) $69.95.

WINDEX* — Described in detail elsewhere on this page.Business Programs

General Ledger — For 6800/6809 computers using Per-com LFD mini-disk storage systems. Requires little or noknowledge ol bookkeeping because Ihe operator is promptedwith non-technical questions during data entry. General Ledgerupdates account balances immediately — in real time, and willprint financial statements immediately after journal entries. Userselects and assigns own account numbers; tailors financialstatements to firm's particular needs. Provides audit trail. Runsunder Percom Super BASIC. Requires 24K bytes of RAM.Supplied on minidiskette with a comprehensive users manual.Price $199.95.

FINDER'3' — This general purpose data base manager iswritten in Percom Super BASIC. Works wth 6800/6809 com-puters using Percom LFD-400® mini-disk drive storage sys-tems. FINDER® allows user to define and access records usinghis own terminology — customize file structures to specificneeds. Basic commands are New, Change, Delete, Find andPack. Add up to three user-defined commands. FINDER plusSuper BASIC require 24K bytes of RAM. Supplied on minidisk-ette with a users manual. Price $99.95

Mailing List Processor — Powerful search, sort, createand update capability plus ability to store 700 addresses perminidiskette make this list processor efficient and easy to use.Runs under Percom Super BASIC. Requires 24K bytes of RAM.Supplied on minidiskette with a users manual. Price $99.95.From the Software WorksDevelopment and debugging programs for 6800 u,Cs on disk-ette:

Disassembler/Source Generator $30.95

Reloc'tng Disas'mblr/Segmented Text Gen $40.95

Disassembler/Trace $25.95

Support Relocator Program $25.95

Relocating Assembler/linking Loader $55.95

SmithBUG** (2716 EPROM) $70.00

Circle 37 on inquiry card.

1/2-Price Special on Hemenway Software!

CP/68+ disk operating system $ 49.97

STRUBAL+I compiler $124.97

EDIT68 text editor $ 19.97

MACRO-Relocating Assembler $ 39.97

Linkage Editor (LNKEDT68) $ 24.97

Cross Reference utility $ 14.97

^trademark of Percom Data Company, Inc.* trademark of Motorola Corporation(Trademark of Hemenway Associates Company"SmithBUG is a trademark of the Software Works Company

Circle 38 on inquiry card.

This programmable VIDEO DISPL CONTROLLER

processes display changes in-stantly in real-time. The ElectricWindow™ resides completely inmain memory so control is ac-complished by direct MPU accessto the character-store memory anddisplay control registers. Peer atthe screen and you look right intovideo display memory space whileyou input and manipulate text —an indispensable feature for effi-cient screen editing and wordprocessing. The Electric Win-dow™ It's worth looking into. Fea-tures include:

• Programmable CRT controller chip thatprovides extraordinary versatility insoftware control of horizontal and verti-cal formatting, cursor positioning, scrol-ling and Start/Reset functions.

• A standard ASCII 128-unit ROM charac-ter generator which generates easy-to-read 7x12 dot-matrix characters withlower case descenders. Plus . . .

• Provision for an optional ROM that maybe programmed for special symbols orcharacters.

• Resides entirely in 2K on-board RAMmapped into main memory.

The Electric Window.®Worth Looking Into. $249.95

• An optional software driver program called WIN-DEX™ that complements the fast, hardware-implemented functional capability of the controller.WINDEX™ will auto-link to PSYMON™, themonitor for the Percom SBC/9™ single boardcomputer. The ROM version of WINDEX™ costs$39.95. The minidiskette version (with source andobject files) sells for $29.95.

• Up to 24 80-character lines — programmable.

• Program control of display highlighting.

• Program interlaced or non-interlaced scan.

• Use either standard video monitor or modified tv.

Now Available! the SBC/ST MPU/Control Computer

(Single-Board-Computer/6809) — stands alone as a control computer, but alsocompatible with the SS-50 bus for use as an MPU card. Includes PSYMON® (PercomSYstem MONitor) in a 1K ROM and provides for additional 1K of ROM. Also includes 1Kof RAM. Features: Super Port — provision for multi-address, 8-bit bidirectional datalines • an intelligent data bus for multi-level data bus decoding • an on-board 110-baudto 19.2 kbaud clock generator • extended address capability — to 16 megabytes —without disabling baud clock or adding hardware. And much more. Supplied withPSYMON®' and comprehensive users manual. Price $199.95.

See full page ad elsewhere in this magazine for all of the SBG/9®features.

Full Feature Prototyping PC Boards

All of the features needed for rapid,straightforward circuit prototyping. Use14-, 16-, 24-and 40-pin DIP sockets• SS-50 bus card accommodates 34- and50-pin ribbon connectors on top edge,10-pin Molex connector on side edge* I/Ocard accommodates 34-pin ribbonconnector and 12-pin Molex on top edge

Card: $24.95

• I/O card is 1-1/4 inches higher thanSWTP I/O card* interdigitated powerconductors * contacts for power regulatorsand distributed capacitance bypassing

• use wire wrap, wiring pencil or solderwiring • tin-lead plating over 2-oz copperconductors wets quickly, solders easily

• FR4-G10 epoxy-glass substrate.

Circle 40 on inquiry card.

To place an order or request additional literature call toll-free 1-800-527-1592. For technical information call (214)272-3421. Orders may be paid by check, money order. COD orcharged to a VISA or Master Charge account. Texas residentsmust add 5% sales tax.

PRICES AND SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE.

PERCOM DATA COMPANY. INC.

211 N. KIRBY GARLAND, TEXAS 75042

1214)272-3421

Solving Problems InvolvingVariable Terrain

Part 2: Special Cases, Including Hexagonal Grids

Scott T Jones

271 NW 28th St

Boca Raton FL 33431

In part 1 some general terrain problems were defined.These were problems that could be expressed in terms ofmovement on a map, with terrain defined as any mapfeature affecting movement. By superimposing a rec-tangular grid and coordinate system on these maps, wewere then able to represent the terrain with a set ofboolean arrays or terrain masks. Movement, distance,and the concept of movement cost for different types ofterrain were also defined. A scatter function was thendefined to generate scatter maps representing all possiblemovement within the limits imposed by the terrain.

Finally, we demonstrated the use of these scatter mapsto solve such problems as the feasibility of road construc-tion within cost restraints and the determination of anoptimal path between two points on a map, acrossvariable terrain.

Part 2 is concerned with the application of these techni-ques to the problems encountered in conflict simulations.

Conflict Simulations and the Hexagonal Grid

The most common type of conflict simulation is thewar game. In a war game, playing pieces that representmilitary units are moved on a terrain map to simulate abattle. The map has been overlaid with a grid; each unithas an inherent movement factor; and each type of ter-rain has a movement cost. The ideas presented in this ar-ticle were developed when I was trying to solve the prob-lems of writing programs to play conflict simulations.

The most common grid used today is the hexagonalgrid. Instead of an array of squares, the map is dividedinto hexagons or "hexes" to form a honeycomb pattern.Each hexagon has six adjacent hexagons. We can easilydefine the distance between a hexagon and any adjacenthexagon to be equal to 1 without worrying about the am-

biguous, diagonally adjacent squares that we en-countered with rectangular grids. The problem is indefining a coordinate system and a distance function ormetric.

Most games use an offset coordinate system. The hexa-gonal grid is treated as a rectangular grid in which everyeven-numbered column is offset by one-half the size ofthe squares. (See figure 9.) The trouble with this system isthat there is no uniform relationship between these coor-dinates and a metric. Note the relationships of the coor-dinates of those hexagons adjacent to (2,2) as opposed to(3,2). Separate metrics must be used for the even and oddvalues of the first coordinate. Clearly, another system isrequired.

The solution is the slant coordinate system (X, Y) wherethe second coordinate is constant along a slanting,diagonal line from upper right to lower left, or vice-versa. (See figure 10.) The relationships of the coor-dinates are now consistent throughout the array.

By defining a third, dependent coordinate Z to beX—Y + C, where C is any integer constant, our slantmetric (ie: distance function) is simply the maximum ofthe absolute values of the differences of the three coor-dinates. That is, for (a,b,c) and (d,e,f), the distance isdefined as:

max(|a — d\,\b — e\, \c—f\)

The Z coordinate is constant along the other slantingline from upper left to lower right. It will be left for thereader to prove both of these statements by workingexamples with figure 10.

Using these slant coordinates, we can now assign anyhexagon to a square in a standard, rectangular scatter

74 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

with IVDCX

Circle 41 on inquiry card.

PROGRAMMING THE 6502

This book is designed as a progressive,step-by-step approach to assembly lan-guage programming-with excercisesdeveloped to test the reader at everystep. Learn to write complete applica-tions programs. Features: Programmingand addressing techniques, input/outputtechniques and devices, applicationexamples, data structures, programdevelopment and more.

Ref.C202 SI 2.95

6502 APPLICATIONS BOOK

This title presents real life applicationtechniques for any 6502 based micro-computer board. Programs presentedcover building a complete home alarmsystem, electronic piano, motor speedregulator... and more. Learn techniquesranging from simulated traffic control toanalog-digital conversion. The KIM-1,SYM-1 and AIM 65 are thoroughlycovered.Ref. D302 SI2.95

6502 GAMES

Designed as an educational text onadvanced programming techniques,this book presents a comprehensive setof algorithms and programming tech-niques for common computer games. Allof the programs were developed for the6502 at the assembly language level.Learn how to devise strategies suitablefor the solution of complex problemscommonly found in games.

Ref.G402 SI 2.95

Please send me

Name

Company

Address

City

Mastercharge

. Charge my Visa:

American Express

. Card# Exp. Date

. Signature

_State_

-Zip_

DPIease send me your detailed catalog.

TO ORDER:

By Phone: (415) 848-8233, Visa, MC, AmEx

By Mail: Indicate quantity desired. Pre-payment required

Shipping: Add S1.50 per book (UPS) or75C (4th Class - allow 4 weeks delivery)

Tax: In California please add tax

AVAILABLE AT BOOK AND COMPUTER STORES EVERYWHERE

@Dept. B3X 2344 Sixth St.Berkeley, CA94710

SOFTWARE!

"Precise, humanized, well documented an excellentvalue" are the applauds now being given to UnitedSoftware's line of software. These are sophisticatedprograms designed to meet the most stringent needs ofindividuals and business professionals. Every packageis fully documented and includes easy to understandoperator instructions.

KRAM - Keyed Random Access Method - The new, ultra-fast accessmethod for the PET Disk, provides keyed retrieval/storage of data, ineither direct or sequential mode, by either full or partial key values.Written by United Software in 6502 machine code, and designed withthe PET in mind, it exploits all the benefits of the PET Disk, allowing fulloptimization of your system. Eliminates the need for "Sort" routines!KRAM provides flexibility never seen on a micro before. KRAM ismodeled after a very powerful access method used on large-scale IBMVirtual Storage mainframes. So "KRAM" all you can into your PET - itwill love you for it. . . COST $79.95

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE/PAYABLE - A complete, yet simple to useaccounting system designed with the small businessman in mind. TheUnited Software system generates and tracks purchase orders andinvoices all the way through posting "controlled" accounts payable andaccounts receivable subsystems.

Keyed Random Access file methods makes data access almostinstantaneous. The low-cost solution for the first time computer userwith up to 500 active accounts. Requirements-32K PET, Dual Disk, any80-column printer. . . COST $175

CASH RECEIPTS & DISBURSEMENTS - Makes it a breeze to track alloutgoing payments made by any type of business operation. Checksare tracked by number and categorized by type of expense. Sorting,summary, and audit trails make it easy to post to general ledger. Thissystem also categorizes incoming receipts. Uses KRAM file accessmethod. Requirements - 32K PET, Dual Disk (printer optional)....

COST $99.95

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM - A comprehensive, interactivesystem like those run on mainframes! Six modules comprising 42K ofprogramming allow you to; create, edit, delete, display, print, sort,merge, etc., etc. - databases of up to 10,000 records. Printer routinesautomatically generate reports and labels on demand. 60 pages ofconcise documentation are included. Requirements - 16-32K PET and2040 Dual Disk (printer optional). . . . COST $125(Sublicenses available to software houses.)PROGRAMS FOR

Super Startrek 14.95

PET Music Box 29.95

UNITED SOFTWAREPROGRAMS FOR BUSINESS

Checkbook $15.95

Mortgage 15.95

Finance 12.95

Bonds 12.95

Stock Analyzer 22.95

Stock Options 24.95

6502 Macro Assembler... 49.95

Look for the RED-WHITE-BLUE United Software Display atyour local computer dealer, or send check or moneyorder,plus $1.00 shipping to:

UNITED SOFTWARE OF AMERICA

750 Third Ave. DEALER ORDERS INVITED

New York, N.Y. 10017 (272) 682-0347

ENTERTAINMENT

Space Intruders("Best Game of 1979") . .$19.95

Jury/Hostage 12.50

Kentucky Derby/Roulette 9.95

Alien I.Q./Tank 9.95

Tunnelvision/Maze Chase 14.95

Submarine Attack 9.95

Battle of Midway 7.95

Laser Tank Battle 9.95

Swarm 14.95

+

+ 1,1 + + 3 , 1 +—

+ + 2 , 1 + + 4,1 +

+ 1,2 + + 3 , 2 + +

+ 2 , 2 + + 4,2 +

+ 1,3 + + 3,3 +

+ + 2 , 3 + + 4,3 +

Figure 9: When working with a hexagonal grid, a set of coor-dinates different from those used for a square grid must bedeveloped. One such coordinate system, shown here, is the off-set coordinate system. This system produces difficulties whenthe distance between two coordinates must be determined.(Numbering of figures is continued from Part 1.)

mapping. Each hexagon (X,Y) is assigned to the square orelement in row X and column Y of the two-dimensionalmatrix. The hexagonal scatter function HSC will assignto each element in array B the value:

B(J,7) =HSC(A(/,/)) = A(I,J) OR A(J-lJ-l) OR A(/-1,J)ORA(J,/-l)ORA(U+l)OR A(/+1,J) OR A(J+1J+1)

Figure 11 demonstrates the scatter mappings that aregenerated from the same initial position used with thesquare and city scatter functions in a previous example.(See part 1, figure 4.)

If we are working with a map that already has offsetcoordinates printed on it, in a case where we would pre-fer to use slant coordinates, the following relations allowan easy transformation from one system to the other:

X(slant) = X(offset)

and

Y(slant) = Y(offset) + INT(X/2)where INT is the greatest-integer function.

76

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

THE MOST POWERFUL MICROCOMPUTERSOFTWARE EVER DEVELOPED IS ALSOTHE EASIEST TO USE

i&itfff

tfjS

-\i

«%$&**

FOR USE ON

MICROCOMPUTERS

MICROSYSTEMS INFORMATIONMANAGEMENT PACKAGE

BUS-II

BOOKKEEPING/ACCOUNTING SYSTEM

PUTS ANY OR ALL YOUR BUSINESS FILES INTO A POWERFULDATABASE.

CREATE VIRTUALLY ANY RELATIONSHIP YOU CAN THINK OF.

ENGLISH-SPEAKING REPORT GENERATOR.

POWERFUL USER COMMANDS NORMALLY FOUND ONLY INLARGE COMPUTERS. SELF-EXPLANATORY, EASY TO USE,SUCH AS "INPUT," "OUTPUT," "LIST," "PRINT," "CHANGE,""DELETE," "EXCLUDE," "INCLUDE," AND, PERHAPS MOSTIMPORTANT OF ALL, "HELP!"

STRAIGHTFORWARD INPUT AND EDITING ROUTINES— "IDIOT-PROOF."

OPERATOR'S MANUAL WITH FULL USER INSTRUCTIONS IS ON-LINE WITH HELP COMMANDS. PROBLEMS? JUST TYPE "HELP!"

COMMANDS CAN BE USED CONDITIONALLY ON ANY RECORDOR ON ANY FIELD WITHIN A RECORD.

IN-MEMORY SORT, OR, (FOR BIG FILES) DISK SORT.

ALL DATABASE FUNCTIONS ARE SUBROUTINES— CUSTOMPROGRAMMING SIMPLIFIED.

OPTIONAL CASH REGISTER POLLING AND CONTROL PACK-AGE AVAILABLE TO QUALIFIED BUYERS (REQUIRES INSTAL-LATION CONSULTATION).

OVER TWO YEARS' IN-FIELD TESTING. MIMP WORKS—FLAWLESSLY.

ONE YEAR SUBSCRIPTION TO APPLICATIONS NEWSLETTERFREE WITH PURCHASE.

TYPICAL APPLICATIONS: INVENTORY, CUSTOMER FILES,CASH REGISTER CONTROL (OPTIONAL EXTRA), DOCTOR/-DENTIST/LAWYER APPOINTMENTS OR CLIENT/PATIENT FILES,SALES RECORDS, MAILING LISTS.

INTRODUCTORY OFFER

$295

THE KEY TO THIS SOFTWARE IS ITS SIMPLICITY OF OPERATION.

CPA-APPROVED COMPLETE ACCOUNTING SYSTEM: GENERALLEDGER, ACCOUNTS PAYABLE, ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE.

BRANCH ACCOUNTING HANDLES UP TO FIVE DIVISIONS.

COMPLETELY INTERACTIVE. SELF-UPDATING.

BATCH ACCOUNTING INSISTS ON BEING "IN BALANCE."

USER MENU. OPERATOR PROMPTING FOR CORRECT ENTRIES.

HIGHLY FLEXIBLE FORMATTING OF FINANCIAL REPORTS.

NO KNOWLEDGE OF DEBITS AND CREDITS REQUIRED (EXCEPTRECURRING JOURNAL ENTRIES— ASK YOUR ACCOUNTANT).

EXAMPLES OF REPORTS (FROM GENERAL LEDGER MODULE)

GENERAL LEDGER REPORTS

CHART OF ACCOUNTSCASH DISBURSEMENTSSTATEMENT OF INCOMEJOURNAL ENTRIES

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE REPORTS

CHECKS TO BE WRITTENACCOUNTS PAYABLEVENDOR LISTING

CASH RECEIPTS

BALANCE SHEET

DAILY TRANSACTION LISTING

DETAILED GENERAL LEDGER

CHECK REGISTERINVOICES NOW DUE

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE REPORTS

CHECKS TO BE WRITTEN MONTHLY TRANSACTION LISTING

CURRENT ACCOUNTS DETAILED ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE

RECEIVABLE

PRINT STATEMENT LISTING OF PAST DUE ACCOUNTS

IDEAL FOR ACCOUNTING FIRMS AS WELL AS SMALLBUSINESSES.

PROVEN THROUGH YEARS OF USE.

THIS ACCOUNTING PACKAGE REQUIRES ONLY A HIGHSCHOOL-LEVEL UNDERSTANDING OF BOOKKEEPING.ONLY

$295

DUAL EIGHT-INCH FLOPPY DISS DRIVES REQUIRED.

MIMP & BUS-II OPERATE ON ALL OHIO SCIENTIFIC 8-INCH OR WINCHESTER DISK MICROCOMPUTERS W/48 K RAM?USER-ORIENTED SYSTEMS NO PROGRAMMING REQUIRED

CREDIT CARD ORDERS

CALL

(304) 291-5400

,^^h. ^^. 1

master charge]

«.'" 'J

^^r^rF ^r^^r^f .

SEE YOUR OSI

DEALER FOR

DEMONSTRATION

ALL ORDERS SHIPPED PREPAID WITHIN CONTINENTAL U.S. PLEASE DO NOT SEND CASH.OVERSEAS ORDERS PLEASE INCLUDE POSTAGE— 5 LBS. SORRY, NO C.O.D.

digital fceclniDlngii

ROCKLEY ROAD

inc.

MORGANTOWN, WV 26505

Circle 42 on inquiry card.

Circle 43 on inquiry card.

DesolderingSystems

MODEL PC-10: Finger Controlled REMOVE ANY COMPONENT

FROM ANY PCB. . . QUICKLY AND SAFELY

MODEL PC-20:Footpedal Controlled

STANDARD SYSTEM FEATURES

■ Lightweight and Portable

■ Internal Vacuum Pump

■ Sodr-X-Tractor Handpiece

■ Variable Temperature Control

9329 Fraser Street

INCORPORATED

Silver Spring, Md. 20910

(301) 587-1696

Double your memory... not the price!

COMPARE AT $695

f

ll

Remex RFD 4000/8"Floppy Disc DriveDouble the storage!Double sided...Double density!!

Offers quality and features found in drives costingmuch more! ■ Single or Double Density ■ Double-Sided Drive ■ DoorLock INCLUDED ■ Write-Protect INCLUDED ■ 180 Day Warranty■ Compatible with Shugart 850/851 ■ Low Power Operation ensuresLONGER LIFE!! ■ Model RFD 4001 offers Data and Sector SeparatorAVAILABLE OPTIONS/ACCESSORIES

□ Dual Drive Power Supply □ Single Drive Power Supply and Cabinet, $119.95and Cabinet, $139.95 H Interface Manual, $2.95

□ RFD 4000 Manual, $5.95 Q Drive Cabinet, $29.95

SIRIUS SYSTEMS, P.O. Box 9748. Knoxville. TN., 37920

Phone orders accepted 9 AM-7 PM (E.S.T ). 615/577-1072, please send the following

□ RFD 4000, $525 Q RFD 4001, $539 / □ Check a Money Order rjc.O.D Q MC QVISA DAE

NAMT

ADDRESS

EXPIRATION DATE

CITY STATE TIP- CARDHOLDERS SIGNATURE

Add $7 00 per Drive for Shipping/Handling Tennessee residents add 6% sales tax Foreign orders

add 10% (payment in U S currency only) [I

+

+ +

+ 1,1 + + 3 , 2 + +

+ + 2 , 2 + + 4,3 +

+ 1,2 + + 3 , 3 + +

+ + 2 , 3 + + 4,4 +

+ 1,3 + + 3,4 +

+ 2 , 4 + + 4,5 +

+

+

Figure 10: A coordinate system that solves the distance pro-blems found in the offset coordinate system is the slant coor-dinate system. In this system, one of the coordinates is constantalong a diagonal (ie: slanted) axis.

Specific Game Applications

It should now be obvious how to determine movementin a game environment when fixed terrain is the only con-straint. However, in many war games, the concept of azone of control introduces a new type of terrain. The unitmay enter this zone at the normal movement cost butmay not leave until the opposing unit that imposed thezone of control is removed, usually by combat of someform.

A unit's zone of control is usually defined as all posi-tions (ie: squares or hexagons) that are adjacent to theunit's own position. In other words, a unit's zone of con-trol is simply the first scatter mapping of its position.Thus, when moving with the constraints of zones of con-trol, a new terrain map Z must be defined where Z(I,]) is0 if (/,/) is 1 in the first scatter mapping of any opposingunit, and Z(7,/)= 1, otherwise.

This terrain map is then used to mask out starting posi-tions that will be used on the next scatter. This gives usthe relation:

Mn=Mn-l OR (71 AND XSC(Z AND Mn-1))OR (T2 AND XSC(Z AND Mn-2))

OR (Tfc AND XSC(Z AND Mn-k))

78 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 282 on inquiry card.

Circle 44 on inquiry card..

Meet two new Printers from Anadex:

,i i

■ V'l"

\t*

>*cv-

•&',J*-.

•J u I a

Introducing two totally new alphanumeric lineprinters from Anadex - Models DP-9500 andDP-9501 - featuring 132/175 or 132/220 columns,respectively.

Both models employ a new, Anadex-manu-factured 9-wire print head with 150 millioncharacter life (optionally, 650 million) that makesthem ideal for high-resolution printing require-ments including high-density graphics whereprint quality and reliability must go hand in hand.

The full standard 96 character ASCII characterset, including descenders and underlining of allupper and lower case letters, can be printed bi-directionally on up to 5 crisp copies at speedsup to 200 CPS. Adjustable-width tractors,accommodating paper from 1.75 to 15.6 incheswide, allow the printers to adapt to yourapplication.

The three ASCII compatible interfaces (Parallel.RS-232-C, and Current Loop) are standard inevery printer; so interfacing is usually a matterof "plug it in and print." With simplified inter-facing, the printers also feature sophisticatedcommunications capability including control ofVertical Spacing (6 or 8 lines/inch), Form Lengthand Width, Skip-Over Perforation, Auto LineFeed, and full point-to-point communicationscapability.

Other standard features are a 500 characterFIFO buffer (optional, an additional 2048 char-acter buffer), shortest distance sensing logic,self test, and replaceable ribbon cartridge with6 million character life.

For complete details, attractive OEM pricing,and a demonstration, contact Anadex today.

ANADEX, INC. • 9825 DeSoto Avenue • Chatsworth. California 91311, U.S.A. • Telephone: (213) 998-8010 • TWX 910-494-2761

ANADEX. LTD. • Dorna Hoi

Guildford Road • Weal End.

ibhani (09905) 6333 • Telex 858762 ANAOEX Q

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

1110 0

0 0 0 0 0

0 110 0

11110

0 0 10 0

0 1110

11111

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 110

0 1111

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 111

a. A

b. HSC(A)

c. HSC(HSC(A))

Figure 11: An example of the hexagonal scatter-function map-pings that develop from a central starting point, assuming thatthe movement cost of all terrain is equal.

This relation now shows how we can "premask" ourscatter mappings to include the effects of zones of controlor other types of no-exit terrain found on our terrain map

Disk MemoryPower

tit

Power-One, a leadingsupplier to the Disk Driveindustry, now offers acomplete line of powersupplies for floppy diskand new Winchesterfixed disk applications.

call or Write for ourNew catalog.

WINCHESTER FIXED DISK

SHUCART - CENTURY - MICROPOLIS are just a few drives powered by this newuniversal model. Powers (1) Winchester drive plus controller circuitry.

1st Output

2nd Output

3rd Output

Model

Price (1 • 9)

+ 5V @ 9A

-12V@.8A

+ 24V® .5A/4.5APK

CP384

S120.00

FLOPPY DISK - 5 W MEDIA

BASF - SHUGART - PERTEC - SIEMENS plus all other popular 5W media drives.

1st Output

2nd Output

Model

Price (1-9)

+ 5V@ .5A/.7APK

+ 12V® .9A/1.8APK

CP340

S 44.95

+ 5V @ 2A

+ 12V@4A

CP323

S 74.95

CP323 powers up to (4) drives simultaneously.

FLOPPY DISK-8" MEDIA

SHUCART - persci - CDC - WANCCO plus many other single and multiple driveapplications.

1st Output

2nd Output

3rd Output

Model

Price (1-9)

+ 5V@1A

- 5V @ .5A

+ 24V® 1.5A/1.7APK

CP205

S 69.95

+ 5V@2.5A

- 5V @ .5A

+ 24V® 3A/3.4APK

CP206

S 91.95

+ 5V @ 3A

- 5V @ .6A

1 24V (a 5A/6APK

CP162

S120.00

+ 5V® 1.7A/2.2APK

-5V@.15A/.2APK

+ 24V® .2A/3APK

CP272A

S 91.95

+ 5V @ 2A

+ 12V® .4A

-12V<& 4A

HTAA-16W

S 49.95

CP272A powers Persci Drives (includes unregulated 7 - 10V @ 1.2A/10A PK).HTAA-16W powers Persci controller.

d.c. power supplies

Power One Drive • Camarillo, CA 93010 • (805) 484-2806 • TWX 910-336-1297Eastern Regional Headquarters • (518) 399-9200

while we postmask to include the effects of movementcosts.

This relation is the basis for our movement algorithmin most conflict simulations. With it, we can easily deter-mine not only if a unit can reach a position, but also if theunit is inhibited by opposing units or if it is surrounded.By operating with sets of these scatter mappings, we caneven coordinate the moves of a group of units. Scattermappings can be weighted by the relative combatstrengths of the corresponding units so that sums of theseweighted mappings represent the total strength that canbe applied to any position on the map.

The metrics (ie: distance functions) work well as rangefunctions for game features that are unaffected by ter-rain, such as determining the range toa target in the simulation of navalbattles. Line-of-sight rules thatgovern the use of projectile weaponsin land-battle simulations pose newproblems which we will not attemptto resolve at this time.

Directional Terrain Features

In a game environment, conces-sions are often made to the scale ofthe terrain map. This means that pro-hibited terrain, like rivers, or idealterrain, such as roads, must be repre-sented in a nonstandard way. Insituations where you are not fixed bythe terrain map provided with thegame, you may either increase thescale so that terrain types can be easi-ly isolated, or reduce the scale so thatsingle locations contain many typesof terrain, but the effects are domi-nated by only one type.

With a fixed scale, however, ouralgorithm must be modified. Forexample, when we have roads thatlower the movement cost for unitsfollowing the road, we must firstadjust our cost scale so that thischeaper, road-movement cost is ourunit cost.

Next we must define a set of direc-tional terrain masks which functionlike the zone-of-control masks topremask invalid starting positions forthe direction being considered. In themask for a given direction, the loca-tions contain values of 1 if movementis allowed from the current positionin that given direction. Otherwise,the locations contain 0.

The number of directional terrainmasks required equals the numberof possible movement direction

80 March 1980 © BYTE Publicaiions Inc

Circle 45 on Inquiry card.

46 WAYS TO INCREASE YOUR COMPUTER& MICROPROCESSOR KNOW-HOW!

SEND NO MONEY! We'll Invoice you on 10-DAYFREE TRIAL. ALL BOOKS 100* GUARANTEED.You must be satisfied or return the books andwe'll cancel the invoice.

The

QANT

Handbook

of

Computer

Projects

1169—The Giant Handbook ofComputer Projects This MAM-MOTH 504-page step-by-stepguide to building modern com-puters and accessories—CPUs,memories, I/O hardware,etc.—is a builder's dream, withprojects and schematics, partslists, and step-by-step con-struction instructions to enableyou to build your own systems.504 p., 217 il. Only $15.95 h;$9.95 p.

m0T jiH^j^

1062—The A to Z Book ofComputer Games 26 excitingand instructive game pro-grams—all tested and readyto run, and designed to illustratethe fine points of computer pro-gramming! Each sophisticatedprogram includes full documen-tation on how the game works,what the program contains, andhow to alter or modify it... plusprogramming gems!. 308 p., 73il. Only $12.95 h; $7.95 p.

1053—Microprocessor Conk-book A chip-by-chip comparisonof the most popular modernmicroprocessors —the Intel8080, Motorola 6800, Fairchild'sF8 family, Zilog Z80, Tl's TMS9900, National Semi SC/MP, In-tel's 8021, etc. —includingprogramming, architecture, ad-dressing, instruction sets, func-tions, structures, and applica-tions! 266 p., 124 il. Only$10.95 h; $5.95 p.

1111—How To Design, Build &Program Your Own WorkingComputer System THE completecomputer build-it book, includ-ing design, construction, prog-ramming, testing and de-bugging! This 2-in-l volumecombines hardware and soft-ware so you can homebrew yourown customized computer sys-tem at 1/3 the cost of an equiv-alent commercial unit! 308 p.,138 it Only $14.95 h; $6.95 p.

1088 —Illustrated Dictionaryof Microcomputer Terminology

Here are clear, concise, encyc-lopedic definitions of nearly4,000 computer terms, "buzz"words, and jargon used in mic-rocomputers. But it's more thanjust a dictionary—it's athorough update on what's hap-pening in computers and relatedperipheral systems. Includes ta-bles, codes, etc. 322 p., 150 il.Only $12.95 h; $7.95 p.

1076—Artificial IntelligenceAn exciting, thought provokingguide to the sophisticatedtechniques used to makemachines "think." It carefullydefines artificial intelligence,explains the theory behind ad-vanced computer programming,and shows you how to programyour computer to assume therudiments of humanlike intelli-gence. 252 p., 118 II. Only$12.95 hi $7.95 p.

1201—The Complete Microcomputer Systems Handbook. A complete guideto microcomputers—how they operate, how to use them, how to programthem, and how to troubleshoot and repair them...plus data on applicationsand the latest state-of-the-art concepts like magnetic bubble memories,computers in networks, teaching machines to learn, etc. 322 p., 147 il. only$15.95 h; $9.95 p.

1055—The Basic Cookbook. A step-by-step guide to writing and usingmicro- and mini-computer programs for everyday household, pastime, andbusiness applications. Shows how to understand BASIC and write instruc-tions, enter them into the computer, and interpret results. 140 p., 49 il. only$7.95 h: $4.95 p.

952—Microprocessor Programming For Computer Hobbyists. A modern,up-to-date handbook of intermediate and advanced programmingtechniques for hobbyists. Begins where manufacturer instructions usuallystop —and covers everything, with important info on program design,number systems, high-level languages, data structures, program adaptionfrom machine to machine, etc. 378 p., 219 II, only $12.95 ft; $8.95 p.

1050—The Most Popular Subroutines In BASIC. A programmer's manual tothe most useful and versatile BASIC subroutines and how to use them onany floating point BASIC integrator or computer to avoid tedium, economizeon computer time, and make your programs run faster. Includes sampleruns and fail-safe programs 182 p., 349 il. only $9.95 h; $5.95 p.

1045—Programmer's Guide To LISP. A question-and-answer guide to learn-ing the language of artificial intelligence—with actual programs androutines. Guides you through the basics of algebraic functions, expressions,atoms, symbols, lists, sublists, subexpressions, LISP functions and logic,LISP parameters and list processing, predicates, recursive functions, dotnotation, list recursion, etc. 210 p., 117 il. only $9.95 h; $5.95 p.

1071—The Complete Handbook Of Robotics. How to design and build ANYkind of robot ...including ones with microprocessor "brains"—PLUS how tointerface robots with computers! It's a single sourcebook that contains allthe techniques you'll need for creating, designing, building, and operatingyour own robot. 364 p., 137 il, only $12.95 h-. $7.95 p.

1066— The Illustrated Dictionary Of Electronics. Complete, modern definitions for well over 20,000 electronics/computer terms! It's an all-inclusivedictionary of technical terms that is up-to-date, well-organized and con-cise, and designed to convey a clear meaning to any term. 882 p., 472 ilonly $19.95 h: $14.95 p.

1085 — 24 Tested, Ready-To-Run Gams Programs In BASIC. A rich collectionof challenging and interesting computer games, complete with detaileddescriptions and flow charts for the computer hobbyist. 256 p., 31 il. only$9.95 h; $6.95 p.

1070—Digital Interlacing With An Analog World. A guide to digital-to-analogand analog-to-digital interfacing—including the designing of circuits (hatwill link microcomputers and larger systems with external devices. Coversenergy conversion, transducers and transduction, digital circuits, digitaldata acquisition, etc. 406 p., 277 il. only $12.95 h: $8.95 p.

985—Programming Microprocessors. Gives a basic understanding ofmicroprocessor configurations and functions, and offers useful data on therequirements of programming them. Describes the interaction of hardwareand software systems, the fundamentals of processor arithmetic, andnumerical conversions. Plenty of diagrams, examples and problems areincluded. 280 p., 102 il. only $9.95 h; $6.95 p.

1000—57 Practical Programs & Games In BASIC. A storehouse of useful andjust plain fun game programs for everything from computing compoundinterest to I Ching to Craps. Each program contains a description of itscapabilities and includes a typical program sequence and flowchart. All willrun on any floating point BASIC. 210 p., 64 il. only $10.95 h; $7.95 p.

1015—A Beginner's Guide To Computers And Microprocessors. This well-written volume introduces you to the fascinating world of themicroprocessor—its capabilities, parts, functions, and programming. It's aplain-English introduction to understanding, building, and programming amicroprocessor. 308 p., 207 il. only $9.95 h; $6.95 p.

1077—Handbook Of Remote Control And Automation Techniques. A com-plete guide to the application of electronic techniques to the solution of anyremote control problem. Shows how to interface a minicomputer to controlhousehold devices. 294 p., 250 il. only $12.95 h; $7.95 p.

TRS-1 —TAB Computer Tape. An exciting, ready-to-run collection of computerfun games for a standard TRS-80 computer. Anyone with access to thismachine can use the CLOAD command and get hours of challenging fun.Contains 12 fun games—Wumpus, Sub Hunt, Sink the Bismark, MouseHunt, Capture the Alien, Star Warp, Bomb Disposal Squad, Biorhythm, LeapFrog, Computerized Hangman, Your Cheating Computer, and Auto Rallye.only $9.95.

1141 _How To Build Your Own Working Robot Pet. A step-by-step guide to

building and operating a robol pet. Includes technical data and info oninterfacing the body, building the power system, building circuits, etc. 238p., 86 il. only $10.95 h; $6.95 p.

1099—How To Build Your Own Working 16-Bit Microcomputer. A step-by-step description of how to construct a working 16-bit microcomputer, usingthe 9900 CPU microprocessor Covers every type of interface required, andhow to use it. 96 p., 73 II only $3.95 p.

971—Miniprocessors: From Calculators To Computers. Shows how to as-semble and program a usable calculator system, from a simple arithmeticcalculator to a fully programmable system with a randomly addressable256-step memory. 196 p., 67 il. only $9.95 h; $5.95 p.

955—Modern Digital Communications, Covers the latest techniques oftransmission, coding, decoding, modulation, equalization and line condi-tioning, time division multiplexing, channel services, and all conversionmethods involved in digital computerized communications. 308 p., 122 il.only $10.95 h; $6.95 p.

874—Master Handbook Of Digital Logic Applications. A modern sourcebookof the latest design info on digital devices and logic systems, both discreteand IC 392 p.. 308 II. only $12.95 h; $7.95 p.

1107 —Computerist's Handy Manual. Brings together a wealth of data,techniques and useful suggestions. Details all the facts needed to make adecision about bulk memory, keyboards, displays, hard-copy printers, etc.64 p.. 39 il. only $2.95 p.

1101—How To Design And Build Your Own Custom TV Games. A completeguide to all kinds of TV games—how they work, how to play them, and howto design and build them. A number of complete game circuits, equippedwith flowcharts, is included. 546 p., 244 II. only $14.95 h; $9.95 p.

984 —CMOS Databook. Everything you need to know about CMOS—all thetheory, all the circuits, all the practical applications! A 100% practicalcourse in understanding, using, and interfacing CMOS devices—coverseverything from CMOS logic operations to basic analog circuits! Ignores theusual math treatment in favor of the day-to-day info used in actual designwoik. 280 p., 273 il. only $9.95 h; $6.95 p.

975—The "Compulator" Book —Build Super Calculators/MicrocomputerHardware With Calculator Chips. A "build-it" book that shows how tomodify and greatly expand on what those inexpesnive calculator chips cando. Includes scores of projects ranging from simple math functions to amicrocomputer auxiliary unit with unlimited programming steps. 322 p.,224 il. only $7.95 p.

1241—How To Build Your Own Self-Programming Robot. Complete over-the-shoulder instructions on how to use the 8085 microprocessor to buildRodney Robot, a robot capable ot thinking and learning. It's a straightfor-ward how-lo-introduction to the sophisticated subject of robotics andmachine intelligence. 239 p., 103 il. only $12.95 h; $7.95 p.

995—Beginners' Guide To Microprocessors. An in-depth intro to themicroprocessor—how they work, and how they are programmed to performdesired functions. 182 p.. 106 il only $8.95 h; $5.95 p.

1069—Computerist's Handy Databook/Dictionary. Organizes and clarifies!data, terms and computer talk, with clear explanations of all that makes up]computer terminology—words, symbols, terms, abbreviations, charts, ta-«bles, codes, etc. 96 p., 42 il. only $3.95 p.

554—Computer Technician's Handbook, How to check, troubleshoot, andHmaintain computer systems... from the smallest to the most complex. Thislgiant volume is comparable to a 1000-hour course on computer mainte-Mnance. 480 p.. 428 il. only $14.95 h: $10.95 p.

574 —Beginner's Guide To Computer Programming. A primer tor learningHcomputer programming from the ground up. Instead of working backward*from a language, the book begins by developing a simple programming^language of its own, determines a need, then gives the instructions. 480 p.,H364 il. only $9.95 p. |

785—Microprocessor/Microprogramming Handbook. An authoritative'practical guide to the construction, operation, programming and applica-H —lions of microprocessors. Covers every aspect—inside and out, and illus-*(rates microprogramming techniques to build up program loops, sub-flroulines, and handle interrupts from othei peripheral devices. 294 p., 17611.5 aonly $9.95 h; $6.95 p.

1012—How To Design I Build Electronic Instrumentation. Shows how to*design special circuits or adapt existing ones to perform a host of functions!from simple amplification to sophisticated sensing. 420 p., 210 it. only?$14.95 hi $9.95 p.

585 — Digital Electronics: Principles And Practice. A read-and-do-it-type^lab/workbench handbook of practical basic theory and construction pro-|jects and experiments. 292 p., 191 il. only $8.95 h; $5.95 p.

861 —Display Electronics. An experimenter's guide to optoelectronic circuits,

plus over 70 projects using arrays and displays, light-emitting diodes,infrared-emitting diodes, photodiodes, liquid crystals, phototransistors,light-activated SCRs, fiber optics, electroluminescence, and a host of otherexotic display devices. 252 p., 195II, only $8.95 h; $5.95 p.

752 —Computer Programming Handbook. A complete guide to computerprogramming and data processing, with scores of worked out examples. Anlextremely comprehensive, informative, and interesting work on digitalcomputer programming, and data processing in general. This GIANT textcovers all three types of computer languages—machine, symbolic, andiproblem-oriented which focuses on FORTRAN IV. If ever there was a|one-book course on computer programming this is it! 518 p., 114 il. onlyi$12.95 h; $9.95 p.

709 —Modern Guide To Digital Logic—Processors, Memories, And Inter-faces. This modern guide contains up-to-date data on the most advancedlogic circuits used in today's digital systems, and emphasizes the problemof interfacing high-speed logic with lower-speed logic and memory systems.294 p., 222 il. only $9.95 h; $7.95 p.

548 —Beginner's Guide To Computer Logic. Without any prior knowledgeyou'll quickly grasp such seemingly complicated subjects as computercodes, digital logic operations, number systems, and switching circuits.Also includes logic circuits you can build, and thereby learn by doing. 192 p.,100 il. only $5.95 p.

538 — Computer Circuits & How They Work. Here's the book to get you startedin learning about modern computer circuits and how they work. In step-by-,step fashion, you become acquainted with the various parts of a computer]and its terminology. 192 p., 109 il. only $5.95 p.

676—Simplified Computer Programming—Including The Easy RPG Way.This book really makes computer programming simple, and includes eightsample programming problems, complete with blank RPG forms and filledin answer forms. 240 p., 177 il. only $6.95 p.

728 —Basic Digital Electronics —Understanding Number Systems, BooleanIAlgebra, & Logic Systems. An extremely easy-to-understand "self-:learning" guidebook to digital circuits, logic applications, number codesland systems—and a sensible comparison of the various logic families. 210ip., 117 il. only $4.95 p.

774—Digital/Logic Electronics Handbook. Learn digital electronics, numberlsystems, logic, and Boolean algebra while studying modern digital circuits'for a clock, calculator, thermometer, multimeter, and interval timer in thisldown-to-earth book on logic and digital e\ectioo\cs...without the mass of1formulas and equations found in many books, but with practical info. 308p., 226 il. only $9.95 h; $6.95 p.

1095 —Programs In BASIC For Electronic Engineers, Technicians t Exporimenters. A broad range of problem-solving programs in computer'BASIC, including Beta Distribution, Chebyshev High-Pass and Low-PassDesigners, Fourier Analysis, Op-Amp circuits, etc. 140 p., 26 il. only $8.95 h;,$4.95 p

10-DAY FREE TRIAL—NO RISK COUPON

TAB BOOKS, Blue Ridge Summit, Pa. 17214

Please send me the books indicated below.[specifyedition desired (p) paper or (h) hard]:

D I enclose $ Send postpaid.

□ Invoice me on 10-day trial (plus shipping)

Book # Book # Book = Book »

.Phone.

Company _Address —

City-

. State.

.Zip.

Pa. add 6% Sales tax. All orders outside LiBAmust add 15% shipping and be prepaid.

BY-380

Circle 46 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 19BO

81

multiplied by the number of different movement costs ofdirectional terrain. For example, if trails reduce themovement cost to one-half, and roads reduce the move-ment cost to one-third, on a map using the city metricscatter function, eight directional terrain masks would berequired and the unit movement cost would have to bereduced to one-sixth of its original value. This reducedvalue must be divisible by the least-common multiple ofthe reduction factors.

Prohibited terrain, such as a river that occupies only theedges of a position and can be crossed only via a bridge,poses yet another problem. A bridge is an example ofdirectional terrain that does not affect the movementcost. To include the effects of bridges, you must define aset of directional terrain premasks to be used in conjunc-tion with all other terrain masks. To represent the effectsof directional terrain that adds a constant factor to themovement costs, yet another set of premasks must bedefined.

The most effective way to use these directional terrainmasks is by modification of the basic scatter function.Consider a game situation where we have clear terrain(one movement factor), rough terrain (two movementfactors), roads (one-half movement factor in the directionthat the road travels), and bridges over rivers (restrictedmovement that does not alter movement cost). Let us alsouse the city metric.

First, we must scale all of our movement costs to reflectthe lower cost for the ideal terrain. Thus, we have roads

the

microcomputer

people®

THE VITALINGREDIENT:

EXPERTISE

Before you buy your newmicrocomputer, chances oreyou have o lot of questions.Important questions thatcould mean the differencebetween a working systemand a wasted system. Thevital Ingredient is expertise.The microcomputer people atComputer Mart are expert atanswering your questionsand helping you put togetherthe best system for yourapplication. Whether it's forbusiness, the home, or thelaboratory) come see theexperts at Computer Martof New Jersey. We have thevital Ingredient.

(1), clear (2) and rough (4). Note that bridges are unaf-fected. Let T2 and T4 be the terrain masks for clear andrough terrain as described in part 1 of this article. Let Idbe the terrain mask for the ideal terrain in the d directionand let Vd be the terrain mask for the prohibitive terrain(eg: rivers without bridges) in the d direction, whered = l, 2, 3, 4. Both Id and Yd will be 1 only if movementis allowed from that location in direction d for each posi-tion on the map. Note that ld(I,])=ld(I,]) AND Pd(I,J)for all J and /.

Let us now define our modified scatter functions CSCand CSC" as follows:

CSC(A(/,7))=A(/,/) OR (11(7,7+1) AND A(/,7+D)OR (12(7,7-1) AND A(/,7-D)OR (13(7+1,7) AND A(7+l,7))OR (14(7-1,7) AND A(7-1,7))

Similarly:

CSC"(A(/,7)) = (7,7) OR (Pl(7,7+D AND A(7,7+D)OR (P2(7,7-l) AND A(/,7-D)OR (P3(/+l,7) AND A(7+l,7))OR (P4(7-l,7) AND A(/-l,7))

Finally, by replacing CSC in the mapping relationdeveloped in part 1 with CSC and CSC" we get:

Mn=M«-l OR CSC(Mn-l)

OR (T2 AND CSC"(Mn-2))OR (T4 AND CSC"(M«-4))

Summary

We have seen that many problems involving variableterrain may be solved through the use of scatter map-pings, scatter sums, premasking, and postmasking.Fixed, prohibited, and ideal terrain, as well as no-exitconditions, have been discussed in reference to ourgeneral algorithm of successive scatter mappings. Threedifferent scatter functions and distance-function metricshave been demonstrated for use with two different grids.Two different coordinate systems have also beenpresented for hexagonal-grid problems.

Since you will most likely want to code it in yourfavorite language, I have not tried to write this algorithmas a program. I will, however, make a few suggestions.Perform logical functions on groups of elements simul-taneously. The rows and columns of the arrays used inthe island problem lend themselves nicely to implemen-tation as 8-bit bytes of data. By using a little judiciousshifting of these bytes, entire arrays can be scattered withonly a few operations.

Do not be afraid to waste a few bits of storage or per-form a few unnecessary logical operations to gain a moregeneral representation of your map. It is easier to employa buffer of unused elements around your arrays than tocheck for array subscripts that are out of range. Noticehow the water terrain provided just such a buffer in theisland problem.

In conclusion, this graphical approach to terrain prob-lems provides a viable solution for a wide range of appli-cations, not the least of which is conflict simulation. ■

82 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 47 on inquiry card.

Circle 48 on inquiry card.

THE CONDUCTOR™

5 AND 8 INCH SINGLE-AND DOUBLE-DENSITY CONTROLLER ON ONE BOARD

■

■

£>H,

Diitaspc

e

D

S-100 BUS PRODUCTS

THE CONDUCTOR™

A versatile dual densityfldppy disk controller.Backed up with dual den-sity CP/M™ ($150) andavailable NOW!!!

° $325 assembled

VIDEOCONTROLLER

Memory mapped 80 x 24with dual character sets(programmable!) user romspace and HARDWARESCROLLING. Firmwareavailable.

$349 assembled

HA—,

SEE US AT THE

WEST COAST COMPUTER FAIRE

t*

All DATASPEED products are fullyassembled and tested and warranteed.

£■}

■■

DISK SYSTEMS

All the hardware you needfor a COMPLETE floppy disksystem. PLUS-FREEOsborne Accountingsoftware. Just add CP/Mand a computer

complete-systems $795

■

«nTJ&

i» ■ i ■

•t v,

I ■ ...

■

fcf'i

■

DATASPEED, INC.,1300 NOE ST.SAN FRANCISCOCA. 94131(415) 641-8947

i ■

TRS-80 Performance

Evaluation by Program Timing

James R Lewis

4051 Mountain Dr

San Bernardino CA 92407

I have been asked to evaluate the per-formance characteristics of numeroushardware and software computerproducts in my capacity as a systemsprogrammer. In late 1978 I acquired aRadio Shack TRS-80 personal com-puter system with Level I BASIC and4 K bytes of memory. I did not con-sider a performance evaluation; afterall, this was my own toy. I did nothave to respond to any requests forperformance improvements orevaluations. Only my personalsatisfaction was important.

As it turned out, I was satisfied,but my friends and colleagues werenot. They were continually asking,

Listing 1: Prime-number generator writtenin Level I BASIC for the TRS-80. Noattempt was made here to optimize thespeed of execution.

30 PRINT " LIST OF PRIME NUMBERS"

40 PRINT

50 PRINT 1;2;3;

55 C = 0

70 M = 3

80 M = M + 2

90 FOR K = 3 TO M/2 STEP K - 1

100 IF INT(M/K)*K-M = 0 THEN 190

110 NEXTK

121 PRINT M;

122 C = C+1

190 IF M < 10000 THEN 80195 PRINT "C= ";C200 END

Listing 2: Level I BASIC version of theprime-number generator in which abbre-viations were used and explanatorymaterial omitted to increase speed. Suchpractices are termed "optimization."

80

F.M = 5TO10000S.2

90

F.K = 3TOM/2S.2

100

IFI.(M/K)*K = MT.N.M

110

N.K

120

P.M;

190

N.M

"How fast does your toy run?" or"What new tricks have you taught itnow?" It seemed that a comprehen-sive performance testing and evalua-tion plan was called for. I decided tocompare my TRS-80 personal com-puter with one of the IBM computers(a System/370-148) at work. Since Iwas also in the process of convertingfrom Level I to Level II BASIC andacquiring more hardware, I wantedto see if I could verify the perfor-mance improvements claimed byRadio Shack.

Test Problem

The test problem to be solved wasone familiar to computer sciencestudents: calculation of prime-number integers from 5 to 10,000.This problem was chosen for severalreasons. First, it is a problem thatmany computer programmers canrelate to; second, it uses two programloops; and third, it requires calcula-tions more complex than simple addi-tion. The number of microseconds ornanoseconds required to perform asingle function like addition does notadequately describe the performancecharacteristics of an individual com-puter, nor does comparison of timingdetermine the difference between twomachines. What is needed is a com-parison of a group of instructions orthe use of a program representative ofthose which will be used extensivelyon that computer as the comparisonbase. The problem used here per-forms loops, does moderately com-plex arithmetic calculations, and per-forms some input/output (I/O)operations.

Test Problem and theTRS-80 Level I

Listing 1 gives the BASICstatements from my first coding of

the test problem. Note that eachkeyword of the program was com-pletely entered and spelled out in full,without regard to the abbreviationsallowed in Level I. This code took 8hours and 12 minutes to run to com-pletion (see table 1 for a completecomparison of the results). By simplyusing the keyword abbreviations (ie:F. instead of FOR and N. instead ofNEXT, shown in listing 2), the runtime was cut to 7 hours and 12minutes. The extra N.M (NEXT M)statement was used to speed up theloops, but at the completion of theproblem run, a FOR-NEXT errorresults. This is okay because theproblem has been completed.

Listing 3: Level II BASIC version of testprogram. Keywords must be spelled outin Level II, but the use of integer variablesmakes it faster than the optimized Level Iprogram. Level II BASIC is also an inter-pretive system.

10

DEFINTM.K

80

FORM = 5TO10000STEP2

90

FORK = 3TOM/2STEP2

100

IFINT(M/K)*M = MTHENNEXTM

110

NEXTK

120

PRINTM;

190

NEXTM

The first performance conclusionhas been reached; abbreviated syntaxcut an 8-hour program by 1 hour.This gave me a 12% improvement inthroughput, the magic measure ofsystem performance. Now the pro-blem solution can be accelerated withfaster software. For $99 you can goback to fully spelled out keywordsand still gain speed. [Although LevelII BASIC requires that keywords beentered in the fully spelled out form,and displays them in that way, thekeywords are stored in memory in the

84 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

SYNCHRO-SOUND

The ORIGINAL Computer People

who KNOW Computers

and offer EVERYTHING you need

In Small Computer Systems

TERMINALSADDS Regent 25

SWP£«SPr^ftt*e7

speciaI

Etched

LEARSIEGLER

ADM 3AADM 31ADM 42

bi

HAZELTINE

140014101420

150015101520

Mod 1Edit

\

PRINTERS

QUME Sprint

5/45 KSR5/55

DECwriter IV

LA 34

TELETYPE

43

,~u

CENTRONICS

779-2 I 703-0700-2 I 730

MANY OF OUR PRICES ARE TOO LOWTO ADVERTISE. PLEASE CALL OR WRITE

*3SS5*

ONLY

§3995.

Lnt*rfcc

poppies cZDW Mim.

^elon^Sr based

°Pment

or

Bus,

mess

Astern

COMPUTERS

DIGITAL SYSTEMS

DSC 2

Dble. DensityDual Drive Disk

NORTHSTAR

HORIZON IIHORIZON II Quad

CROMEMCO

System 3

ATARI

400800

MORE SPECIALS

0kidataSL125 $2595.00

. 2995.00

OkidataSL300 . . .

Persci 277 DbleDensity .......

lmsaiPCS80/15 .

Televideo912,920

1395.00

499.00

CALL

Livermore AccousticCoupler $249.00

CentronicsMicroPrinter 349.00

5" Scotch DisketteBox

34.95

8" Scotch DisketteBox

39.95

We carry a full line of Alpha-Micro Products.

We have a full staff of Programmers and Computer

Consultants to design, configure and deliver a Turnkey

Computer System to meet your specific requirements.

RO-SOUND

ENTERPRISES, INC.

COMPU1

193-25 Jamaica Ave., Jamaica, New York 11423 • TWX 710-

6

PHONE ORDERS, CALL:

New York-212/468-7067

Los Angeles-213/628-1808

Chicago-312/641-3010

Dallas-214/742-6090

Circle 49 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

form of single-byte codes. A transla-tion routine is used to spell out themeaning of these codes when theLIST command is given.... RSS/

Test Problem andLevel II BASIC

I sent back my TRS-80 Level I 4 Kcomputer. A short time later it cameback with Level II BASIC and an ex-panded 16 K bytes user memory. Theoriginal test problem now ran in 6hours and 31 minutes. This improve-ment was approximately 9%; therewas an $11 investment for each per-cent of performance gained.

Test Problem and

Z80 Assembly Language

Several years ago I became profi-cient in Datapoint 2200 assemblylanguage, which is very similar toZ80 assembly language. I thoughtthat several hours of coding andtesting would be required to imple-ment the test problem in Z80assembly instructions. After severaldays of relearning the microinstruc-tion format and developing the con-version and division subroutines, Ifinally ran my assembly test. To mysurprise, it now ran in just under 22minutes, an improvement of over 6

Tes

t Listing

Run Ti

me

Description

hours

minutes

seconds

1

1

8

12

13

TRS-80 Level I Nonoptimized BASIC

2

2

7

12

27

TRS-80 Level I Optimized BASIC

3

3

6

31

10

TRS-80 Level II BASIC

4

4

21

55

Z80 Assembler Language

5

4

22

50

280 Assembler Language underTRSDOS DiskOperating System

6

5

1

19

PL/I for IBM 370-148 using OptimizingCompiler

7

6

56

370-148 Assembly LanguageIBM 370-148 Assembly Language

Table 1: Summary of tests in our performance evaluation. In each case the programfound integer prime numbers from 5 to 10,000.

hours. Note that in the assembly-language program multiplication wasnot required, because all that is need-ed for prime number detection is divi-sion and determination of the re-mainder. The quotient proved usefulin controlling the inner loop.

My next expansion of the systemadded a floppy-disk drive and morememory to a 32 K bytes total. Therewas an apparent five-second reduc-tion in run time when the primenumber output conversion waseliminated. However, I observed nonoticeable performance change whenthe program ran in either the first16 K bytes of memory or in the se-cond 16 K bytes. Now that I had adisk and the TRSDOS disk operatingsystem, I thought of the real-timeCLOCK function now activated andwondered about its effect on perfor-mance.

Test Problem and the

TRSDOS Disk Operating System

I relocated my assembly-languageprogram to hexadecimal location

Text continued on page 92

FINALLY, Apple II software for the discerning computerist,and the not-so-discerning beginner

AppleAids

Little Tricks™

A series of carefully explained subroutines containing a potpourri ofuseful programming techniques in Integer Basic and Applesoft, such asspecific key stroke identification, timing loops, disappearing questionmarks on input, no question marks on input, and many more.Cassette (24K) 14.95 Disk(32K) 19.95

Scroll Control™

Have you ever wondered why you cannot list an Integer Basic orApplesoft program one screen-page at a time? So have we, and wedid something about it! Our machine language Scroll Control, hiddenin RAM so as not to "bump" into your program, can be engaged or dis-engaged at a flick of the keyboard. Why be frustrated when instead youcan control the scroll? Cassette 9.95 Disk 14.95

Compulaw" Series

Alitax Estimator™

This Applesoft program, prepared under the supervision of an attorney,estimates disposable income after alimony and child support paymentsand federal taxes. For use by laymen and attorneys. 1980 tables.Cassette (24K) 9.95 Disk (32K) 14.95

Pensionner™

A companion to Alitax Estimator in Applesoft designed to calculate thepresent value of a pension in states in which a pension is subject todivision in marital dissolution cases.Cassette (24K) 9.95 Disk (32K) 14.95

N.J. res. add 5% sales tax

Apple II and Applesoft are registered

trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc.Add $1.50 /item, shipping and handling•professional, but not a substitute for

legal advice

Form-It-Out™

A series of routines in Integer Basic and Applesoft containing detailedexplanation and examples of programming techniques necessary toprofessionalize your screen output. Included are right and center justi-fication, windowing, tabbing, cursor positioning among others.Cassette (24K) 14.95 Disk (32K) 19.95

Track & Sector List™

This is the ultimate disk utility. Instead of a catalog, have you ever seenthose dreaded words "I/O ERROR"? Is all lost? NO! Now your disk maybe saved. Also you can eliminate bad sectors, remove control charactersimbedded in file names, and more. This machine language program issupplemented by extensive tutorial documentation worth its weight ingold. Disk only (32K) 29.95

My ABC's™

An early learning Integer Basic program using over one hundred and fiftyhigh resolution graphic letters and pictures in a drill-and-practice formatdesigned to develop identification of capital and small letters, andassociation of letters with pictures. Scoring capability allows monitoring.Child tested and teacher recognized. Cassette(48K) 14.95 Disk 19.95

Now I Can Rhyme™

A companion to My ABC's in Integer Basic. The child selects those highresolution pictures which rhyme. Score-keeping capability allowsmonitoring. Incorporates progressive levels of difficulty.Cassette (48K) 14.95 Disk (48K) 19.95

P.O. Box 774 MMorristown, NJ 07960(201)539-3770

NCORPORATED

86 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 50 on inquiry card.

tt* s. moot

■r^<n^l>fa»

-Vec

^^-s^e^^o-Cs--

^oo/^09

3n*aV!

^ageS

,\eros

°^ovoe^

47906

Circle 51 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

87

MICROBE

■ l|'M|JMll»i' .MW,. ... ■ ,MT. ■

'•BfJll

'■'iSilKIt" I '

»"f*

■ . '■

■

I

■ *

5" i I '

■ I

^r

~ji ;—"•"

^IHII^^^ffflfiffltnfli!

*4'%«

..."MicroPro's I/O Master andWord-Star made my company'snew word processing system...A WINNER!"

■ 11«i

Yes! From the company that brought you WORD-STAR, the finest word processingsoftware ever seen on a Z-80, 8085, or 8080 micro computer. You can now get theI/O Master, an S-100 board that allows the use of the OEM version of the NEC,DIABLO or QUME printer. The board also contains two FIFO buffered serial ports.

• Get 30% faster printer performance.

~l Enables you to use a lower cost version of a high quality printer.1 No dropping of key strokes regardless of other system activity.' Greater flexiblity in the configuration of your word processing system.

All these advantages and you spend LESS than you wouldfor any comparable equipment.

For more information call MicroPro and get the name ofyour nearest MicroPro dealer and let him... BRAG, BRAG, BRAG

The more you know... the more you'll buy...

warn

INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION

1299 4th Street, San Rafael, California 94901Telephone (41 5) 457-8990 Telex 340388

Circle 52 on inquiry card.

BYTE March IPSO

Circle 54 on inquiry card.

Revolutionary

Computerized

Math!

muMATH1™

These examples illustrate only afew of the many symbolic mathcapabilities of muMATH. Notethat it is not limited to numericalevaluation as in BASIC or PASCAL.

Available for 8080, 8085 and Z80processors using standard CP/M*,CDOS* and IMDOS* operatingsystems.

Engineers and scientists find itideal for deriving or checking leng-thy analytical results.

Students and teachers agree it issuperb for math education fromexact arithmetic through calculus.

Hobbyists have discovered theunderlying muSIMP program-ming system perfect for other arti-ficial intelligence applications.

Also available from The SoftWarehouse is a sophisticated LISPlanguage interpreter for the aboveprocessors and operating systems.

All software with extensive docu-mentation is immediately available.

Call or write directly for fast re-sponse.

* Manufacturers' registered trademarks.

P.O. Box 11174, Honolulu, Hawaii 96828Telephone (808) 734-5801

©Copyright The Soft Warehouse 1980

90 March 1980 © BYTE Publicaeions Inc

Listing 4: Prime-number generator coded in Z80 assembler for the TRS-80. The RadioShack Editor and Assembler package was used. The efficiency of assembler coding isclearly shown in the greatly reduced execution time. No interpretation is required; weare speaking in the "native language" of the machine.

ORG

7000H

START

LD

HL,(NUM)

GET NUMBER

INC

HL

BUMP NUMBER

INC

HL

BY TWO TO INSURE ODD VALUE

LD

(NUM),HL

SAVE FOR NEXT TIME

LD

A,10000<8< -8

LSB OF 10000

SUB

L

DOUBLE PRECISION COMPARE

LD

A,10000< -8

MSB OF 10000

SBC

A,H

CHECK HIGH BYTE

IR

CDONE

END OF RUN

LD

DE,I

START VALUE

LD

(NUM2),DE

SAVE IT

DLOOP

LD

DE,(NUM2)

;DIVISOR

INC

DE

BUMP IT

INC

DE

TWICE TO KEEP ODD

LD

(NUM2),DE

SAVE FOR NEXT TIME

LD

BC,(NUM)

TARGET

LD

HL,0

CLEAR HIGH HALF OF DIVIDEND

CALL

DIV16

PERFORM 16 BIT DIVIDE

LD

A,H

CHECK REMAINDER

OR

L

IF ZERO WAS DIVISABLE

JR

Z.START

AND NOT PRIME

DEC

BC

CHECK FOR ONE

LD

A,B

AS THIS MEANS WE

OR

C

HAVE GONE HALFWAY

IR

NZ, DLOOP

NO, LOOP

NUMBER IS PRIME

LD

HL,(NUM)

DISPLAY THIS NUMBER

LD

IX, WORK

WORK AREA

CALL

DCONV

CONVERT TO ASCII

LD

HL,WORK

AREA FOR DISPLAY

CALL

DSPLY

TO SCREEN

LD

HL,(COUNT)

COUNT PRIME NUMBERS

INC

HL

BY ONE

LD

(COUNT),HL

IR

START

DONE

LD

HL,(COUNT)

;DISPLAY TOTAL COUNT

LD

IX.WORK

CALL

DCONV

;CONVERT TO ASCII

LD

HL,TOTAL

; DISPLAY STRING

CALL

DSPLY

IR

$

;LOOP

TOTAL

DEFM

TOTAL ='

WORK

DEFM

'12345 '

DEFB

3

NUM

DEFW

1

NUMBER TO BE TESTED

NUM2

DEFW

0

TESTING NUMBER

COUNT

DEFW

0

COUNT OF PRIME NUMBERS

DISPLAY STRING TO SCREEN

DCHAR

EQU

33H

LEVEL II CHAR DISPLAY

DSPLY

LD

A,(HL)

GET CHARACTER

CP

3

END OF STRING?

RET

Z

YES, DONE

CALL

DCHAR

LET LEVEL II MANAGE SCREEN

INC

HL

BUMP MEMORY POINTER

IR

DSPLY

J

CONVERT HL TO 5 DIGIT AREA POINTED TO BY IX

DCONV

LD

C,' '

TRIGGER AND ASCII CHARACTER

LD

B,5

COUNT OF CONVERSION

LD

IY.CTBL

CONVERSION TABLE

DCONV1

LD

E,(IY)

LSB OF FACTOR

INC

IY

LD

D,(IY)

;MSB OF FACTOR

INC

IY

SUB

A

; CLEAR C FLAG AND DIGIT COUN'

DCONV2

SBC

HL,DE

16 BIT SUBTRACT

Listing 4 continued on page 92

OLIVETTI PRINTERS

AVAILABLE NOW!

For years we have been our own bigsest customer.Until now you couldn't buy an Olivetti printer unlessyou bought a complete Olivetti calculator. Now, for thefirst time, our complete line of OEM printers is availablefor immediate shipment in any quantity. For use in cal-culators, electronic scales, cash registers, mini com-puters, CRT hard copy output, data loggers, medicaland scientific instruments, or any application where apaper tape printout is desired. Olivetti has a qualityOEM printer for you.

For Further Information Please Contact:

Olivetti Corporation/0€M Marketing20370 Town Center LaneCupertino, California 95014Telephone:408/996/3867

PU1840—

40 Column Thermal,Dot Matrix, Plotter

Features;

D High Speed

D Low Cost—The Best Really Can Cost Less!

□ Fewer Moving Parts

□ Proven High Reliability and Long Life

□ Over 3 Million In Use by Olivetti Alone

□ Lightweight and Compact—Extremely Versatile

□ Available With 6V or 18V Motor

□ Low Power Usage

□ Graphic Capabilities (PU1828 and PU1840)

□ All Printers are Available With or Without Interface Boards

W^ilWyy

PU1828—

28 Column Thermal,

240L.RM.,

Dot Matrix, Plotter

Coining Soon:

80 Column Thermal, 240 L.RM.Dot Matrix, Plotter

Olivetti

Circle 55 on inquiry card.

ARIZONA

Computerland

Phoenix 602/956-5727

CALIFORNIA

Computer Warehouse

Bakersfield 805/397-7555

Computer Place

Carmel 408/624-7111

Computerland

Los Alios 415/941-8154

Computers Are Fun

Los Angeles 213/475-0566

Computer Merchant

San Oiego 714/583-3963

Microbyte Computer Store

San Jose 408/377-4685

Computerland

San Rafael 415/459-1767

Computer City

Santa Ana 714/549-7749

The Computer Store

Santa Monica 213/451-0713

COLORADO

Computerland

Denver 303/759-4685

CONNECTICUT

The Computer Store

Stamlord 203/356-1920

DELAWARE

Computerland

Newark 302/738-9656

FLORIDA

Computer Village

Miami 305/266-5965

Gulf Coast Computer

Milton 904/994-8506

GEORGIA

Advanced Computer Technology

Atlanta 404/255-8984

ILLINOIS

Farnsworth Computer

Aurora 372/851-3888

Personal Computing

Chicago 312/337-6744

Computer Station

Granite City 618/452-1860

Computerland

Mundelein 312/949-1300

IOWA

Lyon Co., Inc.

Jefferson 515/386-4275

LOUISIANA

Microcomputers

New Orleans 504/821-0870

MASSACHUSETTS

The Computer Store

Cambridge 617/354-4599

MICHIGAN

Level IV

Detroit 313/525-6200

MINNESOTA

Personal Business Systems

Minneapolis 612/929-4120

MISSOURI

Computer Country

Florissant 314/921-4433

Computers—ASP

Kansas City 816/741-8013

Forsythe Computers

St. Louis 314/721-4300

NEBRASKA

Altair Computer

Lincoln 402/474-2800

NEW JERSEY

Computer Mart

Iselin 201/283-0600

Computer Encounters

Princeton 609/924-8757

NEW MEXICO

South West Computer

Las Cruces 505/526-2842

NEW YORK

Byte Shop East

Levittown 516/731-8116

Computer Factory

New York 212/687-5001

Datel Stores

New York 212/921-0110

Computer Store

Rochester 716/244-5000

NORTH CAROLINA

Standard Computers

Charlotte 704/399-0228

Byte Shop

Raleigh 919/633-0210

OHIO

Personal Computers

Columbus 614/475-2007

OKLAHOMA

Contemporary Sounds

Enid 405/233-3883

SOUTH CAROLINA

Byte Shop

Columbia 803/771-7824

TEXAS

Computer Corner

Amarillo 806/355-5618

The Compushop

Dallas 214/234-3412

KA Electronic Sales

Dallas 214/634-7870

Computer Solutions

San Antonio 512/341-8851

UTAH

Inkley's

Salt Lake City 801/486-3921

VIRGINIA

Computer Works

Harrisonburg 703/434-1120

The Computer Place

Roanoke 703/982-3661

Home Computer Center

Virginia Beach 804/340-1977

WASHINGTON

Computerland Store

Federal Way 206/927-8585

WEST VIRGINIA

Computer Corner

Morganfown 304/292-9700

WISCONSIN

Blue Lakes Computer

Madison 608/257-4424

CANADA

Corvus of Canada

705/474-5823

GREAT BRITAIN

Keen Computers

602/583254

CORVUS SYSTEMS, Inc.

900 S Winchester Boulevard. San Jose,California 95128 (408)246-0461

1

DCONV3

DCONV4

Listing 4 continued:

JR

INC

IR

ADD

OR

JR

LD

OR

LD

INC

DJNZ

LD

OR

LD

RET

CTBL DEFW

DEFWDEFWDEFWDEFW16 BIT DIVISIONDIVIDEND =DIVISOR =QUOTIENT =REMAINDER =

DIV16DIV161

DIV162DIV163

LD

SLA

RL

ADC

SBC

IR

ADD

IR

INC

DEC

JR

RET

END

C.DCONV3

A

DCONV2

HL.DE

A

Z.DCONV4

C/0'

C

(IX),A

IX

DCONV1

A,(IX-1)

'0'

(IX-1),A

CONVERSION TABLE

10000

1000

100

10

1

HLBC

DEBC

:HL

A,16

C

B

HL,HL

HL.DE

NC.DIV162

HL.DE

DIV163

C

A

NZ.DIV161

START

UNDERFLOW

BUMP DIGIT

CONTINUE BUILDUP

COMPENSATE FOR UNDERFLOW

NON-ZERO DIGIT?

NO, ZERO, DO NOT RESET TRIGGER

ASCII TRIGGER

TURN INTO ASCII (OR BLANK)

STORE DIGIT

COUNT DOWN

MUST SHOW A ZERO DIGIT

IF ZERO

16 BIT DIVISION

MOVE C REG

NOW B WITH CARRY

BUMP REMAINDER

16 BIT SUBTRACT WITH CARRY

UNDERFLOW

ADJUST

SKIP SETTING QUOTIENT BIT

BUMP QUOTIENT

DECREMENT LOOP COUNTER

LOOP TIL DONE

Listing 5: Test program coded in the PL/I language for the IBM System/370-148. Anoptimizing compiler was used to run this version. Compilation is more efficient than in-terpretation in reducing execution time. This program also finds prime numbers.

PRIME: PROC OPTIONS(MAIN) REORDER;

DECLARE (C, D, M) FIXED BINARY(31) INIT(O);DO M = 3 to 10000 BY 2;

DO D = 3 TO M/2 BY 2;

IF MOD(M, D) = 0 THEN GOTO NOT_PRIME;END;

C = C + 1;PUT LIST(M);NOT_PRIME:END;

PUT SKIP DATA(C);END PRIME;

Text continued:

7000 and constructed a disk operatingsystem command (CMD) file. Whenrun under the disk operating system,the test problem execution time wasextended by 55 seconds. I attributedthis delay to the 25 ms interrupt fromthe expansion interface and the pro-cessing required to service the inter-rupt and update the clock. This

amounted to about 4 to 5%overhead. Using the disk operatingsystem BASIC, the T command toturn off the interrupt will speed upthe execution of programs not requir-ing clock functions. Listing 4represents the Z80 assembly-languageversion of the prime number findingprogram.

'orld leader in Winchester disk systems, Winchester• >d other intelligent peripherals

Circle 56 on inquiry card.

Even at 5:12 a.m., its hard to quitplaying Personal Software "strategy games.

Gammon Gambler

A quick game before turning in can become an all-nightsession when you load any of the Personal Software'" strategygames into your Apple,* PET* or TRS-80.* They'll challenge,teach and entertain you. And now there are two new games-Gammon Gambler'" and Checker King'"—joining BridgePartner/" Time Trek'" and the best-selling Microchess."

Gammon Gambler is a sure bet. With ten levels of skill,you can begin a novice and becomean expert. Whichever level you play,the computer moves so quicklyyou don't have to wait. Theprogram follows U.Stournament rules, and in-cludes the doublingcube to spice up thegame. Written forthe Apple andPET by WillyChaplin.Checker King—you probably forgothow much fun it is! If you move andchange your mind, take it back and moveagain—without a peep from the computer.Play eight skill levels. Add and removepieces. Save three board positions for laterplay. And solve three challenging checkerpuzzles. Written by Michael Marks forthe Apple, PET and TRS-80.

Microchess, the most widely usedpersonal computer chess program, is anearly perfect chess opponent for the totalnovice or the advanced enthusiast. Writtenby Peter Jennings for the Apple, PET andTRS-80.

'Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.; PET is atrademark of Commodore Business Machines, Inc.; TRS-80 isa trademark of the Radio Shack Division ofTandy Corp.

Circle 57 on inquiry card.

Bridge Partner. You against the computer in over 10 milliondifferent hands of contract bridge. You can even specify thehands' high card points. Written by George Duisman for the Ap-ple, PET and Level II TRS-80.

Time Trek is easy to learn, dif-ficult to master and impossible toforget. Take command of a starshipin real-time action to make the gal-axy safe again. PET version by BradTempleton. TRS-80 programby Joshua Lavinsky.

Personal Software, Inc.,

also produces the VisiCalc'"

program (the software that's

revolutionizing personal

computing), CCA Data Management Sys-tem, the Vitaf acts series and other excitingsoftware for the Apple, PET and TRS-80.Now that you've read about the Per-sonal Software programs, go see ademonstration. For the name of yournearest Personal Software dealer, call(408) 745-7841 or write to PersonalSoftware, Inc., 592 Weddell Drive.,Sunnyvale, CA 94086.

Checker King

*SB8&

$0*

TN/A^

STRATEGY GAMES SERIES

Listing 6: Test program coded in assembler language for the IBM 370. Writing in thenative language of this very fast machine, we obtain the shortest time for finding primenumbers from 5 to 10,000.

LA

R2,5

SR

R10.R10

LA

R6,2

LR

R8,R6

LH

R9, =H'10000'

OLOOP

LA

R3,3

LR

R7,R2

SRL

R7,l

ILOOP

SR

R4,R4

LR

R5,R2

DR

R4.R3

LTR

R4,R4

BZ

NEXTO

BXLE

R3.R6, ILOOP

CVD

R2.WORK

UNPK

DATA(7),WORK + 4(4)

OI

DATA + 6,X'F0'

PUT

SYSPRINT, DATA

LA

RIO,1(,RIO)

NEXTO

BXLE

R2,R8,OLOOP

CVD

RIO,WORK

UNPK

DATA(7), WORK+ 4(4)

OI

DATA + 6,X'F0'

PUT

SYSPRINT, DATA

STARTING VALUE FOR TEST

COUNT OF PRIME NUMBERS

LOOP INCREMENT - INNER LOOP

LOOP INCREMENT - OUTER LOOP

UPPER LIMIT FOR OUTER LOOP

STARTING VALUE FOR TESTING NUMBER

COMPUTE INNER LOOP LIMIT

DIVIDE BY TWO

ZERO EVEN DIVIDEND PAIR

LOAD ODD DIVIDEND VALUE

R3 IS DIVISOR

CHECK REMAINDER

ZERO IS NOT PRIME

INNER LOOP

CONVERT PRIME NUMBER TO DECIMAL

MAKE EBCDIC

SET SIGN CORRECT

OUTPUT PRIME NUMBER

INCREMENT PRIME NUMBER COUNT

OUTER LOOP

CONVERT COUNT TO DECIMAL

AND TO EBCDIC

SET SIGN CORRECT

OUPUT COUNT

TURN-ON!

Now have full computer control of up to 256 lights, appliances and even wallswitches without special wiring. The SciTronics REMOTE CONTROLLER permitsdirect control of the inexpensive BSR remote line-carrier switches sold by Sears,Radio Shack and many others.

HOW IT WORKS: Writing 3 control words to the controller board sends one of 6 in-structions over the a-c line to the desired switch. The instructions include anyremote on, off, all off, any light bright, dim, or all on. Reading the board tells ifbusy.

FEATURES:

■*• FULL S-100 COMPATIBILTY—all lines fullybuffered, board address dip switch select-able to span 65K.

• FULL TRS-80-1 COMPATIBILITY—boardhoused in attractive woodgrained case withpower supply and connector cable allowsdirect connection to TRS-80-I expansion port.

• COMPATIBLE WITH OTHER SYSTEMS—com-bination of on-board select switches and

complete connector wiring informationallows ease of use with Apple II. PET, KIM,SYM, HEATH H8, plus others.SYSTEM SELECT SWITCHES—chose activehigh or low inputs, addressed or I/O drive,parallel or serial entry, non S-100 inputs likeVMA, clocking on any transition.SIMPLE TO USE—sample software includedfor all systems listed, all ICs socketed.

APPLICATIONS:

* Make your entire home, business or apartment "computer controlled"•k Save energy by controlling lights and appliances•k Control lights and alarms for security systems

REMOTE CONTROLLER BOARD

ENCASED SELF POWEREDCONTROLLER FOR TRS-80-1

remote switches not included

$159.$184.

Send check or money order to:SciTronics Inc.

523 S. Clewell St., P.O. Box 5344Bethlehem, PA 18015

(215) 868-7220Please list system with which you plan to use controller.Master Charge and Visa accepted. PA residents add sales tax.

Test Problem and theLarge System

At the completion of the TRS-80testing phase, I coded two versions ofthe test problem to be run on the IBM370-148. Listings 5 and 6 show PL/1language and 370 assembler languagecodings of the prime-numbergenerator. The execution times show-ed little difference. The PL/I version(compiled, rather than interpreted)ran in 1 minute and 19 seconds ofprocessor time. The test run inassembler language used 56 secondsof processor time.

The best comparison between thetwo machine's capabilities is arrangedby counting the number of instruc-tions needed to perform division;twelve for the TRS-80 (ten of whichare looped sixteen times) and one forthe 370. Performance difference isalso indicated by the average execu-tion time of 1108 /xs for the Z80 divi-sion subroutine versus 30.7 /xs for theDR (divide register into register) in-struction of the 370-148. This is atime ratio of 36 to 1. If you compare aless complex function, such as 16-bitstorage-to-register load, the TRS-80performs closer to the 370 capability;the Z80 LD HL,(n) instruction takes16 cycles or 9.008 (is, and the 370 loadhalfword takes 1.958 /is. The 16-bitload operation compares as a 4.6 per-formance ratio. Thus, it is shown thata single instruction comparison doesnot always represent the requiredwork performance ratio.

Conclusions

The test program I chose can be runwith the same results on both theTRS-80 and the IBM 370-148. Thereis a difference in system throughputand cost. An analysis of the TRS-80performance indicates that the adver-tised improvements of Level Ikeyword abbreviations and Level IIBASIC are present. The analysis ofthe TRS-80 BASIC versus Z80assembler language shows a signifi-cant improvement in assemblerlanguage, if you care to code the pro-gram that way or if you need thespeed. I now have an answer for myfriends at work when they ask aboutthe speed differences between my per-sonal computer system and the im-personal IBM 370-148. ■

94 March I960 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 58 on inquiry card.

Record keeping problems? Our CCA DataManagement System solves them easily.

Having information at your fingertips can make your job awhole lot easier. And that's what the CCA Data ManagementSystem is all about.

With this Personal Software'" package and an Apple II'"or TRS-80'" disk system, it will be far easier to keep inven-tories, customer lists, accounts receivable and payable records,patient histories and many more items.

In fact, you can use the CCA DMS for all of your datamanagement needs, rather than buying (expensive) or writing(time consuming) separate programs for each applica-tion. That's because DMS lets you create your ownfiling systems, adapting itself to the types of recordsyou keep. You specify the number and names ofeach data field—without any programming.

With DMS keeping all of your records, you onlyhave to learn how to use one system. That'seasier, too. It's menu driven, with plenty ofprompts to help you create files and add,update, scan, inspect, delete, sort, con-dense and print data. Our compre-

hensive 130-page step-by-step syinstruction manual even providescomplete "how to" inventory andmailing list applications so youcan start processing immediately.

DMS is a very powerful sys-tem, with more file and recordstorage capacity than other database programs on the market.

'Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer,Inc.; TRS-80 is a trademark of the Radio ShackDiv. of Tandy Corp.

Circle 59 on inquiry card.

And it also gives you greater data handling flexibility. To cus-tomize DMS, write add-on BASIC programs that read or writeDMS files and perform any kind of processing you want.

You can sort and print your data in nearly any form ofreport and mailing label you want. Sort data by up to 10 fieldsfor zip code, balance due, geographic location or whatever.And print reports with subtotals and totals automaticallycalculated.

The CCA Data Management System, written by CreativeComputer Applications, has two years of field testing on othermicrocomputers. Now Personal Software makes DMS avail-able on the TRS-80 Level II and Apple II and II Plus 48kdisk systems. And at under $100, DMS is also easy to afford.One demonstration will convince you how easy com-puterized record keeping is. Ask your Personal Softwaredealer to show you. To locate your nearest dealer,contact Personal Software, Inc., (408) 745-7841, 592Weddell Dr., Sunnyvale, CA 94086.

00»

BYTE March 1980 95

Editorial Listing 1 continued from page 12:

time, thousandth

s != time.thousandths

•:,n t INTEGER!

+ ((1000

* diait) DIV factor >;

siSma t INTEGER*.

factor 1= 10 *

factor

which_rins I (second? third )S

ENDEND

aibfC ' absolute-Lime*

ELSE Cbefore period)

rins_time ! absolute-time*

time.units *= (time.uni1

s * factor ) + diait

5econd_can tact_rind ! absolute-time*

END'

third_contact_rind * absolute-time*

tot-titne I absolute-tine*

BEGIN Caet-parameter3

time, to tali Is* ! absolute-time J

PAGE< OUTPUT )*

marain-tifie I absolute-time*

time.urn ts != 0*

current-time : absolute-time*

time, thousandths ! = 0*

half-time * absolute-time*

WHILE <<time.units=0) AND (time.thousandths=0 )) DO

auarter_time ' absolute-time*

BEGIN

slacK-in-totality ' absolute-time*

factor != 10*

dummy * absolute-time*

decimal-count * = 0*

total-duration * absolute-timei

period t= FALSE*URITELN<5)*

maximum J exposures*

READLNt a_strina )»

total-eel ipse S exposures*

FOR i != 1 TO LENGTH'a-strina) DO

rind-frames ' exposures*

BEGIN

current-shot " exposures?

CASE a-strinaCi] OF

'0' t'V r'2' *'3' t'A' *'5' *'&' »'7' *'8' *'9' !

ten_shot_3roupina ! PACKED ARRAYCO,.9D OF an_exPosure_detai1»

add_3-diait< i)

transient-shots : PACKED ARRAYC0..1D OF an_exPosure-detail»

period := TRUE

PROCEDURE neu-pa3e*UAR

stuff * STRINGC2+:*

END

END

clear-screen ! CHAR*

END (WHILE)

BEGIN

END Caet_parameter3*

stuff := '

clear-screen := CHR<24>*

PROCEDURE initialize*

URITELN<clear_screen*sluff )*

UAR

URITELNt ' ' >*

i t INTEGER*

URITELN< ' ' >*

BEGIN Cinitialize)

URITELN<s )

s t = * * |

END Cnew-paae)*

current-time*units '= 0current-time.thousandths := 0*

PROCEDURE aet_parameter( VAR time * absolute-time)*

current-shot 1= 0*

UAR

ten_shot_3roupinaC0].duration

:= li

a-slrina ! STRINGC 12811*

ten-shot_aroupinaC13.duration

:= 4*

i ! INTEGER*

ten_shot_aroupindC23*duration

: = 16;

period * BOOLEAN*

ten_5hot_aroupindC31*duration

i* mi

decimal-count : INTEGER*

ten-shot-SrouPinat 4 2.duration

:= i28t

factor* result : INTEGER*

ten_shot_aroupinaC53.duration

:= 256;

ten _shot_3roupind£; 6 3. duration

;= 512*

PROCEDURE add_a_diait(position * INTEGER)*

ten-shot_aroupin3C73.duration

:= 1024*

UAR

ten_shot_aroupinaC83.duration

1= 2048*

disit : INTEGER*

ten-Shot-SroupinaC93.duration

!= 4096!

BEGIN

FOR i := 0 TO 9 DO

di3it := (ORD( a-strinaCposition] )-DRD< ' 0' ))*

ten_shot_draupin3r. i3.wai t_

ifler 1= overhead-duration*

IF period THEN

BEGIN

transient-shotsC03.duration

:= 4*

decimal-count != decimal-count f 1*

Lransient-shotsC13.duration

!= 32*

IF decimal-count < 4 THEN

FOR i * = 0 TO 1 DO

BEGIN

Listing 1 continued on page 98

SPECIALIZING IN

QUALITY MICROCOMPUTER HARDWARE

INDUSTRIAL • EDUCATIONAL • SMALL BUSINESS • PERSONAL

BUILDING BLOCKS FOR MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEMS, CONTROL & TEST EQUIPMENT

R2 I/O

2K ROM

2K RAM

3 Serial Ports

1 Parallel Port

WIRED: $295.00

16 K RAM

FULLY STATICMEMORYKIT: $279.00WIRED: $310.00

ECT-100-F

RACKMOUNTCARD CAGESKIT: $200.00WIRED: $250.00

ect-

5, ««,

u»m e,cfi

no/,,,

POWER SUPPLIES, CPU'S, MEMORY, OEM VARIATIONS

TT-10

TABLE TOPMAINFRAMESKIT: $340.00WIRED: $395.00

763 RAMSEY AVE.HILLSIDE, N.J. 07205

ELECTRONIC CONTROL TECHNOLOGY kod ese-soao

96 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 60 on Inquiry card.

Operating Power!

with

l/OSVersion 3.0

8080/Z80 OPERATING SYSTEM

The former TSA/OS has beensignificantly upgraded andimproved...

• New Spooler

• Hard disk support

• Big files supported (over200,000,000 bytes)

• New system support functionsand utilities

• Improved versions of standardutilities

• New improved manuals

$150 gets it all |/OS,spooler, utilities, manuals!

(plus dealer configuration charges)

Now also availablefor the Radio ShackTRS 80 MODEL II!

A BIG SYSTEM OSFOR YOUR MICRO!

• True 'sysgen' for an optimizedsystem for any hardware

• Support for most popularterminals, devices and systemsplus user driver interface

• CP/M* — CDOS* — SDOS*compatible

• Supports systems with multipledisk types (two or more drivers)

*™ Digital Research, Cromemco, SD Systems

TRS 80 MODEL II — l/OS

PLUS

the Wp Daisy™ Word Processor.

$550

••NEXT MONTH••

I/Pascal™ compilerl/SAL™ structured assembler...more to follow!

• • • • •

total price!

ov

Jt<

J>.

&

-<f-

Software for l/OS — TSA/OS — CDOS — SDOSother 8080/Z80 OS*M operating systems

s><

Circle 61 on inquiry card.

V?

-rcP*

r:i

WHAT IF?

WHAT IF

interest rates climb another two points?

WHAT IF

we retire long-term debts earlier?

WHAT IF

we could increase our market share by 7% byhiring three more salesmen?

WHAT IF

a 30% increase in advertising could produce a5% increase in sales?

WHAT IF

passenger seat sales increase y2% per monthfor the next 24 months?

WHAT IF

gasoline price increases drive delivery costs up 10%?

WHAT IF

you had a tool to evaluate your "what its"?

minimodel

is just such a tool. It can answer your "what its"

in minutes, and you don't need to know a thing

about programming to use it.

minimodel

allows the business manager to build a model of anycorporate activities. You provide the assumptions andMINIMODEL responds with a projection of how thoseassumptions will affect your sales volume, revenues,costs, profitability, cash flow or any factors you specify.

minimodel

is completely flexible to permit virtually any

combination of assumptions and event sequences.

Model size is limited only by disc capacity.

minimodel

is designed by professionals for the businessmanager who wants to know "what if?"

minimodel

is currently available for Horizon S/D/Q, 32K and

forTRS-80, 32K. (Requires CP/M and C BASIC)

Other versions are in production —please enquire.

minimodel

TM

FINANCIAL PLANNING ASSOCIATES

55 University Avenue, Suite 600Toronto, Ontario M5J 2H7

For □ Horizon □ Single □ Double □ Quad. Density□ TRS-80 Model I.

Please send □ Minimodel $495 (U.S. Funds)

□ Manual only $50 (U.S. Funds)

□ Send C.O.D. ($10 extra)

□ Full payment enclosed $ .

Charge my □ Visa Q Mastercharge Acct. #_

Expiry date Signature

Name.

Listing 1 continued:

transient-shotsC iH.wai L_after

overhead-duration i

s J= ' Preliminary data initialization';

new^paSei

URITELW

'"totality" is defined as time from second to third contacts' )is '.= ' Enter number of exposures' iSeL_parameter( dummy)imaximum • = dummy.uni ts;

s 1= 'Enter number of exposures dur ina totali ty'iREPEAT

BEGIN

3et_parameter< dummy )Jtotal_ecliPse 1= dummy.uni ts

ENDUNTIL

(tot3l_eclipse > 0 )AND

(total_eclipse < maximum )1s '.= ' En ter time of total i ty in "seconds. thousandths" ' i3et_parameter< time_totality )»

s 1= ' Enter slacK time margin ( in seconds )'iSe t_par ameteH si acK._in_ total i ty )icrash-ahead := TRUEEND Cinitialize};

PROCEDURE error„abortiBEGIN

maximum 1 = 250 Jtatal_eclipse := 2005

r in3_frames 1= 25!

URITELN('Unrecoverable error in data' )i

crash-ahead ! = FALSE

end;

PROCEDURE sub tract-time1; a» b I absolute-time i VAR c t absolute-time )»BEGIN

c.thousandths != a.thousandths - b.thousandths?

sisaa t * o;

IF c.thousandths < 0 THENBEGIN

c,thousandths != c.thousandths + 1000;s i stota I = -1end;

c.units := a.units N - b.units + sidma

end;

PROCEDURE divide_time(

VAR a J absolute-time;

b I absolute-time!n : INTEGER))£ a ■;-- b DIV n 3VAR

PtQ : INTEGERC163;BEGIN

a. thousandths := Oia.units != 0io != b.un i ts J

o := o * 1000;

o 1= o + b.thousandths;q := o DIV n;p := a DIV iooo;

IF p : 32768 THEN

a.units := TRUNC(p)f

p := q - (iooo * p >;

IF p :; 32768 THEN

a.thousandths := TRUNC( p )

end;

PROCEDURE add_time(a»b : absolute-timer VAR c I absolute-time>;BEGIN

siama := a.thousandths + b.thousandths;c.thousandths != sisma MOD 1000;

c.units 1= a.units + b.units + <sisma BIV 1000)

end;

PROCEDURE print-timeCa ! absolute-time )iVAR

2iooo,zioo : stringeid;

BEGIN

IF a. thousandths < 100 THEN zlOOO := '0' ELSE zlOOO '.= ''%IF a.thousandths < 10 THEN zlOO 1= '0' ELSE zlOO := ";URITELN(s»a.units»' .'»zl000»zlOOta.thousandths )END.

PROCEDURE normalize-timing.VAR

i : integer;

PROCEDURE autt_UP_rina(ring! INTEGER? VAR rind-total : absolute-time>JVAR

indexri : integer;this-rind ! absolute.time!

BEGIN

rind-total.units := Oirin3_total.thousandths != 0»

for i i- l to rins-frames DO

BEGIN

this-rind,units t= 0»

this_rina. thousandths ',= transient_shotsCrinsn.wait.afteri

3dd_timeC this_ring»rins_totaltrina.total)»

this_rind. thousandths 1= transient-shotsCrinsT.dijratinn;

add_time( this-rinel»rind-total rr ind-total )

END

end;

PROCEDURE sum_up_ecliP5e(VAR eel ipse.total : absolute-time)»VAR

this-shot I absolute-time J

index.ifJ : integer;

BEGIN

eclipse-total.un i ts ;= 01

eel ipse_total . thousandths '.= 0»

FOR i := 1 TO total-eclipse DO

BEGIN

Listing 1 continued on page 100

98

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 62 on inquiry card.

yVlicrc Dafn H.isr Systems, inc.

THE DATA BASE SPECIALIST

HDBS - HIERARCHICAL DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMMDBS - OUR FULL NETWORK DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

HDBS FEATURES

ADDITIONAL FEATURES IN MDBS

• HIERARCHICAL DATA STRUCTURES

• FIXED LENGTH RECORDS

• READ/WRITE PROTECTION AT FILE LEVEL

• ONE-TO-MANY SET RELATIONSHIPS ALLOWED

i HIERARCHICAL AND FULL NETWORK DATA STRUC-TURES (CODASYL ORIENTED)

> FIXED AND VARIABLE LENGTH RECORDS

> MULTIPLE LEVELS OF READ/WRITE PROTECTIONAT ITEM, RECORD. SET AND FILE LEVELS

• EXPLICIT REPRESENTATION OF ONE-TO-ONE, ONE-TO-MANY, MANY-TO-ONE AND MANY-TO-MANY SETS

• RECORD TYPES MAY OWN OTHER OCCURRENCESOF THE SAME RECORD TYPE

• A SINGLE SET MAY HAVE MULTIPLE OWNER ANDMEMBER RECORD TYPES

FEATURES COMMON TO HDBS and MDBS

STRAIGHT FORWARD USE OF ISAM-LIKE STRUCTURES

SORTED, FIFO, LIFO, NEXT AND PRIOR SETORDERING PROVIDED

COMMANDS TO ADD, DELETE, UPDATE, SEARCH AND TRAVERSE THE DATA BASE

NAMES OF DATA ITEMS, RECORDS, SETS AND FILES ARE WHOLLY USER DEFINABLE

RECORDS CAN BE MAINTAINED IN A NUMBER OF SORTED ORDERS

ROUTINES ARE CALLABLE FROM BASIC, PASCAL, FORTRAN, COBOL OR MACHINE LANGUAGE

WRITTEN IN MACHINE LANGUAGE FOR MAXIMAL EXECUTION EFFICIENCY AND MINIMAL MEMORY USAGE

SUPPORTS DATA BASE SPREAD OVER SEVERAL DISK DRIVES (MAX. 8) DISKS MAY BE MINI OR FULL SIZED FLOPPIES OR HARD DISKS

Also

UP TO 254 RECORD-TYPES MAY BE DEFINED IN THE DATA BASEEACH RECORD-TYPE MAY CONTAIN UP TO 255 ITEM-TYPESEACH ITEM-TYPE MAY BE UP TO 9,999 BYTES IN LENGTH

REQUIREMENTS

• Z-80 APPROXIMATELY 16K MEMORY -

• 8080 APPROXIMATELY 20K MEMORY-

• IN ADDITION TO THE OPERATING SYSTEM, HOST LANGUAGE,

USER'S PROGRAM AND SOME BUFFER AREA

• 6502 APPROXIMATELY 26K MEMORY

HDBS and MDBS PACKAGES INCLUDE

DDL DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE ANALYZER/EDITOR. Th* user specifies data struc-turas to t» wed in s Concise Data Definition Language (DDL). The Data Definition LanguageAnalyzer/Editor allow* the user to interactively create and adit DDL Specifications and toinitialize the data baa* for u*e bated on these specifications.

260 PAGE USERS MANUAL with extensive documentation of the Data Base ManagementSystem.

DMS DATA MANAGEMENT ROUTINES. These are the routines callable from the hostlanguage (BASIC, PASCAL, etc.) which perform the data base operation* of finding, adding,and delating records; fetching and storing data item*; and traversing the (possibly complex)data structure.

SAMPLE APPLICATION PROGRAM AND DDL FILES

RELOCATOR TO RE-ORG ALL ROUTINES

SYSTEM SPECIFIC MANUAL to show how to bring up our software on your computer

HDBS

280 VERSION

8080 and 6502 VERSIONS

MANUAL ONLYUPGRADE TO MDBS

$250$325

$ 35

$550

WE ACCEPT

MDBS

Z80 Version

8080 and 6502 VERSIONS

MANUAL ONLY

$750$825

$ 35

MACHINE LANGUAGE CALLABLEFORMS ADD

$ 75

MDBSDRSMANUAL ONLY

$100$ 5

FOR FREE PRIMERCONTACT MDBS.

ADD $2.50 1*5.00 IF FOREIGN)TO NON-CASH ORDERS FORHANDLING AND SHIPPING.INDIANA RESIDENTS ADD 4%.

NEW DYNAMICRESTRUCTURING SYSTEM

MDBS-DRS FEATURES

ALLOWS ITEM, RECORD AND/OR SET TYPES TOBE ADDED TO OR DELETED FROM AN EXISTINGMDBS DATA BASE. THIS ALLOWS THE USER TO IREDESIGN A DATA BASE AFTER IT IS ALREADY |ONLINE.

THIS FEATURE CAN ONLY BE ADDED TO THEMDBS SYSTEM.

RUNS UNDER

eCP/M* WITH MICROSOFT BASIC, COBOL AND

FORTRANe NORTHSTAR DOS WITH NORTHSTAR BASICe TRSDOS* AND DISK BASICe NEWDOS AND DISK BASICe APPLE* DOS AND APPLE* SOFT BASIC• MACHINE LANGUAGE CALLABLE FORMSeOTHER FORMS IN DEVELOPMENT

MICRO DATA BASE SYSTEMS, INC

P.O.BOX 248 LAFAYETTE, IN 47902(317) 742-7388

CP/M it a registered trademark of Digital Research Corp.TRS-80 it a registered trademark of Radio Shack/Tandy Corp,Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computers, Inc.

Circle 63 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

99

Circle 64 on inquiry card.

microsystems

There is nothing like a

Dfiim

A complete disk system for the Rockwell Aim 65. Usesthe Rockwell Expansion Motherboard. Base price of$850 (U.S.) includes controller with software in Eprom,disk power supply and one packaged Shugart SA400Drive.

224 SE 16th St.P.O. BOX 687

AMES, IA 50010(515) 232-8187

■EK

in standardmicrosoft basic foryour cp/m system!

You can now assemble a 6502 program

on your 8O8O/Z8O based system under

cp/m, using all the powerful software

facilities: files, editor, etc.

The assembler will even give you a hex

file ready for use on your 6502 system. It

is formatted for KIM/SYM/AIM cassettes.

Industry standard 6502 mnemonics and

commands. Basic version 5.O.

8" cp/m format diskette

S65.00

AVAILABLE

AT

COMPUTER

STORES

EVERYWHERE

TO ORDER:

By Phone: (415) 848-8233,Visa, MC.AmEx

By Mail: Indicate quantitydesired. Pre-paymentrequired

Shipping: Add $1.50 perorder (UPS) or 75< (4thClass-allow 4 weeks de-livery)

Tax: In Ca. please add tax

SYBEX

Dept. B32344 Sixth St.Berkeley, CA9471Q

Listing 1 continued:

this_shot,units != 0*

index := ( i-1 > MOD 101

this_shat. thousandths ',= ten._shot_drouping[ index 3.wai t_after ?

sdd_timet this_shot*eclipse-total*eel ipse-total)*

this.shot.thousandths != ten-shot-droupindr. index].durationi

add-timet this_shot»eclipse_total * eelipse.total)

END?

PROCEDURE preliminary-allocation;BEGIN

s 1= 'Allocation of Eclipse Times...'!

neu-pade J

s '.= ' Total time for eclipse = ' i

print_timet time-total ity )J

URITELNt'

uhich_rind != second?

sum_up_rindtORr-i(uihich_rindJisecond-conLacL-rind)*

s != 'Time required for second contact transient = 'Iprint_time( second-cont3c)—rind) J

which_r ind . = third;

5uin__iip_rin3( QRD( uhich_ring )* third_con tact-rind )*

5 1 = 'Time required for third contact transient = ' ;print_Limet third-contact..rind )*

add_ time<second-cont3ct_rind* third_con Lact_rind*r ind-time >;s := 'Total time devoted to diamond rind 5eouences= ';prin t-timetr ind-time );

divide_time(auarter_time»second_contact_rind*2);

s I- ' Anticipation time for first diamond ring = ' »

pr in t_timet auar ter..time )i

URITELNt'

sum_up_.ecl ipset tot_time )i

5 != ' Time devoted to totality = ' ;

print_time( tot_time )J

s 1= ' Slack time margin at end of totality * ' i

print_time< slscK—in-totalitu )*

divide-timet half-time*rind-time*2 )»

5 ! = 'Extra slack due to diamond ring over laps = ' *

pr in t^ti met half-time);

add-tiine( tot_time* slack„in_totali ty » to tal-duration );add-timet total-duration * half-time* total-duration )>s != 'Total time committed before margin alloc. = ' ;print_time(total-duration )i

URITELNt'

sub tract-timet time_totali ta»total-dura tion»margin-time)*s '. = ' Difference is time mardin for allocation = ';

pr in t_timet mar din-time)END Cprelimin3ry_allocation3J

PROCEDURE mar sin-dispersal!YAR

iti3r din-per_frame ! absolu te_time *

i : integer;

BEGIN

divide-timet mardin_Per-frsme* mar3in_time*total-eclipse > »FDR l := 0 TO 9 DO

ten.shot-droupindC i J.uait-after 1 =ten„shot-drouPindC i 3*wait-after +(1000 * margin-per-frsme.units) +niar din-per-frame, thousandths;s I- ' Margin per totality frame = ' ;

pr in t-timet mar din-per-frame)END Cmardin-dispersal}*

PROCEDURE final-allocation;BEGIN

suni-up_.ec.l ipset tot., time )*

5 1= ' Adjusted time devoted to total phase = '?

print-timet tot-time )t

add-timet tot-time *slack_in_totality*total-duration);add-timet total..duration*half-time*total-duration);s I - ' Adjusted total time commi tted = ' ;

print-timet total-duration );

URITELNt'

sub tract-timet time-totality* total-duration*mar din-time) *5 !~ ' Mardin time 3fter allocation to totality ■ ';print-timet mar din-time >END Cfinal_allocation3;

PROCEDURE alloc-exposures;BEGIN

rind-frames ;=

(maximum - total-eclipse ) DIV 2*

IF rind-frames < 2 THEN error_ahort*

si dma != maximum - f total-eclipse + t 2 * rind_frames))*

to tal_ec 1 ipse '.= tatal_eclipse + sidmat

URITELNt ' ' )*

URITELNt'Exposures map!');

UR ITELNt ' First diamond rind = ' »t» in 3-f rames )i

URITELNt' Totality = ' *total„eclipse );

URITELNt' Second diamond ring = ' *r ind_frames ) *

URITELNt ' ' );

URITELNt' TOTAL = '.maximum);

URITELNt ' ' )J

URITELNt ' ' )*

URITELNt'Press return to continue')*

READLNt s >END t3lloc_e;:POSures3i

BEGIN Cnormalize-timind)alloc-exposuresJprelirtiinary-3l location;

Listing 1 continued on page 102

100 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 65 on inquiry card.

CP/M* VERSION 2 FOR TRS-80* MODEL II NOW AVAILABLE

All Lifeboat programs require CP/M, unless otherwise stated.

DIGITAL RESEARCH

"if,

C<

CP/M FLOPPY DISKETTE OPERATING SYSTEM

u Packages supplied on diskette complete with 8080assembler, text editor. 8080 debugger and variousutilities plus full documentation, CP/M available con-figured lor most popular computer/disk systems in-cluding North Star Single. Double or Quad density.Aliair 8" disks, Helios II. Exidy Sorcerer. Vector MZ,Heath H17| or H89t. TRS-BOf. iCOM 3712 and iCOMMicro Disk plus many other configurations available

olflheshclf S145/S25

CP/M version 2 (not all lormals available immediately) S170/SZ5

I.J MP/M"

S300/S50

( <?tV&L-/QA>£c*<f

/

n MAC - B0HO Macro Assembler. Full inlel macro defi-nitions. Pseudo Ops include RPC. IRP, REPT, TITLE.PAGE, and MACLIB. 280 library included. ProducesIntel absolute hex oufpu! plus symbols file for use bySID (see below) $85/515

□ SID - 8080 symbolic debugger. Full trace, pass countand break-point program testing system with back-trace and histogram utilities. When used with MAC,provides lull symbolic display of memory labels and

equaled values ..» ».\ $70/515

2SID - As aoowe for Z80. Requires Z80 CPU $95/$25TEX — Tcxl formatter lo create paginated, page-num-bered and justified copy from source text files, direct-able to disk or prinler $70/515

DESPOOL — Program to permit simultaneous printingof data from disk while user executes another pro-gram Irom Ihe console , $45/$5

MICROSOFT

i BASIC-80 - Disk Extended BASIC. ANSI compatible(l, with long variable names, WHILE/WEND, chainirg,

(gi variable lenglh lite records . $300/525

'.BASIC COMPILER - Language compatible with(E) BASIC-80 and 3-10 limes faster execution. Produces■a standard Microsoft relocatable binary output. In-~ eludes Macro-80 Also linkable !o FOflTRAN-80 or

COBOL-80 code modules $350/525

FORTRAN-80 - ANSI 66 (except for COMPLEX) plusrT) many extensions Includes relocatable object com-iUi piler. linking loader, library with manager. Also in-

'" eludes MACRO-80 (seo below) 5400/525

; COBOL-BO - Level 1 ANSI '74 standard COBOL plusiT) most of Level 2. Full sequential, relative, and in-to dexed lile support with variable lite names. STRING.UNSTRING. COMPUTE. VARYING/UNTIL, EXTEND.CALL. COPY. SEARCH. 3-dimensional arrays, com-pound and abbreviated conditions, nested IF. Power-ful interactive screen-handling extensions. Includescompatible assembler, linking loader, and relocat-able library manager as described under MACRO-80 , $625/$25

D MACRO-80 - aoBO'ZaO Macro Asembler. Inlel and

ffl Ztfog mnemonics supported. Relocatable linkable

(th oufpul. Loader, Library Manager and Cross Relor-

ence List utilities included $149/515

XMACRO-86 - 8086 c totting mb|er- AM Macro and

(li utillly feature:, ol MACftO-GD package. Mnemonics

slightly moi.fil.ndfrom Intel ASM86. Compatibility data

sheet available* $275/$25

| | ED1T-80 - Very fast random access text edilor for text

u) with or without line numbers Global and intra-line

commands supported File compare ulilily included

589/515

EIDOS SYSTEMS yjS/SS?

[ | KISS - Keyed Index Sequenlial Search. Offers com-(t) plele Mulli-Keyed Index Sequential and Direct Ac-cess file management. Includes built-in utility func-tions lor 16 or 32 bit arithmetic, slring/inlegcrconver-sion and string compare. Delivered as a relocatablelinkable module in Microsoft format for use with

FORTRAN-80 or COBOL-83. etc $335/523

_ KBASIC - Microsofl Disk Extended BASIC wilh all

0 KISS facilities, integrated by implementation of nine

additional commands in language. Package includes

KISS. REL as described above, and a sample mail

list program $5B5/$45

To licensed users ol Microsoft BASIC-80 (MBASIC) $435/$45

MICROPRO

"_ SUPER-SORT I - Sort, merge, extract utility as abso-rT) lute executable program or linkable module in Micro-ti soil format. Sorts lixed or variable records with data= in binary, BCD, Packed Decimal, EBCDIC. ASCII.

Iloating, fixed point, exponential. Mold justified, etc.

Even variable number ol fields per record! $225/525

□ SUPER-SORT II - Above available as absolute pro-©tSftgram only .$1787*25

□ SUPER-SORT III-AS II without SELECT/EXCLUDE®® $125/$25

□ WORD-STAR - Menu driven visual word processing(l) system lor use wilh standard lerminals. Text format-to ting performed on screen Facilities for text paginate.

page number, justify, eerier and underscore. Usercan print one document while simultaneously editinga second. Edit facilities Include global search andreplace. Read/Write lo otner text Mies, block move,etc. Requires CRT terminal with addressable cursorpositioning S445/$40

□ WORD-STAR/MAIL-MERGE - As above with option©for produclion mailing of personalized documentsto with mail list from Dataslar or NAD $575/$25

□ WORD-STAR Customization Notes-For sophislicatedusers who do nol have one ol Ihe many standardterminal or printer configurations in Ihe distributionversion ol WORD-STAR NA/5100

□ WORD-MASTER Text Editor- In one mode has super-(l) set ol CP/M's ED commands including global search-to ing and replacing, forwards and backwards in lile in

video mode, provides full screen editor for users wilh

serial addressable-cursor terminal 5125/525

G DATASTAR — Professional forms control entry and(t) display system lor key-to-disk data capture. Menuto driven with built-in learning aids. Input field verifica-tion by lenglh. mask, attribute (i.e. uppercase, lower-case, numeric, auto dup. etc.). Built-in arithmeticcapabilities using keyed data, constants and derivedvalues. Visual feedback for ease of forms design.Files compatible wilh all CP/M-MP'M supported lan-guages. Requires 32K CP/M $350/$35

□ ANALYST - Customized data entry and reporting sys-

tt lem. User specilies up to 75 data items per record.Interactive data entry, retrieval, and update facilitymakes information management easy. Sophisticatedreport generator provides customized reports usingselected records wilh multiple level break-points for

summarization. Requires CBASIC-2 $250/515

LETTERIGHT - Program to create, edit and lype let-ters or other documents Has facililies lo enter, dis-play, delete and move text, with good video screenpresentation. Designed to integrate with NAD forform letter mailings. Requires CBASIC-2 . $200/$25

I.I NAD Name and Address selection system — interac-tive mail list creation and mainlonanco program withoutput ns lull reports with reference data or'restrictedInformation for mail labels. Transfer system lor ex-traction and transfer of selected records to createnew files, Roqulres CBASIC-2 $100/520

[ QSORT - Fasl sort/merge program for liles with fixedrecord lenglh, variable field lenglh informalion. Up tofive ascending or descending keys. Full back-up olinpul files created $100/$20

GRAHAM-DORIAN SOFTWARE SYSTEMS

[ | GENERAL LEDGER - An on-line system; no batch-(i) ing is required. Entries to other GRAHAM-DORIAN<gl accounting packages are automatically posted. Usertt establishes cuslomized C.O.A. Provides transactionregister, record ol journal entries, trial balances andmonthly closings. Keeps 14 monfh history and pro-vides comparison ol current year witn previous year.

\fi^

Requires CBASIC-2. Supplied in source . .$995/$35 fyi* T ^r,

MICRO FOCUS

STANDARD CIS COBOL - ANSI 74 COBOL stand-ilj ard compiler fully validated by U.S. Navy tests to" ANSI level 1 Supports many lealures to level 2 in-cluding dynamic loading ol COBOL modules and afull ISAM lile facility. Also, program segmentation,interactive debug and powerful interactive extensionslo support protected and unprotected CRT screenformatting from COBOL programs used wilh any

dumb terminal . $B50/$50 , ,

FORMS 2 - CRT screen edilor Oulput is COBOL data (tlffi(Q descriplions lor copying into CIS COBOL programs.Aulomatically creates a query and update program ol

□ CBASIC-2 Disk Extended BASIC - Non-interaclivetBi) BASIC with pseudo-code compiler and runtime in-terpreter. Supports lull file control, chaining, integerand extended precision variables, etc. . . . .5109/515

□ PASCAL/M - Compiler generates P code from ex-(T) tended language, implementation of standard PAS-(l! CAL. Supports overlay structure Ihrough additional

procedure calls and the SEGMENT procedure type.Provides convenient siring handling capabilify withIhe added variable lype STRING. Untyped files allowmemory image I/O. Requires 56K CP/M $350/$30

□ PASCAUZ - Z80 native code PASCAL compiler Pro-0 duces optimized. ROMable re-enlrant code. All inter-lacing lo CP/M is through the supporl library. Thepackage includes compiler, companion macro-as-sembler and source for the library. Requires 56Kand Z80 CPU.

Version 2 includes ail of Jensen/Wirlh except variant

records 5275/525

Version 3 Upgrade wilh variant records and strings

expected 3/60 $395/$25

! PASCAL/MT - Subset of standard PASCAL Gener-u ates ROMable 8060 machine code. Symbolic debug-(g\ ger included Supports interrupt procedures. CP/Mlile I/O and assembly language interface. Real vari-ables can bo BCD, software floating point, or AMD

hardware Moating point. Version 3 includes Yp"■■"eralion and Record daia lypes. Manual '

iJ ACCOUNTS PAYABLE - Maintains vendor lis! andi.Li check rcgislcr. Performs cash How analysis. Flexibleu — writes checks lo specific vendor for certain in-tj voices or can make partial paymenis. Automaticallyposts lo GRAHAM-DORIAN general ledger or runs asstand alone system. Requires CBASIC-2. Supplied in

sourco $995/$35

□ ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE - Creates trial balance ra-il) pods, prepares stalemenls. ages accounts and rec-(Eii ords invoices. Provides complete Information describ-tt ing customs? payment aclivily. Receipls can beposted lo dillorenl ledger account. Entries auto-matically updalo GRAHAM-DORIAN general ledgeror runs as stand alone syslem. Requires CSASIC-2

Supplied in source ... $995/$35

[ PAYROLL SYSTEM - Maintains employee masler lileflj Computes payroll withholding lor FICA. Federal andif*1 Slate taxes. Prints payroll register, checks, quarterlytt reports and W-2 forms. Can generate ad hoc reportsand employee form letters Wilh mail labels. Requires

CBASlC-2. Supplied in source $590/$35

: i INVENTORY SYSTEM - Captures slock levels, costs.(i> sources, sales, ages, turnover, markup, etc. Trans->«> action inlormalion may be entered lor reporting bytt salesman, type ol sale, date of sale. elc. Reportsavailable both for accounting and decision making.Requires CBASIC-2. Supplied in source .. $590/535JOB COSTING — Designed lor general contractors.© To be used interactively wilh other GRAHAM-DORIANr?1 accounling packages for tracking and analysing ex-it penses. User establishes customized cost categoriesand job phases. Permits comparison of actual versusestimated cosls. Automatically updafes GRAHAM-DORIAN general lodger or runs as stand alone sys-lem, Requires CBASIC-2. Supplied in source $995/535Q APARTMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM - Financial(t> management syslem for receipts and security de-i?) poslls ol apartment projeefs. Caplures data on va-tt cancies, revenues, etc. lor annual trend analysis.Dally report shows late rents, vacancy notices, va-cancies, income lost through vacancies, elc. Requires

CBASIC-2. Supplied in source $590/$35

D CASH REGISTER - Maintains files on daily sales,tp Files data by sales person and item. Tracks sales,<jfc over-rings, refunds, payouts and tolal net deposits.tt Requires CBASIC-2. Supplied in source . . ,$590/$35

Uf&\

, I,<J bfarv- Fl°

Kitr A data inil.a

I" M>% liers Doc

Y,y 1 MING I At

Sols.

les using CRT'protected'and unprotected \W-tjfi explains BASIC to PASCAL conversion. Source lo

■ 'fl.ii'f Ihe run turn- pni:knne requires MAC (See under Diqi

-T lal Research). Requires 32K S250/$3(

1 I TJscreen formats No programming experience needed, faM

, HDBS - -Hierarchical Dala Base System. CODASYLoriented with FILES, SETs, RECORDS and ITEMswhich are all user defined. ADD. DELETE. UPDATE.SEARCH, and TRAVERSE commands supporled. SETordering is sorted, FIFO. LIFO, next or prior. One lomany sot relationship supported Read-'Wrile protec-tion at the FILE level. Supports FILEs which extendover multiple floppy or hard disk devices.

! MDBS - Micro Data Base System. Full network database with all features of HDBS plus multi-level Read/Write protection for FILE. SET. RECORD and ITEM.Explicit representation of one to one, one to many,many to many, and many lo one SET relationships.Supports multiple owner and multiple record typeswithin SETs HDBS files are fully compatibleMDBS-DRS - MDBS with Dynamic Restructuring Sys-tem option which allows altering MDBS data baseswhen new l"EMs. RECORDS, or SETs are neededwithout changing existing data.

HDBS-ZB0 version $250/$35

MDBS-Z80 version $750/535

MDBS-DRS-ZB0 version $850/$35

QOB0 Version available at S75. exlra.Z80 version requires 20K RAM. 80B0 version requires24K RAM (Memory requiremenls are additional toCP/M and application program.)

When ordering HDBS or MDBS please specify if theversion required is for 1) Microsoft L80 i.e. FOR-TRAN-80. COBOL-80. BASIC COMPILER. 2) MBASIC4. XX. or 3) BASIC-80 5.0.

Prices and specifications subject to change without notic

g|H|^^ M lion and Re-order

ShoppingListNo.10

STRUCTURED SYSTEMS GROUP

P GENERAL LEDGER - Inlcactive and flexible systemtt providing proof and report outputs. Customization ofCOA created inloractively Multiple branch account-ing centers. Extensive checking performed at dalaentry for proof, COA correctness, etc. Journal entriesmay be hatched prior lo posting. Closing procedureautomatically hacks up input liles. Now includesSlalemont ol Changes In Financial Position Requires

CBASIC-2 51250/525

L"l ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE-Open item system withtt oulput for Internal aged reports and customer-ori-enled statement and billing purposes. On-Line En-quiry permits information for Customer Service andCredit departments Interface to General Ledger pro-vided if both systems used Requires CBASIC-2

$1250/525

n ACCOUNTS PAYABLE - Provides aged stalemenls

tt of accounts by vendor with check writing for selected

invoices. Can be used alone or with General Ledger

and/or with NAD. Requires CBASIC-2 $1250/$25

II PAYROLL - Flexible payroll system handles weekly,tt bi-weekly, semi-monthly arid monlhly payroll periods.Tips, bonuses, ru-imburrjerriarits, advances, sick pay.vacalion pay. add compensation limo are all pari olIhe payroll recorCJt1, Prints government requited peri-odic reports and will post to multiple SSG general

ledger accounts. Requires CBASIC-2 $1250/$25

□ INVENTORY CONTROL SYSTEM - Performs controltt Functions of adding and depleting stock items, add-ing new items and deleting old items Tracks quantityol items on hand, on order and back-ordered. Op-tional hard copy audit trail is available. Reports In-itio's Masler Hem Lisl, Stock Activity. Slock Valua-' Requires CBASIC-2 $1250/$25

□ liny C — Interactive inlerprelive syslem lor teaching® structured programming techniques. Manual includes

lull source listings $75/$40

BOS C COMPILER — Supports most major Features of10 language including Slructures, Arrays, Pointers, re-(7) cursive function evaluation, linking loader and li-brary. Floating point function library included. LacksIfialization and static and register class speci-Documentalion includes "THE C PROGRAM-MING LANGUAGE- by Kernighan and Ritchie.

$125/$15

[] WHITESMITHS C COMPILER - The ultimate in sys-(I) lems sollwara tools. Produces faster code lhan Pas-fxjcal wilh more extensive facilities. Conlorms to thefull UNIX*"" Version 7 C language, described byKernighan and Ritchie, and makes available over 75lunclions lor performing I/O, string manipulation andstorage allocation. Linkable to Microsoft REL files.

Requires 60K CP/M $630/530

TJ POLYVUE/80 - Full screen editor for any CRT with(6i, XY cursor positioning. Includes vertical and horizon-tal scrolling, interactive search and replace, auto-malic text wrap around lor word processing, opera-tions lor manipulating blocks ol lexl, and compre-hensive 70 page manual $135/$15

I"] POLYTEXT/BO — Text lormatter for word processingto applicaiions Justifies and paginates source text files.Witt generate form letters wilh custom fields andconditional processing. Supporl for Daisy Wheelpnnlers includes variable pilch justilicalion and mo-lion oplimizalion ...... $85/515

ALGOL-GO Powerlul block-structured language com-piler featuring economical run time dynamic alloca-tion ol memory. Very compacl (24K total RAM) sys-lem implenienlinq almost all Algol 60 report featuresplus many powerful exlensions including siring han-dling dimct disk address I/O etc. Requires Z80

CPU $199/$20

I I 280 DEVELOPMENT PACKAGE-Conslsts ol: (1) diski.M) lile line edilor. with global inlcr and inira-llne facili-lies: (2) ZB0 relocating assembler, Zilog/Mostek mne-monics, conditional assembly and cross referencetable capabilities; (3) linking loader producinq abso-lute Inlel hex disk lile $95/520

■CP/M Is a trademark of Digital Research.' *Z80 is a trademark of Zilog, Inc.

'UNIX is n trademark of Bell Laboratories.

"WHATSIT? is a trademark of Computer Headware.1" Electric Pencil is a trademark of Michael Shrayer Soil-ware.*TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corp.

tCP/M lor Heath. TRS-80 Model I and PolyMorphic8813 are modified and must use specially compiledversions of system and applications software,t tRecommondod syslem configuration consists of 48KCP/M. 2 full size disk drives, 24 x 30 CRT and i32column prinler.

'WiModified version available for use wilh CP/M as im-plemented on Heath and TRS-80 Model I computers.

©User license agreement for this product musl besigned and roturned to Lifeboat Associates beforeShipment may bo made.

Software for most popular B080/Z80 computer disk systems includingNORTH STAR, iCOM, MICROPOLIS, DYNABYTE DB8/2 & DB8/4, EXIDYSORCERER, SD SYSTEMS, ALT AIR, VECTOR MZ, MECA, 8" IBM,HEATH H17& H89, HELIOS, IMSAIVDP42 & 44, REX, NYLAC,INTERTEC, VISTA V80 and V200, TRS-80 MODEL I and MODEL II,

ALTOS, OHIO SCIENTIFIC, DIGI-LOG andlMS 5000 fOrmatS. 'The Software SupsmwfVel& a trademark of UleDoai Associates

I } 2DT —Z80 Monitor Debugger lo break and examine(«*) registers with standard Zilog/Moslek mnemonic dis-assembly displays. $35 when ordered with Z80 Devel-opment Package S50/$10

DISTEL - Disk based disassembler to Intel 8060 orTDL'Xilan Z80 source code, listing and cross refer-ence files. Inlel or TDL/Xitan pseudo ops optional.

Runs on 8080 $65/$10

p DIS1LOG- As DISTEL to Zilog/Moslek mnemonic

|g files. Runs on Z80 only $65/$10

XASM-68 — Non-macro cross-assembler with nestedconditionals and lull range ol pseudo operations Assembles from standard Molorola MC6800 mnemonics

lo Inlel hex $200/$25

I ! XASM-65-As XASM-6B for MOS Technology MCS-

G500 series mnemonics $200/$25

I I TEXTWRITER III -Text formatter to justify and pagi-Cmi nale tellers and ofher documents. Special featuresinclude insertion of text during exocution Irom oilierdisk files or console, permitting recipe documenlslo be created from linked fragmenls on other dies.Has facilities lor sorted index, table of contents andfootnote insertions. Ideal for contracts, manuals, etc.

Now compatible with Electric Pencil prepared

files . $125/$20

I I POSTMASTER - A comprehensive package for mail(*i) lisl maintenance that is completely menu driven.Fcalures include keyed record extraction and labelproduction. A form letter program is included Whichovides neat letlers on single sheet or conlinu-lorms. Compatible wilh NAD liles. Requires

CBASIC-2 $150'$15

WHATSIT?'*** Interactive dala-base system usingassociative tags to retrieve information by subject.Hashing and random access used lor fast response.

Requires CBASIC-2 5125,'$2S

XYBASIC Interactive Process Control BASIC - Fulldisk BASIC leatures plus unique commands lo han-dle bytes, rotate and shift, and to lest and set bits.Available in Integer, Extended and ROMable versions.

Integer Disk or Integer ROMable $295/525

Exlended Disk or Extended ROMable 5395/525

! SMAL/80 Structured Macro Assembled Language —Packaqc ol powerful general purpose text macroprocessor and SMAL structured language compiler.SMAL is an assembler language with 1F-THEN-ELSE,LOOP-REPEAT-WHILE. DO-END. BEGIN-END con-structs $75'$15

I SELECTOR III-C2 — Data Base Processor to create

f and maintain multi Key data bases. Prinls formatted

sorted reports with numerical summaries or mailing

labels. Cones with sample applications, including

, Sales Activity, Inventory, Payables. Receivables,

fylxtp- Check Register, and Client Patienl Appointments, etc.

