Byte Magazine Volume 05 Number 10 - Software

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OFTEN FIRST - ALWAYS THE BEST

When we introduced the "S" system last year we knew that we were ahead of the industry.We didn't realize just how far.

WE KNEW THE NEEDS-

When we began designing the S/09 computer, weknew that the normal eight-bit microprocessor sys-tem was not adequate for any but the smallest,single user business applications. What was worsethere was little that could be done to expand thecapabilities of the system if the customer neededit. There is nothing much worse to a businesscustomer than a "dead end" system.

MEMORY IS THE KEY-

Obviously a business system should be able tooperate with multiple terminals if needed. Itshould also be able to do a variety of jobs; not justdata processing, but also word processing and com-puter aided instruction. With a system limited to64K bytes of memory addresses such a system isjust not practical. The amount of user memoryavailable to each terminal is too small for usefulwork.

HOW DO YOU GET IT-

The common solution to this problem is calledbank switching. This process is similar to a selectorswitch that turns on the bank of memory that youwant to work with. This, however, has a few pro-blems. It is inefficient, therefore expensive, plusbeing slow. It is also extremely clumsy when datamust be exchanged between two different pro-grams. Besides with all this you still cannot usemore than 64K of memory for any one program.So what is the alternative?

DO IT RIGHT-

The alternative is an address bus with more thanthe normal 16 bits found on eight-bit microproces-sors. By using 20 address bits you can, for instance,address up to a million memory locations directly.

This way you have access to any part of memory atany time without any intermediate processes. Pro-gram interaction is now no problem at all.

SOFTWARE MUST MATCH-

So far we have a computer system with a largememory capacity and the ability to operate withmany terminals, but this is not enough. You needan operating system just as sophisticated as the

hardware to complete the job. It must be a multi-tasking (therefore multiuser) operating system andit must be fast if it is to be useful with multiter-minal systems. UniFLEX® fills these requirementsand more. It also has multiple directories, log-inand password features. UniFLEX® was patternedafter UNIX™,which is one of the most highly re-garded operating systems around.

PERIPHERALS TOO-

To complete the system we offer our smart ter-minals, and a variety of disk systems. We haveeverthing from a 390K byte floppy to a 40 Meg/byte Winchester drive. All peripherals are compa-tible and so you can start with a small singleterminal system and upgrade if necessary to a fullyexpanded system—16 terminals, 768 bytes of RAMmemory and 96 Meg/bytes of disk storage.

GET THE WHOLE STORY-

If you are planning to install, or sell businesssystems you should get our information packageon the most versatile and cost effective system onthe market, the S/09. You can get a 128K system(less printer) for a little over $5,000.00.

*UNIX is a Trademark of Bell Laboratories.

SYSTEM SOFTWARE

Languages

Operating Systems

Assembler

FLEX*

BASIC

UniFLEX

FORTRAN

Pascal

PILOT

Word Processing

Word Processing Editor

Data Processing

Text Processor

General Ledgi

sr

Accounts Receivable

Accounts Payable

Payroll

Utilities

Jobcost

Debug Package

Inventory

Sort-Merge

Mail List

Diagnostics

n

Supplied

with over 40 ulililies

SOUTHWEST TECHNICAL PRODUCTS CORPORATION

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SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS 78216 (512) 344-0241

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High-resolution display with alphanumeric*

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display that hasbasic/fortran simplicity

LOW-PRICED, TOO

Here's a color display that haseverything: professional-level resolution,enormous color range, easy software,NTSC conformance, and low price.

Basically, this new Cromemco ModelSDI* is a two-board interface that plugsinto any Cromemco computer.

The SDI then maps computer displaymemory content onto a convenient colormonitor to give high-quality, high-resolution displays (756 H x 482 V pixels).

When we say the SDI results in a high-quality professional display, we mean youcan't get higher resolution than thissystem offers in an NTSC-conformingdisplay.

The resolution surpasses that of a colorTV picture.

BASIC/FORTRAN programming

Besides its high resolution and lowprice, the new SDI lets you control withoptional Cromemco software packagesthat use simple BASIC- and FORTRAN-like commands.

Pick any of 16 colors (from a4096-color palette) with instructions likeDEFCLR (c, R, G, B). Or obtain a circle ofspecified size, location, and color withXCIRC (x, y, r, c).

•U.S. Pat. No. 4121283

Model SDI High-Resolution ColorGraphics Interface

HIGH RESOLUTION

The SDI's high resolution gives aprofessional-quality display that strictlymeets NTSC requirements. You get 756pixels on every visible line of the NTSCstandard display of 482 image lines. Ver-tical line spacing is 1 pixel.

To achieve the high-quality display, aseparate output signal is produced foreach of the three component colors (red,green, blue). This yields a sharper imagethan is possible using an NTSC-compositevideo signal and color TV set. Full imagequality is readily realized with our high-quality RGB Monitor or any conventionalred/green/blue monitor common in TVwork.

Model SDI plugs into Z-2H 11-megabyte

hard disk computer or any Cromemco

computer

DISPLAY MEMORY

Along with the SDI we also offer anoptional fast and novel two-port memorythat gives independent high-speed accessto the computer memory. The two-portmemory stores one full display, permit-ting fast computer operation even duringdisplay.

CONTACT YOUR REP NOW

The Model SDI has been used in scien-tific work, engineering, business, TV,color graphics, and other areas. It's agood example of how Cromemco keepscomputers in the field up to date, since itturns any Cromemco computer into anup-to-date color display computer.

The SDI has still more features thatyou should be informed about. So contactyour Cromemco representative now andsee all that the SDI will do for you.

Circle 1 on Inquiry card.

a Cromemcoincorporated280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 • (415)964-7400

Tomorrow's computers today

BYTE October 1980

Here's the state of the artin tow-cost hard-disk computers

11 MEGABYTES

OF

FAST HARD-DISK STORAGE

Yes, the Cromemco Model Z-2His in a class by itself in the computerfield.

These Z-2H features tell you why:

• 11 megabytes of hard-diskstorage

• 64 kilobytes of fast RAM

• Two dual-sided floppy diskdrives

• Z-80A type processor

• Fast 4 MHz operation—150nanosecond access time

• Fast hard-disk transfer rate of5.6 megabits/second

• Low cost

And that's not all you get. Notnearly.

BROAD

SOFTWARE SUPPORT

You also get Cromemco softwaresupport—the broadest software sup-

port in the microcomputer field. Soft-ware that Cromemco is known for.Like this:

• Structured BASIC

• FORTRAN IV

• RATFOR (RATional FORtran)

• COBOL

• Z-80 Macro Assembler

• Word Processing System

• Data Base ManagementAnd more all the time.

FIELD PROVEN

The Z-2H is clearly in a class by it-self. We introduced it last summer.It's field proven. It's reliable.

And it's rugged. Housed in a sturdy,all-metal cabinet.

EASILY EXPANDABLE

As always with Cromemco, you getexpandability. The fast 64K RAM inthis Model Z-2H can be expanded to512 kilobytes. That amount of RAMcombined with 11 megabytes of hard-disk storage gives you enormous

ra

Cromemco

computer power—the equal or evenbeyond what much larger computerssometimes offer.

What's more, this computer givesyou a 12-slot card cage. That's to plugin your special circuits as well asadditional RAM and interface cards.

This expandability is supported bystill more Cromemco value — theZ-2H's heavy-duty power supply thatgives you 30A at 8V and 15A at ± 18Vto support plug-ins.

LOW COST — SEE IT NOW

The Z-2H is real. It's been in thefield for many months. It's provenitself.

You should see the Z-2H now. Con-tact a Cromemco representative andarrange for a demo. Learn that Cro-memco is a survey-winner for reli-ability.

And learn that the Z-2H is under$10K.

In the long run it always pays toget the best.

^^^^H 280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 • (415)964-7400

Tomorrow's computers today

Circle 1 on inquiry card.

MB

In The Queue

EITE October 1980Volume 5, Number 10

i SiB-B

•**-ftfr*frftf »«»»&

Foreground

Page 24

Page 62

Page 90

62 AN 8088 PROCESSOR FOR THE S-100 BUS, Part 2

fey Thomas Woodward Cantrell

The second part of this article describes techniques for interfacing to the S-100 bus.

96 SORTING WITH BINARY TREES by Bill WalkerThis data-storage structure makes it easy to insert or delete items in the file.

196 FLOPTRAN-IV: A TINY COMPILER by Mark ZimmermannCommodore PET's BASIC interpreter is a handy foundation for a tiny compiler.

232 SYMBOLIC MATH USING BASIC by David R StoutemyerHere's an introduction to symbolic computer mathematics.

282 THE 6502 GETS MICROPROGRAMMABLE INSTRUCTIONS

by Dennette A Harrod

A simple circuit and some clever programming make enhancing this processor's instruction

set possible.

286 VECTOR GRAPHICS FOR RASTER DISPLAYS by John Beetem

When plotting a line on a raster display, there is more logic involved than moving from

point A to point B.

Background

24 MAKE LIQUID-CRYSTAL DISPLAYS WORK FOR YOU by Steve GarciaWith appropriate interfaces, these displays are suitable for many applications.

114 AN INFORMATION-RETRIEVAL SYSTEM by Robert W Elmore andKrishna K Agarwal

This system is capable of maintaining a file of related records and printing a selective listbased on given criteria.

154 ADD MACRO EXPANSION TO YOUR MICROCOMPUTER, Part 1

by David C Brown

A macro assembler is often a valuable tool when developing large assembly-language pro-grams.

266 MACHINE PROBLEM SOLVING, Part 2: Directed Search Using

Cryptarithmetic by Peter Frey

The best problem-solving programs often apply a combination of human and computer

methods.

274 THE FORTH STANDARDS TEAM by William Ragsdale

Using a standard dialect of the FORTH language keeps costs down in the long run.

Nucleus

Page 172

6

Editorial: Who Reads BYTE?

306

Ask BYTE

16,

294 Letters

325

BYTE's Bits

42

Product Review

328

Software Received

50

Desk Top Wonders

329

Clubs and Newsletters

90

Education Forum

330

Books Received

172

Product Description

334

Event Queue

182

Technical Forum

338

What's New?

186

BYTELINES

348

Tom Sloan Cartoon

192

Languages Forum

398

Unclassified Ads

273,

314, 332 Book Reviews

399

BOMB, BOMB Results

278

Programming Quickies

400

Reader Service

302,

332 BYTE's Bugs

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Publishers

Virginia Londoner,Gordon R WilliamsonAssociate PublisherJohn E HayesAssistantCheryl A Hurd

Founding Editor

Carl T Helmers Jr

Editor-in-Chief

Christopher P Morgan

Editors

Richard S Shuford, Gregg Williams,

Curtis P Feigel, Harold Nelson

Stan Miastkowski

Consulting Editor

Mark Dahmke

Book Editor

Bruce A Roberts

Chief Copy Editor

David William Hayward

Copy Editors

Faith Hanson, Warren Williamson,

Robin M Moss, Anthony J Lockwood

Assistant to the Editors

Faith Ferry

Assistants

Debe Wheeler, Karen A Cilley

New Products Editor

Clubs, Newsletters

Charles Freiberg

Drafting

Jon Swanson

Production Director

Nancy Estle

Assistant Production Director

Christine DixonProduction/Advertising Coordinator

Wai Chiu LiProduction Art

Holly Carmen LaBossiere,

Deborah Porter

Chief Typographer

Sherry McCarthy

Typographers

Debi Fredericks, Donna Sweeney

Advertising Director

Thomas HarveyAssistants

Ruth M Walsh, Ms. Marion GagnonBarbara J Greene, Janet Ames

Special Projects Coordinator

Jill ECallihanMarketing Coordinator

Laura A Hanson

Circulation Manager

Gregory Spitzfaden

Assistants

Agnes E Perry, Melanie Bertoni,

Baibara Varnum, Louise Menegus,

Andrew Jackson

Dealer Sales

Thomas Yanni

Controller

Daniel Rodrigues

Assistant

Mary E Fluhr

Accounts Receivable Specialist

Karen Burgess

Accounts Receivable Assistant

Jeanne Cilley

Receptionist

Jacqueline EarnshawTraffic Department

Mark Sandagata, Rob Hannings

IN THIS ISSUE

Our main topic this month is Software — a perennial favoriteamong BYTE readers. This month's cover painting by RobertTinney illustrates the colorful road that programmers often travelin search of bug-free code.

The software articles include: a tiny compiler that handlesfloating-point operations; machine problem-solving using crypt-arithmetic; sorting with binary trees; a macro assembler for yourcomputer; adding to the 6502's instruction set; an easy-to-use infor-mation retrieval system; and symbolic math using BASIC.

Also this month: Steve Ciarcia's explanation of how to useliquid-crystal displays; a description of some vector graphics forraster-scan displays; a follow-up on FORTH; and the second partof a three-part discussion of an 8088 processor for the S-100 bus.

Officers of McGraw-Hill Publications Company: Paul F McPherson, President; Executive Vice Presidents: James E Boddorf,Gene W Simpson; Group Vice President: Daniel A McMillan; Senior Vice President-Editorial: Ralph R Schulz; Vice Presidents:Kemp Anderson, Business Systems Development; Stephen C Croft, Manufacturing; Robert B Doll, Circulation; James EHackett, Controller; William H Hammond, Communications; Eric B Herr, Planning and Development; John W Patten, Sales;Edward E Schlrmer, International.

Officers of the Corporation: Harold W McGraw Jr, President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board; Robert FLandes, Senior Vice President and Secretary; Ralph J Webb, Treasurer.

BYTE is published monthly by BYTE Publications Inc, 70 Main St, Peterborough NH 03458, a wholly-owned subsidiary ofMcGraw-Hill, Inc. Address all mail except subscriptions to above address: phone (603) 924-9281. Address subscriptions,change of address, USPS Form 3579, and fulfillment questions to BYTE Subscriptions, PO Box 590, Martinsville NJ 08836.Controlled circulation postage paid at Waseca, Minnesota 56093 • USPS Publication No. 528890 (ISSN 0360-5280). Canadiansecond class registration number 9321. Subscriptions are $18 for one year, $32 for two years, and $46 for three years In theUSA and its possessions. In Canada and Mexico, $20 for one year, $36 for two years, $52 for three years. $32 for one year airdelivery to Europe. $32 surface delivery elsewhere. Air delivery to selected areas at additional rates upon request. Single copyprice is $2.50 In the USA and Its possessions, $2.95 In Canada and Mexico, $4.00 in Europe, and $4.50 elsewhere. Foreignsubscriptions and sales should be remitted in United States funds drawn on a US bank. Printed in United States of America.

Address all editorial correspondence to the editor at the above address. Unacceptable manuscripts will be returned Ifaccompanied by sufficient first class postage. Not responsible for lost manuscripts or photos. Opinions expressed by theauthors are not necessarily those of BYTE. Entire contents copyright © 1980 by BYTE Publications Inc. All rights reserved.

BYTE* is available In microform from University Microfilms International, 300 N Zeeb Rd, Dept PR, AnnArbor Ml 48106 USA or 18 Bedford Row, Dept PR, London WC1R 4EJ England.

Subscription WATS Line: (800) 258-5485

Office hours: Mon-Thur 8:30 AM - 4:30 PM, Friday 8:30 AM - Noon, Eastern Time

NATIONAL ADVERTISING SALES REPRESENTATIVES:

NORTHEAST (617) 444-3946 MIDWEST (312) 864-3467 EAST & SOUTH (212) 682-5844

Hajar Associates Hajar Associates Hajar Associates280 Hillside Ave 2405 Lawndale 521 Fifth AveNeedham Heights MA 02194 Evanston IL 60201 New York NY 10017

SOUTHWEST (714) 540-3554NORTHWEST (415) 964-0706

Hajar Associates

1000 Elwell Ct, Suite 227

Palo Alto CA 94303

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 2 on inquiry card.

MICROANGELO

HIGH RESOLUTION GRAPHICS SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER

by

SCION

CORPORATION

RS-170 com-posite or directdrive output

Local orexternal sync ■generation

4 or 5 MhzZ80 micro-processor

60 hertz realtime clock

8 levelinterrupt tie-in

IEEE S100 buscompatible

Screenware™ Pak I

A 4K byte operating system resident in PROMon MicroAngeloIM Pak I emulates an 85 char-acter by 40 line graphics terminal and providesover 40 graphics commands. Provisions existfor user-defined character sets and directlycallable user extensions to Screenware Pak I.

SCION Corporation

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(703) 827-0888

Light peninterface

Time multi-plexed refresh

4K residentScreenware™Pak I operatingsystem

32KRAMisolated fromhost addressspace

High speedcommunica-tions overparallel busports

Host Resident Terminal Software

An interface software package that coordi-nates input/output from the MicroAngelo™graphics board, the MicroAngelo™ keyboard,and your computer. The result is a flexible,yet sophisticated graphics terminal.

European Distributor:Micro Diversions UK Ltd.

17/19 Mesnes Street

Wigan, England WN1 1QP

09-423 4311

Circle 3 on inquiry card.

Hire a

fast

thinker.

5 MHz CPU Card

■ Intel 8085A-2 microprocessor ■ Hardwarefloating point ■ Performs calculations six timesfaster than other CPUs ■ On-board monitor inPROM ■ IK RAM scratch pad ■ Keyboard orRS232C terminal ■ Variable clock frequency

PRICE—$850

(California residents add 6% sales tax)

Call or write Artec for details.

/IRTGCGLeCTROMOJhC

605 Old County Rd., San Carlos, CA 94070Telephone (415) 592-2740

Editorial

Who Reads BYTE?

by Carl Helmers

In this month's editorial we will summarize some of the key results of a re-cent BYTE reader survey, performed by the McGraw-Hill Research group. Asix-page questionaire was mailed to 2000 BYTE subscribers earlier this year.The subscribers were selected from our mailing list on an every-nth-namebasis. Of the 2000 questionaires mailed, 1445 were completed and returnedwithin the six-week deadline. The 73.5% response to this survey request wasexceptional. Such a large response to a detailed six-page form by itself in-dicates the enthusiasm and interest of our typical reader.

A major objective of the survey was to analyze the reading habits of ourreaders; a second objective was to obtain hard information about the profes-sional orientation of our readers; and a third was to determine demographicdata.

Dear to our editorial convictions, our survey contained a major section onprogramming languages. Next, we wanted to characterize the impact ofmicrocomputing on the reader's personal life. Some miscellaneous informationabout present and future computing-equipment ownership completed thesurvey design. The form of the survey followed that of the two previoussurveys we have done. The layout of the questionaire was designed and ex-ecuted by Nancy Estle and her associates in the BYTE production department.In this editorial, we can cover only some selected results from the survey. Thecomplete computer-tabulated results take much more room than the spaceavailable in a single issue of BYTE.

We found that the typical BYTE reader is a professional who uses a com-puter as part of his or her job. Of the entire sample, 85% use computers intheir everyday work.

One question we asked was "What is your principal occupation?" Almost40% of the readers responded that they were engineers or scientists. Program-mers or analysts (in the traditional data-processing sense of the terms) com-prised 18% of the response. Some 13% classified themselves as owners ormanagers of a business. Table la shows the seven categories on the ques-tionaire and their percentages.

As an alternative approach to the same truth, we asked respondents to listtheir exact job title. The survey's analysis classified responses to the questionin several categories. Table lb shows the catagories that received 1% or morein ratings.

As in the two previous surveys, the results showed a highly educated reader.In this year's survey, 10% indicated completion of a PhD (7%) or other ad-vanced professional degree (3%), 18% have master's degrees, 19% have hadsome graduate school, and 21% indicated completion of a four-year collegedegree. This gives a total of 68% of BYTE readers who have completed abachelor's degree or higher. If we extend the categories to "some college"(17%) and "associate's degree" (8%), we find that 93% of BYTE's readers haveachieved some educational accomplishments beyond high school.

Consistent with this educational background and professional orientation,the typical BYTE reader is fairly well-paid for the work he does. In this year'ssurvey, we found an average personal income of about $29,000 and an averagehousehold income of about $36,000. If this is the average, we should expectthat a fair amount of discretionary money is available for personal computingand other trappings of the modern middle-class life. And so it is.

Essentially all (98%) of BYTE readers have high-fidelity audio equipmentaveraging $619.33 in cost. Having such equipment, 99% of our readers in-dicated that they purchase an average of 9.13 records or tapes during a year's

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

"For reliable data storage,you can't beat Shugart's

fMl%W%'Mr Raymond Schlitzer, Owner—

Computerland, San Francisco

III

"I sell systems my customers can dependon. That's why most of the personal andsmall business computer systems sold herefeature Minifloppy disk drives. I knowfrom experience I can rely on theMinifloppy?'

Since 1976 Shugart's Minifloppy hasbeen used by more small computer systemmanufacturers than any other drive. Infact, more than half-a-million Minifloppys

TM—Minifloppy is a trademark of Shugart Associates.

have been installed. The Minifloppy lookssmall—but it stores a lot of data. 250kilobytes on one side, or up to 500 kilo-bytes in the double-sided model. That'sabout 50 pages of printed information on asingle-sided Minidiskette, and twice thaton the double-sided version. You'll haveplenty of storage capacity for your pro-grams, letters, forms, or ledger entries.And you find your data fast, too, becausethe Minifloppy is a random access device

that eliminates the need to search for yourdata serially as you must with a tapecassette unit.

No matter what problem you'resolving with your computer system, youcan rely on Shugart's Minifloppy for datastorage. We're known as the Headstrongcompany for good reason. We'reHeadstrong about reliability, quality, andvalue. Ask your dealer. He knows us.

Rely on theHeadstrong Company.

%AShugart

475 Oakmead Parkway, Sunnyvale, California 94086

Occupation

Programmer/Analyst

Engineer/Scientist

Business Owner/Manager

Educator

Student

Professional (law, medicine, accounting, etc)

Other

Percent

18

39.5

13

4.5

8

5.511.5

Table la: "What is your principal occupation? (check one)

Title

Percent

Engineer

Manager or Director

Engineering Technician

Executive or Official

Programmer

Professional (Lawyers, Doctors, etc)

Teacher, Professor, or Educator

Systems Analyst

Student

Scientist

Consultant

20171110

6

5.5

5

3.5

3

3

2

FinancialAll other titlesNone or Unemployed

1

11

2

Table lb: Classifications of job titles. This table shows howMcGraw-Hill Research classified open-ended responses to

the question "What is your exact title?" as found in the 1980BYTE Reader Survey. The table shows only those classifica-tions which had 1% response or more. Percentages arerounded to the nearest half percent.

time. Many BYTE readers have spent significant sums onphotographic equipment; 48% of those surveyed spentbetween $201 and $1000 on cameras and related equip-ment. But only 12% of BYTE readers as of this survey in-dicate possession of a videotape recorder.

Fortunately for the quality of air at conventions andother meetings where BYTE readers are likely to be seen,78% of our readers are nonsmokers. One quarter of ourreaders never drink wine, and 38% drink wine only occa-sionally (1 to 4 times per month; the average BYTE readerdrinks wine 4.65 times per month). We did not ask acomplementary question regarding personal tastes whichis suggested by these low figures for smoking and drink-ing: "How many hours a day do you spend doing intenseexercise activities (walking, bicycling, jogging, playingtennis or racquetball, swimming, calisthenics, etc)?" Wesuspect that the responses would be fairly high to thiscategory of question.

Continuing with demographic data, we learned thatour typical BYTE reader is 35 years of age, male, andhead of a household with four members. Overall, 98% ofthe readers sampled were male. Some 79% of the readersindicated that they were the head of a household. Inresponse to the "marital status" question, 62% indicatedthat they were married, 31% indicated they were stillsingle, 5% indicated that they were divorced orseparated. The question "How many people are there inyour household?" found 3.95 as the mean response.Some 52.1% of the readers sampled indicated that therewere 3 or more members of their household. One can

PASCAL/Z ™- Q.E.D.

Ithaca Intersystems PASCAL/Z is the most powerful CP/M™compatible Z-80™ Pascal compiler ever . . . and here's why:

PASCAL/Z generates true Z-80 native code — ROMableand re-entrant — 5-10X faster than P-code interpreters;permits separate compilation; supports Direct File Accessand variable length STRINGs; utilizes fast one-pass recursivedescent organization; the macro-assembler generatesrelocatable object modules; and much, much more.

Complete package includes compiler, macro-assembler,linker/loader and source for the full library on one disk; withfree copy of Jensen/Wirth book and complete documenta-tion. Only $395.00.

IT'S DEMONSTRABLE!Don't just take our word for it. Ask for a demonstration ofthese features and more today at Computerland® and otherfull-service computer stores.

Ithaca Intersystems Inc., 1650 Hanshaw Road

P.O. Box 91, Ithaca, N.Y. 14850. Phone (607) 257-0190

Computerland is a registered trademark of Computerland Corporation.

CP/M and Z-80 are trademarks of Digital Research Corp. and Zilog, Inc. respectively.

PASCAL/Z and InterSystems are trademarks of Ithaca Intersystems Inc.

TM

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Intersyste

Micros for bigger ideas.

. u*

ft

■•%

ir.T-

■ • ■

^$?

;

i

:1

Outside of the gardenyou need a computer that can grow.

For the average garden-variety home and hobby operation,a high quality personal computer is a real temptation. Butlet's face it: in the world of business, engineering andscientific applications you need a system that can keep upwith bigger ideas.

Bigger ideas today mean the power and flexibility tomove the micro up to and beyond the level of yesterday'sminis. More memory to hold bigger data bases. Moreflexibility to handle a variety of data entry devices. Moreprogramming and computing power for numbercrunchingand applications development. And easy upgrade to 16 bitoperation when you need it.

Intersystems has that, and more. The power and flexibilityof the versatile S-100 bus, with 20 slots of expandability forup to 16 individually-addressable DMA devices and up to 1Megabyte of memory, fully accessible to all users via ourunique memory management system. Plus reliableIntersystems design and manufacture, and the support ofour PASCAL/Z™...the most powerful Z-80T" compiler ever.

For really serious computing, our front panel provides apowerful diagnostic tool for debugging or development.Combined with a scope, it allows you to look at any locationin the circuitry, set breakpoints, trigger and view one-shotevents, and many other activities usually possible only withexpensive logic analyzers. No wonder it's fast becoming thetool of choice for repair technicians and custom hardwaredesigners.

Intersystems Series II is the most complete line of fullyIEEE 696 compatible S-100 boards...easily upgradeable toour MPU 8000™ or other 16 bit S-100 CPU's as they becomeavailable...so you're never locked out of rapid expansion, orlocked into obsolescence, by dependency on a proprietaryproduct line.

So if you've left those garden-variety applications behind,come to Intersystems and get a system that will grow as bigas your next idea. Get it from the people who know smallcomputers...your Computerland store...or other fine fullservice computer dealers.

Ithaca Intersystems Inc., 1650 Hanshaw Road

P.O. Box 91, Ithaca, N.Y. 14850.

Phone (607) 257-0190 TWX: 510 255 4346.

Z-80 is a trademark of Zilog, Inc

PASCAL Z. MPU 8000 and InterSystcms are trademarks of llhaca Inlersyslems. Inc

Ithaca Intersystems Inc.

Micros for bigger ideas.

Cost of System

Percentage

Less Than $500

9.7

$500 to $1000

18.3

$1100 to $2000

17.9

$2100 to $3000

11.7

$3100 to $4000

9.7

$4100 to $5000

8.2

$5100 to $7500

7.7

$7510 to $15000

6.8

Over $15000

10.0

Table 2: Distribution

of approximate cost

of personal-

computer systems. The approximate costs

of personal-

computer systems owned by BYTE readers were classified in-

to 9 bins. In each bin,

we show a percentage response of the

total number of those readers who stated a

cost of their

systems in the survey.

thus draw the conclusion that most of BYTE's readers arefamily-oriented.

One of the most frequently asked questions we hear is"How many people have personal computers?" In termsof the BYTE survey's results, the percentage is 71%. Themean system price is $7415, based on the 792 respondentswho gave a cost figure in response to the question "Whatis the approximate cost of your system?" From this meanprice, ignoring any deviation in the distribution, we canextrapolate the economic effects of the approximately160,000 BYTE readers to the ballpark figure of $842million over the time period in which this equipment wasbeing acquired. Seven-eighths of a billion dollars is nosmall amount.

BASIC

47

Assembly Language

33

FORTRAN

21

Machine Object Code

18.5

Pascal

6.5

COBOL

8

PL/I

5

APL

2

ALGOL

1.5

C

3

PL/M

2

FORTH

1.5

LISP

.5

RPG

1

SNOBOL

.5

Frequent Occasional Intended(F) (O) (I)

25 14.5

26 1339 1234 13.5

6 28

16 11

12 10

9 11

9 9

2 7

2.5 6.5

1.5 7

2 1.5

2 12.5 .5

1980 LiteracyF + O + l

86.5

72

72

66

40.5

35

27

22

19.5

12

11

10

4

4

3.5

1978 LiteracyF + O + l

867679741436313023NA114NANANA

Change

+ .5

- 4

- 7

- 8+ 26.5

- 1

- 4

- 8

- 3.5NA

0

+ 6

NA

NA

NA

Table 3: Ranking of language literacy. The first three columns contain raw data expressed as a percentage of the total number ofreturned survey forms in the 1980 survey. Defining literacy in a computer language as "knowing enough about it to use it" or "adesire to use it," we formed the fourth column as a sum of responses to frequent use, occasional use, or intended use. This gives aranking of the various language options available for small computer users. The most significant change relative to the earlier(1978 survey) data is the movement of Pascal into fifth place in the ranking from its previous ninth-place ranking in our 1978survey. The questions in both surveys were identical except that in the later one we added several languages to the list. Thus "NA"in the 1978 column indicates a language which was not mentioned explicitly in the earlier survey; no entry is shown in the changecolumn for these languages.

Rank CATEGORY

Mean

1. Applications to Every Day Life

6.42

2. Computer Control of Mechanics

3. The Art of Programming

6.21

6.20

4. Applications to Engineering

6.05

5. The Art of Hardware Design

5.87

6. Household Automation

5.75

7. Personal Data Base Design and Implementation

8. Applications to Personal Business

5.73

5.72

9. Text Editing and Processing

5.67

10. Computer System Design

5.58

11. Graphics Software Design

5.52

12. Computer Communications Networks

5.39

13. Logical (Thinking) Games

5.25

14. Educational Uses

5.15

15. Voice Recognition

5.05

16. Experimentation with Designs

4.94

17. Design of Information Structures

4.90

18. Simulations

4.87

19. Voice Synthesis

4.86

20. Applications to Physical Sciences

4.78

Table 4: Rankings of interest areas. A list of 38 categories

was presented as part of the survey. Respondents

were asked

to give a personal preference ranking from 0 (no

interest) to

10 (highest interest). The data from this question

was tallied

and the mean ratings for each computed. This list shows the

top 20 categories ranked by this mean. The lowest ranking of

the 38 categories shown in the question was 2.24

10 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Table 2 shows the distribution of costs. Note that ap-proximately 43 % of those who specified an approximatecost of their personal systems indicated $3100 or morehad been spent. The average amount spent was computedusing the raw data for this question, prior to creation ofthis table. It is thus clear that the deviation between theaverage and >the median is caused by a few expensivemachines in the last, open-ended category of "over$15,000."

A result of the high average cost of the present-daypersonal-computer system is that such systems arebecoming more and more elaborate. No longer do we seeas much use of a bare machine, without peripherals ormass storage. The typical $7415 machine can and doessupport a significant amount of computing power.Nowhere is this more evident than in our continuingsurvey of that crucial part of computing, computerlanguage literacy. Table 3 summarizes the respondents'use of various languages. As in previous versions of thesurvey, each language was associated with a mutually ex-clusive set of five states of language use: frequent, occa-sional, intended, no knowledge, and the catch-all "don'tknow or no answer." The interesting point to make here

Circle 4 on inquiry card. ^^^

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services- - - -s software Pr0^, ^

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Maybe we cansave you a call.

Many people have called with the

same questions about the AIO.

We'll answer those and a few more here.

Cb Does the AIO have hardware handshaking?A: Yes. The serial port accommodates 3 types—RTS,CTS, and PCD. The parallel port handles ACK, ACK,BSY, STB, and STB.

Qi What equipment can be used with the AIO?A: A partial list of devices that have actually been testedwith the AIO includes: IDS 440 Paper Tiger, Centronics779, Qume Sprint 5, NEC Spinwriter, Comprint, HeathkitH14, IDS 125, IDS 225, Hazeltine 1500, Lear SieglerADM-3, DTC 300, AJ 841.Qi Does the AIO work with Pascal?A: Yes. The current AIO serial firmware works greatwith Pascal. If you want to run the parallel port, or boththe serial and parallel ports with Pascal, order our'Pascal Patcher Disk'.'

Qi What kind of firmware option is available forthe parallel interface?

A: Two PROM's that the user installs on the AIO cardin place of the Serial Firmware PROM's provide:Variable margins, Variable page length, Variableindentations, and Auto-line-feed on carriagereturn.

Qi How do I interface my new printer to my Appleusing my AIO card?

A: Interconnection diagrams for many popular

printers and other devices are contained in the

AIO Manual. If your printer is not mentioned,

please contact SSM's Technical Support Dept.

and they will help you with the proper

connections.

Qi I want to use my Apple as a dumb terminalwith a modem on a timesharing service likeThe Source. Can I do that with the AIO?A: Yes. A "Dumb Terminal Routine" is listedin the AIO Manual. It provides for full andhalf duplex, and also checks for presenceof a carrier.

Qi What length cables are provided?A: For the serial port, a 12 inch ribbon cablewith a DB-25 socket on the user endis supplied. For the parallel port, a 72 inchribbon cable with an unterminated userend is provided. Other cables are availableon special volume orders.

ntact

us

lot

more

ggsi

35131

San(408)

lose946-

-7400

The AIO is just one of several boardsfor the Apple that SSM will be introducingover the next year. We are alsoreceptive to developing products tomeet special OEM requirements.So please contact us if you havea need and there is nothing availableto meet it.

.Apple

TNtofM>PteComputes,

inc.

££?£ti

SSM Microcomputer Products2190 Paragon Drive

San Jose, California 95131

(408) 946-7400

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HI --..... «ff

k

ng and the Apple.

If you could talk to Orville Wright, he'dtell you the problems he faced as a turn-of-the-century engineer. You could tell himall about the technological solutionsavailable to today's engineer and scientist...particularly a 20th century phenomenonthat tests assumptions and defines modelsbefore a project gets off the ground.The Apple personal computer.

Computation, calculation,analysis...the power topilot your projects.

With a highly-integrated system fromthe extensive Apple personal computerfamily, Orville and brother Wilbur wouldhave increased their productivity. Perhapseven launched the Kitty Hawk Flyer wellbefore 1903.

An Apple in their hangar would havefreed them from the time and tedium ofcrunching numbers by hand.

An Apple in your lab or office will giveyou the problem-solving capabilities youdemand from a big computer.. .withoutthe time-consuming problems typical ofremote processing.

But the Apple system solution doesn'tstop there. It keeps on soaring with provenperformance, power and expandability

Apple's existing software library includesa program that plots the shape of anairfoil, given its parameters.

that's unparalleled for analyzing alterna-tive paths of design and modeling awide variety of physical processes.

Want more memory? Depending onyour choice of system, Apple has memoryexpandable to 64K bytes or 128K bytes.Prefer wide displays? Choose 40 or 80characters. Need to control instrumentsin the lab? Get on the IEEE 488 bus. Over

100 companies also supply peripherals forApple because Apple is the most popularpersonal computer with the least com-plicated interface.

Want an efficient system of data storageand access? Apple's 5 lA" disk drive notonly offers you increased applicationversatility, but high density (143K bytes),high speed and low cost. You can even addup to four or more drives to yourApple system. With

proven reliability,no wonder it's themost popular driveon the market today.

Wilbur determined that birds didn't have to constantly flaptheir wings to fly With an Apple, he could 've determined thefixed-wing design of the Kitty Hawk Flyer much faster.

FORTRAN that helpedto design a 20th centuryflying machine.

Fluent in the same language that helpedto design the 747, Apple FORTRAN lets youtackle differential equations at the touch ofa key. And since more the 170 companiesalso offer software for the Apple family,you can have one of the most impressiveprogram libraries ever...including vastsubroutine libraries for math, science,engineering and statistics. When you write

Where to learnmore about Apple,the small-yet-serioussolution.

Let yourimaginationsoar withApple.Discover the 20thcentury tool versatileenough to monitorquality controls andmanufacturing sched-ules, orchestratetolerance tests anddetermine alternativeparts selection. Learn why Apple emergesas the technological leader of reliablepersonal computer products that increaseyour productivity.

Let the Apple dealer show you how,by putting the system of your choicethrough its paces. He'll tell you about ourextended warranty, support and service.And he'll prove that a personal computeris not just a flight of fancy but a serioussolution. Don't let history pass you by.Visit your nearest Apple dealer, or call800-538-9696. In California,800-662-9238.

_ appkz computer

Circle 5 on Inquiry card.

is the change between this year's survey and the 1978survey.

In particular, due to the dominance of BASIC-orientedpersonal-computing machinery, BASIC remains un-changed at the top of the list in terms of literacy.(Literacy is defined here as the sum of the responses thatindicated sufficient knowledge to use, or intend to use,the language.) But also significant was the change in theperception of Pascal on the part of readers. The rankingof this language by literacy has advanced 26.5 percentagepoints since the previous survey in January 1978. This isundoubtedly due to the increasing size of the typicalmachine and the wide availability of computer systemswith the UCSD Pascal Software System (now marketedby SofTech Microsystems of San Diego, California).

Articles Policy

BYTE is continually seeking quality manuscripts written by indi-viduals who are applying personal computer systems, designingsuch systems, or xoho have knowledge which will prove useful toour readers. For a more formal description of procedures andrequirements, potential authors should send a large (9 by 12 inch,30.5 by 22.8 cm), self-addressed envelope, with 28 cents US postageaffixed, to BYTE Author's Guide, 70 Main St, Peterborough NH03458.

Articles which are accepted are purchased with a rate of up to $50per magazine page, based on technical quality and suitability forBYTE's readership. Each month, the authors of the two leadingarticles in the reader poll (BYTE's Ongoing Monitor Box or"BOMB") are presented with bonus checks of $100 and $50. Unso-licited materials should be accompanied by full name and address,as well as return postage.

Software advertisements in BYTE for Pascal compilers orsystems today number in the vicinity of a half a dozen, asignificant indicator of interest in that language on thepart of vendors.

We'll conclude by presenting one more table (table 4)which was derived from the survey responses. This tableis a ranking of the top 20 areas of personal interest in theapplication and use of computers. Finally, to all thosereaders that reponded to this survey with such en-thusiasm, the entire staff of BYTE thanks you.B

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14

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Letters

Software Privateers

Personal computing today is con-fronted with one problem: software. In-dividual users can, with a few trivialcommands, copy and give away anylarge, complex program. The result is atremendous economic "disincentive" tothe potential creators of great software.No one would spend years of his life

creating an algorithmic masterpiece, onlyto see it stolen upon release.

The solution to this problem is notunenforceable threats to prosecutethieves; one can go to any computer-club meeting and see how seriouslythose threats are taken, as users swapdisks with abandon.

Some manufacturers are tryinganother approach. They are making

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their machines hard to program, so thatusers must buy plug-in software thatcannot be copied. This attempt toestablish a monopoly, however, tends tofail: few people write programs for suchmachines, so they are unattractive tousers, they do not sell well, and even-tually they drop out of sight. By cuttingthemselves off from the vast, invisiblearmy of user-programmers, makers ofthese machines cut their own throats.

I have a modest suggestion that mayhelp solve this problem of software,economics, and theft. A producer ofsignificant software must have theassurance that his creation, when sold toone user, cannot be given to anotheruser to run for less than the original pur-chase price. There must be somethingunique (or at least distinctive) about thelegitimate buyer's central-processingunit, so that his copy of the programcan recognize its owner's computer, andwork for it, but not for the thief'smachine. (The program should besomething like the giant's purse in "Jackand the Beanstalk," which cried outwhen stolen.)

I suggest that microprocessormanufacturers design into their pro-cessors a new command, IDENTIFY.When executed, the ID instructionwould put some identifying number intoone or several machine registers ormemory locations.

After that, everything is up to thesoftware producer. He must take theidentifying number, manipulate it, moveit around the programmable memoryspace, and otherwise so embed it in hisprogram that any attempt to remove itwill cost far more labor than the price ofthe program. When a user orders theprogram, he specifies his central-processor identifying number, andreceives a personalized copy of the soft-ware. The backup copies that he makeswill all run perfectly for him, as will theoriginal program. They just won't workon a machine with a different identity.

Trustworthy, bonded distributors ofthe software, such as retail computerstores, can be given instructions (in theform of master programs) as to how tocreate personalized copies for pur-chasers. No radical changes in the soft-ware distribution system that currentlyexists would be necessary.

Even if microprocessors only givedistinctive and not unique identifyingnumbers perhaps only 8 bits long, thissystem for discouraging software theftcould still work well. If there is only one

Circle 8 on Inquiry card. >

In late 1978, Intertec conceived the ideaof the InterTube Video Display Terminal.Since that time, we've greatly enhanced itsoperation with the addition of many newexciting features. But perhaps the most sig-nificant announcement in the InterTube line ofvideo terminals is our new InterTube III.

The new $895* InterTube III obsoletesdumb terminals and out-performs the smartones. Powerful standard features include:a full 24 line by 80 character display, 128upper and lower case ASCII characters,reverse video, complete cursor addressingand control, an 18 key numeric pad, user-defined function keys, blinking, a self-testmode, protected and unprotected fields,below-the-line descenders, automatic keyrepeat, twin RS232 serial ports and characterand line insert/delete. Incredible!

InterTube III also boasts newly designedprocessor, video and power supply circuits.All in all, the InterTube III is what we believeto be the most powerful, reliable video termi-nal available today. And it costs less than itspredecessor - our popular InterTube II.

InterTube III users will appreciate themany painstaking hours of human engineeringwhich insure effortless operation withoutoperator fatigue. InterTube Ill's new highresolution, non-glare CRT provides thesharpest possible display image. And ournewly designed keyboard has that expensive"feel" you normally find only on terminalscosting two to three times as much. But,most importantly, the InterTube III featuresstate-of-the art design with just three easilyremovable modules. So, with only a commonscrewdriver, servicing is a snap!

Better yet, we've got a nationwide serv-ice network with outlets located in over 50cities to provide fast and efficient on-site ordepot maintenance. Plus, an extendedwarranty program is also available.

If you're an existing InterTube user, youno doubt have discovered the exceptional valuethe InterTube really is. And, if you're not, whynot call or write us today for the name andaddress of your nearest InterTube III dealer.Intertec video terminals are distributed world-wide and may be available in your area now.

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chance in 256 that a bootleg copy willrun, a lot less copying will occur. Pro-ducers of large programs can charge lessfor their software and still get a goodreturn on their investments; lower pricesfor good software, in turn, will furtherreduce the pressure to steal it, etc.

The hardware/software combinationapproach to protecting programmers'property rights is simple and has manyadvantages. It can protect work done inhigh-level languages as well as machine-language products. It encourages usersto develop and distribute their own pro-grams. Most importantly, it works witheconomic forces instead of against them,unlike other antitheft techniques. Arelatively free market in computers hasled to the miracle of constantly cheaperand more powerful machines for thepast few decades. If software can fit intothe same market system, I foresee an ex-plosion in the release of creative humanenergy in that field too.

Mark Zlmmermann9410 Woodland DrSilver Spring MD 20910

While attempts to eliminate softwarepiracy are commendable, they veryoften fail because of the. cleverness ofpersonal-computer users; many take theanticopy measures as a challenge. The

problem lies in making the protectionscheme easy enough to be affordable,but complex enough to work.

Serial number protection is easy todefeat, since all the program is lookingfor is a number. A program similar toan interpreter can be written that sup-plies numbers sequentially, when theprotect code is requested. Who cares ifthe computer must iterate through 256or more combinations until it finds thekey P...CPF

Saving Fingers

I was interested to read Rod Hallen'sarticle "My TRS-80 Talks to MyCromemco Z2," June 1980 BYTE, page88. My organization markets engineeringdesign packages, mainly for structuralengineering, which have been developedon large minicomputers and mainframesin BASIC and FORTRAN. We convertthese into CP/M-compatible languagesand distribute them on ALTOS,Cromemco, and similar computers.

We recently faced the grim prospect ofhaving to hand-key 3500 lines of verycomplex FORTRAN IV program codefor STRESS, a frame analysis program,but, on giving the matter carefulthought, we organized the direct transferof source code files from a large

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minicomputer into CP/M disk files usingthe PIP facility.The steps we took were as follows:

1. Load ASCII (American StandardCode for Information Interchange)source file tape on a Varian V77operating under MP3.

2. Using the ALTOS in stand-alonemode, we loaded PIP, the CP/Mtransfer utility program. The com-mand CON: = <filename.FOR> wasentered. In this case, if the sourcetape had a set parity bit then the PIPcommand could have been extendedto strip it off.

3. The video terminal cable to theALTOS was disconnected.

4. A video terminal cable with theRS-232 pins 2 and 3 (TX,RX) reversedwas connected between the Varianterminal-controller outlet and theALTOS terminal connection. A patchbox came in very handy here tocheck pin status.

5. The Varian was then given a com-mand to read a named ASCII sourcefile from tape and display it on theterminal selected for the transfer.

6. The data was then read into theALTOS memory, 64 K bytes in thiscase.

7. On completion of the data transfer,the Varian terminal cable connectionat the ALTOS was replaced with itsown video terminal cable.

8. Control Z was entered on theALTOS video terminal which causedthe transfer of data from the ALTOSmemory to the disk file named in thePIP command.

We repeated this activity until all theprograms and libraries were transferred.The whole activity took about 1 hour.This compares very favorably with ourestimate of at least 120 hours and in-determinate debugging of entry errors.

J Morton-RobertsonEngineering Systems ManagerHill Price Davison(Engineering Services) LimitedWalham House, Walham GroveFulham SW6 1QP, England

Blaise Trees

The article "Understanding ISAM," byReginald Gates (June 1980 BYTE, page108) was interesting and informative.Unfortunately, the article does not men-tion alternative ISAM organizationsbased upon B-trees. Such ISAM files donot suffer from disadvantages ofreorganization as described in the article.An article in the ACM ComputerSurveys (June 1979) describes the prin-ciples involved in the operation of B-treefiles. One important property of thesefile structures is that reorganization isdone as the file is created and changed.

18 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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(SzTiTyti^MfliWSfiTtHjtnuT'M

inputs. Use output forlouncements in a control-rams Easy to use because input"°-'al software operating system

ITER

,Jrograms Blprovides easyafter Bur"

Create your own firmware.'HUMs. Disk software packagejgramming. EPROMs are verifiedurograms from on-board socket orPLUS*.

-US+

irough firmware. Six socketsOM equivalents Six or any com-^.ice. Scratch-pad RAM and two TTLconnectors. Special 2K ROMs available for powerful systemenhancement Keyboard Filter ROM—COPYROM— Otherscoming soon

tern

inly onlainframe com-lital instrumentalmusic synthesizer system. 16 voices instereo. Instrument definitions simulate thesound of real instruments—and more. Fullyprogrammable waveforms Envelope Con-trol. Composition system—sheet musicinput using standard music notation.Chords and multi-part scoring up to 16voices. A true instrument that anyone withan Apple can play.

i to digital input. 16tal to analog output,jlution. Super-fast 8jusec. conversion time. Monitor andoutput to the real world. All on onecard.

EXPANSION CHASSIS

auty power supply, hasy to use. Aaaress carasin Expansion Chassis the same way as in yourApple. Only one additional command to specifyin Apple or in Expansion Chassis. Compatible withall Apple peripherals.

MOUNTAIN HARDWARE has the most compre-hensive line of Apple peripherals available.Anywere. From anybody. We know the Appleinside and out and are committed to providingthe most innovative and unique products toexpand and enhance its capabilities and use.After all, we were the first company to make anApple peripheral—except Apple Computer.

The message is simple. If you have an Apple, youneed to know MOUNTAIN HARDWARE.

Available at Apple Dealers worldwide.

Mountain Hardware

Leadership in Computer PeripheralsA Division of Mountain Computer, Inc.300 Harvey West Blvd.Santa Cruz, CA 95060 (408) 429-8600

MORE PERIPHERALS? Send me information.

NAME

ADDRESSCITY.

.STATE.

_ZIP

Apple is atrademarH of Apple Computer Inc.

There are several successful implementa-tions of ISAM files using these struc-tures. We have implemented a UCSDPascal Unit for ISAM using a modifiedB-tree approach on file organization andmaintenance. An index to a file istreated as another indexed file, so thesystem can handle any level of indexingand any size file. A primary key can bemade up of several parts of the record,and secondary keys can also be definedon the record.

There are many extra features notnormally available to ISAM users thatincrease our implementation's utility.Some of these are: an empty file doesnot need special handling, there is a readforward and a read reverse, there is anefficient block delete, there are variousoptions on backup for the prime blocksand index blocks, and there are severalutilities available for reorganization,creation, statistics, and recovery. Thefile scheme works equally well withoutan index and can be used for smalltables.

The unit is being packaged and soldby ERA Computers, POB 500,Fyshwick, Canberra, 2609, Australia;further information can be obtainedfrom them. ERA is also marketinganother of our packages which enablesFORMS for screen and printers to beeasily created and manipulated. Thisalso runs as a Unit in UCSD Pascal. It isa considerable advance on other knownFORMS packages.

K Cox and Trevor LawrenceSchool of Information SciencesCanberra College of Advanced EducationPOB 1, Belconnen A.C.T., 2616, Australia

Prime Performance

As a TRS-80 owner, I read with someamazement the results of a performanceevaluation submitted by Charles HPorter and highlighted in the TechnicalForum, on page 216 of the July 1980BYTE. (See 'TRS-80 Performance,Evaluation by Program Timing," March1980 BYTE, page 84 and "Some More onPerformance Evaluation," by CarlHelmers, respectively.) Inspecting MrPorter's program revealed the algorithmto be the Sieve of Eratosthenes, and aswritten, won't work! Line 110 shouldread:

110 IF A(X) = 0THEN 100 ELSE 90

One can also eliminate line 50 andchange line 60 to read:

60 DIM A(L)

Also, consider the following: In the pro-cess of DIMensioning an integer array,Level II BASIC initializes the elements to0. Why bother to reinitialize them to 1

20

October 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc

only to later set them back to 0 to flagthat the element's subscript is not prime7Instead, eliminate the array "initializa-tion" in line 70 and set the nonprimeelements to 1. The result will be that allprime subscripts are represented by ele-ment values of 0. (Negative logic is oftenmore appropriate or efficient, as in thiscase.) Eliminating the initialization loopfrom the program cuts another 55seconds off the already impressive 6minute 12 second execution time.

I also take issue with Mr Porter's useof Level II error trapping to implementthe algorithm. A simple test of the valueof X*2 exceeding the array limit wouldhave sufficed as well as made the pro-gram more readily understandable.

The following version of Mr Porter'sprogram will thus execute faster as wellas include the "missing" prime notdisplayed in the original. Non-DISKBASIC users should eliminate lines 20and 70.

10 DEFINTA-Z

20 S$ = RIGHT$(TIME$,8)

30 L= 10000 : X = 2

40 DIMA(L)

50 FOR I = 2.X TO L STEP X: A(l)=1 :

NEXT60 X = X+1 : IF2.X< = L THEN IF

A(X) = 1 THEN 60 ELSE 5070 PRINT "START ";S$ : PRINT "STOP ";

RIGHT$(TIME$,8)75 INPUT "DISPLAY PRIME NUMBERS";X$

: IF LEFT$(X$,1)<>"Y" THEN END80 FOR I = 1 TO L : IF A(l) = 0 THEN

PRINT I,90 NEXT99 END

Les Parent

35 Barnesdale Rd

Natick MA 01760

Treasure-80

Different strokes for different folks.Here is one TRS-80 customer that thinksthe Tandy Corporation does just fine inthe software department. The TRS-80 isnot just another CP/M machine, thankgoodness. For my money, TRSDOS is aslicker, easier to use, and more modernoperating system. And NEWDOS, thehighly touted modified version ofTRSDOS, is mainly notable for its in-compatibility. If it weren't forNEWDOS, users wouldn't need SUPER-ZAP to apply all those machine-language patches to get their software torun. I haven't seen a word-processingpackage that can touch SCRIPSIT. Ispent good money for the Microsoftmacroassembler, then went back tousing EDTASM. The list goes on.

Personal-computer magazines need tolook at the TRS-80 in a new light, andview it as an entity unto itself, not anaberration to be forced into the familiarCP/M mold. CP/M may be familiar tosome, but TRSDOS is familiar to me,

Circle 11 on Inquiry card.

Industrial quality componentsfor S-100 system builders, fromCalifornia Computer Systems.

2422 Disk Controller. Single and doubledensity controller for up to four 5'.4 " or 8"single-sided drives, or two double-sided drives.Shipped with CP/M 2.0, the controller readsand writes IBM-standard single density.Automatically determines disk density—single or double. Supports PerSci auto eject,plus fast-seek for voice coil systems.

2810 Z80 CPU Board. Capable CPU for S-100

Systems operates at 2 or 4MHz, is fully Altair/Imsai compatible. Z-80 monitor is availableseparately. Includes auto addressing to4K boundaries, plus a serial port for serialdevices, including terminals and printers.Supports both front-panel operation andpower-on memory jump, plus wait-state gen-eration for slower memories. Compatible withproposed IEEE S-100 standards.

2032A 32K Static RAM. Fast static memoryoperates without wait states at a full 4MHz.Supports full and partial bank select, forexpansion beyond 64K. Addressable in 8Kblocks at 8K boundaries. Address and datalines are fully buffered, and there are noDMA restrictions.

201616K Static RAM. Fully buffered board

features 2114 static RAMsfor +5v operation.Bank select available by bank port or bankbyte, for system expansion beyond 64K.Addressable in 4K blocks at 4K boundaries.LED indicators for board selection andbank selection. Available in 200, 300, or 450nsec versions. All versions support 4MHzoperation with no wait states.

220OA Mainframe. Rock solid, heavy gaugecabinet includes 12-slot, actively terminatedS-100 motherboard, fan, and power supply.Power supply features 105,115, or 125 voltAC input power; provides +8vDC at 20 amps,± 16v DC at 4 amps. Available in five colors.Includes convenient, front mounted, lightedreset switch.

2501A Mother Board. 12 slots, activelyterminated, with all S-100 connectors included.Distributed power line bypass, low induc-tance interconnect—extremely low bus noise.

Prototype Boards. Four high quality prototypeboards: Solder Tail, Extender/Terminator,Wire Wrap, and Etch.

P2802AA6502 CPU. Stand-alone CPUgenerates fully S-100 compatible I/O signals;executes 6502 machine language. Operates at2MHz; capable of DMA operation.

Available nationally.

California Computer Systems industrialquality S-100 products are available at over250 computer retailers. Volume customersshould contact the marketing department atCCS.

CCS. Industrial standards.

{Q?

e the S-lQfl

We mass-produce S-100

products to deliver industrial

quality, at industrial prices.

You systems builders who need top quality, fullfeatured, workhorse S-100 building blocks at the mostcompetitive prices now have a source. CaliforniaComputer Systems.

Industrial quality means top grade materials, com-ponents, and assembly, plus complete testing for absolutereliability.

Industrial quality means solid designs, a fullcomplement of the important features you require, anda product line that delivers performance.

Industrial pricing comes from mass production. Webuy at the right prices, and build in quantity, usingstate-of-the-art facilities and techniques. Includingcomplete burn-in, for full performance right off the shelf.

Our industrial point of view means you get higherperformance, greater reliability, and lower prices. If theseare features you would like to see in your S-100 system,see things our way.

Because for serious users with serious uses forthe S-100, these are the industrial standards.

5

California Computer Systems

250 Caribbean Sunnyvale, CA 94086 (408)734-5811

and the CP/M-based software I haveseen thus far is clumsy and old-fashioned by comparison to the newerproducts. CP/M is touted as "the soft-ware bus." Let us take note of the ob-solescence of the S-100 bus standard. Itwill soon be replaced by a new stan-dard. Is not CP/M in the same position?Many years ago, IBM's customer baseinsisted that IBM retain its old familiaroperating systems. Those customers to-day suffer from obsolete, clumsy, ineffi-cient, and troublesome software that istruly laughable by today's standards.There is a lesson here for the microcom-puter world. Nostalgia is a luxury wecannot afford.

John R Culleton JrCulleton Group2401 Haight AveSykesvllle MD 21784

Superb Brain

For any BYTE readers who may havehad problems with the Intertec Super-brain operating systems, I would like torecommend the services of InformationEngineering, POB 198, 8 Bay Rd,Newmarket NH 03857, (603) 659-5891.

I am a writer who bought a Super-brain for use with Micropro's Word Starsoftware as a word-processing system. A

bug was present from the beginning.After saving a file and calling it back forediting, I was always confronted byseveral lines of garbled text (usuallyabout 28 lines into the file). I had dif-ficulty meeting deadlines because over-coming the bug, which happened inevery file, proved time-consuming. Ithought that the fault lay with WordStar, but Word Star proved blameless.Both my software and hardware vendorstried to help, but neither succeeded.

Intertec listened to my description ofthe problem and offered two sugges-tions. The first: that I should have mylocal dealer replace the EPROM(erasable programmable read-onlymemory) that came in my Superbrain.The Intertec representative suggestedthat $125 would be a reasonable fee forthis replacement. The second suggestion:that I should have a $1500 hardware"upgrade." When I asked my localdealer, he knew nothing about thereplacement EPROM. He said calls toIntertec provided no clarification. As forspending $1500 to "upgrade" a two-month-old computer that never workedcorrectly, I considered that suggestiontantamount to an admission thatsomething was wrong with the computeras originally sold.

My hardware vendor heard about In-formation Engineering and gave me the

A CREATION OF COMPUTER HE AD WARE

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A sophisticated, self-indexing filing system-flexible, infinitely useful and easy to use,that adapts to your needs.

WHATSIT comes ready to run on your Apple, NorthStar, orCP/M computer. See your dealer. .. or write or call:

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telephone number. I called, and MarkKlein answered. He asked me a fewquestions that indicated familiarity withthe kind of problem I was having. Hetook down the serial number of mySuperbrain and my phone number. Laterhe called and said that he could definite-ly fix the problem. InformationEngineering made and sent me anEPROM to replace the one supplied byIntertec. Together with an operating-system patch supplied by InformationEngineering on disk, the InformationEngineering EPROM fixed the Super-brain at once. Not only did Word Starand CBASIC run perfectly, but the diskdrives operated much more quickly andquietly.

I have written this letter because Iwould like other Superbrain owners toknow that they can get help from Infor-mation Engineering if they experienceproblems like the one that I did.

Philip Lemmons

201 E 36th St

New York NY 10016

/ talked with Mark Klein of Informa-tion Engineering, and learned that theproblems encountered by Superbrainusers were frequently due to software. Inmost cases, a new EPROM (erasableprogrammable read-only memory) and apatch to the CP/M BIOS (the input/out-put handler for CP/M) cures the prob-lem. According to a flyer put out byInformation Engineering, the cost of thefix is $150, and the following advantagesare gained:

• improved disk handling;

• use of all available space on disk;

• ability to run programs larger than30 K bytes;

• keyboard type-ahead;

• ADM-3A cursor- and screen-controlcodes available; and

• serial number keyed to machine serialnumber. . . .CPF

A SwTPC 6800 User Needs Help

I own a Southwest Technical Products(SwTPC) 6800 development system,with which I need to program somePROMs (programmable read-onlymemories). I have not been able to suc-cessfully load my memory-residentPROM-programming code using mycassette interface. Can a reader of BYTEsend me a listing of this PROM-programming program, so that I cancompare it against the code in mysystem's memory? Thanks.

Bob Abbott3333 Toledo AveLubbock TX 79412

Letters continued on page 294

22 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 12 on inquiry card.

Circle 13 on inquiry card.

Thousands of SoftwareHows'"users agree — SoftwareHowsproducts set a new standard of excellence for solution-orientedsoftware. Instant installation for your system, powerful "wordprocessing-like" editing facilities and consistentoperatingfeatures make this SolutionWare'" the only serious choice foryour needs.

Why settle for a piecewhen you can havethe whole pie?!

Payroll

At last! An integrated system of businesssoftware ideal for youl

How often have you purchased softwareon ly to be disappointed by its features orfrustrated by the inability of the differentprograms to work together? Are you tiredof entering the same data into your Pur-chase Ordering System when a part is or-dered, into Inventory when it arrives, Payableswhen it's invoiced and General Ledger whenit's paid for? Can you easily link your Account-ing Data Base with your word processing softwareto create personalized letters, reports, notices andannouncements?* Does your Point of Sale. OrderEntry software also save a keyed file which may laterbe Sorted for over 60 customer characteristics and usedto generate personalized sales literature?

If you don't like your answers to these questions, your accountingsoftware is costing you money!

The Data Base Integration'" System from SoftwareHows" does allthis and much more! This newest software product offers theperfect blend of performance, price and flexibility. Every singletransaction feeds your master records. This common data baseapproach organizes all your business information so that everymodule is fully interactive. The result of this vast and easy to usedata base is unique. You'll be amazed at how much better you'llunderstand the operation and cash flow of your business! Andbetter understanding means better planning—and higher profitsfor you!

The Data Base Integration System is built around the basic fouraccounting tools: General Ledger provides those all importantbalance sheets and income statements, Accounts Receivable andPayable take care of invoice control in a jiffy, while Payroll withCost Accounting does your payroll and provides cost effective-ness data. All packages fully interact and are self-checking. Theamazing Order-Right'"order entry system and MicroDaSys In-ventory, give you one of the most complete sales managementand material requirements systems available. Output is processedwith lightning speed and meticulousaccuracy: invoices,shippinglabels, charge slips and COD tags. Orders automatically interactwith Inventory and Receivables. If your stock is too low, Inventoryrecommends the best source of supply and approximate prices topay. Upon authorization, a purchase order is generated. Thereceiving department verifies receipt and the invoice is trans-ferred to Accounts Payable.

The Data Base Integration Business System is $2500. And that'sfor all seven packages! Now there's a deal too good to pass up!It includes over 1500 pages of user documentation, and a supplyof computer forms. With our unique DBI Installation Program,getting the complete package up and running on your systemis a breeze. Best of all, complete CBASIC source code is includedwith every CBASIC package. Current disk formats include 8" soft-sectored, 5" hard- and soft-sectored.

Call or Write for the SolutionWare'" to meetyour software needs — today!

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A Complete 200 page Overview of allSoftwareHows SolutionWare is yoursfor just $75, refundable with purchase.

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a division of MicroDaSys

PO Box 36275 Los Angeles, CA 90036(213)731-0876 TWXS10-321-2378

Gispcis's Circuit Cellar

Copyright © 1980 by Steven A Ciarcia. All rights reserved.

Make Liquid-CrystalDisplays Work for You

Steve Ciarcia

POB 582

Glastonbury CT 06033

You've probably seen the abbrevia-tion LCD. The chances are that manyof you own LCD calculators or wearLCD watches. Liquid-crystal dis-plays, or LCDs, are enjoying rapidgrowth in key markets, especially inbattery-operated devices. They arebeginning to appear in everythingfrom computer games to handheldterminals.

Rather than emitting light, as in thecase of LEDs (light-emitting diodes),LCDs are light reflectors. They areprimarily used in high-ambient-lightsituations and require external"backlighting" for low-ambient-lightuse. Since they are non-illuminating,they consume very little power andcan be driven directly from CMOS

(complementary metal-oxide semi-conductor) circuitry. This fact alonemakes them valuable for portableequipment.

What Are LCDs?

They are two families of LCDs:dynamic-scattering and field-effect.Dynamic-scattering devices harnessthe intermolecular turbulence createdwhen a current flows through liquid-crystal material. This turbulence pro-duces a frosty characteristic on a clearor reflective background. Dynamic-scattering LCDs were the first type ofLCDs to be developed, and they havesome built-in problems.

Besides having a high thresholdvoltage (12 V to 15 V), there is a

fkl 8 Sil <W ^ ifa m >W

9frfr*M*MHHHfrfrfr*ft«!

Photo 1: Standard three-and-a-half-digit clock/multimeter display. The unit shown istransmissive and has no rear reflector. All segments are energized in this photo.

"Catch 22" associated with theiroperating principle. Small impuritiesare added to facilitate current flow.These impurities, which are suscepti-ble to humidity, oxygen, and theultraviolet component of sunlight,break down. As they break down,current flow increases, causing fur-ther contamination. These earlydisplays lasted only about a year innormal operation. They are not wide-ly used anymore.

Second-generation LCDs utilizefield-effect technology. In contrast tothe current-operated dynamic-scattering devices, field-effect LCDsare voltage-operated.

The liquid-crystal material is anorganic compound with nematicproperties. The long axes of the mole-cules are parallel but are not arrangedin distinct layers. Within specifictemperature ranges they exhibit prop-erties of both liquid and solid states.The long and cylindrical molecules,when brought in contact with atreated glass surface, align themselvesalong a specific axis to form a polariz-ing filter.

There are three types of LCDs:reflective, transmissive, and trans-flective. The reflective LCD consistsof a vertical polarizer, the liquid-crystal material, a horizontal polar-izer, a reflector, and indium-oxideelectrodes all mounted in a glasssandwich (see figure 1). The verticalpolarizer, which works like aPolaroid sunglass lens, permits lightonly with a particular orientation topass through.

When the display is unenergized,this light passes through the liquid-crystal material and is twisted 90°

24 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

The most far-reaching business tool

since the telephone.

Nixdorf's LK-3000 withRS232 interface.

It's the world's first truly portableremote multi-function mini-terminal.Specially designed for executives,field service personnel, sales reps,any business person who needs toenter or receive information froma central computer over ordinarytelephone lines. In effect, it makesany business computer a computernetwork as far-reaching as theworld's telephone systems.

The remarkable LK-3000 withRS232 interface and acoustic couplercan do anything a standard terminalcan do, yet it weighs only threepounds, fits comfortably in any brief-case, and is so inexpensive, everybusiness person with a computerand a telephone should have one.How it works.

Simply dial your own computerdirectly, place the telephone hand-set into the acoustic coupler, and

you're in business. You can enter orreceive any information you choose.Directly from a client's office, yourhome or hotel room. Anywherethere's a phone. Anytime there'sa need.

The RS232 module operates at110 or 300 bits per second, asyn-chronous with simple self containedprotocol software. Optimal featuressuch as odd/even parity and Baudrate are selected through theLK-3000 keyboard. 300 Baud isachieved through a Nixdorf LK-4040acoustically coupled modem.

Other specifications include 80-character display buffer, optionalhalf or full duplex, 8-bits word lengthincluding parity, and three stop bits.Multi-function personal computer.In addition to interfacing with a centralcomputer, the Nixdorf LK-3000 is amulti-function personal computer inits own right. It's specially designedto accept a wide variety of other

interchangeable function modules.Simply switch modules, and it be-comes a language translator (newlanguage modules will soon beadded to the 11 already available),a five-function calculator, or a sys-tem for indexing files. There's evena programmable "electronic notepad"module that allows you to record anyinformation you choose. Names, dates,appointments, tax data and much more.

With RS232 interface module, theNixdorf LK-3000 is a mini-terminalthat turns every telephone into yourpersonal computer. With its manyother function modules, it's themost versatile personal computerever developed. And the only port-able personal computer offered bya professional computer company.

For more information, writeNixdorf Computer Personal Sys-tems, 168 Middlesex Turnpike,Burlington, MA 01803, or call toll free(800) 225-1992.

Circle 14 on inquiry card.

NIXDORF

COMPUTER

BYTE October 1980

25

la

r

-FIELD-EFFECT CELL

-INDIUM-OXIDECHARACTER SEGMENTS

^

INDIUM-OXIDE

COMMON ELECTRODE PATTERN

VERTICALPOLARIZER

BACK HORIZONTAL

GLASS POLARIZER

PLATE

REFLECTOR

MOLECULES ALIGNED WITH ELECTRICAL FIELD

Vr

Figure Is Block diagram of a field-effect liquid crystal. Field-effect liquid crystals are voltage-operated.

In the unenergized case (figure la), light enters a vertical polarizer at the front, and proceeds through the front glass plate contain-ing indium-oxide electrodes, in the shape of a seven-segment display in this case. (Note: The electrodes are shown darkened in this il-lustration for clarity. In actual operation, they are transparent.) The light is then twisted 90° through the liquid-crystal material, pro-ceeds through the horizontal polarizer, and is reflected back through the entire assembly. The viewer sees a blank display.

In the energized case (figure lb), the indium-oxide electrodes are activated and the corresponding portions of the liquid crystal alignthemselves with the electrical field. Thus, they no longer twist the light going through them by 90°. Light passing through thesesegments cannot pass through the horizontal polarizer, and these portions look dark to the viewer.

Never so fast... Never so easy!

Animation for the Apple 11

With SubLOGIC's A2-3D1 high-speed 3D Cassette $45 or disk $55. See your

animation package for your Apple, youcan • generate scenes or drawings

• view them from any distance or angleand, yes • even rotate them. All youneed is 16K RAM and the creative urge.

116 pages of documentation includedto guide the beginner through scenecreation, storage, retrieval, movement,and advanced applications.

Special Features: i

• 100-150 lines-per-second projection rate i

• Dual page flicker free animation

• Scenes created with standard coordinates

• Easy use with BASIC programs

dealer or order direct (include $1.75for UPS or $2.50 for first class mail).Illinois residents add 5% sales tax.Visa and Mastercard accepted.

The engineering and graphics expertsopening a new era in computer simulation.

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26

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 15 on inquiry card.

Circle 16 on inquiry card.

ATARI: PERSONAL

COMPUTER SYSTEMS THAT

GROW WITH YOU

Start with a better computer.

Atari computers have built-in capa-bilities you can't even add ontomany other personal computers.Three programming formats (ROMcartridge, disk and cassette). A 57 keyupper/lower case ASCII keyboard with29 keystroke graphics symbols. 128colors and hues. Four separate soundchannels and a built-in speaker. Fourcontroller ports. A built-in RF

©1980. Atari, Inc.

O A Warner Communications Company

Alan reserves Ihe rlrjhl to make changes to productsor programs without notice.

modulator and FCC approval forconnection to any TV Plus, nationwideAtari Authorized Service Centers.And more.

Add memory. The ATARI

800™ is supplied with16K of memory. You canexpand up to a full 48K ofwith 8K or 16K MemoryModules™ you install yourself,In less than a minute. TheATARI 400's™ 8K of RAM may beexpanded to 16K at Authorized Ser-vice Centers. Both may be expandedto 26K of ROM with slip-in ROMcartridge programs.

Add peripherals. The ATARI 410™audio-digital program recorder. Sin-gle or dual density* disk drives. TheATARI 800 individually addresses upto four drives. Add the ATARI 850™RS232 Interface Module. Add highspeed 40 or 80-column printers. Addan acoustic modem for remote dataaccess. Add a light pen* And thereare more Atari peripheralson the way.

ATARI

Add programs. Choose among doz-ens of programs in Atari's rapidlyexpanding software library. Programscategories include:

• Personal Finance& Record Keeping

• Personal Interest & Development

• Professional Applications

• Education

• Information & Communication

• Entertainment

• Programming Languages

• Small Business Accounting

Add It up. With Atari, you startwith more. And you can build tomore. Because Atari offers you per-sonal computer systems that growwith you. Ask your Atari retailerto give you a full demonstrationof Atari computers, peripheralsand programs. Complete systems.Because when other people werethinking hardware and software,Atari was thinking systems.•Available Fall, 1980

PERSONAL COMPUTERS

1265 Borregas Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94086

Call toll-free (Soo) 538-8547 (Except Alaska and Hawaii)(in California; (800) 673-1404) for the name of your nearest Atari retailer,

Circle 17 on inquiry card.

CHOOSE...

Choose an Apple Desk

A compact bi-level desk ideal for an Applecomputer system. This 42" x 3154" desk comeswith a shelf to hold two Apple disk drives.Thetop shelf for your TV or monitor and manualscan also have an optional paper slot to accom-odate a printer.

Choose a Micro Desk

Get your micro computer off the desk top andinto the micro shelf under our Designer Seriesdesks. Suitable for the North Star, Dynabyte,Vector Graphics, and Altos computers. Thedesks come in a variety of sizes and colors.

Choose a Mini Rack

■*

Mini racks and mini micro racks have standardventing, cable cutouts and adjustable RETMArails. Choose a stand alone bay or a 48", 60",or 72" desk model in a variety of colors andwood tones. A custom rack is available for theCromemco.

Choose a Printer Stand

The Universal printer stand fits the:

Centronics 700's Diablo 1600's & 2300's

Dec LA 34 T.I. 810 & 820

NEC Spinwriter Okidata Slimline

Lear Siegler 300's Anadex 9500's

Delivery in days on over 200 styles and colorsin stock. Dealer inquiries invited.

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with respect to the vertical polarizer.Shifted in this way, the light passesthrough the horizontal polarizer,which has a similar polar orientation.The result is that light passes freelythrough the cell and the LCD appearstransparent.

When the display is energized, themolecules in the liquid-crystalmaterial align themselves with theelectrical field, and polar rotation nolonger occurs in the region of thecharacter-pattern elements. Thevertically-polarized light conformingto the image produced by theseelements cannot pass through thehorizontal polarizer, and is absorbedby it instead. The energized displayelements therefore appear as blackimages against a light-colored back-ground. The reflector is placedbehind the display to take advantage

of ambient light and reflect the pat-tern image back to the viewer.

The transmissive LCD has noreflector and appears as plain glasswhen unenergized. Both reflectiveand transmissive LCDs are shown inphoto 2. To view the characters onthis unit properly, a light source mustbe placed behind the display. Atransflective LCD combines the prop-erties of both. It has a reflector fordaylight operation, but the reflectoris thin enough to allow back lightingin the dark. An example is an LCDdisplay in a wristwatch.

Using LCDs

Basically, LCDs are low-voltageAC (alternating current) devices.They typically operate within therange of 3 to 12 V RMS (root meansquare). (Some circuits run on 1.5 V

vss—'

VDD CONTROL INPUT1

(B) O(A) £_>40Hz OSCILLATOR INPUT

CD4070CO

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LCD SEGMENT FRONT PLANELCD BACK PLANE

Figure 2: Liquid-crystal driver technique. LCDs are driven using symmetrical squarewaves with less than 50 mV DC offset. The low-offset AC drive is obtained in all LCDdrivers by the use of exclusive-OR outputs. The configuration shown will result in alow-DC-offset AC drive with 2 X VDD peak value, or an RMS value of VDD for the LCD.

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EXCLUSIVE-OR GATE

CONTROL INPUTEXCLUSIVE-OR GATE

180°

PHASE-SHIFTED OUTPUT

EXCLUSIVE-OR GATE

RESULTANT DISPLAYWAVEFORM MEASUREDFRONT PLANE TOBACK PLANE

-(Vdd-Vss'

Figure 3: Waveforms occurring during typical LCD operation. To drive an LCD, ap-propriate voltages must be applied to the "on" segments, the "off" segments, and thebackplane. Here an exclusive-OR logic gate is used to drive one of the segment elec-trodes, as shown in figure 2. Waveform (a) is a 40 Hz 50%-duty-cycle square-wave in-put to the exclusive-OR gate, (b) is the segment on/off control input. When the controlinput is high, (c) is the output of the exclusive-OR; (d) is the waveform seen by theLCD, measured with respect to the backplane. It is an AC signal with a peak RMS valueequal to 2 X VDD.

28

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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but incorporate a voltage doubler ortripler for the display.) Higher peakvoltages are allowed, but it is theRMS value that is important. The DC(direct current) offset potential of thedrive signal must be less than 50 mV;DC tends to degrade the liquid-crystal material.

Also, since the device consists oftwo conductors separated by a dielec-tric (ie: insulating material), it func-tions electrically like a capacitor. Thefrequency of the AC drive signal,while not critical, does have apreferable range. A property of ca-pacitors is that the higher the frequen-cy, the lower the reactance, and thegreater the current drain. If the fre-quency is too low, flicker will result.In general, 25 Hz should be theminimum frequency.

Driving the LCD

To drive a display, appropriatevoltages must be applied to the "on"segments, "off" segments, and thebackplane. Figure 2 shows sche-matically what this entails.

In a typical driver circuit, the out-put of an exclusive-OR logic gate goesto a segment electrode. This isanalogous to one of the seven inputsof a seven-segment LED display. The

Function

Pin Number

a1

37

b1

38

01

39

digit 1

d1

40

e1

2

f1

4

gi

3

a2

6

b2

7

c2

8

digit 2

d2

9

e2

10

f2

12

92

11

a3

13

b3

14

C3

15

digit 3

d3

16

e3

17

f3

19

93

18

a4

20

t>4

21

c4

22

digit 4

d4

23

e4

24

f4

26

g4

25

Table 1:

Pin functions

of the Siliconix

DF411 f

our-digit

LCD driver used in

figure 6.

oscillator input, which also cycles theexclusive-OR gate, is connected to theLCD backplane terminal. This con-nection is roughly equivalent to thecommon cathode on an LED display.To turn the segment on, simply applya logic 1 to the control input (pin 1);to turn it off, apply a logic 0.

Figure 3 illustrates the resultantwaveforms. Figure 3a is a 40 Hz50%-duty-cycle square-wave input tothe exclusive-OR gate; 3b is the seg-ment on/off control input. When thecontrol input is high, waveform 3c isthe output of the exclusive-OR. Infigure 3d, the waveform is shown asseen by the LCD, measured with re-spect to the backplane. The result isan AC signal with an RMS peak of2 X VDD. An exclusive-OR gate (partof a CMOS CD4070 quad 2-input ex-clusive-OR gate) used in the exampleis specifically chosen to maintain aminimal DC offset potential. WhileTTL (transistor-transistor logic)devices will work in theory, the 200mV typical offset potential will con-siderably shorten the life of the LCDand should not be used. To connectLCDs to TTL, the preferred method isto use a CMOS BCD (binary-codeddecimal) latch/decoder/ LCD-driversuch as the MC14543. A schematicdiagram of a typical circuit is shownin figure 5.

For larger displays, such as in afour-digit multimeter, we could addthree more MCl4543s or use a singleSiliconix DF411 four-digit LCDdriver. (Figure 6 demonstrates thisapplication.) Rather than fourseparate BCD inputs, totaling sixteenlines, the DF411 relies on a multi-plexed data input. Each digit is se-quentially loaded by setting the 4-bitBCD code lines on B0 thru B3 and

BLANK O-STR0BE O-

150

100

50

\'on

'off

3 6 9 12

APPLIED VOLTAGE (VRMS)

Figure 4: Typical LCD on/off responsetimes as a function of applied AC inputvoltage.

strobing the proper digit line. Bothexamples utilize static display drivers.This is the least complicated methodto use.

Multiplexed LCD Displays

The first thought that comes tomind when using multiple-digitdisplays is to use a single driver unitand multiplex it among the digits.This is the classic method used in LEDdisplays. With LCDs, however, thereare some extra considerations.

Of the two basic types of LCDs, the

Number Type

+ 5 V GND

IC1IC2

MC14543CD4047

1614

+ 5VT_

BCD

INPUT

0.05/iF

C A * "T OUT

R IC2

CD404732 TO 40 Hz

RC +T ER RT

o-o-n>-o-

13

I

LD BLA A

B B

CC

D IC1 E

MC14543 F

PHASE

LCD DISPLAY

12

13

15

14

BACKPLANE

12

Figure 5: A single-digit, seven-segment LCD driver circuit.

30 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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D4

D3

D2

Dl

4-DIGIT

LCD

DISPLAY

- O V

Li

;390pF

BACKPLANE

OSC

D4 D3 D2 Dl B3 B2 Bl BO

ft!

34

DIGITINPUT <STROBE

BCD

INPUT

DATA

33

D2C>Dl(Z>~

32

31

B3L>B2 _>-Bl _>-BO O-

30

28

29

27

Figure 6: A four-digit LCD driver circuit, the DF411, made by Siliconix, Inc, 2201GLaurelwood Rd, Santa Clara CA 95054.

OOTW"

ISM II II llll II ll3l|g|BII3||^M3||g||!;i|5|H|q|i

__i

s S 2

jJ'H

n a n

M M m

MLC250/S

Photo 2: Comparison of two types of LCDs. At left is a transmissive display; at right isa reflective display. Both units are unenergized in the photo.

32 October 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc

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excitation and threshold voltages ofthe field-effect device are lower andmore suitable for multiplexing. Thethreshold voltage is defined as thelevel at which the segment switchesfrom "off" to "on." In a multiplexed

driver arrangement, the effectivethreshold voltage varies as a functionof the duty cycle. In effect, as thenumber of multiplexed digits in-creases (while the duty cycledecreases), the power-supply voltage

Photo 3: A 14-by-20 LCD dot-matrix display taken from a Mego Mini-Vid space-wargame. The unit is shown with all dots turned on.

Photo 4: Rear of the printed-circuit board used in the Mego Mini-Vid game, revealingthe location of the liquid crystal display shown in photo 3. The complete electronic cir-cuitry for the game is visible. The integrated circuit on the left is an Intel/NEC 80488-bit microcomputer. At the right is a custom LCD dot-matrix driver component. Thethree sets of discrete components (clockwise from top right) are a voltage regulator, anaudio amplifier, and a 6 MHz clock circuit. I bought the game on sale for $24.95.

must increase.

To overcome this difficulty whilestill reducing the number of connec-tions and drivers, several specialtechniques are used. The most com-mon is called the voltage-select or"V/3" method which operates thenonselected display-pattern segmentsjust below the threshold voltage andthe selected segments just above it.Most eight-digit liquid-crystalcalculator displays use this scheme.

A common misconception is thatrelatively slow LCD response timespreclude conventional multiplexingapproaches (see figure 4). This isbecause an LCD is essentially acapacitor that can be "charged"(turned on) by a series of pulses overa period of time (presuming constantdata input during this time).

The integration of the pulses is ac-complished by the long time constantof the LCD itself. (In reading an LEDdisplay, the eye performs the integra-tion of the short-duty-cycle images.)It may take a half second for an LCDdisplay to settle out the displayed im-age. This is not a problem with slow-ly changing data, such as a clock dis-play. An arrangement like this wouldbe unacceptable for use with data thatupdates ten times a second, however.Only a static driver could be effectiveat that rate.

The real problem is not with multi-digit displays, but rather with dot-matrix LCD displays like the oneshown in photo 3. This particular dis-play is a 14-by-20 dot matrix from a"Mini Vid" space-war game by Mego.I didn't care much for the game, butthe display was fun to experimentwith and less expensive when sal-vaged from a toy rather than pur-chased directly from an LCD manu-facturer. The popular MicroVisiongames from Milton-Bradley use asimilar display with a 16-by-16matrix.

With a matrix-addressed LCD,each segment plus its associated back-plane is electrically equivalent to alossy, nonlinear, voltage-dependentcapacitor. In fact, the entire arraymay be represented schematically asrows and columns interconnected bycapacitors at each intersection. A ser-ies of "select" pulses drives each row,while a series of data pulses, whichare either in phase or out of phasewith the select pulses, drives eachcolumn.

LCDs have electro-optical char-

34 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

PROGRAM Reduce-Software-CostsBEGIN

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acteristics independent of the di-rection of the applied voltage. Thefact that they have no polarity ordiode action presents a fundamentalconstraint, because "cross talk"would exist between selected andnonselected segments in a conven-tional multiplexing scheme. The suc-cessful use of a dot-matrix LCD re-sults only from a complicated trade-off between operating voltage,threshold voltage, contrast ratio,

viewing angle, and multiplex fre-quency.

Both Mego and Milton-Bradley usethe same custom integrated circuit todrive the dot-matrix display. Alreadyaware of the problems associatedwith standard drive electronics, I hadhoped to adapt one of these games asa computer peripheral for this article.This was easier said than done.

The custom integrated circuit usedin the game is a forty-pin CMOS LSI

D TO /

IENT ROM

ST MIC

t Men (/)

TATICTCH (7)

JL.

ONESHOTS

-t T V V T T Y

J

SWITCH (7)

fl

SWITCH 17)

T

Photo 5: The Siliconix DF411 four-digit direct-drive LCD driver integrated circuit.

Photo 6: An LCD designed to display both letters and numerals.

(large-scale integration) component.Thirty-four pins go directly to thematrix, two pins are for the powersupply and ground, and four lines areused for control signals from themicroprocessor. One seems to be adata strobe, two appear to be rowand column incrementers, and one isdata. Even though both games use thesame controller, the display quality isconsiderably better on the Milton-Bradley device. This led me to believethat the timing of the signals is as im-portant as knowing which line iswhich.

Rather than writing somethingwhich might risk my credibility, Icontacted Milton-Bradley and askedfor the timing and control sequence ofthis device. Apparently, because thetoy industry is very competitive, theywere reluctant to divulge any infor-mation. This is quite the oppositefrom the response I usually get when 1contact electronics manufacturers.The only alternative was to persuadethe company that made the device toprovide more information, ordisassemble the game program andsee what goes out on these four lines.I decided it wasn't worth it.

General Limitations

LCDs will probably never replaceLEDs or gas-discharge displays. Morelikely they will dominate applicationsin which power and ambient light arethe prime considerations. There arelimitations, however.

Field-effect LCDs properly sealedin hermetic packages and employingstable compounds with high initialpurity are inherently reliable. Earlyproblems were due to poor sealingtechniques and chemical reactionswithin the liquid-crystal material.

LCD response time, while not adeterrent in multiplexing, is long bynormal electronic-component stan-dards. Some users find these responsetimes annoying. As figure 4 shows,the turn-off time can be as much as200 ms. The effect is that the segmentimage appears to fade out rather thansnap off. Increasing the drive voltage,making the cell thinner, and usingless-viscous liquid-crystal materialsare ways to increase the speed. I ex-pect reasonable progress, but in myopinion it will be a long time beforethe microsecond range necessary forflat-screen television will be achievedwhile keeping the LCDs competitive-ly priced.

36 October I960 © BYTE Publications Inc

For years many small business system buyersthought that in order to get "real" performanceand enough storage to be a "real" business systemthey would have to sacrifice the family jewels.

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Also, the operating-temperaturerange, especially at the low end, isnot broad enough to serve some keyapplications, such as automotive use.Present low-temperature limits arearound -10° C (18° F), at whichpoint the turn-off time can be as highas one second. Cold does not harmthe display, but it does make it tem-porarily inoperative. This limitationis not easy to overcome because thefundamental properties of the deviceare involved. An optimum lower

limit of -40° C (-40° F) will requiremajor technological breakthroughs.

The Future

LCD technology is advancing at apace consistent with the rest of theelectronics industry. The dot matrixused in some computer games isessentially a first-generation device,complete with all the problems thatgo with using new devices. Largermatrices, say 256 by 256, will not use512-pin custom LSI chips. Future

—y—

j.'J » «► <J J «Mf

Photo 7: LCD turning black as a result of the hot lights used to take the picture. LCDsare sensitive to heat, but recover immediately upon cooling.

devices will depend on a return tosimulated static operation such asthat used on a single-characterdisplay. To attain this sophistication,it will be necessary to etch the driveelectronics directly onto the LCD.This is the only way that thethousands of transistors which com-bine to function as exclusive-ORs andother building blocks can be con-nected to large matrices. Work in thisarea has begun, and companies likeKylex in Mountain View, Californiahave already produced forty-character dot-matrix LCDs which areloaded like programmable memorybuffers. Perhaps I will use one in afuture article.

Even though I've painted a toughpicture for LCDs, their price/perfor-mance ratios continue to improve,especially in large-character displays.With their high versatility, increas-ingly competitive cost, low power re-quirements, and high readability,LCDs will continue to compete head-to-head with LEDs and gas-dischargedisplays for many general applica-tions. As the drive circuitry becomesless complicated through technolog-ical advancements, they will un-doubtedly add new dimensions topersonal computing. ■

Next Month:

Would you like your computer tohave the ability to judge distance? Itcan acquire this ability by use of thePolaroid sonar autoranging unit.

Photo 8: Typical eight-digit, seven-segment LCD calculator display.

38 October 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc

More than meets the eye.

The new Series 5000 is mighty for its size.In more than several thousand ways!

In fact, it's the first small system offering over amegabyte of integrated mini-floppy capacity. Andwith its super memory management, you can havebetter than 300k of RAM in desk or desktop ver-sions. But hardware is just the beginning of the story.

It's the wide selection of software that reallymakes this system mighty.

Operating systems? Choose CP/M* withCBASICf—the most widely accepted small computeroperating system ever. Or MVT-FAMOS,** a multi-user, multi-tasking operating system with filemanagement like the big guys, Or MICROCOBOL,tt

also for multiple users, but implemented in COBOL,familiar to commercial users the world over.

And applications programs for these operatingsystems number in the thousands. From real estateto accounting, taxes to inventory control, they're allavailable at low cost—ready to run.

When you add these software and hardwarefeatures to Industrial Micro Systems' reputation forrugged, reliable quality products you'll begin to see itall. A lot more systems than your first glance reveals.

See even more at your dealer. Call us to findout the name of your nearest dealer. He'll tell youeverything you need to know. And really open your

eyes!

•Trademark ol Diqilal Research Inc.

"' Trademark of MVT Microcomputer Systems Inc.

"(Trademark of Software Systems

ttProductofCAPCPP

INDUSTRIAL MICRO SYSTEMS

628 M. Eckhoff St., Orange, CA 92668, (714) 978-69662800 Lockheed Way, Carson City, NV 89701

Circle 23 on inquiry card.

See us at Comdex '80 Nov. 18-21, 1980 Las Vegas Convention Center.

BYTE October 1980 39

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

0

COMPUTER SVSItMS

|K£e>-€ . »■»

.1

1

1

LJ M.

FRESH IDEASARE GROWING AT ALTOS

Silicon Valley, California. At one timefew places in the world were asabundant with orchards. Today, noother area is as technologicallyfertile. And nowhere on earth is thebusiness climate as prolific withcomputer innovation.

Yet within this competitiveenvironment, one microcomputerfirm continues to grow above therest. Altos Computer Systems.Recognized as a world leader insingle board microcomputer technol-ogy, Altos flourishes on its ability toproduce ideas and deliver them tothe market while they're still freshand packed with price performancevalue.

FloppyDisks:SMb-2MbAnd CartridgeTape Back-Up

Winchester Disk:14.5Mb-58Mb

Fresh ideas like Altos' newACS8000-6/MTU single board micro-computer system with a DEI 1/4-inchcartridge tape back-up drive, andShugart's 8-inch floppy and 14-inchWinchester hard disk drives, withtotal on-line capacities from 14.5MBytes to 58 MBytes.

The ACS8000-6/MTU joinsAltos' growing family of productsthat branch out to a multitude ofsingle board system configurationsto serve the OEM, the businesssector, and many other end users.These systems range from theACS8000-2 with its dual 8-inchfloppy disk drives, to the powerfulACS8000-5, which is upgradable toany of Altos' hard disk and multi-user systems.

Altos supports three industrystandard operating systems: single/multi-user CP/M* OASIS.t and Altos'proprietary AMEX.'" Seven high levelprogramming languages are offeredwhich are CP/M or AMEX compatible.

Ideas aren't the only thingsgrowing at Altos. In three years over4,000 field-proven microcomputersystems have been shipped world-wide to an ever-increasing customerbase of over 300 companies. Andrecently a new facility has beenacquired, expanding Altos' plot toover one-and-a-half acres ofproduction facilities.

Weed through the micro-computer system alternatives. Nomatter what your application, you'llpick Altos.

For specific details aboutpricing or performance, call or write:Altos Computer Systems,2360 Bering Drive, San Jose, CA,95131, (408) 946-6700, Telex 171562ALTOS SNJ.

Packed withFresh Ideas

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

"CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. Inc.■OASIS is a registered trademark of Phase One Systems, Inc.© 1980 Altos Computer Systems

Circle 24 on inquiry card.

Product Review

Synertek Systems KTM-2Terminal-on-a-Board

Phil Nowes, 823 Whitethorne Dr, San Jose CA 95128

The KTM-2 Terminal-on-a-Board developed bySynertek Systems provides a data entry and displaysystem for the serious computer user. Having used boththe CT-1024 and CT-64 terminals offered by SouthwestTechnical Products (SwTPC), I was rather skeptical ofthe claims made by Synertek Systems for their dualmicroprocessor terminal, which costs just $349. Afterusing the KTM-2, though, every word Synertek saidabout it is justified.

The board provides a 24-line by 40-character scrollingdisplay of exceptional quality, and interfaces over one ofits two serial input/output (I/O) ports. Not only does the

board provide the 128-character ASCII (American Stan-dard Code for Information Interchange) set and somespecial characters (such as Greek £ and ir), but it alsogenerates 128 graphic characters—a feature not availableon some systems that cost twice as much.

But, just what is KTM-27 It's a circuit board thatmeasures 40.6 cm (16 inches) long and 17.1 cm (6.75inches) wide, with a full 54-key array. It also contains allthe circuitry necessary to provide a composite-video out-put, two serial ports (with switch-selectable data ratesfrom 110 to 9600 bps), and relative and absolute cursorcontrol. The board draws about 1.4 amperes and

Photo 1: The KTM-2 board. The board contains a 54-key array, with all the circuitry necessary for composite-video output. This40-character per-line version requires 1.4 A at 5 V. The 80-character version draws 1.6 A. Both are able to provide RS-232-compatible outputs with the addition of extra power supplies.

42 October 2980 © BYTE Publications Inc

"Our inventory is our existence*

Think we'd trust it to anything less

than Scotch Brand Diskettes?"

Don Stone, President,Mass. Auto Supply Company,Inc., Boston, Mass.

Scotch Diskettes are thediskettes you can depend uponwith the information yourbusiness depends upon.

Each one is tested andcertified error-free before itleaves our factory. Because weknow nothing less thanperfection is acceptable foryour vital business data.

Scotch Diskettes areavailable in regular or minisizes, compatible with almostany system.

To find out where youcan purchase Scotch Diskettes,call toll free: 800-328-1300.(In Minnesota, call collect: 612-736-9625.) Ask for the DataRecording Products Division. InCanada, write 3M Canada Inc.,London, Ontario, N6A4T1.

If it's worth remembering,

it's worth Scotch

Data Recording Products.

3M

Circle 25 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980 43

operates from a single +5 V power supply.

There is another version, the KTM-2/80, which pro-vides a 24-line by 80-character display for $424. Thisboard draws about 1.6 A and operates at a much higherclock frequency—7.2 MHz versus 3.6 MHz for theKTM-2. Because of the higher clock frequency, a high-quality video monitor must be used with the KTM-2/80,while the KTM-2 could use an ordinary television setwith an RF (radio-frequency) video modulator. For ourpurposes here, all comments will pertain to the KTM-2system with the 40-character per line capability.

Removing the board from the carton and setting it upare relatively simple procedures—there is very littleassembly required. It is only necessary to wire the powersupply to the proper connector, connect a video monitoror RF modulator to the composite video output, and setthe desired serial port data rate. Because it can operate inself-check mode (transmit-data output can be fed back in-to the receive-data input), the board can be tested im-mediately to ensure that it is functioning properly, beforeconnecting it to the rest of your computer system.

To operate the board in local mode, the transmit andreceive pins of serial port 1 must be connected to eachother, then the Clear-to-Send pin of the port must beasserted. Since there is no computer to assert the pin inthis mode, the pin must be connected to a voltage sourcegreater than three volts and less than twenty-five volts;this can be done by connecting the pin to the Request-to-Send line, which is always at +5 V. Once these connec-tions are made and power is applied, the terminal is ready

for test in a stand-alone mode.

Basic functions of the keyboard are identical to most ofthe terminals made today—both uppercase and lower-case characters are available, as well as reverse video ofthe uppercase characters. There is no shift-lock key;however, the board does have a CAPS-lock key thatprovides only uppercase alphabetical characters plus thenormal numbers and symbols available during lowercaseoperations. Switching between normal and reverse videois accomplished by hitting the escape (ESC) key andentering an uppercase R. To return to normal video fromthe reverse mode, just press the ESC key and then enter alowercase r.

As mentioned earlier, graphics characters are availableto the user. These are just as accessible as reverse video—just press the ESC key and then enter uppercase G tochange into the graphics mode. To exit the graphicsmode, just type ESC, g. Reverse video is also available inthe graphics mode. Both the alpha mode and the graphicsmode can be intermixed on the screen simply by typingthe desired sequence of control functions. All of thesemodes can be computer controlled; all the computer hasto do is send out the same sequence of ASCII codes on theserial port.

I mentioned earlier that the KTM-2 has two serialports, these are labeled 1 and 2. Port 1 is the main portand is used primarily with a computer for informationtransfer. The other port acts as an auxiliary port,primarily for a printer, so that hard copy can easily beobtained without using one of the other computer ports.

CP/M®1 - based Business Software for TRS-80®2 computers on. . . the fastest Mod-ll CP/M with the most features!!!

Over 610,000 bytes/diskDownloading package included1,200 baud operation of serialprinters without data lossSingle drive backup

Mixed single/double density on anyof 4 drives (even a 1-drive system)

Ultra-fast disk operation

Emulation of cursor addressing forany of several "dumb" CRTs

Auto-LF printer support & ASCIItop-of-form software (LPIII)

Supplemental document describingour implementation

User-settable function keys

MOD-IICP/M $250.00 MOD-I CP/M $150.00 CBASIC2"3 (Mod I or II) $110.00

The following software for Mod-ll CP/M only unless otherwise stated (*-requires CBASIC2):

MAGIC WAND®5 - Full-feature word processing, true proportionalspacing, file merging, and use of full-screen editor for source

programs or data $400.00

RPA (Residential Property Analysis)-Analyzes income and expense,financing, taxes, inflation and depreciation on home, condo, orapartments over a user.-selectable time. Shows payoff in terms ofROI, Cap rate, cash-on-cash. Amortization schedules andworksheet $300.00*

demo disk & manual 35.00*

RBC (Rent/Buy Comparison) - Sales or investment tool to comparerenting and savings account investment vs. purchasing a particularproperty $250.00*

demo disk & manual 35.00*

RM/COBOL®4 - Only COBOL for CP/M with alternate keys (multi-key ISAM), CRT screen handling, interactive debug, Z80 code, andthe most useful Level 2 features. Compatible with Tandy's

COBOL-but runs faster! $495.00

PMS (Property Management System) - Interactive, menu-drivensystem includes full G/L, budgeting, cash journal, delinquencylist, tenant activity/rent roll, complete audit trail and reports

on vacancies, lost rent, and vendors $650.00*

demo disk & manual 75.00*

APH (Automated Patient History) - General-purpose question-asking, answer-printing system furnished as self-administeredreview-of-systemsgeneral patient history (Mod-I also)... $175.00*

Osborne & Assoc. CBASIC source programs (Mod-I also):

Payroll w/Cost Accounting $250.00* General Ledger w/Cash Journal $250.00*

Accts. Payable/Accts. Receivable $250.00* O&A CBASIC Books (ea.) $ 20.00

\ferbalim'B6 media: (Qty. 100 prices)

5Vt" single density

8" certified double density

$2.50 ea.$4.00 ea.

8" single density

450' tape cartridges

$ 3.00 ea.$20.00 ea.

8041 Newman Ave., Suite 208 L£Huntington Beach, CA 92647(714)848-1922

Registered trademark of:

s1 Digital Research

®2Tandy Corp.

®3Compiler Systems, Inc.

s4Ryan-McFarland Corp.

Jl5Small Business Applications, Inc.

®6Verbatim Corp.

Distributed in U.K. by:

Microcomputer Applications Ltd.

11, Riverside Court,

Caversham, Reading, England

TEL: (0734) 470425

44

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

In this age of runaway inflation...

Look what $795* will buy

The ideal ir

put device

for the small

system user.

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Available with stylus or optional cursor.

The HIP AD™ digitizer

Inexpensive input to your computer

The HIPAD™ digitizer can be used for both converting graphic information intodigital values and as a menu. Utilizing either the stylus or the optional cursor, theoperator can input graphic data into the computer by locating individual points onthe digitizers 11" x 11" (28cm x 28cm) active area. In the "stream mode" a contin-uance of placements of coordinate pairs may be input.

Not a kit, the HIPAD™ comes complete with both RS-232C and parallel interfacesand has its own built-in power source. The origin is completely relocatable so coor-dinates may be positive or minus for a true reference value and oversized materialmay by input by simply resetting the origin.

Accurate positional information, free form sketches,even keyboard simulation

All can be entered using the multi-faceted HIPAD™ digitizer. Its capabilities andlow price make the UL listed HIPAD™ a natural selection over keyboard entry, inac-curate joysticks, or expensive approximating light pens. It's perfect for inputtingisometric drawings, schematics, X-rays, architectural drawings, business graphs,and many other forms of graphic information, as well as creating your own graphics.

Use it with Apple II™ , TRS-80 Level II™, PET™ or otherpopular computers

The HIPAD's™ built-in RS-232C and parallel 8 bit interfaces make it ailpossible. (For Apple II order DT-11A, for TRS-80 or PET order DT-11).Furthermore, you get English or metric scaling, data format (Binary/BCD/ASCII),selectable baud rates, and resolution of either .005" or .01".

For complete information contact Houston Instrument, One Houston Square, Austin, Texas 78753(512) 837-2820. Outside Texas call operator #5 toll free 1-800-531-5205. In Europe contactHouston Instrument, Rochesterlaan 6 8240 Gistel, Belgium. Telephone 059/277445.

Visit us at WESCON, booths 2330, 2332 and 2336.

Available with optional display."U.S. Suggested retail price

TM HIPAD is a trademark of Houston InstrumentTRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy CorporationAPPLE ts a trademark of Apple Computer Inc.PET is a trademark of Commodore Business Machines, Inc.

Circle 26 for literature

Circle 27 to have a representative call

houston instrument

GRAPHICS DIVISION OF

BAUSCH&LOMB®

Both of these serial ports are full duplex, permitting infor-mation to be sent and received simultaneously. The serialdata format consists of a start bit, seven data bits, a pari-ty bit, and either one or two stop bits. Data can betransmitted at one of eight rates, switch selectable from110 to 9600 bps (bits per second).

The serial ports are set up with TTL (transistor-transistor logic) interface levels, but are format-compatible with the RS-232 standard. The interface caneasily be modified to provide full RS-232 compatibility,but two more power supplies must be added to provide

ASCII ACTIONKEYS CONTROL CODE TAKEN BYDEPRESSED (Hexadecimal) KTM-2

CTRLGCTRLgCTRL'

07

Bell output

CTRLHCTRLhCTRL(

08

Cursor back one space(backspace)

CTRL ICTRLiCTRL)

09

Cursor right one space(horizontal tab)

LINE FEEDCTRL JCTRL jCTRL *

0A

Cursor down one space(line feed)

CTRLKCTRL kCTRL +

OB

Cursor up one space(vertical tab)

CTRLLCTRL 1 (alpha)CTRL ,

OC

Clear display and movecursor home (upper left)(from feed)

RETURNCTRLMCTRLmCTRL —

0D

Cursor to beginning ofthe same character line(carriage return)

CTRLSCTRLsCTRL: 3

13

Set DC low

CTRLTCTRL t

CTRL 4

1

14

Set DC high

ESCCTRL ;CTRL [

IB

Begin ESCAPE sequence(see ESCAPE SEQUENCE)

CTRL space

CTRL @

CTRL shift return

—

Reset KTM-2, clear screenand read option switches

CTRL ALPHA

—

Special—no output is sentover Tx; local clear screen

All Others

Ignored

Table 1: Many special functions are available to the user of aKTM-2 Terminal-on-a-Board, as demonstrated by this chartof control codes. Control may be asserted manually or bysoftware.

46 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 28 on inquiry card.

Circle 29 on inquiry card.

For your Horizon

Norm starHorizon Computerwith 5" Floppy Disks

iHl

III

■■■ M.

DisplayTerminals

Up To FourHard Disks

Ip To Four 8"Floppy Disks

More power, work, flexibility!

JOEDOS™—Jointly Operate Everything Disk OperatingSystem. Switch from North Star BASIC to CP/M™ and backagain with a simple command. Floating point and standard8,10,12, and 14 digit precisions of North Star BASIC, as wellas Digital Research's CP/M all on the same hard disk unit.

Designed to operate with the DISCUS M26™ 26.5 mega-byte (formatted) Winchester-technology hard disk unit andNorth Star's Micro Disk System, JOEDOS brings you largemainframe performance at microcomputer cost and reliability.CP/M disk activity is amazingly quick through JOEDOS; ac-cess to North Star BASIC programs and files is unbelievable!

Speed and enormous storage capacity (as much as 106megabytes) are only the beginning. Through JOEDOS, eachhard disk unit may appear to be one drive or many different"drives" (as many as 147 double density 180K North Star51/4" drive-size segments). As many as seven of these seg-mented "drives" may be addressed at any particular time.Segment size, file size and directory size are variableaccording to user's requirements. Maximum file size is 16megabytes, while the maximum directory size for each seg-ment is 8,160 entries.

JOEDOS — Micro Mike's hard disk operating system.Requires DISCUS M26 hard disk unit and controller andNorth Star Micro Disk System for operation. Includes CP/M.

JOEDOS AND MANUAL $495

JOESHARE™ — North Star Horizon™/DISCUS Hard DiskTimesharing System. Micro Mike's popular interrupt-driven,bank switching timesharing for North Star Horizon com-puter is now available with all the features of JOEDOS harddisk operating system. JOESHARE allows multiple usersto access as many as four 26.5 megabyte hard disk units,simultaneously operating programs in North Star Basic orthrough CP/M.

JOESHARE —Micro Mike's North Star Horizon time-sharing/DISCUS hard disk operating system. Requires NorthStar Horizon and DISCUS M26 hard disk unit for operation.Includes CP/M.

JOESHARE and manual $995

JOEDOS. JOESHARE, HDSHARE and 5.2SHARE are registered trademarksol Micro Mikes, Incorporated

Horizon is a registered trademark of North Star Computers. Inc.DISCUS and M26 are registered trademarks of Morrow Designs. Inc.CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

HDSHARE™— North Star Horizon/North Star Hard Disk Time-sharing System. A version of JOESHARE with all of the fea-tures of JOEDOS using the North Star hard disk. HDSHAREallows multiple users to access as many as four 18 mega-byte North Star hard disk units, simultaneously operating pro-grams in North Star BASIC or through CP/M.

HDSHARE —Micro Mike's North Star Horizon time-sharing/North Star hard disk operating system. RequiresNorth Star Horizon and North Star hard disk system for oper-ation. Includes CP/M.

HDSHARE and manual $995

5.2SHARE™ — North Star Horizon/Floppy Disk TimesharingSystem. Micro Mike's floppy disk timesharing system hassome new enhancements. 5.2SHARE now supports 8,10,12,and 14 digit floating point and standard North Star BASICwith as many as four DISCUS 8" drives, operating in conjunc-tion with the Horizon's SW drives to provide in excess of 5megabytes of external storage.

5.2SHARE — Micro Mike's interrupt-driven, bank switch-ing timesharing for the North Star Horizon computer. Includes8" drive software interface. For double density or quadcapacity systems only.

5.2SHARE and manual $395

DOSCHG —Micro Mike's 8" drive interface to North StarDOS and BASIC. Requires North Star Micro Disk System andDISCUS 8" drives and controller for operation.DOSCHG and manual $150

Program operation manuals are available for preview beforesoftware purchase.

Program Operation Manuals for each program $25

Programs are available in double density/quad capacityformat only. Prices are subject to change without notice.

Contact your North Star dealer or Micro Mike's.

uMMfeei

Micro Mike's. Inc.

905 South Buchanan Amarillo, Texas 79101 USA Telephone: 806/372-3633making technology uncomplicated ...for People

SEQUENCE OFCODES RECEIVEDBY KTM-2

ACTION TAKENBY KTM-2

ESCE

FORM FEED: Display is cleared tospaces and cursor moved to first positionof first line (the HOME position).

ESCH

HOME: Cursor is moved to HOME.

ESC J

CLEAR EOS (End of Screen): Everyposition on the screen from the currentposition of the cursor to the last positionof the last line, inclusive, is cleared tospaces. The position of the cursor doesnot change.

ESCK

CLEAR EOL (End of Line): Every posi-tion from the current position of the cur-sor to the end of the line occupied bycursor, inclusive, is cleared to spaces.The position of the cursor does notchange.

ESCR

BEGIN REVERSE: All uppercase lettersand all graphics characters receivedsubsequent to reception of the ESC R se-quence will be displayed in reversevideo.

ESCr

END REVERSE: All displayablecharacters received subsequent to recep-tion of the ESC r sequence will bedisplayed in normal video.

ESCG

BEGIN GRAPHICS: Each displayablecharacter received subsequent to recep-tion of the ESC G sequence will causeone of the graphic characters to bedisplayed.

ESCg

END GRAPHICS: Return to normaldisplay mode.

ESCL

AUX ON: Auxiliary serial port transmis-sion is enabled on-line.

ESC 1 (alpha)

AUX OFF: Auxiliary serial port transmis-sion is disabled.

ESC +

RELATIVE CURSOR ADDRESSING

ESC =

ABSOLUTE CURSOR ADDRESSING

Table 2:

graphicsESCAPEkeys.

Special operations, such as reverse video andcontrol, are accessed through the use of thekey (ESC) and certain uppercase and lowercase

SEQUENCE OFCODES RECEIVED

ESC = SP SPESC + SP SPESC+ * ,ESC + 7G

ESC = , 4

EFFECTON CURSOR

Cursor to HOMEPosition unchangedCursor down 10 and right 12Cursor down 23 and right 39 (or effec-tively, cursor up 1 and left 1 for a24-X-40 character display)Cursor to line 12, column 20

Table 3: The cursor may be addressed in either relative or ab-solute mode. Vertical addresses are treated modulo 24, whilehorizontal addresses are interpreted modulo 40 (modulo 80for the KTM-2/80). This means that any cursor address thatwould be off the screen actually wraps around.

the ±12 V levels. The data transfer rate is selectable viathree option switches, but five additional switches pro-vide selectable options such as: even, odd, or no parity;interlaced or noninterlaced screen; line truncation orwraparound; and 60 or 50 Hz frame rate.

The system I connected to the KTM-2 was a BallBrothers Research video monitor (9-inch diagonal),which has a composite video input that responds to asignal between 0 and 1 V (the KTM-2 can also be jumperset by removing a jumper to deliver a 0 to 2.4 V signal).The computer I used consists of an old IMSAI 8080microcomputer with 48 K of programmable memory,and some disk drives. Communication to the computerused a dual serial I/O card, and hard copy was providedby a Texas Instruments thermal printer. The printer didnot have graphics capability, so I was able to view thegraphics display only on the video monitor screen.

Operation of the serial interface requires that theKTM-2 check to see if the CTS line on the main port isasserted before each character transmission. If the signalis not asserted, the KTM-2 will wait until it is—this canbe seen on the video display when the cursor stops blink-ing. When the line is asserted, the waiting character willbe transmitted and the cursor will resume blinking.

The keyboard has many control functions available, asshown in table 1. More than one control code is availablefor a specific operation. There are also many specialoperations that can be done by use of the ESC key on theKTM-2. These operations are defined in table 2.

One of the special features of the KTM-2 is its capabil-ity to perform either relative or absolute cursor address-ing (positioning). Relative cursor addressing causes a ver-tical displacement supplied by the computer or keyboardto be added to the current cursor vertical address;likewise, a horizontal displacement is added to the cur-rent cursor horizontal address. In absolute addressing,the decimal values of two ASCII characters are used tocalculate the absolute position of the cursor referencedfrom the home position in the upper left-hand corner ofthe screen.

The instruction sequences for absolute and relative cur-sor addressing modes are shown in table 3 along withsome simple positioning examples. All cursor verticaladdresses are interpreted as modulo 24, while horizontaladdresses are modulo 40 for the KTM-2 and modulo 80for the KTM-2/80. Modulo implies that the cursor"wraps around"; attempting to position the cursorbeyond the end of a line causes it to wrap around to thebeginning of the line, and positioning it below the bottomof the screen causes it to appear at the top of the screen.

The KTM-2 manual offered by Synertek Systems isreasonably complete, and it even includes some minortroubleshooting hints. Aside from having to provideyour own monitor, power supply, and cabinet, theKTM-2 is a very complete system. There are featureslacking that some people might desire for convenience,such as a screen read capability, a parallel ASCII output,or a separate numeric keypad. Aside from this, however,the KTM-2 really seems like a complete solution to thecomputer user's needs: a low-cost, but powerful, data en-try and display system.

For further information, Synertek Systems can be con-tacted at POB 552 Santa Clara CA 95052, (408)988-5689. ■

48

October 19S0 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 30 on inquiry card.

COMPUSTAR

INTERTEC S NEW $2500 MULTI-USER SMALL BUSINESS COMPUTER

At last, there's a multi-user micro-computer system designed and built theway it should be. The CompuStar™. Ournew, low-cost "shared-disk" multi-usersystem with mainframe performance.

Unlike any other system, our newCompuStar offers what we believe to be themost practical approach to almost anymulti-user application. Data entry. Distrib-uted processing. Small business. Scientific.Whatever! And never before has suchpowerful performance been available atsuch modest cost. Here's how we did it...

The system architecture of theCompuStar is based on four types of videodisplay terminals, each of which can beconnected into an auxiliary hard disk stor-age system. Up to 255 terminals can beconnected into a single network! Each ter-minal (called a Video Processing Unit) con-tains its own microprocessor and 64K ofdynamic RAM. The result? Lightning fastprogram execution! Even when all usersare on-line performing different tasks! Aspecial "multiplexor" in the CompuStarDisk Storage System ties all exter-nal users together to "share" thesystem's disk resources. So, nosingle user ever need wait on another. An exciting concept...with some awesome applicationpossibilities!

CompuStar™ userstations can be configured inalmost as many ways as youcan imagine. The wide varietyof terminals offered gives youthe flexibility and versatilityyou've always wanted (butnever had) in a multi-usersystem. The CompuStarModel 10 is a program-mable, intelligent terminawith 64K of RAM. It's areal workhorse if your re-quirement is a data entry

or inquiry/response application. And if yourterminal needs are more sophisticated,select either the CompuStar Model 20, 30or 40. Each can be used as either a stand-alone workstation or tied into a multi-usernetwork. The Model 20 incorporates all ofthe features of the Model 10 with theaddition of two, double-density mini-flop-pies built right in. And it boasts over350,000 bytes of local, off-line user stor-age. The Model 30 also features a dualdrive system but offers over 700,000 bytesof disk storage. And, the Model 40 boastsnearly 1 )'2 million bytes of dual disk stor-age. But no matter which model youselect, you'll enjoy unparalleled versatilityin configuring your multi-user network.

■Regisleied liaaemaik ot Digiial fisseaich Inc

Add as many terminals as you like- at prices starting at less than $2500.Now that's truly incredible!

No matter what your application,the CompuStar can handle it! Three diskstorage options are available. A tabletop10 megabyte 8" winchester-type drivecomplete with power supply and our spe-cial controller and multiplexor costs just$3995. Or, if your disk storage needs aremore demanding, select either a 32 or 96megabyte Control Data CMD drive with a16 megabyte removable, top loading car-tridge. Plus, there's no fuss in getting aCompuStar system up and running. Justplug in a Video Processing Unit and you'reready to go... with up to 254 more ter-minals in the network by simply connect-ing them together in a "daisy-chain"fashion. CompuStar's special parallelinterface allows for system cable lengthsof up to one mile... with data transferrates of 1.6 million BPS!

Software costs are low, too.CompuStar's disk operating system is theindustry standard CP/M*. With animpressive array of application soft-ware already available and severalcommunication packages offered,the CompuStar can tackle even yourmost difficult programming tasks.Compare for yourself. Of allthe microcomputer-based multi-user systems available today,we know of only one whichoffers exactly what you needand should expect. Excep-tional value and upwardgrowth capability. TheCompuStar™. A true priceand performance leader!

INTERTEC

DATA

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Darth Vader's ForceBattle for the TI-59

Clete Jackson, 1715 Dogwood Dr, Rock Hill SC 29730

After purchasing a Texas Instruments TI-59,1 realized Iowned one of the most capable pocket calculators in theworld. I wrote the following program, and allowedseveral of my friends to play it. They agreed it was themost exciting calculator game they had ever played. Theprogram also uses capabilities of the TI-59 that Texas In-struments does not advertise.

Texas Instruments gives the TI-59 a capability ofseventy-two labels. With the following keystrokes, youcan add nine more labels that are accessible only throughthe program; the keystrokes are:

LBL, STO, STO, XX.

Now go back and delete the two STO instructions.

Any of the following can go into the XX location as thelabel:

62 = Pgm Ind, 63=Exc Ind, 64=Prd Ind,72 = STO Ind, 73 = RCL Ind, 74 = SUM Ind,83=GTO Ind, 84= OP Ind, 92=INV SBR.

The TI-59 has a decrement and skip branchingcapability with memories 0 thru 9. With the followingkeystrokes, this ability can be given to all 100 memoriesexcept memory 40, since it implies indirect: DSZ, STO,XX, Y, STO, YY, followed by deleting the two STOs.The XX refers to any memory register except 40. The Yby itself is the hundreds digit of the address to be

■19 sam m ~ ' li BuJB Hi

Photo 1: Battle sector map for Darth Vader's Force Battle. Tofire into a sector, you wait for the number to appear on theTexas Instruments TI-59 display, press R/S to lock onto it, andpress A. See text for further game details.

50 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 31 on inquiry card.

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Listing 1: Darth Vader's Force Battle for Texas Instruments Tl-59 calculator,to enter the number. See text for details on how the game is played.

Shaded entries indicate that two keystrokes are needed

Location

r

Keys

V

Commentary ■

">

000

LBI

39

STO Firing and positioning subroutine

006

19

SUM

20

012

26

01S

26

INV

DSZ

023

CLR

Memory address 217

026

RCL

RCL

Random number generator

032

20

037

042

INV

INT

047

INT

051

SUM

19

STO

20

xirt

056

Exc Ind

19

Paus

DSZ

19

Display subroutine

062

56

063

if ilg

0

26

067

Pause

Paus

Pause

Subroutine to indicate you are losing

073

Pat

Paus

Pause

back position

079

Pause

Paus

Pause

085

Pause

087

CLR

St Ilg

STO

25

093

GTO

0

26

096

Pause

Pause

Subroutine to indicate you are gaining

102

Pause

Pause

Paus

preferred back position

Pause

Pause

Pause

CLR

STO

25

INV

St fig

122

GTO

26

126

132

Subroutine to indicate you are

being shot down

136

Pat

GTO

26

140

if fig

26

144

Paus

GTO

Subroutine indicating enemy hit

150

44

151

LBI

STO

20

STO

157

01

STO

02

STO

163

03

STO

04

STO

169

00

STO

05

STO

175

06

STO

07

STO

181

STO

09

STO

187

10

STO

STO

193

13

STO

14

STO

199

15

STO

16

STO

205

17

STO

18

STO

25

211

INV

St fig

GTO

26

217

if fig

96

GTO

223

67

LBI

GTO

02

branched to. The YY is the tens and units digits of theaddress to be branched to.

The Program

I wrote the Darth Vader's Force Battle program at leasta dozen times before I obtained the speed of executionand realism that I desired.

After programming the TI-59, enter a seed number (in

the range 0 thru 9999999999), then press E. The gamebegins.

Imagine yourself in the computer battle scene in photo1, and that you are the pilot of an X-wing fighter. You arein combat and on the trail of the nefarious Darth Vader.Digits flashing on the display indicate that Darth Vader ismaking evasive moves to outwit you and sneak in behindyour fighter for the kill. You lock on to his location by

52 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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choosing one of the flashing digits and pushing R/S,which locks that digit in the display. You fire into thatsection by pushing A. But remember that Darth Vaderhas the force, and he may or may not be at that locationby the time you fire. You might use your own force(otherwise known as ESP) and enter a different numberby pressing any number 0 thru 9, then fire by pressing A.

If you wait too long before firing, he will outmaneuveryou and come in from behind. This is indicated by astring of twos walking across the display. Once DarthVader is behind you, the flashing digits on the displayrepresent the areas he is firing into. Your flight computeris no match for Darth Vader's force, so you must manual-ly pilot your ship through its maneuvers. You changeyour position by first pushing R/S. This will lock a digitinto the display; pushing C changes your position to theentered location. Remember, your maneuvers will appearon Darth Vader's battle screen just as his did on yours.Once he is behind you, there must be little time wasted inyour maneuvers or else you will become just another oneof his victims.

Both contestants receive a minimum of 5 shots at eachother (ie: if the proper evasive maneuvers are made). Awalking display of ones indicates that you have out-manuvered Darth Vader and he is again in your gunsights. A flashing 505 (SOS) indicates that Darth Vaderhas been hit. A flashing 0000000000 indicates that youhave been hit. To start a new game push R/S, enter a seednumber, and push E.

The only way you can consistently conquer DarthVader is if your ESP is strong (otherwise known as luck).Have fun and may the force be with you. ■

Prime Numberson the HP-19C

Wilfred Asian, 26 Twin Brooks Dr, Willow Grove PA 19090

A few months back, a neighbor proudly showed me aprogram she had developed for her first computer sciencecourse. As James R Lewis speculated in his article'TRS-80 Performance Evaluation by Program Timing"(see March 1980 BYTE, page 84), the program concernedthe determination of prime numbers. Intrigued, I spentsome time on this subject working with my little Hewlett-Packard HP-19C programmable printing calculator.Assuming that Lewis has rekindled interest in the com-petitive programmer's desire for fast programs, I offer amore efficient means for the test of a prime number.

In the classic algorithm, the number being tested isalways odd, because even numbers are divisible by 2.The number being tested is divided by a series of oddnumbers, starting with three, and progressing by twos. Ifthe remainder of each successive division includes frac-tions, the number must be prime. The trick, of course, isknowing when to stop dividing.

A moment's reflection will show that as the value of thedivisor progresses beyond the square root of the numberunder test, the quotients will all be smaller than thesquare root. Since numbers less than the square root havealready been tried, further testing is pointless.

54 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 32 on inquiry card.

Circle 33 on inquiry card.

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56 BYTE October 1980

8-Bit Champion

In price-performance, look to Intel's powerful iAPX 88 microprocessorto leave the pack behind. Both now and down the road.

In price-performance races,the iAPX 88 is the one to beat. It'stwo times faster than the Z-80Aand the 6809. And recent bench-mark tests show that the iAPX 88,with its 8088 CPU, consistentlyoutperforms its closest competi-tors in memory efficiency, ease ofprogramming and throughput—byas much as 4 to l.This is especiallyimportant in high-performancetasks such as block moves, charac-ter searches, word shifts, and16-bit multiplies. All critical forapplications like word processing,terminal control, scientificinstrumentation and industrialcontrol.

And because it's the only 8-bitmicroprocessor that addresses up to1 million bytes of memory, the 8088can take on large programs. Withouthaving to slow down due to over-lays or memory bank switching,like other 8-bit processors.

Tough price competitor

In price competition with other8-bit microprocessors, the iAPX 88has become the front runner.

You save dramatically on

cc

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8085

8088

1974

1980

1982

8-Bit Microprocessor Price Trends

memory chips, too. The iAPX 88takes—on the average—30% lessmemory than competitors for thesame programs. Then too, it allowsyou to use lower cost memory toget the same throughput ascompetitors. With a 5MHz8088, you can use our 450nsmemories and still outper-form a 4MHz Z-80 requiring250ns chips. Depending on

the application, your cost savingshere can be substantial.

No contest now with newIntel software

To unleash the new power thatthe iAPX 88 puts in your hands,it takes more powerful software—

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Software such as PASCAL-88,the block-structured applicationlanguage rapidly becoming theone most widely used. With ourPASCAL-88, you can do directport I/O and interrupt handling, aswell as independent programmodule compilation. And producecode that runs faster than other,P-code interpreter versions.

Along with PASCAL-88, youget PL/M-88, our systems imple-mentation language, our ANSI-compatible FORTRAN, and ourASM-88 macroassembler. So withmore software capability thanyou've ever had before, now you

can choose the right language toolfor each application—whateverit calls for.

Get out in front with completedevelopment support

All the development supporttools you need are ready to gotoday from Intel. Start with theIntellec® Microcomputer Devel-opment System. Add to thatour ICE-88™ in-circuit emulator.Together they give you CPU emula-tion in real time, plus features likesymbolic debugging, diagnosticcommands and program tracecapability. With these tools you'llget your products to market fasterthan by any other route.

Looking down the road

Best of all, with the iAPX 88,your investment in today's solutionis protected. Since the 8088 is100% object-code compatible withthe 16-bit 8086—plus its futuregenerations, the iAPX 186 andiAPX 286 —you have the industry'sonly guaranteed headstart on thepath to the future. Regardless ofwhich language you're writing in.

So if you want to outdistancethe pack, choose the iAPX 88—available today from your localIntel distributor. To get your copyof benchmark results, contact yourlocal Intel sales office or distributor.For more information write IntelCorporation, 3065 Bowers Avenue,Santa Clara, CA 95051. Or call(408) 987-8080.

irrt^J deliverssolutions.

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Circle 34 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

57

Listing 1: A program which calculates the prime numbers to10,000, using the square-root test limit. This listing is for theHP-19C calculator, which finished the job in just over fifteenhours.

Listing 2: The beginning and end of the program when run tocalculate all primes up to 10,000.

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By limiting the tests in this way, the number of loopsnecessary may be reduced significantly. In the "LewisTest" of numbers to 10,000, the largest prime number is9973, and his program uses test divisors to half that(4986.5), requiring 2491 executions of the loop. By usinga divisor limit of 99 (the square root is actually 99.86),the loop need only be executed forty-eight times. On the

HP-19C, this gives times of 38 m 18.1 s (for the originaltest) versus 46.4 s (testing only to the square root limit).For the complete computation of primes up to 10,000, thelittle calculator finished the assignment in 15 h 16 m 22.7s, using the square-root limit. Listing 1 shows the pro-gram; listing 2 contains the beginning and end of my listof prime numbers. ■

'ftademart of Western Digits. ■/ -^•'Tratemarh of Distal Kesearcil. - *'Trademark of Univer

Copyright ©1980,Dfgkomp ResearchAJI rights reserved.

New PASCAL-100™ CPU matestoday's popular UCSD Pascal lan-guage to your S-100 system. Withboth a Z80 processor and the PascalMicroengine1 aboard, PASCAL-100gives you the power of software datastructuring without sacrificingspeed, memory space—or even yourcurrent Z80, 8080 and CP/M2software.

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58 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 35 on inquiry card.

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Edited byBlaise W. LiffickBased on the growingpopularity of Pascal as aprogramming language,numerous articles,language forums and let-ters from past issues ofBYTE magazine havebeen compiled to providethis general introductionto Pascal. In addition,this book contains severalimportant pieces of soft-ware including two ver-sions of a Pascal compiler- one written in BASICand the other in 8080assembly language; ap-code interpreter writtenin both Pascal and 8080assembly languages; achess playing program;and an APL interpreterwritten in Pascal. $25.00Hardcover pp. 342ISBN 0-07-037823-1

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There are four versions of WordPro, ranging from the simple to thesophisticated. WordPro 1 on cassette will give computer enthusiasts afull range of text editing capabilities with cassette file storage. WordPro2 is disk based and allows fast and easy file handling and manipulation.WordPro 3 was designed for professionals and contains the manyfeatures required inabusinessenvironmentsuchasglobal search andreplace, headers, footers, decimal tabulation, repagination, mergingcapabilities, and much, much more. WordPro 4 is our best. WordPro 4runs on the new Commodore 8032, 80-column display computer.WordPro 4 has all the features of WordPro 3, plus additional featuresusually found only on the most sophisticated and expensive wordprocessing equipment.

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BYTE October 1980 61

An 8088 Processorfor the S-100 Bus

Part 2

Thomas Woodward Cantrell

2475 Borax Dr

Santa Clara CA 95051

Last month I talked about the Intel 8088 micro-processor (a 16-bit processor with 8-bit connections tothe outside world), its associated support devices, and thegeneral subject of doing 16-bit processing on the S-100bus. In this portion of this three-part article, I will presentthe design of my 8088-based S-100 processor board. Inpart 3, I will describe MON88, a machine-languagemonitor for this processor board.

Interfacing

While the processor board presented here is compatiblewith the S-100 boards in my system, it does not fully con-form to the proposed IEEE (Institute of Electrical andElectronics Engineers) standard. By devoting a little addi-tional design effort, an interested reader should be able tomake the board as IEEE-compatible as he wishes and canimplement features I chose not to include. Refer to figure1, the schematic diagram for the processor board onpages 66 and 67, throughout the following section.

The adaptation of the basic computer to the S-100 buscan be broken up into four necessary tasks:

• providing a buffered, demultiplexed address bus;

• providing for separate 8-bit buffered input and outputdata buses;

• generating a buffered command/control bus;

• producing the required status signals.

The Address Bus

It is necessary to demultiplex and buffer the addressbus of the 8088 to communicate with the rest of thesystem. An immediate question is how to deal with twen-ty address bits instead of the traditional sixteen. The IEEES-100 standard defines certain pins for extended address-ing. However, some popular memory boards use bank-switching techniques, which are ill-defined betweenvarious manufacturers. My solution is to simply ignorethe problem by using only the lower 16 address bits. A64 K-byte address space is more than adequate for mycurrent needs; and besides, none of the spare memoryboards I will be using have either extended addressing orbank-select capability.

Looking at the schematic in figure 1, we see that IC6and IC7 solve the problem. These are 8282 octal latchbuffers, which are much like the familiar 8212 device (seefigure 2). Two differences are that the drive capability ofthe 8282 is greater than that of the 8212, and it comes in anarrow twenty-pin package (versus the wider twenty-four-pin package of the 8212).

In the case of lines ADO thru AD7, the 8282 also doesthe required demultiplexing of data and address informa-tion. By tying the 8282 STB (strobe) input line to the 8088ALE (address latch enable), IC7 serves to latch the ad-dress. Since A8 thru A15 are only address information,the STB input of IC6 can simply be tied high. Also notethe presence of S-100 signal ADSB* (address disable) atthe OE* (output enable) pins of both IC6 and IC7. (Theasterisk indicates an active-low signal.)

Each basic bus (address, data, status, and com-mand/control) has a signal that can be used to cause thebus to go into its "disconnected" high-impedance state.This is important for DMA (direct memory access) -typefunctions in which different bus masters (processor,DMA controller, etc) must take control of the system. Bycausing the bus of the processor board to go into its high-impedance state, the whole processor board effectively"disappears" as far as the rest of the system is concerned.ADSB* performs this disappearing act for the address busof the 8088 by pulling the 8282 OE* (output enable) pinshigh.

As a final note, the IEEE S-100 extended-addressingstandard could be easily implemented by feeding linesA16/S3 thru A19/S6 into another 8282, demultiplexingthe information with the ALE line, and bringing the ap-propriate outputs onto the defined S-100 lines.

Data Buses

IC8 (another 8282) buffers the data-output bus. Notethat the S-100 signal DODSB* (data-out disable) servesto disconnect the output data bus for DMA, just asADSB* did for the address bus. IC9 (an 8282) buffers theinput data bus. Notice here that:

• There is no DIDSB* line. The purpose of the four bus-disable signals ADSB*, DODSB*, SDSB* and CDSB*(address-, data out-, status-, and control-disable lines)is to make the processor disappear from the bus, sothat another processor can take control. Consequent-ly, the only buses that need to disappear are ones thatdrive the bus (hence only output buses).

• IC9's OE* connection (B) is the output of some TTL(transistor-transistor logic) at the top of the schematicwhich serves to disable IC9. (Rest assured that I willexplain what is going on in more detail.) Whenever weare reading from the on-board memory and I/O (in-put/output) ports (8185-2 and 8755A-2), this discon-nects the data-input bus from the 8088, therebyeliminating a potential for bus contention.

62 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 38 on inquiry card.

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• The eight 1 k-ohm pull-up resistors have a number ofeffects. First, accessing nonexistent memory or I/Odevices will always yield hexadecimal OFF (all 1 bits).Second, it is easier and faster to pull a normally highsignal low than the other way around. Most impor-tant, the S-100 bus traditionally allows boards thatdrive the input data bus of the processor to use eitherTTL three-state drivers or open-collector drivers. TheS-100 standard requires the existence of 1 k-ohm pull-up resistors to + 5 V somewhere on the open collectorlines. Here they are.

• "IC10" is a sixteen-pin socket with the eight ad-dress/data lines wired across it. This is for connectionto the diagnostic front panel.

So far, everything has been pretty straightforward.Now comes the interesting part of the design effort. Thequestion is how hard is the design, and how much TTL"glue" will it take to emulate the required status and con-trol signals.

The Control Bus

Another 8282 buffer (IC5) is used to drive four controloutput signals (pHLDA, pWR*, pDBIN and pSYNC):

• pHLDA: The processor hold-acknowledge line isused when a DMA controller (or other bus master)wishes to take control of the system bus. It does this byasserting the HOLD* command to the current processor(bus master). Then the processor turns off its own ad-dress, data, and status output buses using ADD ADSB*,DODSB*, and SDSB* lines. When the processor is readyto "get off" the bus, it will assert pHLDA, which informs

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the processor "getting on" the bus that the final transferof bus control can take place. At this point, the newmaster completes the transfer by turning off the oldmaster's control bus (via CDSB*).

The 8088 HLDA pin provides the S-100 bus pHLDAfunction.

• pWR*: The processor write line is the general-purpose write or output strobe for transmitting data tosystem memory or peripherals. The 8088 WR* pin pro-vides the S-100 bus pWR* function.

• pDBIN: The processor data-bus-in signal is thegeneral-purpose read or input stobe for transmitting datafrom system memory or peripherals.

The 8088 RD* pin, inverted by IC11, provides theS-100 bus pDBIN function.

• pSYNC: The processor sync signal tells the rest ofthe system when a new bus cycle is starting. This makespossible processor designs that are independent of thenumber of intrinsic bus cycles per machine cycle. Many8-bit machines have three bus cycles for each machinecycle. The 8088 has four bus cycles per machine cycle.Any bus slave that is concerned with what cycle the bus isin can synchronize pSYNC, regardless of the processorbeing used.

The 8088 ALE signal correctly identifies the start of abus cycle and can be used for the S-100 bus pSYNCsignal.

The control input bus lines are scattered on the rightside of the schematic and consist of the RDY, XRDY,INT* and HOLD* signals. (See figure 1.)

• RDY and XRDY: These lines serve essentially thesame purpose, to force the processor to execute waitstates. RDY is traditionally used by slow memory or I/Odevices, while XRDY is used by front panels to imple-ment run/stop and single-step capabilities. Both lines arepulled up by 1 k-ohm resistors, and if either goes low,IC12 and IC13 bring the 8284 line RDY2 low and the in-formation goes through the 8284 to the 8088 (via theirREADY lines).