Yry Requires CBASIC-2. Supplied in source . . $295/520

□ GLECTOR - General Ledger option to SELEC'ORIII-C2. Interactive system provides for customizedCOA Unique char! of transaction types insure properdouble entry bookkeeping. Generates balance sheets,PSL stalemenls antf journals. Two year record allowsfor statement of changes in financial position report.Supplied in source. Requires SELECTOR III-C2.CBASIC-2 and 52K system $250/$25

["I CPM/374X - Has lull range of functions lo create orre-name an IBM 3741 volume, display direclory infor-malion and edit the dala set conlenfs. Provides lullfile transfer facilities belween 3741 volume data sets

and CP/M liles 5195/$10

I.) BASIC UTILITY DISK - Consists ol: (1) CRUNCH-14iM' — Compacling utility lo reduce Ihe size and increasethe speed ol programs in Microsoft BASIC and TRS-80 BASIC. (2) DPFUN - Double precision subroutineslor computing nineteen transcendental functions in-cluding square root, natural log, log base 10, sin, arcsin, hyperbolic sin. hyperbolic arc sin. elc. Furnishedin source on diskette and documentation .. ,$50/$35I I THE STRING BIT- FORTRAN character siring han-irti dling. Routines lo lind, fill, pack. move, separate,concalenale and compare character strings. Thispackage completely eliminates the problems asso-cialcd with character string handling in FORTRAN

Supplied with source $45/515

i ! BSTAM — Utility to link one computer lo another alsoB equipped wilh -BS/TAM.fallows lile translers al fulldala speed |no conversion to hexj. with CRC blockconlrol check/for'very reJiafale" error detection andaulomalie retry. We.es*vil/ if's greal' Full wildcardexpansions to send *~:COM, etc.,9600 baud wilh wire.300 baud with phone connection. Both ends needone. Standard andiMivorsians can lalk to one another.Compatible TRSDOS version also available 5150/55

• •*•••SUNDRIES & NOTIONS

I | HEAD CLEANING DISKETTE-Cleans the drive Read/Write head in 30 seconds. Diskette absorbs looseoxide particles, fingerprints, and ofher Foreign parti-cles lhat mighl hinder Ihe performance o! Ihe drivehead. Lasls at least 3 months with daily use. Specify5" or 8" $20 ea./$45 for 3

I I FLIPPY DISK KIT-Template and instructions tomodify single sided 5'A" diskettes lor use of secondside in single sided drives $12.50

□ FLOPPY SAVER Protection (or cenler holes of 5'Vlloppy disks. Only 1 needed per diskette. Kit containscentering post, pressure tool, tough 7-mil mylar rein-forcing nncs. Installation tools and rings (or 25 disk-ettes . . $14.95

Re-orders of rings only $7.95

; | PASCAL USER MANUAL AND REPORT - By Jensenand Wirlh. The standard textbook on Ihe language.Recommended for use by Pascal/Z. Pascal/M andPascal/MT users 18

| ] THE C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE - By Kernighanand Ritchie. The standard lextbook on the language.Recommended for use by BDS C, liny C, and White-smiths C users . .$12

Orders must specify disksysloms and fo'imatse g North Star single,double or quad densily.IBM single or 2D'256Allan Helios II.Micropolis Mod l or ll5'/4" soil sector (MicroiCOM'SO SystemsDynabyte) elcPncesFOB New YorkShipping, handing andCOD charges extra

Manual cos! applicableagainst pnee ofsubsequent softwarepurchaseThe sale ol eachliiopnetary softwarepackage conveys alicense lor use on onesystem only

f MARKET

VISA'

t-5-EUij

Lifeboat Associates,

2248 Broadway, N.Y , NY 10024(212) 580-0082 Telex 220501

Listing 1 continued:

marain-dispersal i

final_allocation

END Cnormalize_timing 3 J

PROCEDURE auait_cup>BEGIN Cauail_start3END tauait-starlJ!

PROCEDURE diamond-rinsf-burstiBEGIN Cdianiand-rinS-burst}END Cdiamond_r ina-burstSt

PROCEDURE totality!BEGIN CtotaliLy3END Ctotalityj;

PROCEDURE summarise*BEGIN Csummarise 3

URITELN( 'Press return to end program' )i

READLNt s )END ( su miliar ize 3»

BFGTN Cec 1 iPse,nioni tor_simulation Jini Lislizei

normalize-timing?3U3iI ..cueJdiamond-rins-burst?total]tutauait-cuejdiamonds ins-burst?summarizeEND . feci ir-se.nioni tor_simu lation 3

Listing 2: Preliminary allocation steps. The first stage of the exe-cution of the program is this listing of an interactive sequence todetermine the independent variables of the simulation.

Preliminary data initialization

'totality' is defined as tiie froi second to third contacts

Enter matter of exposures258Enter nutter of exposures during totality

MA

Enter tiie of totality in "seconds.thousandths*

Enter slack tiie largin (in seconds)

Exposures lap-

First diaaond ring ■ 25Totality ■ 288Second diaiond ring - 25

Press return to continue

Editorial text continued from page 12:

time is calculated as the difference between all the timecommitments and the total time available during totality.(Half the time required for the diamond ring effects isassumed to take place during actual totality, so that thetransient effects will be bracketed in time.) The margintime must be equally divided among the individual shotsduring totality. The procedure "margin-dispersal" is usedto divide the margin by the number of totality exposures,then add this amount to the "wait-after" field of each ofthe ten unique totality exposure specifications in thearray "ten-shot-grouping."

Finally, the procedure "final-allocation" reports on theactual allocation achieved by recalculating the margintime. This second margin time calculation reflects theallocation's effect. In photo 3, the value of 0.17 seconds iswell within the limits of human hand/eye coordinationby yours truly. (Hand/eye coordination will be used to

Listing 3: Final computation. Using a brute force technique ofadding up various time intervals, the program arrives at thiscalculated model of the parameters. It first sums up the requiredtime budget for all the events that must happen. The differencebetween this value and the time of totality is a margin value.This value is then evenly allocated to the timing of exposuresduring the main part of the eclipse. In the example, I haveassumed 250 exposures total, 200 of which occur in the mainportion of a 240.0 second eclipse event with a 6.0 second marginfor manual timing at the end of the main sequence of totality.

Allocation of Eclipse Tiies...

Total tiie for eclipse ■ 248.888

Tiie required for second contact transient = 5.188

Tiie required for third contact transient = 5.888

Total tiie devoted to diaiond ring sequences= 18.988

Anticipation tiie for first diaiond ring = 2.550

Tiie devoted to totality = 282.988Slock tiie rargin at end of totality = 6.888Extra slack due to diaaond ring overlaps ■ 5.458Total tiie coaaitted before eargin alloc. ■ 214.438

Difference is tiie wain for allocation = 25.578

Margin per totality fraaa = 8.127Adjusted tiie devoted to total phase ■ 228.388Adjusted total tiie coMitted ■ 239.838

Margin tiie after allocation to totality ■ 8.178Press return to end prograi

observe the digital wristwatch set to Universal Coor-dinated Time and pick the precise time to start the real-time sequence of the program by hitting any key on theApple keyboard. Later in the eclipse, the second diamondring event (third contact) will be initiated by a similarprocedure while watching the eclipsed sun.)

As it stands in listing 1, the program still must be filledout with the actual details of procedures "await-cue,""diamond-ring-burst," "totality," and "summarize."These are all relatively straightforward procedures,which will execute the real-time process of the eclipseobservation. Other details to be verified include theactual model of the bulb-release exposure event (ie: whatfixed overhead time is associated with the mirrorflip/shutter opening action of the mechanism), calibra-tion of a Pascal "do nothing" timing loop running withthe Apple II's crystal clock so that the entire program exe-cutes all exposures within the time set by the model, andso forth. I will have more details on this in a forthcomingeditorial, as I complete the model and finish verifying thesystem concept.

The most important concept here is the very realmachine-independent viability of a high-level language,such as Pascal, in designing and then communicating theidea of a program. The functional simulation stage of myeclipse control program is now complete in concept andawaits some final details to be added over the next weekor so. When it is done, going from the functional simula-tion to the actual eclipse control program I bring with meto Africa will be achieved by the simple act of recon-figuring the textual displays for a more limited 40-columnoutput display and making multiple, redundant copies ofthe software on floppy disks for my travels.

102 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Oregon Software Introduces

TheRiscalSoftware Tbol

OMSI PASCAL V1.2"

We at Oregon Software are pleased to announce that VI.2, our improved version ofPascal-1, is now available. The value of Pascal in computer software design is becomingwidely recognized, and our VI.2 version contains significant enhancements in ease ofoperation and reliability.

DESIGN

f

\

1

V

>

'

CODE 6-COMPILE

i

r

TEST

-J

•

'

MEASURE

J

V.

OPERATE &MAINTAIN

J

r

A comprehensive tool:

In a single, carefully-designed package, Pascal VI.2 isthe tool you need for each stage of software development.

V1.2 Pascal compiler:

Pascal VI.2 has a fast, highly reliable compiler to giveyou executable code quickly.

V1.2 symbolic debugger:

The symbolic debugger traces source statements andvariables and includes breakpoints and other interactivefeatures.

V1.2 profiler:

The profiler lists statement execution frequencies so youcan streamline your code for speed.

Transports to many operating systems:

Pascal V1.2 source transports to any RSTS/E, RT-11,RSX-11, or IAS operating system. Object executes onany PDP-11, LSI to VAX, with more target machinesto follow.

Oregon Software guarantees the performance of Pascal VI.2. We also include in thepurchase price our technical support during the first year of operation.

Write or call for more details about Pascal VI.2. Ask to see our user manuals, exampleprograms, and benchmarks.

PDP. RSTS/E, RSX. VAX, and IAS are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation.

OregonSoftware

2340 S.W. Canyon Road • Portland, Oregon 97201 • (503) 226-7760 • TWX: 910-464-4779

INTERNATIONAL DISTRIBUTORS

Australia: Sydney; Canada: Vancouver;

England: Stafford;

Japan: Tokyo;

Network Computer Services Valley Software

Hourds Computing Ltd.

Rikei Corporation

390-3677 (604) 524-9741

0785-44221

03-345-1411

Circle 66 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

103

Listing 4: A camera interface test program. This Pascal test pro-gram exercises the camera shutter control interface of figure 1 byalternating the state of Apple II Game I/O annunciator outputANO.

HkttGRAM test-interface;

i [his proarsnu wri Lten December 25* 1979 is designed Lo test ou tthe interface to the NiKon (ID-2 motor drive by alternatelysettins the state of output transistor Q2 in response to carriagereturn characters. A delay count set by a null FOR statementis used to allow repeated actuation uith a minimum time betueenoutput state chanaes. A variant, record techn iaue is used in thePascal sor tware Of the procedure "ref_memory" in order to set andreset the output bit at absolute addresses CO58 and C059 hexadecimal.

.shutter..address = -16295 tsets ANO output to "I"}.5^5hutter_addres5 = -16296 (resets ANO output to "0"3;

reiterations ! INTEGERS

j.k.i : integer;

s : CHAR 5

PROCEDURE ref'_memory< address I INTEGER);

{ Ihis procedure uses the variant record technique toreference an address passed to it as a 16 bit si3nedINTEGER. The Apple-II hardware gill set or reset theannunciator outputs of the Game I/O connector if theappropriate addresses are simply referenced by a program.

)

mem or ^.access = tpointerinumber)

:. this is a dummy state men t reauired by the synta;: ofPascal variant records such as "memory" below. Thevarian t record "tr icK" is not the most elegant wayto reference an absolu te hardware address* since itreouires an implementation-dependent assumption aboutvariant records» ie I that a 16 bit signed two's complemen tINTEGER type maps bit for bit into the 16 bit positivein teaer- value of an address stored in a Rascal poin terdata type.

;>;

RECORD

CAGE memory^access OF

pointer ! <a_POinter '. ptr )►number : ( a.number I INTEGER )

end;

anybyte '. memory;anychar : CHAR*

BEGIN

anyhyte.a_number 1= address*

anychar 1= anybyte.a_POinter TEND Cref.memory);

PROCEDURE end_e>;posureiDEC. IN

URITELN('Motor drive now fires... and shutter cdcKs' )?ref_memory( close-shu tter -address )END Cend_e::Posure 1 i

PROCEDURE start^e;;posure;BEGIN

URITELN* 'Shutter opens with a "click"' )iref_memory(open_shu tter-address)END Cstart^e>;posure3;

PROCEDURE change_rei terations*BEGIN

UR1TELN<'Enter inteser time delay count')*URITELNt ' (old count was = ' *rei terat ions *' )' )i

REAULNC reiterations )*

t'F rei ter at ions ' 1 THEN reiterations != 1;IP reiterations > 2500 THEN reiterations := 2500END Cchange„reiterat ions J;

BEGIN

reiterations := 1000*TOR i := 1 TO 1000 DOBEGIN

FDR j != 1 TO reiterations DO;

URTTELNt'*** Shutter is now closed ***'),

READLNC S )*

IF s = ' J THEN

ELSE IF s = 'N' THEN chance-reiterationsELSE IF s = 'E' THEN i 1= 1000*s tar t.GicPOSurei

FUR J := 1 TO reiterations DOi

LIRITELNC ' ****** Shutter is now open **»***');REABLN* s )iIF s = ' ' THEN

ELSE IF s = 'N' THEN chan2e_reiteraLionsELSE IF S * 'E' THEN i != 1000?end_e;:PosureENDEND.

Bar Codes and Home Brewing . . .Progress Reports

As of early December 1979, we received some ex-citing word about the state of manufacturing of bar-code-reader wands. This word comes from John Sienof Hewlett-Packard's Optoelectronics Division in PaloAlto, California. Hewlett-Packard has just completedthe formal announcement of a truly inexpensive op-tical bar-code reader, which will be available fromstocking distributors of their component lines,possibly by the time you are reading this issue ofBYTE.

The bar-code reader interfaces to transistor-tran-sistor logic (TTL) or complementary metal-oxidesemiconductor (CMOS) logic with three wires: signal,ground and power. It enables an individual with a per-sonal computer to read Universal Product Codes (ason grocery items) or PAPERBYTES bar codes, or ahost of other possible machine-readable printed for-mats. This reader costs a mere $99.50 in single quan-tities from a distributor and much lower in manufac-turing quantities.

John reports that there is a great deal of interestfrom one or more microwave-oven manufacturers inusing bar codes and this reader to transfer individualcooking programs from food-packets or recipe booksinto the oven's control circuitry.

This product is the same bar-code reader used withthe Hewlett-Packard HP-41C calculator for the distri-bution of miscellaneous user-submitted programs. Inshort, now that the single enabling piece of hardwareis widely available in an inexpensive form, bar codeshave arrived.

Returning to the subject of my homebrew 6809 pro-ject, I have put off further work until return from theeclipse trip early this month. In a personal analogy toconcepts held dear by many of our readers, I havepushed the homebrew 6809 down on my internal pro-cedure stack, in order to execute a higher priority pro-cedure that has a definite, celestial time deadline. Thestack will be popped up upon return from my trip, sothe next installment of the 6809 homebrew project canoccur no sooner than the issues of BYTE publishedearly next summer. ■

Articles Policy

BYTE is continually seeking quality manuscripts written by indi-viduals who are applying personal computer systems, designingsuch systems, or who have knowledge which will prove useful toour readers. For a more formal description of procedures andrequirements, potential authors should send a large (9 by 12 inch,30.5 by 22.8 cm), self-addressed envelope, with 28 cents US postageaffixed, to BYTE Author's Guide, 70 Main St, Peterborough NH03458.

Articles which are accepted are purchased with a rate of up to $50per magazine page, based on technical quality and suitability forBYTE's readership. Each month, the authors of the two leadingarticles in the reader poll (BYTE's Ongoing Monitor Boa or"BOMB") are presented with bonus checks of $100 and $50. Unso-licited materials should be accompanied by full name and address,as well as return postage.

104 March I960 © BYTE Publications Inc

ITEM NO.WK-7

CMOS SAFE

IC INSERTION/EXTRACTION KIT

• MOS-1416 14-16 CMOS SAFE INSERTER . PY 1 *. 1fi pYTOArTriD

KIT INCLUDES » JJOMJM 24-28 cmos safe inserter ; g-J ^lo cmossIfe extractor

• MOS-40 36-40 CMOS SAFE INSERTER

OK MACHINE & TOOL CORPORATION

3455 CONNER ST., BRONX, N.Y. 10475 U.S.A.

PHONE I2I2) 994-6600 TELEX NO 125091

RINTED IN US.A.

PATENT PENDING

INS-1416

14-16 PIN DIP IC INSERTER

$ 3.49

MOS-1416

14-16 PIN MOS CMOS SAFE INSERTER

$ 7.95

MOS-2428

24-28 PIN MOS CMOS SAFE INSERTER

$ 7.95

MOS-40

36-40 PIN MOS CMOS SAFE INSERTER

$ 7.95

EX-1

14-16 PIN EXTRACTOR TOOL

$ 1.49

EX-2

24-40 PIN CMOS SAFE EXTRACTOR TOOL

$ 7.95

WK-7

COMPLETE IC INSERTER /EXTRACTOR KIT

$29.95

MINIMUM BILLING $25.00. ADD SHIPPING CHARGE $2.00. NEW YORK RESIDENTS ADD APPLICABLE TAX.

OK MACHINE & TOOL CORPORATION 3455 CONNER ST., BRONX, N.Y. 10475 (212) 994-6600/TELEX 125091

Circle 67 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

105

(ALvO»

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

f 4

*

T*

1l%

"Z80 is a registered trademark ol Zilog. Inc

*CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

ALIOS BREAKSTHE MICROBARRIER.

Yesterday, microcomputer meant microperformance. Once you outgrew it, you had to stepup to a mini. Which meant a big step up in price.

Today, there's the new Altos ACS8000-6 single-board microcomputer system.

It's the first system for the OEM, small business-man and personal user, that offers minicomputerperformance and minicomputer storage capacities—at a microcomputer price.

MULTI-USER, WINCHESTER STORAGE,FLOPPY BACK UP: 514,260.

The new Altos ACS8000-6 is a highly advancedZ80* based microcomputer system with high-speedRAM, floppy disk and Winchester harddisk controllers, DMA, six serial andtwo parallel I/O ports and the AMD9511 floating point processor all onasingle board. Atypical four-user,system configuration with twomegabytes of Shugart floppyand 29.0 megabytes of ShugartWinchester storage, includingCPU and 208K bytes of RAM,costs only $14,260—com-pared to $30,000 or more fora similar minicomputer system.And that adds up to miniperformance at less than halfthe cost!

MULTI-USER EXECUTIVE

SUPPORTS FOURINDEPENDENT USERSRUNNING CP/M**COMPATIBLE PROGRAMS.

This revolutionary new microcomputer systemfeatures an Altos-developed Multi-User Executive(AMEX) software program that's unique in two ways. Itincludes a multi-user CP/M capability and the abilityto handle Winchester-type hard disks. This advancedZ80 operating program supports four independentCP/M compatible programs in any of six popular

languages: BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL, PASCAL,APL, C, and a large assortment of additionalbusiness application packages. AMEX is compatiblewith both the 1.4 and 2.0 versions of DigitalResearch's CP/M, which means programs basedon either version can run under AMEX withoutmodification.

With AMEX at the helm, your AltosACS8000-6 system can support up to four simul-taneous users with 48K bytes of RAM each plus58 megabytes of Winchester storage and 4 mega-bytes of floppy back up. And that adds up to thefirst microcomputer to give you the power and

performance of a minicomputer.SINGLE-USER, HARD-DISKSYSTEMS START AT $9450.The Altos ACS8000-6series. It's a barrier breakerin every sense. Our entry-level, single-user, hard-discsystem with floppy backup is priced under $10,000and even our 4-user CP/Mmodel is available forunder $12,000. And allconfigurations are easilyupgraded. For specificdetails about pricing orperformance, call or write:Altos Computer Systems,2360 Bering Drive, San Jose, CA(408) 946-6700. TELEX 171562 ALTOS SNA.

ALTOg

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Circle 68 on inquiry card.

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiuiMiiuuiiiuiiuHiimiiiwiiiiiiiii iiiiwimiimiHiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

BYTE News ....

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimuiiiiimiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

FRANCE TO INTRODUCE HOME TERMINALS: The French Postal and Telecommunications agencyis undertaking a project to put a computer terminal in every home. According to a report that ap-peared in Business Week magazine, the government agency intends to give all telephone customersa free two-way video display terminal, in lieu of printed directories. A similar machine that can sendand receive a full page of text in two minutes will also be offered for under $500. Over 1000 ter-minals will be installed early next year. Each terminal is expected to cost the agency less than $100.

IBM MOVES TO ASCII: Until now you either did it the ASCII way or the IBM way. In other words,all IBM communication was done in Extended Binary-Coded-Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC),while all other computer manufacturers used the American Standard Code for Information Inter-change (ASCII). Anyone who has tried to interface an IBM terminal to a non-IBM system has en-countered the problem.

Now IBM has introduced their first product that uses ASCII, the model 3101 video terminal.Depending on options, prices range from $1300 to $1520. These units can be ordered over thetelephone, and IBM installation is not required, as is the case with all other IBM products. The unit,largely made in Japan, qualifies for discounts up to 20%—a new departure for IBM.

IBM has apparently been forced to compete with other computer component makers on their level.This may be the forerunner of a new IBM marketing philosophy for small-computer systems.

Rumor has it that IBM will become more aggressive in the small-computer market withenhancements to its 5110 tabletop computers. Look for IBM to increase the number of "retail stores"for small-business computer systems to 200 by the end of 1980. Most of these stores will be in branchoffices of the General Systems Division.

TANDY, APPLE AND ATARI ASK FCC FOR DELAY: Atari asked the Federal Communications Com-mission (FCC) to delay the effective date of the waiver of rules for Texas Instruments (as previouslyreported in the January 1980 BYTE News) until a rulemaking proceeding on television-interfacedevices is completed. Atari cited allegedly illegal action by the FCC in granting the waiver andnoted the potential increased radio and television interference. After two weeks consideration, theFCC rejected Atari's request.

Tandy Corporation and Apple Computer Company asked the FCC to delay the deadline for com-pliance with the FCC's new radio frequency interference (RFI) standard, which is due to go into ef-fect on July 1, 1980. Both firms have claimed that this is too short a time to change manufacturingprocesses and order the necessary components.

LATEST RUMORS: Designers of Radio Shack's successor to the TRS-80 Model I have changed theirminds and will employ Microsoft for writing the BASIC interpreter and operating system. Motorolaalso made a bid to do this software development; however, Microsoft ended up with the contract.Radio Shack had been planning to call the unit the "TRS-90," but the firm is now leaning toward"TRS-80/COLOR." ... It is rumored that Sony and Texas Instruments have reached an agreementwhereby Sony will sell Texas Instruments' personal-computer systems in the United States under theSony name, with a Sony Trinitron color video monitor, instead of the Zenith monitor Texas In-struments is currently using. . . .Microtype Corporation will soon introduce a $250 electronictypewriter with RS-232 input/output (I/O). It will use a daisy-wheel-like printing method, and it willprint 15 characters per second. Look for it by the end of 1980. . . .

RANDOM NEWS BITS: Burroughs has introduced a 6 megabyte floppy-disk drive. It holds two diskson a common spindle and uses four data-transfer heads on a common assembly. Cost is only $1950in original equipment manufacturers quantities. . . .GR Electronics Ltd of Santa Monica, California,has introduced a pocket ASCII terminal in a case the size of a standard pocket calculator. It hasforty keys and transmits the 128 ASCII character codes. It has an light-emitting diode display andstores thirty received characters. It has an RS-232C interface (110 or 300 bits per second), requires5 V at 400 mA for power, and sells for $395 Hewlett-Packard (HP) has introduced its personal-computer system. The system costs $3250 and is being manufactured at HP's Corvallis, Oregon,calculator division. See page 60 in this issue for a report....Godbout Electronics, Oakland Airport,California, plans to introduce an S-100 processor circuit card that contains both 8088 and 8085microprocessors on the same card. The 8088 is a 16-bit processor with 8-bit I/O (it executes 8086 ob-

108 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

_

DY DOES IT BETTER.

In 1975, Microsoft wrote the first BASICinterpreter for the 8080. Today, hundredsof thousands of microcomputers run withMicrosoft software. And tomorrow—afullline of system software for the 8086 andZ8000. With microcomputer software,nobody does it better.

BASIC Compiler Microsoft's BASICcompiler is the ideal software tool for thedevelopment of BASIC applications pro-grams for resale. Compiled object code forany application may be distributed to yourcustomers on diskette or ROM, thus safe-guarding the source program. And execu-tion speeds with our compiled BASICcode are faster than with any otherBASIC. Highly optimized, compactobject code means maximum efficiency inany application. The BASIC Compilersupports all the language features of ourBASIC-80 Interpreter. Comes with macroassembler and loader. Runs with CP/M,ISIS-ll.TRSDOS. $395.

BASIC Interpreters for 8080, Z80,8086,6800,6809 Language featuresabove and beyond any other BASIC havemade Microsoft's BASIC the world's mostpopular interpreter. And now three new ver-sions are available for the 8086,6800, and6809. The latest releases of BASIC-80 andBASIC-86 support the new WHILE condi-tional, plus CHAINing of programs withCOMMON variables, dynamic string spaceallocation and variable length records in ran-dom files. All versions have double precisionarithmetic, full PRINT USING, tracing,renumbering, edit mode, and many otherfeatures. BASIC-80 for CP/M, ISIS-II,TEKDOS: $350. BASIC-86 standaloneon SBC 86/12: $600. BASIC-68 for FLEX:$200. BASIC-69 for FLEX: $250.

COBOL-80 Compiler The best im-plementation of the world's most widely usedprogramming language is COBOL-80 fromMicrosoft. As small business applications be-come not-so-small, COBOL-80 is ready withpowerful use of disk files, data manipulationfacilities, CHAIN, segmentation and inter-active ACCEPT/DISPLAY. Plus three-dimensional arrays, full COPY facility,indexed and relative files and an optionalpacked decimal format that saves on massstorage by as much as 40%. Comes withmacro assembler and loader. Runs onCP/M, ISIS-II, andTRSDOS. $750.

NEW muSIMP/muMATH-79

At last, a sophisticated math package formicrocomputers. muMATH performs mathe-matical operations efficiently and accu-rately. Use it to solve equations and simplifyformulas; or perform exact arithmetic, sym-bolic integration and differentiation, infiniteprecision integer arithmetic and symbolicmatrix inversion. muMATH is an invaluabletool for engineering and scientific applica-tions involving lengthy, analytical computa-tions. It is also an ingenious teaching methodfor all levels of math from arithmetic tocalculus. muMATH is implemented in mu-SIMR a highly structured language forcomplex symbolic manipulations. muSIMP/muMATH Package, CP/M versions: $250.

NEW muLISP-79 LISP-thelingua franca of the artificial intelligenceworld—is now available in this efficient, low-cost version for microcomputers. Featuresinclude dynamic allocation of storage re-sources; program control structures suchas an extended COND and a multiple exitLOOP; user functions defined as CALL byValue or CALL by Name; and 83 LISP func-tions. muLISP-79, CP/M version: $200.

NEW XMACRO-86 For the

development of 8086 programs, our newXMACRO-86 cross assembler has just beenreleased. It supports the same features asour MACRO-80 assembler. Develop 8086programs now on your current CP/M, ISIS-II,or TEKDOS system. $300.

NEW Micro-SEED DBMS If you

are developing applications software in-house or bundling hardware and software forresale, a database manager could be thesoftware tool you've been looking for. Micro-SEED is the first CODASYL compatibledatabase management system to run withCP/M; and Microsoft's FORTRAN-80 hasbeen implemented as the host language.When an application becomes limited by trad-itional floppy disk file handling, but remainsoverpowered by the cost and mainte-nance of a minicomputer, the solution isMicro-SEED. $900.

FORTRAN-80 Compiler Micro-soft FORTRAN-80 is the most completemicrocomputer FORTRAN available. Ithas all of ANSI-66 FORTRAN (exceptCOMPLEX data), plus unique enhancementsfor use in the microcomputer environment.An extensive library of single and double

10800 NE 8thSuite 819

Bellevue.WA 98004206-455-8080Telex 328945

We set the standard.

ifs

precision scientific functions, too. Comeswith macro assembler and loader. Versionsfor CP/M, ISIS-II, TEKDOS. $500.

MACRO-80 Assembler The mostpowerful microcomputer assembler on themarket today is Microsoft's MACRO-80. It isfast, and it supports Intel-standard macros,relocation pseudo-ops, conditionals and list-ing controls. MACRO-80 comes with a relo-catable linking loader and runs with CP/M,ISIS-II, and TEKDOS. $200.

EDIT-80 Text Editor Random accessto floppy disk files makes EDIT-80 the fastestmicrocomputer text editor. It's the essentialtool for creating and maintaining all files.EDIT-80 includes FILCOM, a file compareutility. EDIT-80, CP/M version: $120.

Prices quoted are USA domestic only.OEMs should contact Microsoft for prices.

microsoft// os>

5

o

<hco

COOQCOCCH

CO

O

cots

£1

CO

OQ

h£

111

1-

BASIC-80INTERPRETER

•

•

BASICCOMPILER

•

•

FORTRAN-80COMPILER

•

•

COBOL-80COMPILER

•

•

muMATH/muSIMPmuLISP

•

MICROSEEDDBMS

EDIT-80TEXT EDITOR

MACRO-80ASSEMBLER

•

•

Circle 69 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980 109

ject code). A user can run the standard CP/M operating system on the 8085 to handle all I/Odevices, and use the 8088 to run software such as a multi-user BASIC system. The processor cardwill drive 24 address lines (16 megabytes of memory space), and has a direct-memory-access (DMA)peripheral controller. . . .Heath Company has decided to resume production of the H8 8080-basedmicrocomputer system. Surprisingly, the sales of the H8 have increased, despite the introduction ofthe Heath/Zenith H89 integrated Z80-based system. Apparently, with its plug-in bus construction, theH8 is more to the liking of hobbyists who prefer to configure their own systems. Also, Zenith is nowproducing the assembled Heath H19 video terminals on one of its television set productionlines. . . .Mattel Electronics and General Instrument are about to start testing a television attach-ment that can receive a variety of video games sent over cable television. . . .McGraw-Hill, The NewYork Times, Times-Mirror, and Time Magazine are considering setting up systems which would allowpersonal-computer users to access their data bases.

HIGH-DENSITY 5-INCH DISK DRIVES: Micropolis Corporation and several other floppy-disk drivemakers have announced 5-inch floppy-disk drives with a density of 96 tracks per inch (tpi). Forty-eight tracks per inch has been standard, while some firms have sold 77 tpi drives.

The Micropolis disk system will read older 48 tpi disks by skipping every other track under soft-ware control. The new drives will range in capacity from 436 K to 1064 K unformatted bytes and willcost between $450 to $570 each.

PERSONAL COMPUTER SYSTEM DELIVERIES DELAYED: Texas Instruments (TI), Mattel Elec-tronics, and Atari have all experienced delayed deliveries of their personal computer systems in thepast few months. Delays were due to a shortage of parts, which restricted production of these newsystems. Atari did not start shipping units until October 1979, and TI did not start until November.Quantities were severely limited during the Christmas season. Mattel did not even start shipping un-til after Christmas. In all cases, the companies claimed that "silicon shortages" caused the delays. TIand Atari had promised to start deliveries in August. This problem is common throughout the com-puter industry, due to an unexpectedly high demand for integrated circuits.

DATA-STORAGE ADVANCES PREDICTED: A San Jose, California, market research firm has releas-ed an interesting report on the future of microcomputer storage systems. Creative Strategies Interna-tional predicts that during the next two years we will see the introduction of new, low-cost 5-inchand 8-inch Winchester-technology disks, new sizes (4-inch and 6-inch) of Winchester drives, "back-end" processors (disk controller and data base manager), and on-line archives in both video-diskand cartridge-tape form.

Low-cost, 5-inch floppy-disk drives and digital cassettes are expected from Japan. They will bemass-produced for intelligent-typewriter and home-computer applications. Prices of floppy-disk andWinchester disk drives are expected to drop to less than one-third of current prices.

The new small Winchester disk drives, or micro-Winchesters, will have storage capacities startingat 1 megabytes and removable disk modules about the size of an 8-track audio tape cartridge. Theback-end processors will be available by the mid-1980s. They will combine Winchester-disk-controller and data-base-management functions in large-scale integrated circuits, with fast parallelarchitecture, content-addressed memory, charge-coupled memory systems or bubble memory. Onthe other hand, 8-inch floppy disks should reach the 5 megabyte capacity by the mid-1980s.

BUBBLE MEMORY STATUS REPORT: Bubble memory has developed considerably during the pastyear. Device size has jumped from 64 K bit, serial shift-register architectures to 1 megabitmajor/minor-loop, block-replicate architecture. Four megabit devices, organized as 4- and 8-bitwords, are expected next year. Access times have dropped from hundreds of milliseconds; under 10milliseconds is expected by the end of 1980. Five companies, Fujitsu, Intel, Plessey, Rockwell andTexas Instruments, are now competing for a share of the developing bubble memory business. Threemore companies, Hitachi, Motorola, and Siemens, are expected to enter the market this year.

SPEECH-SYNTHESIS TECHNOLOGY IMPROVING: A year and a half ago when Texas Instrumentsintroduced its Speak & Spell toy with voice output, the experts were amazed at is voice quality andlow cost. Now single-board synthesizers, which can be easily interfaced to computers, are availablefrom Texas Instruments, the Votrax Division of Federal Screw Works in Troy, Michigan, andTelesensory Systems Inc (TSI) of Palo Alto, California (TSI specializes in products for aiding theblind). Even IBM has added voice output to a typewriter. Further, Texas Instruments has now madeavailable a low-cost voice synthesizer chip set for use by game and appliance manufacturers.

The Texas Instrument synthesizer stores words in its memory and thus is limited to 180 standardwords, plus up to 180 words stored in external read-only memory. On the other hand, the Votraxunit is programmed with 62 phonemes (sound units) and can form an unlimited number of words.

110 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

NEW POWER FOR

WlJ^TddTOartSTC

MOUNTAIN HARDWARE

*Sfc

ROMPLUS+

NEW EXPANDABILITY.

ROMPLUS+ is a peripheral board whose added featurescan turn the Apple * computer into the most powerfulpersonal computer available today.

NEW POWER.

ROMPLUS+ provides six sockets to accept individuallyaddressable 2K ROM's or EPROM's. Keyboard Filter™,a 2K ROM program, comes installed on the ROMPLUS+board and adds many useful features to your Apple,including:

• Upper and lower case letters. The only system thatoffers keyboard input and standard shift key operation.

• Multiple user-defined character sets.

• Colored or inverse-colored letters.

• Keyboard macros —two key-stroke, automatic typing ofmultiple, user-defined words or phrases. IncludingBASIC and DOS commands.

• Mixed text and graphics.

• Improved cursor control.

• STOP LIST and END LIST.

•Works with Integer BASIC, RAM or ROM Applesoft,and DOS.

•And more...quick to learn. Easy to use.• Software support provided on disk includesdemonstration programs and two Editors that allow youto define your own characters or keyboard macros.SOPHISTICATED FIRMWARE.In addition to the Keyboard Filter ROM, ROMPLUS+offers five sockets for ROM or EPROM, plus "scratch-pad" RAM. And, sophisticated firmware on ROMPLUS+allows one, two, or more of its chips to be used simul-taneously for programs longer than 2K.EXPANDED UTILITY.

Many software programs really ought to be utilizedas firmware. ROMPLUS+ makes that an actuality forthe Apple by providing six additional ROM sockets.AT YOUR DEALER. NOW.$169. Complete and tested. Including the powerfulKeyboard Filter ROM and full documentation. Ask yourdealer for a demonstration.

A* Mountain Hardware, Inc.

*

LEADERSHIP IN COMPUTER PERIPHERALS

300 Harvey West Blvd., Santa Cruz, CA 95060(408) 429-8600

Sounds great.

□ Please send me all the details on ROMPLUS+ andKeyboard Filter.

Name

Address-City

State.

Zip

Phone_

•Trademark of Apple Computer Inc.

Circle 70 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980 111

The voice quality of present units is acceptable but still leaves much to be desired. Most listenersagree that the Texas Instruments' unit produces better quality voices. There is no doubt that nextyear we will see a larger number of devices and appliances with voice output on the market, somepossibly with voice input.

ANALOG MEMORY DEVELOPED: Sanyo Electric Company of Tokyo, Japan, recently reported at aInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers conference that it has developed a nonvolatileanalog memory. The memory permits the direct storage of analog signals, eliminating the currenttechnique of digitizing the analog signal and storing it in binary form. Analog memory could greatlysimplify the circuitry used in voice and music synthesizer equipment, as well as in such applicationsas television tuning.

TANDY TO ENTER DISK DRIVE BUSINESS: Tandy Corporation has agreed to form a joint floppy-disk manufacturing venture with Datapoint Corporation. Final approval is still pending from theboards of directors of both companies. Tandy currently buys floppy-disk drives for its Radio Shackcomputers from Shugart Associates, Control Data, and Tandon Magnetics. Datapoint makes theirown units under a license from Shugart. Last year, Tandy attempted to purchase Perkins Elmer's Or-bis floppy-disk operation for $2.2 million, but was outbid ($2.5 million) by Siemens.

DUAL-SIDED FLOPPY-DISK AVAILABILITY IMPROVES: In 1977, floppy-disk manufacturers startedshowing prototypes of their dual-sided floppy-disk drives. Shipments started in early 1979, but thefirms soon ran into production problems. The double-sided drives caused excessive wear on disksand had other reliability problems. Manufacturers now have apparently learned how to manufacturethese drives reliably and are finally getting into quantity production.

Last year a total of nearly 250,000 8-inch drives and 500,000 5-inch drives were made. It is ex-pected that well over 1 million 5-inch drives will be made this year, and that nearly 30% will bedouble-sided.

RADIO SHACK TAKES ACTION TO PROTECT TRS-80 TRADEMARK: At the opening of a recentmicrocomputer show in Boston, federal court injunctions were served to three exhibitors, orderingthem to immediately stop selling or distributing anything with the characters "TRS-80" written on it,and to hand over all such items and literatuie to Tandy-Radio Shack for disposal. Further, RadioShack demanded $10,000 for damage done to Radio Shack by each of the three companies.

Radio Shack claimed the companies were using the TRS-80 trademark illegally and in such a man-ner that people would think they were buying Radio Shack products. Further, Radio Shack claimedthat business was being stolen from them, and that should the products prove defective, RadioShack's reputation would be damaged.

The exhibitors had no prior warning of the injunction. Two of the exhibitors immediately appealedthe injunction, pointing out that Radio Shack was clearly credited as the trademark owner in alladvertising; the injunction was rescinded. The third exhibitor, who failed to take immediate legalaction, was prevented from selling his regular merchandise at the show; instead he substituted a lineof goods contained in packages not bearing the legend "TRS-80."

16-BIT MICROPROCESSOR STATUS REPORT: Intel has been producing its 8086 16-bit processor involume since the spring of 1979. The 8086 has been successful but it is generally considered to be aless powerful device than either the Zilog Z8000 or Motorola 68000. While Zilog has been providingsamples of the Z8000 for over six months, the firm is only now begining volume production.Reportedly the samples did not execute all instructions correctly. Motorola has been sampling the68000 for several months, and production quantities are expected soon. Recipients of sample devicesfrom Motorola have reported that some instructions do not execute correctly and that the device willnot operate at maximum rated speed. The companies are aware of these problems, and actual pro-duction units are expected to operate properly.

Other problems slowing the adoption of the Zilog and Motorola processors are lack of availabilityof peripheral devices (such as the Zilog memory-management integrated circuit), lack of software,and the fact that second-source suppliers are still far from production.

MAIL NOTE: I receive a lot of mail each month, as a result of this column. If you write tome and wish a response, enclose a self-addressed, stamped envelope.

Sol Libes

Amateur Computer Group of New Jersey

(ACG-NJ)

1776 Raritan Rd

Scotch Plains NJ 07076

112 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

SCIENTIFICAMERICAN

1 f

pmsics or ^omi.hsautim;

1 ■

$2,00

<Q4LeA/980

Do diversand gymnastsviolate the law?

We are accustomed to seeingdivers and gymnasts begin to twistand somersault long after theyhave left the springboard or thefloor. Indeed, in order to win goldmedals divers needtoperformsuchcomplex feats in midair as the for-ward two-and-a-half somersaultwith two twists. But, you may ask,doesn't this violate the law of con-servation of angular momentum?It postulates: In the absence of torques,or rotational forces, the angular mo-mentum of a body is conserved. Inthe March SCIENTIFIC AMERICANyou will see how this paradoxis resolved. You may be re-lieved to learn that divers and gym-nasts (and free-falling cats, too)perform their midair rotationswithout violating any laws ofphysics. Moreover, the underlying

physics is the same forthe astronauts in spacewho need to controltheir body orientationin a weightless environ-ment.

In the same issue youwill find that impairedcommunication amongcells can be a cause of avariety of diseases, aswidely different fromeach other as cholera, diabetes andmanic-depressive psychosis. Ineach there occurs a form of failureof fit between signal-bearing mole-cules from one cell and the receptormolecules in the outer or internalmembranes of the target cell.

You will learn how British ar-chaeologists have plumbed the pastthat lies under the city of York,down through the medieval cityinto the 9th century Viking city ofJorvik and on below to Eburacum,the great fortress city that held thenorthernmost boundary of theRoman Empire.

You will read about the spin ofcomets in their eccentric orbitsaround the sun ... About the virtu-osity with which the horned beetlesput their horns to work, especiallyin courtship contests ... About the

perception of the elusive "gluon"that glues quarks together ...About the quantization of risk andsafety of nuclear reactors in thewake of the Three Mile Islandepisode.

This is the kind of diversity ourmore than 700,000 readers enjoyeach month in our pages.

Why not join us at the frontiersof knowledge? You will see whyThe New York Times calls ourmagazine, "This country's and per-haps the world's outstanding forumfor communication between scien-tists and the intelligent public."

A one-year subscription, at $18,saves you $6 on the newsstandprice of $2.00. A two-year subscrip-tion,, at $33, saves $15. And a three-year subscription, at $45, savesyou $27.

Use the coupon below, or call tollfree: 1-800-648-5311.

(In Nevada call 800-992-5710.)

Send no money. We'll bill you.

SCIENTIFICAMERICAN

WITH YOUR SUBSCRIPTIONTHIS FREE BOOK

scikvtifh:

AMKHIfAN

HUMANANCESTORS

h %> to*

As soon as your sub-scription payment is re-ceived, we will also sendyou Human Ancestors(regular price: $5.00) asa bonus. This 144-pageanthology reports thearchaeological discov-eries that unveiled theevolutionary streamleading to Homo sapi-ens, culminating in thegrowing recognition ofthe role of toolmaking inthe process of naturalselection.

Name

^SUBSCRIPTION RESERVATION

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 415 Madison Avenue, Dept. GS, New York, N.Y. 10017

Yes, enter my subscriptionto the monthly issues of

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN fortheterm I have checked. As soonas my payment is received,you will also send me—abso-lutely free—the 144-pagebook Human Ancestors(regular price: $5.00).

MY GUARANTEE

I may cancel my subscriptionto SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN atany time and receive a refundforthe unused balance. Thebonus book is mine to keep.

Address

City/State/Zip

□ Start my subscription with the March issue.

□ 1 year—$18 □ 2 years—$33 □ 3 years—$45

(save $6) (save $15) (save $27)

□ My payment is enclosed □ Bill me(International rates outside U.S. and Canada:

1 year—$22 2 years—$40 3 years—$55) GS

u

Circle 71 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

113

Electronic Planimetry

Peter A Santi

John Fryhofer

Gregory Hansen

Medical Research East

University of Minnesota

2630 University Ave SE

Minneapolis MN 55414

A planimeter is an instrument(formerly mechanical) for measuringthe area of a two-dimensional figureby tracing its perimeter. Area mea-surements obtained from planimetersare useful for a variety of appli-cations, such as cartography, geo-logy, metallurgy and biology. Ourbiomedical application requires areaand length measurements of irregu-larly shaped two-dimensional figures.To this end an electronic planimeterhas been designed consisting of aSummagraphcs Bit Pad and a Terakmicrocomputer programmed inUCSD Pascal (Version 1.5).

In practice, a user specifies a scalefactor and then traces the boundaryline of a figure using either a stylus ora single-button cursor. To improvethe accuracy of the area measure-ment, the program detects closure (ie:when the end of the tracing meets thebeginning) and displays the calcu-lations. You can trace additionalfigures with the same scale by usingonly the stylus or cursor switch.Using this electronic planimeter, areaand perimeter length measurementsare more accurate and can be ob-tained faster than with a mechanicalplanimeter.

The Terak Microcomputer

The Terak 8510 (see photo 1) is a

completely self-contained, 16-bitmicrocomputer using a Digital Equip-ment Corporaiton (DEC) LSI-11 withthe hardware floating-point option.The Terak contains 56 K bytes ofmemory, a single 8-inch floppy diskdrive, 128-character ASCII key-board, 12-inch video monitor with a320-by-240 graphics dot matrix, a24-line-by-80-character display, andan RS-232C and 20 mA serial inter-face. The cabinet also houses an addi-tional serial or 16-bit parallel inter-face card. The Terak is supported bythe DEC RT-11 operating system andUCSD Pascal.

The Terak is well suited for UCSDPascal, which can be purchased for areasonable price. The Terak is a con-servative, but well-designed systemwhich performs with a high degree ofreliability. It serves as a general-purpose laboratory computer and inthis application as a host computerfor the Summagraphics Bit Paddigitizer.

The Summagraphics Bit Pad

The Bit Pad includes a digitizingsurface or data tablet, control unit,power supply, and writing stylus or asingle-button cursor. The control unitconsists of an 8-bit microcomputer(Intel 8035), a control program inerasable, programmable read-only

memory, and binary counters. Thecontrol unit generates X and Y coor-dinate points of the location of thestylus or cursor as it travels across thetablet surface. These coordinatepoints are generated as serial orparallel data and can be used by ahost computer for a variety ofapplications.

Theory of Operation

The Bit Pad operates on a magneticprinciple. Current is pulsed along asend wire that lies perpendicular to amesh of magnetostrictive wires lyingbeneath the writing surface of thetablet. The current pulse changes thedimensions of the magnetrostrictivematerial and a strain wave simul-taneously propagates down all thewires in one direction. This prop-agated strain wave is sensed by areceive coil in the stylus or cursor.The control unit times the delay

Terak is a registered trademark of TerakCorporation.

RT-11 and LSI-11 are registered trademarksof Digital Equipment Corporation.

Bit Pad is a registered trademark ofSummagraphics Corporation.

114 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

*Superbrain is a registered trademark of Intertec Data Systems.

System Specifications

SUPRBRAINT

The Honor Graduate

OEM's...End Users...Computer Dealers...

$2995!

SuperBrain users get exceptionalperformance for just a fraction of whatthey'd expect to pay. Standard systemfeatures include: two double density mini-floppies with 285 K bytes of disk storage,64K of RAM memory to handle even themost sophisticated programs, a CP/M DiskOperating System with a high powered texteditor, assembler, debugger and a diskformator. And, with SuperBrain's S-100 busadaptor, you can add all the programmingpower you will ever need. . . even a 1 0megabyte disk!

SuperBrain's CP/M operating system boastsan overwhelming amount of availablesoftware in BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL, andAPL. Whatever your application . . . GeneralLedger, Accounts Receivable, Payroll,Inventory or Word Processing . . . SuperBrainis tops in its class. But best of all, SuperBraintackles your toughest jobs for less than one-third the cost of other similar systems.

You'll appreciate the careful attention givento every engineering detail. StandardSuperBrain features include: a full ASCIIkeyboard with numeric pad and user-pro-grammable function keys. A non-glare,dynamically focused, 1 2-inch CRT for sharpimages everywhere on the screen. Twin Z80microprocessors to insure efficient datatransfer to auxiliary peripheral devices. Auniversal RS-232 communications port forserial data transmission. And, a single boarddesign to make servicing a snap!

Performance and packaging have neverbeen better matched. Your operators willappreciate SuperBrain's good looks. You'llappreciate SuperBrain's outstanding value.Twin Z80A processors, dual double densitydisk drives, and a high resolution CRTterminal. All in a single, smart looking, self-contained desktop unit. And, all for a pricethat's substantially less than the competition!

Make no mistake about it. The freshmanstudents in the small systems business can'tbegin to compete with this year's honorgraduate. The SuperBrain. The only systemat the top of its class in price and performance

DEALER/OEM QUANTITIES AND SPECIAL PRICING AVAILABLE VIA MICROAMERICA DISTRIBUTING

Microprocessors

Word SizeExecution TimeMachine InstructionsInterrupt ModeFloppy Disk

Storage Capacity

Data Transfer RateAverage Access TimeMedia

Disk RotationInternal MemoryDynamic RAMStatic RAM

ROM Storage

Display Size

Display Format

Character Font

Line Drawing Characters

Display Presentation

Bandwidth

CursorCommunications

Screen Data Transfer

Auxiliary Interlace

Parallel Interface

S-100 Bus

Transparent Mode

Parity

Transmission Mode

Addressable CursorSystem Utilities

Disk Operating System

DOS SoftwareOptional Software

FORTRAN

COBOL

BASIC

Application Packages

Keyboard

Alphanumeric CharacterSpecial FeaturesNumeric PadSpecial Functions KeysCursor ControlInternal ConstructionCabinetryComponent Layout

Mounting

Environment

Weight

Physical Dimensions

Environment

Power Requirements

Twin Z80A's with 4MHZ Clock Frequency One Z80A (the host processor) performs allprocessor and screen related functions. The second Z80A is "down-loaded" by the host toexecute disk I/O. When not processing disk data, the second Z80 may be programmed bythe host for other processor related functions.8 bits

1 0 microseconds register to register

1S8

All interrupts are vectored

285K total bytes formatted on two double density drives Optional external 1 0-300

megabyte hard disk storage is available using optional S-1 00 bus adaptor

250K bits'second

250 milliseconds 35 milliseconds track-to-track

5'N inch mini-disk

300 RPM

64K bytes dynamic RAM

256 bytes of static RAM is provided in addition to the main processor RAM This memory

is used for program and/or data storage for the auxiliary processor

1 K bytes standard Allows ROM "bootstrapping' of system at power-on ROM storage is

2708 compatible and may be re prog rammed by the user for custom applications

1 2-itich, dynamically focused P4 phosphor

25 lines x 80 characters per line.

8x8 character matrix on a 8 x 12 character held

Eleven special graphics symbols used for form generation

Light characters on a dark background Reversible through keyboardprogram selection

20 MHZ

Reversed image (block cursor)

Memory-mapped at 38 kilobaud Serial transmission of data at rates up to 9600 bps.

Universal RS-232 asynchronous Synchronous interface optional

Radio Shack TRS-80 compatible

Printed circuit edge connector provided for connection of optional S-100 bus adaptor

Enables display of all incoming and ouigoing control codes

Choice of even, odd. marking, or spacing

Half oi Full Duplex One or two stop bits

Direct positioning by either discrete or absolute addressing

CP'M

An 8080 disk assembler, debugger, text editor and file handling utilities

ANSI standard. Relocatable, random and sequential disk access

ANSI standard Relocatable, sequential, relative and indexed disk access.

Sequential and random disk access. Full string manipulation, interpreter

Extensive software development tools are available including software for the following

applications Payroll, Accounts Receivable, Accounts Payable, Inventory Control, General

Ledger and Word Processing.

Generates all 1 28 upper and lower case ASCII characters

N-Key Rollover. Automatic repeat (at 15 CPS), Keyboard lock/unlock.

0-9. decimal point, comma, minus and four user-programmable function keys

Up to 64 user-defined two-key function sequences

Up, down, forward, backward, and home

Structural foam

Two board modular design. All processor related functions and hardware are on a singleprinted circuit board. All video and power related circuits on a separate single board.These two boards are interconnected via a single 22-pin ribbon cable.CRT and two circuit boards mounted to base CRT in a rigid steel frame. Disk Drive assem-bly mounted into upper cover for ease of servicing.

Approximately 45 pounds

14 s/s" (H) x 21 '/« (W) x 23 :/« (D)

Operating: 0" to 50" C Storage 0" to 85' C, 10 to 95% re), humidity - non condensing.

1 15 VAC. 60 HZ, 1 AMP (optional 230VAC/50HZ mode) available)

' Specifications subject to change without notice

NEECO

679 Highland Ave.Needham, MA02194

Mon-Fri 9:30-5:30

MasterCharge &

Visa Accepted

(617)449-1760

Microcomputer Systems Division

Telex: 951021

MICROAMERICA DISTRIBUTING

"SuperBrain Dealer/O.E.M21 Putnam StreetNeedham, MA02194

Circle 72 on inquiry card.

Inquiries invited"

(617)449-4310

Circle 77 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

115

Photo 1: The Terak microcomputer with dual floppy-disk drive, video display, and keyboard. The Summagraphics Bit Pad consistsof the digitizing tablet and the microcomputer control unit.

required for the strain wave to reachthe receive coil, and this delay is usedto calculate X and Y coordinate data.

Digitizing Tablet

The data tablet is a low-profile,plastic pad that has an active surfacearea of approximately 784 squarecentimeters. The X,Y origin is locatedin the lower left corner of the tabletand is not relocatable. The active sur-face area can be visualized as a squarematrix of 2795 by 2795 points with aresolution of 0.1 mm. The Bit Pad canalso be configured for English unitmeasurements.

Microcomputer Control Unit

The control unit contains six front-panel, push-button switches (seephoto 1). One is a reset switch, threeswitches control the digitizing rate,and two switches control the oper-ating mode. These switches may beoverridden by software from the hostprocessor, thus allowing complete

host control.

The three rate switches select 64,32, 16, 8, 4, 2, or 1 coordinate pairsto be generated per second. The twomode switches select point, switch-stream, or stream operating mode.

A coordinate pair is generated foreach depression of the Z-axis switchin the stylus or cursor in the pointmode. In the switch-stream mode,coordinate pairs are generated con-tinuously as long as the Z-axis switchremains depressed. Coordinate pointsare generated continuously in thestream mode. It should be noted thatno points are generated unless thestylus or cursor is within 4 mm of theactive surface area of the tablet.

The control unit also contains an8-bit input and output (I/O) port, aninterrupt line, a single-bit reset line,and optionally a TTL or RS-232Cserial line. The input port (also re-ferred to as the command byte, figure1) allows for control of both the oper-ating mode and transmission rate of

the Bit Pad by a host processor. Threebits are allocated for the transmissionrate, two bits for the operating modeand three bits serve as hand-shakingsignals between the host processorand the Bit Pad.

The three handshaking bits are:status valid, which is used by the hostcomputer to signal a change in modeor rate; byte received, which in-dicates that a byte of data has beenread by the host; and next byte,which is used by the host to requestthe next byte of data from the BitPad. An additional single-bit line (instrobe) enables the host to reset theBit Pad's control unit.

A host processor can receive datafrom the Bit Pad by polling or hand-shaking, or the Bit Pad interface canbe driven by interrupts. The outputport of the Bit Pad provides coor-dinate points to the host processor ina sequence of five data bytes (seefigure 2). A 1 in the most significantbit of the first byte signals the host

MOST

SIGNIFICANT

BIT

INPUT

LEAST

SIGNIFICANT

BIT

NEXTBYTE

BYTERECEIVED

MODE2

MODE

1

RATE4

RATE2

RATE1

STATUS

VALID

CLEAR

OR

RESET

Figure 1: The bit format of the input or command byte for the Bit Pad. In addition, a single line is used by the host computer to resetor clear the Bit Pad's electronic circuitry.

lib March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

IS READY

Call For

DEALER

In Your Area

Z—80 CPU

DOUBLE/SINGLEDISK CONTROLLER

Two serial ports, three par-allel ports. 2/4 MHz, onboard Prom Monitor Phan-toms. (Less cable and Mon-itor). A & T $325.00

FLOPPYS

8" Shugart $750.00

8" Siemans $675.00

5" Seimans $350.00

Double Sided)

8" CDC $875.00

8" Remex $825.00

Two stage phase lock loopcircuitry for greatest relia-bility, data transfer at maxi-mum rate. Transparent den-sity selection. 8" or 5" op-eration 2 or 4 MHZ (Somerestrictions on DMA).DMA — $425.00STD. — $385.00

TELEVIDEO 912

16K,32KSTATIC RAM

Worlds most reliable mem-ory, responds to extendedaddress lines A16, A17,cool running, fast.16K-S395.00 32K-S650.00

80 x 24—Lower case des-cenders. Teletype or type-writer keyboard 110/220VAC. 50 to 19.2 KBaudHex entry pad. Similar toSOROC but better lookingwith NO FAN NOISE.

TELEVIDEO 920

Jf.

32K, 48K, 64KDYNAMIC RAM

K *

* |'

! ■ ■ ■ ■ lion

P»™—■»

>' ■ ■ U D DD9D- Mifl -

-——:m»$IUI

Basic dynamic board testedto run at 4MHZ with ourZ-80 board. 4116 chips at200 nanosecond speed in-sures most reliable data sto-rage. Double density andDMA compatible.32K-$580.00 48K-$640.00 S4K-$750.00

WINCHESTER/SHUGARTSA 1000

Similar to TV 912 but hasprogrammable functionskeys across top. Excellentfor WORDSTAR Text Edi-ting.

32K, 48K, 64KERROR DETECTINGCromenco / Alfamicro

AvailableMarch 1980

State of the art develop-ment. Parity generation anderror detection. Compatiblewith 16 bit CPU designs.16K bank, select under soft-ware control. 4MHZ Z-80,8086, Cromenco, Alpha Mi-cro compatible.32K-$650.00 48K$725.00 64K-$850.00

WINCHESTER/CENTURYDATA SYSTEM(Hunter Shown)

5 megs now expandable to

10, works alongside floppydisk drive for expandedstorage. Use with controllerbelow.

$1950.00

20 megs expandable to40—Marksman series, plugsinto our CPU parallel portor MP/M board drive, cabi-net, power supply, 2.0 Bios.$4850.00

FLOPPY DISKS

D YS A N Quality

MPM I/O TIMER

80 X 24 VIDEO

WINCHESTER/FLOPPYINTERFACE

CABLES/PROMS

WM

8" SSSD $4.25

8"SSDD $5.50

8" DSDD $7.60

5"SSDD $4.10

(Boxes of 10 only)

AvailableMarch 1980

Designed for MP/M® soft-ware of Digital Research. 6users serial port, three 8 bitparallel ports for hard disk.Timer and vectored in-terrupt.

®TM Digital Research

AvailableMarch 1980

_r

Keyboard input, Z—80 Pro-cessor, on board RAMmakes this a non-memorymapped substitute for aterminal when mated witha keyboard.

$430.00

Allows mixing of ShugartWinchester and floppydrives on same cable whenused with DP-DSK. Sup-plied with software Biosfor MP/M®and 2.0®TM Digital Research

2718 Monitor2716 MonitorDisk 50 PinRS-232. . .CPU to BackDisk DC . .Disk AC . .Winchester .

$25.00$50.00$22.00$15.00$32.00$ 4.50$ 2.50$28.00

dp s-ioo main Frame

• 12 slot S-100 Motherboard (6 populated)

|«+8V @ 20A ±16V @ 6A. (Nylon cardguides).

[•Mates with disk system shown in cen-ter column.

I • 3 user convenience outlets at rear.

| • Status indicators for I/O wait, memoryerror, voltage levels.

|•Multi-user capable with circuit boardselection at top.Kit (less fans) $295.00 A & T $450.00

dish Drlue Storage

• Cabinet comes with multiple power.

• Supply to suit all popular disk drives±5A. +24 @ 6A.

• DP-1000K Twin double density Shu-gart SA-800B or Siemens FDD-100-8(1 megabyte). $1800.00

• DP-2000K Double sided, double den-sity Shugart SA-850-R or SiemensFDD-200-8 (2 megabytes). $2450.00

• Drive box less drives with ample powersupply.

Kit (less fans) $295.00 A & T $450.00

NORTH STAR Competitor

• Cost effective Z-80 dual drive micro |system.

• Double density Siemans drives sport |340K single sided, 680K double sided.

• 32K RAM standard,expandable to 64K.

• CPM 2.0 software included.

$2450.00!

West:

DELTA PRODUCTS

1653 E. 28th StreetLong Beach, Calif. 90806Tel: (213)595-7505

Circle 73 on inquiry card.

Telex: 182-126 DELTMAR SGHL

East:

DELTA PRODUCTS

11 Edison Drive

New Lennox, Illinois 60451

Tel: (815)485-9072

BYTE 1

BYTE 2

BYTE 3

BYTE 4

BYTE 5

MOST

SIGNIFICANT

BIT

OUTPUT

LEAST

SIGNIFICANT

BIT

FIRSTBYTE

BYTEAVAILABLE

F3

F2

Fl

FO

0

0

FIRSTBYTE

BYTEAVAILABLE

X5

X4

X3

X2

XI

xo

FIRSTBYTE

BYTEAVAILABLE

Xll

XIO

X9

X8

X7

X6

FIRSTBYTE

BYTEAVAILABLE

Y5

Y4

Y3

Y2

Yl

YO

FIRSTBYTE

BYTEAVAILABLE

Yll

YIO

Y9

Y8

Y7

Y6

Figure 2: Five bytes of data are transmitted from the Bit Pad's output port for each coordinate pair ofpoints generated. The first byte contains information concerning depression of the Z-axis switch. The nextfour bytes contain a 12-bit representation of the X and Y coordinates. Each byte also contains two controlbits,which are used for handshaking purposes.

that the current byte is the first of thefive-byte sequence. The next bit {byteavailable) when set to 1 indicates thata byte of data is available, and the bitlabeled FO corresponds to the statusof the Z-axis switch.

An optional four-button cursormay also be used. The four buttonscorrespond to bits FO thru F3 in byte1. The next four bytes in the sequencecontain a 12-bit representation of theX and Y coordinates. This data canalso be transmitted in serial formatwith parity and stop bits, at datatransmission rates from 37.5 bps to28,000 bps.

The control unit does not contain apilot light; however, it does containtwo diagnostic routines that can beused to check its circuits and interfaceconnections to the host processor.The control unit requires power sup-

plies of +5 V and +12 V, and -12 Vor, with optional regulators, +8 V,+ 16 V, and -16 V.

Pascal Program: PLANIMETER

This program, which appears inlisting 1, receives coordinates pointsfive bytes at a time from the Bit Pad.The line length and area of a closedtwo-dimensional figure are calculatedby integrating the figure with trape-zoids. By using Pascal and the Terak,it is possible to receive and processapproximately thirty coordinatepoints per second.

User-defined data types are used tointerface the Bit Pad to the Terakminicomputer. LOWBYTE is theimage of the output from the Bit Pad.It contains three fields: the data ( D ),READY (byte available) and theFIRST-byte bits. DEVICE is a data-

type that represents the I/O bufferson the Terak's port which are con-nected to the Bit Pad.

At the beginning of the main pro-gram, the pointer BITPAD is set tothe integer value —160 (which is theaddress of the port) using a variantrecord type. The pointer BITPAD.Ppoints to the port, and BITPAD.PIcontains the Terak I/O buffers for theparallel port.

Each input byte is read as LOOKB:= BITPAD.Pt.INBUF in the pro-cedure NEXTBYTE using handshak-ing. The sequence begins by waitingfor the next byte to be ready(LOOKB.READY is true). The Teraksignals the Bit Pad that it has read thedata by sending the command byteOUTRECEIVED. The program incre-ments the counter (BYT), waits forthe Bit Pad to clear and then signals

118 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

GIVE

YOUR

COMPUTER

AHAND

Have you ever wanted to do more with yourmicro than play computer games andbalance your checkbook?Finally, there is a unique new quarterlymagazine that gives you all the informationyou need to transform your home computerinto a working ROBOT!ROBOTICS AGE covers every aspect of robotresearch and experimentation—from the basicprinciples to the latest developments inlaboratories around the world. In our features,special emphasis is given to plans, circuits, andprograms that you can use in your ownmicrocomputer-controlled robot. Each article isdesigned to be understandable to the noviceexperimenter, but with technical detail andcomplete references that will satisfy even the

professional researcher. Added to that arerobotics-related New Products, Book Reviews,abstracts of selected recent technical papers,and reports on how you can participate in thegrowing number of robotics and ArtificialIntelligence organizations in the US and abroad.

The explosive growth in the use of robots hasbeen described as the Third IndustrialRevolution. Robots are having a growingimpact on the shape of industrial society—and will be a significant part of your ownfuture. Join the thousands of ROBOTICS AGEreaders already gaining a deeper under-standing of this fascinating and significantscience. Learn how you can contributeto the development of the intelligent robots of thefuture—Subscribe Today!

TOSOiIOage

TO30ilCy

l_l 1 year subscription (4Q 2 years (8 issues) US:Payment enclosed 1—1 Bi

VGE

issues)$16.00;

I my VISA

P. O. BOX 801

—US: $8.50; Canada & MexCanada & Mexico: $19.00;

I—I MasierCharge I—I

LA CANADA,

co: $10.00; Foreign: $12,001Foreign: $23.00t

Sill me (N. America only) 1 1

CA

91011

Number

Expires

Sign*

lure (Required)

Name (Please Prim)

Company/Title

Street Address/Apt, No.

City State/Country

t Rates shown are for surface delivery. Air mail delivery av

lilablo at extra cos

Postal Code. Please remit in US

unds;drawn o

a US

bank.

Circle 74 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

119

PROGRAM PLANIMETtR i

( # Written by! John Fryhofer

and modified by Grea Hansen.

This prosrani reads parallel data from a digitizing tablet and calculatesthe area 3nd perinieter of a closed figure traced on it *)

CONST

PORTADBR = -140)

OUTRECEIVED = 95 ( * 01011111 *))OUTNEXT = :l.59< * 10011111 *>iMINPTS = 13!

TYPE

(* Output from BIT PAD *)L.0UBYTE « PACKED RECORDD ! 0..63 ;READY : boolean;first ! booleanend;

(* this is what the device looks like *)

device = packed record

csr ! packed array co..15: of boolean;outbuf ! integer)inbuf : loubyte;

END)

VAR

BITPAD I RECORD < * Loads the device address as an integer andpoints to it #)CASE BOOLEAN OF

FALSE ! (P ! tDEVICE);TRUE t ( I t INTEGER )

end;

calcdelta, closedelta. byt. p ! integer)looks: loubyte)respons! char)

START. (* Start new figure *)

DIDPRINT: (* Already printed for button up *)

boolean;first*, firsty. lastx, lasty. x, y,

area. len, cumarea, cumlen, magr! real)

Kt PACKED ARRAY CO..13 OF CHAR; (* Dummy array! KC03 holds command *)

ptr : interactive;

procedure nextbyte;var u: loubyte;

BEGIN (* Reads next byte from BIT PAD *)

REPEAT

IF NOT UNITBUSYC2) THEN UNITREAD ( 2.KC0 1,1.,1 ); (* Look for command *)LOOKB .'= BITPAD. PI. INBUFUNTIL LOOKB.READY OR (KC03 = 'Q')) (* Good data *)EITPAD.Pt.OUTBUF != OUTRECEIVED)

IF LOOKB.FIRST THEN BYT != 0)BYT != BYT + 1!

REPEAT

U != BITPAD.P1.INBUFUNTIL NOT U.READY) C* BIT PAD reset *)

BITPAD.Pt.OUTBUF != OUTNEXT) (* BIT PAD sends next byte *)END (* NEXTBYTE *))

PROCEDURE DEBUG0)

(# used for debussins only *)BEGIN

URITE( LOOKB. D>;

IF LOOKB.READY THEN URITEt' READY'))

IF LOOKB.FIRST THEN URITEC' FIRST'))

URITELNi

END)

PROCEDURE PRINT!

BEGIN (* Print results * )

URITELN ('* Points !'. P!5, ' / Area !'. SSR< MAGR )*ABS< CUMAREA >{ 9i<?.,

' so mm / Lenath !'. MAGR*CUMLEN!9!6, ' mm' )iIF (KC0I = '?' ) AND (P <> 0) THEN

URITE (PTR. '* Points !', P!5.' / Area !', SQR( MAGR >*ABS< CUMAREA )! 9!<i,

' so mm / Lensth !'. MAGR#CUHLEN!Vl6i ' mm', CHR<10))iEND) (* PRINT *)

PROCEDURE NEUFIGURE;BEGIN ( * initialize *)

START != FALSE;

firstx:= x;

FIRSTY!= Y!LASTX != X)LASTY := y;

p := os

CUMAREA != 0)CUMLEN != OiURITE < '*D0UN' . CHR( 7 > >i

Listing 1: Pascal program that uses inputfrom the Summagraphics Bit Pad anddetermines the area perimeter of a tracedfigure.

Listing 1 continued on page 122

the Bit Pad with OUTNEXT that thenext byte is ready to be received.

The first loop in the main programwaits for the depression of the cursorZ-axis switch ("button down" in thelisting). The loop also synchronizesthe program with the five data bytesfrom the Bit Pad. Only the first byteof the five-byte sequence contains a 1in bit 7 ( FIRST is TRUE ), and a 1 inbit 2 ( D = 4 ) when the switch isdepressed. Bit 6 is set to 1 ( READY isTRUE ) by the Bit Pad when the byteis available. When the switch isreleased the results are displayedusing the procedure PRINT.

The second loop is executed foreach point when the switch is depress-ed and coordinates are being re-ceived. Bits 0 thru 5 ( D ) of inputbytes 2 and 3 contain the 12-bitX coordinate and D in bytes 4 and 5contain the Y coordinate. After eachbyte is fetched, the CASE-statementcode transfers the data into the in-tegers X and Y by adding up thevalues. When the final byte is taken,it may then start a new figure if theswitch was just pushed, calculate thenext point, and/or detect closure andprint the results.

The procedure CALC is called aftereach X,Y coordinate input that islocated at a distance at leastCALCDELTA away from the lastpoint. X and Y are the integer coor-dinates in units of the Bit Pad's incre-ments, which are 0.1 mm from thetablet's origin (lower left corner). Themaximum value possible for X and Yis 2795. The length is calculated withthe formula for the distance {d) be-tween two points:

id) = V(Xl-XO)2 + (Yl - YO)2

where XI and Yl are the current coor-dinates and X0 and Y0 are the lastcoordinates. Since many points areprocessed, the length of an irregularline is calculated from a number ofshort straight lines that yield a goodapproximation of the true line length.

120 March 1960 © BYTE Publications Inc

TQ68owmicrocoTwi turntna;,„», thinK again tks ,e ,„,„ a p_ ^ r, mjw s

-MM*

Man

so

as 55*

DISK HEAD

cc0Un ities and i wt-^ ana u^-- mmsystem utiHt'e5R AppLtw best trie otp.SKHUDCLEAN BW|^Yf^

gggSgSSSk

__. -rill

' ,404)939-6031

Circle 75 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

121

Listing 1 continued:

end; (*neufigure*)procedure calc!

BEGIN (# Caculate incremental area and lensth *)

Pt= P + 1»

AREAt= (X - LASTX) * (Y + LASTY) / 2 / lOOiLENI = SQRT(SQR( LASTX-X ) + SQR< LASTY-Y ) ) / ioi

cumarea:= cumarea + area;cumlen!= cumlen + len!

IF KCOI = 'A' THEN (* Print each point *>

PRINT!LASTX*.= Xi (* Save this point *)LASTYt= YENDS ( * CALC *>

PROCEDURE CLOSURE;

BEGIN (* back at first point: finish *)

CUMAREA'.= CUMAREA -t- (FIRSTX - LASTX >*< FIRSTY + LASTY) / 2 / KlO!

CUMLEN!= CUMLEN + SQRT<SQR(LASTX-FIRSTX> + SQR( LASTY-FIRSTY > ) / .10!

WRITELN ('*CL0SURE'> CHR( 7 ) >!

PRINT!

niriPRiNT:= true;start := TRUE!end;

begin < * main *>rewrite(ptr>'rekote:' )ibitpad.i != portadur!bitpad.pt.outbuf != outnext;uritelnc length and area measurements');

URITELN!

WRITELN('Please leave all the switches out. The prosram sets the BIT PAD to' >i

WRITELN( ' stream mode and full speed.' );

WRITELN!

URITELN( ' Type a " Q" at any time to chanse masnification or ouit>' );

URITELN<

''A'' to see all the points displayed < with speed degradation )>' >»WRITELN( ' /'p'/ ^n t,urn on ^ne printer r' );URITELN( ' 3nd press a space to turn off the modes.');REPEAT

KC0 3 t= ' ' !

URITELN!

write< 'calcdelta; ' );readln( calcdelta);

URITE< 'CLOSEDELTA! ' )i

READLN(CLOSEDELTA)!

WRITE ('MAGNIFICATION FACTOR? ')!

REABLN (MAGR )!

WRITELN ('READY. FACTOR = ', MAGR !9:7>!

START i= TRUE!

DIDPRINT := TRUE!

WHILE Kid}BEGIN

'&' DO

(* Loop for each point *)

(* Wait for button doun *>

REPEAT

NEXTBYTE!

IF (BYT = 1) AND (LOOKB.D <> 4) AND NOT DIDPRINT THEN

BEGIN (* If first point and button up *>

WRITELN< '*UP' , CHR( 7) )iPRINT!

DIDPRINT!= TRUE!START != TRUEEND (* If first point and button up *>

UNTIL (BYT = 1) AND (LOOKB.D = 4) OR <KCO] = '0')!

( * Button is doun *)WHILE (BYT < 5) AND (NTOH <> ' 13' ) DOBEGIN (* Get whole point *)

nextbyte!iiidprint:= false;case byt of

2! X := lookb.d;

31 X := X 4 <44*L00KB.D!

4: y s= lookb.d;

5! BEGIN

y := y + 64*lookb.d;if start thennewftgureelse if (abs(x - lastx) > calcdelta) or(abs(y - lasty) > calcdelta) then

CALC! (* Only take points far enoush away *)IF (ABS(X-FIRSTX) < CLOSEDELTA) AND

( ABS(Y-FIRSTY) < CLOSEDELTA) AND (P > MINPTS) THENCLOSURE! (* Back at first point +/- DFL TA *>ENIK * 5 ! * )END! ( * CASE *)END! <* Get whole point *)

END! ( * Next point * )

WRITE ('ANOTHER MEASUREMENT? ')!

READ(RESPONS)!UNTIL RESPONS = 'W iEND.

Area Calculation

Area is calculated by integration,by dividing the figure being traced in-to trapezoids. The trapezoids arecalculated with the X axis as the baseand up to the present and last pointsas the top. This formula is calculatedfor each new point:

Area = [(XI - X0 ) X (Y1+ Y0 )]/2.

When the current point is within adistance equal to CLOSEDELTA ofthe first point, closure is detected.This is done in order to achieve thelowest possible error by ending thefigure where it started (ie: within 0.3mm of the beginning of the trace).When closure is detected, final calcu-lations are made to close the figure.The results are printed, and START isset so it will clear the variables thenext time around for a new figure.

CALCDELTA is used to correct foroscillation of the coordinates due tothe analog-to-digital (A/D) conver-sion, which results in inaccuratelymeasured line lengths. If CALC-DELTA is too small, then oscillationbetween points causes many coordi-nates to be inappropriately summedresulting in an overestimation of thetrue length of the traced figure. IfCALCDELTA is too large, notenough points will be fitted, resultingin a less accurate approximation.Good results have been obtained withCALCDELTA = 3 (that is, 0.3 mm ).

Conclusion

This electronic planimeter has beenused for thousands of measurementsin a laboratory environment. It isfaster to use and more accurate than amechanical planimeter. The relativeerror between twenty repeated area-tracings of several different figureswas consistently less than 0.5%. Thiselectronic planimeter is less expensiveand more flexible than commerciallyavailable dedicated-microprocessorsystems that are specifically designedfor planimetry, such as the LeitzImage Analysis System and the ZeissMOP-3. A microcomputer or mini-computer user whose application in-volves length and area calculations ofirregularly shaped figures will findthis system useful and relatively inex-pensive to construct. ■

122 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Part No.

VDS-MVDS-IIMVDS-IIMDMEM-3 2K-ASMMEM-16K-ASM

CI-ASH

CI-KIT

FDI-ASM

FDI-KIT

DD-ASM

DD-KIT

VDS-II

VDS-IID

PS270

SIM120

SHU800

CP272

CP206

CP206

MPMDB-1

TBAS-CASTBAS-DSK

TBAS-LSTTBAS-SRCPTSW+LSTEMPL-CASEMPL-DSKCPM-2.0i i i CPM-1.4-Y- CPM-1.4-M"t CPM-MS^ BASE-MAN> BASE-LST-S* PBLC-DMN-1

i i PBLC-DMN-2

^ CBAS-DSK

CO CBAS-MAN

SPLR

FAST

TELE-COMPOLYVUEPASCAL/MT

Description

8-slot Mainf8-slot Mainf8-slot MainfTarbell 32kTarbell 16k(Memories onCassette IntCassette IntFloppy DiskFloppy DiskDouble DensiDouble DensiVertical DisDouble DensiPerSci ModelSiemens ModeShugart 800/Power SupplyPower SupplyPower Supply

people don't read our ads

rame with room for 2 8" floppies

rame with 2 8" floppies & FDI-ASM

rame with 2 8" floppies & DD-ASM

Static Memory for S-100 bus

Static Memory for S-100 bus

ly come assembled & checked out)

erface Assembled & Checked out

erface Kit (now incl software)

Interface Assembled & Checked out

Interface Kit

ty Floppy Disk Interface A&T

ty Floppy Disk Interface Kit

k Subsystem

ty Disk Subsystem

270 Dual Floppy Disk Drive1 120-8 Single Floppy Disk Drive801 Floppy Disk Drive

for PerSci 270 Dual Drive

for PerSci 299

for Two Siemens or Shugart

Price

Digital Research Multi-User OS with our I/O

Tarbell Database Software (minimal support)

Tarbell Cassette BASIC on cassette incl manual

Tarbell Disk BASIC on CP/M disk incl manual

Note: the following two items can only be

ordered with Tarbell Disk or Cassette BASIC:

Tarbell BASIC source listing on paper

Tarbell BASIC source on 2 CP/M disks

Proc Tech Assembler/Editor with listing

EMPL micro APL on cassette & instructions

EMPL micro APL on CP/M disk & instructions

CP/M 2.0 Operating system incl documentation

CP/M 1.4 Operating system incl BASIC-E on disk

CP/M 1.4 on soft-sectored MINI-FLOPPY disk

CP/M 1.4 Operating system manual set (of six)

BASIC-E Compiler Manual (works with CP/M)

BASIC-E Source Listing (in PL/M)

Public Domain Disk #1 - includes DISKTEST,

BASIC-E, CBIOS, FORMAT, TAPELIB, etc on disk 10.00

Public Domain Disk #2 - includes Double Density

FORMAT, DISKTEST, Auto-BIOS for 1.4 & 2.0; FORTH 15

800.00

Mew

2488.00

New

2599.00

New

725.00

440.00

175.00

120.00

325.00

Inc

225.00

Inc

425.00

325.00

1888.00

1999.00

1295.00

495.00

525.00

125.00

120.00

120.00

400.00

New

25.00

New

72.00

Inc

72.00

Inc

3.6.00

Inc

36.00

Inc

15.00

15.00

20.00

150.00

70.00

70.00

25.00

5.00

15.00

CBASIC-2 disk

CBASIC-2 manual

KLH Systems Spooler for CP/M on disk

851570

FAST! Screen-oriented Editor/Assembler for CP/M 100Software to operate D.C. Hayes Modem Remote 195Screen-Oriented CP/M Editor 135

Meta-Tech Pascal Compiler for CP/M 99

,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,95

Prices are subject to change without notice.

_, , . j- ,-i ._ _« jj /-o n j- CP/M is a trademark/tradename of Digital Research

California residents please add 6% sales tax.

For quick delivery, see your local Tarbell dealer.

950 DOVLEN PLACE • SUITE B • CARSON, CALIFORNIA 90746(21 3) 538-4251 • (21 3) 538-2254

Circle 76 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

123

MORE COLOR. MORE SOUND.MORE PERSONAL/BUSINESS POWER.

Compare the built-in features ofleading microcomputers with theAtari personal computers. And goahead, compare apples andoranges. Their most expensiveagainst our least expensive: theATARI® 400™.

Start with graphics capabilities.The ATARI 400 offers 128 colorvariations. 16 colors in 8luminance levels. Plus 29keystroke graphics symbols and 8graphics modes. All controlledfrom a full 57 key ASCII keyboard.With upper and lower case. Andthe system is FCC approved with abuilt-in RF modulator. That's justfor openers.

Now, compare sound capabili-ties. Four separate sound channelsand a built-in speaker. With theoptional audio/digital recorder,you can add Atari's unique Talk &Teach™ Educational Systemcassettes.

Here's the clincher: Solid state(ROM) software. For homemanagement, business and enter-tainment. Or just plug in an Atari10K BASIC or Assembler languagecartridge and the full power of thecomputer is in your hands.

Memory? 8K expandable to 16K.And that's just for the ATARI 400at a suggested retail of only$549.99.

The ATARI® 800™ gives you allthat and much more.

User-installable memory to 48K.A full-stroke keyboard.

With a high-speed serial I/O portthat allows you to add a wholefamily of smart peripherals.Including up to four individuallyaccessible disk drives. And a highspeed dot-matrix impact printer.And, the Atari Program Recorderis included with the 800 system.Suggested retail price for theATARI 800 (including recorder) is$999.99.

Make your own comparisonwherever personal computers aresold.

Or, send for a free chart thatcompares the built-in features ofthe ATARI 400 and 800 to otherleading personal computers.

Atari promises to be the most popular Personal Computer System of the1980's! Feel free to contact us for Atari literature.

1

NEECO

679 Highland Ave.Needham, MA02194

Customer Sales:NEECO

679 Highland Ave.,(617)449-1760

Circle 77 on inquiry card.

Needham, MA 02194

Dealer Sales:Microamerica Distributing

21 Putnum St., Needham, MA 02194(617)449-4310

Circle 72 on inquiry card.

124

BYTE March 1980

1

NEECO

PROUDLY ANNOUNCES THE NEWESTHARDWARE AND SOFTWARE FOR YOUR PET!

Microcomputer Systems Division

<&►:

*

«»

The PET is now a truly sophisticated

Business System with the announcement

of these peripherals and software packages.

NEWNEW

NEW

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION PRICE AVAILABILITY

PET 2001— 8KN 'Large Keys) 8K RAM $ 795 IMMEDIATE

PET 2001—8K 8KRAM $795 IMMEDIATE

PET 2001—16KN(LargeKeys)i6K RAM* $995 IMMEDIATE

PET 2001— 32KN (Large Keys)32K RAM $1295 IMMEDIATE

PET 2023 PRINTER ROLL FEED $ 695 IMMEDIATE

PET 2022 PRINTER TRACTOR/ROLL $ 795 IMMEDIATE

ROMRETRO KIT UPDATED O/S $ 90 IMMEDIATE

PET 2040 DUAL FLOPPY* $1295 IMMEDIATE

PET C2N 2nd Cassette $ 95 IMMEDIATE

•The 16K/32K (large keyboard) units do not include a cassette drive. Order C2N Cassette.2040 Floppy Drive requires a 16K or 32K unit. 8K RAM Retrofit available July.

ALL PETS ARE FULLY TESTED BY NEECO BEFORE SHIPMENT. NEECO IS A FULLCUSTOMER-ORIENTED COMPANY. CALL FOR OUR FREE CATALOG. ALL ORDERSOVER $795 WILL RECEIVE A FREE NEECO PET DUST COVER AND $100 OF SOFT-WARE FROM OUR CATALOG IF YOU MENTION YOU SAW THIS AD.

PET-DISK BASED BUSINESS SOFTWARE

SOFTWARE/APPLICA TION

WORDPRO II / WORD PROCESSING

WORDPRO III / WORD PROCESSING

GENERAL LEDGER

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE

MAILING LIST

MICROLEDGER

MICROPAY

MICROREC

MICROINV

MICROPERS

REQUIRES

2040+ 16KPET2040 + 32K PET

AUTHORPRO/MICROCMS SOFTWARE

it

COMPUMAX

AVAILABILITY PRICE

IMMEDIATEJANUARY

IMMEDIATEJANUARYJANUARY

IMMEDIATE

$100

$200

$295*

$295*

$295*

$100

$140

$140

$140

$140

$140

*The CMS Software (G/L, A/R, A/P) are based on Osborne & Associates trial tested business basic software.Software is complete with full documentation and user instructions. All packages require a printer for output.Commodore recommends the NEC Spinwriter (available from NEECO) as the output printer for WORDPRO.

PRODUCTS ARE AVAILABLE TO DEALERS VIA MICROAMERICA DISTRIBUTING (617-449-4310)

FOR WORD PROCESSINGNEC IS BEST!

* 55 characters per second output speed

* Changeable thimble for different typestyles

* Less than 1% warranty malfunction rate

* IBM quality letter output

* Dealer inquiries invited

THE NEC SPINWRITERMODEL 5530-P ( SKJ&r )

$2995

"Price includes IEEE interfaceto PET. IEEE Port is availablefor use with 2040 Dual Disk.

"The NEC 5530-P is the output printer recommended by Commodore for their Word Processing System.

KJCC^^ Mon-Fri 9:30-5:30

NCCLrU MasterCharge &

679 Highland Ave. visa Accepted

(617)449-1760

Needham, MA02194

Telex: 951021

MICROAMERICA DISTRIBUTING

"Nationwide distributors of Computer Equipment"21 Putnam StreetNeedham, MA

02194 (617)449-4310

Circle 77 on inquiry card.

Circle 72 on inquiry card

BYTE March 1980

125

A Power-Line Protection Circuit

Neil A Schneider

Bror E Erickson

9434 Ironwood

Des Plaines IL 60016

Several years ago while he wasworking with color organ circuits, afriend of mine connected a colororgan to an All American Five radioreceiver. For those of you who aretoo young to remember, the AllAmerican Five was a popular five-tube radio design containing nopower transformer. To my friend'ssurprise, and fortunately not to hisharm, the connection of his color

INPUT120VAC O-

organ to this radio resulted in foot-high flames as the audio outputtransformer burned.

The radio receiver had a "hot"internal chassis which was isolatedfrom the outside world by its plasticcase. The power cord was not polar-ized to connect the chassis to the lowside of the AC power line. As myfriend made his connection, he placedthe 117 VAC power line currentacross the 8 ohm impedance audio-output secondary winding of thetransformer, and across the speaker.This resulted in flames and a de-stroyed radio receiver.

Home computer enthusiasts of

GROUND O"NEUTRAL

u-~

SIDE

O-

A.

OUTPUT-O 120VAC

-o

NEUTRAL

120VACRELAY

100K

(J)nS-«

Editor's Note: For industrialapplications we recommenduse of an isolation transformerfor circuit protection.

Figure 1: A simple circuit that offers some protection by using a relay to reverse con-nections to the power line. However, no protection is provided if the earth-groundline is defeated.

NEUTRAL

NEUTRALSIDE

Figure 2: A better circuit that uses a double-pole, double-throw switch to presentreversible power to the relay. If an attempt is made to defeat the earth ground, thepower is cut off.

today face the same problem. Whilemy friend's error only resulted in theloss of a radio (about $15), the con-nection of computer circuits to trans-formerless hot-chassis television setscan result in the loss of hundreds ofdollars in digital circuits.

The obvious solution is to usethree-wire power cords on all equip-ment to insure that the televisionchassis is at earth ground. This solu-tion works fine as long as no wiringerrors have been made in the ACpower socket. If you transport yourcomputer to a friend's house, you areagain betting the hundreds of dollars,and maybe your life, on the accuracyof his electrical system.

The circuit shown in figure 1 is abetter solution. This circuit is lessexpensive than an isolation trans-former, and it can even incorporate apower-line fault indicator. The circuitsimply detects ground-fault condi-tions. The 117 VAC relay connectsbetween the cold-side power andearth-ground lines.

If a wiring error has been made,and the cold terminal is hot withrespect to earth ground, the relaycloses to reverse the power connec-tion to the television. A neon lampwired across the relay will provide aline-fault indication. CAUTION! Noprotection is provided with this cir-cuit if the earth-ground line isdefeated.

All that is required to provide fullpower-line protection is the additionof a double-pole, double-throwon/off switch as shown in figure 2.This switch is used to present revers-ible power to the relay. When the ACline is switched to the proper connec-tion, the relay activates, and appliespower to the load. If any attempt ismade to defeat the earth ground, thecircuit will not function, and the loadwill not receive power.

The result is a circuit that is, formost applications, less expensive andphysically smaller than an isolationtransformer. This relay circuit shouldfit inside almost any television setthat you wish to modify for yourvideo terminal. It may protect youand your equipment from a fatal mis-take. ■

126 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

CANADIANS! NOW BUY IN CANADAAND SAVE 25% IN TAXES.

EXCELTRONIX proudly presents computer

products, designed and manufactured in Canada

by ANDICOM TECHNICAL PRODUCTS LTD.

ANDICOM DYNAMIC MEMORYBOARD

• S100 bus compatible

• 4MHz operation guaranteed

• Dip switch selectable boundaries

• Designed to operate in Z-80 system

• Temperature stressed for over6 billion cycles

• Full 12 month warranty

16K $360.00 32K $450.00

48K $540.00 64K $630.00

ANDICOM FLOPPY CONTROLLER

• S100 bus compatible

• IBM 3740 soft sectored compatible

• Ability to control both 8" and5" drives simultaneously undersoftware control

• Runs CPM on Shugart, Memorex, etc.

• Single density

• Software modification provided torun both 8" and 5" drives

ASSEMBLED & TESTED $255.00

ANDICOM A/D BOARD

• S100 bus compatible

• 12 bit resolution

• Maximum non-linearity, ±0.2 count

• Dual slope integrating A/D converter

• Low Cost

• May be expanded to 4 channels

ASSEMBLED & TESTED $125.00

■,«rt»wo

cow**"*

TRS-80 A/D CONVERTER

• 12 bit resolution (with additionaloverrange and sign bits)

• Dual slope integrating analog-to-digital converter

• Input current: 1pA

• Low noise: typical 15 micro-voltpeak-to-peak

• May be expanded to include up to4 channels

• Independent power supply

• Software routines provided

• Full 12 month warranty

• Attractive, high impact plastic case

ASSEMBLED & TESTED $95.00

ANDICOM TRS A/D can turnyourTRS machine intoa useful laboratory-gradedmeasurement instrument.

COMING SOON: High GainAmplifier, Timer, D/A, andmany others for TRS machines.

All boards are assembled andburnt in, using an industrialtemperature controlled oven.They are also masked with solderresist and have gold contacts.

ANDICOM I/O BOARD

• S100 bus compatible

• 2 serial RS232 compatible ports

• 6 parallel ports (48 programmableI/O lines)

• 6 interval timers (16 bit counters)

• Software selectable BAUD ratesASSEMBLED & TESTED $293.00

ANDICOM CPU-Z80A BOARD

• S100 bus compatible

• 2Kof on-boardRAM

• Space for up to 6K of EPROM

• Power-on jump up to 256 addresses

• 2 or 4 MHz operation

ASSEMBLED & TESTED $340.00

ANDICOM COLOR VIDEOGRAPHICS BOARD

• S100 bus compatible

• Eight colors: green, yellow, blue,red, buff, cyan, magenta and orange

• 11 programmable modes

• 1 alphanumeric mode with 32X16characters with inverse video

• 2 semigraphic modes with 8 colorsin 64X32 and 64X48

• 8 full graphic modes with 2 sets of4 colors ranging from 64X64 to128X192, and 2 sets of 1 color

in 256X192ASSEMBLED & TESTED $295.00

EXCELTRONIX ALSO CARRIES

AN ABUNDANCE OF

THE FOLLOWING COMPONENTS:

74LSXX • Discrete Component

74XX • Microprocessors and

CMOS Peripheral Chips

LINEAR • Connectors, Sockets, and a full

MEMORY line of electronic hardware

TO ORDER:

EXCELTRONIX COMPONENTS& COMPUTING INC.,319 College Street,Toronto, Ontario,Canada. M5T1S2

Phone Order: 1-416-921-5295VISA/MASTER CHARGE

Ontario orders addprovincial sales tax.

Exceltronix

Component/ & Computing Inc.

Circle 79 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980 127

BUY ONE of these great professional books

when you join the

! micfocomp

MINICOMPUTER SYSTEMS, Organiza-tion, Programming, and Applications.

By Richard H. Eckhouse, Jr. and L RobertMorris. 2nd Ed., 491 pp., illus. Updated, re-vised, and expanded, this is a book for everysystems programmer, systems designer,computer scientist, and application specialistwho wants to know more about microcomputerhardware, software, and design.787 /026 Pub Pr., $21.95 Club Pr., $17.75

MICROELECTRONICS: Digital andAnalog Circuits and Systems. By JacobMillman. 801 pp., 700 illus. Exciting news forthe thousands of engineers who want a thor-ough refresher and updating on today's ICs.Will be welcomed by both digital and analogelectronics engineers at every level of profi-ciency.423 /27X Pub Pr., $24.50 Club Pr., $19.50

AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSINGHANDBOOK. Edited by The Diebold Group.976 pp., 269 illus. Written by a staff of interna-tionally recognized authorities on ADR thiscomprehensive handbook explains systems,programming and the languages, communica-tions processes, and the design and installa-tion of today's computers.168/075 Pub Pr., $38.95 Club Pr., $25.75

THE Z-80 MICROCOMPUTER HAND-BOOK. By William Barden, Jr. 304 pp., illus.,paperbound. This book gives you the entire"state of the art" in microcomputer technologytoday. Arranged in three convenient and logi-cally developed sections, the book discussesarchitecture and interface signals, then power-ful interrupt sequences of Z-80 and interfacingexamples of I/O memory devices.784/914 Pub Pr., $8.95 Club Pr., $7.60

BE SURE TO CONSIDER THESE IMPORTANT TITLES AS WELL—

APPLYING MICROPROCESSORS, New Hard-ware, Software, and Applications. Edited by L.Attman & S. E. Scrupski191 /603 Pub. Pr, $19.50 Club Pr., $15.50

57 PRACTICAL PROGRAMS & GAMES INBASIC. By K. Tracton784/957 Pub. Pr., $10.95 Club Pr., $9.30

MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE ANDPROGRAMMING. By W. E Leahy784 /612 Pub. Pr., $19.95 Club Pr., $14.95

MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCOMPUTERSYSTEMS. By G. V. Rao783/659 Pub. Pr., $24.50 Club Pr., $19.50

THE BASIC COOKBOOK. By K. Tracton786 /615 Pub. Pr., $7.95 Club Pr., $6.75

MICROPROCESSOR PROGRAMMING FORCOMPUTER HOBBYISTS, by N. Graham783/56X Pub. Pr., $12.95 Club Pr, $10.95

ILLUSTRATED DICTIONARY OF MICRO-COMPUTER TERMINOLOGY. By M. Hordeski

786 /631 Pub. Pr, $12.95 Club Pr, $10.95

HOME COMPUTER PROGRAMS. By J. W. Trudell.Jr. & M. Landberg

787 /042 Pub. Pr., $8.95 Club Pr., $7.60

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER AL-GORITHMS, by E. Horowitz & S. Sahni786 /380 Pub. Pr, $19.95 Club Pr., $15.95

ELECTRONICS DICTIONARY. By J. Markus404 /313 Pub. Pr., $24.50 Club Pr., $19.50

HANDBOOK OF OPERATIONALAMPLIFIER CIRCUIT DESIGN. By D F.

Stout; edited by M. Kaufman. 434 pp., 223illus. Compact, concise, and highly concen-trated, this unique "one-stop" designer'shandbook contains an enormous amount ofinformation.617/97X Pub Pr, $29.65 Club Pr., $17.50

PRINTED CIRCUITS HANDBOOK.

Edited by C. F. Coombs, Jr. 2nd Ed., 634 pp.,595 illus. Covering the subject of printed cir-cuits from the design's idea to final accep-tance, this enormously well-received work in-cludes double-sided plated boards throughprinted boards and also the major variationssuch as multilayer and flexible circuits.126/089 Pub Pr., $32.50 Club Pr., $24.50

PRINCIPLES OF INTERACTIVE COM-PUTER GRAPHICS. By William M. New-man and Robert Sproull. 2nd Ed., 544 pp.,illus. Now in a revised, updated Second Edi-tion, this is a volume that has long been THEstandard source of information for designers!463/387 Pub. Pr., $24.95 Club Pr, $19.95

PROGRAMMABLE CALCULATORS. By

Charles J. Sippl and Roger J. Sippl. 526 pp.,illus, 6V2 x 10 format, paperbound. Profuselyillustrated, this book analyzes pocket "pro-grammable" calculators. The authors concen-trate on the trade-up models that users willsoon be purchasing.784/493 Pub Pr., $13.95 Club Pr., $11.50

THE 8080A BUGBOOK: Microcomput-er Interfacing and Programming. By

Peter R. Rony, David G. Larsen, and JonathanA. Titus. 476 pp., with figures, charts, andtables, paperbound. Gives you the basic con-cepts of microcomputer interfacing and theassociated microcomputer I/O programmingto develop your own interfaces. For the 8080user, this book will be invaluable.783/845 Pub Pr, $9.95 Club Pr., $8.45

128 BYTE March 1980

and GET ONE FREE (values up to $60.00)

COMPUTER PROFESSIONALS' BOOK CLUB.

fc Electron^

I ®m

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS' HAND-BOOK. Editor in Chief, D. G. Fink. 2,704 pp.,2026 ///us. Brings together in one instant-reference volume the essential principles,data, and design information known today onthe components, circuits, equipment, and sys-tems of all the various specialties that make upmodern electronics.209/804 Pub Pr., $52.50 Club Pr., $37.50

ELECTRONIC GAMES, Design, Pro-gramming and Troubleshooting. By W.

H. Buchsbaum and R. Mauro. 335 pp., 338///us. Information you need to design, program,and troubleshoot electronic games is righthere in this widely popular hands-on guide.087/210 Pub Pr., $17.50 Club Pr., $14.00

MEMORY DESIGN: Microcomputers toMainframes Edited by LAURENCEALTMAN. 792 pp., ///us., BVz x 11 format Keep"up" with memory chips, through this collec-tion of key articles from Electronics magazine.Data, diagrams, and discussions put all thetechnology to work for you in one authoritativebook—a volume so up to date, it's a pleasureto use.191/549 Pub. Pr., $18.50 Club Pr., $15.50

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES. By AllenB. Tucker, Jr. 439 pp., illus. Gives you not onlythe principles of design but the applications ofsix major programming languages. Shows youtheir strengths and weaknesses in solving var-ious representative "benchmark" problems.654/158 Pub Pr., $22.00 Club Pr., $16.50

MICROCOMPUTERS/MICROPROCESSORSHardware, Software, andApplications. By John L. Hilburn and PaulN. Julich. 372 pp., illus. Expressly created forpeople involved in the design, use, or mainte-nance of digital systems using micro-computers. The authors describe the theoryand workings behind microprocessor architec-ture, read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), and input/output in-terfacing methods.771 /449 Pub Pr., $22.50 Club Pr., $16.50

LOGIC DESIGNER'S MANUAL. By JohnD. Lenk. 504 pp., illus. Written for logic ICusers rather than for designers of logic ICs,this book uses time-tested existing commer-cial logic ICs to solve all design and applicationproblems.784/671 Pub Pr., $18.95 Club Pr., $15.75

HOW TO DESIGN AND BUILD YOUROWN CUSTOM TV GAMES. By David L.Heiserman. 544 pp., illus. Shows you how tocreate and build TV games from scratch andmodify the ones you already have.786/585 Pub Pr., $14.95 Club Pr., $11.95

MICROPROCESSORAPPLICATIONS MANUAL. By MotorolaSemiconductor Products, Inc. 720 pp., illus.,8V2X 77 format. With nuts-and-bolts practical-ity, this manual by the Motorola people (whoshould know) gives you detailed applicationsinformation on microprocessors and assumesno prior knowledge on your part about MPUs.435/278 Pub Pr., $38.00 Club Pr., $26.50

PERSONAL COMPUTING: Hardwareand Software Basics ELECTRONICBOOK SERIES. 224 pp., 175 illus., outsized8V2 x 11 format Gives you comprehensiveguidance to the present state of the art in per-sonal computers —an overall survey of thetechnology, and methods available to performvarious tasks, facts about the work others aredoing —and just how they are doing it.19V514 Pub. Pr., $14.95 Club Pr., $11.95

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF COMPUTER SCI-ENCE. Edited by Anthony Ralston and C. L.Meek. 7,500 pp., 60 illus., 100 charts, 7 x 10format. This first and only in-depth coverage ofthe entire field of computer science in a singlevolume is comprehensive and completely upto date.769/01X Pub Pr., $60.00 Club Pr., $39.95

ANALOG SYSTEMS FOR MICRO-PROCESSORS AND MINICOMPUTERS.

By Patrick H. Garrett. 248 pp., illus. Exploresall possibilities for analog systems in one ap-plications oriented volume—with many spe-cific examples.786/496 Pub Pr., $18.95 Club Pr., $14.95

Choose any one of these books at the special club discount, andselect any other as your gift Free of Charge when you enroll.

Why YOU should join now!

• BEST BOOKS IN YOUR FIELD-Books are selected from a widerange of publishers by expert editors and consultants to give youcontinuing access to the latest books in your field.

• BIG SAVINGS — Build your library and save money too! We guaran-tee savings of at least 15% off publishers' list prices on every book.Usually 20%, 25% or even higher!

• BONUS BOOKS —You will immediately begin to participatein our Bonus Book Plan that allows you savings between70-80% off the publisher's price of many books.

• CONVENIENCE —14 times a year you receive the Club BulletinFREE, fully describing the Main Selection and alternate selections,together with a dated reply card. If you want the Main Selection, yousimply do nothing —it will be shipped automatically. If you want analternate selection —or no book at all —you simply indicate it on theregular reply card and return it by the date specified. You will have atleast 10 days to decide. If, because of late mail delivery of the Bulletinyou should receive a book you do not want, just return it at the Club'sexpense.

As a Club member, you agree only to the purchase of four books(including your first selection) over a two-year period.

Computer Professionals' Book Club

P.O. Box 582, Hightstown, New Jersey 08520

Please enroll me as a member and send me the two books indicated, billing me for my firstselection only at the discounted member's price, plus local tax, postage and handling IInot satisfied, I may return the books within 10 days and my membership will be canceled. Iagree lo purchase a minimum of 3 additional books during the next 2 years as outlinedunder the club plan described in this ad. Membership in the club is continuous butcancellable by me any time after the (our book purchase requirement hos been fulfilled

Write Code # ofFREE selection here

Write Code # ofFIRST selection here

Orders from outside the U.S. must be prepoid with international money orders in U S

dollars

Charge my D VISAD MASTER CHARGE* Exp. Date . — _

Credit Card #

Signature .

Name

"MC Bank #

Address .

City, State, Zip

Corporate Affiliation

This order subject to acceptance by McGraw-Hill. Ail prices subject to change withoutnotice Offer good only to new members. A postage and handling charge is added to oilshipments P39456

BYTE March 1980

129

Landing Module Simulationwith Random Surface

S J Houng

E 36 Salmon St

Spokane WA 99218

This article describes a program that simulates thelanding of a jet-propelled craft on a random surface. Thesurface is generated by a random-number generator. Asin photo 1, the craft can be steered vertically or

seen

horizontally by the firing of the main jet, the side jets, or

Photo 1: Landing module hovering over the five-segment ran-dom surface as it cautiously approaches its landing site.

both of them. During the dynamic simulation, the craftwill move vertically along the central vertical line of theoscilloscope. The horizontal movement of the randomsurface causes the craft to appear to move in the oppositedirection.

The sequence of the simulation is as follows:

• The dynamic equations of the craft are solved byEuler's method. The solutions are velocity and dis-placement.

• The craft is displayed according to the vertical

displacement, and the jets are made visible whenthey are fired.

• The random surface is displayed relative to thehorizontal displacement of the craft. There are 256segments of random surface which form a con-tinuous terrain. Only five surface segments areshown on the oscilloscope at one time.

• When the craft has touched down on the surface,the vertical and horizontal velocity are comparedwith the crash velocity. If the craft exceeds the crashvelocity, it will disappear from the screen. If it landssafely, it will remain on the surface waiting for lift-off.

The needed hardware is: a Motorola MEK6800 D2 Kit,two 8-bit digital-to-analog (D/A) converters, and anoscilloscope with DC inputs, as shown in figure 1. Thecapacitors at the output of the digital-to-analog converterare used to obtain a straight line display between twopoints. The keyboard will be used to enter the followingcommands:

G — Go to start the simulationM — Main jet firingR — Right jet firingP — Left jet firing

After the program has been entered, the micro-processor will be directed to execute the program begin-ning at hexadecimal address 00F1 (listing 1). The oscillo-scope will display a stationary craft and a random sur-face. Closure of the G key will start the dynamic simu-lation. Now you may control the firing of jet engines bypressing the M, R, or P keys. The objective of the controlis to land safely. If the craft crashes, it will disappearfrom the screen. By pressing the G key, a new craft foryou to command will appear on the screen. A star will be

130 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

At Last! Affordable

WORD PROCESSING

Made Possible by TRS-80®

NEW.SCRIPSIT®Word ProcessingSoftware lor 16KLevel II TRS-80s.

$6995 Cassette*$9995 Disk'

NEW UPPERAND LOWERCASE KIT.Available fornew or exist-ing systems.

'99 Installed*

EDIT, DELETE, MODIFY —then print it error-free, 45characters per second!

NEW TRS-80 DAISYWHEEL PRINTER.Clean and readableprinting, like the veryfinest electric type-writers.

s2999*

RADIO SHACK BRINGSYOU A COMPLETE WORDPROCESSING SYSTEM FORTRS-80 MODEL I COMPUTERS.

Radio Shack smashes anothercomputer "cost barrier" with thenew TRS-80 Word ProcessingSystem. The system includes ournew SCRIPSIT software, Upper/Lower Case Kit and Daisy WheelPrinter. Add it to any 16K Level IITRS-80, or buy a complete sys-tem. Once you've tried it, you maynever want to use a typewriteragain!

The new SCRIPSIT softwarelets you compose letters and doc-uments of all types on TRS-80'sscreen in upper case, or upperand lower case with the new Up-per/Lower Case Kit. You canmove words or entire paragraphs,insert, delete and edit to yourheart's content! SCRIPSIT givesyou automatic page numbers,page headings and footnotes andmakes it easy to indent para-graphs, change line widths, andcenter your text horizontally or

vertically. Advanced features in-clude justification, hyphenation,global search/replace, and vari-able screen width. On-going re-ports, form letters and text withprint commands can be stored onTRS-80 cassettes or diskettes foruse or revision at any time.

SCRIPSIT software includes an audiocassette course that makes anyone aproficient word processing operator.

PRINT ALL OF THE"ORIGINALS" YOU NEED,FAST AND ERROR-FREE!

Our new WP-50 Daisy WheelPrinter is fast and gives you thesame quality of the finest electrictypewriters — carbon film ribbonand all! Or, if your job doesn'trequire "letter" quality, a TRS-80

system with a dot matrix, u/lcprinter costs even less.

A complete TRS-80 cassettesystem with Word ProcessingSoftware, Upper/Lower Case Kitand a dot matrix printer is yours forjust $2,046.95:fOr choose a reallydeluxe system with the WP-50Printer and two floppy disks thatstore eight hours of 50 WPM typ-ing for only $5,492.95?

Sound exciting? You bet it is!Visit your nearest Radio Shackoutlet or write for details.

*Retail prices may vary at individual stores and dealers.

Radio /hack

The biggest name in little computers®

A DIVISION OF TANDY CORPORATION ■ FORT WORTH, TEXAS 76102

Mail to: Radio Shack, Dept. CMA-4271300 One Tandy CenterFort Worth, Texas 76102

I'd Like to Know More!

D Send details on TRS-B0 Word Processingand the 24-page TRS-80 Catalog #RSC-3.

□ Have a representative contact me.NAME

Circle 80 on inquiry card.

ADDRESS

niTY

STATE

I Own/Use a

Mnriel

TRS-80

ZIP

D

Yes

□

No

BYTE March 1980

131

8

A

o

A

PERIPHERAL

INTERFACE

ADAPTER

B

DIGITAL-TO-ANALOGCONVERTER

•1.

r

OSCILLOSCOPE

U8

A

DIGITAL-TO-ANALOGCONVERTER

Figure 1: A block diagram illustrating the interface connectionsused to monitor the landing simulation on an oscilloscope.

seen above the craft whenever you make a safe landing.The craft will stay on the surface until you lift it from thesurface by pressing the G and M keys simultaneously.The degree of control skill required depends on the speedof the simulation. You may change the speed by increas-ing or decreasing the time delay at hexadecimal address01BB.

The graphic resolution is 256 by 256 points on thescreen for an 8-bit microprocessor. The contour of thecraft and jets is defined by coordinate points, and linesbetween points. Each point needs 2 bytes of storage. Thefirst byte defines the horizontal coordinate, and thesecond byte defines the vertical coordinate. If the value ofthe first byte is 0, this will signal the end of display. Thecoordinate points for the top section of the craft begin athexadecimal address 01F1. This is followed by the left jet,left side, main jet, right side, right jet, and a 5-point star.

The movement of the craft on the screen is obtained bythe translation of points. This is accomplished by addingto or subtracting from the first byte with the amount ofhorizontal displacement, and the second byte with theamount of vertical displacement. The motion is such thatthe shape, size, and orientation are not changed. Thedisplay program DSPLY begins at hexadecimal address01 A3. You can see here that only the second byte istranslated to simulate the vertical motion of the craft.The random surface is displayed by the subroutine SURF(hexadecimal address 0lC0),that simulates the horizontalmotion for the craft.

The subroutine RAND (hexadecimal address 0056) cangenerate a string of 256 random numbers before repeatingthe numbers. A number is picked as the seed for produc-ing a string of random numbers. Beginning with the seed,the random-surface generator SRFGEN (hexadecimaladdress 0062) always produces the same string ofnumbers. The length of the string is determined by thetotal horizontal displacement of the craft. Only the lastfive numbers are used to represent the height of five sur-face segments. The third surface segment is locateddirectly below the craft.

The length of the horizontal display is hexadecimal FF,and each surface segment has a width of hexadecimal 40.The subroutine BXING (hexadecimal address 0085) will

add or subtract a random number from the stringwhenever the horizontal displacement of the craft isincreased or decreased by an amount of hexadecimal 40.This will create a continuous horizontal movement forthe craft which appears to be flying over an unknown ter-rain. The last random number of the string is saved as theseed for the next simulation. Therefore, none of the land-ing simulations will be the same.

An 8-bit microprocessor represents a numerical rangeof decimal 0 to 255, or hexadecimal 0 to FF. It seems that

Text continued on page 139

Listing 1: M6800 assembler listing of the program that controlsall movement of the landing module. The speed adjustment canbe made by modifying the contents of hexadecimal location01BB. The subroutine SURF, starting at hexadecimal location01C0, displays the random surface which simulates the horizon-tal motion of the craft. The coordinate points for the top sectionof the craft are stored at hexadecimal location 01F1.

00001

NAM

LM

SIMULA

HON

00002

8004

PI A

EQU

$8004

2.

00003

8006

PIB

EQU

$8006

3.

00004

8005

CRA

EQU

$8005

4.

00005

8007

CRB

EQU

$8007

5 •

0000(4

8022

GCNREG

EQU

$8022

6.

00007

801

'0

DISREG

EQU

$8020

7.

00008

0000

ORG

0

8.

00009

0000

SO

XI

FCB

*80

9.

00010

0001

00

X2

FCB

0

10.

00011

0002

00

Yl

FCB

0

11 .

00012

0003

00

Y2

FCB

0

12.

00013

0004

00

RND

FCB

0

13.

00011

0005

00

RNDO

FCB

0

14 .

00015

0006

F6

GO

FCB

tF 6

15.

00016

0007

OA

Gl

FCB

$A

16.

00017

0008

05

JL

FCB

*5

17.

00018

0009

FB

JR

FCB

*FB

18.

00019

000A

00

FLAG1

FCB

0

19.

00020

000B

00

FL.AG2

FCB

0

20.

00021

OOOC

00

FLAG3

FCB

0

21 .

00022

000D

00

TEMP

FCB

0

">*?

00023

000E

00

ODOM

FCB

0

23.

00021

000F

00

FLAG4

FCB

too

24.

00025

0010

0000

GETSRF

FDB

to

25 *

00026

0012

00

SUR

FCB

0

26.

00027

0013

0000

FDB

0

27.

00028

0015

00

B5

FCB

0

28.

00029

0016

96

02

SYS

LDA

A

Yl

29.

00030

0018

D6

03

LDA

B

Y2

30.

00031

001A

8D

31

BSR

EULER

31 .

00032

001C

97

02

STA

A

Yl

32.

00033

001E

96

03

LDA

A

Y2

33.

00034

0020

D6

OA

LDA

B

FLAG1

34.

00035

0022

27

06

BEQ

NEXT

35.

00034

0024

D6

07

LDA

B

Gl

36.

00037

0026

8D

25

BSR

EULER

37 .

00038

0028

20

04

BRA

STORE

38.

00039

002A

D6

06

NEXT

LDA

B

GO

39.

00040

002C

8D

IF

BSR

EULER

40.

00041

002E

97

03

STORE

STA

A

Y2

41 .

00042

0030

96

00

LDA

A

XI

12.

00043

0032

D6

01

LDA

B

X2

43.

00044

0034

8D

17

BSR

EULER

44.

00045

0036

97

00

STA

A

XI

45 .

00046

0038

96

01

LDA

A

X2

16.

00047

003A

D6

OB

LDA

B

FLAGS

47.

00048

003C

26

01

BNE

FIRE

48.

00049

00 3E

39

RTS

49.

00050

003F

D6

08

FIRE

LDA

B

JL

50.

00051

0041

7D

000B

tst

FLAG2

51 .

Listing 1 continued

on page

134

132

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

32K Board Pictured Above

Why Not the Best?

From The Dynamic RAM Company.

2MHz

4MHz

16K—$249

$259

32K—$375

$395

48K—$500

$530

64K—$625

$665

We have now been shippingour 2MHz dynamic RAM boardsfor over two years. Hundreds of4MHz boards have been goingout every month since early1979. Our reliability is proven inthe thousands of systems whichcontain our board. Many quality-minded systems houses acrossthe country and overseas areusing our boards for theirequipment.

Our prices still beat all.Despite rising 1 6K memory chipprices (at least from reputablesuppliers), Central Data continuesto give you the best buy inmemory today. Nobody offers aboard with a capacity of 64K,assembled, tested, and guaranteedfor a full year at the price we do.

Circle 81 on inquiry card.

Deselect around PROMs. Our

boards have the important deselectfeature which lets you overlap anyfixed memory in your system withno interference.

Our features make the boardeasily used and expanded. Youaddress our boards on 1 6Kboundaries with mini-jumps (smallshorting plugs that slide over wire-wrap pins) near the top of theboard for easy access. If you wantto expand your board after youhave purchased it, all that youneed to do is add memory. Wecan supply you with expansionpackages ($1 50-2MHz,$160-4MHz) which include eightRAMs that you can depend on aswell as two mini-jumps foraddressing. And of course, ourboard never generates wait states.

Low power consumption keepsyour computer running cool andreliable. The total powerconsumption of our 1 6K board istypically less than 4 watts ( + 8V @300ma, +16V @ 1 50ma and

-16V @ 20ma). Boards withadditional memory typicallyincrease power consumption only1 watt per 1 6K!

Standard S-100 Interface. Ourboard is designed to interface withany standard S-100 CPU. All ofthe timing of the board isindependent of the processor chip,and the board is set up fordifferent processors by changingtwo plugs on the board.

Call or write us today. That willguarantee a fast response withmore information on the board. Ormake an order — you'll probablyhave the board in two weeks! Ifyou're interested, also ask for acatalog on our Z8000 16-bitprocessor board designed for theMULTIBUS. All of these productsare available to your local dealer,also.

Central Data Corporation, 713Edgebrook Drive, PO Box 2530,Station A, Champaign, IL 61820.(217) 359-8010

Central Data

BYTE March 1980 133

North

Star

Horizon

HeathH89

JaT/^

CromencoC3

TRS-80 MModel I

TRS-80Model II

YourComputer

"BSTAM"

Byrom Software Telecommunications Access Method

The missing link betweenany CP/M orTRSDOS computers!

A commercially oriented telecommunications

facility for transmitting and receiving

CP/M* and TRSDOS** files, BSTAM has BIG

computer features for your micro:

links computers directly at 9600 baud with

UARTS, or via phone lines using modems

full speed data transfer without hex

conversion overhead

full wildcard expansions to send * .COM, etc.

reliable error detection

and automatic retry with

console messages for

status and errors

It's Terrific1

We use it ourselves!

s-icnpER

iO\J COMPUTER

SC MANUALO ALONE

—

fJfeboat Associates

. THESOFTWARESUPER-I MARKET

"CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research•TRSDOS is a trademark of TandyCorporation

Lifeboat Associates

2248Broadway NewYork,N.Y.10024 (212)580-0082 Telex:220501

Listing

1 continued:

00052

0044

2E

02

BGT

LFIRE

52.

00053

0046

D6

09

LBA

B

JR

53.

00054

0048

8D

03

LFIRE

BSR

EULER

54.

00055

O04A

97

01

STA

A

X2

55.

00056

004C

39

RTS

56.

00057

00 4 D

CE

0002

EULER

LUX

#♦2

57.

00058

0050

57

EO

ASR

B

58.

00059

0051

09

BEX

59.

00060

0052

26

FC

BNE

EO

60.

00061

0054

IB

ABA

61.

00062

0055

39

RTS

62.

00063

0056

116

04

RANB

LBA

B

RNB

63.

00064

0058

17

TBA

64.

00065

0059

58

ASL

B

65.

00066

0O5A

58

ASL

B

66.

00067

005B

IB

ABA

67.

00068

005C

58

ASL

B

68.

00069

oosn

IB

ABA

69.

00070

005E

4C

INC

A

70.

00071

005F

97

04

STA

A

RNH

71.

00072

0061

39

RTS

72.

00073

0062

D6

OE

SRFGEN

LBA

B

OHOM

73.

00074

0064

B7

on

STA

B

TEMP

74.

00075

0066

06

05

LBA

B

RNHO

75.

00076

0068

D7

04

STA

B

RNB

76.

00077

006A

8H

EA

NXT

BSR

RANEi

77.

00078

006C

7A

OOOD

BEC

TEMP

78.

00079

006F

26

F9

BNE

NXT

79.

00080

0071

CE

0010

LUX

♦GETSRF

80.

00081

0074

C6

05

LBA

B

*»S

81.

00082

0076

07

on

STA

B

TEMP

82.

00083

0078

8D

nc

NXTS

BSR

RANB

83.

00084

007A

44

LSR

A

84.

00085

007B

44

LSR

A

85.

00086

007C

A7

00

STA

A

OrX

86.

00087

007E

08

I NX

87.

00088

007F

7A

ooon

BEC

TEMP

88.

00089

0082

26

F4

BNE

NXTS

89.

00090

0084

39

RTS

90.

00091

0085

7F

OOOF

BXING

CLR

FLAG4

91.

00092

0088

96

00

LBA

A

XI

92.

00093

008A

84

3F

ANn

A

**3F

93.

00094

008C

81

30

CMP

A

#»30

94.

00095

008E

2A

09

BPL

XING

95.

00096

0090

81

10

CMP

A

#♦10

96.

00097

0092

2B

05

BMI

XING

97.

00098

0094

84

20

AND

A

♦ ♦20

98.

00099

0096

97

15

STA

A

B5

99.

00100

0098

39

RTS

100.

00101

0099

84

20

XING

ANB

A

♦♦20

101.

00102

009B

16

TAB

1.02.

00103

009C

90

15

SUB

A

B5

103.

00104

009E

27

OF

BEG

OUT

104.

00105

0OA0

2B

05

BMI

PLUS

105.

00106

00 A 2

7A

OOOE

DEC

OBOM

106.

00107

00A5

20

03

BRA

SAVE

107.

00108

00A7

7C

OOOE

PLUS

INC

OBOM

108.

00109

OOAA

7C

OOOF

SAVE

INC

FLAG4

109.

00110

OOAD

H7

15

STA

B

B5

110.

00111

OOAF

39

OUT

RTS

111.

00112

OOBO

8D

B3

TERR

BSR

BXING

112.

00113

00B2

D6

OF

LBA

B

FLAG4

113.

00114

00B4

27

02

BEQ

SBSPLY

114.

00115

0OB6

8B

AA

BSR

SRFGEN

115.

00116

00B8

BD

01C0

SBSPLY

JSR

SURF

116.

00117

OOBB

39

RTS

117.

00118

OOBC

4F

KEY

CLR

A

118.

00119

OOBD

97

OA

STA

A

FLAG1

119.

00120

OOBF

97

OB

STA

A

FLAG2

120.

00121

0OC1

86

20

LBA

A

♦ ♦20

121.

00122

0OC3

8B

25

BSR

TKEY

122 •

00123

00C5

2B

03

BMI

L

123.

00124

00C7

7C

OOOA

INC

FLAG1

124.

00125

OOCA

86

10

L

LBA

A

♦ ♦10

125.

00126

OOCC

8B

1C

BSR

TKEY

126.

00127

OOCE

2B

03

BMI

R

127.

00128

OODO

7C

OOOB

INC

FLAG2

128.

00129

0OD3

86

AO

R

LBA

A

♦ ♦AO

129.

00130

0OB5

8D

13

BSR

TKEY

130.

00131

00D7

2B

03

BMI

EXT

131.

00132

0OB9

7A

OOOB

BEC

FI.AG2

132.

Listing 1 continued on page 136

134 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

IDS Announces

S-100 Energy Management Module

The 100-EMM Energy Management Module provides temperature measurement at four separate locationsindoors or out; monitors eight (8) doors, windows, or fire sensors; controls six external devices via relay or op-toislator; and provides an intrusion alarm with battery backup (alarm operates even during primary power out-ages). Put the 100-EMM to use in your home or business and claim a 30% tax credit for the cost of your S-100computer system including the 100-EMM. (Purchasing the 100-EMM can actually save you several times itscost in tax credits. Full instructions for filing are included in the 100-EMM manual.)

BUY THIS S-100 BOARDAND GET UP TO A 30%TAX CREDIT BASED ONTHE COST OF YOURCOMPUTER SYSTEM!

100-EMM Energy Management Module

Assembled and Tested $395.00Kit $345.00

Options for 100-EMM:

CP-52 Cable Panel - Terminates two 26-conductor flat cables in 26 screwlugs. Use it for convenient interconnection of the 100-EMMto the "outside world". $45.00

CABL-26-STD 26-Conductor Flat Ribbon Cable - Fourfeet in length with connectors for 100-EMM and CP-52 above. $35.00 Otherlengths available on special order. Add $1.00 per foot.

OTHER PRODUCTS FROM IDS. The most complete source of S-100 compatible modules for process con-trol, data acquisition, energy management, and data communications.

88-MODEM S-100 ORIGIN ATE/ANSWER MODEM WITH AUTO-DIALER. Software selectable baudrate provides any baudrate from 66-600 baud. Provides 1.5 stop bits when operated in 5-bit code mode.Auto-answer programs available for CROMEMCO CDOS, CP/M, NorthStar Horizon and MDS, and Alpha Micro.Assembled and Tested $395.00 Kit $245.00

88-UFC UNIVERSAL FREQUENCY COUNTER

Four software selected inputs. Measure frequency from O-650MHz and period from .luS to 1 Second. Extensive software in-cluded.

Assembled and Tested $299.00 Kit $199.00 Temperature-Compensated Crystal Oscillator option $145.00

88-SAI SYNCHRONOUS/ASYNCHRONOUS INTERFACE

The most versatile serial interface on the market. Computer ac-cess/control of all data and handshake lines and provision formasked interrupts, inversion of any input or output signal, andonboard baudrate generation for 110, 134.5, 150, 300, 600,1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, and many other baud rates. Manymore features.

88-SPM TIME OF DAY CLOCK with battery backup. Set theclock with three out instructions: no delays! Programs includedin North Star BASIC, CBASIC, and 8080 assembly language.

Assembled and Tested with crystal option $199.00 Kit lesscrystal option $99.00 Crystal Option Kit $25.00

88-RCB RELAY CONTROL BOARD

16 Relays on one board. Control appliances, production equip-ment, or even musical instruments (See BYTE Magazine Sept1977 page 12)Assembled and Tested $299.00 Kit $199.00

Assembled and Tested $299.00 Kit $199.00

INTERNATIONALDATA SYSTEMS, INC.

Mailing Address:

Post Office Box 17269Dulles International AirportWashington, DC 20041

Telephone (703)661-8442

Shipping Address:

400 West Service Road, Suite 130Dulles International AirportWashington, DC 20041 USA

TELEX 901112 IDS CTLY

Circle 83 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

135

NOW BETTER THAN EVER

• Control Program for Microcomputers.

• Includes Editor, Assembler, Debugger, Utilities.

• Supports Floppy Disks and Hard Disks.For 8080, 8085, Z-80, MDS.

• $150-Diskette and Documentation

• $25-Documentation only

NEW INDUSTRY STANDARD

• Multi-terminal access.

• Multi-programming.

• CP/M-compatible.

• Real-time features.

• $300-Diskette and Manual

• $25-Manual only

OPTIONAL SOFTWARE PACKAGES

MAC™ MACRO ASSEMBLER:

• Compatible with new Intel macro standard.

• Complete guide to macro applications.

• $90-Diskette and Manual.SID™ SYMBOLIC DEBUGGER:

• Symbolic memory reference.

• Built-in assembler/diassembler.

• $75-Diskette and Manual.TEX™ TEXT FORMATTER:

• Powerful text formatting capabilities

• Text prepared using CP/M Editor.

• $75-Diskette and Manual.DESPOOL™

• Background print utility.

• Use with CP/M

• $50-Diskette and Manual.