• HOLD*: The HOLD* line on the S-100 bus isequivalent to the HOLD line on the 8088 when it is in-verted by IC12.

• INT*: The INT* line on the S-100 bus is equivalentto the INTR line on the 8088 when it is inverted by ICll.

The Status Bus

The question here is how closely the status outputs ofthe 8088 correspond to those needed by the system. Thiscan be a real problem in interfacing processors to busesfor which they were not designed. After all, it is a fun-damental architectural decision about what a given pro-cessor will tell the rest of a system about its activities andwhen. Creating status signals with TTL devices can bequite a problem.

In this case, we are very fortunate with the 8088. Con-sistent Intel design philosophy is apparent here, easingour interface task. Looking back at table 2 of Part 1 lastmonth, we recall that the states of three pins (IO/M*,DT/R*, and SSO*) fully encode the 8088 status. The tim-ing diagram shows that status is valid at the right time,shortly after the start of the bus cycle. Using an 8205l-of-8 decoder (IC3), the decoded status can be fed to thebus through a buffer (IC4). IC4 is not an 8282; it is an8283, which is an 8282 with inverted outputs.

Text continued on page 68

64

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 39 on inquiry card.

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Number

Type +5 V GND

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1

IC2

8284 18

9

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IC4

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10

IC5

8282 20

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IC6

8282 20

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IC7

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IC8

8282 20

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8282 20

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IC12

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IC13

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IC14

74LS20 14

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IC1.5

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IC16

74LS04 14

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IC17

8755A-2 40

20

IC18

8185-2 18

9

IC19

74LS139 16

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Text continued from page 64:

As usual, the OE* of IC4 is tied to the appropriatedisable signal (in this case, S-100 SDSB*, or statusdisable).

Thus, 8088 pins IO/M*, DT/R*, and SSO* are fed asinputs to the 8205 decoder (IC3), and the status appearsthrough the inverting 8283 (IC4):

• sMl: The status Ml signal indicates to the systemthat an op-code fetch (8080A style) is taking place. Thereason I say "8080A" style is that sMl for an 8080A is dif-ferent from the status instruction fetch of the 8088.

For example, on an 8080A, you must use 3 bytes whenyou want to load a register (pair) with a 16-bit data item.The first is the instruction itself, while the second andthird bytes are the data. The 8080A treats only the firstbyte-fetch as an instruction fetch; the second 2 bytes areoperand fetches. The 8088, on the other hand, treats allthree fetches as instruction fetch (ie: sMl).

This signal is not required by any of the boards I planto use in the system, so the only real difference I notice isthat the 8088's front-panel sMl light seems brighter thanthe one on the IMSAI (due to its being on more often).

• sINTA: The S-100 status interrupt-acknowledgeline indicates that the processor is in an interrupt-acknowledge sequence. 8088 interrupt-acknowledgestatus works just fine.

• sWO*: The S-100 status write/output signal is usedto tell slave units that the processor is sending data tothem. Commonly, the signal, in conjunction withaddress-decoding circuitry, acts as a select signal forother boards in the system. Since this signal is active low,the inverter at ICll conditions the 8088 status.

• sOUT: The status output line tells the rest of thesystem that the processor is transferring data to an outputport. The derived "write I/O" line from the 8088 is usedto implement the S-100 sOUT line.

• sMEMR: The S-100 status memory-read line is usedto select memory boards for input. On the 8080A,sMEMR is generated for all memory accesses includingcode, operand, and data (stack operations). On the 8088,status memory-read is generated only for data movement(eg: MOV MEMPOINTER, 0) and stack operations (eg:POP AX).

68

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 41 on inquiry card.

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2°1VCC19j0O0IJIdOi

i7]do216JD0315"1do4m]do5i5]do6TFJD07

TTJSTB

r

Dl0 O-

Dll O

Dl2 O-

di3 o

Dl4 o-

DIS O"

Dl6 C>-

Di7 o

Figure 2: 77ie S2S.2 S-bi'f buffer/latch.Similar to the familiar 8212, the 8282 has agreater drive capacity and comes in a nar-rower, twenty-pin dual-in-line package.

stb \Z>-

DCLK

DCLK

DCLK

O-J 1

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->

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->

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Examining the schematic, we see that IC3 output 0 (in-dicating code access) and IC3 output 4 (indicatingmemory-read) are gated into NAND gate IC13, and theresult is fed through inverter IC16 before being broughtout as sMEMR via IC4. This allows sMEMR to begenerated by the 8088's read-memory status, but it also

insures that sMEMR is asserted whenever the 8088 statusis "code access" (ie: sMl).

• sINP: This status input line tells the rest of thesystem that the processor is requesting data from a port;this signal is easily implemented with the 8088 "read I/O"derived status signal.

70 October 3980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 42 on inquiry card.

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337 338 339

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297 298 299

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72 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 43 on inquiry card.

• sHLTA: The S-100 status halt-acknowledge signalis asserted when the processor enters a halt state. The8088 "halt" decoded status line provides this function.

Design Details

The S-100 system-clock signal ($, pin 24) is sent fromthe CLK output of the 8284 through an inverter in IC12that serves to invert and buffer the 5 MHz signal.

Another signal, PWAIT, is the logical inversion of theREADY input to the processor. This is brought out toS-100 pin 27. I use this to observe READY status on thefront panel.

A front panel RESET switch (closure to ground) comesonto the board through the RC (resistor/capacitor) tim-ing network (47 k-ohm resistor, 1 fi¥ capacitor) and isconnected to the 8284 RES* input.

The bottom-right of figure 1 contains a couple of gatesand an inverter. This circuit determines if an I/O READor I/O WRITE is taking place and properly controls theIOR* and IOW* inputs to the 8755A-2. These signals areused when the two 8-bit parallel ports it contains areaccessed.

Finally, the circuit containing IC19, IC14, and variousinverters (these appear in the upper-middle portion of theschematic) fully decodes (ie: with no wasted addressspace) the address for the 2 K bytes of EPROM (erasableprogrammable read-only memory) and 1 K bytes of pro-grammable memory on the processor board (8755A-2and 8185-2). The 2 K bytes of EPROM are addressedfrom hexadecimal XF800 to XFFFF, and the 1 K bytes ofuser memory are addressed from hexadecimal XF400 toXF7FF.

Since only sixteen address lines are used, the contentsof the upper four address lines are not important, hencethe X in the above hexadecimal numbers. Some I/O spaceis wasted though; the 8755A-2 uses the state of addresslines ADO and AD1 to determine whether to utilize portA or port B during I/O operations. With my decoding,I/O addressing is such that port A will be accessed withport addresses between hexadecimal F800 and FFFF,which map into the following address pattern:

Port A address = 1111 1XXX XXXX XX00(ie: 0F800, 0F804, etc)

Port B uses addresses in the same range (ie: 0F800 to0FFFF) that match the following pattern:

Port B address = 1111 1XXX XXXX XX01(ie: 0F801, 0F805, etc)

Remember that the 8088 uses a full 16-bit I/O address (asthe IEEE standard recommends) rather than echoing the8-bit I/O address on the high and low bytes of the ad-dress bus (as the 8080A does).

Other Signals: Pins 1 to 50

I have left some signals off the board that you maywant to use, so before you start building, you may wantto pencil in a few of your own design additions. Some ofthe missing signals relate to the IEEE standard and someare old standbys that appear on many boards. Thefollowing is a general summary of my usage (or non-usage) of all S-100 lines.

• XRDY: Pin 3 on the S-100 bus is one of the two

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A(L + 10190 GOTO 60100 J = J + 1:IFJ>KGOTO30105 GOTO 50

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IR0-IR7

G

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VECTORED INTERRUPTS(INVERTED)

Figure 3: An 8259A Programmable Interrupt Controller can beadded to the system by following this logic diagram. The 8259Arequires access to the demultiplexed bidirectional data bus of theprocessor in order to properly interpret vectored interrupts fromthe S-100 bus.

"ready" inputs used (the other is RDY, pin 72). In par-ticular, XRDY is meant to be used by front panels, as op-posed to slow memory or I/O devices. I use this signal forjust this purpose, allowing the implementation ofrun/stop and single-step functions.

• VlO thru VI7: S-100 pins 4 thru 11 are dedicated toeight different vectored-interrupt inputs. These wereoriginally designed around Intel's 8259A PIC (Program-mable Interrupt Controller). Without going into a lot ofdetail, the use of a PIC allows flexible assignment of

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priorities for eight levels of interrupts and a program-mable definition of the processor response to each. Whilethe basic method of operation of an 8259A with the 8088is slightly different from its operation with an 8080A or8085A, the 8259A is still the interrupt controller to use.I have not implemented an 8259A in my design, but itis a logical and easy addition. All that is required is thatthe VI0 thru VI7 inputs (inverted) be tied to IR0 thru IR7on the interrupt side of the 8259A. Then the INT outputof the 8259A is tied to the INTR input of the 8088 (seefigure 3). On the programmable side of the 8259A, weneed to connect the data bus of the processor (DO thruD7, the demultiplexed data bus). In addition, addressdecoding and chip-select logic that meets your needs (ie:hardwired or switch-selectable) is needed to access the8259A.

• NMI*: S-100 pin 12 is a nonmaskable interruptline. As the name implies, this is an interrupt input to theprocessor that cannot be masked in software. All that isnecessary to use this input is to run the S-100 NMI* linethrough an inverter and into the NMI input of the 8088.Nonmaskable interrupts are usually reserved for catas-trophic occurrences that require immediate processor at-tention (such as impending power failure or recurring buserrors).

• PWRFAIL*: The IEEE standard specifies pin 13 as apower-failure signal, an input that indicates impendingpower failure. Noticing the physical proximity to pin 12(NMI*) and the same inverted-logic convention, the in-tention is to jumper pin 12 to 13 and use PWRFAIL* togenerate an NMI before a power interruption. In thiscase, the NMI routine of the processor could save criticalsystem-status parameters (register contents, stack pointerand contents) in battery-powered programmablememory, then perform a software halt to prevent the pro-cessor from causing the system to crash as it "dies."

• DMA0 thru DM A3: The IEEE standard uses pins55, 56, 57, and 14 for DMA-priority arbitration. Thisallows resolution of requests for use of the bus by up to16 would-be bus masters. As I had no use for this feature,these lines are not used in this design. The traditionalHOLD/HLDA (hold, hold acknowledge) protocol usingpins 74 and 26 is implemented, however.

• A16 thru A23: As mentioned before, the IEEE stan-dard does provide for an extended addressing scheme.Since I have chosen to use only sixteen address lines (AOthru A15), none of the extended lines are used. If youhave memory boards that support the IEEE standard, it isa simple matter to bring the upper four address lines ofthe 8088 (A16/S3 thru A19/S6) onto the S-100 bus usingan additional 8282 latch. Remember to demultiplex theaddress and status information on these lines using the8088 ALE connected to the strobe input of the 8082 (STB,pin 11).

• SDSB*, CDSB*, ADSB*, and DODSB*: Thestatus-, control-, address-, and data-out-disable lines areused as they are intended, namely to disable the asso-ciated buses by causing them to change to their high-impedance state.

• pSTVAL*: The IEEE standard calls for a processor-status-valid signal used to latch the processor status.Since none of my boards require the presence of thissignal, it is not implemented. If you need pSTVAL*,some massaging of the 8088's ALE signal with the systemclock ($) will probably do the trick.

74 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 45 on inquiry card.

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• SS, SSW DSBL*, and RUN: The IMSAI uses pins21, 53, and 71 for single-step, a sense-switch-disablesignal and a run indicator. These are all officially archaicaccording to the IEEE standard and are not used.

• PROTECT, UNPROTECT and PROTECTSTATUS: S-100 pins 70, 20, and 69 represented a short-lived attempt by some manufacturers to implementmemory protection and unprotection in software. It wassoon noticed that the first thing a "crashing" programalways does is to randomly produce the right code se-quence to unprotect your memory. So much for thesethree signals. They are not implemented in my design.

• #: Another holdover from the 8080A is the two-phase clock. The other phase is almost an inversion of the<t> (main system) clock, but not quite. If you need </>l(probably not), you will need to synthesize it using TTLdevices.

• PWAIT: One leftover from the IMSAI that I did re-tain is the processor-wait-control output line (PWAIT,pin 27). I use this to light a front-panel LED (light-emitting diode) so I know if the processor is running orhas stopped. It is also handy for monitoring the reactionof the processor to memory slow enough to need waitstates.

The remaining signals (thru pin 50) are used as in-tended, and specified by the IEEE standard with an excep-tion for the definition of sMl and the deletion ofCLOCK:

• sMl: Pin 44 is used for a status Ml signal, generallyoccurring during an op-code-fetch cycle. A potentialproblem occurs here in that the 8080A's op-code fetch isdifferent from the code-access status signal of the 8088 as

decoded from IO/M*, DT/R* and SSO*.

As I mentioned earlier, allowing sMl to occur for bothop-code and operand fetches causes no problems.

Looking over the schematics for some of the boards Iown, I noticed that sMl is rarely used except by somefront-panel controllers. Front panels use it to insure thatthe STOP part of the RUN/STOP function always occursat the first byte of an instruction. I have used the 8088'sstatus-code access as a substitute for sMl without prob-lems.

• CLOCK: This line (pin 49) is specified as a 2 MHzclock running asynchronously with the main processorand thereby independent of its clock frequency. I/Oboards may use this for data-rate generation. If I everneed to implement CLOCK, I will probably use a 2 MHzcrystal oscillator circuit, since it is not obvious how togenerate 2 MHz from 5 MHz. (Let's see, where's thatdivide by two-and-a-half circuit?) Now if the 8088 couldrun at 8 MHz, we could just divide PCLK (you rememberthe 8284 peripheral-clock output) by 2 and have our2 MHz CLOCK signal.

Other Signals: Pins 51 to 100

Here are some more S-100 bus signals you may want toadd to your design:

• SLAVE CLR*: S-100 pin 54 is meant to be kind of areset for bus slave devices (primarily I/O boards) so theycan reset counters or whatever. If you want to implementSLAVE CLR* use either a separate front-panel switch orthe other side of the master RESET switch (as the IMSAIcomputer does).

• PHANTOM*: Pin 67 is the much maligned PHAN-

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BYTE October 1980 77

7402(NOR)

SOUT O-SWO* O-

I>->-

j—^ 5- 100

"I MEMORY WRITE

Figure 4: The MWRT (memory write) signal required by S-100systems can be provided by simple logic, if it is not generatedelsewhere in the system.

TOM* line. It was originally developed to resolve theconflict between the reset start address of 0 on the 8080Aand the fact that most people prefer processing to begin atsome higher address (to support ROM and EPROMmonitors in high memory). Without going into a lot ofdetail, PHANTOM* is used to make a programmablememory board addressed at memory location 0 "disap-pear" while it is "replaced" by a read-only memory atsome higher address. Consequently, when the computerstarts executing at location 0, it is actually executing thefirst few instructions in the read-only memory. This isusually a JMP instruction to the actual address of theread-only-memory board. Since the 8088 nicely beginsexecuting in high memory at absolute address hexa-decimal 0FFFF0, which is treated as hexadecimal 0FFF0 bymy machine (remember, only sixteen address lines arecurrently used), the problem resolves itself and PHAN-TOM* is not needed.

• MWRT: S-100 pin 68 is used for the memory-writestatus line. This is simply a logical combination of twoexisting status signals (sWO*, status write out; andsOUT, status out). MWRT can be a real problem if you

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are not careful. The basic problem is that MWRT is notrequired to be generated by the processor, but it must bepresent somewhere in the system. It seems that everymanufacturer does you a favor by providing MWRTcapability on their board. I have seen MWRT on front-panel boards, memory boards, processor boards, diskcontrollers, etc. Ensure that there is one and only oneMWRT in your system. If it does not exist, let me recom-mend that you add a 7402 NOR gate and use one of theunassigned outputs of the 8282 (IC5) for buffering asshown in figure 4. In my case, MWRT is generated on theBYT-8 motherboard.

• SSTACK and ERROR*: Pin 98 on the IMSA1 wasused for the 8080A-dependent signal, status stack-access. It indicates that the stack is being accessed (ie: viaPUSH or POP) and is never used for anything. In asegmented-memory machine like the 8088, however, itmight be of more interest to know if the stack is being ac-cessed. By decoding S4 and S3 (equivalent to A17/S4,A16/S3 on the 8088), this can be determined.

Realizing the nebulous virtues of SSTACK, the IEEEstandard uses pin 98 as a general-purpose ERROR* in-dicator. When memory boards with parity capability arewidely used, ERROR* could be used to indicate parityerrors. ERROR* could then be tied to NMI*, and the pro-cessor's nonmaskable-interrupt routine could call for arerun of the failing bus cycle. Since none of this grandiosescheme is currently implemented on my board, pin 98 isnot used.

• POC*: Pin 99 is defined as power-on-clear line,which is supposed to exercise both master RESET* (pin75) and SLAVE CLR* (pin 54) upon system power-up.Since the RC timing network I use on RESET* does thetrick for resetting the 8088, and SLAVE CLR* is not used;there is no need for POC*.

Before you go overboard trying to implement a lot ofthe above, I want you to know that most of it is probablynot needed. The current design works just fine with all ofmy boards, including:

• Wameco 8 K 2102 memory boards (and others ofsimilar design)

• Godbout 16 K and 32 K 4044 (or equivalent) basedmemory boards

• SSM Parallel I/O board

• SSM VB1 Video Interface

• Cromemco Bytesaver 2708 board

• TDL VDB Video Interface

• Tarbell Cassette Interface

• Tarbell single-density floppy-disk controller

• Vector Graphics 2708 programmable read-onlymemory board

Implementation

Start by looking at the photos of the front and back ofthe board (see photos la and lb on page 80). Regardingthe back side, all I can say is "functional is beautiful." It isnot really as formidable as it seems. I will proceed to givesome hints that may prove useful.

Remember, patience is a virtue. I used a CCS (Califor-nia Computer Systems) wire-wrap board for a number ofreasons. The provision for voltage regulation (and filter-ing) and the ground plane around the edge of the boardare nice. The board is uncommitted to any particulardevice size, allowing any combination of dual-in-linesockets. In addition, the feed-through holes are all plated,

78 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 49 on inquiry card.

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Circle 50 on inquiry card. byte October 1980 79

lb

Photo 1: The processor board from front (photo la) and back (photo lb). There is a large area left for design additions. Note that up-per pins on dual-in-line connectors are soldered to the ground plane for shielding. Multi-colored wiring makes debugging easier.

facilitating soldering when necessary.

Probably the most important feature is that all theS-100 lines are labeled at the bottom of the board. Unlessyou enjoy doing a table-lookup every time you try toassociate an S-100 signal with its pin number, get a boardwith the lines labeled.

Try to use a wire-wrap tool with daisy-chainingcapability. This will allow you to connect commonsignals (like ALE, RD*, and WR*) quickly and easily,with less possibility for error. You can use the sametechnique for connecting the multiplexed address/databus of the 8088 (ADO thru AD7) to all the bus buffers(IC7, IC8, and IC9).

Be careful, though, because connect-and-wrap toolssometimes forget the connect operation. Whenever thewiring of one signal is complete, check each connection inthe chain. It is easier to find a bad connection this waythan by waiting until you are done. If you need moreconvincing, simply look at photo lb and imagine huntingin that jungle of wires.

Important precaution: once you have wired the board,test the power supply before you plug in any integratedcircuits! Measure the resistance between pins 1 and 51( + 8 V) and pins 50 and 100 (ground). If there is zeroresistance, find the short before continuing. Make surethat the +5 V regulators are regulating, then check thepower and ground pins of every socket for the correctvalue. Use the proper technique when handling MOS(metal-oxide semiconductor) devices. If you ruin an 8088,you will be sad.

The Board

On the left border of the board is the power-supply sec-tion. (See photo la.) At the bottom are a couple ofcapacitors (15 pF and 0.1 ^F, both rated at 12 V) thatfilter the +8 V power supply from the system (this comesonboard via pins 1 and 51). At the top are two 7805voltage regulators ( + 5 V) with heat sinks. Each uses a0.1 fiF bypass capacitor between the +5 V regulator out-puts and ground (note: S-100 ground is pins 50 and 100).At the top center of the board, we see two 25-pin flatcable connectors. These are used as I/O-port connectionsto both parallel I/O ports (ports A and B) on the 8755A-2

EPROM-I/O circuit. Both ports could be wired to oneconnector, but I chose to shield each I/O line with aground line. I did this by soldering the top row of connec-tor pins to the ground plane, which runs around the cir-cumference of the board.

Lower on the board, the 40-pin 8755A-2 (in thepackage labeled 17) is surrounded by eight dual-in-linepackages. IC18 (labeled 18) is the 8185-2 static program-mable memory. The other seven circuits complete theTTL circuitry required for this board. The schematicreveals that TTL devices are used for two basic functions.One is to decode the addresses for the on-board memoryand I/O (ie: the 8755A-2, 8185-2 pair). The second is forthe miscellaneous inversion and simple gating of signalsnecessary to successfully interface the processor card tothe S-100 bus.

At the bottom are nine 1 k-ohm resistors used to pullup various processor input control-bus signals (the bus-disable inputs, RDY, HOLD*, etc).

To the right are IC6 thru IC9. These are all 8282s thatserve to buffer the address bus, the input and output databuses, and the control bus. Immediately below IC9 is aresistor pack (labeled Rl, containing eight 1 k-ohmresistors) used to pull up the input data bus of the pro-cessor. Remember that some I/O boards may have open-collector drivers (per the IEEE standard); thus, these pull-ups are necessary.

Higher on the board, ICl is the 8088 microprocessor.Above the 8088, are IC2, IC3, IC4, a capacitor, twocrystals, and a jumper. IC4 is the 8283 (inverting 8282)buffer for the status bus. IC3 is the 8205 l-of-8 decoderused to decode the processor status. IC2 is the 8284 clockgenerator. The capacitor (10 pF) is used between thecrystal input and pin X2 of the 8284.

Why two crystals? While the 8088 is impressive at5 MHz, faster is better, right? Ignoring manufacturer'sspecs is a "do at your own risk" proposition, but when Isaw the 18.432 MHz crystal lying in my junk box, I couldnot resist. Under normal operating conditions, my 8088has no problems running at 6.1 MHz (remember, the8284 divides the crystal frequency by 3 to get theoperating frequency of the 8088). The jumper selects be-tween the 15 and 18.432 MHz crystals.

80

October 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc

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Photo 2: Circuit board for the front panel. This board containsthe LED assemblies (see figure 5) that monitor the states ofselected lines on the S-100 bus.

Photo 3: Assembled front panel for the 8088-based computer.Two toggle switches and a push-button switch have been addedto the LED assemblies shown in photo 2.

At the bottom right is the resistor/capacitor timing net-work (47 k-ohm, 1 /*F) connected to the RESET* input(pin 75).

Finally, at the upper right (above the package markedFP) is the dual-in-line socket for connecting the data busof the processor to the front panel.

The Front Panel

"And now I see with eye serene

The very pulse of the machine"

William Wordsworth

As I said before, I am trying to avoid experimentingwith "my IMSAI. The IMSAI front panel will not workwith my 8088 board, and it provides more functionalitythan I really need; therefore, I decided to build my ownfront panel (see figure 5).

The front-panel switches allow the system to be resetand allow the processor to be placed in run, stop, orsingle-step mode. It also allows monitoring of the addressbus, the data bus, and the status bus. These few func-tions, in conjunction with a logic probe, are all that areneeded for debugging the system.

Looking at photo 3 and figure 5 (on page 84), you cansee that the front panel is really very simple. Additionalcontrols and LEDs can be added to suit your own needs.One function I plan to add is a slow-step control, utilizinga simple timer (555-based) and the existing single-step cir-cuitry. If you decide to use the upper four address bits,LEDs can be added to monitor them and other status andcontrol lines.

Looking at the left-hand portion of the front-panel cardin photo 2, we see the 7805 + 5 V regulator and its filter-ing capacitors. This is used to power the 7400 and 7474,which implement the run/stop and single-step circuitry.Above this are the thirty-two LEDs that are tied to the ap-propriate S-100 bus lines through 4.7 k-ohm current-limiting resistors. The socket at the lower left is used toconnect to the front-panel run/stop and single-stepswitches via a dual-in-line plug, allowing easy removal ofthe panel if necessary. The ribbon cable running across,

then off, the board connects to the dual-in-line socket onthe processor card, allowing the 8088 data bus to bemonitored.

Connecting the 8088 RDY input and TEST* input onthe processor card results in a simple, yet powerful,debugging feature. By placing a WAIT instruction in aprogram, full-speed execution of the program can bestopped. Then a specific routine can be single-steppedthrough, if necessary, for debugging purposes.

The TEST* input is a very powerful tool. A variationof the above strategy would be to add a switch to thefront panel dedicated to controlling the TEST* input.This would allow WAIT instructions to be selectively ig-nored. However, the automatic stopping feature mightthen require some agile manipulation of the TEST*switch at the appropriate time.

Check out the front panel as thoroughly as possible.Ensure that all the LEDs work, and verify that therun/stop and single-step switches exercise the S-100XRDY line correctly.

Debugging the Front Panel

Initially, install only the processor board and the frontpanel in your motherboard. This will minimize thenumber of variables to deal with at one time.

Place the run/stop switch in the stop position andapply power. Hit the reset switch; at this point, the lightson the front panel should reflect the following:

• The address bus should show hexadecimal 0FFF0.

• The status bus should show sMl and sMEMR.

Note that in my case, I am using the SSTACK light toshow run/stop status (stopped = LED on) so SSTACK isalso lit.

The state of the data-bus LEDs depends on the programin your 8755A-2 EPROM. At this point, the 8088 isreading the hexadecimal address 0FFF0, which is in theon-board 8755A-2 EPROM. If your EPROM is erased,the data bus display will be hexadecimal OFF, which is notvery helpful. For instance, if the EPROM address/chip-select circuitry is incorrect, you may well see hexadecimal

82 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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IC1

8088

40

1

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8284

18

9

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8205

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20

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8282

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8282

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8282

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OFF anyway, due to the pull-up resistors on the data bus.

I suggest that for initial testing you have the 8755A-2EPROM burned with a short diagnostic program that ex-ercises some of the functions of the processor board. Thisprogram should allow testing of the on-board program-mable memory and I/O ports. By single-stepping, eachfunction can be tested. You may want to add instructionsto test the S-100-interface portion of the design (such asmoving data from and to external memory, and datatransfer to and from external I/O ports).

If what your front panel displays is only slightly dif-ferent from this description, there cannot be muchwrong. For instance, if the address bus shows hexa-decimal 0FFE8, you can suspect that address lines 3 and 4have been swapped on the processor board or the frontpanel. If the display shows hexadecimal 0FFF8, look for ashort between the same address lines, etc. In fact, if youhave a problem at this point, a good strategy is to verifythat the front panel is correctly monitoring the processor.With the processor stopped and reset, insure that the out-puts of the address, data, and status bus buffers on theprocessor board are correctly reflected on the front panel.If they are not, the front panel still has problems. Fixthese before continuing.

If the front panel is correctly interpreting the outputs ofthe processor board, and your LED display is still incor-rect, the problem lies on the processor board itself.

Debugging the Processor Board

When a new hardware design fails to work, the prob-lem usually lies in one of three areas:

84

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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• design errors,

• wiring errors, or

• component failure.

Note that this is closely related to the system environ-ment in which the processor board is operating. In par-ticular, I have given interrupt handling and DMA hand-shaking only cursory examination since none of theboards I use exercise these functions. The addition ofyour favorite Brand XYZ interrupt-driven DMA VideoBoard may uncover design errors I am not aware of. (Iwould appreciate correspondence in this matter.)

Wiring errors are the most likely culprit. Checkingconnections as you go can prevent a lot of these.Sometimes, the problem is a bad component. Fortunate-ly, these problems usually produce distinct, easy-to-diagnose symptoms.

The strategy now is to start with the basic computer(8284, 8088, 8755A-2, and 8185-2) and work outwardsuntil all problems are corrected.

Start by checking for fundamental signs of life. At the8284, look for the presence of the 15 MHz crystal signalon the XI and X2 inputs. Ensure that the 5 MHz clocksignal is present on the CLK output of the 8284. TheRESET switch should pull the 8284 RES* input low for atleast 1 fis, and it should produce a high-going pulse onthe RESET output of the 8284. The RDY2 input andREADY output of the 8284 should correctly reflect thestate of the front panel run/stop and single-step switches.

Moving to the 8088, first verify that the CLK, READY,and RESET outputs of the 8284 are getting to the CLK,

READY, and RESET inputs of the 8088. If not, find thewiring error. The HOLD, INTR, and NMI inputs shouldall be low. The MN/MX* input should be tied high.

With the 8088 reset and running, look for activity onthe ALE line of the 8088; address lines; data lines, andstatus and control lines should all show basic signs of life.

Once things are operating properly, stop and reset thesystem and probe the output buses of the 8088 with alogic probe. The sixteen address outputs should reflectthe hexadecimal 0FFF0 RESET start address, and thestatus lines (IO/M*, DT/R* and SSO*) should corres-pond to op-code-fetch status. Make sure that the correctstatus output at the decoder (IC3) results from the threestatus inputs.

Next, make sure that the outputs of the 8088 are gettingto the appropriate output buffers. For example, the in-puts to 8282 IC6 (pins 1 thru 8) should be the same as theA8 thru A15 outputs of the 8088, and so forth for theother output buses. If not, find the wiring error. The out-puts of all the buffers should reflect the inputs. If not,suspect a bad buffer or faulty STB (strobe) or OE*(output-enable) connections.

Wiring errors are the most likely culprits in a projectsuch as this. TTL circuits are easy to debug. Swappingcomponents and looking for resulting symptomaticchanges is a useful debugging technique. You probablyhave extra TTL circuits available, and the five 8282s canbe swapped. As a last resort, the MOS chips can beswapped. Try to borrow an 8088 and an 8284 to swap;the 8755A-2 and 8185-2 are not necessary for initialdebugging. The risk is that a wiring error can damage

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these circuits.

Once the processor and front-panel boards areoperating, you can begin integrating and testing otherboards. Insert one board at a time and try to verify itsoperation before continuing.

Hints

Watch out for I/O boards that use the upper eightaddress lines to enable the board; my SSM parallel I/Oboard does this. The problem can be corrected by soft-ware, as an example will show:

The 8088 has two forms of input instructions. One ismuch like the 8080A IN instruction (the same holds foroutput). Its form is

IN Accumulator, 8-bit port address

The second form is an indirect input instruction thatallows access to the extended I/O addressing of the8088 (ie: 64 K port addresses).

MOV DX register pair, 16-bit port addressIN Accumulator, DX (port address is in DXregister pair)

The first form of input instruction zeroes out theupper eight address bits. For example:

IN A, 60H

will place hexadecimal 0060 on the sixteen addresslines.

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Now assume there are two I/O boards in thesystem. One decodes the lower eight address lines andis addressed at hexadecimal 60. The other (like theSSM parallel I/O board) decodes the upper eightaddress lines and is addressed at 0.

The problem occurs if we try to use the short formof the input instruction to read from the I/O boardaddressed at hexadecimal 60 with the instruction:

IN A, 60H

The address bus will contain hexadecimal 0060 (ie:binary 0000 0000 0110 0000). Now the board at hexa-decimal address 60 will correctly decode the lowereight address lines and select itself. Unfortunately, theother board (addressed at 0) will see the high-orderpart of the address and select itself. The result is thatboth boards will try to drive the data bus at the sametime...bus contention being the result.

The solution is to use the indirect form of I/O. Toread from port hexadecimal 60, use:

MOV DX, 6060HIN AL, DX

If you are sure you will never want to use an I/O boardthat decodes the upper eight address lines, the short formI/O instructions are valid; otherwise, use the indirectform of I/O.

Once the 8088 processor board is solidly up and talkingwith all the other boards via the S-100 bus, there are stilla few problems to be considered. All that hardware isnothing more than a "wall socket tester" without the soft-ware to make it do something. As in the case of largemainframes, the hardware advances are progressing farmore rapidly than our ability to generate useful software.

Next month, in the third and final part of this article,we will look at MON88, a machine-language monitor forthe 8088-based processor board described here.H

Editor's Note: The author is planning to make printed circuit boardsavailable through Microfuture, POB 5951, San lose CA 95150. Theboards will use more common 2708 read-only memory circuits inplace of the 8755, and 2114 programmable memory instead of the8185. Twenty address lines are implemented per the IEEE standard.Price is expected to be $59.95; Microfuture can be contacted at (408)249-0560.

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October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE October 1980 89

Education Fopum

A Multiple-Machine Loaderfor Classroom Computers

Richard C Hallgren, Assistant Professor, Michigan StateUniversity, Department of Biomechanics, East Lansing MI48824

Many educators are becoming aware of the impact thatpersonal computers can have by providing a learning ex-perience, and the combined factors of decreasing cost andincreasing capability are prompting many school systemsto include the personal computer in their curriculum.Ideally, each instructional system should have its ownfloppy-disk drive, but the present cost of drives can in-flate the cost of an individual system by 50%. The alter-native is to supply every system with a low-cost cassetterecorder. Unfortunately, the most frustrating phase ofcomputer operation can be associated with reading a tapeinto a computer from a cassette recorder. The problem isgreatly magnified when the cassette recorder being used

Acknowledgment

This project was supported by Independent School District §196 inRosemount, Minnesota.

to load the program tape is not the recorder that was usedto create the program tape. The problem becomes un-manageable when twenty students are attempting to loadtwenty tapes from twenty cassette recorders.

A simple solution is to build an interface which willload a program into a number of peripheral computersfrom a single source. Figure 1 shows the basic approach.The instructor has a system with a floppy disk containingall the instructional programs to be used; all the students'computers are connected in parallel to a two-con-ductor shielded cable coming from the interface. The in-structor first loads the desired program into his computerfrom the disk, and then the program is transferred overthe cable to the students' computers. Three specific ex-amples of the interface will be described, but the conceptcan be extended to almost any personal computer system.

Multiple-machine loading transfers the program databy connecting the cassette-output port on the instructor'scomputer to the cassette-input port on the students' com-puters, through the interface circuitry. The interfacematches the respective impedances and provides thenecessary signal conditioning.

Photo 1: The multiple-machine loader in use at a school administrators' workshop, where computer-aided instruction programs werebeing evaluated. This network-like system can involve up to twenty-four TRSSOs, Apple lis, or Commodore PETs.

90 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Figure 2a shows the waveform from the cassette-outputport of a Radio Shack TRS-80 after the user types CSAVEand Enter, and figure 2d shows the waveform that theTRS-80 expects to see at the cassette input port after theuser types CLOAD and Enter.

Figure 3a is a diagram of the interface circuitry. Thecassette-output signal from connector J3-5 on the instruc-tor's computer is buffered and amplified by the RCACA3140T operational amplifier to drive the power tran-sistor. The signal from the MJE 3055 transistor is con-nected to J3-4 on the students' computers and providesdrive capability for twenty-four units. Power for the in-terface is obtained from the +19.8 V output of a TRS-80AC adapter. The LM340 regulator is set via the1.2 k-ohm and 560-ohm resistors to supply approximate-ly 9.5 V.

Figure 2b shows the waveform coming from the cas-sette-output port of an Apple II after the user types SAVEand Return, and figure 2e shows the waveform that theApple II would like to see at the cassette-input port aftertyping LOAD and Return. Figure 3b shows a diagram of

the interface circuitry. There are two factors which makethe interface design easier for the Apple II than for theTRS-80:

• The Apple II has eight peripheral connectors on thecomputer's motherboard, thus allowing the interfaceto reside inside the computer and use the computer's5 V power supply.

• The input impedance of the Apple II cassette circuitryis high (12 k-ohm). Even a number of computers inparallel presents only a small load; thus the need forthe driver transistor is eliminated.

The cassette-output signal from the instructor's Apple IIis amplified by a factor of one hundred by the CA3140Toperational amplifier, and is connected to the cassetteinput jacks on a maximum of twenty-four studentcomputers.

Figure 2c shows the waveform from cassette-outputport number 2 of a Commodore PET computer after theuser types SAVE "NAME", 2 and Return. Figure 2f shows

STUDENTCOMPUTER

STUDENTCOMPUTER

STUDENTCOMPUTER

STUDENTCOMPUTER

STUDENTCOMPUTER

STUDENTCOMPUTER

/\

INSTRUCTORCOMPUTER WITHFLOPPY DISK

INTERFAC

E

STUDENTCOMPUTER

STUDENTCOMPUTER

STUDENT

COMPUTER

STUDENTCOMPUTER

STUDENTCOMPUTER

STUDENT

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Figure 1: Block diagram of a multiple-machine loader system. The network is composed of an instructor's computer, a cable-driverinterface, and up to twenty-four student computers.

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INT(X N X SIN(X 2),X)

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the waveform form that the PET would like to see atcassette-input port number 2 after typing a LOAD"NAME",2 and Return. Figure 3c shows the diagram ofthe interface circuitry. Cassette-interface connectornumber 2 on the back of the PET is used to gain access toinput and output lines. The single integrated circuit ismounted in the connector hood at the instructor'smachine so as to make the installation as simple as ispossible.

Operation of each system is quite simple:

1. The instructor loads the desired program from disk in-to his computer.

2. All students that are to use this particular program areinstructed to type CLOAD and Enter (LOAD andReturn for the Apple II; LOAD "NAME",2 and Returnfor the PET) as if they were loading a program fromcassette tape. Their computers will now wait for a pro-gram to be loaded.

3. The instructor types CSAVE and Enter (SAVE and

(a)

1" IF PULSEPRESENT

"0" IF PULSEABSENT

Lf

SYNC PULSE

(b)

(c)

(d)

.46V■ 0V

03V

n^L^

— ov

— 5.0 V

— OV

— 4.0V— 2.0V

(e)

— 3.0V

— OV

(f)

mim^

I 1 I 1 0

5.0VV

Figure 2: Cassette-interface output of the Radio Shack TRS-80Model I (a), Apple II (b), and Commodore PET (c). The respec-tive cassette-interface inputs expect to receive the waveforms ofd, e, and f. Different specimens of these computers may produceslightly different waveforms from those shown here.

Return for the Apple II; SAVE "NAME",2 and Returnfor the PET) as if a program were being saved oncassette tape.

4. The program is automatically transferred from the in-structor's computer to the students' computers.

5. After the program is transferred, control of the com-puter is returned to the students.

Results from using the interfaces described have beenquite encouraging. Not only have the problems ofloading programs from twenty different cassetterecorders been eliminated, but the process of generatingtwenty program tapes containing material updates hasalso been avoided. ■

(c)

FROM CASSETTEPORT #2

E>

TO CASSETTEPORT #2

E>

Figure 3: The various interfacing circuits necessary are shown ata, b, and c. The low input impedance of the TRS-80 (a) presentsthe greatest load, and so requires a power transistor to achievethe proper drive. The interface circuit for the Apple II (b) re-quires much less power, and so it can use the power supply inthe instructor's computer, as can the PET interface (c).

94 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 61 on inquiry card.

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Sorting with Binary Trees

Bill Walker

University of Oklahoma

School of Electrical Engineering

and Computer Science

202 W Boyd

Norman OK 73019

Of the numerous sorting tech-niques know to the average computeruser, one that is seldom talked aboutis the binary sort. This is probablybecause, at first glance, it seems un-necessarily complicated when com-pared to, say, the common bubblesort. (The bubble sort is so-calledbecause a new element reaching itsproper position in a sorted list does soby being compared successively witheach element already in the list, risinglike a bubble from the bottom of thelist.) Nonetheless, I was curiousenough about the binary sort to com-pare it to the more common bubblesort in a practical demonstration. Theresults were interesting enough towarrant further study. First, let medescribe the experiment.

The program of listing 1 (with line5 deleted) was used to implement abinary sort on an 8 K CommodorePET. Timing comparisons weremade, using the PET's internal real-time clock, for both this program anda bubble-sort program (not listed inthis article), both of which wereinstructed to sort a random list of 100integers. The binary sort tookapproximately half as long as thebubble sort to order the random listof numbers. However, the real payoffcame when the computer was told toeither add to or delete from the list,and then print the new sorted list.The bubble sort took the sameamount of time it took to do its firstsort, but the binary sort was finishedbefore the display had time to recordthe fact.

It is on this seemingly amazing notethat we begin a discussion of binarysorts.

Figures 1 and 2 are examples ofwhat are called trees. They are ex-tremely useful in several branches ofmathematics and figure largely in theconstruction of a binary search. Treesare made of nodes (the circles in

figures 1 and 2), each of which usual-ly contains information. The singlenode in the top row is called the root.A given node can be connected to oneor more nodes on the next level belowit; if this is the case, the higher node is

called the parent node (or parent),and the lower nodes directly con-nected to it are called its children.

For years, mathematicians haveknown many properties of treediagrams. Most of these properties

Figure 1: A generalized tree. A tree is characterized hy having only one root node (theone at the top) and hy each node (represented here as a circle) having zero or morenodes connected to it hy a straight line. The nodes below the given node connecteddirectly by one line segment are called child nodes; the node itself is called the parentnode.

Figure 2: A binary tree. This tree is characterized by the properties that a given parentnode can have, at most, two child nodes, and that each non-root node has exactly oneparent. The child nodes are called the left child node and the right child node.

96

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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t Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc.

iTRS-80 is a trademark of Radio Shack, a division of Tandy Corp

Figure 3: A simple binary tree. Data is ar-ranged within a binary tree so that the se-quence right child, parent, left child givesthe contents of the tree in sorted order.Here, the sorted order is 12, 15, 25.

ENTER

Figure 4: Adding to a binary tree. Thecolored arrow shows the direction ofsearch when placing a new node in abinary tree. Here, 14 is greater than 12, soit is placed as a right child of 12. Here, thesorted order is 12, 14, 15, 25.

are complex or so general as to be oflittle practical use. But if we restrictourselves to a specific subset of treeswith a given structure, these prop-erties become readily understandableand usable. Figure 1 shows a generaltree; figure 2 is an example of the typeof tree that we will be studying, abinary tree.

A binary tree is characterized bythe restriction that each parent nodecan have, at most, two children, andthat any node (except for the rootnode) must have exactly one parentnode. Later we will see that this kindof tree is well suited to representationin a digital computer, where thebinary nature of decisions (answeredwith yes or no) goes hand in handwith the maximum of two child nodesallowed each parent node.

How does this structure enable usto perform searches and sorts? If wedefine less than as meaning to the leftand down and greater than as mean-ing to the right and down, this givesus an ordering that can be used tostore members of a sorted list asnodes of a binary tree.

Suppose we start with threenumbers: 15, 12, and 25. Since 15 isthe first number encountered, we willdesignate it as the root of our tree.

Figure 5: Example of a binary tree. Here, more nodes have been added, giving thesequence 10, 12, 14, 15, 20, 25, 26.

6a

6b

NODE

KEY

LEFT POINTER

RIGHT POINTER

1 (ROOT)

15

NODE 2 (12)

NODE 3 (25)

2

12

NODE 7 (10)

NODE 4 (14)

3

25

NODE 6 (20)

NODE 5 (26)

4

14

NIL

NIL

5

26

NIL

NIL

6

20

NIL

NIL

7

10

NIL

NIL

Figure 6: Example of a binary tree. Here (6a), the binary tree of figure 5 is reproducedwith numbers above each node that give the order in which the nodes were added to thetree. The table below (6b) gives the node number, key, left pointer, and right pointer ofeach node; both pointers refer to the node number of a node, not its key value. Theword NIL indicates there is no node in the direction given by the pointer.

Since 12 is the next number in the list,we attach it below and to the left ofthe root node (12 is less than 15).Since the next number, 25, is greaterthan the root, 15, we attach it belowand to the right of the root. This givesus the binary tree in figure 3.

Now let us add a new number tothe list: 14. We can add this to the ex-isting binary tree as follows: start atthe root node, 15, and move to theleft because the node we want toinsert, 14, is less than 15. At the nodenumbered 12, we compare 12 to 14and conclude that we should go to theright. Since no node exists to the rightof 12, we can place a new node therewith the value of the number to be

added, giving us the binary graph infigure 4. Similarly, we can add thenumbers 26, 20, and 10 to our tree,giving us the tree in figure 5.

Given the tree in figure 5 as a"sorted" tree, this implies that there issome procedure that allows us toextract the sorted list of numbersfrom the "sorted" binary tree.

If we were presented with thediagram of figure 3 and asked to readit in proper order, we would do so byfirst reading the leftmost node, thenthe parent, then the rightmost node.We note that the far more com-plicated trees of figure 4 and figure 5can be read in a similar fashion byText continued on page 102

98

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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MDBS-QRS. An interactive Report-Writer/Query-System for HDBS/MDBS data bases.Featu res...

• may be customized for non-technical users

• complex retrieval conditions may be specified

• detailed reports can be quickly generated

• wildcard and "match-one" string specificationsincluded

HOBS and MDBS Packages Include:

• DDL data definition language analyzer/editor

• 260-page users manual

• DMS data management routines callable fromhost language

• Sample application program and DDL files

• Relocator to re-org all routines

• System specific manual for bringing up oursoftware

:

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54-page "primer" on data basesystems for micro-computers —only $10.00 per copy.

Both HDBS and MDBS Systems...

• Run under...

CP/M with CBASIC; Microsoft BASICs,FORTRAN or COBOL; InterSystemPASCAL/Z; Sorcim PASCAL/M; MicroFocus CIS COBOL; Digital Research PL/I

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Machine Language Interface available on allabove systems.

• Up to 254 record-types definable in the data base;each record-type may contain up to 255 item-types;each item-type may be up to 9,999 bytes in length.

• Names of data items, records, sets, and files arewholly user definable.

• Commands to add, delete, update, search, andtraverse the data base.

• Straightforward use of ISAM-like structures.

• Records can be maintained in several sortedorders.

• Written in machine language for maximumexecution efficiency and minimal memory usage.

• Independent of types and sizes of disk drives.Support data base spread over several disk drives(max.8); disks may be mini- or full-sized floppiesor hard disks.

• Available versions: Z80 (requires approx. 18K),6502 (approx. 26K), 8080 (approx. 22K)

Total memory requirement must allow for bufferareas.

• 8086 version available. (Call or write for detailsand prices.)

Ordering information (applicable to Z80,and 6502 versions):

8080

HDBS

$ 300.00

MDBS

900.00

DRS

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RTL

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QRS

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650.00

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DRS Manual

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RTL Manual

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QRS Manual

5.00

System Specific

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5.00

Within a given operating system,add $125.00 tor each additionallanguage selected.

For prices outside the U.S. andCanada, please ask for price lists.

Add $2.50 handling fee for non-cashorder {$5.00 outside U.S.),

When ordering, specify intendeduse with...

1. North Star DOS and BASIC

2. CP/M - CBASIC

3. CP/M - Microsoft BASIC 4.XX

4. CP/M - Microsoft BASIC 5.XX

5. CP/M - Microsoft BASIC or

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6. CP/M - Microsoft COBOL-80

7. CP/M - InterSystem PASCAL/Z

8. CP/M - Sorcim PASCAL/M

9. CP/M - Digital Research PL/I

10. CP/M - Micro Focus CIS

COBOL

11. TRSDOS/NEWDOS and TRSDisk BASIC (Models I and II)

12. Apple DOS and Applesoft BASIC

13. MVT/FAMOS and BASIC

14. OASIS and OASIS BASIC

15. Machine Language Programs(Specify operating system.)

Indiana residents add 4%.

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MicroOntii IlLisr

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Circle 63 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

Listing 1: BASIC program for sorting athreaded binary tree. This program allowsthe user to create, add to, delete from, andlist a binary tree. The tree is threaded inthat it is possible to print the tree sorted inascending key sequence by using thepointers associated with each node. Thisversion is written in Microsoft BASIC andcurrently runs on an Apple II. With thedeletion of line 5, it has also been run onthe Commodore PET, the Radio ShackTRS-80, and a PDP-10. It should also runwithout modification on any other com-puter using Microsoft BASIC.

5 CRLL -93618 DIM KEY < 125?, RLINKX125X. LLINK<

125 :>12 FALSE=0 : TRUE=1: N=8 : R00T=1: NI L=

0

14 EMPTV=FALSE

16 PRINT "THIS PROGRAM GENERATES 100 RANDOM NUMBERS RND SORTS THEMUSING"

15 PRINT "A BINARY SEARCH TREE. IT

ALSO ALLOWS DELETIONS FROM, ORADDITIONS"20 PRINT "TO THE TREE. "22 REM ** GENERATE DATA **24 FOR N=l TO 100

26 keycn>= rnd <19@>

27 llink<:n:j=nil

28 rlink<n:>=nil

29 Q=N

30 GOSUB 5S032 NEXT N

34 PRINT : PRINT "ELEMENTS AS THEVWERE GENERATED ARE :": PRINT

36 FOR 1=1 TO 100: PRINT KEV(I>

,: NEXT I28 PRINT160 PRINT : PRINT

110 PRINT "120 PRINT "

'DO YOU WANT TO

ADD A NODE"DELETE A NODE"

130 PRINT

LIST THE TREE"

END'

160

200

300

3999

164

132 PRINT "140 INPUT X

150 IF X=l THEN

151 IF X=2 THEN

152 IF X=3 THEN

153 IF :>i=4 THEN

154 GOTO 100160 N=N+1

162 IF EMPTY THEN

163 GOTO 170

164 FOR 1=1 TO N

165 LLINK<I)=NIL

166 RLINKCi::'=NIL

167 NEXT I

168 N=l

169 ROOT=l

170 INPUT "GIVE KE't175 Q=N180 GOSUB 580190 GOTO 10020O INPUT "GIVE KE't

., P205 RLPHA=P210 GOSUB 1390212 F-SERRCH220 GOSUB 3:000230 GOTO 100300 PRINT : PRINT "TREE FOLLOWS

: PRINT310 GOSUB 980320 GOTO 100

580 REM ** SUBROUTINE BILDER **582 EMPTV=FALSE600 IF N=l THEN 830630 F'=R:OOT640 INSERT=FALSE

■KEVCN)

TO BE DELETED

APPLE, SORCERER

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65066867068069070071072073:0

800810

890

900

910

920

921

940

950

960

980

1000

1020

1022

103010401050

107011001110

11151120

113011401145115811511160117011801280121012201248128812981380131013281348135013:6013781398145814681478

148814981500151015201538154815581560157015801590160016182488253:82548

IF KEY<QX=KEY<P) THEN 748IF RLINK<:PX=NIL THEN 698P=RLINK<P>

GOTO 818

rlinkcq)=rlink<p>rlinkcp:>=qllink(q::'=nilinsert=true

GOTO 818

IF LLINKCFO-ONIL THEN 800

LLINK'CP::'=Q

LLINKCQ::'=NIL

RLINKCQ::'=-P

INSERT=TRUE

GOTO 810

F-LLINKCP::'

IF INSERT=FALSE THEN 650

RETURN

REM ** SUBROUTINE FIX **

1 = 1

IF K=N THEN 920GOTO 960

llink<:i:>=nil

RLINKa::'=NIL

1 = 1+1

GOTO 900

RETURN

REM ** SUBROUTINE LIST **

PRINT

IF EMPTY=FALSE THEN 1038

PRINT "TREE EMPTY"

GOTO 1220

RET=FALSE

R=ROOT

PRINT "ELEMENTS IN ORDER"

IF LLINK<R>=NIL THEN 1115

R=LLINK<R:'

GOTO 1870

B=R

IF <<RLINK<B)ONIL> RND CRET=

FALSE:);' THEN 1140

GOTO 1200

PRINT KEYCB>,

F-B

GOSUB 1240

B=SUC

IF B-ONIL THEN 1128

RET=TRUE

GOTO 1128

IF RET THEN 1220

PRINT KEY<B>

RETURN

rem ** subroutine successor **

q=rlink<:p:j

if rlinkcp:>>nil THEN 1320

u-

-Q

GOTO 1360

IF LLINKCQ:>=NIL THEN 1368

Q=LLINK<a>

GOTO 1320

SUC=Q

RETURN

REM ** SUBROUTINE SEARCH

F-ROOT

F1=FALSE

IF CCPONIL;'

> THEN 1490

GOTO 1680

IF RLPHR=KEV

IF ALPHA-CKEV'

RND <F1=FALSE>

30

•:P) THEN 15

:p> then -1560if rlink<:p:k=nil then 1540f-rlinkcp;'

GOTO 1478F-NILGOTO 1470

p=llinK':p.i

GOTO 1470

F1=TRUE

GOTO 1470

SERRCH=P

RETURN

REM ** SUBROUTINE PAR **

F1=FRLSE

R=R00T

IF POROOT THEN 2560

F1=TRUE:R=NIL

IF <<LLINK<R>=P3 OR CRLINKC

R>=P> OR CF1=TRUE>5 THEN 2638

70 IF KEVCRXKEVCP::' THEN 2608

Listing 1 continued on page 102

100 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 64 on inquiry card.

slaving too longover a hot computer?

AUTOMATEDSIMULATIONS

The Temple of Apshai

First in the Dunjonquest™ series.Undertake heroic acts within alabyrinth filled with treasures andfantastic monsters who guard thesetreasures and move in real time. TheBook of Lore (included) fills in thebackground and describes theappearance of the temple. Over 200rooms and 30 monsters. There are 16million kinds of characters! The bestof the dungeon computer games.

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Starfleet Orion

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The Datestones of Ryn

Dunjonquest #2. Recover thedatestones from the rogue Rex theReaver and his cutthroats —who'vestolen the stones from the calendar —before time runs out.Competitive scoring system: How wellcan you do compared to otherplayers?

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$14.95 cassette • $19.95 disk

Rescue at Rigel

New! Brings the Dunjonquest seriesto the final frontier. As Sudden Smith,with force shield and power gun, youmake your way through several levelsand scores of rooms to find and beamto safety the prisoners held by theevil High Tollah. Quickly, before yourpower pack dies and the Tollah andhis minions can get to you!

For TRS80 Cassette: 16K, Level II; Disk:32K, TRSDOS • Apple Cassette: 32KApplesoft in ROM or 48K Applesoft oncassette; Disk: 48K Applesoft in ROM • PetCassette: 16K, old or new ROMs.

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«€

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Dunjonquest #3. You'll find 3 kinds ofrings, a magic sword, 2 amulets, 6 orso other treasures, 30 rooms, 18 real-time command options...and a dozentypes of monsters including theheinous Morloc. Easy to learn, achallenge to master. Includes gameprogram, 1.2 KB data file, 16 pagemanual.

For TRS80 Cassette: 16K, Level II; Disk:32K, TRSDOS • Apple Cassette: 32KApplesoft in ROM or 48K Applesoft oncassette; Disk: 48K Applesoft in ROM • PetCassette: 24K, old or new ROMs.

$19.95 cassette • $24.95 disk

TO ORDER:

Master Charge or Visa card holders:

charge these to your credit card. Just

call the appropriate toll free number:

(800) 824-7888, operator 861.

In California: (800) 852-7777, op. 861.

In Hawaii or Alaska: (800) 824-7919 op.

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We believe that computer gamesshould be fun, challenging, intellectu-ally stimulating...andprovide you withmany alternatives and ways to affectthe outcome. So our games are morecomplex in planning your playing stra-tegy. But not in the mechanics andrules of play. With all these games, youtake command. You determine thecourse of history.

Invasion Orion

Pit your skills against the computer!Same game system as "StarfleetOrion" but you can play it solo. 3 skilllevels; the computer plays either sideand takes care of the details. It has 10fictional scenarios, 30 ship types, and3 weapon systems.

For TRS80 Cassette: 16K, Level II; Disk:32K, TRSDOS • Apple Cassette: 32KApplesoft in ROM; Disk: 48K Applesoft inROM • Pet Cassette: 16K, old or newROMs.

$19.95 cassette • $24.95 disk

AUTOMATED SIMULATIONS

Please send me the following games:

Cass. Disk Game

Temple of Apshai §

Starfleet Orion §

Invasion Orion i

Datestones of Ryn *

Morloc's Tower *

Rescue at Rigel J

Plus Shipping & HandlingSales Tax*Total

$ 1.00

$

My computer is_

□ I enclose my check in the amountof

n Please charge to my

fl Visa □ Master Charge:# expires _

Name

Address.

'California residents: add 6 or 6.5% tax

Circle 65 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980 101

Listing 1 continued:

2580 r=llink<r>

2590 GOTO 2610

2600 R=RLINK<R)

2610 IF R«NIi_ THEN F1=TRUE

2620 GOTO 2560

2620 PRR-R

2640 REM

2650 RETURN

3000 REM ** SUBROUTINE DEL **

3010 IF P=ROOT THEN GOTO 7000

302O REM CASE II

3030 GOSUB 2480

3035 Q=PAR

3040 IF LLINK<Q:j=P THEN GOTO 6000

3050 REM CHSE II GROUP E

3060 IF RLINK<P»NIL THEN GOTO 32G

3076 IF LLINK<P>ONIL THEN GOTO

31103080 REM SUBCASE 13090 RLINK<Q>=NIL3100 GOTO 9000

3110 rem subcase 3

3120 rlink<q:>=ll.ink<p:s

3130 r-llinkcp)

3140 if rlinkcr>=-p then 3150

3145 R=RLINK<R>

3147 GOTO 3140

3150 RLINKCR>=RLINK<P>

2160 GOTO 9000

3200 IF LLINK<P>ONIL THEN GOTO

32403210 REM SUBCASE 23220 RLINKCQ>=RLINK<P>3238 GOTO 9000

3240 rem subcase 4

3250 rlink<q:)=rlink<p>

3260 r=rlinkcp;'

3270 if llinkxr^nil then 3280

3275 R=LLINK<R>3277 GOTO 3270

3280 llink<r > =llink < p >3320 r1=llinkcp>3330 if rlink<r1)=-p then 33403335 ri=rlink';ri:j

2337 GOTO 3220

3240 RLINKCRi;'=-R

3350 GOTO 9000

6000 REM CASE II GROUP A

6010 IF RLINK';'P>>NIL THEN GOTO 6150

6020 IF LLINK<P>ONIL THEN GOTO

60606030 REM SUBCASE 16040 LLINK<Q>=NIL6S50 GOTO 90906060 REM SUBCASE 36070 LL I NK < Q > =LL I NK ', P >6080 R=LLINK<P56090 IF RLINK<:R>=-P THEN 61006095 R«=RLINKCR)6097 GOTO 60906100 RLINKCR>=-Q6110 GOTO 90006150 IF LLINKCFOONIL THEN GOTO

6190

6160 rem subcase 26170 llink<q:)=rlink';p:>

6180 GOTO 9000

6190 rem subcase 46200 ll i nk <:. 0. > =rl i nk < p ':>6210 r=rlinkcp:>

6220 IF LLINK<:R:>=NIL THEN 62306225 R=LLINKCR)6227 GOTO 6220

6230 ll i nk ■: r ) =ll i nk <■. p >6.270 ri=llink<:f;'

6280 IF RLINK<:Ri;i=-P THEN 6290

6285 Rl=RLrNKXRl>

6287 GOTO 6280

6290 RLINK<R1>=-R

6200 GOTO 9000

7000 REM CASE I

7010 IF RLINK<P>>HIL THEN 7150

7020 IF LLINkXP>>NIL THEN 7B70

7B20 REM SUBCASE A

7940 EMPTV=TRUE

7050 N=0

7060 GOTO 9000

7070 rem subcase c

7080 root=llink<p>

7090 r=llink<p:j

7100 if rlink<r>»-p then 7130

7110 r=rlink<:r::'

7120 GOTO 7180

7130 RLINKCR>=NIL

7140 GOTO 9000

7150 IF LLINKc:p:j>NIL THEN 7190

7160 rem subcase b7170 root=rlink<p:>

7180 GOTO 9000

7190 REM SUBCASE D

7200 R0OT=RLINK<P)

7210 R=ROOT

7220 IF LLINK';R.)=NIL THEN 7250

7230 R=LLINK<R>

7240 GOTO 7220

7250 LLINK<R>=LLINK';P>

7260 R1=I_LINK<P5

7270 IF RLINKCRi;'=-P THEN 7300

7280 Rl=RLINK<Ri:>

7290 GOTO 7270

7300 RLINKCR1^=-R

9000 RETURN

9999 END

Text continued from page 98:

first visiting the leftmost node in eachbranch, then moving to the parent,then to the rightmost node, thenmoving to the next group andrepeating the sequence.

Unfortunately, such a description,while easy for people, is tough forcomputers, because computers lackthe ability to observe spatial place-ment of nodes. It becomes necessaryfor us to provide the computer with aseries of pointers that indicate therelationships between nodes. Eachnode is provided with two pointers,one of which points to the left child ofthe node, while the other points to theright child of the node.

In figure 6, we have listed the nodes(in the order encountered) and the leftand right pointers of each parentnode. Note the presence of the word"NIL" for the four children at the bot-tom of the branches. These representpointers to possible future nodes thathave not yet been added to the tree.

To properly pass through the com-puter representation of the tree, wehave to supply it with the proper in-formation as to the relationship of thenodes to each other. This can be doneeconomically by assigning fournumbers to each node, as shown infigure 7. The four numbers are the

number of the node, the value or keyof the node, and the left and rightpointers to the node numbers (not totheir keys).

Some explanation should be givenof the values that can be assumed bythe left and right pointers. The leftpointer always points to either a nodenumber (greater than zero) or zero(denoting the end of one "branch" ofthe tree in the leftward direction).

The right pointer can assume eitherpositive or zero values with the samemeanings as above. In addition, it can

be negative; this is an upward pointerto the node that is the next node in theascending key sequence. (The nodewith the upward pointer is therightmost node of a left subtree; thenode being pointed to is the parentnode of this same left subtree.) Anexample of this in figure 7 is theupward pointer from node 4 to node1; the upward pointer denotes thatthe subtree of nodes 2, 4, and 7 hasbeen listed already.

The upward pointers in figures 7Text continued on page 110

NODE #

LEFT POINTER

RIGHT POINTER

2

7

12

4

3

6

25

5

10

Figure 7: Computer representation of a binary tree. In the BASIC program of listing 1,each node is represented by four numbers: the node number (given for purposes ofillustration only), the key, and the right and left pointers. To "thread" the tree so that athread of pointers runs through the nodes in their sorted-key order, a right pointer,when negative, points not to a right child node but to the ancestor node that follows thecurrent node in the sorted sequence; these upward right pointers are drawn in color.

102 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 66 on Inquiry card.

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Listing 2: Running the program of listing 1. In this listing, a hundred random numbersare generated, used to create a binary tree, and listed in sorted key sequence. The nodecontaining key value of 8 is deleted, a node with key value of 39 is added, and the tree islisted again.

>RUN

THIS PROGRAM GENERATES 100 RANDOM NUMBERS AND SORTS THEM USING

fl BINRRY SEARCH TREE. IT ALSO ALLOWS DELETIONS FROM, OR ADDITIONS

TO THE TREE.

ELEMENTS AS

THEV WERE C

ENERAT

ED ARE

64

22

76

30

15

85

98

69

76

33

53

9

91

30

3:

15

34

75

16

97

50

28

53

10

71

23

99

28

27

41

99

28

8

94

69

6

26

13

76

21

6

55

90

82

24

92

19

96

43

97

78

y

66

81

97

36

32

37

58

47

21

60

97

86

50

99

72

35

32

62

96

14

•^f

99

89

78

38

42

46

92

47

49

56

91

22

88

63

67

5

34

26

-*2

65

33

10

73

54

38

11

45

DO YOU WANT

TO

1.

ADD A

NODE

2.

DELETE A

NODE

3

LIST THE

TREE

4.

END

J will delete the

circled element.

TREE

FOLLOWS:

ELEMENTS IN

ORDER

3

5

6

6

7

©

9

10

10

11

13

14

15

15

16

19

21

21

22

22

22

23

24

26

26

27

28

28

28

30

30

32

32

33

33

34

34

35

36

37

37

38

38

41

42

43

45

46

47

47

49

50

50

53

53

54

55

56

58

60

62

63

64

65

66

67

69

69

71

72

73:

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TO

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NODE

2

DELETE A

NODE

3'.

LIST THE

TREE

4.

END

GIVE

KEV TO

BE

DELETED

?8

DO VOU WANT

TO

1.

ADD A

NODE

2.

DELETE A

NODE

3

LIST THE

TREE

4.

END

TREE

FOLLOWS:

ELEMENTS IN

ORDER

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LIST THE

TREE

4.

END

?1

GIVE

KEV ?39

DO VOU WANT

TO

1.

ADD A

NODE

2.

DELETE A

NODE

3.

LIST THE

TREE

4.

END

The circled element has been added.

TREE

FOLLOWS:

ELEMENTS IN

ORDER

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NODE

Listing 2 continued on page 106

104 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Buy now and get FREE Solid State Software Libraries.

TI Programmable 59 —$300*

TI Programmable 58C —$130*

Choose from these.

R.E.

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TI Programmables lead the fieldin performance, quality and value.

When you're choosing a program-mable calculator consider: Power.Total software support. Flexibility.And price/performance. You'll dis-cover a clear-cut answer. A TI Pro-grammable 58C or 59.

The TI-59 has up to 960 programsteps or up to 100 memories. Mag-netic card read/write capability letsyou record your own custom pro-grams or those received fromPPX (Professional ProgramExchange).

The T1-58C features up to 480program steps or 60 memories. Andit has TFs Constant Memory™ fea-ture that retains data and programinformation even when the calcula-

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From August 15 to October 31, 1980is your special opportunity to pur-chase one of the world's most ad-vanced programmable calculators.And get a minimum of $40 worth offree software modules with a TI-58C. Or, when you buy a TI-59, geta minimum of $80 worth of softwaremodules and an $18 one-year mem-bership in PPX. This will allow youto select up to 3 programs (fromover 2,500) written by professionalsin your field.

Visit your TI retailer for more in-formation, and let him help you se-lect the TI Programmable and freesoftware that's right for you.

1. ■ ■

V

RPN 1

SIMUUTORMODULE

; •

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1 1'

1

I □ I've bought a TI-58C send me my free module. Here is Imy litsl choice and an alternate.□ I've bought a TI-59, send me my two tree modules andmy membership (which entitles me to select three pro-grams from the source catalog at no charge). Here are mymodule choices and an alternate

1 2

3

Send to: TI Library Offer, P.O. Box 1984, Lubbock,TX 79408.

Return this coupon: (1) with customer information card(packed in box), (2) a dated copy ol prool ol purchase,between Aug 15 and Oct 31, 1980 — items must be posl-marked by Nov 7,1980

NameAddress

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i "

Calculator Serial Number (from back of unit)Please allow 30 days tor delivery. Otter voidwhere prohibited. Otter good in US only.

TI reserves the righl lo substitute modules

tU.S. suggested retail for all Li-braries is $40, except Farming,$55, and Pool Water Analysis, $45.**For use with TI-59 only

Texas Instruments technology — bringing affordable electronics to your fingertips.

Texas Instruments

*US suggested retail price.© 1980 Texas Instruments Incorporated

INCORPORATED

45735

Circle 68 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

105

Circle 69 on Inquiry card.

SPECIALS

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NORTHWORD DO. $ 295

MAIL MANAGER $ 235

INFO-MANAGER $ 365

GENERAL LEGER $ 775

ACC. REC. OR ACC. PAY..$ 445

WORD STAR ? 320

COMMODORE (PET):

2001 32K $1090

8032 (80 COLUMN SCREEN)$1599

2040 DUAL DRIVE $1090

8050 DUAL DRIVE (1MEG).$14992022 TRACTOR PRINTER...$ 749

APPLE II PLUS CALL FOR PRICEATARI 800 $ 849

TI 99/4 CONSOLE&MONITOR..$ 989

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CENTRONICS:

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BASE II 800MST $ 649

OTHER PRINTERS WE STOCK:ANADEX,COMPRINT,EATON,EPSON,TELETYPE,TI,ETC-CALL FOR PRICEDISPLAY TERMINALS

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106 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 2 continued:

2. DELETE H NODE

3. LIST THE TREE

4. END?4

Listing 3: Pascal program for sorting a binary tree. Due to the nature of the program,the binary tree does not need to be threaded; this simplifies most of the procedures andfunctions of the program. Program details are given in the text. This program, writtento run on a Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-11/70, should run in UCSD Pascalwithout modification.

program tree < i n p u t»a u t p u t) ?const nul =0P1-1=20.

v a r to p r a i p a r e n t rvalue in o d e tT o o t > p ! i n t e si e r P

f u 11 r f oi.jnd»f u 111 r B e«e m p t u i aui t r eiliptut r e<■:■> > i n 8<? r tstack ! sir ray [1 .in!] of integer,lp.rp.data * array I!! 1. . n 1!] of inteaerl

procedure initstack!be 3! in

begin

full Wal»eiempty J :at rue Ptopl«n!endPendP

procedure pushCpi integer) Pbe^in

emptyi^false Pif not full thenbegin

stackCtop!] ;-»pP

top{"top—1P

if tOP»0 then full J-trueJ

boolean!

else

end

begin

endP

writeln ('stack overflow H!')icujit J "true P

end P

function pop!integer!begin

fulli=false?

if not empty theibegin

top * "top+1 ?

pop!=stack[top IP

if topmn then empty!-1rUe

el seP

end

else!

end!

procedure moveleft?begin

if not full then

repeat

begin

push<p)Pp: = 1pC'p3Penduntil (p-nul) or full

writeln ('overflow stack')?

end?

procedure moverightPbegin

repeat

begin

p!=pop?

writeln (data[>!])?enduntil (rpLpJOnul) or empty?

Listing 3 continued on page 108Circle 70 on Inquiry card. ^^^

SuperSoft First in Software Technology

ENHANCED 'TINY' PASCAL

We still call it 'Tiny' but it's bigger and better than ever! This isthe Famous Chung/Yuen 'Tiny' Pascal with more features includ-ing recursive procedures/functions & disk I/O.'Tiny' Pascal is fast. Programs execute up to ten times fasterthan similar BASIC programs.

SOURCE TOO! We still distribute source, in Tiny' Pascal, oneach discette sold. You can even recompile the compiler, addfeatures or just gain insight into compiler construction.

'Tiny' Pascal is perfect for writing text processors, real timecontrol systems, virtually any application which requires highspeed. Requires: 36K CP/M. Supplied with complete user manualand source on discette: $85.00 Manual alone $10.00

StackWork's FORTH

A full, extended FORTH interpreter/compiler produces COMPACT,ROMABLE code. As fast as compiled FORTRAN, as easy to useas interactive BASIC.

SELF COMPILING: Includes every line of source code necessary

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Z80or 8080 ASSEMBLER included

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Please specify CPU type: Z80 or 8080

Requires: 32K CP/M.

Supplied with extensive user manual and tutorial: $150.00

Documentation alone: $25.00

Protect your software investment by buying source! Prevent obsolescence, create custom versions,or use our systems as sources for 'library functions:

The source code for all our programs, including the ones on this page, is available from us, eitherat additional cost, or if noted, included in the price. The programs on this page are distributed withmachine readable source at no additional cost.

SUPERSOFT

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TFS-Text Formatting System

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• left & right margin justification • user defined macros

• dynamic insertion from disk file • underlining and backspaceTFS lets you make multiple copies of any text. For example:Personalized form letters complete with name & address & otherinsertions from a disk file. Text is not limited to the size of RAMmaking TFS perfect for reports or any big job.

Text is entered using CP/M standard editor or most any CP/Mcompatible editor. TFS will link completely with Super-M-Listmaking personalized form letters easy.

Requires: 24K CP/M

Source to TFS in 8080 assembler (can be assembled usingstandard CP/M assembler) plus user manual: $250.00.

Object code only with user manual: $85.00

Manual alone: $20.00

TERM

A complete intercommunications package for linking your computerto other computers. Link either to other CP/M computers or tolarge timesharing systems. TERM is comparable to other systemsbut costs less, delivers more and source is provided on discette!With TERM you can send and receive ASCII and Hex files(COM too, with included conversion program) with any otherCP/M computer which has TERM or compatible package. Allowsreal time communication between users on separate systems aswell as acting as timesharing terminal.

• Engage/disengage printer • send files

• error checking and auto retry • receive files

• terminal mode for timesharing between systems

• conversational modeRequires: 32K CP/M.

Supplied with user manual and 8080 source code: $110.00Manual alone: $15.00

CP/M Formats: 8" soft sectored, 5" Northstar,5" Micropolis Mod II, Vector M7

*CP/M REGISTERED TRADEMARK DIGITAL RESEARCH

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1420 (dumb terminal) 895

1421 (Consul 580 &ADM-3A comp.).... 895

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1510 (buffered) 1145

1520 (buffered printer port) 1395

1552 (VT-52 compatible) 1350

300 BAUD TELEPRINTERS

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Teletype 4320 1225

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Diablo 1640 RO 3085

Diablo 1640 KSR 3285

Diablo 1650 RO 3185

Diablo 1650 KSR 3385

Tl 743 (portable) 1190

Tl 745 (portable/built-in coupler) 1585

Tl 763 (portable/bubble memory) 2690

Tl 765 (port/bubble mem/b-i coupler) . 2895600 BAUD TELEPRINTERS

Tl 825 RO impact 1565

Tl 825 KSR impact 1645

Tl 825 RO Pkg 1750

Tl 825 KSR Pkg 1895

1200 BAUD TELEPRINTERSLA120-AA DECwriter III (forms pkg.) 2245

LA180 DECprinter I 2195

Tl 783 (porable) 1745

Tl 785 (port/built-in coupler) 2395

Tl 787 (port/internal modem) 2845

Tl 810 RO impact 1800

Tl 810 RO Pkg 2047

Tl 820 KSR impact 2057

Tl 820 KSR Pkg 2275

Tl 820 RO 1895

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2290 (900LPM drum) 12655

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MODEMS

GDC 103A3 (300 baud Bell) 395

GDC 202S/T (1200 baud Bell) 565

GDC 212-A (300/1200 baud Bell) 850

A/J 1256 (Vadic compatible) 825

CASSETTE STORAGE SYSTEMS

Techtran 816 (store/forward) .1050

Techtran 817 (store/for/speed up) 1295

Techtran 818 (editing) 1795

Techtran 822 (dual) 2295

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Techtran 950 (store/forward) 1395

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•Please call for quote.

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Listing 3 continued:

if <rpCpU-nul> and empty then auitt^true elsebe a in

P t ~ r P L P J ?

move left?end?

end?

procedure scanr

beginif not emptytree then bedintauiti-false?

p! ~ r o o t ?

[Ttovelef t ?

while not Quit do moveright?

endelse writeln ('tree empty')?

e n d ?

procedure initree ?begin

emptytreel-true?root I«nul?fulItreel-false?for pi-l to nl dobestin

IpCpH J -nul ?rp [>II i-nul ?end?end?

procedure 3ddnade< cai integer ) ?begin

if emptytree thenbe^in

roott-o ?

emptytreel-false?endelsebe din

p I ■■"■ r o o t ?insert!-false ?while not insert dobegin

if datsCa3<»dataCp!3 thenbegin

else

endbegin

end?

if IpCpJ-nul thenbegin

insertt-true?1 p C p J I ~ q ?endelse p:~lp[>3?

if rp[>;j==riul thenbegin

insert '-"true?vpZp'2 I -a?endelse p!~rpl>0 ?

end?

end?end?

procedure search?begin

nodet-0?found«*=f alse?parent 1=0 ?pj =root?

while not found dobegin

if value=dat3i:pJ thenb e g i n

found ♦-true?node t=p ?endelsebegin

if value < dataCpH thenif 1 pCp3Onul thenbegin

parentI~p?p: = 1p[;pJ?endelse

begin

108

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

node!-Ofparent 1=0?foundJ=true?

writeIn ('value not in tree')!end

else

if rpLp3Ortu 1 then

be .3 in

parent J ~p?pt =rpL>3 t

end

else

begin

node*=0?parent * =0?found*-true?

writeln (' va

ue

not

in

t r e e') J

end r

end!

procehe^inif no

end?dure delete*

de=roif (1if <1if (1if (1be

enelse?

otpCni»Cnpr.npCninroop! =whirpCd

then bes"in

ode]=nul) and (rp[nodeJ~nuI) then initree else*ode]=nul) and (rpCnodellOnul) then roat! = rpCnode] else!odelOnul) and (rprriodeJ = nul) then root J = lpnnode3 elsefodeUO nul) and C rpinode3<> nul) then

t J = lpCnodeIl t

lpCnodeH »

le rpEpD-O-nul do p5=rpCp3r

piJ = rpCnodeH i

endelsebes=i

if lpCnodeD=0 then

if rpCparent]=node then

rpCparent]I=rpCnode]else lpCparentD;=rpCnodeJelse

if rpCnodel^O then

if rPrP3rentH = node then rpr. parent] I = lpCnodeIIelse lpCparentl!=lpCnodel

else

if lpCp3rerit3=riode thenbea'in

lpCp3rerit31 = lpCriodeUfp!=lpCnodelr

while rpCpDOnul do p'=rpCp3rrpCp]!=rpCnodelendelsebesin

rpCparentl ! = lpCnode.1 ip!=lPrnodeli

while rpCpl-Onul do pi=rpCpJJrpCpDi=rpCnodelrend

end)

end!

bedin (#main proaram*)?

initreet

initstackf

for q!=1 to nl do

beain

writeln ('dive node

to

add'>?

readln (d3taCnIl)r

addnode(a)t

scant

end?

(♦deletion section*)while not emptytree dobeain

writeln ('dive node to delete')?

readln (value)?

search?

if nodeOO then delete else writeln ('value not found')?

scan?

end?

end*

ECN 11/70 Unixlodint

WHAT IF

the price of oil remains constant, but theambient air temperature declines 14%and icebergs begin to form in the Nile?From the top of my T/MAKERI can view allthe prospects serenely. I just input thelatest variable and T/MAKER manipulatesthe basic data, letting me view the totalson my CRT screen.

T/MAKER integrates numerical andtext data and can then print out finalhard copy scrolls. Thus, many scribesare now free to work on my pyramid.

T/MAKER is a wonderful tool for dataanalysis. It is easy to set up calculationsfor rows and columns of tabular data,automatically perform thecomputations, review the results andthen modify some of the data to see theimpact on the over all results. Severaldays of manual work can beaccomplished in minutes.

T/MAKER is a full screen editor for wordprocessing which handles text up to 255characters wide. It includes features liketext formatting and justification, textbuffer for block moves and repeatedinserts, global search and replace andcommands for printing your letters,reports and documents.

T/MAKER can perform an unlimitednumber of analysis and reporting taskswhich integrate numerical and textprocessing. For example:

• Financial Statements • Balance Sheets

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T/MAKER requires a 48K CP/M system,a total of 240K bytes of disk storage,CBASIC-2, and a CRT computerterminal with cursor addressing andclear screen.

T/MAKER system is $275.00 completewith documentation and quick-reference card.Documentation alone is $25.00.

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.J

October 1980 & BYTE Publications Inc 109

Text continued from page 102:and 8 are highlighted for clarity. Notethat only one node in the tree, therightmost node (containing thelargest entry in the sorted list), has aright pointer with a value of zero.This is a signal that the end of the treehas been reached.

Let us look at the process ofreading the sorted numbers from thetree in figure 7. We enter the tree atthe root node, which contains theinteger 15. We move left down thetree until we encounter the first nodewith a left pointer of zero (which weText continued on page 250

13

NEW NODE

Figure 8: Addition of a node to a binary tree. Using the notation of figure 7, this figureshows the addition of node 8, which has a key value of 13. The left pointer of node 8 is0, denoting no left child. The right pointer of node 8 is -4, denoting two things: first,that node 8 has no right child; and second, that the node whose key follows the key ofnode 8 in the sorted-key sequence is node 4. The upward right pointers are shown herein color.

( "»)

1 " 1

-1

1

/ 1 <

N >s NO

3 yT

YES

SET RIGHT ANDLEFT LINK OFNODE 1 TO NIL

INCREMENT 1(1= 1+1)

f RETURN J

Figure 9: Flowchart for subroutine FIX.This subroutine initializes storage space ina computer for later use as a threadedbinary tree.

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110 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 72 on inquiry card.

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f BILDER ]

P = ROOTINSERT = FALSE

KEY(Q)<

KEY(P)

?LINK (P)

YES

YES

.LINK(P)

X. < NIL yS

X. P yS

Tno

^

N. = NIL yS

\ P yS

[yes

P= RLINK(P)

RLINK (Q)= RLINK(P)RLINK (P)= QLLINK (Q)= NILINSERT=TRUE

LLINK(P) = QLLINK (Q)=NILRLINK (Q)=-PINSERT=TRUE

P = LLINK(P)

'

'„

'

'm

"-

f RETURN J

Figure 10: Flowchart for subroutine BILDER. This subroutine adds node Q (with keyvalue KEY (Q)) to the existing binary tree.

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L

112 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 74 on inquiry card.

Circle 75 on inquiry card.

WHEN OPPORTUNITY KNOCKS.,.

Open the door, and experience the dream. Your own busi-ness, the one you've always yearned for. No more limits onyour creativity or earning potential. No more working forsomeone else.

If you're a successful computer professional and haveaccess to some capital, chances are you could own aMicroAge Computer Store. MicroAge Computer Stores arebuilt around a whole new concept of what a computer storeshould be. Designed to provide solutions, not just sell hard-ware.

MicroAge Computer Stores are firmly positioned in the bus-iness and professional marketplace. And as a MicroAgeComputer Store owner, you'll be backed by one of theacknowledged leaders, industry pioneers in microcomput-ing. Contact the Director of Franchising today to receive acomplete Franchise Information Package free of chargeand at no obligation. Opportunity is knocking... you'll seewhat we mean.

WfJF

ITS

m

/Hicro/4ge

ca/MPurer srore

1425 W. 12th Place • Tempe, AZ 85281 • (602) 967-1421

An Information-Retrieval

System

Robert W Elmore

4202 Vassar

Dearborn Heights MI 48125

Krishna K Agarwal

Department of Computer Science

Wayne State University

Detroit MI 48202

Much has been said in recent yearsregarding the reduction in size andincrease in the capabilities of com-puting equipment. Manufacturersappear to be flooding the marketplacewith ever more and moresophisticated small systems. Oneresult of this expansion is that smallcomputers of adequate capability arenow within the financial reach ofsmaller businesses which previouslycould not justify the expenseassociated with the use of largersystems.

Unfortunately, the prospectivebuyer of such hardware may still befaced with a serious problem. Hemust, quite probably, pay someoneto develop the software required byhis particular application. Thisexpense may be substantial since soft-ware development costs have taken atrend opposite to the cost of hard-ware.

An information-retrieval system isa fairly common software need. Thisusually must be tailored to a veryspecific application—an employee fileor an inventory file, for example. Fur-ther, it is frequently the case that theuser of the information-retrievalsystem is not a programmer, and mayfind that the system is confusing andtherefore difficult to use.

The preceding provides the motiva-tion for the concepts and softwaredescribed in this article. In writingthis article, we have kept in mind fourgoals:

• to present a method of organizingdata such that its manipulationby the algorithms presented is, toa high degree, independent of thedata itself;

• to describe a high-level query-answering language that may beused by nonprogrammers withminimal difficulty;

• to demonstrate the feasibility ofimplementing such aninformation-retrieval system on asmall computer system; and

• to show that such an implementa-tion can be relatively system-independent and thereforetransportable.

Frequently, the user ofthe information-retrievalsystem is not a program-me!^

An attempt has been made to makethe system as easy to use as possible.This has been facilitated through theuse of highly interactive program-ming. Although the user must givecareful consideration as to how hewishes to use his data (since this willaffect its organization), the programthat creates and organizes files simplyprompts the user for informationwhich he should have already deter-mined, eg: file size and record length.Data input requires little more thanthe data itself; the user is promptedfor the values to be placed in a

record. Formatting of the data forstorage is accomplished through theuse of information supplied when thefile was created.

The query-answering language hasbeen modeled after the PL/I structuredeclaration. It may be entered in freeformat, and its syntax has relativelyfew restrictions. We believe that thisform is well suited for use by personswith little or no programmingexperience.

Implementation of the informa-tion-retrieval system described wasaccomplished using a Hewlett-Packard System 1000 minicomputerwith the RTE-III operating system.All output examples were generatedon this system, and all programs werewritten in Hewlett-Packard's imple-mentation of FORTRAN IV. Sincethis language enjoys such wide-spread use, system dependencies arelargely confined to calls to file-management routines, and modifica-tions necessary to adapt the softwareto another system should be relative-ly minor.

Defining the File

The key to the manipulation ofdata bases in the manner described isthe organization of the data itself.The structure used is that of a flat file,which is self-defining. A flat file maybe thought of as a simple two-dimen-sional array of data elements. Thisorganization is made self-defining bystoring all necessary descriptive infor-

314

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Ire

Circle 76 on inquiry card.

AIODWDIID

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mation about data in the file in a loca-tion within the file itself. Since thislocation is fixed, programs that accessthe file can determine the locationand nature of file data by referencingthis descriptive information. Noinput from a user regarding thephysical organization of a file is need-ed once that file has been defined.

Figure la illustrates the organiza-tion of descriptive information andthe data itself within a self-definingfile. Region 1 contains five fields (this

will be true for any file) as listedin table 1. Region 2 containsaggregates (the number of which isdefined in field 4 of region 1) con-sisting of four pieces of information,as listed in table 2. Region 3 and thosefollowing contain the records of thefile. The fields are concatenated asshown, and their order correspondsto that of the descriptive aggregatesstored in region 2.

To better illustrate this fileorganization, an example of a specific

1. Date of creation: the date on which the file was created.

2. Date of last update: each time a record is added to or deleted from a file, the currentdate is inserted.

3. First free region: this is a pointer to the next location that may be used for inserting anew record. Since records are stored sequentially and kept compacted, this pointerwill be incremented for each addition and decremented for each deletion of arecord.

4. Number of tags: this defines the number of fields within a record, which is also thenumber of field-description aggregates contained in region 2 (see table 2).

5. Record length: the length of records (fixed) contained in the file.

Table 1: Descriptive information for a self-defining file. The five fields listed heremake up region 1 of a self-defining file. Any program that wants to reference or up-date information in this file must first read regions 1 and 2 in order to know theorganization of the file.

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application will be considered indetail. The application is that of apersonnel data base that is used tostore the job applications submittedby prospective employees. Recordssuch as this would typically be main-tained by a manual filing system,which might be large and restricted toone pattern of organization (eg: filedalphabetically by name). We willdemonstrate that, with a minimalamount of preparation, an easilymaintained data base can be con-structed for this information. Thiswill allow the user the capability tosearch for and quickly locate recordssatisfying a great number of differentcriteria.

Figure lb illustrates one possiblerecord description for this data base.Each record consists of twelve fields,each of which is described in thefigure. The type of each field(alphanumeric or digital) and itslength in characters are shown. Thetotal record length is 130 characters.It should be emphasized that the fieldand record lengths are, to a certainextent, arbitrary. The record couldhave been defined with a differentnumber of fields and different fieldand record lengths.

Listing la shows regions 1 and 2, aswell as the file data for the personneldata base in an unformatted form (ie:just as it is stored), which was createdusing the information-retrievalsystem. Listing lb is a partial listingof the file data formatted in areadable form. This is simply accom-plished by making use of the field po-sitions and length information storedin region 2.

Text continued on page 126

1. Tag,: a short character identifier forthe rth field in the records.

2. Type: a "flag" that indicateswhether the /tn field contains analphanumeric or digital value.

3. Length: the length of the rth fieldwithin a record.

4. Starting position: the locationwithin a record which marks thebeginning of the /th field.

Table 2: Descriptive information forfield definition. The four fields here arerepeated for each field in the record.Together, they make up region 2 of aself-defining file. The four fields herecompletely describe a field within thedefined record.

lib October 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 77 on inquiry card.

NEW YORK COLISEUM, Mf{\\. OCTOBER 30 TO NOVEMBER 1, 1980

iANNUALNATIONAL SMALl/cOMPUTER SHOW

A NEW WORLD OF SMALLCOMPUTERS IS AT YOURFINGERTIPS THIS FALL

When we say fingertips' we mean just that, ahands-on-inspection opportunity for you to trythe small computers and systems that will writethe history ol microprocessing in the 1980s

Manufacturers will fill over 30,000 square feetwith computers, software and peripherals.Amazing strides in technology are reflected inexhibits and lecture series.

New hardware and software for business,education, the sciences and professions,graphics and personal use are being gatheredfor the largest and mos! beautifully presentedNalional Small Computer Show ever produced.

As always, the show contains attractions forthe seasoned computer professional, as well asthose who wish an introduction to the excitingworld of small computers for business,professional or personal use. In just a shortlime, you can discuss your interest with manyindustry leaders, vendors, technologists, andour expert lecturers

Registration fee is only S10 per day, and allregistrants have free access to the hourlylecturesLECTURE PROGRAM

A schedule of free lectures is available to allvisitors Lectures run about 50 minutes each,including, in mosl cases, some time forquestions from Ihe floor Some topics are giventwice, and, in some cases, topics of relatedinterest are given on the same day for thevisitors convenience. (Program is sub|ect tochange without notice, but lectures will beposted daily in the show lobby.)

THURSDAY, OCTOBER 30

Noon Introduction fo Small Systems for

Business, Stan Veil, Associated Computer

IndustriesNoon Mailing Lists. Several Directions

Dr Norman I. Agin. Mathlech, Inc.i p m Selecting a Small Computer for Business.

David Benevy. Computer Mart of New

Jersey

1 p.m. Evaluating and Improving Your Computers

Performance, Philip Grossman, RaytheonCo.

2 p.m. Law Office Systems Aspects of Word

Processing, Bernard Slernin

2 pm. Future Smart Machines. 2000 A.D. and

Beyond. Dr. Earl Joseph. Sperry Univac

3 p.m Computer Contracts -Facing the issues,

Alan C. Verbit, Verbit and Company

3 p.m. Accounts Receivable/Accounts Payable,

General Ledger

4 p.m. Using FORTRAN on a Microcomputer,

Richard A. Zeitlm4 p.m. Investment Analysis of Stocks and

Commodities on a Microcomputer, FredCohen, Shearson Loeb Rhoades. Inc

FRIDAY, OCTOBER 31

Noon Introduction to Small Systems for

Business. Stan Veit. Associated Computer

IndustriesNoon BASIC Programming, Michael Mulcahey.

Worcester Stage College1 p.m. Selecting a Small Computer for Business.

David Benevy. Computer Mart ol New

Jersey

1 p.m. Videoprints Full-Color. Low-Cosl, Hard-

Copy Computer Graphics. Warren Sullivan.Image Resource Corp.

2 p.m. Mailing Lists Several Directions.

Dr. Norman I. Agin, Malhtech, Inc.

2 p.m. Business Applications Software Develop-

ment via Data Base Management,

Dr. Andrew Whinston, Micro Data Base

Systems

3 p.m. Application of PASCAL to Small Systems

for Business. Panel, Stan Veit, Moderator,Associated Computer Systems

3 p.m. Investment Analysis of Stocks and

Commodities on a Microcomputer.

Fred Cohen, Shearson Loeb Rhoades, Inc.

4 p.m. Advantages of Distributed Processing and

Multi-Processing. John Steefel, Ql Corp.4 p.m To be assigned

SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 1

Noon Educational Software. The Good, the Bad.(he Ugly Jo Ann Comito, S.U.N Y atStony Brook

Noon Introduction to Personal Computing.RCA -Solid State

1 p m Computer-Assisted Mathematics Courses.

Dr Frank Scalzo, QueensooroughCommunity College

2 p.m. Artificial Intelligence Update. Prot Peter

Kugel. Boston College2 p.m. Compiling and Retrieving Personal MedicalData. Dr Derek Enlander, St Luke'sHospital

2 p.m The Present State of CP. M Compatible

Software, Tony Gold, Lifeboat Associates

3 p.rr High Volume Data Handling An

Introduction to File Processing, Prof PeleiKugel. Boslon College

3 p.m. Connecting the Computer to the Outside

World, Prof, James Gips, Boston College

4 p.m. Educational Applications in the Home

David Ahl, Creative Computing Magazine4 p.m Household Applications Some NewDr Dennis J McGuiru

SPECIAL SESSION: EXECUTIVE EDUCATIONCONFERENCE FOR BUSY PEOPLE

This year. NSCS will present a special live-iiouiconference formulated as an intensive lasteducation for administiators and executivesThe aim is to show the conferee how tu copewith computers in business. No pnoiknowledge of computers is needed The sessionwill proceed on a step-by-step basis, coveringcomputers, computer jargon, software systems,and peripherals It will indicate how lo assesscomputer requirements, how to talk to vendorsand how lo make a system work efficiently, afteryou've bought it wisely

An executive education session will be givendaily for lour days, Oct. 29 thiough Nov I. inthe New York Coliseum Each session is limitedin attendance, and reservation must be madeRegistration is on a first-come, first-servedbasis. Fee is $200, and includes three-dayadmission to the National Small ComputerShow, coffee break, and workbook materialsPlease write or call the show office for sessionoulline and registration lorm (Do not useregistration form in this ad lor special session

NATIONAL SMALL COMPUTER SHOW

110 Charlotte Place

Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 07632 (201) 569-8542

j -REGISTRATION FOR AMERICA'S BIGGEST S

1 Please register me for the 4th Annual National Small Computer Show, Oct. 30 - Nov. 1,

I NAME

MALM

1980 New Yo

BUSINESS"TELEPHON7IP

COMPUTER SHOW

rk Coliseum.

riTl F (If Any)

I COMPANY (If Anvl

F

Your company'9 primary business. Check

one.

9 D Engineering10 D Enlerldinnienl Newsit □ Government/Mililary12 a Hospitalli □ HotelM D industrial Design

15 D Law Office

16 O Management Consultant

17 Q Manufacturing

9 □ Designer (AIM10 D DP WP Manager Operator

n a Doctoi

12 D Engineer (All)

13 D Lawyer

14 D Office Manager\b □ Programmer

16 □ Purchasingonly one) l D Business 2 D Person.

18 □ Personnel Agency

19 □ Professional Services

20 □ Research; Development

21 D Transportation (All)

22 D Utility

23 D Wholesale. Retail Sales

24 □ Other (Please Specify)

1 1 D Accounting firm

1 2 □ Advertising Marketing

3 □ Banking/Insurance.'

Real Esiate'Credit-Secunties

4 G Communications

b D Computer Consultant

6 □ Computer Dealer. Dist

7 □ Construction Architecture

D ONE DAY $10 □ TWO DAYS $20D THREE DAYS $30

Mail with payment of S10 for each day youwish to attend Use one form per person Re-gistration badqe will be sent by mail in early

| 8 D Education

Check your primary job function.

1 1 Q Account Executive1 2 D Administrator1 3 Q Bookkeeper

4 D Chemist/Pharm[ D G Consultant

b D Corporate Otticer

7 U C P A

8 □ Creative Arts (All)

17 Q Salesperson (All)

18 Q Scientist

19 O Skilled Laborer

20 a Student

21 a Teacher

22 □ Technician

23 □ Other (Please Specify)

Ol

i

.tober Check or money order only

%k Mail prior to October 10, 1980.^^ Foreign orders: October 1, 1980.

-^A National Small Computer Show^^T 110 Charlotte Place

B Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632^ 201-569-8542

Your primary interest in computers (check

1 3 □ Bolh

Circle 78 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

117

REGION 1

DATE OFCREATION

DATE OF LASTUPDATE

FIRST FREEREGION

NUMBEROF TAGS

RECORDLENGTH

REGION 2

TAG 1 j TYPE j LEI, :: JJARTING

TAG N

] TYPE | LENGTH

STARTING! POSITION

REGION 3

FIELD 1

FIELD 2

FIELD N

(a) GENERAL FILE ORGANIZATION

TYPE

D

A

A

A

A

D

A

A

A

A

D

D

DATE

SURNAME

NAME

INITIAL

ADDRESS

PHONE

DEGREE

MAJOR

WORKINTEREST 1

WORKINTEREST 2

EXPERIENCE 1

EXPERIENCE 2

FIELDLENGTHS

8

10

10

2

28

8

4

16

20

20

2

2

RECORD LENGTH 130

1) DATE: DATE ON WHICH APPLICATION WAS SUBMITTED

2) SURNAME: >

3) FIRST NAME: >3 FIELDS COMPRISING THE APPLICANT'S NAME

4) INITIAL: J

5) ADDRESS: ADDRESS OF APPLICANT

6) PHONE: TELEPHONE NUMBER OF APPLICANT

7) DEGREE: HIGHEST DEGREE EARNED (E.G. B.S.)

8) MAJOR: MAJOR FIELD OF STUDY (E.G. MATHEMATICS)

9) WORK INTEREST 1: PRIMARY AREA OF INTEREST (E.G. SALES)

10) WORK INTEREST 2: SECONDARY AREA OF INTEREST ( E. G. PURCHASING)

11) EXPERIENCE 1: YEARS OF EXPERIENCE IN PRIMARY AREA OF INTEREST

12) EXPERIENCE 2: YEARS OF EXPERIENCE IN SECONDARY AREA OF INTEREST

(b) RECORD DESCRIPTION FOR A PERSONNEL DATA BASE

Figure 1: Organization and example of a self-defining file. Figure la illustrates the data organization of a self-defining file. Figure lbpresents the layout of a file record used in examples throughout this article.

w#-

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BAY TECHNICAL ASSOCIATES,

Highway 603 . Bay St. Louis, MS. 39520P.O. Box 387 (601)467-8231

118

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 79 on inquiry card.

Circle 80 on inquiry card.

Now! North StarApplication Software!

North Star now offers applicationsoftware for use on the HORIZON!Now you have one reliable sourcefor both hardware and softwareneeds! The first packages avail-able are:

North Word—

NorthWord is a simple-to-operateword processing system designedfor use with the popular North StarHORIZON. NorthWord enables youto increase office efficiency and cutdocument typing time and cost.NorthWord incorporates the mostsought-after word processing fea-tures: easy editing, on-screen textformatting, simultaneous documentprinting, and much more. NorthWordcan be integrated with other NorthStar software packages to producecustomized letters, labels andreports quickly and efficiently.

V¥l

^

MailManager—

MailManager enables you to com-pile and maintain complete organ-ized mailing lists. Lists are easilyaccessible and can be compiledwith a great deal of flexibility. Entries,corrections and deletions are easilymade. The North Star MailManagercan print your list on individual enve-lopes, on mailing labels, or in com-pact summary form.

InfoManager—

InfoManager is a powerful list-oriented, data management system.It will accept up to 50 categories ofinformation for each record and hasthe ability to select and sort beforeprinting. The North Star InfoManagerhas power and flexibility for manyapplications: product inquiry, in-ventory, customer/client records,calendar reminders, and as an easyway to fill in often-used forms.

General Ledger—

General Ledger and FinancialReporting, two programs in one,maintains general ledger accountsbased on such input as checks,bank deposits and journal entries,and uses the information in thegeneral ledger to produce custom-ized financial statements andfinancial reports.

NorthWord is the central buildingblock for all the North Star applica-tion software to follow. Packagesnow being tested include otheraccounting and professional appli-cation packages. For more informa-tion or a demonstration, contactyour local North Star dealer.

NorthSta^

North Star Computers, Inc.1440 Fourth StreetBerkeley, CA 94710(415) 527-6950TWX/Telex 910-366-7001

$ NorttiStor

Nortri^Vbrd

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While they were thinkinghardware and software,we were thinking

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16K MEMORY MASTER

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Morrow Designs Discus M26 offers26 usable megabytes of memory for jjust $4,995. About $192 per megabyte. And, it's a complete systemincluding a Shugart SA4008Winchester-type sealed-mediahard disk, power supply, cables,and cabinet with fan. The singleboard controller supervises alldata transfers, communicating

with the CPU through 3 I/O ports (command,status, data). The controller can generate inter-rupts at the completion of each command. A512-byte sector buffer is on-board. And thesystem is available for S-100 main-frames.

SYSTEMS FOR SYSTEMS. Whetheryou're building systems or trying toexpand your present system at reason-able costs, Morrow Designs offers^ complete, cost-effective subsystems.Modular systems that allow youto build your system your way.SOFTWARE FOR SYSTEMS.Morrow Designs backs eachsubsystem with high-quality,fully-tested software. INSTALLsoftware allows you to attach

systems.

AUTO-INSTALLDEVICEDRIVERS

LANGUAGES:

C. RATFOR, FORTRAN.

PASCAL. BASIC

WORD PROCESSING

DATA BASE

MANAGEMENT

ACCOUNTING

IEEE STANDARD S-100 BUS

O

MULTI BOARD

1K

ROM

1KRAM

REAL

TIME

CLOCK

DAISY PORT

PROGRAMMABLE

INTERRUPT

CONTROLLER

DAISY WHEELPRINTER

t + +

3 SERIAL PORTS

RS232

RS 232 RS 232

FLOPPY

DISK

CONTROLLER

RS232

o

14 INCH 26 MEGABYTEHARD DISK

any Morrow disk system to any CP/Msystem operating under CP/M.Morrow CPM/CDOS software allowsyou to attach any Morrow disk driveto Cromemco Systems. In fact, if soft-ware runs under CP/M, it will run onany Morrow Designs hardware.COMPARE PERFORMANCE.Hardware performance. Softwareperformance. System performance. AnyMorrow Designs disk drive, hard or floppy,can be mixed and matched through MorrowDesigns standard software. And all necessaryhardware, software and firmware is includedwith each system.

NOW, COMPARE PRICE. Morrow Designsproducts offer maximum efficiency at minimumcost. But we don't cut corners. What that means

to you is reliable system efficiency atcost effective prices.Better systems for less. See MorrowDesigns full line of memory and I/O,plus floppy disk/and the M26 harddisk system at your computer sup-plier. Or, send in the coupon for ourfull line catalog. Can't wait: Call us at(415)524-2101.

MORROW DESIGNS

5221 Cenlral Ave Richmond. CA 94804

Gentlemen, Please send me your complete OEM hardware andsoftware specifications. Plus the name of my nearest distributor.

Name

Company

Address

City

.State.

.Zip.

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122 October 1960 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing lb: File records from the self-defining file of listing la, printed in formatted form.

REC# 3

DATE

=

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LNAM

=

BLACKWELL

FN AM

=

LARRY

INIT

=

W

ADDR

=

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TEL#

=

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DEG

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MJR

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GENERAL BUSINESS

INT1

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INT2

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EXP2

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DATE

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FNAM

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INIT

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ADDR

=

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TELiC

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INT1

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INT2

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EXP1

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EXP2

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0

REC# 5

DATE

=

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LNAM

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FNAM

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INIT

=

R

ADDR

=

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TEL#

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DEG

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INIT

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R

ADDR

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TEL#

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DEG

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MECHANICAL ENGRG

INT1

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PRODUCT ENGRG

INT2

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EXP1

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1

EXP2

=

0

REC# 7

DATE

=

78/09/29

LNAM

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FNAM

=

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INIT

=

R

ADDR

=

1025 CHENE TOLEDO OH

TEL#

=

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DEG

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MS

MIR

=

MECHANICAL ENGRG

INT1

=

PRODUCT ENGRG

INT2

=

TECHNICAL RESEARCH

EXP1

=

8

EXP2

=

2

REC# 8

DATE

=

78/10/19

LNAM

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DUNNING

FNAM

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INIT

=

G

ADDR

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TEL#

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DEG

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124

October 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc

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BYTE October 1980

125

Text continued from page 116:

The overall organization of theinformation-retrieval system is il-lustrated in the block diagram offigure 2a. The main program servesonly to call segment 1 into memoryfrom the disk, and is never returnedto. More will be said of this laterwhen the use of memory overlays inthis implementation is discussed.

A Nassi-Schneiderman flowchartof segment 1 is presented in figure 2b.(Such flowcharts are given for allroutines.) It is quite straightforwardand serves only to parse commandsentered by the user. These are:

• CREATE: this command causessegment 2 to be called intomemory, which will prompt the

(2a)

CALLS INSEGMENT 1

MAIN PROGRAM

PARSE COMMANDSAND CALL INAPPROPRIATESEGMENT

SEGMENT 1

\'

i

'

1

'

"

CREATEA FILE

INPUTDATA

ANSWERQUERIES

SEGM

ENT 2

SEGM!

:nt 3

SEGMENT 4

(2b)

/ * PARSE ROUTINE */

1. START /* PARSE COMMANDS AND CALL APPROPRIATE SEGMENTS */

2. WHILE COMMAND IS NOT "STOP" DO

14. STOP

Figure 2: Block diagram of program design and Nassi-Schneiderman chart for parsingroutine. Figure 2a illustrates the overall design of the information-retrieval system pro-gram. It is designed in such a way that only one of the four program segments needs tobe in computer memory at any one time. Figure 2b is a Nassi-Schneiderman chart of theroutine in segment 1 that decides what segment is to be loaded into memory next. TheL-shaped bracket labeled step 2 performs steps 3 thru 13 under the control of a "while"loop statement. Any step labeled 0 means to do nothing for that step. (See reference 5for more information on this type of structured flowchart).

user for the information necessaryto create a file.

• INPUT: this command causes seg-ment 3 to be called in, which willprompt the user for informationnecessary to insert new recordsinto a file.

• QUERY: this command causes seg-ment 4 to be called in to promptthe user for and answer queriespertaining to a file.

• STOP: terminates program execu-tion.

Whenever creation, input, or queryoperations are terminated, the respec-tive segment (2, 3, or 4) calls in seg-ment 1 once again to parse additionalcommands. This structure (segments1 thru 4) is completely analogous to amain program and three subroutines,and will be treated as such in thediscussion of the three major fileoperations.

As previously indicated, someplanning is required prior to the crea-tion of a file. The user must firstdetermine the information to bestored, the number of required fieldsper record, appropriate tags for thefields, field lengths and types(alphanumeric or digital) and themaximum number of records re-quired. This last requirement mightnot be necessary in implementationswhere extendable files are used.However, our implementation madeuse of nonextendable files with fixedrecord lengths.

An example of the interactionwhich takes place when creating thepersonnel file is shown in listing 2.Segment 1 prints the prompts"ENTER A COMMAND" and"#".The reply to the prompt "§" is thecommand "CREATE". Segment 2then prompts for the name the userwishes to give the file, the number ofrecords the file is to contain, therecord length, and the number oftags. This dialogue corresponds tosteps 1 thru 12 of the create-routinealgorithm shown in figure 3. The testat step 8 determines whether or notthe user's logical record will fit within128-word (256-character), fixed-length physical records. (TheHewlett-Packard computer uses16-bit words.) The test at step 13 isnecessary because there is onlyenough room in one record (region 2)for eighteen field-description ag-gregates. Two words (fourcharacters) are needed for the tag,

126 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 84 on inquiry card.

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I -

/

* CREATE ROUTINE */

1

START /* CREATE SELF DEFINING FILE */

2

PRINT "ENTER FILE NAME"

3

READ FNAME

4

PRINT "ENTER FILE SIZE (#OF RECORDS)"

5

READ SIZE

6

PRINT "ENTER RECORD LENGTH (IN WORDS)"

7

READ LENGTH

8

YES ■ _

LENGTH<?

= 128 --"""~^^-"--^ NO

9

CREATE FILE FNAME

10.

PRINT

"RECORD

LENGTH

IS TOO

LARGE,

MAXIMUM

= 128"

11

. PRINT "ENTER NUMBER OF TAGS"

1213

READ NTAGS

■ . NTAGS<

= 18 ^-*^^^^ NO

14

INSERT DATE OF CREATION AND LAST UPDATE

IN FIRST RECORD

15.PRINT"NUMBEROF TAGSIS TOOLARGE,MAXIMUM■ 18"

16

INSERT NTAGS AND LENGTH IN FIRST RECORD

17

WRITE FIRST RECORD TO FILE

18

SUM=0, ITEMP=1

19

FOR 1=1 TO NTAGS DO

20. PRINT "ENTER TAG", 1," TYPE AND FIELD LENGTHIN WORDS"

21. READ TAG ( 1 ) , TYPE , FIELD LENGTH

22. SUM = SUM + FIELD LENGTH

23. INSERT TAG (1 ), TYPE AND FIELD LENGTH INSECOND RECORD

24. INSERT ITEMP IN SECOND RECORD /* ITEMP ISSTARTING POSITION OF NEXT FIELD*/

25. ITEMP= ITEMP+FIELD LENGTH

26

SUM=LENGTH ^^-^"

YES ______ ?^_^---"^ NO

27

WRITE SECOND RECORD TO FILE

28.

PRINT

"SUM OF

FIELD

LENGTHS

NOT EQUAL

RECORD

LENGTH"

29

CLOSE FILE FNAME

30

PRINT "FILE CREATION COMPLETED"

31

RETURN

Figure 3: Nassi-Schneiderman chart for the file-creating routine in segment 2. Thisroutine prompts the user for the overall characteristics of the file and the characteristicsof each field within the file.

one for the field type (the letter D fordigital or A for alphanumeric) and 2words each for the ASCII representa-tion of the field length and the start-ing position. At step 14, a call to anoperating-system function retrievesthe current time, which is inserted in-to region 1. The number of tags andthe logical record lengths are insertedat step 16, and then the region is writ-ten to the file.

Steps 19 thru 25 prompt the userfor the tags, types, and field lengthsas shown in listing 2. The only syn-tactic restrictions on tags, other thana maximum length of four characters,is that they not begin with a digit anddo not contain a colon. The reasonsfor these restrictions will becomeclear when the query routine isdiscussed. These values are placed inregion 2 as the aggregates that werepreviously described. Step 26 is acheck to insure that the sum of the

field lengths given equals the specifiedrecord length. Region 2 is then writ-ten, the file closed, a message in-dicating successful file creation givento the user, and control is returned tosegment 1.

Entering Data

Putting data into a file previouslycreated is the most straightforward ofall operations in this information-retrieval system. In preparation, allthat is required is that the user haveon hand the values to be inserted ineach of the fields that make up arecord in that file.

Listing 3 is a listing of the dialoguethat took place during the insertion ofthree records in the personnel database. Once the command "INPUT" isgiven, the user is prompted for thename of the file to be modified. Thiscorresponds to steps 1 thru 3 in theNassi-Schneiderman chart for the in-

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Listing 2: The file-creation process. This listing details the questions and answers necessary to create the employee file EMPFL1 oflisting 1. It follows the structured flowchart of figure 3. This computer uses a 16-bit word length.

ENTER A COMMAND

#CREATE

ENTER FILENAME

#EMPFL1

ENTER FILE SIZE (#OF RECORDS)

#30

ENTER RECORD LENGTH (IN WORDS)

# 65

ENTER NUMBER OF TAGS

#12

ENTER TAG 1, TYPE, AND FIELD LENGTH IN WORDS

#DATE

#D

# 4

ENTEfl TAG 2, TYPE, AND FIELD LENGTH IN WORDS

#LNAM

#A

If 5

ENTER TAG 3, TYPE, AND FIELD LENGTH IN WORDS

#FNAM

#A

If 5

ENTER TAG 4, TYPE, AND FIELD LENGTH IN WORDS

#INIT

#A

# 1

ENTER TAG 5, TYPE, AND FIELD LENGTH IN WORDS

#ADDR

HA

#14

ENTER TAG 6, TYPE, AND FIELD LENGTH IN WORDS

#TEL#

#D

# 4

ENTER TAG 7, TYPE, AND FIELD LENGTH IN WORDS

#DEG

#A

# 2

ENTER TAG 8, TYPE, AND FIELD LENGTH IN WORDS

#MJR

#A

U Q

ENTER TAG 9, TYPE, AND FIELD LENGTH IN WORDS

#INT1

#A

#10

ENTER TAG 10, TYPE, AND FIELD LENGTH IN WORDS

#INT2

#A

#10

ENTER TAG 11, TYPE, AND FIELD LENGTH IN WORDS

#EXP1

#D

# 1

ENTER TAG 12, TYPE, AND FIELD LENGTH IN WORDS

#EXP2

#D

# 1

FILE CREATION COMPLETED

/* INPUT ROUTINE */

1. START /* INSERT RECORDS IN A FILE */

2. PRINT "ENTER NAME OF FILE IN WHICH TO INSERT RECORDS"

3. READ FNAME

4. OPEN FILE FNAME AND BUILD TABLE OF FILE DESCRIPTORS

5. ISWT=1

6 IBEGIN= IFREE

7. WHILE ISWT=1 DO

8. PRINT "ENTER A NEW RECORD ? (Y OR N)"

9. READ MAYBE

11. FOR 1 = 1 TO NTAGS DO

13. PRINT TAG (I )

14.

READ VALUE LEFT JUSTIFIEDINTO STRING

RIGHT JUSTIFYVALUE INFIELD WITHINSTRING

ISWT= 0

27. CLOSE FILE FNAME

28. RETURN

Figure 4: Nassi-Schneiderman chart for the record-input routine in segment 3. Thisroutine prompts the user for all the fields of a new record to be added to an existing file.

put routine given in figure 4. Step 4 ofthe flowchart accesses the first tworegions of the file specified andretrieves the information necessary toallow the proper formatting of newrecords and their insertion in the file.This information is as follows:

• first free region, number of tags,and record length

• four arrays, the dimension ofwhich is determined by the numberof tags (Remember that the max-imum number is eighteen.) The in-formation in these arrays cor-responds to the values stored inregion 2. That is, one array con-tains the tags, another theassociated types, and the other twocontain the field lengths and start-ing positions. Thus, by referencingthe r'th element of each array, all ofthe descriptive information regar-ding the ith field may be obtained.

Referring once again to listing 3, itmay be seen that if the user respondswith "YES" (or simply "Y") to theprompt "ENTER A NEW RECORD",he will be prompted for values toinsert in each of the fields whichdefine a record. The form of the

130 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Circle 87 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

Listing 3: The record-input process. This listing details the questions and answers necessary to add three records to the EMPFL1 file. Itfollows the structured flowchart of figure 4.

ENTER A COMMAND

#INPUT

ENTER NAME OF FILE IN WHICH TO INSERT RECORDS

+ EMPFL1

ENTER A NEW RECORD?(Y OR N)

+ Y

DATE = 78/10/05

LNAME = REDFORD

FNAME = KEVIN

INIT = D

ADDR = 17504 RANIER ALLEN PARK MI

TEL# = 277-4545

DEG = BA

MIR = ECONOMICS

INT 1 = QUALITY CONTROL

INT2 = SALES/MARKETING

EXP1=3

EXP2 = 4

ENTER A NEW RECORD?(Y OR N)

+ Y

DATE = 78/09/15

LNAM = STANLEY

FNAM = SUSAN

INIT = A

ADDR = 29213 GREENLAWN DETROIT MI

TEL# = 555-8002

DEG = HS +

MIR = GENERAL BUSINESS

INT 1= ACCOUNTING

INT2 = SALES/MARKETING

EXP1=7

EXP2 = 0

ENTER A NEW RECORD?(Y OR N)

+ Y

DATE = 78/10/10

LNAM = MAYNARD

FNAM = STEPHEN

INIT-L

ADDR = 36500 RUSHMORE FRANKLIN MI

TEL# = 895-4202

DEG = MS

MIR = PSYCHOLOGY

INT 1 = INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

INT2 = SALES/MARKETING

EXP1 o 1

EXP2 = 0

ENTER A NEW RECORD?(Y OR N)

+ N

UPDATE OF FILE EMPFL1 COMPLETE

prompt is "TAGN = ". Once all of thevalues for a record have been ob-tained, the record is written to the filein the first free region, the free regionpointer is incremented, and theprompt for entry of a new record isgiven once again. This sequence ofoperations corresponds to the itera-tion of steps 7 thru 19 in figure 4.Once all records have been formattedand written to the file, the currentdate is inserted in region 1 along withthe new value for the pointer to thefirst free region.

Steps 14 thru 16 accomplish theformatting of values within a record.Although a field may contain anyASCII characters, if we wish to com-pare these characters to anothercharacter string, it is necessary thatwe know whether the charactersrepresent an alphanumeric or a digitalvalue, and that they be left or rightjustified accordingly within the field.For example, the string "ABC" com-pared to the string "ABb" will yieldpredictable results since they are leftjustified. (A lowercase, italic brepresents a significant blankcharacter.) However, the comparisonof "ABC" to "bAB" will yieldmisleading results. Correspondingly,fields that represent digital valuesmust be right justified (eg: "123" and"bl2"). This approach also permitsthe comparison of fixed-point digitalvalues (eg: "57.23" and "bl.12").

It may also be necessary to changethe order of information within afield to obtain a meaningful compari-

son. For example, the date field in thepersonnel data base is input asyear/month/day, as well as beingright justified. This was necessary tomaintain the values in a decreasingorder of magnitude. Another ap-proach would have been to assignseparate tags to each of the three datecomponents.

Answering Queries

Now that records have beencreated and inserted into the person-nel data base, the answering ofqueries related to it may be discussed.

At the user level, the vehicle usedto accomplish this is the query-answering language that was men-tioned earlier. The elementary formof a query, which shall be referred toas a simple query, is constructed ofthe three components [ tag, ], [rela-tional operator], [value], where [tag,]is one of the tags defined in region 2of the file, [relational operator] iseither less than (<), greater than (>),or equal ( = ), and [value] is acharacter string. The meaning of thisconstruct is that the string given in[value] is to be tested against the fieldindicated by [tag,], in the mannerdetermined by (relational operator]for each record contained in the database. Figure 5a illustrates two validsimple queries. The first is a requestfor all records such that the fieldLNAM equals "JONES". The secondis a request for all records such thatthe DATE field is greater than"78/00/00", in other words, all

records dated after the beginning of1978.

These simple queries may be com-bined to form more complex queriesby using the logical operators ANDand OR, the general form of which is[level number] [logical operator],where [level number] is an integerfrom 1 to 99, and [logical operator] iseither the string "AND:" or "OR:".When simple queries are combined byusing logical operators, they mustalso be preceded by a level numberwhich must be higher than that of thelogical operator of which they areoperands.

Figure 5b is an example of thelogical AND of two simple queries. Itis a request for all records such thatthe first area of interest is technicalresearch and the experience in thisarea is more than 1 year.

Figure 5c is somewhat more com-plex and serves to point out two im-portant features. First, a logicaloperation may apply to two or moreoperands; and second, the operandsof a logical operation may actually belogical operations themselves. Thisquery is a request for all records suchthat the applicant is primarily in-terested in computer science, hasmore than 1 year experience in thatarea, and has a Bachelor of Sciencedegree in the field, or that the appli-cant is primarily interested in com-puter science and has more than 3years experience in that area.

As one final point of interest, itshould be noted that blanks are

132

October 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc

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generally ignored within a query. Theonly restriction is that at least oneblank must separate a level numberfrom a logical operator or a simplequery.

Listings 4 thru 10 show the interac-tion that took place in answeringseven queries pertaining to the per-sonnel data base.

In all cases, just prior to the entryof the query, the user specifies whathave been called print/delete options.These are represented by thecharacters P and D. Their meaning isas follows:

P Print the records satisfying this

query.PD Print the records satisfying this

query and delete them from the

data base.D Delete the records satisfying this

query from the data base but do

not print them.

Although none of the examples oflistings 4 thru 10 specifies the deleteoption, it will be discussed more fullylater.

The query of listing 4 is a requestfor all applications dated since No-

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vember 1, 1978. Five records satisfythis condition, and examination ofthe contents of the entire file (listingla) reveals that these are indeed theonly records that satisfy the query.

The remaining examples are inter-preted as follows:

• Listing 5 prints all records suchthat the applicant has either aBachelor or Master of Arts orScience and his major was com-puter science or mathematics.

• Listing 6 prints all records satisfy-ing two conditions. The first con-dition is that the applicant haseither a Bachelor or Master ofScience degree with a major inmechanical engineering or hisprimary area of interest is productengineering and he has more than 1year of experience in that area. Thesecond condition is that the appli-cation is dated September, 1978, orlater.

• Listing 7 prints all records suchthat the application is dated duringOctober, 1978.

• Listing 8 prints all records suchthat the applicant's primary area ofinterest is technical research and he

Text continued on page 144

LNAME=JONESDATE >78/00/00

(a)

1 AND;

2 INT1 = TECHNICAL RESEARCH2 EXP2>1

(b)

1 OR:2 AND:

3 DEG=BS

3 MJR=COMPUTER SCIENCE

3 INT1= COMPUTER SCIENCE

3 EXP1 >12 AND:

3 INT1 = COMPUTER SCIENCE

3 EXP1>3

(O

Figure 5: Examples of valid data queries.Figure 5a presents two examples of simple(one condition) queries; note the absenceof numbers at the beginning of the line.Figures 5b and 5c are compound (multiplecondition) queries. Refer to the text for anEnglish interpretation of these queries.

Circle 88 on inquiry card.

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Listing 4: A simple file query. In this dialogue, the user asks the computer for all records with an application date of November 1978or later. The five records printed satisfy this criterion.

ENTER A COMMAND

0QUERY

ENTER NAME OF FILE TO QUERY

>EMPFL1

ENTER PRINT/DELETE OPTIONS, AND QUERY (RETURN = CR)

>P

>DATE> 78/11/00

REC# 3

DATE

=

78/11/08

LNAM

=

BLACKWELL

FNAM

=

LARRY

INIT

=

W

ADDR

=

8180 PALLISTER DETROIT MI

TEL*

=

871-9167

DEG

=

BA

MJR

=

GENERAL BUSINESS

INT1

=

SALES/MARKETING

INT2

=

PURCHASING

EXP1

=

4

EXP2

=

2

REC# 4

DATE

=

78/11/12

LNAM

=

KRAFT

FNAM

=

PATRICK

INIT

=

A

ADDR

=

26044 VILLAGE PLYMOUTH MI

TEL#

=

445-6176

DEG

=

MS

MIR

=

MATHEMATICS

INT1

=

PRODUCT ENGRG

INT2

=

MANUFACTURING ENGRG

EXP1

=

2

EXP2

=

0

REC# 5

DATE

=

78/11/02

LNAM

=

HACKMAN

FNAM

=

GERALD

INIT

=

R

ADDR

=

292 CARDWELL TOLEDO OH

TEL#

=

222-5752

DEG

=

BA

MIR

=

GENERAL BUSINESS

INT1

=

SALES/MARKETING

INT2

=

QUALITY CONTROL

EXP1

=

7

EXP2

=

0

REC# 12

DATE

=

78/12/10

LNAM

=

PALINDROME

FNAM

=

ANTHONY

INIT

=

J

ADDR

=

43441 DARTMOUTH NOVI MI

TEL#

=

447-3902

DEG

=

BS

MJR

=

ELECTRICAL ENGRG

INT1

=

TECHNICAL RESEARCH

INT2

=

PRODUCT ENGRG

EXP1

=

15

EXP2

=

2

REC0 20

DATE

=

78/11/20

LNAM

=

SMITH

FNAM

=

HENRY

INIT

=

M

ADDR

=

130 BARD DEARBORN MI

TEL#

=

469-7412

DEG

=

MS

MIR

=

MECHANICAL ENGRG

INT1

=

PRODUCT ENGRG

INT2

=

NONE

EXP1

=

3

EXP2

=

0

ENTER PRINT/DELETE OPTIONS, AND QUERY (RETURN = CR)

>

ENTER A COMMAND

Listing 5: A compound file query. The logical operators on a given level (the line number at the beginning of a line) link all entriesof the next lowest level (the next higher line number). The query is for all applicants who have any degree (BA, BS, MA, or MS) ineither mathematics or computer science. Three records satisfy this query.

ENTER A COMMAND

TEL#

=

445-6176

#QUERY

DEG

=

MS

ENTER NAME OF FILE TO QUERY

MJR

=

MATHEMATICS

>EMPFL1

INT1

=

PRODUCT ENGRG

ENTER PRINT/DELETE OPTIONS, AND QUERY (RETURN = CR)

INT2

=

MANUFACTURING ENGRG

>P

EXP1

=

2

> 1 AND:

EXP2

=

0

> 2 OR:

> 3DEG = BS

> 3DEG = BA

REC# 18

> 3 DEG = MA

DATE

=

78/09/15

> 3DEG = MS

LNAM

=

KOHN

> 2 OR:

FNAM

=

ROBERT

> 3 MIR = COMPUTER SCIENCE

INIT

=

C

> 3 MIR = MATHEMATICS

ADDR

=

6565 ABNER SOUTHFIELD MI

>

TEL#

=

533-8452

DEG

=

BS

REC# 4

MIR

=

COMPUTER SCIENCE

DATE = 78/11/12

INT1

=

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

LNAM = KRAFT

INT2

=

NONE

FNAM = PATRICK

EXP1

=

1

INIT = A

EXP2

=

0

ADDR = 26044 VILLAGE PLYMOUTH MI

Listing 5 continued on page 138

136 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing

5 continued

REC#

21

DATE

=

78/07/06

LNAM

=

KYSER

FNAM

=

CYNTHIA

INIT

=

A

ADDR

=

5820 MULBERRY WAYNE MI

TEL0

=

666-9287

DEG

=

BS

MJR

=

COMPUTER SCIENCE

INT1

=

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

INT2

=

TECHNICAL RESEARCH

EXP1

=

1

EXP2

=

0

ENTER PRINT/DELETE OPTIONS, AND QUERY (RETURN = CR)

>

ENTER A COMMAND

Listing 6: A compound file query. The query being made is explained in the text. Four records satisfy this query.

ENTER A COMMAND

#QUERY

ENTER NAME OF FILE TO QUERY

>EMPFL1

ENTER PRINT/DELETE OPTIONS, AND QUERY (RETURN = CR)

>P

> 1 AND:

> 2 OR:

>

3 AND:

>

4 OR

>

5DEG = BS

>

5 DEG = MS

>

4 MJR = MECHANICAL ENGRG

>

3 AND:

>

4 INT1 = PRODUCT ENGRG

>

4 EXP1 > 1

>>

2 DATE > 78/09/00

REC#

4

DATE

=

78/11/12

LNAM

=

KRAFT

FNAM

=

PATRICK

INIT

=

A

ADDR

=

26044 VILLAGE PLYMOUTH MI

TEL#

=

445-6176

DEG

=

MS

MJR

=

MATHEMATICS

INT1

=

PRODUCT ENGRG

INT2

=

MANUFACTURING ENGRG

EXP1

=

2

EXP2

=

0

REC#

6

DATE

ts

78/09/28

LNAM

=

MARCHANT

FNAM

=

HAROLD

INIT

=

R

ADDR

=

9670 TREELANE DEARBORN MI

TEL#

=

581-2553

DEG

=

BS

MJR

=

MECHANICAL ENGRG

INT1

=

PRODUCT ENGRG

INT2

=

MANUFACTURING ENGRG

EXP1

=

1

EXP2

=

0

REC# 7

DATE

=

78/09/29

LNAM

=

MALST

FNAM

=

DENNIS

INIT

=

R

ADDR

=

1025 CHENE TOLEDO OH

TEL#

=

333-4714

DEG

=

MS

MJR

=

MECHANICAL ENGRG

INT1

=

PRODUCT ENGRG

INT2

=

TECHNICAL RESEARCH

EXP1

=

8

EXP2

=

2

REC# 20

DATE

=

78/11/20

LNAM

=

SMITH

FNAM

=

HENRY

INIT

=

M

ADDR

=

130 BARD DEARBORN MI

TEL#

=

469-7412

DEG

=

MS

MJR

=

MECHANICAL ENGRG

INT1

=

PRODUCT ENGRG

INT2

=

NONE

EXP1

=

3

EXP2

=

0

ENTER PRINT/DELETE OPTIONS, AND QUERY (RETURN = CR)

>

ENTER A COMMAND

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Listing 7: A compound file query. The query is for all applica-tions dated October, 1978. Four records satisfy this query.

ENTER A COMMAND

iPQUERY

ENTER NAME OF FILE TO QUERY

>EMPFL1

ENTER PRINT/DELETE OPTIONS, AND QUERY (RETURN

>P

> 1 AND:

> 2 DATE > 78/10/00

> 2 DATE < 78/11/00>

REC# 8

DATE

=

78/10/19

LNAM

=

DUNNING

FNAM

=

ALLAN

INIT

=

G

ADDR

=

1021 THIRD WYANDOTTE MI

TEL#

=

888-7326

DEG

=

BS

MJR

=

EDUCATION

INT1

=

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

INT2

=

QUALITY CONTROL

EXP1

=

0

EXP2

=

2

REC# 9

DATE

=

78/10/05

LNAM

=

REDFORD

FNAM

=

KEVIN

INIT

=

D

ADDR

=

17S04 RANIER ALLEN PARK MI

TEL#

=

277-4545

DEG

=

BA

MJR

=

ECONOMICS

INT1

=

QUALITY CONTROL

INT2

=

SALES/MARKETING

EXP1

=

3

EXP2

=

4

REC# 11

DATE

=

78/10/10

LNAM

=

MAYNARD

FNAM

=

STEPHEN

INIT

=

L

ADDR

=

36500 RUSHMORE FRANKLIN MI

TEL#

=

835-4202

DEG

=

MS

MJR

=

PSYCHOLOGY

INT1

=

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

INT2

=

SALES/MARKETING

EXP1

=

1

EXP2

=

0

REC# 13

DATE

=

78/10/04

LNAM

=

DAYTON

FNAM

=

THOMAS

INIT

=

F

ADDR

=

2125 TULANE WESTLAND MI

TEL#

=

666-3820

DEG

=

HS +

MJR

=

DRAFTING

INT1

=

DESIGN/DRAFTING

INT2

=

PRODUCT ENGRG

EXP1

=

6

EXP2

=

0

= CR)

ENTER PRINT/DELETE OPTIONS, AND QUERY (RETURN = CR)

>

ENTER A COMMAND

140 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 93 on inquiry card.

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Circle 94 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980 141

Listing 8: A compound file query. Here, the query is for an ap-plicant who lists an MS in physics and a primary interest intechnical research. No records satisfy this query.

ENTER A COMMAND

#QUERY

ENTER NAME OF FILE TO QUERY

>EMPFL1

ENTER PRINT/DELETE OPTIONS, AND QUERY (RETURN = CR)

>P

> 1 AND:

2 INT 1 = TECHNICAL RESEARCH

2DEG = MS

2 MJR = PHYSICS

>>

>>

'"NO RECORDS SATISFY THIS QUERY"*

ENTER PRINT/DELETE OPTIONS, AND QUERY (RETURN = CR)

>

ENTER A COMMAND

Listing 9: A compound file query. The query is for any applica-tion put in by Anthony ] Palindrome. Since this query has aunique response, one record satisfies the query.

ENTER A COMMAND

HQUERY

ENTER NAME OF FILE TO QUERY

>EMPFL1

ENTER PRINT/DELETE OPTIONS, AND QUERY (RETURN = CR)

>P

> 1 AND:

> 2 LNAM = PALINDROME

> 2 FNAM = ANTHONY

> 2INIT = J>

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REC# 12

DATE

=

78/12/10

LNAM

=

PALINDROME

FNAM

=

ANTHONY

DOT

=

I

ADDR

=

43441 DARTMOUTH NOVI MI

TEL#

=

447-3902

DEG

=

BS

MJR

=

ELECTRICAL ENGRG

INT1

=

TECHNICAL RESEARCH

INT2

=

PRODUCT ENGRG

EXP1

=

15

EXP2

=

2

ENTER PRINT/DELETE OPTIONS, AND QUERY (RETURN = CR)

>

ENTER A COMMAND

Listing 10: A compound file query. The query here is for the ap-plications of all applicants whose last name begins with K.Three records satisfy this query.

ENTER A COMMAND

0QUERY

ENTER NAME OF FILE TO QUERY

>EMPFL1

ENTER PRINT/DELETE OPTIONS, AND QUERY (RETURN = CR)

>P

>1 AND:

> 2LNAM<L

> 2LNAM > J>

REC# 4

DATE

=

78/11/12

LNAM

=

KRAFT

FNAM

=

PATRICK

DOT

=

A

ADDR

=

26044 VILLAGE PLYMOUTH MI

TEL#

=

445-6176

DEG

=

MS

MJR

=

MATHEMATICS

INT1

=

PRODUCT ENGRG

INT2

=

MANUFACTURING ENGRG

EXP1

=

2

EXP2

=

0

REC# 18

DATE

=

78/09/15

LNAM

=

KOHN

FNAM

=

ROBERT

DOT

=

C

ADDR

=

6565 ABNER SOUTHFIELD MI

TEL#

=

533-8452

DEG

=

BS

MJR

=

COMPUTER SCIENCE

INT1

=

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

INT2

=

NONE

EXP1

=

1

EXP2

=

0

REC# 21

DATE

=

78/07/06

LNAM

=

KYSER

FNAM

=

CYNTHIA

DOT

=

A

ADDR

=

5820 MULBERRY WAYNE MI

TEL#

=

666-9287

DEG

=

BS

MJR

=

COMPUTER SCIENCE

INT1

=

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

INT2

=

TECHNICAL RESEARCH

EXP1

=

1

EXP2

=

0

ENTER PRINT/DELETE OPTIONS, AND QUERY (RETURN = CR)

>

ENTER A COMMAND

142 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 95 On inquiry Card.

Circle 96 on inquiry card.

Multi-User

UniFLEX is the first full capability multi-useroperating system available for microprocessors.Designed for the 6809 and 68000, it offers itsusers a very friendly computing environment.After a user 'logs-in' with his user name andpassword, any of the system programs may berun at will. One user may run the text editorwhile another runs BASIC and still another runsthe C compiler. Each user operates in his ownsystem environment, unaware of other useractivity. The total number of users is onlyrestricted by the resources and efficiency of thehardware in use.

The design of UniFLEX, with its hierarchical filesystem and device independent I/O, allows thecreation of a variety of complex supportprograms. There is currently a wide variety ofsoftware available and under development.Included in this list is a Text Processing Systemfor word processing functions, BASIC interpreterand precompiler for general programming andeducational use, native C and Pascalcompilers for more advanced programming,sort/merge for business applications, and avariety of debug packages. The standardsystem includes a text editor, assembler, andabout forty utility programs. UniFLEX for 6809 issold with a single CPU license and one yearsmaintenance for $450.00. Additional yearlymaintenance is available for $100.00. OEMlicenses are also available.

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Figure 6: Nassi-Schneiderman chart for the query-answering routine in segment 4. Thisroutine prompts the user for the selection criteria of records to be listed and possiblydeleted.

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Text continued from page 134:

has a Master of Science degreewith a major in physics. (As can beseen, no records satisfy these con-ditions.)

• Listing 9 is a request for the recordcontaining information about theapplicant Anthony J Palindrome.

• Listing 10 is simply a request for allrecords such that the applicant'ssurname begins with a K.

Now that we have examined thequery language and the operation ofthe query routine from the user'sviewpoint, we will look at thealgorithms that parse queries anddetermine whether or not recordssatisfy them.

The flowchart for the query routineis given in figure 6. It is self-explanatory with two major excep-tions, steps 10 and 15. (Note that step4 performs the same operations thatwere discussed with respect to theinput routine.) To illustrate the pars-ing and answering of queries, followan example through these operations.The query that will be parsed is thatof listing 6 on page 138, and a trace ofhow it is answered for record number4 will be followed.