01 DIGJTflL RESEARCH*

P.O. Box 579* Pacific Grove, California 93950(408) 649-3896

Listing 1 continued:

00133

oodc:

39

EXT

RTS

133

00134

00DD

7F

000C

GO

CLR

FLAG3

134

00135

00E0

86

EO

LDA

A

**E0

135

00136

00E2

8D

06

BSR

TKEY

136

00137

0OE4

2B

03

BMI

0

137

00138

00E6

7C

000C

INC

FLAG3

138

00139

00E9

39

0

RTS

139

00140

OOEA

B7

8022

TKEY

STA

A

SCNREG

140

00141

00ED

7D

8020

TST

DISREG

141

00142

00F0

39

RTS

1.42

00143

00F1

7F

8005

BEGIN

CLR

CRA

143

00144

00F4

7F

8007

CLR

CRB

141

00145

0OF7

86

FF

LDA

A

t*FF

145

00146

00F9

B7

8004

STA

A

PI A

1.46

00147

OOFC

B7

3006

STA

A

PIB

147

00148

OOFF

86

25

LDA

A

*$25

148

00149

0101

B7

8005

STA

A

CRA

149

00150

0104

B7

8007

STA

A

CRB

150

00.1.51

0107

4F

IN IT

CLR

A

151

00152

0108

97

03

STA

A

Y2

J 52

00153

010A

86

OA

LDA

A

**A

153

00154

010C

97

01

STA

A

X2

154

00155

010E

86

60

LDA

A

1*60

155

00156

0110

97

02

STA

A

Yl

156

00157

0112

86

20

LDA

A

1*20

157

00158

0114

97

OE

STA

A

ODOM

153

00159

0116

96

04

LDA

A

RND

159

00160

0118

97

05

STA

A

RNDO

160

00161

011A

8D

5C

START

BSR

LANDER

16.1

00162

one

BD

00B0

JSR

TERR

162

00163

011F

8D

BC

BSR

GO

163

00164

0121

H6

OC

LDA

B

FLAG 3

164

00165

0123

27

F5

BEQ

START

165

00166

0125

8D

95

MOTION

BSR

KEY

166

00167

0127

BD

0016

JSR

SYS

167

00168

012A

8D

4C

BSR

LANDER

168

00169

012C

8D

4A

BSR

LANDER

169

00170

012E

8D

48

BSR

LANDER

170

00171

0130

BD

OOBO

JSR

TERR

171

00172

0133

96

02

LDA

A

Yl

172

00173

0135

8B

80

ADD

A

♦ 480

173

00174

0137

90

12

SUB

A

SUR

174

00175

0139

22

EA

BHI

MOTION

175

00176

013B

81

FB

CMP

A

t*FB

176

00177

013D

2B

10

BMI

CRASH

177

00178

013F

96

01

LAND

LDA

A

X2

178

00179

0141

81

08

CMP

A

♦*8

179

00180

0143

2A

OA

BPL

CRASH

180

00181

0145

81

F8

CMP

A

**FS

181

00182

0147

2B

06

BMI

CRASH

182

00183

0149

96

03

LDA

A

Y2

183

00184

014B

81

FO

CMP

A

**F0

184

00185

014D

2A

OB

BPL

SAFE

1.85

00186

014F

BD

OOBO

CRASH

JSR

TERR

186

00187

0152

8D

89

BSR

GO

187

00188

0154

D6

OC

LDA

B

FLAG3

183

00189

0156

2E

AF

BGT

INIT

189

00190

0158

20

F5

BRA

CRASH

190

00191

015A

C6

04

SAFE

LDA

B

*t4

191

00192

015C

D7

03

STA

B

Y2

192

00193

015E

5F

CLR

B

193

00194

015F

D7

01

STA

B

X2

194

00195

0161

D7

OA

STA

B

FLAG1

195

00196

0163

D7

OB

STA

B

FLAG2

196

00197

0165

CE

A04D

SF

LDX

*S

197

00198

0168

8D

39

BSR

DSPLY

198"

00199

016A

8D

OC

BSR

LANDER-

199

00200

016C

BD

OOBO

JSR

TERR

200

00201

016F

BD

OODD

JSR

GO

201

00202

0172

D6

OC

LDA

B

FLAG 3

202

00203

0174

2E

AF

BGT

MOTION

203

00204

0176

20

ED

BRA

SF

20 4

00205

0178

CE

01F1

LANDER

LDX

♦ TOP

205

00206

017B

8D

26

BSR

DSPLY

206

00207

017D

D6

OB

LDA

B

FLAG2

20 7

00208

017F

2F

05

BL.E

RJET

208

00209

0181.

CE

01 FA

LDX

tLJ

209

00210

0184

8D

ID

BSR

DSPLY

210

00211

0186

CE

A031

RJET

LDX

*LS

21.1

00212

0189

8D

18

BSR

DSPLY

212

00213

018B

D6

OA

LDA

B

FLAG!

21. 3

Listing 1 continued on page 138

136 March I960 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 84 on inquiry card.

after

BATTERY SUPPORTEDCALENDAR CLOCKS

PDP-11 *

TCU-100*$495

■ Provides month, day, hour, minute and second.

■ Can interrupt on date/time, or periodic intervals.

TCU-150«$460

■ Provides year, month, day, hour, minute andsecond.

■ Automatic leap year.

■ Patches for RSX-11M, RT-11 FB/SJ V02, V03and UNIX.

LSI-11/2*

TCU-50D • $325

■ Provides month, day, hour, minute and second.

■ Dual size board.

■ Patches for RT-11 SJ/FB V02, V03B.

Lockheed SUE

TCU-200 • $550

■ Provides year, month, day, hour, minute, secondand milli-second.

■ Interval interrupts between 1/1024 seconds and64 seconds.

Computer Automation (Naked Mini)

TCU-310-$385

■ Provides year, month, day, hour, minute andsecond.

'Trademark of Digital Equipment Corporation

Multi-Bus**

TCU-410«$325

■ Provides year, month, day, hour, minute andsecond.

■ SBC/BLC compatible.

HP 2100

TCU-2100-$395

■ Correct time restored after power failure.

■ Compatible with the HP TBG card.

Serial Clock (RS 232 or 20 mA)

SLC-1 • $640

■ Connects between any terminal and host computer.

■ Provides date, time and more!

All Digital Pathways TCUs have on board NICADbatteries to maintain time and date during powerdown. Timing is provided by a crystal controlledoscillator. Prices are U.S. domestic single piece.Quantity discounts available.

For more information on these products, contact:Digital Pathways Inc.4151 Middlefield RoadPalo Alto, CA 94306Phone: (415) 493-5544

* "Trademark of Intel Corporation**"Trademark of Computer Automation Incorporated

DIGITAL PATHWAY5

Circle 85 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

137

Circle 86 on inquiry card.

The days of complicated, unreliable,dynamic RAM are gone:

the ultrabyte memory board

Qinn QK tcompletekit \

O I *J jj •* ** \with 1BKmemory J

Netronics consistently offers innovative products at un-beatable prices. And here we go again—with JAWS,the ultrabyte 64K S100 memory board.ONE CHIP DOES IT ALLJAWS solves the problems of dynamic RAM with astate-of-the-art chip from Intel that does it all. Intel'ssingle chip 64K dynamic RAM controller eliminateshigh-current logic parts... delay lines... massiveheat sinks... unreliable trick circuits.REMARKABLE FEATURES OF JAWSLook what JAWS offers you: Hidden refresh ... fastperformance ... low power consumption ... latcheddata outputs ... 200 NS 4116 RAMs ... on-boardcrystal... 8K bank selectable ... fully socketed...solder mask on both sides of board ... designed for8080,8085, and Z80 bus signals... works in Explorer,Sol, Horizon, as well as all other well-designed S100computers.

I GIVE YOURCOMPUTERA BIGBYTEOFMEMORY |POWERWmiJAWS—SAVEUPTOt900f)INTRODUCTORY LIMITED-OFFER SPECIAL PRICESI |

UNDECIDED? THY A WIRED ISK JAWS IN YOUR COMPUTER ON OURW-OAY MONEY- BACK OfFIR (SPECIFY YOUR COMPUTER).

HMTIMSTMU S A CHEOITCMDIUVEITS OOTSIMCONNiCIICUr Mil

From Connicticul Or Fat Asiittine

I5METR0NICSE

CALL TOLL FREE 800-243-7428

FnnCamMcticiHOrFar Amoiiiki.(20313M-937S Dept

"{RESEARCH & bIDEVELOPMENTLTD

333 Litchfield Road, New Milford.CT 06776Please send the items checked below:h JAWS 16K RAM kit, No. 6416. $199.95.*□ JAWS 16K RAM hilly Mumbled, mud, burned in,

No. 6416W, $229.95.*G JAWS 32K RAM kit. No. 6432. (reg. price $329.95).

SPECIAL PRICE (299.95.*G JAWS 32K RAM fully ettembled. tested, burned in,

No. 6432W. (reg. price $369.95), SPECIAL PRICE

$339.95. *D JAWS 48K RAM kit. No. 6448, (reg. price $459.95),

SPECIAL PRICE (399.95.*D JAWS 48K fully euembled, tested, burned in, No.

6448W. (reg. price $509.95). SPECIAL PRICE

(449.95.*D JAWS 64K RAM kit, No. 6464. (reg. price $589.95),

SPECIAL PRICE (499.95.*C3 JAWS 64K RAM fully assembled, tested, burned in.

No. 6464W, (reg. price $649.95), SPECIAL PRICE

(559.95*G Expsnsion kit. JAWS 16K RAM module, to expand

any of the above in 16K blocks up to 64K, No. 16EXP,

$129.95.*

* All prices plus $2 postage and handling. Connecticutresidents add sales tax.Total enclosed: S

□ Personal Check □ Money order or Cashiers Check

□ VISA Q MASTER CHARGE (Bank No )

Acct. No. Exp. Date

Signature

Print Name

Address

City

State Zip

G Send me more information

Listing 1 continued:

00214

018D

27

05

BEQ

NOJET

214.

00215

018F

CE

A03A

LDX

#MJ

215.

00216

0192

an

OF

BSR

DSPLY

216.

00217

0194

CE

A03D

NOJET

LDX

#RS

217.

00218

0197

8D

OA

BSR

DSPLY

218.

00219

0199

D6

OB

LDA

B

FLAG2

219,

00220

019B

2C

05

BGE

NORJ

220 .

00221

019D

CE

A048

LDX

#RJ

221 .

00222

01A0

8Ii

01

BSR

DSPLY

r> 2 "y

00223

01A2

39

NORJ

RTS

223 .

00224

01A3

A6

00

DSPLY

LDA

A

OrX

224.

00225

01A5

27

12

BEQ

END

225.

00226

01A7

B7

8004

STA

A

PI A

226.

00227

01AA

A6

01

LDA

A

lrX

227.

00228

01AC

9B

02

ADD

A

Yl

228.

00229

01AE

8B

70

ADD

A

#*70

'?1Q

00230

01B0

B7

8006

STA

A

PIB

230 .

00231

01B3

08

INX

231.

00232

01B4

08

INX

232.

00233

01B5

8D

03

BSR

TDELAY

233.

00234

01B7

20

EA

BRA

DSPLY

234.

00235

01B9

39

END

RTS

235.

00236

01BA

C6

80

TDELAY

LDA

B

t$30

236.

00237

01BC

5A

DELAY

DEC

B

237.

00238

01BD

26

FD

BNE

DELAY

238.

00239

01BF

39

RTS

239.

00240

01C0

CE

0010

SURF

LDX

♦GETSRF 240.

00241

01C3

4F

CLR

A

241.

00242

01C4

E6

00

LDA

B

OrX

242.

00243

01C6

B7

8004

STA

A

PIA

243.

00244

01C9

F7

8006

STA

B

PIB

244.

00245

01CC

8D

EC

BSR

TDELAY

245.

00246

01CE

96

00

LDA

A

XI

246.

00247

01 DO

43

COM

A

247.

00248

01D1

84

3F

AND

A

**3F

248.

00249

01D3

B7

8004

NEXTS

STA

A

PIA

249.

00250

01D6

8D

E2

BSR

TDELAY

250.

00251

01D8

08

INX

251.

00252

01D9

E6

00

LDA

B

OrX

252.

00253

01DB

F7

8006

STA

B

PIB

253.

00254

01 BE

80

DA

BSR

TDELAY

254.

00255

01E0

8C

0014

CPX

IGETSRF+4 255.

00256

01E3

27

04

BEQ

LAST

256.

00257

01E5

SB

40

ADD

A

t*40

257 .

00258

01E7

20

EA

BRA

NEXTS

258.

00259

01E9

86

FF

LAST

LDA

A

#*FF

259.

00260

01EB

B7

8004

STA

A

PIA

260.

00261

01FE

8D

CA

BSR

TDELAY

261.

00262

01F0

39

RTS

262.

00263

01F1

881

20

TOP

FDB

$8820r

$8424r$7C24r$7320

01F3

8424

01F5

7C24

01F7

78.

JO

00264

01F9

00

FCB

*00

264.

00265

01FA

701E

LJ

FDB

*701E

265.

00266

01FC

00

FCB

$00

266.

00267

A031

ORG

JA031

267.

00268

A031A033A035A037

781C7C1878107C18

LS

FDB

*781Cr

$7C18r$7810r$7C18

00269

A039

00

FCB

*00

269.

00270

A03A

8000

MJ

FDB

$8000

270.

00271

A03C

00

FCB

$00

271.

00272

A03DA03FA041A043A045

841888108418881C8820

RS

FDB

$8413r

$8810r$8418r$881C

00273

A047

00

FCB

$00

273.

00274

A048A04A

901E881C

RJ

FDB

$901Er

$881C 274.

00275

A04C

00

FCB

$00

275.

00276

A04DA04FA051A053

854080507B40884A

S

FDB

$8540r

*8050r$7B40r$884A

00277

A055A057

784A8540

FDB

$784Ar

$8540 277.

00278

A059

00

FCB

0

278.

00279

END

279.

263.

268.

276.

138 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Text continued from page 132:

we do not have much room to move around, but thelanding simulation is very realistic. In numerical calcula-tion the 2's complement arithmetic is used. The 2's com-plement number has a range of decimal —128 to +127,or hexadecimal 80 to 7F. Since the number can be positiveor negative, the summation will only be sufficient to per-form addition and subtraction. The shift instructionsASL and ASR can be used to perform multiplication ordivision by 2 respectively. By repeating the use of shiftoperation, it is possible to multiply or divide a number by2, 4, 8, and so on.

The dynamic equations for the landing craft are givenby the following four first-order ordinary differentialequations:

dt

= x2

dX2dt

= ±SJET

dY,dt

= Y2

dY2

= -g + JET

dt

where:

X1 = horizontal displacement

X2 = horizontal velocity

SJET = side jet thrust; negative for the right-hand

side jet, positive for the left-hand side jet,

and 0 when neither are firingYi = vertical displacementY2 = vertical velocityg = gravity

JET = main jet thrust; 0 when it is not firingt = time

According to the Euler's method (see reference on 'Ap-plied Numerical Methods"), an equation of the form:

dZ =

dt

- f(t,Z)

can be replaced by the following equivalent numericalroutine:

Z„tl = Z„ + hf(t„,t„+1 = t„ + hn = 0,1,2,....

ZJ

where the quantity Z„+i, at the time t„+i, can be calculatedby adding the previously calculated value Z„, and theproduct of the time increment h and the function f(t„, Z„).Starting from the given initial value Z0 at t„, the solutionfor Z„ at t„ can be obtained by repeating the calculationfrom the Euler's routine. This concept has been carried

out in the program SYS (address 0016). An assumption ismade that the time increment h is equal to Vk second.

A total of 553 bytes of memory is needed for the pro-gram. If you have more memory space available, youmay want to add more constraints to your simulation.The limited fuel capacity can be added to the program.The fuel gauge, velocity, altitude, displacement, andelapsed time can also be displayed on the screen. Thetrace between craft and surface can be blanked by thebeam-intensity modulation. The control line on theperipheral interface adapter (PIA), such as CA2 or CB2,can be used for the blanking control.

The microprocessor can be a useful tool in the class-room for the dynamic simulation. An automobile tra-veling on a random surface can be an interesting subjectfor studying the suspension system. Even a simple mass,spring, and dashpot system would prove to be an inter-esting simulation to observe on the osccillosope.B

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Carnahan, B, H A Luther, and J O Wilkes, Applied NumericalMethods, John Wiley and Sons Inc, New York, 1969, chapter 6.

2. Grieser, D,"Pseudorandom Number Generator," BYTE,November 1977, page 218.

3. M6800 Microprocessor Programming Manual, Motorola Inc,chapter 4.

FOR YOUYOUR WIFEYOUR CHILDYOUR HOMEYOUR SCHOOLYOUR BUSINESS

{A Computer System BothI Practical and Affordable!

i Many uses for your computer, ■ Word

^Processing ■ Accounting ■ Bookkeeping!

■ Games ■ Personal Records ■ Menu I

iPlanning ■ Educational Development!

I Tax Preparation ■ Homework, etc.f

BYTE SHOP EAST offers a wide selection of hardware to meetyour specific needs; SORCERER, PET, APPLE, NORTH STAR,IMSAI, DIGITAL, and many, many others.BYTE SHOP EASThas |a complete library of books and magazines to meet your needs.

Come in to our computer stores for a FREE demonstration!

BVTE SHDP EflSTJ

130 East 40th St.(Corner of Lexinqton Ave.)New York 10016"Tues.-Fri. 10- 6 Sat. 10- 5(212) 889-4204

2721 Hempstead Turnpike(Just East of Wantagh Pkwy)Levittown. NY. 11756Tues.-Fri. 12 - 8 Sat. 10 - 5(516) 731-8116

Circle 87 on inquiry card.

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 139

6 South Street - Milford, New Hampshire 03055 -(603) 673-5144

I IN ITT S

CENTRONICS 753-2...

This high speed, high density, dot matrix printer (180 CPS) featuresan 18 x 9 dot matrix and proportional spacing. 132 characters per line.Ideal for word processing and all business uses. Includes connectingcable, j ' List price$3295 oo HardSide Price $2795.00

ENTECNICS 73C...

Thisls the same printer as the new Radio Shack "Line Printer II".Prints at 100 characters per second, 8 inch lines of 80 characters each.Features upper and lower case letters, with wide letters under softwarecontrol. Operates as both a friction feed and a pin feed printer. Usespaper up to 91/2 inches wide. Can also handle a single sheet of paper.Includes connection cable.■HMMk. List Price '999.00 HardSide Price $899.00

cuicr

WINTER II...

A "mini" line printer priced to fit everyone's budget. Connects direct-ly to the keyboard without an expansion interface. Software selectablefor 16 or 32 character lines of both upper and lower case letters.Automatic "wrap-around"so no data is lost.

List price $219.00 HardSide Price $197.00

CALL TOLL PCEE l-M < -/ »S-1/ H

EXPANSION INTERFACE:

OK

16K

32K

DISK DRIVES:

Percom, TFD-100, 40-trackPercom, dual TFD-100Percom, TFD-200, 77-track2-drive cable4-drive cable

Radio Shack,Radio Shack,

2,3

ACCESSORIES:

Telephone Interface16K Memory Kit16K Memory Kit for E.I.RS232-C InterfaceTRS-232 InterfaceData Dubber

LIST

OUR

PRICE

PRICE

$299

$269

$448

379/403

$597

479/537

$399

$795

$675

$29

$39

$499

$469

$399

$459

$199

$179

$99

$95

$99

$89

$49$49

TRS-80 COMPUTERS:

Level-I 4K

Level-I 16K, w/keypad

Level-ll 4K

Level-It 16K

Level-ll 16K, w/keypad

PRINTERS:

Line Printer IIICentronics 779-2Line Printer IICentronics 730Centronics P1 *Quick Printer IIQP-II Exp. Int. Cable* Cable required

LISTPRICE

OURPRICE

$499 $449$729 $659$619 $559$669$849 $769

$1999

$1598

$999

$999

$499

$219

$20

$39

$1849$1095

$899

$419

$197

$18

$35

5JCPrices do not include shipping

j|c COD orders require25% cash deposit

5^C Prices subject to change

J:U:|.llL.ll^.l.hl„l:IJ!l.ll:M.II.I.-flH!

ISA

140

BYTE March 1980

Circle 88 on inquiry card.

1 year subscription to TheEighty, monthly magazine for

TRS-80* owners, withany order!

1-800-258-1790TOLL FREE

2 DATA BASEMANAGERS!

Dynamic Data Base by Ken Knecht

Easy to use, flexible data basesystem on diskette. $39.95.

CCA Data Management

from Personal Software

More powerful system with 100page manual and many options.

$79.95 (add $3. shipping)

GAMES

TRS-80 Opera Theatre Magnificent sound! byRichard Taylor. $9.95Allen Invasion by Roy Niederhoffer. $9.95X-WIng II by Chris Freund. Level II, 16K $9.95Talpan by Art Canflll. Level II, 16K $9.95'Sargon II by Dan and Kathe Spracklen. Level II,16K $29.95

Amazln' Mazes by Robert Wallace. Level II, 16K$7.95

Android Nlm by Leo Christopherson. Withsound. Level II, 16K $14.95Bee Wary by Leo Christopherson, with sound.Level II, 16K $14.95

9 Games for Preschool Children by GeorgeBlank. Level II, 16K $9.95Space Battles by Level IV, Level II, 16K Tape or32K Disk, Tape-$14.95, Dlsk-$19.95Star Trek 111.4 by Lance Mlcklus Level II, 16K$14.95

Adventures on Tape by Scott Adams. Level II,16K. Choose one: Adventureland, Pirate's Cove,Mission Impossible, The Count, VooDoo Castle,Strange Odyssey, Pyramid of Doom, and FunHouse-$14.95 each. Adventure Sampler, 16Ktape, $5.95

Adventures on Disk by Scott Adams. 1) MissionImpossible, Pirate's Cove, Adventureland; or, 2)VooDoo Castle, The Count, Strange Odyssey.Either set, $39.95.

Pork Barrel by George Blank. Level II, 16K $9.95Mean Checkers Machine by Lance Micklus.Level II, 16K; tape, $19.95; disk $24.95Krlegsplel by Ron Potkin. Level II, 16K, $7.95

Galactic Empire and Galactic Trader (a sequel)by Doug Carlston. Level II, 16K, $14.95. Both ondisk, 32K, $29.95.

The SoftwareExchange

CATALOGS

HardSide Hardware (24 pgs.)TSE Software (64 pgs.)

6 South Street, Box 68, Milford, NH 03055

NOV

VTOS 3.1

Randy Cook (add $3. shipping)With 100 page manual -$75.JrVith extended BASIC and \manual -$99.

Manual

(separately)

$30.,

ST-80 Smart TerminalCommunications Program

CONTROL key, ESC key, REPEATkey, a RUN key, and a functioningBREAK key. List incoming data onyour lineprinter. Level II, 16K

Reprogram RS232-C fromkeyboard, on tape $49.95.

'A trademark of Lance Micklus, Inc.

Original Adventure by Microsoft. 32K, 1 disk

$29.95.

Pigskin (Football) by Acorn Software. Level II,

16K $9.95

PERSONAL

Typing Tutor by Roger Robitaille, Sr. Level II,

16K $19.95

Secrets of the Tarot by John T. Phillipp. Level II,

16K $9.95

Advanced Personal Finance by Lance Micklus

for 32K disk systems $24.95

I Chlng by John T. Phillip. Level II, 16K $7.95

UTILITIES

T-Short by Web Associates. Level II, 16K $9.95File Manager 80 by Nepenthe. $49.95 32KDirectory 16K Disk $9.95Automated Disk Directory $14.95 32K Disk. Re-quires NewDOS.

Spool Print ASCII files $19.95(Will not work withNewDOS.)

STAD Trace and Debug Monitor for tape anddisk systems 16, 32, and 48K on one tape. $24.95NEWDOS by Apparat $49.95NEWDOS+ by Apparat $99.95VTOS 3.1 by Randy Cook with 100 pp Manual$75. Manual alone $30. With BASIC $99.RSM2 by Small Systems Software. Level II, 16K$26.95

RSM2D by Small Systems Software. Disk for 16through 48K (all in one) $29.95KVP by Lance Micklus. Tape-$29.95; Disk-$34.95

SUPPLIES

Diskettes Dysan, (premium quality) box of 5-$29.95 plus $1.00 shipping; nationally knownbrand, box of 10 - $39.95 plus $2. Diskette

ST-80D (Enhanced DiskVersion) adds:

Transmit any type of TRS-80* ASCIIfile, including BASIC programsstored in ASCII frormat, and mostBASIC data files. ST-80 D has beenused on a variety of timesharingsystems. For 32 K disk systems, ondisk,$79.95.

BUSINESS

Inventory System II.3 by M. Kelleher. Improvedversion, $79.95

Inventory 'S' by Roger W. Robitaille, Sr. Level II,16K Tape -$24.95; 32K Dlsk,(withinvoiclng)$59.95.

Payroll by Stephen Hebuler. For disk systems.32K $59.95

Accounts Receivable II by S. Hebbler. 32K disksystems $79.95

Mail List II by SBSG 32K disk systems $99.95Small Business Bookkeeping II by R. W.Robitaille, Sr. Level II, 16K. With journal -$36.95disk, $31.95 tape. $29.95 disk, $24.95 tape.

SPECIAL PURPOSE

Electric Pencil by Michael Shrayer. Powerful

machine language word processing system.

Level II, 16K tape - $100; Disk version - $150

Level III BASIC by Microsoft. $49.95

Level I In Level II by Apparat. Level II, 16K $15.00

Fortran by Microsoft. 32K - 2 Disks. New low

price $150.00 add $5. shipping

RXBasic Cross Reference-XREFRENUMX, by

Lance Micklus RX (disk, 32K) $24.95; XREF, L II,

16K $19.95; RENUMX, L II 16K, $24.95;

RENUMBER, $7.95

BOOKS

Z-80 Software Gourmet Guide and Cookbook,from Scelbi $14.95 plus $1 postageTRS-80 Disk and Other Mysteries, by HarvardPennington, $19.95 plus $1 handling

••0*

COMPLETf

°*K

APL 80 by Phelps Gates

APL for the TRS-80* at a bargainprice! Level II, 16K, $14.95 or disk ver-sion with SAVE and LOAD and printeroutput, plus 4 work spaces of self-teaching lessons, plus APL: An In-teractive Approach for only $49.95.

MICRO TAX

Time saving programs helpyou with your 1980 Incometax. Cassette: Micro Tax I,$25.; Micro Tax II, $35.; MicroTax III, $50.Add $2.

shipping andhandling.

Circle 89 on inquiry card.

'TRS-80 is a trademark of Radio Shack and Tandy Corp.

BYTE March 1980

141

The Dirt-Cheap Bootstrap

More Notes on Bringing Up a Microcomputer

Albert S WoodhullRFD 2, Enfield RdAmherst MA 01002

How do you take the very firststeps into learning aboutmicroprocessors? An article by SolLibes ("Notes on Bringing up aMicrocomputer," January 1978BYTE, page 162) described a pro-cedure for the initial testing of ahomebrew microcomputer whichuses simple procedures to determinewhether or not address and controlsignals are functioning properly. Theprocedures described are effective,but in order to use them you need away to load some programs intomemory.

If you are building a kit or follow-ing a complete microcomputerdesign, then the details of input andoutput interfacing will be providedfor — a bootstrap program will eitherbe available in read-only memory orcan be easily entered from a frontpanel. But suppose you are just feel-ing your way along, as I did. I hadobtained an 8080A chip set throughIntel's University Program, but I hadno intention of building a real com-puter. I had full access to an Altairand an IMSAI at the college where Iteach; I wanted only to learn a littleabout how the hardware worked. Icertainly did not want to spend either

the money or the time to imitate theAltair's front panel. The following isa description of how I solved this pro-blem in an economical way.

To set the stage: I had the 8080Amicroprocessor interfaced with the8224 clock generator/driver deviceand 1 K bytes of programmablememory. I had thirty-two light-emitting diodes (LEDs), driven bysimple emitter-follower transistorbuffers, which indicated the state ofthe bidirectional data bus, the addressbus, and the decoded status signals.Three problems seemed important:

• I needed to be able to single-stepthe processor so that the light-emitting diodes would show morethan a meaningless blur.

• I needed a way to transfer datafrom the outside world tomemory.

• I needed some kind of keyboard orswitch panel for entering data.

Single-Stepping

The 8080A is a dynamic device.This means that you can't slow itdown to human speed by slowing itsclock signal. The 8080A can,however, be made to enter a wait

state in which it essentially doesnothing at high speed. While in thewait state, the processor uses theclock signal to keep its internalregisters refreshed, but does notchange its state.

To single-step through a programto make the computer perform eachoperation only at my command, Ineeded to be able to hold the pro-cessor in a wait state. The processorwould stay in this wait state until Iasked it to take a step; it would thenimmediately return to the wait state.As shown in the schematic diagram offigure 1, it was very easy to do thiswith only a single flip-flop.

The output of the flip-flop (half ofa 7474 dual D edge-triggered type)was connected to the RDYIN line onthe 8224 clock generator and driver.This line initiates a wait state when itis pulled low. Three inputs of the7474 were used. The D (data) line wasconnected to ground. The clock inputon the 7474 was driven by the SYNCoutput of the 8080A. Finally, a simplepulse generator drove the SET inputto the flip-flop.

The operation of this circuitresembles that of a person whosereflexive response to the sound of an

142 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

COMPUPRO*™ CONTINUES TO 1

Whether it's memory, motherboards, I/O boards, enclosures, or any of our fam-ily of products, CompuPro"" delivers what you want at prices you can afford.

Looking for memory? Our boards are fully static, low power, run at 4 or 5 MHz,support a number of popular busses, include a 1 year limited warranty, and gen-erally come in 3 configurations to suit your exact needs. For lowest cost, choosean "unkit" with sockets and bypass caps pre-soldered in place for easy assembly.When you can't wait to get going, order one of our assembled versions. For criticalsystems, specify boards qualified under our Certified System Component (CSC)high reliability program. These boards are extensively tested, burned in for at least200 hours, and are immediately replaced in event of failure within 1 year of invoicedate.

Looking for other peripherals? We mix leading edge technology, design savvy,and volume buying to deliver the right product at the right price. See our listbelow for pricing.

Memory name

8K Econoram* IIA16K Econoram IV16K Econoram VIIA-1624K Econoram VIIA-2416K Econoram IX-1632K Econoram IX-3232K Econoram X32K Econoram XI16K Econoram XIIIA-1624K Econoram XIIIA-2432K Econoram XIIIA-3216K Econoram XIV16K Econoram XV-1632K Econoram XV-32

"Econoram is a trademark of Godbout Electronics

(1) Compatible with all bank select systems (Cromemco, Alpha Micro, etc.); addressable on 4Kboundaries.

(2) Extended addressing (24 address lines). Single block addressable on 4K boundaries.

(3) Bank select option for implementing memory systems greater than 64K.

Buss & Notes

Unkit

Assm

CSC

S-100

$149

$179

$239

S-100

$289

$339

$429

S-100

$299

$349

$439

S-100

$419

$499

$605

Dig Grp

$319

$379

n/a

Dig Grp

$559

$639

n/a

S-100

$549

$669

$789

SBC/BLC

n/a

n/a

$1050

S-100 (1)

$349

$419

$519

S-100 (1)

$469

$539

$649

S-100 (1)

$579

$699

$849

S-100 (2)

$299

$359

$459

H8(3)

$329

$395

n/a

H8(3)

$599

$729

n/a

16 K DYNAMIC RfiMS8XS87.20!

Perfect for memory expansion in a numberof machines (TRS-80** Model I and Model II,Exidy Sorcerer, Heath H89, Apple, etc.), and youcan't beat our price: 8 high speed chips for $64Add $3 if you'd like 2 dip shunts plus TRS-80*'programming instructions to expand memoryThese are 250 ns (4 MHz), dynamic RAMs... butquantities are limited, so hurry is you want totake advantage of this super deal.• "TRS-80 is a trademark of the Tandy Corporation.

PASCAL/M +MEMORY SPECIAL

PASCAL can give a microcomputer with CP/Mmore power than many minis. For a limited timeonly, you can buy an assembled Econoram X, plusour totally standard Wirth PASCAL/M™ 8" diskette,for $799 (regular combined price, $999). Includesmanual, plus Wirth's definitive book on PASCAL;specify Z-80 or 8080/8085 version. Diskette is alsoavailable separately for $350.

$85 unkit

4 independently addressable 4K blocks, with dip-switch selectable jump start built right into theboard. Includes all support chips and manual, butdoes not include EROMs.

c

THESE PRODUCTS ARE GENERALLY

AVAILABLE FROM YOUR LOCAL

COMPUTER STORE.

S-100 MEMORY

ACTIVE TERMINATOR

BOARD $34.50 kit

Plugs into any S-100 motherboard (although ours don't need it) to re-duce ringing, crosstalk, noise, and other buss-related problems.

THE GODBOUTCOMPUTER BOX

$259 desktop, $299 rack mount (introductory price)

The ideal home for your computer. With fan, dual AC outlets andfuseholder, power switch, heavy-duty line filler, black anodized frontpanel (with textured vinyl painted cover for desk top version); pre-drilledbase accepts our high-performance motherboards or similar types byVector, California Digital, and others. Rack mount version includesslides for easy pull-out from rack. This functional, versatile, and hand-some enclosure does justice to the finest computer systems.

HIGH-PERFORMANCES-IOO MOTHERBOARDS

6 slot: $ 89 unkit, $129 assm 12 slot: $129 unkit, $169 assm19 slot: $174 unkit, $214 assmUnkits have edge connectors and termination resistors pre-solderedin place for easy assembly. These boards exceed the latest S-100specs and will work with 5 to 10 MHz CPUs. Includes true active termi-nation, grounded Farady shield between all buss signal lines, and edgeconnectors for all slots.

$59 unkit

MANAGER BOARD SwSIc

Add bank select and extended addressing to older S-100 machines(Altair, IMSAI, Sol, and others). Use with our new extended addressingboards, or retrofit our high density Econorams for use with the MemoryManager to get added memory space for your computer.

MULLEN S-IOO $49

EXTENDER BOARD kit

Includes logic probe and general purpose breadboard section. Idealfor troubleshooting and analysis.

** $199 unkit

"Interfacer II" $249 assm

S-IOO I/O BOARD S324CSC

Incorporates 1 channel of serial I/O (RS-232 with full handshake),along with 3 full duplex parallel ports plus a separate status port. Theparallel section uses Tri-State (tm National Semiconductor) octallatches for latched data, input and output with 24 mA drive current,attention/enable/strobe bits for each parallel port (with selectablepolarity), interrupts for each input port, and separate connectors withpower for each channel.

"Interfacer I"S-IOO I/O BOARD

$199 unkit$249 assm$324 CSC

Dual RS-232 ports with full handshake; use EIA232C line drivers andreceivers (1488, 1489), or current loop (20 mA), or TTL signals on bothports. On-board crystal timebase with independently selectable Baudrates for each port (up to 19.2 KBaud). Hardware UARTs don't tie up theCPU.

(ompu

Pro

from pBSUgg

*^ ELECTRONICS ^

Bldg. 725, Oakland Airport, CA 94614

TERMS: Cal res add tax. Allow 5% tor ship-ping, excess refunded. VISA' /Mastercharge"call our 24 hour order desk at (415) 562-0636.COD OK with street address for UPS. Pricesgood through cover month of magazine.

Circle 90 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

143

Circle 91 on inquiry card.

ThesubLOGIC

FS1

Flight Simulator4

HtffBlKG wit?

Oil. t-ti Oil I-i2» WCl-M t

is just oneapplication ofour finegraphicsoftware.

Other

applicationscan be vours!

Choose from a coordinated softwareand hardware collection to fit yourgraphic needs...

SOFTWARE

A23D1 animation package for theApple II ($45 on cassette, $55 for disk).

8080/Z80 3D package for most S100systems ($41 on tarbell cassette orpaper tape, $51 on 5" North Star disk,or $52 on 8" CPM disk).

HARDWARE (S100)

Biotech CGS 808 $ 399Matrox ALT-256 $395Matrox ALT-512 $595

Write or call for an informative catalogdescribing these and other graphicproducts and their easy use in yourapplications.

Most subLOGIC software is at yourdealer's. If he doesn't stock it, orderdirect from subLOGIC. Add $1.25 forUPS or $ 1.75 for first class mail. Visaand Mastercharge accepted.

*The FS1 Flight Simulator is availablefor Apple II and TRS-80 Level I & IIfor $25 on cassette.

(217)359-8482

LOGIC

VkiULii/Box V, Savoy, IL 61874The engineering and graphics experts.

a)

+ 5V

Number

IC1IC2IC3

Type +5 V GND

7474 14 7

555 8 1

7404 14 7

ICl7474

-y~

RDYIN

RDYIN8224

READY

23

8080ASYNC

SYNC

STEP PULSE fZ>"

Figure la: A single-step mode can be implemented on an 8080A processor by using aflip-flop and the 8080A SYNC signal to clock a low-logic level through to the READYline. This puts the 8080A into a wait state. A very brief pulse to the SET input of theflip-flop ends the wait state until the next SYNC signal.

b)

£

1/xF

GROUND TO ~NjJ-

GENERATE [Z>

STEP PULSE

DISCHARGE RESET

THRESHOLD

TRIGGER IC2

5 5 5

OUT

0.002/iF

IC37404

_n_

)H^

T"

■o

PULSE

33tm

Figure lb: The very narrow STEP pulse can be generated by a half-monostable circuit, aresistor-capacitor network at the input to a 7400 inverter. The manual switch contactmust be debounced by a monostable circuit with a 0.1 to 1 second pulse width, forwhich a 555 timer is well-suited.

alarm clock is to roll over and turn itoff. Normally the processor is in thewait state. A pulse to the SET input ofthe flip-flop ends the WAIT state,allowing the computer to completeexecution of the process that is insuspension. At the very beginning ofthe processor's next cycle, it will sendout a SYNC signal which will againclock the flip-flop output low, andreinitiate the processor wait state.

Getting the Data In

There are two ways an 8080A canaccess the outside world. IN or OUTinstructions generate status signalswhich can be decoded, along with an8-bit address, to activate input buf-fers or output latches. Alternatively,a memory address that is not actuallyused by memory devices can bedecoded, along with read-from-memory or write-to-memory statussignals. This can be used to activate a

memory-mapped buffer or latch. If alimited amount of memory and asmall number of I/O (input/output)ports are to be addressed, thedecoding can be ambiguous—some ofthe address lines may be ignored.

For bootstrapping purposes I tookthis to the limit: I arranged a switchto allow all memory-read signals toactivate an input buffer, regardless ofthe state of the address lines. Theprinciple is illustrated in theschematic diagram of figure 2. In theLOAD position of the switch, the realmemory is never read, but memory-write signals are still capable of per-forming their normal function. Whenthe processor begins an instructioncycle, it reads a byte from "memory"which is interpreted as an instruction.It makes no difference to the pro-cessor if the byte actually originateson the front panel.

This arrangement makes it possible

144 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

:M

r A "

■^V

C*V/:-

Is it Dungeons and Dragonsor Dragons and Dungeons?

Did you read about the fellow whobecame so enchanted playing D & D,he disappeared for a month?

Chances are, when you play theDunjonquest™ version, the greatestof all the role-playing fantasies, you'llbe able to hold on to reality just alittle better.

You're the hero. Enter into the Dunjonquest"Temple of Apshai" and into the greatest fantasyadventure you've ever experienced. The Templehas over 200 rooms and catacombs in which lurkmore than 30 kinds of monsters and beasts readyto do you in — in real time — before you can reachany of the 70 or so treasures waiting for the hero.You may spend days, weeks, months ... the restof your life... striking at the forces of evil, orrunning from them, or calling on powers you cannever completely understand. Always, alwaysdemonstrating in varying degrees your strength,constitution, dexterity, intelligence, intuition, theforce of your ego.

Unlike chess or bridge or monopoly, this role-playing game—like other good role-playinggames—is an experience rather than a game: Itis not played so much as it's lived or experienced.Your alter ego goes forth into the world of demonsand darkness, dragons and dwarves. Your char-acter will do whatever you want him (or her or it)to do.

"The Temple ..." comes complete with a superblyillustrated 56-page rule book and cassette program,

Actual photo of screen during a Dunjonquest game.

In Room 3 in the Temple of Apshai, our hero observestwo treasures unattended by dragons, monsters ordemons ... for the moment. He is completely free ofwounds; he is not at all fatigued. He carries 44 poundsof armor and 19 arrows in his quiver. He has alreadyslain five demons. Will he capture the treasures beforemoving on ... or before the forces of darkness intercept him?

designed to operate with the Level II 16KTRS 80, the PET 32K or the Apple II 48K (Micro-soft) computer. Only $24.95 complete, includingshipping and handling on orders placed within thenext 30 days. (Apple disk available for $29.95).

Dunjonquest's "The Temple of Apshai" isguaranteed to be the best version of Dungeonsand Dragons/Dragons and Dungeons. It's aproduct of the two guys who are AutomatedSimulations: Jim Connelley and Jon Freeman. Jimis a Dungeon Master, running continuous D & Dcampaigns. He's been a data processing profes-sional with Westinghouse, GTE Sylvania, Logisti-con ... an expert in computer-based math-modeling and in simulation of complex phe-nemona. Jon is a game player, designer andauthor. He's a frequent contributor to Gamesmagazine; ... and this brings us to our un-believable offer:

wAtFSSS

m

FREE: The Playboy Winner'sGuide to Board Games the

bestselling paperback by our ownJon Freeman. How to win atMonopoly, Scrabble, Dungeons andDragons and almost 100 otherboard games. Order your Dun-jonquest Temple of Apshainow, get the book free ... andyou keep it even if you don'tchoose to keep the guaran-teed Dunjonquest.

As we said, guaranteed: Guaranteed to be thebest version; guaranteed that youll be happy withit. Order now, use it for two weeks. If you don'tenjoy completely this fantasy adventure ex-perience that goes beyond all others, send it backto us. Well refund your money in full; no ques-tions asked.

Master Charge or Visa card holders:charge "The Temple of Apshai" toyour credit card. Just call our tollfree number: (800) 824-7S88, oper-ator 861 (In California, call operator861 (800) 852-7777. In Hawaii andAlaska, operator 861 (800) 824-7919)and you can begin enjoying your D &D game in days. Or send your checkfor $24.95* to

AutomatedSimulations

Dept. K3

P.O. Box 4232

Mountain View, Ca. 94040

-

Circle 92 on inquiry card.

'California residents, please add 6.5% tax.

BYTE March 1980

145

vcc

5KI PROTECT

Number

IC1IC2

Type +5V GND

74007404

1414

-o

MEMW O

UNPROTECT

7400

IC27404

MEMR O-

S"

NORMAL 2 IClaJO l^°~

-o

TO R/W ON21Q2 MEMORIES

TO CE ON 2102MEMORY DEVICES

LOAD

-o

TO ENABLE ONINPUT BUFFER

Figure 2: The LOAD/NORMAL switch routes the MEMR signal to an input bufferinstead of to the memory, thus enabling the operator to control the processor byentering instruction codes from the outside. Also shown is another switch which canprotect memory from inadvertent writing during debugging.

to move a byte of data from the frontpanel to the real memory by first set-ting up the code for a move imme-diate data to memory instruction(MVI M) on the panel, allowing theprocessor to execute a single step, andthen setting up the value to be loadedon the panel. A second single step willread the data from the panel input,

and a third step will then write thatdata into a memory location.

The particular memory locationmust be specified somehow, soseveral additional bytes of instruc-tions must have been previouslyentered. A few simple additions to thehardware already described make itnecessary to do this only once, even if

TRSSCPET,APPLE, SORCERER

Ham Interface Systems

U Send & Receive RTTY / CW.

□ Complete Hardware & Software Package.

□ Extensive User Manuals.

□ From $129.Write or call for complete catalog

ICSJnc.®

1125 N. Golden State Blvd. / Suite GTurlock,CA95380(A)

(209) 667-2888 / 634-8888We are experiencing telephone difficulties,please keep trying.

California residents add 5% tax

many bytes are to be loaded intomemory. A look at the computer tohuman interface should come first,however.

Cheap Keyboard Substitute

Figure 3 illustrates the ultimate inlow-budget input devices. I took ascrap of copper-clad circuit board,scored it with a hacksaw into tworows of ten copper-bearing squareseach, and soldered a length of wire toeach square. Eight pairs of wires wentto the inputs of simple latch circuitsmade by cross-connecting 7400NAND gates; the other four pads onthe circuit board were available forother controls. Light-emitting diodes(LEDs) indicated the state of each ofthe eight bits. A probe made from adefunct ball-point pen could be usedto momentarily ground any of thepads.

In this way I could set up anydesired combination on the latches;their outputs were in turn connectedto the input port of the computer.One of the extra pads was connectedto the single-step pulse generatormentioned earlier, via a debouncingcircuit, and another was connected tothe processor RESET line.

A Few Extras

Some additions to the elementarycircuits described above were incor-porated into the final version. Thefirst of these is a trick I call "doubleaddressing." An input port is physi-cally just a buffer; there is no reasonwhy a single physical port cannothave multiple logical identities.

I set up some logic gates to decodethe input status signal and an address,along with an additional gate, toallow either the result of thisdecoding or a memory-read signalfrom the LOAD switch to activate theinput buffer. The LOAD mode is usedto load a simple bootstrap program.The bootstrap routine specifies astarting address for the program to beloaded, gets the data from the inputport, moves it to memory, incrementsthe pointer to memory, and thenloops back to get another byte fromthe input. Once this bootstrap pro-gram has been loaded, the MEMRsignal is switched back to the realprogrammable memory, but an INinstruction can still read the inputport.

Text continued on page 148

146 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 93 on inquiry card.

O "ESET

Od0

^ryi; (gT3^

Figure 3: A small scrap of printed circuit board, an old ball-point pen, and some latch flip-flop circuits make a very inexpensive in-put device. With a little practice, an 8-bit number can be set up as easily and quickly as on a row of toggle switches. The surface ofthe printed circuit board has been scored to create isolated areas of copper for sensing purposes.

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 147

At

1/xF

500K

STEPCONTROL

o-

D1SCHARGETHRESHOLDTRIGGER

INO o-

MEMW fZ>-

MEMR O-

Number

Type +5V GND

IC1IC2IC3

IC4

7474 14 7

555 8 1

7404 14 7

7400 14 7

vcc

:5k

PROTECT

NORMAL

LOAD

y

-o

UNPROTECT7400

* 2| ic4a \>^ n^**

IC37404

-o

R/W(MEMORY)

CE(MEMORY)

2,

_j_ IC4bV ^-£e><>

-o

ENABLE

(INPUT BUFFER)

Figure 4: The complete control hardware package described in this article. INO is a control signal produced by getting the INstatus signal from the 8080A and the address bus. Its orthodox function is to enable the input buffer; in this circuit the input buffermay also be enabled by a MEMR signal when the LOAD/NORMAL switch is in the LOAD position. INO also causes the 7474single-step flip-flop to be cleared, thus forcing the processor into a wait state so that a human operator can set up the desired data onthe input latch. Note the additional section of the LOAD/NORMAL switch which forces single-step operation in the LOAD mode,when full machine speed would be useless.

Text continued:

In the apparatus described so far, itwould be necessary to single-stepthrough the bootstrap program loopbecause at full machine speed thevery first byte of data entered wouldbe rapidly written into every possiblememory location. Most monitor pro-grams for handling such inputs havesome provision for ensuring that theyread each keystroke on a terminalonly once. This is usually done byusing a second input port as a controlport which signals when new data isavailable. The hardware and soft-ware required for this would have

been inconveniently complicated formy early breadboard system.

A second unconventional trickavoided the problem. I made waitstates programmable by adding asecond pulse generator which wasdriven by the same decoder that acti-vated the input buffer. The output ofthis pulse generator was fed to theRESET input on the single-step flip-flop. Instead of directly groundingthe D input on the flip-flop, I put in aRUN/STEP switch which selectseither a logic 1 or a logic 0 level forthis input.

When the 0 level is selected, opera-

tion in the single-step mode proceedsas previously described. When the 1level is selected, the processor runs atfull speed until the program calls fordata to be input. As the input port isselected, a wait state is initiated. Athuman speed, the required data canbe set up on the input latches. Atouch on the STEP pad then causesexecution to resume. Figure 4 showsthe circuit that incorporates all ofthese features, and example 1 in thetext box describes in detail the pro-cedure for loading the bootstrap pro-gram.

Text continued on page 152

148 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

System

Let's face it, there is information which just isn't meantfor everyone who uses or has access to your computer.Consider payroll or tax records. Until now, the only wayto secure these and other valued or privileged recordsmeant either "pulling the plug" or locking the discettes ina safe. Who wants to run to the safe each time an updateneeds to be made? At last a simple, effective andconvenient method of data security is available—ENCODE/DECODE.

ENCODE/DECODE is a complete software securitysystem for your micro/mini computer. ENCODE/DECODEcan provide both the level of security and privacy youdesire without loss of ON-LINE immediate access to data.ENCODE/DECODE is a sophisticated coding program whichtransforms data stored on disc into coded text which iscompletely unrecognizable. When it's time to access thefile, it is decoded and ready for use. This means that datacan be on-line and current with all your other files, yetonly the user defined combination can retrieve it.

Multiple Security levels: Using ENCODE/DECODE youcan easily maintain several layers of security through theuse of separate combinations. This means that each filecan have its own 'password' allowing only those with the'password' access to the file.

ENCODE/DECODE uses a complex coding algorithmwhich supports over 987,000,000 possible combinationsthus making accidental or 'exhaustive search' methods ofdecoding virtually impossible. Briefly, an encoded data filewill appear scrambled and completely unintelligible untilyou decode it. Both encoding and decoding require theuser defined combination.

OEM and dealer inquiries invited, overseas orders add $5.00 shipping.

Circle 94 on inquiry card.

Uses for ENCODE/DECODE are unlimited. Below are afew examples:

data basespayroll filesprogramstext

general ledgercorrespondencetax recordsmail lists

inventoryaccounts payable/

receivable& more

ENCODE/DECODE is available in two versions.ENCODE/DECODE I provides a level of security suitablefor normal use. ENCODE/DECODE II provides enhancedsecurity for the most demanding needs. Both versionscome supplied on discette and with a complete user's manual.

ENCODE/DECODE I: $ 50.00ENCODE/DECODE II: $100.00manual for above: $ 15.00

Minimal system requirements: 24K CP/M; 16K disc for TRS-80

formats: CP/M 8" SOFT SECTORED, N0RTHSTAR CP/MAND TRS-80 DOS

All Orders and General Information:

SUPERS0FT ASSOCIATES

P.O. BOX 1628

CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820

(217) 344-7596

Technical Hot Line: (217) 384-0847(answered only when technician is available)

*CP/M REGISTERED TRADEMARK DIGITAL RESEARCH#TRS-80 TRADEMARK TANDY CORP

BYTE March 1980

149

Example 1

Cold Start Bootstrap

The following sequence ofoperations is used with the hard-ware system described in the textto load a program when power issupplied to the computer:

1. Set LOAD/NORMAL switch toLOAD.

2. Momentarily ground the RESINline. This clears the programcounter and ensures that theprocessor will interpret the firstbyte it reads as an instruction.

3. Set up the input latch with thebinary data 00100001. This ishexadecimal 21, the op code fora load-immediate data into theHL register pair (LXIH) instruc-tion. When ready, ground theSTEP line.

4. The processor will now expect asecond and third byte for theLXI H instruction. These byteswill be loaded into the L and Hregisters and will act as apointer to a particular memoryaddress. To start at address0000, set up all zeros on the in-put and STEP twice.

5. Set up the op code for the loadimmediate data into a memorylocation pointed to by the HLpair (MVIM) instruction, hexa-decimal 36, then STEP bygrounding the line.

6. The processor will now expect abyte of data. Set up hex-adecimal DB on the latches.This is the code for the IN(receive input) instruction.Then STEP twice, once for theprocessor to read the data, andonce for it to write the data intothe memory.

7. Now set up hexadecimal 23 andSTEP. This is the op code forthe INX H instruction. Thisoperation increments theaddress stored in the L and Hregisters and prepares the pro-cessor to write a byte to the nextaddress in memory.

Only the last three operations ofthis sequence must be repeated toload additional bytes of data intothe memory. Furthermore, only sixmore repetitions of steps 5, 6, and

7 are needed to complete theloading of the program given aslisting 1.

After you enter this program,reset the program counter bygrounding the RESIN line. Switchthe LOAD/NORMAL control toNORMAL. The single-step modecan be used to verify that the pro-gram has been loaded properly,and then the full-speed run modecan be entered. Loading additionaldata into memory requires onlythat you set up the data on theinput device and ground the STEPline. With an almost imperceptibleflicker of the light-emitting diodes(LEDs), the data is read from theinput and written into thememory. The processor againwaits for another byte.

Example 2Examination of aMemory Location

To examine a particular locationfollow this procedure:

1. Set the LOAD/NORMALswitch to LOAD.

2. Momentarily ground the RESINline.

3. Enter hexadecimal C3, the codefor a JMP, then STEP.

4. Enter the low byte of the desiredaddress, then STEP.

5. Enter the high byte of thedesired address, then STEP.

6. Setting the LOAD/NORMALswitch back to NORMAL willput the data at the desired loca-tion on the data bus, thus dis-playing it on the data LEDs.

After examining a location, aSTEP will start execution from thatlocation. You can then conductanother examine operation toshow a new location, or the ex-amine-next procedure of example 3can show the next location.

Example 3

The Examine-Next Function

To look at a program or data inmemory without executing it, firstexamine the first byte in the

desired memory segment, then dothe following:

1. Set the LOAD/NORMALswitch to LOAD. Do notground RESIN .

2. Set up all zeros on the inputlatch. This is the code for a nooperation (NOP) instruction.

3. STEP, then switch to NOR-MAL. The next byte in memorywill be displayed on the dataLEDs.

This procedure can be repeatedas desired. Note, however, thatstrange things can happen if youstart execution while examining abyte which is the second or thirdbyte of a multibyte instruction.This error of starting in the wrongplace is also possible with mostconventional front panels.

Example 4Temporary Patches

When a program contains loopsthat are repeated many times,single-step debugging can besimplified by substituting instruc-tions. For example, a subroutinethat generates eight cycles of 2400Hz audio to record a logic 1 bit onmagnetic tape is shown in listing 2.

To verify that this programworked properly, you would notwant to single-step through the in-ner loop 416 times! You might stepthrough it once, but the next timeyou came to the ]NZ instruction,you could use the LOAD functionto make the processor see threesuccessive NOPs. Alternately, youmight change the cycle countingand timing bytes at locations 0102and 0104 to the value 01. Since theLOAD substitution does not ac-tually alter memory contents, thisprocedure can also be used for aprogram stored in read-onlymemory. There is no need to goback and undo patches after trac-ing the program. In these respectsthe LOAD function of this simplecontrol system is more versatilethan most conventional frontpanels. If a permanent patch isneeded, you can use the LXI H andMVI M instructions.

150 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Please send your free software catalog.

(Check which software is of particular interest)

□ C COMPILER. Optimized native code for VAX 11/780, PDP-11, LSI-11, Z80,8085, 8080. Full C language as defined in Kernighan and Ritchie, with com-prehensive portable library. Cross compilers available. Runs under VMS,IAS, RSX-11D, RSX-11M, RSTS/E, RT-11, UNIX, Idris, CDOS, CP/M. From $500.

□ IDRIS OPERATING SYSTEM. System calls and file system identical toUNIX V6, including pipelines. Utilities include shell, editor, assembler,loader, archiver, compare, copy, grep, etc., plus system utilities for filesystem maintenance. Runs on LSI-11, PDP-11. From $1000.

□ PASCAL COMPILER. Optimized native code for VAX 11/780, PDP-11,LSI-11, Z80, 8085, 8080. Full Pascal language as defined in Jensen andWirth, with standard library. Includes C compiler and portable library,permitting intermixed C and Pascal. Cross compilers available. Runsunder VMS, IAS, RSX-11D, RSX-11M, RSTS/E, RT-11, UNIX, Idris, CDOS,CP/M. From $750.

Name_

Company.

Street

City

_State_

-Zip_

Idns is a trademark of Whitesmiths Ltd.UNIX is a trademark ol Bell Laboratories.CP/M is a trademark ol Digital Research Co.

VMS. RSX-11. RT-11. RSTS/E. VAX.PDP-11, LSI-11 are trademarks of DigitalEquipment Corporation.

Whitesmiths, Ltd

Software for grownups.(212)799-1200 r

RO.B. 1132 Ansonia Station, New York, N.Y. 10023

Listing 1: Program instructions which are loaded into the 8080 memory by manualmeans, and are then used to load further memory locations more quickly.

HexadecimalData Loaded

Instruction Mnemonic

Explanation

DB

00

77

IN

MOV M,A

Input

Input port address (hardware

dependent)Copy data from accumulator to

23

INXH

memoryIncrement HL, the memory pointer

C300

00

IMP

lump

lump address, low byte

lump address, high byte

Listing 2: A routine for the 8080 which can record a logic 1 bit on a cassette tape bygenerating eight cycles of a 2400 Hz audio signal.

Address

Label

Mnemonic

Explanation

0100

MARK

XRAA

Set accumulator to zero

0101

MVIB

Set up a counter

0102

10

to count 16 half cycles

0103

HALFCY

MVIC

And another counter

0104

1A

to time 26 loops

0105

OUT

Then output to

0106

00

port 0

0107

TIMELOOP

DCRC

Countdown the timer

0108

JNZ TIMELOOP

And stay in the loop

0109

07

until counter is zero

010A

01

010B

CMA

Complement the accumulator

010C

DCRB

Countdown half cycles

010D

INZ HALFCY

And send more until

010E

0

cycle counter is zero

010F

01

0110

RET

Then return to main program

ASCII encoded keyboardsas low as $65*

The RCA VP-601 keyboard has a 58 key typewriter format foralphanumeric entry. The VP-611 ($15 additional*) offers the same type-writer format plus an additional 16 key calculator type keypad.

Both keyboards feature modern flexible membrane key switches withcontact life rated at greater than 5 million operations, plus two keyrollover circuitry.

A finger positioning overlay combined with light positive activation keypressure gives good operator "feel", and an on-board tone generatorgives aural key press feedback.

The unitized keyboard surface is spillproof and dustproof. This plusthe high noise immunity of CMOS circuitry makes the VP-601 and VP-611particularly suited for use in hostile environments.

The keyboards operate from a single 5-volt, DC power supply, andthe buffered output is TTL compatible. For more information contactRCA Customer Service, New Holland Avenue, vm ^^ m^

Lancaster. PA 1 7604 Iml5#l

Or call our toll-free number: 800-233-0094. m^^^ ■

"Optional User Price. Dealer and OEM Prices Available.

Text continued:Additional Applications

The LOAD mode permits directcontrol of the computer at any time.Most of the functions of the frontpanel on an IMSAI or Altair can besimulated by causing the processor toexecute instructions loaded directlyfrom the crude printed-circuit-pad"front panel." For example, executinga JMP instruction is equivalent to theexamine function of the usual frontpanel. Examine next is implementedby single-stepping a no-operation(NOP) instruction. A program canalso be temporarily patched duringsingle-step debugging to break out ofa loop, or to try an alternative in-struction. Examples 2, 3, and 4 in thetext box explain these functions inmore detail.

Evolution of the System

While developing the circuits 1have described, I became hooked onmicroprocessors. What started out asa breadboard project is now a com-puter, but I have spent less moneyalong the way than is ordinarily paidfor a system of less capability.

To encourage others who mightwish to follow a route similar tomine, I want to emphasize that all ofthe effort and material that went intomy first experiments were useful inthe larger system that grew from it.The single input port that served myprinted circuit board input device waslater shared by an ASCII keyboardand a cassette recorder.

The addition of a single output portmade possible the use of softwaretiming in a routine to generate audiotones for recording programs on tape.Another bit of the same output portcan drive a printer in serial mode;again, software timing can be used.

The first 256-byte block of read-only memory that I added was ade-quate to hold all of the programs thatI needed to read cassette tapes. Dur-ing the few weeks it took me todevelop those programs, not wishingto lose the programs by removingpower from the programmablememory, I connected an old car bat-tery to the memory to keep it alive.

I have now reached the point ofconnecting commercial S-100 cards tomy system. Because I have built itand know the function of every wire,it is easy to make minor modifica-tions when a control signal is neededfor interfacing a new device. ■

152 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Irtc

Circle 96 on inquiry card.

THE ORIGINAL MAGAZINE FOROWNERS OF THE TRS-80™* MICROCOMPUTER

SOFTWARE

FOR TRS-80'"

OWNERS

H

CQMPUTRQNICS

MONTHLY NEWSMAGAZINE

Practical Support For Model I & II

i

NC.

MONTHLY

NEWSMAGAZINE

FOR TRS-80*"

OWNERS

• PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

• BUSINESS

• GAMBLING • GAMES

• EDUCATION

• PERSONAL FINANCE

• BEGINNER'S CORNER

• NEW PRODUCTS

• SOFTWARE EXCHANGE

• MARKET PLACE

• QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

• PROGRAM PRINTOUTS AND MORE

PROGRAMS AND ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN OUR FIRST 12 ISSUESINCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:

A COMPLETE INCOME TAX PROGRAM (LONG AND SHORT FORM)

INVENTORY CONTROL

STOCK MARKET ANALYSIS

WORD PROCESSING PROGRAM (FOR DISK OR CASSETTE)

LOWER CASE MODIFICATION FOR YOUR VIDEO MONITOR OR PRINTER

PAYROLL (FEDERAL TAX WITHHOLDING PROGRAM)

EXTEND 16DIGIT ACCURACY TO TRS-80'" FUNCTIONS (SUCH AS

SQUARE ROOTS AND TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS)

NEW DISK DRIVES FOR YOUR TRS-807"

PRINTER OPTIONS AVAILABLE FOR YOUR TRS-80™

A HORSE SELECTION SYSTEM***ARITHMETIC TEACHER

COMPLETE MAILING LIST PROGRAMS (BOTH FOR DISK OR CASSETTE

SEQUENTIAL AND RANDOM ACCESS)

RANDOM SAMPLING***BAR GRAPH

CHECKBOOK MAINTENANCE PROGRAM

LEVEL II UPDATES***LEVEL II INDEX

CREDIT CARD INFORMATION STORAGE FILE

BEGINNER'S GUIDE TO MACHINE LANGUAGE AND ASSEMBLY

LANGUAGE

LINE RENUMBERING

AND CASSETTE TIPS, PROGRAM HINTS, LATEST PRODUCTS

COMING SOON (GENERAL LEDGER, ACCOUNTS PAYABLE ANDRECEIVABLE, FORTRAN-80, FINANCIAL APPLICATIONS PACKAGE,PROGRAMS FOR HOMEOWNERS, MERGE TWO PROGRAMS,STATISTICAL AND MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMS (BOTHELEMENTARY AND ADVANCED) . . . AND

**

&

L*

WORD PROCESSING PROGRAM (Cassette or Disk)

For writing letters, text, mailing lists, etc., with each new subscriptions or renewal.

LEVEL II RAM TEST (Cassette or Disk)

Checks random access memory to ensure that all memory locations are working properly.

DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (Cassette or Disk)

Complete file management for your * TRS-80T"

SEND FOR OUR 36 PAGE SOFTWARE CATALOG (INCLUDING LISTINGS OF HUNDREDS OF TRS-80™ PROGRAMS AVAIL-ABLE ON CASSETTE AND DISKETTE). $2.00 OR FREE WITH EACH SUBSCRIPTIONS OR SAMPLE ISSUE.

* TRS-80™ IS A TRADEMARK OF TANDY CORPORATION

•CQMPIJTRQMCS

MATVtMATCUL APPUCATCTgS SS^SCf

Box 149 New City. New York 109S6

ONE YEAR SUBSCRIPTION $24

TWO YEAR SUBSCRIPTION $48

SAMPLE OF LATEST ISSUE $4

START MY SUBSCRIPTION WITH ISSUE

(#1 - July 1978 • #7 - January 1979 • #12 - June 1979 i

HOUR24 ORDER

LINE(914) 425-1535

#18 - January 1980)

NEW SUBSCRIPTION

RENEWAL

CREDIT CARD NUMBER.

. EXP. DATE-

SIGNATURE.

NAME

ADDRESS.

. STATE.

_ZIP_

' ADD $6/YEAR (CANADA, MEXICO) - ADD $12/YEAR AIR MAIL - OUTSIDE OF U.S.A., CANADA & MEXICO "

Circle 97 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980 153

at.««^»^p»:

o«Br,««- ■v...**0" alW„s

"bene-S"»

put.»c

'Sc<^„

,,tea"-o„s

Personal InformationManagement System

For business and for pleasure. Increase your personalcapabilities . .. save money .. . improve your abilityto plan . .. locate important facts quickly. PIMS is aready-to-use information (data base) managementsystem for computers like theTRS-80, PET, etc. Haveyour computer manage tax deductions, departmentstore charges, plan your day. Use it to keep yourmailing list, do simple accounts receivable and pay-able. And much more! Includes easy-to-read manualand source listing. Written by the SCELBI staff.Only $9.95 No. 10

Introduction to

Low Resolution Graphics

Now you can produce amazing computer graphics —even if you can't draw a straight line. Literally! Learnhow to draw lines and shapes, make graphs, drawpictures and even do animations. The simple secretsof how to do all this are contained in this new bookby Nat Wadsworth. You'll be able to produce a deckof playing cards ... a clown that winks ... a foot-ball grid . . . and an animated football game. Alsotells how to synchronize computer-generated soundsto your illustrations.

Just $9.95 No. 65

Understanding Microcomputers

Accepted as the standard! 300 pageeasy reading text. Explains exactly howa microprocessor works. Intro to pro-gramming in BASIC. Complete glossary.Just $9.95 No. 90

Microcomputer Potpourri

A pocket-size reference for the begin-ner and pro alike. Full digest on under-standing microcomputers. Data and dia-grams on all the popular chips. Glossary.Only $2.95 No. 70

Learn Micro-Computers

A new multi-media information packagefor the beginner. You get UnderstandingMicrocomputers book plus high-qualitycassette. Great for self-study.Just $14.95 No. 40

UNDERSTANDINGMICROCOMPUTERS

MICROCOMPUTER

154 BYTE March 1980

VJVfr

Ca*c

^Hg

a»* ,_

~-5sSS*

.fiffS*-^

^C8^e*o^0,VX'

AW"5

'SCftft(

"bn,

»««,

'°Ds

Calculating withBASIC

Use your computer to calculate home mortgage pay-ments, interest rates, payback periods and more!Shows how to apply the BASIC language to practi-cal problems and equations. Covers the fields ofmathematics, finance and statistics, mechanicalengineering and electronics. For fun, the gamesof Hangman and Space Capture are provided. Writtenby Raymond Guido. Ideal for the businessman,scientist, engineer or student. Complete routinesare worked out and ready for you to use.Just $7.95 No. 30

Z80, 8080, 6800&6502Software Cookbooks

There's one for each of these popular microprocessors.With the right SCELBI Gourmet Guide and Cook-book, you'll be able to put together programs withouthaving to start from scratch. You'll have the mostuseful routines at your command — already program-med and ready-to-use. Search and sort routines. Manygeneral purpose utility routines. I/O and interruptprogramming. How to control and manipulate stacks.Code and numeric conversion routines. Plus more!For 6502, No. 99, $10.95; for 6800, No. 50, $10.95for 8080, No. 60, $10.95; for Z80, No. 75, $14.95

Z80 Instruction Handbook

Convenient pocket size guide to thepowerful Z80 instruction set. Machinecodes presented in octal and hex format.Instructions also indexed alphabetically.Only $4.95 No. 20

Z80

Instruction

Handbook

Free catalog

10 pages ofbooks forbusiness orpleasure.No. AA

MBSSS9

See SCELBI books at your favorite computer orelectronics store, or use coupon for direct mail.

#■ SCELBI Publications

BlP 20 Hurlbut Street, Elmwood, CT06110

IMPORTANT ORDERING INFO! Include $1.00 ship-ping/handling charges for each item. Prices shown are forNorth American customers. Master Charge, VISA, Postaland Bank Money Orders preferred. Allow 4 weeks fordelivery.

□ No. 10 DNo. 20 DNo. 30 DNo. 40DNo. 50 DNo. 60 DNo. 65 □ No. 70

□ No. 75 DNo. 90 DNo. 99 D No. AA

Name (please print)

Card No.

Bank No.

Address

City/State

Signature

, Exp. Date

Zip

. Date .

Circle 98 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

Hydrocarbon MoleculeConstructor

Randall S Matthews

The Proctor and Gamble Co

Miami Valley Laboratory

POB 39175

Cincinnati OH 45247

To an organic chemist learning to program a newly ac-quired microcomputer (in my case, the 16 K byte AppleII), the challenge of "teaching" chemical principles to thecomputer naturally arises. For example: can the Apple IIlearn the rudiments of structural organic chemistry, anduse that knowledge to assemble and draw simplemolecules? This subject is usually covered early in thefirst semester of sophomore organic chemistry. I decidedto write a BASIC program that would accept a hydrocar-bon molecular formula as input, and then randomly con-struct a molecule fitting that formula and draw its struc-ture using high-resolution graphics as output.

Initialization

First, the program must be initialized and the input ac-cepted and analyzed. The user will enter a molecular for-mula in the form C,H (where C is the number of carbonatoms and H is the number of hydrogen atoms in themolecule).

Clearly, the program must accept only values of C andH that are positive, and less than the maximum numbersallowed by the dimension statement (line 100). However,the dictates of organic chemistry force further restric-tions.

In a neutral, ground-state, hydrocarbon molecule,every carbon atom must have exactly four bonds (ie: con-nections to other atoms), and every hydrogen atom must

have exactly one bond. In 3-methyl-l-butene, as shownin figure 1, notice that each carbon has four connections.

Carbon atom number 2 (C-2) has one bond to C-3, onebond to a hydrogen (H), and two bonds to C-l. Simi-larly, each H has only one bond. This valence restrictionmeans that, for a given number of carbons C, the maxi-mum number of hydrogens is 2XC+2. A little thoughtwill verify that conclusion.

Consider the propane structure, as shown in figure 2,with a formula C3H8 (8=2X3+2). No more hydrogenscan be added, since each carbon already has its maximumnumber of connected atoms. Note that if we make a dou-ble bond (C-l to C-2) to form 1-propene, two hydrogensmust be removed. This observation leads to a secondrestriction: the total number of hydrogens in a hydrocar-bon must always be even. A good exercise is to try todraw a counter-example, remembering the valencerestrictions.

Connection Table

Having accepted and screened the input, our programmust now put together carbon and hydrogen atoms toform a molecular structure that fits the formula input.This process involves the construction of a connectiontable. To illustrate this concept, consider again themolecule in figure 1. How can the information in thatstructure be numerically represented? One convenient

H

H

-C-H

H

©

H

H

- C

1©H

C

H

>

:c -©

H

Figure 1: In the hydrocarbon 3-methyl-l-butene, each carbonatom has four connections. This is true of any hydrocarbonmolecule.

H

H

H

H

-C-

-c

-C-

H

H

H

H

PROPANE

©' ©

©= C-H

IH

Figure 2: Examples of propane and propene. For any givenhydrocarbon with C carbon atoms, the maximum number ofpossible hydrogen atoms, H, is 2 X C + 2.

156 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

the electric pencil II

©1980 Michael Shrayer

TM

is now availablefor the TRS-80 Model II* Computer

Standard Printer Version $275SERIAL DIABLO, QUME and NEC Printer versions $300

Features

CP/M compatible

Supports four disk drives

Dynamic print formatting

DIABLO and NEC printer packages

Multi-column formatting in one pass

Print value chaining

Page-at-a-time scrolling

Bidirectional multispeed scrolling controls

Substystem with print value scoreboard

Automatic word and record number tally

Full margin control

End-of-page control

Non-printing text commenting

Line and paragraph indentation

Centering

Underlining ffi!f/^v

Bold face

The Electric Pencil II is a Character Oriented WordProcessing System. This means that text is entered as astring of continuous characters and is manipulated assuch. This allows the user enormous freedom and ease inthe movement and handling of text. Since line endingsare never delineated, any number of characters, words,lines or paragraph may be inserted or deleted anywherein the text. The entirety of the text shifts and opens up orcloses as needed in full view of the user. The typing ofcarriage returns or word hyphenations is not requiredsince lines of text are formatted automatically.

As text is typed and the end of the line is reached, apartially completed word is shifted to the beginning of thefollowing line. Whenever text is inserted or deleted,existing text is pushed down or pulled up in a wraparound fashion. Everything appears on the video displayas it occurs, which eliminates guesswork. Text may bereviewed at will by variable speed scrolling both in theforward and reverse direction. By using

the search or search and replace functions,any string of characters may be locatedand/or replaced with any other string ofcharacters as desired.

Demand a demo from your dealer!

MICHAEL SHRAYER SOFTWARE, INC.

1198 Los Robles Dr.

Palm Springs, CA. 92262

(714)323-1400

Circle 99 on inquiry card.

1

BOND2

NUMBER3

4

CI

2

2

0

0

C2

1

1

0

3

C3

4

5

2

0

C4

3

0

0

0

C5

3

0

0

0

Figure 3: A possible method of representing a connection table.This connection table represents every bond for every carbonatom. The information is stored by the computer in the formshown in figure 4.

c-i

r

V

\

CO

CI

C2

C3

C4

C5

C6

C7

C8

•

V

:tion

J

I

FLAG

CONNETABLENUMBE

COORD

NATES

Figure 4: The connection table is stored in array C.

(a)

(b)

CI

2

4

0

0

C2

1

3

0

0

C3

2

4

0

0

C4

1

3

0

0

CI

4

4

0

0

C2

3

3

0

0

C3

2

2

0

0

C4

1

1

0

0

H H

I I

■CI — C2-H

H

I

H-CI

C2-H

•C4-

IH

■C3-HI

H

H-C4 C3-I I

H H

Figure 5: Using the random method of generating connectiontables may result in some difficulties. Two connection tables forCtHs are shown. One possible and acceptable connection tableis figure 5a. Figure 5b is an unacceptable connection table sinceit results in two separate molecules.

method is shown in figure 3.

This connection table indicates every bond for everycarbon atom. For example, in column 2 of row C3 is a 5,indicating that the second bond of C-3 connects to carbonatom number 5 (C-5). An entry of 0 in the table meansconnection to a hydrogen. Thus, the number of Os in thetable necessarily equals the number of hydrogens in themolecule. Reading across row C2, we find that carbonC-2 is connected twice to C-l, constituting a doublebond, once to C-3, and once to a hydrogen.

In the computer, the information contained in the con-nection table is stored in array C, as indicated in figure 4.The information for C-l is stored in array elements C(0)thru C(6); the information for C-2 is stored in elementsC(7) thru C(13); etc. In every such block of sevenelements, the first four elements contain the four numbersfrom the connection table for that carbon atom. Thus,using the connection table in figure 3 as an example, wehave: C(0)=2, C(l) = 2, C(2) = 0, C(3) = 0, C(7) = l,C(8)=l, C(9)=0, C(10)=3, etc. The use of the otherelements in the array is explained later.

My first programming impulse was to construct theconnection table entirely at random. Unfortunately, thismethod proved inadequate for several reasons. First, itwas very slow. After each attempt at constructing thetable, the program would check if the generated numberswere consistent with the input molecular formula. If theywere not, as was often the case, the program recycled totry again. This process was very inefficient.

The second problem was that the connection tablesgenerated often did satisfy the formula, but led to discon-nected structures. For example, suppose the formulaC|H8 (4,8) is input. Figure 5 shows two connection tables,along with their corresponding structures, that fit thisformula. Clearly, the output in figure 5b is unacceptablebecause it is two separate structures, even though its con-nection table still conforms to the input.

How may these problems be solved?The answer lies inthe new algorithm illustrated in figure 6, which again usesthe hypothetical input C4H8. This method begins by con-necting C-l to C-2. A random integer between 0 and 3 isthen selected, and C-3 is bound to the carbon atom with

8086 Boards

CPU with $650.

Vectored InterruptsPROM-I/O $495.

RAM $395.

8K x 16/16K x 8

ANALOG Boards

A/D 16 Channel, $495.12 Bit, High Speed

D/A 4 Channel, $395.12 Bit, High Speed

VIDEODIGITIZATION

Real Time Video $850.Digitizer and DisplayComputer PortraitSystem $4950.

S-100 Boards

Video and/or AnalogData AcquisitionMicrocomputer Systems

EG RR

XNC. r

The High Performance S-100 People

TECMAR, INC.

23414 Greenlawn • Cleveland,OH 44122(216) 382-7599

158 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

For the Best and Latest in Computer Technology...

Look to Howard W. Sams & Co., Inc.

There's something for everyone—from those who want to discover what com-puters are all about to those who are already utilizing computers and program-ming. The fundamentals . . . programming . . . interfacing . . . logic—we are thecomplete knowledge source for home, business, educational and professionalusers.

ConiPatcrdictionary

8

HANDBOOK

"Reference"Library

□ Computer Dictionary &Handbook (3rd Ed.:by Sippl and Sippl.The best and latest resource for anyoneinvolved in computers or computer ap-plications, over 900 pages; No. 21632$25.95

The "Starters"

□ The Howard W. Sams CrashCourse in Microcomputers

by Frenzel.Introducing ... the fastest and most ef-fective way for everyone from the aver-age consumer to the doctor of science toearn about today's microcomputers.Focuses on all aspects of microcomput-ers from fundamentals and operatingsystems to programming and modernperipheral equipment such as floppydisks. 264 pages, No. 21634, $17.50

□

How To Buy & Use Minicomputersand Microcomputers

by Barden.

A single source to buying and using a computer in your homeor business to handle recreational or practical tasks fromplaying games to setting up a burglar alarm. 240 pages, No.21351, $9.95

□

Getting Acquainted With Microcomputers

by Frenzel.

Gives you a complete working knowledge of the microcom-puter-organization, operation, and programming. 288 pages,No. 21486, $8.95

□ Fundamentals of Digital Computers (2nd Ed.)by Spencer.Unravels the mysteries of computers and programming. 320pages, No. 21534, $9.95

□ Introduction to Microcomputers for Iff pill III IIIthe Ham Shack IIMIII&UJ

by Helms.Gives the radio amateur an opportunity to be in the forefrontof utilizing and developing techniques in "computercations."96 pages, No. 21681, $4.95

Prepub Offer—Save 10% (expires 4/30/80)

□ Microcomputer Primer,(2nd Ed.)

by Waite and Pardee.Completely revised and broadened to reflect thelatest advances in microprocessor technology fromthe new 8-bit microprocessors to solderless bread-boards. An excellent starting point for all thoseinterested in computers. Approximately 368 pages,No. 21653, Prepub price—$10.76. RegularPrice—$11.95

The "Programmers"

I—I How to Program Microcomputers

by Barden.

A popular, complete guide to assemblylanguage programming of the Intel8080, Motorola MC6800, and MOSTechnology MCS 6502 Microprocessors.256 pages, No. 21459, $8.95

□ BASIC ProgrammingPrimer

by Waite and Pardee.Covers everything from getting or-ganized to writing a game program. 240pages, No. 21586, $8.95

□ DBUG: An 8080 Interpretive Debugger fj Iby Titus and Titus. JuS™

Covers program operation and how it's applied to programdevelopment and testing. 112 pages, No. 21536, $4.95

□ 6502 Software Design « 1

byScanlon. JU™

Tells how to program for the 6502 assembly language. Ap-proximately 288 pages, No 21656, $9.95*

Circle 101 on inquiry card.

Ju**tk

□ 8080/8085 Software Design,2 volumes

by Titus, Larsen, & TitusVolume 1 gives you an introduction to assembly languageprogramming. 336 pages, No. 21541, $9.50—Volume 2 is aunique, one-of-a-kind, computer science book for the designengineer. Written in Intel machine code. 352 pages, No.21615, $9.95Two-volume set No. 21659, $17.50

□ TEA: An 8080/8085 Co-ResidentEditor-Assembler

by Titus.256 pages, No. 21628, $8.95

The "Computer Technology"Leaders

' microcomputerhandbook

The Z-80 MicrocomputerHandbook

by Barden.Gives current and prospective users aone-stop source to Z-80 technology—hardware and software aspects and in-strumentation problems. 304 pages, No.21500, $8.95

L jK^IM 1 I—I Using the 6800r flfe^^ ^ I I Microprocessor

by Poe.

Acquaints you with the hardware and software of the "6800"fun machine. 176 pages; No. 21512, $6.95

□ Computer Graphics Primerby Waite.

Shows how to create your own graphic affects—from de-tailed drawings to moving figure animation. 184 pages, No.21650, $12.95

□ Microcomputers for Business Applicationsby Barden.Explains the various types of microcomputers available,points out pitfalls to avoid, and defines computer-relatedterms, or "buzzwords" in easy-to-understand language. 256pages, No. 21583, $8.95.

"Interfacing" Bookshelf

□ Microcomputer-Analog fj 1Converter Software & XJ,„Hardware Interfacing

by Titus, Titus, Rony, and Larsen.Concepts and techniques of interfacingdigital computers to analog devices.288 pages, No. 21540; $9.50

MWggSJf

□ TRS-80 Interfacingby Titus.192 pages; No. 21633; $8.95

□ Interfacing & Scientific DataCommunications Experiments

by Rony, Larsen, Titus, & Titus. Jj 1160 pages, No. 21546, $5.95 -"-*«

□ Microcomputer Interfacing With the8255 PPI Chipby Goldsbrough. I] j

JWri,

224 pages, No. 21614, $8.95□

Z-80 Microprocessor Programming& Interfacing, 2 Volumesby Nichols, Nichols, & Rony. ft I800 pages, No. 21611, $21.95. XJTM

Introductory Experiments in DigitalElectronics and 8080A MicrocomputerProgramming and Interfacing, 2 Volumesby Rony, Larsen, and Titus.912 pages; No. 21552; $20.95

□

u

□ Computer Dictionary (3rd Edition)by Sippl and Sippl.Over 12,000 entries, 640 pages, No. 21652, $11.95*

"Logic" Cookbooks

1 1 Lancaster's Cookbook Library

A famous resource for all electronic buffs who wantto know what makes TTLs, CMOS, and active filterscook—what they are, how they work, and how touse them.

by Don Lancaster, one of the most popular authorsin the electronics industry.

TTL Cookbook 21035

$ 9.50

CMOS Cookbook 21398

10.50

Active-Filter Cookbook 21168

14.95

TOTAL LIST PRICE

$34.95

Less 15% Discount

5.24

You Pay Only

$29.71

Order Special Library Package No. 21707 and SAVE!

□ IC Op-iby Jung

□ The Cheap Video Cookbookby Lancaster.256 pages, No. 21524, $5.95

IC Op-Amp Cookbook

592 pages, No. 20969, $12.95

□ IC Converter Cookbookby Jung. 576 pages, No. 21527, $13.95

"Tentative price

Look to Sams . . .In the world of computers

ORDER FORM

HOWARD W. SAMS & CO., INC.

4300 WEST 62ND STREET, P.O. BOX 7092

INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA 46206

(317)298-5400

ndicate quantity in boxes above and complete ordering in-formation below:

Sub Total

Add local sales tax where applicable

GRAND TOTAL

D Bill Me (Shipping and Handling Charge will be added)

D Payment Enclosed (No Shipping Handling Charge)

□ Check □ Money Order

D Master Charge

D Bank Americard/Visa

Exp. Date .

Account No..

Interbank No .

(Master Charge Only)

Minimum Credit Card Purchase $10.00

□ Please send free 1980 Computer Book Catalog, No.21719

AD001

Signature

Name

First

Address.

City_

.State-

-Zip-

Prices subject to change without notice. All books available from SamsDistributors, Bookstores, and Computer Stores. Offer good in U.S. only.Note: Distributor, computer store and dealer inquiries are wefcome.

BYTE March 1980

159

(a)i - zi

C I - C2

\;

C3

(b)- CI- c

C3 - CI- C2

J,

C4

C3 - CI - C2^C4

M

Figure 6: /I wore efficient method for connecting the carbonatoms is to first connect C-l to C-2. A random number between0 and 3 is then selected and C-3 is bound to that carbon atom(6a,6b). C-4 is then randomly connected to one carbon atom inthe range C-l thru C-3. After all carbon atoms have been con-nected thus, the table is cleaned up by another routine. Two dif-ferent carbon atoms are chosen randomly and a bond is formedbetween them if their valence restrictions allow. (Rememberthere may be only four bonds to a carbon atom.) In the examplethe final connection is between C-4 and C-3. All of the availablebonds will be filled with hydrogen atoms in the final molecule.

that number as shown in figures 6a and 6b. An integerbetween 0 and 4 is randomly chosen, and C-4 is con-nected to that atom as shown in figures 6b and 6c.

After all of the carbons have been thusly connected,another routine is used to finish the table, wherein moreconnections are randomly made as follows. Two dif-ferent carbons in the existing structure are randomlychosen, and, if the valence restriction allows, a bond ismade between them.

In our example, the final connection is made betweenC-4 and C-3. (See figures 6c and 6d.) After connecting allthe carbons, the number of such additional bonds thatmust be made can be calculated beforehand from themolecular formula according to the equation:

EU = ((2XC+2)-H)/2

where EU represents the number of additional bonds tobe formed, and C and H are the formula input numbers.The origin of this equation is not within the scope of thisarticle, but the enterprising reader might be able to deriveit. EU stands for elements of unsaturation. In the exampleabove, EU = 1 (for C4H8), so only one additional bond

had to be made to complete the connection table. (Seefigures 6c and 6d.)

Assigning Coordinates

Having assembled the molecule, coordinates for eachcarbon must now be assigned before drawing the struc-ture. For the final drawing to be as clear as possible, theassignments need to satisfy at least two requirements.First, no two carbons should have the same coordinates;and second, carbons that are bound to each other shouldbe plotted next to each other whenever possible.

The following algorithm was devised to assign coor-dinates according to the two criteria. Carbon C-l is giventhe coordinates 120,75 in the Apple's 270 by 160 high-resolution graphics display. Next, all of the carbons con-nected to C-l that do not already have coordinates areassigned coordinates next to C-l. These coordinates arestored in the sixth and seventh elements of the requisiteblock in array C as shown in figure 4. After its neighborshave been given coordinates, the flag element in C-l'sblock of array C is set to 1. (Again, see figure 4.) If it hasalready received its coordinates, the same procedure isthen followed for C-2 and continued until all of the car-bons have been used. This method does not always givethe best or even an adequate representation, but it doesoffer the advantages of simplicity and speed. Also, theconfusing drawings that sometimes result are in mostcases easily improved.

Drawing the Structure

With all the necessary information now contained inarray C, the final structure may be drawn. Thisstraightforward process uses Apple's machine-language,high-resolution graphics subroutines (stored in hexa-decimal locations COO thru FFF prior to running the pro-gram), as well as the several vector tables given in the textbox, allowing the atomic symbols to be easily drawn bythe shape subroutine. These vector tables must be storedin hexadecimal locations 1000 thru 1129, and are pro-tected by a LOMEM setting that is automatically per-formed by the BASIC program (line 5).

Text continued on page 166

| The I

DO YOU SEE EYE TO EYE WITH YOUR APPLE?

DS-65 Digisector1 opens up a whole new world for your Apple II. Your computer can now be a part of the action, taking pictures to amuse youifriends, watching your house while you're away, taking computer portraits... the applications abound! The DS-65 is a random access video digitizerIt converts a TV camera's output into digital information that your computer can process. The DS-65 features:

• High resolution: 256 X 256 picture element scan• Precision: 64 levels of grey scale

• Versatility: Accepts either interlaced (NTSC) or industrial video input• Economy: A professional tool priced for the hobbyist

The DS-65 is an intelligent peripheral card with on-board software in 2708 EPROM.Check these software features:

• Full screen scans directly to Apple Hi-Res screen

• Easy random access digitizing by Basic programs

• Line-scan digitizing for reading charts or tracking objects

• Utility functions for clearing and copying the Hi-Res screen

Let your Apple see the world!

DS-65 Price: $349.95

Advanced Video FSII Camera Price $299.00

SPECIAL COMBINATION PRICE: $599.00

your I

1 w©o^g

APPLE SELF-PORTRAIT

P.O. BOX 1110 DEL MAR, CA 92014 714-942-2400

J

160 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 102 on inquiry card.

Everybody's making money

selling microcomputers*

Somebody s going to make money

servicing them.

New NRI Home Study Course Shows You How to Make Money Servicing, Repairing,and Programming Personal and Small Business Computers

Seems like every time you turn around, some-body comes along with a new computer forhome or business use. And they're being gobbledup to handle things like payrolls, billing, inven-tory, and other jobs for businesses of everysize...to perform household functions likebudgeting, environmental systems control,indexing recipes, and more.

Growing Demand forComputer Technicians...Learn in Your Spare Time

Even before the microprocessor burstupon the scene, the U.S. Department of Laborforecast over a 100% increase in job openings forthe decade through 1985. Most of them newjobs created by the expanding world of thecomputer. NRI can train you at home to serviceboth microcomputers and their big brothers.Train you at your convenience, with clearlywritten "bite-size" lessons that you do eveningsor weekends without quitting your present job.Assemble Your Own Microcomputer

NRI training includes practical experi-ence. You start with meaningful experimentsbuilding and studying circuits on the NRIDiscovery Lab* Then you build your owntest instruments like a transistorized volt-ohmmeter, CMOS digital frequency counter...equip-ment you learn on, use later in your work.

And you build your own microcomput-er, the only one designed for learning. It looksand operates like the finest of its kind, actuallydoes more than many commercial units. ButNRI engineers have designed components andplanned assembly so it demonstrates importantprinciples, gives you working experience indetecting and correcting problems. It's the

kind of "hands-on" training you need torepair and service units now on the market.Mail Coupon for Free CatalogNo Salesman Will Call

Send today for our 100-page, full-color catalog. It describes NRI's new Mi-crocomputer Technology course in detail,shows all equipment, kits, and lesson plans.And it also tells about i— — — —oilier NRI courses... HID I

Complete Communi- la tj I

cations with 2-meter

transceiver...TV/Audio/Video Systems Servicingwith training on the only designed-for-learning25" diagonal color TV with state-of-the-artcomputer programming. With more than amillion students since 1914, NRI knows howto give you the most in home training for newopportunity. If coupon has been removed,write to NRI Schools, 3939 Wisconsin Ave.,Washington, D.C. 20016.

RUSH FOR FREE CATALOG

linn

NRI Schools

McGraw-Hill Continuing

Education Center3939 Wisconsin AvenueWashington, D.C. 20016Please check for one free catalog only.NO SALESMAN WILL CALL

«$T

All career coursesapproved under GI BilD Check for details.

□ Computer Electronics IncludingMicrocomputers

D TV/Audio/Video Systems ServicingD Complete Communications Electronics

with CB • FCC Licenses • Aircraft,

Mobile. Marine Electronics

□ CB Specialists Course

□ Amateur Radio • Basic and Advanced

□ Digital Electronics • ElectronicTechnology • Basic Electronics

D Small Engine Repair

D Electrical Appliance Servicing

□ Automotive MechanicsD Auto Air Conditioning

D Air Conditioning, Refrigeration, & HeatingIncluding Solar Technology

(Please Priot)

City/Slate/Zip

Accredited by the Accrediting Commission of the National Home Study Council

Circle 103 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

161

Listing 1: An Apple II integer-BASIC program for generating hydrocarbon representations using the available high-resolutiongraphic routines. The high-resolution routines use the graphics tables in listing 2.

5 POKE 284.. 4400 NOD 256 : POKE 205, 4498/256 : POKE 74, 4400 NOD 256: POKE75,, 4460,-'25610 GOTO 100

i£i POKE 802.. V : POKE 800, X NOD 25635 POKE 801, X/256: RETURN40 POKE 804, X NOD 256: POKE 805, X/256: RETURN

1O0 DIN cellos

110 TEXT : CALL -936: VTflB 5: TAB 8: PRINT "APPLE-CHEN II"

120 VTAB 10: PRINT "THIS PROGRAM MILL DRAW A MOLECULE": PRINT "FOR A GIVEN M

OLECULAR FORMULA. "130 VTAB 15: PRINT "ENTER A MOLECULAR FORMULA": PRINT "IN THE FORM "CH" , W

HERE"140 PRINT "•-£:'' = THE NUMBER OR CARBON ATOMS": PRINT "IN THE MOLECULE, ETC."

150 INPUT NC, NH

152 NF=8

155 IF NCtt-100 THEN 160:NC= RND £?>+2:NH=<<2*NC>/2>*2

157 NF=1: CALL -936: VTAB 22: PRINT "C-"j NO; ", H-"j NH: GOTO ISO

160 IF NC>1 AND NC<16 AND NH>-1 AND NH02+NC+2 AND <NH/2=NH-NH/2? THEN

180170 PRINT : PRINT "IMPROPER DATA'": PRINT "C MUST BE >= 2 AND < 16": PRINT

"H MUST BE EVEN, >= O AND <= 2+C+2": GOTO 150ISO EU= < ■:: 2+NC+2 ) -NH !:• ,-'2ISO FOR 1=0 TO NO?:CCI>=8: NEXT I20O CX0>=2:CC7>=±: IF NC=2 THEN 300210 FOR 1=3 TO NC220 X= RND <I-15+1230 IF C<<X-1>*?+1>#0 THEN 250240 C •: < 1—1. > *7 ■■ =X : C •:: ■:: X-l ;■ *7+l > = I : GOTO 290250 IF C((X-l)*?+2)#0 THEN 2702 6 0 C •'■■ '■■ I -1 ':■'+ 7 > = X : C < < X -1 .'■' + 7+2 > = I : i j 0 T 0 2 S O270 IF C<<X-l>*7+3>#8 THEN 2S0280 C< (. I— ±'> +7 > =X : C < <. X-l ::■ +7+3;■ = I290 NEXT I

300 IF EU=0 THEN 410310 FOR K=l TO EU

320 X= RND CNC>+1:V= RND CNO+1: IF X=V THEN 320330 FOR 1=1 TO 3: IF C<tX—l>+7+I>#0 THEN 350340 X1=I: GOTO 360350 NEXT I: GOTO 320

360 FOR 1=1 TO 3: IF C<<V-1>*?+I>#© THEN 380370 V1--I : GOTO 390380 NEXT I: GOTO 320

390 C<.<X-l :> +7+X1 > =V : C < C V-l) +7+V1 > =X400 NEXT K

410 FOR 1=4 TO '::NC-l;'+7+4 STEP 7: FOR J-0 TO 2420 C<I+J>=8: NEXT J: NEXT I430 GOSUB 1000 : GO SUE: 2880435 CALL. -936: VTAB 22

437 IF NF#1 THEN 448:NC=-±88: GOTO 155440 PRINT "HIT "D- TO DRAW THIS DIFFERENTLY"450 PRINT "HIT ' I •' FOR A NEW ISOMER -::SAME FORNULAV460 PRINT "HIT 'F' FOR A NEW MOLECULAR FORMULA"470 KEV= PEEK <-16384>: IF KEV<128 THEN 478488 POKE -16368, 8

490 IF KEV=196 THEN 410: IF KEV=201 THEN 190: IF KEV=198 THEN 110500 END

162 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

1008 C C 5 ::> =120 : C •'. 6 > =75

1010 FOR K=l TO NC : IF Q:< <K-l>*7+4>=0 AND C((K-l)*7+5)#0 THEN 1030

lfci2u NEXT K: GOTO 1090

103O FOR 1=0 TO 3 : J='::k:-1>+7+I : IF CCJ>=0 THEN 1080

1040 IF O< c:C< J>-1 3+7+5>40 THEN 1080

1050 GOSUB 1500

1060 FLAG=0: GOSUB 1600: IF FLRG=1 THEN 1058

1070 C< >:. C <. . J > -1 ':■< + 7+5 > = TX: C < < C < J >-1 3 *7+6 3 = TV

1OS0 NEXT I :C«K-13*?+43*=1: GOTO 1010

1090 RETURN

1500 T X=C < < K -1 > * 7+5 3 : T V=C < <■' K -13 *7+6 3

1510 Rl=< RND 0.3*303-30: R2=< RND <33*303-38

1520 TX=TX+R1:TV=TV+H2

1530 IF TX<4 OR TX3264 OR TV<4 OR TV>152 THEN 1500

1540 RETURN

•1600 FOR 11=1 TO NC

1610 IF C<<11-1)+7+5)=TX RND CC<I I-13 +7+6 3=TV THEN 1638

1620 NEXT 11 : GOTO 1640

1630 FLflG=l

1640 RETURN

2000 CALL 3072 : POKE 812, 255 : POKE 806.. 1 : POKE 807, O

2010 S=3805 : L. =3786 : F-3780 : POKE 28, 255

2020 FOR 1=1 TO NC: FOR J=0 TO 3: IF CX <I-13*7+J3=0 THEN 2160

2030 FLRG=0: IF C((I-l)+7+J)<:i THEN 2160

2040 FOR K=0 TO 3: IF K=.J THEN 2060

205O IF C<<I-1> +7+K3 =C <<I-13 +7+J > THEN FLRG=FLRG+1

2060 NEXT K : T=C < < 1 -1 3 +7+J 3

2070 X1=C <<I-13+7+53 :V1=C<<I-1>+7+6 >:X=X1:V=V1

2080 GOSUB 30: CALL P

2090 X2=C<<T-l>*7+5? :V2=C<<T-1)+7+6>:X=X2:V=V2

2100 GOSUB 30: CALL L: IF FLAG<1 THEN 2160

>110 X=Xl+6

>±+S: GOSUB ..iU: CALL P

2120 X=X2+6:V=V2+3: GOSUB 30: CALL L2130 IF FLAG#2 THEN 2168

Cl-

'1-6: GOSUB 30: CALL P

2140 X

2150 X=X2-3:V=V2-6: GOSUB 30: CRLL L

2168 NEXT J: NEXT I

2170 FOR I =1 TO NC : X1=C < 11-1) +7+5> : V1=C < < I-1 > +7+6 :•

2180 POKE 812, 0:X=X1:V=Vl+2: GOSUB 30: CALL P

2190 POKE 804,4199 NOD 256: POKE 805, 4199X256: CALL S: POKE 812, 255

2220 X=X1:V=V1: GOSUB 30: CALL P:FLAG=0

2238 FOR J=8 TO 3

2240 IF CO::i-13*7+J>=0 THEN FLAG=FLflG+l

2250 NEXT J

2260 IF FLAG#0 THEN 2280

2270 X=4096: GOSUB 40: GOTO 2330

2280 IF FLAG#1 THEN 2388

2290 X=4107 : GOSUB 40: GOTO 2338

230O IF FLAG#2 THEN 2328

2318 X=4130: GOSUB 40: GOTO 2330

2320 X=4166: GOSUB 40

2330 CALL S: NEXT I: RETURN

Listing 2: The program in listing 1 uses a high-resolution shape (or vector) table which is shown here. It stores shapes for thechemical symbols. The operation of the shape table is defined in the Apple II Programmer's Manual and in the documentation forthe high-resolution routines. These vector tables are used to draw the different parts of molecules on the video screen.

1000- 22 64 2D 15 96 F2 3F 07

1008- 20 04 00 24 2D 2D 24 34

1010- 36 36 FE IB 24 24 24 D7

1018- E3 3F 17 36 36 OE 2D 05

1020- 20 00 2D 2D 4D 62 AD F6

1028- 17 17 36 28 2D D5 DB C3

1030- 18 08 18 24 24 24 DF 33

1038- 36 36 3E D8 IE 3F 07 20

1040- 24 64 2D 15 06 00 2E 2D

1048- AD 09 OC AD 36 3F 2D 36

Listing 2 continued on page 164

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 163

Listing 2

continued:

1050-

1E

3F

EO

D8

24

24

24

DF

1058-

33

36

36

3E

D8

IE

3F

07

1060-

20

24

64

2D

15

06

00

24

1068-

24

24

24

3C

3F

3F

3F

3F

1070-

3F

2D

2D

2D

2D

2D

2D

2D

1078-

2D

2D

2D

2D

3E

3F

3F

3F

1080-

3F

3F

3F

3F

3F

3F

3F

37

1088-

2D

2D

2D

2D

2D

2D

2D

2D

1090-

2D

2D

2D

3E

3F

3F

3F

3F

1098-

3F

3F

3F

3F

3F

3F

37

2D

10A0-

2D

2D

2D

2D

2D

2D

2D

2D

10A8-

2D

2D

3E

3F

3F

3F

3F

3F

10B0-

3F

3F

3F

3F

3F

37

2D

2D

10B8-

2D

2D

2D

2D

2D

2D

2D

2D

10C0-

2D

3E

3F

3F

3F

3F

3F

3F

10C8-

3F

3F

3F

3F

37

2D

2D

2D

10D0-

2D

2D

2D

2D

2D

2D

2D

2D

10D8-

3F

3F

3F

3F

3F

3F

3F

3F

10E0-

3F

3F

3F

37

2D

2D

2D

2D

10E8-

2D

2D

2D

2D

2D

2D

2D

3E

10F0-

3F

3F

3F

3F

3F

3F

3F

3F

10F8-

3F

3F

37

2D

2D

2D

2D

2D

1100-

2D

2D

2D

2D

2D

2D

3E

3F

1108-

3F

3F

3F

3F

3F

3F

3F

3F

i no-

3F

37

2D

2D

2D

2D

2D

2D

il 18-

2D

2D

2D

2D

2D

3E

3F

3F

1120-

3F

3F

3F

3F

3F

3F

3F

3F

1128-

07

00

Table 1.

Program Lines

Function

5

Set LOMEM-.4400

30-40

Subroutines used for drawings.

100-170

Accept and analyze input.

180-400

Construct connection table.

435-500

Special features.

1000-1640

Subroutine to assign coordinates.

2000-2330

Subroutines to draw molecule.

Program Notes

Since remark statements were deleted from the final program toincrease execution speed, the explanations provided in table 1,should prove useful when reading the program. Table 2 provides alist of all machine language accesses in the Apple 11 used in this pro-gram. These explanations should help implement the chemistry pro-gram on a different computer.

Table 2.

Command

Occurrence

Effect

POKEs to 204,

line 5

Set LOMEM:4400. This

205, 74, 75

protects the vector table in

the Apple's memory from being

written over.

POKEs to 802,

lines 30, 35

These locations hold the

801, 800

coordinates for the next point tobe plotted.

POKEs to 804,

line 40

These locations hold the address

805

of the part of the vectortable containing the shapeabout to be drawn.

CALL 3072

line 2000

Initializes high-resolutiongraphics mode.

POKE 812, 255

lines 2000, 2190

Set color to white.

POKE 806, 1

line 2000

Set scaling factor to 1.(full size)

POKE 807, 0

line 2000

Set rotation factor to 0.(right side up)

CALLP

lines 2080, 2110, 2140,

Causes point to be plotted at

2180, 2220

coordinates set in SUB 30.

CALLL

lines 2100, 2120, 2150

Causes line to be drawn fromlast point plotted to coordinatesset in SUB 30.

POKE 812, 0

line 2180

Set color to black.

CALLS

lines 2190, 2330

Cause shape to be drawnstarting at last point plotted(line 2180). Shape is determinedby which section of vectortable is poked into locations804 and 805 as shown below:

table location

figure drawn

4199

blank space

4096

C

4107

CH

4130

CH2

4166

CH,

164 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

SINK TH€ BISMARCKWITH VOUR RPPl€l

Historical wargaming may be the onlyintellectual hobby tuhich creates moreintensely devoted fanatics than homecomputing. LUhen tujo ujargamers spendan evening refighting a famous bottle,they'll spend several hours happilysetting up the gameboard, firepowercharts, unit strength tables and so forth...all before the first shot can be fired! Thereore such paper & pencil simulations ofevery famous battle from Shiloh to €1fllamein. If you've ever tried one, youalready know the excitement andchallenge of trying to be a better generalthan Rommel.

Home Computer

Now there's a true historical wargamefor your home computer. ComputerBismarck™ accurately simulates the epicbattle between the awesome Germanbattleship and the British Home Fleet.Best of all, the computer programeliminates the drudgery of paper 5) pencilwargames—remembering all the rulesand details while keeping track of thebattle on a North Atlantic map on yourvideo display.

Play the Computer

It maneuvers the Bismarck and U-boatwolfpacks so well that you'll have tocommand the British ships and aircraftbrilliantly to avoid losing your merchantconvoys (and UJorld LUar Two along withthem).

Play o Human

Just like Staff Officer training at the UJarCollege, each of you plots his strategiesin grease pencil on an off-screenmapboard while the battle is fought onthe video screen (monochrome ormulticolor depending on your displaycapabilities). Vou deploy battleships,cruisers, carriers, destroyers, submarines,oilers, merchant ships, recon planes, andbombers—each with unique and realisticoperating parameters. Vou must deal withall the variables which challenge anactual battle commander: aircraftendurance; naval fuel, firepower anddamage; shadowing and searchingability (better in radar-equipped vessels);and visibility—which depends onweather, which varies with geographyand time. If a game is interrupted, theprogram will save it on a minidisc.

More like Chess than Pong

Computer Bismarck is a test of intellectand courage rather than hand-eyecoordination. If you can imagine playingchess with pieces like a knight who mustreturn to the stables periodically for afresh horse or a queen whose radius ofaction can be affected by battledamage. . .all on a 360 squarechessboard partially obscured bythunderstorms and fog...that's ComputerBismarck!

$59.95 and an Apple

If you've got an Apple II Plus (or onApple II with Applesoft firmware ROMCard) with 48K memory and a 5 1/4" minifloppy disc drive, you can be playingComputer Bismarck in a few days, for$59.95, you get the gome program disc, 2mapboard charts (for plotting secretstrategies in grease pencil betweenmoves), 2 ship data charts, 2 systemcommand cards, a loading instructionsheet, and a rulebook.

Credit card holders call 800-648-5600(toll free) and ask Operator 180 tocharge it to your VISA or MAST6RCHARG6(Nevada only call 800-992-5710). Orsend a check for $59.95 to StrategicSimulations, Inc., P.O. Box 5161, Stanford,CA 94305 (California residents add $3.90sales tax). Computer Bismarck will beavailable soon for the TRS-80 and otherhome computers.

COMPUT6R BISMARCK™. There's never been anything like it.

Circle 104 on inquiry card.

I,

We'll pay the surface freight on all pre-paid productsfeatured in this ad to any of 18,000 U.S. tariffed loca-tions. No handling charges, add on costs, Insurancefees or credit card fees!

im I*

I . ■ , 1-

Tl 9914

Built in equation calculator, 13" colormonitor, 16-bit C.P.U., Tl Basic w/13 digitprecision, and more!CALL US FOR LOW PRICE!

Soroc IQ 120

High quality, professional text-editingterminal. 73-key board, built in 2K RAM.

$789

Hazeltine 1500

7X10 matrix, baud rates to 19,200; fullkeyboard with numeric pad, full functionCRT at a new low price! $950

Tl 810

Basic 150 cps serial. The industry leaderat a new low price! Save over $300.

$1589

Centronics 730

100 cps, parallel, 3-way feed,80-character buffer...the new leader insmall printers from Centronics. Save

5100.

$895

Comprint 912

Low priced electrostatic matrix printer,

225 CPS' Serial $535

Parallel 499

North Star Horizon

Call us for our low prices on theindustry's most popular C.P.U.

Tele video 912 $779

Centronics 704 $1685

Heath WH 14 $749

Over 2000 products from over 100 manufacturers. Prices subjectto change without notice, products subject to availability. FOBTempe, AZ (5% sales tax in Arizona)

toITfreeI -800-528-1418

^OOWDIID

1425 W. 12th PI. • Tempe, AZ 85281 • (602) 894-1193

Text continued from page 160:

Program Description and Instructions

To run the program, load the high-resolution graphicssubroutines, the vector tables, and the BASIC program(remembering to set HIMEM;8192) and type RUN. Youwill be asked to input a molecular formula. To test theprogram, type 4,8. In a few seconds, an isomer of buteneshould appear. At the bottom of the screen, you will noteseveral special features. Pressing the D key will draw anew picture of the same compound; in other words, thesame connection table is used, but different coordinatesare assigned. This command is very useful, particularlyfor complicated structures, when the initial drawing istoo confusing to understand. You may continue to pressthe D key until a satisfactory drawing results. Pressingthe I key isomerizes the structure (ie: a different com-pound with the same molecular formula is drawn). Thus,you could investigate some of the many isomers of tetra-hedrane (C4H4). Pressing the F key simply recycles theprogram to allow new input. Pressing any other key endsthe run.

One other very interesting special feature is demon-strated by entering the "formula" -100,0. This input is asignal for the program to begin drawing structures fromrandomly chosen molecular formulae. It will continue todraw new compounds until interrupted by control-C.This feature makes a fascinating demonstration displayfor the Apple II.

Concluding Comments

Finally in possession of a running program, you maywell inquire: what good is it? Certainly, for a practicingorganic chemist, the program has little practical value.However, by exposing several of my chemist friends tothe program, I have found that they do enjoy playingwith it, especially the isomerization feature. It is fun!

For those who are interested in practical applications ofmicrocomputing, I stress that this program has valuableuse in chemical education. For beginning organicstudents, it provides an enjoyable introduction tonumerous seminal concepts of structural chemistry (eg:to the ideas of structural isomerism and valence re-quirements). Moreover, it could be used to test com-prehension of nomenclature, particularly for more ad-vanced students. For instance, I have enjoyed enteringformulae and challenging others to assign InternationalUnion of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) names tothe resulting structures.

In closing, I must point out that the program describedhere is only a beginning. Several potential improvementsimmediately spring to mind. One is the possibility of theApple drawing three-dimensional representations. Also,anyone with much chemical background will quicklyrealize that many structures generated by the programare rather unlikely, if not practically impossible. For in-stance, the Apple does not hesitate to draw cyclopropa-diene, an impossibly strained ring. It might be possible toteach the Apple such concepts as ring strain and Bredt'srule; however, I am not sure if that would be desirable.Much of the program's charm derives from its naive ap-proach to molecular assemblage, yielding delightfullyunexpected structures. And who knows? Recent exper-ience in organic synthesis has demonstrated that im-probable structures are not always impossible. ■

166 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 105 on inquiry card.

Put the BYTE on the IRS with Aardvark™

In an era when computers are an integral part ofbusiness and entertainment, and computer software ismore and more sophisticated, Aardvark'" is yet anotherbreed in advanced computer software. Aardvark's'"Micro Tax series is a true user-oriented FederalIncome Tax package. Specifically developed byqualified tax professionals for use on personal homecomputers, this low-cost, time-saving Aardvark'" MicroTax package accurately and efficientlycomputes yourfederal income tax liability. Aardvark'" will display andfill in facsimile Form 1040 and related schedules and,

when connected to a printer by means of a standardinterface, will print out these facsimile forms auto-matically. Each program is designed to use the appro-priate tax table or rate schedule. The Aardvark™package includes an indexed instruction manual andinput forms for easy input of tax data. To see howAardvark'" can be tax-deductible, check the instructionsin the binder of the manual. You can also use thebinder to store pertinent 1979 tax records. Cure yourheadaches this tax season, order today . . . and putthe BYTE on the IRS with Aardvark'"!

MICRO TAX I $25

Form 1040

Schedule A

Schedule B

Schedule TC

(will not calculate Income

Averaging, Max Tax, or Alternative

Minimum Tax)

MICRO TAX IV $100

Expanded disk version of Micro Tax IIIPrinted forms can be filed with the IRS

When Ordering Specify:

TRS-80 16K Level II BasicApple II 32K with Applesoft BasicApple II 16K Micro withApplesoft ROM CardTl 99/4 with drive cassettePET 16K

MICRO TAX II $35

Form 1040Schedule ASchedule BSchedule G (Inc. Avg.)Schedule TCForm 4625 (Min. Tax)Form 4726 (Max. Tax)Form 6251 (Alt. Min. Tax)

ytardvdrl(Software

MICRO TAX III $50

Micro Tax II plus

Schedule C

Schedule D

Schedule E

Schedule SE

Form 2119 - Sale of Personal

Residence

Disk Version $60

MICRO TAX V $150

Expanded disk version of Micro Tax III

plus Form 2210

Provides for hash totals and batch

processing

Printed forms can be filed with IRS

For more information write:

P.O. Box 26505Milwaukee, Wl 53213

24 hrs. Orders only call TOLL FREE 1-800-558-8570.In Wisconsin 1-414-289-9988

OAardvark Software, Inc. 1979

7 days

Circle 106 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

167

Bccfc fie views

What ComputersCan't Do

Hubert L DreyfusHarper and RowNew York 1972hardcover, 259 pages$10.95

Brain, Mind andComputers

Stanley L Jaki

Gateway Editions

1969

softcover, 267 pages

$4.95

What Computers Can't Doand Brain, Mind and Com-puters are two widelyavailable critiques of artifi-cial intelligence. Theirauthors bring somewhatdifferent credentials tothe task. Hubert Dreyfus isa philosopher who hasworked in artificial in-telligence research for wellover a decade, and Dr Jakiis a theologian concernedwith the philosophy of

High quality networking demands high quality communica-tions. That's why the best computer companies recommendBIZCOMP Intelligent Modems.™ They choose BIZCOMP forreliability, volume delivery and speedy development of com-munications software. You'll choose BIZCOMP for features like:

• Automatic Repeat Dialing

• Self Test

• Automatic Answer

• Friendly, Conversational Interface

• Automatic Baud Rate Acquisition

• FCC Registered —Direct Connection

• Bell 103 Series Compatible

• UL/CSA Approved

BIZCOMP's unique Code-Multiplexed Design enables com-plete control using a simple 3-wire RS-232 interface. WithBIZCOMP attached, your "dumb" terminal acquires "intelligent"features with comm rates from 110, 134.5, 150, 200 to 300baud. See BIZCOMP's Intelligent Modems today at your localdealer, or write to us directly.

BIZCOMP Communications...why not startwith the best?

P.O. Box 7498

Menlo Park. California 94025

415/854-5434

Suggested prices from $395.00

Palen! Pending

What Computers Can'tDo is a follow-up on aRAND Corporation paperwhich Dreyfus did in themid-1960s. The question heraises is why, after the rapidadvances in artificial intelli-gence research during the1950s, was there such aslowdown in results duringthe 1960s and early 1970s?Many of the results whichwere forecast for the period1969 thru 1979 never occur-red (such as general-purposelanguage translation, inno-vative work in mathematicsby computers, etc). Dreyfusbelieves that there are anumber of mistaken assump-tions underlying the hopesin artificial intelligenceresearch; assumptions abouthow we think and about thenature of the world. Hisconclusion is that moreattention must be paid tothe ways in which humansthink about things and howthese differ from the ways inwhich computers work. Heargues that the result of thisis a classification of tasksinto different groups, someof which are definitely fairgame for machines, some ofwhich pose serious prob-lems, and some of whichare not likely to yieldhuman-type performance tocomputers as they arepresently designed.

Overall, this book is veryinteresting reading, and con-tains well-thought-outdiscussions of many of theissues in artificial intelligenceresearch.

Brain, Mind and Com-puters was originallypublished ten years ago andhas since been reissued. It isostensibly a discussion ofartificial intelligenceresearch; it is in fact arefutation of physicalism,which the author maintainsis synonymous with deter-minism. While discussingartificial intelligence atlength, Dr Jaki neverdefines what he means by it;he seems to mean amachine which will be fullyequivalent to the humanmind in all respects. Giventhis implicit definition, thetask of arguing against thepossibility is simplified.

168 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 107 on inquiry card.

ALMOSTPERFEC.

TM

The IVIAwlVi WAlNll/ is the most powerful,most flexible, most reliable, most usable word processingsoftware available for a CP/M-based computer.

That's not bragging. That's just telling itlike it is.

The MAGIC WAND is the best wordprocessing software ever written for amicrocomputer. It can do more work inless time with higher quality than anyother product you can buy.

The MAGIC WAND is a rock solid pieceof software. The command structure issimple and logical and complete. We havenot tossed in features without thought tothe overall design of the package. Norhave we included any feature that is notthoroughly implemented. The programsare crash-proof and completely reliable.

And the system is supported by what weare told is the best user's manual ever pro-duced for microcomputer software. Itcontains a step-by-step instructional pro-gram designed for the novice. The traineeuses sample files from the system disk andcompares his work to simulated screensand printouts in the manual.

Support doesn't stop when you buy thepackage. As a registered user, you receiveour bi-monthly newsletter which answersquestions, reports upgrades and teachesnew applications of the MAGIC WAND.

It's through a lot of hard work that weare able to offer you a product that is"almost perfect," but we aren't about tostop working until we can say that theMAGIC WAND is perfect.

Full screen text editing

The MAGIC WAND has probably the mostresponsive and easy-to-use editor avail-able for either a serial or DMA terminal. Ituses only single stroke control keys togive command and takes advantage of thespecial function keys on your terminalwhenever possible. In addition, you canset up library files with coded sections thatyou can merge by section name.

Full text formatting commandsThe MAGIC WAND allows you to set theleft, right, top and bottom margins, pagelength, indentation, paragraph indenta-tion, (incuding "hanging" paragraphs),text left flush, right flush, justified (twoways), literal or centered, variable line andpitch settings, variable spacing (includinghalf lines), bold face, underlining (solid orbroken), conditional hyphenation, sub-and superscripting. You may change anyof these commands at run-time withoutreformatting the file.

Merging with external data filesYou may access any external data file,with either fixed length or sequentialrecords. The MAGIC WAND converts therecord into variables that you define andcan use like any other variable. Of course,you may use the data for automatic formletter generation. But you can also use itfor report generation.

Variables

You may define up to 128 variables withnames of up to seven characters. The cur-rent value of a variable may be up to 55characters, and you may print it at anypoint in the text without affecting the cur-rent format. Although the MAGIC WANDstores the variables as strings, you mayalso treat them as integer numbers or for-mat them with commas and a decimalpoint. You may increment or decrementnumeric variables or use them in format-ting commands.

Conditional commands

You may give any print command basedon a run-time test of a pre-defined condi-tion. The conditional test uses a straight-forward IF statement, which allows you totest any logical condition of a variable.You may skip over unneeded portions ofthe file, select specific records to print,store more than one document in a singlefile, etc.

True proportional printing

The MAGIC WAND supports proportionalprint elements on NEC, Diablo and Qumeprinters. Other formatting commands,including justified columns, boldface,underline, etc., are fully functional whileusing proportional logic.

Available on 8" soft-sectored and 5 1 4" Northstar or Micropolis (hard or soft sectored) diskettes, as well asONYX hard disk. Terminals supported include — ADDS. Beehive. Cromemco. Dynabyte. Hazeltine, Heath, Imsai,Intertec. Lear Siegler. Microterm Act V, Perkm Elmer, Sol VDM1. Soroc, TEC. TEI. Televideo, TRS80 Mod II,Vector Graphics, plus a variety of video boards

srcuxll buslu&ss applications, lac.

3220 Louisiana • Suite 205 • Houston, Texas 77006 • 713-528-5158

Circle 108 on inquiry card.

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research Corp

BYTE March 1980 169

Brain, Mind and Com-puters is an excellent guideto the history ofphysicalism in scientificthought. The computer istaken as a metaphor for"machine," and artificial in-telligence is taken in itsstrongest sense— a sensethat is almost unknown inthe current artificial in-telligence researchliterature.

John A Lehman716 Hutchins #2Ann Arbor MI 48103

Z80 Software GourmetGuide and Cookbook

Nat WadsworthScelbi Publications, 1979softcover, 322 pages$14.95

The Z80 SoftwareGourmet Guide andCookbook is one in a seriesof such books which Scelbihas published; previous"cookbooks" have appearedfor the 8080 and the 6800

processors. The primarytheme behind these books isto explain how to performcommon assembly-languageprogramming tasks for thevarious microprocessors,and to provide testedroutines for these taskswhich can be included aspart of larger programs.

The Z80 volume coversthe Z80 instruction set,utility operations (such asmultibyte arithmetic), stackoperations, input/output(I/O) processing, character-code conversion, searching

Over 1000 software tapes, books,diskson display. Come In and arouse.

TO ORDER CALL (212) 687-5000

The COMPUTER FACTORY ««-^»*^*™>y«-

I vnLL I'l'l »»' J«VU (46th St.)

485 Lexington Avenue 750 Third Avenue New York, N.Y. 10017Foreign order desk - Telex G400b5

and sorting, decimalarithmetic, and floatingpoint arithmetic. Thesetopics were also covered inthe 8080 volume. Additionalchapters in the Z80 book in-clude one that presents asimple space-capture game,and one entitled "CreativeProgramming Concepts,"which discusses data struc-tures. Appendices includethe Z80 instruction set,character code and number-base tables, and hexadecimalobject code dumps for themajor programs in the book.

The first question thatcomes to mind is, "Howdoes this book differ fromthe 8080 volume?" Obvious-ly, the sections on the in-struction set are changed.Besides having many moreinstructions to explain, theZ80 book uses Zilogmnemonics. Unfortunately,much of the rest of the bookcontains the old 8080 codewith new mnemonics. Eventhe discussion of interruptsin the I/O section treatsonly mode 0 (8080-com-patible), which is probablythe least useful for anyonenot trying to write8080-executable code.

Another example of thelack of changes: absolute-jump instructions are usedthroughout the book wherealmost any Z80 programmerwould use relative jumps.The major changes in thebook then seem to be thediscussion of the instructionset, the two new chapters,and the fact that the floatingpoint routines appear to beshorter. If you have the8080 volume, do not pur-chase this volume.

If you do not have the8080 volume, then that isanother story. Whether youwant to convert AmericanStandard Code for Informa-tion Interchange (ASCII) toBaudot code (or Selectriccorrespondence code), parsean input string, changenumber representations, fillmemory, write timing loops,or whatever, you will prob-ably find just thesubroutine you are lookingfor. I have been takingsubroutines out of the 8080version of this book for twoyears now, and have yet to

170 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Learn to program your microcomputerusing Assembly Language

Assembly Language Programming primers for thesesix microprocessors

S

Each book explains assembly language programming,describes the functions of assemblers and assemblyinstructions, and discusses basic software developmentconcepts. A special section on structured programmingcomplements the many practical programmingexamples, which range from simple memoryload loops to complete rudimentary designprojects. Z8000 ALP by Adam Osborne; all othersby Lance Leventhal.

The 8086 Book—

This June, Osborne/McGraw-Hill will release the first of a newseries, The 8086 Book by Russell Rector. A handbook for all8086 users, this book Includes basic 8086 programming instruc-tions, a thorough analysis of the 8086 Instruction set, anddetailed hardware and interfacing guides that reveal the fullpower of the 8086 multiprocessing capabilities. Check the box inthe order form below to be sent The 8086 Book contents andorder information.

COMING in JULY

Z8000

and COMING SOON

6809

In each book you'll find:

* Over 80 programming examples tailored to yourmicrocomputer, with source program, object code,flowcharts, and explanatory text.

* Each instruction fully explained

* Assembler conventions

* I/O devices and interfacing methods

* How to program the interrupt system

Table of Contents: Introduction to Assembly LanguageProgramming; Assemblers; The Assembly Language Instruction Set;Simple Programs; Simple Program Loops; Character Coded Data;Code Conversion; Arithmetic Problems; Tables and Lists;Subroutines; Input/Output; Interrupts; Problem Definition andProgram Design; Debugging and Testing; Documentation andRedesign; Sample Projects.

Don't forgetour other ALP Books

Z80 - 6800 - 8080A/8085 - 6502

Order Form

□ Please notify me when The 8086 Book is available.

□ Please notify me when 6809 ALP Is available.

Book

Price

Quantity

Amount

□ Please notify me when Z8000 ALP is available.

Name:

Address:

City- State:

ZIP: Phone:

£j\ OSBORNE/McGraw-Hill

6502 Assembly Language Programming

$12.50

280 Assembly Language Programming

$12.50

6800 Assembly Language Programming

$12.50

8080A/8085 Assembly Language Programming

$12.50

California

ks)

35

esldents tax

Shipping

TOTAL

S.F. BART residents add 6-1/2% sales tax.SHIPPING (Shipping for large orders to be arranged)

3 All foreign orders $4.00 per item for airmail3 $0.75 per item 4th class in the U. S. (allow 3-4□ $1.25 per Item UPS In the U.S. (allow 10 days3 $2.50 per item special rush shipment In the U:or faster shipment or credit card, phone (415) 54.

wee

S.-28

630 Bancroft Way. Dept. B3 Ei'i3|Berkeley, California 94710 &iv2(415) 548-2805 ■ TWX 910-366-7277 llllll

Circle 109 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

171

have one not work.

In conclusion, if youalready have the 8080 Soft-ware Gourmet Guide andCookbook, just buy Scelbi'sZ80 Instruction Handbook;the two together will giveyou almost everything inthis volume, and you willsave the cost of a floppydisk or two. If you do nothave the 8080 volume, thenthe 7.80 Software GourmetGuide and Cookbook couldbe a good addition to your

assembler reference library.

John A Lehman

716 Hutchins #2Ann Arbor MI 48103

BASEX

Paul WarmeBYTE BooksPeterborough NH, 1979softcover, 97 pages$8

BASEX is an interactivecompiler written for the&080 family of computers.The book is complete withbar code, source listing andmachine code listing.

Many language systemsfor microprocessors are writ-ten as interactive interpreterswhich do not convert thesentence-like statements ofthe language into machinecode, but simply performthe command in each line ofsource program as the line is

Someday illwon't be a phonewithout one.

The only way to realize the full potentialof your small business or personal com-puter is to tie it in with other computers.And the best way to do that is with a Catacoustic modem.

A Cat modem lets your computer talkface to face with any other compatiblecomputer or terminal within reach ofyour phone, over standard telephonelines.

You can work at home using the com-puter at your office. Send or receive datafrom anywhere. Or swap programs.

Fast, accurate, reliable—and only $189.

Cat. Someday therewon't be a computerwithout one.

Nova

by

lovation

: your computer into

1 for details

(800) 423-5410

In California (213) 996-5060

Tie your computer into the world.

Call for details

Available at Hamilton/Avnet, Kierulff Electronics, Byte Shops, Computerland,

and your local computer store.

Novation, Inc., 18664 Oxnard Street, Tarzana, California 91356

scanned. In short, thelanguage system interpretsstatements and performstasks via interpretative run-time routines. In contrast,a compiler does not imme-diately execute statements insource code, but translatesthe source code into objectcode which can be directlyexecuted by the machine.