The query is read in line by line asthe user enters it. Once a line is read,it is broken down into componentsthat are stored in one or more arraysas shown in figure 7a. After each lineis read, it is left justified, and the firsttwo characters are taken to be a levelnumber, which is converted to integerform. Thus, the first line is found tohave a level number of 1. The line isthen shifted left, throwing away thelevel number and any succeedingblanks. Because the level number isexpected first, tags may not use anumber as the first character. If alevel number is not found, it isassumed that the query is a simpleone. The first four characters of theline are then examined to determinewhether or not it is a logical opera-tion. This is accomplished simply bychecking for one of the characterstrings "AND:" or "OR:". Thepresence of a colon in the string is ac-tually what identifies it as a logicaloperation, and this is the reason whytags may not use this character.

At this point, it is known that line 1is an AND operation. The type of op-eration and its level number are thenput in array 1 as shown in figure 7a.No further processing of this line is

144 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 97 on inquiry card.

What's the differencebetween ms ic and Riscal?

COMPARE THESE APPROACHES TO DRAWING A CIRCLE

m BAsic

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loo Move" Rp

Ho for -p*o to 3<io srer zsr

l*20 DRAWR*cos(X>>R*S/NCt)ISO NEXT T

"Oops, didn't quite meet...

but that's easy to fix.'

I oo \ACVE R>0

110 FOR T=OTO S&CstHF* 25*|3C DRAW R#£tfSOO> R^SIlsl^O

130 NaCTT

"Oh, now it closes.in fact, it overlaps:

Programming by trial and error

in Pascal

"The simplest circle drawn with linesegments is a regular polygon..."

procedure Circle (X, Y, Radius: real);const Sides = 16; Pi = 3.14159265;var N: integer; Theta : real;begin

Move (X+Radius,Y);for N: = 1 to Sides do beginTheta: = 2 * Pi * (N/Sides);Draw (Radius * cos (Theta) + X,Radius * sin (Theta) + Y);end;end;

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ARRAY 1:

ARRAY 2:

ARRAY 3:

ARRAY 4:

LEVEL AND

TAG

RELATIONAL

VALUE

LOGICAL

NUMBER

OPERATOR

OPERATOR

(IF ANY)

AND.1

OR,2

AND,3

OR,4

5

7

=

BS

5

7

=

MS

4

8

=

MECHANICAL [

AND, 3

4

9

=

PRODUCT ENG

11

1

1

78/09/00

(a)

WORKINGARRAY

1

AND.lOR,2AND,3OR,4

5

5

4AND,3

4

4

2

AND.lOR,2AND,3OR,4

AND,3

_L-

r

ANSWER SIMPLEQUERIES AND SETANDS TO 1-ORS TO 0

(b)

Figure 7: Classification of records according to the query criteria. Figure 7ademonstrates the breakdown of a set of query criteria (the query shown in listing 6) asthe first step in determining whether or not a given record matches the query criteria.Figure 7b presents the process by which a record (record number 4) is compared againstthe query criteria. The algorithm for this process is given in table 3. The circled areas insteps 4 thru 13 show the amount of the array that has been or is being processed toevaluate the compound query line (one using a logical operation) with the number atthe left-hand and bottom sides of figure 7b. The result of the comparison is in the upperright-hand number in the circled area.

done. Lines 2 thru 4 are treated in asimilar fashion and are also entered inarray 1.

Line 5 is found to have a levelnumber of 5. However, the check fora logical operator fails, and it must beparsed further. First, the line isscanned to find the relationaloperator. This having been found,the characters preceding it areisolated and compared to the table oftags until a match is made. In thiscase, it is tag number 7. A "7" isentered in array 2. The previouslyfound relational operator is entered inarray 3. The first nonblank characterfollowing the relational operator isthen found and the remainder of the

line is taken to be the value. This val-ue is justified within a field accordingto the type associated with the tagfound and is stored in array 4. The re-mainder of the lines in the query arefurther examples of the two cases thathave just been detailed, and will re-sult in the arrays shown in figure 7a.Now that the query has beenparsed, a trace will be followed(figure 7b) of how it is determinedwhether or not a record satisfies thequery.

Since this process involves modify-ing array 1, a copy of it is made (wewill refer to this copy as the workingarray). Obviously, this is necessarybecause the answering algorithm will

146 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE October 1980

147

be repeated for every record in thedata base.

The first step is to answer all of thesimple queries. In this case, there aresix of them. They may be identifiedwithin array 1 by an entry consistingonly of a level number. Thus, as ar-ray 1 is scanned from beginning toend, the first simple query en-countered corresponds to line 5

("DEC = BS"). The value to be used inthe comparison is in the correspond-ing element of array 4, and the tagnumber, which will allow us to findthe field in record 4 to compare thisvalue to, is in the first element of ar-ray 2. Making the comparison, wefind that the value in record 4 ("MS")is greater than the value in array 4("BS"). The results of this comparison

1)2)3)4)5)6)7)

9)10)

11)12)

I = INDEX OF LAST ELEMENT OF ARRAY 1

IF ARRAY 1 (I) * LOGICAL OPERATION, GOTO 11

LEVEL= LEVEL NUMBER IN ARRAY 1 (I)

J = l

IF LEVEL NUMBER IN ARRAY 1 (J+1)< = LEVEL, GO TO 11

IF WORKING ARRAY (J+ 1)= -1, GOTO 9

IF ARRAY 1 (l)='AND\ THEN WORKING ARRAY (I) = LOGICAL AND OF WORKING

ARRAY (I) WITH WORKING ARRAY (J + 1)ELSE WORKING ARRAY (I) = LOGICAL OR OF WORKING ARRAY (I) WITH WORKING

ARRAY (J+ 1)WORKING ARRAY (J + 1= - 1J = J + 1

IF J< INDEX OF LAST ELEMENT OF ARRAY 1, GO TO 51 = 1-1

IF 1>=1, GO TO 2ELSE STOP

Table 3: Algorithm for determining record status in relation to a compound query.This algorithm requires the record to be tested and the given query to be in the formof columns 1 thru 3 of figure 7b. It scans the table from bottom to top for the linewith the highest-value level and a logical operator. It then calculates the result of thatoperation with all values below it having a higher-value level; then these lines justoperated on are flagged as such with a —1. This operation is repeated until the entirequery has been evaluated, giving a 1 if the record matches and a 0 otherwise.

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replace the level number in the work-ing array. The results of the tests in-dicated by the other five simplequeries are entered in the working ar-ray in a completely analogousfashion. The results of this step areshown in column 2 of figure 7b.

Next, the results of the com-parisons just made are compared withthe corresponding relation stored inarray 3. If they are the same, theentry in the working array is replacedby a 1 (true), otherwise with a 0(false). For example, the first simplequery (line 5) is false (the degree fielddoes not equal "BS"). This is indicat-ed by a 0 in the working array. Final-ly, ANDs are replaced by Is and ORsby 0s. This completes the transform-ation from column 2 to column 3.

At this point, we are ready to per-form the logical operations indicated.The algorithm which does this isgiven in table 3. Applying thisalgorithm to array 1 and the workingarray will yield the final result in thefirst element of the working array. Inthis case, that element is a 1 and,therefore, record 4 satisfies the query.The transformations that the workingarray goes through are shown in col-umns 4 thru 13 of figure 7b.

One last point should be made withrespect to the flowchart of figure 6.This concerns steps 20 and 21 whererecords are deleted from the database. A count n is kept of the numberof records that satisfy a query, andwhen a record is encountered thatdoes not, it is written to a new posi-tion within the file n records prior toits present position.

For example, if the file consists ofsix records, where record 3 satisfiesthe criteria for deletion, the processproceeds as follows. Record 1 isscanned; the value of n remains 0.Record 2 is then scanned; n remains0. Because n is zero, no records arerewritten. Record 3 is next scannedand is found to be suitable for dele-tion. The value of n is increased to 1.Record 4 is scanned in turn and isfound to be not suitable for deletion.The value of n stays at 1, but nowrecord 4 is rewritten into position4 — n (ie: 3) within the file, therebydestroying record 3. When records 5and 6 are examined, the value of n re-mains at 1, and record 5 is written in-to position 4 (ie: 5 — n) in the file,while record 6 goes into position 5 (ie:6 — n). Once all records in the filehave been checked, the file will beproperly compacted and the pointer

148 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 101 on inquiry card.

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BYTE October 1980 149

to the first free region is updated bysubtracting from it the number ofrecords satisfying the query (ie: n).

General Observations

The information-retrieval systemthat has been described is quite flexi-ble in several respects. It allows theuser to define and organize his data inways which are meaningful to himand to interrogate that data in a man-ner that imposes few restrictions. Fur-ther, it should be possible to imple-ment this system on virtually anydisk-based machine that supportsFORTRAN IV. The problems en-countered should be fairly minor.

The greatest difficulty encounteredwith the Hewlett-Packard System1000 was the fact that the configura-tion of the operating system did notallow for memory partition sizes suf-ficient to contain all of the informa-tion retrieval system in a singleobject-code module. Because of this,it was necessary to use overlays. For-tunately, the code was easilysegmented since the processes of filecreation, data entry, and queryanswering are mutually exclusive.

Other difficulties were encounteredbecause of the use of FORTRAN IV.Since the language does not allowcharacter-string variables, andHewlett-Packard's version does notinclude a byte-length data type of anydescription, the necessary charactermanipulation became a bit trouble-some.

A previous implementation usedPL/I (on an IBM System/360) andemployed an alternate querylanguage. The syntax of a simplequery was the same (ie: [tag,] [rela-tional operator] [value]), with the ex-ception of the use of enclosing paren-theses. For example, the simple queryof listing 4 becomes (DATE> 78/11/00). These simple querieswere combined using logicaloperators "&" (AND) and " |" (OR),and enclosing parentheses. Using thisnotation, the example of listing 7becomes ((DATE> 78/10/00) &(DATE < 78/11/00)), and the exam-ple in listing 6 becomes(((((DEG-BS) | (DEG = MS)) &(MJR=MECHANICAL ENGRG)) |((INT1 = PRODUCT ENGRG) &(EXP1 > 1))) & (DATE > 78/09/00)).This parenthesized form is obviouslysomewhat cumbersome when morecomplex queries are formed; themeaning is obscured by the notation.

This provided the major motivationfor the development of the querylanguage present.

Having demonstrated the power ofthis system, it is also appropriate tomention some of its shortcomings andpossible extensions to it. Although itis designed to handle most types ofASCII data, the representation ofsigned numbers poses a problem. Forexample, comparing the ASCII repre-sentation of the integers +123 and-123 will show that +123 is thesmaller of the two, since " + "precedes "—" in the collating se-quence.

Another limitation is that relationsare not allowed between records. Forexample, if the personnel data basewas to be extended to include a fieldfor the name of the applicant'sspouse, there would be no way tospecify a query for a list of all ap-plicants whose spouse had also filedan application. The only way to ex-tract this information would be tomanually check each application.

A final problem that should bementioned concerns response time.For small data bases (perhaps a fewhundred records or so) the responsetime should be quite tolerable.However, if the data base consists ofseveral thousand records or more, theuser could wait many minutes (orhours) for his reply. In this case, weprefer to be somewhat pragmatic bysuggesting that this long responsetime is still better than searching allrecords manually.

If faster response times are nec-essary, the addition of secondary in-dices to the system should make adramatic improvement. These indiceswould consist of small files (one foreach field in a record) and would con-tain all unique values for a field alongwith pointers to the records contain-ing the value. Thus, a query could beanswered by examining a set ofsmaller files that normally would notneed to be searched from beginning toend.

Another extension that wouldenhance the capabilities of the systemis the inclusion of the logical operatorNOT. This, along with AND andOR, would allow the synthesis of allBoolean operators (eg: NAND, NOR,XOR).

A final point concerns checking thesyntax of queries. Although queriesare checked for proper syntax on aline by line basis, there is no provi-

sion for checking the syntax of the en-tire query (eg: making sure that alogical operator is followed by atleast two operands). In the presentsystem, this responsibility is left tothe user and it should be understoodthat errors will yield results that maybe misleading.

In closing, it is important toemphasize that what has been pre-sented is not intended to be a cook-book for the implementation of aninformation-retrieval system. How-ever, we do feel that we havesatisfied the goals stated at the outsetand that the material presented is suf-ficiently comprehensive to allowother interested persons to implementsimilar systems and, perhaps, to ex-pand upon ours. ■

The authors have developed afunctionally-equivalent data-base packagefor the Radio Shack TRS-80 Model Imicrocomputer; the TRS-80 package usesthe same query language and file structureas the FORTRAN system. Some additionalfeatures have been included, as well.

The TRS-80 package is coded partially inDisk BASIC and partially in Z80 assemblylanguage, and it runs under version 2.2 ofthe TRSDOS operating system. For effi-ciency, the sort routine is coded entirely inassembly language.

The package is supplied on a single 5-inchfloppy disk with a user's manual containingover one hundred pages. It may be obtainedfor $99.95 from:

Microcosm IncFOB 2034Dearborn MI 48123

References

1. IBM System/360 Operating System PUI(F) Language Reference Manual. FormGC28-8201-4 IBM Corporation, 1972.

2. Hewlett-Packard Real-Time Executive IIISoftware System, Programming andOperating Manual. Library index number2RTE.320.92060-90004.

3. Hewlett-Packard FORTRAN IV ReferenceManual. Library index number2FORTN.320.5951-1321.

4. Martin, James, Computer Data-baseOrganization. Prentice-Hall, Inc, 1970.

5. Nassi, I, and Schneiderman, B, StructuredFlowcharts, Technical Report, StateUniversity of New York, Stony Brook.

150 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Circle 103 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

... n<Ni-i 1 ilntiiliillirm "ii ft s.mi|ii- ih'riiily .l.wi'tlv. t! .1 tiirrilllt is--.nil rtvch i.-w"f- .nniiin:ii:n «!.-i«- .■ -jurr-n ■■•[■■■ Pi 58 pn-, ■■., <:■.... ,.!!,■ t. i !■" .1 Hi-.! -'■ -..n! .-.tiary.- i 5^J *'' t;i- Md.".! ft r

„lr,..-.i- r:SSrj!..!r'i:n [_J!" 'IDOlL , .flrO).". M-l3iiicri.lrg€lC" ">J1015 $1UQ

No.16: ^

lake a byte.1

r/ wiiii / Manm

Alt Lifeboat programs require CP/M, U SMAL/80 Structured Macro Assembler

unless otherwise stated. ® Language—Package of powerful general

Software for most popular 8Q8Q/Z80 purpose text macro processor and SMAL

.' "ili'i disk systems structured language compiler. SMAL is an as-

sembler language with IF-THEN-ELSE,So"»S / ».™i LOOP-REPEAT-WHILE. DO-END, BEGIN-

m.™.i ' «ion. END constructs S75/S15

CP/M- FLOPPY DISK OPERATING SYS-

TEM—Digital Research's operating system PHOENIX SOFTWARE ASSOCIATES

configured tor many popular micro-computers , , pASM._Z80 macro assembler, Inlel/TDLand disk systems: @ mnem0nics. Generates Intel hex format or re-

„ , ,, n L.iVlocalable code in either TDL Object Module

nil') ?ySl,e,M. X?rS'°n , J!??,* / KW/formal or PSA Relocatable Binary Module for-

tWW«l ■■ •■•■■■■• 2.x. .350/250|\T/ ma| Supp0rls lext insertion, conditional

/ SottCard with ZBO ~— branching within macros, recursive macro calls

Microsoft BASIC version 5 and parameter passing S129/S25

with high resolution

graphics I EDIT—Character oriented text file editor. In-North Star Single Density ...1.4 145/25® I ® eludes macro definition capabilities. Handles

North Star Double Density .. 1.4 145/25 i ()uL insertion, deletion, searching, block move, etc.

North Star Single Density .. 2.x ... .170/25 NK^ lor liles °' arrJ length. Does not reguire a

North Star Double/Ouad ... 2.x... .170/25 < S CRT S129/S25

Durango F-85 2.x ... .170/25 [ | PLINK'-Two pass disk-to-disk linkage edi-

iCOM Micro-Disk 2411 1.4 ... .145/25 % tor/loader which can produce re-entrant.

ICOM3712 1.4.. .. 170/25®* I .\ ROMable code. Can link programs that are

iCOM3812 1.4 .. .170/25' Ml^iarger than available memory lor execution

Mils 3202/Allair 8800 ..... 1.4 ... .145/25 | 1/ targeted on another machine. Full library

Heath H8 • H17 1.4 ... .145/25 O ^ capabilities. I nput can be PSA Relocatable Bi-

Heath H89 1.4 ... .145/25 8 nary Module. TDL Object Modulo or Microsoft

Heath H89 by Magnolia .... 1.4 ... .250/25 © rel f j|es. Output can be a COM file. Intel hex

Heath H89 by Magnolia ... 2.x .. . .300/25 O fj|e JDL Object Module or PSA Relocatable

Onyx C8001 2.x . .300/25 O file $129/S25

Ohio Scientific C3 2.x ... .200/25 n „„ . _,,_, __„ , ,

TRS-80Modell f4 145/25ig> 1 1 BUG* and (j BUG" —Z80 interactive machine

TRS-80 Model II" "it" 170/25 B' level debugging tools tor program develop-

TRS-80 Model II .' Co'rvus' '.2x'.'.'. ^50/25 L ffl I iV. menl' BUG Jfs <ul1 sVmbolic lrace an,dj"leraphProcessor Technology \W7 Sfi-S*n™ V .<m"eTnlcs, compatible with

Helios I! 14 145/25 ■ / PASM). Dynamic breakpoints and conditional

CromemcoSystem 3*:.'.'.:: 1.4'.'.: HS/25 traps while tracing (even through ROM!).,. BUG

Intel MDS Single Density ... 1.4... .145/25 f a s.ub.?el °f BUG and ls used '" ™™&

Inlel MDS Single Densily ... 2.x ... .170/25 llmlled situations S129/$25

Micropolis Mod I 1.4 ... .145/25 S

Micropolis Mod If 1.4 ... .145/25 ® DIGITAL RESEARCH

The following configurations are scheduled for i i MP/M—Installed for single density MDS-800.release soon: Multi-processing derivative of the CP/M op-

North Star Double/Quad erating system. Manual includes CP/M2

- Corvus 2.x .... 250/25 documentation $300/550

North Star Horizon HD-1 ... 2.x.... 250/25 ,-t .. „,. ™nr, .< u r-

nh«i?riontnt«.MP 9v Dsn/ot; ■ ! MAC-8080 —Macro assembler. Full Intel

SpoTs Mod ii .::::::: A:::: ioo/ii ® ™croR^fn TmsF ^pf 0p? S,dfn RPPa

Mostek MDX STD IRP' REPT' TITLE' PAGE' and MACUB- p'°'

Bus System 2.x ... . 350/25 " duces a.bs°'"'e he* °^u' Plus symbol tatjte file

iCOM3812 2x 225/25* for use by SID and 2SID (see below) S120/S15

iCOM 4511/Pertec D3000 .. 2 x.... 375/25'• i I SID-8080— Symbolic debugger. Full trace,

Software consists of the operating system, text * Pass hcou"1 and b'eakpoint program testing.

editor, assembler, debugger and other utilities HaS„ba,Chk Er? and.hJsl°9. am "" .lle=- ™hen.

tor file management and system maintenance. used w,lh, MhAp' Pr°vldes u" symbolic c splay of

Complete set ol Digital Research's documen- memorY labels and ecfualed ualues $1°5/S'5

lalion and additional implementation notes in- i i ZSID-Z80— Symbolic debugger wilh all fea-

cluded. Systems marked "and " include lirm- ® tures of SID $130/515

wareon2708and27l6. Systems marked * in- <t>

elude 5440 media charge. Systems marked i | TEX-Toxt output formatter to create paginat-m require the special ® versions ol solt- :i. ecl page-numbered and justified copy. Oulputware in this catalog Systems marked ® have can be djrecled l0 prinler or disk .. .$105/515minor variants available to suit console inter-lace ol system. Call or write lor lull list ol op- D DESPOOL- Utility program to permit simulta-ttons.O includes hardware addition to allow our lsi neous printing Irom text files while executingstandard versions of software to run under it °'her programs S80/S10

.,-„ ~.-...-. nn.._...~ ■*._..,.».- « I I tiny C—Interactive interpretive system lor

□ Z80 DEVELOPMENT PACKAGE-Consists ,B Caching structured programming techniques.

■* of: (1 disk tile line editor with global inter and Manua, inc|udos ,u„ source |islings s1o5/S5o

<u intra-lme facilities; 2 Z80 relocating assem- . . _„_ _ „„..„.. ,__ „ . _ . , .

bier, Zilog/Mostek mnemonics, conditional as- ' J B,D,S c COMPILER-Supports most features

sembly and cross reference table capabilities; f, °< language, including Structures. Arrays,

(3) linking loader producing absolute Intel hex ® Pointers recursive [unction evaluation, over-

disk file $95/520 ys- lnc'uaes linking loader, library manager

and library containing general purpose, file I/O,

ZDT —Z80 Monitor Debugger to break and and floating point functions. Lacks initializers.

« examine registers wilh standard Zilog/ statics, floats and longs. Documentation in-

® Mostek mnemonic disassembly displays. S35 dudes The C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE"

when ordered with Z80 Development by Kernighan and Ritchie S145/S25

PaCkage 550/510 ! , WH|TeSM|Ths C COMPILER-The ultimate

© in systems software tools. Produces faster

AVOCET SYSTEMS gi code than a pseudo-code Pascal with more

XASM-68 — Non-macro cross-assembler with extensive facilities. Conforms to the tull UNIX"

nested conditionals and full range of pseudo Version 7 C language, described by Kernighan

operations Assembles from standard Motorola and Ritchie, and makes available over 75 lunc-

MC6800 mnemonics to Intel hex .. .S20O/S25 tions lor performing I/O. string manipulation

vaohcc a i,.r..iMi *ii,-io-r v- i and storage allocation. Linkable lo Microsoft

XASM-65-As XASM-68 tor MOS Technology RR ,,. BH ..„ fi0K rp,M S63[)/S3n

MCS-6500 series mnemonics S200/S25 HEL tiles. Hequlres bUK CP/M ttbJU/SJU

XASM-48-As XASM-68 for Intel MCS-48 and „,..„„„

UPl-41 lamilies S200/S25 ««.BUMlrT

,,o„.„ ».vii!MS«ln,Br*nnj ;": BASIC-80-Disk Extended BASIC, ANSI

XASM-18-As XASM-68 for RCA 1802 rp compatible with long variable names,

S2UU/S2-) iS' WHILE/WEND, chaining, variable length file

records $325/525

?nfoELT7,?;sJ<, balon disassem,bl<:.r,!° ln,e! BASIC COMPILER-Language compatible

8r?^Z KH^Ti^S^n^i^S^n * "i'h BASIC-60 and 3-10 times faster execution.

oosonlTarRunson8080 S65/S?u « Praducos standard Mic^oso,l 'elocalable bi-

ops optional Runs on 8080 S65/S10 nary ou,pu, |ncludos MACRO-80. Also linkable

. DISILOG-As DISTEL to Zilog/Mostek to FORTRAN-80 or COBOL-80 code

« mnemonic files S65/S10 modules S350/S25

Software /

wilh / Manun

llware /

wilh / Martahual/ Alol

m

i | FORTRAN-80-ANSl 66 (except for COM-

® PLEX) plus many extensions. Includes relocat-

® able object compiler, linking loader, library with

manager. Also includes MACRO-80 (see

below) $425/525

1 ] COBOL-80- Level 1 ANSI 74 standard£D COBOL plus most of Level 2. Full sequential,® relative, and indexed file support with variablefile names. STRING, UNSTRING, COMPUTE,VARYING/UNTIL, EXTEND, CALL. COPY,SEARCH, 3-dimensional arrays, compoundand abbreviated conditions, nested IF, Powerfulinteractive screen-handling extensions. In-cludes compatible assembler, linking loader,and relocatable library manager as described

under MACRO-80 $700/525

I J MACRO-80-80B0/Z80 Macro Assembler,

© Intel and Zilog mnemonics supported. Relocat-

® able linkable output. Loader, Library Manager

and Cross Reference List utilities

included S149/S15

□ muSIMP/muMATH-muSIMP is a high level© programming language suitable for symbolic

[ ,iV.and semi-numerical processing. ImplementedJc/V^using a fast and efficient interpreter requiring. / only 7K bytes of machine code. muMATH is apackage of programs written in muSIMP. Thepackage performs sophisticated mathematicalfunctions. Keeps track of up to 611 digits. Per-forms matrix operations on arrays: transpose,multiply, divide, inverse and other integer pow-ers. Logarithmic, exponential, trigonometricsimplification and transformation, symbolic dif-ferentiation with partial derivatives, symbolic in-tegration of definite and indefinite integrals.Requires 40K CP/M 5250/520

□ muLISP-79 — Microcomputer implementationCD o! LISP. The interpreter resides in only 7K bytes

of memory yet includes 83 LISP functions. Hasinfinite precision integer arithmetic expressed/ in any radix (rom 2 to 36. muLISP-79 includescomplete trace facility and a library of usefulfunclions and entertaining sampleprograms $200/515

□ XMACRO-86— 8086 cross assembler. All© Macro and utility features of MACRO-80 pack-age. Mnemonics slightly modified from IntelASM86. Compatibility data sheetavailable $275/525

H EDIT-80 — Very fast random access text editor

© for text with or without line numbers. Global and

intra-line commands supported. File compare

utility included 589/515

LI PASCAL/M* —Compiles enhanced Standard® Pascal to compressed efficient Pcode. TotallyCP/M compatible. Random access files. Both16 and 32-bit Integers. Runtime error recovery.Convenient STRINGS. OTHERWISE clause onCASE. Comprehensive manual (90 pp. inde-xed). SEGMENT provides overlay structure.IN PORT, OUTPORT and untyped files for arbi-trary I/O. Requires 56K CP/M. Specify 1) 8080CP/M, 2) Z80 CP/M, or 3) Cromemco

CDOS $175/520

□ PASCAL/Z-Z80 native code PASCAL com-© piler. Produces optimized, ROMable re-entrant® code. All interfacing to CP/M is through thesupport library. The package includes compiler,relocating assembler and linker, and sourcefor all library modules. Variant records, stringsand direct I/O are supported. Requires 56K

CP/M $395/$25

LI PASCAL/MT—Subset of standard PASCAL.® Generates ROMable 8080 machine code.® Symbolic debugger included. Supports inter-rupt procedures, CP/M file I/O and assemblylanguage interface. Real variables can be BCD,software floating point, or AMD 9511 hardwarefloating point. Includes strings enumerationsand record data types. Manual explains BASICto PASCAL conversion. Requires 32K . .$250/$30D APL/V80 —Concise and powerful language forapplication software development. Complexprogramming problems are reduced to simpleexpressions in APL. Features include up to 27Kactive workspace, shared variables, arrays ofup to 8 dimensions, disk workspace and copyobject library. The system also supports auxil-iary processors for interfacing I/O ports. Re-quires 48K CP/M and serial APL printing termi-nal or CRT $500/530

ALGOL-60—Powerful block-structured lan-guage compiler featuring economical run-timedynamic allocation of memory. Very compact(24K total RAM) system implementing almostall Algol 60 report features plus many powerfulextensions including string handling direct disk

address I/O etc $199/520

CBASIC-2 Disk Extended BASIC-Non-interactive BASIC wilh pseudo-code compilerand run-time interpreter. Supports full file con-trol, chaining, integer and extended precisionvariables, etc $120/$15

ite£

MICRO FOCUS

Li STANDARD CIS COBOL-ANSI 74 COBOL© standard compiler fully validated by U.S. Navytests to ANSI level 1. Supports many features tolevel 2 including dynamic loading of COBOLmodules and a full ISAM file facility. Also, pro-gram segmentation, interactive debug andpowerful interactive extensions to support pro-tected and unprotected CRT screen formattingfrom COBOL programs used with any dumbterminal $850/$50

U FORMS 2 —CRT screen editor. Output is© COBOL data descriptions (or copying into CISCOBOL programs. Automatically creates aquery and update program of indexed filesusing CRT protected and unprotected sCreenformats. No programming experience needed.Output program directly compiled by STAN-DARD CIS COBOL 5200/520

EIDOS SYSTEMS

D KISS— Keyed Index Sequential Search. Offers© complete Multi-Keyed Index Sequential and Di-rect Access file management. Includes built-inutility functions for 16 or 32 bit arithmetic,string/integer conversion and string compare.Delivered as a relocatable linkable module inMicrosoft format for use with FORTRAN-80 or

COBOL-80. etc $335/523

D KBASIC-Microsoft Disk Extended BASIC© version 4.51 integrated by implementation ofnine additional commands in language. Pack-age includes KISS. REL as described above,

and a sample mail list program 5585/545

To licensed users of Microsoft BASIC-80(MBASIC) $435/545

□ XYBASIC Interactive Process ControlBASIC—Full disk BASIC features plus uniquecommands to handle byte rotate and shift andlo test and set bits. Available in several ver-sions:

Integer ROM squared 5350/525

Integer CP/M $350/$25

Extended ROM squared $450/525

Extended CP/M $450/525

Extended Disk CP/M $550/525

Integer CP/M Run Time Compiler . .5350/525Extended CP/M Run Time CompilerS450/525

D RECLAIM —A utility to validate media underCP/M. Program tests a diskette or hard disksurface for errors, reserving the imperfectionsin invisible files, and permitting continuedusage of the remainder. Essential for any harddisk. Requires CP/M version 2 580/55

□ BASIC UTILITY DISK-Consists of: (1)

'§> CRUNCH-14— Compacting utility to reducethe size and increase the speed of programs inMicrosoft BASIC 4.51, BASIC-80 and TRS-80BASIC. (2) DPFUN- Double precision subrou-tines for computing nineteen transcendentalfunctions including square root, natural log, logbase 10. sine, arc sine, hyperbolic sine, hyper-bolic arc sine, etc. Furnished in source on dis-kette and documentation $50/$35

D STRING/80 —Character string handling plusroutines for direct CP/M BDOS calls IromFORTRAN and other compatible Microsoft lan-guages. The utility library contains routines thatenable programs lo chain to a COM file, retrievecommand line parameters and search file direc-tories with full wild card facilities. Supplied aslinkable modules in Microsoft format. $95/$20

D STRING/80 source code availableseparately— $295/NA

□ THE STRING BIT-FORTRAN character® string handling. Routines to find, fill, pack,

move, separate, concatenate and comparecharacter strings. This package completelyeliminates the problems associated withcharacter string handling in FORTRAN.

Supplied with source 565/515

III VSORT— Versatile sort/merge system for fixed© length records with fixed or variable lengthfields. VSORT can be used as a stand-alonepackage or loaded and called as a subroutinefrom CBASIC-2. When used as a subroutine,VSORT maximizes the use of buffer space bysaving the TPA on disk and restoring it on com-pletion of sorting. Records may be up to 255byles long with a maximum of 5 fields. Upper/lower case translation and numeric fieldssupported $175/520

□ CPM/374X - Has full range of funclions to cre-ate or re-name an IBM 3741 volume, displaydirectory information and edit Ihe data set con-tents. Provides full file transfer facilities be-tween 3741 volume data sets and CP/Mfiles S195/510

It^^lV

CPAids*

D MASTER TAX—Professional tax preparation© program. Prepares schedules A, B, C. D, E, Rt G, R/RP, SE, TC. ES and forms 2106, 2119,2210, 3468, 3903, 2441, 4625. 4726. 4797,4972, 5695 and 6521. Printing can be on readilyavailable, pre-printed continuous forms, onoverlays, or on computer generated. IRS ap-proved forms. Maintains client history files andis interactive with CPAids GENERAL LEDGERII (see below) $995/530

□ STANDARD TAX—As above for schedules A,t B, C, D. E. G, R/RP, SE, TC and forms 2106 and

2441, Also, does not maintain client historyfiles S495/S30

□ GENERAL LEDGER II-Designed for CPAs,t Stores complete 12 month detailed history of

transactions. Generates financial statements,depreciation, loan amortizations, journals, trialbalances, statements of changes in financialposition, and compilation letters. Includespayroll system with automatic posting lo gen-eral ledger. Prints payroll register. W2's andpayroll checks $450/530

Lifeboat Associates, 1651 Third Avenue. MY., N.Y. 10028 (212) 860-0300 Telex: 220501Neu in der Schweiz Lifeboat Associates GmbH, Aegeristr. 35. 6340 Baar Telefon 042/31 2931

Sol two re /

[J T/MAKER—Powerful new tool for preparingmanagement reports with tabular data. Makes, | financial modeling projects easy. Do you want aIJ m weekly profitability report? Set up the table andcompute. Jusl change the sales figures for nextweek and compute. You have a new report!T/MAKER includes a full screen editor forsetting up tables which pages left, right, upand down. Compute includes standard arith-metic, percents, exponents, common tran-scendental functions, averages, maxima,minima, projections, etc. Requires 48K CP/Mand CBASIC-2 S275/S25

D BSTAM — Utility to fink one computer to another® also equipped with BSTAM. Allows file transfersat full data speed (no conversion to hex), withCRC block control check for very reliable errordetection and automatic retry. We use it! It'sgreat! Full wildcard expansion to send *. COM,etc. 9600 baud with wire. 300 baud with phoneconneclion. Both ends need one. Standard and® versions can talk to one another. .$150/$10

□ WHATSIT?' — Interactive data-base systemusing associative tags to retrieve information bysubject. Hashing and random access usea forfast response. Requires CBASIC-2 ,S175/$25

□ SELECTOR lll-C2-Dala Base Processor tot create and maintain multi-key data bases.® Prints formalted sorted reports with numerical

summaries or mailing labels. Comes with sam-ple applications, including Sales Activity, Inven-tory, Payables, Receivables, Check Register,and Client/Patient Appoinlments, etc. Requires

CBASIC-2. Supplied in source S295/S20

IJ GLECTOR-General Ledger option toSELECTOR III-C2. Interactive system provideslor customized COA. Unique chart of transac-tion types insure proper double entry book-keeping. Generates balance sheets, P&Lstatements and journals. Two year record al-lows for statement of changes in financial posi-tion report. Supplied in source. RequiresSELECTOR III-C2. CBASIC-2 and 56Ksystem S350/S25

□ CBS— Configurable Business System is acomprehensive set of programs for definingcustom data files and application systems with-out using a programming language such asBASIC. FORTRAN, etc. Multiple key fields foreach data file are supported. Set-up programcustomizes system to user's CRT and printer.Provides fast and easy interactive data entryand retrieval with transaction processing.Report generator program does complex calcu-lations with stored and derived data, recordselection with multiple criteria, and custom for-mats. Sample inventory and mailing list sys-tems included. No support languagerequired S295/S40

MICRO DATA BASE SYSTEMS

r] HDBS — Hierarchical Data Base System.CODASYL oriented with FILEs. SETs, REC-ORDS and ITEMs which are all user defined.ADD. DELETE. UPDATE. SEARCH, andTRAVERSE commands supported. SET order-ing is sorted, FIFO. LIFO, next or prior. One tomany sel relationship supported. Read/writeprotection at the FILE level. Supports FILEswhich extend over multiple floppy or hard diskdevices.

□ MDBS— Micro Data Base System. Full networkdata base with all features of HDBS plus multi-level read/write protection for FILE, SET REC-ORD and ITEM. Explicit representation of one'to one, one to many, many to many, and many to (one SET relationships. Supports multipleowner and multiple record types within SETs.HDBS files are fully compatible. ir

□ HDBS-Z80 version S250/S40" \

□ MDBS-Z80 version $750/S40"

8080 version available al S75 extra.When ordering, specify one of the languageinterfaces listed below. Additional language in-terfaces available at time of purchase for $100or $125 if purchased later."The single manual covering HDBS andMDBS when purchased alone comes withoutspecific language interface manual. Manualsare available for the following Microsoft lan-guages:

1} MBASIC 4.51, 2) BASIC-80 5.0, 3) CompiledBASIC or FORTRAN-80, 4) COBOL-80, 5)MACRO-80 SNA/S10

MICROPRO

D SUPER-SORT I— Sort, merge, extract utility as© absolute executable program or linkable mod-ule in Microsoft format. Sorts fixed or variablerecords with data in binary, BCD. Packed Deci-mal, EBCDIC. ASCII, floating & fixed point, ex-ponential. Held justified, etc. Even variable

number of fields per record! S225/S25

Li SUPER-SORT II —Above available as abso-© lute program only S175/S25

□ SUPER-SORT III —As II without SELECT/(D EXCLUDE S125/S25

□ DATASTAR—Professional forms control entry© and display system for key-to-disk data cap-ture. Menu driven with built-in learning aids.Input field verification by length, mask, attribute(i.e uppercase, lowercase, numeric, auto-dup.etc.). Built-in arithmetic capabilities using keyeddata, constant and derived values. Visual feed-back for ease of forms design. Files compatiblewith CP/M-MP/M supported languages. Re-quires 32K CP/M $350/335

I I WORD-STAR —Menu driven visual word pro-CD cessing system for use with standard terminals.Text formatting performed on screen. Facilitiesfor text paginate, page number, justify, centerand underscore. User can print one documentwhile simultaneously editing a second. Editfacilities include global search and replace,Read/Write to other lext files, block move, etc.Requires CRT terminal with addressable cursorpositioning S445/S40

D WORD-STAR-MAIL-MERGE-As above with

© option for production mailing of personalized

documents with mail lists from DATASTAR or

NAD $575/S40

□ WORD-STAR Customization Notes-For

sophisticated users who do not have one of themany standard terminal or printer configura-tions in the distribution version of WORD-STAR $NA/$95

L l WORD-MASTER Text Editor-In one mode© has superset of CP/M's ED commands includ-ing global searching and replacing, forwardsand backwards in file in video mode, providesfull screen editor for users with serial address-able-cursor terminal S145/S25

D TEXTWRITER III—Text formatler to justify and® paginate letters and other documents. Specialfeatures include insertion of text during execu-tion from other disk files or console, permittingrecipe documents to be created Irom linkedfragments on other files. Has facilities for sortedindex, table of contents and footnote insertions.Ideal for contracts, manuals, etc. Now compa'hble with Electric Pencil* and Word-Star pre-pared files $125/$20

PEACHTREE SOFTWARE

H General accounting software for small busi-

© nesses. Each product can be used alone or with

t automatic posting to the general ledger.

Supplied in source for Microsoft BASIC 4.51.

GENERAL LEDGER $530/$40

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE $530/$40

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE 3530/S40

PAYROLL $530/340

INVENTORY $660/$40

ALSO:

MAILING ADDRESS S530/340

PROPERTY MANAGEMENT S530/S40

GRAHAM-DORIAN SOFTWARESYSTEMS

□ Comprehensive accounting software written in© CBASIC-2 and supplied in source code. Each® software package can be used as a stand-alonet system or integrated with the General Ledger

for automatic posting to ledger accounts. Re-quires CBASIC-2.

GENERAL LEDGER $805/340

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE $805/$40

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE $805/$40

INVENTORY SYSTEM $555/340

JOB COSTING $805/540

APARTMENT MANAGEMENT . . . .$805/$40CASH REGISTER S805/340

□ POSTMASTER —A comprehensive package® for mail list maintenance that is completely

'... menu driven. Features include keyed record

'''" 'extraction and label production. A form letter

program is included which provides neat letters

on single sheet or continuous forms. Includes

,.'•' NAD file translator. Requires CBASIC-2

" $150/320

STRUCTURED SYSTEMS GROUP

D Complete interactive accounting software forf business. Each product can be used stand-alone or with automatic posting to the generalledger. Each product is thoroughly tested andvery well documented. Each product requiresCBASIC-2.

GENERAL LEDGER S820/S40

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE S820/$40

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE $820/$40

PAYROLL $820/340

INVENTORY CONTROL S820/$40

I I ANALYST—Customized data entry and report-f ing syslem. User specifies up to 75 data itemsper record. Interactive data entry, retrieval,and update facility makes informationmanagement easy. Sophisticated reportgeneralor provides customized reports usingselected records with multiple level break-points for summarization. Requires a disk sortutility such as QSORT, SUPER-SORT or

VSORT and CBASIC-2 S250/S15

i I LETTERIGHT-Program to create, edit andtype letters or other documents. Has facilities toenter, display, delete and move text, with goodvideo screen presentation. Designed to inte-grate with NAD for form letter mailings. Re-quires CBASIC-2 $200/325

i I NAD Name and Address selection system-Interactive mail list creation and maintenanceprogram with output as full reports with refer-ence data or restricted information for maillabels. Transfer system for extraction and trans-fer of selected records to create new files. Re-quires CBASIC-2 $100/$20

I I QSORT*-Fast sort/merge program for fileswith fixed record length, variable field lengthinformation. Up to five ascending or descend-ing keys. Full back-up of input files created $100/$20

• **•*••

CONDIMENTS

• ***•*•

Ll HEAD CLEANING DISKETTE-Cleans the

drive Read/Write head in 30 seconds. Disketteabsorbs loose oxide particles, fingerprints, andother foreign particles that might hinder the per-formance of the drive head. Lasts at least 3months with daily use. Specify 5" or 8".

Single sided $20 each/$55 for 3

Double sided S25 each/365 tor 3

Fl FLIPPY DISK KIT—Template and instructionsto modify single sided 5W diskettes for use ofsecond side in single sided drives $12.50

III FLOPPY SAVER— Proteclion for center holesfor 5" and 8" floppy disks. Only 1 needed perdiskette. Kit contains centering post, pressuretool and tough 7 mil mylar reinforcing rings for25 diskettes.

5, Kit 314.95

5' , Rings only 57.95

B", Kit S16.95

8", Rings only $8.95

□ PASCAL USER MANUAL AND REPORT-

By Jensen and Wirth. The standard textbook onthe language. Recommended for use byPascal/Z, Pascal/M and Pascal/MT users 512

NEW! NEWSLETTERFROM LIFEBOAT

If

Latest VersionNumbers List

Update on

CP/M Users Group

The Great ZOSO SpeaksOut from Behind the Scenes

Mp^

£s

S18 ppd. tor 12 issues (U.S., Canada.Mexico). Elsewhere $40.Send Check to "Lifelines." 1651 Third Avenue,New York. N.Y. 10028 or use your VISA orMastercharge — call (212) 722-1700

I , THE C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE-By

Kemighan and Ritchie. The standard textbookon the language- Recommended for use byBDS C, tiny C, and Whitesmiths C users ,S12

STRUCTURED MICROPROCESSOR PRO-GRAMMING—By the authors of SMAL/80.Covers structured programming, the 8080/8085 instruction set and the SMAL/80 lan-guage $20

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE & ACCOUNTSRECEIVABLE-CBASIC-By Osborne/McGraw-Hill $20

'GENERAL LEDGER - CB ASIC - ByOsborne/McGraw-Hill $20

PAYROLL WITH COST ACCOUNTING-

CBASIC-by Osborne/McGraw-Hill $20

LIFEBOAT DISK COPYING SERVICE-

Transfer data or programs from one media for-mat to another al a moderate cost . from S25

*******

Hearty Appetite.

• ••••••

"CP/M and MP/M are trademarks of Digital Re-search.

Z80 is a trademark of Zilog. IncUNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories.WHATSIT? is a trademark of Computer Head-ware.

Electric Pencil is a trademark of MichaelShrayer Software.

TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corp.Pascal/M is a trademark of Sorcim,SoflCard is a trademark of Microsoft.Apple is a trademark of Apple ComputerPASM. PLINK, BUG and,/ BUG are trademarksof Phoenix Software Associates Ltd.CPAids is a trademark of Computer Tax Ser-vice, Inc.

t Recommended system configuration consistsof 48K CP/M. 2 full size disk drives. 24 x 80 CRTand 132 column printer,

® Modified version available for use with CP/M asimplemented on Heath and TRS-80 Model Icomputers.

CD User license agreement for this product mustbe signed and returned to Lifeboat Associatesbefore shipment may be made.

CD This product Includes/eXcludes the language® manual recommended in Condiments.

© Serial number of CP/M system must besupplied with orders.

© Requires Z80 CPU.

Copyright © 1980 Lifeboat Associates. No por-tion of this advertisemenl may be reproducedwithout prior permission. ______

Ordering Information

MEDIA FORMAT ORDERING CODESWhen ordering, please specify format code.

LIFEBOAT ASSOCIATES MEDIA FORMATS LIST

Diskette, cartridge disk and cartridge tape format codes to bespecified when ordering software for listed computer or disksystems. All software products have specific requirements interms of hardware or software support, such as MPU type,memory size, support operating system or language.

Computer system Formal Code

Computer system Format Code

Computer system Formal Code

Altair 8800 Disk . . .See MITS 3200

IMS 5000

RA

Research Machines 8 A1

Altos

AT

IMS 8000

.AT

Research Machines SV* .......RH

Apple i SoflCard 13 Sector ..

.RG

IMSAI VDP-40

.R4"

REX Q3

Apple i SoflCard 16 Sector ..

.RFt

IMSAI VDP-42

,H4"

Sanco 7000 BW" - RQ

BASF Syslem 7100

.HD

IMSAI VDP-44

.Hb"

SD Systems 8' Af

Blackhawk Single Density

-Q3

IMSAI VDP-80

,A1"

SD Systems 5'V R3

Blackhawk Micropolis Mod II ..

-Q2

Intecolor .See ISC Inlecolor

Sorcerer .......See Exidy Sorcerer

CDS Versa1ile3B

.01

Intel MDS Single Density

.A1

Spacebyte Al

CDS Versatile 4

COMPAL-80

Cromemco System 3

02

Intertec SuperBrain DOS 0.1Interlec SuperBrain DOS 0.5-2 XIntertec SuperBrain DOS 3.X

.AT

.RK

TElSlfi* -..R3

,R6

ISC Intecolor 8063/6360/8963

Al

TEI8' . AT

CSSN BACKUP (tape)

Thinkerloys .See Morrow Discus

AT

.P6

TRS-80 Model I5'j . R2

Digi-Log Microterm II

RD

Micromation

TRS

80 Model 1- FEC Freedom RN

Digital Microsystems

AT

lExcept TRS-80 below)

.Al*

TRS

80 Model 1 - Micromation . ,A4"

Discus See Morrow Discus

Micropolis Mod 1

01

1HS

30Mode) M Omikron 5'.T RM

OurangoF-85

.RL

Micropolis Mod II

.02

IHS

80 Model 1 - Omikron- .AT

Dynabyte DBB/2

,R1

MITS 3200/3202

.Bl

TRS

80 Model 1- ShuHleboardB Al

Dynabyte DB8/4

Al'

Morrow Discus

AT

IHS

BO Model II Al*

Exidy Sorcerer - Liteboat CP/fV

.02

Moslek

A1

VOP-40/42/44/80 . . See IMSAI

Exidy Sorcerer * Exidy CP/M

.04

MSD 5WT

HO

Vector MZ 02

Heath H8 + H17/H27

P4

Nolh Star Single Densily

P1

Versatile See CDS Versatile

Heath H89 ■ Liteboat CP/M

,P4

North Star Double/Quad ...

.P2

Vista V80 SW Single Density ,P5

Heath H69 i Magnolia CP/M .

,P7

Nylac Single Density

.U3

Visia V200 51.! Double Density P6

Helios II .See Processor Technology

Nylac Micropolis Mod II

.02

Zenith Z89 - Lifeboat CP/M .P4

Horizon See North Star

Ohio Scientific C3

.A3

Zenith Z89 - Magnolia CP/M P7

iCOM 2411 Micro Floppy ..

.R3

OnyxC8001

1?#

JCOM3712

Al

Pertec PCC 2000

AT

-■y-4-

iCOM3B12

Al"

Processor Technology Helios II

B2

iCOM4511 5440 Cartridge

Quay 500

-HO

CP/M 1.4

,D1 #

Quay 520

.RP

iCOM 4511 5440 Cartridge

RAIR Single Density

.H9

CP'M2.2

D2#

RAIR Double Density

RE

Prices F.O.B. New York,

Shipping, handling and C.O.D.

charges extra.

Manual cost applicable against

price of subsequent software

purchase.

The sale of each proprietary

software package conveys a

license for use on one

system only.

VISA

• Single-Side Single-Density disksare supplied for use with Double-Density and Double-Side 8 softsector format systems

' IMSAI lormais are singti' densitywith directory oftset ot zero

' A media surcharge of $25 for or-ders on lape formats T1 and T2 andof S100 tor orders on disk formatsD1 and D2 will be added

The lisi ot available lormais is sub-jecl to change without notice Incase ot uncertainty, call lo confirmthe format code for any particularequipment

filifeboat Associates

I SOFTWARE

SUPER-MARKET

M The Software Supermarket is a trademark of Lifeboat Associates

Add Macro Expansion to YourMicrocomputer, Part 1

David C Brown

1704 Manor Rd

Havertown PA 19083

Assembly language is the mostpowerful language available to agiven processor. Within the limita-tions of time and human patience, itallows the most intricate manipula-tion of data, the smallest programsize, and the fastest execution timepossible. The drawback is thatwriting programs in assemblylanguage is very tedious, often in-volving repeated writing of eitheridentical code or code that is similarto previously written code.

One software tool that can help todecrease the tedium of assembly-language programming is the macroassembler. A macro assembler allowsyou to write one line of assembly-language code (called a macro in-struction or just macro) that is ex-panded to (or replaced by) a prede-fined sequence of assembly-languagestatements; this saves you from enter-ing the same code a second time. Theoriginal assembly-language file con-taining the macro statementsgenerates the new expandedassembly-language file; this secondfile, which contains only validassembly-language statements, canthen be assembled, modified, orstored by the user.

The flowcharts in this article detailthe process of defining and usingmacro instructions. The flowchartscan be used either to incorporate amacro facility into an assembler thatyou are designing or to write amacro-preprocessing program, theoutput of which is an expandedassembly-language source listing thatcan be assembled by your existingassembler.

How a Macro Instruction Works

Your first question might well be,"What on earth is a macro instruc-tion, anyway?" To answer this ques-tion, consider the following simpleexample: you are writing a programthat manipulates character stringsand you have a series of instructionsfor moving a string of charactersfrom one location to another. Youneed this routine in many places inyour coding. You can store the send-ing and receiving field addresses, andthe length, then call a commonsubroutine to perform the move.

One software tool thatcan help to decrease thetedium of assembly-language programming isthe macro assembler.

However, suppose you need thisroutine in several different programs;or maybe memory is not a concernand you have decided to code thestatements in-line whenever needed inorder to speed up your execution.After writing that move routine overand over, your hand is aching andyou are looking for a better way.That better way is called a macroassembler. The macro assembler letsyou define a new operation code,called MOVE in this example. Thisnew operation code will generate therequired sequence of instructionsevery time it is encountered in yourprograms by the macro assembler.

There are several advantages to us-ing macro instructions. One advan-tage, as pointed out in the previousexample, is that you need to write themacro definition only once; you canthen enter one line of source code togenerate the sequence of instructionsthat you have previously defined.This makes it easier for you, as a pro-grammer, to write your program. Itcan also reduce program errors, sinceyou know that the generated instruc-tions will work after you test themthe first time.

Macro instructions make possible agreater standardization of code, en-suring that a set sequence of sourcestatements is used to perform adesired operation. Almost all highlydeveloped assembly languages havemacro expansion facilities. My articleis based primarily upon the macrolanguage used in the IBM System/360and 370 assemblers.

Basically, a macro processor takesthe place of an assembler's text inputroutine. It is a preprocessor of textstatements, replacing a macro state-ment with its defined sequence of in-structions. This generation of sourcetext may also include substitution ofoperands within the macro statement.In addition to text generation andsubstitution, a macro facility mighthandle conditional assembly. This isthe ability to vary the sequence ofstatements generated at assemblytime, either within a macro definitionor in the normal source code of theprogram.

Before using a macro instruction ina source program, you must first pro-vide the assembler with a definition

154 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1: Example of a macro-instruction definition for an 8080 macro assembler. A macro definition is delineated by the first state-ment, MACRO, and the last statement, MEND (macro end). MACRO and MEND are pseudo-operation codes, which provide in-structions to the assembler rather than generate machine code. The second line is called a prototype statement because it gives thename of the macro definition (here, MOVE) and the names of the variable symbols that will be used within the macro definition(denoted by an ampersand, &).

1.

MACRO

2.

&IUMP

MOVE

3.

LXI

4.

LXI

5.

MVI

6.

&JUMP

LDAX

7.

ST AX

8.

INX

9.

INX

10.

DCR

11.

JNZ

12.

MEND

&TO,&FROM,&LENGTH

B.&TO

D,&FROM

H.&LENGTH

D

B

B

D

H

&JUMP

POINT TO FROM AND TO FIELDS

SET MOVE LENGTH

PICK UP "FROM" BYTE

STORE IN "TO" FIELD

INCR FROM AND TO ADDRESSES

DECREMENT COUNTLOOP BACK IF MORE

of the macro instruction. This defini-tion includes the macro name (thenew operation code you have as-signed), the label entry (if used), andthe possible operands that can beused. The definition also includes thestatements to be generated. Themacro definition, then, consists offour parts-, the macro header, themacro prototype, a sequence ofmodel statements, and a macrotrailer. The header and trailer definethe beginning and the end of themacro definition. The macro pro-totype specifies the label entry,operation code, and operands permit-ted in the macro statement. Themodel statements are the assemblerstatements to be generated by themacro statement; the modelstatements eventually replace eachoccurrence of the macro statement.

Listing 1 shows a macro definitionfor the MOVE macro instructiondiscussed earlier. The numbers to theleft of each statement are not a part ofthe definition, but are there solely forease in discussing the definition itself.Also, the code shown is not necessari-ly the best way to perform a moveoperation, but serves only as an ex-

ample. In this definition, statements 1and 12 are the macro header andtrailer, respectively. Statement 2 isthe prototype, which defines theoperation code (MOVE), the label en-try (&JUMP), and the allowableoperands (&TO, &FROM,&LENGTH). Statements 3 thru 11 arethe model statements that will begenerated.

Defining and Using VariableSymbols

As you can see, a macro definitionis quite easy to write. The only thingthat may seem new or unusual at thispoint are those four names that beginwith an "&", known as variable sym-bols. While they may look strange,variable symbols are the single mostimportant part of a macro definition,because they allow you to change thegenerated code. Without them, theuses of a macro assembler would beseverely limited.

A variable symbol is a symbol thatcan take on many values. Thesevalues may be assigned by theassembler, or the programmer mayassign them when he or she codes amacro instruction (or macro call) in

Listing 2: Example of macro-instruction expansion. When the one-line macro call of themacro definition MOVE (listing 2a) is processed within a larger assembly-language pro-gram, it is replaced with the expanded macro code, as in listing 2b. Compare this withthe macro definition in listing 1.

(a) LOOP

MOVE

FIELDA,FIELDB,14

(b)

LXI

B.FIELDA POINT TO FROM AND TO FIELDS

LXI

D.FIELDB

MVI

H,14 SET MOVE LENGTH

LOOP

LDAX

D PICK UP "FROM" BYTE

STAX

B STORE IN "TO" FIELD

INX

B INCR FROM AND TO ADDRESSES

INX

D

DCR

H DECREMENT COUNT

JNZ

LOOP LOOP BACK IF MORE

the source program. When the macroprocessor expands a macro statementinto its generated code, all variablesymbols found in the modelstatements are replaced with the cur-rent values assigned to them. Refer-ring to listing 1, when you code theMOVE macro instruction in yourprogram, the first variable symbol,&TO, is given the value that you cod-ed for your first operand, and so on.

To illustrate this operation, listing2a shows a MOVE macro definitionyou might have coded in your pro-gram. Listing 2b shows the codegenerated by the MOVE macrodefinition of listing 1. Notice that inthe generated code, &JUMP, &TO,&FROM, and &LENGTH in themodel statements have been replacedby LOOP, FIELDA, FIELDB, and 14,respectively, from the macro-callstatement.

Some variable symbols are as-signed values by the assembler itself.Referring to listing 3a, use of theINCR macro definition in severalplaces in your coding will result in thelabel LABEL being defined more thanonce, a condition that your assembleris likely to interpret as an error. Oneway to prevent this is to have aspecial variable symbol, called&SYSNDX, for system index. Thisvariable symbol has a numeric valuethat is incremented by one every timea macro instruction is used. By com-bining this with a letter (known asconcatenating), as in listing 3b, wecan create unique labels. Listings 3cand 3d show the generated code fromthis macro instruction the first twotimes it is used. Notice that the twolabels are different.

This brings up one more point con-cerning variable symbols. In listing3b is the concatenation L&SYSNDX,

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 155

DP/NET: Redefined

INDIVIDUAL/NET

WORD PROCESSOR

S-100, 7 Slot, 360K Double Density

DUAL/NET

SMALL BUSINESSAPPLICATIONS

Up To 4 TerminalsCan Be Slaved Off Master

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SYSTEM/NET

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Hard Disc and 8" FloppyAny Combination of Master or Slave

MASTER/NET

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BENELUXMICROSPOT

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TEL: 03438-0)8899

"BUY" WORD FOR THE 1980's

NETWORKING is the newest 'buzzword' inmicroprocessors. Delta Products has produced asuperior hardware system that cannot be matched ineither cost or performance.

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One of the most important advantages of DP/NET® is thatyou never have to purchase more system than you currentlyneed. Your system can start with a 5" minifloppy 32Kterminal for under $3000.00. Adding a second terminal andadditional mass storage is as simple as the originalpurchase. Networking up to 16 OR MORE intelligent andsemi-intelligent work stations can follow in perfect stepwith the growth of your Company and requirements.

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Circle 104 on Inquiry card.

The macro processor isitself a smaller assemblerwithin the mainassembler.

which generated L0001. Suppose wewanted to generate L0001A. Our firstthought might be to code it asL&SYSNDXA. However, thispresents a problem to the macro pro-cessor; it has no way of knowing thatyou wanted the variable symbol&SYSNDX with an A concatenatedbehind it. The macro processor thinksyou want a variable symbol called&SYSNDXA.

To circumvent this problem, wewill set a rule that a variable symbolmust be followed by a blank, aspecial character other than a letter or

number, or a period to mark its end.If the variable symbol is followed bya period, both the variable symboland the period will be replaced in thegenerated code. Thus, we would nowcode L&SYSNDX.A in order togenerate L0001A, or L&SYSNDX(1)to generate L0001(l).

Details of the Macro Assembler

Now that we have defined a macrocall and discussed how it is used, weshould look at the process of im-plementing macro-expansion facilitiesin an assembler. First, however, itwould be useful to compare a macroprocessor to an assembler, for themacro processor is itself a smallerassembler within the main assembler.Both the assembler and the macroprocessor need a symbol table. In theassembler, this symbol table storesnames associated with specificmemory locations. Defining a name

Listing 3: Fixed and assembler-assigned labels. In the macro definition of INCR in listing3a, each macro call results in a line generated with the label LABEL. This would give thesame label to two statements if INCR were called twice within the same program. Tobypass this program error, we can use the variable symbol &SYSNDX in the creation oflabel names, as in listing 3b. Since the value of &SYSNDX is incremented after eachmacro call, successive calls of INCR will result in different labels being generated, as inlistings 3c and 3d.

(a)

MACROINCR

LABEL

INX BINX DMEND

(c)

L0001

INX B

INX D

(b)

MACROINCR

L&SYSNDX

INX BINX DMEND

(d)

L0002

INX BIND D

Listing 4: Variable symbols and nested macros. Given the two macro definitions ofSAVE and INCR in listings 4a and 4b, the macro call of SAVE in listing 4c, and theresulting expansion in listing 4d, it is obvious that variable symbol &REG has the value"D" during the expansion of SAVE and has the value "B" during the expansion of INCR.When macro calls are allowed to be nested, this situation must be allowed for.

(a) 1.

2. SLAB

3.

4.

5.

6.

(b) 1.2.3.4.5.

(c)

(d) 1.2.3.4.

MACRO

SAVE

MOV

INCR

MOV

MEND

MACRO

INCR

INX

INR

MEND

SAVE

MOVINXINRMOV

&REGM.&REGBA.&REG

&REG

H

&REG

MOVE REG TO ADDRESS IN HL

CALL INCR TO INCR HL AND COUNT IN

MOVE REG TO A

INCREMENT HL PAIRADD 1 TO REGISTER

D

M,D MOV REG TO ADDRESS IN HLH INCREMENT HL PAIRB ADD 1 TO REGISTERA,D MOVE REG TO A

more than once is usually an error, sothe symbol table need store only oneentry for each name. For best storageusage, the assembler normally uses ahashing function to store names ran-domly but evenly distributed in thesymbol table, and the symbol table isusually a constant length.

In a macro processor, the symboltable is handled quite differently. Themacro processor stores variable sym-bols and pointers to their currentvalues as entries in the symbol table.If we allow inner macro capability(where a macro definition contains acall to another macro definition), it ispossible to have the same variablesymbol defined more than once, eachdefinition pointing to a differentvalue.

As an example of this, listing 4ashows a macro definition, SAVE,which stores a specified register at theaddress in the HL register pair. Line 4contains a call of the INCR macrodefinition, listing 4b, to increment theHL pair and count the number of callsto it in the specified register. Bothmacro definitions refer to &REG, butthere are actually two different&REGs, each with a different value.If the macro call is coded as shown inlisting 4c, &REG gets replaced with aD in line 1 of the generated code inlisting 4d, and with a B in line 3 oflisting 4d.

To allow this capability, we willuse a stack, or pushdown list, for themacro processor's symbol table. Thepushdown list is a last-in, first-outlist; when a macro expansion needs tofind the value associated with a givenvariable symbol, it will start with thelast (or most recent) entry, lookingbackwards for the most recent defini-tion of the symbol. In this way,&REG can be put on the symbol tablewith a value of D, and later put onthe symbol table again with a value ofB. When the inner INCR macro state-ment has completed its expansion, itwill delete its entries from the end ofthe symbol table. This uncovers theold &REG and resets it back to avalue of D, as shown in line 4 oflisting 4d.

One major difficulty encounteredby an assembler is in resolving for-ward references. These occur when asymbol being used has not yet beendefined. The assembler cannot get thememory location of the symbol fromits symbol table since the definitionhas not yet been processed. The nor-

158 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 5: An example of conditional assembly. Given the macro definition of MOVE inlisting 5a and the macro call in listing 5b, the expanded code is given in listing 5c.Because the &LENGTH variable equals 1 in the macro call, the AIF (assemble-if) state-ment is executed in line 8 of the macro definition, causing lines 9 thru 12 to be omitted inthe macro expansion of 5c.

(a) 1.

MACRO

2.

&JUMP

MOVE

&TO,&FROM,&LENGTH

3.

LXI

B.&TO

4.

LXI

D.&FROM

5.

MVI

H.&LENGTH

6.

&JUMP

LDAX

D

7.

STAX

B

8.

AIF

(&LENGTH EQ T).END

9.

INX

B

10.

INX

D

11.

DCR

H

12.

JNZ

&IUMP

13.

.END

MEND

(h)

MOVE

A1,B1,1

(c) 1.

LXI

B,A1

2.

LXI

D,B1

3.

MVI

H,l

4.

LDAX

D

5.

STAX

B

mal approach to handling this prob-lem in an assembler is to use two-passprocessing. This means that thesource program is read twice. Thefirst time, all definitions are placed inthe symbol table. The second time,the assembler generates the actualcode, with the definitions of all sym-bols known as a result of pass one.

A macro processor does not reallyhave this problem. All variable sym-bols are defined in the prototypestatement, which comes before themodel statements that reference thesevariables. Values are assigned to thevariable symbols when the macro callis encountered, which is also prior tousing the symbols for generation ofcode. All symbols other than variablesymbols are left untouched by themacro processor and remain theproblem of the main assembler,which will handle them in its two-pass processing, as mentioned earlier.

The only exception to this is if wetry to implement conditional-assembly facilities. Conditionalassembly allows us to alter the se-quence of a macro definition'sgenerated code. For example, wemight not want to generate a group ofinstructions depending upon thevalue of a certain variable symbol.

As an example, listing 5a is amodification of the MOVE macrodefinition of listing 1. Statement 8shows how conditional assembly canbe used; if &LENGTH is a 1 at thepoint of expansion of line 8, the

macro processor resumes expansionwith the model statement which has.END as a label, in this case theMEND statement of line 13.Therefore, as in listing 5c, a length of1 will not generate instruction lines 9thru 12.

At first glance, this situation mightlook like a forward-reference prob-lem, but it really is not. Since allmodel statements are stored in the in-ternal macro definition, the macroprocessor needs only to point to thefirst model statement and loopthrough all model statements to findthe one that starts with .END. In con-ditional assembly, the sequence code(.END in this example) would not ap-pear on the generated code, thusallowing a sequence symbol to beplaced on an instruction without wor-rying about the main assembler re-jecting a label beginning with aperiod.

Earlier, I mentioned that anassembler is normally a two-passsystem. In reality, so is a macro pro-cessor. The first pass occurs whenreading in and storing the macrodefinition. The second pass occurswhen a macro call is made, resultingin an expansion of the code definedfor the macro statement being re-placed.

The last major point of differencebetween the assembler and the macroprocessor is the method used for stor-ing and scanning the source text. Theassembler is interested in statement

160 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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labels, operation codes, operands,and variables. It is not interested inblanks, comments, punctuation, andso on. The assembler normally has ascanning routine to search each state-ment for the parts it needs. The scan-ner usually builds a list of descriptors,which are pointers to the beginning ofeach piece of the statement. Thedescriptor also contains the length ofthe label, variable, etc, and a codethat identifies what is pointed at. Inthis manner, a typical statement tothe assembler consists of a list of fourdescriptors, pointing to the label, theoperation code, and the twooperands.

While the descriptor system is ad-vantageous to the assembler, whichprocesses only one statement at atime, it is both cumbersome and inef-ficient for use in a macro processor.In the first place, the macro processormust store all statements of the macrodefinition, not just the current state-ment. Secondly, the macro processorneed only search for the character"&" to locate the data in which it isinterested. A complex scanner is un-necessary, as is a descriptor system,especially when we consider that themacro processor's output will be aseries of complete assemblerstatements.

Instead of descriptors, we will takethe approach of text compression. Inmost assembler languages, the pro-grammers typically start labels in col-umn one, operation code in columnten, operands in column sixteen, andcomments separated from operandsby one or more blanks. With this inmind, we can compress the modelstatements of the macro definition byeliminating all blanks but the onesbetween labels, operation codes,operands, and comments. The end ofeach statement in the compressedmacro definition will be marked by aspecial character, such as a carriagereturn. To save even more space, wecan eliminate the storing of commentsin a macro definition, although thiswill also eliminate the comments onthe generated source statements aswell.

Implementing the MacroAssembler

So much for the more theoreticalaspects of macro processors. Now letus look at the practical implementa-tion of this facility, starting with themacro definition itself. Macro defini-

tions can be either in-line or referredto from a library. An in-line macrodefinition is a macro definition codedat the beginning of the file containingthe source statements for your pro-gram. It contains the macro header,macro prototype, model statements,and macro trailer. Obviously, it mustbe defined before it can be used in theprogram. All in-line macro defini-

tions are stored in compressed formatby the macro processor.

If certain macro definitions areused frequently, having a macrolibrary is useful. This library will con-tain the macro definition, preferablywith the model statements already incompressed format. When a macrocall is encountered in the source pro-gram, the in-line macro definitions

la

f MAIN J

ASSEMBLER

INITIALIZATION

CODE

MACRO-LEVEL= 0

GET NEXT MODELSTATEMENT

EXPAND MODELSTATEMENT

CODE FOR PASSZ OF ASSEMBLER

READ STATEMENTFROM SOURCE FILE

f END J

YES

STORE

STORE MACRODEFINITION

ALLOC

ALLOCATE SYMBOLTABLE FOR MACROEXPANSION

CODE FOR PASS1 OF ASSEMBLER

Figure 1: High-level flowcharts of macro use. Figure la shows a high-level flowchart forthe entire assembler program, which includes the functions of a macro facility. Theboxes marked with an asterisk represent the code that performs the assembler functions;the remaining boxes represent the code that is added (through modification of theassembler's "read source" routine) to implement the macro facility. Figure lb gives theSTORE routine, used to store the statements defining a new macro instruction (all thosestatements between a MACRO statement and the next MEND—macroend—statement). Figure 1c, the ALLOC routine, stores variable-name informationabout the macro instruction that is currently being expanded. Figure Id on page 164, theEXPAND routine, shows how a macro instruction is expanded.

162 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

will first be searched. If the macrodefinition is not found, the macrolibrary will then be searched. If foundin the library, the definition will beread into memory and treated in thesame fashion as an in-line definition.By searching the in-line macro defini-tions first, we allow the ability toenter an in-line macro definition for amacro already defined in the libraryand have the in-line macro definitiontake precedence over or override thelibrary temporarily.

The flowchart of figure la showsan overview of macro definition anduse. When the macro processor en-counters a source statement that con-tains the pseudo-operation codeMACRO, it knows that a macrodefinition is to follow. The first stepto be performed is to add an entry tothe macro directory identifying thenew macro. The format of the direc-tory entry is shown in figure 2a. Thedirectory entry is of variable length.It will always be at least 12 byteslong, containing the macro name, themodel address, the label indicator,

and the parameter count. This fixedportion will be followed by as many8-byte variable symbols as are de-fined in the prototype statement. Thelength of the directory entry istherefore 8P + 12, where P is thenumber of parameters.

The prototype statement in themacro definition contains most of theinformation necessary to build a newdirectory entry. The macro name istaken from the operation code of theprototype statement. The parametercount is the number of variable sym-bols in the prototype; the variablesymbols themselves are stored invariable symbols 1 thru N of thedirectory entry. The model address isa pointer or address of where the firstmodel statement is to be stored. Thelabel indicator will be a 0 if the pro-totype statement has no label, or a 1if the prototype has a variable symbolfor a label.

The size of the model-storage areadetermines the number of macrodefinitions your macro processor canhandle. Since the model statements

lb

f STORE J

INITIALIZE NEXTDIRECTORY ENTRY

READ SOURCEFILE

PRINT UNFINISHEDMACRO DEFINITION-HEADER MISSING"ERROR MESSAGE

f END J

STORE PROTOTYPEVARIABLE SYMBOLSIN DIRECTORYENTRY

PRINT UNFINISHEDMACRO DEFINITION-END STATEMENTMISSING" ERRORMESSAGE

[ END )

MOVE STATEMENTTO MODEL STORAGEAREA, COMPRESSINGBLANKS

are compressed, this will varysomewhat with the lengths of themacro definitions themselves. If youretain comments on the models inorder to have them appear in thegenerated code, this will noticeablyreduce the number of macro defini-tions that can be handled. The modelstatements are moved one characterat a time to the storage area. When ablank is moved, all consecutiveblanks after it are bypassed.

If desired, comments can bedropped to reduce storage space, aswas mentioned previously. Aftereach statement, a special character isput in the model-storage area so thatthe macro processor knows when theend of a statement has been reached.A good choice might be a carriagereturn.

When a MEND (macro end) state-ment is encountered, the end of themacro definition has been reached. Aform feed or other special character isplaced in the model-storage area tomark the end of the modelstatements. The pointer to the model-storage area is set to the positionfollowing the special character; itsvalue is stored in the next availabledirectory entry for use by the nextmacro definition. Figure 2b shows theformat of the model-storage area.

Expanding the Macro Instruction

Now that we have the macrodefinition stored, we can consider theprocess of macro expansion.However, we still need a few more

1c

f ALLOC J

ADD 1 TOMACRO-LEVEL

PUT VARIABLESYMBOLS FROMDIRECTORY INSYMBOL TABLE

PUT VALUES FROMMACRO CALLENTRY IN MACROSTORAGE AREA

POINT EACHSYMBOL TABLEENTRY TO VALUEIN VALUE STORAGEAREA

( RETURN )

( RETURN J

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 163

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items. So far, we have directory en-tries and a model-storage area. Tothis we must add a symbol table, amacro stack, and a storage area forvariable-symbol values, as shown infigure 3. As mentioned earlier, thesymbol table will be a last-in, first-out stack. It will contain the variable-symbol name, the length of its currentvalue, an indicator for the data for-mat, and a pointer to the value.

The values of variable symbols willbe stored in the value-storage areamuch as the model statements were

stored, with the symbol-table entrypointing to it. When a variable sym-bol is found in a model statement, wewill start at the end (most recent en-try) of the symbol-table stack andsearch backwards for the proper en-try. This will in turn point to the cur-rent value. As previously discussed,this allows inner macro calls andallows the same variable symbol to beused by different macro definitions torefer to different values. The entriesare placed in the symbol table whenthe macro expansion begins and are

Id

f EXPAND J

LOCATE VARIABLESYMBOL ON MODELSTATEMENT

LOOK UP INSYMBOL TABLE ANDREPLACE WITHVALUE FROM VALUESTORAGE AREA

DELETE THISMACRO'S ENTRIESFROM SYMBOL TABLE

SUBTRACT 1 FROMMACRO-LEVEL

( RETURN J

Figure Id: The macro-instruction EXPAND routine.

a)

BYTESUSED i

b)

MACRO

MODEL

LABEL

PARM

VARIABLE

VARIABLE

VARIABLE

VARIABLE

NAME

ADDR

COUNT

SYMBOL 1

SYMBOL 2

SYMBOL 3

SYMBOL N

8 2 118 8 8

8

L—- 1 • PROTOTYPE HAS A LABEL

0 = PROTOTYPE HAS NO LABEL

CR

c

R

CR

|R|F|

Figure 2: Data areas associated with macro definition. When a MACRO statement, in-dicating the beginning of a macro definition, is encountered, the first line (which definesthe macro name and the names of its variable symbols) is stored as in figure 2a. Oncethis is done, all successive statements up to but not including the MEND macro-endstatement are stored sequentially as in figure 2b.

164 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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deleted at the end of the macro expan-sion.

The macro stack is used to controlthe inner macro definition andsymbol-table process. It contains apointer to the directory entry of themacro statement currently being ex-panded, a pointer to the next modelstatement to be expanded, a pointer

a)

BYTESUSED:

to the next available byte in thevalue-storage area, a pointer to thenext available symbol-table entry,and a variable holding the depth ofmacro nesting. If this variable, calledthe macro level, is zero, the nextstatement in the source file is read. Ifthe macro level is not zero, then amacro expansion is in progress and

VARIABLESYMBOL

LENGTH

VALUEADDRESS

INDICATOR

ARITHMETIC (BINARY) VALUESTRING (CHARACTER) VALUE

DIRECTORYADDRESS

CURRENTMODEL

NEXT AVAILABLEVALUE STORAGE ADDR

NEXT AVAILABLESYM. TABLE ENTRY

MACROLEVEL

b)

BYTESUSED:

Figure 3: Data areas associated with macro expansion. When a macro statement is en-countered in the assembly-language program, one entry with a layout as in figure 3a ispressed onto the symbol-table stack for each variable symbol in the macro-definitionheader line (directory entry). Also, the calling macro statement pushes one entry (with alayout as in figure 3b) onto the macro stack to represent the current macro instructionbeing expanded. Refer to figure 4 for a graphic representation of the interrelationshipsof these fields.

DIRECTORYENTRY

MODEL

STORAGE

AREA

MACROSTACK

8JUMP | 8T0 | SFROM | BLENGTH |

: Bo INX B d INX Do DCR H „ JNZ 8JUMP C

LXI B,8T0 p LXI D, SFROM jj MVI H, SLENGTH p 8JUMP LDAX D £

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Figure 4: Interrelationship of data areas during macro expansion. Processing of themacro definition results in the directory entry and the entries shown in the model-storage area. When a macro instruction is encountered in the assembly-language pro-gram, the second entry in the macro stack is made, along with the entries shown in thesymbol table. The first entry in the macro stack, the line with the zeros, is used todenote that the macro stack is empty and that there are no macros currently being ex-panded. The entries belonging to the current macro are pointed to by the pointeroriginating in the second row, fourth column of the macro stack. Variable symbolsfound in the model-storage statements are searched for in the symbol table starting withthe last entry in the table and going backwards. The third field in each symbol-table en-try points to the first character (or byte) of the variable symbol's value as stored in thevalue-storage area. The macro statement being expanded is "LOOP2 MOVEFIELDA,FIELDS,14".

166

Oclober 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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the model statement pointed to by thecurrent model address is processed.

The macro stack will always con-tain one entry at the bottom witheverything set to zero to allow initialand non-macro-definition statementsto be read under control of the macrolevel indicator. The only other areasof memory that we need are an areain which to accumulate the value of&SYSNDX (which is incrementedevery time a macro definition is ex-panded) and an 80-byte area in whichto expand the current model state-ment before passing it to theassembler.

At this point, it might be helpful torefer back to figure 1. The STOREroutine was discussed earlier. Nowthat we have defined the symbol tableand macro stack, we can look at theALLOC (figure lc) and EXPAND (Id)routines. Bear in mind that the actualprocess is considerably more complexthan the simple diagram of theflowchart in figure la.

When an operation code isrecognized to be a macro call, the firststep is to build a new macro-stack en-try. Both the addresses of the currentmacro model and its directory entryare stored. We also store the addressof the next available value-storagearea and symbol-table entry, andfinally add 1 to the old macro leveland store it as the macro level of thecurrent macro-stack entry. At thistime we also want to increment to&SYSNDX.

Next, we must put the currentvalues for the variable symbols in thesymbol table. To do this, we take thefirst variable symbol from the currentmacro-directory entry and enter it inthe symbol table. We take the firstoperand (or the label if the LABEL in-dicator is a 1, indicating that a label ispresent) from the macro instructionand put it in the value-storage area,also pointing the symbol-table entryto it; this is repeated for everyvariable symbol in the directory en-try. We also put the current value of&SYSNDX into the symbol table.Figure 4 shows how all of the tables,stacks, and storage areas are inter-connected for the MOVE macrodefinition of listing 1. Note that thecomments have not been stored in themodel-storage area.

One additional complexity shouldbe mentioned concerning the filling ofthe symbol table from the directoryentry and macro call. The SAVE

168 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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169

Listing 6: Passing macro parameters to an inner macro call. Some additional code must be added to the macro-evaluation routine inorder to enable a macro call within a macro definition to pass the value of one of the parameters of the outer macro. Given the twomacro definitions of SAVE and INCR in listings 6a and 6b, the macro call of SAVE in listing 6c, and the resulting expansion in listing6d, the intent of this code is for the SAVE macro definition to pass its parameter into INCR. Note that the parameter names for thetwo macro definitions must be different to accomplish this. In line 3 of listing 4d, the operand of the 1NR instruction (here, D) willalways be the same as the argument of the SAVE macro call in listing 6c.

(a) 1.2.3.4.5.6.

SLAB

MACROSAVE &REG

MOVINCRMOVMEND

M.&REG

&REG

A.&REG

MOVE REG TO ADDRESS IN HLCALL INCR TO INCR HL AND COUNTMOVE REG TO A

(b) 1.2.3.4.5.

(c)

(d) 1.2.3.4.

LABEL 1LABEL1

MACRO

INCR &REGISTR

INX H

INR &REGISTR

MEND

SAVE

INCREMENT HL PAIRADD 1 TO REGISTER

D

MOV M,D MOVE REG TO ADDRESS IN HL

INX H INCREMENT HL PAIR

INR D ADD 1 TO REGISTER

MOV A,D MOVE REG TO A

macro definition given in listing 4acontains, on line 4, a call of the INCRmacro definition with a constantoperand of B. What if we wanted touse whatever value was coded for&REG on the SAVE macro call?

Listing 6a shows the SAVE macrodefinition again, but this time it callsINCR on line 4, passing a value of&REG. In listing 6b, we have theINCR macro definition again, but&REGISTR is used as its variablesymbol instead of &REG. Now thatthe INCR macro definition has itsown variable symbol, the expansionof line 4 of the SAVE macro instruc-tion can be accomplished as if thevalue of &REG were in line 4 (insteadof the characters "&REG").

When entering the variable sym-bols and their values in the symboltable during a macro expansion, wemust now check the value for an "&".If found, we search back through thesymbol table until we find thevariable symbol. We use the lengthand value-storage pointer from thatprevious definition, in the newsymbol-table entry that we arebuilding. Therefore, when the macrocall of listing 6c is expanded and getsto the INCR macro call within theSAVE macro definition, the symboltable is searched for &REG, and thevalue-storage pointer and length inthe &REG entry are used in the&REGISTR entry of the symboltable. Now both &REG and&REGISTR are pointing to the value

of D, and the generated code of listing6d is produced.

By now the worst is over. All thatremains is to expand each modelstatement in turn, replacing variablesymbols with their values and puttingback compressed blanks. When avariable symbol is encountered, welook it up on the symbol table, get thepointer to the value-storage area, andreplace the variable symbol with thedata from the value-storage area.Each model statement is scanned, ex-panded, and passed to the assembleruntil there are no more modelstatements to be processed. The finaloperation is to delete the most recententry in the macro stack. This effec-tively deletes from the symbol tableall of the symbols associated with themacro instruction just expanded; italso does the same for the value-storage area and macro-levelvariable.

As always, there are a few com-plications you should consider. Forexample, suppose you want to use anampersand (&) character in yoursource, but not to denote a variablesymbol. The normal solution to thisproblem is to require you to use twoampersands in this situation, muchlike the use of two quote symbolswithin a character string to representa single quote character. Two amper-sands then tell the macro processorthat this is not really a variable sym-bol and that one of the ampersandsshould be deleted.

Also, before scanning a modelstatement for variable symbols, youshould check to see if its operationcode is itself a macro call. If it is, youwant to do the entire expansionroutine again, setting up anothermacro-stack entry, putting morevariable symbols in the symbol table,and expanding the new macro call(which could contain yet anothermacro call within it). Once the innermacro instruction is expanded, youshould return to the outer macrodefinition and resume its expansion.If a macro definition calls itself, thissituation is referred to as recursion.

(Next month, part 2 of this articlewill present some fairly detailedflowcharts of the macro definitionand expansion processes and discussinterfacing the macro processor withthe rest of an existing assembler. Inaddition, I will discuss some en-hanced facilities that you might wantto add to your macro assembler. )■

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Tecmar's new A/D and Timer Board is designed to meet sophisticated data acquisitionneeds. The board can accommodate various A/D modules providing options such as 12,14, 16 bit accuracy; 100 MHz throughput; variable ranges and gains. It contains a powerfultimer circuit (AMD 9513) which can start A/D conversion and can also be used independ-ently for time of day, event counting, frequency shift keying and many other applications.

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AT

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Product Description

Three New Computersfrom Radio Shack

Stan Miastkowski, Editor

Ever since the TRS-80 was introduced, there has beenrepeated speculation about its successor. Rumors haveflown about the imminent demise of the Model I and theintroduction of a 'TRS-90" (or something of that sort).Last year the TRS-80 Model II was introduced. Eventhough its capabilities are much greater than the Model I,its price was aimed squarely at the small-business market.

The TRS-80 Model HI

All the speculation, or at least most of it, can nowcome to an end. The TRS-80 Model III has arrived, andalong with it come the TRS-80 Color Computer and theTRS-80 Pocket Computer. Even though the Radio Shackpeople say the Model III is not designed to replace theModel I, it is the successor and it seems likely to eventual-ly push aside the Model I.

Several Radio Shack development people told me thatthe Model III was introduced because they saw a need for

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what was termed a "powerful" desk-top computer thatwould be smaller and less expensive than the Model II(which starts at $3450).

Cosmetically, the TRS-80 Model III bears a more-than-vague resemblance to the Model II. The entire unit ishoused in a one-piece molded case sporting the familiarbattleship-gray motif. One big change is that thekeyboard (65 keys including keypad) is nondetachable.The high-resolution monitor measures 30.48 cm (12inches) diagonally, and space has been left next to themonitor to mount one or two (optional) disk drives. Theobvious reason for the one-piece design is to provide in-creased RF (radio frequency) shielding to comply withFCC (Federal Communications Commission) rules andregulations. This was confirmed by several Radio Shackpeople.

As for the internal design of the TRS-80 Model III, theonly thing I was able to uncover is that the Z80 continuesto be Radio Shack's microprocessor of choice. At a recentpress conference introducing the products, none of thenew products was shown with the cover removed. Re-quests to "take a look inside" were firmly, but politely,denied. Despite the myriad hobbyists waiting with hotsoldering irons to get inside, the official policy of theTandy Corporation is that its computers should beopened only by authorized service personnel.

The TRS-80 Model III is being marketed in three basicconfigurations ranging in price from $699 to $2495.Radio Shack says that all Model I software will run onthe Model III without modification. You can purchase4 K bytes of programmable memory, uppercase-only al-phanumeric character set, and Level I BASIC for $699.An important addition to Level I BASIC is the inclusionof LPRINT and LLIST (since a printer interface is in-cluded).

Significantly, none of the Model III configurations in-clude the familiar cassette recorder. Radio Shack is sellingthe optional CTR-80A for $59.95. Another new feature isthat the cassette data-transfer speed is now a respectable1500 bps (bits per second) even with Level I BASIC. Nomore time to go get a sandwich and coffee while a pro-gram is loading.

The next step up in the Model III progression is $999.Inasmuch as this buys you a lot of capability, it seemsdestined to be the most popular version of the new com-puter. Included are 16 K bytes of programmable mem-ory, uppercase and lowercase alphanumerics, a real-timeclock, and something called "Model III BASIC" (not to beconfused with Level III BASIC which is marketed for theTRS-80 by an independent supplier). At press time, nodetails were available on how Model III BASIC differsfrom Level II BASIC. I did learn that a TIME$ functionand several new statements are included.

The top of the TRS-80 Model III line is what Tandy iscalling its "Desktop Business Computer." The price forthis configuration jumps to $2495, but it adds twodouble-density 5Vi-inch (12.7 cm) floppy-disk drives andan RS-232C interface. The drives give the Model III a

172 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 114 on inquiry card.

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Serious Expansionfor the AIM-65

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In its primary function, the Memory-Mate board pro-vides 16-48K of RAM expansion assignable in 4Kblocks anywhere in the system. Memory-Mate's pari-ty check circuitry insures system RAM integrity (in-cluding AIM'S 4K on-board RAM) for high reliabilityapplications. The programmable write protect featureeases software development chores. This compactboard, which fits directly beneath the AIM, also in-cludes four programmable I/O ports, a tonegenerator for audible warnings, and sockets for 4K ofPROM.

I/O intensive applications are accommodated withMemory-Mate's STD BUS interface option. Use off-the-shelf STD BUS cards to solve your biggest I/Oproblems.

The Memory-Mate with 16K RAM is priced at $475,with 16K expansion chip sets (including parity chip)costing $100 each. With 48-hour active burn-in andwarranty for a full year, you won't have to worryabout reliability either.

First of the complete AIM-Mate* series, Memory-Mate will be joined shortly by the Video-Mate*,Floppy-Mate* and the AIM-Mate case. For further in-formation on the entire AIM-Mate series, write'Attn: AIM-Mate Series' at the address below.*TM Forethought Products

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Photo 1: The TRS-80 Model III is available in three configurations ranging in price from $699 to $2495. The Model III is housed in aone-piece case with a nondetachable keyboard. Utilizing a Z80 microprocessor, the Model III is available with uppercase and lower-case alphanumerics, real-time clock, RS-232C serial interface, and "Model III BASIC"—an expanded version of the familiar Level IIBASIC.

total storage capacity of 315 K bytes. Radio Shack hasalso introduced a new daisy-wheel printer for $1960(more about the printer later). It's a natural to go with theDesktop Business Computer Model III configuration, andit brings the price of the Desktop Business System to$4455.

Although these are what Radio Shack calls its threebasic configurations, you are not limited to them. Aswith the TRS-80 Model I, you can pick and choose. Forexample, adding 16 K bytes of programmable memorycosts $199. Sixteen K bytes and the Model III BASIC are$299. The RS-232C serial interface can be installed in anyof the Model III configurations for $99. If for some reasonyou want a single floppy-disk drive, it's available for$849, including a new TRSDOS (disk operating system).The second drive is $399.

The TRS-80 Color Computer

Of the three new computers that Radio Shack an-nounced, the TRS-80 Color Computer will probablycreate the most interest in consumer markets. It's sure tocreate quite a few sales along the way. Radio Shack'scopywriters call it "high-technology at low cost." For$399, you receive a full-fledged computer with color and

sound, and it is programmable in BASIC. Included are4 K bytes of programmable memory, a built-in televisionmodulator, and a 53-key standard keyboard.

The TRS-80 Color Computer utilizes a Motorola 6899Emicroprocessor and supports several levels of colorgraphics, each using increasing amounts of memory.Eight colors are available—any one of which the user canselect for the background color. The character format is16 lines by 32 characters. The "standard" graphics formatis 64 by 32. The highest-resolution graphics are 128 by192 (using four colors) and 256 by 192 (one color only).

A unique built-in feature of the TRS-80 business com-puter is an RS-232C serial interface for modem or printerconnection. Because of this, the Level I BASIC of the Col-or Computer includes LPRINT and LLIST. With the addi-tion of a modem ($199) and a special software package($29.95), the Color Computer becomes a Videotex ter-minal (Radio Shack's name for its connection to theCompuServe Information Services Network).

At present, seven games and a personal finance pro-gram (all full-color) are available in ROM (read-onlymemory) "Program Paks" that plug into the side of theunit. Several of the games require optional joysticks($24.95).

174 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

SAVE

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Fully Professional DOS for rhe Apple II. The resulr of two years of exren-sive development, APEX provides o complete program development andfile management system, both powerful and useable. A comprehensivecommand ser allows rhe user to perform olmosr any imaginable diskoperation. Here ore some of APEX fefures:

• Command structure similar ro CPM and main frame sysrems.Conrains 20 command words, with ability ro near exrernol pro-grams as transient commands ro rhe operaring system.

• Easy program interface. Simple communicarions between rheDOS and user program.

• Capable of handling 5 inch, 8 inch, and hard disks.

• Safety features ro protect againsr accidenral doro loss. Featuresinclude backup files, directory, reod-ofrer-write b limit checks.

• 4 times faster rhan CPM.

• Auro default srrucrure eliminares redious typing by automaticallyserring up command srrings, file names, ere.

• Functional on born single and mulri-drive sysrems. Includes utili-ties for file copy.

• Device handler srrucrure for interfacing peripherals.

The APEX package includes oil of rhe rools for a complere assemblylanguage development system, high speed two pass resident assemblerand a powerful macro editor.

The complere APEX padrage with operaring sysrem, assembler, edirorand manuals, also includes urinries ro mainroin files on single or mulripledrive sysrems.

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• New BASIC commands for files wirh variable recordlengrhs up ro 4095.

• Mix or march drives. Use 35, 40 or 80 track 5" diskdrives or 8" disk drives, or combo.

• Security boor-up for BASIC or machine code applica-tion programs.

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• DFG function; striking of D, F and G keys allows user toenter a.mini-DOS wirhour disrurbing program,

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BYTE October 1980

175

.^..:__; J^:X:... .

Photo 2: The TRS-80 Color Computer sells for $399 with BASIC, 4 K bytes of user memory, and a built-in television RF modulator.It supports eight colors and several levels of graphics resolution. Eight game programs are currently available on ROM-based "Pro-gram Paks" that plug into the right side of the unit. Expansion is available with 16 K of programmable memory and Extended ColorBASIC, which allows the creation of high-resolution graphics from within a BASIC program. The monitor shown receives standardtelevision signals and sells for $399.

The TRS-80 Color Computer can be expanded to 16 Kbytes with a set of programmable memory processorsthat sell for $99 plus installation. Another option is theExtended Color BASIC package (in 8 K of ROM). Itgives you the ability to create high-resolution graphicsfrom within a BASIC program. The Color Computerwith both the expanded memory and Extended ColorBASIC can be purchased for $599, which is a reasonable

price for its capabilities and should give some otherpersonal-computer manufacturers a few sleepless nights.

One interesting point: the TRS-80 Color Computer canbe programmed in machine language (for those so in-clined).

For storing and loading programs, you will still need acassette recorder, which is not included. As I previouslymentioned, the CTR-80A sells for $59.95. If you want

176 October 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc

Now NRI takes you inside the

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NRI teams up with Radio Shackto teach you how to use,program and servicemicrocomputers... make youthe complete technician.It's no longer enough to be just aprogrammer or a technician. With micro-computers moving into the fabric of ourlives (over200,000 of the TRS-80™ alonehave been sold), interdisciplinary skillsare demanded. And NRI can prepareyou with the first course of its kind,covering the complete world of themicrocomputer.

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With NRI training, the program-mer gains practical knowledge of hard-ware, enabling him to design simpler, moreeffective programs. And, with advancedprogramming skills, the technician cantest and debug systems quickly and easily.

Training includes TRS-80 computer, transistorizedvolt-ohm meter, digital frequency counter,and the MU Discovery Lab with hundreds of testsand experiments.

(TRS-80 is a trademark of the Radio Shack division of Tandy Corp.)

Only NRI gives you both kinds oftraining with the convenience of homestudy. No classroom pressures, no nightschool, no gasoline wasted. You learn atyour convenience, at your own pace. Yetyou're always backed by the NRI staff andyour instructor, answering questions, givingyou guidance, and helping you over thetough spots.

Explore the TRS-80Inside and Out

NRI training is hands-on training,with practical experiments and demon-strations as the very foundation of yourknowledge. You don't just program yourcomputer, you introduce and correct faults.. .watch how circuits interact... interfacewith other systems...gain a real insightinto its nature.

You also build test instruments andthe NRI Discovery Lab, performing over 60separate experiments in the process. Youlearn how your trouble-shooting tools work,and gain greater understanding of the in-formation they give you. Both micro-

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still more storage, Radio Shack says a floppy-disk drivewill be available for the Color Computer in early 1981.You will also need a color monitor for the TRS-80 Col-or Computer. Since it has a built-in television RFmodulator, you can use the family television. But if thatdraws complaints from the family, an option is available.Radio Shack is now selling its first-ever standard colortelevision. The TRS-80 33 cm (13-inch) Color VideoReceiver (made by RCA) sells for $399 and has fullAmerican-standard reception capabilities. It has digitalchannel display and push-button tuning. At the recent in-troduction of the Color Computer, it did an excellent jobof displaying the high-resolution graphics.

The TRS-80 Pocket Computer

Radio Shack spent a great deal of time stressing the"breakthrough" of the TRS-80 Pocket Computer at thispress conference. I have to admit that it is a very in-teresting product. If you sit back and think a minute,you'll realize that only a couple of years ago genuinepocket computers (not calculators) were something foundonly in the realm of science fiction.

The TRS-80 Pocket Computer ($249) is not a glorifiedcalculator. It's a compact unit 17.78 by 7 by 1.27 cm (7 by23/« by Vi inches), that is programmed in Level I BASIC(without the graphics capability). The keyboard has 57keys (many of them double function) with the standard"QWERTY" alphanumeric keys. Although the keys areplaced very close together, even a high-speed touch-typist can get used to their spacing and feel in a very shorttime.

The Pocket Computer utilizes a liquid-crystal24-character alphanumeric display (5-by-7 dot matrix).Lines longer than twenty-four characters can be enteredand displayed, and program lines are scrolled auto-matically. There are 1.9 K bytes of user memory in-cluded. For obvious reasons, it is not expandable. An in-teresting feature is that, since CMOS (complementarymetal-oxide semiconductor) programmable memory isused, programs are retained when the power is turnedoff. Also, automatic BASIC abbreviation eliminatesspaces in the stored program to conserve memory space.For off-line program storage, a cassette interface ($49) isavailable. Although any cassette recorder is usable,Radio Shack has introduced the Minisette-9 as a logicalcompanion to the Pocket Computer. It's compact (18.25by 11.6 by 3.33 cm) and uses standard cassettes.

The TRS-80 Pocket Computer is, interestingly enough,Radio Shack's only computer that is not company-madein Fort Worth, Texas. It's a Japanese product with RadioShack packaging. (Observant BYTE readers will noticethat it bears a distinct resemblance to several otherpocket computers which were recently introduced.)

Although I didn't get a look inside, I was able to learnthat the Pocket Computer uses two 4-bit CMOSmicroprocessors (one for arithmetic calculations and theother for the BASIC interpreter). There is an 80-characterinput buffer and the built-in ROM uses 7 K bytes for theBASIC interpreter and 4 K bytes for the monitor.

Not unlike a sophisticated calculator, fifteen mathe-matical functions are available, including trigonometricand inverse trigonometric with readout in degrees, ra-dians, and gradians, plus logarithms, exponents, angularconversion, integer, and absolute value. The Pocket

178 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 118 on inquiry card.

THE NEXT GENERATION OF MICROCOMPUTERS IS HERE

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16 BIT POWER

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8 BIT POWER

Z-80

AND STILL RUN YOUR 8 BIT SOFTWARE

IF YOU see it our way then we think we havethe products for you:

• The S-100 bus is here to stay. It is not the greatest but with propertermination it works reliably at high speeds, and since it is now anIEEE standard, it is well defined.

• The 8 BIT systems are useful but they are the limiting factor formany applications.

• The 16 BIT systems are the way future systems will go. Why not?There is very little price difference and an order of magnitudeperformance difference.

• The real usefulness of the 16 BIT microprocessors will be determinedby the software.

• The systems using 5'A inch disk drives really do not have adequatememory storage or computer power for many business or scientificapplications.

• Sixty-four kilobytes of addressable RAM, the maximum for 8 BITsystems, is not adequate for many business or scientific applications.

• It is not worth buying 8 BIT systems or boards now if you can getthe same software with 16 BIT systems at about the same price.

• The new 16 BIT microprocessors have power comparable tominicomputers but do not require the same overhead in terms ofdowntime, maintenance, or initial investment. They are moreversatile in many applications such as real time applications.

THIS IS WHAT QDP HAS AVAILABLE:

• A Z-8000 Board that can plug into your existing S-100 Bus System(see below for description)

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• A Z-8000 System configured for your exact needs.

• Software to allow you to run all the available Z-80/8080 softwareincluding CP/M.

• Software that includes a Monitor, Debugger, Disassembler, and Basic.

• Software options: a) Extended Monitor, b) Pascal, c) Simulatorsfor 8080, Z-80. 6800, 6502, 1802.

• A Z-80 System (QDP-100) that is upward compatible with the Z-8000.

THIS IS WHAT IS COMING FROM QDP:

• A 256 kilobyte RAM card • UNIX2 operating system.

Z-8000 SERIES 16 BIT CPU S-100 BOARD - CAN BE PLUGGED INTO YOUR EXISTING SYSTEM $695.00

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' Supports existing 8 BIT memory and 8 BIT peripheral

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Capable of reading and/or writing 8 BIT, 16 BIT, or

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Capable of operating as a slave processor to enable your existing

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• Supports either segmented CPU or non-segmented CPU.

• Power-on and reset jump dip switch selectable.

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• Z-80 emulator enables you to execute your existing 8 BIT softwarewithout any modifications and allows you to run CP/Mimmediately.

« Extended Monitor, Debugger, Disassembler.

QDP-8100 WITH 2 MEGABYTES STORAGESTANDARD (OPTIONAL 4 MEGABYTES)

• Z-8000 series 16 BIT CPU S-100 Board - see aboveSOFTWARE (Provided with system)

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• Basic

• Z-80/8080 Emulator

• Monitor, Debugger, Disassembler software

• Optional software: Pascal

• UNIX2 operating system coming

SYSTEMS

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QDP-100 WITH 2 MEGABYTES STORAGESTANDARD (OPTIONAL 4 MEGABYTES)

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SOFTWARE (Provided with system) «fc (\ QQ^

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• Optional software: Fortran, Pascal, Cobol, C

EACH SYSTEM CONTAINS:

Intelligent CRT terminal (80 characters X 24 lines) • 64 kilobytes RAM • Two 8 inch, double sided, double density floppy disk drives with controller• 2 serial and 1 parallel (2 parallel for QDP-100) ports • Attractive woodgrain cabinet with power supplies and cabling

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Floppy Disk Drives, (the best) "65000

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PAPER TIGER

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BYTE October 1980

179

Photo 3; The TRS-80 Pocket Computer. Measuring 17.78 by 7 by 1.27 cm (7 by 23A by Vi inches), the hand-held unit sells for $249and can be programmed in Level I BASIC. The display is 24-character liquid-crystal type utilizing a 5-by-7 dot matrix. There are1.9 K bytes of programmable memory included, and a cassette interface (list price $49) is available for off-line storage. Eight softwarepackages are currently available, including Aviation, Real Estate, Engineering, Finance, Games, and Math.

Computer has 10-digit accuracy. It uses four 67S mercurybatteries for a total life of about 300 hours. The PocketComputer automatically shuts off after seven minutes ofinactivity to conserve the batteries.

The Pocket Computer is fun to use, even for hardcorecomputer enthusiasts. There is something very differentabout banging in a quick BASIC program on a hand-heldunit. If you're used to the pseudo-assembly language ofprogrammable calculators, you'll find using the TRS-80Pocket Computer an exhilarating experience. Single-step,debug, and edit modes are available to make thingseasier. It's also useful as a "pocket notebook"—sincestrings of up to seven characters can be stored as data andthen sorted and searched.

Radio Shack has put a good deal of thought and workinto eight software tapes that are currently available forthe Pocket Computer. They've promised many more tocome. Those available now are: Real Estate, CivilEngineering, Aviation, Math Drill, Games I, BusinessStatistics, Business Financial, and Personal Financial. Allof the software has been especially designed for thecapabilities of the Pocket Computer. More informationfits into that 1.9 K than you might expect. For instance,the Business Statistics software contains eight programs,including forecasting, seasonal variations, movingaverage, multiple regression, and more. The Manage-ment Decisions package also contains eight programs in-cluding break-even analysis, optimum order quantity,profit margin, and random sample.

Although there has already been criticism of theTRS-80 Pocket Computer as a "toy," it is a verysophisticated computer for its size and price. Radio Shackis counting on this computer to be a best seller that will

help further Radio Shack's hold on the personal-computer market.

The Printers

Complementing its three new computers, Radio Shackhas introduced four new printers, bringing its printer lineto seven units at prices ranging from $219 to $1960.

The most interesting new arrival is the Daisy WheelPrinter II. Selling for $1960, it's specifically designed forword-processing applications. It features 10- or 12-pitchas well as proportional spacing and operates at 43 cps(characters per second). A pinchfeed roller takes paperwidths from 10.16 to 37.8 cm (4 to 14% inches) and a trac-tor feed will also be available. At present, one characterwheel is available, but, because they are easily inter-changeable, more can probably be expected in the future.

Another new and different arrival is the Plotter/Printer($1460). As the name implies, it can be used as either anormal line printer (uppercase only) or a plotter. It takes20.3 cm (8-inch) tractor-feed paper and prints at anaverage speed of 10 cps.

The Line Printer IV sells for $999, and it is RadioShack's lowest-cost "letter-quality" printer. It prints bothuppercase and lowercase alphanumerics in 80- or132-character columns and handles roll paper, fanfold, orsingle sheets.

Rounding out the line of new printers is the LinePrinter VI. It is a medium-cost business printer designedfor reports, checks, invoices, etc. It sells for $1160. Itutilizes a bidirectional printhead (7-by-9 matrix) thatoperates at 100 cps. It takes 10.16 to 38.1 cm (4- to15-inch) fanfold, roll, or single sheet paper, and comeswith a removable tractor mechanism. ■

180 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

MODEL II

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MODEL I

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26-1141 "16" K Interface 365.00

26-1142 "32" K Interface 476.00

26-1160 Mini Disk - Drive O 424.00

26-1161 Mini Disk - Additional 424.00

26-1154 Lineprinter II 720.00

261156 Lineprinter III 1799.00

26-1180 Voice Synthesiser 339.00

26-1181 VOXBOX 145.00

26-1104 Factory Upper/Lower

Case Modifcation Installed 70.00

26-1506 Scripsit - Tape 60.00

26-1563 Scripsit • Disk 85.00

NOTE: Call for availability of VIDEO TEX, Model III, Color,and other new products.

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Novation Cat Modem. .$149.00CCA Data Management

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'TRS-80 Is a registered trademark of the Tandy Corp.

Full Factory Warrantyon All Items Sold.

Largest InventoryIn the S.E. U.S.A.

Circle 120 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

181

Technics! Fonum

Radio Shack'sModifications tothe TRS-80

Terry Li, POB 481, Peterborough NH 03458

Contrary to the opinion of many TRS-80 Model Iowners, Radio Shack is constantly improving andupgrading its computers. Two recent improvements arean uppercase-and-lowercase capability, achieved byreplacing the character-generator ROM (read-onlymemory device), and a new set of Level II BASIC ROMs.

Unfortunately, both of these alterations result inchanges that require modifications to much of the cur-rently available TRS-80 software. Here's what to expect.

Uppercase and Lowercase

A number of users have expressed disappointment withthe TRS-80 uppercase-and-lowercase modificationbecause it does not include the addition of a Control key

8088 PROCESSOR

Add new processing power to your S100 bus system. Addthe LDP88 processor to your system and realize performanceonly available with minicomputers previously. The LDP88utilizes the Intel™ 8088 processor which is fully compatiblewith software written for the 8086.

LDP72 FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER

The LDP72 offers the following advanced features:

• Software selectable single or double density

• Software selectable mini or standard floppy disk

• Onboard data separation for data reliability

• Controls up to 4 double density, double sided floppydisks for up to 4M bytes of storage

86-DOS

TM

86-DOS, Seattle Computer Products 8086 operatingsystem, is now available for the LDP88 with a BIOS for theLDP88, LDP72 combination.

86-DOS $195 Partial KitLDP88 $199.95

LDP72 129.95

Full Kit Assembled & Tested

$349.99 $399.99

219.95 274.95

SPECIAL OFFER (OFFER EXPIRES NOV. 30, 1980)LDP88 + LDP72 + 86-DOS = $775

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86-DOS is a trademark of Seattle Computer ProductsIntel is a trademark of Intel Corporation

to the keyboard. Remember, though, there are alwaystwo solutions to a computer problem: change the hard-ware or change the software.

Hardware modifications that require soldering and cut-ting have a higher element of risk than simply replacingROMs. Since the character-generating software is con-tained in ROM, the obvious means of modifying it is toreplace the ROMs. This is what the Radio Shack peoplehave done.

The actual software modification for uppercase andlowercase is relatively simple. Whenever an alphabetickey is pressed, the sixth bit of the character is set high. Ifan alpha key and the shift key are pressed at the sametime, the sixth bit is set low.

There are two distinct disadvantages to the techniquethat Radio Shack has used:

• INKEY$ malfunction: The INKEYS functionreceives all letters directly from the keyboard, notingwhether the key pressed is uppercase (bit 6 low) or lower-case (bit 6 high). When a program uses the INKEY$ func-tion for one-letter input (eg: Y for yes, N for no) and thatprogram was written for an unmodified (nonlowercase)TRS-80, the program is looking for an uppercase letter,and the keyboard returns a lowercase letter (unless theuser remembers to give a shifted letter as input). The pro-gram will then behave unexpectedly because no matchwas made.

The only way around this problem is to either rewritethe program to look for lowercase letters from INKEY$input or to tell the user to always use shifted letters.

• LPRINT malfunction: In most cases, the LPRINTcommand will operate correctly. However, if you're at-tempting to use the PEEK command to read the videomemory, then when LPRINTing the results (which someprogrammers do), your printer will go berserk, printingcarriage returns, form feeds, and garbage. There appearsto be no rhyme or reason to this alteration. You cannotPEEK and LPRINT one character, and you cannot PEEKcharacters, store them in a string variable, and LPRINTthe variable without getting this result.

Radio Shack does warn you that not all software willrun correctly after the uppercase-and-lowercasemodification. This includes some of their own.[However, Radio Shack will exchange old versions of itssoftware for new versions that will work with themodified TRSSOs at no cost; see your local Radio Shackdealer....GW] Some non-Radio Shack word-processingsystems (such as Electric Pencil) will not work correctlybecause of the lack of a Control key on the TRS-80. Ifsome ambitious soul could figure out how to fix ElectricPencil to accept @ as a control character, the problemwould be solved.

The New Level II BASIC ROMs

It's not generally known that Radio Shack has comeout with a new set of Level II BASIC ROMs. The newROMs do not include any new features, however, theydo fix a few bugs and make the computer a little morereliable. The TRS-80 was originally intended to be aLevel I machine, with a small number of users moving upto Level II. Because of this, the TRS-80 circuit board wasdesigned to use only two sockets for the ROMs. For those

182 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 121 on inquiry card.

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BYTE October 1980 183

OATEBOK for Tue Jin 1 - Hot printed since the last change

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Schedule C(ancet fKodify Kook for openings HCold in Reschedule listKoday rKext dayF(uture PCrint dag's appts DCisplajj person's apptsKeg in an option letter, nwber or space for a neu display* or Q to quit

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DATEBOOK™ is ideal for Doctors, Dentists, Law-yers, Salesmen, Repairmen, or in any situation wheretime management is critical to office efficiency. Itsmenu display and one-key options make DATE-BOOK one of the easiest programs to leam anduse.

DATEBOOK™ features include:

• Appointment scheduling, cancelling, modify-ing and rescheduling.

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• Displays all scheduled appointments for aspecified person.

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who upgraded to Level II, a small circuit board with threesockets (for the three Level II ROMs) was on the left sideof the keyboard unit under the panel that has RadioShack's name stamped in it; this board connected toROM socket number 1 on the main printed-circuit board,through a long ribbon cable.

As everyone knows, Tandy Corporation drasticallyunderestimated the consumer interest in computers. LevelII became the vastly more popular model. Since the longcable is a source of electrical noise to the computer, this isan awkward position for machines using the Level IIROMs, especially if the keyboard has the numerickeypad added to it.

To correct this problem, Radio Shack has been work-ing upon a two-chip ROM set for Level II BASIC. Inorder for there to be enough room on these devices for allthe code, some things had to be shortened. For example,on powerup the user sees "MEM SIZE!" and "R/S L IIBASIC" instead of "MEMORY SIZE?" and "RADIOSHACK LEVEL II BASIC."

One disadvantage of these new two-chip ROMs is thatsome of the machine-language routines in the BASIC in-terpreter have been moved from their previous locations.This could make some ROM-dependent programsmalfunction.

[In fact, TRS-80 owners with machines that give theabbreviated messages should be suspicious of all com-mercially available software for the TRS-80. Many soft-ware packages make use of machine-language routineswithin the TRS-80 Level II ROMs. If the entry points ofthese routines have been changed or if the routines havebeen eliminated, the software will not work and may notbe modifiable....GW/

One nice feature of the new ROMs is the elimination ofkey bounce (the delay loop used in the original ROM wasincorrectly calculated).

Another difference is in the keyboard memory map.Tandy has decided to redefine the shift-down-arrow keyto be a null instead of its former value of decimal 26. Thiswas done to fix an error in the original ROM. Any pro-grams (I know of several) that use the shift-down-arrowto emulate a Control key will no longer work correctly.There is no response at all to this key input.

Radio Shack made this change to allow the user toenter control characters from the keyboard. Hitting shift-down-arrow and then hitting the A key will return thestandard ASCII Control-A character (decimal 01), hittingshift-down-arrow and then the B key will return theControl-B character, with a value of 02, and so forththrough the alpha keys. For those programs that need thevalue that used to be returned by the shift-down-arrow inthe old ROM, you should be able to simulate that inputby hitting a shift-down-arrow followed by the Z key(which will return a value of 26). If this feature had beenimplemented correctly in the old ROM, then the ElectricPencil word processor would not have needed a separateControl key added to the keyboard in order to function.

The regular unshifted down-arrow still returns its nor-mal value in the new ROM. Since I work with severalTRS-80s for a living, I think I have discovered all theunpleasant surprises that result from using the uppercaseand lowercase TRS-80 and the improved Level II BASIC.I hope this information will alleviate most frustrationthat may otherwise result when using these machines. ■

184 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 123 on inquiry card.

The Empire has expanded!

New Mainframe opens moreareas for development

In one quantum leapTarbell has expanded its pop-ular Empire (the vertical disk subsystem) into a fullline. This entire series now encompasses 5 variations.Each one contains different components so theS-100 system designer, hobbyist, or serious businessuser can arrive at the exact custom state he wantsand needs.

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Shugart or Siemens 8" disk drives;the compact cabinet with fanand power supply; a Tarbell floppydisk interface; CP/M"; TarbellBASIC; the necessary cables, con-nectors and complete documen-tation. Naturally, it's fully assem-bled and Tarbell tested.

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To get control of your own Empire,see your quality computer storefor quick delivery. Or, contact usfor dealer locations or further in-formation.

CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research.

950 Dovlen Place - Suite BCarson, California, 90746(213) 538-4251 / 538-2254

BYTE October 1980

185

1BYTELINES

NEWS AND SPECULATION ABOUT PERSONAL COMPUTING

Conducted by Sol Libes

X looting-Point Standard

reported regularly. A

robotic toys. (Incidentally,

Stewart, Chairman of the

Released: The IEEE

keyboard control console is

that figure is comparable to

IEEE Computer Standards

floating-point standard has

provided. The display is a

the entire NASA robot

Committees, there doesn't

finally come out of commit-

standard television. A

research budget.) MB is

appear to be much interest

tee. Basically, it is the Intel

calendar of events (ap-

adding a voice-synthesis in-

in developing such a stan-

standard. Integrated-circuit

pointments, birthdays, etc)

tegrated circuit that will

dard. Dr Stewart is cur-

manufacturers will now

can be maintained with a

generate twenty-two dif-

rently pursuing an alter-

start producing mathe-

time/date function.

ferent words (costing a little

native: a possible standard

matical-processing in-

The system uses a

over $3) with an additional

for interfacing software to

tegrated circuits to follow

Motorola 68000 (16-bit)

twenty-two-word read-only

operating systems. He is

this standard. It should

microprocessor in the host

memory (ROM) to be add-

currently trying to set up a

come as no surprise to

computer. Five Motorola

ed (costing $1.65 per

working group for the stan-

learn that Intel has already

6800 (8-bit) microproces-

ROM). MB later plans to

dard. Those interested in

announced the 8087

sor-based computers com-

add sonic and contact sens-

participating or learning

Numeric Processor, the first

municate with the host in a

ing and possibly a

more about the effort

to meet the standard. It will

five-node network. Each

manipulator.

should call or write: Dr

perform mathematical

node controls a different

Amateur robot builders

Robert G Stewart, Stewart

operations on signed and

part of the house, minimiz-

should look into these toys

Research Enterprises, 1658

unsigned integers, real,

ing the effects of hardware

as an inexpensive source of

Belvoir Dr, Los Altos CA

binary-coded decimal, and

failure.

parts.

94022, (415) 941-6699.

floating-point numbers in

80-bit wide registers at a

X oy Robots Gaining

Olot Machines To Be

W/ontroller Applications

speed one hundred times

faster than modern soft-

Intelligence: Although toy

Computerized: It was

At IECI-80: Every year

ware. Intel expects to have

robots have been around

bound to happen! The State

since 1975, the IEEE's In-

samples of the device in

for many years, toy manu-

of Nevada's Gaming Com-

dustrial Electronic and

early 1981.

facturers are beginning to

mission has approved

Control Society has held a

place microprocessors in

microprocessor-based slot

conference on computer

M

A'Alcroprocessor-

them and provide key-

machines. They will require

applications for process

boards for programmed

less maintenance, and users

control, automation, and

Controlled House Built: In

control. Toy robots due to

will find it hard to cheat on

data acquisition. Over the

Phoenix, Arizona, Motorola

be introduced next year

them. Further, computer-

years the computers used

has created a microcom-

will include sensors and

ized slot machines will pro-

have changed from mini-

puter-controlled demonstra-

voice I/O (input/output).

vide cost-accounting func-

computers to microcom-

tion house. The computer

Milton-Bradley (MB), one

tions. Most of a slot

puters. Over eighty papers

manages interior climate,

of the largest toy manufac-

machine's components are

were presented at the most

electrical consumption,

turers in the US, currently

for security and anti-

recent conference, with

security, and provides

sells a programmable toy

cheating. Next they may be

50% written by persons

data-base functions. The

tank called "Big Trak."

plugged into a time-sharing

from outside the US (a

computer automatically

It includes a Texas

network.

growing trend).

opens and closes doors and

Instruments TMS1000 4-bit

Some of the more in-

windows, and it controls an

microprocessor, a twenty-

JLs An Operating System

teresting applications in-

electrical and solar heating

key keyboard, 1 K-byte

cluded the control of an ex-

and cooling system to

read-only memory (ROM)

Standard Possible? There

perimental lumber kiln

achieve optimum comfort

program, and a sixteen-

are currently a number of

using a TRS-80 (University

with minimum electrical

instruction command set.

problems caused by the

of New Hampshire); control

consumption. It also

The microprocessor con-

lack of microcomputer

of a natural-gas converter

manages a fire/smoke

trols the motor-driven

operating-systems stan-

using a 6800-based pro-

detection system and mo-

wheels, lights, and pro-

dards. People who use

cessor (Hungary); automa-

tion detectors. There are no

duces sound effects. Over

several different types of

tion of a sugar crystal-

door keys; keypads, with a

one million Big Traks were

computers have the most

lization process using an

code assigned to each en-

sold during the past year.

problems. Standardization

8085A microprocessor

trant, are used. Power con-

MB is spending $600,000

would help. However, ac-

(lapan); a modular

sumption is tracked and

this year to develop new

cording to Dr Robert

temperature controller

186 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Circle 125 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

using an Intel 8048

2 K by 8 electrically

Texas Instruments is not

puter software is already

(Georgia Tech); a machine

reprogrammable EPROM.

alone. The California area

available. Single-user 8086

controller using an Intel

Memory-error-correction

has a proliferation of com-

BASIC and disk operating

SDK-80 microcomputer; an

and data-encryption in-

puter stores, and competi-

systems are available from

industrial robot using a

tegrated circuits and a

tion is keen. Apple lis are

Microsoft, and 8086 CP/M

16-bit Texas Instruments

system for networking up to

being discounted as much

will soon be released by

SP-990/16 microcomputer

thirty-two users are also in

as $250 below list price

Digital Research. Pascal is

(Italy); an amusement ride

development.

($1195), the Atari 800 is

available for both the 8086

controller using an Intel

selling for a low of $699

and Z8000. A limited im-

MCS-85 microcomputer; a

1 he IBM "Gotcha": IBM

(list price $1080), and the

plementation of the UNIX

diesel-engine generator

Atari 400 as low as $449

operating system for both

controller using a Motorola

has introduced a new word-

(list price $630). The HP-85

8086 and Z8000 will shortly

6800; and an automobile

processor system, called

is also being discounted

be available from Micro-

highway-type cruise control

"Displaywriter," with an

and is selling for $2875 or

soft. The suppliers of these

using an RCA 1802. Copies

advertised $7895 price tag.

less (list price $3250).

software packages develop-

of the proceedings are

This puts IBM in a strong

Radio Shack is also dis-

ed them on large com-

available for $25 from the

competitive position. Com-

counting. The TRS-80

puters with sophisticated

IEEE, 445 Hoes Ln,

petitors are charging

Model I with 16 K bytes of

cross-assemblers and

Piscataway NJ 08854.

$12-15,000 for stand-alone

programmable memory is

simulators, permitting the

word-processing systems.

being sold for $100 off the

introduction of this software

02-Bit Personal Com-

In fact, IBM has a very

list price, and one Radio

at the same time that the

good price compared to

Shack dealer, TSE/Hard-

hardware became avail-

puter? Now that Intel is

most personal-computer-

side of Milford, New

able. As yet, no personal-

about to start shipping

based word-processing

Hampshire, is offering a

computer software supplier

samples of its new 32-bit

systems, which generally

21% discount off the $849

has available resident 8086

microprocessor, when can

sell in the $5-8000 range.

list price (ie: $699).

or Z8000 assemblers and

we expect to see a 32-bit

But there are some hidden

software development pro-

personal computer? This is

"gotchas."

X 6-Bit Microcomputer

grams. Microsoft does have

very far off, if it ever

The IBM system does not

an 8086 assembler that runs

becomes a reality. The

include training or installa-

Hardware and Software

on an 8080 system, and

32-bit machine would be

tion. If you need help,

Now Available: The new

Quasar is selling an 8080

"overkill" for a personal

there is a thirty-day toll-

Intel 8086 and Zilog/AMD

emulator to run on its

computer. Intel has defined

free help number to call. If

Z8000 16-bit microproces-

Z8000 system.

the following applications

you need on-site help, it

sors are now available for

for the device: as a front-

costs $56 per hour.

S-100-based microcom-

Wommodore Introduces

end processor for large

The biggest "gotcha" is

puters. So far, only Texas

systems, controller for large

that the purchase price

Instruments has introduced

$199 Computer: A new low

PABX (private automated

does not include software.

an integrated 16-bit per-

price in personal com-

branch exchange) systems,

In fact, the software is not

sonal computer. The new

puters has been reached by

sophisticated scientific pro-

for sale. It must be rented

Apple III continues to use

Commodore Business

cessor, computer-aided

at $15 to $50 per month.

the 6502A 8-bit micro-

Machines (CBM). CBM is

design processor, data-base

In other words, if you keep

processor, and it appears

about to market the ''Video

computer, large multi-user

the word processor five

that the new systems from

Interface Computer" (VIC)

data processing, and

years, the system will cost

Radio Shack and Com-

with a list price of $199.

graphics.

another $900 to $3000. The

modore will also continue

The VIC will use the old

Intel has released only

likelihood is that all word-

to use 8-bit microproces-

PET keyboard, an externa!

sketchy details on the

processor makers will

sors. Microcomput^i users

television monitor, have

device. It will have 4-giga-

follow suit with a similar

who wish to step up to

limited PET BASIC, a light

byte addressing, virtual -

unbundled pricing policy.

16-bit systems will be

pen, a joystick, a

memory support, 32-bit in-

limited to S-100 systems.

32-character by 25-line

teger and 64-bit floating-

** Buyer's Market In

There are several 16-bit

display, 184-by-200 point

point mathematics process-

processors currently avail-

graphics, and a sound syn-

ing, multi-operand instruc-

Personal Computers: In

able including the Intel

thesizer. It will be sold as a

tions with vector and

southern California, Texas

8086, Zilog Z8002, Texas

"hobbyist" computer with

record addressing modes,

Instruments (TI) has in-

Instruments TMS9900,

no software support. A

memory-protection facil-

creased the rebate on its

Digital Eguipment Corpora-

color unit will be available

ities, and high-level

Model 99/4 personal-

tion LSI-11, and the

for $299.95. A unit with

language compilation and

computer from $100 to

Western Digital Micro-

more memory and a better

execution. It will contain

$200. There are rumors that

Engine. Also available are

keyboard will sell for

approximately 450,000

the rebate may go higher.

the Intel 8088 and Motorola

$399.95.

transistors.

Apparently TI is having

6809, which are really

Intel also has other in-

some problems marketing

16-bit microprocessors with

iDacking Up

teresting integrated circuits

the 99/4. Some dealers are

8-bit I/O. Samples of the

in development due for in-

discounting the 99/4 as

Motorola 68000 are current-

Winchesters: Although

troduction next year. There

much as 27%. Thus the

ly being sent to original-

Winchester hard-disk

are 8 K by 8, 16 K by 8

99/4, with a $950 list price

eguipment manufacturers.

systems have provided the

and 32 K by 8 EPROMs

(less monitor), can be

Limited production is slated

advantage of megabyte

(erasable programmable

bought for $695, and you

to begin soon.

data storage, they have

read-only memories), and a

still get the $200 rebate.

Some 16-bit microcom-

created a new problem of

188 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

fj\ OSBORNE/McGraw-Hill

WAKES UP YOUR COMPUTERAND PUTS IT TO WORK

All too often, computer users who've cut their eye teethon entertainment programs, have trouble coming upwith ideas for practical computing. Your computer playsspace games well enough, but when you have a down-to-earth practical problem like a lease/buy decision, incomeaveraging or statistical estimation, can it perform?

It can now!

In PRACTICAL BASIC PROGRAMS you will find 40 useful andeasy-to-use programs that solve common problems infinance, management, statistics, math and science. Thebook includes complete write-ups and real-life situations tohelp you see a wealth of useful computer applications.

SOME COMMON BASIC PROGRAMS contains no fewer than76 brilliantly documented programs you can use even ifyou don't know BASIC. You'll get a lot of math powerincluding personal finance, taxes, and statistics. Otherprograms include recipe cost and check writer. Thecost? — 16c per program!

This book is available in a new PET edition, and on ready-to-run cassette or disk for PET/CBM. It's also on cassette for TRS-80 users. All cassettes and disks are fully guaranteed. Usethe book for documentation and operating instructions.

So if you have purchased a very expensive plaything,now you can get it busy doing what a computer wasmeant to do. WORK!

Doing

Something

Useful

AlsoavailableIn special NEWPET/CBM edition

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rPi

OSBORNE/McGraw-Hill630 Bancroft Way, Dept. B9Berkeley. California 947 lO

Htfu

Circle 126 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

189

backup storage. With thefloppy disk, backup waseasy: just make a copy onanother floppy disk in thesame drive. However, theWinchester disks, with fewexceptions, are fixed-disk-type drives, and the disksare not removable.

Manufacturers are turn-ing back to magnetic tapefor economical backupsystems. Currently thequarter-inch tape cartridgeis proving the most popularfor under 30 megabytes ofbackup. The newer systemsuse a "streaming" tech-nique of nonstop recordingand playback. Data istransferred in a continuousstream with no starts andstops until all the data hasbeen transferred to or fromthe disk. This allows for alow-cost system sincesearching for and transfer-ring single records iseliminated. However, thetrend will no doubt be toinclude the tape-cartridgecontroller as part oi the

disk controller. For ex-ample, Shugart Associatesis incorporating a tape-cartridge backup controllerinto its new SA1400 hard-disk drive controller.

Pixel Corporation of Bel-mont, Massachusetts, ex-pects to introduce a270-megabyte backup tapesystem that uses an inex-pensive consumer-gradevideotape transport.Several copies of the diskdata will be made on onevideotape reel to ensuredata integrity against bitdropouts. Also rumored tobe in development is a1-gigabyte tape drive in-tegrated with an 8-inchWinchester disk system.

Adc

ia May Be AvailableNext Year: Ada is a new

language which is a super-extension of Pascal. The USDefense Department hasfunded development of Adaas a standardized lan-guage. Next year will likely

see the availability of thefirst Ada compilers.SofTech Inc, Waltham,Massachusetts, has under-taken the development ofwhat promises to be thefirst Ada compiler. SofTechis presently defining en-vironmental requirementsand developing sets of testsand tools for validating Adacompilers. Its first im-plementation will be hostedon a Digital EquipmentCorporation VAX-11 andwill generate code for theVAX-11, PDP-11, andAN/GYK-12 machines.

Meanwhile, Dr KenBowles, the "father" ofUCSD Pascal, has dis-closed that he plans to im-plement Ada on a micro-computer using the samep-code approach used inUCSD Pascal.

Intel has announced thatits new 32-bit micropro-cessor will execute Adacode directly. Samples ofthe microprocessor shouldbe available early next

year. However, no com-pany has yet disclosedplans for a compatible Adacompiler.

Mall: I receive a large numberof letters each month, as aresult of this column. If youwrite to me and wish aresponse, please enclose a self-addressed, stamped envelope.

Sol Libes

Amateur Computer Group

oi New Jersey

(ACG-NJ)

1776 Rarltan Rd

Scoth Plains NJ 07076

Cancer isoften curable.

The fearof cancer isoften fatal.

American CancerSociety

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190 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 127 on inquiry card.

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System Monitor (Terminal Version): 2k bytes ofdeluxe system monitor ROM located at F000. leavingM$A free for user RAM/ROM. Features include tapeload with labeling . . . examine/change contents ofmemory . . . insert data . . . warm start. . . examine andchange all registers . . . single step with register displayat each break point, a debugging/training feature ... goto execution address . . . move blocks of memory fromone location to another . . . fill blocks of memory with aconstant . . . display blocks of memory . . , automaticbaud rate selection to 9600 baud . . . variable displayline length control (1-255 characters/line) ... chan-nelized I/O monitor routine with 8-bit parallel outputfor high-speed printer . . . serial console in and consoleout channel so thai monitor can communicate with I/Oports.

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languages Fwum

APL Makes Life Easy(and Vice Versa)

Selby Evans, PhD, Texas Christian University, Forth Worth TX76129

With the APL language becoming available on Z80systems, staunch players of John Horton Conway's gameof Life won't be left out and neither will any new or pro-spective players. Here's a new APL version of the gameyou can use to discover blinkers, spaceships, glider guns,puffer trains, burloaferimeters, and many of this favoritepastime's other inherent beasts. (See the December 1978BYTE theme articles about Life, a game derived from thefield of automata theory.) This APL version is mucheasier to follow than the one-line program presented byMark Niemiec in his article "Life Algorithms" (January1979 BYTE, page 90). It is written not to show thelanguage's suitability for compact expression, but to il-lustrate the ease of programming in APL.

Listing 1 presents the functions. GEN takes one genera-tion and maps it into the next. Lines 1 thru 3 count the

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neighbors of each cell by rotating the matrix to bring eachneighbor over the cell. Assuming that live cells arerepresented by Is and dead cells represented by 0s, thesum of these rotated matrices counts the live neighborsfor each cell. The rotations wrap around at the borders,so that the Life space (or universe) has no borders. (Thesurface is a donut or torus.) Line 4 of GEN specifies a newset of live cells according to the following rules of Life:

A dead cell becomes live in the new generation if ithas three neighbors in the current generation. A livecell stays live if it has exactly two or three neighbors inthe current generation. All other cells will be dead.

The LIFE function iterates over generations, provides adisplay of the result, and puts the generation number inthe upper-left corner. It requires as right argument X amatrix of Is and 0s giving the starting state. An array ofany size may be used as long as it will fit in theworkspace. Because the life space is a closed surface, thesize of the matrix influences what happens. A glidercrossing the left edge, for example, will reappear at theright edge. With a matrix of appropriate size, a glider gunmight promptly shoot itself in the back.

Listing 2 illustrates the output of the LIFE program andshows what happens to BYTE after a few generations ofLife. The BYTE editors will no doubt be pleased to seethat a heart is revealed after eleven generations.[Hmm....There's a moral here, but I'm not sure I knowwhat it i's....GW]

After displaying one generation, the LIFE programpauses and waits for a carriage return. It is sometimesconvenient to skip the output of some generations inorder to follow the development through more genera-tions. If you type a number before pressing carriagereturn, the program will skip ahead that many genera-tions before displaying a new generation. Entering a 0 atthat point will end the function.

So have some fun with automata theory and learnsomething new about APL.H

Listing 1: APL functions for Life program. See text for details.

V L-<-GEN X

[1] R*-1$X

[2] ff*-(£i-"l<t>X) + (iejr) + ('

[3] «<-#+( ie£) + let

[H] />(/?= 3 )VX^R=2

leX)+R+(iefl)+ lefl

V LIFE X;R;N;C

[I] N-i-0

[2] ST:Ri-,(pX)p' <

[3] Rt(l = ,X)/\pR'}*'o<

[t] C-' I ', ( '-' ,[l]((pX)p/f) ,[1]' -

[5] CCl;l + iS]*,H>'J5'AF«r N

[6] C

[7 ] +0«l 0 = O-l + eQ, ' 1"

[8] N+N+C

[9] GN:X<-GEN X

[10] *(Sr«i 0>C-<-C-l ) ,GN

[II] r\THE MONADIC e IN LINE 7 IS

),' I

THE EXECUTE FUNCTION.

192 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 128 on inquiry card.

Listing 2: An example of the APL function LIFE at work. The frames shown here are from successive generations of a Life colony thatbegins as a collection of cells that spell the word BYTE. The generation number of each frame is shown in the upper left-hand corner.

| oooo

O 0

ooooo

ooooo |

o o

O 0

0

o

oooo

0 0

o

oooo

| 0 o

OO oo

o

o

1 o o

o

o

o

j oooo

o

o

ooooo

1

j oo

ooo

ooo

oooo

ooo

oooo

0 o

ooo ooo

o o

oo ooo

oo oo

ooo

oo o

j oo o o

ooooo

ooo

oo o

oo o o

o

ooo

OO OO

1 oooo

oooo

00

ooo

o

o

o o

O 0

0 o

o 0

o o

o o

0 o

O 0

oooo

o

I o ooo

o o

o o

I o ooo

oo o oo

o o

o o

o

o

o o

0

o

o o

o o

0 oo

ooo o

O O 0 0

o ooo

oo o oo

o o

o o

o

ooooooo

ooo

oooo

ooooo

ooo

o

11

oooo

ooooo

o oooo ooo

oo o oo

ooo

o

oo oo o

o

ooo ooo

oo

oo

o ooo

oo

ooo

ooo

oo

oo

,oo

ooo

o o

ooo

oo o

o oo

oo

oo

o oooooo

ooo ooo

ooo

oooooooo

COLOR SOFTWARE

Unless otherwise noted all programs are $15 each, for Apple II,

Atari 1 6K, Tl 99/4

UNITS: Practice converting yards-feet-inches, pounds-ounces, metric units, etc.

FRACTIONS: Practice adding, subtracting,multiplying and comparing fractions.

NUCLEAR REACTOR: Realistic dynamicmodel of nuclear power plant in operation.

3-D STARTREK: Discover new planets, fightKlingons in 3-dimensional galaxy.

MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL: Manage MajorLeague teams and make all lineup, batting,pitching and running decisions. $25. Apple IIwith 48K, Applesoft ROM and one disk.

ROADRACE: Race around 2.25 mile course.1 or 2 players. Not for Tl 9914.

BLACKJACK: Popular card game for 1 to 3players. Not for Apple II.

COLOR SOFTWARE, 5410 W. 20th St., Indianapolis, IN 46224

Circle 129 on inquiry card.

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 193

9K RAM (8K user available),14K BASIC interpreteroperating system ROM.

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Another special feature is TheJmaginaiion Machine's uniquekeyword system, which simplifies

BASIC programming. The machinehas 24 different programs statementsand commands printed at the top ofthe keyboard. You can enter these 24into your program without retypingthem every time you use them. Insteadof typing out "PRINT" for example, youjust press two keys and the wordappears on the screen. The systemhelps prevent typing errors and canspeed up entering programs.

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Circle 130 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980 195

FLOPTRAN-IV:A Tiny Compiler

Mark Zimmermann

9410 Woodland Dr

Silver Spring MD 20910

These "programmers' programs"allowed a user to write in a languagethat is more compact and meaningfulfor humans than machine language.

In the beginning, computers were programmed inmachine language. To execute a simple equation, such asA = B, a user had to write dozens of instructions. He hadto tell the machine, "load the accumulator with the firstbyte of the number B," and "store the accumulator in thememory location assigned to the first byte of A," adnauseam. A more complicated equation like C = LOG(D)required hundreds or even thousands of instructions! It'sno wonder, therefore, that among the first programsdeveloped were programs to make it easier to write otherprograms. These "programmers' programs" allowed auser to give the computer instructions in a higher-levellanguage, one that is more compact and meaningful forhumans than machine language.