There are advantages toboth approaches in imple-menting a computerlanguage, and I simply willrefer the reader to thealmost never-endingdiscourse in any of the com-puter journals for the factsand opinions. My bias istowards use of compilers.

When you purchaseBASEX, you receive a well-written document describingan interesting approach tocompiler construction. First,you get a completeassembler source listing ofall the run-time routines thatadd, subtract, multiply, anddivide; and that performmemory block-move,memory read, memorywrite, memory compare,accumulator OR operations;plus routines that performinput and output. You alsoget a listing of the BASEXcompiler and a relocatingloader, both written inBASEX. What you do notget is floating point math,error messages, errorrecovery operations, andmass storage operations.

I bought BASEX to see ifit could be used in abusiness environment. Itsimply is not sophisticatedenough for business use, butit is ideal for text editors,disk operating systems, andother applications wherehigh speed, simple math,and well-defined static ap-plications prevail. If serioususe of BASEX is con-templated, the followingshould be developed:

• mass storage capabilities;

• error intercept andrecovery routines;

• a trace function fordebug purposes;

• a binary look up routinefor the symbol table; and

• routines to let the com-piler perform memory

172 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 110 on inquiry card.

Circle 111 on inquiry card.

At first it appears to be an IBMSelectric™ It is! A standard keyboard,familiar operation that does such agood job on day-to-day typing. Look,closer. There are extra controls: CON-TROL ESCAPE DELETE REPEATABORT TEST. The full functions of acommunications terminal. It is! Con-nect the cable to your system'sRS232C connector and quick as ablink you can communicate. Inputand receive? That's right. It's aprinter, too. And, what a printer!Sharp, neat, clear impressions. IBM

Selectric™ quality, whether typed by hand or by your computer. Typewriteryes, communicator yes, printer yes. All three beautifully packaged in asingle machine for $1595.

Buy one, today, and expand your present system with the flick of aswitch. In the blink of an eye.

Western I/O

Western I/O 7750 E. Redfield Road

m

Scottsdale, Arizona 85260

Area Code (602) 948-3162

Now—interact with your computer with WILEY SELF-TEACHING GUIDES

Popular, inexpensive paperbacks for homes, offices, and schools

Over 150,000 copies sold!BASIC, 2nd Edition

Bob Albrecht, LeRoy Finkel, & Jerald R. Brown

Readers of all ages have used this manual to teach themselves

BASIC and apply it to decision making and problem solving in

many fields including business, data processing, economics,

statistics, education, psychology, and the humanities. This

popular guide requires no special math or science background

nor even access to a computer.

325 pp. 1978 $7.95 paper

"May possibly be the best bargain in the computer industry)'.'

—Computers in Education

BASIC FOR HOME COMPUTERS

Bob Albrecht, LeRoy Finkel, & Jerald R. BrownIn just days you can get right down to programming in micro-soft BASIC—and perform both practical applications and funand games. 336 pp. 1978 $7.95 paper"Takes you from knowing almost nothing to knowing almosteverything Albrecht et at. have done it again!"—Kilobaud

INTRODUCTION TO DATAPROCESSING, 2nd Edition

Martin L. Harris in consultation with Nancy B. SternHere's a clear introduction to how computers work, what dataprocessing is, how it's organized, types of equipment used, andhow a data processing system is designed. This new updatededition incorporates all recent advances in telecommunica-tions, microcomputers, integrated circuits, and intelligentterminals as well as full discussion of computer system uses.352 pp. 1979 $5.95 paper

Circle 100 on inquiry card.

Coming In Anril—TRS-80 BASIC

Bob Albrecht, Don Inman, & Ramon Zamora

Packed with games, graphics, and practical applications, this

eagerly awaited guide leads you step by step to maximum use

and enjoyment of your new TRS-80.

336 pp. April 1980 $8.95 paper

•'The book is OUTSTANDING. ...the best thing to happen to

LEVEL II owners!'—TRS-80 Monthly Newsmagazine

STRUCTURED COBOL

Ruth Ashley

This new guide to the computer language most widely used inbusiness emphasizes structured programming to help makeprograms easier to understand and check., .and less costly todebug. Covers the structure of COBOL, use of unit record files,control logic, tape and disk files, sequential files, randomaccess files, and many other programming techniques.320 pp. April 1980 $8.95 paper

Wiley Self-Teaching Guides also teach FORTRAN, Job ControlLanguage, Flowcharting, ATARI BASIC, and Background Mathfor Computer Problem Solving.

Look for them at your favorite bookstore or computer shop orwrite to Pam Byers, Dept. 7600.

JOHN WILEY & SONS, Inc.

605 Third Avenue

New York, N.Y. 10016In Canada: 22 Worcester Road, Rexdale, OntarioPrices subject to change without notice. 0-7600

BYTE March 1980 173

management for line in-sert and delete.

Linking BASEX to CP/M

BASEX may be run as acommand (COM) file underCP/M. First, enter the entireBASEX compiler into yourcomputer. If you do nothave a bar-code reader,prepare yourself for a three-hour exercise in data entry.Next, move the coderesiding at hexadecimal loca-tions 0000 thru 0103 tohexadecimal locations 2000thru 2103. Then place a JMP

instruction at location 0100which causes a branch tohexadecimal location 2105(object code C3 05 21). Atmemory location 2105assemble the following:

MOVIT

MOV

LXI

LXI

MOV

STAX

INX

A,D

CPI

JNZ

MOV

CPI

JNZ

JMP

H.2000H

D,0H

A,M

D

D

01H

MOVIT

A,E

03H

MOVIT

OH

Follow the instructions inthe Bv4SEX book for chang-ing I/O addresses in BASEX.Now save BASEX withCP/M as "BASEX.COM".Now type BASEX. Youshould be able to start usingBASEX, unless you made anerror somewhere.

I would be interested inhearing other readers' ex-periences with the BASEXcompiler.

Wayne F Miller

905 Fairmont

Jefferson City MO 65101

64KB RAM MEMORIES

LSI 11 - $750.00 • SBC 80/10 - $750.00S-100 - $750.00 • 6800 - $750.00 • 6800-2 - $995.00

iiiiiiiii

iijiiiit!iMiiiiii

.iiiitii'M-

CI-6800-2 64K x 9

CI-S100 64K x 8

fjIIJffPlgft >-/

iliSgiii

CI-1103 32KX 16

CI-6800 64K x 8

CI-8080 64K x 8

CI-6800-2 — 16KB to 64KB. Plugsdirectly into Motorola's EXORciser I orII. Hidden refresh up to 1.5 Mhz. Cyclestealing at 2 Mhz. Addressable in 4Kincrements with respect to VXA orVUA. Optional on Board Parity. 64K x 9$995.00.

CI-S100 — 16KB to 64KB. Transparenthidden refresh. No wait states at 4 Mhz.Compatible with Alpha Micro and allMajor 8080, 8085 and Z80 Based S100Systems. Expandable to 512 K bytesthru Bank Selecting. 64K x 8 $750.00.

CI-1103 — 16KB to 64KB on a singledual height board. On board hiddenrefresh. Plugs directly into LSI 11/2,H11 or LSI 11/23. Addressable in 2Kword increments up to 256 K Bytes. 8Kx 16 $390.00. 32K x 16 $750.00.

CI-6800 — 16KB to 64KB on a singleboard. On board hidden refresh. Plugsdirectly into EXORciser I and compati-ble with Rockwell's System 65.Addressable in 4K increments up to64K. 16K x 8 $390.00. 64K x 8 $750.00.

CI-8080 — 16KB to 64KB on a singleboard. Plugs directly into MDS 800 andSBC 80/10. Addressable in 4Kincrements up to 64K. 16 KB $390.00.64K $750.00.

€

Test and burned-in. Full year warranty.

Chrislin Industries, Inc.

Computer Products Division

31352 Via Colinas • Westlake Village, CA 91361 • 213-991-2254

BYTE's Bits

Wozniac Receives 1979

ACM Grace Murray

Hopper Award

Stephen Wozniac, ViceF*resident of Research andDevelopment for the AppleComputer Co, Cupertino,California, received theAssociation for ComputingMachinery (ACM) GraceMurray Hopper Award for"his many contributions tothe rapidly growing field ofpersonal computing and, inparticular, to the hardwareand software for the AppleComputer." The awardacknowledges his work onprogrammable pocketcalculators which heaccomplished whileemployed by Hewlett-Packard. The annual awardis given in recognition ofachievements in the com-puter field made before at-taining the age of 30. The$1000 award is donated bySperry Univac, a longtimeemployer of Dr Hopper.

Real-Time BASICAvailable Free

If you are doing processcontrol applications in realtime, you should investigateLawrence LivermoreLaboratory's (LLL) versionof BASIC. It was developedwith public funds, hencecopies are available for justthe duplication fee. ContactHarry Edwards, NationalSoftware Center, 9700 SCass Ave, Bldg 221,Argonne IL 60439.

ITT, BASIC was designedto run on an 8080-basedsystem. The interpreter canexecute BASIC source codecontained in a read-onlymemory. A companioncompiler can produce fasterand more efficient objectcode. LLL BASIC hasmachine control statementsand works with the Ad-vanced Micro DevicesAMD9511 mathematical-function integrated circuitfor faster execution time. ■

174 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 112 on inquiry card.

BASF FkuyDiskNo.

More than four decades of experi-ence in magnetic media—BASFinvented magnetic recordingtape, the forerunner of today'swide range of magnetic media,back in 1934, and was the firstindependent manufacturer ofIBM-compatible floppy disks.

Tough Tyvek sleeve —no paperdust, no static electricity.

Special self-cleaning jacket andliner help eliminate data errorsand media wear and tear.

BASF BASF FlexyDisl<

Center hole diameter punched tomore accurate standards thanindustry specifications, for topperformance.

Bi-axially oriented polyestersubstrate-for uniform and reli-able performance year after year.

Cross-linked oxide coating-forlow head wear and long trouble-free media life.

Total capability—one of two man-ufacturers in the world thatmakes both 8" and 5.25" models,has tape and disk experience, andmanufactures floppy disk drives.

Double lubrication—lubricantsboth in the formula and on thedisk surface, to minimize mediawear due to head friction.

Packaging to suit yourrequirements —standard flip-topbox, Kassette 10® storage case,or bulk pack.

100% certification—every singledisk is tested at thresholds 2-3times higher than system require-ments, to be 100% error-free.

For the name of your nearestsupplier, write BASF Systems,Crosby Drive, Bedford,MA 01730, or call 617-271-4030.

BASF

Floppy Disks Mag Cards Cassettes Computer Tapes Disk Packs Computer Peripherals

Circle 295 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

175

Glubs and Newsletters

International ComputerChess Association

The International Com-puter Chess Association wasestablished at the SecondWorld Computer ChessChampionship in Toronto in1977. It currently has about200 members, and publishes

the ICCA Newsletter threeor four times per year. Thecost of membership for asingle year is $10 in USfunds. Contact ProfessorBen Mittman, VogelbackComputer Center, North-western University,Evanston IL 60201.

Lincoln Micro-Computer Club

This club has changed itsname from the LincolnComputer Club to the pre-sent name. They meet onthe first Wednesday of eachmonth at 7 PM at the StateFederal Savings and Loan on

Big savings from A Jon TTYs, couplers,and modems.

Now available from dealers nationwide.

Off-lease equipment, refurbishedby AJ at the factory.

ASR33 —$725 (Qty.l)KSR33 —$595 (Qty.l)

• 30-day parts/labor warranty*

• Tape punch/reader (ASR only)

AJ Couplers/Modems

• The Cadillacs of the industry

• Some models under $100

• 30-day parts/labor warranty*

• Variety of models—up to1200 bps

• Send and receive

• Pedestal mounted

• Fast delivery

• Nationwide AJ servicenetwork

Quantities limited and first-come, first-served.So call toll-free now: (800) 538-9721.

California residents call (408) 263-8520.

Prices subject in change without notice.

* Details available on request.

40th St and South St in Lin-coln, Nebraska. The club isopen to users and owners ofall types of microcomputers.Yearly subscription fees are$5. Contact Hubert Paulsoni, 1209 Garber Ave, Lin-coln NE 68521.

Micro

This club is open to usersand owners of microcom-puters. The members meetat 9:30 AM on the secondSaturday of each month atthe NWTI in Green Bay,Wisconsin. Contact StuartMong, 1824 Glenview Ave,Green Bay WI 54303.

Change in Meeting Place

for Chicago Area

Computer Hobbyist's

Exchange (CACHE)

The CACHE group meetsat the same time but now atthe DeVry Technical In-stitute, 3300 N Campbell,Chicago IL This is oneblock west of Western Ave.

New Information onthe AIM-65 Newsletter

For information onAIM-65, contact Target, c/oDon Clem, RR 2, Spencer-ville OH 45887. Inquiriesshould include a self-addressed, stamped envelopeand all orders must beprepaid. Sample copies are$1 each; a bi-monthly, oneyear subscription is $5 in theUS and Canada and $12(airmail) elsewhere.

CP/M Users Group

The Washington CP/MUsers Group generally meetson the third Wednesday ofeach month at members'homes. Most members ownS-100 disk systems with avariety of microprocessors,disks, terminals, printers,and boards. CP/M is theformat of software exchangeand the subject of frequentmeetings. Annual dues are$6, primarily to coverpostage. Contact WinstonRiley in, 7315 WisconsinAve, Washington DC 20014.

176 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 114 on inquiry card.

PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER

Four-User North Star Horizon with29 Megabyte Hard Disk Interface

inCLUDiriQ:

48KRAM peruser

Two 360K 5'A" disk drives (as manyas four, optional)

Two printers:

One Texas Instruments Tl 810 dotmatrix, 150 character per second,bi-directional, tractor feed printerwith all availableoptionsOne NEC Spinwriter 5510 docu-ment quality, full-character print-er with friction feed and tractorfeed

Deluxe printer stands and papertrays for both printers

One Discus 29 megabyte (26 mega-byte formatted) Winchester technol-ogy, fixed hard disk unit with con-troller, cabinet, power supply, allcables, ports and connectors, com-pletely interfaced to DOS and BASIC,CP/M* PASCAL and Micro Mike's in-terrupt-driven, bank-switching time-sharing (as many as four 29 mega-byte hard disk units, seven users,optional)

One custom computer/hard diskdesk, Executive model, three CRTstands, thirty 5'A" diskettes

'Micro Mike's, Incorporated Pro-gram Library Membership, includ-ing:

General Ledger

Accounts Receivable

Accounts Payable

Inventory

CSUB (Common SUBroutines)

Payroll

Mail list

Word Processing/Text Editing

Project Cattle Profits

Timesharing

DOSCHQ (eight inch drive inter-face to DOS and BASIC)

Commodities Charts

and many outstanding utilitiesprograms and public domainsoftware•All programs available separately.Total System $23,7 19

Micro Mike's, Inc. thoroughly "burnsin" and tests all systems deliveredas integrated hardware/ softwaresystems, under timesharing condi-tions, the ultimate test of a com-plete computer system. This "burn-ing-in" and testing procedure con-tinues, non-stop, for a minimum ofthree days and nights, insuring theend user the highest quality, trou-ble-free integrated hardware/soft-ware system possible.

Micro Mike's, Inc. will, for a fee, de-liver and set up a system anywherein the USA. Personal user trainingand/or custom programming is alsoavailable.

•CP'M is a registered trademark of Digital Research.

Complete north Star

Horizon Service Center

Call or write for

descriptive literature

**•***••

Discus 29 megabyte Winchestertechnology fixed, sealed hard diskunits completely interfaced to DOSand BASIC, CP/M and PASCAL formost S-100 buss computer systems,ready to go, including controller,cabinet and power supply, allcables, ports and connectors $5,495

Additional 29 megabyte drive, cabi-net and power supply $4,495

*•*****•

Micro Mike's, Inc. offers a completeselection of top-notch business soft-ware. Among comprehensive pro-grams are:

• Time and Expense package for ac-countants, attorneys, and other pro-fessionals • Patient Daily RecordProgram (Doctor/Patient Ledger) forPhysicians • Land Subdivision pack-age • Pharmacy • Motel Reservationwith Might Audit • Banker's Trust •Feedlot • Oil/Oas Producer's pack-age • many more

**•••***

in STOCK:

North Star Horizons

Discus double density or quad capa-city eight inch drives for S-100buss systems

Printers: Texas Instruments TI 810,NEC Spinwriter, IDS-440 PaperTiger

Armadillo Armor 5'A" protective

diskette shipping cartons .... $45

per hundred

Used Intertec Intertube CRTs, as-iscondition, close-out $495

JWk

Xj o

MICRO MIKE'S, INCORPORATED

905 South Buchanan

Amarillo, Texas 79101 U.S.A.

Telephone (806) 372-3633

making technology uncomplicated. . . for People

Circle 23 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

177

Wyoming ValleyComputer Club

The TRS-80 users club inPennsylvania is seeking newmembers. The WyomingValley Computer Club meetson the second Tuesday ofevery month at 7:30 PM atthe Artco Electronicsbuilding in Kingston, Penn-sylvania. There is a monthlynewsletter for all members.For more information, con-tact Art Prutzman, ArtcoElectronics, 302 WyomingAve, Kingston PA 18704.

Apple Educators'Newsletter

This publication isdevoted to educators andresearchers using the AppleII system and other compa-tible systems. Articlesconcerning educational pro-grams, grants for microcom-puters and education, ex-changes of ideas using com-puters in education, andgeneral items are featured.Contact Apple Educators'Newsletter, 9525 Lucerne,Ventura CA 93003.

Apple Users Groupin Arlington TX

The Fort Worth AppleUsers Group (FWAUG) hasbeen created to help users,owners and beginnersunderstand and fully utilizetheir Apple II systems. Thegroup meets on the thirdSunday of each month at3 PM at the CompuShopStore, 6353 Camp Bowie,Fort Worth TX. The grouphas a software program ex-change and a library formembers. The FWAUG

Here's the information you'll need to make an informed decision.

Designed for the businessman who knowsvery little about a computer, this new course willgive you the information and understanding youneed to intelligently evaluate if the cost of acomputer is worth the benefits,

THE COMPUTER AND HOW IT WORKSdescribes the types of memory, storage media,input/output devices, and types of software inunderstandable terms. A description of differentapplications software clarifies the typical tasksthat a computer may perform.

ORGANIZING A DATA PROCESSINGDEPARTMENT describes the advantages of fulltime employees vs. consultants, and when each

is best for your company.

HOW TO SELECT A COMPUTER helps youdefine your specific requirements for hardware,peripherals, and software now and for thefuture.

ALTERNATIVES of owning vs. time sharing,vs. service bureaus and the common advan-tages/disadvantages of each.

Introduction to Computers is 160 pages of textwith 3 tape cassettes for only $49.95.

Developed by Vermillion & Assoc, whoseproducts are used by over 5000 companies & 15computer manufacturers.

An uninformed decision will cost much more.

21250 Califa Street, Woodland Hills, California 91367, (800) 423-5205 toll free (213) 999-5753 collect in Calf.

NAMF

TITIF

COMPANY

AnDRFRS

CITY

Master Charge/Visa Card No.Signature

STATF

Expiration Date

7IP

.DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED.

Newsletter is an eight-pagemonthly publication, sent toall members. Dues are $9per year. For more informa-tion, contact FWAUG, c/oLee Meador, 1401 HillcrestDr, Arlington TX 76010.

OSI Superboard Club

This newsletter containsprograms, ideas, technicaldata, hints and suggestionson the use of Ohio ScientificChallenger IP and Super-boards. The newsletter willbe published every twomonths. Send a self-addressed business envelopeand $1 for further infor-mation to Superboard Club,POB 55, Agincourt, OntarioMIS 3B4 CANADA.

Dental ComputerNewsletter

The DCN is a group ofdentists, physicians andoffice management peoplethat have interests in com-puters. DCN offers membersa monthly newsletter, soft-ware exchange, advice andexperience, and access tomembers in specific areas.Annual membership duesare $12 per year. Back issuesof the Dental ComputerNewsletter are $1 each and$10 per year. Membershipand equipment listings are$5. Commercial softwarelists and DCN software ex-change lists are free with a$0.28 stamped, self-addressed envelope. ContactDental Computer News-letter, E ] Neiburger, editor,1000 North Ave, WaukeganJL 60085.

Computer Law Journal

Each issue of the Com-puter/Law Journal isdevoted to a single topic ofcomputer law, and containsfeature articles by experts inthe field, a comprehensivebibliography on the featuredtopic, case digests of allsignificant court and ad-ministrative agency decisionson the topic, and otherreference materials. Topicshave included patent protec-tion of computer softwareand computer-assisted legalresearch. Future issues will

178 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 115 on inquiry card.

By Netronics

ASCII/BAUDOTSTAND ALONE

95

Computer $1AQTerminal 1W

The Netronics ASCII/BAUDOT Computer Terminal Kit is amicroprocessor-controlled, stand alone keyboard/terminalrequring no computer memory or software. It allows the use ofeither a 64. or 32 character by 16 line professional display for-mat with selectable baud rate, RS232-C or 20 ma. output, fullcursor control and 75 ohm composite video output.

The keyboard follows the standard typewriter configurationand generates the entire 128 character ASCII upper/lower caseset with 96 printable characters. Features include onboardregulators, selectable parity, shift lock key, alpha lock jumper,a drive capability of one TTY load, and the ability to matedirectly with almost any computer, including the new Ex-plorer/85 and ELF products by Netronics.

The Computer Terminal requires no I/O mapping andincludes Ik of memory, character generator, 2 key rollover,processor controlled cursor control, parallel ASCII/BAUDOTto serial conversion and serial to video processing—fullycrystal controlled for superb accuracy. PC boards are thehighest quality glass epoxy for the ultimate in reliability andlong life.

VIDEO DISPLAY SPECIFICATIONS

The heart of the Netronics Computer Terminal is the micro-processor-controlled Netronics Video Display Board (V1D)which allows the terminal to utilize either a parallel ASCII orBAUDOT signal source. The VID converts the parallel data toserial data which is then formatted to either RS232-C or 20 ma.current loop output, which can be connected to the serial I/Oon your computer or other interface, i.e.. Modem.

When connected to a computer, the computer must echo thecharacter received. This data is received by the VID whichprocesses the information, converting to data to video suitableto be displayed on a TV se't (using an RF modulator) or on avideo monitor. The VID generates the cursor, horizontal andvertical sync pulses and performs the housekeeping relative towhich character and where it is to be displayed on the screen.Video Output: 1.5 P/Pinto 75 ohm (EIA RS-I70) • Baud Rale:110 and300 ASCII • Outputs: RS232-C or 20 ma. current hop• ASCII Character Set: 128 printable characters—

!'HU/O**,-./0123456789! ;<=>?mCDEFWIJKLrWPWSTUUWVZLvr.xabcdef9hijklflnopqrstuvvxMZ<i>*|

BAUDOT Character Set: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ-?:*3$ti().,9014!57;2/68*Cursor Modes: Home, Backspace, Horizontal Tab, Line Feed,Vertical Tab, Carriage Return. Two special cursor sequencesare provided for absolute and relative X- Y cursor addressing •Cursor Control: Erase, End of Line, Erase of Screen, FormFeed, Delete • Monitor Operation: 50 or 60Hz (jumperselectable.

Continental U.S.A. Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut

CALL TOLL FREE 800-243-7428

To Order From Connecticut Or For Technical __ _r Assistance, Etc. Call (203) 354-9375

(Netronics R&D Ltd., Dept. PE-9333 Litchfield Road, New Milford, CT 06776| Please send the items checked below—

IG Netronics Stand Alone ASCII Keyboard/ComputerTerminal Kit, S149.95 plus $3.00 postage & handling.ID Deluxe Steel Cabinet for Netronics Keyboard/Termi-nal In Blue/Black Finish, $19.95 plus $2.50 postageI and handling.U Video Display Board Kit alone (less keyboard), $89.95

I plus $3 postage & handling.D 12" Video Monitor (10 MHz bandwidth) fully assem-Ibled and tested, $139.95 plus $5 postage and handling.□ RF Modulator Kit (to use your TV set for a monitor),

I $8.95 postpaid.□ 5 amp Power Supply Kit In Deluxe Steel CabinetI(±8VDC @ 5 amps, plus 6-8 VAC), $39.95 plus $2postage & handling.I Total Enclosed {Conn. res. add sales tax) $ By-

ID Personal Check D Cashiers Check/Money Order□ Visa □ Master Charge (Bank #_ __)

I

. Signature _

I Print

■ Name

- Address „

City

_Exp. Date .

II

I

□ Send Me More Information m* tmm J

.Zip

Start Computing For Just $129.95 With An8085-Based Professional Computer Kit—

Explorer/85

700% compatible with all 8080A and8085 software & development tools!

No matter what your future computing plans maybe, Level "A "—at$129.95—is your starting point.

Starting at just $129.95 for a Level 'V. *' operating system,you can now build the exact computer you want. ExplorerV85can be your beginner's system, OEM controller, or IBM-formatted 8" disk small business system.. .yet you're neverforced to spend a penny for a component or feature you don'twant and you can expand in small, affordable steps!

Now, for just $129.95, you can own the first level of a fullyexpandable computer with professional capabilities—a com-puter which features the advanced Intel 8085 cpu, therebygiving you immediate access to all software and developmentfools (hat exist for both the 8085 and its 8080A predecessor(they are 100% software compatible)—a computer whichfeatures onboard S-100 bus expansion—plus instant conver-sion to mass storage disk memory with either 5-1/4" diskettesor standard IBM-formatted 8" disks.

For just $129.95 (plus the cost of a power supply, keyboard/terminal and RF modulator, if you don't'have them already),Explorer/85 lets you begin computing on a significant level...applying the principles discussed in leading computer maga-zines. . .developing "state of the art" computer solutions forboth the industrial and leisure environment.

Level "A" Specifications

Explorer/85's Level "A" system features the advanced Intel8085 cpu, an 8355 ROM with 2k deluxe monitor/operatingsystem, and an 8155 ROM-l/O—all on a single motherboardwith room for RAM/ROM/PROM/EPROM and S-100 ex-pansion, plus generous prototyping space.

(Level "A" makes a perfect OEM controller for industrialapplications and is available in a special Hex Version whichcan be programmed usingthe Netronics Hex Keypad/Display.)X " $,m PC Board: glass epoxy, plated

«"J through holes with solder mask

• I/O: provisions for 25-pin(DB25) connector for terminalserial I/O, which can also sup-port a paper tape reader...provision for 24-pin DIPsocket for hex keyboard/dis-play. . .cassette tape recorder in-put.. .cassette tape recorder output.. .cassette tape controloutput.. .speaker output... LED output indicator on SOD(serial output) line.. .printer interface (less drivers).. .total offour 8-bit plus one 6-bil I/O ports •Crystal Frequency: 6.144MHz • Control Switches: reset and user (RST 7.5)interrupt. . .additional provisions for RST 5.5, 6.5 and TRAPinterrupts onboard • Counter/Timer: programmable, 14-bitbinary • System RAM: 256 bytes located at F800, ideal forsmaller systems and for use as an isolated stack area inexpanded systems... RAM expandable to 64k via S-100 bus or4K on motherboard.

System Monitor (Terminal Version): 2k bytes of deluxesystem monitor ROM located at F000 leaving 0000 free for userRAM/ROM. Features include tape load with labeling .. .tapedump with labeling.. .examine/change contents of memory... insert data... warm start... examine and change allregisters. . .single step with register display at each break point,a debugging/training feature. . .go to execution address...move blocks of memory from one location to another... fillblocks of memory with a constant.. .display blocks of memory.. .automatic baud rale selection.. .variable display line lengthcontrol (1-255 characters/line).. .channelized I/O monitorroutine with 8-bit parallel output for high speed printer...serial console in and console out channel so that monitor cancommunicate with I/O ports.

System Monitor (Hex Version): Tape load with labeling...tape dump with labeling.. .examine/change contents of mem-

By Netronics

Level ''A" at $129.95 is acomplete operating system,perfect for beginners, hob-biests, or industrial con-troller use.

Explorer/85 with"C" card cage.

registers.. .single step with register display at each break point. . .go to execution address. Level "A" in the Hex Versionmakes a perfect controller for industrial applications and canbe programmed using the Netronics Hex Keypad/Display.

Hex Keypad/DisplaySpecifications

Calculator type keypad with 24system defined and 16 userdefined keys. 6 digit calculatortype display which displays fulladdress plus data as well asHex Keypad/Display. register and status information.

Level "B" Specifications

Level"B" provides the S-100 signals plus buffers/drivers tosupport up to six S-100 bus boards and includes: addressdecoding for onboard 4k RAM expansion select-able in4k blocks.. .address decoding for onboard 8k EPROM expan-sion selectable in 8k blocks.. .address and data bus drivers foronboard expansion... wait state generator (jumper selectable),to allow the use of slower memories.. .two separate 5 voltregulators.

Level "C" Specifications

Level "C" expands Explorer'smotherboard with a card cage,allowing you to plug up to sixS-100 cards directly into themotherboard. Both cage and« cards are neatly contained insideExplorer's deluxe steel cabinet.Level "C" includes a sheet metal superstructure, a 5-card goldplated S-100 extension PC board which plugs into the mother-board. Just add required number of S-100 connectors

Level "D" Specifications

Level "D" provides 4k or RAM, power supply regulation,filtering decoupling components and sockets to expand yourExplorer/85 memory to 4k (plus the original 256 bytes locatedin the 8155A). The sialic RAM can be located anywhere from0000 to EFFF in 4k blocks.

Level "E" Specifications

Level "E" adds sockets for 8k of EPROM to use the popularIntel 2716 or the Tl 2516. It includes all sockets, power supplyregulator, heat sink, filtering and decoupling components.Sockets may also be used for soon lo be available RAM IC's(allowing for up to 12k of onboard RAM).

Order A CoordinatedExplorer/85 Applications Pak!

Experimenter's Pak (SAVE $12.50)—Buy Level "A" and HexKeypad/Display for $199.90 and gel FREE Intel 8085 user'smanual plus FREE postage & handling!

Student Pak (SAVE $24.45)—Buy Level "A," ASCII Key-board/Computer Terminal, and Power Supply for $319.85 andget FREE RF Modulator plus FREE Intel 8085 user's manualplus FREE postage & handling!

Engineering Pak (SAVE $41.00)—Buy Levels "A," "B,""C," "D," and "E" with Power Supply, ASCII Keyboard/Computer Terminal, and six S-100 Bus Connectors for $514.75and get 10 FREE computer grade cassette tapes plus FREE8085 user's manual plus FREE postage & handling!Business Pak (SAVE $89.95)—Buy Explorer/85 Levels "A,""B," and "C" (with cabinet). Power Supply, ASCII Key-board/Computer Terminal (with cabinet), 16k RAM, 12"Video Monitor, North Star 5-1/4" Disk Drive (includes NorihStar BASIC) with power supply and cabinet, all for just$1599.40 and get 10 FREE 5-1/4" minidiskettes ($49.95 value)plus FREE 8085 user's manual plus FREE postage & handling!

Continental U.S.A. Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut

CALL TOLL FREE 800-243-7428

ory^nsm data.^arm Mart... examine andchange aU To Order From Conneclicul Or For Technical

Netronics R&D uT,D8pr|!j'^^ Assistance, Etc. Call (203) 354-9375 "|

sonalized disk operating system—jusl|

plug it in and you're up and running!),I

D Deluxe Sleel Cabinet for ASCII S699.95 plus$5 p&h.

I 333 Litchfield Road. New Milford, CT 06676

Please send (he items checked below— plus$2p&ii.I D Explorer/85 Level "A" Kil (ASCII

■ Version), $129.95 plus $3 p&h.I D Explorer/85 Level "A" Kit (Hex

■ Version), S129.95 plus $3 p&h.I D 8k Microsoft BASIC on cassette* tape, $64.95 postpaid.

ID 8k Microsoft BASIC in ROM Kit(requires Levels "B," "D," and "E"),I $99.95 plus $2 p&h.D Level "B" (S-100) Kit, $49.95 plusI $2 p&h.□ Level "C" (S-100 6-card expander)| Kil, $39.95 plus $2 p&h.

D Level "D" (4k RAM) Kit, $69.95plus $2 p&h.

D Level "E" (EPROM/ROM) Kit,$5.95 plus 5(K p&h.

□ Deluxe Sleel Cabinet for Explorer/85, $49.95 plus S3 p&h.D ASCII Keyboard/Computer Ter-minal Kit (features a full 128 characterset, upper & lower case, full cursor con-trol, 75 ohm video output convertibleto baudot output, selectable baud rate,RS232-C or 20 ma. I/O, 32 or 64 char-acter by 16 line formats, and can beused with either a CRT monitor or a TVset (if you have an RF modulator),$149.95 plus $2.50 p&h

Keyboard/Terminal, $19.95 plus $2.50p&h.

□ Power Supply Kit (± 8 V @ 5 amps)in deluxe steel cabinet, $39.95 plus $2p&h.

D Gold Plated S-100 Bus Connectors,$4.85 each, postpaid.D RF Modulator Kil (allows you louse your TV set as a monitor), $8.95postpaid.

D 16k RAM Kil (S-100 Board expandsto 64k), $199.95 plus $2 p&h.D 32k RAM Kil, $329.95 plus $2 p&h.D 48K RAM Kit, $459.95 plus $2 p&h.D 64kRAMKilr«589.95plus$2p&h.D 16k RAM Expansion Kil (to expandany of the above up to 64k), $139.95plus $2 p&h each.

D Intel 8085 cpu User's Manual, $7.50postpaid.

D Special Computer Grade CassetteTapes, $1.90 each or 3 for $5, postpaid.

□ 12" Video Monitor (10 MHz band-width), $139.95 plus $5 p&h.D North Star Double Density FloppyDisk Kit (One Drive) for Explorer/85 (includes 3 drive S-100 controller,

[

ID Hex Keypad/Display Kil, $69.95 Dos. and extended BASIC with per- State

□ Power Supply Kil for Norlh StarlDisk Drive, $39.95 plus $2 p&h.

D Deluxe Case for North Star Disk I

Drive, $39.95 plus $2 p&h.

D Experimenter's Pak (see above), I

$199.90 postpaid.

D Student Pak (see above), $319.851

postpaid.

D Engineering Pak (see above), I

$514.75 postpaid.

□ Business Pak (see above), $1599.401postpaid.

Total Enclosed $

(Conn. res. add sales tax) By—

D Personal Check □ M.O./Cashier's I

Check □ Visa □ Master Charge ■

(Bank * .

-)■

Acct. « _Signature.PrintName

_Exp. Date _

Address

City_

_Zip_

Send Me Information

Circle 283 on inquiry card.

Circle 284 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

179

focus on computer relatedevidence, electronic fundstransfer systems (EFTS),computer crimes and soft-ware taxation. The journalis published by the Centerfor Computer Law, 530 W6th St, 10th Floor, LosAngeles CA 90014.

Scampus

Articles on bus structures,software, conversion circuitsand other aspects of micro-computers are covered inthis monthly newsletter. The

material comes frommembers of the group, soideas and items are con-stantly needed and wel-comed. There are nomembership fees. A largesupply of self-addressed,stamped envelopes are theonly requirements. Write toScampus, POB 132, KnobNoster MO 65336.

Another Apple II Club

The Adam and Eve AppleII Users Group meets at the

Madison Public Library inMadison, Wisconsin on thesecond Tuesday of eachmonth at 7 PM. The groupwants to exchange newslet-ters and software with othergroups and receive adviceon software. Adam and Eveis a subscriber of TheSource, an information net-work. The dues are $1 permeeting or $3 per year forthe Adam & Eve Newletter.For more information, writeto Adam and Eve, Apple IIUsers Group, 11 S HancockSt, Madison WI 53703. ■

D M

E I

S C

K R

O

T C

O O

P M

P

U

T

E

R

Chrislin is First!!!

with deliveries of DEC'S Desk Top Computers.Available with LSI 11/2 or LSI 11/23 CPU. Completesystem totally enclosed within VT100 VideoTerminal. Price $4,500 with LSI 11/2 and 64K bytesor $9,600 with LSI 11/23 and 256K bytes.

NOW Available — PDP 11/23 with 256 KB Memory$8,900.

SPECIAL —LSI 11/2 and 32K x 16 Memory $1,095.

10 MEGA BYTE Cartridge Disk System withController, RT11 compatible $6,100.

C

Chrislin Industries, Inc.

[ ; Computer Products Division

31352 Via Colinas • Westlake Village, CA 91361 • 213-991-2254

BYTEs Bugs

Reversi Bug Makes

Computer End Game Too

Quickly

Several readers havepointed out a problem in theprogram published in "Pro-gramming Strategies in theGame of Reversi,"November 1979 BYTE, page66. In the program given inlisting 1, the published codebehaves in the followingmanner. Either after youhave twice forced the com-puter into a position whereit has no legal moves, itconcedes the game andresigns; or after the com-puter has forced you into amoveless position twice, itdeclares itself to have wonthe game. Thanks to DarrellPittman, Jack Guinnip,Delmer Hinrichs, WillyVerwoerd, and Betty Vogelfor spotting the error.

Mr Guinnip deservesspecial praise, not only forspotting the error so quick-ly, but for doing it whileworking through the pro-gram with pencil and paper.He does not have access to acomputer, as an inmate ofthe Sheridan CorrectionalCenter in Illinois.

A simple patch suggestedby Mr Pittman was pub-lished in the February 1980BYTE on page 168, butreaders may instead wish tomake the somewhat morecomplete correction sug-gested by Mr Hinrichs. Thisincludes a change to line1382 and insertion of twoother lines:

1382IF B(K) =1396LETT3 =1398RETURN

THEN 13960

To improve the quality ofplay, Ms Vogel suggests thatline 4200 be deleted, andthat line 5310 be changed toread:

5310LET E(79) = 5

Peter B Maggs2011 Silver Ct EUrbana IL 61801 ■

180 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 116 on inquiry card.

0^$10,000 Value!

A Complete Business System

only

$5995

Price includes air freight shipping

VEOXMmZ

I II

VECTOR SYSTEM B, complete with Vector Mindless Terminal, 64K ofRAM, Dual Floppy Disks (630 kilobytes of storage), and printer. . .

so complete, you'll get all cables, box of 10 floppy disks, and EVEN a box of 3500 sheets of fanfold paper.

OVER $3500 OF SOFTWARE INCLUDED!!! Digital Research's 2.0 CP/M Disk

Operating System, Microsoft 80 BASIC Interpreter

AND one of the finest Business Packages — from Retail Science'sPEACHTREE SOFTWARE, which includes:

PEA3HTREESOFTWARE

• General Ledger

• Accounts Receivable

• Accounts Payable

• Inventory

• Payroll

System may beexpanded for multi-user time-sharingdata and wordprocessing — upto 5 terminals —at nominal cost!

The System B doubles as an excellent Word Processing System.

Software at slight additional cost.

Third-party maintenance agreements being negotiated.— WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG —

MiniMicroMart, Inc.

1618 James Street, Syracuse, NY 13203 (315)422-4467 TWX 710-541-0431

Circle 117 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980 181

There's only one smallcomputer that can giveyou your heart's desire:

Sorcerer from Exldy

You don't mean to be greedy. But you'repart of the new "Gimme" generation with bigplans for the future. You expect your computerto be flexible enough to keep up. Only onesystem on the market today can do that: theExidy Sorcerer.

280 & Plug-In ROM software Packs

The Sorcerer uses the popular Z80microprocessor as its "brain-center." Combinethis with Exidy's plug-in ROM PACs™andyou've got a dynamite computing center rightat your fingertips.

Our ROM PACs are special plug-insoftware cartridges that turn your Sorcererinto all sorts of different computer centersinstantly. Just pop a STANDARD BASIC PAC™into Sorcerer, and you're ready to programany application in high-level BASIC. Or plugin a DEVELOPMENT PAC™ and you havea low-cost Z80 software developmentsystem costing less than $1700.

If words are your life,consider our WORD-PROCESSOR PAC™It turns yourSorcerer into amodern text editingand formattingsystem for less than$2600, This car-tridge offers manybenefits, including:automatic textwraparound, searchand replace com-mands, and powerfulmacro programming.

And, to make iteasy for you to put yourown particular applicationsoftware in ROM, we've alsoprovided an EPROM PAC™ It hassockets for four user-suppliedEPROMs with capacity up to16K bytes.

S-100 Expansion & 128User-Defined Symbols

The Sorcerer was createdto withstand "Gimme" attacks.It's designed to be the hubof a busy computing operationnow, and tomorrow whenyour demands increase

or change. ,

Sorcerer's standard

graphics, and the capability to define up to 128 of your ownletters and symbols, give you an amazing flexibility todo things you simply can't accomplish with anyother computer.

Our S-100 expansion unit lets youtake advantage of the many useful S-100 periph-erals currently available from dozens ofmanufacturers. And that includes everythingfrom music and speech synthesizers for thehobbyist to appliance controllers for the homeand the latest Winchester disk drives forsmall business computer applications.

It's also easy with Sorcerer toadd on a printer, an acoustic coupler, ora modem, because our system hasbuilt-in parallel and RS232 SerialI/O ports (features normallyoffered as add-on optionsby most other smallcomputer makerstoday).

-,«»•«« • »«■ ■■«

yw * »_**L^2*c:»**

•Of

n

1^25*-

features, such as high-resolution

*£«0 IJ..-.<•«!

The best of sorcerer

Hardware

Price*

□ The Sorcerer Computer. 16K RAM

$1295

expandable to 48K. 4K ROM-resident

(16K model)

operating system has built-in printer

S1395

driver. 50-pin I/O connector for S-100

(32K model)

expansion. 25-pin parallel interface;

$1495

25-pin serial interface. Serial interface

(48K model)

operates one or two cassette recorders.

Graphic resolution of 240x512, 30

lines of 64 characters, 8x8-dot matrix.

Character generator contains full ASCII

set (upper & lower case), plus standard

graphic symbols. User may define up

to 128 characters. Keyboard is 63-key

data processing type, plus 16-key

l numeric pad.

| □ Video Display: industrial grade

$ 499

f 12-inch CRT (P31 phosphor).

D Display Disk: single unit package

$2995

containing two quad density dual floppy

disks (630K bytes) with controller and

12-inch industrial grade CRT (P31 phos-

phor). Includes CP/M™ and Microsoft

disk-extended BASIC.

D Floppy Disk Subsystems.- single

$1150

dual-density floppy disk (120K bytes) and

controller in one package. Includes CP/M"'1

and Microsoft disk-extended BASIC.

D S-100 Expansion Unit: self-

$ 419

contained 10-amp power supply and

motherboard with 6 card slots. Daisy

chain units for more slots.

Software

□ Development PAC™

$ 99

□ Word Processing PAC™

$ 199

□ EPROM PAC™

$ 49

□ Microsoft Disk-Extended BASIC

$ 300

D CP/M™ Operating System

$ 145

•U S domestic prices only Subject to change without nonce

CP/M is a Registered Trademark of Digital Research

Satisfy that urge

When you discover the manyexciting ways Sorcerer can satisfy allyour "Gimme" urges, you'll say:"I'm in sheer Exidy." For the name ofyour nearest dealer, or additionalinformation, write or call our MarketingCommunications Department.

m

Data Systems Division390 Java DriveSunnyvale, CA 94086(408) 734-9410

Circle 118 on inquiry card.

Product Reviews

Lucidata P-6800 Pascal

Phil Hughes, POB 2847, Olympia WA 98507

If you own a Southwest Technical Products Corpora-tion (SwTPC) compatible system that runs TechnicalSystems Consultants' FLEX 2.0 or mini-FLEX operatingsystem, you too can use Pascal. P-6800 Pascal is a sub-stantial subset of full Pascal, and is designed for a SwTPCwith FLEX or mini-FLEX.

I mailed my order for P-6800 Pascal, and thirteen dayslater the manual and disk arrived. I would consider thisexcellent delivery if Lucidata were in Kansas, but they arein the Netherlands! Even if it had not worked, I think Iwould have been amazed.

Two major items missing from this Pascal subset arethe REAL and RECORD data types. Also missing aresome of the capabilities of other directives. For example,the TYPE directive only supports enumerated types.

Looking at the capabilities in a more positive light,files, procedures, functions, recursion, and multidimen-sioned arrays are supported. The branching constructsIF . . THEN . . ELSE and CASE . . OF as well as thelooping constructs REPEAT . . UNTIL and WHILE . .DO are also supported. Data types that are supported areBOOLEAN, CHAR, ALFA (six-character string), IN-TEGER, and BYTE as well as scalars which can be mademembers of sets.

The standard input/output (I/O) procedures (RESET,REWRITE, READLN, WRITELN, READ, WRITE) aredefined, as are the standard ordinal and predicate func-tions ORD, CHR, SUCC, PRED, ODD, EOF and EOLN.Additionally, the procedures HALT and POKE are de-fined as are the functions PEEK and USER.

The compiler generates pseudocode (p-code) that is in-

terpreted by the run-time system. The run-time systemsimulates the Pascal P-machine. For those unfamiliarwith Pascal, this is a standard approach. The P-machinea theoretical, stack-oriented machine designed

is

specifically for execution of Pascal. This makes it possibleto transport the compiler to another machine by writing ap-code interpreter for the new machine.

The Lucidata run-time system allows automatic pagingof the p-code file. In other words, if all of the p-code foryour program does not fit in available memory, the run-time system reads it in pieces from a disk as required.Because of this feature, it is possible to run the compilerin 12 K bytes (plus 4 K or 8 K for mini-FLEX or FLEX).

The manual describes this particular subset of Pascal indetail, then discusses the run-time system. This includes adescription of how to use files. The memory requirementsare discussed next. This includes how to estimatememory required for p-code, stack, and file buffers, andfor the run-time system. The estimation of disk storagerequirements is also discussed. The final chapters coverfine tuning of your programs and the run-time system.The customizing of the run-time system includes inter-facing your program to assembly language subroutinesand support of non-FLEX-compatible peripheral devices.

Five appendices are included. The first is the syntaxdiagrams for P-6800 Pascal. Next is a list of compilererror messages. Then there is a list of run-time errormessages. The fourth appendix consists of sample pro-grams that demonstrate most of the system capabilities.These sample programs are also on the system disk soyou can play with them. The last appendix is a biblio-graphy of further reading on Pascal.

What you receive is a P-6800 Pascal compiler andrun-time package, a good manual, sample programs, andexcellent delivery. If you are running FLEX 2.0 or mini-FLEX, the Pascal system can be installed in a few minutes.The P-6800 package costs $150.00 from Lucidata, Oos-teinde 223, 2271 EG Voorburg, Netherlands. Theirtelephone number in the Netherlands is 70-862387. ■

10

TRS-80 ANALOG INPUT

Analog to Digital Conversion System for the TRS-80 Computer

p"H°o , .(Qjfil

Give your TRS-80 computer theability to measure and control theworld around it with uMAC .SYSTEMSmodules. Just plug the TRS-80 SET Iinto your keyboard or expans Ioninterface to get 16 channels of analogInput. Screw terminals are providedfor each channel so you can hook uppots, Joysticks, thermometers, lightprobes, or whatever appropriatesensors you have.

Each of the 16 analog inputs, inthe range of 0 to 5.12 volts, isconverted to a number between 0 and255 (20 millivolts per count).

Software is included.

VISAADO

TRS-80 SET1

1-AIM16 - 16 ANALOG INPUTS. 8 BITS- 100 MICROSEC

1-TRS-80MOD - TRS-80 TO (JMAC INTERFACE1-CABLE A24 - 24 INCH INTERCONNECT CABLE

I UANUnni - MANIFOLD MODULE ■ SCREW TERMINALS

l-KIAHMUUl F0R |NpuTS REFERENCE. GROUND

1-P0W1 - POWER MODULE

TRS-BO SET1o (or 110 VAC $ Z95TRS-80 SETle for 230 VAC $305

CONNECTICUT microCOMPUTER, Inc.

150 POCONO ROADBROOKFIELD, CONNECTICUT 06804

TEL: (203) 775-9659 TWX: 710-456-0052

AND M/C ACCEPTED - SEND ACCOUNT NUMBER, EXPIRATION DATE AND SIGN ORDER.$2 PER ORDER FOR SHIPPING S HANDLING - FOREIGN ORDERS ADD 10% FOR AIR POSTAGE.

184 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 119 on inquiry card.

Circle 121 on inquiry card.

Order the

professional's

choice.

UCSD Pascal.

The Pascal everyone is talking about is UCSDPascal.. .with over 10,000 users and growing. Thefully developed Pascal is available with supportfrom a professional software company. Implementedon most major microprocessors.

Not just another compiler, but completedevelopment software — from operating system toscreen-oriented editor. Language extensions forsystems development and commercial applicationsprogramming.

Program portability that allows programs writtenon one microcomputer to run without recompilationon different microcomputers. This protects yoursoftware investment.. .without restricting yourhardware options.

If you have CP/M* visit your local computerstore or order below. System supplied on single-density, soft-sectored, 8" floppy disks and requires48K of contiguous RAM. For other systems callus or write for more information. Telephone ordersaccepted with Master Charge or VISA.

micnosvsTems

n SUBS/DIRRV OF SOFTECH

9494 Black Mountain Road • San Diego • CA • 92126TEL: (714) 578-6105 • TWX: 910-335-1594

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research Corporation. I.S1-11 is atrademark of Digital Equipment Corporation. UCSD Pascal is a trademark of theRegents of the University of California.

□ Yes! Rush me a complete UCSD Pascal systemfor my CP/M® based microcomputer. A checkor money order for $300.00 is enclosed. I havea computer.

□ Send me more information about UCSD Pascal.Versions are available for systems using thefollowing microprocessors: LSI-11™ 6502, 6800,6809, 9900, Z80 and 8080/8085.

□ Send me only the complete set of documentationfor UCSD Pascal. A check or money order for$37.00 is enclosed.

□ Send distributor information.

Name

Company.Address_City

State/Zip

M/CorVISA# Exp. Date.

Mass. and Calif, residents enclose applicable sales lax.

WE CARRY

• CROMEMCO

• NORTH STAR

• VECTOR GRAPHICS• THINKER TOYS

• NEC

• CENTRONICSINTERTUBE - $750.00

• SERENDIPITY

• SOROC - $775.00TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

Professional A/R. A/P, Ledger, Payroll, Medical Billing soft-ware with customization available. Send for our catalog —Send for quote.Call for quote.

SARA-TECH

COMPUTERS

P.O. Box 692

Venice, FL

33595

(813) 485-3559

APPLE • CENTRONICS • TEXAS INSTRUMENTSHORIZON • VECTOR GRAPHIC • CROMENCO

• RADIO SHACK • HP^ * <s=£QPOLIS • SOROC

• OSI • SWTP • \%j£ 1TW ^>BM • NEC

\<AZELTINE

PET • DIABLO• HEATH • D%DEC • PET •'•WANG-J

IMSAI •0 • SOL

WE'VE GOT YOU COVERED!

Cover Craft Dust Covers protect your hard-ware and your investment. Save mainte-nance, downtime and look great. Our DustCovers come in hundreds of sizes each cus-tom designed to fit a particular model of termi-nal, CPU, Line Printer, Floppy Disk. They're aproven way to help eliminate dust and dirtaccumulation, improve system reliability andsave many times The cost in reduced mainte-nance and downtime. What's more, yoursatisfaction is 100% guaranteed

Cover Craft Dust Covers are available fromyour local computer retailer ax 0c to ORor contact Cover Craft. $0.yo-$y.yO

Can you afford to wait any longer?

COVER CRAFT

P.O. Box 555, Amherst, NH 03031

Telephone (603)889-6811

Circle 120 on inquiry card.

Circle 122 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

185

DYNACOMP

Quality software for:

Apple II Plus

TRS-80 (Level II)North Star

All software is supplied with complete documentation which includes clearexplanations and examples. Each program will run with standard terminals (32characters or wider) and within 16K program memory space. Except wherenoted, all software is available on North Star diskette (North Star BASIC),TRS-80 cassette (Level II) and Apple cassette (Applesoft BASIC). These pro-grams are also available on PAPER TAPE (Microsoft BASIC).

FLIGHT SIMULATOR Price: S17.95 postpaid

(as described in SIMULATION, Volume II)

A realistic and extensive three-dimensional simulation of take-off, flight and landing.The program utilizes aerodynamic equations and the characteristics of a real airfoil.You can practice instrument approaches and navigation using radials and compass

headings. The more advanced flyer can also perform loops, half-rolls and similaraerobatic maneuvers.

SIMULATION, Volume II (BYTE Publications): $6.00

VALDEZ Price: $14.95 postpaid

A simulation of supertanker navigation in the Prince William Sound and ValdezNarrows. The program uses an extensive 256X256 element radar map and employsphysical models of ship response and tidal patterns. Chart your own course throughship and iceberg traffic. Any standard terminal may be used for display.

BRIDGE 2.0 Price: $17.95 postpaid

An all-inclusive version of this most popular of card games. This program both BIDSand PLAYS either contract or duplicate bridge. Depending on the contract, your com-puter opponents will either play the offense OR defense. If you bid too high the com-puter will double your contract! BRIDGE 2.0 provides challenging entertainment foradvanced players and is an excellent learning tool for the bridge novice.

HEARTS 1.5 Price: $14.95 postpaid

An exciting and entertaining computer version of this popular card game. Hearts is atrick-oriented game in which the purpose is not to take any hearts or the queen of

spades. Play against two computer opponents who are armed with hard-lo-beat play-ing strategies.

DATA SMOOTHER Price: $14.95 postpaid

This special data smoothing program may be used to rapidly derive useful informationfrom noisy business and engineering data which are equally spaced. The softwarefeatures choice in degree and range of fit, as well as smoothed first and secondderivative calculation. Also included is automatic plotting of the input data andsmoothed results.

FOURIER ANALYZER Price: $14.95 postpaid

Use this program to examine the frequency spectra of limited duration signals sampledat equal intervals. The program features automatic scaling and plotting of the inputdata and results. Practical applications include the analysis of complicated patterns insuch fields as electronics, communications and business.

MAIL LIST I Price: $18.95 postpaid (available for North Star only)

A many-featured mailing list program which sorts through your customer list by user-defined product code, customer name or Zip Code. Entries to the list can be con-veniently added or deleted and the printout format allows the use of standard sizeaddress labels. Each diskette can hold approximately 900 entries.

MAIL LIST SERVICE

DYNACOMP can provide you with a customized mail list service. Your customer/patient records are placed in a master computer file and you are provided with ad-dressed, self-adhesive labels for your mailings. These labels may be sorted by name,Zip Code, date, or other identifiers. Write for further details and a price schedule.

TEXT EDITOR I (Letter Writer) Price: $14.95 postpaid

An easy to use, line-oriented text editor which provides variable line widths and simpleparagraph indexing. This text editor is ideally suited (or composing letters and is quitecapable of handling much larger jobs.

GAMES PACK I Price: $10.95 postpaid

Seven entertaining games for less than a dollar a kilobyte! Play CATAPULT, CRAPS,SWITCH, HORSERACE, SLOT MACHINE, BLACKJACK and LUNAR LANDER.This is an excellent way to introduce your children to computers.

All orders are processed within 48 hours. Please enclose payment with order. If paying byMASTER CHARGE or VISA, include all numbers on card. Foreign orders add 10% forshipping and handling.

Write for detailed descriptions of these and other programs available from DYNACOMP.

DYNACOMP

P.O. Box 162Webster, New York, 14580

New York State residents please add 7% NYS sales tax.

Technical Fcwsm

The Direct Impact ofthe Computer

Richard S Shuford, Editor

Some years ago, I was doing volunteer work for a non-profit organization. Late one evening we were preparingan important newsletter for mailing the next day. We hadused a computer at Lenoir-Rhyne College, where I was astudent, to prepare our adhesive address labels. We hadpasted on all the labels when we found that our rubberstamp that said "ADDRESS CORRECTIONREQUESTED" had been lost.

Groaning over our misfortune, we were just about tobegin the time-consuming task of writing this message onevery envelope by hand, when I had the followingthought: the computer printed the address labels for us;why can't it print this simple message?

I began to consider how the job could be handled usingthe .computer facilities available. Adhesive labels weretoo expensive to print the message on and then affix tothe envelopes. But wait, perhaps we do not have to usethe labels. Could the computer printer print directly onthe envelopes?

A time-honored principle is that if there is a simple testto be made, make it. So I gathered up several newsletterenvelopes and hastened to the college's academic com-puter center to try it.

The particular printing peripheral I had in mind was aCentronics Model 101A, high-speed, serial characterimpact printer, which we loosely called a "line printer."This Centronics machine prints dot-matrix characters bydriving a column of print pins into an inked ribbon heldbefore the paper as the print head moves horizontally.(Many other printers also work in this manner.) The Cen-tronics printer has a paper-thickness adjustment, whichsoon became important.

The Centronics printer was attached to a minicom-puter timesharing system. I logged into the system, andquickly wrote a BASIC program. After a brief period ofexperimentation, I saved my program, logged out, anddashed back to the other late-night envelope-stuffers toreport success.

I led a disbelieving troop of workers carrying stacks ofenvelopes back to the computer room to see how I wasgoing to save them a lot of work by letting the machinedo some. My demonstration worked like this.

I logged in and called up the BASIC program I hadwritten for my experiment. This program is shown inlisting 1. I typed "RUN" on my terminal, and with onehand held a newsletter envelope carefully inside the printposition of the Centronics printer, just behind the ribbon.As the others crowded around to see what I was doing, Ihit the carriage return key on the terminal with my free

186 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 123 on inquiry card.

hand. The print head buzzed and moved across the enve-lope. I held up the letter, and all could see that"ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED" was plainlyprinted on it in dot-matrix characters.

Well, we set up an assembly line to insert envelopesinto the printer and then to stack them. We found thatusing the computer printer actually was faster than usingthe rubber stamp, but I do not recommend buying a com-puter if you can get by using a rubber stamp under nor-mal conditions. The computer did allow us to get ourmailing out on time. (Later on, of course, it was not somuch fun to pay $0.25 for every corrected address thatcame back, but we got our mailing list updated).

If you want to try to use this rubber-stamp simulator,observe these points. The print head can move very fast,and you can hurt yourself if you are not careful as youhold the paper inside the printer. You have to be sure tohold the paper in the right place. With the Centronics, theright place is approximately 5 cm (2 inches) to the right ofthe print head's rest position, behind the ink ribbon. Tim-ing is not critical with this program. Note that the pro-gram requires that you press the return key before it willprint anything. There is no rush to insert the paper intothe printer, since you just hit the key when you are ready.

Finally, note that the paper-thickness adjustment isfairly critical for printing on an envelope that has anewsletter in it. Adjust carefully, so that the print headneither shreds the envelope, nor fails to print, nor jamsand becomes damaged.

The moral of this story is not that rubber stamps areobsolete. Rather this: a general-purpose computer systemis exactly that—general purpose. If you buy a computerto assist you in keeping up with your tax records or thelike, that is fine. But don't forget that the program deter-mines the function of the computer. The next time youhave a problem, whether simple or complex, perhaps thecomputer can help you with it.

Listing 1: A BASIC program that uses a computer equipped withan impact printer to simulate a rubber stamp in printing a simplemessage many times.

Line 10 determines what message is printed. Lines 20, 30, and40 print the message on the terminal for verification. Line 50 isused to give the human operator time to put the paper inside theprinter in the correct position. The computer will not output themessage to the printer until the operator presses the return k'eyin response to the INPUT statement in line 50. Variable B$ ismerely a dummy variable.

The LPRINT statement in this version of BASIC causes out-put to the line printer. The TAB(IO) function causes 10 spaces tobe printed before the message. Line 70 causes the program toloop indefinitely. Execution must be terminated by some meansprovided by the system. Such a means could be typing control-C, pressing a Break key, or hitting a Reset switch.

5 REM RUBBER STAMP SIMULATOR

6 REM USE WITH COMPUTER IMPACT PRINTER10 A$ = "ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED"20 PRINT "HIT 'RETURN' KEY TO PRINT"

30 PRINT A$

40 PRINT "WITH PRINTER."

50 INPUT B$

60 LPRINT TAB(10); A$

70 GOTO 50

99 END ■

SAVE

ON ADD-ONPRODUCTS FOR

TRS-80

The largest family

of disk drives from

the largest supplier,

drives come

complete with

power supply and

cabinet.

TF-Pertec FD200, 40 track, use both sides ." $382

TF-3 Shugart SA400. 35 track, same as tandy $389

TF-5 MPI B51, 40 track , $379

TF-70 Micropolis. 77 track with 195K of storage $639

TDH-1 Dual sided drive, 35 track $499

Max, D,sk 1 10 Megabyte Hard D.sk With 5 fixed, $6299

5 removable with controller

Max, Disk 2: 10 Megabyte (fixed) $5349

Winchester Technology 4AO*^

77 tracks ot Storage includes new UPS-

PRINTERS

DP800 Anadex, 80 column, 112cps $950

LP779 Centronics 779 $1099

LP730 Centronics 730 $950

LP700 Centronics 700-1 $1495

LP701 Centronics 701-1 $1 759

LP702 Centra ics 702-2 $1995

SPW-1 Spinwriter-NEC $2495

NEWTUNTPRINfERBASE 2

^taS52?.!!!:?*ta §599

* DRIVES FOR ANY MICROCOMPUTER*

Does not include power supply & cabinet.MOD II DISK DRIVES NOW AVAILABLE

Perfec FD200 $282

Perfec FD250 (dual head) $399

Shugart SA400 (unused) $286

Shugart SA800 $479

MPI B51 $279

MPI B52 $349

SOFTWARE

New DOS' with over 200 modifications and

corrections to TRS-DOS $99

New DOS' 40 track $110

AJA Word Processor $75

AJA Business Program $250

Racet Infinite Basic $49.95

Disk Drive Alignment Program $109

Radix Data Base Program $99.95

Electric Pencil $150

ALL PRICES CASH DISCOUNTED. FREIGHT FOB/FACTORYIT I /MCROCO/HPUER /A\

fllll^SS^m H—\pparat, Inc.

3304 W. MacArthur

Santa Ana, CA 92704

(714) 979-9923

Circle 124 on inquiry card.

7310 E. Princeton Ave.

Denver, CO 80222

(303) 758-7275

Circle 125 on inquiry card.

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

187

Circle 126 on inquiry card.

TERMINALS

FROM TRANSNET

PURCHASE FULL OWNERSHIP AND LEASE PLANS

PURCHASE PER MONTH DESCRIPTION PRICE 12 MPS. 24 MPS. 36 MPS.

LA36 DECwriterll $1,695 $162 TJH) $TT

LA34 DECwriter IV 1,295 124 69 47

LA120 DECwriter III KSR 2,295 220 122 83

VT100 CRT DECscope 1,895 182 101 68

VT132 CRT DECscope 2,295 220 122 83

DT80/1 DATAMEDIA CRT .... 1,895 182 101 68

TI745 Portable Terminal .... 1,595 153 85 57

TI765 Bubble Memory Terminal 2,795 268 149 101

TI810RO Printer 1,895 182 101 68

TI820 KSR Printer 2,195 210 117 79

TI825 KSR Printer 1,695 162 90 61

ADM3A CRT Terminal 875 84 47 32

QUME Letter Quality KSR ... 3,195 306 170 115

QUME Letter Quality RO .... 2,795 268 149 101

HAZELTINE 1410 CRT 875 84 47 32

HAZELTINE 1500 CRT 1,195 115 64 43

HAZELTINE 1552 CRT 1,295 124 69 47

Dataproducts 2230 Printer .. 7,900 757 421 284

DATAMATE Mini Floppy 1,750 168 93 63

FULL OWNERSHIP AFTER 12 OR 24 MONTHS 10% PURCHASE OPTION AFTER 36 MONTHS

ACCESSORIES AND PERIPHERAL EQUIPMENT

ACOUSTIC COUPLERS • MODEMS • THERMAL PAPERRIBBONS • INTERFACE MODULES • FLOPPY DISK UNITS

PROMPT DELIVERY • EFFICIENT SERVICE

i rahsNet Corporation

1945 ROUTE 22, UNION, N.J. 07083

201-688-7800

TWX 710-985-5485

NO FRILLS! NO GIMMICKS! JUST GREAT

DISCOUNTS

MAIL ORDER ONLY

HAZELTINE

1400 ... )

1410

Call

1420

> For

1500

Prices

1500(Kit) .... J

CENTRONICS

779-2

995.00

700-2

1350 00

703 tractor

2195.00

MicroPrinter .. .

395.00

730

975.00

NORTHSTAR

Horizon I assembled.

. 1629.00

kit

1339.00

Horizon II assembled.

1999.00

kit

1599.00

TELETYPE

Mod 43

995.00

INTERTEC

Superbrain

2495.00

DIGITAL SYSTEMS

Computer .$4345.00

Double DensityDual Drive 2433.00

TELEVIDEO

912 1 Call

920 For

) PricesDEC

LA34 1149.00

CROMEMCO

System III $1000 oil . . 4990.00

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

810 Printer 1595.00

ATARI 800 795.00

ADDS Regent 25 CALL

Optima Cabinets (New) . . .99.95

5" Scotch Diskette Box/29.95

8" Scotch Diskette Box/34.95

Mosl items in stock lor immediate delivery. Factory-fresh, sealed cartons.

DATA DISCOUNT CENTER

Box 100 135-53 Northern Blvd., Flushing, New York 11354, 212/465-6609

N.Y.S. residents add appropriate Sales Tax. Shipping FOB N.Y.BankAmericard, Master Charge add 3%. COD orders require 25% deposit

Technical Fcnem

Cutting theGregorian Knot

Myron Pulier MD, 101 Cedar Ln, Teaneck NJ 07666

Program development is more an artistic process ofplayful reshaping than it is an analytic process of sys-tematic logic. This proved true in a search for an efficientway of handling dates in computer programs.

Using dates in Julian day-number form simplifiesmanipulation of date information. For example, if theJulian date of the calendar date January 1 is 1, thenFebruary 2 would be 33 and December 31 would be 365,or 366 on leap year. Clearly it is easier to store a singlenumber than to wrestle with a number triplet like 9/8/79.Furthermore, the Julian concept makes finding thenumber of days between two dates a trivial process.

Calculation of the Julian date is complicated becauseRoman legislators altered Julius Caesar's orderly schemeby making the months uneven in length. This inspiredRichard Grafton's famous table lookup. In the year 1570he wrote "Thirty days hath November, April, June, andSeptember," etc. While there's no longer much danger ofcopyright infringement, Grafton's method wastesmemory space, rest his soul.

According to Grafton the months with thirty days arethe eleventh, fourth, sixth and ninth, which seems dif-ficult to convert into a formula. If only Grafton and hispolitician forebears had given the second month thirtydays as well! We would then be close to the familiar se-quence 2,4,6,8,10, which can be calculated by the for-mula B = 2 x A. If we plot the numbers 2, 4, 6, 9, 11 asthe first, second, third, fourth, and fifth numbers of a set(as shown in figure 1), all we need is a formula thatthreads a line slightly above the desired values for B. Wecan then throw away the fractional parts by truncatingthe resulting B value to an integer. In other words, wewant a formula of the form:

B = INT (CI x A + C2

(1)

The determination of suitable values for the constantsCl and C2 may not be immediately obvious. An empir-ical method for finding Cl and C2 is trial-and-errorsubstitution using the following BASIC program:

110

INPUT Cl, C2

120

FOR A = 0 TO 13

130

LET B = Cl * A + C2

140

PRINT A, INT ( B ), B

150

NEXT A

160

GOTO 110

I suggest you enter the above program on your own com-puter and try values for Cl and C2.

188 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 127 on inquiry card.

Circle 128 on inquiry card.

What you fCis whatyou get!

CCompilerforCP/M

New, and available now! An easily affordable compilerincorporating most of the features of the full C language.

BD SOFTWARE

System requirements: CP/M and at least 24K of RAM

Variable Types: char, int, unsigned

Composite Types: arrays, structures, unions

Pointers: to variables, structures, unions and functions

Features: is a structured language, all functions (Programs)recursive; more powerful expression operators than anyother von Neumann type language; allows free-formattedsource; close enough to UNIX*"C to make conversionsfeasible.

Speed: On 2 MHz 8080, the statementfor(i = 1;i<30000;i++)x = 5;takes about 4 seconds to execute.

Package contains: compiler, linker, library manager; standardfunction library; sample source files include games, aterminal emulator with disk I/O plus the source formany standard library functions; BDS C User's Guide;Book—The C Programming Language by Dennis Ritchieand Brian Kernighan of Bell Labs. * Price: $125

Recipient of the Computer Lib Seal of Approval

*CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research Corp. P,igoa ,Gii0Ci dMiiibmimi on a" amoie d.n»iiy aitvBiiM' 'UNIX Is a trademark or Bell Laboratories a"uuZw'vat"wV™l'a^V,*eneZThf*,

Lifeboat Associates

2248 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10024 (212) 580-0082 Telex: 220501

CP-80 COMPUTERCLOCK/CALENDAR

A Real Time Saving DeviceFor Only $149.95 + Shipping Charge

CP-80 FEATURES:

Exact time and date on all computer printouts • Time and date not af-fected by computer shutdown • Time and date set by software • Func-tions as an elapsed timer • Compatible with all standard parallel ports •Will maintain time and date on 115V AC or optional standby power

SPECIFICATIONS:

Attractive two tone blue and white cabinet • 51/, x 2 x 8 in. • 4 yearcalendar • Optional standby power • Requires one input and outputparallel port TTL compatible and 115 VAC • 12 or 24 hour format • 50or 60 HZ operation • All software and diagrams included

TERMS:

CHECK WITH ORDER • COD. • VISA • MASTER CHARGE

1427 Agnes StreetKansas City. Mo. 64127816-483-1000

Circle 129 on inquiry card.

BYTE March I960

189

Circle 130 on inquiry card.

Radio /hacko.

ALER

COMPUTER SPECIALISTS

15% Discounton

TRS-80's -1ANDACCESSORIES

FAST 100 cps Centronics 730 PR INTE R.. $800.00HIGHLY RELIABLE LOBO DRIVES.. .$375.00

IY1JCRQ MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

DOWNTOWN PLAZA SHOPPING CENTER

115CSECONDAVE.S.W.

CAIRO, GEORGIA31728

912-377-7120

DECLSM1Components

Dependable serviceat discount prices

Domesticand Export

mini

t

1 r-fri: 1

j J

■1 ■

J V V V V

Computer Suppliers,Inc.

25 Chatham Rd., Summit, N.J. 07901Since 1973

(201) 277-6150 Telex 13-6476

©Mini Computer Suppliers, Inc.1979

B

AXIS

I

13

4

12

\t

11

10

f/

9

/

8

/

=C1xA + C2

7

/

/

6

/

5

/

4

/

3

j/

2

1

A AXIS

/

1

2 ;

4

6

7

8

Figure 1: Fitting the numbers 2, 4, 6, 9, 11 to the straight-lineequation B = ClXA + C2. Given the sequence2, 4, 6, 9, 11, wecan represent this in two dimensions by letting the horizontalaxis represent the order of the number in the sequence (first,second, etc), and the vertical axis, the value of the number (2, 4,etc). Thus, the fourth number in the sequence, 9, gives the point(4,9) to be plotted. These numbers are almost, but not quite, ona straight line. But if we stipulate that the line can go throughthe unit line segments extending above each point, then the in-teger values can be obtained by truncating the values obtainedwith the INT function in BASIC.

Playing around with this program shows that Cl canrange between 2 and 2.5 if C2 is suitably chosen between— 0.5 and 1. For example, setting Cl to 2.25 and C2 to 0gives the desired sequence of 2,4,6,9,11,. . . for INT(B).

Now we can turn our attention to the irregularities inthe Gregorian calendar. First, let us temporarily giveFebruary thirty days (remember that month 2, February,is included in the above sequence). Next, calculate theJulian values of the last days of each month in this alteredyear. The numbers are 31, 61, 92,122, 153,183, 214, 245,275, 306, 336, 367. (The extra two days in February giveus a 367-day year). Can we find a formula that threads itsway along the last days of each month?

We have 367 days divided among 12 months. Thatcomes to a new month about every 30.58 days. If we use30.58 for Cl in the program we wrote, we find that theoutput comes close to the sequence we want. A fewminutes of tinkering with C2 shows that 0.5 works nice-ly. The expression M-l gives us the last day of the

190 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 131 on inquiry card.

Circle 132 on inquiry card.

preceding month. Substituting the values for Cl and C2,and using (M —1) in place of A in equation (1) prodthe equation:

uces

B = INT (30.58 x M - 30.08

(2)

A quick check with our BASIC program shows that wecan get away with three bytes less with the followingequation:

B = INT(30.57xM-30)

(3)

If we compensate for leap years and for the 28-dayFebruary, we have the following BASIC subroutine forcomputing the Julian date, Z, given the month, M, day,D, and year, Y.

210 Z = INT ( 30.57 * M - 30 ) + D220 IF M < 3 THEN RETURN230 IF INT ( Y / 4 ) * 4 = Y

THEN Z = Z - 1 : RETURN240 Z = Z - 2 : RETURN

Using the constant values we found for equation (3),line 210 calculates the Julian date of the end of the monthpreceding month M. Adding the day of the month to thisproduces a first estimate of the Julian date of the givencalendar date. Line 220 says that if it is before March, weare done. Otherwise, in line 230 we adjust for a 29-dayFebruary if it is leap year (until now we were creditingFebruary with 30 days), or for 28 days if it is not leapyear. Let us forget about leap centuries for now.

We can improve on this system. We have been definingthe Julian date, Z, as the number of days since theprevious December 31. To include information about theyear, we can define a new type of Julian date, J, as thenumber of days elapsed since December 31 of some baseyear, say 1972. To calculate J, we first find Z, then addthe days in each year between the present year and 1972.Years have an average of 365.25 days. If we try 365.25for Cl and 0 for C2 in our original BASIC program tool,we get the Julian dates of the last day of each year. Tak-ing December 31, 1972 as our base and the year, Y, in theform "yy" rather than "19yy" we modify equation (3) to:

(4)

(5)

B = INT ( 30.57 x M - 30 )+ INT ( 365.25 x (Y - 1 - 72))

This may be rearranged to:

B = INT ( 30.57 x M )

+ INT (365.25 x Y - 26693.25)

bringing us to the new BASIC subroutine:

310 J = INT (30.57 * M) + INT (365.25

* Y - 26693.25) + D320 IF M < 3 THEN RETURN330 IF INT ( Y / 4 ) * 4 = Y

THEN J = J - 1 : RETURN340 J = J - 2 : RETURN

The above will return negative values for dates beforeDecember 31, 1972.

CONTROL THE WORLDTHROUGH A EIA RS-232C PORT

ALI has designed a new control system that uses a slandard serial port to communicate to over1000 output points and read over 1000 input points With this system you can now control relays,lights, motors, D/A. and sense photo eyes, voltage, switches. A/0, keyboards and a lot more. Allthis control over a single RS-232C link! All it takes is a standard RS-232C port and one or more ALIcontrol modules, per your 1/0 reguirement. Up to 225 modules can be connected to a single EIAR5-232C porl

The modules consist of an 1/0 CONTROL COMMANDER by itself or in conjunction with one ol thespecific 1/0 interface boards. Each 1/0 CONTROL COMMANDER has 8 TTL inputs and 4 TTL out-puts, plus all of the circuitry necessary lor proper address decoding and communicalions timingEach CONTROL COMMANDER is crystal controlled for highest acdracy and reliability. Baud rate isselectable Irom 150 to 9600 baud

Various peripherals can be plugged into the I/O CONTROL COMMANDER to handle specific I/O

functions

I/O CONTROL COMMANDER

• 8 TTL inputs

• 4 TTL outputs

• 150 to 9600 Baud" Crystal controlled

RELAY INTERFACE

• 4 2A. 120V AC relay outputs

• 4 5V-120V AC or DC opto-isolated inputsUNIVERSAL I/O, KEYBOARD DISPLAY INTERFACE

• Up to 16 character display

• Up to 32 digits display

• Up to 64 individual inputs

• Sense full ASCII keyboard

• Up to 128 individual outputsALPHA NUMERIC DISPLAY

• 16 Alpha numeric displays

• Mates with UVKDTHUMBWHEEL SWITCH UNIT

• 8 Digits BCD inputs

• 32 Bits TTL input

• Mates with UVKD

As you can see from the above description, you can mix and malch modules to meet your specilicrequirements. All this and more over a single RS-232C link The above is only a brief summary ofIhe available optionsTO ORDER CALL OR WRITE:

AL INDUSTRIES

15 Algonquin Trail, Oakland, N.J. 07436

(201) 337-2030'N.J. Residents add 5% sales tax • Dealers Inquiries Invited

ASSM

$149

120

190

179

165

KIT

$129

98

152

155

145

PL'

®

MICRO AID

THE TEACHEITS HELPER

MICRO AID® is an educational computer package designedto free the teacher from much of the drugery inherent in testing,tracking, and grading students.

FEATURING: ■ Quiz with instruction mode ■ Computer aidedinstruction with quiz mode ■ Multi student participation

■ Recording of student grades ■ 3 levels of subject knowledgefor individualized testing scores* Inventory build-up of testquestions ■ Analysis of answers per student and entire class

■ Randomized questions rarely duplicating a quiz ■ Hard copyprinted questions for major testing.

NO TECHNICAL EXPERIENCE NEEDED: Teacher simplytypes in questions, answers, and explanations. MICRO AID®is designed as a plug-in, easy to use system with no technicalbackground required.

TEACHER IN FULL COMMAND: MICRO AID® is "menu-driven" in that it allows the teacher to select individualizedteaching functions, perform an activity within a function,choose the number of questions to be on a quiz and sign oneach student as he/she sits at the terminal.

INEXPENSIVE & COST EFFECTIVE: MICRO AID® system —$9,900, includes 4 CRT keyboard terminals, CPU & printer,software, and instruction manuals. Software only, $750. In-struction manual only, $40. Write or call for detailed information.

I MICRO INNOVATIONS CORP.

I 420 LEXINGTON AVE., NY 10017(212) 687-3637 DEALER /Noum/ES ,NV,TED

Circle 133 on inquiry card.

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 191

Circle 134 on inquiry card.

TRS-§9

750?^

Shown is Level I.Level II IncludesAlphanumeric keypad.

The world's most popular microcomputer, with 16K ofmemory and Level 11 basic for only $750, complete withfull 90 day Radio Shack warranty. We accept check,money order orphoneorderswithVisaorMasterCharge.(Shipping costs added to charge orders).Disk drives, printers,peripherals, softwareand games . . . youname it, we've got it(Both Radio Shack &other brands). Writeor call for ourcomplete price list, jjm wP^- \

c&s

ELECTRONICS MART

Ltd.

AUTHORIZEDDEALERSHIP

Radio /hack

32 E. Main Street • Milan Michigan 48160 • (313)439-1400

><XXXXXXXXXXXXX xxxxxxxxxxxx^

co' ^Q

i

« APPLE KIM AIM65

INEXPENSIVE CONTROL SOLUTION FOR

HOME SECURITY • ENERGY CONSERVATION

GREENHOUSES • ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL

INDUSTRIAL CONTROL • LABORATORIES

WITH CLOCK AND CALENDAR

CmC'SfiDAC system now includes an interface to the BSR X-10 remotecontrol modules. These low-cost modules allow control over lamps,motors and appliances. With the CmC X-10 interface your computer cancontrol 256 separate devices. Lamps can be turned on or off, dimmed orbrightened. Alarms, kitchen appliances, hi-fis, TVs, motors, pumps,heaters and more can be put under your computer's control.

Direct plug-in and software for most computers.

Includes a clock, calendar, digital inputs and digital outputs.

Circle the reader service number, call or write for our latest catalog.

E CONNECTICUT microCOMPUTER , Inc.

m ipo '50 POCONO ROAD

|Lj BROOKFIELD, CONNECTICUT 06804

TEL: (203) 775-9659 TWX: 710-456-0052

:s^

Listing 1: BASIC routines for converting between the Julian dateand the calendar (month, day, year) date and for determiningthe day of the week from the Julian date. In ProcessorTechnology BASIC, the multiple-line user-defined functions(ending with FNEND) are permitted; also, J$(A,B) is the sub-string of the unsubscripted string variable "]$", from Ath to Bthcharacter.

700 REH======================«==============

710 REH

720 REH. DATE HANDLING PACKAGE

730 REH

740 REM==============«=«==="==============

750 REH

760 REH. CALENDAR TO JULIAN CONVERSION

770 REH

780 REH.Given day, D, nonth, H and year, Y

790 REH.returns the nunber of days elapsed

800 REH.since December 31, 1900.

810 REH —

820 DEF FNJ(D,H,Y)

830 LET X=INT<30.57*H)+INT(365.25*Y-395.25)*D

840 IF H<3 THEN RETURN X

850 IF INT(Y/4)*4=Y THEN RETURN X-1

860 RETURN X-2

870 FNEND

880 REH

890 REH -

900 REH. JULIAN TO CALENDAR CONVERSION

910 REH

920 REH.Given D, nunber of days elapsed since

930 REH.Decenber 31, 1900, returns day, D,

940 REH.nonth, H, and year, Y.

950 REH -

940 LET Y=INT(J/365.26)+1

970 LET D=J+INT(395.25-365.25*Y)

980 LET D1=2: IF INT(Y/4)*4=Y THEN LET D1=l

990 IF D>91-D1 THEN LET D=D+D1

1000 LET H=INT<D/30.57),D=D-INT(30.57*H): RETURN

1010 REH.

1020 REH -

1030 REH. JULIAN C0HPACTIDN

1040 REH

1050 REH.Given Julian, J, returns 2-byte

1060 REH.representation of J

1070 REH -

1080 DEF FNJ$(J)

1090 LET J1=INT(J/256): RETURN CHR(J1)+CHR(J-J1*256>

1100 FNEND

1110 REH

1120 REH —

1130 REH. JULIAN EXPANSION

1140 REH

1150 REH.Given J$, a 2-byte representation of a

1160 REH.Julian, returns decinal value of Julian

1170 DEF FNJ1(J$)=256*ASC(J*(1,1))+ASC(J$(2,2))

1180 REH

1190 REH- -

1200 REH. DAY OF WEEK CALCULATION

1210 REH

1220 REH.Returns day of week (Sunday = 1) given

1230 REH.the Julian, J

1240 REH

1250 DEF FNU(J)

1260 LET U=<J+1)/7: RETURN INT((U-INT(U))*7+1.1)

1270 FNEND

192 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 135 on inquiry card.

Circle 136 on inquiry card.

Now that we have a way of abbreviating the calendardate into a Julian date, we need a program for reversingthe conversion. This is done by extracting the year, cor-recting for a 28- or 29-day February, then extracting themonth to leave the day of the month as the remainder:

Y

410

Y = INT ( J / 365.25 + 73 )

420

Z = J + INT (26693.25 - 365.25

430

Dl = 2 : IF INT ( Y / 4 ) * 4 = \

THEN Dl = 1

440

IF Z > 91 - Dl THEN Z = Z +

450

M = INT (Z / 30.57 )

460

D = Z - INT ( 30.57 * M )

470

RETURN

Dl

Line 420 computes the day of the year, Z. Then Dl isset to 1 if the year is a leap year, or 2 otherwise. Z isadjusted for the proper February length in line 440, if theday is after February. The month is extracted in line 460,leaving D, the day of the month. Unfortunately, the pro-gram above is wrong for New Year's Day after a leapyear because the value for Y lags a bit. This can bemanaged by setting the divisor in line 410 to 365.26. Theresulting inaccuracy will not cause trouble for thousandsof years.

You will see that selecting 1900 rather than 1972 as thebase year will save two bytes each in lines 310 and 420and one in line 410. [Note: Astronomers calculate Julianday numbers using the date January 1, 4713 BC as a base;all historical dates become positive numbers. . . .RSS]

If your version of BASIC handles character strings, itcan compact each non-negative Julian date into two bytesof storage, which could speed input and output of datesby a factor of four. The following routine in ProcessorTechnology BASIC essentially converts the decimal valueof the Julian date to a base-256 number:

510 Jl = INT ( J / 256 )

520 J$ - CHR( Jl ) + CHR( J - Jl * 256 )

where CHR (Jl) is the character with the ASCII code Jl.Converting the string J$ back to a decimal value is doneas follows:

610 J = 256 * ASC ( J$ ( 1 , 1 ) ) + ASC( J$ ( 2 , 2 ) )

where J$ ( n , n ) is the n-th character in J$ and whereASC(C$) is the decimal value of the ASCII code for C$.The two bytes in J$ can cover a span of 256x256/365.25= 179 years.

The day of the week is readily calculated from themodulo 7 value of the Julian date. We can now reshapeour programs into a compact and efficient package forhandling dates between 1901 and 2080.

As for leap centuries, Pope Gregory luckily decreed theyear 2000 a leap year, although 1900 was not. Centuryyears not evenly divisible by 400 are not leap years.Therefore, the routines in listing 1 will be wrong for datesbefore March 1, 1900, but are useful for most practicalapplications. ■

PROFESSIONAL CP/M* SOFTWARE

These are superb professional qualityimplementations usually found on largercomputers. Thorough documentationaccompanies every DataArt product so youwill be "up and running" immediately. Inaddition, all packages are delivered withCRT drivers for your terminal.

SOFTWARE

Microsoft®

Microsoft®

PRODUCT t

CBASIC

COBOL

BASIC

• Payroll

$250

$500

$350

• Accounts Receivable

250

500

350

• Accounts Payable

250

500

350

• General Ledger

250

500

350

• Bowling Secretary

350

350

350

• Program Chain Utility

95

95

95

• CRT Manager Utilities

250

250

250

• Data Communications

contact us

many protocols available

Accounting packages based on Osborne Publications.* CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research Corporation,t Many software packages also available for North StarComputers.

■■^.■•;--. ■-:-:-:-:■■:::i..^:.:: J0f' "where software is still an art'

>4f *a^T DataArt Inc

21162 Lorain Road

Fairview Park, Ohio 44126

(216)333-2232

Use x,y Genesis

Applesoft Subroutines forApple II graphs

SSfl

MBasa

»50BS3B015*1 U

. DQU JDNE5 /~^\

PRICE OF E3DLD J

illFLRT inn' FRQn TIME flRGHZIHE 16/31*11

K?h6eA8?csT0 CET" "E5S("E xms ,s

Withxfy

smshesubpera pAt only $iContact:

Ask about

Genesis you'll have:

aller programs

rter programming time

routines useful in any progra

odic news on tips & applicati

■ofessional product

f4.95

FUTUREWORLD

Dept. B2

2514 University Dr.

Durham, NC 27707

(919) 489-7486

our new business statistics s

Tl

onssoftware.

Circle 137 on inquiry card.

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

193

Circle 138 on inquiry card.

Have some

greatmemories.

16K PROM boards.

■ PROM card has 2708-type memory

■ Quality board construction ■ 0-4 wait states

■ Address any 4K group to any 4K boundary

■ Control up to 8 banks of memory ■ Fullyassembled and tested ■ PRICE—$300(California residents add 6% sales tax)

Expandable 5 MHz RAM boards.

8—32K expandable RAM board uses TI 4044memory ■ Runs at 5MHz ■ Fast 250ns accesstime ■ Bank select ■ Address any 4K block toany 4K boundary ■ Quality board construction

PRICE—8K—$210; 16K—$378; 24K—$570;32K—$744; 8K add-on kits—$162

(California residents add 6% sales tax)

Call or write Artec for details

dRTGC GLeCTROMiajMC.

605 Old County Rd., San Carlos, CA 94070Telephone (415)592-2740

194 March 1980 g> BYTE Publications Inc

Operation Codes

of the 8080, 8085,

and Z80 Processors

D Martin Harrell

313 Hollyberry Rd

Severna Park MD 21146

Manual conversion between assem-bly language mnemonics and hexa-decimal object code can be tedious —particularly if much code is involved.However, the task does not have tobe overwhelming. A conversion tablehelps immensely and is also a goodtraining aid for novice programmers.It presents the entire instruction set incompact form, revealing useful pat-terns, and also inconsistencies.

8080 and 8085 Operation Codes

Operation codes for the Intel 8080and 8085 microprocessors are shownin table 1. The only difference be-tween the instruction sets for this pairis that the 8085 has two additional in-structions: the read-interrupt-maskinstruction (mnemonic RIM, hexa-decimal code 20), and the set-inter-rupt-mask instruction (mnemonicSIM, hexadecimal code 30). Theyallow the user to control interruptsand a serial I/O (input/ output) line,thus making them useful additions.

The position of an 8080/8085 oper-ation code in the table does not give areliable clue about the implied ad-dressing mode. Table 1 is generallyorganized according to the operandsinvolved. Residing in the middle eightcolumns of the table (columns 4 thruB) for example, are the instructionsfor single-byte move, arithmetic, andlogical operations. (Length attributesin this article refer to data, ratherthan instruction length, unless other-

wise noted.) Regardless of thecolumn, progression through theeight possible choices for the source(second) operand is always in thesame sequence as the user movesdown a column: registers B thru L;followed by memory reference; andfinally, register A, the accumulator.Then, because each column has six-teen entries, the sequence repeats. Ifthe arithmetic and logical instructiongroups do not seem to conform to thisrule, note that the first operand(always register A) is implied ratherthan stated explicitly.

This same sequence is used for ad-vancing through choices for thedestination (first) operand. In thiscase, however, progression is columnto column from left to right, witheach successive column containingtwo of the eight possible operands.The double-byte instructions alsoconform to this first-operand type ofarrangement. Most of these appear inthe first four columns of the table;however, the stack commands toPUSH and POP double-byte data arelocated at the far right in the topsection.

An apparent inconsistency appearsin the middle of the table. Hexa-decimal code 76 is the instruction tohalt the processor (HLT). Expectedthere instead is MOV M,M, the opcode meaning "move the content ofthe memory location whose address isin the H and L register pair into that

Text continued on page 197

Circle 139 on inquiry card.

Circle 140 on inquiry card.

The Microcomputer asa Laboratory Instrument

Turn your computer into

A spectrum analyzer, function generator, counter/timer, DVM, storage oscilloscope, filter, phasesensitive detector, colorometer, data logger, pulseheight analyzer, Fourier synthesizer, boxcar inte-grator, signal averager, waveform eductor, com-puter of average transients.

We can help with

'ANALOG INTERFACES^►TRANSDUCERSSOFTWARE►BREADBOARDSt TEXTSWORKSHOPS

Write for complete information

\ CAMBRIDGE DEVELOPMENT LAB

J 44 Brattle Street

y\ . Cambridge, MA 02138

UIMI11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111119TRS 80* PERIPHERALS

DISK DRIVES

40 tracks, with powersupply Si case and cableVERBATIM DISKETTESDYSAN OISKETTES

S3.00S4.60

in MEMORY KITS

for TRS 00, APPLE, SORCERER

w/jumpers and instructionsONE YEAR GUARANTEE!!!

TRS-80 computers in stock!!

PRINTERS trom ^(F ;

PRINTERS fromCENTRONICS, INTREGALDATA, NEC SPINWRITER,TEXAS INSTRUMENTS.ALL AT GREAT SAVINGS!!

We also carry APPLE, SORCERER. PET, SO SALES products WE WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLD.

GAMES

ANDROID NIM $14.00

nim robots that wink and respond.Excellent graphics and sound.

STAR TREK III $14.00

Travel through the galaxy on theEnterprise and destroy kilingons.New updated version.

AIR RAID S14.00

Real time shooting gallery.SARG0N:CHESS SI 9.00

Best chess lor TRS 80LIBRARY 100 . S49.00

10D games, utilities, and businessprograms in one package.Great value!

ADVENTURE SI4.00

disk $24.95

TRS 80 SOFTWARE

UTILITIES

BUSINESS

NEWD0S+ $99.00

Enhanced DOS. Contains manyimprovements over TRS00S. 7useful utilities built in. For 40track use also.

NEWDOS $49.00

Same as above without utilities.SYSTEM INTEGRATION TEST

$29.00

tests memory, disk drives, and

printer S99.D0

MICROSOFT FORTRAN $325.00

CPM

RENUMBER

disk

G2 LEVEL IIIFORTH by MMSGSF by RACET

$150.00$14.00SI 7.00$49.00$65.00$24.00

GL, AR, AP, PAYROLL INTERACTIVE S350. reports includeunbilled invoices, open/closedaccounts, ageing. Trial balance,income statement, balance sheet.Handles 200 accounts. 1750transactions.

Stand alone of each $95

INVENTORY II $99.00

activity listing, complete listing.selected listing, minimum quantitysearch. 1000 items per diskALL ABOVE PROGRAMSBY SBSG

ELECTRIC PENCIL . $99.00by Michael Shrayer

disk . . $150.00

BEST word processor for theTRS-80

The above list is just a brief summary of some of our most popular software. We have a large selection of other ssoftware for many uses and for many computers. Documentation for any of our programs is available on re- —quest. If you have any questioos, please call. We would like to hear from you. 5

= TO ORDER. CALL OR WRITE:

MIDWEST COMPUTER PERIPHERALS

PO Box 437VISA WILMETTE, IL 60O91

■■■ ;; •; If.•;.-,■- Order Desk (8001 323-4335™ qJ Info & IL residents

C.O.D. (312)251-5028

NEW YEARSSPECIAL

10% Discount on

all Software orders

over SIOO

* TRS-80 Is a Registered Trademark of Tandy Corp.

^11111 mi 111111111111111111 in 111111 ■ 11 r 111 i 1 r 1 ■ 11111 r iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiii iiniiiiif;

HEATH® COMPATIBLE

is

l»"

DG 32D 32K RAM FEATURES:

i-"* Plugs into Heath" H8 Computer.

e" Ready to use. Fully assembled, tested &.

burned in.1^ Operates with existing Heath" memory.l<* Protected memory Output Buffers in the

event of Address error.v* Utilizes popular 4116 RAM devices.\*rV

Memory Address DIP switch changeable.

Arranged as 4 Independent 8K Blocks.

Low Power Consumption: Less than 6 watts.

typical.

Transparent Refresh.

One year guarantee.

Compatible with all current H8 peripherals.

D»G Electronic Developments Co.brings you a totally compatible, fullyassembled and tested 32K RAM forHeath" H8 computers. The DG-32Dhas less than 6 watts power con-sumption. This allows you to add a full32K bytes of Random Access Mem-ory without taxing or replacing yourcomputer's power supply. Engineer-ed to plug-in and run without any usermodifications, the DG-32D can be

Heathh and H8 are registered trademarks of theHeath Corporation. Benton Harbor, Michigan.

used with orwithoutexisting H8 RAMwithout modification. Protection ofthe memory output buffers is provid-ed in the event of assigning twoblocks to the same address space.The DG-32D is the ideal answer toexpansion of the Heath" H8 com-puter. . . Low power consumption,low price, high capacity, total engi-neering and exacting productionmethods.

BURNED IN I6K MEMORY CHIP SETH88-H89 $89.00

ORDERING INFORMATION: DC 32D RAM available only from DC Electronic Developments Co.. P.O. BoxI 124. 182 7 South Armstiong. Denison, Texas 7 5020. Check, money-order. VISA or Master Charge. Phoneorders accepted on charge orders. NO COD s. Foreign orders add 30%. Texas residents add 5%. ForVlSAor Master Charge orders call 2 14-465-7805. $479.00 freight prepaid. Allow three weeks for personalchecks to clear banks

□ B

DEVELOPMENTS CO.

32K RAM $479

Circle 141 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

195

Circle 142 on inquiry card.

DESKSAND

STUFF

Computer terminals, business systems,lab components .. . they all need desksand enclosures. That's what we're allabout. Computer Furniture and Acces-sories offers a standard line of furnituresuitable for a wide variety of applica-tions. Handsome, rugged, economicalfurniture in all shapes, sizes and colors.Basic models shipped from stock indays, not months. And we're nice peopleto deal with. What more could youask for?

CF*A

Computer Furniture and

Accessories, Inc.

1441 West 132nd Street

Gardena, CA 90249

(213)327-7710

E»

&.

a

XO

X

n

Hi

X

CQ

B

HX

o

3

a

&

i

CO

fti

s

H

a

S>

x

O

1

o

XX

M

CM

ft)

s

E3

s

&

§

*~3

X

CJ

CQ

B

5

s

^

K

PM

CJX

CJ

§

^

s

PI

PI

•O

u

CJ

H

CJ

X

M

**

B

CM

a

s

C4

^

d

s

CQ

B

E3CO

a

X

•-a

CJ

XCQ

EH

a

m

cj

N

X

s

CS)

1

B

X

CQ

B

HP

o

a

SI

u

X

N

i

H

a

<

CO

x

cj

O

fti

X

PI

£

<

m

CJ

P

fti

X

,-q

£

<

«

s

s

si

Si

Si

Si

£

a

T1

5

0j

&

£

»,

1

s

o

o

o

O

O

O

o

"

b

b

u

°

x

CJ

p

fti

X

PI

£

<

FP

o

n

ft]

X

Pi

E

•<

<

<

5

<

5

<

<

5

5

<

5

<

1

s

S

1

s

S

8

s

X

o

o

fti

X

P5

£

<

m

CJ

n

ft)

X

pi

£

<

On

m

X

m

tn

x

M

x

x

X

m

p

rq

m

Eg

to

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

rn

CQ

m

CJ

Q

ft)

X

P)

£

<

pq

CJ

Q

fti

«

pi

:--

<

CO

S

( i

1

§

@

Q

a

§

p

g

ft

R

s

H

K

R

a

<

<

<

<

•««

<:

■<

<:

•^

<

<

<

<

X

CJ

P

fti

X

pi

■<

m

CJ

P

fti

X

PI

£

<:

£

£

£

£

£

£

X

£

<

<

<

<

<

■<

■<

-<

>

>

>

>

>■

>

>

5»

>,

>.

£,

ja.

f,.

>

O

O

O

O

O

o

o

o

£

E

£

£

£

£

£

£

£

£

£

£

£

x

u

a

fti

X

PI

£

<

X

o

P

fti

X

h)

£

*«

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

PI

pT

P)

P)

Pi

\o

>

s

£

£

£

£

£

£

£

£

£

£

£

£

E

£

x

o

(=i

fti

X

PI

£

<

X

CJ

O

ft)

X

P)

£

<

P

p

o

p

P

a

P

P

fti

fti

fti

ft)

fti

fti

ft)

m

>.

>

>■

£»

►^

w

j^

o

O

o

o

o

o

£

£

£

£

£

£

£

£

£

£

£

£

£

£

x

cj

Q

fcl

X

PI

£

<

X

CJ

P

fti

X

PI

£

<

.*

X

x

ffl

CQ

x

X

X

X

o

CJ

CJ

O

CJ

O

CJ

O

^

>

>

£>

>

>

>

£.

^

p.

^

o

o

O

o

£

£

£

£

£

£

£

£

£

£

£

£

£

k

£

(^

fN.

ft

M

S

X

a

S

O

a

CQ

(5

ft

H

£

CO

3

a

ft

a

£

o

x

9

X

P)

CM

§

M

X

X

X

l-t

1

q

3

a

X

X

M

3

a

CO

ft

ft

s

£

a

a

ft

a

>ie:

a

g

o

p

fti

ft)

ft)

,_,

M

X

x

ft;

M

^

R

y

9

o

a

CO

H

ft

K

£

a

,j

a

a

a

£

55

ft

m

g

X

X

CQ

x

X

X

CJ

CJ

CJ

-P

O

M

X

X

x

i_i

s

Q

2

M

s

Jj

a

to

ft

a

S

£

M.

a

J

a

ft

a

?:

o

-

CM

C"\

Jfr

iA

vO

r-

CO

ON

<

m

CJ

a

ft)

ft.

aiqq^M puooag

R a

Q)

w

* K*• O

£ a

p .2

ii

0)

O

"S Sia t5

c

8 «

"« B

tx>-2

II

ffl "i:

o o

s

^o c

o o

0D

■a §

a -2

oo S9 "3

00 §

Jl £°^

- o cu -c a

O •* >

S ^H S

J « U

o S-S

CD

5W

."1

o n ooto • Q

1 sj

u c

E ft

CD

< o c«"§ °

196 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 143 on inquiry card.

Text continued from page 194:

same memory location." The expect-ed instruction is effectively just a slowequivalent of the no operation (NOP)located at hexadecimal 00. Hence, itsreplacement by the halt commandimproves, rather than degrades thepower of the instruction set. Still, Iwonder why an otherwise empty spotin the table was not chosen — as wasdone for the two additional 8085instructions.

The right quarter of the table main-ly contains program branching anddata exchange instructions. Excludingthe previously mentioned stack com-mands, none of these have explicitoperands so the previously discussedorganization is impossible. The mis-cellaneous nature of these instruc-tions also tends to prevent predictableorder.

Nonetheless, the op codes in thisarea have a consistent structuralstyle. Most are arranged in com-plementary order, with mutuallyexclusive conditions placed in thesame column, separated by eightrows. The group of return instruc-tions is typical. The unconditionalreturn from subroutine command ishexadecimal C9. Starting immediate-ly above it and proceeding to theright, four of the eight conditionalreturn instructions are found. Theother four (the complements) areeight rows higher.

The order in which these condi-tions appear is uniform from group togroup. To determine that this is so,compare similar elements of the call,jump, and return groups. The uncon-ditional jump (JMP) instruction is acurious exception. Its expected code isCB, but it actually appears eight rowshigher in the table. Such exceptionsare few enough not to be bothersome.

Z80 Operation Codes

The Z80 is an enhanced version ofthe 8080. It runs faster, has twice asmany general purpose registers, andhas a much larger instruction set.Included as a subset in this instructionis the entire repertoire of the 8080.(This compatibility exists at themachine language level, but not theassembly language level; standardmnemonics and assembly languageformats for the two processors differconsiderably.) Thus, in hexadecimalobject form, almost any programwritten for the 8080 will produceidentical results when executed by a

P&T CP/M®2 unleashes the POWERof your TRS-80 MODEL II

Pickles & Trout has adapted CP/M 2, one of the world's mostpopular operating systems, to the TRS-80 Model II and theresult is spectacular:

• 596K bytes of usable stor-age at double density

• Runs both single and doubledensity disks with automaticdensity select

• Single drive backup

• Multi-drive software can runon a 1 drive system

•Operates with 1, 2, 3, or 4drives

• Full function CRT control

• Type-ahead buffer for key-board input

• Full access to both serialports and parallel printerport

• Fully software program-mable serial ports

• Loads an 18K Basic in 2.5seconds

• Full compatibility with exist-ing CP/M software and ap-plication packages

• Full set of 7 CP/M manualsplus our own for the TRS-80Model II

fsoOf

Introductory price: $175

Prepaid, COD, Mastercharge or Visa orders accepted.Shipping extra. California residents add 6% sales tax.

VISA'

PICKLES & TROUT

P.O. BOX 1206. GOLETA, CA 93017. (805) 967-9563CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research Inc. TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corp.

NEW PETS* - OLD PETS*

NAIL" has programs for all ol them Whether your PET' is the original 8K. or the original 8K with anexpanded memory, or the new 16K or 32K full keyboard machine. NAIL has programs for you Here arethe latest NAIL programs lor the new 16K and 32K PETS with PET (loppy disk units; SYS32000'" (for new32K PET) SYS 16000'" (for new 16K PET) These machine language Systems are available for immediateshipment on disk, tape, or PROM. Once loaded from tape or disk, the System remains resident andundisturbed until power is turned off Immediately at your command are the following 22 functions

(1). Load machine language program from disk. (2). Load machine language programfromtape. (3). Save machine language program on disk. (4). Savemachinelanguageprogram on tape. (5). Dump BASIC program on tape for later appending. (6). DumpBASIC program on disk for later appending. (7). Append BASIC program from tape.(8). Append BASIC program from disk. (9). Renumber BASIC program with standardbeginning line number and increment. (10). Renumber BASIC program with custombeginning line number and increment. (11). Display contents of registers.(12). Display memory. (13). Execute machinelanguage program starting ataddressinprogram counter. (14.). Execute machine language program beginning at addressgiven. (15). Exit to BASIC. (16). Compact BASIC program, removing all unnecessaryspaces. (17). Eliminate from BASIC program range of line numbers given.(18). Display directory for disk drive #0. (19). Display directory for disk drive #1.(20). Trace execution of BASIC program. (21). Turn off Trace. (22). Help.

A NEW DIMENSION IN PROGRAMMING STYLE

By using the above Systems, you will develop a new and powerful programming style. Forexample. youcan build up a library of powerful subroutines from your BASIC programs. Use the Eliminate function to

remove all of the BASIC program except the subroutine you wish to isolate. Then, with the renumberfunction, you can give this subroutine a distinctive set of line numbers, Now, with the Dump command,you store this subroutine on your disk reserved for your library. Eventually you will have a large select ionof subroutines from which to draw. Now, when you write a new BASIC program, you can simply drop inany of the subroutines from your library with the Append command. Use the Directory command toreview your library on disk Both the System and your BASIC program remain undisturbed as you reviewthe contents of your disks. The subroutine can be placed anywhere you want it; at the beginning, at theend or any place in between. You do this by renumbering the BASIC program in the machine, and whenthe subroutine is Appended, it is automatically merged with the program already in the machine, with allline numbers in proper sequence. Now you can renumber the entire program, then Compact it to savememory, and then turn on Trace to watch it execute line by line with each line number shown on thescreen as it executes

SYS32000'"forthenew32K PET - SYS16000'" for the new 16K PET- $100on disk or tape. $200 for PROMwhich plugs in to the PET ROM expansion socket.For complete description of this and other programs, write for catalog #342

NAIL, Box F, Mobile, AL. 36601

'PET is a trademark of Commodore Business Machines NAIL.National Artificial Intelligence Laboratory ® 1979 NAIL.

SYS32000 and SYS16000 are trademarks of

Circle 144 on inquiry card.

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

197

- - Texas InstrumentsHome Computer Ti-99/4

■ Math Speech DidModem

■ Thermal PrinlerRS 232 Interlace

I Disk-ControllerDisk Drive

■ Joystick (pair)Dual Cassette CableVideo GraphsI Early Learning FunBeginning Grammar■ Early Rdg & Spch DiclDiagnosticHome Financial Decisions 29.95I Football 29.95

Physical Fitness 29.95

■ Household Budget Mgt 44.95Tax/Invest RecKpg 69.95I Investment Analysis 54.95

Personal Record Keeping 49 95StatisticsIVideDChessNumber Magic■ Speech EditorSpeech SynthesizerTnrmln-,1 C

S 29.95

224.95

399.95

224.95

299.95

499.95

34.95

15.95

19.95

29.95

29.95

54.95

29.95

Terminal Emulator

54 9569.9519.9544.95149.9544.95

Send $1.00 for 12 page ColorBrochure. (Refundable withyour TI-99/4 order.)

Superior color, music, sound and graph ics- *

and a powerful extended BASIC-all built in.

I'lus a unique, new Solid State Speech Synthesizer

III

III

II

|ca t««fei«S iQd 6% wies la« 1N0 C 0 0 outsifle cominemai u S A | Delivery Subject to product

■ SATISFACTION GUARANTEED OR YOUR MONEY BACK! availability by manufacture^];

Price suDjecl to change without notice Refunds guaranteed Copyright 1979 Factory Direct Sales

fl

ORDER

Retail Store Hours 1

FACTORY DIRECT SALESDept. 40

1317 E. Colorado St.Glendale. CA 91205Phono: (213) 245-1417

TODAY

res -Fn 10AM to 6PM

20% deposit required on COD. orders

26K ROM

Up to 72K total

memory capacity

16-color graphicscapabilityBuilt-in equationcalculator

ORDER NOWSAVE $150

Retail Price $1150

Your Price

s999~

SI OO INTELLIGENT

COLOR GRAPHICS BOARD

CGS-808

. ■ i ... ...

The CGS-808 is an intelligent colorrf the S-1O0 bus.TheCCk impte to use, just plug it

in and run. It requires no memoryspace and little software overhead.

'". :":. -.. ':.„.; ;

Features:

• MC6847 video display generator, ort-board 8085 microprocessor.

• Eight colors—green, yellow, blue, red, buff, cyan, magenta, orange.

• 11 programmable modes ranging from 64x64 to 256x192 in 4 and 1 colors.

• I/O mapped for true S-lOO compatibility.

Software:

• Firmware Pack 1—-clear screen, change mode, plot point, draw line, alphanum-eric/semigraphic, read/write screen.

• Firmware Pack II—relative and absolute modes, ellipses, alphanumerics (two sizes),3D hidden dot.

• Firmware Pack HI—shaped ellipses, shaded polygons, chain lines, move point, moveline, bar graph, expansion port driver.

CGS-808B (Bare "Kit") $125.00

(Includes PC board, documentation, MC6847, MCI372. 8085 and 2708

with Firmware Pack I)

CGS-808A (Assembled and Tested) $399.00

Firmware Pack II $ 60.00

Firmware Pack III $ 99.00

SubLogic 2D Graphics Driver $ 35.00

SubLogic 3D Graphics Driver $ 30.00

Phone Orders Welcome — Visa/Mastercharge — Add $3.00 for Shipping & Handling

• California Residents Add 6% Sales Tax — Call or write for your free brochure.BIOTECH ELECTRONICSP.O. Box 485, Ben Lomond, CA 95005(408) 338-2686

Z80. Because of the Z80's generallyhigher speed, software timing loopsare an exception to this upward com-patibility feature. [Editor's note:There is also a slight difference in theoperation of the parity flag . . . .RSS]

The similarities of the two instruc-tion sets can be seen by comparingcorresponding positions of table 1and table 2. Table 2 is the basic con-version table for the Z80. For everyvalid 8080 instruction in table 1, itscorrespondent in table 2 produceslogically equivalent results. The dif-ferences between the two instructionsets stem from the twelve positionsunused by the 8080. These, which areclearly indicated in table 2, are usedto greatly expand the Z80's capabil-ity.

The Zilog Corp used the seven un-filled positions on the left side of table1 and the uppermost one on the rightside to give the Z80 processor theability to perform relative branchingand to exchange the contents of itstwo sets of registers. However, theuse of hexadecimal codes 20 and 30for two of the jump relative instruc-tions means that the Z80 is not ascompatible with the 8085 as it is withthe 8080.

The real expansion of the Z80's in-struction set over that of the 8080 isthe result of the interesting use of thefour other empty spaces in table 1, Inessence, the Z80 uses them as pointersto four additional 16 by 16 tables,thus increasing the number of possi-ble op codes by 1532. (The Z80 doesnot use most of these, but flexibilityfor future expansion is certainlythere.) Had this innovative use of theunimplemented codes not been done,the Z80 would have been limited to256 different op codes, which is onlytwelve more than the 8080.

There is a penalty for this flexibi-lity: all instructions in these expan-sion sets must be multibyte. The firstbyte identifies the appropriate expan-sion instruction set, after which, thesecond byte identifies the operationto be performed. Sometimes there isan additional third or fourth byte toprovide data or addressing informa-tion.

Shift, Rotate, and BitManipulation Instructions

Consider these pointer instructionsone at a time. All of the instructionswhich begin with hexadecimal CB arecontained in table 3. All of the direct-

198

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 146 on inquiry card.

p

X

51

gc

4

Si

c

x

o

X

%

c

^O

CO

Bd

^

CM

Ph

o

X

x

Si

ta

2

p

X

S

EM

CM

p<

pCM

a

PC

p

CM

<

^3

a

P

p

x

sa

2

p

x

H

2

$

i

CD

M

IS

IS

X

3

o

w

X

X

B

P

<

B

a

X

CM

-3

CM

u

<

*S

X

a

H

X

c

n

4-

c

X

«■■•*

<

1=1

13

m .o

a

ft

CM

EnO

o

pCm

01

ffi

CM

ft

<c3

&

en

a

c

a

9

H

c

X

cq

CO

x

<

o

g

CM

o

CM

pp

to

P

P

h

a

s

CM

a

P

s

a

c3

?

p

X

P

W

P

PQ

ft

a

X

p

<

«

«

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

X

o

o

o

O

o

xo

CJ

cq

o

1=1

W

X

P

x

«<

CQ

O

X

rc

<

p

Q

p

X

X

X

X

5

3

3

5

§

3

R

3

3

o

X

O

X

o

o

X

o

o

X

o

X

X

3

p

m

X

p

R

H

P

PQ

cq

W

m

m

en

PQ

o

a

H

JJj

P

fcf

<

m

o

p

69

X

p

p1

<

CO

<

■<

<

<

■<

-<

R

<

<

<

<

<

<

■<

s

<;

ar

r

g

r

n

PQ

9

H

H

R

R

s

y

H

■<

<

<

<

■<

<

■<

<

Ml

R

W

p

pq

o

P

w

X

p

p

<

i-3

rf

P

3

fl

N

a

p

R

[1

<;

M

3

a

P

P3

9

p

a

ftP

pp

m

o

p

H

^

p

t3

<

cq

o

p

M

X

p

p

<

\Q

x

X

X

X

p

p

p

p

p

9

a

pp

a

p

P

p

p

X

a

a

a

a

a

pp

a

9

p

ap

RP

o

p

rf

■<

pq

o

p

a

X

P

^

<

iry

p

n

w

pa

w

H

w

w

Kl

a

3

3

a

a

a

R

a

pp

pp

pp

a

a

a

a

w

pp

a

O

P

<

CQ

u

p

w

p

^

^t

w

m

pq

«

m

cq

pq

O

o

o

u

o

o

CJ>

9

a

a

a

a

a

pq

a

9

P

a

a

a

a

9

9

pp

§

3

?

CM

V\

K

e

m

&.

r.>

p

p

a

a

p3

B

o

p

a

CQ

8

p

R

<

<

pp

a

PP

CJ

»

l

e

!i

X

c

a>

PX

?

0

c

CM

i

x

P

a

a

B

5

H

P

a

3

s

R

9

si

pp

p

a

B

a

Xo

•

S

N

P

g

a

a

5

o

a

M

P

a

si

«

X

PP

<

a

p

o3

1

a

$

§

<

S

CQ

pq

c

b

a

a

a

a

o

X

a

a,

a

s

1

a

ft

p

<

8

H

a

a

i

a

|»

y

a

o

-

N

C"»

•*

»A

M3

C"-

CO

On

•<

CQ

o

p

M

[»,

o

-tJ

U

E

s

■is0u

0)

c

>s

c

-SI

UJ

o

K

3

Q

S

a

o

a

c

H

s g>

o

C *5J

co

e

2fN?fe-o

01 .§

r

•U >->

(i

SI u

in oj

-w a-

TS

0 0

&0

"■C -c

•S

3 b

L

m-, a

O

"3 £i

uO

3 8!

k

0, 3

io_

-s «

o

53 u

u

R S

s

ST ft)

o

00

S c

N

»■?

>i

JS

2.S

o

a ts

01

&1 -c

0

lsl >,

u

c

-Q TS

0

cs Qj

1

ft)

sa.

8 3

o

t-H -a

^

-a

-q a

H-,

o ~

U

c

C

?.9

0

•2 u

•B.R

R

O in

5

a..S

rj

"« 9

S 00O tu

J21-

MEM0REX

Floppy Discs

Lowest prices. WE WILL NOTBE UNDERSOLD!! Buy any

quantity 1-1000. Visa, Masterchargeaccepted. Call free (800)235-4137for prices and information. Allorders sent postage paid.

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.San Luis Obispo. CA93401 (InCal. call(805) 543-1037.)

Circle 286 on inquiry card.

16 K RAMS & RAM CONTROLLERS

16 K X 1 DYNAMIC RAMS MWlldra

. 200 NSEC ACCESS/375 NSEC CVCLE TIMES

• 16 PIN/TTL COMPATIBLE

■ ALL CHIPS BURNED IN AND FULLY TESTED

■ PRICE WITH DATA SHEET

S68.00 IN QTY OF 8/THArS S8.50 EACH

6800/6502 64K BYTE RAM S CONTROLLER SETMAKE 64K BYTE MEMORY FOR YOUR 6800 OR 6502THIS SET INCLUDES:

• 32 M5K 4116-3, 16K X 1. 200 NSEC RAWS

• 1 MC3480 MEMORY CONTROLLER

• I MC3242A MEMORY ADDRESS MULTIPLEXERAND COUNTER

« DATA & APPLICATION SHEETS PARTS TESTEDAND GUARANTEED

S295.D0 PER SET

DYNAMIC MEMORY CONTROLLER ui.u™

■ GENERATES RAS/CAS & REFRESH TIMING FDRI6K TO 64K BYTE MEMORIES

. PRICE WITH DATE SHEET SI3.95 EACR

MEMORY ADDRESS MUX/COUNTER MC3?«w

• MUX ADDRESS & REFRESH COUNTER FOR I6K TO64K BYTE MEMORIES

• PRICE WITH DATA SHEET: S12.50 EACH

ODANTITY DISCOUNTS AVAILABLEAll UltnERS PGSTPAIO US FUNDS ON INIU1NATOAIDFillfFtS LHECK LIH MDNEY LlliLlER VISA E1A VL AISE1 ALITI'lEi) SENDACCI NO . EXPIEiAIION EJA1E S INTERBANKNLT WIIH SIGNE0 OHDEH ILALIF RESIDENTS fi[AS! ADDEi4* SALES 1AX PHONE DfiDEHS 17141 033 4460

MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS & CONTROLS. ME

MEMOflV DEVICES DIVISION80/ NDR1H MAIN ST ORANGE OA 33060

CASSETTEDUPLICATION

TRS-80 (I & II), PET, APPLE, KIM, ATARI

Quality software duplication is morethan copying cassettes. Microsette du-plication uses a proprietary high speedduplicator designed specifically forcomputer program duplication. The fin-ished products are of consistent quality,guaranteed to load. Minimum order is100 with discounts for higher quanti-ties. Call (415) 968-1604 for details.

BiqqXfl puooag

MICROSETTE CO.

475 Ellis StreetMt. View, CA 94043

Circle 288 on Inquiry card.

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 199

Circle 148 on inquiry card.

ECONOMICAL STD BUS*PLUGBORDS

from y&M

MAKE SYSTEM EXPANSION ANDINTERFACE BOARDS FAST 'N EASY

4610 for soldering or 4610-2 for wire wrap- 4610-1- Hi density,wire wrapping.Mounts ping. Mounts 35 16-wrap or solder.Mounts20 16-pin DIPs or pin DIPs or combina- 59 16-pin DIPs corn-combinations, tions. pact, 47 spaced.

lifi ililm-S'SSSi'

'nCard edge connector pins are connected to power Bare boards for total free-and ground buses per STD BUS convention. Tinned dom in component mount-buses and pads for easy soldering one side only. ing.

All models have .042 holes on 0.1 inch grid. 41/z x 61/i x .062 plugbords, 28/56 nickel-plated gold flashed contacts on .1 25" centers. Card Extender 3690-16 available.4610-$18.95 4610-1 - $15.95 4610-2 - $18.95 3690-16 - $25.00

Plus full supporting line of Card Cages, mating connectors, w.w. tools, terminals, DIPSockets. Available now thru AVID Distributors & Factory Direct.

(§)j/e(M8tectZ<Mic'(timpani/ *£

^—' INCORPORATED / /

Prices subject to change without notice.'Pro-Log/Mostek developed. ...

mode instructions to shift or rotate(in either direction) any byte inmemory or in any of the eight activeregisters are located here. Table 3 alsocontains the direct-mode instructionsto set, reset, or test any bit in any ofthese bytes. All of these operationshave a length of two bytes. Interest-ingly, there are more valid instructioncombinations derived from the tenbasic instructions in this table thanthere are in the entire 8080 set.

Two features of table 3 are notable.The first is the absence of a "shift leftlogical" counterpart to the SRL com-mand group. The shift left logicalcounterpart is not there because it isnot needed; the "arithmetic shift left"instructions in column 2 (hexa-decimal) accomplish this function.The use of the same general organi-zational rules indicated earlier for the8080 is the more important of thetwo properties of this table. Suchuniformity is a good aid in locatinginstructions in this table.

Indexed Instructions

Instructions beginning with hexa-decimal DD are in one of two indexedclasses of instructions. These use theIX and IY registers respectively informing a data address. Those relatedto the former are depicted in table 4and its associated table 5.

The analogy between tables 2 and 4and between tables 3 and 5 is striking.The organizational patterns are iden-tical — even to the point of using thesame expansion technique. Theyshould be identical. Each of theseindexed instructions was formed byreplacing the (HL) operand of anequivalent register-indirect instruc-tion with the indexed notation(IX+ d). Thus, every operation thatcan be performed in the register-indirect mode by the 8080 or Z80 canalso be performed in the indexedmode by the Z80.

The resulting positional equiva-lence between the two sets of tables ismost helpful in determining therequired hexadecimal code for theindexed instructions. An easy way todo this without having to refer totables 4 or 5 is to first select fromtable 2 or 3 (as appropriate) the hexa-decimal code for the register-indirectform of the desired operation. Thenplace a DD prefix in front of this codeif the operation was found in table 2,or a DDCB prefix, if found in table 3.

Text continued on page 207

200

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 150 on inquiry card.

X

p"

X

m

o

a

W

X

•J

■<

X

o

P

w

X

P

-<

vO

sO

vo

vO

vO

\o

vD

cv

Cv-

Cv-

ev

Cv-

f>.

l>.

fei

so

tv

e

a

63

63

63

63

63

63

63

63

63

63

63

63

63

63

m

w

cn

cn

cn

cn

CO

cn

CO

CO

cn

cn

cn

cn

cn

cn

X

I

m

CJ

o

w

PQ

j

•<

m

o

p

u

X

p

<

.*

■d-

.*

-3-

■&

.*

-*

"~\

u^

u~»

vn

*n

in

W

-*

»n

S

63

63

u

63

63

63

63

63

63

63

63

63

63

63

63

in

en

cn

cn

cn

cn

CO

cn

CO

CO

cn

cn

CO

cn

cn

cn

X

"5"

X

m

CJ

p

B

33

tJj

■<

X

CJ

p

fci

X

p

<;_

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

r^i

m

r*-\

m

cn

cn

cn

n

CM

cn

u

63

63

63

63

63

63

63

63

63

63

63

63

63

63

63

cn

tn

cn

cn

cn

cn

cn

cn

CO

CO

cn

cn

CO

cn

cn

cn

H

■p*

X

m

u

p

H

w

J

<

X

CJ

P

w

X

p

<

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

u

o

t,i

63

63

63

63

63

63

63

63

63

63

63

63

63

63

63

M

to

CQ

cn

cn

cn

CO

M

CO

CO

cn

CO

CO

cn

cn

cn

*3"

X

|

(X)

o

O

63

X

♦J.

<■

X

o

p

K)

X

P

<

vO

vO

\o

vO

vO

MO

vO

o.

C--

r-

C4-

tv

c^-

o-

m

vO

o.

i

a

H

§

a

3

s

a

a

i

a

a

a

I

i

a

s

«

K

PQ

CQ

PQ

«

X

s

X

X

X

X

PC

X

X

■p"

X

CQ

u

f=t

Ed

tn

►3

<

X

CJ

p

Pi)

X

p

<

J*

.*

^

-*

-a-

.*

-d-

*A

>A

*T\

»n

*n

>n

»n

<

J*

in

£3

8

S

a

E9

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

w

PC

K

PQ

PQ

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

«

X

,_,

^_^

m

U

P

H

33

<-p

p

X

<

X

CJ

P

w

X

p

g

<;_

cvi

0J

CM

CM

CM

CM

.

CM

cn

r^

m

cn

cn

cn

«

m

Ov

cn

8

a

a

a

3

a

a

a

1

a

ta

B

I

a

a

a

K

«

PQ

K

PQ

X

K

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

K

_

I?

rf

m

O

p

pa

X

-H

~

<

cq

CJ

p

w

X

p

X

<

o

o

o

o

O

o

o

CO

o

a

a

a

1

|

|

1

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

g

a

B5

(K

PQ

PQ

«

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

_

t?

p

m

CJ

P

H

X

-1

X

**

m

CJ

p

w

X

p

X

**

so

vO

-O

VO

vO

■■■o

VO

£v-

r-

tv-

tv-

tv

tv

c^

c^

vO

tv

E-"

H

H

tH

EH

E-j

H

EH

Eh

B

£h

EH

Eh

i-i

M

M

M

EH

M

M

M

Eh

m

CQ

PQ

PQ

pq

PQ

Hcq

CQ

X

X

X

X

X

X

HX

X

I

"5"

X

pq

O

P

M

X

J

<

X

CJ

P

H

X

P

<

-*

Jt

-d-

cl

^*

.*

-d-

«^

"~>

in

V»

>n

in

in

vO

&

»n

H

En

H

EH

fH

E j

Eh

EH

H

Eh

f"!

Eh

Eh

Eh

M

H

E-t

M

M

M

M

M

Eh

m

pq

PQ

cq

pq

pq

cq

m

X

X

X

X

X

X

HX

X

"p

X

1

m

CJ

P

M

X

*A

<

X

o

P

W

X

P

«*:

cvi

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

.

CM

O

f~\

cn

cn

cn

m

.

m

V\

CM

cn

n

n

E-j

n

H

B

Eh

63

Eh'H

H

H

H

Eh

H

B

B

SH

m

m

PQ

pq

pq

X

H

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

cq

X

^_^

PQ

CJ

P

pa

X

t-3

p

<

X

CJ

p

W

X

P

g

■<

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

-*

o

H

H

E-t

H

EH

H

£h

EH

£h

Eh

EH

EH

H

H

R

M

H

Eh

M

M

M

M

H

M

CQ

CQ

pq

pq

cq

pq

MX

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

"p1

X

U

P

M

X

P

X

<

•TV.

S

P

P

P

J

P

P

X

X

K

X

X

P

X

cn

CO

CO

cn

CO

CO

X

cn

CO

a

I

m

CJ

P

H

X

h)

*«:

X

o

p

w

X

p

<

CM

a

5

a

a

a

a

5

a

£

£

s

£

£

g

£

a

en

cn

05

cn

cn

cn

cn

cn

CO

CO

cn

cn

CO

CO

i/]

cn

^

5!

FQ

CJ

P

(3

X

*4

<!

n

u

p

M

X

p

<

S

CQ

&

3

S3

a

SI

&

s

s

s

s

s

s

S

B

t

>>

m

CJ

P

w

X

iJj

1

<

X

u

p

M

X

p

g

<

1

O

g

«

9

1

1

§

9

X

X

CJ

1

CJ

1

1

o

-

CM

r~\

d-

»A

vO

c^

CO

ON

<

X

C5

p

w

fc

So

c

o

o

U

f~.