High-level computer languages are nonsense to amachine until they have been translated into fundamentalcommands that the system can understand and execute.There are two principal methods used to perform thistranslation: interpretation and compilation. An inter-preter is a machine-language program that scans througha higher-level program, line by line. As each statement isencountered, the interpreter figures out which operationsare necessary to execute that statement, then goes aheadand performs the operations. The interpreter then moveson to the next statement, translates it, and executes it.This process is repeated, with each statement being inter-preted (or reinterpreted) every time it is executed.

A compiler acts rather differently. Like an interpreter,it scans through a high-level program and figures outwhat fundamental operations are necessary to executeeach line. But, instead of performing those operations, acompiler just writes out (ie: onto a cassette tape drive) thesequence of machine-language instructions that do thejob when executed. An interpreter executes a programstatement by statement, as it interprets it, so that theinterpreter and the program execute concurrently. But,

when a compiler is finished with a program, the result is amachine-language program that represents the higher-level program; the machine-language program must beloaded back into the computer and executed before theproblem being programmed is solved.

The two approaches, compilation and interpretation,have different strengths and weaknesses. An interpreter,interpreting and executing line by line, can stop at thefirst sign of an error and give a helpful and specific errormessage. The interpretation can also be interrupted atany point (to be later resumed) allowing the humanoperator to look at the partial results of the calculationand see whether everything is going as planned. Thisinteractive technique makes program development anddebugging relatively easy.

On the other hand, when an interpreter has finishedrunning a job, the machine is no "smarter" than when itbegan. Executing the program a second time will take justas long as it did the first time. In fact, if there is loopingwithin the program so that some lines are executed morethan once, these lines are completely reinterpreted, as ifthey had never been seen before, each time they areencountered. This redundant interpretation wastes a lotof computer time, making interpreted programs some-what slower than compiled ones.

However, once a compiler has finished with a pro-gram, the result is a pure machine-language series ofinstructions that can be executed without further transla-tion. Although this results in more vague error messages,the advantage to compilation is speed. Depending on theproblem, a compiled program typically executes severaltimes faster than an interpreted one—sometimes, thespeed advantage is as large as a factor of 100. Once a pro-gram has been compiled, it never needs to be compiledagain.

The output of a compiler does tend to be larger thanthe original source program (which the interpreter uses),so that interpreters may seem to have the advantage interms of memory usage. But, when one remembers thatthe interpreter must be continuously resident in the com-puter's memory while the program is running, whereasthe compiler can be removed after the program has beencompiled, the apparent memory advantage of interpreta-tion over compilation shrinks and often vanishes.

196 October 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc

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BYTE October I960 197

Operator

Meaning

+

add

—

subtract

*

multiply

/

divide

t

exponentiation

ABS

absolute value

ATN

arctangent

COS

cosine

EXP

powers of e

FRE

memory available

INT

integer portion of argument

LOG

base-e logarithm

PEEK

look at contents of memory

POS

position of cursor

RND

random number

SGN

sign of argument

SIN

sine

SQR

square root

TAN

tangent

Table 1: Available operators and functions in FLOPTRAN-

IV.

Some languages, such as FORTRAN, are usually com-piled and are hardly ever interpreted. Other languages,like BASIC, are generally interpreted. Many small-computer systems come with a built-in or easily-loadedBASIC interpreter, but to get a compiled language, it isnecessary to pay hundreds of dollars (or more) for extramemory, disk storage, and a compiler.

But there is no reason why a language like BASICshould not be compiled instead of interpreted. Also, thereis no reason to ignore or throw away the wonderful

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resource that a typical BASIC in read-only memoryrepresents. In those read-only memories are hiddendozens of useful, thoroughly tested, efficient machine-language subroutines; it would be a shame not to take fulladvantage of them.

What I've done is to write a tiny compiler for alanguage I call FLOPTRAN-IV, which stands forFLOating-Point TRANslator, version 4. The compiler iswritten in Microsoft (PET) BASIC and is presented in fullin listing 1. As written and debugged, the FLOPTRAN-IVcompiler runs on an original-version 8 K-byte Com-modore PET. The new PETs, which have a different setof read-only memory chips, have moved many of thesubroutine entry points so that, to run FLOPTRAN onsuch a machine, it will be necessary to find the newaddresses and change them as they appear in the programof listing 1.

Other 6502-microprocessor machines using MicrosoftBASIC, such as the Apple and Ohio Scientific systems,will require more extensive changes in the FLOPTRANcompiler in order to make it operational, although theoverall structure of the compiler should still be applica-ble. In fact, the idea of a tiny compiler that uses the resi-dent BASIC subroutines to do the bulk of its work isextremely general and applicable to systems using anymicroprocessor. Once I had thought of the concept, ittook me only a couple of days to get the compiler up andrunning; anyone with an intimate knowledge of his per-sonal system should be able to do as well.

Introduction to FLOPTRAN-IV

FLOPTRAN, the floating-point translator, is so namedbecause it is heavily oriented toward floating-pointmathematical operations. For compatibility with thePET's read-only memory routines, it uses the standardMicrosoft format for storing numbers: five 8-bit bytes,with 1 byte for the exponent (power of 2) and 4 bytes forthe fractional part (or mantissa) of the number and itssign. Built into FLOPTRAN are the functions given intable 1; the ability to call a user-defined machine-language function USR is also included, although it maybe used infrequently. [Several articles on computerrepresentation of floating-point numbers may be found inthe book Numbers in Theory and Practice, which isedited by Blaise W Liffick and is available from BYTEBooks.... RSS]

A FLOPTRAN program looks like a BASIC programand, with one particular exception, it is a legal BASICprogram. That exception is the use of the RETURN state-ment to end the program, as well as to signal a return-from-subroutine. This is done so that the compiledFLOPTRAN program ends with the 6502 instruction RTS(return-from-subroutine); thus, after the compiled pro-gram is run using the SYS command, control will returnto the PET operating system.

Because FLOPTRAN is essentially BASIC, it is easy totest and debug a FLOPTRAN program by using theBASIC interpreter built into the PET. When the programhas been fully debugged, the compiler program need onlybe executed once; thereafter, the compiled machine-language program can be executed directly.

Note that the PET's Microsoft BASIC interpreter storesthe reserved words (ie: keywords) of the BASIC languageas single bytes in memory: GOTO is stored as the single-

Text continued on page 212

198 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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How to Use the FLOPTRAN-IV Compiler

To write and compile a program:

1) Load the FLOPTRAN-IV compiler program oflisting 1.

2) Write the program to be compiled inFLOPTRAN (see summary of syntax in table2) giving statements line numbers in the range0 thru 255, and terminating the FLOPTRANprogram with a RETURN statement instead ofEND.

3) Optional: you may want to test the uncom-piled FLOPTRAN program using the BASICinterpreter; if you change the terminalRETURN to an END or STOP for that pur-pose, be sure to change it back before compil-ing.

4) To compile, place a blank cassette in the PETtape drive and type RUN 50000. The compiledprogram will be written to the cassette.

To load and execute a compiled program:

1) Type NEW, then load and run the program inlisting 3. This loads the compiled program'sorigin (the first thing FLOPTRAN writes totape), then loads the program until it hits the"—1" signal that marks the end of the firstpass. It then loads the addresses ofJMP orJSRtargets to be corrected until it hits the final"—1" marking the end of the second pass; thisis the end of the data file.

2) To run the compiled program now inmemory, type SYSfnnnnJ, where nnnn is thedecimal number given in the "BEGIN ATnnnn" message from listing 3.

Note: FLOPTRAN-IV as presently designed is for oldPET read-only-memory computers only. Manyaddresses will have to be changed for this compiler towork with new PETs.

Listing 1: FLOPTRAN-IV compiler program for the original-version PET. This program will convert a FLOPTRAN-IV program(actually a subset of BASIC) to an executable machine-code program, which is written to the PET cassette tape drive to be loaded at alater time. When typing this listing into a PET, all the statements associated with one line number are to be typed on the same line,separated by colons.

49000

RETURN

49100 TP=TP+1

:CH=PEEK(TP)

:IF CH=32 GOTO 49100

;;;leave at least 60 blanks here

;;;to be filled in during a 'LET'' operation

;;{subroutine to get next nonblank character;;;and return it in CH

49120 RETURN

49190 IF <CH>64) AND (CH<91) GOTO 49300

49200 PRINT

.■PRINT "***ERR0R IN LINE" (LI J "*'**":G0TO 61000

49300 Z=5*(CH-45>+0V:ZH=INT(Z/254):ZL=Z-254*ZH:RETURN

49400 PRINT*1,149:PRINTd1,ZL:PRINT*1,140:PRINT*1,ZH

49420 PRINTH1,32:PRINT»1,114:PRINT«1,218:PC=PC+7:RETURN

;;;44<CH<9t Means alphabetic, legal variable naite;;;abort if unexpected character found

JJJreturn the address (5 byte location) of the variable;;J'CH'...high and low parts of address in ZH I ZL

;;;lba hzl;;;ldy hzh

;;;JSR «HA74 with S I r set up as above

;;;transfers the value of the variable being

;;[pointed at to the primary accumulator for floating-

;;;-point operations, 'PRI'

;;;add 7 bytes to the progran-counter X return

49400 DATA 11,219,158,219,42,219,0,0,98,210,133,210 ;;;data for floating-point RON subroutine calls, 2-byte pairs

;;;SGN,INT,ABS,USR,FRE,POS49440 DATA 34,222,69,223,191,214,140,222,158,223,145,223

;;;sqr,rnd,log,exp,cos,sin

49480 DATA 238,223,72,224,230,214,40,215,40,215,253,214,228,217,44,222

;;;tan,atn,peek,+,-,*,/,-

200 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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ROMPLUS w/kayboard filter 185

INTROL/X-10 BSR REMOTE CONTROL

SYSTEM 245

INTROL/X-10 controller card only 165

ROMWRITER SYSTEM 155

MUSIC SYSTEM (16 volceafstereo) 465

A/D<0/A 16 CHANNELS 318

EXPANSION CHASSIS (8 slots) 555

32K*9998K$1069

APPLE II OR APPLE II PLUS

APPLI ADD-ONS

CORVUS 10 MEGABYTE HARD DISK

DRIVE SYSTEM w/pwr supply 4395

CORVUS CONSTELLATION 595

16K MEMORY UPGRADE KIT

(TRS-80, APPLE II, SORCERER) 60

ABT NUMERIC INPUT KEYPAD

(specify old or new kybrd) 115

ALF MUSIC SYNTHISIZER 235

BRIGHTPEN LIGHTPEN 32

GPIB IEEE-488(1978) Int 259

ARITHMETIC PROCESSOR card 335

SPEECHLINK 2000 (64 Word Vocab.) ... 215

M&R SUP-R-MOD TV MODULATOR 25

M&R SUP-R-TERMINAL 80 column card . 335MICROSOFT Z-80 SOFTCARD SYSTEM

w/CP/M 319

MICROWORKSDS-65DIGISECTOR ....339

APPLI II or APPLI II PLUSSOFTWARI

PASCAL with LANGUAGE SYSTEM 425

FORTRAN for use with LANGUAGE

SYSTEM 165

CPfM for use with MICROSOFT

Z-80 SOFTCARD (Incl.) 319

DOS 3.3 49

THE CONTROLLER General Business

System 519

THE CASHIER Retail Management &

Inventory System 199

APPLEWRITER Word Processor 65

APPLEPOST MAILING LIST System 45

APPLEPLOT Graph ft Plot System 60

DOW JONES PORTFOLIO EVALUATOR .. 45CONTRIBUTED VOLUMES 1 THRU 5

w/Manualfi 30

VISI-CALC by PERSONAL SOFTWARE.. 120DESKTOP/PLAN by DESKTOP

COMPUTERS 85

CCA DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

By PERSONAL SOFTWARE 85

APPLEBUG ASSEMBLER/DISASSEMBLER75APPLE DOS TOOLKIT 65

WIN AN APPLE DISK II DRIVE!!

GRAND OPENING GIVEAWAY....

HERE'S HOW TO ENTER THE DRAWING: Send your Name, Address,Telephone number, and the name of two friends that own Apple ll's or areIn the market for one. No purchase Is necessary. Drawing will be held onDecember 1st 1980, all entries must be received before November 15th1960. Names will be used for our 1981 catalog mailings.

(714) 698-8088

ATARI 400 COMPUTER 439

ATARI 820 PRINTER 489

ATARI 810 DISK DRIVE 575

ATARI 410 Program Recorder. 69ATARI 16K RAM MODULE... 145

ASSEMBLER/EDITOR 45

STAR RAIDERS 40

16K

rssOT969

SORCERERCOMPUTER

S-100 EXPANSION UNIT 375

WORD PROCESSING PAC... 179DEVELOPMENT PAC 89

BnEnnD

ANADEX DP8000 775

ANADEX DP9500 1350

BASE 2 599

CENTRONICS 737 825

MPI 88-T 699

PAPER TIGER IDS-440

w/graphlcs 975

NEC SPINWRITER 2550

TRENDCOM 200 519

SILENTYPE w/lnt 515

LOW PRICISCOURTIOUS SIRVICIKNOWUDOABLI STAFFLARCH VARIITY

Challenger

OHIO SCIINTIFIC

C1PMOD2 429

C4P 799

C4PMF (1 disk drive) 1589

AC-16P JOYSTICKS (2) 39

ATV RF TV MODULATOR 35

MP

8K ROM BASIC

8K RAM EXPANDABLE TO 96K32x64 UPPER & LOWER CASE256x512 GRAPHICS POINTSPROGRAMMABLE TONESANALOG INPUTS

CIP MOD II

8K ROM BASIC

BK RAM EXPANDABLE TO 32K

COLOR EXPANSION

48 LINE DISPLAY

LEEDEXMONITOR

CI

VIDIO MONITORS

LEEDEX VIDEO 100 129

SANY0 9"B&W 155

SANYO 15" B&W 245

PANACOLOR10"COLOR ..329ZENITH 13" COLOR 399

VISA

master charge

CALL OR WRITE FOR OUR FREE 1981 CATALOG!

ORDERING INFORMATION: Phone Orders Invited using VISA, MASTERCARD, AMERICAN EXPRESS, or bank wire transfers. VISA & MC credit card service charge of 2%, AE creditcard service charge of 5%. Mail orders may send charge card number (Include expiration date), cashiers check, money order or personal check (allow 14 business days to clear).Please include a telephone number with all orders. Foreign orders (excluding Military PO's)add 10% for shipping and all hinds must be In US dollars. Shipping, handling and In-aurance In U.S. add 3%. California residents add 6% sales tax. Our low margins prohibit us to send COD or on account. All equipment aub)ect to price change and availability.Equipment Is new and complete with manufacturer warranty. We ship moat orders within 2 days. Order desk hours are Monday thru Saturday 9-5 PST.

SEND ORDERS TO: COMPUTERS "R" US 8907 LA MESA BLVD., LA MESA, CALIF. 92041

Listing 1 continued:49720 FOR X=0 TO I?

:READ HLX(X,0),HLZ(X,t)

:NEXT X

;;;load addresses into MLX array, low byte, then high

49740 FOR X=0 TO 255:LNX(X)=-32767:NEXT X:RETURN

;;;initialize LNX array of line numbers so that nonexistent;;;lines will be flagged later

50000 DIM X,LNX(255),G0X(12?,1),MLX(I9,1):P=1025:GC=0

50040 L*PEEK<P+2)+254*PEEK<P+3>

:IF LO49000 THEN P=PEEK(P>+254*PEEK(P+1>:60T0 50040

50100 XL=P+4

:G0SUB 49600

:INPUT "COMPILED DATA FILE NAME";C«

:0PEN 1,1,1,Ct

50120 INPUT "ORIGIN FOR C0DE";0C:PRINT(t1,0C:PC=0C

50140 INPUT "VARIABLE TABLE 0RIGIN";0V:TP=1028

50200 LI=PEEK(TP-1)+254*PEEK(TP):IF LI>255 GOTO £0000

50220 LNX(LI)=PC-32747

:PRINT "COMPILING LINE";LI

50240 GOSUB 49100

50240 IF CH=0 THEN TP=TP+4:G0T0 50200

50280 IF CH=58 GOTO 50240

50300 IF CH=134 GOTO 58000

50320 IF CH=153 GOTO 59000

50340 IF CH=133 GOTO 59500

50340 IF CH=139 GOTO 58500

50380 IF (CH=137) OR (CH=141) GOTO 58700

50400 IF CH=143 GOTO 54500

50420 IF CH=142 THEN PRINT«1,94:PC=PC+1:GOTO 50240

50440 GOSUB 49190

:VL=ZL:VH=ZH

50440 GOSUB 49100

:1F CH0178 GOTO 49200

50480 GOSUB 49100

:IF (CH>179) ANB (CH<195) GOTO 51000

50500 IF CH=171 GOTO 55400

50520 GOSUB 49190:UL=ZL:UH=ZH

RUN 50000 to enter program here X compile codedimension X first so Hake it easy to find laterinitialize pointer P I G0T0/G0SUB counter GC

look up line number & scan

to locate subroutine 49000 to be used in 'LET

assignments during later compilation

store location of first space after '■' in line 49000 in XLinitialize NLX and LNZ arrays

get file name & open data file for compiled program

QC stores starting location for compilationwrite it to tape to begin data fileinitialize program counter PC

variables occupy 24*5 contiguous locations beginning at OVinitialize text pointer to first line number of BASIC program

put line number in LI

compiling program has lines in range 0-255 exit when finished

store current PC in LNX(LI) to be used in GOTOs or GOSUBs laterannounce to screen what line is being compiled now

get next nonblank character in CH

'0' is end-of-line marker move text pointer forward and

loop to get next line number

''58'' is ':' loop back to allow multiple statements/line

•134' is 'LET'

'153' is 'PRINT'

'133' is 'INPUT'

'139' is 'IF'

'137' is 'GOTO' and '141' is 'GOSUB'

-143' is 'REM'

'142' is 'RETURN', the 4502 'RTS' instruction, 94 decimal'RETURN' also ends the compiled program & returns to BASIC aftera 'SYS' command starts machine-language

;;;if none of the above, it better be a variable name check it

;;;and store the storage address in V|_, VH

;;;get next character

;;;it had better be an '=' sign...abort if not!

;;,"next character

; ;;179<CH<195 means a monadic function

;;;'171' is a '-' sign

;;;otherwise, It better be a variable name....;;;store the address of the variable in UL, UH

Listing 1 continued on page 204

202 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

DEC® LSI® 11/23 COMPUTERS $6750and we're delivering from stock!

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LSI 11/2 CPU card with 64K ByteMemory. $1095

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RT11 V4 Operating System. $1085RSX11M Operating System. $3250VT100AA Video Terminal. $1795

C

Chrislin Industries, Inc.

Computer Products Division31352 Via Colinas • Westlake Village, CA 91362 • 213-991-2254

DEC. LSI. PDP. are Trademarks of Digital Equipment Corp.

Circle 134 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

203

Listing 1 continued:

50540 GOSUB 49100

:IF (CH=0) OR <CH=58> GOTO 58300

50560 IF (CH<I70) OR (CH>174) GOTO 49200

50580 FU=CH-155

:G0SUB 49100:G0SUB 49190-.GOSUB 49400

50440 PRINT(tl,1A9:PRINT«1,UL:PRINT»1,140:PRINT*1,UH:PC=PC+4

50700 IF <FU=15) OR (FU=17> GOTO 51080

50720 PRINT1t1,32:PRINT»1,94:PRINT#1,217iPC=PC+3:GOTO 51080

51000 FU=CH-180:GOSUB 49100:IF CHO40 GOTO 49200

51040 GOSUB 49100:GOSUB 49190:GOSUB 49400

51040 GOSUB 49100

:IF CH<>41 GOTO 49200

51080 PRINT*1,32

:PRINT#1,MLX(FU,0>:PRINT#1,MLX(FU,1)

sPC=PC+3

;if 'end-of-line' or ':', equation is of the ford 'V=U'

;otherwise, expect *,-,*,/," and abort if not

;FU nog records what operator it was

;get next character

{better be variable name...address in ZL, ZH

jurite out code to transfer it to primary accumulator

;L»A «UL

;LDY HUH

jcount the bytes and increment program counter

Jtake shortcut for '+' or '*' functions

;JSR ID95E transfers 'IT to secondary accumulator;and sets up for dyadic operation subroutine call

;count the bytes...

;juMp down to output code to do the operation S store result

Jarrive here to perform a monadic function

jnext character better be a '(', else abort!

;;;get argument of function, address in ZL, ZH;;;fetch it to primary floating accumulator

;;;expect to see a ')' here!!!;;;JSR to ROM function

51100 PRINTm,142:PRINT»1,VL:PRINTttl,140:PRINTH1,VH

51120 PRINT*),32:PRINT(I1,144SPRINT*!,218

sPC=PC+7:G0T0 50240

55400 GOSUB 49100:G0SUB 49190:G0SUB 49400:PRINT(t1,149:PRINT(t1,255

55440 PRINT»1,49:PRINT*!,181

tPRINT*1,133:PRINT*1,181:PC=PC+4rfiOTO 51100

54500 GOSUB 49100

:IF CH>0 GOTO 54500

54540 GOTO 50240

58000 GOSUB 49100:G0SUB 49190:G0SUB 49100:VL=TP+1:IF CH0178 GOTO 49200

58080 GOSUB 49100

:IF (CHOS8) AND (CHO0) GOTO 58080

;;;ldx *vl;;;ldy #vh

;;;JSR *DAA4 with target in X S Y registers

;;;to store result of calculation from primary accumulator

;;;back to top of main loop

;;;handle monadic '-' operator

;;;transfer number to be negated to primary floatinq accumulator;;;lda h«ff

;;;EOR $B5 (sign storage for primary accumulator);;;STA *B5....nou sign is flipped

;;;ga store negated number in target

;;;handle 'REM' statement

;;;loop until end-of-line encountered

;;;back to top of nain loop

JJJhandle 'LET' assignment operation

;;;get address for result to be stored into

;;;this character better be an '«' sign

;;;save pointer to first character after ' = ' in VL

;;;abort if it wasn't '='

IJJscan until ':' or 'end-of-line' terminates assignment

Listing 1 continued on page 206

204 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

CP/M* compatible software

SYSTEM MAINTENANCE

invoice agingcustomer statementsinvoice aging

DIAGNOSTICS I: Easily the most comprehensive set ot CP/M compatiblesystem check-out programs ever assembled. Finds hardware errors in yoursystem, confirms suspicions, or just gives your system a clean bill of health.Tests■

• Memory • CPU (8080/8085/Z80) • Terminal

• Disk • Printer

To our knowledge the CPU test is the first of its kind anywhere. Diagnostics I canhelp you find problems before they become serious. A good set of diagnosticroutines are a must in any program library.

Minimal requirements: 24K CP/M. Supplied with complete user manual:$60.00 Manual alone: $15.00.

ACCOUNTING—

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE/RECEIVABLE: A complete, user oriented packagewhich features:

automatic postings to general ledger (optional)

accounts payable: • check printing with invoice

accounts receivable: • progress billing

• partial invoice paymentsThe entire package is menu driven and easy to learn and use. It incorporates errorchecking and excellent user displays. This package can be used stand alone orwith the General Ledger below.

Supplied with extensive user manual: $200.00. Manual alone: $20.00.

GENERAL LEDGER: A complete, user oriented package which features:

• Accepts postings from external programs (i.e. AP/AR above)

• Accepts directly entered postings

• Maintains account balances for current month, quarter, and year and previousthree quarters

• Financial reports: trial balance, income statement balance sheet, and more.Completely menu driven and easy to learn and use. Excellent displays and errorchecking for trouble free operation. Can be used stand alone or with AccountsPayable/Receivable above.

Supplied with extensive user manual: $200.00. Manual alone: $20.00.Both require 48K CP/M, terminal with cursor positioning, home and clear home,one 8" disk or Two 5" disks. CBASIC2 required.

TEXT PROCESSING

TFS —Text Formatting System: An extremely powerful formatter. Morethan 50 commands. Supports all major features including:

• left & right margin justification • user defined macros

• dynamic insertion from disk file • underlining and backspace

TFS lets you make multiple copies of any text. For example: Personalized formletters complete with name S address & other insertions from a disk file. Text isnot limited to the size of RAM making TFS perfect for reports or any big job.

Text is entered using CP/M standard editor or most any CP/M compatibleeditor. TFS will link completely with Super-M-List making personalized formletters easy.

Requires: 24K CP/M.

Supplied with extensive user manual: $85.00. Manual alone: $20.00.

Source to TFS in 8080 assembler jean be assembled using standard CP/Massembler) plus user manual: $250.00.

MAILING LIST

SUPER-M-LIST: A complete, easy to use mailing list program packageAllows for two names, two address, city, state, zip and a three digit code field toradded flexibility. Super-M-List can sort on any field and produce mailing labelsdirect to printer or disk file for later printing or use by other programs. Super-M-List is the perfect companion to TFS. Handles 1981 Zip Codes!

Requires: 48K CP/M.

Supplied with complete user manual' $75.00. Manual alone: $10.00

UTILITIES

Utility pack #1: A collection of programs that you will find useful and maybeeven necessary in your daily work (we did!). Includes:

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

FORTH: a full, extended FORTH interpreter/compiler produces COMPACT,ROMABLE code. As fast as compiled FORTRAN, as easy to use as interactiveBASIC.

SELF COMPILING: Includes every line of source code necessary to recompile

itself.

EXTENSIBLE: Adds functions at will.

Z80 & 8080 ASSEMBLERS included

Single license, OEM licensing available

Please specify CPU type: Z80 or 8080

Supplied with extensive user manual and tutorial: $150.00

Documentation alone: $25.00

ENHANCED 'TINY' PASCAL: We still call it 'Tiny' but it's bigger and betterthan ever! This is the Famous Chung/Yuen 'Tiny' Pascal with more featuresadded. Features include:

•integer arithmetic -CASE•sequential disk I/O • one dimensional arrays•WHILE •'PEAK'& POKE'

•REPEAT... UNTIL -more'Tiny' Pascal is fast. Programs execute up to ten times faster than similar BASICprograms.

SOURCE TOO! We still distribute source, in 'Tiny' Pascal, on each discettesold. You can even recompile the compiler, add features or just gain insight intocompiler construction.

'Tiny' Pascal is perfect for writing text processors, real time control systems,virtually any application which requires high speed. Requires: 36K CP/M. Suppliedwith complete user manual and source on discette: $85.00.Manual alone: $10.00.

• recursive procedures/functions •■ FOR (loop)

• IF ... THEN ... ELSE•READS WRITE

SOFTWARE SECURITY

CMP- Compare two files for equality.ARCHIVER Compacts many files into one. useful when you run out of directoryentries.SORT: In core sort of variable length recordsXDIR Extended, alphabetical directory listing with groupings by common

extensionPRINT Formatted listings to printer,PG Lists tiles to CRT a page at a time. plus more .

Supplied with instructions on discette: $50.00. First ill Sof tW3re "fechllOlOgy

Circle 135 on inquiry card.

SuperSoft

ENCODE/DECODE: A complete software security system for CP/M. Encode/Decode is a sophisticated coding program package which transforms data storedon disk into coded text which is completely unrecognizable. Encode/Decodesupports multiple security levels and passwords. A user defined combination(One billion possible) is used to code and decode a file. Uses are unlimited. Beloware a few examples:

• data bases • general ledger • inventory

• payroll files • correspondence • accounts pay/rec

• programs • tax records • mailing listsEncode/Decode is available in two versions:

Encode/Decode I provides a level of security suitable for normal use.Encode/Decode II provides enhanced security for the most demanding needs.Both versions come supplied, on discette and with a complete user manual.

Encode/Decode I: $50.00

Encode/Decode II: $100.00 Manual alone: $15.00

—INTERCOMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS

TERM: a complete intercommunications package for linking your computer toother computers. Link either to other CP/M computers or to large timesharingsystems. TERM is comparable to other systems but costs less, delivers more andsource is provided on discette!

With TERM you can send and receive ASCII and Hex files (COM too, withincluded convertion program) with any other CP/M computer which has TERM orcompatible package. Allows real time communication between users on separatesystems as well as acting as timesharing terminal.

• Engage/disengage printer ■ error checking and auto retry•terminal mode for timesharing between systems -conversational mode•send files -receive files

Requires: 32K CP/M.

Supplied with user manual and 8080 source code: $110.00

Manual alone: $15.00.

CP/M Formats: 8" soft sectored, 5" Northstar,5" Micropolis Mod II, Vector MZAll Orders and General Information:SUPERSOFT ASSOCIATESP.O. BOX 1628CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820(217)359-2112

Technical Hot Line: (217) 359-2691(answered only when technician is available)

*CP/M REGISTERED TRADEMARK DIGITAL RESEARCH

VISA

BYTE October 1980

205

Listing 1 continued:

58100 IF TP~VL>60 THEN PRINT "LINE TOO LONG!":G0T0 49200

58120 FOR L=VL TO TP-I:UL=PEEK(L):P0KE XL+L-YL,UL:NEXT L

581 <40 OOSUB 49000

;;;subroutine 49000 only has room for 60 characters sorry!

;;;take the whole expression to be evaluated for the 'LET'';;;and POKE It into subroutine 49000

;;;go evaluate the expression! result returns in variable X

:H0R L=VL TO TP-1sPOKE XL+L-VL,32:NEXT L

58180 PRINT*!,24:PRINT*1,144:PRINT*1 ,5:PC=PC+3:v'L=256*PEEK(125)+PEEK(124)+2

58220 FOR L=VL TO VL+4:PRINT*1,PEEK(L):NEXT L

:UH=INT(PC/256>:UL=PC-256*UH

58240 VL=ZL

:VH=ZH ':PC=PC+5

58300 PRINT*1,162sPRINT*1,4:PRINT*1,189:PRINT*1,UL:PRINT*1,WH

58340 PRINT*!,157:PRINT*1,VL:PRINT(t1 ,VH:PRINT(tl,202

58340 PRINT*),14:PRINT*1,24?:PC=PC+)1:G0T0 50240

58500 GOSUB 49100:G0SU8 49190:PRINT*1,173:PRINT«1,ZL:PRINT*1,ZH:PRINT»1,240

58580 PRINT*1,3:PC=PC+5:G0SUB 49100:IF (CH0137) AND (CHOM1) G0T0492OO

58700 IF CH=141 THEN PRINT*1,32.■GOTO 58760

58740 PRINTK1,76

58760 GOZ(GC,0)=PC-32766:PRINT*1,0:PRINT«1,0:PC=PC+3:TL=0

;;;and clean up (fill with blanks again) subroutine 49000

;;;CLC

;;;BCC .+5 (a forced branch over the following 5 bytes)

;;;point VL to the place where X is stored now

;;;fetch all 5 bytes of the current value of X;;;and write then into the compiled file

;;;store their location in the conpiled code in UH, UL

;;;put the address for the result of the 'LET' to be stored into;;;in VL, VH, and fall into the 'assignment' handling routine

;;handle simple assignments of the form 'V=U' here;;LBX *4;;lda u,x

;;;sth v,x

;;;bex

;;;bpl .-9

;;;transfer finished...count bytes I back to main loop top

;(handle 'IF' statements

;;get variable following the 'IF''

;;lda z

address in Z

;;;BEO .+3 (if variable = 0, skip over following 3 bytes)

;;;get next character

;;;abort if not 'GOTO' or 'GOSUB' else, fall into following

;;;handle 'G09UB' or 'GOTO' statements;;;'G0SUB' becomes "JSR-

;;;and 'GOTO' becomes 'JNP'

;;store in GO* array the address of the conpiled-code's bytes after;;the opcode, to be filled in later (second-pass);;print zeroes for now, to hold the spaces

;;; initialize target line number TL

58800 GOSUB 49100

:IF (CH<48) OR (CH>57) GOTO 58840

58820 TL=10*TL+CH-48:G0T0 58800

;;;read in ASCII target line number;;;and convert it to a number in TL

Listing 1 continued on page 210

206 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

DYNACOMP

Quality software for:

ATARI

PET

APPLE II Plus

TRS-80 (Level II)NORTH STARCP/M 8" Disk

GAMES

BRIDGE 2.0 Price: $17.95 Cassette

S21.95 DisketteAn ill-inclusive version of [his most popular of card games. This program boih BIDS and PLAYSeither contract or duplicate bridge. Depending on the contract, your computer opponents will eitherplay the offense OR defense. If you bid too high, the computer will double your contract! BRIDGE 2.0provides challenging entertainment for advanced players and is an excellent learning tool for the bridgenovice.

HEARTS 1.5 Price: $14.95 Cassette

$18.95 Diskette

An exciting and entertaining computer version of this popular card game. Hearts is a trick-orientedgame in which ihe purpose is not to take any hearts or the queen of spades. Play against two computeropponents who are armed with hard-to-beat playing strategies.

CRIBBAGE 2.0 (TRS-80 only) Price: $14.95 Cassette

$18.95 Diskette

This is a well-designed and nicely executed two-handed version of the classic card game, cribbage. It isan excellent program for the cribbage player in search of a worthy opponent as well as the beginnerwishing to learn the game, in particular the scoring and jargon. The standard cribbage score board iscontinually shown at the top of the display (utilizing the TRS-80's graphics capabilities), with the cardsshown underneath. The computer automatically scores and also announces the points using the tradi-tional phrases.

CHESS MASTER (North Star and TRS-80 only) Price: $19.95 Cassette

$23.95 DisketteThis complete and very powerful program provides five levels of play. It includes castling, en passantcaptures and the promotion of pawns. Additionally, the board may be preset before the start of play,permitting the examination of "book" plays. To maximize execution speed, the program is written inassembly language (by SOFTWARE SPECIALISTS of California). Full graphics arc employed in theTRS-80 version, and two widths of alphanumeric display are provided to accommodate North Starusers.

STARTREK3.2 Price: $ 9.95 Cassette

$13.95 Diskette

This is the classic Startrek simulation, but with several new features. For example, the Klingons nowshoot at the Enterprise without warning while also attacking starbascs in other quadrants. TheKlingons also attack with both light and heavy cruisers and move when shot atl The situation is hecticwhen the Enterprise is besieged by three heavy cruisers and a starbasc S.O.S. is received! The Klingonsget even!

SPACE TILT (Apple only)

Price: $10.95 Cassette$14,95 Diskette

Use the game paddles to tilt the plane of the TV screen to "roll" a ball into a hole in the screen. Soundsimple? Not when the hole gets smaller and smaller! A built-in timer allows you to measure your skillagainst others in this habit-forming action game.

GAMES PACK I and GAMES PACK II Price: $ 9.95 each, Cassette

$13.95 each, Diskette

GAMES PACK I contains BLACKJACK. LUNAR LANDER. CRAPS, HORSERACE. SWITCHand more. GAMES PACK II includes CRAZY EIGHTS. JOTTO, ACEY-DUCEY. LIFE, WUMPUSand others.Why pay S5.95 or more per program when you can buy a DYNACOMP collection for just $9.95?

STATISTICS and ENGINEERING

DATA SMOOTHER Price: $14.95 Cassette

$18.95 DisketteThis special data smoothing program may be used to rapidly derive useful information from noisybusiness and engineering data which are equally spaced. The software features choice in degree andrange of fit, as well as smoothed first and second derivative calculation. Also included is automaticplotting of the input data and smoothed results.

FOURIER ANALYZER

Price: $14.95 Cassette$18.95 Diskette

Use this program to examine the frequency spectra of limited duration signals. The program featuresautomatic scaling and plotting of the input data and results. Practical applications include the analysisof complicated patterns in such fields as electronics, communications and business.

TFA (Transfer Function Analyzer)

Price: $19.95 Cassette$23.95 Diskette

This is a special software package which may be used to evaluate the transfer functions of systems suchas hi-fi amplifiers and filters by examining their response to pulsed inputs. TFA is a major modificationof FOURIER ANALYZER and contains an engineering-oriented decible versus log-frequency plot aswell as data editing features. Whereas FOURIER ANALYZER is designed for educational and scien-tific use, TFA is an engineering tool.

FOURIER ANALYZER and TFA may be purchased together Tor a combined price of S29.95(Cassettes) and J37.95 (Diskettes).

REGRESSION I

Price: $19.95 Cassette$23.95 Diskette

REGRESSION I is a unique and exceptionally versatile one-dimensional Icasi squares "polynomial"curve ruling program. Features include very high accuracy; an automatic degree determination option;an extensive internal library of fitting functions; data editing; automatic data and curve plotting; astatistical analysis (e.g., standard deviation, correlation coefficient, etc.) and much more. In addition,new fits may be tried without reentering the data. REGRESSION I is certainly the cornerstone programin any data analysis software library.

Availability

DYNACOMP software is supplied with complete documentation containing clear explanations andexamples. All programs will run within I6K program memory space (ATARI requires 24K). Except wherenoted, programs are available on ATARI, PET, TRS-80 (Level II) and Apple (Applesoft) cassette anddiskette as well as North Star single density (double density compatible) diskette. Additionally, most pro-grams can be obtained on standard 8" CP/M floppy disks for systems running under MBAS1C.

BUSINESS and UTILITIES

MAIL LIST II (North Star only) Price: $21.95

This many-featured program now includes full alphabetic and zip code sorting as well as file merging.Entries can be retrieved by user-defined code, client name or Zip Code. The printout format allows theuse of standard size address labels. Each diskette can store more than 1100 entries (single density; over2200 with double density systems)!

TEXT EDITOR I (Letter Writer) Price: $14.95 Cassette

$18.95 Diskette

An easy to use, line-oriented text editor which provides variable line widths and simple paragraph in-dexing. This text editor is ideally suited for composing letters and is quite capable of handling muchlarger jobs.

FINDIT (North Star only) Price: $19.95

This is a three-in-one program which maintains information accessible by keywords of three types: Per-sonal (e.g., last name). Commercial (eg; plumbers) and Reference (eg: magazine articles, recordalbums, etc). In addition to keyword searches, there are birthday, anniversary and appointment sear-ches for the personal records and appointment searches for the commercial records. Reference recordsare accessed by a single keyword or by cross-referencing two or three keywords.

DFILE (North Star only) Price: $19.95

This handy program allows North Star users to maintain a specialized data base of all files and pro-grams in the stack of disks which invariably accumulates. DFILE is easy to set up and use. It willorganize your disks to provide efficient locating of the desired file or program.

COMPARE (North Star only) Price: $12.95

COMPARE is a single disk utility software package which compares two BASIC programs anddisplays the file sizes of the programs in bytes, the lengths in terms of the number of statement lines,and the line numbers at which various listed differences occur. COMPARE permits the user to examineversions of his software to verify which are the more current, and to clearly identify the changes madeduring development.

COMPRESS (North Star only) Price: $12.95

COMPRESS is a single-disk utility program which removes all unnecessary spaces and (optionally)REMark statements from North Star BASIC programs. The source file is processed one line at a lime,thus permitting very large programs to be compressed using only a small amount of computer memory.File compressions of 20-50W are commonly achieved.

GRAFIX (TRS-80 only)

Price: $12.95 Cassette$16.95 Diskette

This unique program allows you to easily create graphics directly from the keyboard. You "draw"your figure using the program's extensive cursor controls. Once the figure is made, it is automaticallyappended to your BASIC program as a string variable. Draw a "happy face", call it HS and then printit from your program using PRINT HSI This is a very easy way to create and save graphics.

TIDY (TRS-80 only) Price: $10.95 Cassette

$14.95 Diskette

TIDY is an asscmhly language program which allows you to renumber the lines in your BASIC pro-grams. TIDY also removes unnecessary spaces and REMark statements. The result is a compactedBASIC program which uses much less memory space and executes significantly faster. Once loaded,TIDY remains in memory; you may load any number of BASIC programs without having to reloadTIDY I

SIMULATIONS and EDUCATION

BLACK HOLE (Apple only) Price: $14.95 Cassette

$18.95 Diskette

This is an exciting graphical simulation of the problems involved in closely observing a black hole witha space probe. The object is to enter and maintain, for a prescribed time, an orbit close to a small blackhole. This is to be achieved without coming so near the anomaly that the tidal stress destroys the probe.Control of the craft is realistically simulated using side jets for rotation and main thrusters for accelera-tion. This program employs Hi-Res graphics and is educational as well as challenging.

VALDEZ Price: $14.95 Cassette

$18.95 Diskette

A simulation of supertanker navigation in the Prince William Sound and Valdez Narrows. The pro-gram uses an extensive 256X256 element radar map and employs physical models of ship response andtidal patterns. Chart your own course through ship and iceberg traffic. Any standard terminal may beused for display.

Price: $17.95 Cassette$21.95 Diskette

A realistic and extensive mathematical simulation of take-off, flight and landing. The program utilizesaerodynamic equations and the characteristics of a real airfoil. You can practice instrument approachesand navigation using radials and compass headings. The more advanced flyer can also perform loops,half-rolls and similar aerobatic maneuvers.

FLIGHT SIMULATOR

TEACHER'S PET:

Price: $ 9.95 Cassette$13.95 Diskette

This is the first of DYNACOMP's educational packages. Primarily intended for pre-school to grade 3,TEACHER'S PET provides Ihe student wiih counting practice, various levels of math skill exercisesand. depending on your computer system, pattern and color recognition. Correct answers are positivelyreinforced with graphics and audio where applicable.

Ordering Information

All orders are processed and shipped postpaid within 48 hours. Please enclose payment with order alongwith computer information. If paying by VISA or Master Card, include all numbers on card. For ordersoutside North America add 10ft for shipping and handling.

Add S2.50 to diskette price for 8" floppy disk (soft sectored, CP/M, Microsoft BASIC)

Deduct 10% when ordering 3 or more programs.

Ask for DYNACOMP programs at your local software dealer. Write for detailed descriptions of these andother programs from DYNACOMP.

DYNACOMP, Inc.

6 Rippingale Road

Pittsford, New York 14534

(716) 586-7579

New York Stale residents pleue add 7?« NVS sales tax.

Circle 136 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

207

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Listing 1 continued:58840 G0Z(GC,1)=TLI6C=GC+1

:G0T0 50240

59000 GOSUB 49100

:IF (CH=0) OR <CH=58> GOTO 59400

39040 IF (CH=44) Oft (CH=59) GOTO 59000

59080 GOSUB 49190:GOSUB 49400iPRINT*1,32:PRINTtt1,175:PRINT#1,220

59100 PRINTttl,142:PRINT*1,0tPRINT*1,189

:PRINTtt1,0:PRINTtt1 ,1

59120 PRINTttl,240:PRINTtll,4:GOSUB 59300:PRINT*1,232:PRINT(tl,208:PRINT»1,245

59140 PRINTNT,169

!PRINT»t,32:GOSUB 59300:PC=PC+21:GOTO 59000

59300 PRINTD1,32:PRIHT#1,210:PRINTK1,255

:RETURN

59400 PRINTttl,149:PRINT«1,13

:GOSUB 59300:PC=PC+5:GOTO 50240

59500 GOSUB 49100

:IF (CH=0) OR <CH=58) GOTO 50240

59540 IF (CH=44) OR (CH=59) GOTO 59500

59540 GOSUB 49190:PRINT»1,149:PRINT»1,CH:GOSUB 59300

59580 PRINTH1,169(PRINTttl,63

:GOSUB 59300

59400 PRINT*),142:PRINT#1,0:PRINT«1,32:PRINTtt1,207:PRINT»1,255

59420 PRINTH1,149sPRINTHl, 10

:PRINT#1,232:PRINT#1,201:PRIMT*1,13

;;[record target line nuMber in GOX;;;increnent GOTO/GOSUB counter GC;;;back. to top of Main loop

;;;handle a 'PRINT' statement

IJJwhen done with line or statement, print a <CRLF> before quitting

;;;keep going if ',' or ';' encountered within 'PRINT'

;;;get address of variable to be printed

;;;transfer it to primary accumulator

;;;JSR 1DCAF converts it to ASCII string at top of page 1

;;;lbx tto;;;LIia *ioo,x

;;;BEQ .+4 (end of string is Marked by a zero)

;;[subroutine outputs code to print accuMulator on screen

;;;inx

;;;BNE ,-*B (always loop back...number is never longer than 14 bytes)

;;;LDA (132 (ASCII blank space)

;;;print accuMulator out

;;[count bytes

;;;and continue with print statement, looping to above

;;;JSR «FFD2 prints out accunulator onto screen

;;lda tun <<crlf>>

;;print it

;;back to top of Main loop

;;handle 'INPUT' stateMentJJfinished when 'end-of-line' or ':'

;;keep going if 't' or ';'

;lba «ch

[print proMpting letter on screen before input request

;LDA H3F (ascii '?')

Jprint it

[I.BX HO (to initialize counter for input characters)

;JSR IFFCF (inputs, with cursor for user to edit)

;;;STA »A,X (store input stuff in BASIC input buffer)

;;;INX

[J[CUP HiD (check for <CRLF>)

59440 PRINTttl,208:PRINT#1,244:G0SUB 59300

;;;BNE .-»A (loop and keep inputting);[[echo <CRLF>

Listing 1 continued on page 212

210 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

For those who want totest the water before

picoFORTH

If you're thinking of getting intopolyFORTH and you'd like an introduc-tion through hands-on experience, thenpicoFORTH is for you. picoFORTH hasbeen designed by FORTH, Inc. to serveas your entry into a complete polyFORTHprogramming environment.

picoFORTH™ is a disk-basedoperating system and interactive high-

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For information, call:

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2309 Pacific Coast HighwayHermosa Beach, California 90254

(213) 372-8493

TWX 910-344-6408 (FORTH INC HMBH)

Circle 137 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

211

Listing 1 continued:59480 PRINT*1,149

:PRINT»1,0

jPRIMTttl ,133

:PRINT«I,114

:PRINT*1,149

:PRINT»1,10

59700 PRINT»1,133:PRINT#1,113:PRINT#1,202:PRINT*1,138:PRINT*1,32:PR1NT»1,M1

59740 PRINTH1 ,214.-PfilNTttl ,142:PRINT*1,ZLtPRINT*1,140■.PRINT*1,ZH

59780 PRINTK1,32:PRINT»1,144sPRINTttl ,218

:PC=PC+45:G0T0 59500

40000 PRINT "FIRST PASS FINISHED!!!"

:PRINT"PRQGRAH OCCUPIES" ;0C;"THROUGH";PC-I

40020 PRINT"UARIABLES OCCUPY";Ov;"THROUGH";0V+129

40040 PRINT*!,-1

:IF 6C=0 GOTO 41000

40080 FOR X=0 TO GC-1

:PRINT*1,G0X(X,O)+32747

:L=G0Z(X,1)

:Z=LNJ!<L)+32747

40100 IF Z=0 THEN PRINT "TRANSFER TO NONEXISTENT LINE:GOTO 41000

40120 ZH=INT(Z/254):ZL=Z-254*ZH:PRINTK1,ZL:PRINT*1,ZH:NEXT X

41000 PRINT»1,-1:CLQSE 1

;;;lsa no

;;;STA $72

;;;lda ««a

;;;STA %7\ (set up string pointer to beginning of input)

;;;DEX

;;;TXA (transfer nuMber of characters in string to A)

;;;JSR *Ii48D (convert string to floating-point in prinary accun.)

;;;mx #zl

;;;LDY UZH (point to target location to store result)

;;;JSR *DAA4 (store prinary «e«ory contents in target)

;;;count bytes (a lot!!);;;and loop

;;jconpiling progran finished;;;print statistics

;;;«ark end of first pass on tape file;;;skip if no junps to be corrected

;;;print byte to be fixed

;;;look up desired line nunber to branch to

;;;find what the program counter was there

*";L;;Jcatch errors

;;;record correct ju«p (JNP or JSR) target

;;;for all that need fixing

;;;«ark. end of file;;;thafs all, folks! !!!!

Text continued from page 198:

byte value 137, COS is stored as 190, etc. This encodingsystem saves memory within BASIC programs; when aline is listed to the display, it is decoded so that it can beread in its original form. Encoding also makes the job ofthe FLOPTRAN compiler easier. Because BASIC encodesreserved words as 1-byte values rather than a sequence ofletters, there is, for example, no confusion as to whetherthe letter G is a variable name or the first letter of aGOTO or GOSUB statement.

Compiler Program Analysis

Because the FLOPTRAN compiler is rather tiny, thelanguage in its present version is a restricted subset ofBASIC. The following paragraphs will describe each typeof statement that FLOPTRAN understands and explainhow it works. The line numbers refer to the statements inthe BASIC program of listing 1 that process a given typeof statement.

The LET Statement

Lines 58000 thru 58360: To assign a value to a variableduring compilation, most BASIC systems allow us to usea statement like:

X = 1.234E-5

In most BASICs, however, it is also legal to say:

LET X = 1.234E-5

In fact, in the original BASIC language, the use of theword LET was compulsory.

FLOPTRAN demands the presence of the reservedword LET. When the compiler sees LET, it notes theimmediately following variable name, which will receivethe assigned value on the right side of the equals sign. Thecompiler then literally copies the right-hand side of theequation into the blank space available in the subroutine

212

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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| Order OASIS from:

| Phase One System, 7700 Edgewater Dr■ Oakland, CA 94621

1 Telephone (415) 562-80| TWX 910-366-7139

| NAME

s, Inc.ve, Su

35

te830

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0

■ CITY

1 STATE 2

- AMOUNTS

(Attach system descript1 add S3 for shipping;■ California residents adc

\ □ Check enclosed1 □ UPS CO.D. □

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on;

sales t□ VI

vlaster

>x)3Acharge

1 Expiration Date

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Why Your Next CRT ShouldCome From MICROMAIL:

SOROC IQ120

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Insert/delete line, insert/deletecharacter.

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Printer port with independent baudrate — prints line, partial or full

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TELEVIPEO 912/920

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DIABLO DEC TEXAS INSTRUMENTSANADEX GTC TELETYPE

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MICROMAIL • BOX 3297 • SANTA ANA, CA 92703(714) 731-4338

TO ORDER: Send check or money order to: MICROMAIL, P.O. Box 3297, Santa Ana, CA

92703. Personal or company checks require two weeks to clear. Terminals in stock are

shipped the business day after receipt of certified funds. All equipment includes factory

warranty.

SHIPPING: We ship freight collect by UPS when possible. Larger terminals are shipped

by motor freight. Air and express delivery is available on all products.

HANDLING: All orders are subject to MICROMAIL's handling charges. Less than

$750.00, add 3%. $750.00 to $2,000.00, add 2%. Over $2,000.00 add 1%.

at line 49000, and calls that subroutine to evaluate theexpression. Thus, statements such as:

LET P = 17*LOG(ir/137E8) + ATN(-2)

are perfectly legal ways to initialize a variable, as long asthe right-hand side will fit into line 49000.

A LET assignment cannot, however, use variablenames in its equation unless those variables have beendefined at compilation time; it would not be legal to say:

LETA=-44:LETB=A

since A will take on its value of —44 only when the pro-gram is executed. (In this case, unless A were definedbefore running the compiler, B would be assigned thevalue 0.) The use of variables on the right-hand side ofthe assignment is covered later, under arithmetic opera-tions.

After evaluating the expression that is to be assigned tosome variable, the compiler writes out code (to device 1,the PET's cassette tape drive) which, in 6502 machine lan-guage, instructs the microprocessor to skip 5 bytes.Those 5 bytes are filled with the floating-point number tobe assigned to the variable; then the compiler executeslines 58300 thru 58360, which takes the stored numberand transfers it to the proper target location.

FLOPTRAN allows only single-letter variable names,A thru Z, and reserves storage for each variable, whetherit is used or not. This simplifies storage of variables con-siderably and allows easy and instant access to any vari-able. The typical BASIC interpreter must scan through atable of variables to find the one it wants to access; theinterpreter necessarily wastes a lot of time doing so.The PRINT Statement

Lines 59000 thru 59400: To get numeric values to thedisplay, statements of the form:

PRINT A

or

PRINT X,Y,Z

are used in FLOPTRAN. When multiple variables areprinted by a single statement, they may be separated byeither commas or semicolons. In both instances, the num-bers that have been requested are translated fromfloating-point binary radix to ASCII-encoded decimalradix and are printed with a space between them. Afterthe final variable is printed (or if no variables are to beprinted) a carriage return and line feed (CR,LF) areprinted to the screen.

The PET read-only-memory subroutine at locationhexadecimal DCAF does the hard work of convertingfrom binary to ASCII (American Standard Code forInformation Interchange) decimal once the value to beconverted is placed in the "floating-point accumulator"on memory page 0 (hexadecimal addresses 00B0 thru00B5); the ASCII string to be displayed is left at the top ofpage one and ends with a byte of 00. The 6502 code thatthe compiler generates to take this string and print it out(using the subroutine at hexadecimal address FFD2) isdocumented in the comments with the FLOPTRAN com-piler listing (listing 1).

Circle 138 on inquiry card.

TERRIFIC

TRIO:Z80, OASIS, MAROT.

A superior operatingsystem and top applicationsoftware bring out the bestin a microcomputer. That'swhy Marot offers the oasis*Operating System andcompatible software forowners of Z80 based microsThey make a terrific trio.

1

Z80 micros —greatmachines. Tandy's trs-80mod ll" with dma, bankselect possibilities andnationwide service. Altos.Cromemco. Horizon.And many others. Greatmachines—but it takesa great operating systemto tap their full potential.

2 enter oasis —availablefrom Marot. oasis is fastemerging as the operatingsystem for Z80 commercialapplications and seriousprogrammers. Why?...rapidformating and back-up ofdiskettes; efficient disk utili-zation; excellent line editorand document processorfor file management andtextwriting; user accountingwith logon, password, privi-lege level and use account-ing; machine independenceof programs, data and textfiles; sequential, direct andkeyed index (ISAM) files;interpreted and compiledBASIC; COBOL-ANSI 74;single and multi-user ver-sions; and more. No wonderpros say 'oasis makesmicros run like minis!'

3 APPLICATION SOFTWARE— available from Marot.oasis is your active, invisiblepartner supporting theseexcellent, ready-to-runproducts:

Magic Wand: Thewordprocessor combiningthe ease of screen editingwith mjcro power.

HDBS** For datamanagement needsrestricted to hierarchicaltree structure and fixedlength records.

MDBS** Handles fullnetwork CODASYL orienteddata structures andvariable length records.

ABS*** Quality officemanagement systems—accounts receivable andpayable, general ledger,etc.—the total interacting,user-oriented businesspackage. Written in cobol;available with source code.

A Law package. Andready soon: completemedical management,real estate, restaurant,pharmacy managementanalysis packages, andothers.

Marot and its Dealersoffer oasis and manyprofessional softwareproducts to individuals,OEMs and dealers.Licensing arrangementsare also available. Justcall or write and startyour own terrific trio.

(Circle what you would likeand send order with paymentlo Ihe address shown below )

PLEASE SEND ME:

ProductOASIS

□ SEND COMPLETEINFORMATION

Product

MAGIC WAND '

Price

$400

ABS ACCOUNTING (call or write)

MDBS, full networkHDBS

Report Generator,Query System

Primer

(Other options available)

$900300

30010

Magic Wand. MDBS and HDBS areavailable for several operating systems.

'oasis is the trademark ol Phase One Systems. Inc"hdbs and MOOS are produced by Micro Data Ease

Systems. Inc'"American Business Systems. Incms-80 is Ihe registered trademark o! the TandyCorporation

Magic Wand is the registeredttrademark

ol Small Business Systems. Inc

MAROT SOFTWARE SYSTEMSYOUR EASTERN SOURCE

OPERATING SYSTEM

(Includes:EXEC Language;File Management;User Accounting;Device Drivels;Print Spooler;General TextEditor; etc.)SINGLE-USERMULTI-USER

BASIC COMPILER/INTERPRETER/DEBUGGER

RE-ENTRANT BASIC

COMPILER/INTERPRETER/

DEBUGGER

DEVELOPMENT PACKAGE

(Macro Assembler;Linkage Editor;Debugger)

TEXT EDITOR &SCRIPT PROCESSOR

DIAGNOSTIC SCONVERSION UTILITIES

(Memory Test;Assembly Language;Converters; FileRecovery; Disk Test;File Copy fromother OS; etc.)

COMMUNICATIONSPACKAGE

(Terminal Emulator;File Send & Receive)

PACKAGE PRICE

(All of Above!

SINGLE-USER

MULTI-USEP

FILE SORT

COBOL-ANSI 74

Price

ManualOnly

S150350

500B50

S17.5017.50

60.0060.00

Send order to:

Marot Software Systems, Inc.

35 East 85th Street

New York City, NY 10028

Telephone (212) 534-5499

NAME.

STRFFT(N(~) R(~)X *)

CITY

STATE ZIP

AMOUNTS

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add $3 for shipping;

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Circle 139 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

215

More Printing TerminalsFrom MICROMAIL . . .

DIABLO 1650

• Prints at 40 cps, using 88, 92, or96 char, metalized printwheels.

• Vertical resolution 1/48"; Horizontal1/120". Capable of proportionalspacing, bidirectional printing, andgraphics under software control.

• Bidirectional normal and direct tabs.Left, right, top and bottom margins.

R.O. $2890.00KSR $3285.00

DIABLO

Uses plastic printwheel and prints at45 cps. Otherwise, shares identicalfeatures with 1650 including:

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— Cartridge ribbon, fabric or carbon.

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^Performance for Vbur |

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We Also Represent the Following Manufacturers:TELETYPE GTC TeleVideo TEC SOROC

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effllCFUlMflJL..'

MICROMAIL • BOX 3297 • SANTA ANA, CA 92703(714) 731-4338

TO ORDER: Send check or money order to: MICROMAIL, P.O. Box 3297, Santa Ana, CA

92703. Personal or company checks require two weeks to clear. Terminals in stock are

shipped the business day after receipt of certified funds. All equipment includes factory

warranty.

SHIPPING: We ship freight collect by UPS when possible. Larger terminals are shipped

by motor freight. Air and express delivery is available on all products.

HANDLING: All orders are subject to MICROMAIL's handling charges. Less than

$750.00, add 3%. $750.00 to $2,000.00, add 2%. Over $2,000.00 add 1%.

The INPUT Statement

Lines 59500 thru 59780: To read in numbers from thekeyboard during program execution, statements of theform:

INPUT P

or

INPUT Q;R,S

are used. As with the PRINT statement, either commas orsemicolons are valid delimiters to separate several vari-able names. (In fact, you can leave out the commas orsemicolons and FLOPTRAN will not mind; but thenBASIC will misunderstand you.)

The compiler generates code that prompts the user byprinting out the variable name awaiting input, followedby a question mark. It then accepts input via the standardsubroutine (hexadecimal location FFCF) and puts theinput string into the BASIC input buffer on page 0. Theread-only-memory subroutine at hexadecimal locationD68D converts this string to a floating-point number,which is then stored in its proper location.The IF Statement

Lines 58500 thru 58840: The only allowed forms of IFstatement in FLOPTRAN-IV are the simplest ones:

and

IF W GOTO 252

IF J GOSUB 30

These statements test the variable whose name followsthe IF; if that variable's value is nonzero, the statement isconsidered to be true, and the GOTO or GOSUB isexecuted. If the value of the variable is exactly 0, thestatement is false, and the GOTO or GOSUB is skipped.Program execution proceeds with the next statement;note that, in the event of multiple statements per line,FLOPTRAN does nor skip the rest of the line—unlikeMicrosoft BASIC, which executes the rest of the line onlywhen the IF statement is true. (It is wise, therefore, toavoid using statements following an IF on the same line,to avoid incompatibility with BASIC.)

After testing for zero versus nonzero, this routine cando one of two things: if the expression is true (nonzero),control transfers to the appropriate GOTO or GOSUBroutine; otherwise, control transfers to the next state-ment.GOTO or GOSUB Statements

Lines 58700 thru 58840: Both of these statements arehandled in identical ways; the only difference is whethera 6502 JMP (jump) instruction or a JSR (jump-to-subroutine) instruction is compiled to the tape file. Sincethe compiler, during its first scan through the FLOP-TRAN source program, cannot know the correct abso-lute address to go to, it temporarily fills the 2 bytesfollowing the JMP or JSR with 0s. It also records, in col-umn 0 of array GO%, the location of those temporaryfiller 0s, so that the missing addresses can be added later.Since integer arrays use much less space than do floating-Circle 140 on inquiry card.

SOFTWARE.

MBasic

Accounts ReceivableAccounts PayableGeneral LedgerPayrollInventoryRestaurant PayrollJob CostingMailing ListWord Processing"Magic Wand"

D

$250.00250.00250.00250.00250.00250.00250.00150.00195.00

H£»

Model 88T Impact Matrix Printer

•Other Printers Available:T-l 810AnadexDiabloNECQune

595.00!

Dealer Inquiries Invited.

Circle 141 on inquiry card.

«H

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C BasicM BasicFortranCobol

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point arrays in PET BASIC, GO% is an integer-type two-dimensional array. Inasmuch as integers must be withinthe range -32,767 to +32,767, FLOPTRAN subtracts32,767 from the actual address before storing it and addsthe same value when reading the address out (in line60080).

Column 1 of GO% stores the target line number for theGOTO or GOSUB. After the compilation is finished, thetarget line numbers will be looked up in table LN % (lines60000 thru 61000), which contains the actual address ofthe compiled code corresponding to the desired linenumber. Then, the address of the first of the pair of bytesto be replaced is written to tape, followed by the 2 correctbytes for the branch. When the contents of the tape areloaded to memory, these bytes have the effect of correct-ly filling in the previously incomplete addresses in thebody of the compiled program.

Because the original PET read-only-memory routineslimit arrays to 256 elements, FLOPTRAN-IV is set up tohandle programs with line numbers in the range 0 thru255 only. This restriction, however, can be removed withadditional programming if more lines are needed.The REM Statement

Lines 56500 thru 56540: Remarks, preceded by thereserved word REM, are not compiled; the compiler skipsover them to the beginning of the next line of the pro-gram, just as is done in interpreted BASIC.The RETURN Statement

Line 50420: This statement simply causes a 6502 RTS(return-from-subroutine) instruction to be written totape.

Arithmetic Operations

Arithmetic operations with variables comprise theremainder of the FLOPTRAN-IV compiler's repertoire.Because this is such a tiny compiler, it does not handlemultiple arithmetic operations per assignment. The pro-gram to be compiled, therefore, must have its arithmeticbroken up into elementary operations. For example, astatement like:

D = (A-B)/LOG(C)

must be written out as:

D = A-B:E=LOG(C):D = D/E

(assuming that E is not being used otherwise).

Because of this restriction on the permissible forms ofarithmetic statements, the part of the compiler whichhandles them is simple and consists only of lines 50440thru 51120. One special type of equation, which is of theform:

V = W

is so simple that it is handled separately in lines 55600thru 55660. The extensive comments included with thelisting make this part of the compiler rather straightfor-ward.

This completes our description of the FLOPTRAN-IVcompiler program as given in listing 1. The compilerchecks for most errors as it works through the source pro-

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218 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 142 on inquiry card.

Microcomputer NetworkingFrom Digital Research

CP/NET"" brings CP/M® based networking to the microcomputer world.

CP/M MP/M CP/M

CP/M CP/M / \

DISKS PRINTER

Now you can use CP/M, Digital Research's "industrystandard" operating system, in a network environment. Inconjunction with MP/M1", our high-powered multi-usersystem, a variety of CP/NET configurations allow you toshare your valuable resources among a number of mastersrunning MP/M, and slaves running CP/M or MP/M.

■ Share and transfer disk files

■ Share printers and consoles

■ Share programs and data bases

As with all Digital Research products, CP/NET is compatiblewith a large variety of computer hardware, allowing anetwork to be constructed with any combination of sharedmemory, parallel I/O or serial links with any protocol.

For the office or the classroom, as well as the applicationdevelopment environment, contact Digital Research or yourhardware supplier to find out how CP/NET can enhanceyour system's flexibility and convenience.

H DJGJTFIJ- RESEARCH-

U. S. A.

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Circle 143 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980 219

BUSINESS-PROFESSIONAL GAMESOFTWARE FOR APPLE AND TRS-80

□ HOME FINANCE PAK I: Complete package $49.95 Apple, TRS-80

n BUDGET* The heart of a comprehensive home finance system. AIIdws user to define up to 20 budgetitems Actual expense input can he by keyboard or by automatic rcadinu, of CHECKBOOK II files. Costs areautomatically sorted and compared with budget. BUDGET produces both monthly actual/hud get/variancereport and a year-to-date by month summary of actual costs. Color graphics display of expenses. . . S24.96

□ CHECKBOOK II: This extensive program keeps complete records of each check/deposit. Unique checkentry system allows user to set up common check purpose and recipient categories. Upon entry you selectfrom this pre-defined menue to minimize keying in a lot of data. Unique names can also be stored for completeness. Rapid access to check files. Check register display scrolls for ease of review. 40 column print-out. Up to 100 checks per month storage. Files accessible by BUDGET program $19.95

□ SAVINGS: Allows user to keep track of deposits/withdrawals for up to 10 savings accounts. Cpntpleterecords shown via screen or 40 column printer SI 4.9 5

□ CREDIT CARD: Keep control of your cards with this program, Organizes, stores and displays purchases,payments and service charges. Screen or 40 column printer display. Up to 10 separate cards S14.95

□ THE UNIVERSAL COMPUTING MACHINE: $39.95 Apple, TRS-80

A user programmable computing system structured around a 20 row x 20 column table. User defines rowand column names and equations forming a unique computing machine. Table elements can be multiplied,divided, subtracted or added to any other element. User can define repeated functions common to a row orcolumn greatly simplifying table setup, Hundreds of unique computing machines can be defined, used, storedand recalled, with or without old data, for later use. Excellent for sales forecasts, engineering design analysis,budgets, inventory lists, income statements, production planning, project cost estimatesin short for anyplanning, analysis or reporting problem that can be solved with a table. Unique curser commands allow youto move to any element, change its value and immediately see the effect on other table values. Entire tablecan be printed by machine pages (user-defined 3-5 columns) on a 40 column printer. Transform your com-puter into a UNIVERSAL COMPUTING MACHINE.

QCOLOR CALENDAR: HI-RES color graphics display of your personal calendar. Automaticmultiple entry of repetitive events. Review at a glance important dates, appointments, anniversaries, birth-days, action dates, etc. over a 5 year period. Graphic calendar marks dates. Printer and screen display asummary report by month of your full text describing each day's action item or event. Ideal for anyone witha busy calendar. . (Apple Only) SI9.95

□ BUSINESS SOFTWARE SERIES: Entire package $199.95 Apple, TRS-80

□ MICROACCOUNTANT: The ideal system for the small cash business. Based on classic T-accounts anddouble-entry bookkeeping, this efficient program records and produces reports on account balances, generalledger journals, revenue and expenses. Screen or 40 column printer reports. Handles up to 500 journalentries per period, up to 100 accounts. Instructions include a short primer in Financial Accounting. S49.95

□ UNIVERSAL BUSINESS MACHINE: This program is designed to SIMPLIFY and SAVE TIME for theserious businessman who must periodically Analyze, Plan and Estimate. The program was created using ourUniversal Computing Machine and it is programmed to provide the following planning and forecasting tools.