CQU

s °°

CU cii

1-1

3 o

■s ~

OP

c

§ 2

Ci) CJ)

o -cin c

"81

u s

c .O bo■C c

cu :~-

o °>

*4 a

el

« g

3 s

IS .*:

SfW^K puooag

NOW-A GREAT IDEA-IMPROVED!

The advantages of PASCAL are wellrecognized and accepted. Now, PASCAL+"makes a good thing even better.

PASCAL+ is a pcode compiler andrun-time package with extensions. Not asubset, it is a complete PASCAL and is fullyCP/M* compatible—because it's specifi-cally designed for CP/M. It gives you all thestandard PASCAL benefits—unlimited nest-ing of procedures and compound statements;data types (records, arrays, sets, user definedtypes, etc.); 14 digit BCD floating point pack-age—PLUS extensions to support commercialapplications and reduce programming effort:

Powerful dynamic storage management system / dynamicvariable allocation procedures NEW & DISPOSE are fullyimplemented / automatic dynamic storage compression /user assigned pointer variables allow access to any pari olstorage- example: a memory mapped video display could beaccessed as an array of characters. External procedures/functions may be separately compiled and disk-stored inrelocatable format / allows development of large programs,rot limited by mam storage size / automatic loading intodynamic storage when procedure is referenced /automaticpurging from dynamic storage by a least-recently-usedalgorithm Powerful disk I/O facilities / data may be storedin ASCII lexl or space-saving binary format / random accessby relative byle address, perfeel for index file structures anddata base systems / random access by relative record numberSiring and slructured variables / entire arrays and records,strings ol different lengths may be assigned, compared,input 01 output with simple statements / function returnvalues may be string, array, record. CASE statement wilhELSE clause / CASE labels may be full expressions Morereadable identifiers / up lo 32 characters / may containunderline characters Assembler routine interface.Hex constants.

Documentation: PASCAL User Manual & Report byJensen & Wirth and PASCAL+ User Manual: $225.Order PASCAL+ today from:

Wk^KM JRT SYSTEMS, INC

I^^^F RO. Box 22365^^^m San Francisco,

Wm ■ , CA 94122

^^ ^^ Telephone 415-566-4240

(California residents add sales lax )*CP M ib ,i registered trademark ol Digital Reseated

March 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc

201

Circle 151 on inquiry card.

Bringing MusicHome

LET MICRO MUSIC TURN YOUR

APPLE II INTOA

FAMILY MUSIC CENTER!

VISIT THE APPLE DEALER NEAREST YOUAND ASK FOR A DEMONSTRATION OFMMI'S MUSIC COMPOSER

Suggested retail price*M»r $179.MMI's Music Composer™ Library. Updates andadditions to enhance your MMI Home MusicCenter.

• Graphic Entry for Available NOWIMusic Notation

Incorporates the very best of all existingmusic entry systems. Available at cost toMusic Composer owners.

• Envelope Shaping Available June 1Turn your MMI Home Music Center into a fullscale music synthesizer.

Digisong Pak's"Disco, Rock & Jazz""Red Hot Bach""Oldies But Goodies""Dixieland Swingers"

Available NOW!Available NOWIAvailable NOWIAvailable NOW!

• Auto Digisong Player Available NOW!Sequence your own tunes, or Digisong Pakselections for fully automatic playing!

• Experiment Package Available April 1Allows access to the heart of the MMImachine language interpreter that producesMMI musical sound and graphics.

MMI's "Learning for the Fun of It" Library.

Challenging, exciting music games that trainstudents while they have fun.

Series 1:Foolery

Musical Games and other Tone-

Maestro's Magic SpellerMusic Lover's Guideto ComposersMusic Lover's Guideto Musical SymbolsMusic Lover's Guideto Italian TermsMusic Lover's Guideto Musical InstrumentsMusic Lover's Guideto General Terms

Available NOW!Available April 1

Available April 1

Available April 1

Available April 1

Available April 1

Series 2: The University Series, supersophisticated additions to the MMI Library,designed by leading educators.

Melodious DictatorRhythmical DictatorHarmonious DictatorInterval ManiaChord Mania

Available NOW!Available April 1Available April 1Available NOW!Available April 1

Numerous additional music programs areavailable or in progress. For information, or to beplaced on MMI's Software Up-date mailing list,write or call:

™M lOl

Micro Music inc (309) 452-6991

30V Beaufort, University Plaza, Normal, il 61761

Gc

a

p7

w

PI3

(3

o

(*4

H

to

HB

P

o

0) 0)

ai HitQ iO

CP

*d

KO

■F

X

ft

CJ

<

■d

%

1

«o

OS

nto

"-d

+

X

M

cO

+x

<:

pp

<

"-d+

X

<

s

r^

+

aa

CJ

•d3

p

•dP

►3

-d

a

X-d

1

a

a

<

3

•d

+

X

<

a

MD

'dM

P3

"■d

i

a

in

-d

I

p"

3

-d

4-

a

a

-=t

'•d

|

m

p3

■d

+Xi-f

CJ

P

o,

1

CJ

H

s

P

c

^d

I

a

in

a

QP<

cvi

a"a

J

9

a

x

H

H

P

P

<

|

a"a

ap

-

P

a"

pp

o

o

a"§

<

o

-

CM

m

-*

u~\

vO

tN-

CO

Os

■<

cq

CJ

p

W

fe

B

•2S

Br

o

13

a

H

Q"

Q

B

o

u

a

k

V)

C

B<i

*

X

>.

-n

•s.

TS

**

-S<!0

o

E>

a

C

E

n

00

'a

N

c

B

.«

s

S1

o

£1

in

3

!.-

L

O

v\

r

B

01

ISQ

£

O

^

<i)

-o

■S

H

a

siqq^tj puooag

202 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Ec

|

NO

b

d

|

B

CO

H

a

b

CO

J

B

CO

a

"5*

i

CM

B

^d

B

U

1

H

o

B

a

B

PA

•d

NO

g

a

<

|

*-d

g

H

in

ON

t5"

HCM

|

CO

•d

+

a

O

"•d

a

o-

■d

+

X

no"

H

H

m

1

M

EH

5

NO

^3

eh

H

EHPP

U>1

*d

+

a

CMEHPQ

C*>

EhM

pq

■3-

<d

|

o

EHM

m

*d

a

E_H

P~>

"d*

a

to

CM

■0

a

d

a

-

"d

|

"5"

a

O

•d

1

■d

a

i

o

-

CM

r>

-d-

u^

NO

c*-

CO

cr*

<

m

u

R

H

Ec

O

O00N

o

0.

o

O

13

a•5

2

"iso

o

U

QQ

H

J3

H

Circle 152 on inquiry card.

Hifea

fast

thinker.

5 MHz CPU Card

■ Intel 8085A-2 microprocessor ■ Hardwarefloating point ■ Performs calculations six timesfaster than other CPUs ■ On-board monitor inPROM ■ IK RAM scratch pad ■ Keyboard orRS232C terminal ■ Variable clock frequency

PRICE—$850

(California residents add 6% sales tax)

Call or write Artec for details.

3T.R1JCN puooag

dRTGC GLGCTROMOJNC

605 Old County Rd., San Carlos, CA 94070Telephone (415)592-2740

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

203

Circle 153 on inquiry card.

SENSATION!

You have been reading about our astoundinghigh performance microcomputer products.Our X-9000 Pascal MICROENGINE"" CPU thatexecutes Pascal 13x faster than an LSI-11and 3 x faster than a PDP11 -34. Our X-920CRT matches the features of the SOROC IQ140.Our x-8000 16-bit CPU addresses 8M bytesof memory directly and is coming soon!

'Trademark Western Digital Corporation

DISPLAY/EDIT TERMINALModel X-920

$920

S820 (Without 18 function keys)

STANDARD FEATURES (partial list)

• Microprocessor controlled

• Serial RS232C and 20 ma current loop

• 10 baud rates—75 to 19,200

• 24 lines x 80 characters

• 96 ASCII displayable characters

• Upper and lowercase

• 12 x 10 character resolution

• Dual intensity display

• Clear fufl intensity dataonly

• Programmable reverse video

• Programmable underline

• 105 keys with alpha lock

• 14 key numeric pad with decimal

• 16 special function keys

• 8 edit function keys

• 2 block transmission keys

• Self test mode

• Protect mode

• Block mode

• 80 storable tabbing

• Insert/delete character and line

• Scrolling

• Addressable cursor

• A host of other features, including cursor controlsand remote commands such as clear to nulls,spaces, end of line, end of screen; set hi,lo,zerointensity: set blink; etc.

• Optional screen print & 2nd page memory

For our system or for yours, in commercial,technical, educational or personal applications,the Computex X-920 is unmatched in its class.

All features of the Hazeltine 1400 and ADM-3A

Plus: 128 ASCI I characters...

7 x 10 matrix... Reverse

video. ..Print key...

Shiftlock ... Transparent

mode ... Backspace ...

Tabbing... Integrated

numeric pad.

-«®»

$799

List price '956PERKIN-ELMER (Model 550)

Off the shelf delivery now on the Model X-920and P-E Model 550. Add 40 lb. shipping.Customer satisfaction is guaranteed.

Full refund with the return of any productwithin 10 days. X-9000 CPU $2995. PascalMICROENGINE'" owners manual $19.95; X-920operators manual $10, postpaid. Cash prices.10% down guarantees priority. IL residents add5% sales tax. Master Charge and Visaaccepted.

Computex stands for competence. We servicewhat we sell. Written hardware warranty.Nationwide service contracts. Custom software.We provide expert technical support.

(312)684-3183

COMI

Microcomputer System

"The Computer Experts"5710 Drexel AvenueChicago, IL60637

fe

N

MTO

9

W

HTO

"TO

in

r-t

m

s

TO

P

o

qj a;hq .a

TO

:£

H

TOO

i

H

TOo

<

±M

P

5

M

TOOX

C^

Tl+H

TO

5<

r_)TOr/>

CO

+

M

<

pp<

+

<<

C^

to+

H

O±

PP

P

+

P

P

■d

><H

TO

H

P

P

p

MP

p

H

RP

<

a

^D

±

ap

+

H

p"

P

P

"S

+

p

pp

P

3

^J-

+

TO

«P

+

u

pP

CI

+

a

ft

+

M

p

C+

a

p

TOCO

PP<!

C\)

PP

c

Pp

o

PP■<

P

P

8

P

-

fcl

P

PP<

o

OTO

o

-

,,.

<r*\

-3-

u"N

M3

C^

CO

ON

<

TO

U

P

W

fe.

s

B

'So

ts

o

o

hi

<3

3

o

>*

bo

•S'Si,o

"5.

c

n

aiqq/.'N puooag

204 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 154 on inquiry card.

hi

M

S3

CO

-d

M

u

Cd

g

tO

"•d+

H

*n

b

CO

a

CM

B

CO

B

CO

u

+

M

o

SI

CO

^d

2

M

B

CO

m

MvO

1

<

"-din

a*

+

M

•d+

CO

*O

|

PS

+i-t

tv

■31

HI

ft)

vo

+

+

pq

in

«d

CM

Eh

m

«d

en

in

4-

•d

4-

OM

+M

Hpq

f~\

■d

KCO

CM

■cl

H

a

CO

"5*

4-

to

-

■d

S

o

*^d

a

+o

g

o

-

C\]

en

-3-

in

vO

D-

CO

ON

<

m

CJ

1=1

M

tin

-a

3

o

2;

s«j

>H

bo,c

'Sio

g5

u

x

C

H

3Xq.q^M puooag

RAYGAMCO

JOINNOW!

BIG SAVINGS

ON EVERY

ITEM!

Become a member of

RAYGAMCO

Computer Discount Club.

3 = S

££IS

c^ J (ft

~ CD -p CD

£«Ie

£ ra >,<o

"no

en -* O ^£ O CD <

o c « >8 a, - <

"° si1

Ills

3 a) S o

CO

CD S =

> « nj

8 2£

£ ffl s

liil

.o

E

0)

5

en 3?

fits

o c£ <u

_ en

*s

co aJ

2e

c CD

"5 2

o O

ii

I 8

I

0) c .2*- — r^i

3O

II E =

i- 3:£ E

5 1U Erx 9 <u

— m <0

CD

CO

o

^g.S

o

is

. O o

C Q Q.

.all

_ CD 9(flop

5II

o.Kl

9

0)

E

ra

Eoo o

TOLL FREE, EXCEPT CA

Store Hours: 800-854-6455

Sat 10-6, Sun 12-4, Tu-Fri 11-8

RAYGAM, INC.

6791 WESTMINSTER AVENUE

WESTMINSTER, CA 92683

TELEX 182274 (714) 891-2587

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

205

Circle 155 on inquiry card.

The Fantastic IntertecINTERTUBEII

List $995-OUR PRICE $799

12" display. 24x80 lormat, 18-key numeric keypad. 128 upper/lower case ASCII char. Reverse video, blinking. Complete cursor addressing and control. Special user-defined control funclion keys Protected and unprotected fields Line insert/deleteand character insert/delete editing Eleven special line drawingsymbols

The Superb

BANTAM 550

PERKIN ELMER

NOW FROMUS AT

$799

with anti-glare

CRT only

$829

OTHER VIDEO TERMINALS

HAZELTINE 1400, List $850 $699

1410, List $900 $749

1420 $849

1500, List $1225 $989

1500 Kit, List $1125 $799

1510, List $1395 $1089

1520, List $1650 $1389

SOROC 120, List $995 $795

IQ140, List $1495 $1249

TELEVIDE0 912 $789

All printers below interface to TRS-80

CENTRONICS

730-1 parallel interface. List $995 . . . $849

779-1, Friction Feed, List $1245 949

779-2 w/Tractor, List $1350 1049

702-2 w/Tractor,VFU, List $2480 .. 1995

703-2 w/Tractor, VFU, List $2975 .. 2395

ANADEX 80-col. dot matrix printer. . 895

T.I. 810 w/serial/parallel, List $1940 . 1735

NEC Spinwriter for TRS-80, letter-aualitv,55 cps Call for price

Disk Drives for TRS-80

Choice of leading brands

Only $359each!

SHIPPING, HANDLING and INSURANCE Add S10 for terminals.Most printers shipped Ireighl collect All prices subject to changeand all offers subieci lo withdrawal without notice. Above pricesare for prepaid orders Slightly higher prices prevail lor creditcard orders, C O D 's, etc

write for free catalog

MiniMicroMart

1618 James St.,(315)422-4467

Syracuse NY 13203

TWX 710-541 -0431

fc

ft)

O

o

PS

w

05

C*1

3

0

B

0

*1

0

s

B

i-3

u

ft

0

3

0

a

B

On

00

p*

M

fr

CO

3

C

«to

5q

s

H

3

04CO

a

ac

5?

*-^

o

J

g

*-£

\o

a

O

w

CO

K

a

H

:=>0

re

s

<

a;

txl

0

pi

5

vn

a

o

SI

g

5

<

M

„

<l

n

M

a

3

CO

a

3

a

8

a

3

a

a

Q

s

<

0

m

■3-

A

£!

a

a

E

B

M

U

M

13

K

z

9

a

B

CO

9

a

8

a

<

9

9

c\

-

.o

>>

;z

o

-t->

U

k,

o

-

CJ

f\

■&

iA

VO

O-

00

0\

■<

m

u

p

W

(*•

Q

>5

opc

t--c

do

-2

s-[qq^M puoosg

206

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 156 on inquiry card.

Text continued from page 200:

Finally, place after this code group adisplacement suffix, d.

The Z80 also has a second indexregister, which is designated the IYregister. Op codes which use it foraddressing are contained in tables 6and 7. It takes only a quick glance tonotice the strong similarity betweentables 4 and 6 and between tables 5and 7. As might be expected, virtual-ly everything said previously aboutthe IX class of op codes also refers tothe IY class. The sole exception to thisstatement is that the IY-type instruc-tions begin with hexadecimal codeFD, instead of DD.

Miscellaneous Additions

All fifty-six instructions in the lastof the four expansion sets begin withhexadecimal code ED. They are listedin table 8. Though they are quiteheterogeneous, they add considerablyto the power of the Z80. Amongthese, for example, are instructionsthat enhance the 16-bit arithmeticcapability, set interrupt modes, per-mit complementing the accumulator,and allow a register-indirect type ofI/O to be performed. There areinstructions also, which allow coun-ting or block processing to be doneduring loading, comparison, and I/Ooperations. Even if the other threeexpansion sets were omitted, theinstructions in this set would behighly useful additions to the basic8080 complement.

With such a hodgepodge of func-tion, it is rather surprising that anyorder at all can be made of these EDclass instructions. Nonetheless, con-sistency with the other tables is main-tained. It is evident from the arith-metic and the leftmost I/O instruc-tions that arrangement by order offirst and second operands is usedwhenever possible. Separation ofcomplementary functions by eightrows in a column is also followed.

There are 696 valid op codes in theseven Z80 tables. Without organiza-tional consistency, conversion ofthese instructions from mnemonic tohexadecimal form would be extreme-ly difficult and probably ridden witherror. Fortunately, these codes arevery well arranged, following the pat-tern established for the 8080. It takesa little practice to become adept atmaking these transformations, butwith the aid of these tables it can beaccomplished successfully.■

Now Build ProfessionalQuality Printed CircuitBoards INSTANTLY With

by @ Bishop Graphics, Inc.

PRESSURE- PODDED

sensitive uurrCfl

Design Products

With E-Z CIRCUIT'S revolutionary newpressure-sensitive Copper DesignProducts, you actually build "instant"professional caliber PC boards right inyour own shop or home, WITHOUTchemicals, artwork, photography,screening or etching.

The exclusive new E-Z CIRCUITCopper Design System contains every-thing you need to produce or repair aprofessional, printed circuit board withelectrical and mechanical character-istics that simulate those of etched"production house" PC boards. Ourunique Technical Manual, with easy-to-follow, illustrated "how to" tips and

For your copy of this value- packedE-Z CIRCUIT Technical Manual & Catalog102, including information on thelocation of your nearest E-Z CIRCUITDistributor, send $1.00 — plus 50t torpostage and handling — along withyour name and address to:

techniques shows and tells you how.

E-Z CIRCUIT'S pressure-sensitivecopper products are only onedimension of the E-Z CIRCUIT family.The comprehensive E-Z CIRCUITTechnical Manual & Catalog 102contains detailed information on theentire product line, including:

• PC Drafting Aids to help you createprofessional PC board artwork

• General Purpose PC Plug Boards,DIP & SIP Sockets, Terminal Pins,Wire and Accessories for buildingPC boards with today's fast, modernwire wrapping methods

TM

111 CiiiClliT

by @Bishap Graphics. Inc.

5388 Sterling Center Drive • P.O. Box 5007Westlake Village, CA 91359 U.S.A.(213) 991-2600 • Telex: 66-2400

ANOTHER FIRST FROM MOUNTAIN HARDWARE.

SUPERTALKER.

FOR YOUR APPLE

SuperTalker is a peripheralsystem which permits theoutput of exceptionallyhigh quality human speechthrough a loudspeaker underprogram control. Initially, words,sentences or phrases are digi-tized into RAM memory througha microphone. Speech data inRAM may be then manipulated likeany other data. The system consistsof a peripheral card, microphone, loudspeaker,and operating software. $279 assembled and tested.

*

Available through Apple dealers worldwide.

Mountain Hardware, Inc.

LEADERSHIP IN COMPUTER PERIPHERALS

300 Harvey West Blvd.Santa Cruz, CA 95060 (408) 429-8600

Circle 157 on inquiry card.

March 1980 @ BYTE Publications Inc 207

QesfcTcp Wonders

Listing 1: Keystrokes for the periodic-table program. The TI-59should be configured for 319 program steps and 79 dataregisters, and the program will require two magnetic cards forstorage. When running the program, the user can recover froman error condition by pressing CLR and beginning again.

The Periodic Chart atYour Fingertips

Using the TI-59

Bruce D Marquardt, 1831 18th St Apt 44,National City CA 92050

Innovative ideas that use hand-held programmablecalculators are penetrating into the business and scientificcommunities. Concepts and ideas that previously couldbe tested only by large computers can today be perform-ed in the palm of your hand.

Because of my interest in programmable calculators, Iam always looking for a challenge. While I was attendinga chemistry lecture, a question presented itself to me:What is a chemist without a periodic chart? [Editor'sNote: / have no retort. . . . RSS]

Text continued on page 210

POCKET!

Here's $395 worth of convenience for anyoneworking with digital systems. Carry itanywhere in a pocket, valise or toolkit to enter^. and retrieve data, run diagnostics, changeconstants, test aata links, etc.

Look at its facilities:

• Transmits 128ASCII codes

• Can display last 30characters received

• Displays full64-character ASCIIset on dearie-segment LEDs•25-line RS232/c

compatible interface•Single 5V supplyrequired at 400mAtypical

• 110 or 300 baudtransmission selectable

• Parity codes, stop bitssellable to your standard

►Obeys bell, cursor anddata format control codesPhone or write us for more details now:GR ELECTRONICS,^ 1640 Fifth Street,

Santa Monica, CA 90401.Telephone: (213) 395-4774.Telex: 65-2337 (BT Smedley SIMM).

!l#

01

o;

o i r

05 87 IFF

06 01 HI0 7 02 02

10 86 STF

11 03 03

12 86 STF

14 86 STF

16 01 1

18 17 17

19 47 CMS

21 69 OP

24 42 sin

25 04 04

23 76 L.BL

29 11 fi_

30 71 SBR

40 43 RCl

41 04 0'

^4 12 B

45 71 SBf

4 6 01 u:

6 3 4 3 R C L

64 05 05

65 99 PRT

66 93 REV

68 76 LBL

69 15 E

70 71 3ER

71 01 01

J 75

32

7! '

J 7 b

0 0

0

"177

77

GE

17B

n o

0 0

379

92

y 2

J 8 0

01

I

JSi

00

0

J 8 d.

06

6

J S 3

22

! N V

184

77

0E

i'-' ^

0 0

o o

3 8 6

9 2

y li

i 8 7

87

IFF

J 8 8

0 3

02

J 8 9

0 0

00

J 9 0

9t>

96

091

92

RTH

392

02

v

} 9 8

9 4

+ ,'■• -

394

34

r x

195

9 1

R.--S

19 6

4 8

RCL

197

06'

06

198

5 5

H-

189

n 7:

7

100 6 5 +

101 93 ,

102 05 5

103 95 =

104 42 STD1 0 5 0 1 0 1

106 59 I NT

107 42 3TD

109 32 KIT

110 43 RCL

111 01 01

i 19 01 1

120 09 9

122 02 02

124 02 02

125 42 STD

126 00 00

1 il f Li i I

123 52 EE

129 0 6 6

130 64 PD*

131 02 02

134 59 INT

135 22 INV

136 74 SM«

139 01 1

140 52 EE

141 03 3

142 95

143 22 INV

144 52 EE

145 97 DSZ

146 03 03

147 01 01

149 . 43 EXC

154 00 00

155 65 x

156 43 RCL

158 95 =

159 44 sum

161 99 PRT

162 91 R-'S

163 22 INV

164 87 IFF

165 02 02

166 00 00

169 86 STF

170 01 01

171 92 RTH

172 76 LBL

174 37 IFF

176 00 00

179 22 INV

ISO 67 EG

163 43 RCL

135 61 GTD

1 g 9 n i i

190 52 E E

191 03 3

193 4 2 S T 0

194 00 00

196 52 EE

199 64 PD*

200 01 01

201 4 3 R 0 L

202 00 00

203 74 SM*

204 01 01

205 69 DP

210 44 SUM

211 01 01

215 07 07

216 22 INV

219 61 GTD

220 01 01

d

ro

208

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 158 on inquiry card.

FOR THE VERY BEST INNORTHSTAR® COMPATIBLE SOFTWARE

DATA BASE MANAGERSSPECIALII $10.00 OFF of Selector-Ill C2

SELECTOR III C2: SuperSoft is proud to offer the Selector-Ill C2 at a special $10.00discount. Selector III allows instant recall of any record using any information item in therecord. This makes Selector-Ill the most powerful Data Base Management System inmicro-computers todayl You can define a data format and begin entering your data inminutes. Helps bring applications on line in hours instead of months. (Note: Selector-Ill C2requires CP/M and C BASIC-2, not supplied - also 48K Ram required for some applications)Selector-Ill C2 is: $335.00 ($ 10.00 off listl). (Manual alone: $20,001

INSURANCE AGENTS

CRS ■ Client Record System. A complete program package for the Insurance agent. CRSwill provide you with very fast online access to your client records, print reports and maillabels, and give you all the information you will need to increase your sales through theuse of CRS as a MARKETING TOOL.

CRS stores a complete record for each client that includes the name, address, telephone#, as well as provisions for customer #, salesman # and up to six policies (expandable, ifneeded). Write for details.

CRS comes with two(2) user's manuals, one for the owner, and one for office person-nel! (minimal system: one drive, 40K RAM starting 2000H) $250.00 (Manual: $40.00)

TEXT PROCESSORS

TFS -Text Formatting System. At last a full featured text processor for NorthStar that youcan rely on! TFS has left & right margin justification, page numbering, chaptering, pageheadings, centering, paged output & MORE. Supports powerful text manipulation inclu-ding: global & local 'search and change,' file merges and block moves. This means thatyou can restructure your text file at any time to look the way you want it to, you can even'chain' files together from disk for documents larger than your current memory.

TFS is completely 'load and so' therefore you can start using it at once. You get two(2)user's manual: one is a Quick Start manual to get you going in minutes, the other is an indepth study of TFS. (TFS requires RAM from 0000H to 2000H) $75.00 (Manual only:$20.00)

SPEECH SYNTHESIZER SOFTWARE

'ANGLOPHONE' - Lets any 8080/Z80 computer convert ordinary English into phoneticcodes to drive Votrax, computalker, and TRS-80 Voice synthesizes. This is a hardworking,tested program suitable for use in the most demanding situations. (Details below). Inquirefor specific prices and media.

COMPUTER AIDED INSTRUCTION

MISS- Microcomputer Instructional Support System. A complete, self-contained CAIpackage applicable to home, school or business education. Includes everything needed tocreate a sophisticated computer learning environment. MISS allows one to create any typelesson complete with wrong answer branching, re-test, and complete record keeping. Thestudent is prompted 100% of the way and need have no special knowledge. A specialfeature is the optional use of a unique algorithm which separates spelling errors from incor-rect responses. Absolutely no programming knowledge is required. MISS is completelyinteractive and maintains complete records on any number of students and lessons(limited only by disk space). MISS is a completely flexible system that will allow you toeither create lessons or to purchase pre-programmed lessons which run under MISS. Com-plete with user's manual....$40.00 (Manual alone: $10.00)

ASSEMBLERS

ARIAN - A complete 8080 assembler that interfaces directly to your DOS. ARIAN is com-pletely 'load and go'. Features include: dynamic file and RAM allocation, custom disk andRAM command capability, several library routines directly accessable by the user. Also, acomplete text editor, and system executive. ARIAN is both powerful and easy to learn anduse; it is an assembler that you can grow with. Comes complete with a 51 page user'smanual (ARIAN requires RAM from 0000H to 2000H) $50.00 (Manual alone: $10.00)ARIAN Utility Package - Several disk based utilities. Includes a complete DEBUGPackage: $50.00

PROGRAMMING LANGAUGES'Tiny' Pascal - This is famous Chung/Yuen 'tiny' Pascal. FAST - ELEGANT - STRUC-TURED. Local and global variables plus procedure and function independence make 'tiny'Pascal great for high speed applications. Compiles to 8080 code that executes up to 25times faster than BASIC. You also receive SOURCE to 'tiny' Pascal written in Pascal. Thismeans that you can compile the compiler! Add features, relocate, etc. (you will need 36Kto do this) $40.00

UTILITIES

D E B E - (Does Everything But Eatl) This is a must for NorthStar user's. You can: COM-PACT & EXPAND BASIC programs. Compacting removes unnecessary spaces andremarks. This saves money and makes programs run faster. Expanding puts them backagain.

Cross-reference BASIC programs by variables and transfer statements.

Global substitutions of variables and transfer statements.

Formatted print outs of BASIC programs as well. $40.00

SPECIFY SINGLE OR DOUBLE DENSITY

TRS-80 COMPATIBLE SOFTWARE

'Tiny' Pascal FOR TRS-80

Now you too can have Pascal! The famous Chung/Yuen 'tiny' Pascal has been speciallydesigned for the TRS-80I The full power and elegance of 'tiny' Pascal is at your command.Programs written in 'tiny' Pascal run at least 4 times faster than the same program inBASIC! 'tiny' Pascal is also a great way to ledtn Pascal programming, & fun too.

Best of all, you only need a 1 6K Level II TRS-80! No disk is required. The 'tiny' Pascaloperating system is self-contained and very easy to use.

'Tiny' Pascal is a subset of standard Pascal & includes: RECURSIVE PROCEDURE/FUNC-TION, IF THEN ELSE REPEAT/UNTIL 'PEEK' & 'POKE', WHILE DO, CASE, MORE! (Plus fullgraphics for your TRS-80).

You can save and load programs to and from tape in both source or compiler form.

You get all this and more, plus a user's manual for $40.00

SPEECH SYNTHESIZER SOFTWARE

'ANGLOPHONE': At last you can take complete advantage of your TRS-80 voice syn-thesizer. Forget about cumbersome phonetic codes. With 'Anglophone' you can simplyuse ordinary English. Completely interfaces with BASIC, or just about any other program-ming language. 'Anglophone' applies sophisticated pronunciation rules to transform nor-mal English spelling into speech using the TRS-80 Voice Synthesizer. Minimum hardware:Level II, 16K, Voice Synthesizer. Comes complete with user's manual and test program.....$45.00

Energy-Miser

Energy-Miser is a complete heating/cooling analysis program for your home, office orbusinessl With Energy-Miser you can calculate heat loss because of poor insulation, leakydoors and windows, poor planning and more. With Energy-Miser you can predict theannual savings on your utility bills for various improvements or modifications, including:use of solar power, better insulation, opening and closing drapery, etc.

But there is even more: Energy-Miser can also calculate your Return on Investment. Thatis, you can find your break point for converting to solar, for insulating better, etc. Energy-Miser even takes into consideration the Energy Tax Creditl Energy-Miser is a programdesigned to save your money!

Energy-Miser is a proven program written by a professional and includes a completeuser's manual for $22.50. (Minimum System 1 6K Level II, No Disk Required)

'TALKING TERMINAL': The 'Talking Terminal' program turns a TRS-80 into a talk-ing computer terminal. The 'Talking Terminal' program receives input from a remote com-puter and converts it to spoken words. Its many user options include: Instant Replay, spell-ed speech, silent or pronounced punctuation, and more. Minimum hardware: Level II, 1 6K,Voice Synthesizer, RS-232C board and expansion interface $145.00

M

master charge]

ALL ORDERS PREPAID OR C.O.D.ILLINOIS RESIDENTS ADD 5% SALES TAX

(217) 344-7596

/upo/orr

P.O. Box 1628Champaign, IL 61820

230231

;34

540241>42243

INV

IFF

01

0 0

92

INV

STF

02

SBR

00

43 RCL

01 1

0100

02

02

244

85

+

2 6 3

07

07

245

02

2

264

31

R/S

246

Q 0

0

265

43

RCL

247

95

=

266'

07

07

248

42

STD

267

32

XI T

249

01

01

2 6' 8

4-

STD

250

59

INT

269

0 8

u 8

251

32

XfT

270

'"' s

CLR

'.-'c 0

43

RCL

271

22

INV

V c] O

01

01

272

67

EQ

254

yid

INV

2 ? 3

02

02

' •'c ^i

6 ?

EQ

274

■2< I

3 7

256

00

0 0

v 7 S

43

RCL

'-'c 7

92!

Q v

08

08

258

87

IFF

ii 7 7"

32

XIT

259

0 3

03

278

61

GTD

2 6 u

02

02

279

00

MM

261

"7 E7

75

2 S 0

09

09

2 6'2

4 3

RCL

(b)

(a)

A'

B'

C

D'

E'

A

B

C

D

E

*

►

Atomic Weights

Load

Atomic

Number

Load

Atomic

Weight

Initialize

N

(Occurrenceof anAtom)

AtomicNumber

Sum ofWeights

Run

Figure 1: Placement and definition of user-defined keys. Given the placementof the user-defined keys in figure la, the program tape in figure lb shows themeaning of each key. For example, user-defined key A is used when enteringthe value for N. See tables 1 and 2, which describe the usage of these keys.

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 209

Table 1: Loading and changing atomic weight information. Thefirst routine allows the user to enter the atomic weight for allelements, starting with element 1 and continuing through ele-ment 106. The second routine allows the user to make changesto a group of consecutive elements. Since two atomic weightsare stored in a single register, both weights for an odd-even pairmust be entered even if only one of the two is to be changed.Pressing the R/S button causes the calculator to request the nextodd-even pair of atomic weights. The E' key, used to end thisloop, can be pressed only when the atomic number showing inthe display is odd.

Steps Procedure

Press

Display

To load atomic weight

1.

Initialize.

E'

does notchange

2.

Enter 1.

A'

1

3.

Enter atomic weight foratomic number 1.

B'

2

4.

Enter atomic weight foratomic number 2.

R/S

3

Enter atomic weight for

R/S

107

atomic number 106.

5.

Initialize.

E'

does notchange

6.

Load data into banks 2, 3, and 4. (Refer

to owner's manual for Tl Programmable

58/59.)

(The program is now complete. The load

subroutines will not be needed unless a

change of data is required at a later

date.)

To change atomic weight data

7.

Initialize.

E'

does notchange

8.

Enter n, where n = 1, 3, 5, ... 103, 105.

A'

n

9.

Enter atomic weight for n.

B'

n + 1

10.

Enter atomic weight for n + 1.(n +1 is even)

R/S

n + 2

11.

If the number displayed is odd, press

E'

does not

E' to exit the "change atomic weight

change

data" routine.

12.

To recall atomic number for the next

CLR, B'

Atomic

atomic weight to be entered.

number

(Step 12 is performed when the operator

initializes with n, an even integer,

thereby initiating an error condition.)

13.

Repeat steps 9, 10, and 11 to continue.

Table 2: Retrieval of data from the program. The first routinefinds an element's atomic weight, given its atomic number. Thesecond routine calculates the molecular weight of a moleculegiven a set of quantity/atomic-number pairs that describe themolecule. The quantities marked with asterisks (*) denotenumbers that will be printed when a PC-100A or PC-100Cprinter is attached.

Steps Procedure

Press

Display

To find atomic weight

1.

Initialize.

(When program is initialized, the displayis preserved.)

E'

does notchange

2.

Enter atomic number.

B,E

value ofatomicweight*

3.

Repeat step 2 for new atomic number.To find molecular weight

4.

Initialize.

E'

does notchange

5.

Enter atomic number.

B

does notchange

6.

Enter how many of that particular

A,E

Ax

element.

atomicweight*

7.

Repeat steps 5 and 6 for each element.

8.

Calculate total weight (sum weight.)(Note: label C is a subtotal.)

C

totalweight ofmole-cule*

9.

To find weight of a new formula, go tostep 4.

10.

Recall last A entry (when desired)

CLR, A

Last A

11.

Recall last B entry (when desired)(Steps 10 and 11 are merely for conve-nience and do not interfere with programflow.)

CLR, B

Last B

Table 3: Table showing usage of registers 00 thru 79 in theperiodic-table program, listing 1. The atomic weights must be inthe form of XXX.XXX; leading and trailing zeros will beautomatically inserted.

Register

Number

Use

00 thru 09

Used.

10 thru 19

These registers are left open to allow the operator

to store additional data during program use

without altering internal program executions.

20 thru 72

Used to store atomic weights.

73 thru 79

Not used.

Text continued from page 208:

I realized that a programmable calculator could easilybe used to store and retrieve data contained in theperiodic chart; once this is done, the user can manipulateperiodic-chart data with a small chance of error. Usingthe Texas Instruments TI-59, I developed the programshown in listing 1.

This program, documented in tables 1 and 2, containstwo types of routines, the first for loading atomicweights, and the second for retrieving them. I decided to

sacrifice speed of execution for ease of operation and pro-tection of loaded data.This program will enable you to:

• Display atomic weights by entering the correspon-ding atomic numbers.

• Calculate molecular weights.

• Calculate any combination of atomic weights.

• Load atomic weights either sequentially or random-

ly.

• Print values using the PC-100A or PC-100C printers.

210 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 159 on inquiry card.

Circle 160 on inquiry card.

VULCAN = DBMS

THE PROFESSIONAL and PERSONALDATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

For 8080/Z80 systems under CP/M or PTDOS

* VULCAN is a complete database management system that has38 powerful, easy to learn, English-like commands tomanipulate files, records, fields, and scratch-pad variables.

* VULCAN has a command repertoire which includes such com-mands as: SORT, REPORT, APPEND, INSERT, EDIT,COPY, REPLACE, LOCATE, DISPLAY, DO, LIST, andLOOP.

* VULCAN JR. is an interactive inquiry/response systemVULCAN can be used in interactive or program mode. Theprogram mode uses modern structured command programs tocombine powerful DBMS operations.

* VULCAN is written in assembly language for efficient infor-mation processing and requires 36K bytes CP/M system andone or more disk drives.

* VULCAN can accept or store data in standard ASCII files tobe compatible with BASIC, FORTRAN, word processors, etc.

* VULCAN can be used for mail lists, inventory, accountingsystems, parts lists, etc. It puts you in fingertip control of yourdata. With VULCAN, you don't need to write a program to dosomething out of the ordinary.

•VULCAN (CP/M or PTDOS) $490

•VULCAN JR. (CP/M only) $ 98

Manual only $ 25

SCDP

Software Consultation Designand Production

6542 Greeley St.Tujunga, CA 91042 (213) 352-7701

California residents add 6% sales tax.

"Blue Box"

IDS MODEL 60 MODEM AND TERMINALINTERFACE POCKET ANALYZER

*9

ags

br:

Our Model 60 is called "TheBlue Box" by thousands ofusers. This compact unitpacks the most testing capabil-ity per dollar. Pinpoints thesource of trouble between theModem and Terminal. Pro-vides access to all 25 lines ofthe EIA RS 232 interface. Has12 monitoring LED's plus two

7 Wellington Rd., Lincoln, R.I. 02865 • Tel:(401)333-6200 iExport: EMEC, 2350 S. 30th Ave., Hallandale, Florida 33009

voltage-sensing LED's. 24miniature switches allow iso-lated testing and observationof all signals. Mini-jumpersincluded for cross-patchingand signal monitoring. Sturdy10 oz. unit has hard plasticcase, is battery powered, reg-ular or rechargeable. Im-mediate delivery.

P INTERNATIONALDATASCIENCES, INC.

TWX: (710)384-1911

EXCITING MAILORDER DISCOUNTS

J^ tt nmuumn SORCERER =» ■*& $995P°

(apple computer 11

16K

APPLE II 32K'1050APPLE II 48K '1100

•COLOR • GRAPHICS • SOUNDAPPLE U ACCESSORIES

CORVUS 10 MEGABYTE DISK DRIVE.. S4650"

PASCAL LANGUAGE SYSTEM 445"

GRAPHICS INPUT TABLET MS"

DISK II with CONTROLLER CARD 495H

DISK II Without controller 440"

APPLESOFT FIRMWARE CARD 156"

INTEGER FIRMWARE CARD 1 55"

PARALLEL INTERFACE CARD 155"

SERIAL INTERFACE CARD 180"

COMMUNICATIONS CARD 190"

CLOCK/CALENDAR CARD $170"

INTROL X-10 SYSTEM 240"

SUPERTALKER SPEECH SYNTHISIZER .. 240"

ROMPLUS CARD 150"

HUERISTICS SPEECHLINK 2000 225"

DC HAYES MICROMODEM II 335"

ALF MUSIC SYNTHISIZER 245"

SSM AIO CARD (KIT) 125"

SSM AIO CARD (AAT) 190"

NOVATION CAT MODE M 169"

PRINTERS

ANADEX DP 8000 $785.00

CENTRONICS 730-1 795.00

AXIOM EX-801 495.00

AXIOM EX-820 795.00

TRENDCOM 100 335.00

The SORCERER is a ZBO CPU based micro-computer internally expandable to 48K. 4K ROMresident monitor. I/O connector for S-100 ex-pansion. Parallel and serial interface Dualcassette I/O. Graphic resolution of 240'x 512,30 lines of 64 characters, 8 x 8 dot matrix.Full ASCII set (upper and lower case), plusstandard graphic symbols. User may defineup to 1 28 characters Keyboard is 63-keydata processing type, plus a 16 keynumeric input pad.

31K 1,145.00 48K 1,195.00

LEEDEX VIDEO 100

12" BLACK & WHITE MONITOR

•VIDEO BANDWIDTH 1 2 MHz±3db•COMPOSITE VIDEO INPUT

$129°°

Kl

SOROC IQ 120

SERIAL RS232C

FULL ASCI I UPPER/LOWER CASENUMERIC KEYPAD CURSER KEYSSCREEN CONTROLSPROTECTED FIELDS

$775

•ALSO AVAILABLE-

SOROC IQ 140 M,225.00

SD EXPANDORAM

•64K S-100 DYNAMIC RAM BOARD•WORKS WITH Z-80, 8080 « 8085•POWER CONSUMPTION 5 WATTS•BANK SELECT 'PHANTOM REFRESH•NO WAIT STATES REQUIRED

WITHOUT MEMORY $135.00

16KKIT 199.00

32KKIT 259.00

48KKIT 329.00

MKKIT S3B9.00

ADD (50 FOR ASSEMBLED t TESTED

. TO ORDER .

Phone orders invited, using credit cards. Or send cashierscheck or money order that draws on a U.S. bank. Please add2% ($5i 00 Minimum) for handling, shipping (air service) andinsurance, or equipment will be shipped freight collect.California residents add 6% sales tax. AD equipment is infactory cartons with the manufacturers warranty. Equipmentis subject to price change and availability without notice..

.^■■h. ^ Ik.

[ mastet chaigfv

I

VISA

^COMPUTER SPECIALTIES

6363 El CAJON BLVD., SUITE 205,SAN DIEGO, CA. 92115 • (714) 579-0330

Circle 161 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

211

Programming Quickies

KIM-1 Multiplication and Division

James C Couchman, General Dynamics Corp, Fort WorthDivision, POB 748, Fort Worth TX 76101

When I bought a MOS Technology KIM-1 microcom-puter to use in a specific control function, it arrived witha set of comprehensive instruction, programming, andhardware books. As soon as I connected a 5 V powersupply, 1 was able to interact with the machine throughthe hexadecimal keyboard and light-emitting diode (LED)display. It was a bit more difficult to get our Teletype towork with the KIM-1, but with a slight adjustment to theteleprinter timing, the problem was cured.

The KIM-1 is still a real bargain, with features in-cluding the 6502 microprocessor, 2 K bytes of read-onlymemory (containing the Keyboard Input Monitor fromwhich the name is derived), an interval timer, fifteeninput and output lines, 1 K bytes of programmablememory (with address logic for 16 K bytes), and prob-ably some features I have not yet discovered.

Since the KIM-1 is programmed in machine languageusing a set of fifty-six instructions, I believe that the bestway to learn to program it is to not just read about it, butdo it. One should just start writing code, and, in time, thepower of the basic instruction set will really be under-stood and appreciated.

Once the user is familiar with the capabilities of theKIM-1, he begins to wish that it could do more. One toolthat provides more capability is a set of software routinesthat perform sixteen-bit multiplication and division onthe 6502 processor. After I searched for a suitable set ofroutines, I concluded that I would have to write my own.

To prevent you from having to "reinvent the wheel,"I am presenting these routines here. In developing theseroutines, I enlisted the invaluable assistance of myassociates G R Arnett and J R Williamson. These routinesshould work without much difficulty on other 6502-based computers.

Sixteen-Bit Routines

These routines can multiply and divide two 16-bitsigned quantities together and produce a signed 16-bitresult. The routines are written as relocatable sub-routines.

In multiplication, the high-order byte of the firstmultiplicand is loaded into hexadecimal location 0000,and the low-order byte into location 0001. The high-

order byte of the second multiplicand is put into location0006, and the low-order byte into location 0007.

In division, the high-order byte of the divisor is loadedinto hexadecimal location 0000; the low-order byte intolocation 0001. The high-order byte of the dividend isplaced into location 0006, and the low-order byte is load-ed into location 0007. If the value of the divisor is zero,the division routine will return control to the calling pro-gram.

For both the multiplication and the division routines,the answer is returned in hexadecimal locations 0002(high-order) and 0003 (low-order byte). It should not bevery hard to change this if need be.

An example of a simple calling routine is shown inlisting 1. The calling sequence is essentially the same forboth multiplication and for division; only the value con-tained in the two bytes that follow the jump-to-sub-routine (JSR) instruction must be changed.

Listing la: Calling sequence for 16-bit multiply subroutine.

Address

Code

0007

20 (JSR)

0008

00

0009

01 (multiply)

000A

A9 (LDA)

000B

00

oooc

F0

000D

FC

Listing lb: Calling sequence for 16-bit divide subroutine.

Address

Code

0007

20 (JSR)

0008

30

0009

00 (divide)

000A

A9 (LDA)

000B

00

OOOC

F0

000D

FC

212 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 162 on inquiry card.

nn/=\E5Aan

T.M.

KEYED FILEMANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

for CBASIC and Micropenis BASIC

Developing business applications in BASIC?

Then you have felt the need to create, retrieve, and update your data by userdefined keys. MAGSAM provides this plus much much more...

• Random, sequential, and generic access by key

• Secondary indexing with any number of keys

• Key and record deletes with automatic space reclamation

• Dynamic file allocation and extension

• Complete compatibility with BASIC files

• Easy to use — initiated through simple BASIC statementsIn use world wide. MAGSAM is now better than ever!

New! MAGSAM IV™ for CP/M-::- and CBASIC — High performance8080 assembler version of the highly acclaimed MAGSAM III. Same powerfulfeatures with up to 60% faster access time. Ideal for serious businessapplications where response time is critical $295/$25f

New! MAGSAM III™ for Micropolis — Now Micropohs BASIC users canhave al! the powerful features and capabilities of MAGSAM III Savedevelopment time while providing more sophisticated applications. Perfect forall business applications 5145/S1 5t

Improved! MAGSAM III™ for CP/M and CBASIC - MAGSAM IIIRelease 4.0 provides all standard MAGSAM features plus — increasedperformance; enhanced tutorial program and file utilities: improved dataintegrity; plus a new memory-saving read-only module $145/S15f

Visa and Mastercharge welcome. Dealer and OEM inquiries invited.

t MAGSAM package price/manual only price Single CPU license MAGSAM package includesMAGSAM file manager, tutorial program, file dump utility, read-only module (MAGSAM III only).User Guide, Reference Card, and one year update service CBASIC versions require CBASIC andCP/M-cnmpaLibleDGS MAGSAM III distributed as BASIC source MAGSAM IV distributed inobiect form CBASIC versions available on 8" and Micropolis Mod II disks Micropolis versionavailable ort Mod II diskit Registered trademark of Digital Research

ruiMB

Micro applications group

7300 CALDUS AVENUEVAN NUYS. CA 9140B

Circle 163 on inquiry card.

Your Full Service Computer Store

We HaveIt All!

• HARDWARE

• SOFTWARE

• PERIPHERALS-ACCESSORIES'SEMINARS

• BOOKS, MANUALS, MAGAZINES • DISK DRIVES'PRINTERS 'MONITORS -FURNITURE

All the famous brand names, including:

APPLEATARI

EXIDY/SorcererKim/Commodore

Alpha MicroAlpha ProCromemcoXerox

SorocHazeltineSektorPET

Texas Instruments

Lear Siegler

Shugart

VISA • BankAmericard • Master Charge

ComputerWorld

WESTMINSTER

IRVINE

VAN NUYS

LAWNDALE

BURBANK

6791 Westminster

- 270 South Bristol

- 5848 Sepulveda-15818 Hawthorne

- 3808 West Verdugo

(714) 891-2584(714) 957-5874(213) 786-7411(213) 370-4842(213) 848-5521

CALL ON JOHN D.OWENS FOR ALL OF YOUR COMPUTER NEEDS

HAZELTINE 1500, 1510, 1520

Best prices available.With 50 Hz. add $100.Foreign character sets available.

IBM 3101 CRT $1,295

9 x 16 dot matrix. Selectric-like keyboard.

WORDSMITH Video subsystem .. $1,395S-100, 40 lines, 80 columns, powerful wordprocessor.

SOROC IQ 120 $865

IMS 16K Memory, 250 ns $285

4116 RAM Chips $10

for Superbrain and TRS-80

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS

16K Memory $270

Runs in 4MHZ systems with no wait states.

Call on us for product sheets. Dealerinquiries invited. Prices subject to change with-out notice.

PAPER TIGER $945

graphics option $199

TELETYPE MODEL 43 $985

with RS232 $1,085

DEC LA 35/36 UPGRADE $750

Increases baud to 1200Microprocessor controlled.

NEC Spinwriter 5510 $3,000

QUME SPRINT 5/55 $3,195

DIABLO 1640 KSR $3,380

MODEM: The Cat ... $190

Originate/answer

TELETEK, TARBELL ■JGLE ANDDOUBLE DENSITY CC ROLLERSKONAN HARD DISK D JTROLLER

TELEVIDEO Smart CRTs

912B $745

912C $780

920B $795

920C $850

IMS 5000 and 8000 systems

Z80 CPU, S-100, CP/M, dual double densitydrives, 32K RAM $2,765

MARINCHIP 9900 16Bit, S-100

Excellent software package includes wordprocessor $700

DISK DRIVES: SIEMENS $450

SHUGART $525

PER SCI 277 $1,210

INNOTRONICS $522

TEI MAINFRAME 12 slots $460

22 slots $609

Telebuffer 43ASR $945

Enables the TTY43 to function as a Telexwithout paper tape. Many options.

COD's accepted at no extra charge.Shipping: $13 for light printers and CRT's/Credit cards add 4%

WE EXPORT. OVERSEAS CALLERS USE (212) 448-6298 ONLY or TWX: 710 588 2844 CABLE: OWENS ASSOC.

We have no reader inquiry number. Please call or write. Product sheets available.

JOHN D. OWENS ASSOCIATES, INC.

12 SCHUBERT STREET

STATEN ISLAND, NEW YORK 10305

(212) 448-6283 we are known for our prompt, courteous service (212) 448-6298

BYTE March 1980

213

Circle 165 on inquiry card.

Disc/3

MART, INC.

DO IT YOURSELF

LOW-LOW PRICES

ANADEX Printer, DP 8000 $ 845.00

CENTRONIX 730 Matrix Printer 825.00

(with 4 free zip pack ribbons)

HAZELTINE 1520 1319.00

NEC Spinwriter 5510 (RO) 2643.00

(inc. forms tractor)

SORC IQ 140 (Assembled) 1245.00

Tl 810 Basic (upper & lower case) 1669.00

Tl 994 Personal Computer 1150.00

TEC 511 CRT (upper & lower case) 799.00

LA 34 DEC Writer Teleprinter 1195.00

CARTRIDGES • DISKETTES • MAG TAPEACCESSORIES

ADDS, CENTRONICS, HAZELTINE, IMSAI, LEAR

SIEGLER, TECHTRAN, Tl, VECTOR GRAPHICS

AND OTHERS

STORE HOURS: 9 A.M.-5:30 P.M. Mon. through Fri.

Call or write for quotes or information.

Disc/3

MART, INC.

1840 LINCOLN BLVD.,

SANTA MONICA, CA 90404

(213) 450-5911

the ULTIMATE inCHEAP VIDEO

BOOK & KITONLY $42.95

2si ma ~&3$

Don Lancaster's "Cheap Vide6"concept allows almostunlimited options, including:

* Scrolling • Full performance cursor.

* Line/Character formats of 16/32, 24/80, 32/64....or almost anything.

* Graphics-up to 256 X 256 B&W; 96 X 128 COLOR

C requires low-cost option modules D

* Works with 6502 , 6800 and other micros.

SPECIAL OFFER: Buy the Kit Cupper case alpha-numeric option included} & get the Book at 1/2 price., ELECTRONICS, DEPT 11 B, 1020 W WILSH1RE BLVD.. OKLAHOMA CITY. OK 73116

I'm Sold, PLEASE RUSH C ) SEND FREE CATALOG

C ) TVT-6 5/a Kit & Cheap Video Cookbook $42.95 (enclosed)C ) TVT-65/8 Kit only Cbook required for assembly) -$39.95

address:,city:

. state: .

zip:

ELECTRONICS Dept. 3-B, 1020 W.WILSHIRE BLVD., OKLAHOMA CITY. OK 73116

The assembler mnemonics and hexadecimal code forthe multiplication subroutine are given in listing 2. Thedivision subroutine is given in similar form in listing 3.The multiplication subroutine is shown in hexadecimalmemory-dump form in listing 4; the division code in thatform in listing 5.

My collegues and I hope that these programs will helpother KIM-1 users. We know that having had them pre-pared for us would have saved us much time.

Listing 2: Relocatable subroutine to perform multiplication of16-bit quantities on the 6502 microprocessor as used in the MOSTechnology KIM-1. Both assembler mnemonics and hexa-decimal code are given. Entry point is hexadecimal location0100.

ddress

Mnemonic

Hexadecimal Code

0100

CLC

18

0101

CLD

D8

0102

LDA#0

A9 00

0104

TAX

AA

0105

STA 0002

85 02

0107

STA 0003

85 03

0109

LDA 0000

A5 00

010B

BNE

DO 11

010D

LDA 0001

A5 01

010F

BEQ

F0 0C

0111

CMP #1

C9 01

0113

BNE

DO ID

0115

LDA 0006

A5 06

0117

STA 0002

85 02

0119

LDA 0007

A5 07

011B

STA 0003

85 03

01 ID

RTS

60

011E

BPL

10 12

0120

INX

E8

0121

LDA 0001

A5 01

0123

CLC

18

0124

EOR FF

49 FF

0126

ADC #1

69 01

0128

STA 0001

85 01

012A

LDA 0000

A5 00

012C

EOR FF

49 FF

012E

ADC #0

69 00

0130

STA 0000

85 00

0132

LDA 0006

A5 06

0134

BNE

DO 26

0136

LDA 0007

A5 07

0138

BEQ

F0 18

013A

CMP #1

C9 01

013C

BNE

DO 32

013E

DEX

CA

013F

BNE

DO 12

0141

LDA 0001

A5 01

0143

CLC

18

0144

EOR FF

49 FF

0146

ADC #1

69 01

0148

STA 0003

85 03

014A

CDA 0000

A5 00

014C

EOR FF

49 FF

014E

ADC #0

69 00

0150

STA 0002

85 02

0152

RTS

60

0153

LDA 0001

A5 01

0155

STA 0003

85 03

0157

LDA 0000

A5 00

0159

STA 0002

85 02

015B

RTS

60

015C

BPL

10 12

015E

INX

E8

015F

LDA 0007

A5 07

Listing 2 continued on page 215

214 March 1980 © BYTE Publications In

Circle 166 on inquiry card.

Circle 167 on inquiry card.

Listing 2 continued:

0161

CLC

18

0162

EOR FF

49 FF

0164

ADC #1

69 01

0166

STA 0007

85 07

0168

LDA 0006

A5 06

016A

EOR FF

49 FF

016C

ADC #0

69 00

016E

STA 0006

85 06

0170

LDA 0000

A5 00

0172

STA 0004

85 04

0174

LDA 0001

A5 01

0176

STA 0005

85 05

0178

LDA 0003

A5 03

017A

CLC

18

017B

ADC 0001

65 01

017D

STA 0003

85 03

017F

LDA 0002

A5 02

0181

ADC 0000

65 00

0183

STA 0002

85 02

0185

SEC

38

0186

LDA 0007

A5 07

0188

SBC #1

E9 01

018A

STA 0007

85 07

018C

LDA 0006

A5 06

018E

SBC #0

E9 00

0190

STA 0006

85 06

0192

CMP #0

C9 00

0194

BNE

DO E2

0196

LDA 0007

A5 07

0198

CMP #0

C9 00

019A

BNE

DO DC

019C

DEX

CA

019D

BNE

DO 15

019F

LDA 0002

A5 02

01A1

EOR FF

49 FF

01A3

STA 0002

85 02

01A5

LDA 0003

A5 03

01A7

EOR FF

49 FF

01A9

CLC

18

01AA

ADC #1

69 01

01AC

STA 0003

85 03

01AE

LDA 0002

A5 02

01B0

ADC #0

69 00

01B2

STA 0002

85 02

01B4

RTS

60

Listing 3: Relocatable subroutine to perform division of 16-bitquantities on the 6502 microprocessor of the KIM-1, withassembler mnemonics. Entry point is hexadecimal location 0030.

Hexadecimal Code

18D8

A9 00AA85 0285 03A5 00DO 05A5 01DO 1560

10 12E8

A5 0118

49 FF69 0185 01A5 0049 FFListing 3 continued on page 216

iddress

Mnemonic

0030

CLC

0031

CLD

0032

LDA #0

0034

TAX

0035

STA 02

0037

STA 03

0039

LDA 00

003B

BNE

003D

LDA 01

003F

BNE

0041

RTS

0042

BPL

0044

INX

0045

LDA 01

0047

CLC

0048

EOR FF

004A

ADC #1

004C

STA 01

004E

LDA 00

0050

EOR FF

CATCH THES 100 INC.BUS!

OURLIST SPECIAL

PRICE CASH

PRICE

S.D. SBC-100 Kit

Anadex Printer DP8000 w/TractorU/L Case Serial or Parallel

S.D. Z-80 Starter Kit w/PIO

Shugart SA400 Bare Drive DualDensity

Godbout 8K UNKIT Econoram II

Morrow's Thinker Toys

Switchboard I/O Assembled andTested

295.00 199.00

995.00 850.00

340.00 210.00

450.00 295.00

129.00 110.00

259.00 221.00

Subject to Available Quantities • Prices Quoted Include Cash Discounts.

Shipping & Insurance Extra.

We carry all major lines such as

S.D. Systems, Cromemco, IMSAI, Vector Graphic, North Star,

Sanyo, ECT, TEI, Godbout, Thinker Toys, Hazeltine, IMC

For a special cash price, telephone us.

bus 5-IDQ,inc.

Address 7 White Place

Clark, N.J. 07066Interface ...201-382-1318

Zs - SYSTEMS

iiatiii1

ittiHiiiilitili

64K RAM BOARD

Hwr<i*r- v,vL.I

The ZS-SYSTEMS 64K RAMboard is designed to operatein any Z80 based microcom-puter having S-100 bus. Ituses 16K dynamic RAM chips,& features:

—Board select

—Bank select

—Transparent on-boardrefresh

—2 or 4MHz operation(w/ no wait state)

—Memory disable

FLOPPY DISKCONTROLLER

Handles with no modification

up to:' 4 standard 8" drives

(Shugart or compatible) or* 3 minidrives 5"Run with 2 or 4 MHz CPU

Compatible with Cromemcoand M/PM multiuser. Fully

assembled, burned in, &

tested. Available from stock

to 60 days

As low as $500.00 in

quantities of 100

Price of one $695.00

PC board only $59.00

With 16K RAM $359.00

Plus shipping charges

Use CP/M Disk Operating SystemUsing the 1771 LSI controller ■

Price ol one $245.00

PC board only $35.00

SEND FOR FREE INFORMATION

6 months warranty on our boards with normal use

Zs-SYSTEMS

PO Box 1847, San Diego, CA 92112(714) 447-3997

Circle 168 on inquiry card.

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 215

Listing 3 continued:

0052

ADC #0

69 00

0054

STA 00

85 00

0056

LDA 06

A5 06

0058

BNE

DO 26

005A

LDA 07

A5 07

005C

BEQ

FO 18

005E

CMP #1

C9 01

0060

BNE

DO 32

0062

DEX

CA

0063

BNE

DO 12

0065

LDA 01

A5 01

0067

CLC

18

0068

EOR FF

49 FF

006A

ADC #1

69 01

006C

STA 03

85 03

006E

LDA 00

A5 00

0070

EOR FF

49 FF

0072

ADC #0

69 00

0074

STA 02

85 02

0076

RTS

60

0077

LDA 01

A5 01

0079

STA 03

85 03

007B

LDA 00

A5 00

007D

STA 02

85 02

007F

RTS

60

0080

BPL

10 12

0082

INX

E8

0083

LDA 07

A5 07

0085

CLC

18

0086

EOR FF

49 FF

0088

ADC #1

69 01

008A

STA 07

85 07

008C

LDA 06

A5 06

008E

EOR FF

49 FF

0090

ADC #0

69 00

0092

STA 06

85 06

0094

LDA 03

A5 03

0096

CLC

18

0097

ADC #1

69 01

0099

STA 03

85 03

009B

LDA 02

A5 02

009D

ADC #0

69 00

009F

STA 02

85 02

00 A1

SEC

38

00A2

LDA 01

A5 01

00A4

SBC 07

E5 07

00A6

STA 01

85 01

00A8

LDA 00

A5 00

00AA

SBC 06

E5 06

OOAC

STA 00

85 00

OOAE

LDA 00

A5 00

OOBO

BMI

30 08

00B2

BNE

DO EO

00B4

LDA 01

A5 01

00B6

BNE

DO DC

00B8

BEQ

FO OD

OOBA

SEC

38

OOBB

LDA 03

A5 03

OOBD

SBC #1

E9 01

OOBF

STA 03

85 03

00C1

LDA 02

A5 02

00C3

SBC #0

E9 00

00C5

STA 02

85 02

00C7

DEX

CA

00C8

BNE

DO 15

OOCA

LDA 02

A5 02

OOCC

EOR FF

49 FF

OOCE

STA 02

85 02

00D0

LDA 03

A5 03

00D2

EOR FF

49 FF

00D4

CLC

18

00D5

ADC #1

69 01

00D7

STA 03

85 03

00D9

LDA 02

A5 02

OODB

ADC #0

69 00

OODD

STA 02

85 02

OODF

RTS

60

Listing 4: Multiplication subroutine in hexadecimal memory-dump form.

S 18010018D8A900AA850S8503ASOODO11ASO1F00CC901 DO 1DA5O685097AJ 180118O2AS0 7850 3601012E8A5011849FF69018501A50049FF6900081D; 1801308500AS06D026A50 7F018C901D038CADO12ASO 11849FF6901OAOBI 1801488503A50049FF6900650260A5018S03A5008S026010 I2E8A5088F; 180160071849FF69018507A50649FF69008506A5008504A501650508 IB; 180178A5031865O18503A502650085O238A507E9018507A506E90O07C0; 1801908506C900DOE2A507C900DODCCADO15A50249FFB502A503490BE6J 1 801A8FF1869016503A50269008S0260E9008D0600C900DODBADO 70962I 0000080008 0

Listing 5: Division subroutine in hexadecimal memory-dumpform.

: 18003018D8A900AA85028503A500D005A501D015601012E8A5011808C7I 18004849FF69018501A50049FF69008500A506D026A507FO18C9010992; 180060D032CAD012A5011849FF69018503A5O049FF6900850260AS0A00; 1B007801850 3A5008508601012E8A5071849FF69018507A50649FF08A4; 18009069008506ASO31869018503A5026900850238A501E507B5010735; 1800A8A500E5068500A5003008D0E0A501D0DCF00D38A503E9018S0B00; 1 8O0C0O3A5O2E9008502CAD01 5A50249FF8502A50349FF186901850A0E; 18O0D8O3A502690085O26O002A3F3C3B3F1E3E3E3EFE1E3E7E7A7F07B2; 0000080008 ■

The purpose of computation

is insight not numbers -Hamming

LJR. LJOBBS JOURNAL (Software and systems for small computers)

P.O. Box E, Dept. G7, Menlo Park, CA 94025 • $15 for 10 issues • Remember to include your name, address and zip with your check.

216 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 169 on inquiry card

Circle 170 on inquiry card.

******************mm♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦

Circle 171 on inquiry card.

: COMMUNICATIONS SOFTWARE ♦

♦ ♦

: FOR S-100 MICROCOMPUTERS :

♦

♦♦♦♦♦♦♦

♦♦♦♦♦

INTEGRATE YOUR MICROCOMPUTER INTOTHE IBM WORLD WITH:

BISYNC - 80/3780: Provides full function IBM3780 or 2780 emulation for batch data trans-mission. Price - $485.

BISYNC - 80/3270: Emulates a full functionIBM 3270 for interactive communications.Price - $485.

BISYNC - 80/ASYNC: Allows asynchronouscommunications between micros with the speedand extensive error correcting of bisync com-munications. Price - $95.

♦

J FOR MORE INFORMATION, CONTACT:

♦

t^— 104 Morris Avenue » P.O. Box 335

♦ Friendsville, MD 21531

♦♦

t (301) 746-5888

■>************************»************************

♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦

THE DSSENCEof output quality

• Any IBM SELECTRIC®can be con-verted to produce high quality out-put at an affordable price!

• Interfaces directly to SI00, Parallel,RS-232 or IEEE-488.

• Compatible with TRS-80, Sorcerer,Pet, Apple, Horizon, etc.

• Why be printer bound? Prices from

$496 to $675.

Call

today.

Backspace and Tab ,Available NOW! *■*

»

m

Escon Products, Inc.

171 Mayhew Way, Suite 204

Pleasant Hill, Ca., 94523

(415) 935-4590

EXECUPORTS

80 Print Position

Quiet, Portable, Reliable,Versatile Printing DataTerminals

FEATURES:

• Built-in Acoustical Coupler

• 10, 15, 30 CPS

• Carrying Case

80/136Print Position

Model 300

Model 3000

TWO SPECIAL PURCHASE PRICES

Remanufactured Units with 90-Day Warranty

Model 300 $1,295 Model 3000 $1,895

Model 300 $695

Off Lease Units with 30-Day Warranty

Model 3000 $895

Buy Direct From The Manufacturer • Maintenance Contract AvailableOrder Now • Immediate Delivery • Quantity Discounts

Computer Transceiver Systems Inc.

East 66 Midland Avenue • Paramus, NJ 07652P.O. Box 15 • Phone: (201) 261-6800

Circle 172 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980 217

AVAILABLE

PRESCRIPTION!

THE ONLYSYSTEM OF ITS

KIND YOUR

MICROCOMPUTER

WILL EVER

NEED!

GLOBAL"

DATABASE

MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM

forPROGRAMMERS, ACCOUNTANTS, BOOK-KEEPERS, DOCTORS, LAWYERS, PUB-LISHERS, SCIENTISTS, MANUFAC-TURERS, WHOLESALERS, RETAILERS,MANAGERS, LANDLORDS, REAL ESTATEAGENTS, TEACHERS, STUDENTS, ETC.

Extremely comprehensive, versatileuser-oriented management system fordatabase creation and list main-tenance. Runs under CP/M* andCBASIC2** on a microcomputersystem in only 40K RAM.

Completely user-defined file structurewith sequential, random and linked filemaintenance; user-defined number offields; data transfer between records;automatic high speed searchalgorithms with global search func-tion; built-in ISAM; fast sort/mergeutility; record selectable output can beformatted (with/without headings, col-umn titles, totals, etc.) and printed onvarious forms (labels, envelopes,preprinted forms, etc.); links to CP/Mcommands or programs withautomatic return to Global; providesstatus reports on diskette, data file andhardware environment; disk used asextended memory.

Supplied on standard 8" IBM disk (inquire aboutother formats), complete with BASIC subroutinelibrary in source code, with c^>#>f—comprehensive manual. ^*^r tf *%

MANUAL ONLY...$25

Shipping $2.00C.O.D. 1.00Sales Taxwhere applicable

' Trademark ofDigital Research' 'Trademark ofSoftware Systems

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

^ LOBAL

Tarameters

1505 Ocean Ave., Brooklyn, N.Y. 11230212/252-5002

Event Queue

MARCH 1980

MarchJames Martin Seminar

James Martin will discussthe design and managementof distribution processingand networks.

For details of his Marchappearances writeTechnology Transfer In-stitute, POB 49765, LosAngeles CA 90049, (213)476-9747.

March

Short Courses on Microcom-puters, George WashingtonUniversity, Washington DC.Contact the Director ofContinuing EngineeringEducation, GeorgeWashington University,Washington DC 20052 orcall (202) 676-6106 or (800)424-9773.

March

Workshops for TRS-80 In-terfacing, 8080-8085 and Z80Design and Digital Elec-tronics for Instrumentationand Automation, VirginiaPolytechnic Institute andState University, BlacksburgVA 24061. For additionalinformation on times anddates, contact Dr LindaLeffel, CEC, Virginia Tech,Blacksburg VA 24061 or call(703) 961-5241.

March 1

Exploring Small Computers,

Albion College, Albion MI.This fair will feature exhibitsand seminars on microcom-puters and their applicationsin business, education, andthe home. Contact D WKammer, Dept of Physics,

Albion College, Albion MI49224.

March 3-5

Office Automation Con-ference, Georgia WorldCongress Center, AtlantaGA. A combination con-ference and exhibition ofoffice computer systems hasbeen developed to helpmanagement understand thegrowing technology ofbusiness computer systems.For more information, con-tact H A Bruno andAssociates Inc, 78 E 56th St,New York NY 10022.

March 4 and 5

8th Annual Midwest DigitalEquipment Exhibit andSeminar, ThunderbirdMotel, Minneapolis MN.Manufacturers of computerterminals, data communica-tion equipment, peripherals,data acquisition systems anddigital test instruments willdisplay their products.Seminars will be held bothdays. For further informa-tion, contact John BastysCountryman Associates Co,1821 University Ave,St Paul MN 55104.

March 6-8

Microprocessor PeripheralsWorkshop, MontgomeryAL. This hands-onworkshop includes 27 hoursof instruction, with a take-home option and onemicrocomputer station forevery two participants. Con-tact Paul A Willis, POB 29,Arlington VA 22210.

March 10-121980 National Office Exhi-bition and Conference,

Automotive Building,

In order to gain optimum coverage of your organization's com-puter conferences, seminars, workshops, courses, etc, notice shouldreach our office at least three months in advance of the date of theevent. Entries should be sent to: Event Queue, BYTE Publications,70 Main St, Peterborough NH 03458. Each month we publish thecurrent contents of the queue for the month of the cover date and thetwo following calendar months. Thus a given event may appear asmany as three times in this section if it is sent to us far enough inadvance.

218 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 173 on inquiry card.

Circle 174 on inquiry card.

Circle 175 on inquiry card.

mmmiiiMi

TRS-80® CP/M® & CBASIC®BUSINESS SOFTWARE

All MOD II CP/M's are not created equal . . .Find out why ours is the Better Business Buy!

Model I CP/M (rel. 1.5) $ 150.00

Model II CP/M (rel. 2.0) 250.00

APH (Automated Patient History) 175.00

RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY ANALYSIS

system 300.00

The Genuine Article:Osborne & Assoc. CBASIC source programs—

O&A Payroll w/Cost Accounting $250.00

O&A Accts. Rec./Accts. Payable . . . 250.00O&A General Ledger w/Cash Journal. 250.00O&A CBASIC books for above (each).... 15.00

Send 30C SASE for CP/M Users Group softwarelist & free "CP/M Primer".

• TRS-80 is a registered trademark of Radio Shack, a Tandy company

' CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research

" CBASIC is a registered trademark of Software Systems

(714)848-1922

041 NEWMAN AVENUE

s

HUNTINGTON BEACH CALIFORNIA 92647

■mtommsh

TOLL FREE ORDERING

These FineProducts and More

NORTHSTAR

HRZ-1-16K-DHRZ-1-32K-DHRZ-2-32K-DHRZ-1-32K-QHRZ-2-32K-Q

RAM-16KRAM-32K

SM KIT

1600. 1275.

1995. 1580.

2300. 1900.

2300. 1750.

2700. 2230.

365.565.

325.515.

FPB-A

285.

220.

MDS-A-D

710.

660.

MDS-A-Q

B80.

830.

EXTRA DRIVE-D

—

350.

EXTRA DRIVE-Q

—

525.

HARD DISC SYSTEM CALLMost NorthStar computers comestandard with real wood cover, 2serial ports, 1 parallel port, realtime clock, disc operating systemand NorthStar basic.

TERMINAL

SOROCIQ-120

HAZELTINE1400

HAZELTINE1500

HAZELTINE1510

TELEVIDE0912

TELEVIDEO920

PRINTERS

BASE-2

TI-810

CENTRONICS-799

NEC-5510

NEC-5520

760.760.940.1050.700.750.

450.1580.

970.2550.2800.

SOFTWARE—DISCS—MISC

AUTOSCRIBE 325.

VERBATUMDISCS(10) 28.

5FOOTRS-232CABLE 20.

10FOOTRS-232CABLE 25.

WE WILL TRY TO BEAT ANY ADVERTISED PRICE

A. E. I.

4341 W. Commonwealth Ave Suite D

Fullerton, Calif. 92633(714) 739-4701 (800) 854-6003

DATA TERMINAL EQUIPMENT FROM MICROMAIL

T.I. 810 print* $1,599.00

S0R0CIQ120 $740.00

• RS 232C, upper/lower case, fullASCII

• Numeric keypad, protected fields

• Cursor keys plus addressable cur-sor

• Auxiliary extension port

LA34 DECwriler IV

$999.00

Upper/lower case, 9x7 dot matrix

10, 12, 13.2, 16.5 characters/inch

2, 3, 4, 6, 8 or 12 lines/inch

22"W x 7"H x 15V4"D, 25 lbs.

110 or 300 baud, RS 232C serial

ASCII

Friction feed, paper width to 15"

SOROC IQ 140 $1,130.0°

• RS 232C and 20mA current loop

• Extensive editing features

• 25th line terminal status display

• 16 funclion keys (32 with shift)

Newfrom DIABLO

DIABL01640 $2,920.°°Receive-only $2,525.°°

High-quality daisywheel printing at45 cps.

DIABLO 1650 $ 3,070.°°Receive-only $2,675.°°

Metal daisywheel printing at 40 cps.

Includes upper/lower case150 characters per secondRS 232C serial interfaceAdjustable forms tractor

NEC Spinwriter

Call or write for prices

To Order: Send certified check (personal or company checks requiretwo weeks to clear) including handling* and 6% sales tax if deliveredwithin California.

'Handling: Less than $2,000, add 2%; over $2,000, add 1%. Everythingshipped freight collect in factory cartons with manufacturer's warranty.

cirUCRQMflJL..

MICROMAIL • BOX 3297 • SANTA ANA, CA 92703(714) 731-4338

Circle 176 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

219

Circle 177 on inquiry card.

YOU TOO canbecome asuccessfulcomputerENTREPRENEUR!

HOW TO START YOUR OWN SYSTEMSHOUSE is a practical step-by-step guidefor the EDP professional or small business-man who wants to enter the micro-computer systems business.

This fact-filled 230-page manual coversvirtually all aspects of starting andoperating a small systems company. It Isabundant with useful, real-lite samples:contracts, proposals, agreements anda complete business plan are includedin full, and may be used Immediately bythe reader.

Proven, field-tested solutions to themany problems facing the small systemshouse are presented.

From the contents:

• New Generation of Systems Houses

• The SBC Marketplace • MarketingStrategies • Vertical Markets & lAPs

• Competetive Position/Plans of MajorVendors • Market Segment Selection& Evaluation • Selection of Equipment& Manufacturer • Becoming a Distribu-tor • Getting Your Advertising Dollar'sWorth • Your Salesmen: Where to FindThem • Product Pricing • The SellingCycle • Financing for the Customer

• Leasing • Questions You Will Have toAnswer Before the Prospect Buys • Pro-ducing the System • Installation,Acceptance, Collection • Documenta-tion • Solutions to the Service Problem

• Protecting Your Product • How to Writea Good Business Plan • Raising Capital

6th edition, Feb. 1980

230 pages

Send $36.00 (check, VISA or Mastercharge) to:

Essex Publishing Co., Dept 2

285 Bloomfield Avenue

Caldwell, N.J. 07006

Credit card orders: Send card #, date exp. Add$2.00 for rush, air mail shipping. N.J. residentsadd 5% sales tax. For faster shipment on creditcard orders, phone (201) 783-6940.

Exhibition PI, Toronto,Canada.

Subject areas of the con-ference will include energyconservation, small businesscomputers, micrographics,word processing, telecom-munications, copiers, officelandscaping, and manyothers. There will be ap-proximately 100 exhibitorspresenting their productsand giving demonstrations.

For more information,contact Whitsed PublishingLtd, Suite 2504, 2 Bloor StW, Toronto, OntarioM4W 3E2 CANADA.

March 11-13

SEMICON/Europa, Zurich,Switzerland.

This show and symposiumis the initial step in theorganization of a Europeanforum for the exchange ofinformation on the latestsemiconductor technology.Included in the topics ofpresentation are semiconduc-tor materials, device produc-tion, and technology; futuretrends; photovoltaic conver-sion of solar energy; andstandardization of testingand materials. Contact theSemiconductor Equipmentand Materials Institute Inc,625 Ellis St, Suite 212,Mountain View CA 94043.

March 14-16

West Coast Computer Faire,

Civic Auditorium andBrooks Hall, San FranciscoCA. An expected 15,000attendees, over 340 exhibits,and more than 100 con-ference speakers willhighlight this year's pro-gram. Exhibitor and speakerinformation may berequested from the Com-puter Faire, 333 Swett Rd,Woodside CA 94062.

March 15Annual PACS ComputerGames Festival, LaSalle Col-lege Ballroom, 20th andOlney, Philadelphia PA.This event is sponsored bythe Philadelphia Area Com-puter Society and theLaSalle College PhysicsDept. The Festival hours arefrom 10 AM to 6 PM. Forfurther information, contactStephen A Longo, PhysicsDept, LaSalle College,

Philadelphia PA 19141, orcall (215) 951-1255.

March 17-20

Interface '80, Miami BeachConvention Center, MiamiBeach FL. This conferenceand exposition is devoted todata communications,distributed data processing(DDP), and networking.Approximately 1000 ex-hibitors are expected, andattendance is anticipated toexceed 12,000. For informa-tion, contact Interface '80,160 Speen St, FraminghamMA 01701.

March 27-21Applied Time Series

Analysis, University ofCalifornia at Los AngelesCA. This course is designedfor engineers, scientists, pro-grammers, economists andother users of digital timeseries who require modernmethods of data analysisusing the fast Fouriertransform (FFT), digitalfiltering, power spectral den-sities and correlation func-tions. The lectures covertopics relating to the Fouriertransform, sampling linearsystems, convolution,covariance, digital filtering,power and cross-spectraldensity functions, andintroductions to newmethods in spectral analysisand rotating machineryanalysis. For more informa-tion, contact UCLA Exten-sion, 10995 Le Conte Ave,Los Angeles CA 90024.

March 18-20

Electrical Power Problems:The Mathematical Chal-lenge, Seattle WA. This con-ference is sponsored by theSociety for Industrial andApplied Mathematics(SIAM). The program isdesigned to bring togetherexperts from powerengineering and appliedmathematics fields to focuson electrical power problemsand the applied mathematicstechniques relevant to theirsolution. Contact SIAM, 33S 17th St, Philadelphia PA19103.

March 20Electronic Road Shows,

Castaways Restaurant, Bur-

220 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 178 on inquiry card.

Circle 179 on inquiry card.

From S'lOO toiEEE-488

lilliin.l

P&T-488+ S-100 computer = Intelligencefor your Instrumentation System

The P&T-488 permits an S-100 computer to operate as a talker,listener, or controller on the IEEE-488 instrumentation bus forless than half the cost of calculator-based systems. Softwarepackages which give access to the 488 bus from high level lan-guages such as BASIC are available for CP/M, North Star DOS/BASIC, and Cromemco CDOS. Or "roll your own" systemwith the custom system package of assembly language drivers.P&T-488, assembled and tested, + anysoftware package: $400 (domestic USA)

PICKLES & TROUT

P.O. BOX 1206. GOLETA. CA 93017. (805) 967-9563

Main/Frames m $200

Main/Frames $20O

14 Basic Models AvailableAssembled & TestedPower Supply:

Bv@15A, ± 16v@3A

15 Slot Motherboard .^AConnectors optional) \ "SCard cage 8t guides \Fan, line cord, fuse, power ™& reset switches, EMI (liter8v@30A, ± 16v@10A

option on some models

6A^*!ij

Iff" mounted

from S200

8" Floppy Main/Frame(Includes power tor drives» and mainframe) Irom $365

Write or call for ourbrochure which includes our

application note:'Building Cheap Computers'

INTEGRAND

8474 Ave. 296 • Visalia, CA 93277 • (209) 733-9288We accept BankAmerlcard/Vlsa and MasterCharge

$s3saa%s%^g^^

Rj: on computers, peripherals, software and other Radio Shack® products.

NO ONE CAN GIVE YOU A BETTERDEAL ON TRS-80 COMPUTERS!!

OUR Radio Shack® Merchandise is Newand covered by Radio Shack® War-ranties

WE PAY Domestic U.P.S. Shipping & In-surance on minimum orders

NO TAXES are collected on out-of-stateShipments

TOLL FREE Order Number

OPEN 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m., Central Time,Monday through Friday; 9:00 a.m. to6:00 p.m., Saturday

|i

Offered Exclusively By

Pan AmericanElectronics

a Radio /hack

AUTHORIZED SALES CENTER

INCORPORATED

VISA'

I

1117 CONWAY MISSION, TEXAS 78572

TOLL FREE ORDER NUMBER 800/531-7466

TEXAS AND MAIN TELEPHONE NUMBER 512/581-2765

Circle 180 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980 221

Come Help UsCelebrate The Child

St. Jude Children's Research Hospital con-tinues its search for life-saving knowledgeabout childhood diseases. And this searchcontinues because people care. Help uscelebrate the child by sending your tax-deductible check or request for further infor-mation to St. Jude Children's* A Research Hospital, 509 Lanefl2hT Ave" MemPhis' TN 38105

ST. JUDE CHILDREN'S RESEARCH HOSPITAL

Danny Thomas, founder

*«$>

Add Animation to yourTRS80 Programs

I Animation Compiler and Graphics Editor PackageI Add smooth, fast action to basic programsI Create ad layouts, newsletter covers, posters

$14.95

ICS, inc. ®

1125 N. Golden State Blvd. / Suite GTurlock, CA 95380 (A)

(209) 667-2888 / 634-8888

We are experiencing telephone difficulties,please keep trying.

m 5t)

California residents add 6% tax

bank CA. This travelingexhibition of components,materials, and instruments isbeing produced by theElectronic RepresentativesAssociation (ERA). Overeighty ERA member firmswill participate, and pro-duct's from over 700 elec-tronic companies will bedisplayed. For more infor-mation, contact theSouthern California ERAoffice, 20969 Ventura Blvd,Suite 9, Woodland Hills CA91364.

March 24-26

Data Entry Management andSupervision Seminar, CherryHill NJ. This course dealswith the practical aspects ofdata entry, and the pro-blems encountered that arecommon to supervisors andmanagers. Concepts, tech-niques, motivation, training,and productivity will becovered. The fee is $415 forsubscribers of MIC publica-tions and $445 for non-subscribers. For more infor-mation, contact MIC, 140Barclay Ctr, Cherry Hill NJ08034.

March 24-28

Fourth European Conferenceon Electrotechnics, Stutt-gart. This conference willreview recent developments,trends, and applications inthe field of microelectronics.Microprocessors, computercommunication, industrialelectronics, applications ofmicroelectronics in theautomobile and in medicine,and other topics will becovered. The conferencelanguage will be English.Contact Professor Dr W EProebster, IBM DeutschlandGmbH, Postfach 80 08 80,D-7000 Stuttgart 80 WESTGERMANY (BRD).

March 26-28

Viewdata '80, WembleyConference Centre, LondonEngland. Viewdata '80 is aninternational exhibition andconference on video-basedsystems and microcomputerindustries. The British PostOffice is presenting thePrestel Show, which isabout electronic mail ser-vices.

Contact TMAC, 680

222 March 19B0 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 182 on inquiry card.

Circle 183 on inquiry card.

Circle 184 on inquiry card.

GOMOKU

Can you find black's best move in theboard position on the right?

Our program can. (Black plays on thepoints marked 1 thru 7).

Five Slones Software announces aGomoku program for North StarHorizon DOS and CP/M based sys-tems. The program has been writtenby the current North Americanchampion and has the followingfeatures.

. book of openings with 200 entries

. fast response to a four being played

. ability to lake back moves

. 19 x 19 board

. blinking of last move by computer

. carriage return not necessary for most moves

. recent moves displayed along with board

. ability to customise to different screen sizes.

I .. I l ! I I [ JT"

:! ■ p^j-1J |J^[.-J4:;;

-4-. a- ♦*♦♦♦+-» L K

_. ■+->-*-+■• - - ,

♦ — •

■I -;

The program requires a mini-mum of 32K bytes of RAM.and Is available for North Staror CP/M on double density514" diskette for S29.9S, Visaor Mastercharge accepted.For more Information contact

&

Address_City

Five Stones Software()

Y

P.O.Box 1369, Station B,Ottawa K1P5R4. Canada

CP/M Is a trademark ofDigital Research

Gomoku 29.95Oniario residenls add 7% laxTOTAL

Zip

a Master ChargB D CP/ M (origin 10DH)

O Visa G North Star

Credit Card Number

MINI

I I I

IMTCIIMHH NO '00

[ SIGNATURE

Exp

nrtt

snD

...

MONTH |YB.

VISA1

6809!

INTRODUCING THENEW STATE-OF-THE-ARTIN MICROCOMPUTERSOFTWARE.

Call or write today for ourfree catalog.

MICROWvRE

5835 Grand Ave. • P.O. Box 4865Des Moines, IA 50304 • 515/279-8844

Call now for a quotation(312) 733-0497

The 550 BANTAM

from Perkin-Elmer

$799

All the features of theHazeltine 1400 &LSI ADM-3A plus

• Upper/Lower Case

• 7x10 Character Matrix

• White or Black Characters

• Transparent Mode

• Addressable Cursor

• Tab Function

• Backspace Key

• Shiftlock Key

• Print Key

• Integrated Numeric Pad

• Editing Functions

• Extremely Compact:15" W x 19" D x 14" H

• Silent fan-free operation

All productsin stock!

U.S. RQBOTICS, INC

1035 W. LAKE ST.

CHICAGO, ILL. 6D6D7

LA34DECwriter IV

199

Tabs

132 columns

10, 12. 13.2. 16.5

characters/inch

2, 3. 4. 5. 8 or 12 lines/inch

Optional tractor feed

110 or 300 baud

RS232C/ASCII

Friction feed/up to 15"

wide paper

9x7 dot matrix, impact

printing

Upper/lower case

PENRIL 300/1200MODEM

Originate/Auto-Answer

$799

0-300 or 1200 baud

Bell 212A & 103/113

compatible

1 year warranty

Stand alone

RS232

Full duplex over voice

grade phone lines

FCC certified for direct

connection to phone lines

via RJ11C voice jack

(standard extension

phone jack)

Teletype

Model 43 KSR

$1049

110 or 300 baud

RS232C/ASCII

Pin feed/8V' H x 11" W

paper is perfect for filing

and copying.

132 columns

Upper/lower case, true

descenders

Dot matrix, impact printing

Connect your TRS-80,

Apple or ANY other

computer to the phone

lines with the...

USR-330

Originate/

Auto-Answer

Modem

$339

FCC certified for directconnection to phone lines viastandard extension phonejack

• 0-300 Baud

• Bell 103/113 compatible

• Stand Alone

• RS232

• 1 Year Warranty

• Crystal Controlled

• State of the Art LSI circuitry

• 5 stage active filters

USR-310 OriginateAcoustic Coupler

$159

Circle 185 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

223

Circle 186 on inquiry card.

DATADISKSYSTEMS

PROFESSIONAL SOFTWARE FOR NORTH STAR SYSTEMS

DIGITAL RESEARCH

CP/M*2.0 — Digital Research's latest disk operatingsystem for 8080/B085/Z80 based microcomputers,now specially tailored for the North Stardisk systems.Includes ED lex! editor, DDT debugger. ASMassembler, additional utility programs and completedocumental ion. CP/U 2.0 is upward compatible wilhearlier releases and makes a wealth of professionalsoltware available to your system t$150/S25

TEX - A powerful text formatter. Produces finishedcopy with automatic page numbering, left and rightmargin justification, indentation, page headers, linecentering and other quality features. Output may bevectored to printer, disk or console S70/S15

MAC — 8080 Macro assembler. Allows use of libraryprograms, greatly increasing programmingefficiency Uses Intel macro conventions. Assemblytoggles allow listing, hex and symbol table outputs tohe directed to disk, printer, console or combination. Atremendous development aid S85/S15

SID — Symbolic Instruction Debugger for the 8080.Allows multiple break points with user set passcounter. Displays user labels during debugging whenused with MAC. Greatly reduces hard-copy listingrequirements. Includes back-trace and histogramutilities. A must lor serious software development. S85/S15

ZSID — Same as SID except incorporates completeZ80 instruction set and uses Z-flO mnemonics. S95/$15

DESPOOL — Allows simultaneous printing of diskfiles and user access to other programs. No need toslop production while lengthy printouts are in progress. S45/S5

SOFTWARE SYSTEMS

CBASIC-2 — A commercially oriented, compiler-interpreter extended disk BASIC. Self documenting,using full length variable labels without penali2ingspeed. Compiler permits distribution of softwarewithout releasing source code. S105/S15

Calilornia residents add 6% sales tax.Specify single, double or quad capacity.Additional formats available soon.Structured Systems Group programs requireCP/M and CBASIC-2.

*CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital ResearchrSoftwareand documeniation/docurnentaiion only

VISA

BUSINESS SOFTWARE FROMSTRUCTURED SYSTEMS GROUP

GENERAL LEDGER — A comprehensive applicationspackage for business accounting or CPA multi-clientwrite up. Produces financial reports to user definedspecifications. Interactive posting, balance sheet,income statement, general and cash disbursementjournals, sort, multiple profit centers, accountsdistribution and much more. Outstanding package $895/525

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE - A complete open itemor balance forward system Operates alone, orinterlaces with General Ledger. Produces customerstatements, aged trial balance, on-line inquiry, salesreports, reminder notices and more 5695/S25

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE — A powerful cashmanagement system. Aged account statements,writes checks, cash requirements projection. GeneralLedger update and more included. Stand aloneoperation or interfaces wilh General Ledger and

OSORT 5695/525

NAD — Name and Address System - Stores mailinglists on disk. Prints mailing labels or lists additionalrelerences information. Selective data extraction. $75/510

QSORT — A generalized, full disk sort/mergepackaqe. Fast and flexible. Multiple key sorting. S95/S15

LETTERIGHT — Word processing for the busimoffice. Produces professional correspondenletters, envelopes, and more. High speed productwith minimal training. Multiple personalized lettersproduced when used with list formed by NAD. $175/$20

ANALYST — Generalized data base managementprogram. Stores and retrieves disk data producinguser formatted reports. Interactive input Easy to use.Tremendous versatility $225/520

INVENTORY — Complete inventory control programlimited in capacity only by your disk size. On-lineinquiry, average valuation, reorder and activity reportswith report range option. Menu driven and fullyauditabie. the system uses full screen formatting andpermits user defined record numbers. $795/525

NOW—AN AFFORDABLE HARD DISK

Ask about our 13.2 megabyte Winchester technologyhard disk business system. Uses all above listedsoftware. Price varies with software configuration.

Datadisk Systems, P.O. Box 195, Poway, CA 92064, (714) 578-3831

THE BEST

MICRO COMPUTER

— Exporter —

^^ INTERNATIONALINC.

Fast + Efficient

Our Foreign Customers Receive:

• Purchasing Agent's Service

• Wholesale Discounts

• 220 V/50 Hz Power

Products

NORTH STAR

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

SOROC

INDUSTRIAL MICRO

HAZELTINE

EXIDY SORCERER

MICRO PERIPHERALS

TELEVIDEO

BASE 2

KONAN CORPORATION

CENTRONICS

INTEGRAL DATA

VERBATIM

+ More

P.O. Box 1118 Scottsdale, Arizona 85252 U.S.A.Tel: 602-994-3435 TELEX: 165745

Beach St, Suite 428, SanFrancisco CA 94109.

March 30

Greater Baltimore Hamboreeand Computerfest,

Maryland State Fairgrounds,Timonium MD. Personal,dealer, and small businesscomputer displays and ex-hibits will be featured. Spaceis available outside thefairgrounds for tailgate salesand swaps. For more infor-mation, contact JosephLochte Jr, 2136 Pine ValleyDr, Timonium MD 21093.

March-June

Computer and OfficeSystems Expo and Con-ference. This is an exposi-tion for marketers of officesystems equipment. Theshow and conference willfocus on the local problemsand opportunities of eachregion. The exposition andconference will be held inmajor cities around thenation. Contact The Con-ference Co, 60 Austin St,Newton MA 02160, orphone (617) 964-4550.

APRIL 1980

April 1-2

Southeast Printed Circuitsand Microelectronics Exposi-tion, Sheraton-Twin TowersConvention Center, OrlandoFL. This show is a specializ-ed event devoted entirely tothe packaging, productionand testing of printed cir-cuits, multilayers, semicon-ductor devices, and hybrids.The conferences are aimedat electronics specialists.Contact ISCM, 222 WAdams St, Chicago IL60606.

April 9-11The Practical APL Con-ference, Washington DC.This conference is addressedto business executives andsystems designers. For moreinformation, contact JoanGurgold, STSC, 7 HollandAve, White Plains NY10603.

April 9-11

International Conference onAcoustics, Speech and

Signal Processing, FairmontHotel, Denver CO. TheIEEE Acoustics, Speech andSignal Processing Society issponsoring this conferencedevoted to experimental andtheoretical aspects of signalprocessing, speech, andacoustics. For more informa-tion, contact IEEE, 110014th St, Denver CO 80202.

April 10

Electronic Road Shows,

Anaheim ConventionCenter, Anaheim CA. SeeMarch 20th for details.

April 11-12

10th Annual Virginia Com-puter Users Conference. Thisconference is sponsored bythe Virginia Tech Associa-tion for ComputingMachinery (ACM) studentchapter. The topics ofdiscussion will be program-ming languages and systemand personnel management.For more information, con-tact VCUC10, 562 McBrydeHall, VPI&SU, BlacksburgVA 24061.

April 13-16

A Gateway to the Use ofComputers in Education,

Chase Park Plaza Hotel, StLouis MO. The purpose ofthis convention is to providea forum for the exchange ofinformation and ideas be-tween individuals, to informeducators of developmentsin computer technology, andto expose participants to in-novations in computingwhich can be utilized in thefield of education.

Educators are encouragedto exhibit and make presen-tations of instructionalmicroprocessor materialsduring the convention. Con-tact the Association forEducational Data Systems(AEDS), POB 951, RollaMO 65401.

April 14-18

High-Speed ComputerOrganization, 6266 BoelterHall, UCLA Extension, LosAngeles CA. This course isfor computer designers,system architects, projectleaders and managers. Thecourse provides anunderstanding of the prin-ciples of high-speed com-

224

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 187 on inquiry card.

Circle 189 on inquiry card.

Circle 188 on inquiry card.

Z-80/TRS-80 ™ Users

BOOK YOU'VE WANTED NOW CAN BE YOURS

THE Z-80: HOW IT WORKS

(THE PROGRAMMERS PERSPECTIVE)

By Monte Corum

Best Most Complete Reference Yet

cpu Operation Explained

Addressing Modes Demystified

Register Functions Described

Instructions Defined

Interrupts Diagrammed

Cycles Outlined Formats Described

Execution Described in Text,

Notation and Diagrams

Meaningful Analysis of 698 Commands

in Formatted, Usable Tables

Simple, Consistent Notation and Formats

A Programmer's Book, Beginner or Experienced

Ideal Text for Class Instruction

Pricse: $17.95 Plus Tax and Shipping

VISA & MSTRCHRG-NUMBER AND EXP. DATE

PREPAID WE SHIP

MICROWARE ASSOCIATES, INCORPORATED

9301 N. 58th St. DPT. AAA

SCOTTSDALE, AZ. 85253

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

'" TRS-80 IS A TRADEMARK OF TANDY CORP.

0j LIGHT PEN

PET

APPLE

TRS-80

(Level II)

■ Bypass the keyboard and interact direclly with the screenMakes your computer more versatile for the novice as wellas the more sophisticated user

■ The use ol tile 3-G Light Pen is limited only by your im-agination' Use it to experiment with graphics, display amenu tor quick data retrieval, as a teaching tool with yourchild, lo proportion recipes instantly, or to play uniquegames.

■ At a major medical center an anesthesiologist uses our pen to select proper dosages In Hollandthey use it lo create graphics A man in New York uses it to teach his pre-school age daughter howto match capital with lower case letters Teachers are using it in science and foreign languageclasses

■ NO ASSEMBLY NECESSARY. READY TO PLUG IN. Detailed sample programs included Completedocumentation so you can write your own programs in BASIC. No machine language coding nec-essary All Protessional models plug into machine ports and don't require batteries Economymodel plugs into tape recorder and batteries are included

■ YOU GET; 1) 3-G Light Pen

2) Demo-Game Cassette (with Professional TRS-80 and Apple)

3) Sample Program

4) Complete documentation and instructions

MANY GAMES AND OTHER LIGHT PEN SOFTWARE AVAILABLE

<5

-MAIL COUPON OR CALL TODAY FOR IMMEDIATE DELIVERY-

3G COMPANY, INC. DEPT. BT

RT. 3, BOX 28A, GASTON, OR 97119

D TRS-80 Economy$19.86

□ TRS-80 Professional$34.95

D PET Professional$28.95

Yes. I want lo make my computer more versatile Rush me

$1 50 tor mailing and handling - $6 00 foreign )

Enclosed is □ check or money order □ Master Charge □ Visa

Card No.NAME

(503) 662-4492

□ Apple Piolessionai

$32.953-G Light Pens (Add

Exp date

ADDRESS.CITY

ZIP

REMEMBER, 3G OFFERS A 30 DAYUNCONDITIONAL MONEY BACK GUARANTEE!

64K BYTE EXPANDABLE RAM

DYNAMIC RAM WITH ON 80ARDTRANSPARENTREFRESH GUARANTEED TO OPERATE INNORTHSTAR. CR0MEMC0, VECTOR GRAPHICS.SOL. AND OTHER 8080 OR Z-80 BASED S100SYSTEMS *4MHZ Z-80 WITH NO WAITSTATES.

* SELECTABLE AND DESELECTABLE IN 4KINCREMENTS ON 4KAD0RESS BOUNDARIES.

* LOW P0WER-8 WATTS MAXIMUM.

* 200NSEC4116RAMS.

* FULL DOCUMENTATION.

* ASSEMBLED AND TESTED BOARDS AREGUARANTEED FOR ONE YEAR ANDPURCHASE PRICE IS FULLY REFUNDABLE IFBOARD IS RETURNED UNDAMAGED WITHIN14 DAYS.

ASSEMBLED/TESTED

64KRAM $595.00

48KRAM $529.00

32KRAM $459.00

16KRAM $389.00

WITHOUT RAH CHIPS S319.00

SIOO MAINFRAMEAND CARD CAGE.

* W/SOLID FRONT PANEL $239.00

* W/ CUTOUTS FOR 2 MINI-FLOPPIES $239.00

* 30 AMP POWER SUPPLY $119.00

VISTA V-200 MINI-FLOPPY SYSTEMS100 DOUBLE DENSITY CONTROLLER204 KBYTE CAPACITY FLOPPY DISKDRIVE WITH CASE & POWER SUPPLYMODIFIED CPM OPERATING SYSTEMWITH EXTENDED BASIC

$896.00EXTRA DRIVE. CASE & POWER SUPPLY

$395.00

16KXI DYNAMIC RAM

THE MK4116-3 IS A 16.384 BIT HIGH SPEEDNM0S. DYNAMIC RAM. THEY ARE EQUIVALENTTO THE M0STEK. TEXAS INSTRUMENTS, ORMOTOROLA 4116-3.

* 200 NSEC ACCESS TIME, 375 NSEC CYCLETIME.

* 16 PIN TTL COMPATIBLE.

. BURNED IN AND FULLY TESTED.

* PARTS REPLACEMENT GUARANTEED FORONE YEAR.

SB 50 EACH IN QUANTITIES OF 8

COITIPUTER DEVICES

1230 w.couinj nv/E.

ORAfiGE, Cfl 92668(714)633-7280

KIM/SYM/AIM-65-32K EXPANDABLE RAM

DYNAMIC RAM WITH ON BOARD TRANSPARANTREFRESH THAT IS COMPATIBLE WITH KIM/SYM/AIM-65 AND OTHER 6502 BASEDMICROCOMPUTERS.

* PLUG COMPATIBLE WITH KIM/SYM/AIM-65MAY BECONNECTEDTOPET USING ADAPTORCABLE. SS44-E BUS EDGE CONNECTOR.

* USES +5V ONLY (SUPPLIED FROM HOSTCOMPUTER BUS). 4 WATTS MAXIMUM.

* BOARD ADDRESSABLE IN 4K BYTE BLOCKSWHICH CAN BE INDEPENDENTLY PLACED ON4K BYTE BOUNDARIES ANYWHERE IN A 64KBYTE ADDRESS SPACE.

* BUS BUFFERED WITH US TTL LOAD.

* 200NSEC 4116 RAMS.

* FULL DOCUMENTATION

* ASSEMBLED AND TESTED BOARDS AREGUARANTEED FOR ONE YEAR. ANDPURCHASE PRICE IS FULLY REFUNDABLE IFBOARD IS RETURNED UNDAMAGED WITHIN14 DAYS.

WITH32KRAM

WITH 16K RAM

WITHOUT RAM CHIPS

HARD TO GET PARTS ONLY (NO RAMS) .BARE BOARD AND MANUAL

CALIF RESIDENTS PLEASE ADD 6% SALES TAX.MASTEHCHABGE & VISA ACCEPTED. PLEASEALLOW 14 DAYS FOR CHECKS TO CLEAR BANKPHONE ORDERS WELCOME.

BYTE March 1980

puter organization and theiruse in cost-effective systems.Several designs for high-speed computers arepresented and compared.For more information,contact the UCLA Extensionat POB 24901, Dept K,UCLA Extension, LosAngeles CA 90024.

April 21-25

National MicrographicsAssociation 29th AnnualConference and Exposition,

Sheraton Center Hotel andColiseum, New York NY.The theme for the show is"Focus on Productivity inOffice Management."Highlighting the conferenceand exposition will bepresentations and talks con-cerning the use in offices forcomputer systems andrelated items.

For more information,contact the ConferenceDept, NationalMicrographics Association,8719 Colesville Rd, SilverSpring MD 20910.

April 23-25

International DP TrainingConference, Hyatt Regency,Chicago IL. The theme forthis event will be "The1980s: The InformationDecade." The conference isa symposium for data pro-cessing experts and cor-porate training executives.For information, contact

Deltak Inc, 1220 KensingtonRd, Oak Brook IL 60521.

April 27-30

17th Numerical ControlSociety Annual Meeting andTechnical Conference, Hart-ford Civic Center, HartfordCT. This convention willoffer technical sessionscovering such areas ascomputer-aided designengineering, businessmanagement, tool designand graphics; computer-aided assembly, facilitiesplanning, inventory control,and management infor-mation systems; numericalcontrol in various areas;data base structure andmanagement; and othereducational programs. Thereis also a large exhibitionbeing presented.

For more information,contact Numerical ControlSociety, 1800 Pickwick,Glenview IL 60025.

April 28-30

Managing Technical Pro-grams and Projects, WhitePlains NY. For more infor-mation, contact the Institutefor Advanced ProfessionalStudies, One Gateway Ctr,Newton MA 02158.

April 30-May 2

Computerized Office Equip-ment Expo, O'Hare Exposi-tion Center, Rosemont IL.The latest developments in

computers, word processors,copiers/duplicators,telephone systems, andother business equipmentwill be featured. Theseminars will coverguidelines on buying com-puter systems, telephoneand copier systems; the useof word processors, andmore. Contact Industrialand Scientific ConferenceManagement Inc, 222 WAdams St, Chicago IL60606.

MAY 1980

May

IEEE Computer SocietyConferences and Meetings.

For a list of events, contactthe Executive Secretary,Harry Hayman, POB 639,Silver Spring MD 20901, orphone (301) 439-7007.

May 5-11

Engineering, Science, andPublic Policy, 16th AnnualMeeting, Baltimore Conven-tion Center, Baltimore MD.Companies from around theworld and the US will beexhibiting. The conference isbeing sponsored by theAIAA. Contact LawrenceCraner, Director ofTechnical Displays, AIAA,1290 Avenue of theAmericas, New York NY10019, or the ConferenceGeneral Chairman, LaurenceAdams at Martin Marietta

Aerospace.

May 6-8

Micro/Expo 80, Centre In-ternational de Paris, ParisFrance. This is one of theleading shows in Europe formicrocomputer users andmanufacturers. Exhibits ofnew equipment, presen-tations, games, educationalmaterials, and more will befeatured. For more informa-tion, contact Sybex Inc,2020 Milvia St, Berkeley CA94704.

May 6-8

The 7th International Sym-posium on Computer Archi-tecture, La Baule, France.This symposium will consistof discussions and readingsin the following areas:distributed architectures,special-purpose architec-tures, hardware descriptionlanguages, fault-tolerantarchitectures, high-speedcomputers, control schema,evaluation of architectureperformance, and more.

Contact, Daniel E Atkins,Dept of Electrical and Com-puter Engineering, Univer-sity of Michigan, Ann ArborMI 48109.

May 6-10

8th Annual CanadianAssociation for InformationScience, Toronto, Canada.Technology, commodity,and rights are the themes ofthis conference. Topics will

AGENS

TM

LOW COST ASSEMBLY GENERATION SYSTEM

You can assemble machine lan-guage programs for any of thepopular 8 and 16 bit microcom-puters.

You can use this meta-assem-blerto generate procedures andstructures that best fit yourapplications.

This system is hosted on yourZ-80 computer using CP/M and24K or more bytes of memory.

The Works. Iterative passes forforward ref optimization, sub-scripts, remote names, macros,functions, externals, relocationclasses and more.

BONUS: Source link loader fileso you can customizeyour system.

$170: AGENS on 8"diskette,Loader, sample gen-erators and manual.

$27: Manual only.

RBB Software Products

P.O. BOX 2111

YORBA LINDA, CALIFORNIA 92686

(714) 637-5965

226 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 190 on inquiry card.

Circle 191 on inquiry card.

MICAtl

MICROPLOT

Versatile Printer Graphics Package

* Features *

• Turns any Daisywheel or Thimble-typeprinter into an incremental pen-plotter

. Moves print-head in large incrementshorizontally, vertically or both at thesame time

• Plots and prints text at the same timewith high quality graphic resolutionand readability

. Plots at high speeds

• Plots bi-directionally and in 360°

. Allows for creative graphics and report

generation. Fully documented FORTRAN subroutines. CDOS runs under Cromemco FORTRAN IV. CP/M runs with MicroSoft FORTRAN

compiler

* Hardware Required

rOHIRAN lihur. Ilk RAM. hul .. iuUMl Ml lot

$195

package

$50

Special Demo PackageSpecily Printer Model

IO DKDIK

COD ,iiiikS5 lundlinw

Calil adtfo . ■■ mIw r«

C n-ilii t jut- ji i I'picil

• DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED.

MIC Mi 5 PRODUCTS OF DISTINCTION

( HIOS K *' MvUtKOPU)! I

■ DIP 1 iUisI liililics

lor CP'M jnif CDOSl. [>0p/3 (Disk Utilrtfp* lu

> nr\su (Run Cromcmi.i Software -in CP Mt. HI \CKJACK (ruu.ri.il

• Call or Write for Free Catalogue and More Information •* We will Customize any of our programs at our Standard Consulting Rates *

Ah! MICAIH . . . .Satisfyin' Software

Thai turns your system on!

MICro Applications and Hardware- CONSULTANTS and SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS •

- MICAH Box 22212 San Francisco, California 94122 USA phone: 415/664-0778 -

Q new ANALOG PERIPHERAL FUNCTIONS' kits! • • • in touch with reality!

QK-100 Triple A - D Converter $36.95

QK-101 Dual Air Temperature Sensors 26.95

QK-102 Dual Ground Moisture Sensors 29.95

QK-103 Power Supply with Dual Sockets 29.95

QK-104 Dual Liquid Temperature Sensors 32.95

QK-105 Dual Photo Sensors 27.95

QK-106 Dual Water Level Sensors 34.95

QK-108 Dual Surface Temperature Sensors 30.95

QK-109 Dual Hall-Effect DC Magnetic Sensors 54.95

QK-110 Multiplier and Voltage-Controlled Amp 43.95

QK-112 Peak Sense and Hold/Sample and Hold 28.95

QK-115 8/16 Input Analog Multiplexer 38.95

QK-122 Dual Instrumentation Amplifier 24.95

QK-124 Log and Anti-Logarithmic Functions 40.95

QK-133 Multiple Audible Alarm 25.95

QK-134 Multiple Analog Comparators 39.95

QK-138 Dual "People" Sensors 34.95

QK-900 Socket and Mounting Board 8.95

2

8

C

AVAILABLE IN ASSEMBLED MODULES

% % (602) 299-9831 CALL Q-KIT

P O BOX 35879 WITH YOUR CUSTOM

TUCSON SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS!

ARIZONA 85740 a division of j.r. conwell corporation

tk? ^>cene opens oirto a u>eH lit moi-nujiUi , NRNolO ?iesa£k , ace procj'-timirieKfinishing up on a NEWfr*9ri3vr,*-»

hi-5 c«ncervtr«»t.on .^s bfo^fl W a briefrYlovnent.. .UnKncwrt -tc A.RWolc; n* >^.U cto^*M«th-ng -*li6*-maoj others ha^« donft ir\.the pjgt"

'6IMME ACftoWDN,

MoM,..dWi.y one1 H=ee tWiwj MiinSi*L rho.-vioie

he Viae V\Vt Re-set, Instead c* Witting

■Return Mas,If he only Wne^i aeou-e

■ta da Rese-tGuard-^ F'N

ResetQuat-clT '^ tVie solution, to the-orobtefn 0+ axc'dei+dty hitting -theReset krey. With Reset <qugrc\, y<w wwSCT>r»^s^e -Kg^er Wey T^/jvce. m oh€ second

-to Beser -the cowynterlif Fim*.llx

ORDER FORM

Yes I'm tired of hitting reset at the .wrong time.

Please send me reset

guards '$34.95 ea

Address

Clty_

State

10432 Burbank Boulevard • North Hollywood, California 91601

Circle 192 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

227

cover information in themarketplace, informationtransfer and policy issues,right to access, new infor-mation technologies andapplications, and other sub-jects. For more information,contact the Program Chair-man, 8th Annual CAISConference, Technical Infor-mation Centre, BellNorthern SoftwareResearch, 12th floor, 522University Ave, TorontoOntario M5G 1W7CANADA.

May 13-15

Electro/80 Show and Con-vention, Hynes Auditoriumand Boston Sheraton,Boston MA. This show con-sists of presentations andexhibitions by manufacturersin the computer industry.Contact Electronic Conven-tions Inc, 99 N SepulvedaBlvd, El Segundo CA 90245.

May 13-16

9th Annual Conference ofMUMPS Users Group, Islan-dia Hyatt House, San DiegoCA. The meeting will bring

together scientific, medical,and business professionals todiscuss current research andapplication development.Areas of participation arepaper presentations,workshops and tutorials,and vendor exhibits. Con-tact Dr Jack Bowie, MUG 80Program Chairman, TheMITRE Corp, Mail Stop641, 1820 Dolley MadisonBlvd, McLean VA 22102.

May 14-16

Carnahan Conference onCrime Countermeasures,

Carnahan House, LexingtonKY. This conference isdevoted to the applicationof engineering and science tolaw enforcement, security,and crime prevention.Emphasis will be on effectiveresearch and development incomputer security.

Contact the Office ofContinuing Education, Col-lege of Engineering, Univer-sity of Kentucky, LexingtonKY 40506.

May 15

Electronic Road Shows,

Griswold's Restaurant,Pomona CA. See March20th for details.

May 19-22

1980 National ComputerConference, Anaheim Con-vention Center, AnaheimCA. The conference pro-gram will include more than120 sessions covering com-puting careers and educa-tion, office automation, andauditing in the area ofmanagement; computers inearth resource management,human services, and wordprocessing in the field ofapplications; programminglanguages, design techniquesand methodology, and voicesimulation and recognitionin software; earth resources,education, women andminorities in the computingdiscipline in the area ofsocial implications; micro-computers and mini-computers, computer archi-tecture, and new concepts inmemories in the area ofhardware.

For information, contactAmerican Federation of In-

formation ProcessingSocieties Inc, 1815 N LynnSt, Arlington VA 22209.

May 21-222nd Clemson Small Com-puter Conference, ClemsonUniversity, Clemson SC.This conference will discussapplications in engineering,science, manufacturing,small business data pro-cessing, and education. Con-tact William J Barnett, Elec-trical and ComputerEngineering Dept, RiggsHall, Clemson University,Clemson SC 29631.

May 24-25

Amateur Radio and Com-puter Hobbyists 2nd AnnualConvention, Cervantes Con-vention Center, St LouisMO. Speakers, presenta-tions, equipment displays,and a flea market will befeatured. For more informa-tion, contact the GatewayAmateur Radio AssocationInc, POB 68, Marissa IL62257. ■

Our MacroFloppygoes twice the distance.

For $695.

Introducing the Micropolis MacroFloppy™:1041 and :1042 disk drive sub-systems. For the S-100/8080/Z-80 bus. Packing 100% more capacity into a5X-inch floppy disk than anyone else. 143K bytes, to be exact. For as littleas 5695.

The MacroFloppy:1041 comes with the Micropolis Mod I floppy packagedinside a protective enclosure (without power supply). And includes an S-100controller. Interconnect cable. Micropolis BASIC User's Manual. A diskette con-taining Micropolis BASIC, and a compatible DOS with assembler and editor.The :1041 is even designed to be used either on your desk top, or to be inte-grated right into your S-100 chassis.

The MacroFloppy:1042 comes with everything the :1041 has, and more.Such as d.c. regulators, its own line voltage power supply, and, to top it off,a striking cover. Making it look right at home just about anywhere.

Both MacroFloppy systems are fully assembled, tested, bumed-in, andtested again. For zero start-up pain, and long term reliability. They're alsobacked up by our famous Micropolis factory warranty.

And both systems are priced just right. $695 for the MacroFloppy: 1041and $795 for the MacroFloppy:1042.

You really couldn't ask for anything more.

At Micropolis, we have more bytes in store for you.

For a descriptive brochure, in the U.S. call or write MicropolisCorporation, 7959 Deering Avenue, Canoga Park, California 91304. Phone(213) 703-1121.

Or better yet, see your local dealer.

MICROPOLIS

More bytes in store for you.

228 March 1980 © BYTE Publicaiions Inc

Circle 194 on inquiry card.

Circle 195 on inquiry card.

ED SMITH'S SOFTWARE WORKS6809 SOFTWARE TOOLS

RRMAC M6809 RELOCATABLE RECURSIVE MACROASSEMBLER. The

one assembler that contains real macro capabilities (see our May, JuneBYTE ad). RRMAC is designed with the assembly language programmerin mind and contains many programmer convenience features. RRMACcontains a mini-editor, supports spooling or co-resident assembly, allowsinsert files, is romable, generates cross-references, execution times, liststarget addresses of all relative references.

M69RR $150.00

SGEN M6809 DISASSEMBLER/SOURCE GENERATOR will producesource code (with symbolic labels) suitable for immediate re-assembly orre-editing. The output source file can be put on tape or disk. A fullassembly type output listing with labels and mnemonic instructions canbe printed or displayed on your terminal. Large object programs can besegmented into small source files. M69RS $ 50.00

ANNOUNCING TWO NEW M6809 DEVELOPMENT TOOLS

CROSSBAK-A 6809 TO 6800 CROSS MACROASSEMBLER that runs onyour M6809 development system to produce relocatable M6800 objectcode. Has all features of M69RR (see above). Includes 6800 LinkingLoader. M69CX $200.00

CROSSGEN-A 6800 OBJECT CODE DISASSEMBLER/SOURCEGENERATOR that runs on your M6809 development system. Has allfeatures of M69RS (see above). An invaluable tool for converting all 6800object files over to the M6809. M69CS $ 75.00

All programs are relocatable and come complete with Linking Loader,Programmer's Guide and extensively commented assembly listing.Available on 300 Baud cassette or mini-floppy disk. For disk, specify SSBor FLEX. Source Text input/output is TSC/SSB editor/assembler com-patable.

Order directly by check or MC/Visa. California residents add 6% sales tax.Customers outside of U.S. or Canada add $5 for air postage & handling.

Dealer inquiries welcome. FLEX is a trademark of TSC

Ed Smith's

SOFTWARE WDRHS

P.O. Box 339, Redondo Beach, CA 90277, (213) 373-3350

NewRobotype

Turns yourtypewriterinto a

mm

qualityoutputprinter!

• easily connects to any computer

• serial and parallel interface

• all electronics included—ready to use from package

• connects to IBM Selectric II typewriter in just one minute

• adapts to a variety of typewriters—no modifications

• compatible with Radio Shack TRS-80, Apple II, Pet, etc.

• Centronics interface compatible

• available from stock in 30 days

Put a Robotype to work on your typewriter for under

$1,000. Call (614) 436-3163 today!

Dealer, distributors, and word processor OEM inquiries welcome.

Robotype

TM

(A trademark ofCompu-Matics, Inc.)

AppliedComputerSystems, Inc.

77 East Wilson Bridge Road • Worthington, Ohio 43085

TM

MetaFloppy

The Micropolis MetaFloppy™ gives you more than four times the capacity ofanyone else's 5^-inch floppy Because it uses 77 tracks instead of the usual 35

The field-proven MetaFloppy with thousands of units delivered, comesin a complete family of models. And, like our MacroFloppy™ family of diskdrives, MetaFloppy is designed for the S-100/8080/Z-80 bus.

For maximum capacity, choose our new MetaFloppy:1054 system. Whichactually provides you with more than a million bytes of reliable on-line stor-age. For less money than you'd believe possible.

The MetaFloppy:1054 comes complete with four drives in dual config-uration. A controller Power supply. Chassis. Enclosure. All cabling. A new BASICsoftware package. And a DOS with assembler and editor. There's even a built-in Autoload ROM to eliminate tiresome button pushing.

If that's more storage than you need right now, try ourMetaFloppy:1053, with 630,000 bytes on-line. Or our Meta-Floppy:1043, with 315,000 bytes on-line. Either way, you canexpand to over a million bytes on-line in easy stages, when youneed to. Or want to.

In other words, if your application keeps growing, we've gotyou covered. With MetaFloppy.

The system that goes beyond the floppy

For a descriptive brochure, in the U.S. call or write MicropolisCorporation, 7959 Deering Avenue, Canoga Park, California 91304Phone (213) 703-1121.

Or better yet, see your local dealer.

MICROPOLIS™

More bytes in store for you.

Circle 193 on inquiry card.

goesbeyond

BYTE March 1980 229

To Err Is Human

About the Author

Roger McGregor worksas a systems programmeron a large IBM system. Hehas written or worked onmany operating systems,assemblers, compilers, andinterpreters, and has suc-cessfully used the techni-ques presented here in anassembler.

GIGO (garbage in, garbage out) is anexpression heard so often by programmersthat it is accepted as truth and even offeredas an excuse for poorly written programs.It is a truism that ought to be examined,especially in the area of human preparedinput that is typed.

If the instructions in figure 1a are enteredinstead of the correct instructions of figure1b, the great majority of microprocessorassemblers will be unable to locate any ofthe program symbols. This inability compelsthe user to go through the tedious process ofcalling an edit program, making corrections,calling the assembler, and trying once moreto assemble the source code, hoping that nonew errors have been introduced. This pro-cedure can be very time consuming; it isalways frustrating. An examination of howthe errors are detected in a normal assembler

Roger A McGregor6933 S Allison WayLittleton CO 80123

Label

Operation

Operam

1 LOOP

CPY

SPAEC

2

JSR

PRJNT

3

CMP

STRE

4

BEQ

LOOPS

5 COPY

EUQ

LOOP

Figure la: A section of code which illus-trates several common typing errors oftenmade during entry of an assembly program.These particular errors can be detected andcorrected by a simple algorithm which deter-mines if the operand is "close enough" towhat it is supposed to be. If the operand hastwo transposed letters, one character wrong,or one character too many or too few, it isautomatically changed to the correct formlisted in the symbol table.

Label

Operation

Operanc

1 LOOP

CPY

SPACE

2

JSR

PRINT

3

CMP

STORE

4

BEQ

LOOP

5 COPY

EQU

LOOP

Figure lb: The code from figure la aftererror detection and correction.

or compiler may shed light on how an auto-mated correction can be attempted.

Normally, after a symbol has been segre-gated from the source text, it is passed to asymbol table lookup routine as a searchargument. The function of the lookuproutine is to find an entry in the symboltable whose symbol matches the searchargument, and to either return that entry(a hit) or set some indicator to informthe calling routine of an unsuccessful search(a no-hit). Both hits and no hits are validreturns, depending on the pass being madeon the source code.

The first pass causes two types of lookupcalls; definition and reference. For a defi-nition lookup, a symbol has been extractedfrom the label field. That symbol and itsattributes are to be entered into the symboltable if and only if the symbol is not alreadypresent in the symbol table. However, if thesymbol is already present, it is multiplydefined and in error. For a reference lookup,a symbol found in the operand field isneeded for a compile time computation(line 5 of figure 1b). For this lookup,the symbol must be present in the symboltable or an error condition exists.

During any other pass, a no-hit consti-tutes an error. It is at this point that errorcorrection may be attempted in the form ofan alternate (associated) symbol lookup.

If the lookup routine can find anothersymbol in the symbol table that is "closeenough" to the search argument, then theentry's symbol is associated with the argu-ment symbol and may be returned as a hit.When an alternate symbol is substitutedin this fashion, the programmer must begiven a warning as the substitution may notbe correct. By checking the object codegenerated, the programmer can verify thesubstitution.

What constitutes "close enough" beforea symbol table entry can be substitutedfor the search argument?

230 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

» ,,fc .. . *"-*

"Close enough" is defined as two char-acters transposed (line 1, figure la), onecharacter wrong (line 2, figure 1a), onemissing character (line 3, figure la), or anextra character (line 4, figure la).

Given the above criteria, only certainsymbols in the symbol table need bereexamined. Those symbols are the onespossessing an equal number of characters,or one more or one less character than thesearch argument. An exception occurswhen the search argument consists of onlya single character: if this happens, errorcorrection should be terminated and a no-hitreturned. Those symbols with an equalnumber of characters should be comparedfor transposed characters or one wrongcharacter in the string. Those symbolswith one more or one less character thanthe search argument should be checked for asingle character difference. If any symbolin the symbol table passes one of the abovetests, an association has occurred and theassociated entry should be returned as a hit.

Generally, making a single pass throughthe symbol table and returning the firstentry passing a check is sufficient. However,if the keyboard layout is more conducive towrong characters due to upper and lowercase shifting than to the other commonerrors of transposition, addition, or deletion,then a first pass through the symbol tablechecking only equal character count symbolsfor wrong characters could prove to be moreaccurate. Alternate strategies do howeverincrease memory usage and execution time.The execution time is well spent if a properassociation prevents the edit and reassembleprocess already described. Memory usage isanother matter. The less memory used bythe correction routine, the better.

Besides alleviating reassembly problems,the error correction process tends to en-courage better documented programs. Dueto the nature of the checks made for theassociation, longer symbols have a betterchance of being correctly associated. Theyare also usually more meaningful.

The above correction process is by nomeans limited to just the symbol table of anassembler and compiler. It can be appliedto any dictionary type lookup includingop codes, text processors, and consolecommands.

The only obvious limitation would occurwhen symbols intentionally differ by a trans-position or length. In order to overcome thisobjection, we simply require an explicitdeclaration statement and correct spellingin such statements with the extended errorcorrection applied to uses of a name."

$mri> mem£

Published by Datasouth Computer Corporation, 627-FMinuet Lane, Charlotte, NC 28210.

For LA36 Owners, 1200 Baud Breakthrough

charlotte A spokesman for Data-south Computer Corp. confirmedreportsof LA36DECwriters® print-ing at blazing speed. WithDatasouth's DS120 Terminal Con-troller, the LA36 prints bidirection-ally at speeds up to 165 cps withtrue 1200 baud throughput. A1000 character internal print buffereliminates the need for fillcharacters.

Well-Endowed WithFeatures

Versatile performance featuresinclude complete forms control anddata formatting capability program-mable from either the keyboard ordata stream; plus both an EIARS232-C and 20mA Current Loopinterface.

Easy Installation

This blazing speed is accom-plished by replacing the LA36 logicIcard with the DS120 unit—which

is fully compatible with existingelectronics.

Results Are In

As BAUD NEWS went to press,DS120's were providing enhancedspeed and versatility for more than3000 LA36 owners. The micro-processor-based electronics haveproven very reliable, and service,when needed, has been prompt andefficient. Of course, the DS120comes with a 90-day warranty onmaterials and workmanship.

Delivered Nationwide

Datasouth reports a network of.stocking distributors in major citiesthroughout the U.S. for promptservice and delivery. The spokesmanadded that he welcomes inquiriesand will gladly give you all the detailson the DS120. He can be called at704/523-8500 or addressed atDatasouth's office, 627-F MinuetLane, Charlotte, N.C 28210.

DEC is a registered trademark of Digital Equipment Corporation.! Installation of the DS-120 will void any DEC warranty or service contract.

Circle 197 on inquiry card.

Listing I: Super TIC, athree-dimensional tic-tac-toe computer game writtenin North Star BASIC. (Allother programs in thisarticle are also written inNorth Star BASIC.)

10 DIMC*<256),8(64),W<3»76),T<76>,N<6»64>,P<4)>V<64>

20 Cl*="0123456789'\P(0>=22\Pa>»147\P<2)=103O\P(3>=2\P<4>«3

30 0PEN#0t"A16■\L1NE80

40 F0RA= 11 076\READ*0 IU (0 , A ) , U < 1 , A ) , W ( 2 > A) r Ul (3 i A ) \NEXT\F0RA= 1T064

50 READ#0>N(0>A>>N(l»A)»N(2,A)iN(3»A)»N(4>A)>N(5rA)>N(6,A)\NEXT

60 CLOSE*0\INPUT"0 TO 9 ! 0 I PLAY BEST AND 9 WORST ? " I Z\Z=1+ (Z/10)

100 F0RA=lT064\B=A*4\C*(B-3rB>=" " M>INT (A/10) \D=A - <C*10 >

110 C*(B-l»B-l)=Cl*(C+l»C+l)\C*(B»B)»Ci*<D+l»D+l)\NEXT

120!,HERE IS MY BOARD"\!" \G0SUB1000\!""\! "ENTER MOVES BY",

1.30 ! " NUMBER AND YOUR'RE X"

140 ! " "\INPUT"YOUR MOVE ? ■rX\IFX<10RX>64THEN140\IFS(X)<>0THENi40

150 S ( X ) «=1\A»X*4\C* (A-3, A) ■ " XXXX " \P~1 \GOSUB?00

160 0^0\FORA = lT07ASTEPZ\C=T(A)\IFC<OTHEN200\:i:FC:=15THENEXIT400

170 IF C< >0TH E N180\B-1\G 0S U B 5 0 0\G0TO2 0 0

180 IFC>4THENlV0\B=P<C-i>\G0SUB5O0\BOTQ200

1.90 C=INT<C/S) +2\B=P<C) \G0SUB500

200 NEXT\F0RA=1T0A4VI.TV(A)<QTHEN210\Q=V(A)\X"A

210 V<A)=0\NEXT\r.FQ=OANBZ=lTHEN1600MFQ<>OTHEN220

215 FORA-1T064\IFS<A>«OTHENEXIT217\.NEXT\BOT01600

217 S<A)=1\X=A

220 S<X)=1\A=X*4\C$<A-3»A>="0000"\P=5\G0SUB900

230 ! " I WENT " » X\ ' " " \GOSUB1000\GOT0140

400 I"THE COMPUTER WINS WITH BOXES",WCOyA)»W<1iA)rW(2,A)tW<3fA)\G0T02000

500 F0RF=0T03\G=W<F,A>\IFS(G>:=OTHENV<G)=V(G>+B\NEXT\RETURN

900 FORA=OT06\C=N<ArX)\IFC=OTHEN950\IFT(C)<OTHEN950

910 T (C) =T(C) tPMFT < C) <4THEN950\IFT< C) =>4THENEXIT1700

920 D* INT ( T<C ) /5 ) \IFD*5-OT < C ) THENT < C ) =■-!

950 NEXTNRETURN

1000 FORA==OT03\FORB=2TOOSTEP--2\FORC=OT03\FORD==1T04

1010 E=< < <C*14)+ri+<A*4))*4)-B\!C$(E-l»E)r\IFD<4THEN! " ■ '»

1020 NEXT\IFC<3THEN! " " ,\NEXT\! " »\NEXT\IFA«=3THEN1040

1030 F0RE=1T03\I '««~«mI»=««« " r\NEXTSI ■»»«■«=■==«»«»*»»"

1040 NEXT\RETURN

1A00 !""\!"IT'S A DRAW"\GOT02000

1700 ! " " \F =C\QOSUB 1 000\ ! " " \OF\ ! " YOU WON " t W < 0 > C ) t W ( 1 , C ) > W < 2 , C ) , W < 3 , C )

2000 INPUT"CARRIAGE RETURN ENDS, ANYTHING ELSE PLAYS AGAIN ? "»2*

2005 IFZ$=""THENENDSF0RA=1T076YT(A)=0\NEXT\F0RA=1T064\S< A)=0\V(A >=OANEXT

2010 GOT0100

READY

Super TIC

J Roehrig

POB 74

Middle Village NY 11379

Listing 2: Modifications to listing I to change the three-dimensional versioninto two-dimensional 4 by 4 tic-tac-toe.

140 ! " "MNPUT'YOUR MOVE ? " tX\IFX<10RX>16THEN140\IFS(XX>OTHEN140160 G=0\FORA=1T010STEPZ\C=T(A)\IFC<OTHEN200\IFC=15THENEXIT4001000 F0RA=0TO3\FORB=2T0OSTEP-2\FORC=OTO0\FORD=lT041030 !■=================•

Super Micro-Tic

This article describes Super TIC, a pro-gram that plays three-dimensional (4 by 4 by4) tic-tac-toe. It was written specifically formicroprocessors and has the followingfeatures:

• It is fast, despite the fact that it checksevery possible move. The responsetime is 13 seconds per move (worstcase) using an IMSAI 8080 computerwith North Star BASIC, and itaveragesless than six seconds per move.

• It gives a graphic display of the game(designed for a 24 line by 80 characterterminal) without requiring a graphicsboard.

• It plays at ten different levels of skillwithout requiring modification of theprogram.

• One program line can be modified tochange the program's strategy so thatit plays defensively or aggressively.

• The modification of four lines (seelisting 2) allows the game to be playedin a two-dimensional 4 by 4 format.

Listing 3 shows a sample run of the 4 by4 by 4 version. The computer asks for thelevel of play desired and gives a display ofthe game board. The player enters a moveselection (a number from 1 to 64 corres-ponding to the desired box) and the com-puter answers with its move. Next, the

232 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 198 on inquiry card.

Circle 199 on inquiry card.

SORCERER* SOFTWARE!

All programs on cassette. Only 8k of memory required.

new1 TANK TRAP by Don Ursem A rampaging tank tries to run you down You try to trapit by building concrete walls around it Four levels ol play $11.95

new' Inquire about our SMART TERMINAL program

PLOT by Vic Tolomei Now Apple owners will be envious ol how easy you can get goodgraphics on your SORCERER PLOT includes both a super high resolution mode and aquick low resolution mode Both are accessible from your BASIC programs using simplecommands. Hi-res & lores examples included on tape. $14.95

SHAPE MAKER'" by Don Ursem Construct special characters and fancy shapes withease using this onscreen character editor Detailed 12-page instruction bookletincludes example applications. $14.95

DEBUG by Bob Pierce Debug machine language programs by stepping through oneinstruction at a time Relocatable. Several display options. Multiple break pointsModify memory and registers. $14.95

Z-80 DISASSEMBLER by Vic Tolomei. Decode machine language programs, includingSORCERER'S monitor and ROM-PAC's. with this Z-80 Disassembler written in BASICPrints out machine code. Zilog mnemonics, and ASCII. $14.95

FASTGAMMON'" by Bob Christiansen. A fast backgammon opponent $19.95

MAGIC MAZE'" by Vic Tolomei A challenging maze game $11.95

SOFTWARE INTERNALS MANUAL FOR THE SORCERER by Vic Tolomei. A mustfor anyone writing software lor the SORCERER Seven chapters. IndexedIncludes diagrams and software routines 64 pages $14.95

QUTiLrry software

6660 Reseda Blvd.. Suite 103. Reseda. CA. 91335Telephone 24 hours, seven days a week (213) 344-6599

WHERE TO GET IT: Ask your nearest Sorcerer dealer to see Quality Software's Sorcererprograms Or. if you prefer, you may order directly from us MaslerCharge and Visacardholders may telephone their orders and we will deduct $1 from orders over $19 tocompensate lor phone charges Or mail your order to the address above Californiaresidents add 6" - sales tax Orders outside North America add $5 foi registered airmail,pay in U S currency"]be name "SORCERER" has been iMrtemarkeit hy Exidv Inc

CCS

CORPORATE COMPUTER SYSTEMS, l\C.

675 Line Road, Aberdeen, New Jersey 07747 Telephone 20I-5B3-4422

c

THE PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

HEWLETT PACKARD 1000 USERS

HAVE BEEN WAITING FOR.

■ Interfaces to the complete HP1000 software base

• Machine control found previously only in assembly language

• Easily supports Structured Programming

• Includes the portable I/O Library with Print! and Scanf

• Macro-prepass

• Compiles on the HP RTE-IV

• Allows embedded assembler

^£tt <&* |- RACET computes ^EJ DISK SORT

r«oT Now you can sort an 85K diskette

FAST— in less than 3 minutes* -FAST

Perfect for your multi-diskette RANDOM file mailing lists, inven-tory, etc. Ideal for specialized report generation, sort, merge orcombination. All machine language stand-alone package —Efficient and easy to use. No separate key files required! Physicalrecords are rearranged on diskette! Supports multiple sub recordsper sector including optional sector spanning. Sorts on one ormore fields — ascending or descending. Sort fields within recordsmay be character, integer, and floating-point binary. Providesoptional output field deletion, rearrangement, and padding.'Sort timings shown below are nominal times. Times will varybased on sort and system configurations. Nominal times basedon Mod I 48K 4-drive configuration, 64 byte records, and 5 sort keys.

SORT TIME(Sec)

108125691757

TYPE

FILE SIZE SORT TIME

(Bytes)

(Sec)

SORT

16K

33

SORT

32 K

49

SORT

85K

173

SORT

170K

445

TYPE

FILE SIZE(Bytes)SORT 340K

SORT 680K

SORT and 85KSORTMERGE 1275K Merge

DSM for Mod I (Minimum 32K, 2-drives) $75 On-DiskDSM for Mod li (Minimum 64K, 1-drive) $150 On-Disk**Mod II Development Package $100**

Machine Language SUPERZAP, plus Editor/Assembler andDisassembler patches.Mod II Generalized Subroutine Facility 'GSF $50**

**For Mod II Programs, Include Mod II DOS diskette with orderFor Development Package, also include copy of ApparatNEWDOS + 51/4 diskette.

CHECK, VISA, M/C, C.O.D.

Calif. Residents add 6%

Telephone Orders Accepted (714) 637-5016

MERGE 'DSM'for mod i and mod ir trs-so™

oo BASIC for Level II and Disk Systems $49.95

Full MATRIX Functions — 30 BASIC commands!!Mathematical and common matrix functions. Change arrays inmid-program. Complete array handling. Tape array read and write,including strings. Common subroutine calls.Over 50 more STRING Functions as BASIC commands!! Stringmanipulation, translation, compression, copying, search, screencontrol, pointer manipulation and utility functions. Includesmultikey multivariable machine language sorts. Load only machinelanguage functions that you want! Where you want in memory!Relocating linking loader! More than you ever expected!!oo B U SI N ESS (Requires Infinite BASIC) $29.9520 Business oriented functions including:Printer Automatic Pagination with headers and footers!Packed Decimal Arithmetic ( + ,-,*,/) 127 digits!Binary array searches and hash code generator!COMPROC Command Processor for Disk Systems $19.95Auto your disk to perform any sequence of DOS commands,machine language loads, BASIC, memory size, run program,respond to input statements, etc. Single BASIC command filedefines execution! Includes auto key-debounce, screen print andlower case software driver.

REMODEL + PROLOAD Specify 16, 32, or 48K Memory $34.95

REnumber any portion or all of BASIC program. MOve any portion

of program from one location to another. DELete program lines.

MERGE all or any portion from tape. Save and verify portion or

all of combined merged programs to tape.

GSF (Specify 16, 32, or 48K) $24.95

18 Machine language routines. Includes RACET sorts.

TRS-80 IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF TANDY CORPORATION

WHEN ORDERING PLEASEADVISE PUBLICATION SOURCE

|jr- RACET computes -r|

702 Palmdale, Orange CA 92665

Circle 200 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

233

entire game board is reprinted with theplayer's boxes represented by Xs and thecomputer's boxes by Os.

For those readers not familiar with three-dimensional tic-tac-toe, table 1 shows all ofthe 76 possible winning combinations. The

Table 7: The 76 possible ways to win in 4 by 4 by 4 three-dimensional tic-tac-toe. The columns label/eel Ml', M2, M3 and M4 given an integer identificationof a particular cube in the three-dimensional 4 by 4 by 4 matrix.

COMB

Ml

M2

M3

M4

COMB

Ml

M2

M3

M4

1

1

2

3

4

2

5

6

7

8

3

9

10

11

12

4

13

14

15

16

5

1

5

9

13

6

2

6

10

14

7

3

7

11

15

8

4

8

12

16

9

1

6

11

16

10

4

7

10

13

11

17

18

19

20

12

21

22

23

24

13

25

26

27

28

14

29

30

31

32

15

17

21

25

29

16

18

22

26

30

17

19

23

27

31

18

20

24

28

32

19

17

22

27

32

20

20

23

26

29

21

33

34

35

36

22

37

38

39

40

23

41

42

43

44

24

45

46

47

48

25

33

37

41

45

26

34

38

42

46

27

35

39

43

47

28

36

40

44

48

29

33

38

43

48

30

36

39

42

45

31

49

50

51

52

32

53

54

55

56

33

57

58

59

60

34

61

6?

A3

64

35

49

53

57

61

36

50

54

5B

62

37

51

55

59

63

38

52

56

60

64

39

49

54

59

64

40

52

55

58

61

41

1

17

33

49

42

2

18

34

50

43

3

1?

35

51

44

4

20

36

52

45

5

21

37

53

46

6

22

38

54

47

7

23

39

55

48

8

24

40

56

49

9

25

41

57

50

10

26

42

58

51

11

27

43

59

52

12

28

44

60

53

13

29

45

61

54

14

30

46

62

55

15

31

47

63

56

16

32

48

64

57

1

22

43

64

58

5

22

39

56

59

9

26

43

60

60

13

26

39

52

61

9

22

42

62

62

14

26

38

50

63

3

23

43

63

64

15

27

39

51

65

4

23

42

61

66

8

23

38

53

67

12

27

42

57

68

16

27

38

49

69

1

21

41

61

70

1

18

35

52

71

4

19

34

49

72

4

24

44

64

73

13

25

37

49

74

13

30

4 7

64

75

16

31

46

61

76

16

28

40

52

first player to occupy 4 squares (or, moreproperly, "cubes") in a straight line wins.Note that there are ten ways to win on eachof the four boards (four horizontal, four ver-tical and two diagonal) and 36 ways to winby occupying one adjoining square on eachof the separate boards.

For comparison of strategies, the tic-tac-toe program, written by R K Louden("TTT3D" in Programming the IBM J730and 1800, Prentice-Hall, 1967), keeps total-ling values for the 76 winning combina-tions after each move, tests for only three orfour critical situations and always examinesthe 64 squares for vacant positions. The useof this technique would take a few minutesfor each move using a microcomputer, andthe program is considerably longer.

The key to writing a program efficientenough to operate on a microcomputer is tolimit the number of operations performed.Instead of constantly totalling winning com-binations after each move, a running total ismaintained in Super TIC. The importance ofwinning combination totals is simple. A 0 isassigned to blank squares, a 1 to squareswith Xs and a 5 to squares with Os. A win-ning combination totalling 0 represents aline that either player can still win with; acombination value less than 5 and greaterthan 0 is a combination in which only X canwin; a combination total evenly divisible by5 represents a possible O win; and all othervalues are blocked (no one can win) com-binations. This same totalling method showshow many Xs or Os occupy the four squaresof the winning combinations.

In order to make Super TIC executequickly, only the 76 winning combinationsare checked to determine the computer's

Listing 3: Sample printoutof the beginning of SuperTIC.

O TO 9 ! 0 I PLAY BEST AND 9 WORST ? 0HERE IS MY BOARD

01 = 02 = 03 = 04 17 = 18 » 19 » 20 33 = 34 • 35 m 36 49 = 50

06 :■--■ 07 « 08 21 ■ 22 = 23 ■ 24 37 » 38 = 39 ■ 40 53

56

09 = 10 = 11 = 12 25 = 26 » 27 = 28 41 = 42 = 43 = 44

57 =

59 = 60

13 = 14 = 15 * 16 29 = 30 = 31 ■ 32 45 = 46 ■ 47 = 48 61 ■ 62 ■ 63 ■ 64

ENTER MOVES BY NUMBER AND YOUR'RE X

YOUR MOVE ? 1I WENT 64

XX -

XX = 02 = 03 = 04 17

= 18 = 19 ■■-- 20 33 = 34 = 35 = 36 49 = 50 = 51 ■ 52

05 = 06 ■ 07 = 08 21

?"? := 9

23 ■ 24 37 » 38 « 39 = 40 53 « 54 ■

13 = 14 = 15 = 16YOUR MOVE ?

29 = 30 = 31

09 = 10 = 11 = 12 25 ■ 26 = 27 » 28 41 = 42 = 43 = 44 57 = 58

« 00

45 » 46 « 47 » 48 61 ■ 62 « 63 = 00

234 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 201 on inquiry card.

Buy By Mail and Save!

COMPUTERSIntertec SuperBrain

32K RAM $2995 . . . $2495

64K RAM $3345 . . . $2695NORTH STAR Horizon 1

32K Kit, List $1999 . $1579

32K Assembled $2695 $2149Horizon 2

32K DD, Kit, $2399 $1885

32K DD, Assm. $3095 $2439

32K QD, Kit $3595 $2859

32K QD, Assm. $3595 $2859

CROMEMCO

System 3, 64K, $6990 . $5479System 2, 64K, $3990 . $3390

HEATH WH-89 .... $1949

DISK SYSTEMS

THINKER TOYS

Discus 2D $1149 . . . . $939DISCUS 2+2 $1549 . $1288

PRINTERS/TERMINALSANADEX DP-8000 $ 869

HAZELTINE

1410 $739

1420 $839

1500 $989

INTERTUBE II

List $995 $729

PERKIN-ELMER

Bantam 550 $789

Televideo 912 $789

CENTRONICS

730-1 $799

779-1 Friction Feed . . $939779-2 w/Tractor .... $989

702 w/Tractor, VFU

$2480 $1990

703 w/Tractor $2975 $2175

704 w/Tractor $2350 $1995

DEC LA-34 $1139

TELETYPE 43 $ 989

T.I. 810 $1575

Most items in stock for immediate delivery, factory-sealed cartons, with full factorywarranty. N.Y.S. residents add appropriate sales tax. Prices do not include shipping.VISA and Master Charge add 3%. COD orders require 25% deposit. Prices subjectto change and offers subject to withdrawal without notice.

Computers Wholesale

P.O. Box 144 '^^&i

Camillus, NY 13031 iff BBi

(315)4/2-2582 l^P«J

RAM CHIPS

4044

TYPE

4Kby1 — 18-pin — SV, 5% supply

These are the same factory prime chips usedin our premium quality memory boards. May be4044, 4041, 5257, 6641, or 9044, depending onmanufacturer. All have 4044 pinout and timingspecs. All guaranteed 30 days.

250

nsec.

450

nsec.

1-9 chips

$7.50

$6.50

10-49

6.00

5.25

50-99

5.50

4.75

100-499

5.25

4.50

500-999

5.00

4.25

1000-up

call

call

A

i Seattle Computer Products, Inc.

*—■»■-* 1114 Industry Drive, Seattle, WA. 98188

(206) 575-1830

DELREY

"1 PUDUSHER

Or SCIENCE FICTION

AND FANTASY

Now on sale—$2.25

JAMES P. HOGAN

The man who has put the science back into science fiction—nowhe's done it again with THRICE UPON A TIME.

Time-communication isn't exactly time-travel; but it creates the same para-doxes. And for scientist Murdoch Ross, there are no easy solutions. Agripping novel of time, probability—and destiny.

Also by Hogan: INHERIT THE STARS

Scientists had finally found a Man in the Moon...but he was wearing aspace suit, was fully human and had been there for 50.000 years:Where did he come from and how did he get there?"Pure science fiction...Arthur Clarke move over!"—Isaac Asimov

THE GENESIS MACHINE

The revolutionary unified field theory held all the answers—and achoice for man between destruction and vast new frontiers."Most theories in science fiction are mere wishful thinking. Hoganinvents a theory that might really work."—Marvin Minsky, Professorof Science, MIT.

THE TWO FACES OF TOMORROW

A super science thriller of the evolution of true machine intelli-gence that required a drastic stimulus and produced a uniqueentity with unexpected responses.

Please send me copies of THRICE UPON A TIME (27518-7)

at $2.25 each, INHERIT THE STARS (28907-2) at $1.95

each, THE GENESIS MACHINE (27231-5) at $1.75 each,

and TWO FACES OF TOMORROW (27517-9) at $1.95 each.

Enclosed is a check for plus 50c per book to cover postage

and handling. (Add sales tax where applicable.) B

Where paperbacks are sold or write to: Ballantine BooksDept. AL, 201 East 50th St., New York, N.Y. 10022.

Name

Address

City

State

Zip

Circle 203 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

235

Combination

Variable

Value(Defensive Version)

Value(Aggressive Version)

All BlanksOneXTwo XsThree XsOne OTwo OsAll Others

P(0)P(1)P(2)P(3)

P(4)

1

22

147

1030

2

3

0

1722147230

NOTE: The computer is 0 and the values described are used to determine the com-puter's move. A value for three Os is not needed, since the computer will se-lect that as its winning move without additional evaluation.

Table 2: Values assigned to squares under consideration. Each time a com-bination of four squares is checked by the program, these values are assignedto blank squares depending upon the nearest neighbors forming the bestpartial pattern combination listed.

NUM Cl C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7

NUM Cl C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7

Table 3: Winning combina-tions for each square. The64 squares of the boardare listed under NUM, tothe right of which are thewinning combination num-bers involved with eachsquare (see table I). Aftereach combination is exam-ined, the value shown intable 2 is assigned to anyblank square in the com-bination. These values areaccumulated as each com-bination is evaluated. Thesquare with the highestvalue becomes the com-puter's next move.

1

1

5

9

41

57

69

70

2

1

6

42

61

0

0

0

3

1

7

43

63

0

0

0

4

1

8

10

44

65

71

72

5

2

5

45

58

0

0

0

6

2

6

9

46

0

0

0

7

2

7

10

47

0

0

0

8

*5

8

48

66

0

0

0

9

3

5

49

59

0

0

0

10

3

6

10

50

0

0

0

11

3

7

9

51

0

0

0

12

3

8

52

67

0

0

0

13

4

5

10

53

60

73

74

14

4

6

54

62

0

0

0

15

4

7

55

64

0

0

0

16

4

8

9

56

68

75

76

17

11

15

19

41

0

0

0

IS

11

16

42

70

0

0

0

19

11

17

43

71

0

0

0

20

11

18

20

44

0

0

0

21

12

15

45

69

0

0

0

22

12

16

19

46

57

58

61

23

12

17

20

47

63

65

66

24

12

18

48

72

0

0

0

25

13

15

49

73

0

0

0

26

13

16

20

50

59

60

62

27

13

17

19

51

64

67

68

28

13

18

52

76

0

0

0

29

14

15

20

53

0

0

0

30

14

16

54

74

0

0

0

31

14

17

55

75

0

0

0

32

14

18

19

56

0

0

0

33

21

25

29

41

0

0

0

34

21

26

42

71

0

0

0

35

21

27

43

70

0

0

0

36

21

28

30

44

0

0

0

37

T>2

25

45

73

0

0

0

38

T?

26

29

46

62

66

68

39

22

27

30

47

58

60

64

40

22

28

48

76

0

0

0

41

23

25

49

69

0

0

0

42

23

26

30

50

61

65

67

43

23

27

29

51

57

59

63

44

23

28

52

72

0

0

0

45

24

25

30

53

0

0

0

46

24

26

54

75

0

0

0

47

24

27

55

74

0

0

0

48

24

28

29

56

0

0

0

49

31

35

39

41

68

71

73

50

31

36

42

62

0

0

0

51

31

37

43

64

0

0

0

5*-1

31

38

40

44

60

70

76

53

32

35

45

66

0

0

0

54

32

36

39

46

0

0

0

55

32

37

40

47

0

0

0

56

32

38

48

58

0

0

0

57

33

35

49

67

0

0

0

58

33

36

40

50

0

0

0

59

33

37

39

51

0

0

0

60

33

38

52

59

0

0

0

61

34

35

40

53

65

69

75

62

34

36

54

61

0

0

0

63

34

37

55

63

0

0

0

64

34

38

39

56

57

72

74

VAK-4 16K STATIC RAM BOARD

• Designed specifically for use with the AIM-65, SYM-1, and KIM-1 microcomputers

• Two separately addressable 8K-blocks with write protect.

• Designed for use with the VAK-1 or KIM-4* motherboards

• Has provisions for mounting regulators for use with an unregulated power supply

• Made with 1st quality 2114 static ram chips

• All IC's are socketed

• Completely assembled, burned-in, and tested

We manufacture a complete line of high quality expansion boards. Use reader servicecard to be added to our mailing list, or U.S. residents send $1.00 (International send $3.00U.S.) for airmail delivery of our complete catalog.'Product of MOS Technology

VAK-4 DUAL 8K-RAM $0»*fr $325.00 plus shippingVAK-2 8K-RAM ('/« populated) $239.00

iTRNB>

ENTERPRISES

INCORPORATED

2967 W. Fairmount Avenue • Phoenix, AZ 85017 • (602) 265-7564

236 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 204 on inquiry card.

move. Furthermore, once the combinationis considered blocked (at least one X and atleast one O in the four boxes making up thepossible winning combination) a negativevalue is assigned and the combination isnever checked again.

This leaves us with the problem of select-ing a move. Each time a combination ischecked, a value is assigned to the group offour squares making up the combination.These values are shown in table 2 for twopossible versions of Super TIC, and arecontained on line 20 of the program.

The next difficulty is determining whichwinning combinations are associated witheach square. These values are calculatedahead of time using a short program and areread into the program as data. Table 3 showsthe 64 game squares and which of the win-ning, combinations use which particularsquares (the winning combination numbersrefer back to the combinations detailed intable 1). After each combination is exam-ined, the value shown in table 2 is assignedto any blank square in the combination.These values are accumulated as each com-bination is evaluated. The square with thehighest value becomes the computer's move.

In order to test the program as well as thedifferent strategies, the program shown inlisting 4 can be used to pit the computeragainst itself. The defensive game alwaysplays itself to a draw. Note that line 35 inlisting 4 adds a new variable Y(4) that givesa different strategy to be used for the playermoving first when the computer playsagainst itself. To my surprise, the defensiveversion can be beaten.

As mentioned earlier, the game plays atten different levels. Level 0 checks all 76combinations, while level 9 checks only 40combinations. Table 4 shows which levelscheck how many combinations and whichspecific combinations.

Listing 4: Program to en-able the computer to playagainst itself in the gameof Super TIC.

■'I (76) »N<6.64 > >P<4> . V<64>

115141145150

155

10 DIMC*<256),K<64> >U(3>76>i

15 BIMMUf36)

20 U$ = '0123456789"\P<0)*22\P<i)=147\P(2>=i030\F<3) =>2SP<4>=3

30 0PEN*0, ■A'l6"\LrNE130

35 DIMY(4)\Y<0>= 2\Y(1)=147\Y(2)=1030\Y<3)=2\Y<4)=3

40 F0RA=1TU76\READ*0,U(0»A)>U(l»A),U(2iA>»W<3.A>\NEXT\FGRA=11064

50 REAII*OfN<0>A> iN(lrA)rN(2rA)pN<3>A>iN<4>A)iN<5>A) iN<6fA>\NEXT

60 CL0SE*0\Z=1

90 N(0.J0>=14

100 F0r,'A=]TD64\f<^A*4\C$(B-3.&> -" ' \C=INT ( A/10 ) \0=A - < C*10 )

110 CIIB-1 rE(-l)=Cl*(C+l»C+l)\C*<B»B)^Cl*(n + l»D+l)\NEXT

114 F0RT9=1T064\X=T9\C9=1

■\ITiAMF STARTED UITH"fT9GOTO ISOGQr0660

;<X>^1\A=X*4\C*(A-3fA)="XXXX'\P=1\GOSUB900M(0.C9)=X

160 n^O\FORA=lT076STEPZ\C=T<A)\IFC<OTHEN200\IFC = 15THENEXIT400

170 IFC >OTHEN180\B=1\GOSUB500\GOT0200

180 IFC>4THEN190\B=P(C-1)\GQSUB500\GOT0200

190 C=INT(C/5)+2\B=P(C)\G0SUB500

200 NEXT\F0RA'=1T064\IFV<A)<CITHEN210\C1=U<A)\X=A

210 V<A):=0\NEXT\IFG=0THEN1900

220 S(X)=1\A=X*4\C«(A-3»A)="0G00"\P=5\G0SUB900

230 M<1fC9>=X\C9^C9+1\G0T0145

400 !•THE COMPUTER WINS WITH BOXES'fW(0fA)fU(1tA).U(2,A),W(3,A)\GDT02000

500 F0RF=0TG3\G=W<FfA)\IFS<G>=0THENY<G)=V<G)+B\NEXT\RETURN

660 Q = 0\F0RA=lTa76STEPZ\C=T<A>\IFC<OTHEN7OO\IFC=3THENEXIT4OO

670 IFCO0THEN680\B=l\G0SUB500\G0T0700

680 IFCX5THEN690\B=INT(C/5)\B=Y<B-1)\G0SUB500\G0T0700

690 B-Y(C + 2)\G0SIJB500

700 NEXT\FORA=lT064\IFV<A><ClTHEN710\a=U<A)\X=A

"710 V(A> =0\NEXT\JFQ=0THEN1900

720 G0TG150

900 FORrt^OTrJ6\r:=N<ArX)\IFC=OTHEN950\IFT(C><OTHEN950

VI0 T(C)=T(C)+P\lFr(CX4THEN950\IFT(C)=4THENEXIT1700

920 D=INT(T(C>/5)MFD*5<>T<C)THENT(C>=-1

950 NEXTSRETURN

1000 RETURN

■\F-C\G0SUB1000\! "XOFV "YOU WON" |U(0>C) rW(ltC) rW<2f C> fW(3»C)■\i■IT'S A DRAW•Z*=" "

IFZ*="-THENEND\FORA=lT076\T<A>=0\NEXT\FORA=lT064\S<A)=0\Y<A)=0\NEXT■PLAYER 1"\F0RA=1T036\1FM(0fA) =0THENEX.TT2030\ ! X3I rM(0 p A) r\NEXT"\!"PLAYER 2"\F0RA=1T036\IFM(1fA)=0THENEXIT2035\!X3IfM<1fA>f\NEXT!■■\FORA=1T036\M(1»A)=0\M(0>A)=0\NEXT

2040 NEXTT9NEND

READY

RUN

GAME STARTED WITH 1

THE COMPUTER WINS WITH BOXES 12 3 4

PLAYER 1

1 61 52 49 25 47 60 16 4 42 38 22 19 36 26 2PLAYER 264 41 58 57 13 35 17 28 46 23 27 6 34 20 50 62

GAME STARTED WITH 2

1700190020002005202020302035

SL5...A NEW PROGRAMMING SYSTEM FOR A NEW DECADE

James M GoldenbergSilicon Valley OEM Corp.

Dear Jin:

March 1, 1979

We've done it. SL5 is ready for distribution, and its pure dynamite. I'mconvinced it's the OEM programming system for the 80's. SL5 is a wellstructured{built-in recursion 4 CASE statements), stack oriented, interactiveprogramming tool for small systems and is based on the 1977 Forth standard.

Trie execution speed i3 fast, our normal development system runs in 16K(32Kto recompile everything), and the production code is very compact(2K+ mini)thanks to our SYSGEN program which trim3 all the fat and can also createstand-alone (optionally rommable) modules. We are fully compatible wiLh CP/M,with an 8080 version and a completely separate Z80 version available. SinceSL5 is written in SL5, it easily adapts to other CPUs. The version for theMotorola 6809 is almost ready for release(let me know if you need some otherCPU). The enhancement possiblilities seem endless.

We have decided to keep our price low initially to get wider distribution.The $150 single user license includes all source code and the manual. I knowyou've been doing a lot of development work with Z80s, and I think it'sperfect for your programmers. I give you fair warning, though, once you'veused SL5 there's no going back to BASIC, FORTRAN, PASCAL, or Assembler.

Sincerely,

Dave DeLauterPS„See you the next time you're in the Midwe3t..Say hi to Janet & James Paul.

I'd Itox 1596Ul I. Ki rkwooil Avenueis loomintUon IN 47402(BIU) n<»-lf>im

CP/M COMPATIBLE- 1977 FORTH SUPERSET- 100 PAGE MANUAL

- SPECIAL Z80 VERSION

- $150 SINGLE SYSTEM LICENSE

- ALL SOURCE CODE INCLUDED

- FAST COMPACT ROMMABLE CODE

the stackworks

Circle 205 on inquiry card.

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 237

COMB 0 12 3 4

COMB 0123456789

Listing 5: Sample printoutof two-dimensional versionof Super TIC (see listing 2).

0 TO

9 : 0 I PLAY BEST AND 9 UORST ? 5

HERE

IS MY BOARD

01 «

02 = 03 = 04

~~ »»

= ~- = = = ~ = = = :~:~~

05 =

06 = 07 = 08

osss

SSHSSSaKEVSSSSSttSSSn

w

-

0? =

10 = 11 « 12

13 =

14 » 15 a 16

ENTER MOVES BY NUMBER AND YOUR'RE X

YOUR

MOVE ? 9

I UENT 5

01 =

02 = 03 = 04

00 =

M a

00 =

06 = 07 = 08

XX =

:= =

XX =

10 ■ 11 = 12

_

-

13 =

14 = 15 = 16

1

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

2

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

3

X

X

X

X

X

4

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

5

X

X

X

X

X

X

6

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

7

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

8

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

9

X

X

X

X

X

X

10

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

11

X

X

X

X

X

X

12

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

13

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

14

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

15

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

16

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

17

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

IB

X

X

X

X

X

19

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

20

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

21

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

22

X

X

X

X

X

23

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

24

X

X

X

X

X

X

05

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

26

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

27

X

X

X

X

X

X

28

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

29

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

30

X

X

X

X

31

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

32

X

X

X

X

X

33

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

34

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

35

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

36

X

X

X

X

X

X

3 7

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

38

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

39

X

X

X

X

X

40

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

41

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

42

X

X

X

X

X

X

43

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

44

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

45

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

46

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

47

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

48

X

X

X

X

X

49

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

50

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

51

X

X

X

X

X

X

52

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

53

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

54

X

X

X

X

X

55

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

56

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

57

X

X

X

X

X

X

58

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

59

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

60

X

X

X

X

X

X

61

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

62

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

63

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

64

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

65

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

66

X

X

X

X

67

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

68

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

69

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

70

X

X

X

X

X

71

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

72

X

X

X

X

X

73

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

74

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

75

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

76

X

X

FOR

LEVEL

0

1

.0002

OR

76/76 OF

THE

COMBINATIONS

ARE

CHECKED

FOR

_EVEL

1

. 9oax

OR

69/76 OF

THE

COMBINATIONS

ARE

CHECKED

FOR

_EVEL

2

.8

297.

OR

63/76 OF

THE

COMBINATIONS

ARE

CHECKED

FOR

-EVEL

3

.7632

OR

58/76 OF

rHE

COMBINATIONS

ARE

CHECKED

FOR

_EVEL

4

.7117.

OR

54/76 OF

THE

COMBINATIONS

ARE

CHECKED

FOR

-EVEL

D

.6712

OR

51/76 OF

THE

COMBINATIONS

ARE

CHECKED

FOR

LEVEL

6

.618X

OR

47/76 OF

THE

COMBINATIONS

ARE

CHECKED

FOR

LEVEL

7

.5

?2

;

OR

45/76 OF

THE

COMBINATIONS

ARE

CHECKED

FOR

LEVEL

8

• 5

53X

OR

42/76 OF

THE

COMBINATIONS

ARE

CHECKED

FOR

LEVEL

9

»5

267.

OR

40/76 0

THE

COMBINATIONS

ARE

CHECKED

Table 4: Winning combinations checked by each level of expertise in SuperTIC. Level 0 is the most proficient level, level 9 the least. An X in the columnfor a given combination indicates that the given combination is to be checked.

Listing 6: Modifications to listing 7 to avoid the need for a disk data file.

30 LINESO

40 FORA--1T076\READU(O.A50 F0RD=0TO6\IFN<D,C>=0132 N(D.C)=A\NEXT\NEXT

>.W(l.A).W(2.A>.W<3,A>\F0RB=0T03\C=W<B,A>THENEXIT52NNEXT

3000 DATA 1. 2. 3. 43010 DATA 2. 6.10.143020 DATA17.18.19.203030 DATA1B.22.26.303040 DATA33.34,35.363050 BATA34,38,42,463060 DATA49.50.51.523070 DATA50.54.58.623080 DATA 1.17.33.493090 DATA 6,22.38.543100 DArAll,27,43.593110 DATA16.32.48.643120 DATA 2.22.42.623130 DATA 8,23.38.533140 DATA 4,19,34.493150 DATA16.28,40,52READY

6, 7,7,11.22.23.23,27,38,39,39,43,54,55,55,59,18,34,23,39,28.44,22,43,26,38,27,42,24,44,

8, 915, 424,2531,2040,4147,3656,5763,5250, 355. B60,1364. 550. 357,1664,13

10,11,128,12,1626.27.2824.28.3242,43.4440.44,4858.59,6056,60,6419,35,5124,40,5629,45,6122,39.5623.43.6327.38,4925,37,49

13,14

1, 6

29,30

17,22

45.46

33,38

61,62

49,54

4,20

9,25

14.30

9.26

15,27

1,21

13.30

.15.16.11.16,31.32.27.32,47,48,43.48.63.64.59.64.36.52.41.57.46.62.43.60.39,51,41,61,47.64

> 1 .. 4,.17..20,,33,,36,,49,,52,, 5,,10.. 15..13.. 4., 1,.16.

5. 9,137,10,1321,25.2923,26,2937.41,4539,42,4553,57,6155.58.6121.37.5326.42.5831.47.6326.39.5223.42.6118.35.5231.46.61

A sample run of the 4 by 4 version isgiven in listing 5. Here level 5 was used and,according to table 4, combination 3 is notchecked. Therefore, combination 3 was aneasy winner.

The data read into Super TIC was takenfrom a disk file using conventions of NorthStar BASIC. In order to modify this, merelytake out the open file statement (line 30)and add data statements. The file designa-tion in the line 40 and line 50 read state-ments should also be removed. Listing 6shows how this can be accomplished.

Super TIC, as presented, is almost unbeat-able (I believe that it is impossible to writean unbeatable version as long as the playeralways goes first and the computer second).You could probably play for days and neverdo better than a draw. However, armed withthe computer generated winning combina-tion in listing 4, you can beat the computereasily by remembering 16 exact moves."

238 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

=?\

Circle 206 on inquiry card.

A Messageto our Subscribers

From time to time we makethe BYTE subscriber listavailable to other companieswho wish to send oursubscribers promotionalmaterial about their products.We take great care to screenthese companies, choosingonly those who are reputable,and whose products, services,or information we feel wouldbe of interest to you. Directmail is an efficient mediumfor presenting the latestpersonal computer goods andservices to our subscribers.

Many BYTE subscribersappreciate this controlleduse of our mailing list, andlook forward to finding

information of interest tothem in the mail. Used areour subscribers' names andaddresses only (no otherinformation we may have isever given).

While we believe thedistribution of thisinformation is of benefit toour subscribers, we firmlyrespect the wishes of anysubscriber who does not wantto receive such promotionalliterature. Should you wish torestrict the use of your name,simply send your request toBYTE Publications Inc, Attn:Circulation Department,70 Main St, Peterborough NH03458. Thank you.

The

110% off and a FREEApplications Book (s5 value

[with the purchase of aHewlett-Packard Series E

I Calculator. Starting at '45

FULL LINE OF HP CALCULATORS E^ p,

EWLETTPACKARD

^FARNSWORTHJ COAAPUTER CENTER

1891 N.FARNSWORTH AVE.AURORA, IL. 60505

(312) 851-3888

Weekdays 10 to 8 - Sat. 10 to 5

SOFTWARE MCISIC SYNTHESIS SYSTEM

Written by John Bokelman, originator of the now unavailable Music System from Software Technology.

SMS is an integrated software system, and includes all required hardware. It turns

any 8080/Z-80 or 8085 microcomputer into a high quality, multi-voice synthesizer.

The software occupies less than 4K, with 8K being the minimum memory requirement

The software is self-configuring to the hardware environment, no patching is required to

select the I/O port address for the hardware interface nor to select the 2,3,4, or 5 mHz

operation. Built-in diagnostics are provided to insure correct system installation.

Hardware requirements are: 8080, Z-80 or 8085 microcomputer; 2,3,4, or 5 mHzoperation; one 8-bit parallel output port (any address); one 8-bit parallel input port optional (anyaddress); no "wait state" memory; and a system monitor or operating system that looks like astandard CP/M, Morthstar DOS or SOLOS/CUTER. The D/A Converter provided hooks to anyparallel port, and therefore does not require S-100 slot.The package will be available in those same three configurations. The CP/M version will run on any CP/M environment (includes CDOS,IMSAIDOS, etc.) and has its origin at 100H. The Morthstar system will run on any Horizon or any non-relocated MDS system. It has origin at2D00H. The SOLOS/CUTER system will run on any SOL or any CUTER system, and it has origin of 100H. All versions are designed to operatecorrectly in an interrupt driven environment.

The system has been designed to be upwardly compatiblewith thenowunauailableProc Tech Music System, so users of that systemmay run their programs with the new interpreter. The new interpreter has been dubbed Music Language*! or ML/1 for short. The pro-grams written for the old Music System will be greatly improved with the new system as the tones produced are much finer and morecontrollable.

/~VMI \/ «t TO nc The software includes a line oriented text editor, a high level music language compiler, a file

vJiiLY ^* l".Z/3 management system and the advanced music syntheizer.

Ordering information: The price of the system on diskette or cassette with complete documentation and with the hardware kit and ten songs is579.95 (cables not included). Those interested in obtaining a system should order from California Software, Box 275, El Cerrito, CA 94530.Dealer inquiries are invited. Specify CP/M, Northstar or Cuter.

CALIFORNIA SOFTWARE CO.

Circle 207 on inquiry card.

CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research.

BYTE March 1980 239

SURPLUS ELECTRONICS

ASCII

ASCII

IBMSELECTRIC

BASED I/O TERMINAL

WITH ASCII CONVERSION

INSTALLED $645.00

• Tape Drives • Cable

• Cassette Drives • Wire

• Power Supplies 12V15A, 12V25A,5V35A Others, • Displays

• Cabinets • XFMRS • HeatSinks • Printers ■ Components

Many other items, SEND $ 1.00 FOR CATALOGREFUNDABLE FIRST ORDERWORLDWIDE ELECT. INC.130 Northeastern Blvd.Nashua. NH 03060

Phone orders accepted using

VISA or MC

Call 603-889-7661

Circle 208 on inquiry card.

STATISTICAL DATA

DATABANK programs contain 10years of monthly statistical data onten related subjects. Information isthe most current available. Eachcassette is date stamped. Includesgraphs, tables, trends, comparisonsupdate routine, and external input.

Programs available for TRS-80 L2, 16K

* General Economy

* Manufacturing & Trade

* Industrial Production

* Money & Credit

* Money Rates & Yields

* Commodity Spot Prices

* Mortgage Terms & Yields

* Foreign Exchange Rates

* Energy Production

* Petroleum Production

19.95 each 3 for $84.95

Cassette storage album included withorder for six or more programs.

DATABANK FOB 030458Ft Lauderdale, FL 33303

Circle 209 on inquiry card.

Floppys &Systems Repair

DRIVES

• Per Sci - Shugart

• Pertec - Micropolis

COMPUTERS

• Apple - TRS-80

Computer Service Center

1023 N. La Brea

Hollywood, CA 90038

(213) 851-2226

Programming Quickies

The Towers of Hanoi

Solution Using BASIC Recursion

Stanley Switzer, 1019 W 27th St, Lawrence KS 66044

The Towers of Hanoi is an intriguing puzzle of theOrient. The puzzle requires three vertical rods and agiven number of disks with holes in the center to beplaced on the rods. Initially, all of the disks are placed onthe leftmost rod, arranged by size with the largest disk onthe bottom (see figure 1). The objective is to move all ofthe disks to the rightmost rod. There are, however, a fewrestrictions. Only one disk may be moved at a time, andno disk may be placed over a disk smaller than itself. Thesolution to this puzzle may seem difficult at first, but withthe help of a recursive program, it is simple.

Figure 1: Initial configuration for the Towers of Hanoi problem.The objective is to move all the disks one at a time from the leftrod to the right rod without ever placing a larger disk on top ofa smaller disk. Intermediate moves can be made to the centerrod, of course.

A recursive program is one that is defined in terms ofitself. It is utilized when a problem can be broken intoseveral parts, and when one of those parts is a similarproblem of lesser magnitude. A common example is adefinition of factorials:

0! = 1

n! = n(n-l)!

Here is a recursive program for factorials written inpseudocode:

factorial (n)if (n = 0)

return(l);else

return(n X factorial(n — 1));

In this case an iterative definition is more practical forcomputational purposes, but this does illustrate the con-cept of recursion.

When broken into its basic parts, the solution to theTowers of Hanoi problem is as follows:

• When one disk is to be moved, the solution is ob-

240

Circle 210 on inquiry card.

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 211 on inquiry card.

For Business Systems Software

Programmers Only!!

Machine Language

ISAM

FOH

TRS-80* Models I and II

ACCESS TIME Vi SECOND!!

This machine language ISAM ROUTINE provides file accesssophistication required to implement complex business software,and is completely compatible with TRS-80* BASIC.

Specifications: based on 1000 record file, key length of 6. datalength of 64

Access time of Vz second

Best add/delete time of 1 second

Average add/delete time of 2 seconds

Worst case add/delete time of 5 seconds

Keys up to 25 characters

Data up to 255

Provides next highest key upon each file access.

Preset range of allowable key values, set upon file creation up to 4 files

held open concurrently.

No special utilities needed to "Reclaim" used record space.

Model I Routine occupies 5 K of user space (loads at top of user memory)

Model II Routine occupies 6 K of user space (loads at top of user memory)

EOF, file full, empty, key not found, INVALID key value and all

TRS DOS* error codes supported.

TRS-80 Model I (32 K + 48 K only) $160.00TRS-80 Model II (64 K only) $170.00

Includes: All necessary documentation, file creation program, fileinspection program, machine language ISAM routine and loader.

IN^TX

SYSTEMS SPECIALISTS

415 MILLBURY STREET

WORCESTER, MA 01607

(617) 755-8134

* TRS-80 and TRS DOS are trademark of Tandy Corporation, which has no relationshipto RCR Inc.

Model EP-2A-88

EPROM Programmer

Fast as Jackrabbits . . . Well, almost!

In Australia, two rabbits can reproduce over 13 million offspring in3 years ... at 105 seconds per 2716, the EP-2A-88 can reproduce1,892,160 EPROMS in 3 years. Single push button control, theEP-2A-88 checks if EPROMS are erased, programs and verifies.It also checks for defective EPROMS.

Two basic models are available, The EP-2A-88-1 will accept Copy(CM) modules for the 2758, and 2716 EPROMS. The EP-2A-88-2will accept copy modules for the 2716, 2732 and TMS 2532EPROMS. Power requirements are 115 VAC 50/60 Hertz at 15watts.

Part No. Description Price

EP-2A-88 1 EPROM Programmer $450.00

EP 2A-88 2 EPROM Programmer 450.00

CM 50 Copy Module for 2716. TMS 2516 EPROMS 25.00

CM 70 Copy Module (or 2758 EPROMS 25.00

CM 20 Copy Module for 2732 EPROMS 25.1X1

CM 40 Copy Module for TMS 2532 EPROMS 25.00

Non-Standard Voltage Option (220 v. 240 v. 100 v| 15.00

Optimal Technology, Inc.

Blue Wood 127, Earlysville, Virginia 22936Phone (804) 973-5482

PRESENTING .

THE MOST UNIQUE INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

YOU CAN BUY. NOT JUST A DATABASE MANAGER. EASILY

CREATE A COMPLETE, STAND-ALONE, MENU DRIVEN

APPLICATION IN HOURS

THE CONFIGURABLE BUSINESS SYSTEM™

No Programming Experience Necessary

User Definable Records Up To 2K Bytes

Powerful Report Generating Capabilities

Built-in, Self-reorganizing ISAM File Structure

Interactive and Batch Information Processing

Packed Fields For Efficient Disk Utilization

System Completely Menu Driven

Fast Execution - All Programs in 8080/Z80 Machine Code

Easily Configured to Your CRT

Field Proven

Comprehensive Users Guide

Supplied On 2-8" CP/M* Compatible Disks

Dealer Inquiries Invited*CP/M is a Trademark of Digital Research Corp.

(f^fla)

\bNBIC

Phone Orders AcceptedN.Y. Residents Add 7% Sales Tax

DISKS AND MANUAL $295.00MANUAL ALONE ... $ 40.00

DYNAMIC

MICROPROCESSORASSOCIATES

36 Pinewood DriveCommack, N.Y. 11725

(516) 543-6006

Circle 212 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

241

vious — move the disk from the source to thedestination rod.

• When n + 1 disks are to be moved:

• 1) Move n disks from the source rod to the inter-

mediate rod;

2) Move one disk from the source rod to thedestination rod; and

3) Move n disks from the intermediate rod to thedestination rod.

Listing 1: Recursive solution to the Towers of Hanoi problem inBASIC.

010020030040050060070080090100110120130140150160170180190200210220230240250260270280290300310320330340350360370380

*run

REM Declare the stack arrays.DIM S$(15),D$(15),I$(15)PRINT

PRINT "Number of disks";INPUT P

REM If P is too large or too small, STOP.IF (P> 15) THEN 170IF(P<1)THEN 170REM Move P disks from Left to Right.LETS$(P) = "L"LETD$(P) = "R"LET l$(P) = "C"REM Move those disks!GOSUB180

REM Since that was so much fun let us do it again.GOTO 30STOP

REM This is the recursive HANOI procedure.

REM If P = 1, move one disk from source to destination.

IF(P>1)THEN 230

PRINT "Move a disk from ";S$(P);" to ";D$(P);"."RETURN

REM Else, move P- 1 disks from Source to Intermediate.LET P = P - 1LETS$(P) = S$(P+1)LET D$(P)=I$(P+1)LETI$(P)=D$(P+1)GOSUB 180REM Move one disk from Source to Destination.

PRINT "Move a disk from ";S$(P+ 1);" to ";D$(P+ 1);'REM Move P- 1 disks from Intermediate to Destination.LETS$(P)=I$(P+1)LETD$(P)=D$(P+1)LETI$(P) = S$(P + 1)GOSUB 180LETP=P+1RETURNEND

NumberMove aMove aMove aMove aMove aMove aMove aMove aMove aMove aMove aMove aMove aMove aMove a

of disks?4disk from Ldisk from Ldisk from Cdisk from Ldisk from Rdisk from Rdisk from Ldisk from Ldisk from Cdisk from Cdisk from Rdisk from Cdisk from Ldisk from Ldisk from C

toC.to R.to R.toC.toL.toC.to C.to R.to R.to L.to L.to R.toC.to R.to R.

Number of disks?2Move a disk from L to C.Move a disk from L to R.Move a disk from C to R.

Number of disks?1Move a disk from L to R.

Number of disks?0

ready

The fact that this algorithm is correct can be proven viathe principle of mathematical induction. Since a solutionis defined in the case of having to move one disk andsince, given a solution for n disks, a solution can befound for n + 1 disks. That is, given a solution for onedisk, we have a solution for two disks; given a solutionfor two disks, we have a solution for three disks, and soon. The proof that this algorithm produces the fewestpossible moves is left to the reader.

Now that our algorithm is defined, we can implementthe program. In many BASICs, recursion is allowed infunction calls. In my BASIC, however, it is not. It turnsout that recursion is supported in all BASICs for sub-routine calls. The only limiting factor is the depth ofsubroutine nesting allowed. In my case, this limit was fif-teen levels. The only major problem was the method ofparameter passing. Each invocation of the HANOI pro-gram has different source, intermediate, and destinationrods. In order to keep these straight, the names of theserods [L (left), R (right), C (center)] must be kept onseparate stacks [S$ (source), D$ (destination), 1$ (inter-mediate)]. The variable P tells the program the number ofdisks to move, as well as the offset into the arrays to findthe current names of the rods.

Recursion, when applied effectively, is one of the mostpowerful tools a programmer has. Many computer lan-guages support recursion more fully than BASIC. Amongthese are Pascal, LISP, and APL. These languages allowrecursive functions and local variables (local variableshave separate storage locations for each invocation of thefunction). I hope that this Programming Quickie willprompt you to try some recursive programs. If you haveaccess to any of the above languages, I suggest that youuse them. If not, BASIC will still work.B

The Correct Order ofOperations CanShorten Code

Pointer Decrementing on the

6502

Philip K Hooper, 5 Elm St, Northfield VT 05663

Several instances of 6502 code I have come acrossdecrement a 16-bit pointer as follows:

DEC POINTL decrement low byte of the

pointer.LDA POINTL move result to accumulator.

CMP $FF test for page crossing.

BNE 02 if not FF, no page crossing

—decrementing complete.

242 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

FRRLE-UIUB RASCAL?

IF YOU WANT TO KEEP UP WITH THE

LATEST DEVELOPMENTS IN CONTEMPORARY

LANGUAGE TOOLS LIKE PASCAL, ADA, C,

AND LISP, YOU MUST PLAN TO ATTEND

THE BYTE CONFERENCE ON LANGUAGES AND

TOOLS FOR MICROCOMPUTING"

JUNE 16-17,1980 McGRAW-HILL WORLD HEADQUARTERS, NEW YORK CITY

Don't get caught without the right words. Be prepared by learning howto use the concepts of high level language technology and theiradvantages in practical design/documentation and product situations.

This conference will introduce you to the importance of high levellanguages, software tools and their availability for use with smallmicrocomputer-based systems.

THE PROGRAM COVERS:

• Block-structured languages and software systems in practical problems

• The Pascal language and concepts of using high level languages astools of program design

• Ada as a strong alternative for programming of real-timemicrocomputer applications systems

• C in the context of other block-structured languages

• Background context of traditional assembly language tools: when touse and when to avoid using low level languages

• LISP and its applicability in microcomputing

• FORTH and its variations for experimental programming

• And more

MEET WITH EXPERT SPEAKERS, INCLUDING:

Conference Chairman Carl T. Helmers, Jr., Editorial Director,

BYTE Magazine

Dr. Henry Baker, Assistant Professor of Computer Science, University

of Rochester, a specialist in areas including artificial intelligence.

Dr. Kenneth Bowles, Institute for Information Systems, and a driving

force behind the UCSD Pascal Project

Dr. Peter Grogono, author of the book Programming in Pascal

Dr. Fred Martin, Intermetrics Inc., and one of the designers of

the HAL/S software system for the NASA space shuttle

John Morse, Digital Equipment Corporation, and active

in areas of software and language design Circle 213 on inquiry card.

Company

City

Zip

For more information on how you BYTE

can attend this conference, complete

coupon and return to McGraw-Hill

Conference & Exposition Center,

1221 Avenue of the Americas,

Room 3677, New York, NY 10020,

or call 212-997-4930.

Remember, space is limited, so reserve today!

Circle 214 on inquiry card.

HOW TO MANAGE YOURINFORMATION EXPLOSION

1. MODERN MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEMDESIGN: Sixteen Bit and Bit-Slice ArchitectureDaniel R. McGlynn

Presents a detailed overview (with examples) of the new 16-bitand bit-slice microprocessors, together with modern peripheralcomponents and devices such as:

• magnetic bubble memories

• charged coupled devices (CCD)

• CRT interface devices

Also provides a detailed 8086 instruction listing, plus program-ming examples using various addressing techniques.(0 471 06492-0) April 1980 approx. 275 pp. $20.00 (tent.)

2. PERSONAL COMPUTING: Home, Professional,and Small Business Applications

Daniel Ft. McGlynn

Here's a non-technical survey of the expanding field ofpersonal computing, covering the features, capabilities, andlimitations of hardware and software commercially availabletoday. This book offers criteria for selecting and purchasing theright system for you. and explains the various programminglanguages from BASIC to PASCAL and APL. Many charts,photographs, detailed glossary, appendices, and much more.(0 471 05380-5) 1979 263 pp. $9.95 paper

3. ADVANCED ANALYSIS WITH THE SHARP

5100 SCIENTIFIC CALCULATOR

Jon M. Smith

Written for all who use a Sharp 5100 or 5101. Emphasizesnumerical methods that are particularly suited to the Sharpscientific calculator. But the mathematical material is generalenough so it can be used with any of the Sharp scientificmachines or with small computers. Numerous examples showthe new computing power available with a 5100 as a result of itsunique algebraic capability.(0 471 07753-4) 1979 132 pp. $6.95 paper

4. WRITING INTERACTIVE COMPILERS

AND INTERPRETERS

P.J. Brown

Here's a simple yet practical examination of how to implementan interactive programming language. Reviews howtechniques and challenges differ from traditional non-interac-tive languages. Also balances material for planning/performingthe task with underlying theoretical principles. No more than anability to program and a familiarity with interactive working isacoi impfi(0 471 27609-X) 1979 265 pp. $26.95

New for the computer hobbyist...

5. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER MUSIC

Wayne Bateman

(0 471 05266-3) March 1980 approx. 368 pp. $20.00 (tent.)

WILEY-INTERSCIENCE

a division of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

605 Third Avenue

New York, NY. 10016

In Canada: 22 Worcester Road, Rexdale, Ontario

Please se~hTbo~iSa~f~5~Y~E~XAMINMION" ™

(Restricted to the continental U.S. and Canada.)

Mail to: WILEY-INTERSCIENCE, P.O. Box 092, Somerset, N.J. 08873

□ Payment enclosed, plus sales tax. Wiley pays postage/handling. We

normally ship within 10 days. K shipment cannot be made within 90 days,

payment will be refunded.

□ Bill me. D Bill firm or institution.

□ 1. McGlynn (0 471 06492-0)

□ 2

□ 3.

S20.00 (tent.)

McGlynn (0471 05380-5)

$9.95 paper

Smith (0 471 07753-4)

$6.95 paper

a 4.

as.

Brown (0 471 27609-X)

$26.95

Bateman (0 471 05266-3)

$20.00 (tent.)

NAME

AFFILIATIONADDRESSCITY

STATE/ZIP_

I

| Prices subject to change without notice. 0-7587 I

244 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

DEC POINTH otherwise, decrement high byte ofpointer to cross page.

The following code produces the same result, but requirestwo fewer bytes of code and executes 2 /*s faster:

LDA POINTL bring low byte of pointer into ac-

cumulator.

BNE 02 if not zero, no page crossing, so

branch ahead, skipping high byte.

DEC POINTH otherwise, decrement high byte ofpointer.

DEC POINTL and decrement low byte ofpointer.

Although this might seem a minor improvement, itamounts to 20% (for a pointer on page 0), and sometimesseveral similar small savings substantially shrink soft-ware storage space stress. ■

Sets

Tutoring in BASIC

Linda M Schreiber, 29143 Carlton, Inkster MI 48141

Listing Is Altair Extended BASIC listing for helping childrenlearn about sets.

2030

40

50

40

70 I

80

90 I

100

110

120

130

140

145

150

140

170

180

190

195

200

210

215

220

230

240

250

260

270

280

290

300

310

320

330

340

350

340

365

370

380

390

OK

*»*** SETS VER. 1 *****

** l. m. schreiber *** 4-78 altair exteded-basic *

purpose:to teach number recognition s the numerical value

of a given set.

message to an adult,■rint-the child will be shown a set of characters."'rint'after counting the characters, the child should enter1'rint'that number from the keyboard. if the correct number is"print'enteredi the terminal hill smile. if the number is wrong,frint-the terminal will frown."c=int(rnd(l)*4)+35 'choose ascii code for charactern=int(rnd(1)*9)+l 'choose a number between 1 and 9t=t+1 'count number of sets viewedw=0 'clear counter for wrong answersct=chr«(c> 'convert ascii code to characterprint:print:f»="" -clear flag for next answerfor p=l to n 'loop to print characters

PRINT C»" ■;NEXT P

if w=3 then print" = "n!g0t0 120

print:print:input g» 'enter number of characters

if val(g*)on then f»="fr0wn" 'check answer

print:print

printtabi23)"*********"

printtabi22)"* *"

f'rinttab<21>"* *"

printtabc20)"* 0 0*"

printtabi20)"* * *"

if f«="fr0wn" then 330

printtab(20)"* * » »■

printtab<21)"* * * *"

printtab122)"* ***** *"

printtab<23)"*********"

if to! then 120 else 380

printtabi20)"* ***** *■

printtab(21)"* ( ) *'

printtab<22)"* *"

printtab<23)***********

W = W+1

GOTO 160

PRINT I PRINT ! PR INT !FRI NT "BYE"

END

The program Sets (shown in listing 1) reinforces therecognition of numbers and their set values for apreschool child. Except for a message at the beginning ofthe program, no reading is required. All interaction be-

Listing 2: Sample run of program Sets. The computer outputs a smiling face when the child's answer is correct and a frowning facewhen the answer is incorrect.

■i ' !.( * * t * <

m m : .* u :

* IJ '.' *

* 1 t

* I. t ;•f * * 4

c .1*1 |r* j

*********

1 ;1 0 U i

* i *

* ' * *i •(. ) *

* ***** it * : ■ t * t n i

1

s

i \ ^

;. 7

".

' 6

lit): **M

* II 1 t

* l .;{ i : it : ',

< .'i

; !

! ***» ** ( i

i* V

;. 1 MM I * t* I

i II 1! »* II »

i. it : 11 '■i i )

** I' ,:.( flit

it

& \

A li

-,

7. ",. "/. ". 7.

'.j

**** m ***

« ;

* " :■

i u u *

t 3 .1

II * *

1 1 * <

i ***** .;

t 1 !■ U t *»*

' 6

■i 'KM IM 8*

1' A* *

* 0 Q #

* 1 t.

* ***** *

* •, ;■ .;■

* *

>*****.: k

* *.*+***t .t

* a

* *

t :j n »

ii « .t

i * .; *

: ***** f

*******! :|

'? 7

*********

* *

* •" " *

t D IJ *t !l *k ***** *

* < ) *

* **********

I

V

7. 7.

x K 7. :. 7. - s

' .1

tween the computer and the child is accomplished by theuse of graphics.

The terminal prints out a set of 1 to 9 characters for thechild to count (see listing 2 for sample run). The childenters the number from the keyboard. If the numberentered is incorrect, a frown will appear on the terminal.When the correct number is entered, the terminal willshow a smile. The child is allowed three attempts toanswer each set correctly. The answer will be printedafter the third attempt.

In line 200, a string variable is used for input, so that a

child who mistakenly enters a letter or symbol will notbecome frustrated with error messages. All incorrect in-puts are treated in the same manner.

The T variable in line 140 counts the number of sets thechild will be shown. In this version the program will endafter 5 sets. The variable can be easily increased (lines 195and 320) for a child with a longer attention span. Similar-ly, the 9 in line 130 can be changed to a greater value forthe child who has mastered sets from 1 to 9.

Sets is written in Altair (Microsoft) Extended BASICand uses just over 1 K bytes of memory. ■

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 245

What's New?

SOFTWARE

Z80-Based Disk OperatingSystem Written in PL/M

A Z80-based operating system whichallows up to four simultaneous usersand hard disk-drive control has beenreleased by Altos Computer Systems.AMEX (Altos Mutli-User Executive) iswritten in PL/M and is compatible withCP/M versions 1.4 and 2.0. AMEX canmanage up to four user-memory areas ofup to 48 K bytes each. It utilizes apriority ordered interrupt-driven dis-patching algorithm. Priority is given toinput/output (I/O) bound tasks, whilemicroprocessor compute-bound taskstend to migrate to the bottom of thepriority line.

Access to on-line storage on floppy orhard disk is handled for multiple usersby AMEX, using direct memory address(DMA) hardware. AMEX features a

dispatcher and a spooler that allocateand free various peripheral devices asrequested by user programs or com-mands. The system is designed to carryon multitasking operations within anindividual user's 48 K memory block.AMEX includes a screen-oriented texteditor, an 8080 assembler, built-inutilities, file management commands anda transient command handler whichallows the user to define new disk-oriented commands separate from thoseimplemented by CP/M.

AMEX requires an Altos ACS8000series computer and 64 K bytes for oneuser, 112 K bytes for two users, and208 K bytes for four users. It is priced at$250 and comes on a single floppy disk.Contact Altos Computer Systems,2338-A Walsh Ave, Santa Clara CA95050.

Circle 400 on inquiry card.

Apple II AnimationPackage

The A2-3D1 is a package of easy touse assembly language programs forthree-dimensional and two-dimensionalanimation on the Apple II. The programallows users to view two- or three-dimensional scenes created in the stan-dard XYZ coordinate system, zoom be-tween wide angle and telephoto fields ofview, select a location in space, and adirection of view. One feature allowsusers to generate an output array of line

start and end points instead of plottingon the Apple screen. Other featuresinclude zero page restore which leavesall zero page variables intact aftersubroutine exit, page control for selec-tive page erase, display, and draw forping-ponging between screens forsmooth animation. The load and gomanual guides beginners through anorientation session with the A2-3D1 pro-gram. The technical manual is foradvanced applications and describes thetransformer algorithm in detail. Theprogram requires 16 K bytes of pro-

Where Do New Products ItemsCome From?

The information printed in the newproducts pages of BYTE is obtainedfrom "new product" or "press release"copy sent by the promoters of newproducts. If in our judgement the in-formation might be of interest to thepersonal computing experimentersand homebrewers who read BYTE, weprint it in some form. We openlysolicit releases and photos frommanufacturers and suppliers to thismarketplace. The information isprinted more or less as a first in firstout queue, subject to occasionalpriority modifications. While wewould not knowingly print untrue orinaccurate data, or data from unre-liable companies, our capacity toevaluate the products and companiesappearing in the "What's New?"feature is necessarily limited. Wetherefore cannot be responsible forproduct quality or company perfor-mance.

grammable memory for the three-dimensional and two-dimensionaltransformer, small scenes, and smallcontrol programs. Larger scenes, controlprograms and the DEVELOP programrequire 24 K bytes of programmablememory. The program costs $45 oncassette and $55 on floppy disk. Formore information, contact Sublogic,POB 5, Savoy IL 61874.

Circle 401 on inquiry card.

Intel Adds Pascal-80 to8080/8085 MicroprocessorSoftware Development

Intel Corp has developed Pascal-80 tosupport 8080 and 8085 microprocessorsoftware development on Intellecmicrocomputer development systems.Similar to its PL/M, BASIC, andFORTRAN programs, the Pascal-80package is available on floppy disk andruns under the ISISTI operating systemson Intellec Series II and MDS-800models. This Pascal-80 offers extensionsthat make the language suitable for com-mercial and industrial applications. Theextensions include three new datatypes—the string type, untyped files,and interactive files—plus twenty-eightpredeclared procedures and functions.Pascal-80 provides a Trace facilityallowing a user to monitor programexecution, and a set of compile and run-time error diagnostics. Users createPascal source programs using thePascal-80 software and standard Intelmicrocomputers. The Pascal-80 software

package includes a floppy disk contain-ing a compiler, a pseudocode interpreterand demonstration programs, aPascal-80 user's manual and the PascalUser Manual and Report, second edi-

tion, by Jensen and Wirth. The softwarepackage is priced at $975 and isavailable from Intel Corp, 3065 BowersAve, Santa Clara CA 95051.

Circle 402 on inquiry card.

246 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

SOFTWARE

Bell and Howell IntroducesSoftware for Education

These software packages from Belland Howell allow instructors to createcourseware for students. No prior pro-gramming knowledge is needed by eitherinstructor or students. Some of thefeatures of the Generalized InstructionalSystems (GENIS) include the authoringsystem which allows teachers to createcurriculum material, obtain gradereports, control class enrollment, andmore. A system that allows studentinteraction with the computer is includ-ed. The programs understand misspelledwords; present lessons in words, anima-tion, graphics, and color; grade studentperformance; generate drills, practice,and simulation programs; and otheradministrative projects. The GENIS pro-gram is price at $300. Write to Bell andHowell Audio-Visual Products Division,7100 N McCormick Rd, Chicago 1L60645.

Circle 403 on inquiry card.

Information Storage andRetrieval (ISAR) for TRS-DOS

ISAR is a data base managementsystem designed for users of TRS-DOSrandom file structures. The systemutilizes the limited TRS-80 chainingtechniques that keep as much of the pro-gram in memory as necessary to per-form any given function.

The basic ISAR system consists of sixmodules which allow users to create newfiles, define all elements within each file,and manipulate each file. Each file orportion of a file can be sorted usingBASIC Shell-Metzer sort. The packageincludes source listing, documentation,potential recovery techniques in theevent of a system failure and suggestedpersonal applications. ISAR comes oncassette for $13.95 or diskette for$16.95. For further information, contactThe Alternate Source, 1806 Ada St, Lan-sing MI 48910.

Circle 405 on inquiry card.

DECwriter GraphicsAvailable for TimeshareComputers

Graphics II is a modification to theDECwriter II printer for conversion to aplotter. Graphics II features APLcharacter set, forms control, horizontaland vertical tabs, answerback, bi-directional line feed, four character sets

with four different styles—characterscan be printed in four directions. Theaverage speed is 40 characters persecond (cps). One inch per second forplotting and communication up to 12bits per second (bps) is possible. Theprice is $850, and Graphics II isavailable from Selanar Corp, 2403DeLaCruz Blvd, Santa Clara CA 95050.

Circle 404 on inquiry card.

Space Shuttle LandingSimulator

This program is modeled after theNASA Shuttle Mission Simulator inHouston. It is a real flight simulator (ex-cept for roll motion) with a visualdisplay of the sky and ground. Highresolution graphics show the cockpitview using animation, projectivegeometry, and graphics to depict therunway, sky, ground, and distant moun-tains and clouds. The paddles controlthe pitch control and speed brakes.Speed, altitude, sink and climb rate,distance from the threshold, speed brake

setting, glide slope, and angle of attackare displayed. Warnings and messagesare also displayed.

Functional features include angle ofattack control, full stall capability, ejectand eject warning, landing gear, speedbrakes, and wheel brakes on rollout.Runway stripes on roll out give a visualindication of motion.

The program is available fromHarvey's Space Ship Repair, POB 3478,University Park, Las Cruces NM 88003,for $15 on cassette. A floppy disk ver-sion is also available.

Circle 406 on Inquiry card.

Multitasking DiskOperating System for8080, 8085, and Z80Systems

EFAMOS is a disk-operating systemfor 8080, 8085, and Z80 systems thatsupports multitasking and multiuserswith memory mapping. Up to 3 M bytesof memory can be available to usersthrough 32 K byte memory banks.EFAMOS is compatible with all software

developed under MVT-BASIC. It pro-vides full system support to eachmemory bank, including assemblerBASIC run-time, system utilities, BASIC,utilities and word processing. BASICsupport includes chaining withparameter passing and machine languagecalls with over ten ISAM functions.Word processing activities with severalconcurrent users can be completely sup-ported in one memory bank, while pro-gram development and data processingfunctions are supported in other

memory banks. Batch monitors canreside in any bank of memory and canprocess job files submitted from anyother bank. One design feature ofEFAMOS precludes terminal lockup dur-ing any input/output operation, whichprevents the loss of characters in a busymultiuser environment. For licensing andterms, contact MVT MicrocomputerSystems Inc, 9241 Reseda Blvd, Suite203, Northridge CA 91324.

Circle 407 on Inquiry card.

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 247

What's New?

Pascal for the 8080 andZ80 Processors

Built upon Whitesmiths' C compilerand libraries, the Pascal DevelopmentSystem provides a software environmentfor Pascal programming on PDP-11,LSI-11, 8080 and Z80 computers. Thecompilers and all support utilities rununder IDRIS, UNIX, RT-11, RSX-11M,RSTS, or IAS on the PDP-11 andLSI-11, and under CP/M or CDOS onthe 8080 and Z80, producing code thatruns faster than Pascal interpreters.Included as part of the package are anA-Natural assembler, an 8080 linkingloader, a librarian, and other utilities.Users also receive the Whitesmiths' Port-able Pascal and C library and manual.Supporting these portable libraries arean operating system-specific interfacelibrary, a machine library, and 64-bitfloating point arithmetic. The 8080/Z80and PDP-11 Pascal DevelopmentSystems, are available from LifeboatAssociates, 2248 Broadway, NY NY10024, for $750 per single micro-processor license.

Circle 408 on inquiry card.

Graham-Dorian Introducesa Software MedicalPackage

This package was written and testedby medical professionals. It handles bill-ing insurance forms, treatment records,charge and payment entry, patientstatements, Medicare submittals, collec-tion accounting and dunning, patientprocessing, patient listing, aged accountsreceivables, transaction reporting, andmore.

The package can be ordered on eight-inch floppy disks and includes a manualand hard copy source listing. The pricefor the program is $1000 and is availablefrom Graham-Dorian Software SystemsInc, 211 N Broadway, Wichita KS67202.

Circle 409 on inquiry card.

SOFTWARE

Machine Language DiskFile Sorting Program forApple II

Datacope, POB 55053, Hillcrest Sta,Little Rock AR 72205, has released anenhanced version of their sorting pro-gram that is compatible with either theApple II or the Apple II Plus computersystems. The new version of the

Datacope Single Disk Sort performsuser-specified direct commands uponcompletion of the sorts, for easy use inturn-key systems. The program employsone disk drive, and sorts a single file offixed-length records on a single floppydisk. A file may fill the entire diskbecause the program uses no workspaceon the disk. Blocks of consecutiverecords may be sorted without disturb-ing the remainder of the file. Files maycontain records with 5000 characters andmay be sorted by ten key fieldssimultaneously, with each key field ineither ascending or descendingalphabetical or numerical order. Theprogram features other necessary func-tions. The package includes a manualand a floppy disk with the sort pro-grams, a test file, and test file accessprograms in Applesoft II for $49.95.Circle 410 on inquiry card.

CP/M CompatibleOperating System forTRS-80 Level II Computers

A fully CP/M compatible operatingsystem for the TRS-80 II computer hasbeen developed. The operating systemworks with CBASIC and all otherCP/M programs, requiring no changesto the operating codes. The system sellsfor $249.95 from MPU, POB 808,San Carlos CA 94070.

Circle 411 on inquiry card.

More Programs forApple II Systems

Apple Barrel Bushel #1 is a collectionof twenty-five programs including Mort-gage Loan, Days Between Dates, Calen-dar, Savings, Checkbook, Addition,Subtraction, Metric Conversion, LunaC, Apple LeMans, Alien, and more. Thepackage is available on cassette tape for$24.95 or on floppy disk for $29.95.Contact CDS Corp, 550 N Main St,Logan UT 84321.

Circle 412 on inquiry card.

Language TranslatorProgram

This program translates from Englishto any foreign language, from anylanguage back to English, or from oneforeign language to another. Simplecommands bring in the correctvocabulary or words. The programchecks the entire sentence for the properverb conjugation and word contractions.New words may be added at any timeand saved as part of the vocabulary.One mode lets the translator receive

data in one language from a reader, andthen sends the translation to a printer.Display formatting commands showvocabulary words alphabetically or incategories. Spelling errors are caughtand corrected.

The Language Translator from Prac-tical Programming Corp, POB 3069, NBrunswick NJ 08902, is available onCP/M or North Star floppy disk withone extended language for $30. Addi-tional languages are $10 each.

Circle 413 on inquiry card.

A Forth SoftwareDevelopment Tool

The XL5 is an interactive program-ming system with compiler, interpreter,assembler, disk operating system, and alibrary of procedures. It is written inXL5 and is based on the recommenda-tions of the 1977 Forth Standards Com-mittee. A host-executable code kernel, asource code kernel, and a system genera-tion program (SYSGEN) are provided.SYSGEN regenerates the kernel from thesource or generates read-only memory(ROM) modules. An XL5 developmentsystem requires less than 32 K bytes ofmemory. The $100 package includessource code and a reference manual.XL5 is available with a CP/M bootloader for the 8080 and the Z80. Forinformation, contact XL Computer Pro-ducts, 321 E Kirkwood Ave, Bloom-ington IN 47401.

Circle 414 on inquiry card.

1979 Federal Tax Programsfor Microcomputers

Aardvark Software Inc, POB 26505,Milwaukee WI 53213, is marketing asoftware program which will calculatean individual's federal tax liability. Theprogram displays the tax information asit would appear on an IRS form. It alsocalculates the tax liability using the taxtables, tax rate schedules, incomeaveraging, maximum tax on earnedincome, and alternative minimum taxchoosing the most favorable method. Amanual is included to organize the taxinformation for input. Three programsare available at $22, $35, and $50.Circle 415 on inquiry card.

248 March 1980 © BYTE Publications In

What's New?

PUBLICATIONS

Guidebook for the TRS-80Level II Microcomputer

Learning Level II, written by DrDavid A Lien, is a step-by-step guide tohelp users of the Level II TRS-80. It con-tains a section updating the Level Imanual to Level II. Readers are guidedthrough the fundamentals and specialcharacteristics of Level II BASIC, begin-ning with setting up the system. Thebook explains how to properly use theEditor to change and correct BASIC pro-grams. Another section is devoted to theconversion of Level I programs to LevelII. The book also explains dual cassetteoperation, using the expansion interfacebox with the real-time clock, printersand other peripheral devices. It isavailable from Computer Books Divi-sion, Compusoft Inc, 8643 Navajo Rd,San Diego CA 92119, for $15.95, plus$3.45 for postage and handling.Circle 416 on inquiry card.

1980 Computer Catalog

Sara Tech Electronics Inc, POB 692,Venice FL 33595, is offering theirsixteen-page 1980 computer catalogfeaturing more than 1000 products. Allmajor brands of computers and equip-ment are carried. Write for a free copy.Circle 417 on inquiry card.

Catalog Features Articleson Classroom Computing

Creative Publications is publishing acolor newsletter/catalog of computermaterials for the classroom. Thepublication features an article on thetelevision documentary "Don't BotherMe, I'm Learning," which discusses com-puters in education. All products in thecatalog are described with the educa-tional user in mind. The catalog isavailable from Creative Publications,POB 10328, Palo Alto CA 94303.Circle 418 on inquiry card.

TRS-80 Software Source

This catalog contains over 5000 soft-ware listings that are available from 380suppliers. The publication lists business,education, games, home, math, andutility software with a section ofaddresses of the suppliers. A one-yearsubscription is $15 and a single issue is$6. Contact Computermart, POB 1664,Lake Havasu AZ 86403.

Circle 419 on inquiry card.

Computer Book CatalogReleased by Sams

The Howard W Sams and Co Inc hasreleased a catalog featuring a large selec-tion of computer and computer relatedtitles. It is organized for quick referenceinto five areas—basics, programming,computer technology, reference, andcomputer related. This free catalogdetails books that are directed to a widerange of people and interests, from thehome hobbyist to the technicallyoriented professional.

For a catalog, contact the AdvertisingDirector, Howard W Sams and Co Inc,4300 W 62 St, POB 558, IndianapolisIN 46206.

Circle 420 on inquiry card.

New Renaissance!

New Renaissance! is a bimonthlymagazine for lighting and laser artistsand technicians who desire to share theirworks, events, goals, and discoverieswith others in the field. It features per-formance news and reviews; projects,plans and schematics; new techniquesand products; interviews; books andother data sources, and more. A one-year subscription is $25 and is availablefrom New Renaissance!, 5267 11th AveNE, Seattle WA 98105.

Circle 421 on inquiry card.

Documentation Standardsfor Computer Systems

Norman L Enger's DocumentationStandards for Computer Systems,Second Edition, is a reference manualthat shows how to document a com-puter application to utilize the fullpotential of the computer resources. Thebook includes revised and expandedmaterial that describes the evolution of asystem through the stages of initiation,analysis, design, development, im-plementation, and operation. The sec-

tion on 'Techniques and Tools forAnalysis" facilitates the analyst's work.This book aids in determining theamount of documentation needed forspecific types of projects. Procedures canbe established to employ documentationstandards adopted by the organization.Dr Enger's book is useful to computerprofessionals, students and novices inthe computer industry. It is available bymail for $25 from The Technology PressInc, POB 125N, Fairfax Station VA22039.

Circle 422 on inquiry card.

Magazine on Robotics

Robotics Age magazine containsreadable articles of high technical con-tent that present the latest results ofresearch in robotics and artificialintelligence. The contents include well-documented electromechanical circuitdesigns, microcomputer interfaces, andprogramming techniques suitable foreconomical applications to smallsystems. Abstracts of research papersare also featured. New products itemsdescribe new commercially available kitsand robotics related products. Thequarterly publication is available at$8.50 for one year from Robotics Age,POB 801, La Canada CA 91011.Circle 423 on inquiry card.

Publication of SortingSubroutines

Creative Computer Consultants Inc,POB 2111, 1 Quarry Ln, Norwalk CT06851, has published volume 4 of Sort-master in the Standard SoftwareLibrary. Sortmaster contains listings offive BASIC subroutines designed to sortnumeric data in memory. The sub-routines have been designed to beintegrated into the user's main line pro-gram. Numeric fields are sorted bydesignating that field as the sorting key.This makes it possible to sort records ofany length and also permits multiplesorting keys. By adjustment of certainvariables, all of the routines can handlealphanumeric data as well. Sortmasterincludes an introduction to basic sortingconcepts as an aid to beginners. Theprograms work with the TRS-80, PET,and Apple II. The book costs $8.95.Circle 424 on inquiry card.

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

249

What's New?

PERIPHERALS

Eight-Inch Winchester DiskUp to 20 M Bytes

The Series 7000 hard disk drives haveunformatted capacities of 4 megabytes inthe single disk version, 12 megabytes inthe double-density version and 20

megabytes in the three-disk unit. Datatransfer rates are 5.5 million bits persecond (bps). The Series 7000 employsthe Winchester technique, using an iron-less rotary actuator to position the headsin response to prerecorded servo-trackson the lower side of the bottom disk.

Each 21cm diameter surface has a350-track cylinder with an inner trackrecording density of 5280 bits per inch.The interface is designed for use withmicroprocessor-based controllers. Thedrives utilize eight-bit bidirectional bustransfers. Line transceivers enable daisy-chain connection of other disks to thebus.

The 4 megabyte drive, the 7000-4, is$2100; the 7000-12 is $2300; and the7000-20 is $2650. The units are manufac-tured by Kennedy Co, 1600 S ShamrockAve, Monrovia CA 91001.

Circle 425 on Inquiry card.

Stockey Series ofKeyboards

The Stockey Series offers ten general-purpose standard keyboard designs,including six with American StandardCode for Information Interchange(ASCII) encoded alphanumeric formats.These are available in ASR33, ANSIteletypewriter, IBM 3278 ASCIItypewriter, IBM 3278 data entry, andIBM Selectric I and II typewriter for-mats. An eleven- and fifteen-Key

Expander pad can be added via a flex-strip jumper to any of the sixalphanumeric designs to provide high-speed numeric entry.

The 53-key SK053 for the Model 33teletypewriter features uppercase, but nolowercase, and costs $139. The 67-keymodel includes uppercase and lowercase,a full ASCII set, and is priced at $173.For additional information, contactAdvanced Input Devices, POB 1818,Coeur dAlene ID 83814.

Circle 426 on inquiry card.

12 VDC AlphanumericPrinter System

The PR6024 printer controller and anySODECO PR Series print mechanismcomprise a print system operable from a12 V power source. The controlleraccepts a 7-bit parallel ASCII formatand features an integral voltageregulator and adjustable input thresholdsfor immunity from environmental noise.The unit features a 54-characteralphanumeric set. Applications includemobile electronics, such as truck-mounted fuel-dispensing systems, policecars, security systems, and battery sus-tained instrumentation and systems. Theprice for the 15-column tape printer andPR6024 controller is $363 in unit quanti-ty. For more information, contact theSales Manager, Print Products,SODECO, Landis and Gyr Inc, 4Westchester Plz, Elmsford NY 10523.Circle 427 on inquiry card.

Eight-Color Digital Plotterwith MicroprocessorControl

Soltec's Model 281 Digital Plotter pro-vides graphic representation of measuredvalues, design data and calculated datausing up to eight different color pens. AZ80 microprocessor controls the system,the automatic pen changing, off-scaledata handling, and coordinate transfor-mation. The programmable pen chang-ing feature incorporates up to eight pensusing multicolor fiber-tip pens orRapidograph drafting pens. Firmwarefeatures include circle interpolation,character plotting, generation of axesand grids, various line types, windowplotting and more. Model 281 alsofeatures character plotting in five fonts,automatic or interactive point digitizing,programmable offsets and program-mable limits. The graph paper is stan-dard DIN-A3 format or smaller. Inter-

faces include a choice of serial RS-232C/V .24 and 20 mA current loop.The plotter costs $4725 and is available

from Soltec Corp, 11684 Pendelton St,Sun Valley CA 91352.

Circle 428 on inquiry card.

250

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's Nsw?

PERIPHERALS

Miniature AlphanumericThermal Printer

The APP-20A2 twenty-column, panel-mount thermal printer uses only twoinput data wires for interfacing. Itfeatures serial 20 mA current loop andRS-232C ports. The printer can be usedin data systems, factory data acquisitionunits, and industrial data loggers with afull alphanumeric printer. It can be usedwith a remote control unit or in medicalsystems, and as a portable test andmeasurement tool for laboratory or fielduse. The unit prints 1.2 lines per second.It measures 20 cm by 7 by 11.3 cm (8 by2.76 by 4.44 inches) and weighs 1.9 kg(4.25 pounds). It is available from DatelIntersil, 11 Cabot Blvd, Mansfield MA02048. The cost for the printer is !Circle 429 on inquiry card.

Robotype ConvertsTypewriter to Printer

■

fe

The Robotype Model 2100 is capableof interfacing with a Centronics-compatible parallel interface, RS-232C

serial interface, and a 20 mA currentloop. The RS-232C serial interface has110, 134.5 or 150 switch-selectable datarates. The Robotype can be attached tothe IBM Selectric, Remington Rand,Olympia and Facit typewriters. TheRobotype is placed over the keys of thetypewriter. Plungers rest on the keysand push the keys down on commandfrom the computer input. The unit typesthe maximum speed of the typewriter inuse. The unit is available for under$1000 from Applied Computer SystemsInc, 77 E Wilson Bridge Rd, Wor-thington OH 43085.

Circle 430 on inquiry card.

Alphanumeric ThermalPrinters

Priced at approximately $440, theUnited Systems 6450 and 6460alphanumeric thermal printers produceeasy-to-read letters, numbers, and sym-bols on thermal paper with first-line-upprintout. They print a set of 64 differentcharacters with 21 characters per lineand approximately 6500 lines per roll ofpaper. The Model 6450 provides a serialinput with selectable RS-232C or 20 mAcurrent loop format with data rates of110 and 300 bits per second (bps). TheModel 6460 is 8-bit parallel bus-compatible with data rates up to 1000

characters per second (cps). Both modelsrespond to ASCII input. For more infor-mation, contact United Systems Corp,918 Woodley Rd, Dayton OH 45403.Circle 431 on inquiry card.

Corvus Disk System forApple PascalMicrocomputer

The Corvus model 11AP disk systembeing delivered for Apple Pascal isentirely compatible with the Applesystem. No modifications are needed forthe Apple Pascal disk-operating system,or any applications designed to run onthe Apple floppy disks. Corvus hasincorporated a utility called "dynamicvolume management" that allows the tenmillion byte data base to be used as asingle large block or to be broken intosmaller blocks. Applications of theApple Pascal equipped with the Corvus11AP system include: customer and pro-spect mailing lists, accounting data,payroll and personnel records, coursesin computer programming and usage,science applications, medical office use,and more. The system is priced at$5350. The controller can handle up tothree additional disks, which are pricedat $3690. Contact Corvus Systems, 900S Winchester Blvd, Suite 4, San Jose CA95128.

Circle 432 on inquiry card.

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 251

What's New?

SYSTEMS

The 9000 ComputerSystem from Compal

The Compal Model 9000 is designedfor business and office environments.The system includes a 16-bit microNova602 processor, 64 K bytes of program-mable memory, video display terminalwith a detached keyboard that can sup-port up to three additional keyboards, a10 M byte hard disk with a 5 M byteremovable cartridge, and a high-speed

matrix printer. Included with the systemare BASIC and assembly languages,manuals, training, starter supplies, anddelivery. Programs for inventory con-trol, sales analysis, accounts payableand receivable, general ledger, payroll,and other business applications areavailable. The system sells for $19,995from Compal Inc, 6300 Variel Ave,Woodland Hills CA 91604.

Circle 433 on inquiry card.

TM990 Compatible BubbleMemory Module

A TM990-compatible board with upto 69 K bytes of non-volatile magneticbubble memory storage has beenannounced by Texas Instruments Inc,POB 225012, M/S 308 (ATTN:TM990/210), Dallas TX 75265.

The TM990/210 board is suppliedwith two, four, or six 92 K bit TIB 0203bubble memories for 23 K, 46 K, or69 K bytes of storage, respectively. Datatransfers from the module are via amemory-mapped mode. Access time is4 ms, and data transfer rate is 45,000bits per second (bps). The price for theTM990/210-1 two-bubble device is $775;$1150 for the TM990/210-2 four-bubbledevice; and $1535 for the TM990/210-3six-bubble device.

Circle 434 on inquiry card.

Development Tool for6500 SeriesMicroprocessors

The MDT 1000 enables users to writeprograms and debug hardware and soft-ware. The MDT 1000 includes a 54-keykeyboard and case; 12-inch videodisplay; dual cassette interface; powersupply; erasable-programmable read-only memory programmer; 4 K bytestatic programmable memory-board;sockets for extra boards; and a four-slotmotherboard. Software support comesas 12 K bytes of read-only memory resi-dent firmware; a 4 K byte monitor withdebug features; and an 8 K byteassembler and editor, which operates online-numbered text. A floating pointBASIC and software for printer interfac-ing and other controls are available. TheMDT 1000 is available for $1495 fromSynertek, 3001 Stender Way, SantaClara CA 95051.

Circle 435 on inquiry card.

252 March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

MISCELLANEOUS

TRS-80 Printer Controller

The Printer Timer works with theTRS-80 and the Centronics 779 lineprinter by automatically turning theprinter on and off using signals relayedover the printer cable. The device doesnot require software or hardwaremodification other than the soldering ofthree wires and the mounting of thetimer inside the printer cabinet. Thetimer reduces motor wear and excessnoise. It is available for $95 fromNational Software Marketing Inc, 4701McKinley St, Hollywood FL 33021.Circle 436 on inquiry card.

Voice Terminal for theExidy Sorcerer Talks andListens

Cognivox plugs into the Sorcerer andoffers a sixteen-word recognitionvocabulary plus voice response with upto sixteen words or phrases. Recognitionaccuracies of up to 98% are possible.The unit includes a microphone andamplifier and speaker, making it a com-plete voice terminal. A software libraryis provided with Cognivox. It includesVoicetrap, a voice-operated video game,and Vothello, a voice input version ofthe game Othello. A talking calculatorprogram allows using the Sorcerer as afour-function calculator, and a vocalmemory dump program can read itsmemory out loud. Cognivox is priced at$149 from Voicetek, POB 388, GoletaCA 93017.

Circle 437 on inquiry card.

Anti-Glare Device forVideo Screens

The product is a black woven nylonmesh stretched on a flexible plasticframe. It is designed to be sandwichedbehind the video bezel and to conformagainst the surface of the tube. Thisdevice performs by blocking and absorb-ing ambient light with a honeycombingeffect. The contrast is enhanced by theblack matrix effect of the fabricbackground, while the display charactersare transmitted undistorted through thepores in the material. The filters areavailable in 120 sizes, and each size canbe equipped with different optically-graded fabrics to vary the intensity ofthe video display. The filters improvethe image, lower maintenance, andreduce eye strain and related stress. Formore information, contact Sun-Flex CoInc, 3020 Kerner Blvd, San RafaelCA 94901.

Circle 438 on inquiry card.

' RESET

■

Reset Option for the Apple

Model B is a three-position switch giv-ing the user the option of completelydisabling or enabling the reset key onthe keyboard. It is easily installed be-tween the keyboard plug and theApple's board. When the switch is in thedown position, the keyboard is func-tional. With the switch in the middle

position, the reset key on the keyboardis disabled, and the user must flip theswitch up to reset the computer. Theswitch automatically returns to the mid-dle position when released from the upposition.

It is available from Computer Solu-tions, 5135 Fredericksburg Rd, SanAntonio TX, 78229, for $29.95.Circle 439 on inquiry card.

Standardized ComputerForms

New England Business Service (NEBS)is offering a line of continuous-formcomputer checks, statements, and in-voices. The forms are available with thename of the firm, address and phonenumber in six quantities from 500 to6000 forms. Prices start at $14.95 for500 statements; $32.50 for 500 two-part

invoices and $29.95 for 500 of either thepayroll or all-purpose checks. At 6000-piece order levels, prices per thousanddrop to $12.50, $33 and $22.50 respec-tively. The firm also offers custom per-sonal checks for home computer systemsusers. For ordering information and freesamples write to the New EnglandBusiness Service Inc, N Main St, GrotonMA 01450.

Circle 440 on inquiry card.

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 253

What's New?

MISCELLANEOUS

Simple Machines forErasing and WindingCassettes

Two battery-powered machines offerlonger life for cassettes and reducedwear on standard cassette players. TheErase-Sure passes the cassette through arotating magnetic field that erases thetape and leaves an extremely lowresidual noise level. The user slides thecassette through the unit once. This

Prototyping Kit for High-Resolution Graphics

ilBfii{i(iii!iiiyiMi!imiWi4i

mmmm

ipfljglP

mm

The SVB-80P prototyping kit is adual-board system with stand-alonecapability in an Intel multibus configura-

tion. The graphics package featuresdisplays of 640 by 409 or 576 by 455pixels, alphanumeric charactersdisplayed over 80 by 40 or 72 by 44lines, and intermixable characters withgraphics. It interfaces with othermultibus-compatible products. TheSVB-90 Soft Video Board and theMIB-85 Memory Intensive Board canalso be used individually in computergraphics, text editing, scientific applica-tions, and industrial environments. Theprice for the SVB-80P is approximately$1600. Contact DOSC Inc, 175 I UWillets Rd, Albertson NY 11507.Circle 446 on inquiry card.

single pass completely erases the tape.The Rapid Rewind stabilizes cassettetape tension, eliminates tape binding,helps control wow and flutter, andwinds a 60-minute tape in approximately30 seconds. Both units permit the use ofa 115 V AC adapter to reduce batterycosts. The machines are available fromMagnesonics Sales and ManufacturingCo, POB 758, Ventura CA 93001. Theycost $24.50 each.

Circle 445 on Inquiry card.

Computer Cables for theTRS-80

Matchless Systems, 18444 Broadway,Gardena CA 90248, manufactures cablesfor floppy disk and tape drives, printersand other peripherals for the TRS-80computer. The price for the two-drivecable is $24.50 and the four-drive cableis $34.50. The cable for the MS-204printer or any other Centronics-compatible printer, sells for $34.50.Circle 447 on inquiry card.

/MICRO

BUSINESS WORLD

Immediate response to your orders (verbal or written).

Apple II

personalcomputer.

Phone (213) 371-1660MON-FRI 9-5

76K

Regularor Plus

$ CALL

$ CALL

Disk II with controllerDisk II without controllers CALLPASCAL Language Card $ CALLCALL for our lowest prices ever.We carry all peripherals andinterface boards for the APPLE.European versions available.

DYSAN DISKETTES

THE CADILLAC OF THE

FLOPPY DISKSAT LOW LOW PRICES

8" (BOX OF 10)

3740/1 sgl side/

sgl density 4.00 ea3740/1D sgl side/

dbl density 6.50 ea5 "(BOX OF 5 )104/1 soft sector 4.00 ea107/1 10 sectors 4.00 ea

105/1 16 sectors 4.00 ea

For each 2 boxes ol 8" or 4

boxes ol 5" you get one

plastic storage case, but

hurry — supply is limited

EPSON (A SEIKO COMPANYTX-80 Printer with 64graphics characters7x5 dot matrix (7x6 ingraphics) Doublewidth characters

ATARI 800 Computer SystemPacked with: Computer Console.Basic Language Card. EducationSystem Master Cartridge. CassetteRecorder. TV Modulator. 8K Memory(expandable to 48K), Power Supply& all Books and Manuals $ CALL

ATARI 400gaW

Packed with: Computer Console.Basic Language Cartridge. PowerSupply. TV Modulator, and all

Books and Manuals $ CALLATARI Program Recorder S CALL

ATARI Software. Roms,Cassettes $ CALLATARI Expansion Memory: $ CALL

8K Module or 16K Module $ CALLCALL for our lowest prices ever.

Tractor Feed Model $745.00

Friction Feed Model $695.00

TRS80 Interfaces Cable $50.00

Pet Interface & Cable $90.00

APPLE Interfaces Cable $90.00

RS232 Interface & Cable $90.00

Plastic Floppy Disk Holder

(up to 10) 8" $3.95(up to 10) 5" $3.2516K RAM set of 84116s

250 ns or better $65.00

Prices subject to change without notice.

VISA and MASTER CHARGE WELCOME (Add 3%).

Allow 2 weeks for cashiers check to clear. 4 weeks

for personal checks. Add 2% for shipping and

handling. Calif, residents add 6% sales tax.

U.S. and Internationat dealer inquiries invited.

ZENITH DATA SYSTEMS:

Smart Video Terminal

I

Z-19 has a Z80 Microprocessor.Numeric Keypad and 8 functionkey $895.00

I

Z-89 Computer System:

includes: Z19 Display, a built in5V Floppy Disk, 2 serial ports,and 16K of memory. 2295.0048K Memory version 2595.00

MICRO

BUSINESS WORLD

15818 Hawthorne BoulevardLawndale. California 90260(213)371-1660

Circle 278 on inquiry card.

SEND $1.00 FOR 52 PAGE CATALOG

OUR BEST PRICE EVER!

MICROPOLIS™ DISK DRIVE SUBSYSTEMS

ifn

******

At Mlcropolis, complete means complete.

Some suppliers offer only hardware and callthat complete. At Micropolis completemeans everything: hardware and softwareand documentation.

The hardware set is complete withS-100/8080/Z-80 compatible controller,drive(s), cable-even a built-in Autoloadbootstrap ROM to eliminate tiresome buttonpushing.

Our full Disk Extended BASIC and DOS,assembler and editor software comes com-plete, too. On its own diskette, ready to go.Software from Micropolis includes a DOSand Disk Extended Basic designed for8080/Z80-based microcomputers.

DOS is a complete package, including anassembler, editor, file management func-tions and utilities, which provides total sup-port for 8080 programming. BASIC is a self-contained package which provides a powerful set of tools for developing, testing, executing, and maintaining BASIC program?

BASIC is designed for microcomputers with at least 24K bytes of RAM and a Micropolis MetaFloppy disk system. DOS can be use3alone in a 16K bytes memory system.

Activating the built-in Auto load ROM brings up the system under control of the DOS executive. BASIC can be accessed by issuing asimple DOS command.

The 1053 MOD II Subsystem is designed for flexible, efficient programming. 8080 programs created under DOS can be loadedand accessed from BASIC. Data files created under BASIC can be processed by user written application programs running underthe DOS.

At Micropolis, complete means COMPLETE.

Imagine getting all the capacity of an 8-inch floppy in a 5%-inch format.

MetaFloppy can give you this higher capacity because it packs more data into every disk. You get the capacity of larger 8-inch drives with the lower price and smaller packagingof 5v«-inch drives.

An ordinary 5V4-inch floppy provides just 35 tracks/drive and stores only 70K bytes. Not nearly enough for anything useful. So instead, we use 77 tracks-each with 16 sectors of256 bytes/sector—to yield a capacity of 315K bytes/drive. Thafs more than lour times an ordinary 5V*-inch floppy! And why we call this one "quad density.*'

Combine two of these drives in a compact dual module and you can copy diskettes from one drive to the other, or rearrange data files, or whatever. The dual unit stores 630Kbytes. Enough for almost anything. But just in case that isn't enough, our controller can handle two duals (or four singles). That means your micro can have more than a millionbytes of formatted disk storage.

It that still isn't enough, on special order you can add a second controller with up to four more drives. That will give you a grand total of over 2,500,000 bytes of storage on-line.

This means, if your application keeps growing, we've got you covered in easy steps. And you get all these bytes at surprisingly low cost.

Faster than a speeding bullet.

At Micropolis, we don't skimp on performance to delivermaximum capacity. So you can expect professional operatingspeed and efficiency. Like checks and balances, such asautomatic read verification after writing, that you would ex-pect in a sophisticated data processing system.

Like fast track-to-track positioning time of only 30milliseconds. And a data transfer rate of 250,000 bits per sec-ond.

Up, Up. and away!

Metafloppy gets along well with almosteveryone.

So choose the microcomputer you want. MetaFloppy's con-trailer is completely compatible with the S-100/8080/Z-80 buss.It just plugs into your MITS 8800, IMSAI 8080, COMPAL-80.SOL-20, Polymorphic 88. CROMEMCO, TDL, or similar microand it's ready to go. The memory mapped controller/bootstrapmay be origined at any 1K byte boundary in the 48K to 64K byteregion of memory.

For small businesses, for engineers who want to developtheir own software, or for the advanced hobbyist, MetaFloppyis ideal. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Each one of our floppy disks has a remarkable storage capacity,eliminating the need to keep bothersome stacks of paper.

MCP-1053 MOD II

TWO DISK SYSTEM WITH 630,000 BYTES(FORMATTED) OF ON-LINE STORAGECAPACITY.

LIST PRICE $1895.00

SALE PRICED AT JUST $1595.00

LIMITED TO SUPPLY ON HAND

%

800-423-5633

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

16723K Roscoe Blvd. Sepulvedo. CA 91343

Terms Visa. MC. BAC. Check. Money Order, COD. U.S. Funds Only. CA residents add 6% sales lax

im order $10.00 Prepaid U.S. orders less than $75,00 include 5% shipping and handling, vMINIMUM S2.50 Excess refunded. Just in case . . . please include your phone no. EXCEPT

Prices subject to change without notice. £A a|( HI

We will do our best to maintain prices thru March 1980 oem and institution! ,—ji{!V«,.' «.!*-...phone orders welcome (213) 894-8171, (800) 423-5633 inquirta invited. (213) 894-8171

WE STOCK THE ENTIREMICROPOLIS LINECALL FOR PRICES

SEND $1.00 FOR 52 PAGE CATALOG

SEND $1.00 FOR 52 PAGE CATALOG

4 MHZ EXPANDORAM II KIT

The S-100 Memory Board for the 80's

SD SYSTEMS' ExpandoRAM II is a state-of-the-art • S-100 Bus Compatibledynamic RAM board with capacities from 16K bytes(4116) to 256K bytes (4164). It operates on the industryS-100 Bus. The ExpandoRAM ll's design allows eightboards to operate from the same S-100 Bus. Pagemode operation provides the system with the capabil-ity of servicing multiple users without RAM in-terference. Invisible refresh and synchronization withwait states provide greater reliability, and processingspeeds up to 4 Mhz.

The ExpandoRAM II is compatible with most S-100CPU's based on the Z80 microprocessor. When otherSD SYSTEMS 200 series boards are combined with theExpandoRAM II, they create a microcomputer with ex-ceptional capabilities and features.

Up to 4Mhz Operation

Expandable Memory from 16K to 256K

DIP Switch Selectable Boundaries

Uses 16K (4115) or 64K (4164) Memory Devices

Page Mode Operation Allows up to 8 Memory

Boards on Bus

Operates with Z80 CPU's

Phantom Output Disable

Invisible Refresh (Synchronized with

Walt States)

• HnuMn VCT-8803

""'»»•*"■ MOTHER

■ Winna yOi '.no-n Com- S100BUS

pontnl H0« Mil ipoiir MICRO-

"" COMPUTERS

j/ectot

oocompuier it expinflei

Price$29.50

SDS - EXPANDOPRAM II KIT (4116)

List Price Sale Price List Price Sale Price

$460.00 $295.00 48K.. . $960.00 $445.00$710.00 $370.00 64K.. $1210.00 $520.00

Plugboards

VCT8800V

Universal Microcomputer/processorplugboard, use with S-100 bus.Complete with heat sink & hard-ware, 5.3" x 10" x 1/16"

1-4 5-9 10-24

$19.95 $17.95 $15.96

VCT8801-1Same as 8800V except plain, lesspower buses & heat sink.

1-4 5-9 10-24

$15.22 $13.79 $12.18

VCT3682 9.6"x4.5"

$12.97

VCT3682-2 6.5"x4.5"

$9.81

Hi-Density Dual-ln-LinePlugboard for Wire Wrapwith Power & Grd. BusEpoxy Glass 1/16" 44pin. con. spaced .156

VCT3677 9.6"x4.5"

$10.90

VCT3677-2 6.5"x4.5"

$9.74

Gen. Purpose O.I.P.Boards with Bus Patternfor Solder or Wire Wrap.Epoxy Glass 1/16" 44pin con. spaced .156

mm

VCT3662 6.5"x4.5"

$8.95

VCT3662-2 9.6"x4.5"

$11.45

P pattern plugboards forICs Epoxy Glass 1/16"44 pin con. spaced .156.

■

VCT3690-12CARD EXTENDER

Card Extender has 100 con-tacts 50 per side on .125centers-Attached connector iscompatible with S-100 Bus

Systems $25.83

VCT3690 6.5"22/44 pin....156 cits.Extenders..513.17

S-100 BUS EDGE CONNECTORS' ,$>

•>/ M ■ " I 1 (MSA) 5tyl» Cird QtildTTaiTo^H H-tl ~^<

35 lllllllllliliili'!i'!i'ili'i!i'iiiliV'iV'lli|llll'lllllr

v'v Texas Instruments

I GOLD S-100 rnMMFf-TnRsM

TIS100STGSOLDEBTAIL

c/s-inoo or T|S100WWG

3/s10

00

S100SEG 50/100 Cont .125ctrs. PIERCED SOLDEREYELET Tails GOLD

1-9 10-24 25-99

$6.80 S6.10 S5.45

Other PopularSULD2244-5WWG 22/44Cont .156 ctrs.WIRE WRAPtails GOLD.

1-9 10-24 25-99

S3.98 $3.50 $3.00

SUL-S100ALT 50/100 Cont.125 ctrs. DIP SOLDER TAILon 140 spaced rows forALTAIR motherboards,GOLD plated.

1-9 10-24 25-99

$4.95 $4.45 $3.95

Edge Connectors

SUL-D2244-5SEG 22/44 Cont

.156 Ctrs.PIERCED SOLDER

EYELET tails GOLD plated.

1-9 10-24 25-99

$2.98 $2.90 $2.75

RS232 and "D" SUB-MINIATURE CONNECTORS*

P=Plug, Male Type - S= Socket, Female Type - C= Cover, Hood

PART NO.

DESCRIPTION

CND-OE9P

CND-OE9S

CND-DE9C

CND-DA15P

CNDDA15S

CND-DA15C

CND-DB25P

CND-OB25S

CNO-OB51212-1

CND-OB110963-3

CND-DB122B-1A

CND-DC37P

CND-DC37S

CND-DC37C

CNDDD50P

CND-DD50S

CNO-DD50C

D2041B-S

9 Pin Mala9 Pin Female9 Pin Cover15 Pin Male15 Pin Female15 Pin Cover25 Pin Male25 Pin Female

1 pc.Groy Hood

2 pc.Grey Hood2 pc.Black Hood37 Pin Malo37 Pin Female37 Pin Cover50 Pin Male50 Pin Female50 Pin CoverHardware Sol 2 pr.

Bwrnffin

1.60 1.40 1.30

2.25 2-00 1-90

1.50 1,35 1-20

2.35 2.15 2.00

3.25 3.10 2.90

1.60

.45

.30

*——I CCliAIC 1 *

-T—flhAAXL

RS232. DB25P, EIAclass 1 cable8 con. 8 ft. longCentronics 700Series prinlerconnector

2.60 2.40

3.60 3.40 3.20

1.50 1.30 1.10

1.75 1.50 1,35

1.90 1,65 1.45

4.20 4.00 3.70

6.00 5.75 5.50

2.25 2.00 1.75

5.50 5,10 4.75

9.40 8.60 8.00

2.40 2,20 2,00

1.00 ,80 .70

18.00 16.00 1

.00

9.00 7.50 6.00

1/16 Vector BOARD

.042 dia holes on

0.1 spacing for ICs

PhenolicPART NO.

VCT64P44XXXPVCT169P44XXXP

Epoxy Glass

VCT64P44VCT84P44VCT169P44VCT169P84

SIZE

4.5x6.5"4.5x17"

4.5x6.5"4.5x8.5"4.5x17"8.5x17"

PRICE1-9 10-19

$1.56 $1.40$3.69 $3.32

$1.79 $1.61$2.21 $1.99$4.52 $4.07$8.83 $7.95

3 LEVEL GOLD WIRE WRAP SOCKETSPRICE*

PARTNO.

RNS-08WWGRNS-14WWGRNS-16WWGRNS-18WWGRNS-20WWGRNS-22WWGRNS-24WWGRNS-28WWGRNS-40WWG

PINS

"Price based on gold not exceeding $400.00 per oz.

NOVATION CATACOUSTIC MODEM

3M SCOTCH1BRAND

DISKETTES

liif Sectoring Prlct

740OK740'2OK74032K7J0.'232K

SolHTRS-BI

Soli/10

S0IUI6

J3995S7500139.95J75 00IS9.00

I 139 95"139 95"

139.95-

'DON'T SETTLE FOR ANYTHINGLESS THAN SCOTCH"

TRS-80/APPLEMEMORY EXPANSION KITS

Irom Leading Manulaclurers-116Kxl 200'250nsl4116s RAMS

8 for $65.00

Add $3 00 lor programming Jumpers lor TRS-80 Keyboard

ROCKWELLAIM-65

The Rockwell AIM 65 with 4KRCK-AIM65-4K 8 lbs

The Rockwell AIM 65 with 1KRCK-AIM651K8lbs

4K Assembled--RCK-AIM65-010...8K Basic in ROM--RCK-AIM65-020.

$445.00

$395.00$ 85.00$100.00

$17dQ5 Regular3>l/t„SO $198.00

• 0-300 Baud

• Bell 103

• Answer, Originate

PRIORITY \

16723 Poscoe Blvd.

DEALERSCALUFOR

PRICING

MEMORY MEMORY2102LIPC Low Power 450ns in lots of 20 $1.102102AL-2 Low Power 250ns in lots of 20 $1.252114-3L1KX4 300ns Low Power 8/S50.00

5257-3 L 4Kx 1 aeons Low Power 8/$55.002708 8K 450ns eprom 8/$60.00 - $8.50 ea2716 16K 5 Von only EPROM 8/S240S32.00 ea

ELECTRONICS®

Sepulveda CA 91343

Terms: Visa, MC, BAC, Check, Money Order, C.O.D. U.S. Funds Only. CA residents add 6% sales tax.Minimum order $10.00 Prepaid U.S. orders less than $75.00 include 5% shipping and handling,MINIMUM $2.50. Excess refunded. Just in case . . . please include your phone no.

•socket and connector Prices subject to change without notice.

price, based on oolo, not We will do our best to maintain prices thru March 1980 OEM and Institutional

steams w75oo p.,o* phone orc|ers welcome (213) 894-8171, (800) 423-5633 inquiries invited.

P&M

WRAP POST

for .042 dia. holes(all boards on this page].T44/C pkg. 100 .. $ 2.34)T44/M pkg.

1000 J14.35 I

A-13 hand installing V1 1tool » 419 .

ORDER TOLL FREE

1-800-423-56331

except CA., AK., HI., CALL

(213) 894-8171

SEND $1.00 FOR 52 PAGE CATALOG

SEND $1.00 FOR 52 PAGE CATALOG

DISCDRIVES

SD EXPANDORAM The Ultimate S-100 Memory

EXPAND0 64KIT(4116)

List Price. $385.00. $550.00. $715.00. $880.00

Sale Price

$239.00$309.00$379.00$449.00

The EXPANDORAM Is available In versions from 16Kup to 64K, so for a minimum Investment you can havea memory system that will grow with your needs. ThisIs a dynamic memory with the Invlsable onboardrefresh, and IT WORKS!

• Interfaces with Altalr, IMSAI, SOL-8. Cromenco,SBC-100, and others.Bank SelectablePhantom

Power 8VDC,± 18VDC, 5 WattaLowest Cost Per BitUses Popular 4116 RAMS

PC Board Is doubled solder masked and hassilk-screen parts layout.Extensive documentation clearly writtenComplete Kit Includes all Sockets for 64KMemory access time: 375ns, Cycle time: 500ns.No wait states required.16K boundrles and Protection via Dip SwitchesDesigned to work with Z-80. 6080, 8050 CPUs

DISC CONTROLLERSD "VERSAFLOPPY" KIT

The Versatile Floppy DiskController List Price$250.00SALE PRICE

$189.95

VERSAFLOPPY II

DOUBLE DENSITY. DOUBLE SIDED, DISC.CONTROLLER

n provides 985,600n a double sided B129,920 bytes per

SAJ00 andand SA850. ME700; Per Scs. BSI-105

SA45070 ant

sn

MF277

usIEEESland

ard

iffioc

■ Provides Control lor DoubSided OperationOperates with ZB0. 8060. ;

<i

SDS-VERSAFLOPPY II KIT List Price Sale Price ,

$350-00 $325.95

SHOP & COMPARE SPECIAL

M-XVI

The true

16K Static Ram

module

for S-100 bus systems

Assembled & Tested 100% Burn

The M-XVI gives you unbelievable expansioncapability (or your S-100 bus system even beyondB4K Manufactured to the hionesl Industry stan-dards documented and designed lo makeassembly, use, and programming a snap. TheM-XVI board Is a true revelation Tor Ihe serioushobbyist and use In practical business or In-dustrial applications.FEATURES:•Fully sialic•Uses popular 2114 sialic RAMS

• + 5 volt operation only

• Bank Select available by Da

• Phanlom line capability•Addressable in 4K blocks

iny

whore wllhln BAK In <tk Increments■Meets IEEE proposed S-100 signalstandards:LED indicators lor board selection

'Solder masked on both side>Silk screen ol pari numberand pari designator

2016BA 450ns 2MHZ. . . .2016BB 300ns 4MHZ. . . .2016BX Bare Board only.

Sale Priced

Reg. $349.95 $279.95Reg. $389.95 $309.95

$29.95

CENTRONICS730 Dot Matrix Printer

SAVE $150.00

STANDARD FEATURES: • 50 Characters/second • Charactersrllne • 10 characlersrlnch• 3-way paper handling system • 7 i 7 dot matrix • 96 character ASCII • microprocessorelectronics • unidireclion print at 5.0 ips • high speed return approximately 10 Ips • 21Ipm with 80 columns printed ■ 58 Ipm with 20 columns printed • 80 character buffer • 6tpl vertical • Centronics Colors and logo

FORMS HANDLING: Roll Paper: B.5 in. x 5.0 dia. wilh 1 In. core maximum dimension. 3.5in wide with .38 In. core minimum dimension. Fan Gold: 9.0 In. /22.9 cm. wide pin to pin9.5 In.f24.1cm wide overall. Up to 3 ply paper with 2 carbons (total thickness not lo ex-ceed 0t2 Inches) Cut Sheet: Maximum width 8.5 Inches.

RIBBON SYSTEM: Continuous ribbon 9M6" (54mm) wide, 20 yards (1B.3 meters) long,Moblus Loop allows printing on upper and lower portion on alternate passes.OPERATOR CONTROLS: Power onroff. Reset Switch -allows disabling o( printer withoutdropping AC

DATA INPUT: 7 or 8 bit ASCII parallel. TTL levels with strobe. Acknowledge pulse in-dicates that data was received.

PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS: Weight: less than 10 Ibs75 kg -Width: 14.5 Inchest? cm■ Depth: 11.0 inchesf28cm-Height: 4.89 InchesMScm -Dimensions exclusive ol roll paperholder.SHIPPING WEIGHT: 14 lbs.

CEN-730-1 {Parallel Int.) LIST PRICE: $995.00

PRIC$850.00

VDB-8024 VIDEO DISPLAY BOARD

With onboard Z80 Microprocessor

• S-100 bus Compatible

• Full 80 Characters by 24 Lines Display

• Characters Displayed by High Resolution 7 x 10Matrix

• Composite or TTL Video Output

• Keyboard Power and Interface

• Forward and Reverse Scrolling Capability

• Blinking, Underlining, Field Reverse,Field Protect and Combinations

• Full Cursor Control

• 96 Upper and Lower Case Characters

• 32 Special Character Set

• 128 Additional User Programmable Characters(Optional)

• On-Board Z80 Microprocessor

• 2K Bytes Independent On-Board RAM Memory

• Glitch-Free Display

List Price Sale Price

SDS-VDB-8024 KIT $370.00 $329-95

With On-Board RAM, PROM, CTC

• S-100 Bus Compatible

• Z80 Central Processing Unit

• 1024 Bytes of Random Access Memory

• 8K Bytes of PROM using 2716

• Parallel Input and Output Ports

• Four Channel Counter/Timer (Z80-CTC)

• Software Programmable Baud Rate Generator

• No Front Panel Required for Operation

List Price Sale Price

SDS-SBC-100 2MHZ KIT.$295.00 $249.95SDS-SBC-200 4MHZ KIT.$320.00 $289.95

PROM-100

Programming Boardlor PROM Development

NEW

SD SYSTEMS' PROM-100 is a versatile PROM pregramming board offering complete EPROM program-ming capability. The board operates on the industrystandard S-100 Bus. Support software verifies theerasure of EPROM and verifies the loaded program.SD SYSTEMS' PROM-100 offers a support-softwarelisting with its operations manual.

• S-100 Bus Compatible

• Programs the Following EPROM s: 2708, Intel2758, 2716, 2732 and Texas Instruments 2516

• Dip Switch Selection of EPROM type

• 25 VDC Programming Pulse Generated On Board

• Maximum Programming time: 16,384 Bits in100 Seconds

• Power Requirement: + 8VDC at 300 ma.;

+ 16 VDC atr 100 ma.; - 16 VDC at 60 ma.

• TTL compatible

• Software Provides for Reading of Object Filefrom SDOS, CP/M or PROM and Programminginto EPROM

• Program Verification • Verification of Erasure

• Zero Insertion Force Socket

List Price Sale Price

SDS-PROM-100 KIT.$200.00 $175.00

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

16723 RoscoeBlvd. Sepulveda CA 91343

"). U.S. Funds Only. CA re

%

Terms: Visa, MC. BaC. Check, Money Order, C.O.D. U.S. Funds Only. CA residents add 6% sales tax.Minimum order $10.00 Prepaid U.S. orders less than $75.00 Include 5% shipping and handling,MINIMUM $2.50. Excess refunded. Just In case . . . please include your phone no.

Prices subject to change without notice.We will do our best to maintain prices thru March 1980 oem and institutionalphone orders welcome (213) 894-8171, (800) 423-5633 inquiries invited.

800-423-5633

EXCEPT

CA.AK.HI.

(213)894-8171

Z80 STARTER KITA Complete Microcomputer On A Board

Z80 CPU with 15B Instructions

On-Board Keyboard and Display

On-Board PROM Programmer for Single

Voltage PROMS (2716, 2758, TI2516)

Kansas City Standard Cassette Interface

Simple Key Controlled Audio Cassette Load

and Dump

Expansion Provision for Mounting Two

S-100 Connectors (Sockets Not Included)

Wire Wrap Area for Custom Circuitry

Single Step through RAM or PROM

Memory Examine and Change

Port Examine and Change

280 CPU Register and Change

2K Byte 2BUG Monitor in ROM

1K Bytes of RAM (Expandable to 2K Bytes)

A 4 Channel Hardware Counter/Timer (Z80-CTC)

Two Bi-Directional 8-Bit I/O Ports (Z80-P10)

Up to 5 Programmable Breakpoints

Switch Selectable PROM or Monitor Restart

Vectored Interrupts provided by Z80-CTC and

List Price Sale Price

SDS-Z80 STARTER KIT $340.00 $279.95Circle 216 on inquiry card.

SEND $1.00 FOR 52 PAGE CATALOG

Circle 217 on inquiry card.

LiBt

Onlj

$1999

S158E

2399

190E

2765

219E

2799

222E

3215

255E

4E

FREE

8000

625C

1149

945

? 1549

129£

64C

Save More Than 80%

North Star—Intertubo

Thinker Toys—Microtek

The Smartest Computers at the Smartest Price

Quad & Double Density

Horizon-l-32K-D KitHorizon-2-32K-D Kit

Assembled & TestedHorizon-2-32K Kit Quad

Assembled Se TestedPascal for North Star on DiskPowerful North Star BASICZTEI PT 818 Computer 6 mHzThinker Toys Discus/2D ASeTDuscus/2 + 2 1.2 Megabytes A&T 1549Measurement system memoryA&T 4mHz 64 KGodbout Memory Call for prict

Intertube II Smart Terminal 995 74!

Microtek Printer 750 67!

Anadex Printer 995 87J

Florida Data Printer 600 CPS 4300 Call for priceMaryellen Word Processor Your Best Buy 3fTextwriter III 12J

E2-80 Tutorial Learn Machine Language 2E

PDS For North Star Better Than CP/M 9£

Compiler for Horizon Secret Superfast Code IOC

10% Off Software Prices With ComputersVerbatim the Best Diskettes Box of 10 9S

Which Computers Are Best? Brochure. . . . FREENorth Star Documentation Refundable 2C

W/HRZ

American Squire ComputersKlvett Dr ' Jamestown NO 27888

mmm

Texas Instrument 99-4 Computer $ 990.

TI 810 Printer $1590.Centronic Printers:

730-1 Parallel S 799.

730-2 Serial S 859.

779-1 Friction Feed $ 959.

779-2 Tractor Feed S 999.

Comprint 912 Par $ 475.

912 Ser 549.

Anadex with Par & Serial Interlace $ 799.

Commodore Business Machines:

PET 2001-8K Computer $ 695.

PET200M6K $ 895.

PET2001-32K $1090.

PET 2022 Trac. Fed Printer $ 899.

PET 2023 Frig. Fed $799.

$75. Free Software with PET MachinesIntertec SuperbrainNorth Star Computer and Ace.

** Save $ Save $Display Terminals:

Iniertubell $ 775.

Hazeltine 1400 $ 690.

1410 $ 785.

1500 $ 990.Immediate Delivery Irom Stock.

Multi-Business Computer System

28 Marlborough Street

i^m Portland, Conn. 06480 CSB

|^J (203) 342-2747 \wSt\

Circle 218 on inquiry card.

Circle 324 on inquiry card.

TRS-80 Model I and II quality software

DATA BASE MANAGER IDM-IV S69

You can use it to maintain a data base & produce reports without anyprogramming Define liie parameters & report formats on-line Features keyrandom access last multi-key sort held arith. label generator audit lot)MOD-II versinn with more than 50 enhancements S199

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE ACCT-III S8S

One or moie drives Order entiy calculates sales tax. shipping, amount formultiple items Credit checking aging, sales analysis, invoices, statementsand reports As opposed to most olnei A/R. ours can be used by doctois. storemanagers, etc MOD-II version S149

WORD PROCESSOR 16K S39 32K S49 MOO II S49

Fust word processoi specifically designed lor the TRS-80 thai uses diskstorage for text Written in BASIC No special hardware and text limit Use lorletters manuals & reports 32K version leatures upper/lowei case withouthardware change and multiple input text files

MAILING LIST advanced MAIL V S59

Fast sort by any field Multiple labels and reports 4-digit selection code, new/ip code ext screen input, live keyboard, powerful report wiiler MOD-II $99

INVENTORY INV-V S99

9-digil alphanumeric key lor fast key random access. Reports include orderinfo performance summary, etc Calculate E0 0 Powerful report wiiter MOD-II S149

All programs are on-line, interactive, random access, virtually bug freedocumented and delivered on disks MOD-I requires 32K. DOS We challenge allsoftware vendors to offer low cost manuals so you can compare and avou:those high-priced undocumented, 'on-memory' programs Send S5 for a MOD Imanual and SID for MOD-II

MOD-II programs are extensively modified guaranteed to run with 1 yearnewslettei & updates lift, off lor oidering more than 1 MOD-II piograms

MICRO ARCHITECT

96 Dothan St.. Arlington. MA 02174

cio SHORT 50 ft.

CASSETTES

Circle 219 on inquiry card.

Qty. Price

1 $1.00

10 $0.75

50 $0.65

Premium tape and cassettes acclaimedby thousands of repeat order microcom-puter users. Price includes labels, cas-sette box and shipping in U.S.A. VISAand M/C orders accepted. Californiaresidents add sales tax. Phone (415)968-1604.

MICROSETTE CO.

475 Ellis StreetMt. View, CA 94043

Circle 220 on inquiry card.

S-100 A/D

warn

•lRfrM|

"<r< * ivfl'ft

WmTfmnimiijfimiiimiftiffii

• S-100 Bus Compatible A/DConverter

• 12 Bit Accuracy

• 16 Channel Analog Input

• Programmable Gain Amplifierwith Sample-and-Hold

• High Quality Commercial/Industrial Construction

2 and 4 Channel, 12 Bit D/ABoards also available.

CALIFORNIA DATACORPORATION

3475 Old Conejo Road, Suite CIONewburv Park, California 91J201805)498-3651

Circle 221 on inquiry card.

New fromVantage Data Products

550 West 200 South

Suites

■Provo,Utah 84601

(801)377-6687

Communications/Control CPU Card

•CPU-Z-80 1KRAM16 bit interval timer and interruptEPROM • 2708 standard (2716 optional)

'Serial Communications-RS-232 interface,UART Complete MODEM capability,programmable baud rates, etc.

•Parallel 1/0-16 bits in (TTL), 16 bits Out (TTL)

•Power - on and external reset•EPROM not included

$195 assembled, tested, with warranty anddocumentation

Immediate delivery from stock!

All orders shipped prepaid

MC, VISA, phone orders welcome

Utah residents add 4 Wsales tax

THESWITCH

OPTO ISOLATED 120 VACSOLID STATE SWITCH

• INPUT S VDC 2 MA (TTL)

• ISOLATION 1500 VDC

• OUTPUT 6 A 120 VAC 720 W

• SIZE 2x21 CHANNEL

• SIZE 2x84 CHANNELPRICE KIT TESTED UNIT1 CH. £9.95 $12.504CH. $34.95 $44.95ADD 6% SALES TAX IN CALI-FORNIA AND $1.00 SHIPPING& HANDLING FOR ORDERSLESS THAN $20. ADD 4% FORVISA OR M.C.

JOHN J. BELL

P.O. BOX 338

REDWOOD CITY, CA 94064

(415) 367-1137

SEARCHING THROUGHYOUR ENTIRE

NORTH STAR

BASIC PROGRAM LISTINGS.

WITH OUR NEW "SCAN" COMMAND YOU CANINSTANTLY DISPLAY OR PRINT -

LINES THAT CONTAIN A SELECTED

ALL REFERENCES TO ANY LINE NUMBERALL OCCURRENCES OF ANY CHARACTER. NUMBER,LINE NUMBER, GROUP OF CHARACTERS OR ANYTHINGTHAT IS CONTAINED IN ANY BASIC LINE.

'lis is nol one ol those "funny pachini language addition to BA!ORTH STAR BASIC. Il will no]If loading and can \w loaded I

ns written in BASIC," Il is a

normal basic or DOS it islely to operate witfi BASIC

• Available for version 6 as well as 14 digit basic

• State your version when ordering

• Dealer inquiries invited

phone ohders accepted Clhll Y *fi?750 o.

USE YOUR VISA OR MASTEflCHARGE CARD ic.inioin.j wiuiW jao u . u.)

H

ELECTRONIC TECHNICIANSSOFTWARE SERVICES1072 CASITAS PASS RDCARPINTERIA, CA 93013

805-684-2541

Circle 222 on inquiry card.

Circle 223 on inquiry card.

Circle 224 on inquiry card.

10-DAY FREE TRIAL

Send for ourFREE Catalog

FKEt

8K-Keyboard N $795

16K-Keyboard B $995

16K-Keyboard N $995

32K-Keyboard B $1,295

32K-Keyboard N $1,295

B — large keyboard (graphics not on keys)N —large keyboard with graphics symbols

SANYO MONITORS

$100 FREE ACCESSORIESWITH 16K Or 32K PET

When you buy a 16K or 32K PET, apply $100 toward PETaccessories, FREE'. Just indicate on your order that you have'reduced the cost of your accessories by $100.

Terminal Package with 8K PETs

See Special Below

PET ACCESSORIES

Commodo.-e Dual Floppy Disk Drive 51,295.00

Commodore Printer (friction feed) $849.00

Commodore Printer (Iractor feed) $995.00

Second Cassette-from Commodore $95-00

Commodore PET Service Kit $30.00

Beeper-Tells when tape is loaded $24.95

Petunia-Play music from PET $29.95

Video Buffer-Attach another CRT $29.95

Combo-Petunia and Video Buffer $49.95

TNW Bi-dir. RS-232 printer X-face (see box below) $229

KIM 1 (A Single Board Computer

from Commodore) $179.00

SALE!

9-inch$169

e

SALE!

15-inch$279

Perfect for PET & APPLE Owners...

Sanyo cassette recorder..'. $55

opple II

1 ' phis

200 FR€€ RCC€SSORI€S

The new Apple II with Applesoft BASIC built-in! Elimi-nates the need for a $200 Firmware Card and includesnew Autostart ROM for easy operation. This combinedwith the FREE accessories from r4CE could save you upto $400 on a 48K Apple II system!

16K Apple II Plus —$1195 (take $100 in free accessories)32K Apple II Plus —$1345 (take $150 in free accessories)48K Apple II Plus — $1495 (take $200 in free accessories)

Apple II Accessories

General Business $625

PASCAL $495

Integer BASIC ROM Card $200

VISI-Calc $99

Centronics Printer Interface $225

Disk and Controller $595

Parallel Printer Card $180

Communications Card $225

Hi-Speed Serial Card $195

-irmware Card $200,

REMOTETERMINAL ;

for only $98

A self-contained moduleand program cassetteenables your PET tofunction as a 300 baudterminal. Supports Upper/Lower case, Rubout,Escape and all controlfunctions. Output is TTL,Can be used with THESOURCE. You will needthe Terminal Option, CatCoupler & EIA Cable to dothis. Complete packagewhich includes all 3 avail,from CompuMart for $279.

<cs>»

Hazeltine

Super Terminal Sale!

1410 Reg. $900 1500 Reg. $1,069

SALE! $749 SALE! $995

PAPER TIGER 440SPE

The Graphics Printertor Apple II

Now you can print illustrations, block letters, charts,graphs, and more —all under software control Andwith the expanded buffer, the Paper Tiger can hold thetext trom an entire 24-line-by-80-column CRT screen.

$1194.00 440 Reg. w/o graphics: $995

wsmom

New 300 baudOriginate/AnswerAcoustic CouplerLooks good, worksgreat

SALE $179

Excellent Performance—Looks Great

The TNW-2000

Bl-Directional RS-232 Serial Interface

Interface your PET to printers, modems, CRT ter-minals, plotters, paper tape readers and punches —orother computers. The TNW-2000 Serial Interface letsyou connect your PET to RS-232 serial devices.Comes assembled and tested with cable to connectunit to an IEEE Standard or Commodore PETconnector.TNW Bi.-Dir. RS-232 printer X-face $229

HEATH

The AIMn-One Computer

Dual 2-80 Processors • Built-in 102K Floppy Disk • 16Kto 48K RAM • 25 x 80 Character Display • Upper/LowerCase and Line Graphics • 80 Character Keyboard withKeypad • 8 User-definable Keys • Two BASIC'S andAuto-Scribe Word Processing available • Can supportCP/M

WH89 with 16K RAM $2,295

WH89 with 32K RAM $2,445

WH89 with 48K RAM $2,595

WH17 Second Disk Drive $550

Dual-port Serial Interface $85

HDOS Operating System $100

Microsoft BASIC $100

Word Processing $395

NCE/CompuMart

DEPT BY30, 270 THIRD ST.,

SINCE

1971

Lear Siegler's ADM-3A

The ADM-3A is industry's favorite dumbterminal for some very smart reasons:

• 12 in. diagonal screen

• Full or half duplex operation at 11 selectable datarates

• 1920 easy-to-read characters in 24 rows of 80 letters

• Typewriter-style keyboard

• RS-232 C interface extension port,

• Direct cursor addressing

Our Low Sale Price $795

CompuMart has the following Lear Siegler products

in-stock. Call for complete specs, options, & special

OEM prices:

ADM-31 • High resolution • Full editing capabilities • 90

key keyboard. • All 128 ASCII characters.

ADM-31 SALE! $1,195 Reg. Price $1,450

AOM-42. The low-cost, semi-intelligent video display

terminal that provides total flexibility of format, editing,

interface & transmission. 2 pg. display expandable to

8. Detachable keyboard.

ADM-42 SALE! $1,595 Reg. Price $1,795

310 Ballistic Printer. Long-Life, Exceptional Quality.SALE! $1995 Reg. Price $2,045

^ ZENITH COLORVIDEOMONITOR

Zenith's first color video displaydesigned specifically for computers.

This 13-mch monitor is Zenith's first color video displaydesigned specifically for computers. Features includeaulomatic color level, color processing and degaussingcircuits.

Zenith Color Monitor $499.00

WE'VE GOT IT!

A Calculator, A System,A Whole New Standard.

HEWLETT-PACKARD'S HP-41C

130 built-in functions»Alpha capability«400 linesexpandable up to 2,000 of programmemory •Continuous memory«RPN logic."Customize It. Reassign any program or standardfunction to any keyboard location you want.Enhanced programmabillty. Up to 6 levels ofsubroutines: 10 conditionals, 56 internal flags,specific loop control, indirect addressing, local &global branching. HP-41C Calc. $288

THE SYSTEM.

Memory Modules. Increase capacity to 319 regis-ters or 2,000 lines. $45.

"Extra smart" Card Reader. Records programs& data onto blank mag-cards. $180.The Printer. Portable, quiet, thermal operation.Upper & lower case; plotting routines. $320.Application Modules {$45 ea.) Standard Pac ROM,Statistics ROM, Math ROM, Finarftial DecisionsROM, Surveyinq ROM.

NCE/Compumart has the following quality Hewlett-Packard scientific and business calculators in stock.Call for complete product info and specs:HP-31E-Scientific, $49.95* HP-32E^Advanced scien-tific, $66.95 • HP-33E-Programmable scientific, $79.95• HP-37E-Business management, $69.95 • HP-38E-Advanced financial, $106CONTINUOUS MEMORY CALCULATORSHP-33C-$114.95. HP-34C-$144.95, HP-38C-$144.95

IMPORTANT ORDERING INFORMATION

All orders must Include 4% shipping and handling. Mass. residents add 5% sales tax; Mich.

residents 4%, for sales tax.

To Order

In Mass

CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142

r 1(800)343-5504,: 1(617)491-2700

VISA

Member:

Computer Dealers

Association

Phones open from 8:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. EST Mon.-Fri. • P.O. a accepted from D&B ratedcompanies — shipment contingent upon receipt of signed purchase order • Sorry no C.O.D.s •All prices are subject to change without notice * Most items In stock for immediate shipment —call tor delivery quotation • In the Ann Arbor area? Our retail store Is open 11:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m.Tues.-Frl.. 10:00 a.m. to 5:00 pm. Saturdays (closed Sun. and Mon.)

If not satisfied, return your purchase with-in 10 days for fullrefund of purchase price!

Circle 226 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

259

Circle 227 on inquiry card.

smoseiLLOScoPES

2 YEARWARRANTY

20 MHz, TRIGGERED

■ Single trace: automatic trigger forhighly stable, bright display.

■ 17.5nSec rise time. ■ 10mV/cm to20V/crn Vertical Sensitivity; 11steps.

20 MHz, DUAL TRACE

■ Add. subtract modes on CH-1 &CH-2 facilitate easy checkout forsimultaneous pulses, signal levels,distortion & noise cancelling.

25 MHz,

DELAYED SWEEP, DUAL TRACE

■ Built in variable delay circuitry —VSec to 5 Sec. ■ 5mV/Div. VerticalSensitivity.

30 MHz,

FIXED DELAY, DUAL TRACE

■ Dual trace. 30 MHz bandwidth.

■ 5mV/cm Vertical Sensitivitv.

COLOR BAR GENERATORS, BRIDGES, TESTERS,

NTSC Color BarPattern Generator

■*;j:';-||7 I *

•■■•V,

ifflci

6 6 o

Completely Portable, BatteryOperated TV Color Analyzer

[r»iis:ii*

itot ;iK

Transistorized LCR Bridge

ModelkLCR-i740

Model LCG-396

• NTSC color Dais

• Provides lijll-lieid or IQW insertion plu;

• Provides ah signals featured lo lime, lesi 4 evai\ UATV CATV VTfi VCR. color ana oSw system!

O-irjO'-variable C(

Oscilloscope tngi

Model»*«•'»■ LCG-

ir galea 3 bar 397

The Automatic

Transistor

Checker

ModelLTC-906

ghnmll-m AC adar

Before you buy,check our prices...

Farmingdale, N.Y.11735

YOUR ONE STOP DISCOUNT CENTER

Call TOLL FREE Master Charge, Bank Americard, Visa, C.O.D.'s accepted.

(800) 645-9518

n N Y Slate call (516) 752-0050

"We Will Beat Any Advertised Price"

CODs, shipping andinsurance extra

N.Y. State residents addappropriate safes tax

WAMECO

THE COMPLETE PC BOARD HOUSEEVERYTHING FOR THE S-100 BUSS

INTRODUCTORY SPECIALIOB-1 SERIAL/PARALLEL INTERFACE BOARD

* TWO PARALLEL DATA PORTS PROGRAMMABLE USING AN 8255 WITH SEPARATEHANDSHAKING.

* ONE SERIAL PORT USING AN 8251 WITH PROVISIONS FOR PARITY, STOP BIT ANDCHARACTER LENGTH. BAUD RATES 110 TO 9600 BAUD. OUTPUTS RS232, TTLAND CURRENT LOOP.

* KANSAS CITY STANDARD CASSETTE INTERFACE, 300 BAUD FOR USE WITH THESERIAL INTERFACE.

* STATUS MAY BE POLLING SOFTWARE OR VECTURED INTERRUPTS.

PCBD $31.95

KIT TO BE ANNOUNCED LATER.

FUTURE PRODUCTS: 80 CHARACTER VIDEO BOARD.Z-80 CPU BOARD WITH RAM, ROM AND PROGRAMMABLE VECTOR INTERRUPTS.

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED, UNIVERSITY DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE

AT YOUR LOCAL DEALER

MOST PRODUCTS FOR IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT. NO 4-8 WEEK DELAYS REQUIRED FOR OTHERS.

W777C

260 BYTE March 1980

iflC WAMECO INC. 111 GLENN WAY "8, BELMONT. CA 94002 (415)592-6141

Circle 228 on inquiry card.

\

Specifications:

(Printer not pictured)

A complete computer package, easy to install, easy to maintain- Practical to operate; designed for the businessman/woman(even for non-computer specialists)- Upwards expandable (built-in flexibility & updating)— Desk-top (rack mount available)— Can use many available software packages— Expandable for multi-user functions

Options:

- Z-80 CPU(4 MHz) with2SIO + 3PI0

- S-100 Compatible

- Two 8" Floppy DiskDrives

- Single/Double DensityDisk Controller

- 80 x 24 Terminal withediting capabilities plussecond page memory

- 132 Column DOT Matrixprinter

- Compiler Business Basic [CBasic 2 — version 2.04]

- Powerful OS-1 Operating System(uses any CP/M or Cromenco pro-gram)

- All necessary cabling and documentation

- Osborne software package: general ledger,accounts payable/receivable and payroll

Double sided DiskDrives

PRAGMATIX-100

TM

Assembled and Tested$6995.00

— Structured Systems

Software220 V/50 Hz available

— Dealer Inquiries Invited— Quantity pricing available

'— Call for exact p&d on options

Terminal with special functionand line insert/delete keys

8 channel S 10 with real time clockand interrupt controlAutotype— powerful word processor

— Qume S/5 45 RO Printer with Tractor

Feed- 10 & 20 MBY Removable Hard Disk,

DMA Controller & Custom Cabinetryavailable

- CP/M is a registered trademark of DigitalResearch

In California: 415-321-5601Outside Ca.: 800-227-8266

Electrolabs

POB 6721, Stanford, Ca. 94305

Circle 229 on inquiry card.

Worldwide:

TLX: 345567 Electrolabs PLA

TRS-80 users

Learn FORTH

FORTH is u structured high level language thatdramatically cuts program developmenl time. You

can expand the lORTH language by defining new

operations and data types. F:()RTH programs arecompiled 10 reduce memory space and speed execu-tion.

tinyFORTH is a complete version of the powerfulFORTH language tailored to the TRS-80, ThetinyFORTH system includes FORTH, a text editor,an assembler, graphics, and cassette I/O.Learn FORTH on your own computer "HietinyFORTH user's manual contains hundred* ofexamples to leach you FORTH in a hands-on style.tinyFORTH for 16k level I! TRS-80:Cassette and lull documentation S2M.95

Documentation only $ 9.95

All orders are fully guaranteed. And $1.50 forpostage and handling. Order with check, moneyorder. Visa, or Mastercharge.

Write lor a FREE booklet describing FORTH.

The Software Farm

Box 2304 Dept. A-20 Reston, VA 22090

12" BLACK & WHITELOW COST VIDEOTERMINAL$149.00 LIST

Add 55 for shipping and handlingTexas residents add 5% sales tax.

One yearlimited warranty

• Ideal for home, personal and business computer systems;surveillance monitors • 12" diagonal video monitor ■ Com-posite video input • Compatible with many computersystems * Solid-state circuitry tor a stable & sharp pic-ture • Video bandwidth—12 MHz ± 3 DB • Input im-pedance—75 Ohms • Resolution—650 lines Minimum INCentral 80% of CRT; 550 Lines Minimum beyond central 80%ofCRTrefElARS-375 • Dimensions— 11.375" high; 16.250"wide; 11.250" deep (exclude video input con-nector) • Weighi-6.5KG(t4.3lbs)nel

Use Master Charge/Visa or send money order.

Micro Products Unlimited

P.O. Box 1525. Arlington. TX 76010

817/461-8043

Dealer inquiries welcome

H9 OWNERS!

Now you too can have graphic capa-bilities similar to those of the TRS-80with GRAFIX. No modification to ex-isting circuit boards is required.GRAFIX simply plugs into existing ICsockets.

Comes with complete instructions.Full 6 month warranty.

Kit $59.95

Assembled and tested $69.95

Northwest Computer

Services, Inc.8503 N.E. 30th AvenueVancouver, WA 98665

Circle 230 on inquiry card.

Circle 231 on inquiry card.

Circle 232 on inquiry card.

DISCOUNT PRICES

NORTH STAR

APPLE II

POLYMORPHIC

INTERACT

HAZELTINE

SOROC

CENTRONICS

MICROTEK

INTERTUBE

& Others

Call for Prices(301) 694-8884

FREDERICK COMPUTERPRODUCTS

Municipal AirportFrederick, MD. 21701

GET. Paid€

for using yourComputer ^

FUN' Easv £53^

RUSH COUPON FOR ^JFREE FACTS

SPARE TIME mW^

Send today to — DAR-B3

3110 Fulton Ave, Sacramento CA 95821

S-1004-Channel SerialInterface

Economical interface flexibility for theadvanced amateur or small businesscomputerist

■ Industry standard LSI UARTS

■ 8 reversible status and data ports

■ Optically isolated current loop operation

■ Independent channel operation —RS-232, 20mA or 60mA current loop

■ On-board crystal time base

■ One year defect and workmanshipwarranty

249 Plus SI 50 poslage and handling in the U S

MTALABSINC

10911 Dennis Drive / Suite 405 I Dallas. Texas 75229

(214)241-1090

Dealer Inquiries Welcome

Circle 233 on inquiry card.

Circle 234 on inquiry card.

Circle 235 on inquiry card.

6800 DEVELOPMENT PAC II

• 6800 MICRO COMPUTER•48K RAM

• EROM PROGRAMMER•RS-232 INTERFACE•CASSETTE INTERFACE•MONITOR DEBUG ROM

• EDITOR/ASSEMBLER

• 4K INDUSTRIAL BASIC

• RACK, BACK PLANE, SUPPLY

• $1895

WINTliK

Corp.

317-742-8428801 South St., Lafayette, IN 47904

gistered trademark of Tandy Corp.

LEVEL II ROM DOCUMENTATION

I SUPERMAP.

.Use the Level II machine code;cmbly language programs. Xoumanhours in deciphering HOH ifJust transfer the comments andI explanations in SUPERMAP to your disassemblediting of. LEVEL II ROM. SUPERHAP uses more thanhousand lines to document:

Initialization Command mode encoder

Video Display I1ASIC interpeecr

Keyboard 'LIST' decoder

t the organization of the ROM are encionsult this book for further details.'■rt S. Howe, Jr., Ph.D., Editor Comput:

Send check or noney order (FULLER SOFTWARE ^

630 E. Springdale ISGrand Prairie, TX 75051

18

CREDIT CARDS OK*'

i for First clans postage if desired,prders add S2.05 for Airmail postage,lidents add S.•)5 for state sales tan.

EVERY MONTH

BUY, SELL OR TRADE ALL TYPES OFCOMPUTER EQUIPMENT AND SOFT-WARE (pre-owned and new) among20,000 readers nationwide in BIG(11x14") pages. Classified ads areonly 10* per word and are indexed foreasy and fast location. Subscription:$10 a year/12 issues. Bank cards ac-cepted. Money back guarantee.

campuTBR shoppsr

P.O. Box F-14

Titusville, FL 32780

(305)269-3211

Circle 236 on inquiry card.

Circle 237 on inquiry card.

Circle 238 on inquiry card.

ComputerCity SamplerDisk Drives

When you're ready to add disk storage to your TRS-80*, we're here to help.Our CCI-100 "'and -200'"'drives offer more capacity than Radio Shack 35-Track(85K Bytes) drives. These drivesare fully assembled, tested and ready to plug-in the moment you receive them. They can be intermixed with eachother and Radio Shack drives on the same cable. 90 day warranty.CCI-100™ 40 Track (102K Bytes) $399.00 CCI-200™ 77 Track (197K Bytes) $675.00

Printers

Letter Quality High Speed Printer

NEC Spinwriter: In-cludes TRS-80* inter-face software, quickchange print fonts, 55CPS, bidirectional,high resolution plot-ting, graphing, pro-portional spacing and

tractor feed assembly. 90 day warranty $2979.00Also: Centronics, Paper Tiger, HI Plot Digital Plotter16K Memory Op-grade Kits

Fast and ultrareliable $99.00

DISK OPERATING SYSTEMS

NEWDOS by Apparat+ $49.95

NEWDOS"PLUS"byApparat+ $110.00

DISKETTE TRS-80*

BUSINESS SOFTWARE BY SBSG

Free enhancements and upgrades to registeredowners for the cost of media and mailing. 30 day freetelephone support. User reference on request.Fully Interactive Accounting Package: General Ledger,

Accounts Payable, Accounts Receivable and Payroll.

Report generating.

Complete Package (requires 3 or 4 drives) $475.00

Individual Modules (requires 2 or 3 drives) $125.00Inventory II: (requires 2 or 3 drives) $ 99.00

Mailing List Name & Address II

(requires 2 drives)Intelligent Terminal System ST-80 111:The Electric Pencil from Michael ShrayerFile Management System:Systems Integration TestThe Source

$129.00$150.00$150.00$ 49.00$29.95$100.00

(ComputerCitjr

I A division of CPU Industries, Inc.

\175 Main Street, Dept.B-3 Charlestown, MA 02129

Hours: 10AM-6PM (EST) Mon.-Fri. (Sat. till 5)For detailed information, call 617/242-3350Massachusetts residents add 5% Sales Tax

TM CCI-100 S-200 are ComputerCity Inc. trademarks

'TRS-80 is a trademark of Radio Sliack, a Tandy Corporation +Requires Radio Shack TRSDOS*:es subject to change without notice

TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-343-6522

Massachusetts residents call 617/242-3350Retail Store Locations:

175 Main Street, Charlestown, MA

K Mart Plaza, Manchester, NH

50 Worcester Road(Rt.9), Framingham, MA

165 Angell Street, Providence, RI

Visa and Master Charge accepted

Franchise and dealer inquiries invited

Circle 240 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

263

Circle 241 on inquiry card.

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS

16K RAM BOARD. Fully buffered addressable in 4Kblocks. IEEE standard for bank addressing 2114's.

PCBD $ 26.95 Kit 450 NSEC ....$249.95

PT-1 PROTO BOARD. Over 2,600 holes 4" regula-tors. All S-100 buss functions labeled, gold fingers.

PCBD $25.95

PT-2 PROTO BOARD. Similar to PT-1 except set-up to handle solder tail sockets. PCBD ...$25.95

CCS MAIN FRAME. Kit (S-100) $349.95

APPLE EXTENDER. Kit $22.95

APPLE IEEE INSTRUMENTATION INTERFACE

KIT 7490. Kit $275.00

ARITHMETIC PROCESSOR FOR APPLE 7811A.

Kit $350.00

APPLE ASYNCHRONOUS SERIAL INTERFACE

7710A. Kit $89.95

APPLE SYNCHRONOUS SERIAL INTERFACE

7712A. Kit $89.95

ALL OTHER CCS PRODUCTS AVAILABLE

==t71

PB-1 2708 & 2716 Programming Board with pro-visions tor 4K or 8K EPROM. No external supplies

require textool sockets. Kit $129.95

CB-1A 8080 Processor Board. 2K of PROM 256BYTE RAM power on/rest Vector Jump Parallelport with status. Kit ....$129.95 PCBD $30.95

VB-3 80x55 VIDEO BOARD.

Graphic included TBD

IO-4 Two serial I/O ports with full handshaking20/60 ma current loop: Two parallel I/O ports.

Kit $130.00 PCBD $26.95

VB-1B 64 x 16 video board, upper lower case Greekcomposite and parallel video with software, S-100.

Kit $125.00 PCBD $26.95

CB-2 280 CPU BOARD. Kit $185.95

AIO APPLE SERIAL/PARALLEL $159.95

ALL OTHER SSM PRODUCTS AVAILABLE

v/mc

inc. WAMECO INC.

FDC-1 FLOPPY CONTROLLER BOARD will driveshugart, pertek, remic 5" & 8" drives up to 8 drives,on board PROM with power boot up, will operate

with CPM™ (not included). PCBD $42.95

FPB-1 Front Panel. IMSAI size, hex displays. Byte,

or instruction single step. PCBD $47.50

MEM-1A 8Kx8 fully buffered, S-100, uses 2102

type rams. PCBD $25.95

QM-12 MOTHER BOARD, 13 slot, terminated, S-100

board only $34.95

CPU-1 8080A Processor board S-100 with 8 level

vector interrupt. PCBD $26.95

RTC-1 Realtime clock board. Two independent in-terrupts. Software programmable. PCBD $23.95

EPM-1 1702A 4K Eprom card. PCBD $25.95

EPM-2 2708/2716 16K/32K EPROM CARD.

PCBD S25.95

QM-9 MOTHER BOARD. Short Version of QM-12.

9 Slots. PCBD $30.95

MEM-2 16Kx8 Fully Buffered 2114 Board

PCBD $26.95

PTB-1 POWER SUPPLY AND TERMINATOR BOARD

PCBD $25.95

8080A $9.95 2708 $9.49

8212 2.49 2114 (450 NS) low pwr 5.99

8214 4.49 2114 (200 NS) low pwr 6.99

8224 3.49 2102A-4L 1.20

w

(415) 592-1800

San Carlos, California 94070

P. O. Box 424

Please send for IC, Xistor and Computer parts list

MAR. SPECIAL SALEON PREPAID ORDERS

{Charge cards nol included on this oiler)

IOB-1 SERIAL/PARALLEL INTERFACE BOARD.Two parallel ports 8255, one serial port 8251,one Kansas City standard cassette.

PCBD (Introductory) $25.95

MIKOS PARTS ASSORTMENTWITH WAMECO AND CYBERCOM PCBDSMEM-2 with MIKOS "7 16K ram

with L2114 450 NSEC $249.95

MEM-2 with MIKOS -13 16K ram

with L2114 250 NSEC $279.95

MEM-1 with MIKOS "1 450 NSEC 8K

RAM $119.95

CPU-1 with MIKOS -2 8080A CPU $ 94.95

QM-12 with MIKOS #4 13 slot mother

board - $ 89.95

RTC-1 with MIKOS ~5 real time clock S 54.95

EMP-1 with MIKOS ~10 4K 1702 less

EPROMS $ 49.95

EPM-2 with MIKOS =11 16-32K EPROMS

less EPROMS - $ 59.95

QM-9 with MIKOS #12 9 slot mother

board $ 79.95

FPB-1 with MIKOS =14 all parts

for front panel $134.95

MIKOS PARTS ASSORTMENTS ARE ALL FACTORY MARKEDPARTS. KITS INCLUDE ALL PARTS LISTED AS REQUIREDFOR THE COMPLETE KIT LESS PARTS LISTED. ALL SOCK-ETS INCLUDED.

VISA or MASTERCHARGE. Send account number, interbank num-ber, expiration date and sign your order. Approx. postage willbe added. Check or money order will be sent post paid in U.S.If you are not a regular customer, please use charge, cashier'scheck or postal money order. Otherwise there will be a two-week delay lor checks to clear. Calif, residents add 6% tax.Money hack 30-day guarantee. We cannot accept returned IC'sthat have been soldered to. Prices subject to change withoutnotice. $10 minimum order. $1.50 service charge on ordersless than $10.00.

CMOS (DIODE CLAMPED)

«0O?

aooi

400114010

4024 -

403a -

4078 -

4039 -

4030 -

4015

4040

4042 -

404G4049 -405040S7

40724003

452074COO74C0274 COS74CIO74Ct474C2074C4774C73

74C193 -74C901 -74C902 -

TTL REED RELAY- SPST5V 20ma $1.00

DAC-08BC - 8 bit DAC - $9,95

8" DISKETTES - HARD SECTOR$1.75, 10/$16.00

CRYSTALS S3.45M.2.000 MHi 6.144 MHz4.000 MHz 8.000 MHz3.57 MHi lO.OOOMHz5.000 MHz 20.000 MHzfa.OOOMHi

BBON CABLE

;■ (COLOR CODEDI

//30WIRE

cond. • .50/per loot

cond. - .75/per fOOl

eond. - ,90/per foot

UNIVERSAL 4Kx8 MEMORY BOARD KIT$69.9532-2102-1 fully buffered, 16 address lines, onboard decoding for any 4 of 64 pages, standard44 pin buss, may be used with F-8&KIM

SILICON SOLAR CELLS4" diameter .4V at 1 AMP • •

PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD

4" x 6" DOUBLE SIDED EPOXY

BOARD 1/16" thick

$.60 ea 5/32,60

EPOXY glass vector board1/16" thick with 1/10" spacing.

ff MAX 100 Freq.counter. An 6 digit100 MHz counter ACor DC Input. - S129.00

I Specialities[ - 100KH2Generator,e S. triangle6159.00.

7 WATT LD-65 LASER DIODE IR $a95

25 watt Infra Red Pulse ( =>G 2006 equiv. ILaser Diode (Spec sheei included! $24.95

MINIATURE MULTI-TURN TRIM POTS100, 2K,5K, 10K, 20K, 1 Meg, $.75each 3/$2.00

?N 38?0 P FET $ 45

2N 5457 N FET S 45

2N2646 UJT $ .45

ER 900 TRIGGER DIODES 4 SI 00

?N 6028 PROG UJT S 65

FP 100 PHOTO TRANS $ .50

RED. YELLOW, GREEN

LARGE LED's. 2" 6/$1.00

RED/GREEN BIPOLAR LED's .2" ...95

TIL-1180PTO-ISOLATOR $.75

MCT-6 0PT0 ISOLATOR S .80

1 WATT ZENERS: 3.3, 4.7, 5.1, 5.6, 9.1,10, 12, 15, 18. or 22V 6/$1 .00

TRANSISTOR SPECIALS

2N6233-NPN SWITCHING POWER . $1.95MRF-8004 a CB RF Transistor NPN . $ .75

2N3772 NPN Si TO-3 $1.00

2N4908 PNP Si TO-3 $1.00

2N5086 PNP Si TO-92 4 $1.00

2N3137 NPN Si RF $ .55

2N3919NPN Si TO-3 RF S1.50

2N1420NPNSJTO-5 3/S1.00

2N3767 NPN Si TO-66 $ .70

2N2222 NPN Si TO-18 5 $1.00

2N3055 NPN Si TO-3 $ .60

2N3904 NPN Si TO-92 6/$1.00

2N3906 PNP Si TO-92 6/$1.00

2N5296 NPN Si TO-220 $ .50

2N6109 PNP Si TO-220 $ ,55

2N3638 PNP Si TO-5 5/$ 1.00

MPSA 13 NPN Si 4/S1.00

■2N546 PNP GERM TO-3 $ .95

TTL IC SERIES

Silicon Power Rectifiers

LED READOUTS.FCS8024 4 digit DL-707C.A. .3"

C.C 8" d.splav $5 95 DL 747 C.A. .6"

FNO 503 C.C .5"$ .85 HP3400.8"CAFND 510 C.A .5" S 85 ,DL 704 .3" C.C.

HP3405 .8" CC

£C0_

8001000

G 50 9.50

8'M 12.50

1 2 50 20.00

SAD 1024 a REDICON 1024 slage aBrigade" ihih register.

,18 I1N0.4T ..15/51.00

01 uf 25V ceramic disc caps.16/S1.00, $5.00/100

RS232 DB 25P m

CONNECTORS DB 25S fnHOODS

S2.95

$3.50

. $1.50

REGULATORS323K - 5V 3A . . $ 5.75 340K -12,15

309K -S 1.60 or 24 V.... S 1.50

723 $.50 340T-5.6.8. 12

320T- 15. 18 or 24VS 1.30

5, 12, or 15 V 79MG SI.35

MM53B7AA . . . CLOCK CHIPS - ■ ■ - $5.95

M7001 £7.50

MM5316 . . £4.75

Full Wave Bridges

1.00

1.30

1.65

1.90

3.30

4.40

DIP SOCKETS

8 PIN .17 24 PIN .35

14 PIN .20 28 PIN ,40

16 PIN ,22 40 PIN ,60IB PIN .25

SANKEN AUDIO POWER AMPS

S. 10)0 G 10 WATTS S 6.75

Si 1020 G 20 WATTS S12.95

S. 1050 G 50 WATTS . $25.90

TANTULUM CAPACITORS

NO. 30 WIRE WRAP WIRE SINGLESTRAND 100" $1.40

.22UF 35V 5/S1.00.47UF 35V5/S1.00.68UF 35V5/$1.001UF 35V 5/S1.002.2UF 20V 5/S1.003.3UF 20V 4/S1.004.7UF 15V 5/S1.00

6.8UF 35V4/S1.0010UF 10V $.2522UF 25V $.40

15UF 35V 3/$1.0030UF 6V 5/S1.00100UF 15V $ .70150UF 15V $ .9558 UF 15V

74LSSERIES

74LS00 - .2874LS01 - .2974LS02 - .2874LS03 -.2874LS04 - .3574LS05 -.3574LS08 -.35

74LS09 -74LS10 -74LS11 -74LS12 -74LS13 -74L514 -74LSI5-74LS20 -74LS21 -

74LS27 -.4574LS28 - .4574L530 - .3574LS32 -.4074LS37 -.4574LS38 -.55.74LS40 - .4074LS42 - 1.0074LS51 -.3574LS54-.3574LS73 — .4574LS74 - 1.0574LS75-.5974L576 - .4574LS8G - .4574LS90 - .9074LS92 - .9074LS93 - .9074LS10774LS109

74LS153 -74LS1S5 - 1.1174LS156 — 1.1574L5157 - 1.1?74LS1G0 - Lit74L5162 - l.K74LS163 - 1.2C74LS164 - 1.2C74L5168 - 1.2574L5169- 1.2574LS170- 1.7C74LS173 - 1.3C74LS174 - l.OC74LS175- 1.0074LS181 - 2.5074LS190- 1.1574LS191 - 1.1574LS192- l.OC74LS193- 1.1C74LS195- 1.1C74LS196 - 1.2C74LS221 - 1.3C74LS197- 1.1C741.5240 - 2.5C74LS241 - 2.9!74L5242 - 3.0[74LS243-2.774LS244- 2.5i74LS251 - 1.2!74LS257 -.9074LS25S - 1.5174LS259 - 1.5174LS265 - .7074LS266 - .7074LS279 - .7074LS290- .8074LS293 - .80

1.19

_ -.4574LS113- .4574LS114 -.5574L5125 -.9074LS126 - .9074L5132 - .9574LS139- 1.3074LS151 - 1.19

74LS36 5-74LS366 -74LS367-74LS368-74LS375-74L5377-74LS386-74LS390-

LINEAR CIRCUITSLM201 —.75LM301/748 — .25LM307 — .30LM30B — .75LM311 —.75LM31B — 1.20LM324 — .95LM339 — 1.10LM358 — .70LM377 — 1.60LM380 —.95LM382 — 1.25LM3B6 — .80LM3B7 — 1.2S

LM1

1.75

LM18B9 — 1.95CA3080 — .95LM537 — 2.50LM553 - 2.50LM555 — .49LM556 — .85560 — 2.00565 - .9556G - 1.10567 — 1.10702 — 1.50703- "

709 —

710 —711CF-733H -741C or V — .30747 —.50LM1310 - 2.501456 - .95

1458 — .50

3900 - .85

B038CC —3.90

791 - 1.95

4136— .95

UF355 — 1.75

— 40

- .75 •

264 BYTE March 1980

Circle 242 on inquiry card.

DIGITAL RESEARCH COMPUTERS

(214) 494-1505

16K EPROM CARD-S 100 BUSS

FIRST TIME OFFERED!BLANK PC BOARD - $28

USES 2708s!

Thousands of personal and business systems around the worlduse this board with complete satisfaction. Puts 16K of softwareon line at ALL TIMES! Kit features a top quality soldermasked andsilk-screened PC board and first run parts and sockets. Anynumber of EPROM locations may be disabled to avoid anymemory conflicts. Fully buffered and has WAIT STATEcapabilities.

OUR 450 NS 2708'SARE S8.95 EA. WITHPURCHASE OF KIT

ASSEMBLED

AND FULLY TESTED

ADD S25

16K STATIC RAM KIT-S 100 BUSS

PRICE CUT!

$259

KIT

in in in mm ii

KIT FEATURES'

1 Addressable as four separate 4K Blocks.

2 ON BOARD BANK SELECT circuitry. (Cro-memco Standard') Allows up to 512K on line!

3 Uses 2114 (450NS) 4K Static Rams

4 ON BOARD SELECTABLE WAIT STATES.

5 Double sided PC 8oard. with solder mask andsilk screened layout Gold plated contact fingers

6 All address and data lines fully buffered

7 Kit includes ALL parts and sockets.

8 PHANTOM is lumpered to PIN 67.

9 LOW POWER: under 1.5 amps TYPICAL fromthe+8 Volt Buss

10 Blank PC Board can be populated as anymultiple of 4K.

BLANK PC BOARD W/DATA-S33LOW PROFILE SOCKET SET-S12

SUPPORT IC'S & CAPS-S19.95ASSEMBLED & TESTED-ADD S30

OUR #1 SELLINGRAM BOARD!

8K LOW POWER RAM KIT-S 100 BUSS

SALE pfllcE

$11050

1 ■ ** KIT

21L02(450 NS RAMS!)

Thousands of computer systems rely on this rugged, work horse,RAM board. Designed for error-free. NO HASSLE, systems use.

Blank PC Board w/DocumentationS29.95

ASSEMBLED AND FULLYBURNED IN ADD $30

ALL ASSEMBLED BOARDSARE TESTED AT 4MHZ.

Low Profile Socket Set 13.50Support IC'S (TTL & Regulators)

S9.75Bypass CAP'S (Disc & Tantalums)

S4.50

16K STATIC RAM SS-50 BUSS

PRICE CUT!

$249k,t

FULLY STATIC

AT DYNAMIC

PRICES

iw 8 p*- I pKrjsS I K

111 1 I 11111 £ IEllIfe" fT$£»t. •;*->£.-i^'Jhr■&*■&;■•? . > .-Sr.^^S^-r;

lilillillllil l;i|

FOR SWTPC6800 BUSS!

ASSEMBLED ANDTESTED - $30

KIT FEATURES:

1 Addressable or 16K Boundaries

2 Uses 2114 Static Ram

3 Runs at Full Speed

4 Double sided PC Board Solder maskand silk screened layout Gold fingers

5 All Parts and Sockets included

6 Low Power Under 1 5 Amps Typical

BLANK PC BOARD—$26 COMPLETE SOCKET SET-SUPPORT IC'S AND CAPS—$19.95

$12

PROC. TECH. QUITS THE MICROPROCESSOR BUSINESS!

FACTORY CLOSE OUT - SPECIAL PURCHASE!

#16KRA

16K S-100 Dynamic Ram Board£149^5 Sold Out

We purchased the remaining inventory of PT's popular 16K RamBoard when they recently closed their plant. Don't miss the boat!These are brand new, fully tested, ASSEMBLED and ready to go.All are sold with our standard 90 day limited warranty!!Orig. $429 each! 72 Page Full Manual, Included Free!

Perfect forOEM's

S-100 Z80 CPU CARD

«159

95

WIRED!NOT A KIT!

4 MHZ

Z-80 PROGRAMMING MANUAL

By MOSTEK, or ZILOG. The most detailed explanation ever on theworking of the Z-80 CPU CHIPS. At least one full page on each of the 158Z-80 instructions- A must reference manual for any user of the Z-80. 300Pages $12.95

ASSEMBLED AND TESTED! READY TO USE! Over 3 years of designefforts were required to produce a TRUE S-100 Z80 CPU at a genuinelybargain price! BRAND NEW!

FEATURES'

* 2 or 4 MHZ Operation * Generates MWRITE. so no front panel required+ Jump on reset capability ■* 8080 Signals emulated for S-100 compatability* Top Quality PCS Silk Screened Solder Masked Gold Plated Contact Finuers

s*v-#

LOW POWER - 250NS 8 FOR

2114 RAM SALE! $ss

4K STATIC RAM'S. MAJOR BRAND. NEW PARTS.These are the most sought after 2114's. LOW POWER and 250NS FASTSPECIAL SALE: $75° ea. or 8 For $55

NEW! G.I. COMPUTER SOUND CHIP

AY3-8910. As featured in July. 1979 BYTE! A fantastically powerful Sound& Music Generator. Perfect for use with any 8 Bit MicroprocessorContains: 3 Tone Channels, Noise Generator, 3 Channels of AmplitudeControl, 16 Bit Envelope Period Control. 2-8 But Parallel /O 3 D to AConverters, plus much more! All in one 40 Pin DIP Super easy to interfaceto the S-100 or other busses.SPECIAL OFFER: S14.95 each Add S3 for 64 page Data Manual

Digital Research Computers

** (OF TEXAS) '

P.O. BOX 401565 « GARLAND, TEXAS 75040 » (214) 494-1505

TERMS: Add S 1.00 postage, we pay balance Orders, under S15 add 75chandling No C O.D. We accept Visa and MasteiCharge Tex Res add 5°oTax Foreign orders (except Canada! add 20% P & H 90 Day Money BackGuarantee on all items.

NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DIGITAL RESEARCH OF CALIFORNIA, THE SUPPLIERS OF CPM SOFTWARE.

Circle 243 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980 265

Circle 244 on inquiry card.

g^ FREE1

Axiom EX-801 PET Printer(withgraphics)S

Axiom EX-820 PET Plotter S

Anderson Jacobson 841 SelectricLeedex Video 100 12" Monitor ...Heath WH19Terminal (factory asm.)Heath WH14 Printer (factory asm.)IEEE-RS 232 Printer Adaptorfor PET

Up to $170 in merchandise with purchaseof one of following PET-CBM items! ! !

BETSI PET lo S-100 Interface $ 119.00

PET Connectors-Parallel or IEEE $ 1.95

Cassette Port $ 1.45

Hands on Basic with a PET S 9 45

Programming the 6502 (Zaks) S 9.45

6502 Applications Book (Zaks) S 10.45

6500 Manuals (MOS Technology) .... $ 6.50

Programming a Microcomputer: 6502 . $ 8.456502 Assembly Language

(Osborne) NEW1 $ 8.10

All Book and Software Prices are DiscountedPET PersonalComputerGuide (Osborne)... $ 12.75PETandlhelEEE-488Bus(Osborne).. . $ 12.756502 Software Cookbook (Scelbi) $ 9.45

Cassettes (all tapes guaranteed) AGFA PE611Premium quality, high out put lownoise in 5 screwhousing with labelsC-10 10/5.65 50/25.00 100/48.00C-30 10/6.90 50/30.00 100/57.00

475.00749.001015.00119.00770.00735.0088.00

PET SPECIALS *FREE

PET 16N 16K full size graphics keyboard S 995 $130

PET 16B 16K full size business keyboard S 995 S1 30

PET 32N 32K full size graphics keyboard S1295 S170

PET 32B 32K full size business keyboard $1295 $170

PET 8N 8K full size graphics keyboard $795 $100

PET 2040 DUAL DISK ORIVE-343,000 bytes $1295 $170

PET 2022 Tractor Feed Printer s 795 $100

PET 2023 Pressure Feed Printer $ 695 $ 70

PET C2N External Cassette Deck $ 95 $ 12

Used 8K PETs (limited quantities) $ 495

*Amount of Free Merchandise with Purchaseof PET-CBM Item.

KIM-1 $159 (add S30 lor power supplyiSYM-1 $209

BAS-1 Microsoft ROM Basic for SYM .... $ 85

Memory Plus (KIM, SYM, AIM) $195

SYM Assembler in ROM $ 85

SEA-16 New 16K Static RAM $325

Seawell Motherboard - 4K RAM Space ... $ 139

KTM-2/80 Synertek Video Board $349

S-100 16K Static RAM Kit SALE $219

TIS PET Workbooks - set of 6 $ 21.50

Dust Cover for PET $ 8.90

ATARI-INTRODUCTORY SPECIAL

ATARI 400. Atari 800 and all Alan Modules 20% OFF.

Programmers Toolkit - PET ROM Utilities. $ 44,90

Sargon II (TRS-80 or Apple) NEW! $ 24.90

Microchess for PET (Peter Jennings) ....$ 17.90VisibleMusicMonitor(4Voice)forPET ... $ 29.90

KL-4M 4 Voice Music Board (PET) $ 34.90

CmC Word Processor (8K $25) (16K$34)Adventures by Scott Adams 15% Off

SALE

3M "Scotch" 8" Disks 10/S31.00

3M "Scotch" 5" diskettes ... 10/S31.50

Verbatim 5" diskettes 10/$26.50

Diskette Storage Pages 10/$ 3.95

Disk Storage Boxes 8" $2.85 5VS1.95(Write for quantity prices)

2716 EPROM (5 void .... $ 29.00

6550 RAM (for 8K PET) $ 1 2.70

6502 $9.75 6522 $9.00 6520 $5.502114 L 450 ns $5.35 24@ $4.95 100 @> $4.45

115 E. Stump RoadMontgomeryville, PA 18936

(215)699-8386699-5826

A B Computers

MINIMAX

by COMPU/THINK

MINIMAX I |8 Megabyte disks) $4495MINIMAX II [2.4 Megabyte Disks) $5995

SPECIAL — MINIMAX prices include Compu/Think PAGEMATE Database and Report Writer at no charge.

The most advanced complete microcomputer system available.

includes CPU, 12" CRT, Full Keyboard, 2 Quad-Density DiskDrives, 2 Megahertz 6502 Hybrid Processor (double speed), 108K System Memory, High Resolution (512 x 240) Graphics,Programmable Character Fonts, Microsoft Extended BASIC,DOS with Random Access I/O, Full Complement of I/O Ports,Monitor with Debug, Trace, and Tiny Assembler, Fifth (PL/M andForth combination) Interpreter, Complete editing and entry withsplit screen capability, 64 Microprogrammable Opcodes, Bus-iness software (with Database) available.

WRITE FOR COMPLETE CATALOG

Add $1.00 per order for shipping.

We pay balance of UPS surface charges on all prepaid orders.

UP TO 25% OFF011?

YOUR OWN TRS-80 SYSTEM AT TREMENDOUS SAVINGS

Visit our new Store at 20th & Walnut, Phil a., PA

REG.PRICE

$619.00$849.00$299.00

$ 495 00$1599 00$1595 00$1295 00Memory K1M16K)free installation $ 14900

ITEM

Level II—4kLevel II—16kExpansion Interface

Mini Disk DriveCentronics 779 PrinterCentronics 101 PrinterAnadex DP-8000 Printer

Verbatim Diskettes ea

3

10

C-10 Cassettes 5

25

Paper (9'/!x 11 lantold.

3500 sheets)

5 9517 8959 00

4 9524 75

OURPRICE

$575.70$789.60$278.00

$385 00$1175.00$1400 00S 99500$ 98.004 95120037 0045018 75

S 35.00 $ 29.95

SALE

I Centronics 730 $850.00

Same as Line Printer II

TRS—80 MODEL II

• 64K RAM

• Va MEG DISKADDITIONAL DISK DRIVE (1ST)ADDITIONAL DISK DRIVE (2ND -VR Data's 1st Drive

$3626.00

S1069 5U

3RD) $ 558.00

$899.00

BUSINESS SOFTWARE

Model II Model I

Payroll

General LEDGER

(inc. AP, AR, etc.)

DATA BASE

MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM

$199.00$199.00

$249.00

$99.00$149.00

$149.00

Documentation only (each Package) $5.00

GENERAL SOFTWARE

NEW DOS+

Electric Pencil

40 tk.

$110.00

Disk

$150.00

35 tk.

$99.00

Tape

$99.00

Upper/Lower Case Conversion

Tape $19.95 Disk $24.95Diagnostics Tape/Disk $34.55Household Inventory

Loan Amortization Schedule

Disk $19.95$19.95

MARCH SPECIAL

(Good until 3/31/80)

MINI-DISK DRIVES$350.00

—NEW—

5'/4" Disk Head Cleaner Kit $14.95

NOW OPEN

VP DATA'S ComputerRepair Center

There are new developments every day—write or call for the latest information.

777 Henderson Boulevard N-6Folcrofi Industrial ParkFolcroft PA 19032(215) 461-5300

m

TOLL FREE

1-(800) 345-8102 Orders only!

FOREIGN and DOMESTIC DISTRIBUTORSHIPS AVAILABLE . . .

TTTTTITTTTTTTTTTTTI IIHIIMITTTTTf

266 BYTE March 1980

Circle 245 on inquiry card.

Circle 246 on inquiry card..

Radio JHut Radio Hut Radio Hut Radio Hut

affl Radio Hut

201 L0CHW00D MALL • DALLAS. TEXAS 75218

ORDER BY PHONE—214-324-5509

PLEASE WRITE FOR CATALOG

PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE

WITHOUT NOTICE

ORDERING INFORMATION & TERMS: Orders under $15.00add 75c handling. No C.O.D. We accept Visa, MasterCharge.and American Express cards. Tex. Res. add 5% tax. Foreignorders (except Canada) add 20% P&H. 90 Day Money BackGuarantee on all items. Add 5% P&H, maximum $5.00.ORDER BY PHONE — (214) 324-5509

I The EXPANDORAM is available in versionsI from 16K up to 64K, so for a minimum invest-Iment you can have a memory system that will(grow with your needs. This is a dynamic mem-lory with the invisible on-board refresh, and IT| WORKS!

Bank Selectable|« Phantom

Power 8VDC, +16VDC, 5 Watts| • Lowest Cost Per Bit' Uses Major Brand 16K RAMS

PC Board is doubled solder masked and has

silk-screened parts layout

Extensive documentation clearly written

SD EXPANDORAM

• Complete kit includes all Sockets for 64K

• Memory access time: 375ns, Cycle time:500ns.

• No wait states required

• 16K boundaries and Protection, via Dip |Switches

• Designed to work with Z-80, 8080, 80851CPl/s

EXPANDORAM 64K Kit (16K Ram)

16K $239.95

32K 309.95

48K 379.95

64K 449.95

SD'S PROM 100 PROM Programmer Board

I The PROM-100 Programmer is a development tool for| S-100 Bus computer systems. The Zero InsertionI Force Programming Socket extends above the card(cage height for easy access to PROM devices. Soft-Iware verifies PROM erasure, verifies program loadingland provides for reading of object file from Disk orI PROM and programming into PROM/EPROM. Fea-tures include: On-board generated 25vdc Program-Iming pulse, TTL compatible, maximum programming[time for 16,389 bits is 100 seconds. Programs: 2708,lintel 2758, 2716, 2732 and Tl 2516. DIP SelectablelEPROMtype.IPROM-100 Board Kit $149.95

SD'S SBC-200SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER Kit $289.95

S-100 Bus compatible and based on the powerful Z80 microprocessor, the SBC-200 meets Ihe needs of a 2-80 CPU boardwith many additional features. Ideal for Industrial and controlapplications. All of the same features that have made theSBC-100 famous, PLUS 4MHz OPERATION. • S-100 BusCompatible • Z80 Central Processing Unit • 1024 Bytes ofRandom Access Memory • 8K Bytes ol PROM using 2716 •Serial Input/Output Port (with Asynchronous and SynchronousOperation) • Parallel Input and Output Ports • Four ChannelCounter/Timer (Z80-CTC) • Software Programmable BaudRate Generator • No-Front Panel Required for Operation • 4MHz Operation.

SD'S VERSAFLOPPYII

• IBM 3740 Compatible Soft Sectored Format for Single Den-sity Drives • Operates with Single and Dual Sided Drives.Single or Double Density Drives and 5' & 8 Drives — in anycombination ol four simultaneously • Drive Select and SideSelect Circuitry • S-100 Bus Compatible • Vectored InterruptOperation Optional • Phase Locked Loop Data Recovery Cir-cuit • Operates with Z80 CPUs • Uses FD1791-1 ControllerChip • Ther Versafloppy II incorporates all the possible fea- Itures of a flexible disk drive controller into one board. Capableof handling four drives simultaneously, combinations of anyvariety are possible, such as 5" single sided. 8" dual densitydual sided, 5' dual density single sided. Most popular drives |are controlled directly with the Versafloppy II. The operatingsystem lor the Versafloppy II is the extremely powerful SDOSavailable for SD Systems. Diagnostic and control softwareavailable to complete your disk system. KITS335.95

SD'S VDB-8024VIDEO DISPLAYBOARD

The VDB-8024 featuresits own on-board Z80I microprocessor. This gives the capability of using soft-I ware (included in ROM) to control functions and en-I hancements without interference with the computer'sI CPU. Included in the special features: 80 charactersI by 24 lines display, keyboard power and interface,I composite and separate video output, 2K on-boardI RAM, a total of 256 available characters, full cursorcontrol, forward and reverse scrolling, underlining,I field reverse, field protect enhancements, program-| mable characters. kit S329.95 A&T S389.95

SD'S

"VERSAFLOPPY I"

KIT

FEATURES: IBM 3740 soft sectoredcompatible, S-100 BNS Compatible for Z-80or 8080. Controls up to 4 drives (single ordouble sided). Directly controls the followingdrives: Sugart SA400/450 Mini Floppy • Shu-gart SA800/850 Standard Floppy • PERSCI70 and 277 • MFE 700/750 • CDC 9404/9406

$189.95

SD'S SBC-100SINGLE BOARDCOMPUTER

The SBC-100 providescomplete micro-computer [on a single board! The Z80 microprocessor is used as the heartof the SBC-100. The SBC-100 meets all the requirements ol aZ80 CPU board with the added features of I/O ports, counter/timer channels, on board RAM, provisions for PROM/ROMand a software programmable baud rate generator. S-100 Buscompatible, the SBC-100 features are: 8K bytes ol availablePROM, 1024 bytes on-board RAM, Serial I/O with both syn-chronous and asynchronous operation. Parallel I/O ports.Operational Vectored Interrupts, and Four Counter/TimerChannels. SD Monitor available for RS-232 and Video Ter-minals. Disk based system software also available.SBC-100 KIT S249.95

TARBELL FLOPPY DISK INTERFACE

I Compatible with Z80 & 8080. S-100 Bus. UsesCPM operating system. Plugs directly into yourIMSAI or ALTAIR • Fastest transfer rateKIT $190.00 Assembled & Tested $260.00

TARBELL CASSETTE INTERFACE

I Plugs directly into your IMSAI or ALTAIR •Fastest transfer rate • Extremely reliable •Phase encoded • 4 extra status & control lines KIT $99.95

==/77

CB2 Z-80 CPU

Board Kit $186.00

Operates at 2 MHZ or 4 MHZby DIP switch selection andincludes two sockets for 2716or 2732 EPROMs or TMS4016 2K RAMs. Jumperoptions generate the newIEEE S-100 signals.

Z80 STARTER KITKit: $279.95 Assembled & Tested $349.95

I SD System s Z80 Starter Kit enables the novice to build a

I complete microcomputer on a single board Featuring the

I powerful Z80 microproces-sor, the Z80 Starter Kit lea-

I tures • Keyboard and Dis-play • Audio Interface •PROM Programmer • Ex-pansion and Wire WrapArea • On Board RAM • 4Channel Counter/Timer •Z-BUG Monitor in PROM •I/O Ports.

NOVATION CATACOUSTIC

COUPLER/MODEM$189.00

Let your computer communi-cate with other computers. BellSystems 103 compatible 300baud, answer or originate

==/7?

VB3 80 Character

Video Board Kit

$299.95

• 80 char, per line, up to 5lines • Graphics up to 160 >204 matrix • Up to 256 userdefined symbols (optionalEPROM) • Composite video

PB1 2708/2716 Programmer & 4K/8KIEPROMBoard Kit =±/7? $124.00 |

• S-100 bus • 2 separate programming sockets tor 2708 or2716 (5V) EPROMs • Programming voltage generated onboard — no need for an external power supply • Softwarecontrol of 2708/2716 programming selection • LED indicator jfor programming mode and an on-off switch for programmingvoltage • 4 sockets for 4K of 2708 or 8K of 2716 EPROMs •Unused EPROM sockets do not enable data bus drive so theboard is never committed to the full 4K or 8K of memory •Jumper selectable wait states (0-4) for fast or slow EPROMS

SYM-1

Reg. $269.00NOW $219.00

• KIM-1 Compatible

• 4K ROM Monitor

1 KBytes 2114 RAM• 65K MemoryExpansion' User EPROM 2716

I04 2 Parallel/2 Serial I/O Board Kit $126.00

• S-100 bus • 2 serial I/O ports (2 in & 2 out) • Independent |baud-rate selection Irom 55 to 9600 baud • Regulated -5V.+ 12V & - 12V outputs provided on both serial headers • 2latched parallel I/O ports (2 in & 2 out) • Independent DIPswitches for setting address • Inierrupt capability provided foron serial and parallel I/O ports • 18V @ 0.95A. - 16V @ 0.6A.& - 16V @ 80mA typical SSffJ

VB1B VIDEO BOARD KIT $124,00 1

• S-100 bus • 64 or 32 characters per line {DIP switch select-able). 16 lines • Graphics 128x48 matrix • Uppercase, lowercase, Greek characters, symbols and numbers • 7x9 ddtcharacter matrix • Black-on-white or white-on-black • Timing60Hz vertical rale, 16.2KHz horizontal rate. Crystal 12.44MHz

• Parallel and composite video output (US TV signals), sep-arate video, horizontal and vertical sync —Sfil

[• S-100 Bus Compatible|» Up to 4Mhz Operation

Expandable Memory from 16K to 256K!• DIP Switch Selectable Boundaries\* Uses 16K (4116) or 64K (4164) Memory

Devices

Page Mode Operation Allows up to 8 Memory

Boards on Bus|« Operates with Z80 CPU's1 Phantom Output Disable< Invisible Refresh (Synchronized with Wait

States)

SD'S EXPANDORAM II

SD Systems' ExpandoRAM 11 is a dynamic RAM I

The Randem Access Memory ggj with caPacities fr°m 16K bytes (4iiq to

bytes (4164). It operates on the industry|S-100 Bus. The design allows 8 boards to op-|erate from the same S-100 Bus. The Expando-RAM II is compatible with most S-100 CPU's|based on the Z80 microprocessor.EXPANDORAM II KIT

16K $295.95

32K 369.95

48K 444.95

64K 519.95

X Radio Hut Radio Hut Radio Hut Radio Hut %

rnisHG mnrvT

16K UPGRADE KIT FOR TRS-80, APPLE, PET,SORCERER $70

Mostek 4215-3 200ns 16K x 1 RAMS

MICROPOLIS 8" HARD DISK DRIVE with

Power, S-100 controller

9 Megabyte $3995

27 Megabyte $4495

45 Megabyte $4995

APPLE II PLUS16K $995.00

DISCOUNTS on EXIDY SORCERER, PET, mostother systems, peripherals, and software.

MICROCOMPUTERS,PERIPHERALS AND SOFTWARE

1DI5NAVAHH0 SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS 76205

512/222 M?7

.^;. -jf. -^. :j .^. :»,- . j » -^- , * -| +

NORTH STAR PROGRAMS

**************

• TIME SERIES SYSTEM $125.00

• PRETTY PRINTER . $25.00

• CROSS REFERENCE . $25.00

• N.S. TO CBASIC $120.00

• UNIVERSAL DISK DUMP . $20.00Dumps Basic, Pascal & CPM Hies &directories.

• DISK REPAIR $20.00Find & repair bad records.

■ UNIVERSAL MENU . $10.00

' DIRECTORY UTILITIES $20.00

POTTERS PROGRAMS

22444 LAKELAND

ST. CLAIR SHORES, MI 48081

(313) 573-8000

OHIO

SCIENTIFIC

SYSTEMS

DISCOUNTEDCALL FOR PRICES

FARAGHER &ASSOCIATES

7635 BLUEMOUND

MILWAUKEE, WI 53213

(414) 258-2588

Circle 247 on inquiry card.

Circle 248 on inquiry card.

Circle 249 on inquiry card.

ATTENTION

ENGINEERS, MICRO MANUFACTURERS,BUSINESSMEN, HOBBYIST

{1) A Command List for Graphic Hires Moves& Plots for your Apple. Much easier thanmanual shows. For drawing and savinggraphic shapes in Hex. List only - $4.00,List & Example Applesoft Program-$12.96/Disk.

(2) SHS-2010 Humidity Sensor. Analog 0 -+ 5 vdc Output. 0-100% R.H. Presentlybeing used by many Micro Manufacturersand users for accurate environment con-trol.

(3) Temperature Sensors; (Thermistors).- 30 °F to + 230 °F 1 0 K ohms at 77 °F.Beads, Probes, Water.

(4) Sunkeeper Energy Management and DataAcquisition Systems. (PROGRAM-MABLE). Turn-key or components. Notfor residential use. State of the Art.

Reader Service card forCommand List inquiries Only.

Please write or phoneon all other inquiries.

j-£MS

B. & W. Energy ManagementSystems Inc.

P.O. Box 1064

Youngstown, Ohio 44501

12161747 4212

DISCOUNT-9

-business system-

-sofrware development system-

In turnkey configuration

FEATURING

CPU - Cromemco System III

- 1 MB disk memory (2 drives)

- 64kb RAMPRINTER - TI 810

- 150 CPS

- full ASCII, includes all optionsCRT - SOROC IQ 120

19,200 CPS

- full ASCII, includes many optionsSOFTWARE

- Fortran IV, COBOL, BASIC

- Word Processing System

- Disk Operating System

at an unbeatable price — S89O0

Other Cromemco components at 21%

off list,

We also contract special-purpose

business applications systems.

COMPUTER ANDCONTROL AFFILIATES

14 S. Oak St.

Hinsdale, IL 60521

(312) 654-1677

CROMEMCO SYSTEMS

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE $99

Sales & Cash Receipts Ledgers by Month and/or Year

Aged Trial Balances

Customer Statements & Activity for Credit Management

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE $99

Purchases & Cash Receipts Ledgers by Month and/or Year

Prints Checks, Vouchers & Stubs

Aged Trial Balances

Handles Discounts,Partial Payments, Credits Etc.

INVENTORY CONTROL (for Manufacturers & Retailers) $99

f 100 items per 8" disk side

Parts explosions for finished goods & subassemblies

Pull Sheets & Parts requirements forecasting

Economic Order Quantities

PAYROLL SYSTEM $99

300 Employees per 8" disk side

Federal, State & City taxes

Quarterly & Yearly Reports (incl. W-2s)

Weekly, Biweekly, or Monthly Payroll Registers

Prints Employees Checks & Vouchers

Double linked list files for FAST access & update

All programs used over 1 Vz years by several large Corporations

Hardware required: 48 K RAM, dual floppy disks, 132 col.

printer

Written in CROMEMCO 16K Extended Basic (runs under CPM

with Expand)

FEITH SOFTWARE

Cedarbrook A-1103

Wyncole. Pa. 19095

1215} 887-9780

Circle 250 on inquiry card.

Circle 251 on inquiry card.

Circle 252 on inquiry card.

A METARESEARCH INNOVATION!

FM-2 CRYSTAL-LOCK ORIGIMATE MODEMADJUSTMENT FREE - AT LOW COST

This acoustic modem uses a new type

of crystal-lock circuitry. Even in kit form,

no calibration or adjustments are required.

• RS232C compatible input and output*300bps operation

•Half/full duplex switch

• Crystal controlled transmit & receive circuitry•Safety AC plug, power jack and transformer

Assembled and tested modem s140.°°

Complete kit M05.°°

Assembly manual only

(refundable with purchase) .S12P°

m Postpaid in U.S.A.

metaresearch1100 SE WOODWARD AVE.PORTLAND, OREGON 97202[503) 232-1712

DISCOUNT

COUPON

WORTH $25

when applied Inward purchase ol BIZCOMP 1D31 IntelligentModem Oiler expires June 30. 1980 Coupon redeemable onlv onlaciory purchase.

Dear BIZCOMP:

Please apply this $25 discount toward the regularpurchase price ($495) of I he BIZCOMP 1031 Intelli-gent Modem.1" (See AD elsewhere in this issue) Ship

BIZCOMP 1031 Intelligent Modems (a $470 ea.

(includes Power Module, 7 It. Modular Extension Cord,and Reference Manual)

Calif, orders add 6% sis Ix

City/State/Zip

Send Money Order or Cashier's Check; allow extra timefor personal checks.

PO Box 74983aik. Calilorma 94025415/B5-1-5434

Power Supplies

INPUT: 115 vac 43-63 hjOUTPUT: 5 *dc 0.25 amp!REGULATIONS.I", i 5

5 volts@ 25 amps

SURPLUS UNITS INLIKE NEW CONDITION

REMOTE SENSING. REMOTE VOLTAGE ADJUSTOVERLOAD PROTECTION and OVERVOLTAGE PROTEALSO AVAILABLE IN 12 VDC q 13 AMPS J79 00 pp

TANTALUM CAPS

■ 1 MFD 35 VDC 20"o

I

1 V, AMP

FULL

WAVE

BRIOGE

RECTIFIER

22/44 EDGEBOARD CONNECTORTIN SOLDERTAIL .156" x .200"

LARGE QUANTITIES AVAILABLES1.35each 10torS12,50

J_ HOUSE MARKEDj DARLINGTONTRANSISTOR

ich Similar 1o:MJ4030PSimilar lo: MJ4033 NSpecify NPN or PNP

$1.50

each ••

10lorS12.50

C-HD.P.D.T.PRINTEDCIRCUITMINITOGGLE

ALL CLCCTROMCS CORP.

905 S. Vermont Ave. • Los Angeles, Calif. 90006DEPT. BY-1 (213) 380-8000 TERMS

STORE & WAREHOUSE HOURS

Mon. ■ FN. Saturday

9AM-5PM 10AM-3PM

Add St.&0Shipping USA-Cam. Ras Add 8"

SEND FOR OUR FREE CATALOG .>,..,«,„,

Circle 253 on inquiry card.

Circle 107 on inquiry card.

Circle 255 on inquiry card.

Now get OHIO SCIENTIFIC personal computerproducts with guaranteed, quick, mail order delivery.

ONLY $279

Ohio Scientific Superboard II

The first complete computer system on a board. Includeskeyboard, video display and audio cassette interface.8K BASIC-in-ROM; 4K RAM. Requires power supply + 5Vat 3 Amp.

"We heartily recommend Superboard IIfor the beginner who wants to get intomicrocomputers with a minimum cost. Areal computer with full expandability."

POPULAR ELECTRONICS, MARCH, 1979

"The Superboard II is an excellent choicefor the personal computer enthusiast on abudget."

BYTE, MAY, 1979

Ohio Scientific C1P Series.

The Challenger 1P. The best bargain inpersonal computer anywhere! 8K BASIC-in-ROM. 4K RAM. Cassette based with 53-keykeyboard. BS.W video display, 30 raws x 30columns. Upper and lower case. S349. C1Pwith 8K RAM $399.

Ohio Scientific C1P MF. Mini-floppy versionof the C1P. BK BASIC-in-ROM, 12K RAM.Fully expandable. S995. C1P MF with 20KRAM and 0S-B5D software $1198.

SOFTWARE

Cassettes

Add Game S 6.00BASIC Tutor Series

S29.00Function Grapher

S 6.00Address Book

S 8.00ProgrammableCalculator S12.00Savings Account

Baseball IBattleshipBowlingDestroyerSpace WarStar TrekTiger Tank

Disks

6.006.006.006.006.006.006.00S12.00

MDMS EducationSystem S29.00

MDMS Aux FileSystems S29.00

MDMS Checking andSavings Account

S29.00

Many, many more software systems areavailable to you. See our catalog forcomplete listings.

MDMS PersonalCalendar/AddressBook S29.00

Home Control II

S29.00DAC I MusicGeneration S39.00Baseball I & II, Golf,Bowling, Hockey

S39.00Poker, Black Jack,Spades, Hearts, more

S29.00Tiger Tank, SpaceAttack, Etch-A-Sketch, more

S29.00Star Wars, Zulu 9,High Noon, more

S29.00Monster, Kite, ThreeLittle Pigs, HumptyDumpty and more[2 Disk Set] S29.00

When ordering, specify IChallenger 1P, 4Por BP

Accessories

AC-3P 12" BAA/ monitor, TV S 125

AC-15P 12" Color monitor S 450

AC-16P 2-8 Axis Joysticks with

cable S 39

AC-11P Answer/Originate 300

baud modem with cable S 199

AC-17P Home Security Starter

Set. 1 fire detector, 2 window

alarms, 1 door unit. S 249

AC-18P 8H" aluminized paper

printer. Upper/lower case. S 695

AC-9TP Centronics 799 110cps

tractor feed, business printer with

interface S 1250

AC-12P AC-Remote starter set.

Console. 2 lamp modules, 2

appliance modules, OS 65D home

control operating system S 175

Disk Drives

CD 3P Single 5" mini floppy S 499

CD 2P Dual 8" Disk with interface

and 0S-B5D DOS S 1599

Power Supplies

PS 1. 5-volt @ 3 amps regulated.

For use with Superboard II S 29

Boards [Assembled and tested]

CM 9P. 24K Static. S 399

610. 8K Static. Expandable to24K and dual mini-floppy controller. S 298CA-14A. Votrax- voicesynthesizer. S 399

CA-15 Universal Telephone Inter-face, rotary or touch tone S 499CA-15VUTI with Votrax® S 799CM-6 48K Dynamic memoryboard. S 4994KP. 4K static RAM kit S 69CA12. 96 line parallel I/O S 175Books:

How to Program Microcomputers,By William Barden S 8.95

Basic and Personal ComputerBy Dwyer & Critchfield S12.95

Howard Sams C1P Service Manual S 7.95Howard Sams C4P Service Manual S15.95

Freight Policies

All orders of $100 or more are shippedfreight prepaid. Orders of less than $100please add $4.00 to cover shipping costs.Ohio Residents add 5.5% Sales Tax.

Guaranteed Shipment Cleveland

Consumer Computers S. Componentsguarantees shipment of computer systemswithin 48 hours upon receipt of your order.Our failure to ship within 48 hoursentitles you to $35 of software, FREE.

Ohio Scientific C4P Series.

The Challenger 4P. A 4-slot computer withone open slot. Highly sophisticated 16 colorvideo display. 32 rows x 64 columns, upperand lower case. BK BASIC-in-ROM 8K RAM.200-20KHz programmable tone generator.AC remote interface. Expandable to 32KRAM and two mini-floppy drives. S698.

The Challenger 4P MF. Mini Floppy versionof the 4P. Two to three times faster thancompetitors. More I/O built-in than any otherin its class. 24K RAM. Real time clock.Modem interface. Printer interface.Foreground/Background operation and much,much more. 81695.

Ohio Scientific 8P Series.

Challenger 8P. Ohio Scientific's mainframe-class. Personal computer. 8 slots with 6open. Cassette based with 8K BASIC-in-ROM. BK static RAM, expandable to 32KRAM, and dual 8-inch floppy disk drive. S895.

Challenger 8P DF. A top of the line personaland small business computer. 32K RAM,expandable to 48K. Features dual 8" floppydisk drives. Audio output 200 20KHz. DACfor voice generation. Keypad interfaces.Joystick f2] interfaces. AC Remote. RealTime Clock. Printer S. Modem interfaces.And more. S2597.

To Order:

Or to get our free catalog

CALL 1-800-321 5805 TOLL FREE.

Charge your order to yourVISA or MASTER CHARGE ACCOUNTOhio Residents Call: [216] 464-8047.Or write, including your check or moneyorder, to the address listed below.

Hours:

Call Monday thru Friday8:00AMto5:00PME.S.T.

VISA'

^5?

B.j CLEVELAND CONSUMER to order: call

|j COMPUTERS & COMPONENTS 1-800-321-5805

! P.O. BOX 46431 TOLL FREE

Cleveland, Ohio 44146 ' "■

Circle 256 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

Circle 257 on inquiry card.

M:WA7Mrl

ELECTRONICS

America's Largest Mail-Order Computer Store

5

" SOURCE•

CALL TOLL FREE:(800) 423-5387 USA

IN CALIF: (.

(800)382-3651 "*•

LOCAL & OUTSIDE USA(213) 886-9200

LEEDEX VIDEO lOO 12" MONITOR

1 Compatible with TR$$0, Apple, and most small computers!» High resolution!

In* cost vi'I liigli resolution (hiOlint*). Compares fjn»rahl> wiilimonitors niMinj; twice as much.Bi'causi1 ni the l.icl Irut sl.inH.irclcomposite video input is utilized no

Rf miKtiilaiiir is needed -in e>tremety sharp .imi stable picture iachieved. The video li.inri width i12MH/ • /-Mb wilh &7Sohmlnpuimjied.ir

INt

. 1204 Leedei Monilor, 513918 lbs.

.. l«)»7TRSH(llli;edox C.ihlekil,(>o/ $:i

$139

Novation "Cat"Acoustic Modem

The (irsl quality compact modemdesigned specifically (or the smallcomputer user, Desi^ni'd '"transmit data over standard

telephone lines, the Cal has manyuses for business and hobbyist.Allows one terminal or computer tointeract with others, permitting oneaccess to data from remote loca-tions. Hobbyists can exchange dataand programs Compatible with any11.'II tOl modem and. oi course, all

other Cats! Also perfectly compati-ble wilh the new Radio Shackmodem (it's Ihe same unilj. Data ex-change can occur al any speed upto 10 charlsec. Low profile casefeatures switches tor mode selec-tion and operation, also (or LED'sdisplaying unit status. Acoustic sell-test is standard. Complete andready-lo-use. Requires 11(1 VAC,f,0H/.Cal No. 1480

$169

S-lOO TYPE EDGE CONNECTORS

• Imsai and Altair type spacing!

• Cold plated contacts

• Top USA makers!

Order by Cat No.

as low as $2.95

Cat No. Description1176 imsai type,solder tailImsai type,wire wrapAltair type,

soldertail

1428

1388

HUB REINFORCINGDISK PROTECTORS

• Protects disks and diskettes from wea> Repairs damaged disks'

i save those "ruined" slip a protector ring

h simple inscmCTOR! Ima new disk will increase itsi over! Easy In install, j

■Ming a

i tool. Iheu slip.-ing no drying It

8" Disks

$37 box of lO

IHM compatible'iinulc r/pns/f\Individuals certified

C.it No. 1145 Type 32-1000Description

32 seclor holes, 1-inoYx hole

Cal No. 1146 1m«- 34-1000interchangeable wilh IBM12

1740, 1770, 3790, elc.

5V4" DRIVE ENCLOSURES

• Fits Shunart, \tl'i. I

Single enclosure is two-piece metalconstruction, beige-lone- Dual

I n< Insure is one-piece molded a & r-

pte.iccta.coal grey finish. QS lOW QS $25

In check, Mastercharge,

Visa, or COD. Charge ordersplease include expiration daleForeign |ia\ in U.S. funds. Orderliv phone or mail, or al our retail.MINIMUM ORDIR *10. pleaseinclude phone nunihet and mag-a/ine/issuc vuu .He orderingfrom. Prices valid Ihru lasl da\ ofcoser dale. SHIPPING: USA:add 52.00 for Ihe lirsl 1 lbs. Forgroood add lie fir addl'l Ih. Forair add 7,c lor addl'l lb. FOR-EIGN: surface: add Sl.llll lor lirsl2 lbs, MIC per addl'l Ih. Air: addSll.nil lor lirsl 2 lbs. Si for each

Verbatim

574 DISKETTES

rhemosl nnpul.v diskette in

$29/box of lO

2 for $55

I 14't

rype Description525-01 Soil TKS-HII125-10 11) hole hard,Apple. Nurthstar, HHi2vlh Ih hole hard.Micmpnlb

DISKETTE/DISKBINDERS

Organizes and protects your dalliles! V)" disfcs tit two per inserlH" fit one per insert. Binders trieludes 10 inserts.Cal No. Description Prict

t(»",ll V t" hinder V-T

1651 h" binder VI"»'

1653 BStra B" inserts ')'

addfl Ih. CODs si addrl. Cuaianteed satisfaction lor 120 H.n

or sum money Ii.k k! Not r»sponsible tor typographicalerrors. Some items Sttbjed loprior sale. We resent* the rifthllo limit quantities.SEND lOR 1R1F CATALOGFEATURING:Computers and accessories, diskdrives, printers, integrated (li-mits. LCDs, semiconductors,hooks, software, connectors,

us more Mid more! Ihe widest

selection al Ihe lowest prices!

C ir( le our reader service number

or phone/write loda.> tor voutCpPYJ

19511 Business Center Dr Dept. B3 Northridge, Ca. 91324

BUILD YOUR OWN LOW COSTMICRO-COMPUTER

POWER SUPPLIES

FOR S-100 BUS, FLOPPY DISCS, ETC.

POWER TRANSFORMERS (with mounting brackets)

ITEMNO.

USED INKIT NO.

PRI. WINDINGTAPS

SECONDARY WINDING OUTPUTS2x8 Vac 2x14 Vac 2x24 Vac

SIZEW x D

x H

UNITPRICE

1"1T4

0V,

ov,ov,ov,

110V, 120V110V, 120V110V, 120V110V,120V

2x7.5A

2X12.5A

2x9A

2x4A

2x2.5A2x3.5A2x2.5A

2x2.5A2x3A

3%"x35/a"x31/8"3%"x4%"x31/a"3%"x4%"x31/8"3%"x35/8"x31/8"

POWER SUPPLY KITS (open frame with base plate. 3 hrs.

ITEM USED FOR @ + 8Vdc @-8 Vdc @+16Vdc @-

ASSY. TIME)

16 Vdc @ + 28Vdc

21.9527.9529.9521.95

SIZE WxDxH UNIT PRICE

2.5A3A2A

4A5A

12"x6"x4%"12"x6"x47/e"14"x6"x4%"10"x6"x4%"

BRIDGE RECTIFIERS, FUSE & HOLDER, TERMINAL BLOCK, BASE

KIT1 15 CARDS SOURCE 15A 2.5A

KIT 2 SYSTEM SOURCE 25A 3A

KIT 3 DISC SYSTEM 15A 1A 2A

KIT 4 DISC SOURCE 8A 1A

EACH KIT INCLUDES: TRANSFORMER, CAPACITORS, RESISPLATE, MOUNTING PARTS AND INSTRUCTIONS.

DISC DRIVE POWER SUPPLY "R3" assy. & tested, open frame, size: 9" <w> * 5" <d>

SPECS: +5V @ 5A REGULATED, -5V @ 1A REG., +24V @ 5A REG., SHORTS PROTECT.

IDEAL FOR 2 SHUGART 801/851 OR SIEMANS FDD 100-8/200-8 DISK DRIVES & ROCKWELL AIM-65.

SHIPPING FOR EACH TRANSFORMER: S4.75. FOR EACH POWER SUPPLY: $5.00 IN CALIF $7.00 IN OTHER STATES. CALIF. RESIDENTS ADO 6°.

51.9558.9566.9549.95

5"(H)

59.95

SALES TAX OEM WELCOME

MAIL ORDER:

P.O. BOX 4296

TORRANCE, CA 90510

SUNNY INTERNATIONAL

(TRANSFORMERS MANUFACTURER)Telephone: (213) 633-8327

STORE:

7245 E. ALONDRA BLVD.

PARAMOUNT, CA 90723

STORE HOURS: 9 AM-6 PM

270 BYTE March 1980

Circle 258 on inquiry card.

NEW PRODUCTS!Super Color S-100 Video Kit $99.95 Elf II Adapter Kit $24.50

Expandable to 256 x 192 high resolution colorgraphics. 6847 with all display modes computercontrolled. Memory mapped. IK RAM expanda-ble to 6K. S-100 bus 1802. 8080. 8085. Z80 etc.

Gremlin Color Video Kit $59.95

32 x 16 alpha/numerics and graphics; up to 8colors with 6847 chip, IK RAM at E000. Plugsinto Super Elf 44 pin bus Not expandable to highresoluiion Graphics.

Plugs into Elf II providing Super Elf 44 and 50 pinbus plus S-100 bus expansion (With Super Ex-pansion). High and low address displays, stateand mode LED s optional $18.00.

1802 16K Dynamic RAM Kit $149.00

1802/S-100 expandable to 32K, Hidden refreshw/clocks up to 4 MHz w/no wait states Addl 16KRAM $79.00.

Quest Super Basic

Quest, the leader in inexpensive 1802 systemsannounces another first Quest is the first com-pany worldwide to ship a full size Basic for 1802systems. A complete function Super Basic byRon Cenker including floating point capabilitywilh scientific notation (number range + 17E30),32 bit integer ±2 billion; Multi dim arrays; Stringarrays; String manipulation; Cassette I/O, Saveand load, Basic. Dala and machine language pro-grams; and over 75 Statements, Functions andOperators.

Easily adaptable on most 1802 systems. Re-guires 12K RAM minimum for Basic and user

programs. Cassette version in stock now HQMversions coming soon with exchange privilegeallowing some credit tor cassette versionSuper Basic on Cassette $40.00

Tom Pittman s 1802 Tiny Basic Source listingnow available. Find oul how Tom Pittman wroteTiny Basic and bow to get the most oul ol it.Never offered belore. S19.00

S-100 4-Slot Expansion $ 9.95

Super Monitor VI.I Source Listing $15.00Coming Soon; Assembler. Editor, Disassem-bler. DA/AD. Super Sound/Music. EPROMprogrammer. Stringy Floppy Disc System.

RCA Cosmac Super Elf Computer $106.95

Compare features before you decide to buy any A 24 key HEX keyboard includes 16 HEX keys

other computer. There is no other computer on plus load, reset, run, wait, input, memory pro-

the market today that has all the desirable bene- feet, monitor select and single slep. Large, on

tits ot the Super Elf for so little money. The Super board displays provide output and optional high

Elf is a small single board computer that does and low address There is a 44 pin standard

many big things. It is an excellent computer for connector slot for PC cards and a 50 pin connec-

training and for learning programming wilh its tor slot for the Quest Super Expansion Board,

machine language and yet it js easily expanded Power supply and sockets for all IC's are in-

with additional memory. Full Basic, ASCIIKeyboards, video character generation, etc.

Before you buy another small computer, see if itincludes the following features: ROM monitor;State and Mode displays; Single step; Optionaladdress displays; Power Supply; Audio Amplifierand Speaker; Fully socketed for all IC's: Real costot in warranty repairs; Full documentation.The Super Elf includes a ROM monitor for pro-gram loading, editing and execution with SINGLESTEP for program debugging which is not in-cluded in others at the same price With SINGLESTEP you can see the microprocessor chip opera-ting with the unique Quest address and data busdisplays before, during and alter executing in-structions. Also. CPU mode and instruction cycleare decoded and displayed on 8 LED indicators.An RCA 1861 video graphics chip allows you toconnect to your own TV with an inexpensive videomodulator to do graphics and games. There is aspeaker system included for writing your ownmusic or using many music programs alreadywritten. The speaker amplifier may also be usedto drive relays for control purposes.

cludedinthepriceplusadetailedI27pg instruc-tion manual which now includes over 40 pgs. ofsoftware info, including a series of lessons tohelp get you started and a music program andgraphics target game Many schools and

universities are using the Super Ell as a courseot study. OEM s use it for training and R&DRemember, other computers only offer Super Elffeatures at additional cost or not at all Comparebefore you buy. Super Elf Kil $106.95, Highaddress option S8.95. Low address option$9.95. Custom Cabinet with drilled and labelledplexiglass front panel $24.95. Expansion Cabinetwith room for 4 S-100 boards S41.00. NiCadBattery Memory Saver Kit S6.95. All kits andoptions also completely assembled and testedQuestdala. a 12 page monthly software pub-lication for 1802 computer users is available bysubscription for S12 00 per year. Issues 1-12bound $16.50.

Tiny Basic Cassetle $10.00, on ROM $38.00,original Elf kit board S14.95. 1802 software;Moews Video Graphics $3.50. Games and Music$3.00, Chip 8 Interpreter $5.50.

Super Expansion Board with Cassette Interlace S89.95

This is truly an astounding valuel This board hasbeen designed to allow you to decide how youwant it optioned. The Super Expansion Boardcomes with 4K of low power RAM fully address-able anywhere in 64K with built-in memory pro-tect and a cassette interface. Provisions havebeen made for all other options on the sameboard and it fits neatly into the hardwood cabinetalongside the Super Elf. The board includes slotsfor up to 6K ot EPROM (2708. 2758. 2716 or Tl2716) and is fully socketed. EPROM can be usedfor the monitor and Tiny Basic or other purposes,A IK Super ROM Monitor $19.95 is available asan on board option in 2708 EPROM which hasbeen preprogrammed with a program loader/'editor and error checking multi file cassetteread/write software, (relocatible cassette file)another exclusive from Quest. It includes registersave and readout, block move capability andvideo graphics driver with blinking cursor. Breakpoints can be used with the register save featureto isolate program bugs quickly, then follow withsingle step. The Super Monitor is written with

subroutines allowing users to take advantage ofmonitor functions simply by calling them up.Improvements and revisions are easily done withthe monitor. If you have the Super ExpansionBoard and Super Monitor the monitor is up andrunning at the push of a button.

Other on board options include Parallel Inputand Output Ports with full handshake. Theyallow easy connection of an ASCI I keyboard to theinput port RS 232 and 20 ma Current Loop forteletype or other device are on board and if youneed more memory there are two S-100 slots forstatic RAM or video boards. Also a 1K SuperMonitor version 2 with video driver for full capa-bility display with Tiny Basic and a video interfaceboard. Parallel I/O Ports S9.85, RS 232 $4.50,TTY 20 ma l/F $1.95, S-100 $4.50. A 50 pinconnector sel with ribbon cable is available atS15.25 for easy connection between the SuperElf and the Super Expansion Board.Power Supply Kit tor the complete system (seeMulti-volt Power Supply below)

TERMS: $5.00 mln. order U.S. Funds. Calil residents add 6% tax.BankAmericard and Master Charge accepted.Shipping charges will be added on charge cards.

Same day shipment. First line parts onlyFactory tested. Guaranteed money backQuality IC's and other components at fac-tory prices,

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

7400m.

rmu

7402N7409N

Box 4430X, Santa Clara, CA 95054Will calls: 2322 Walsh Ave.^(408) 988-1640

ELECTRONICS

RESISTORS . watt 5%10 pc lype 03 1000 pet type 01225 per type 025 350 piece pack100 pei lype 015 5 per type 6 75

'7 wan 5". per type 05KEYBOARDS

56 key ASCII key Board kit S67 50' illy assembled 77 50

53 key ASCII keyboard kit 60 00

Fully assembled 70 00

Enclosure 14 95

Metal EnetoSUTt 29 95

LEU

Red TO IB 15

Gift" Yellow T01B 20

Red 20

Green. Oi.mtit! Viilluw Jumbo 25

Cllpllle LED Mounting Clips B SI 25(Specify red amber green yellow, clean

CONTINENTAL SPECIALTIES in slockCoiti|iN;li! Inn.' nl breadboard Its! erjuipMAX'IQOa digit Freq Clr S1Z8.9S

SPECIAL PRODUCTSMMSSfiS Stop«alcli Timer

ID pg spec !

Switches Mom Pusributlon

Encoder HDD 165-5 E

Paralrontcs 10DA Logic

ill 1(1 Tt.guet

Model ISO Hus

Grabber KilSinclair 3'j Digll

Multimeter

Clock Calendar Kit2 5 MHr Frequency

Counter Kil30 MHi Frequency

Counter KitTRANSFORMERS6V 300 ma12 Volt 300 m1? I.V a Fiiiil12V 250 ma k12V CI 25(1 in34V CT -100 111

iransturmer 1 25

II ::.';

DISPLAY LEOS

MAM CA 270 2 91

MAN3 CC 125 3!

MAN72-74 CA'CA 300 1 01

DL704 CC 300 ! 2!

1117(17■DL7U7H CA 30(1 1 Ol

□L727728 CACC 500 I 91

DL747'75D CA'CC F.00 1 91

f.iniilio'iinis and lull in-structions Orange (lisfif.":y; diso .it.nl Same kilw/.BO display!. Redonly S21.95CaseSI1.758K 16K Eprom Kit

llcss PROMS! ssyouMotherboard S39 BO

Encoder Board S8 99

CL750FK03S9

FrJDMIO 5(17FN11503 510f NDSO0 807

3 Or git Bubble

4 digit BobbleOG8 fluorescentDG10 fluoresce"!

5 digit 14 pm display10 Digit display7520 Claire> ptiolocells1I13H Hoi•/;, I, >..;<■:r,'AI.'4-,|.lf.'A Mr-IdMAM/HIMAN-i,MilMA 11 hi..1(1MANh'Hl

MA!i-;;'.!d

CC 600 1 9

CC 357 7

CC CA 5110 1 3

CC CA 500 9

CC CA BOO 2 t

CC JO

CA 40

CC 40

CC 50

CA GO

CC 60

ROCKWELL AIM 65 Computer

6502 based single board with full ASCII keyboardand 20 column thermal printer. 20 char, alphanu-meric display, ROM monitor, fully expandable.$375.00 4K version S450.00. 4K AssemblerS85 00. 8K Basic Interpreter S100.00.

Special smalt power supply for A1M65 assem. inframe S49.00. Complete AIM65 in thin briefcasewith power supply $485.00. Molded plasticenclosure to fit AIM65 plus power supply $47.50.Special Package Price: 4K AIM, 8K Basic, powersupply, cabinet $599.00

AIM65/KIM/VIM/Super Elf 44 pin expansionboard, 3 female and 1 male bus Board plus 3connectors S22.95.

AIM65/KIMA/IM I/O Expansion Kit; 4 parallel and2 serial ports plus 2 internal timers S39.00. PROMprogrammer for 2716 $150.80.

Multi-volt Computer Power Supply

8v 5 amp, -18v .5 amp, 5v 1.5 amp, 5v.5 amp, 12v .5 amp, -12 option, ±5v, * 12vare regulated. Kit £29 95 Kit with punched frameS37 45, S4.00 shipping. Kit ol hardware S14.00.Woodgrain case S10.00, S1.50 shipping.

PROM Eraser Will erase 25 PROMs in15 minutes. Ultraviolet, assembled S37.50Safety switch/Timer version S69.50

60 Hz Crystal Time Base Kit $4.40

Converts digital clocks from AC line frequencyto crystal time base. Outstanding accuracy.

NiCad Battery Fixer/Charger Kit

Opens shorted cells that won't hold a chargeand then charges them up, all in one kit w/fullparts and instructions. $7.25

LRC 7000 +Printer S389.00

40/64 column dot matrix impact, std papeInterface all personal computers.

Televideo Terminal $845.00

102 key. upper, lowercase. 10 Baud rates 24x8char, microprocessor cont. edit. cap.

Intertube II Terminal $874.00

Super Brain

Floppy Disk Terminal $2895.00

79 IC Update Master Manual $29.95

Complete IC data selector. 2500 pg master refer-ence guide. Over 50.000 cross references. Freeupdate service through 1979. Domestic postageS3.50. No foreign orders.

S-100 Computer Boards

8K Static RAM Kit S135.00

16K Static RAM Kit 265.00

24K Static RAM Kit 423.00

32K Static RAM Kit 475.00

16K Dynamic RAM Kit 199 00

32K Dynamic RAM Kit 310 00

64K Dynamic RAM Kit 470.00

Video Interface Kit S129.00

Video Modulator Kit $8.95

Convert TV set into a high quality monitor w/oaffecting usage. Comp. kit w/full instruc.

Digital Temp. Meter Kit $34.00

Indoor and outdoor. Switches back and forth.Beautiful. 50" LED readouts. Nothing like itavailable. Needs no additional parts for com-plete, full operation. Will measure -100° to+ 200°F, tenths of a degree, air or liquid.Beautiful woodgrain case w/bezel $11.75

FREE: Send lor your copy of our NEW 1980QUEST CATALOG. Include 28c stamp.

Circle 259 on inquiry card.

STATIC RAM CHIPS

CAPTflDV DDIMC From the same shipmenl we use in ourrHU I Un I rnliyiC professional quality boards.

2114L450ns.$5.90 200ns.$6.904044 450 ns. $5.90 250 ns. $6.90

Add $5.00 Handling on Orders Under $200.00

32K STATIC RAM BOARD

FOR THE SS50 AND SS50C BUS (SWTP etc.)

■ SS50C Extended Addressing (can be disabled).

• 4 separate 8K blocks.

• Low power 2114L RAMS (2 AMPS Typical tor 32K).

• Socketed for 32K

• Write Protect

• Gold Bus Connectors

16K $328.12

24K $438.14

32K $548.15

Pnone, write, or see your dealer for details and prices on ourbroad range of Boards and Systems lor Ihe SS50/SS50C busincluding out UNIQUE 80x24 VIDEO BOARD, and our ACPower Control Products for all computers.

Gimix <s

1337 W. 37th Place • Chicago, IL 60609(312)927-5510 • TWX 910-221-4055

The Company that delivers.

Quality Electronic products since 1975.

GIMIX' and GHOST' are Registered Trademarks of GIMIX INC

ENGINEERINGPROGRAMMERS

Don't Come To Mass...

Unless you enjoy challenging microsoftware development projects withsome of the fastest growing commer-cial systems manufacturers in the U.S.Our clients offer generous salaries,flexible hours, profit sharing, etc. toexperienced or degreed assemblyprogrammers in areas such ascommunications, diagnostics, textediting, graphics, compiler, and O.S.design. Starling salaries 18-28K. Allfees, relocation and interviewingexpenses assumed by the companies.

Please contact Dave Adams(617) 246-2815 (collect callsaccepted). N.E. Recruiters, 6Lakeside Office Park, Wakefield,MA 01880.

Fee paid consultants

8" DISK CONTROLLER

APPLE DOS COMPATIBLE

• DOUBLES APPLEII"STORAGE

• SHUGART 800/801 COMPATIBLE

• STANDARD IBM" 3740 FORMAT

• CP/M'",UCSD PASCAL"" CAPABILITY

Available at your local APPLE Dealer: MOO.

S

SORRENTO VALLEY ASSOCIATES

Circle 260 on inquiry card.

Circle 261 on inquiry card.

Circle 262 on inquiry card.

EVERYTHING W

YOU NEED TO BRING YOUR BASIC

PROGRAMS TO LIFE WITH SOUND

System includes speaker amplifier with

volume control, connectors. DEMO and

COMPOSER programs, and complete

instructions for adding sound to BASIC

programs.

PET & TRS-80 11—$29.95. Compu-

color H-S39.95.V1SA & MC. plus

$1.50 post & handling CAadd sales (ax.

Send for free catalog o/ recreational

software for PET and

Compucolor

DES-MARELECTRONICS

2306 Remo Court

Santa Clara, CA. 95054

(408) 496-0692

BRAND NEW (PLUG IN & RUN)TRS-80' 16K LEVEL 2$699.00 DELIVERED

TRS-80 TOTAL COMPATIBLE

DISK DRIVES WITH CABLE

(JUST PLUG IN & RUN)

$399.00 DELIVERED

*CHECKS OR MONEY ORDERS•PRESENT LEAD TIME: 2 WEEKS*CA. RESIDENTS 6.5% TAX

T.M. OF TANDY CORP.

GREAT PROGRAMSWANTED

We're Chafitz, makers of championprograms SARG0N and ARISTOTLE.Our MODULAR GAME SYSTEM

makes it possible to put YOUR pro-gram on a Module to plug into ourMainframe unit with its 8 digit,14-segment alphanumeric display, 20key keyboard and rechargeable batterypack. If you have a GREAT programthat is the best of its kind andlor a uni-que concept that will be exciting orchallenging for youngsters or adults,then we want to hear from you.Write to

Chafitz, Inc.

1055 First Street,Rockvilte, MD 20850

Attention: Dan Neumayer

Circle 263 on inquiry card.

Circle 264 on inquiry card.

Circle 265 on inquiry card.

(Oduct versatility and value

IN NEW YORK CITY

OHIO SCIENTIFIC &ARISTO/

jj POLKS FULL STOCK AND SER-(j VICE ON CHALLENGER MICRO-COMPUTERS.

CHALLENGER C1P8K S399.00

C1P 5" FLOPPY 20K $1198.00

SUPERBOARDC1P $279.00

7$ CHALLENGER [COLOR) C4P8K $698.00C4P FLOPPY 24K 5" S1698.00

CHALLENGER C8P $895.00

COLOR-DUAL 8" FLOPPY C8P $2597.00C-3 48K DUAL FLOPPY B" $3995.00

C-3< 23 MEG HARD DISK $9900.00

y| C-2-0EM 48K DUAL FLOPPY 8" $2699.00tl PLUS ALL SOFTWARE & PERIPHERALS

Mail order invited if machine can besent back to us for service. 220Vconversions available for systems-write for quote. Write for free cata-log. MC. VISA. AX CARDS ACCEPTED.

Aristo/Polks - 212 -279-9034

314 5TH AVE.(32ST)N.Y.C..N.Y. 10001

930/6-DAILY»THURSTIL9»SUNDAY 11-5

Look to Aristo/Polks for rev

TRS-80

Software for

Investors

Supplement your stockmarket trading strategy withour new technical analysispackage.

• Price cycle forecasting bytime series analysis

• Moving averages

• Volume analysis

• Momentum analysis

Also available portfolio bookkeep-ing. Send for detailed information.

Ampero Software Products5230 Clark Ave., Suite 12ALakewood, CA 90712

cp/m CHESScp/M

a) TYPING SERVICE ■ Sand us yourSARGON I book and we supply experttyping services to disk. $12.95 Note: If youdo not have a book we will furnish a bookwith your services. ADD $14.95

b) ERROR CORRECTION SERVICE - Service(a) above plus we correct all known errorsin your source file. $14.95

c) ASSEMBLY SERVICE ■ Service (b) aboveplus we assemble and supply object codefor Jupiter III system w/8k. $17.95

d) ALTERATION AND MODIFICATION SER-VICE • Service (c) above plus we patch,and supply it to run on CP/M as a .COMobject file. $24.49

e) CUSTOM GRAPHICS INTERFACE SER-VICE ■ Service (d) above plus we interfaceit to a custom Graphics Driver and supplyIt as a .COM object file. Specify yourvideo board. (2x3 cell graphics w/ reversevideo types only) $39.44

Specify disk type:

ANY 8" IBM - MICROPOLIS MOD II

NORTHSTAR SD or DD - CROMEMCO 8" or 5"

ADD $6.00 FOR DISKETTE OR

SEND US A BLANK WITH BOOK

Calif, residents add 6% tax on diskette and book

THE OLD ASSOCIATION

3744 PESCADERO DRIVE

SANTA BARBARA, CA 93105

(805) 682-8587

CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research Corp.

Circle 266 on inquiry card.

Circle 267 on inquiry card.

Circle 268 on inquiry card.

Circle 270 on inquiry card.

computerproducts,

11542-1 KNOTT ST.

GARDEN GROVE,

CA 92641

(800)854-6411

(714)891-2663

MICROBYTE16K RAM BOARD

•FULLY S-100

COMPATIBLE•USES LO-PWR

4KX1,MM5257'S

•2MHZ0R4MHZ•4KBANK

ADDRESSABLE•EXTENDED MEMORY

MANAGEMENT•NO DMA RESTRICTIONS•ASSEMBLED & TESTED2MHZ$250-4MHZ$265

REGULATORS

320T-5 90

320T-12 90

340T-5 80

340T-12 70

78H05 4.75

78L12 35

MICROBYTE32K RAM BOARD

•FULLY S-100

COMPATIBLE•USES LO-PWR

4KX1, MM5257'S•2MHZ0R4MHZ•BANK ADDRESSABLE•EXTENDED MEMORY

MANAGEMENT•8-BIT OUTPUT PORT•NO DMA RESTRICTIONS•ASSEMBLED & TESTED2MHZ$525-4MHZ$540

MISC. COMPONENTS

LM339 .LM348.LM377.LM380.LM3900DM82168080A .8251 ..

1-9

.701.001.10.80.552.104.505.00

10-99

.65

.92

1.00

.75

.50

1.00

1.25

1.80

100 up

.59

.85

.95

.70

.44

1.90

1.00

1.50

IMSAI CONNECTORS100PIN-SOLDERTAIL

$3.00 each10 for $2.75 each

LO-PRO SOCKETS

14 PIN16 PIN

18 PIN20 PIN24 PIN28 PIN40 PIN

1-24

.15.16.19.27.35.40.50

25-99 100 up

.14 .13

.15.17.25.31.33.46

.14.15.23.27.29.41

4116's

(250NS)

ADDON MEMORY

FOR APPLE, TRS 80,

HEATH, ETC.

8 for $64.00

or

16loi $120.00

SA800 drsive

INSTALLED IN DUAL

CABINET W/PWR SUPPLY

ASSEMBLED & TESTED

(1) DRIVE INSTALLED

$695.00

(2) DRIVES INSTALLED

$1125.00

ASKFOROURNEWCATALOG

2716's

5-VOLTONLY450 NS.

$32.00 ea.

or

8 for $240

ORDERING INFO

NAME, ADDRESS, PHONE

SHIP BY: UPS OR MAIL

SHIPPING CHRG; ADD $2.50

UP TO (5) LBS. CREDIT CARDS

WILL BE CHARGED

APPROPRIATELY

2708's

450NS

$8.50 ea

or

8/$60

CERAMICCAPS

.1 @ 12 VOLTS

10c ea

or

100/$9.00

2114's

LO-PWR300 NS.

1-16 PCS.

$5.25 ea

17UP$5.00 ea

TERMS

WE ACCEPT CASH,

CHECK, MONEY ORDERS,

VISA & MASTER CHRG.

(U.S. FUNDS ONLY)

TAX: 6% CALIF. RES.

BECKIAN 1

ALL PRIME QUALITY - NEW PARTS ONLY

SATISFACTION GUARANTEED.

EDGE CARD CONNECTORS:

GOLD PLATED:

Abbreviations: S/E Solder Eye . S/E Sold Tail: W/W Wire Wrap.

PART # DESCRIPTION. Row Sp.

1 9pc.

10 24pei.

25pcs. Up.

.156" CONTACT CENTER CONNECTORS.

D' TVPE SU8MINIATURE CONNECTORS.

BRAND:

TEXAS INST.

PART H DESCRIPTION.

Row Sp.

1-Spe.

10 24pcs. 25pcs. Up.

4070

501100 ImsaiJCrom. .250

13.9588.

13.55m,

• 3.15ee.

15105

8112 SIE PETINSC

.140

• 1.80

• 1.65 M.45

4090

501100 Imiai WIW .250

4.30ea.

3.85m.

3.45aa.

15110

8112 SIT PETINSC

.140

1.85

1.65 1.56

25-99pcs.

BRAND:

SULLINS: U.L Rig.

15137

8112 SIT PETINSC

.200

1.80

1.54 1.45

m

9P Mala •1.60ea. •1.40aa.

• 1.30oa.

129865

501100 Solder Eye .140

B.80ea.

6.1 Oaa.

5.45ea.

15175

61- SIE Sgle Row

1.70

1.50 1.36

RF

1.90aa.

129870

501100 SiT Imiil .250

4.50ea.

4.1 Oaa.

3.70

15270

10120 SIE

.140

2.15

1.95 1.70

DF

116963 1 2 pc. Grey Hood. 1.50ea. 1.35oa.

1.20BB.

12987B

SOU 00 WIW Inuai .250

5.25

4.75

4.20

15275

10120 srr

.140

2.00

1.85 1.60

129885

501100 SIT Altalr .140

4.95

4.45

3.95

15435

12124 SIE PET

.140

2.60

2.35 2.10

DA

15P Mala 2.35ea. 2.15ea.

2.008B.

129990

501100 SIT Cromem. .250

4.75

4.25

3.80

15440

12124 SIT PET

.140

2.65

2.40 2.15

DA

15S Female 3.25BB. 3.10aa.

2.90ea.

15445

12124 SIT PET

.200

2.75

2.50 2.20

DA

512111 1. pc. Grey Hood 1.40ea. 1.20ea.

1.1568.

OTHER .

125" CONTACT CTR CONNECTORS

15505

15130 SIE GRI Kb)

.140

2.50

2.25 2.00

DA

51226-1 2 pc. Black Hood 2.50ea. 2.25aa.

2.00BB.

12305

22144 SIE No Earl .140

4.1S

3.7S

3.35

15510

15130 SIT GRI Ko

.140

2.40

2.15 2.95

DA

110963-2 2 pc. Grey Hood I.BObb. 1.35aa.

1.30aa.

12759

36172 SIT .140

5.40

4.85

4.35

15615

15130 WIW GRI K

y .200

2.66

2.35 2.10

tin

DBDBDBDB

25P Mala 2.86aa. 2.60aa.25S Female 3.60ea. 3.40ea.512121 1 pc. Grey Hood 1.50ea. 1.30ea.51226 1 2 pc. Black Hood 1.90ea. 1.65ea.110963 3 2 pc. Grey Hood 1.75aa. 1.50ea.

2.40bb.3.208S.1.1 Oea.1.45sa.1.35ea.

12790 40180 WIW .250

.100" CONTACT CTR CONNECTORS:10048 13/26 SIE Ho Ear. .14010280 25150 SIE TRS 80 .140

6.30

3.404.50

5.65

3.054.05

5.00

2.1 S

3.60

1560015610156151570015705

18136 SIE

1BI36 srr

1BI36 WIW22144 SIE KIMfVE22144 SIT KIMIVE

.140

.140

.200

: .140

: .140

3.353.063.602.9B3.9B

3.05 2.702.70 2.403.20 2.902.90 2.753.30 3.00

10175

20140 SIE TRS 80 .140

5.B5

5.35

4.75

15710

22144 WIW KIMIV

:c .200

3.49

3.20 2.85

no

37P Male 4.20bb. 4.00bb.

10180

20/40 WIW TRS 80 .200

3.30

3.00

2.15

15875

25150 SIE

.140

4.65

4.26 3.75

nn

5.50ea.

10190

20I40 SIT TRS B0 .140

3.20

2.90

2.55

15880

25150 SIT

.140

4.55

4.16 3.65

nn

1.7588.

10485

36172 SIE Vector .140

5.50

4.90

4.40

15B85

25150 WIW

.200

4.85

4.35 3.90

10490

36172 WIE Vector .200

5.80

5.2S

4.65

16115

36172 SIE

.140

6.50

5.85 5.20

DD

BOP Male 5.50ea. 5.1 Oaa.

4.7588.

10500

3BI72 SIT Victor .140

5.70

4.20

4.80

16126

36172 SIT

.140

B.55

5.90 5.25

UD

50S Female 9.40ea. 8.60ib.

B.OOaa.

10535

40180 SIE PET .140

5.85

5.35

4.75

16125

36172 WIW

.200

8.75

6.10 5.40

DB

512181 1 pc. Grey Hood 2.40ia. 2.20ea.

2. OOea.

10540

40180 WIW PET .200

B.00

5.40

4.80

16145

36172 SIT

.200

6.50

5.85 5.20

UD

110963-5 2 pc. Grey Hood 2.B0oa. 2.40bb.

2.108B.

10550

40180 SIT PET .140

5.B0

5.25

4.65

16235

43/86 SIT Mot 68

10 .140

6.60

5.95 5.30

D

20418 2 Hardware Set 90ea. 86aa.11 Hood Setl

.70aa.

10585

43186 SIE C0SIELF .140

6.95

8.25

5.55

16240

43186 WIW Mot (

900 .200

7.80

7.05 6.25

10805

43IBB SIT C0SIELF .140

6.60

5.95

5.30

16260

43186 SIT Mot 68

10 .200

6.50

5.85 5.20

10595

43186 WIW C0SIEIF .200

6.90

6.20

5.95

16725

43186 SIE Mot 68

10 .140

7.20

6.50 5.75

10815

43186 SIT COSIELF .200

B.80

6.10

5.40

I.C. SOCKETS GOLD.

COOLING FANS.

TERMS: MINIMUM ORDER: $15.00 ADD $1

35 For

WIWRAP 3 TURN

Extra Quiet.

Handling 8i Shipping. Orders over $30.00 in the U.S.A.

14 pin

10.40 ea

U

pin

•0.15 aa.

1 to 4

• 16.60 ea.

We Pay the Shipping. CALIF. RESIDENTS: Please Add

16 pin

0.44 aa

1!

pin

0.17 ea.

5to 9

17.00 aa.

6% Sales Tax.

NOTE: NO C.O.D. OR CREDIT CARD ORDERS WILL BEACCEPTED.

8080A PRIMI

• 6.00 ea.

CONNECTORS FC

Ami

R CENTRONICS 700 SERIES,henol 5730360

•9.00 BB.

MAIL ORDERS TO:

BECKIAN ENTERPRIES

P.O. BOX #3089

EIA 8 CONDUCTOR CABLES 8ft. Long.CLASS #1 Type Cables.

1. to 4 pet.5 to 9 pes.

• 23.0020..00

5 to 9 pes.

7.00 ea.

SIMI VALLEY, CA 93063

Circle 271 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

273

FLOPPY

SYSTEMS

SOFT-WARE

8" Siemens FDD 120-8D

All Siemens options in-cluded in this drivemay be configured hardor soft and single ordouble density. We findthis to be an extremelyreliable drive. $430.00Fully Shugart compatible.BASF Magical Miniature Minidrive only 2/3 the size of othersis reliable and durable and quicklygaining in popularity with ourcustomers. Single or dual densityfast access times $259.00

Tarbell... single density. ASiT, $265$265, kit, $179. A&T $219 w/purch. of 2 drives. Tarbell doubledensity, DMA, $399. Delta DoubleSt'PFaHP' density, §399. Micromation doubleBr^ density w/programmable UART for

RS-232 port $495. Sorrento Valley single density for Apple, $399,Cable Kits For 8" Drives with10' 50 cond. cable and connectors. Also power cable andconnectors. Flat cable assemif you wish. For one drive27.50, two 33.95, three 38.95Cable Kits tor 5V«" Drives as above, but 34cond. For one drive 24.95, two 29.95.

*►.-► "Power One" Model CP206

(;——""" .""' Power Supply adequate for

'flft , , at least two drives. 2.8A/24V/ *■ I f V. 2.5A/5V, 0.5A/-5V beautifulquality. $99.00

OS-1 (see opposite page)Call for up to the minute pricingon S-100 DMA controller, LSI-11controller,cabinetry, etc

PS: OS-1 runs on the TRS-80, and cantransform it from a toy computer to areal business machine !!!

10MByDRIVE$3300

S- 100

DMA

CONTROL

POWER

UNIT$395.00

For the first time in something like 10 years,a new STANDARD in removable media hasevolved, Selected by Datapoint, and otherswho have not yet announced, this drive isbeautifully simple and easy, if not trivial tomaintain. 920kBy/sec. transfer rate, 3600 RPM39 lbs and only 125 Watts.

CABINETS forFDD120and801 R drives, or CP206 supply.Matte finish in mar resistantblack epoxy paint and stack-ing design 29.95

DISKETTES

(Mrx, Verbatim,Georgia Magnetics)8" $39.95/10SV" $34.95/10

Elect rolabs

POB 6721, Stanford, CA 94305

415-321-5601 800-227-8266

Telex: 345567 (Electrolab Pla)Visa MC Am. Exp.

Daisy Wheel PrintersQume Sprint 3\^-5

PRINTER (factory warr.) $1499.00POWER SUPPLY (Boschert) 349.00(shown mounted on rear of printer)COMBINATION SPECIAL $1699.00

Cases available 200.00

S-100 interface card 149.00

DATA DISPLAY MONITORS

Used 12" Sylvania mon-itors. Composite Video,15 MHz, 120VAC. Re-built with NEW P39anti-glare tube $119.00New P4, 109.00, usedP4 79.00.U-fix model, 10/$300.00

»T1

STATIC RAM MEMORY, S-10032 K - $549.00 16 K - $349.00

"BACK TO SCHOOL"KEYBOARD SPECIAL

ESAT 2QOB

BILINGUAL 80x24

COMMUNICATING

TERMINAL

Scrolling, full cursor, bell,8x8 matrix, 110- 19,200baud, Dual Font Appli-cations. Arabic & Hebrew,Multilingual Data EntryForms Drawing, Music, &Switchyards. $349.00

Mew!

CHERRY "PRO" Keyboard $119.00Streamlined Custom Enclosure $34.95

BOTH ONLY $134.95 !!!!!!!!!

SOCKETSPECIAL

"OEM STYLE" as above,will fit any case. (Bothversions serviced by quali-fied tech). Identical toabove but subtract $12.00

Televideo912B Televideo 920C($860.00) ($1020.00)

TELEVIDEO 912B

— Upper & lower case

— Adjustable baud rate-80 x 24

— Editing capabilities

— Printer port—Second page memory &

much much more

TELEVIDEO 920C

—Same features as 91 2BPLUS

— Line & character insert/delete

—Special function keys

'Won't Let Go'

14 16

Low ProfileSolder Tail1 CENT/Pin!! (0.75/1000's)

18 20 22 24 28 40

274

BYTE March 1980

Circle 272 on inquiry card.

CP/M* Source Code -FREE! when you purchase "OS-1"Electrolabs' new operating system for the Z-80 designed to have exactlythe appearance of UNIX**, including virtual I/O, "set TTY", a tree and ashell, filters and pipes PLUS total compatability with CP/M software]

^^% ^^^ *4 (Because OS-1 is truly a comprehensive

I I ^^ "OS", and not merely a file handling

I l«^* I ccatiidcc "DOS",we have changed the name

\J\J I rtrtlUHb^ from "Superdos" to "OS-1")

VIRTUAL I/O - copy with a single command between floppy and hard

disk, or from TTY to printer to tape to disk... etc., etc.

No messy I/O routines to write, & no awkward transfers.SECURITY - 9 modes of file protection, user and login protection.MULTI-USER - up to 256 passwords, (non-simultaneous users)16MBy Fl LE SIZE - but no limit to no. of directories per device, thus

allowing EASY implementation of gigantic storage devices."SET TTY" - for printer or crt: tabs, page width, buffer, cursor, UC/LC,

fonts, formfeed, arbitrary control characters etc., etc."LOGIN" - automatically executes user selected programs and "set TTY",OCCUPIES 12KBy- only 50% larger than CP/M, but 500% more features.CP/M & CDOS COMPATABLE - your library is guaranteed to run!

* (Naturally, we are not giving away the version of CP/M written byDigital Research, Please pardon our pun, but they might objectWhat we ARE giving you is a greatly enhanced version of CP/Mwhich resides on OS-1, and allows the user of OS-1 to run any andall of his programs, packages or system utilities which are alreadyrunning on CP/M. We give you the source code at no charge sothat you may modify any part of the CP/M to suit your own sys-tem requirements. At no charge, you also receive the enhancementallowing 4MBy files instead of 256K.)

OS-1 (with debugger, linker and screen oriented editor $199.00

Update service, per year 29.00

Symbolic Debugger 150.00

MACRO-Assembler (Creates relocatable code) 150.00

"C" Compiler 660.00

FORTRAN Compiler 100.00

BASIC Compiler (very fast) 350.00

Graphics

High Resolution ' 480x512

for B&W and Color Imaging and Graphics

ght pen, A-D, D-A, TV synchro (needs no time basecorrection or adjustment with anything between ran-dom interface & NTSC commercial standard). T.V.single frame grabber ("snapshot"). Up to 1 Byte of at-tributions per pixel.

LSI-100 & S-100 applied to:

Graphic Presentation - such as computer generated animation 81 othergraphic displays up to 256 colors Si up to 256 b&w gray scales. ImageAnalysis - using built-in FRAME GRABBER, for medical image en-hancement, contour analysis, & pattern recognition. Commercial TV

Tilting & Advertising - using synchronization capability. Interactive

graphics — using light pen accessory.

BASIC CONFIGURATION -

LSI-11$1995. S-100$1265.For TRS-80/Exidy Add $595.00Includes: Data Board - 32K (480x 512 x 1 pixel) D-A 16 level videogenerator. Video SynchronizationCircuitry. Address Control Si Tim-ing Board.

FEATURES - High speed. DMAor 2KBy window memory mapped interface.Full NTSC commercial color capability. Lowpower consumption. Excellent Software

Options - Accessories - Software

Options include: light pen, auxilliary outputs,text mode, memory and much more. Acces-sories include: b&w and color cameras andmonitors. Software: "Plot" 2D or 3D,"Tilting", "Contour", "Image Enhance-ment", "Vector Curve Generation".

Call for price and details

•CPM and "UNIX

trademarks of Digital Research and Western Electric respectively.

PAPER TIGER

IDS MODEL 440

— 8 Software Selectable CharacterSizes

— Parallel & Serial Interface

— 98 ASCII Character set, upper& Lower case

— Forms length control

— Tractor Feed $949.00Graphics option with 2K CRT

screen buffer add $199.00

DYNAMIC DEVICES MODEM

— Acoustically coupled modemassembly set

— Asynchrous 0-300 Baud

— Switchable originate or answermodes

— Operates full or half duplexmode

— 15 minute assembly $149.95

SPRINGTIME IC SPECTACULAR

(While Supply Lasts)MEMORY &EPR0M

2114 $ 5.99

2114-2 6.99

pd 411 2.50

2107 2.00

4116 (set of 8, 16K, mem-ory expansion for TRS-80,Apple, Exidy) $69.00

2732

8748-8

8755-8

95.0049.0049.00

270827162516

8.9535.0035.00

ELECTROLABSP0B6721 Stanford, CA 94305415-321-5601 800-227-8266Telex: 345567 (Electrolab Pla)

CPU

6502 6.25

Z-80 g 95

Z-80A i2.'o5

8080A 8 99

8085 22.'00

8741 79.00

FLOPPY CONTROLLERS

1771 $26.95

1791 37.95

Pd372 39.00

MISCELLANEOUS (CALLUS!!)

DISK

MATCHMAKER TECHNOLOGY

TURNKEY DISK SUBSYSTEMS

IS

For those who wish lo avoid theaggravation, fussing, irritation, ainoyance etc., of assembling yourown subsystem, plug in and GO!

^SORCERERsTRS-80DAPPLEsHPIBsPET

APPLE

SORCERER

FEATURES:

- 2 8" Floppy DISK DRIVES (Single Sided)

- Color Coordinated Cabinet with Power Supply

- Expanded version of APPLE-DOS

- Single Density Disk Controller

- Full Cabling, Connectors + Documentation

- Assembled and Tested

- Plug In and GO!!! $1695.00

OPTIONS:

- 2 8" Double Sided Drives (In place of Single Sided)

$2395.00

- 16K Internal Memory Expansion Kit 69.00

PET

Prices and specifications same as for APPLE exceptPET Operates via PET-DOS

TRS-80

Prices and specifications same as for SORCERER witfollowing exceptions:

— Expansion Interface necessary

— Space for up to 48K plug-in dynamic memory onController Card

— Software package as above $ 995.00

FEATURES:

- 2 8" Single Sided Floppy Disk Drives

- Singleand/or Double Density

- Color Coordinated Cabinet with Power Supply

- Full RS-232 Interface

- OS-1 Disk Operating System (Fully CP/M

Compatible) CP/M |( a rflBlitoreil IroUomarH ol Dlcital Hmearcr

- Full Cabling, Connectors + Documentation

- Assembled and Tested

- One S-100 Slot available for Memory Expansion-Plug In and GO!!! $2195.00

OPTIONS:

- 2 8" Double Sided Drives (In place of Single Sided)

$2845.00

- 32K Dynamic RAM Memory Board, Assembledand Tested $ 299.00

- 16K Dynamic RAM Internal Memory Expansion Kit

$ 69.00

- Deluxe Business Software package includes:C BASIC

WORD PROCESSING SOFTWAREINTERACTIVE "Big 4":

General Ledger, Accts. Payable, Accts. Rec.

and Payroll $ 695.00

- 10MBY Removeable Hard Disk- Call for Details

ANOTHER Fine Product brought to you exclusively by the folks at:

In California: 415-321-5601Outside Cal: 800-227-8266

Electrolabs

Worldwide:

TLX: 345567 Electrolabs PLA

POB 6721, Stanford, Ca. 94305

Circle 272 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

275

Computer ProductsSEND FOR OUR NEW 1980 CATALOG TODAY

OUR BEST SELLING MEMORY

EXPANDORAM

EXPANDABLE TO 64K USING 4116 RAMS

ESI

fa^:iimniiiiifi'iiii,niTiTmT}iiffliitiitiimnwr

Interfaces with most popular S-100 boards

Bank selectable; PHANTOM provision

Draws only 5 watts fully populated

Designed to work with 2-80. 8080.and 8085 systems

No wait states required

16K boundaries & protect via dip switches

Kits come with sockets for full 64K

Invisible refresh

MEM-16130K (16K KIT) $239.95

MEM-16130A (16K AST) $289.95

MEM-32131K (32K KIT) $309.95

MEM-32131A (32K A&T) $359.95

MEM-48132K (48K KIT) $379.95

MEM-48132A (48K A&T) $429.95

MEM-64133K (64K KIT) $449.95

MEM-64133A (64K A&T) $499.95

SOLID STATE MUSIC

PB-1

EPROM PROGRAMMER FOR 2708 OR 2716

MEM-99510K(KIT) $125.00

MEM-99510A(A & T) $175.00

VECTOR GRAPHICS

HI-RES GRAPHICS

| 256X240 S-100 HI—RES GRAPHICS BOARD

IOV-1070K(KIT) $150.00

IOV-1070A(A & T) $199.95

LIMITED TO STOCK ON HAND

SOLID STATE MUSIC

I/0-4

2 SERIAL & 2 PARALLEL I/O PORTS

IOI-1010K(JADE KIT) $149.95

IOI-1010A(A & T) $199.95

S D SYSTEMS

SBC-100/200

2 OR 4 MHz SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER

S-100 bus compatible Z-80 CPU

1K of on-board RAM

4 EPROM sockets accomodates 2708, 2716. or 2732

One parallel and one serial I/O port

4-channel counter timer chip (Z-80 CTC)

Software programmable serial baud rates

CPC-30100K (2 MHz KIT) $249.95

CPC-30100A (2 MHz A&T) $299.95

CPC-30200K (4 MHz KIT) $289.95

ICPC-30200A (4 MHz A&T) $339.95

GET THE INSIDE TRACK

JADE DOUBLE-D

DOUBLE DENSITY DISK CONTROLLER

Read/write single or double density, 8"or 5'//'drives

On board Z-80 insures reliable operation

CP/M compatible in either single or double density

Density is software selectable

Up to 4 single or double sided, single or double

density drives may be mixed on the same system

El A level serial printer interface on board-up to 9600

baud (perfect for despooling operations)

All the hard work of disk access is done by the on

board Z-80A and 2K memory, leaving your host

CPU free for its normal duties

Uses IBM standard formats for proven reliability

THIS BOARD REALLY WORKS 111!!!

IOD-1200K (DOUBLE-D KIT) $285.00

IOD-1200A (DOUBLE-D A&T) $349.00

IOD-1200D (MANUAL ONLY) $15.00

S D SYSTEMS

VERSAFLOPPY II

DOUBLE DENSITY DISK CONTROLLER

Single or double density floppy disk controller

985600 bytes on 8" double sided diskettes

259840 bytes on double sided 5%" diskettes

S-100 bus (IEEE) standard compatible

IBM 3740 format in single density

8" and 5'/4" drives controlled simultaneously

Operates with Z-80, 8080, and 8085 CPU's

Controls up to 4 drives

Vectored interrupt operation optional

IOD-1160K (KIT) $335.95

IOD-1169A (A&T) $385.95

S D SYSTEMS

VERSAFLOPPY

VERSATILE FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER

IBM 3740 soft sectored format

S-100 Z-80 or 8080 compatible

Controls up to 4 single or double sided drives

Compatible with all popular disk drives

CP/M compatible

Listings for control software included

IOD-1150K (KIT) $189.95

IOD-1150A (A&T) $239.95

NEW DISK OPERATING SYSTEM

SDOS IS HERE

WE THINK IT'S SUPERIOR

SDOS is a CP/M compatible operating systemdesigned for the S.D Sales Versafloppy I or II Itrequires the SBC-100/Versafloppy board set andfunctions as a superset of CP/M, giving 19additional functions including file attributes, disklabel, and read/write logical blocks. It providesadditional protection features, and is expandableto a multi-user real-time systemSDOS sells for $200.00

CALL FOR SALE PRICES !!!

32K STATIC RAM

EXPANDABLE 8K/32K, 2/4MHz, KIT/A&T

NEW 2 OR 4 MHz REV. C BOARD

THE JADE BIG Z

Z-80 CPU BOARD WITH SERIAL I/O PORT2 or A MHzswitchable, on-board 2708,2716, or 2732EPROM useable in SHADOW mode (full 64K RAM)Automatic MWRITE generation if no front panelOn-board USART for sync or async RS232

CPU-30201K (KIT) $159.00

CPU-30201 A(A&T) $209.00

S D SYSTEMS

EXPANDORAM II

4 MHz RAM BOARD EXPANDABLE TO 2S6K

5*

S-100 bus compatible, up to 4 MHz operation

Expandable memory from 16K to 256K

Dip switch selectable boundaries

Page-mode allows up to 8 boards on the same bus

Invisible refresh; PHANTOM output disable

Designed to operate in Z-80 based systems

MEM-16631K (16K KIT) $295.95

MEM-16631A (16K A&T) $345.95

MEM-32632K (32K KIT) $369.95

MEM-32632A (32K A&T) $419.95

MEM-48632K (48K KIT) $444.95

MEM-48632A (48K A&T) $494.95

MEM-64632K (64K KIT) $519.95

MEM-64632A (64K A&T) $569.95

VECTOR GRAPHICS

12K PROM/RAM

1KOFSTATICRAMAND 12 2708 SOCKETS

MEM-12340A(A & T, NO PROMS) $135.00

BEST BUY RATED

TV-1 ONLY $7.95

OUR BEST SELLING R. F. MODULATORGET YOUR "ROCKS" OFF..THE SHELF

CRYSTAL SALE

WE STOCK 40 STANDARD FREQ. 3 FORS12

TIMELY SPECIAL

60 Hz TIME BASE

CRYSTAL CONTROLLED KIT ONLY $4.95

COMING SOON

NEW JADE P/S I/O

PARALLEL/SERIAL/INTERRUPT BOARDZ-80 SIO/PIO, 2 CTCs, expands to 2 SIOs. 4 CTCs4 serial ports (async, sync, bisync. SDLC/HDLC)2 parallel ports with full handshakeSoftware baud rate generators, interval timers,counters, and generates 32 vectored interruptsDesigned especially for MP/M multi-user multi-tasking operating systems. For use with Z-80 only

IOI-1045B (BARE BOARD) $45.00

IOI-1045K (KIT) $169.95

IOI-1045A (A&T) $224.95

SALE SALE SALE SALE SALE

EPROMS

BUY NOW AND SAVE

1702A 54.95

2708 58.95

2516 $34.95

2716(T.I.) 34.95

2716(5 VOLT) $34.95

2758 $34.95

2532 574.95

2732 $74.95 k

CALL FOR PRICING ON LARGE QUANTITIES.

276 BYTE March 1980

Circle 273 on inquiry card.

PRICES SLASHED FOR MARCH !

CALL TOLL-FREE AND SAVE

800-421-5809 CONTINENTAL U.S.

800-262-1710 INSIDE CALIFORNIA

TERMINAL SALE

ADDS REGENT

OUR FINEST LINE OF TERMINALS

ADDS REGENT 20 $795.00

ADDS REGENT 25 S850.00

ADDS REGENT 40 $1195.00

ADDS REGENT 60 $1495.00

SPECIAL PACKAGE PRICE

RS-232 SET $6.50

1 MALE DB-25, 1 FEMALE DB-25, 1 COVERMICRO WORKS

2708 PROGRAMER

FITS STANDARD SWPT 6800 I/O SLOT

LIMITED SUPPLYfA & T) $75.00

VECTOR GRAPHICS

S-100 CARD CAGE

17" RACK WITH 18 SLOT MOTHERBOARD

ENC-118100(A & T) $210.00

SPECIAL CLEARANCE SALE

4KEPROM BOARD

HOLDS UP TO 16 INEXPENSIVE 1702AS

MEM-04220K(KIT NO PROMS) $45.00

MEM-04220A(A & T NO PROMS) $79.95

CP/M 2.0

Digital Research has done it again! This new release of their

industry standard disk operating system is bound to be aneven bigger hit than the original version. Ail ot thefundamental file-size restrictions of release 1 have beeneliminated, while maintaining full compatibility with theearlier versions. This new release can be field-configured bythe user for a single mini-disk up through a multiple drivehard-disk system with 128 megabyte capacity. Fieldconfiguration can be accomplished easily through use of theMacro Library (DISKDEF) provided with CP/M 2.0.

A powerful operating system for only ... $150.00

JADE'S NEW MOTHERBOARDS

THE ISO-BUS

WE'RE PROUD OF OUR MOTHER !

6-SLOT

BARE BOARD $24.95

KIT $49.95

ASSEMBLED & TESTED $59.95

12-SLOT

BARE BOARD $39.95

KIT $89.95

ASSEMBLED & TESTED $99.95

18-SLOT

BARE BOARD $59.95

KIT $129.95

ASSEMBLED & TESTED $149.95

SPECIAL PACKAGE PRICE

IROCKWELL AIM-65

I THE HEAD-START IN MICROCOMPUTERS

IkIM-1 compatible f

lOn-board printer l L

JFull ACSII keyboard

AIM-65 w/1K RAM..5375.00 gSll™«ivmgpM>|jl

AIM-65 W/4K RAM..$450.00jftfi *1

8K BASIC ROM..$100.00 „,POWER SUPPLY..$59.95/5gp.i?if £m|§?jCASE tor AIM-65..$49.95_5 -| 4K Assembler/Editor..$80.00

Special Package Price $599.004K AIM-65, 8K BASIC ROM. Power Supply, and Case

JADEMEMORY EXPANSION KITS

FOR

TRS-80 APPLE EXIDY

Everything you need to add 16K ot memory to yourcomputer. Your kit comes neatly packaged witheasy to lollow instructions. In just minutes yourcomputer is ready to tackle more advancedsoftware.

$69.00

SALE SALE SALE SALE SALE

TRANSISTORS

LOOK UP THE SPECS AND STOCK UP

2N456A

2N718

2N2222A

2N3392

2N3741

2N3904

2N4013

2N4348 eO

2N5088.. n\M»2N5434.2N5449.2N6569.3N81 . . .

.10/$1.00.10/$1.00. .5/$1.00

O^

.^Q..io/$i.oo

r 2/$3.00

10

,#

,. nG^ 8/$1.00

S>.. 20/$1.00

3/$5.00

5/$2.00

5/$1.00

...5/S1.00

4/$1.00

5/$1.00

MICROPROCESSORS

FB $16.95

Z80 (2MHz) $10.95

Z80A (4MHz) $14.95

CDP1802CD S24.95

6502 $11.95

6800 $12.50

6802 $20.00

8008-1 $15.95

8035 $24.00

8035-8 $24.00

8080-A $10.00

8085 $23.00

TMS9900TL $49.95

8080A SUPPORT DEVICES

8212 S5.00

8214 $4,65

8216 $2.95

8224 (2MHz) S4.30

8226 $2.75

8228 $6.40

8238 $6.40

8243 $8.00

8251 $7.50

8253 $20.00

8255 $6.40

B257 $19.95

8259 $19.95

8275 S69.95

8279 $17.70

USRT

S2350 $10.95

UARTS

AY5-1013A $5.25

AY5-1014A $8.25

TR1602B $5.25

TMS6011 $5.95

1M6403 $9.00

BAUD RATE GENERATORSMC14411 $10.00

6800 PRODUCT

6821P $5.25

6828P $12.00

6834P $16.95

6850P S4.80

6852P $7.50

6860P $9.25

6862P $12.00

6875L $7.30

6880P $2.50

CHARACTER GENERATORS

2513 Upper $7.95

2513 Lower $6.75

2513 Upper (5 voll) .... 9.752513 Lower (5 voll) .. $13.00MCM6571 up scan .. $13.00MCM6571A down scan$10.95PROMS

1702A $5.00

2708 $8.95

2716 $39.95

2716 (5v) $39.95

2758 (5v) $30.00

DYNAMIC RAMS4116/416D 8 lor 574.95

2104/4096 $4.75

2107B-4 $3.95

TMS4027/4096 $4.75

STATIC RAMS

21L02 (450ns) $1.50

21L02 (250ns) $1.75

2101-1 $2.95

2111-1 $3.25

2112-1 S2.95

2114L (450ns) $5.75

2114L (300ns) 55.95

TMS40h4 (450ns) $8.00

TMS4044 (300ns) S9.95

410D (200ns) $9.95

4200A (200ns) $9.95

Computer Products

4901 W ROSECRANS, HAWTHORNE, CA 90250213-679-3313

PLACE ORDERS TOLL FREE

800-262-1710 800-421-5809

INSIDE CALIFORNIA CONTINENTAL U.S.

WRITE FOR OUR FREE 1930 CATALOGFOR CUSTOMER SERVICE OR TECHNICAL INQUIRIES

CALL 213-679-3317TERMS OF SALE: Cash, checks, money orders, and creditcards accepted. Minimum order $10.00. California residentsadd 6% sales tax. Minimum shipping and handling chargeS2.50. Prices are for U.S. and Canadian delivery only and aresubject to change without notice. For export prices andlation send for a JADE INTERNATIONAL CATALOG."

INTEGRAL DATA SYSTEMS

THE PAPER TIGER

132 COLUMN DOT MATRIX PRINTER

Up to 198 CPS

1.75 to 9.5 inch adjustable

tractor and friction feed.

Parallel and serial

interface.

98 character ASCII set.

80 to 132 columns.

6 or 8 lines per inch.

Eight software selectable |

character sizes.

110, 300, 600. or 1200 baud.

PRM-33440 $950.00

PRM-33441(GRAPHICS & 2K BUFFER) . $1050.00

GUARANTEED PREMIUM QUALITY|

JADE DISKETTES

MAGNIFICENT MAGNETIC MEDIA I

5'/4" single sided, single density, box of 10

MMD-5110103 (SOFT SECTOR) $29.95

MMD-5111003 (10 SECTOR) $29.95

MMD-5111603 (16 SECTOR) $29.95

5'/4" double sided, double density, box of 10

MMD-5220103 (SOFT SECTOR) $39.95

8" single sided, single density, box of 10

MMD-8110103 (SOFT SECTOR) $34.95

8" single sided, double density, box of 10

MMD-8120103 (SOFT SECTOR) ....( $55.95

8" double sided, double density, box'of 10MMD-8220103 (SOFT SECTOR) $57.95

SPST DIP SWITCHES

PART NUMBER

Vfffffff Wtf«f«f«f*tff

NUMBER OF SWITCHES

SWD-103SWD-104SWD-105SWD-106SWD-107SWD-108SWD-109SWD-110

%v

&

3

$1.00

SMS

4

$1.05

$**0

5

$1.10

$.1tOT

6

$1.15

$J*8ff

7

$1.20

$1-.3tf

8

$1.25

$4^4

9

$1.30

Si-sts

10

$1.35

$*38

TEXTOOL

ZIP* DIP II SOCKETS

~:;]|7TT L

TTmTT"

16 PIN ZIP' DIP II $5.50

24 PIN ZIP* DIP II $7.50

40 PIN ZIP* DIP II 10.25

' ZERO INSERTION PRESSURE

SPECIAL PRICE FOR MARCH

NOVATION CAT

ACOUSTIC COUPLER/MODEM

$157.50

Let your computertalk to other computers !Bell Systems 103 compatible"*300 baud, answer or orginateIOM-5200A (SALE PRICED)..

$157.50

Circle 273 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980 277

page

IDH Series - Headers

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS i

PC Mounting

Wire Wrap

Pins

Straight

Right Angle

1-9

10-24

25-99

10

IDH-10S

IDH-10SR

.95

.72

.70

20

IDH-20S

IDH-20SR

1.30

1.15

1.10

26

IDH-26S

IDH-26SR

1.75

1.50

1.35

34

IDH-34S

IDH-34SR

2.25

1.95

1.75

40

IDH-40S

IDH-40SR

2.55

2.35

2.15

50

IDH-50S

IDH-50SR

3.25

2.95

2.75

Pins

Straight

Right Angle

1-9

10-24

25-99

10

IDH-10W

IDH-10WR

1.95

1.65

1.55

20

IDH-20W

IDH-20WR

2.75

2.50

2.40

26

IDH-26W

IDH-26WR

3.50

3.25

3.15

34

IDH-34W

IDH-34WR

4.25

3.95

3.75

40

IDH-40W

IDH-40WR

4.75

4.50

4.25

50

IDH-50W

IDH-50WR

5.95

5.60

5.40

Ejector Ears for above.

Header is permanently mounted on PCB and accepts IDS socket connectors.

Straight or right angle mounting options available for both solder and wrap pin terminations.

4/$1.00 20/$3.00 100/$10.00

• Solder termination length for either .062" or .125" PCB.

• Ejector/Latch available, latches IDS socket in place when closed, serves as ejector when

IDC Card Edge Connectors 25 Pin 'D' Subminiature

Pins

1-9

10-24

25-99

20

4.15

3.75

3.30

26

4.75

4.30

3.80

34

5.70

5.10

4.50

40

6.50

5.80

5.25

50

7.00

6.30

5.40

1-9

10-24

25-99

Plug

6.00

5.25

4.70

Socket

6.35

5.60

5.00

Cable Plugs

Insulation Displacement

Sockets

Pins

1-9

10-24

25-99

100

14

1.30

1.25

1.10

.95

16

1.50

1.40

1.25

1.10

24

2.25

2.15

2.00

1.75

40

3.75

3.50

3.25

2.95

Provides pluggable termination of cable to PCB thru IDP plugs and standard

DIP sockets such as RN ICN series DIP sockets.

Single piece design for easy handling and assembly.

Cover latch allows cover swivel for easy cable insertion.

Tapered pin tip permits easy insertion into IC sockets.

Strong leads for multiple insertions without damage.

Transition Connectors

Pins

SocketConnector

1-9

10-24

25-99

StrainRelief

10

IDS10

1.40

1.20

1.10

.25

20

IDS20

2.00

1.85

1.75

.25

26

IDS26

2.50

2.40

2.30

.25

34

IDS34

3.25

3.10

2.95

.25

40

IDS40

3.95

3.70

3.55

.25

50

IDS50

5.00

4.60

4.40

.25

Provides pluggable termination of cable to PCB thru IDS sockets and IDH headersSingle piece body construction for easy assembly, strain relief attached after assemblyRugged cover latch and optional strain relief for dependability.Strain relief can be purchased separately.Molded orientation tab.

Cable

1-9

10-24

25-99

10

1.50

1.35

1.25

20

1.75

1.60

1.50

26

2.25

2.00

1.75

34

2.50

2.40

2.30

40

3.00

2.80

2.60

50

3.60

3.45

3.15

Connector used to permanently attach cable to PCB.

Lead length options for .062" and .125" thick PCB.

Rugged single piece design for easy assembly and dependability.

Cable can be attached before or after soldering connector to PCB.

Note: Custom crimping available on all products for proto-typequantities at 50<?/connection.

Gold: All parts on this page except Cable are gold plated. Becauseof the volatility of gold pricing, orders may be subject to a goldsurcharge.

Conductors Solid Color10 ft. 100 ft.

Color Coded10 ft. 100 ft.

10

2.90 17.00

4.00

30.00

14

3.40 23.80

5.00

42.00

16

3.70 27.20

5.60

46.00

20

4.40 34.00

7.00

60.00

24

5.00 40.80

8.00

72.00

26

5.40 44.20

8.60

78.00

34

6.80 57.80

11.00

102.00

40

7.80 68.00

13.00

120.00

50

9.50 85.00

16.00

150.00

• Compatible with all RN IDC products.

• Wire spacing .050" ± .002", 28 ga stranded

• 10 thru 50 Conductor Laminated Cable Solid Color (with wire one mark) or Color Coded

• Available in 100 toot rolls, or 10 toot lengths

• Meets UL FR-1 Vertical Flame Test.

135 EAST CHESTNUT STREET No. 5, MONROVIA, CALIFORNIA 91016

278 BYTE March 1980

(213)357-5005 • TWX 910«585«3484Circle 326 on inquiry card.

CaMFornja DiqiTAl

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503

software selectable character sizcharacters per line, hull formsfeed mechansim adjustable to 9.5'to accepl either parallel or RS232

: ■■■•■■■ j9i)n.0Q plu

CONNECTORS

ly1 ml \rj

ft'.'I'H'I'HTI'I'I'rd

13

your choice

DB25P

male plug & hood

or

| DB25S female

*325

Qty fe. male hd.

10 3.05 1.95 1.15

25 2.95 1.79 1.05

100 2.65 1.67 95

500 2.25 1.60 .85

IK 1.97 1.37 .73

With Purchase of TheINTEGRAL DATA 440

Paper Tiger

Your Choice, $200 Value

1) Graphics Option Package

2) Interface for APPLE II

3) TRS-SO Printer InterfaceCalifornia Digital has resentlyresearched the complete lowcosi printer market. It is ouropinion thai the IDS 440 PaperTiger is, without doubt, themosi versatile and offers thebest value of any printer cost-ing under Sl.OOO.

This quality dot matrix printer

incorporates such features as

: to allow print densities upto 1.32

handling capabilities and tractor

Che Paper Tiger is engineered

serial ASCII. 110/220V.5G/60Hz.

"''I'"1*4 ■::i'::-* ,

Edge

Connectors

GOLD100 PIN

IMSAI/ALTAIR

Imsat solder.125x.250Imsai w/w,125cen(ersAltair soldertail .140 rowSPECIALS22/44 Kim eyelet.156"25/50 solder tab.156"36/72 wide post w/w.156

$2-95 3/* 7.50J4.95 3/(13.00S5.95 3/(15.00

11.95 3/(5.00(1.09 3/(2.00(1.95 3 (5.00

S-100 Mother Board

Minidisk Drive for TRS-80

your choice rt£ 1

f£° IncludesVlSta Interface Cable

TELETYPE MODEL 43

4320 KEYBOARD

TTL AAA $1050

RS232....AAK 1150^Friction ... AAE 1100 shipping103 Modem AAB 1575

rT^n\

CDCC PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE

rlCPT with purchase of each box of

■ " m *■**" Verbatim mini-diskettes. *S value.

Si "

BOX of 10

DISKETTES

i product thai uppei

■ our product lini . I

v USH turntable comLtj hi or ippliancu In

I mm fixture on theitem is available miof Control Consolei Ultrasonic Contra, Lamp Module <>i

uniqui- that we nisi I. the 5-ysten X-lii n .

ring contpononti

Authorized Dislnbutor

Scotch'

Data Products

a

10 Pak7-10-0 IBM soft forn-.at. $38.00I 10 2 Double side soft 65.0074 1-0 Double density 53. 00713-0 Double/Double 70.00740-32 8" Hard sector 39. 0074-l-(0)(10)(16) 5 l/l'miiii 39.00Library ease lor any above: Add $:83 1 A Data Cassettelit: 100 Mini CartridgeDC300 Data Cartridge92DI 1 Disk Cartridge

50+$3. 501

6. 00 I

»*/?!. Sh

SPECIAL

APPLE II

I6K MEWIOR'

COLOR .GRAPHICS'SOUND

$988

PLUS SHIPPING

Mfg.bug.Retail...

MEMORY

TRS-80 SjAPPLE II

16k memory (8) 4116's

I has

: abli

.y

-S

Installation Ls simple. Anyone whtever changed 8 spark plug should beto up-grade his microcomputer.How can California Digital offer thesememory up-grade seis at 25% below our competition?Simple, we buy in volume, wholesale to dealers andsell the balance directly to owners of personal micro-systems. These 1GK dynamic memory circuits arefactory prime and unconditionally guaranteed for onefull year. N OW, before you change your mind, pickUp the telephone and order vour up-grade memory' Add $3 for TKSclO .jumpers.

lugart Associates

SA800-R Floppy Disk Drive

riu- most rust effective way lo store data proc-essing information, when random recall is aprime factor. I'he SA800 is fully compatibleWtth the IBM 3740 format. Write protect cir-cuitry, low maintenance r\ Shugarl quality.

£44950

XEROX 800

WORD PROCESSING

KEYBOARD

ASCII ENCODED

mbwheel switch*!

COtlll- IJOC it I

TOUCH TONE0

Speaker Phone

California DigitalSTATIC

211.02 450nS.211.02 2S0nS.2111 IKx-l 4502111 1 Kx-I 3001041 4Kxl 4S04044 4Kxl 250404.i lKxl 450-1045 lKx-l 2505257 low pow.

1. 191. 495. 95

8. 935.959.058. 95

5. 95SPECIAL CIRCUITS

32-99.99

8. 505. 50

9. 508.509.505. 50

100-5C

.95

1.25

5. 25 i8.005. 25

9.008.009.005.00

999.90

lKi-

4.80 4.60

'80A 4 1111/..8080A CPI8085

8086 Intel I ti liltsIMS 9900 IS WIS

22. 5085. 0049.95

AV5-I013A UART 4. 95Floppy Disc ControllersWD 1771 single D. 39.95WD 1781 Double I) G5.00WD 1791 D/D3740 *

E PROMS 1-15

1702 A 2K 4.95

16-634.50

2716 5vl6K2716 T I2532

VISA

9.9529. 9524.8885. 00

6414.009.00

USED

'he Volcecaster simply plugsinto your existing phone walljack. The twelve billion padcreates standard Touch Tonefrequencies. Unique electroniccircuitry eliminates t it at hollowsound that you have heard onother systems.Original retail price $295.Please consult your local tele-phone company to determine ifa line protection device is re-quired in your community.l)i;d units also available.

ACOUSTIC

MODEM

Pta Qmnitec model "ui Modem connectsthe RS-232 serial port of your computerOf peripheral device acoustically to yourtelephone line.

Place the telephones handset into cradleof the modem. Instantly your computersystem has ;icc«ss tn the world of dig-

duple

MiniatureSwitches

i

w

your choice

10 50 100 Ik4>.t>0 sgg .81.73.66 |SPDT Miniature Toggles

7101CSK 0NN0NEON

7107 jbt ONOFFImnl.ONI I

7108 CK 0N(moment ON) |7103 CK ON OFFONRotary 3P-4-POS,Rotary 3P-6-POS.Pusl. B IN.0.) S.39ca.4 SI

DIP Switch

25 100 IB

1191.09 97 .83

specify 4

PORTABLE DATA ENTRY SYSTEM

.■■..- used data terminals were originally designed fur chain atore inventory e<jit wd order entry systems. Hie operator enters Hit- Inventory control nuir.berehandise on hand and iiit nun price. After1 ill pertincni data has been enten

recorder, the main warehouse la telephoned, the handsel m placed in the netIpier mil jll the- recorded Information is transmitted b.iek to the master comp:h .. little bnaguiaUon and one of those portable entry systems, you should bt_-exchange programs and computer information with associates across the c«in

imtta were removed from service in working condition. OrtgUiol cost $2,500-■I. system comes complete with:

rtnhle Cassette Drive Unit "Five Gould ' D" HtCada »PB25 Cable

ii ovable Entry Keyboard ■Acoustical Coupler •Shutilth-r stari

imi i.i.n Display ■BaUorj' Charger ■! ull Docuracn

DISCOUNT < |

Wire WrapXenter

IC SOCKETS

wire wrapea. 25 50

low profile

ea. 25 50

17< 16 15

37' 36 35

18 17 16

38 37 36

19 18 17

99 93 85

36 35 34

169 155 139

63 60 58

529.95

BW630

50ft.

s.98

KVNARwiSr

500 1,000 11,000

*9 S15. S105.

(213)679-9001

Circle 274 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980 279

0

I SN74O0NI SN7401NI SN7402NI SN7403N

SN7404NSN7405NSN7406NSN7407NSN7408NSN7409NSN7410NSN7411NSN7412NSN7413NSN7414NSN7416NSN7417NSN7420NSN7421NSN7422NSN7423NSN7425NSN7426NSN7427NSN7429NSN7430NSN7432NSN7437NSN743BNSN7439NSN7440NSN7441NSN7442NSN7443N

SN7444N

SN7445NSN7446NSN7447NSN7448NSN74S0NSN7451NSN7453NSN7454NSN7459ASN7460N

CD4000CD4001CD4002CD4006CD4Q07CO40O9CO4O10CD401ICD4012CD4013CD4D14CD4015CO4016CD4017CD4018CD4019CD4020CD4021C04D22CD4023CO4024CD4Q25CO4026CD4027

74C0O

74C0274C0474COB74C1074C1474C2074C3074C4274C4B74C7374C74

78MGLMI06HLM300HLM301CN/HLM302HLM304HLM305HLM307CN/HLM30SCN/HLM309HLM309KLM310CNLM311N/HLM312HLM317KLM318CN/HLM319NLM320K-5LM320K-5.2LM320IM2LM320K-15LM320K-18LM320K-24LM320T-5LM320T-5.2LM320T-BLM320T-12LM320T-I5LM320T-1BLM320T-24LM323K-5LM324NLM339NLM340K-5LM340K-6LM340K-BLM340K-12LM340K-15

74LSDO74LS0174LS0274LS0374LS0474LS0574LS0874LS0974LS1074LSI174LS1374LS1474LS1574LS2074LS2174LS2274LS2674LS2774LS2874LS3074LS3274LS3774LS4074LS42

7400 TTL

SN7470NSN7472NSN7473N

SN7.17.IN

SN7475NSN7476NSN7479NSN7480NSN7482NSN7483NSNM85NSN7486NSN74B9NSN7490NSN7491NSN7492NSN7493NSN7494NSN7495NSN7496NSN7497NSN74100NSN74107NSN74109NSN74116NSN74121NSN74122NSN74123NSN74125NSN74126NSN74132NSN74136NSN74141NSN74142NSN74143NSN74144NSN74145NSN74147NSN74148NSN74150NSN74151N5N74I52NSN74153NSN74154NSN74155NSN74156NSN74157N

C/MOS

CO4028CD4029CD4030CD4035CD4040CD404ICD4042CD4043C04044CD4046CD4047CD4048CD4049CD4050CD4051CD4053CD4056CD4059CD4060CD406SCO4068CD4069

74C00

74C8574C9074C9374C9574C10774C15174TJ15474C15774C16074C161

LINEAR

LM340K-18 1.35

LM340K-24 1.35

LM340T-5 1.25

LM340T-6 1.25

LM34QT-B 1.25

LM340M2 1.25

LM340T-15 1.25

LM340T-18 1.25

LM340T-24 1.25LM356N

LM37QN

LM373N

LM377N

LM3S0N

LM38DCN

LM381N

LM382N

NE501N

NE510A

NE529A

NE531H/V

NE536T

NE540L

NE544N

NE550N

NE555V

NE556N

NE5608

NE562FJ

NE565N/H

NE566CN

NE567V/H

NE570N

LM7Q3CN/H

LM709N/H

1.953.25

74LS00nL

74LS4774LS5174LS5474LS5574LS7374L57474LS7574LS7674LS7S74LS8374LS8574LS8674LS9074LS9274LS9374LS9574LS9674 LSI0774LS10974LS11274LS12374LS12574LS13274LS136

wb

SN74160NSN741B1NSN74162NSN74163NSN74164NSN74165NSN74166NSN74167NSN74170NSN74172NSN74173NSN74174NSN74175NSN74176NSN74177NSN74179NSN74180NSN74181NSN74182NSN74184N5N741S5NSN74186NSN7418BHSN74190NSN74191NSN74192NSN74193NSN74194NSN74195NSN74196NSN74197NSN74198NSN74199NSN74S200SN74251NSN74279NSN742B3NSN74284NSN74285NSN74365NSN74366NSN74367NSN7436BNSN74390NSN74393N

CD4070

CD4071

CD4D72

CD4076

CD4081

CO4082

C04093

CD4098

MC1.1-109

MC14410

MC14411

MC14419

MCI 4433

MC14506

MC14507

MC14562

MC14583

CD4508

CD4510

CD4511

CD4515

CD4518

CD4520

CD4566

74C15374C16474C17374C19274C19374C19574C92274C92374C92574C92680C95BDC97

I 50

LM710N .79

LM711N .39

LM723N/H .55

LM733N 1.00

LM739N 1.19

LM741CN/H .35

LM74M4N .39

LM747N/H .79

LM748N/H .39

LM1310N t 95

LM145SCN/H .59

MC1488N 1.95

MC1489N 1.95

LM1496N ,95

LM1556V 1.75

MC1741SCP 3.00

LM2111N 1.9S

LM2901N 2.95

LM3053N 1.50

LM3065N 1.49LM39O0N(3401| 59LM39Q5NLM3909NMC5558V

LM75450N

75451CN

75452CN

75453CN

75454CN

75491CN

75492CN

75493N

75494CN

RC4136

RC4151

HC4194

HC4195

4.95.49

74LS138 T89

74LS139 .89

74LS151 89

74LS155 B9

74LS157 .89

74LS1BO 1.15

74LS161 1.15

74LS162 1.25

74LS163 1.15

74LS164 1.25

74LS175 .99

74LS1B1 2.49

74LS190 1.15

74LS191 1.15

74LS192 1.15

74LS193 1 15

74LS194 1.15

74LS195 1.15

74LS253 99

74LS257 89

74LS258 1.75

74LS260 69

74LS279 ,75

74LS367 .75

74LS36B .75^L^67p^^^49

QCromemcoIncorporated

Cromamco's 8K BYTESAVER® card providesa built-in programmer for the popular 2708PROM and has tho capacity for a full 8K bytes olPROM memory storage. The BYTESAVER® IIalso offers a number of new features includingconvenient switch selection of board addressand Cromemco's powerful memory bankselection. The BYTESAVER® II is assembledand tested (Model 8KBS-W) for $245.

8KBytesaver II

Memory Capacity: SK bytos

Memory Type: 2708 PROM or equivalent

Memory Access Time: 450 nanoseconds

Wait States at 2MHz: none required

Wait States at 4MHz: one per machine cycle

Bus: S-1O0

Power Requirements: <HV & 0.8A+18V @0.4A-18V @0.2A

Operating Environment: O-55'C.

Assembled

8KBS-W. $245.00

DISCRETE LEDS

.200- an.XC556R redXC556G greenXC5S6V yellowXC556C dear

.200" die.

red

green

yellow

.170- dla.

MV10B red

.085- dla.

XC22RXC22GXC22Y

5/J14/J14/$1

(m

5/114/514A1

MV50

red

INFRA.RED LED

1/4-x1/4-x1/16"llal 5/$1

.125- die.

XC209R redXC209G greenXC209V yellow

.105- dla.XC526R redXC526G greenXC526V yellowXC526C clear

.130- dla.XC111R redXC111G greenXC111Y yellowXC111C clear

5/$14/$14/J1

5/S14/114/S1481

5/S14814/S1

481

TIMEXT1001

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

CLASS II

FIELD EFFECT

4 DIGIT - .5" CM/

THREE ENUNCl

2.00" X 1.20" Pfi

INCLUDES CONr

TIOOI-Transmisslva

TIOOIAReflective

S7.950.25

DISPLAY LEDS

TYPE

MAN 1MAN 2MAMSMAN 4MAN7GMAN 7YMAN nMAN 74MAN 82MAN 84MAN 3620MAN 3630MAN 3640MAN 4610MAN 4640MAN 4710MAN 4730MAN 4740MAN 4810MAN 4840MAN 6610MAN 6630MAN 6640MAN 6650MAN 6660MAN 6680MAN 6710

P0UHITY I

Common Anode-Fed5 x 7 Dot Matrix-redCommon Calhode-redCommon Calnode-tedCommon Anode-greenCommon Anode-yellowCommon Anode-redCommon Calhode-redCommon Anode -yellowCommon Calhode -yellowCommon Anode-orangeCommon Anode-orange x 1Common Cathode-orangeCommon Anode-orangeCommon Calhodc-orangeCommon Anode-redCommon Anode-red ± 1Common Calhode-redCommon Anode-ye I lowCommon Calhode-yellowCommon Anode-ocange-D.D.Common Anode-orange ± 1Common Camode-orange-O.DCommon Cathode-orange * 1Common An ode-orangeCommon Cathode-orangeCommon Anode-ied-O.D.

TYPE

MAN 6730

MAN 6740

MAN 6750

MAN 6760

MAN 6780

DL701

DL704

DL707

DL728

DL741

DL746

DL747

DL749

DL750

DL33B

FND70

FN0358

FND359

FND503

FN0507

5082-7730

HOSP-3400

HD5P-3403

5082-7300

5082-7302

5082-7304

5083-7340

POLARITY

Common Anode-ied x ICommon Calhode-rod-D.D.Common Calhode-red t ICommon Anode-redCommon Cathode-redCommon Anode-red ± ICommon Calhode-redCommon Anode-redCommon CalhDde-redCommon Anode-redCommon Anode-red t 1Common Anode-redCommon Cathode-red - 1Common Calhode-redCommon Calhode-redCommon CathodeCommon Calhode * 1Common CathodeCommon Cathade,FNO5O0)Common Anode (FND510)Common Anode-redCommon Anode-redCommon Cathode red4 x 7 sgi Digil-RHDP4 x 7 Sgl Oigil-LHDPOverrange character (±1)4x7 Sfjl. Digll-Hexadecimaf

19 9515.0022.50

RCA LINEAR

CA3013TCA2023TCA3035TCA3039TCA3046NCA3059NCA3060NCA3080TCA3081N

2.15 CA3082N 2.00

2.56 CA3083N 1.60

2.4B CA30B6N .85

1.35 CA3089N 3,75

1.30 CA3130T 1.39

3 25 CA3140T 125

3.25 CA3160T 1.25

85 CA3401N 59

200 CA3600N 3.50

CALCULATOR

CHIPS/DRIVERSMM5725 $2 95

MM5738 2.95

DM8864 2.00

DM8865 1.00

DM8887 75

OMS889 75

9374 7 segC.A LED driver t 50

MM5309

MM5311

MM5312

MM5314

MM5316

MM5318

MM5369

MM538L1998A

CT7001

IC

8 pin LP14 pin LP16 pin LP18 pin LP20 pin LP

SOLDERTAIL

50-100

- LOW PROFILE (TIN) SOCKETS

MC1408L7 S4.95

MC1408LB

MC1439L 2.95

MC3022P

MC3061P 3.50

MC4016(74416) 7.50

MC4024P

MC4040P

MC4044P 4.50

1-24

14 pin ST $.27

1G pin ST .30

18 pin ST 35

24 pin ST 49

8 pin SG I 30

14 pm SG 35

16 pin SG .38

IB pin SG .52

8 pin WW S 39

10 pin WW 45

14 pin WW .39

16 pin WW 43

18 pin WW 75

20 pin WW .85

22 pin LP S .3724 pin LP .""2B pin LP36 pin LPSOLDERTAIL STANDARD (TIN) 40 P|fl LP

28 pin ST $ .36 pin ST 1.40 pin ST 1.SOLDERTAIL STANDARD (GOLD)

24 pin S~

25-49 50-100

281

ii SG 1.M

WIRE WRAP SOCKETS(GOLD) LEVEL #3

22 pin WW S 9524 pin WW 1.0528 pin WW i 4036 pin WW 1.5940 pin WW 1 75

1/4 WATT RESISTOR ASSORTMENTS - 5%

10 OHM27 OHM66 OHM

T? (1HM,1.1 OHM

8? OHM

t5 OHM39DHM1011 OHM

18 OHM47 OHM

?0 OHM

n OHM56 OHM150 OHM

180 OHM 220 OHM 270 OHM :130 OHM 390 OHM470 OHM 560 OHM fiflO OHM 820 OHM1.2K i.5k i.bk ?.2K

220K560K

50 PCSSO PCS

ASST. 8R Includes Resistor Assortments 1 -7(350 PCS.)

$1.751.751.751.751.751.75

so pcs 1.75$9.95 ea.

$10.00 Min. Order - U.S. Funds Only Spec Sheets - 25i

Calif. Rosidents Add 6% Sales Tax 1980 Catalog Available -Send 414stamp

Postage — Add 5% plus SI Insurance (if desirsdl

PHONE

ORDERS

WELCOME

(415) 592-8097

FREE1980

J a

MAIL ORDER ELECTRONICS - WORLDWIDE

1355SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002ADVERTISED PRICES GOOD THRU MARCH

TELEPHONE/KEYBOARD CHIPS

AY-5-9J00 Push Button Telephone Dialler

AY-s-9200 Repertory Dialler

AY-5-9SO0 CMOS Clock Generator

AY-5-2376 Keyboard Encoder (B8 keys)

MD0165 Keyboard Encoder 16 keys)

74C922 Keyboard Encoder (16 keys)

74C923 Keyboard Encoder (20 keys)

14.957.957.956.25

ICM7M5ICM7205ICM7207ICM720BICM7209

ICM CHIPS

CMOS Precision TimerCMOS LED Stopwatch/TimerOscillator ControllerSeven Decade CounterClock Generator

24.9519.95

7.5019.95

5.95

NMOS READ ONLY MEMORIES

MCM6571 128X9X7 ASCII Shifted with Greek 13.50

MCM6574 128 X9X 7 Math Symbols Pictures 13.50

MCM6575 128X9X7Alpha'ControlCharGen 13.50

MISCELLANEOUS

TL074CN Quad Low Noise bi-fet Op Amp

TL494CN Switching Regulator

TL496CP Single Switching Regulator

11C90 Divide 10/11 Prescaler

95H90 Hi-Speed Divide 10/11 Prescaler

4N33 Photo Darlington Oplo Isolator

MK50240 Top Octave Freq. Generator

DS0O26CH 5Mh7 2-phase MOS clock driver

TIL308 .27' red num. display w/inleg. logic chip

MM5320 TV Camera Sync. Generator

MM5330 4V; Digit 0PM Logic Block (Special)

LD110/111 3'A Digit A/D Converter Sel

MC14433P 3'/! Digit A/D Converter

2.494.491.7519.9511.953.9517.503.7510.9514.953.9525.00/sel13.95

LITRONIX ISO-LIT 1

Photo Transistor Opto-lsolator(Same as MCT 2 or 4N25)

49c! each

SN 76477

SOUND GENERATOR

Generates Complex Sounds

Low Power - Programmable

$3.95 each

TV GAME CHIP AND CRYSTAL

AY-3-B500-1 and 2.01 MHZ Crystal (Chip & Crystal _ n_ .

includes score display, 6 games and select angles, etc / . 95/S61

S8.404.404.401.551.50.39

XR205XB210XR215XR320XR-L555XR555XR556 .99

XR567CP .99XR567CT 1.25XR1310P 1.95XR1468CN 3.85XR1488 1.95XR1489 1-95

EXAR

JE2206KB 19.95

XH1800 3.20

XR2206 4,40

XR2207 3.65

XR2208 5.20

XR2209 1.75

XR2211 5.25

XR2212 4.35

XR2240 3.45

XR2242CP 1.50XR2264 4.25

XR2556XR2567XR3403XR4136XR4151XR4194XR4202XR4212XR455BXR4739XR4741

3.222.991.251.253.954.953.602.05.751.151 47

TYPE1N746

1N7511N7S2

1N753

1N754

IN 757

1N759

1N959

1N965

IN5332

1N5234

1N5235

IN5236

1N5242

1N5245

IN456

1N458

1N485A

1N4D01

DIODES

VOLTS W PRICE

3.3 400m 4/1.00

5.1 400m 4/1.005.6 400m 4/1.00

6.2 400m 4/t.OO6.B 400m 4/1.00J.O 400m 4/1.00

120 400m 4/1.00

B.2 400m 4/1.00

15 400m 4/1.00

5.6 500m 28

6.2 500m 28

6.8 500m 28

7.5 500m 28

12 500m 2B

15 500m 28

25 40m 6/1.00

150 7m 6/1.00

180 10m 5/1.00

50 PIV 1 AMP 12/1.00

TYPE1N40021N40031N40041N40051N40061N40071N35001N41481N41S41N47331N47341N47351N47361N47361N47421N47441N11831N11841N11851N11B61N1188

VOLTS W100 PIV 1 AMP200 PIV 1 AMP400 PIV 1 AMP600 PIV 1 AMP800 PIV 1 AMP

1000 PIV 1 AMP200m

PRICE

12/1.0012/1 0012/1.0010/1.0010/1.0010/1.00

10m10m

12 I*

15 1w

50 PIV 35 AMP100 PIV 35 AMP150 PIV 35 AMP200 PIV 35 AMP400 PIV 35 AMP

C36DC36M

2N2328MOA 980-1MDA 980-3

SCR AND FW BRIDGE RECTIFIERS

15A £ 400V35A rti 600V1.6A(fi 300V

C106GI

MPSA05

MPSA06

TIS97

TIS98

40409

40410

40673

2N918

2N2219A

2N2221A

2N2222A

PN2222 Plastic

2N2369A

MPS2369

2N24B4

2N2906

2N2907

PN2907 Plastic

2N2925

MJE2955

2N3053

TRANSISTORS

FW BRIDGE RECFW BRIDGE REC

1 751.75

4/1.002/1.004/1.00

5/1 007/1 004/1.005/1 004/1.004/1.005/1.007/1.005/1.001.252/1.00

2N3055

MJE3055

2N33B2

2N339B

PN3567

PN356B

PN3569

MPS363SA

MPS3702

2N3704

MPS3704

2N3705

MPS3705

2N3706

MPS3706

2N3707

2N3711

2N3724A

2N3725A

2N3772

2N3823

2N3903

5/1.005/1.003/1.004/1.004/1.005/1.005/1.005/1 005/1 005/1.005/1.005/1 005/1.005/1.005/1.0

.65

2N39042N39052N39062N40132N4123PN4249PN42502N44002N440I2N44022N44032N44092N50862N50872N50882N50892N5129PN5134PN51382N51392N52102N54492H595I

4/1.004/1 004/1.003/1.00

4/1.004/1 004/1.004/1 005/1.005/1 005/1.005/1.005/1.003/1.00

3-i on

CAPACITOR

10 pi22 pi47 pi100 pi220 pi470 ol

.001ml.0022

0047ml

01 ml

1/35V

.15/3SV22/35V33/35V

.47/35V68/35V1 0/35V

47/SOV

1.0/50V

3.3/50V

4.7/25V

10/25V

10/50V

22/25V

22/50V

47/25V

47,50V

100/25V

100/50V

220/25V

220/50V

470/25V

1000/16V

2200/16V

OOIkF.0O47,iF01WF.022,i F047^F

CORNER

1-9 10-99 100-

1D0 VOLT MYLAR FILM CAPACITORS022ml,047ml

12 .09 .075

.10

.07

,1ml

27

.22ml

+ ZF/, DIPPED TANTALUMS IS0LID1 CAPACITORS?B 23 .17 1.5/3SV » t

.28 .23 .17 2.2,35v ^ j

-28 .23 17 3.3/25V .35 A

.28 23 17 4.7/25V .33 .;

.28 .23 .17 6.8/25V .49 ,<

.28 .23 .17 15/25V .75 .i

.28 .23 .17 22/6V -« -t

MINIATURE ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITDRS

.15

.13

.10

47/25V.47/50V1.0/16V10/25V1 0/SOV4.7/16V4 7/25V4.7/50V10/16V10/25V10/50V47/50V100,16V100/25V100;50V220/16V470/25V

Radial Laid15 .13

y

280 BYTE March 1980

Circle 275 on inquiry card.

..<.■-" Continuity Tester and Flashlight

Convenient versatile tool for quicklychecking continuity of dead circuits,switches, appliances, cords, fuses,motors, control equipment, coilsand panel boards. Also tests cir-cuits for low-resistance shorts andhelps identify wires in multi-wirecables. Dozens of other uses. Plusthe added convenience of a handy,durable flashlight. Uses two AA sizepenlight batteries (not furnished).Insulated clip prevents accidentalshorting to case. Alligator clip has48" lead with plug,

RT300 S7.95

CONTINENTAL SPECIALTIES

Logic Monitor

The Logic Moni-tor allows you tochock logic levelson all 16 pins ofany DTL, HTL,TTL, or CMOSdevice. It has a typ-ical input impedance of100K ohms and weighs amere 3 oz. (85 grams). It hasan input volt, range of 4V to 15V "^ ^Land draws a max. of 100mA@1OV

LM-1 $70.00

;;;////

Proto Clips

»»»;

14-PIN CUP16-PIN CLIP24-PIN CLIP40-PIN CLIP

PC-14PC-16PC-24PC-40

S 4.50$ 4.75$10.00$16.00

Proto Boards

PB-6 $17.95

&3S\ PB-100 19.95

PB-101 22.95

J}'! PB-102 26.95

PB-103 44.96

PB-104 55.95

PB-203 99.95

PB-203A 155.00

PB-203A-KU . . . 131.00

Jumbo 6-Digit Clock Kit

* Four .630"ht. and two .30Q"'ht.common anode displays

* Uses MM5314 clock chip

* Switches for hours, minutes and hold functions

* Hours easily viewable to 30 feet

* Simulated walnut case

* 11SVAC operation

* 12 or 24 hour operation

* Includes all components, case and wall transformer

* Size: 6V. x 3Va x 1V4

JE747 $29.95

• Bright .300 ht. comm. cath-ode display

• Uses MM5314 clock chip•Switches for hours, minutes

and hold modes

• Hrs. easily viewable to 20 ft.

• Simulated walnut case

• 115 VAC operation

• 12 or 24 hr. operationall (

JE701

6-Digit Clock Kit $19.95

Regulated Power Supply

Uses LM309K. Heat sink mprovided. PC board con- —struction. Provides a solid1 amp @ 5 volts. Can supply upto *5V, >9V and ±12V withJE205 Adapter. Includes compo-nents, hardware and instructions.

Size: 3'/i'

:2"H

JE200 $14.95

ADAPTER BOARD-Adapts to JE200-±5V, ±9V and ±12V

DC/DC converter with +5V input. Toriodal hi-speed switching XMFR. Short circuit protection.PC board construction. Piggy-back to JE 200board. Size: 3'/!" x 2" x 9/16"H

\JE2

05 $12.95

MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS

821282146216822462268228823882518253825682578259

-8Q8QA/BGBDA SUPPORT DEVICES-CPU

8-Bn Inpul/OutputPriority Interrupt ControlBi-Directional Bus DriverC1oc< Generator DriverBus Driver

System Controller/Bus DriverSystem ControllerProg Comm 1f0 (USART)Prog Interval TimerProg Pcnph 1/0 (PP1)Prog DMA ControlProg. Interrupt Control6800/6800 SUPPORT DEVICES—MPU

MPU with Clock and RamSialic Ram

-MICROPROCESSOR MANUALS-

M-Z80 User Manual

M-C0P1802 User ManualM-2650 User Manual

- ROMS

2513(2140} Character Generator(upper case) $9 95

25*3(3021) Character Generator!lower case) 9 95

2516 Character Generator 10.95

MM5230N 2048-Bit Rear! Only Memory 1.95

$14.9524.955.95

Pcrioh. Inler Adapt (MC5820)

Priority Interrupt Controller 12 95

1024X8 Bit ROM (MC68A30-8) 14.95

Asynchronous Comm Adapter 7 95

Synchronous Serial Daia Adapt. 9.95

0-600 bps Digital MODEM 12.95

2400 bps Modulator 14.95

Quad 3-State Bus. Trans. (MC8T26) 2.25

MICROPROCESSOR CHIPS—MISCELLANEOUS ■

Z8Q[780C) CPU SI4 95

Z80A(780-1) CPU 16.95

CDP1802 CPU 19 95

2650 MPU 1995

6502 CPU 11 95

8035 8-Bit MPU wclock, RAM. 1/0 lines 19.95

P8085 CPU 19.95TMS9900JL 16-Bit MPU w/nartiware, multiply

& divide 49.95 SHIFT REGISTERS

1101

256X1

1103

1024X1

2101(8101)

256X4

2102

1024X1

21L02

1024X1

2111(6111)

256X4

2112

256X4

2114

1024X4

2114L

1024X4

2114-3

1024X4

2114L-3

1024X4

5101

256X4

5280/2107

4096X1

7489

16X4

74S200

256X1

93421

256X1

UPD414

4K

iMK4027]

UP0416

16K

IMK4116]

MS4044.

4K

45NL

TMS4045

1024X4

2117

16.384X

MM500H

MM503H

MM504H

MM506H

MM510H

MM5016H

2S04T

2516

2522

2524

2525

2527

2528

2529

2532

Dual 25 811 Dynamic

Dual SO Bit Dynamic

Dual 16 Bit Static

Dual 100 Bit Static

Dual 64 Bit Accumulator

500/512 Bit Dynamic

1024 Dynamic

Hex 32 Bit Sialic

Dual 132 Bit Static

512 Static

1024 Dynamic

Dual 256 Bit Static

Dual 250 Static

Dual 240 Bit Static

Quad 60 Bit Sialic

Frio

4X4 Register File (TriState)

S 50 MM5262

Dynamic

Static

Sialic

Static

Static

Sialic MOS

Static 450ns

Static 450ns low power

Static 300ns

Static 300ns low power

Static

Dynamic

Static

Static Tristate

Static

Dynamic 16 pin

Dynamic 16 pir. 250ns

Sialic

Static

Dynamic 350ns(bouse marked)Dynamic

-PROMS

149514,95

1702A

2716INTEL

TMS2516

(2716)

1MS2532

2708

2716 T.I

FAMOSEPH0MEPR0M■Requires single < 5V power supply4KX8 EPROM

BK EPROM

16K" EPROM

"Requires 3 voltages. —5203 2048 FAMOS

12V

6301-1(7611) 10246330-1(7602) 256

82S2362S1I582S12374186

32X8409632X6

A-V-5-1013 30K BAUD

Tr I slate Bipolar

Open C Bipolar

Open Collector

Bipolar

Tristate

TTL Open Collector

TTL Open Collector

Static

3.959.953.95

JE600 HEXADECIMALENCODER KIT

FEATURES:

» Full 8 bit tatcned output lor micro-processor use

> 3 User ;.■;■ -e keys win one oemg ci-stable ope ran an

i Debource cucmi provides lor an 19keys

■ LED readout to verity entnes

• Easy meilacr.g «iin siar.darc 16 pin1C coneetor

* Only 15vDC .eoureu loi operationsFULL 8 BIT LATCHED OUTPUT—19 KEYBOARD

The JE600 Encoder KeyDoard provides iwo separate hexadecimaldigits produced from sequential key entries to allow dnect prog-ramming lor S b'l microprocessor o' S Oil memory circuits Three(31 additional keys are provided lor user operations with one havinga bistable output available The outputs are latched and monitoredwith LED readouts Also included is a kev entry strobe

JE600 $59.95

Hexadecimal Keypad only $14.95

DIGITALTHERMOMETER KIT

■ Dual sunsurs switching control for indoor/outdoor or dual monitoring

■ Continuoui LED .8" ht. display

• Range: -40°F to 199°F / -40°C to100°C

• Accuracy: +10nominal

•Set for Fahrenheit or Celsius reading'Sim. walnut case - AC wall adapter incl.

• Size: 3-1/4"Hx6-5/8"Wk1-3/B"D

JE300 $39.95

62-Key ASCII Encoded Keyboard Kit

The JE61062-Key ASCII Encoded KeyboardKit can be interfaced into most any com-puter system. The JE610 Kit comes com-plete with an industrial grade keyboardswitch assembly {62 keys), IC's, sockets,connector, electronic components and adouble-sided printed wiring board. Thekeyboard assembly requires +5V @ 150mAand —12V @ 10mA for operation.

FEATURES:

• 60 Keys generate the full 128 char-acters, upper and lower case ASCIIset

• Fully buffered

* 2 user-define keys provided forcustom applications

* Caps lock for upper case onlyalpha characters

•Utilizes a 2376 (40 pin) encoder

read only memory chip•Outputs directly compatible with

TTL/DTL or MOS logic arrays•Easy interfacing with a 16-pin dip

or 18-pin edge connector

JE610 $79.95

62-Key Keyboard only. .$34.95

HICKOK

LX303 Portable LCD Digital Multimeter

Digital Multimeter $74.95

ll&V AC ADAPTER 7.50

PADDED CARRYING CASE 7.50

X10 DC PFIOBE ADAPTER IU,J 10 10KI 14.95

■10W DC PROBE 35.00

10 Amii DC Current Siuini 14.95

$10.00 Mm. Order - U.S. Funds Only Spec Sheets - 254

Calif. Residents Add 6% Sales Tax 19B0 Catalog Available- Send41 rfstamp

Postage —Add 5% plus$1 Insurance (if desired)

FREE

1980

CATALOG

I

ameco

ELECTRONICS

PHONE

ORDERS

WELCOME

(415) 592-8097

MAIL ORDER ELECTRONICS - WORLDWIDE

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002ADVERTISED PRICES GOOD THRU MARCH

The IncrediblePenny whistle 103

«P Id". 90 Kit Only

The PennvwhttUe 103 is capaok ot recording data to and trom audio tape without

critical speed requirements (or trie recorder and it is able to communicate directty with

another modern and terminal lor telephone "hamming" and communications. In

addition, it is tree ol critical adjustments and is built with non-precision, readily availarj e

pans.

Data Tranimlitlon Miltiod Frequency-Shift Keying, lull-duplex (hall-duplex

selectable).

Mailmum Data Rite 300 Baud.

Dala Format Asynchronous Serial (return to mart level required

between each character).Receive Channel Frequencies .. .2025 H* lor space: 2225 Hz lor mark.Transmit Channel Fraquenclei . .Switch selectable: Low (normal) = 1070 space.

1270 mark: High = 025 space. 2225 mark.

Receive Semltivlty -46 dbm accoustically coupled.

Trinsmll Level -15 dbm nominal. Adjustable Irom -6 dbm

to -20 dbm.Receive Frequency Tolerance ..Frequency reference auioma-icalty adjusts to

allow (or operation between 1800 Hi and 2400 Hz.Dlrjllal Data Interlace EIA RS-232C a.- 20 mA current loop (receiver is

o pi Disabled and non-polar)

Power Requirements .120 VAC, single phase. 10 Wans

Physical All components mount on a single 5* by 9'

printed circuit board All components includedRequires a VOM. Audio Oscillator. Frequency Counter and/or Oscilloscope to align

TRS-8016K Conversion Kit

Expand your 4K TRS-80 System to 16K.Kit comes complete with:

• 8 each UPD416-1 (16K Dynamic Rams ) 250NS

* Documentation for conversion

TRS-16K $75.00

JUST UURAP"

■ 30 AWG wire ".025" square posts

• Daisy chain or * Built-in cut offpoint-to-point • Includes 50 ft. wire

• No stripping or slitting required-just wrap

Ptrt No.JW-1-B

Colo.

Blue

Pric*

$14.95

JW-1-W

White

14.9S

JW-1-Y

Yellow

14.95

JW-1-R

Red

14.95

JUST UURAP' Replacement Wire

Pm No. Color Prlc

R-JW-B Blue 50 ft. roll $2.98

R-JW-W White 50 ft. roll 2.98

R-JW-Y Yellow 50 ft. roll 2.98

R-JW-R Red 50 ft. roll 2.98

JUST WRAP' Unwrap Tool $3.49

Vacuum Vise

Vacuum-based light-dutyvise for small componentsand assemblies. ABS con-struction. 1 }£" jaws, 114"travel.Can be permanentlyinstalled.

VV-1 $3.49

ADJUSTABLE WRENCH

•Two Sizes: 6" and 10"•Professional Quality•Chrome Vanadium Steel

6"- AW-6 . . $4.95 10"- AW-10. . $6.95

JOYSTICKVIDEO CONTROLLER

a

m

• IDEAL FOR ALL VIDEO GAMES OR REMOTE CON-TROL PROJECTS

•SMALL CASE SIZE: 1-1/2"H x 2-3/8"W X 4-5/16"L•2 MINIATURE POTENTIOMETERS-40K OHM EACH

• SPSTPUSH BUTTON CONTROL

• 5-WIRE CONNECTION CABLE - 5 FEET LONG

• RUGGED PLASTIC CASE

JVC-40 $4.95each>/

Circle 275 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

281

TRS-80ESSERIAL I/O

• Can input into basic

• Can use LUST andLPRINT to output, oroutput continuously •RS-232 compatible •Can be used with orwithout the expansionbus • On board switchselectable baud ratesof 110.150,300.600,1200, 2400, parity orno parity odd or even,5 to 8 data bits, and 1or 2 stop bits. D.T.R.line • Requires +5,-12 VDC • Board only$19.95 Part No. 8010.with parts $59.95 PartNo. B010A, assembled$79.95 Part No. B010C. No connectors pro-vided, see below.

EIA/RS-232 con-nector Part NoOB25P £6 00. with

3' ribbon cablewith attached con-nectors to fit TflS-80 and our serialboard $19 95 PartNo. 3CAB40.

RS-232/ TTLINTERFACE

• Converts TTL to RS-232, and converts RS-232 to TTL • Two sep-arate circuits • Re-quires -12 and +12volts • All connectionsgo to a 10 pin goldplated edge connector,kit $ 9.95 Part No'232A 10 Pin edgeconnector $3.00 PartNo. 10P,

MODEM

• Type 103 • Full orhalf duplex • Works upto 300 baud • Origi-nate or Answer • Nocoils, only low costcomponents • TTL in-put and output-serial

• Connect 8 n speak-er and crystal mic.directly to board •Uses XR FSK demod-ulator • Requires +5volts • Board only$7.60 Part No. 109,with parts$29.95PartNo. 109A

DISKETTES

Box of 10, 5" $29.95,8" $39.95.Plastic box, holds 10diskettes, 5"- $4.50,8"-$6.50.

RS-232/TTYINTERFACE

This board has twoactive circuits, oneconverts RS-232 to20mA, and the otherconverts 20mA toRS-232. Requires+12 and -12 volts.$9.95 Part No. 600AKit.

S-100 BUSACTIVE TERMINATOR

Board only $14.95 Part No. 900, with parts$24.95 Part No. 900A

APPLE IBS-SERIAL I/OINTERFACE

Baud rate is continuously adjustable from 0to 30,000 • Plugs into any peripheralconnector • Low current drain. RS-232 inputand output • On board switch selectable 5 to8 data bits, 1 or 2 stop bits, and parity or noparity either odd or even • Jumper selectableaddress • SOFTWARE • Input and Outputroutine from monitor or BASIC to teletype orother serial printer • Program for using anApple II for a video or an intelligent terminal.Also can output in correspondence code tointerface with some selectrics. • Alsowatches DTR • Board only $15.00 Part No.2, with parts $42.00 Part No. 2A, assembled$62.00 Part No. 2C

8K EPROM piiceon

Saves programs on PROM permanentlytuntilerased via UV light) up to 8K bytes. Programsmay be directly run from the program saversuch as fixed routines or assemblers. • S-100 bus compatible • Room for 8K bytes ofEPROM non-volatile memory (2708's). • On-board PROM programming • Addressrelocation of each 4K of memory to any 4Kboundary within 64K • Power on jump andreset jump option for "turnkey" systems andcomputers without a front panel • Programsaver software available • Solder mask bothsides • Full silkscreen for easy assembly.Program saver software in 1 270B EPROM$25. Bare board $35 including custom coil,board with parts but no EPR0MS$1 39, with4 EPROMS $179. with 8 EPROMS $219.

WAMECOPRODUCTS

WITH

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS PARTS

FDC-1 FLOPPY CONTROLLER BOARD willdrive shugart, pertek, remex 5" & B" drivesup to 8 drives, on board PROM with powerboot up, will operate with CPM (notincluded). PCBD $42.95

FPB-1 Front Panel. (Finally) IMSAI size hexdisplays. Byte or instruction single step.PCBD $42.95

MEM-1A 8Kx8 fully buffered, S-100, uses2102 type RAMS.PCBD $24.95, $1 68 Kit

QMB-12 MOTHER BOARD, 13 slot, termi-nated, S-1 00 board only $34.95

$89.95 Kit

CPU-1 8080A Processor board S-100 with

B level vector interrupt PCBD .. $25.95

$89.95 Kit

P.TC-1 Realtime clock board. Two independ-ent interrupts. Software programmable.PCBD $25.95, $60.95 Kit

EPM-1 1702A4K EPROM

card PCBD $25.95

$49.95 with parts less EPROMS

EPM-2 2708/2716 16K/32K

EPROM card PCBD $24.95

$49.95 with parts less EPROMS

QMB-9 MOTFfER BOARD. Short Version of

QMB-1 2. 9 Slots PCBD $30.95

$67.95 Kit

MEM-2 16Kx8 Fully Buffered 2114 BoardPCBD $25.95, $269.95 Kit

T.V.TYPEWRITER

• Stand alone TVT

• 32 char/line, 16lines, modifications for64 char/line included

• Parallel ASCII (TTL)input • Video output

• 1K on board memory

• Output for computercontrolled curser •Auto scroll • Non-destructive curser •Curser inputs: up, down,left, right, home, EOL,EOS • Scroll up, down

• Requires +5 voltsat 1.5 amps, and -12volts at 30 mA • All7400, TTL chips •Char. gen. 2513 •Upper case only •Board only $39.00Part No. 106, withparts $145.00 PartNo. 106A

UART&BAUD RATEGENERATOR

• Converts serial toparallel and parallel toserial • Low cost onboard baud rate gener-ator • Baud rates:110, 150, 300, 600,1200, and 2400 •Low power drain +5volts and -12 voltsrequired • TTL com-patible • All characterscontain a start bit, 5to 8 data bits, 1 or 2stop bits, and eitherodd or even parity. • Allconnections go to a 44pin gold plated edgeconnector • Board only$12.00 Part No. 101,with parts $35.00 PartNo. 101 A, 44 pin edgeconnector $4.00 PartNo. 44P

TAPEINTERFACE

• Play and record Kan-sas City Standard tapes

• Converts a low costtape recorder to adigital recorder • Worksupto1200baud»Dig-ital in and out are TTL-serial • Output ofboard connects to mic.in of recorder • Ear-phone of recorder con-nects to input on board

• No coils • Requires+5 volts, low powerdrain • Board only$7.60 Part No. 111.withparts$29.95PartNo. 111A

HEX ENCODEDKEYBOARD

E.S.This HEX keyboardhas 19 keys, 16 encod-ed with 3 user defin-able. The encoded TTLoutputs, 8-4-2-1 andSTROBE are debouncedand available in trueand complement form.Four onboard LEDsindicate the HEX codegenerated for eachkey depression. Theboard requires a single+5 volt supply. Boardonly $15.00 Part No.HEX-3, with parts$49.95 Part No. HEX-3A. 44 pin edge con-nector $4.00 Part No.44P.

DC POWER SUPPLY

• Board supplies a regulated +5volts at 3 amps., +1 2, -1 2, and -5volts at 1 amp. • Power required is8 volts AC at 3 amps., and 24 voltsAC C.T. at 1.5 amps. • Board only$12.50 Part No. 6085, with partsexcluding transformers $42.50Part No. 6085A

TX QrHpr ■ Mention part no. description, and price. In USA shipping paid by us for orders accompanied by check or money order.' We accept C.O.D. orders in the U.S. only, or a VISA or Master Charge no., expiration date, signature, phone no.,shipping charges will be added. CA residents add 6.5% for tax. Outside USA add 10% for air mail postage and han-dling. Payment must be in U. S. dollars. Dealer inquiries invited. 24 hour order line [408) 448-0800

Send for FREE Catalog ... a big self-addressed envelope with 41* postage gets it fastest!

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS °b

P. 0. Box 21638, San Jose, CA USA 95151

BYTE March 1980

Circle 276 on inquiry card

COMPUCRUISE

Put a computer inyour car, which givesyou the most effec-tive and functionalcruise control everdesigned, plus com-plete trip computing,fuel management sys-tems, and a remark-able accurate quartzcrystal time system.So simple a child canoperate, the newCompuCruise com-bines latest computertechnology withstate-of-the-art re-liability in a packagewhich will not likely beavailable on new carsfor years to come •Cruise Control • Time,E.T., Lap Timer, Alarm

• Time, Distance, Fuelto Arrival • Time, Dis-tance, Fuel to Empty •Time, Distance andFuel on Trip • Currentor Average MPG,GPH »Fuel Used. Dis-tance since Fillup •Current and Aver-age-Vehicle Speed •Inside, Outside orCoolant Temperature

• Battery Voltage •English or MetricDisplay. $169.95 ,without cruise con-trol $129.95.

FLOPPY DISKSTORAGE BINDER

This black vinylthree-ring bindercomes with tentransparent plasticsleeves which ac-commodate eithertwenty, five-inch orten. eight-inch floppydisks. The plasticsleeves may be or-dered separately andadded as needed. Acontents file is in-cluded with eachsleeve for easy iden-tification and organiz-ing. Binder & 10 hol-ders $14.95 Part No.B800; Extra holders95« each. Part No.800

OPTO-ISOLATED

PARALLEL INPUT

BOARD FOR

APPLE II

There are 8 in-puts that can be dri-ven from TTL logic orany 5 volt source.Thecircuit board can beplugged into any ofthe 8 sockets of yourApple II. It has a 16 pinsocket for standarddip ribbon cable con-nection.

Board only $15.00.Part No. 120, withparts $69.95. PartNo. 120A.

TIDMA

•Tape Interface DirectMemory Access • Re-cord and play programswithout bootstrap load-er [no prom) has FSKencoder/decoder fordirect connections tolow cost recorder at1200 baud rate, anddirect connections forinputs and outputs toa digital recorder atany baud rate • S-100bus compatible • Boardonly $35.00 Part No.112, with parts $110Part No. 11 2A

SYSTEMMONITOR

8080, 8085. or Z-80System monitor for usewith the TIDMA board.There is no need for thefront panel. Completewith documentation$15.95.

16KEPROM

Uses 2708 EPFlOMS.memory speed selec-tion provided, ad-dressable anywhere in65K of memory, canbe shadowed in 4K in-crements. Board only$24.95 part no.7902, with parts lessEPROMs $49.95 partno. 7902A.

ASCII KEYBOARD

TTL & DTL compatible • Full 67 key array

• Full 128 character ASCII output • Positivelogic with outputs resting low • Data Strobe

• Five user-definable spare keys • Standard22 pin dual card edge connector • Requires+5VDC, 325 mA. Assembled & Tested.Cherry Pro Part No. P70-05AB. $1:19.95.

ASCII KEYBOARD

53 Keys popular ASR-33 format • RuggedG-10 PC. Board • Tri-mode MOS encoding•Two-Key Rollover'MOS/DTL/TTL Compat-ible • Upper Case lockout • Data and Strobeinversion option • Three User DefinableKeys • Low contact bounce • Selectable Par-ity • Custom Keycaps • George Risk Model753. Requires +5, -12 volts. $59.95 Kit.

ASCII TO CORRESPONDENCECODE CONVERTER

This bidirectional board is a direct replace-ment for the board inside the Trendata 1000terminal. The on board connector providesRS-232 serial in and out. Sold only as anassembled and tested unit for $229.95.Part No. TA1000C

DISK JACKET"

Made from heavy duty.0095 matte plasticwith reinforced

grommets. The mini-diskette version holdstwo 5-1/4 inch disk-ettes and will fit anystandard three ringbinder. The pockets tothe left of the disk-ette can be used forlisting the contents ofthe disk. Please orderonly in multitudes often. $9.95/10 Pack.

ATARI 800

Computer with 8K$995.00, disk drive$549.00, printer$599.99

VIDEO TERMINAL

16 lines, 64 columns •Upper and lower case

• 5x7 dot matrix • Se-rial RS-232 in and outwith TTL parallelkeyboard input • Onboard baud rategenerator 75, 110,150, 300, 600, &1200 jumper select-able • Memory 1024characters (7-21L02)

• Video processor chipSFF96364 by Necu-lonic • Control char-acters (CR, LF, -♦, <-,f. J., non destructivecursor, CS, home, CL

• White characters onblack background orvice-versa • With theaddition of a key-board, video monitoror TV set with TVinterface (part no.107A) and powersupply this is a com-plete stand aloneterminal • also S-100compatible • requires+ 16, S. -16 VDC at100mA, and8VDCat1A. Part No. 1000A$199.95 kit.

RS-232/20mAINTERFACE

This board has twopassive, opto-isola-ted circuits. One con-verts RS-232 to20mA, the other con-verts 20mA to RS-232. All connectionsgo to a 10 pin edgeconnector. Requires+12 and -12 volts.Board only $9.95,part no. 7901, withparts $14.95 PartNo. 7901A.

COMPUCOLORII

Model 3. 8K $13 95,Model 4, 16K$14 95,Model 5, 32K$16 95.Prices include colormonitor, computer,and one disk drive.

.

PET COMPUTER

With 16K & monitor-$795. Dual DiskDrive-$10 95

^cippkz ii

or

APPLE II PLUS

16K - $975, 32K -$1059, 48K - $1123.Disk&cont. $589

CASSETTE TAPEERASER

REMOVES RECORD-INGS IN ONE SEC-OND! The processeliminates static pos-itive / negative ionsand maintains originaltone quality with min-imal tape hiss • To im-prove tone quality • Toreduce hissing • Forquick and easy toerase • No battery orliquid required • Pow-erful and effective ac-tion • Unconditional 2year guarantee.

ERASER-8 $19.95.

16KRAMS

For the Apple,TRS-80 or Pet $8each Part No. 4116/2117.

APPLE II HOBBY/

PROTOTYPING

CARD

$14.95 Part No7907

T.V. INTERFACE

• Converts video toAM modulated RF,Channels 2 or 3. Sopowerful almost notuning is required. Dnboard regulated powersupply makes this ex-tremely stable. Ratedvery highly in DoctorDobbs' Journal. Recom-mended by Apple •Power required is 12volts AC C.T., or +5volts DC • Board only$7.60 part No. 107,with parts $13.50 PartNo. 107A

qraaiQiqiDjSjqi

PARALLEL TRIACOUTPUT BOARDFOR APPLE II

This board has 8 tnacs capable ofswitching 110 volt 6 amp loads 1660 wattsper channel) or a total of 5280 watts. Boardonly $15.00 Part No. 210, with parts$119.95 Part Nu. 210A.

TO Ordfir ■ Mention Part no- description, and price. In USA shipping paid by us for orders accompanied by check or money order.

IU \JI UCI . We accept c.O.D. orders in the U. S. only, or a VISA or Master Charge no., expiration date, signature, phone no.,>| shipping charges will be added. CA residents add 6.5% for tax. Outside USA add 10% for air mail postage and han-II dling. Payment must be in U. S. dollars. Dealer inquiries invited. 24 hour order line [408] 448-0800

Send for FREE Catalog ... a big self-addressed envelope with 41* postage gets it fastest!

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS DePtB P- °- Box 21638,SanJose, CAUSA 95151

Circle 276 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

APPLE II PLUS**

(limited offer) A_ _ _ _ _16Konly $990.00

Disk I 475.00

Disk II w/Controller 575.00

Pascal Card 475.00

Parallel Printer Card .... 165.00Communications Card. ..210.00Business Software Pkg.... 625.0010 Megabyte Hard Disk. 4695 00D.C. Hayes Modem 349.95

Firmware Card 175.00

ProtoCard 22.00

M&R Modulator 29.95

Sanyo Cassette 54.96

16K Upgrade Kil 69.95

Apple Radio Car 159.00

8" Floppy Controller.... 350.00Heuristics Speechlab... 179.95

Tl 99/4

Finally! We've heard so much about it and we areproud to offer

• Color • Up to 72K • 16 Color Graphics • Music <Sound • Solid State Software

LIMITED QTY;

$1150.00

Z80StarterKit$249

ADVANCED

COMPUTERPRODUCTS

FLOPPY DISK DRIVES

PERSCI Model 277 Dual... 1195.00

MPI B51-6'." 40 tracks 279.00 WANGO/SIEMENS 5V Drive. 290 00

Shugart SA400-5V.35tracks.295.00 MPI B52 5V4" Dual 395.00

Shugart 800/B01R 8" 495.00 WANGO/SIEMENS 282 Dual 5'V

Siemens Shugart Compatible 395.00

Model 120-BD 449.00

TRS-80/APPLE

MEMORY EXPANSION KITS

4116's

16K (200/250 ns.)

8 pes. for $69.95w/instructions & jumpers.

16K EXIDY SORCERER ONLY $1 099.00

HICKOKLX303

$74.95

$1099 w/16K$1249 W/32K$1449 W/48K

User programmable or use cartridges.Combines the desirable featuresofthePET, APPLE and TRS-80 into a com-plete expandable computer system.

** I/O expansion kit S149.00

*■# Vista Exidy Dual Floppy Add-on 51199.00

*+ New Word Processing Pac

S249.00

* INCLUDES:

Keyboard & enclosure

90 day Warranty

MICROSOFT BASIC

Video & Cassette Cable

Complete Documentation

** S100 Expansion

Module Add S449.00

** Cassette recorder

* * Sanyo 9" Monitoi

Add $44.95

Add SI 69.95

A CompleteMicrocomputeron a Board

• Z80 Central Processing Unit with 158Instructions.

• On-Board Keyboard and Display.

• Kansas City Standard Cassette Interface.

• PROM Programmer Built on-board.■*■ Expansion provision for two S-100

Connectors.■*■ Wire Wrap area for custom circuitry.

VDB-8024

Video Display Board$319 KIT

With On-Board Z80 Microprocessor

* Full 80 Characters by 24 lines display.

* Characters displayed by High Resolution7 x 10 Matrix.

* Keyboard Power and Interface.+ Composite Video Output.

* Separate TTL Level Synchronization and VideoOutputs.

* 2K Bytes Independent On-Board Memory.*• On-Board Z80 Microprocessor.

* Glich Free Display.

.5%, 3V2 digit 19

Range DVM, 1/3" LCD displays

runs 200 hrs on 1 battery. 10 Meg

Ohm Input. 1 yr. guarantee, made in

U.S.A., test leads included.

Available Accessories

RC-3 115V AC Adapter $7.50

CC-3 Deluxe Padded Vinyl Carrying Case .... S7.50VP-10 X10 DCV Probe Adapter/

Protector 10 Kv $14.95

VP-40 40 Kv DC Probe $35.00

CS-1 10 Amp Current Shunt $14.95

. EASTER BASKETSPECIALS

$1 Q95

* ^EACH

m V^ • Dignal Clock and LEO

• Large Di 9^^^00 -^ -.. ScoreboardScoreboard ^^^^ ^^^fr* ©Four Direciional©Forward, ^^HBf Movcmcms

«=» ^^^M • Three

Control ^^^^U Keys lor Angle

• rwo ^^^^g ShotsSpeed and Skill / ij^^B • Sour,d Ef,ecls

• Sound Ellocts ' :W?& / ^^^■■; ' • Professional am

( ^^ Amateur Speed

• Eilra Large Playing Fie!

Hand Held. While Supply Lasls.

ELECTRONIC ELECTRONIC

FOOTBALL SOCCER

-i -« aa.au SALE $100.00 OFF. . . and it's COLOR

"The Compucolor II"

... a personal colorgraphics system tor the modern computer man .

* Color Graphics 13" Color CRT tfSB^D^

* Proven 8080A CPU System Iff I'Ti^k.

* 16K Extended Disk Basic ■ "'^Tl'^Bl

* Up to 117* Key Keyboard IM_ -1 'H

* Up to 32K' RAM c^SS^^"1^

* Minidisk Drive 51.2K Bytes/Side ^~~^^^££^F^ 'option

Model 3 w/8K, 72 Key Keyboard, RS232 . Iake .($1595.00

Model 4 w/16K, 72 Key Keyboard. RS232 S1000Q ...{$1895.00Model5w/32K. 72 Key Keyboard. RS232 OFF ..(S2195.00

Options: 101 Key Keyboard Add $150.00

117 Key Keyboard Add $225.00

Formatted Diskettes 2/S9.95

Programmed Diskettes $19.95

Diskette Library Inc. Hangman, Othello, Math, Chess. Startrek,Blackjack, Cubic Tic Tac Toe, Finance Vol.1, Finance Vol. II. Bonds andSecurities, Assembler, Text Editor, Personal Data Base.S1 9.45 S29.00

ATARI800 & 400

$899.00

PROCESSOR TECHNOLOGY SALE

SEND FOR COMPLETE INVENTORY LIST

SOL nKRA (expandable to 65K) RAMboaras. Assembled and socketed w/omemory, data delay and proms.Only S139.95

Data Delay Lines $29.95

Sol-20 Keyboards Only $139.95

Sol Keyboard Enclosure S44.95

ATARI 800Includes;

Computer ConsoleBASIC Language CartridgeEducation System Master CartridgeBASIC Language Programming

Manual800 Operator's Manual w/NotebookAtari 410 Program RecorderGuide to BASIC Programming

Cassette8K RAM ModulePower SupplyTV Switch Box

ATARI 400 $499aOOIncludes:

Computer Console

BASIC Language Cartridge

BASIC Language Programming

Manual400 Operator's Manual w/NotebookPower SupplyTV Switch Box

mitfrej

KIM-1 USNow only$179.00

** Power Supply

Add S59.95

+ * Cassette Recorder

Add $44.95

*+ Sanyo 9" Monitor

.Add $169.00Add enclosure $29.95.

AIM 65

$375.00

* On Board 20 columnalphanumeric printer

W/1K RAM $375.00

w/4K RAM $450.00

Assembler ROM ... Add $85.00BASIC IN ROM... Add $100.00

Power Supply Add £69.95

Enclosure Add $49,95

SYM-1

Reg. $269.00

Now$219.00

* IK ["k-lo

... i Compati;ROMMon,1_

2114 RAM

■t user EPR0M2716* * Power Supply

*+ Sanyo 9" MonitorSYM Enclosure .

School & group drscc

Add S59 95

e SlOO.OO worth

SBC-100

Z-80 based singleboardcomputer by SD Systems

* 1 K RAM

* RS232 port

* 4 channel counter/timer

Kit $239.00

Assembled $369.00

Cromemco Z80

4 MHzCompulerSingle Card

$450.00

BCC'WtAssemtxe

Processor: 4MHi

Instruction Sot: 158 instructions

78 instructions ot Ihe 8080

ROM Capacity: 8K Bytes IOCS'

.i<hlr...v. 0000 to 1FFF

ROM Type: Intel 2716 PROM D

RAM Capacity: IK Byles loon'.-iddrfssSOOO to23FTRAM Typo: 4045. Sialic

RCACOSMAC VIP

NEW LOW PRICE $249.00

Assembled. Regular price $299.95

w/Sanyo 9" Monitor $169.95

BYTE March 1980

Circle 277 on inquiry card.

V-/1AEMVNCED1^/PRODUCTS

*J&

STATICX I RAM BOARDS .

S-100 32K (uses 2114} >^™Sfa^

ASSEMBLED Kit */&* P"

450ns. 599.00 450ns. 539.95

250ns. 699.95 250ns. 599.95

Bare Board 49.95Bare Board w/all parts less mem. 99.95

RAM 65 (1 6K Static w/Memory

Management)

2 MHz S299.00 4 MHz $399.00

RM 16 (16K Static w/Bank Select)

2 MHz S249.00 4 MHz $329.00

{16K Assembled & Tested Using Low Power

2114s)

m.x

LOGOS I8K

ASSEMBLED

450 ns. 149.95 KIT 450ns. 125.95

250ns. 169.95 250ns. 149.95

Bare PC Board w/Data S21.95

"Special Offer" Buy 14) 8K 450ns. Kits $11 7.00

TRS-80 ADD-ON DISK

• VISTA V-80 MINIDISK

• 23% More SlorageCapacity - 40 Tracks

# 40 track patch free

• New Double DensityExpansion Module S239.00.2 Drive Cable Add S29.95

A Drive Cable Add S39.95

APPLE/EXIDY/EXPANDO

* 16K with Jumpers & Instructions

for either Level I or Level II $69.95

* 1 6K for Apple II Upgrade $69.95

+ Special: TRS80 Schematic $ 4.95

+ Expansion Interface Schematic .. $ 4.95

* Expansion Interface Connector... 7.95

EXPANDORAM II MEMORY KITS

* Bank Selectable + Uses 411 6 200 ns.

* Write Protect * Power 8VDC. +16VDC

* Phantom * Up to 4 MHzExpando64Kit{4116)

16K $248.95 48K $439.00

32K $358.00 64K S519.00

FROM INTEGRAL DATA SYSTEMS

MODEL 440 "THE PAPER

9.5" adjustable tractor TIGER1

feed, parallel & serial I/O,

132 columns, software

selectable character size,

110, 300,600,1200 baud, to 1 98 cps.. S995.00"

Graphics option w/2K buffer add $199.00

(395.00)

S-100 ADD-ON MINI-DISK

* VISTA V-200 MinifloppySystem

* 204K Byte Capacity

* Double Density Drive

* CP/M & Basic "E"

* Double Density Controller

* Case and Power Supply

* Assembled & Tested Ready to Plug In

* EXIDY. HORIZON, SOL. etc. Compatible

S-100 ADD-ON DISKSUBSYSTEM /v-iooo\

* VISTA V-1000 Floppy Disk U 699.oo)Subsystem v. ~J

* (2)Shugart 8" Disk Drives

* Case with Fan S Power Supply

+ VISTA Floppy Disk Controller Card

* CP/M Disk Operating System

* Fully Factory Assembled S Tested

LOW-COST ADD-ON DISKSUBSYSTEM KIT

* (2) 8" Drives Xt^T\

* VISTA Floppy Controller /cost Sym.

Card Vf 299.00/

* Power Supply and Inter- \V/

* CP/M Disk Operating System

* Box of Ml Diskettes

IMS STATIC RAM BOARDS ^.cP

• Memory Mapping * Low Power %*+ Phantom * Assembled & tested

Recommended by Alphamicrosystems

250 ns. 450 ns.

8K Static S209.00 $189.00

16K Static $449.00 $399.00

32K Sialic 5799.00 5699.00

ANADEX PRINTER

Model DP-8000 compact, impact, parallel orserial. Sprocket feed, 80 cols,84 lines/min., bi-directional.New only S895.00

TASA touch activated solidstate KEYBOARD

• Full 128 posifion 8-bit" ASCII

3 color code, 55

positions

Immune to static charge

• Low power

Only 89.95. Optional stand 15.00

.3HMpR

UV "EpronrV' Eraser

Model UV5-11E $69.95

Holds 4 Eprom's at a time.

Backed by 45 years

experience

Model S-52T... S265.00

Professional Industrial Model

TARBELL FLOPPY INTERFACE

* ZSO/8080 S 100 Compatible * Uses CPM

Assembled (or Shugart SALE $250.93

Assembled Other Drives S269.95

Kil SI 79.95

Bare Board S39.95(Doc. Add S 10.00)

Note. For CPM Add S70 00 Documentation Add $20.00

Vista Double Density 5' /'ConlrollerAssem $299.00

SD Versa Floppy Kil II 5299.00

SD Versa Floppy Assembled II $389.00

Tarbel Cassette I/O Kit $115.00

Sale # 1771-01 Floppy Chip $27.95

VISTA Floppy Controller 8" (Shugart Comp.)... S259.95

NEW CENTRONICS 730 PRINTER

^■r-Trrp-^ Uses any paper roll, fantold,s WOW >. single sheets, 96 characterV$945.00y ASCII, 7 x 7 dot matrix, 50V^J_^-^ CPS, RS232 or parallel I/O

Z-8Q/Z-80A/8080 CPU BOARD

• On board 2708 * 2708 included (450ns.)+ Power on jump • completely socketed

• Z-80 Assembled and Tested S185.00

• Z-80 Kit SI 29.95

• Z-80 Bare PC Board S 34.95

• For 4MHz Speed Add S1 5.00

8080A Kit S 99.95

8080A Assembled S1 49.95

S-100 MOTHERBOARD SPECIAL

8 slot expandable w/9 conn.

reg S69.95 NOW S52.95

SIEMEN'S FLOPPY SALEF*^

• Special buy whilesupply lasts. /

• 8" Drive with Double-Density

• 90 Day Warranty $449.00 ^^J>

FLOPPY DISKETTES ^

* 5W Minidiskettes * o^oSoftsector, 10 Sector, 16 Sector V-\0\^SS4.25 Each. 10/39.95 riO^-O^

* 8" Standard Floppy Disks * tS#3^ ■Soft Sector, Hard Sector V"S4.50 Each. 10/41.95

'Add 4.95 for 10 Pack in Deluxe Disk Holdet

.

ACOUSTIC MODEM

NOVATION CAT™

0-300 Baud

Bell 103

Answer, Originate S189.00

ACOUSTIC COUPLER SPECIAL

AJ MODEL A30SPECIAL PURCHASEOF SURPLUS UNITSAVAILABILITY LIMITED S29.95

MOTOROLA EXORCPSER COMPATIBLE

9600 MPU Module w/6802 CPU $495.00

9601 16 Slot Mother Board 175.00

9602 Card Cage (19" Retma Rack Mount) ... 75.00

9603 8 Slot Mother Board 100.00

9604 Switchmode System PowerSupply.... 250.00

9610 Utility Prototyping Board' 36.00

961 6 Ouad 8K Eprom Module '"

9620 16 Channel Parallel I/O Module.... 295.009622 Serial/Parallel I/O Combo ***

9626 8K Static RAM Module 295.00

9627 16K Static 450ns 495.00

9630 Card Extender 68.00

9640 Multiple Programmable Timer

(24 Timers) 395.00

9650 8 Channel Duplex Serial I/O 395.00

96103 32/32 I/O Module 275.00

96702 32 Point Reed Relay Module 350.00

680O BARE BOARDS

9620-0 $45.00 9603-0 27.00

9626-0 45.00 9600 55.00

9650-0 45.00 96103 55.00

9601-0 50.00 96702 55.00

Also AMI EVK System in Stock

DATA BOOKS • COMPUTER BOOKS

1979 IC Master 4995 I

NSC Linear AppNSC CMOS ....NSC Memory.

Inti-I U.'ll.lBOOk .

i mcs 85 Manual

B MCS 80 Manual

al MCS 40 Manual

4 95 AMD8030A Manual

1.395 AMD Schottky Datar>

.395 ami MOS/LSI Data.

3 95 Gi MOS/LSI Data4.95 Harris Analog Dalabu

. 7.50 Tl Lineal Control Dat;

SALE • OSBORNE BOOKS • SALE

Intro to MienBOtlOA Progr6600 ProyraZ80 Proorarr

SALE • DILITHIUH COMPUTER BOOKS •

understanding Computer ,,

>lli![C)Mi,-r,y_-oi:ip'.:''.T E■ iH-niiunts

Beginning 6ASIC

Beginners Glossary & Guide

Peanut Butler & Jelly Quids lo Computers ...6080 Machine Language Pv,jamming

Home Computers Vol II Software

■»<0 7 75

sSij) 7.75

^SQ 7 75

tTSQ 7 75

6""5Q 7 75

3M0 27.50

?e«a is 50

,.-2ft9& 18 50

--B-9S- 795,.t3£ft- I 195TT"9fc 8 95S-9*. 5.95-ft» 5 95. .Tfl*. 6 95TS& 695T^-96 1 1.95

THE FIRST TO OFFER PRIME PRODUCTS TO THE HOBBYISTAT FAIR PRICES NOW LOWERS PRICES EVEN FURTHER!

Factory tested products only, no re-testsor fallouts. Guaranteed money back. We stand behind our products.

1980 CATALOG AVAILABLE SOON.

Send $1.00 to reserve your copy of the most complete catalog of computerproducts. A must for the serious computer user.MICROPROCESSORS STATIC RAM HEADQUARTERS SOCKETS

Z8000 SCALL

B080A-4MHZ

SALE 8085

3008-1

IMfilOO6800 ...0802P

12.9519.9549.95

24.9519.9549.95

SUPPORT DEVICES

AM9M7 DMAi/jivAM9Sl9Un.vt;rsaMn|3881 iZSOPIOi

0 CTCi

■MHzl

3682 (2-8'

3883 SIO

3884 [IMA

tWJS 74SI "!B D«COi1("

8212 8 Dil I/O8214 Priority |nl0210 Bus Olivet8224 Clor8224-

8226 Bus Di8T26 Bu:6228 Sy:K2JE 5>:6251 P:<

8275 CRT Cor6279 Prog Ke6810-! 128 «.6820 PI A

687 I A 1 OMHtOSC6675

68U0 Bus DnverMC68436 ... .1821 SCD IK RAM

1822SCO256x4 RAN

" 1CD 32.8 RAM

12.955.955.95

39.95

Uif,.l I.:

2 CD 8

6S20 PIA6522 Mult(:o3Q'[J026530-003

DYNAMIC RAMS

4115 8K<16 Pin) 6 95

4050 4K> 1 (18 Pin). 4.25

4060 4K x 1 |22 Pin) . . . 4 95

4096 4Kx 1 (16 Pin) 3.95

5290 .... 12.45 6002.. . 1.50

PROMS

2708 9 95

2708-6 750

1702A 3 95

2732 99.00

2716-5V 34.95

2TI6-5V 12V 2995

2756 SV 29.95

5203AQ t i BS

5204AQ 9 95

3.503.506.50

95010 9514.95107510 75

82S115 512

xBfrsj

82S123 32.

a

82S126 256

02S129 256

* 4 (TS)

02S130 512

*4(OC)

NSC DM757

8ZS23

CHARACTER GEN

2513-001 |5V) Upper

2513-O05(5V) Lower

2513-ADM3I5V) Lower. . .

MCM6571

MCM6571A

MCM6574

MCM6575

UARTS/USRTS

TR1602B15V, i2Vr

AV51013I5V, 12V)

AY51014A/1612I5-14V1

AY5I015A/1B53 15VI

TM5 60H 15V 12V1

IM6402

IM 64 03

2350 USRT

SALETR1472B -B.85

BAUD RATE GEN

MCM41 1 11.95

4702 149b

WD 1941 flSS

KEYBOARD ENCODERS

HD0165 9.95

74C922 995

74C923 9.95

A/D CONVERTERS

140B1.K (i Dil1406L8 8 OilLlACtJI A/D

:-ilo2 .i

21L02 22102

21 14L-250ns.

21141.-150ns,4344/404 1 300n^4044/4011 450rEMM4200AEMM4402EMM4804

5ioi c-e

unrl4tO(4200)AMD9140/41AMD91 30/31FSC46046416K1101

P2I25-93425 (45 ns 16508 IK . I CMOS6518 IK . 1 CMOS

10 9510 9512 95

CCD Only !

CHARGE COUPLED DEVICES

I6K CCD ■ FirM lime olfered FaifCtUld 460 CCD

16* Memo) Bio» von canexperimenl wittiCCD

' <Vi Bt a '.'dsonabte price 17 page Anplica

(i ■ note irM-i-rtwiiheachorOei Ouantitylimited$18.95 each (reg. 43.00)

2 4P S-6MH7 5 85 14 31818 4 95

3 5 rgSflSMt 1/ 1 50 18 OMM,- 4.95HOMHi 495 tS432.WH* 5.95■1 l<H304MH/ 5.95 20 0MH.- 4.95491520MHJ 595 22 1184MH,- 5 95MJMH.- .195 270MH.- 5 95S0688 4 95 36 0MH.- 5 95i 7143MHJ 5 95 4S0MH/ 5 95

1O0KC 12 95

DISPLAYS/OPTO/LED'S

* T SEGMENT * CALC * CLOCKS *

DL 704 (CC), DL 707;CA) 300 RoO 99

FND 357 |CC; 357" Hod 99

I-ND50o/!jO:' CC, :>C0-Red.. . 99

FND SOT/510 (CA) ':C0 Red 99

FNLrnf.K'VHO:i-CCi ■iCO-Rec!. . • 75

FNDB07/81O (CAJ b.kt Rea I 75

XA\ 3062 500 Grpfln . 115

HR5082-7731 (CA) 300" Red 99

9 Digil Bubble M :i Crtlr.. Deploy . . )9

3 Digil Psnepie* Display 400 jg

9Digrl Fluoreicen! 3'JO" 99

MA1003 1 2V Auto C xV Modulo 1 5.95

Bezel lor MA ■ ., .■. (it;.- F.llo- 4 rj5

MA1002A LED '2 fr Clock Module. . .10 95* HEX DISPLAYS * ENCOOED DISPLAYS *

HP5082-734C. H,-: ^*« decima' 15 95

HP 5082-73C: Red Nyrnom: . .. 1495

TIL 305 €95

TIL 306 Numeric w/logiC . . 8.95

TIL 308 Number w/Log* 8 95

TIL 309 Nurrser «/LoqiC 895

TIL 311 He*ii:lcc..-T>al '2 95

MAN 2A 320" Red Alpha-Numeric ... 5 35

MAN 10A 27C" Ret! Ap-ia Num..r,:. 8 95

TEXTOOL ZEROINSERTION FORCESOCKETS

CONNECTORS

22/4-1 W.W. S/T, KIM43/8C WAV. S/T, MOT . .50'!00 ;>■!«! Connoctcir i50/100 S-100 Connector :

CTS DIPSWITCHES

CTS206-4 SI 75 CT5206-6 SI 95

CTS20t-h SI 75 CTS206-9 S 1'15

CTS20L-G SI 75 CTS206-10 SI 95C1R20I-7 St 75

NAKED PC BOARD SALE

Z-80 CPU [Ithaca). .. ...S3495

fiOiUlACPU 34.95

8K Sr.il ■■ RAI.1 iLoqos) 21 95

I6K Sialic RAM (2114). 29 953?K Slum- RAM [2114] 4995

Fiopuy I/O iTarbell).. . 39 95

Ca-.Miili'l/O I'laruelli. . 29 95BK Li]n.irrH2708).. .. 21 95

1 70;' Cnroin Board 30.0C

?70rV;Vit'i r.|norv,(l(hacal 34 952708/27 16 Eprom (WMC) 30 00

Rp.-ilMii..- Crock 34 95

ACF'P-otf.-Bd i3MConn) 27 95Voolcr 8800 Proto.. .. 22.20

Vector 8803 11 slo! MB 29 95ACP E.lender '.v/Conn 1595

Vidiio Inierface(SSM) 31.95

Psiaiit'i Inieifat-e iSSMI . 27.9513S1ol MoltierBoard(V.'MC! Li:.' <)!.i9 Si ■: Mi -llK'i Board (WMC) 29 95OSlotM,,in,-r(.;i|),-|ridable) .34.95

WAVEFORMGENERATORS

8036 Function Gen 3 95

MC4024 VCO 2 45

LM56S VCO 1 75

XR2206 Fynclion Generator 5 25

FLOPPY DISK I/O

1771-01 8"S Mimlloppy 27 95

uPd372 Nu: Floppy 49 d5

1781 Dual Floppy 29.95

1791 Dual Floppy 39.95

TV INTERFACES

SPECIAL PURCHASE(while supply lasts)

21L02-4{450ns.)....9921L02-2(250ns.),..1.15TMS 4060 {pullouts)

1.95

P8251 Intel

FCM 7001 Clock.MM 5311 Clock.MM5314Clock..

MM 2114N 4.49

8085 17.95

4.955.504.503.95

MK 3870 (programmed)

1.50

AM 9060 (4K RAM)

3 9527S08 (32 x 8) ... 1.95

75492 75

8080ACPU ..,.2/9.952716 Eprom... 2/49.9576477 Sound. ..2/7.5016K Rams 200 ns. 100/6.95 ea.

NOTICE: WE DO CUSTOM PROM PROGRAMMING

COMPUTER SPECIALS

LIST

SALE

Apple II Plus W/16K 1195.

990.

IPSI 1620 Diable R0 3295.

2695.

Pirr2O01-16N 995.

895.

Anaclex DP 8000

995.

Q95.

Exidy Sorcerer vj/8K 895.

795.

Cenlronrcs Micro P-

595.

895.

Compncolor II w/8K 1495.

1395.

Centronics Micro S*

595.

525

Cromemco Sys III 6585.

5475.

Soroc 10 1 20

995.

795.

Horizon 1 w/32K 1B49

1559.

Teletype Model 43

1349.

1150

TEI PI208 W/32K

HiPlol Ploller

1085.

899.

Jual (loppy 8 CRT

HiPlot Digitizer

795.

735.

[1 avail.) 4995.

2495.

Interlube II

895.

785.

Piisi ,il MiCKiengine 2995.

2395.

SOL 20

1095

* LED'a * OPTOISOLATEHS *

LEDSRecl, Yellow, Green 185 ,5/1.00

MCT2 Pholo XSTFI HFE 250, 30V 99

4N26 Photo XSTF5 HFE 250. 30V.... 1.39

4N33 PhOtO Darlington 1.75

MONTHLY IC SPECIALS

LF1LI50B JFET Ariloq Mulli 8 oil il 95

ICM720H S.-vi-r, ni'cado Counler 1 7 9i>

ICM7207 Osallatoi Controller . . 6.95

ICrVKO-lb F'r i ■.!:■, ion SHi.'W.t(cIi r.rncr 22 95

ICL7107 3'j Digit A/D(LE0l M 95

ICLG211 voltage Relereoce i 95

Lf.lTJO BatteiyOP Audio Amp 3 1 00

LM1B50 Ground Fault IC 3 100

LM180O Pti^r.r.- Lock Loop FM Stt-ico 3 1 00

LMiaaOAM Radio 3/1 00

TV CHIPS/SOUND

AY38500-I 6 Games S/W ... .5

AY38515 Color Converter

AY38603-1 Roaorace Game ....

AY38605-1 Warfare Game

AY38606-1 Wirjeoul Game

AY38607-1 Sliooling Gallery .AY38910 Gimmi Crickel Sound

SN76-177 Tl Sound Generator.MM5320/2 1 TV Synch Gen. .

MM5369 Prescaler

LM1889 RF Modulalor

MM571000 NSC Color TV

MM5710d Clock Gen. .'

RF Modulalor w/Audio

B.95

7520 75

752-1 75

7525 75

1408L8 4/19.95

i'iaa,'Mij() 2/1.99

1496L

DS3625

75322

147'ECLRam

356HBiFol ..

10/1.00 MCMMM!)2.95 7dS89

. 2/1 99 74107N .

. 3/1.99 75452N

9.95 741N-14

50 555CN

556CN..

All Sh.pmenls FCM or UPS Ordersundei S100.00 add 5% handling andpostage. Orders over Si00.00 add2.5% handling S postage. Master-charge/ B ot A /American Express/COD accepted w/25% deposrl.Cali-fornia Residents add 6% tax. ForeignOrders add 8% handlrnq. All pansprime lactory tested guaranteedAdd .35 cents lor Oata.Relail pricing may very Iron) IOlder Pricing. All pricing :-.ub\'."-

P. O. BOX 17329 Irvine, California 92713 Phone (714) 558-8813

For International Orders: 1401 S. Borchard, Santa Ana, CA 92705. (714) 953-0604. TWX: 910-595-1565

Retail Store Open Mon. - Sat.Located at 1310 "B" E. Edinger,Santa Ana, CA 92705

Circle 277 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1980

The Supermarket for TRS-80Add-on Components

*

(and other computers, too)

©■Ivory.

The VISTA V-80Disk Drive System

• 23%more storage capacithan TRS-80

• 120 day warranty

• 40 track patch at NOCHARGE

Single drive system $ 395.00

Two drive system $ 770.00

Four drive system $ 1450.00

Two drive cable $ 29.95

Four drive cable $ 39.95

The VISTA V-80 Expansion Module

• Provides double densitymodification to yourcurrent Radio Shackinterface (lets you formatdiskettes in either singleor double density).

• Increases storagecapacity up to 204Kbytes (on single 40track drive).

• Includes all hardware

§239.00 software

The VISTA Model II

• Provides one, two orthree drives.

• Adds up to 1.5 millionbytes of on-line storage.

• 120 day warranty

• Does everything RadioShack's expansionsystem will do...for less!

$1000.00 Single drive

Expansion System$1550.00 Two drive Expansion System$2100.00 Three drive Expansion System$ 525.00 Additional drives alone

The TRS-80 Printers

Centronics 730... $945.00

7x7 dot matrix-80 column

Anadex

DP8000... $895.009x7 dot matrix-80 column

VISTA

Printer... $745.005x7 dot matrix-80 column

Cables $27.50 each

Other Products

1. VISTA Verbatim diskettes (hard or soft sector) Certified40 track $ 38.95

2. 16K RPM upgrade kits, guaranteed for 120 days.PRIME PRODUCT $ 74.50

3. NEW! DOS + $ 110.00

4. LNW expansion bare board $ 66.95

5. H.C. Pennington book, TRS-80 Disk

and Other Mysteries $ 18.95

6. DDT Disco-Tech disk drive timer $ 19.95

7. Cryptext (An Encryption Module) $299.00

Add On Drives

MPI B51 40 Track, Double

Density-204K $275.00

MPI B52 Dual Head, Double

Density-408K $375.00

Siemens FDD100-5 40 Track Double

Density 204K $275.00

Siemens FDD100-5 Flippy,

records both sides $290.00

Siemens FDD100-8 8" Single

Sided Drive $448.00

The VISTA V-200 for Exidym

• Completely packaged system, tested and ready to plug in, includes: 1power supply, two 40 track drives, case, controller, all cabling andtotal CPM documentation.

• Storage capacity from 400K to 1.2 meg. *

• System software-VISTA CP/M Disk Operating System and BASIC-E Compiler'recorded on 5-1/4" diskettes.

Price: Starting as low as $1199.00

232

CALL TOLL-FREE 800-854-8017

'TRS-60 is a registered trademark of Radio Shack.

The Vista Computer Company 1401 Borchard Street* Santa Ana, California 92705 <

714/953-0523

286 BYTE March 1980

Circie 299 on inquiry card.

Unclassified Atfs

FOR SALE: RCA Cosmac VIP CDP1802. Fully assembledand working beautifully. Pixe-Verter for television andcassette recorder included. Also, two manuals and oneissue of Viper magazine. Asking $200 or best offer. I payshipping. Jeff Roberts, 1800 Huntington Tpke, TrumbullCT 06611, (203) 375-9430.

FOR SALE: Three 6800 systems at my cost less 50 to70%. AMI PROTO processor, Davis 16 K random-access-memory boards, MSI/GSI disks, IDS printers. Buysystem or components. Send SASE for complete list ofcomponents and prices. Phil Reagan, 1557 Jackson St#106, Oakland CA 94612, (415) 839-3409.

FOR SALE: Radio Shack TRS-80, Level II, 16 K. Com-plete system (processor/keyboard, video monitor,cassette recorder), Plus some programs, assortedbooks, and many cassettes. One-year-old, used threemonths. Sacrifice at $650. Stan Birnbaum, 1610 HudsonSt Apt 4, Helena MT 59601, (406) 443-7320.

WANTED: Sanders 708 video display terminal, orequivalent, for X-Y vector displays. Send details, in-cluding price and condition. George B Konizer, 2008 NBrailsford Rd, Camden SC 29020.

WANTED: A ZE, ZB, ZC, or ZD erasable read-onlymemory for Digital Group Z80 board. A Z80 operatingsystem cassette for 1024 TVC, also by Digital, or a goodcopy of same. You name the price. Fred A Bufanio, 96Overlook Ter, Bloomfield NJ 07003.

FOR SALE: PerSci dual 8-inch disk drive, double-densityrated with cable for direct input/output (I/O), Model#2142; also, controller card for S-100 bus. Both one-year-old and working. Original cost over $2700; sell for $2300.Richard Turner, 1420 Balboa Av Apt J-75, Panama CityFL 32401, (904) 769-8025 Wednesday and Friday even-ings and weekends.

FOR SALE: TRS-80 computer system 16 K Level II, ex-pansion interface, RS-232 interface, and disk drive withdisk operating system disk (all cables included). Ex-cellent condition. Buying larger system. My cost $1900,will sell for $1600 or best offer. S Phail, 4900 Bristow Dr,Annandale VA 22003, (703) 941-4075.

WANTED: MITS 88-2SIO input/output (I/O) board. All in-tegrated circuits must be socketed and board must be inworking order. R Tsubota, Rt 2 POB 442, Ontario OR97914.

FOR SALE: Heathkit H8 computer system with 16 K,H8-5 input/output (I/O) cassette interface, H9 video ter-minal, and HC8-14 cassette software system. All factorytested and running. Includes all manuals, documenta-tion, and software. $1000 or best offer. (Canadian funds)Will ship. Reason selling: I have two computer systems.Robert Tremblay, 1316 Teillet, Ste-Foy Quebec,CANADA G1W 3C2.

WANTED: Apple II or Apple II Plus. No Apple is toosmall. If you want to trade up, give a hand to a beginner.Send a description and price. Please include your phonenumber. Everyone will receive a reply if at all possible.David Hayes, 537 Hall St, Ripon Wl 54971.

WANTED: Information about fixes or patches for bugs inTDL-Xitan FORTRAN and/or Disk BASIC. Will pay withmoney or similar information known to me. Have writtenFORTRAN program for communication and file transferbetween Micro and WYLBUR on 370. Will be happy toshare. M Frankel, Dept of Statistics, Baruch CollegeCUNY, 46 E 26 St, NYC NY 10010.

WANTED: Diablo 1650 print mechanism with or withoutinterface. Or Selectric print mechanism wth ASCII inter-face. Dennis Toeppen, 409 S Hi Lusi, Mount Prospect IL60056, (312) 255-2255 after 6 PM weekdays.

FOR SALE: Expandor Black Box printer. See 11/77Kilobaud for detailed article or 5/79 Jade ad for briefdescription of this compact eighty-column impactprinter. Case, parallel interface, cable, connectors,documentation, and shipping included. Cost new is$470. First $300 bank check or money order gets mine.Used nine months. Fred Lepow, 1700 Circo del Cielo Dr,El Cajon CA 92020. (714) 440-9310 (nights) or (714)276-3414 (days).

FOR SALE: Two Friden Flexowriter units. Each haspaper-tape read/write on keyboard, a desk/console, andan auxiliary scanning/reader. $265 each. Also, Tektronix513 oscilloscope DC to 18 MHz; $195. Gerald Ortman,7619 Forrest Av, Munster IN 46321, (219) 836-1514 even-ings.

FOR SALE: IBM 1050 Data Communication System(RS-232). Consists of control unit, Selectric-basedprinter-typewriter, paper-tape punch, paper-tape reader.Full documentation. Excellent condition. $800. SASEwould be appreciated. Arkady G Makhlin, 39 Hammer-smith, Danbury CT 06810, (203) 743-9509.

FOR SALE: Two 2315 2.4 M bytes disk cartridges,Hewlett-Packard Model #12869A, in Wright Line Model#5835-20 disk pack carrying case; $100 or reasonableoffer. Fourteen Hewlett-Packard 9162-0050 digital cas-settes; $28 or reasonable offer. James R Schueler, 317Chilean Av Rear, Palm Beach FL 33480.

FOR SALE: Altos/8000 (Model ACS 8000-1) with two8-inch drives (Vz Mb), 64 K main memory, CP/M oper-ating system, Xitan Extended Disk BASIC, Texas Instru-ments' {Model 810) 150 characters per second (cps)printer with forms length control, Volker Creig videodisplay with numeric pad, detachable keyboard, andaddressable cursor. John Whiffen, (416) 279-1496(CANADA).

FOR SALE: Intel single-board, computer-based system.Includes: SBC-80/10 (8080A processor card), SBC-104(4 K random access memory, input/output (I/O), etc),SBC-116 (16 K random access memory, read-onlymemory, I/O), SBC-310 (high-speed math processor),SBC-534 (four-channel serial I/O), SBC-604 (card cage),SBC-635 (14 A power supply). Also, SBC-80/04 (8085 pro-cessor), ultraviolet programmable read-only memoryeraser, National Multiplex digital cassette recorder, andDEC LA-36 terminal. Will negotiate price or trade. JimMortons, POB 65, Fond du Lac Wl 54935.

FOR SALE: PDP-11 boards. Removed from workingPDP-11/15. Complete processor. Very powerful. Toomany boards to list. One Hex (front panel), four Quad,six Dual, three Single, seven Single small. Twenty-oneboards in all. $60. Take advantage of the low value of theCanadian dollar and buy. Write for complete informa-tion. David Lai, 13250 Racine St. Pierrefonds Quebec,CANADA H8Z 1Y7.

FOR SALE: Three IMSAI 4 K random-access-memoryboards for S-100 bus with individual 1 K write-protect.$85 each. One Polymorphics video board with 16 by 64characters, 48 by 128 graphics, 1 K of on board randomaccess memory, and an 8-bit parallel port for keyboard.Also for S-100 bus. $160. Everything assembled. PeterHack, 579 Diamond St, San Francisco CA 94114, (415)824-4225.

FOR SALE: Commodore PET 2001/8 with full documen-tation. Assorted software games included. Excellentcondition, burned in, and running. $525. MichaelDiMario, 4300 N 92 St Apt 1, Milwaukee Wl 53222, (414)476-8300 ext 720 days, (414) 463-0836 evenings.

FOR SALE OR TRADE: I will design and print a single- ordouble-sided printed-circuit board from your specifica-tions on my Tektronix graphics computer. Will trade forsurplus computer gear. Send SASE for sample of mywork. Rex Taylor, 2367 NW Kearney, Portland OR 97210.

Unclassified Policy

Readers who are soliciting or giving ad-vice, or who have equipment to buy, sell orswap should send in a clearly typed noticeto that effect. To be considered for publi-cation, an advertisement must be clearlynoncommercial, typed double spaced onplain white paper, contain 75 words or less,and include complete name and addressinformation.

These notices are free of charge and willbe printed one time only on a spaceavailable basis. Notices can be acceptedfrom individuals or bona fide computerusers clubs only. We can engage in nocorrespondence on these and your confir-mation of placement is appearance in anissue of BYTE.

Please note that it may take three or fourmonths for an ad to appear in themagazine.

FOR SALE: VIM single-board microcomputer in originalbox with all documentation; $195. Also, Radio ShackEditor-Assembler for TRS-80 unused; $25. V M Faulkner,RR 2 POB 294A, Yorktown IN 47396, (317) 289-4138.

FOR SALE: IMSAI 8080, 22-slot mother board, 2P + S,Tarbell cassette, 16/32 K erasable-programmable read-only memory, Godbout active terminator, 8 K Seals +24 K Godbout random access memory, H9 terminal,Mullen extender. $2000. Larry, 516 E St, Gait CA 95632,(209) 745-1843.

FOR SALE: Two Processor Technology 16 K dynamicprogrammable memory boards #16KRA for SOL orS-100 system. See January 1977 BYTE, page 10. Withmanual. 32 K for $200. Not sold separately. First checkor money order takes it. Bob Duke, 13526 Pyramid Dr,Dallas TX 75234, (214) 241-2888.

OLD COMPUTING DEVICES: Do you have or know aboutplanimeters, integraphs, integrators, mechanical com-puters, pre-1900 calculators, or other unusual early com-puting machines? Do you have books, manuals, or other

documentation about them? I am buying, studying, andexchanging stories about these things. What's theweirdest computing machine you know of? I'd parti-cularly like to hear about unusual projects, bothhistorical and recent. Dick Rubinstein, 15 Maugus Av,Wellesley MA 02181.

FOR SALE: Digital Group standard mother board, Z80processor board, input/output (I/O) board, TVC/cassetteinterface, George Risk keyboard in oak cabinet, TVmonitor conversion kit, dual Phi-Deck and controllerboard, nonstandard power supply and cabinet. Alldocumentation and system programs included. Boardsassembled by professional digital technician. Systemnever calibrated or run. $800 complete or trade forTRS-80 disks or printer. Jim Lewis, POB 22045, KnoxvilleTN 37922.

WANTED: I need a few odd integrated circuits for repairsto circuit boards made by Intel Corp. Type numbers are:P3404, MC3002, 8267, 8263, NE550, MC3003. Damagedboards with salvageable usable circuits would besatisfactory. Merle Vogt, POB 145, Von Ormy TX 78073.

WANTED: Hewlett-Packard 9830 in excellent workingcondition, preferably under H-P maintenance. Withplasma display, tape cartridge drive, thermal printer,BASIC, and manual. R Kesell, 345 W 88th St, NYC NY10024, (212) 873-5556.

FOR SALE: Upgrading all TRS-80 Model I equipment toModel II. Must sell like-new expansion interface with32 K random access memory. Only $470. Two Shugartdisk drives with cable, and four MPI disk drives withcable. Your choice only $385 per drive. Buy two or moredrives and get the cable free. One Centronics printer(call or write for price). Bruce Taylor, 118S Mill St, PryorOK 74361, (918) 825-4844, after 6:00 PM (918) 434-5242.

March 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 287

deaden Service

To get further information on the products advertised in BYTE, fill out the reader service card with your name and address. Then circle the appropriate numbers for theadvertisers you select from the list. Add a 15-cent stamp to the card, then drop it in the mail. Not only do you gain information, but our advertisers are encouraged to usethe marketplace provided by BYTE. This helps us bring you a bigger BYTE. 'Correspond directly with company.

Inquiry No.

Page No.

Inquiry No.

Page No.

Inquiry No.

Page No.

Inquiry No.

Page No.

106 Aardvark Software 167244 AB Computers 266

277 Advanced Computer Prod 284, 285

132 AL Industries 191

255 ALL Electronics 26868 Altos 106, 107

218 American Square Computers 258

267 Ampero Software 272

44 Anadex Inc 79

114 Anderson Jacobson 176

79 Andlcom Technical Products 127

125 Apparat 187

' Apple insert

195 Applied Computer Systems 229

266 Aristo/Polks 272

138 Artec Electronics 194

152 Artec Electronics 203

270 ASAP Computer Products 273

4 Atari 13

217 ATV Research 258

92 Automated Simulations 145

175 Avionlc Enterprises (A.E.I.) 219

13 AXIOM Corp 27

250 B & W Energy Management Sys 268203 Ballantine Books 235

295 BASF 175

271 Beckian 273223 John Bell 258

" Beta Computer Devices 225

146 Biotech Electronics 198

156 Bishop Graphics 207

107 BIZCOMP 168, 26875 The Bottom Shelf 121

113 BYTE Books 59

213 BYTE Seminar 243

87 Byte Shop East 139

■ BYTE Subscriber 239

134 C & S Electronics Mart 192

5 California Computer Systems 14, 15221 California Data Corp 258

274 California Digital 279

207 California Software 239

139 Cambridge Development Labs 195263 CAP Electronics 272

81 Central Data 133

265 Chafitz, Inc. 272

112 Chrislin Industries 174

116 Chrislin Industries 180

256 Cleveland Consumer Computer& Components 269

64 Compas Micro Systems 100

9 Compucolor Corp 19

29 CompuServe (microNET) 63

240 Computer City 263

251 Computer and Control Affiliates 268

• The Computer Factory (NY) 170

142 Computer Furniture & Accessories 196

* Computer Headware 20047 Computer Mart of NJ 82

210 Computer Service Center 240

238 Computer Shopper 262

161 Computer Specialties 211

172 Computer Transceiver Sys (CTSI) 217

201 Computers Wholesale 235

163 Computer World 213

153 Computex 204

199 Corporate Computer Systems Inc 233

56 Corvus Systems 92

122 Cover Craft 185

128 CP Products 189

1 Cromemco 1, 2

119 CT microCOMPUTER, Inc 184

135 CT microCOMPUTER, Inc 192174 Cybernetics Inc 219

234 DAR Sales 262

136 DataArt, Inc 193

209 DATABANK 240

127 Data Discount Center 188

186 Datadisk Sys 224

197 Datasouth Computers 231

48 DATASPEED 83

73 Delta Products 117

264 DES-MAR Electronics 272

141 DG Electronics 195

85 Digital Pathways 137

243 Digital Research: Computers 265

84 Digital Research Corp (CA) 136

42 Digital Technology Inc 77

12 Digitus 25

165 Disc/3 Mart Inc 214

169 Dr Dobb's Journal 216

123 Dynacomp 186

212 Dynamic Microprocessor Assoc. 241

• Eaton LRC 28, 29229 Electrolabs 261

272 Electrolabs 274, 275

60 Electronic Control Technology 96276 Electronic Systems 282, 283

224 Electronic Technicians 258

171 Escon217

177 Essex Publishing 220

118 Exidy182, 183

* Factory Direct Sales 198249 Faragher & Assoc 268206 Farnsworth Computer 239

252 Feith Software 268

62 Financial Planning Associates 98183 Five Stones Software 223

227 Fordham Radio Supply 260

233 Frederick Computer Products 262

30 Freeland Intl Computer Shows 65

237 Fuller Software 262

137 Futureworld 193

260 Gimix 272

173 Global Parameters 218

90 Godbout Electronics 143

158 GR Electronics 208

97 H & E Computronics 153

17 Hamilton/Avnet 39

88 Hardside 140

257 Hobby World 270

292 Houston Instruments 51

293 Houston Instrument 51

11 Industrial Micro Systems 23

61 Infosoft Systems Inc 9726 Intecolor 57

179 Integrand 221

160 International Data Sciences 211

83 International Data Systems (IDS) 135

28 Intertec Data Systems 61

2 Ithaca Intersystems 9

16 Ithaca Intersystems 36

273 Jade Company 276, 277275 Jameco 280, 281

150 JRT Systems Inc 201

6 Konan Corp 16

* Lifeboat Associates 101, 134, 18993 Macrotronics 146

182 Macrotronics 222

• McGraw-Hill Book Company 128, 129Measurement Sys & Controls 41Measurement Sys & Controls 199

253 Metaresearch 268190 MICAH 227

15 Micro Age Computer Stores 35

72 Microamerica Dist 116, 124, 125

162 Micro Applications Group 213

219 Micro Architect 258

278 Micro Business World 254

124 Microcomputer Technology Inc 18722 MicroDaSys 49

63 Micro Data Base Systems Inc 99

* Micro Diversions (Scion Corp.) 5133 Micro Innovations Corp 191

170 Micro Integration 217

176 Micromail 219

130 Micro Management Systems 190

247 Micro Mart 26823 Micro Mikes 177

151 Micro Music 202

193 Micropolis 228, 229

231 Micro Products Unlimited 26252 Micro Pro International 88, 89

288 Mlcrosette 199

220 Microsette 258

69 Microsoft 10921 Microtek 47

184 MICROWARE 223

188 Mlcroware Associates 225

102 The Micro Works 160

105 Micro World 166

140 Midwest Computer Peripherals 195

241 Mikos 264

131 Mini Computer Suppliers 190117 Mini Micro Mart Inc 181

155 Mini Micro Mart Inc 206

25 MorrowfThinker Toys 55

70 Mountain Hardware 111157 Mountain Hardware 207

324 Multi Business Computer Sys 258

144 National Artificial Intelligence Lab

(NAIL) 197

226 NCE/CompuMart 259

77 NEECO 115, 124, 125

86 Netronics 138

283 Netronics 179

284 Netronics 179

261 New England Recruiters 272

14 North Star 31

232 Northwest Computer Services 262110 Novation 172

* NRI Schools 161

281 Ohio Scientific Instrument CIV

67 OK Machine and Tool 105

129 OK Machine & Tool 189

268 The Old Association 272

55 Olivetti 91

* onComputing 33

* Onyx Sys., Inc. 42, 43211 Optimal Technology 241

66 Oregon Software 103

109 Osborne/McGraw-HIII 171

* Owens Associates 21343 Pace Inc 78

286 Pacific Exchanges 199

326 Page Digital 278

166 PAIA 214

180 Pan American Elec (A Radio

Shack Auth. Sales Ctr.) 221

31 Per Com Data 67

33 Per Com Data 71

34 Per Com Data 72

35 Per Com Data 72

36 Per Com Data 72

37 Per Com Data 73

38 Per Com Data 73

39 Per Com Data 73

40 Per Com Data 73

57 Personal Software 93

59 Personal Software 95

143 Pickles & Trout 197

178 Pickles & Trout 221

248 Potter's Programs 26845 Power One 80

215 Priority One 255

216 Priority One 256, 257

191 The Q Kit (Div J R Conwell) 227

198 Quality Software 233

25920024680154

96

8

204

74

167

101

121

159

98

71

58

32

99

187282

108

194

7

24

50

192120

89230

542422622793205104

91258

94

416549467651

10235189

20185222148115299245228111

100214236208168

Quest 271

RACET Computes 233

Radio Hut 267

Radio Shack 131

Raygam 205

RBB 226

RCA Solid State 152

Reliable Cash Register 241

RITAM International Corp 18

RNB Enterprises 236

Robotics Age 119

S-100, Inc 215

Howard W. Sams Company 159

Sara Tech 185

SCDP211

Scelbl 154, 155

Scientific American 113

SciTronics 94

Seattle Computer Products 69

Seattle Computer Products 235

Michael Shrayer 157

Shugart 6, 7

Sigma International 224

Sirius Systems 78

Small Business

Applications 169

Ed Smith's Software Works 229

Smoke Signal Broadcasting 53

Smoke Signal Broadcasting

(Dealers) 53

Softagon Inc 86

Softape 227

Softech 185

The Software Exchange 141

The Software Farm 262

The Soft Warehouse 90

Solid State Sales 264

Sorrento Valley Associates 272

Southwest Tech Prod Corp Cll

SSM 11

The Stackworks 237

Strategic Simulations, Inc. 165

SubLOGIC 144

Sunny International 270

Supersoft 149

Supersoft 209

Sybex 75

Sybex 100

Synchro Sound 85

Tab Books 81

Tarbell Electronics 123

Tech Sys Consultants (TSC) 87

Tec-Mar 158

Televideo 21

Theta Labs Inc 262

3 G Company Inc 225

Robert Tinney Graphics CVIII

TransNet 188

United Software of America 76

Universal Data Systems 45

US Robotics 223

Vantage Data Products 258

Vector Electronic Co 200

Vertec 178

Vista Computer Company 286

VR Data 266

Wameco 260

Western I/O 173

Whitesmith's Ltd 151

John Wiley & Sons, Inc 173

John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 244

Wlntek 262

Worldwide Electronics 240

Zg Systems 215

BOMB - BYTE's Ongoing Monitor Box

Article # Page Article

17

2

34

3

60

4

74

5

84

6

114

7

126

8

130

9

142

10

156

11

194

12

230

13

232

Author

Ease into 16-Bit Computing: Get 16-Bit Performance

from an 8-Bit Computer Ciarcia

Electron Behavior in a Chemical Bond Liebl

Hewlett-Packard's New Personal Computer, The HP-85 Morgan

Solving Problems Involving Variable Terrain,

Part 2: Special Cases, Including Hexagonal Grids Jones

TRS-80 Performance, Evaluation by Program Timing Lewis

Electronic Planimetry Santi, et al

A Power-Line Protection Circuit Schneider,

Erickson

Landing Module Simulation with Random Surface HoungThe Dirt-Cheap Bootstrap, More Notes on Bringing

Up a Microcomputer Woodhull

Hydrocarbon Molecule Constructor Matthews

Operation Codes for 8080, 8085, and Z80 Processors Harrell

To Err is Human McGregor

Super TIC Roehrig

December BOMBNumerical Analysis

"Add Nonvolatile Memory to YourComputer" by Steve Ciarcia (page 36)proved to be the most popular amongthose readers who voted. Second place inthe BOMB voting went to James L Peter-son for 'Text Compression" (page 106).These two authors receive the $100 first-place and $50 second-place prizes. Thirdplace was shared by F R Ruckdeschel("Frequency Analysis of Data Using aMicrocomputer," page 10) and Chris-topher O Kern ("A User's Look atTiny-C," page 196).■

BREAKING THE SOUND BARRIER

THE TRAP DOOR

September 1977

March 1979

Byte Cover Prints —Limited Editions.

The September '77 and March '79 covers of BYTEare now each available as a limited edition art print,personally signed and numbered by the artist,Robert Tinney.

These prints are strictly limited to a quantity of 750for each cover, and no other editions, of any size,will ever be published. Each print is 18" x 22",printed on quality, coated stock, and signed andnumbered in pencil at bottom.

The price of each print is $25. This includes 1) asigned and numbered print; 2) a Certificate ofAuthenticity, also signed personally by the artistand witnessed, attesting to the number of the edi-tion (750), and the destruction of the printing plates;and 3) first class shipment in a heavy-duty mailingtube.

To order your limited edition art print,mail the order form below.

out and

Send me "Breaking the Sound Barrier"

prints at $25 each, and "Trap Door"

prints at $25 each. I understand this price in-cludes Certificate of Authenticity and first classshipment.

□ I have enclosed check or money order

to Robert Tinney Graphics.D Charge this to my Master Charge or Visa

Card #_

Expires:.

Ship my print(s) to:Name

Address.City

State.

.Zip.

Send order to:

robert tinney graphics

P.O.Box 45047- Baton Rouge, LA 70895

D

The home computer you thought wasyears away is here. ,—

aUUUCII 8p

LorUr

£,Z)zf/

Ohio Scientific's top of the line personal com-puter, the C8P DF. This system incorporatesthe most advanced technology now availablein standard configurations and add-on options.The C8P DF has full capabilities as a personalcomputer, a small business computer, a homemonitoring security system and an advancedprocess controller.Personal Computer FeaturesThe C8P DF features ultra-fast program execu-tion. The standard model is twice as fast asother personal computers such as the Apple IIand PET. The computer system is availablewith a GT option which nearly doubles thespeed again, making it comparable to high endmini-computer systems. High speed executionmakes elaborate video animation possible aswell as other I/O functions which until now,have not been possible. The C8P DF featuresOhio Scientific's 32 x 64 character display withgraphics and gaming elements for an effectiveresolution of 256 x 512 points and up to 16colors. Other features for personal use includea programmable tone generator from 200 to20KHz and an 8 bit companding digital toanalog converter for music and voice output,2-8 axis joystick interfaces, and 2-10 key padinterfaces. Hundreds of personal applications,games and educational software packages arecurrently available for use with the C8P DF.Business ApplicationsThe C8P DF utilizes full size 8" floppy disksand is compatible with Ohio Scientific's ad-vanced small business operating system,OS-65U and two types of information manage-ment systems, OS-MDMS and OS-DMS.

The computer system comes standard with ahigh-speed printer interface and a modem in-terface. It features a full 53-key ASCIIkeyboard as well as 2048 character displaywith upper and lower case for business andword processing applications.Home Control

The C8P DF has the most advanced homemonitoring and control capabilities everoffered in a computer system. It incorporatesa real time clock and a unique FOREGROUND/BACKGROUND operating system which allowsthe computer to function with normal BASICprograms at the same time it is monitoringexternal devices. The C8P DF comes standardwith an AC remote control interface whichallows it to control a wide range of AC appli-ances and lights remotely without wiring andan interface for home security systems whichmonitors fire, intrusion, car theft, water levelsand freezer temperature, all without messywiring. In addition, the C8P DF can acceptOhio Scientific's Votrax voice I/O board and/orOhio Scientific's new universal telephone inter-face (UTI). The telephone interface connectsthe computer to any touch-tone or rotary dialtelephone line. The computer system is able toanswer calls, initiate calls and communicatevia touch-tone signals, voice output or 300baud modem signals. It can accept anddecode touch-tone signals, 300 baud modemsignals and record incoming voice messages.These features collectively give the C8P DFcapabilities to monitor and control home func-tions with almost"human-like capabilities.Process Controller

The C8P DF incorporates a real time clock,FOREGROUND/BACKGROUND operation and16 parallel I/O lines. Additionally a universal

accessory BUS connector is accessible at theback of the computer to plug in additional 48lines of parallel I/O and/or a complete analogsignal I/O board with A/D and D/A andmultiplexers.

Clearly, the C8P DF beats all existing smallcomputers in conventional specifications plus -it has capabilities far beyond any other com-puter system on the market today.C8P DF is an 8-slot mainframe class computerwith 32K static RAM, dual 8" floppies, andseveral open slots for expansion.

C8P $895

Or get started with a C8P with cassette inter-face, 8K BASIC-in-ROM which includes mostof the features of the C8P DF except the realtime clock, 16 parallel I/O lines, home securityinterface and accessory BUS. It comes with8K static RAM and Ohio Scientific's ultra-fast8K BASIC-in-ROM. It can be expanded to aC8P DF later. Base price $895. Virtually all theprograms available on disk are also availablefor the C8P cassette system on audiocassette.

Computers come with keyboards and floppies where specified.Other equipment shown is optional.

For literature and the name of your localdealer, CALL 1-800-321-6850 TOLL FREE.

1333 SOUTH CHILLICOTHE ROADAURORA, OH 44202 • [21B] 831 -5600

Circle 281 on inquiry card.