CASH FLOW ANALYSIS PROFORMA BALANCE SHEET SOURCE AND USE OF FUNDSPRQFORMA PROFIT & LOSS SALES FORECASTER JOB COST ESTIMATORPrice, including documentation and a copy of the base program. Universal Computing Machine $09.95

QlNVOICE: Throw away your pens. Use the ELECTRONIC INVOICE facsimile displayed on your CRT.The program prompts and you fill in the data. Includes 3 address fields (yours, Bill to and Ship to), InvoiceNo., Account No., Order No., Salesman, Terms, Ship Code, FOB Pt. and Date. Up to 10 items per sheet withthese descriptions: Item No., No. of units, Unit Price, Product Code, Product Description, Total Dollaramount per item and invoice total dollar amount. Generates, at your option, hard copy invoices, shippingmemos, mailing labels, audit copies and disc updates to master A/R files. (48K) S49.95

□ BUSINESS CHECK REGISTER: Expanded version of the Checkbook II program. Handles up to 500 checksper month with complete record keeping. (48KJ $29.95

□ BUSINESS BUDGET: As described above and companion program to Business Check Rerjisler. Handles500 transactions per month, up to 20 cost categories. Accesses BCR (iles for actual costs. (4BK). . . .S29.95

□ ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING SERIES: Both programs $159.95 Apple

□ LOGIC SIMULATOR: SAVE TIME AND MONEY. Simulate your digital logic circuits before you buildthem. CMOS, TTL, or whatever, if it's digital logic, this program can handle it. The program is an inter-active, menu driven, full-fledged logic simulator capahle of simulating the bit-time by hit-time response of alogic network to user-specified input patterns. It will handle up to 1OD0 gates, including NANDS, NORS, IN-verters. FLIP-FLOPS, SHIFT REGISTERS, COUNTERS and user-defined MACROS. Up to 40 user-defined,random 01 binary input patterns. Simulation results displayed on CRT or printer. Accepts network des-cription's from keyboard or from LOGIC DESIGNER for simulation. Specify 1000 gate version (4BK re-quired) or 500 gate version (32K required) S89.95

□ LOGIC DESIGNER: Interactive HIRES Graphics program for designing digital logic systems. A menudriven series of keyboard commands allows you to draw directly on the screen up to 15 different gate types,including 10 gate shape patterns supplied with the program and 5 reserved for user specification. Standardpatterns supplied are NAND, NOR, INVERTER, EX-OR, T-FLOP, JK-FLOP, D-FLOP, RS-FLOP, 4 BitCOUNTER and N-BIT SHIFT REGISTER. User interconnects gates just as you would normally draw usingline graphics commands. Network descriptions for LOGIC SIMULATOR generated simultaneously with theCRT diagram being drawn. Drawing is done in pages of up to 20 gates. Up to 50 pages (10 per disc) can bedrawn, saved and recalled. Specify 1000 gate (48K) or 500 gate (32K) system S89.95

□ MATHEMATICS SERIES: Complete Package $49.95 Apple only

□ NUMERICAL ANALYSIS: HI-RES 2-Dimensional plot of any function. Automatic scaling. At your option,the program will plot the function, plot the INTEGRAL, plot the DERIVATIVE, determine the ROOTS,find the MAXIMA and MINIMA and list the INTEGRAL VALUE. For 16K S19.95

CjMATRIX: A general purpose, menu driven program for determining the INVERSE and DETERMINANT ofany matrix, as well as the SOLUTION to any set of SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS. Disk I/O fordata save. Specify 55 eqn. set (48K) or 35 eqn. (32K) S19.95

□ 3-D SURFACE PLOTTER: Explore the ELEGANCE and BEAUTY of MATHEMATICS by creating HI-RESPLOTS of 3-d i men si on al surfaces from any 3-variable equation. Disc save and recall routines for plots. Menudriven to vary surface parameters. Demos include BLACK HOLE gravitational curvature equations. .SI9.95

□ ACTION ADVENTURE GAMES SERIES: Entire series $29.95 Apple only

□ RED BARON: Can you outfly the RED BARON? This fast action game simulates a machine-gun DOG-FIGHT between your WORLD WAR I BI-PLANE and the baron's. You can LOOP, DIVE, BANK or CLIMBin any one of 8 directions- and so can the BARON, in HI-RES graphics S14.G5

□ BATTLE OF MIDWAY: You are in command of the U.S.S. HORNETS' DIVE-BOMBER squadron. Yourtargets are the Aircraft carriers, Akagi, Soryu and Kaga. You must fly your way through ZEROS and AAFIRE to make your DIVE-BOMB run. In HI-RES graphics S14.95

□ SUB ATTACK: It's April, 1943. The enemy convoy is headed for the CORAL SEA. Your sub, theMORAY, has just sighted the CARRIERS and BATTLESHIPS. Easy pickings. But watch out for the DE-STROYERS ■ they're fast and deadly. In HI-RES graphics S14.95

QFREE CATALOG-AII programs are supplied in disc and run on Apple II w/Disc & Applesoft ROM CardSTRS-80 Level II and require 32K RAM unless otherwise noted. Detailed instructions included. Ordersshipped within 3 days. Card users include card number. Add SI .50 postage and handling with each order.■ii^piHpH California residents add 6Y;% sales tax. Make checks payable to:

SPECTRUM SOFTWARE

DEALER INQUIRIES P.O. BOX 2084 142 CARLOW, SUNNYVALE. CA 94087INVITED FOR PHONE ORDERS-408-738-4387

FLOPTRAN does not allow theappearance of uncompiled constants inan arithmetic statement.

gram; when it finds an unrecognizable statement or abranch to a nonexistent line number, it closes the outputfile and displays the line number containing theerroneous statement number. This makes one part of thedebugging task easy. FLOPTRAN's compatibility withBASIC makes preliminary program testing possible(though perhaps slow) using the PET's BASIC inter-preter; this debugging option helps in the discovery andelimination of many other types of errors.

In abbreviated form, table 2 gives a summary ofFLOPTRAN-IV syntax. Table 3 presents a very compactsummary of the critical read-only-memory subroutineaddresses in the original-style PET. (It is probably toocompact to be useful to a novice user, but for the exper-ienced assembly-language enthusiast, table 3 shouldmake sense and be a valuable guide to the importantentry points. The table is entirely in hexadecimal; P refersto the primary floating-point accumulator, where a6-byte floating-point binary number is stored in hexa-decimal locations OOBO thru 00B5. S refers to the secon-dary accumulator, located at hexadecimal locations 00B8thru OOBF; and A, X, and Y are internal registers of the6502 microprocessor.) It is unnecessary, however, tounderstand table 3 or, indeed, to understand anythingabout 6502 machine-language programming to suc-cessfully use FLOPTRAN-IV. The compiler as given doesall the necessary translation.

Sample FLOPTRAN-IV Program

Listing 2 is a sample program written entirely in theFLOPTRAN-IV language. It solves a simple problemfrom the Parker Brothers game Risk: if an attacker rollsthree dice and a defender rolls two, what are the odds ofeach of the possible outcomes? This puzzle was analyzedand discussed in detail recently by Bruce D Barnett (seereference 1). If you don't play Risk, however, don't beconcerned—the important thing for our purposes here isthat this problem provides a good sample task to exercisethe capabilities of the FLOPTRAN-IV compiler.

There are a few significant items to note in theFLOPTRAN-IV program of listing 2. First, since FLOP-TRAN does not allow the appearance of uncompiled con-stants in an arithmetic statement, the first statement inline 3 could not be written as "A = A —1". Instead, it wasnecessary to define a variable name with the letter O (for"One") to be equal to one, as in the assignment "LET0 = 1" in line 1. Then the arithmetic statement to decre-ment A can be correctly written as "A=A —O" (line 3).

While the necessity to define constants in arithmeticstatements is an occasional inconvenience, it gives thecompiler a great speed advantage. In fact, one of theslowest and most wasteful operations in an interpretedBASIC program is the conversion of every written-outASCII numeric constant into binary each time it is en-countered. Because of this, it is a recommended practicein BASIC to define a variable for any constant that isrepeatedly used, in order to avoid repeatedly convertingthe constant from ASCII-encoded decimal to binary.FLOPTRAN forces the user to follow this efficient pro-cedure.

220 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE October 1980

221

Statement DescriptionType

Examples

LET initialize a variable during compilation;

must be 60 characters or less, cannot use variables

LETA=1

LET B = EXP(2)/2

PRINT output a variable's value to screen;

gives 1 space between values printed anda "return" at end

PRINT XPRINT P,Q;RPRINT

INPUT read in a number from keyboard(prompts with variable name)

INPUT ZINPUT J;K,L

IF conditional branch: the GOTO or GOSUBfollowing will be executed if the variableafter the IF is nonzero; skipped otherwise

IF S GOTO 0IF T GOSUB 255

GOTO unconditional transfer to line number

GOTO 89

GOSUB subroutine call; returns to statementfollowing GOSUB when done

GOSUB 176

REM remarks; skip to next line number

REM THIS IS A TEST

RETURN return from subroutine, and return toBASIC control at program end

RETURN

arithmetic perform the specified floating-pointarithmetic operation, statements canhave only one operation to right ofequals sign

C=DE = F + GH= -IJ = ATN(K)

Notes:

1. All variables must have single-letter alphabetic names.

2. All lines must be numbered 0 thru 255.

3. Variables must be initialized before use; failure to do this results

n a random ir

litial value.

Table 2: Summary of FLOPTRAN-IV syntax. Due to the nature of the compiler, the LET statement can be an expression of upto sixty characters but can use only arithmetic operators, functions, and constants. The arithmetic statement (which must not

use the word LET) can use variables only and can contain, at most,

one operator

or function.

A second item to note is the method used (in lines 25,29, 33, 39, 43, 45, and 51) to compare the relativemagnitudes of two variables. In line 25, for example, thereal question being asked is: "Is X less than W?" SinceFLOPTRAN-IV can only test for zero versus nonzero inits IF statement, the programmer must set up a testvariable, Q in this case, that will answer the desired ques-tion by being either nonzero for true or zero for false. Forexample, after the assignment "Q = X —W" in line 25, thestatement "Q = SGN(Q)" returns the value +1 if Q ispositive, 0 if Q is zero, and — 1 if Q is negative. By add-ing one in the statement "Q = Q + 0", the ultimate resultis that Q equals zero if and only if X is less than W.Within the framework of statements 25 and 27, thismeans that line 27 will be executed only when X is lessthan W.

Finally, note the "extra" RETURN statement at the endof the program (line 120). In BASIC, this statement iswrong and gives a RETURN WITHOUT GOSUB errormessage when the interpreter executes it; however, inFLOPTRAN-IV, the RETURN is necessary. It tells themicroprocessor that the machine-language routine,which was called by either SYS or USR, is finished andthat control now returns to the BASIC operating system.I neglected to include the RETURN in my first compila-tion of this sample program and was rather embarrassedwhen, after executing perfectly and printing out the cor-rect answers, the machine "crashed" and had to be resetfor further use.

Comparison of FLOPTRAN-IV and PET BASIC

A sophisticated optimizing compiler can usuallygenerate extremely efficient machine-language programs;a common result is a program that runs ten to a hundredtimes faster than an equivalent interpreted version.FLOPTRAN doesn't do quite that well, although its per-formance is significantly better than that of PET BASICin all my tests.

For the i?is/c-odds-calculation program of listing 2, forexample, the program took 890 seconds (almost 15minutes) to reach the answer using the BASIC inter-preter. The FLOPTRAN-IV compiled version finished inonly 97 seconds, which gives a speed advantage of betterthan 9 to II (Although it is possible that some speed couldbe gained by rewriting the BASIC program to use FOR-NEXT loops and other structures unavailable inFLOPTRAN-IV, I estimate it would be a small improve-ment, probably less than a factor of 2.)

The original BASIC program used as the FLOPTRANsource code occupies 627 bytes plus 126 bytes forvariables, for a total of 753 bytes. The compiled FLOP-TRAN program is bigger, taking 1437 bytes plus its stan-dard 130-byte table of twenty-six variables (not all ofwhich are used in this program), for a total of 1567 bytes.The compilation time for this program is about 4.5minutes, most of which is spent writing to tape.

Another simple test program, one that doesn't showsuch a great speed advantage for the FLOPTRAN com-piler, is a program to factor a large odd number by trying

222 October 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc

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Circle 146 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

223

3a

Hexadecimal

Function of

Address

Routine

0000

USR(P)

CED6

SORP

CED9

SAND P

D264

FRE(P)

D285

POS(P)

D349

STR$

D5C4

CHR$

D5D8

LEFTS

D604

RIGHTS

D60F

MIDS

D654

LEN

D663

ASC

D685

VAL

D6E6

PEEK

D728*

S - P

D73C

JSR D95E, then S

D73F*

S + P

D7AC

normalize P

D8BF

LOG(P)

D8FD

JSR D95E, Men S

D900*

S * P

+ p

Hexadecimal

Function of

Address

Routine

D95E

[(A)+ 100(Y)]—S, separating sign, set sign

comparison, return with (BO) in A

D9E4*

S/ P

DA74

[(A)+ 100(Y)]-P, separating sign

DAA6

roundoff(P)-[(X)+ 100(Y)], merging sign

DACE

S-P

DADE

P—S, with rounding

DAE1

P—S, without rounding

DAED

roundoff(P)

DAFD

SGN(P)-A

DBOB

SGN(P)

DB2A

ABS(P)

DB9E

INT(P)

DE24

SQR(P)

DE2E*

S t P

DEAO

EXP(P)

DF45

RND(P)

DF9E

COS(P)

DFA5

SIN(P)

DFEE

TAN(P)

E048

ATN(P)

3b

Hexadecimal Address

Examples: Hexadecimal Values

of Bytes for

S pseudoregister P pseudoregister

Contents

S = e P = tt/2= 2.71828...

B8 BO

exponent + 80

82 81

B9 B1

fraction, mostsignificant byte

AD C9

BA B2

fraction, byte 2

F8 OF

BB B3

fraction, byte 3

54 DA

BC B4

fraction, leastsignificant byte

59 A2

BD B5

sign

00 FF

BE —

sign comparison

FF —

BF —

roundoff byte

00 —

3c

Hexadecimal Value stored in floating (merged sign)

Address notation

CDBC 7T

DDE3 1/2

E01A ir/2

E01F 2*

E024 1/4

Table 3: Overview of useful addresses and constants used by the original-version PET. Table 3a is a list of entry points tosubroutines within the PET's read-only-memory firmware. Table 3b explains the makeup of the two floating-pointpseudoregisters P and S. Table 3c gives the locations of five constants stored in the read-only-memory area of the PET. In table3a, the routines marked with an asterisk (ie: all arithmetic operations) must be set up before execution as follows: hexadecimallocation 00BE must contain the exclusive-OR of the contents of hexadecimal locations 00B5 and 00BD. Also, the contents ofhexadecimal location 00B0 must be placed in the 6502 accumulator.

all odd numbers as potential divisors, from 3 up to thesquare root of the number. The compiled FLOPTRANcode takes 60 seconds to factor the number 567,890,123;the same program run in PET BASIC requires 201seconds, a speed advantage of better than 3 to 1 for theFLOPTRAN compiler. But, after the BASIC program hasbeen rewritten for speed, the revised program executes in101 seconds, giving a speed advantage of 1.7 to 1 forcompiled FLOPTRAN.

One of the reasons that the BASIC interpreter does nothave much of a disadvantage in this factorization prob-lem is that the BASIC program needs to use only a fewvariables, so that little time is wasted scanning through avariable table. Also, this program performs very littledecimal-to-binary conversion and a small amount ofbranching from one line number to another (whichrequires more BASIC scanning to find the target line).These three factors contribute to this problem's lower

224

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

JUST A "BIT" OF INFORMATIONIN SIX COMPLETE GUIDES

Handbook of Microprocessors, Microcomputersand Minicomputers

John Lenk

This invaluable guide describes and identifies thecapabilities of the most popular lines ofmicroprocessors available today.

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Lance Leventhal and William WalshThis reference provides a collection of laboratory ex-periments, emphasizing practical control applica-tions in engineering design.1980,384 pp. $13.95 Paper

Interactive Computer Graphics: Data Structures,Algorithms, LanguagesWolfgang Ciloi

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BYTE October 1980

225

Listing 2: Sample FLOPTRAN-1V program. This program calculates the possible outcomes of a dice roll in the game Risk, with theattacker rolling three dice and the defender rolling two dice. See text for details.

LIST -120

1

LET

F=0

:LET

G=0

:LET

H=0

:LET

J=0

:LET

A=7

:LET

B=4

:LET

C=4

:LET

0=1

3

A=A

•0

:IF A GOTO 9

4

60T(

100

s

LET

B=6

7

LET

A=6

9

LET

D=7

:LET

E=6

1

D=D

-0

:IF

D 60T0 21

13 E=E-0

29 Q*U-U

:IF E 60T0

17

:Q=SGN(0):Q=0+0

15 60T0 3

:IF Q GOTO

39

17 LET B=4

31 T=U:U=V

21 1=1+0

iV=T

23 V=A

33 Q=X-M

:U=B

:Q=SGN(0>

:X=C

:Q=Q+0

:Y=D

:IF Q GOTO

39

:Z=E

35 T=X

25 Q=X-U

:X=U

:Q=SGN(Q)

:U=T

:Q=Q+0

:IF Q GOTO

29

39 Q=Z-Y

:0=SGN(Q)

27 T=X

:0=Q+0

:X=U

:IF Q GOTO

43

iU«l

41

T=ZZ=Y.Y=T

43

D=Z-X:Q=SGN(Q):Q=Q+0

:IF Q GOTO

51

45

Q=V-U

:Q=56N(Q):Q=Q+0

:IF Q GOTO

53

47

GOTO 41

51

Q=Y-U:Q=S6N(Q>:0=Q+0

:IF Q GOTO

71

53

G=G+0:60T0 11

41 F=F+0■•GOTO 11

71 H=H+0:G0T0 11

100 B=B-0

:IF B GOTO 7

110 C=C-Q

:IF C GOTO 5

120 PRINT F,G,H:F=F/I:G=G/I:H=H/I

-.PRINT F,G,H:RETURN

Notes on CHEEP PRINT

CHEEP PRINT is a software/hardware combinationinvented by Charles A McCarthy (1359 W Idaho Ave,St Paul MN 55708) to print the listings given in thisarticle; it allows a user with a printer and modem tointerface the two to a personal computer. Functional-ly, CHEEP PRINT produces a rapid sequence of 2025and 2225 Hz tones (via a short machine-language pro-gram) that are converted into RS-232C ASCIIcharacter data by a standard Bell-103a-type modem.When storing programs, a simple low-pass filter isinserted between the computer and the cassetterecorder to smooth the output waveform for thecassette recorder. A BASIC driver program formatsthe program listing and passes characters, one at atime, to the machine-language subroutine thatgenerates the tones.

In this implementation, a Commodore PET micro-computer and a Teletype Model 43 are used. Themachine-language subroutine for the PET is shortenedby the use of the internal clock and programmableshift register of a 6522 VIA (Versatile InterfaceAdapter) chip within the PET; these are used togenerate the required square-wave tones, which aremade available on the CB2 pin of the PET's user port.

execution time. On the other hand, the Risk program usesmany variables and branches, giving the FLOPTRANcompiled program more of an edge there.

Final Remarks

When the FLOPTRAN-IV compiler program is run, theresult is a set of numbers that have been written to thePET's cassette tape drive. This tape, which contains thelocation and contents of the machine-language programthat is the compiled equivalent of the given FLOPTRAN-IV source program, must be loaded into memory before

the compiled program can be run. This is done by run-ning the FLOPTRAN-IV loader program in listing 3.

This short BASIC program reads in the starting addressfor the compiled code (in the variable PC, which serves asa program counter), POKEs the following numbers intoconsecutive memory locations until it encounters a —1end-of-program marker (written to the tape by line 60060of listing 1), then reads in the addresses and correction-bytes to put into those GOTO and GOSUB instructionsthat need them. A final — 1, written to tape by line 61000of listing 1, ends the loading process.

The loader program prints out the starting and endingaddresses of the compiled code so that the user can checkthat no data blocks were dropped by the PET's taperecorder. I did not include a subroutine in the FLOP-TRAN compiler to force the PET's tape-recorder motorto leave extra gaps between data blocks (if necessary, thiscan be done with a POKE 59411,53 instruction). Instead,I have added a 5000 to 10,000 fi¥ capacitor which is con-nected across the motor terminals during recording; thisautomatically causes the recorder to leave enough space.The discharging capacitor makes the motor run on forsome time after it would normally stop. If your machineneeds longer gaps, you may add the above POKE state-ment, perhaps between lines 49100 and 49120 (this iswithin the frequently called subroutine which fetches thenext nonblank character).

By choosing the starting address for the compiled pro-gram appropriately, you can load the compiled programinto memory and then load a monitor program that willallow you to save the compiled code as a binary machine-language file. Generally these binary files are much morereliable than ASCII data files, and of course, they loadmuch faster.

You can also locate a compiled program in the video-display area of memory, locations decimal 32,768 thru33,791, provided that the program is small enough to fit.Running such a program gives very interesting visualeffects.

226

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

0S-9™LEVEL TWO MULTIUSEROPERATING SYSTEM

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acilitates testing and debugging ofmachine- language programs.

■ Includes common "monitor"functions: memory examine/change,breakpoints, display/change registers, etc.

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BASIC 09 is a trademark of Motorola. OS-9 is atrademark of Motorola and Micro-ware®. UNIX is atrademark of Bell Telephone Laboratories.

Most software is available on ROM,diskette and tape in versions for manypopular 6809 computers. Source listingsand yearly maintenance/update serviceare sold separately for most programs.

*Specify manufacturer and type of CPUand I/O controllers. Contact Microware®for specific availability.

MICROWARG

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Circle 148 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

227

SORCERERSOFTWARE!

Unless otherwise noted, all programs are on cassette andrequire only 8K of memory.

FORTH

new! Now Sorcerer owners can enjoy the convenience and speed of the fascinating FORTHprogramming language. Based on FIGFORTH and written by James Albanese, this versionwas designed especially for the Sorcerer and includes the capability to read and write data(screens) to cassette tape and a complete on-screen editor. Requires at least 16K of RAM.

new! GRAPHICS ANIMATION by Lee Anders. This package provides the BASIC program-mer with a powerful set of commands for graphics and animation. The program is written inmachine language but is loaded together with your BASIC program and graphics definitionswith a CLOAD command. Any image from a character to a large graphic shape may beplotted, moved, or erased with simple BASIC commands. Encounters of plotted charactersets with background characters are detected and background images are preserved. Con-tains a medium resolution plotting routine. A keyboard routine detects key presses withoutcarriage returns. Includes a separate program for constructing images. $29.95

new! STARBASE HYPERION'" by Don Ursem. At last, a true strategic space game for theSorcerer! Defend a front-line Star Fortress against invasion forces of an alien empire. Youcreate, deploy, and command entire ship squadrons as well as ground defenses in thiscomplex tactical simulation of war in the far future. Written in BASIC and Z-80 code. Fullgraphics and realtime combat status display. Includes full instructions and STARCOM battlemanual. Requires at least 16K of RAM. $17.95

new! HEAD-ON COLLISION™ by Lee Anders. You are driving clockwise and a computer-controlled car is driving counter clockwise. The computer's car is trying to hit you head on,but you can avoid a collision by changing lanes and adjusting your speed. At the same timeyou try to drive over dots and diamonds to score points. Three levels of play, machinelanguage programming, and excellent graphics make this game challenging and exciting forall. At least 16K of RAM is required. $14.95

new! LUNAR MISSION by Lee Anders. Land your spacecraft softly on the moon bycontrolling your craft's three propulsion engines. Avoid lunar craters and use your limitedfuel sparingly. You can see both a profile view of the spacecraft coming down and a planview of the landing area. Land successfully and you get to view an animated walk on themoon. Nine levels of play provide a stiff challenge to the most skillful astronaut. Requires atleast 16K of RAM. $14.95

new! HANGMAN/MASTERMIND by Charles Finch. Two traditional games are brought to lifeby Sorcerer graphics. HANGMAN has three different vocabulary levels for you to choosefrom. In MASTERMIND, the computer selects a four-character code and you have to uncoverit. These two games provide an enjoyable way for young people to develop their vocabularyand their logical reasoning ability. Written in BASIC. $11.95

QS SMART TERMINAL by Bob Pierce. Convert your Sorcerer to a smart terminal. Used with amodem, this program provides the capability for you to communicate efficiently and saveconnect time with larger computers and other microcomputers. The program formatsincoming data from time-sharing systems such as The Source for the Sorcerer video.Incoming data can be stored (downloaded) into a file in RAM. Files, including programs, maybe saved to or loaded from cassette, listed on the video, transmitted out through yourmodem, or edited with an on-board text editor. Interfaces with BASIC and the WordProcessor Pac. $49.95

DPXT" (Development Pac Extension) by Don Ursem. Serious Z80 program developers willfind this utility program to be invaluable. Move the line pointer upward. Locate a word orsymbol. Change a character string wherever it occurs. Simple commands allow you to lumpdirectly from EDIT to MONITOR or DDT80 modes and automatically set up the I/O you wantfor listings. Built-in serial driver. Stop and restart listings. Abort assembly with the ESC key.Save backup files on tape at 1200 baud. Load and merge files from tape by file name.Versions for 8K, 16K, 32K, and 48K Sorcerer all on one cassette. Requires the Sorcerer'sDevelopment Pac. $29.95

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SHAPE MAKER'" by Don Ursem. An on-screen character maker $14.95

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SOFTWARE INTERNALS MANUAL by Vic Tolomei. A 64-page book $14.95

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NIKE II'" by Charles Finch and Bob Broffel $11.95

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WHERE TO GET IT: Ask your nearest Sorcerer dealer to see Quality Software's Sorcererprograms. Or, if you prefer, you may order directly from us. MasterCharge and Visa card-holders may telephone their orders and we will deduct $1 from orders over $19 to compen-sate for phone charges. Or mail your order to the address above. California residents add 6%sales tax. Shipping Charges: Within North America orders must include $1.50 for first classshipping and handling. Outside North America the charge for airmail shipping and handlingis $5.00 — payable in U.S. currency.•The name "SORCERER" has been Irademarked by Exidy. Inc.

Listing 3: FLOPTRAN-IV loader program. This program is exe-cuted to transfer the compiled FLOPTRAN-IV program fromthe PET cassette tape drive into memory. See the "How to Usethe FLOPTRAN-IV Compiler" text box for details.

10 OPEN 1: INPUT #1, PC: PRINT "BEGIN AT"; PC20 INPUT #1, A: IF A= >0 THEN POKE PC,A:

PC-PC+1: GOTO 2030 PRINT "END AT"; PC-1

40 INPUT #1, PC: IF PC<0 THEN CLOSE i: END50 INPUT #1,A: POKE PC,A: INPUT #1,A:

POKE PC+ 1,A: GOTO 40

What other logical improvements can be made to makeFLOPTRAN faster and more useful? String-handlingcapabilities sometimes come in handy; it would not behard to allow the compiled program to recognize stringvariables and print them when requested, though I'm notsure how you would go about manipulating strings.

Perhaps the compiler should not allocate a fixedamount of space to a table of only twenty-six variables;instead, it might define variables when needed by theprogram. Arrays of variables, which are also valuable tohave, should not be hard to implement.

FLOPTRAN suffers from the simplicity of itsconditional-branching structure; an IF statement thatcould test for conditions other than zero/nonzero wouldbe a profitable addition. It also would be good to have alooping structure available, similar to BASIC'SFOR...NEXT, or perhaps like FORTRAN'S DO-loop.Even a simple decrement-and-skip-on-zero calculator-type instruction would save time and space in many pro-gramming situations. Simple integer variables and integerarithmetic might also be worth having for many tasks.

I've resisted pursuing some of the above modificationsto FLOPTRAN-IV in order to retain the language's com-patibility with BASIC; perhaps that compatibility shouldbe given up in exchange for more power and efficiency.

I would be interested to hear from readers who haveused or improved upon FLOPTRAN or who haveadapted it to other machines. The idea of a tiny compilerthat uses an existing BASIC interpreter (especially onethat permanently resides in read-only memory) is a sim-ple idea, but I haven't seen it discussed in print. It is possi-ble that if a manufacturer were to have a few hundred toa couple of thousand bytes of read-only memoryavailable beyond the BASIC interpreter, he could put abetter version of a FLOPTRAN-like compiler in thatspace so that it would always be available. InterpretedBASIC is wonderful, but there are some programmingjobs that need more speed and efficiency — jobs only acompiled language can fill.B

Reference

Barnett, Bruce D, "How to Program a Complex Problem," PersonalComputing, September 1979, pages 26 to 30.

Acknowledgments

/ would like to thank Jim Butterfield and Charles A McCarthy forhelpful ideas and programming tools, without which FLOPTRANwould have taken far longer to develop.

228

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 149 on inquiry card.

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4-Quadranl Arctangent Function, Rectangular/Polar Conversion and Complex Number Math-ematics. Minimum and Maximum Values ot an Array. Roots of Polynomials with Real Coefficients.Inverse Laplace Transforms of a Transfer Function. Solution of Simultaneous Equations with Realand Complex Coefficients. #26004 $16 95

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Sams Books

Circle 150 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

229

NEECO

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BYTE October 1980

Symbolic Math Using BASIC

David R StoutemyerThe Soft Warehouse

POB 11174Honolulu HI 96828

This article describes a simple BASIC program that ex-pands polynomials. For example, when given an expres-sion such as:

(5*+ 7) (2x+3)3

the program produces as output the corresponding fullyexpanded polynomial:

40x" + 236x3 + 522a:2 + 513* +189

Written in ANSI (American National Standards Institute)minimal BASIC, this program requires only a single smallone-dimensional numeric array, integer arithmetic, androom for 110 simple BASIC statements. In fact, the pro-gram can be adapted to the HP-41C and TI-59 program-mable pocket calculators.

Symbolic-mathematics systems have long beenavailable for large computers. The muMATH-79 soft-ware developed by The Soft Warehouse and distributedby Microsoft, 10800 NE 8th, Suite 819, Bellevue WA,98004, brought sophisticated symbolic math tomicrocomputers based on the Intel 8080, 8085 and ZilogZ80 microprocessors. However, symbolic-math systemsare currently unavailable for microcomputers andminicomputers based on other processors, and many8080-, 8085-, or Z80-based installations lack the requisiteminimum of 32 K bytes of programmable memory, afloppy-disk drive, and the TRSDOS, CP/M, CDOS, orIMDOS operating system currently necessary to runmuMATH. Consequently, to make some symbolic mathavailable on those computers for which a full-fledged

About the Author,

David Stoutemyer, a partner of The Soft Warehouse, is a professorof electrical engineering at the University of Hawaii. The author ofover twenty technical articles, he received bachelor's and master'sdegrees in engineering from the California Institute of Technologyand MIT, followed by a doctorate in computer science from Stanford.

system is not yet available, this article presents a compactpolynomial expansion program written in BASIC.Though nowhere near as flexible, general, or robust asmuMATH, this program is useful, nonetheless, and itprovides an educational exposure to the idea ofcomputer symbolic math.

Program Outline

Many BASIC programs include mathematical expres-sions intended for numerical evaluation, but for asymbolic-math program we also want the ability to inputand print data consisting of mathematical expressions.One way to accomplish this is to input and print expres-sions as character strings. For example, letting thevariable named A$ store a string representing an unex-panded expression and letting the variable named B$store the corresponding expanded polynomial derived bythe program, a symbolic-math program could have thefollowing outline:

100

INPUT A$

. . .

derive B$ from A$

900

PRINT B$

910

GO TO 100

920

END

The interactive input would be a sequence of string ex-pressions (written in BASIC style) such as:

X * (2*X + 1) t 2

The program could use substring extraction to dismantleA$ for analysis, while using insertion or catenation toconstruct the corresponding B$. Equivalently, A$ and B$could be arrays of one-character strings, using subscriptsto dismantle the input and assemble the output.

However, many of the most prevalent small BASICimplementations do not provide substring extraction, in-sertion, catenation, or arrays of characters. For example,TRS-80 Level I BASIC lacks these facilities.

232 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

The Cashier*The Order Scheduler

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Chem Lab Simulations #1Chem Lab Simulations #2

Some Common Basic Programs*

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Circle 154 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980 233

X

y = (2x

-1)(x + 1)2

-2

-1012

(-4--(-2-

(0(2(4

)(-2 + D' =)(-1+1) =-1)(0 + 1) =

-D0+D=

-D(2 + D =

-50

-1

4

27

Table 1: Sample evaluations of a factored polynomial. Aspart of the expansion process of the factored equationy = (2x — l) (x + 1) , the right-hand side is evaluated foreach of five sampled values of x. These results are used intable 2.

K

x»

y*

Val

ties of d

1

-2

-5

2

-1

0

5

3

0

-1

-1

-6

4

1

4

5

6 12

5

2

27

23

18 12

0

Table 2: Difference table of evaluated polynomial. In thisexample, the right-hand side of y = (2x — l) (x+1) isevaluated at each of five points xk, giving the resulting ykvalues. A given number in the d section is calculated as thedifference of the number to the immediate left of the givennumber and the number immediately above the givennumber; for example, the number 23 equals 27 minus 4.For each row, d, is the rightmost number in the d section,d2 is the number (if any) to its left, and so on.

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This interpolation algorithm allows usto determine the coefficients for theexpanded polynomial.

Actually, insertion or catenation is not reallynecessary. As they are derived, we can print the piecesthat would otherwise successively be catenated onto theright side of B$, using semicolons to suppress line feedsand carriage returns between these pieces.

The need for substring extraction or an array ofcharacters cannot be eliminated as conveniently for ex-pression input. However, the program in this article usesan indirect evaluation-interpolation technique to circum-vent the need for string variables. This makes the pro-gram suitable for virtually every version of BASIC. Thetechnique is applicable to more general expressions, butto keep the program small and educational, let us con-sider only polynomials in a variable named x of a degreeless than some specified positive integer constant, n.

Given a set of n distinct values of x, together with thecorresponding values of a function y(x):

Ui , yi), (x2, yi), ..., (xn, y„),

there is a unique polynomial of a degree less than n thatpasses through these points:

32E.MainStreet*MilanMichigan4816O«(313)439-1400

+ a„

+

x + au with m < n

Moreover, there is a relatively simple and fast algorithmfor determining m and the coefficients of the expandedform, «,, a2, ..., am, from the pairs (x,, y,),(*2, Vt), •■■ (xn, yj. Thus, no matter how y{x) is written,if y(x) is equivalent to a polynomial of a degree less thann, then evaluation of the expression at n points followedby application of this interpolation algorithm allows usto determine the coefficients for the expanded form ofthis polynomial.

For example, suppose we specify n = 5 and y=(2x — 1)(x + 1) . We are free to choose any distinct values of x. Letus make them small-magnitude integers centered aroundzero, in order to simplify calculating the correspondingvalues of y. The results of these calculations are given intable 1.

The interpolation algorithm determines that the uniquepolynomial of a degree less than 5 applied to these fivepairs is described as:

p = 2x3 + ix1 — 1.

Since y is also a polynomial of a degree less than 5, p andy must be different forms of the same polynomial. Notethat:

• We never formally expanded the expression for y.Although such an expansion is trivial for this exam-ple, manual expansion is increasingly laborious andfraught with opportunities for blunders with increas-ing degree and size of coefficients.

• The algorithm works even when n exceeds the degree

234 October 1980 © byte Publications fee Circle 155 on inquiry card.

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Circle 156 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

235

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The algorithm is adapted so that onlyinteger arithmetic is involved.

of the result by more than 1, albeit at the expense ofcomputing space and time. The space requirementsgrow only linearly with n, and the time requirementsgrow quadratically with n, so even the slowestBASIC interpreters on the slowest microcomputerscan generally treat values of n of at least 10 in a fewseconds. As will be demonstrated, a more seriousconsequence of having n much larger than necessaryis the possibility of overflow or excessive roundofferror due to the limited range and precision of typicalBASIC integer or floating-point arithmetic. A simplestrategy for minimizing such evils is to choose suc-cessive integers centered around zero for x values, aswe have done.• When y(x) is not a polynomial of a degree less than n,then p is merely a polynomial approximation of y(x).However, even such approximations are often of in-terest. Moreover, it should usually be clear to a userwhether or not an expression can be expanded into apolynomial. If so, there is also usually an obviousreasonable bound on its degree to use for n.

Overview of the Algorithm

Before proceeding to the details of the interpolationalgorithm, let us outline the program to summarize thediscussion so far. (See listing 1.)

In order to expand an expression, the user merelyreplaces the line in the program containing:

y = (2x-l) (x+1)2

with the desired example. The line setting n in step 1 oflisting 1 may also require adjustment. Then the usersimply types the BASIC command RUN. To expand a se-quence of polynomials, the user repeatedly modifies theseone or two lines of the program between runs.

This technique is not as interactive as our originalstring-based outline because the unexpanded expressionmust occur as a line of the program rather than as aresponse to an INPUT request. The line containing theunexpanded expression could be made into a subroutineto divorce it from the rest of the program, but the linewould still be part of the program rather than data.Nevertheless, given the semi-interactive nature of BASICinterpreters, and the fact that only one or two lines needto be changed between runs, the interpolation techniqueis tolerably interactive.

Interpolation Details

The interpolation step is relatively simple in com-parison with most scientific computations, but those whoare intimidated by detail may prefer to postpone readingthis section until after reading the subsequent ones andtrying the program. The program can be typed in andused without understanding how it works.

First, we construct a difference table for the values ofy. (See table 2.)

In table 2, k represents the consecutive integers 1 thru

Text continued on page 242

236 October 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 157 on inquiry card.

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Listing 1: Outline of an evaluation-interpolation algorithm forexpanding a factored polynomial.

1. Set n to a sufficiently large but not extravagant positive in-teger.

2. Initialize x to - INT(n/2).

3. For k= 1 to n

Evaluate y from an unexpanded formula such as

y = (2x-l)(x+lfIncrement x by 1Next k.

4. Cbnstruct the coefficients of the interpolated polynomialhaving degree less than n.

5. Print the polynomial in algebraic form.

6. End program.

Listing 2: Algorithm for computing the coefficients of an ex-panded polynomial, given its forward differences.

for k= 1 to m— 1

for j = m - 1 to k step - 1d/= dy - dj.tXy-itt

next jnext k

Listing 3: Listing for polynomial-expansion routine. Many ofthe most prevalent versions of BASIC are incompatible witheven ANSI minimal BASIC, so minor changes may benecessary to run this program on some installations.However, this program uses such elementary features thatany necessary changes will almost certainly be merely syn-tactic. For example, the DIM statement and the word THEN inIF statements must be deleted for TRS-80 Level I BASIC. Theprogram can even be adapted to a BASIC that supports no ar-rays by expanding the loops for a particular N, using M = N,and using a scalar named Al for A(l), A2forA(2), etc, orusingany other unemployed names.

10 REM, Simple polynomial expansion program.

20 REM,

30 REM, Copyright © 1980 by The Soft Warehouse,

40 REM, Box 11174, Honolulu, Hawaii 96828.

50 REM,

60 REM, Permission hereby granted to freely modify, duplicate,and

70 REM, use, provided all remarks with leading commas are re-tained,

80 REM, and provided all deletions, insertions and modifications

90 REM, are indicated by remarks without leading commas.

100 REM,

110 REM, Write for info about more powerful symbolic math pro-grams.

120 REM,

130 REM, Reference, BYTE magazine, October 1980.

140 REM,

150 REM, To use, replace the right side of the assignment

160 REM, "LET Y = ..." near the beginning of the program with

170 REM, the desired unexpanded polynomial in X, then RUN.

180 REM,

190 REM, Declare X, Y, C, and array A to be maximum allowableprecision.

200 REM,

210 REM, Set N to 1 more than maximum allowable degree ofresult:

220 REM, (increase if insufficient; decrease if overflow, excessive

230 REM, roundoff, or excessive time). N must be at least 2.

240 REM,

250 REM,

260 LET N = 5

270 REM, -

280 REM,

290 REM, Dimension array A to have at least N elements:

300 REM,

310 DIM A(15)

320 REM,

330 REM, Sample polynomial at N points:

Listing 3 continued on page 240

238 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 160 on inquiry card.

Anatomyof a

ThreadedLanguage

*ve

^Ha

S*es?

^ <**<*>,

*fiier

Threaded languages (such asFORTH) are an exciting new class of languages.They are compact and fast, giving the speed of assemblylanguage with the programming ease of BASIC, and combine featuresfound in no other programming languages. An increasing number of people are usingthem, but few know much about how they work. Is a threaded language interpreted or compiled?How much memory overhead does it require? Just what is an "inner interpreter"? Threaded In-terpretive Languages, by R. G. Loeliger, concentrates on the development of an interactive, ex-tensible language with specific routines for the ZILOG Z80 microprocessor. With the core inter-preter, assembler, and data type defining words covered in the text, it is possible to design and im-plement programs for almost any application imaginable. Since the language itself is highlysegmented into very short routines, it is easy to design equivalent routines for different processorsand produce an equivalent threaded interpretive language for other development systems. If youare interested in learning how to write better FORTH programs or you want to design your ownpowerful, but low-cost, threaded language specific to your needs, this book is for you.

m

This and other BYTE/McGraw-Hillbooks are available from BYTEBooks or your local computer store.

Please send □

ISBN 0-07-038360-XPrice $18.95

copies of Threaded Interpretive Languages

Name

Title

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Available In Nov. 1980

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Code

tain

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Add 75<t per book to cover postage and handling.Please remit in U.S. funds or draw on a U.S. Bank.

BIO

Circle 162 on inquiry card.

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Listing 3 continued:

340 REM,

350 LET L = - INT(N/2)

360 LET X = L

370 FOR K = 1 TO N

380 REM, ******* **

390 LET Y = (2*X - 1) * (X + 1) t 2

400 REM ***«♦*******«•»*«*♦**••««••*»**

410 ' LET A(K) = Y

420 LETX = X+l

430 NEXT K

440 REM,

450 REM, Compute forward differences:

460 REM,

470

LET M =1

480

FORK = 2TON

490

FOR J = NTOKSTEP -1

500

LETA(J) = A(J) -A(J-l)

510

NEXT J

520

IF A(K) = 0 THEN 540

530

LET M = K

540

NEXTK

550 REM,

560 REM, Scale coefficients:

570 REM,

580

LET C = 1

590

FORK = M-l TO 1 STEP -1

600

LET C = C*K

610

LET A(K) = C'A(K)

620

NEXTK

630 REM,

640 REM, Compute coefficients of expanded polynomial:

650 REM,

660

LETU = L + M-l

670

FORK = l TO M-l

680

LETU = U-l

690

LET X = U

700

FOR J = M-l TO K STEP -1

710

LETA(J) = A(J) - X*A(J + 1)

720

LETX = X-l

730

NEXT J

740

LET A(K) = A(K)/C

750

NEXTK

760

LET A(M) = A(M)/C

770 REM,

780 REM, Print polynomial:

790 REM,

800

LET Z = 1

810

IFM = 1 THEN 1040

820

FOR K = M TO 2 STEP -1

830

IFA(K) = 0THEN 1000

840

IF Z = 0 THEN 920

850

IFA(K)<>-1 THEN 870

860

PRINT"-";

870

IF ABS (A(K)) = 1 THEN 960

880

GOTO 940

890

PRINT " - ";

900

A(K) = -A(K)

910

GOTO 940

920

IF A(K)<0 THEN 890

930

PRINT " + ";

940

IF A(K)=1 THEN 960

950

PRINT A(K); "*";

960

PRINT " X ";

970

IF K = 2 THEN 990

980

PRINT" t "; K-l;

990

Z = 0

1000

NEXTK

1010

IF A(1)<0THEN 1070

1020

IF A(1) = 0THEN 1050

1030

PRINT " + ";

1040

PRINT A(K);

1050

PRINT

1060

STOP

1070

PRINT " - ";

1080

A(l) = -A(l)

1090

GOTO 1040

1100

END

240 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 163 on inquiry card.

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This Inventory Control system presents a general method of Inventory Control and pro-duces several important reports. Its program includes:

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BYTE October 1980

241

My first exposure to a symbolicmathematics system was a delightfulsurprise.

Text continued from page 236:

n. Each entry in the four d columns is equal to the entryto its left minus the one above that. If we designate therightmost entry in each row by d,, d2, ..., d„, beginningwith d, =y2 — y,, then the interpolated polynomial can beexpressed as:

, , d2(x—x,) , ds(x — Xi) (x—x2)rf,+ 1 + Yx~2

+

d„(x-x,) (x-x2) ... (x-x„.,)

1X2X3X

Xn

Thus, for our example,p = -5 + 5(x + 2) -

6U + 2) jx + 1)

12U + 2) (x + l)x OU + 2) (x + l)x{x-l)6 24

Note that, since we are only interested in the rightmostelement in each row, we can avoid wasting space on atwo-dimensional array by letting dk generally representthe current rightmost computer entry in row k, providedwe compute the entries one column at a time, from the

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bottom up. (See listing 3, lines 450 thru 550.)

The above so-called Newton-forward-difference formof the interpolated polynomial is fine for numericalevaluation of p for any specific value of x, which is theusual purpose of interpolation. However, we seek thecoefficients of the fully-expanded form, so a further pro-cessing phase is necessary.

Using appropriate multipliers to avoid divisions andpossible fractions at this point (see listing 3, lines 560 thru630), we then apply the algorithm given in listing 2. (Seelisting 3, lines 640 thru 770.) This gives us the desired ex-panded polynomial coefficients, which can be expressedby:

d„

for k = 1,2,

m.

As a practical matter, we can use the same array to storeyk, dk and ak for k = 1 to n.

Most numerical-analysis texts outline the theorybehind the Newton-forward-difference formula. Elemen-tary Numerical Analysis, by Conte and de Boor(McGraw-Hill, 1972), is one of the few texts that alsopresents an algorithm for transforming the polynomial toits fully expanded form. The above algorithm is adaptedfrom theirs so that only integer arithmetic is involved ifthe coefficients of the original unexpanded polynomialare all integers. This permits the program to work evenon integer-arithmetic versions of BASIC. Moreover, itoften reduces or eliminates round-off error on BASIC im-plementations that use floating-point arithmetic.

Limitations

The finite-precision arithmetic of most BASIC im-plementations imposes some important limitations onthis program. For example, on a version of BASIC offer-ing about eight decimal digits of precision, using « = 10,

(2x + 6)"

yields the exact result:

256xB + 6144*7 + 64512*6 + 387072*' + 1451520a:4+ 3483648x3 + 5225472a:2 + 4478976* + 1679616

but both of the "slightly larger" polynomials (3x + 6)and {2x + 6)" yield expanded results having absolutecoefficient errors as large as 22. The sample values of xare all exactly representable integers of small magnitude,and the same is true of the unexpanded coefficients forthese examples.

The problem is that the sample values of y, their dif-ferences, the product of these differences with the ap-propriate multipliers, and the final expanded coefficientscan be too large to be exactly representable. Moreover,relatively small, consequent roundoff errors committedat intermediate stages can easily propagate into relativelylarge roundoff errors only one step later.

Unexpanded expressions having fractional coefficientsare liable to behave worse in this regard, particularly ifany of the fractions are not exactly representable in thenumber base employed by the interpreter. For example,expanding the expression:

(x + 1/3)2

242 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 165 on inquiry card.

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when n = 5, on a binary implementation of BASIC hav-ing about eight decimal digits of accuracy, gives us:

2.48353 X10" V + 4.96705 X10" V + x +0.666667* + 0.111111

Although their coefficients are admittedly small, the ap-pearance of apparent terms where none should occur issomehow far more annoying than a modest, relative er-ror in the coefficient of a truly nonzero term.

Unexpanded coefficients that are fractions exactlyrepresentable in the underlying number base are less like-ly to wreak havoc. For example:

yields

(x + 1/2Y

x + x + 0.25

when n = 5, on the same version of BASIC. These dif-ficulties can be minimized by:

• declaring the relevant program variables to havethe maximum allowable precision offered by theBASIC being used;

• avoiding setting n much larger than necessary;

• phrasing problems to have small magnitude, in-teger coefficients insofar as possible (For example,perhaps a common denominator can be removedalong with a common divisor of the resulting coef-ficients);

• phrasing the problem to have the smallest possibledegree (For example, perhaps there is an obviouscommon factor x, which can. be removed, orperhaps the polynomial can be regarded as apolynomial in x ).

However, even practicing all of these frugalities, thelimitations are substantial. For example, it is optimistic toset n larger than a value found by dividing the underlyingnumber of significant digits in the arithmetic by thelargest number of digits in any coefficient of the unex-panded expression. Thus, the program is usable only forrelatively modest problems on a typical seven-digitBASIC, and the program is primarily an educationalcuriosity on a typical four-digit integer BASIC.

It gives one pause to realize that even traditional ap-plications of floating-point arithmetic can entail similarsensitivity to roundoff error and, worse yet, it is morelikely to go unnoticed. Indefinite-precision arithmetic,such as that provided by muMATH, overcomes thislimitation. However, most symbolic-math systems, in-cluding muMATH, are based entirely or predominantlyupon techniques other than evaluation and interpolation.

PICOMATH-80

After writing this article and the simple polynomial ex-pansion program given in listing 3, I decided to determinehow much further the evaluation-interpolation techniquecould be explored within the confines of a 4 K BASICprogram. The results were:

• It was trivial to extend the polynomial-expansionprogram to also optionally perform symbolic dif-ferentiation or integration. It was also possible to

244

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 167 on inquiry card.

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BYTE October 1980

245

extend the program to work with three variables.Some less trivial techniques reduced the sensitivityto roundoff error somewhat.Rational interpolation yields an analogous pro-gram that simplifies single-variable rational ex-pressions over a common denominator, reducedto lowest terms. For example:

1 +

simplifies to

■1 x + 1

x + 1

1 , 2x

T -5

Although rational interpolation expands poly-nomials as a special case, polynomial interpolationis generally more accurate when applicable.

• Two trigonometric interpolation formulas yield apair of analogous programs that perform manytrigonometric simplifications. For example:

sec x — tan x — 1

tan x + sec x — 1can be transformed into the equivalent

tan xand

sin(3;c) + 4 cos (x — jr/2) — 4 sin x cos2*simplifies to:

3 sin xThese programs are useful for Fourier analysis and

proof of trigonometric identities. Here too it wastrivial to optionally perform symbolic differentia-tion or integration.

Although limited by the underlying finite-precisionarithmetic of BASIC, the similar but independentpolynomial, rational, and trigonometric programs collec-tively span a large enough sample of problem classes toconstitute a demonstration symbolic-math package. Ac-cordingly, we have collected them together for distribu-tion under the name PICOMATH-80. By the time this ar-ticle appears, PICOMATH on tape cassettes withdocumentation should be available for at least the Apple,Atari 800, Exidy Sorcerer, Commodore PET, Texas In-struments 99/4, and Radio Shack TRS-80 Level II com-puters at most computer stores or from Programma Inter-national, 3400 Wilshire Blvd, Los Angeles CA 90010, for$19.95. The sixty-page manual contains usage directions,explanations of how the programs work, BASIC programlistings, and an adaptation guide for various dialects ofBASIC or other programming languages. The manual isavailable separately for $15.95 from Programma Interna-tional. Thus, PICOMATH is easily installed on virtuallyany computer.

Conclusion

I still recall my disappointment when I first realizedthat the first programming language I learned,FORTRAN, was essentially arithmetic. The same wastrue of my second and third programming languages, sothe first exposure to a symbolic-mathematics system wasa delightful surprise. Though much of the world's scien-tific computation is (and probably always will be)numerical, it seems likely that many of those who ex-perience symbolic mathematics will want their program-ming languages to fully support both types of computa-tion. Therefore, beware of trying the symbolic-math pro-gram in listing 3. Though it is almost certainly the mosttrivial and least powerful program of its type, symboliccomputer math can be addictive!■

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RTS motor start

•

CTS Data start

•

DB 25 or special

^0

connector optional

CC-9B Model

•

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Price $275.00

•

Wow & Flutter + .3%

CC-9 Model

•

Speed Stability (long

Price $225.00

term) + .1%

NATIONAL MULTIPLEXCORPORATION

260 Lackland Drive East

Middlesex, New Jersey 08846

Tel. (201) 356-9200 TWX 710-997-9530

At last...the

Typewriter Interface!

'A ^^

Turn your electric typewriter into a low cost, highquality hard copy printer. 1 Year Warranty

Dynatyper—the patented" RDI—I/O Pak is fast becoming the industrystandard for typewriter output. Why? Because:

1. It takes 2 minutes to initially install and 5 seconds to remove orreplace.

2. You do not have to modify your typewriter. All factory warrantiesand maintenance agreements on your typewriter will be honored.

3. You can use it with all powered carriage return typewriters thathave U.S. keyboard. Our Model I works with all non Selectrics andour Model II works with Selectrics. Conversion between modelstakes 2 minutes and the kit (26 plungers) is available for a nominalcharge.

4. You don't have to lug around a bulky printer when you travel. Ifthere is a typewriter at your destination, you can install the light(3 lbs.) I/O Pak in just 2 minutes.

5. Same interface for TRS-80, Apple and GPIB. Centronics and Petcompatible interfaces are available in third quarter 1980. Electricpencil available.

6. Delivery: Stock to two weeks. Price: $499. for the complete system,FOB Rochester, Domestic.

Over 1000 in operation today. VISA and MasterCard accepted. CallKen Yanicky at 716-385-4336.

•Patent Pending

3100 Monroe Avenue, Rochester, New York 14618

incorporated

NgW Produced and widely used in England and U.S.A.

COMPLETE BUSINESS PACKAGE

>

INCLUDES EVERYTHING FROM INVENTORY TO SALES SUMMARY

PROMPTS USER, VALIDATES EACH ENTRY, MENU DRIVEN

Approximately 60-100 entries/Inputs require only 2-4 hours weekly and your entire business is under control.

PROGRAMS ARE INTEGRATED-

SELECT FUNCTION BY NUMBER-

ETC

01 = ENTER NAMES/ADDRESS

02 = ENTER/PRINT INVOICES03= ENTER PURCHASES04 = ENTER A/C RECEIVABLES05= ENTER A/C PAYABLES06 = ENTER/UPDATE INVENTORY07= ENTER/UPDATE ORDERS

08 = ENTER/UPDATE BANKS

09 = EXAMINE/MONITOR SALES LEDGER10= EXAMINE/MONITOR PURCHASE LEDGER

11 = EXAMINE/MONITOR (INCOMPLETE RECORDS)

12 = EXAMINE PRODUCT SALES

13 = PRINT CUSTOMER STATEMENTS

14 = PRINT SUPPLIER STATEMENTS15= PRINT AGENT STATEMENTS16= PRINT TAX STATEMENTS17 = PRINT WEEK/MONTH SALES18= PRINT WEEK/MONTH PURCHASES19= PRINT YEAR AUDIT20= PRINT PROFIT/LOSS ACCOUNT

21 = UPDATE END MONTH FILES MAINTENANCE

22 = PRINT CASH FLOW FORECAST

23 = ENTER/UPDATE PAYROLL (NOT YET AVAILABLE)

24 = RETURN TO BASICWHICH ONE? (ENTER 1-24)

01 SUB. MENU EXAMPLE: 01 = EXAMINE: 02 = INSERT: 03 = AMEND: 04 = DELETE

05 = PRINT (1,2,3): 06 = NUMERIC COMBINATIONS: 07 = SORT

VERY FLEXIBLE. ADD YOUR OWN FUNCTIONS. EASY TO INTEGRATE.

All programs in BASIC for CP/M. PET. 6800

G. W. COMPUTERS LTD, the producers of this beautiful package in U.K.

WE EXPORT TO ALL COUNTRIES:

BARCLAYCARD ACCEPTED

CBM APPROVED

CP/M Ver. 9.00 is one 16 K core program

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CONTACT TONY WINTER 01-636-8210

BARCLAYCARD ACCEPTED

CBM APPROVED

CP/M Ver. 9.00 is one 16 K core program

using random access releasing both drives for

data storage, and 250 word vocabulary is

translatable in any foreign language.

£575 Stock Integrated Option + £100 Bank Integrated Option + £100

Circle 172 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

247

f

Throughput is the Only True Measure

of Computer Performance.

Want a 300% improvement in throughput compared to 2 MHzsystems? IEEE-compatible CompuPro boards are designed from theground up to operate at 6 MHz and beyond, dramatically increasingcomputing power and performance. Don't settle for less . . . selecthigh speed, high reliability S-100 products from CompuPro.

<

7

The DualProcessor Board

uses an 8088 CPU fortrue 16 bit power with an 8bit bus, and an 8085 for compati-bility with CP/M and 8080 software.SPECIAL LOW PRICES: $295 unkit, $425assm (both operate at 5 MHz); $525 qualifiedunder the high - reliability Certified SystemComponent program (with 5 MHz 8085 ,6 MHz 8088).

The Z80ACPU Board

includes on-boardfully maskable interruptsfor interrupt- driven systems, pro-vision for adding up to 8K of on-board EPROM,IEEE compatible 16/24 bit extended addressing,and much more. 4 MHz standard operation, butalso works with 6 MHz Z80s. $225 unkit, $295assm $395 CSC.

HIGH SPEED S-100 MEMORY and MOTHERBOARDS

RAM XX (with bank select AND extended addressing) is the perfect match for either CPU board — thanks tofully static operation, extremely low power consumption, and complete IEEE spec compatibility. All unkit andassembled memories work up to 5 MHz, while Certified System Component boards run up to 8 MHz and areguaranteed to work with 6 MHz Z80s. All CompuPro motherboards work up to 10 MHz.

unkit assm CSC

16K RAM XX-16 $349 $419 $519

24K RAM XX-24 $479 $539 $649

32K RAM XX-32 $649 $699 $799

20 slot motherboard with edge connectors $174 $214 n/a

12 slot motherboard with edge connectors $129 $169 n/a

6 slot motherboard with edge connectors $89 $129 n/a

SEE COMPUPRO PRODUCTS IN PERSON AT COMPUTER STORES WORLDWIDE, OR WRITE US DIRECT IF THERE'S NO STORE IN YOUR AREA.

TERMS: Cal res add tax. Allow 5% for shipping, excess refunded. VISA®/Mastercard® orders call (415) 562-0636, 24hours. Please include street address for UPS delivery. Sale prices good through cover month of magazine, other prices subjectto change without notice.

Bldg. 725, Oakland Airport, CA 94614

from

mm

ELECTRONICS

248

BYTE October 1980

Circle 173 on inquiry card.

Fully STATIC Memory

Our memories feature fully static design to eliminate dynamictiming problems, IEEE spec compatibility, 4/5 MHz operation, lowpower, extensive bypassing, and careful thermal design. Choosefrom unkit, assembled, or boards qualified under the CertifiedSystem Component high-reliability program.

If you're looking for specs — if you're looking for performance— if you're looking for exceptional value, then look no furtherthan the RAM series from CompuPro.

STANDARD S-100 MEMORY

unkit assm CSC

8K RAM II $169 $189 $239

16KRAMXIV $299 $349 $429

(Includes IEEE compatible extended addressing.)

SBC/BLC MEMORY

32K RAM XI n/a n/a $1050

8085 CPU BOARD

This board is similar to the Dual Processor Board described onthe facing page, but does not include the 8088 16 bit processor.$235 unkit, $325 assm, $425 CSC.

SPECTRUM S-100

COLOR GRAPHICS BOARD

Includes 8K of IEEE-compatible static RAM; full duplexbidirectional parallel I/O port for keyboard, joystick, etc. inter-face; and 6847-based graphics generator that can display all 64ASCII characters. 10 modes of operation, fromalphanumeric/semi-graphics in 8 colors to ultra-dense 256 x 192full graphics. 75 Ohm RS-170 line output and video output foruse with FCC approved modulators. $339 unkit, $399 assm, $449CSC. You don't have to settle for black and white graphics orstripped-down color boards: specify the CompuPro Spectrum.

Want graphics software? Sublogic's 2D Universal Graphics In-terpreter (normally $35) is yours for $25 with any Spectrum boardpurchase.

PASCAL/M™ + MEMORY SPECIAL

PASCAL — easy to learn, easy to apply — can give amicrocomputer with CP/M more power than many minis. Wesupply a totally standard Wirth PASCAL/M™" diskette by Sor-cim, with manual and Wirth's definitive book on PASCAL, for$150 with the purchase of any memory board. Specify Z80 or8080/8085 version. PASCAL/M™ available separately for $175.

~l

GODBOUT COMPUTER ENCLOSURE

$289 desktop, $329 rack mount

This handsome enclosure does justice to the finest computersystems. Includes dual AC outlets and fuseholder on rear, heavy-duty line filter, and black anodized front panel (with texturedvinyl painted cover for desktop version). Pre-drilled base acceptsour high-performance S-100 motherboards or types by Vector,California Digital, and others. Rack mount version includesslides for easy pull-out from rack for maintenance of boardchanging.

2S "Interfacer I" S-100 I/O BOARD

$199 unkit, $249 assm, $324 CSC

Dual RS-232 ports with full handshake; EIA232C line driversand receivers along with current loop (20 mA) and TTL signals onboth ports. On-board crystal controlled timebase with in-dependently selectable Baud rate generators for each port (up to19.2 KBaud). Hardware UARTs.

3PPLUS S "Interfacer II" S-100 I/OBOARD $199 unkit, $249 assm, $324 CSC

Incorporates 1 channel of serial I/O (with all the features of aport from the 2S "Interfacer I"), along with 3 full duplex parallelports plus a separate status port. Attention/enable/strobe bits foreach parallel port (with selectable polarity), interrupts for eachinput port, and separate connectors (with power) for each chan-nel.

2708 S-100 EPROM BOARD $85 unkit

4 independently addressable 4K blocks, with dipswitch select-able jump start right into the board. Includes all support chipsand manual, but does not include EPROMs.

NEW LOW PRICE!

16K DYNAMIC RAMS — 8/$39!!

Lowest price ever on one of our most popular items. Expandsmemory in TRS-80* -I and -II, as well as machines made by Ap-ple, Exidy, Heath H89, new Pets, etc. Low power, high speed (4MHz). Add $3 for dipshunts plus TRS-80* conversion instruc-tions. Limited quantity — first come, first served.

"TRS-80 is a trademark of the Tandy Corporation.

OTHER S-100 BUS PRODUCTS

Active Terminator Board $34.50 kit

Memory Manager Board $59 unkit, $85 assm, $100 CSC

Mullen Extender Board $59 kit

Mullen Relay/Opto-Isolator Control Board $129 kit, $179 assm

Vector 8800V S-100 Prototyping Board $19.95

COMING SOON: The Multifunction Board is just about ready to go. Includes areal time day/day/month clock with battery backup capability, interrupt controller,interval timer, and LSI math processor. Watch for it at your local computer store . . .

TERMS: Cal res add lax. Allow 5% for shipping, excess refund-ed. VISA"»/Mastercards orders call (415) 562-0636, 24 hrs.COD OK with street address for UPS. Prices good throughcover month of magazine.

CompuPro™

Bidg. 725, Oakland Airport, CA 94614

from

Il#l3(j}|

ELECTRONICS

Circle 173 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

249

By Netronics

ASCII/BAUDOT,STAND ALONE

Computer ™p|^95

Terminal X"w

Terminal

The Netronics ASCII/BAUDOT Computer Terminal Kit is amicroprocessor-controlled, stand alone keyboard/terminalrequring no computer memory or software. It allows the use ofeither a 64. or 32 character by 16 line professional display for-mat with selectable baud rate, RS232-C or 20 ma. output, fullcursor control and 75 ohm composite video output.

The keyboard follows the standard typewriter configurationand generates the entire 128 character ASCII upper/lower caseset with 96 printable characters. Features include onboardregulators, selectable parity, shift lock key, alpha lock jumper,a drive capability of one TTY load, and the ability to matedirectly with almost any computer, including the new Ex-plorer/85 and ELF products by Netronics.

The Computer Terminal requires no I/O mapping andincludes Ik of memory, character generator, 2 key rollover,processor controlled cursor control, parallel ASCII/BAUDOTto serial conversion and serial to video processing—fullycrystal controlled for superb accuracy. PC boards are thehighest quality glass epoxy for the ultimate in reliability andlong life.

VIDEO DISPLAY SPECIFICATIONS

The heart of the Netronics Computer Terminal is the micro-processor-controlled Netronics Video Display Board (V1D)which allows the terminal to utilize either a parallel ASCII orBAUDOT signal source. The V1D converts the parallel data toserial data which is then formatted to either RS232-C or 20 ma.current loop output, which can be connected to the serial I/Oon your computer or other interface, i.e., Modem.

When connected to a computer, the computer must echo thecharacter received. This data is received by the VID whichprocesses the information, converting to data to video suitableto be displayed on a TV set '(using an RF modulator) or on avideo monitor. The VID generates the cursor, horizontal andvertical sync pulses and performs the housekeeping relative towhich character and where it is to be displayed on the screen.Video Output: 1.5 P/P into 75 ohm (EIA RS-I70J • Baud Rate:110 and 300 ASCII* Outputs: RS232-C or 20 ma. current loop• ASCII Character Set: 128 printable characters—

ajir£{8vM»v!W0floiM"i-*4jl«**

!'t**4'O*+,-./0123456789: ;<=>?

WBC0EFQHI3KLrl«r^c5TUUUXVZC\]A_

Nabcdef9hijklAnoNrstuwx¥z{!Hl

BAUDOT Character Set: /t BCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ-?:*3$ti().,9014! 5 7 ;2 / 68*Cursor Modes: Home, Backspace, Horizontal Tab, Line Feed,Vertical Tab, Carriage Return. Two special cursor sequencesare provided for absolute and relative X-Y cursor addressing •Cursor Control: Erase, End of Line, Erase of Screen, FormFeed, Delete • Monitor Operation: 50 or 60Hz (jumperselectable.

Continental U.S.A. Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut

CALL TOLL FREE 800-243-7428

To Order From Connecticut Or For Technical ^_ wm

r Assistance, Etc. Call (203) 354-9375 ■

I Netronics R&D Ltd., Dept. B10 I333 Litchfield Road, New Milford, CT 06776| Please send the items checked below—

ID Netronics Stand Alone ASCII Keyboard/Computer ■

Terminat Kit, $149.95 plus $3.00 postage & handling. |

ID Deluxe Steel Cabinet for Netronics Keyboard/Termi- ■

nal In Blue/Black Finish, $19.95 plus $2.50 postage |I and handling.

D Video Display Board Kit alone (less keyboard), $89.95 I

I plus $3 postage & handling.

D 12" Video Monitor (10 MHz bandwidth) fully assem- I

I bled and tested, $139.95 plus $5 postage and handling. _

D RF Modulator Kit (to use your TV set for a monitor), I

I $8.95 postpaid.

D 5 amp Power Supply Kit In Deluxe Steel Cabinet I

I(±8VDC @ 5 amps, plus 6-8 VAC), $39.95 plus $2 Jpostage & handling.

I Total Enclosed (Conn. res. add sales tax) $ _

By- |

ID Personal Check □ Cashiers Check/Money Order _

□ Visa □ Master Charge (Bank H ) |

I Acct. II

- Signature

I Print

■ Name

_Exp. Date .

City.

_Zip

■M MM aa □ Send Me More Information ,^m ^^ J

( SEARCH J

P=R00TFl =FALSE

I 1

I IS RIGHT

I POINTER NIL (=0) '

| OR UPWARD )

| POINTER (<0) ? |

I I

F1=TRUE

YES

P=LLINK (P)

P^RLINK iP)

SEARCH = P

-J.

( RETURN J

Figure 11: Flowchart for subroutine SEARCH. This subroutine searches the binary treefor a node with a key value of ALPHA.

Text continued from page 110:

will also refer to as NIL). This is nodenumber 7, the one that contains 10 asits key. We print the value 10 andfollow the right pointer back up thetree to node 2, which contains a 12.We print the 12 and follow the rightpointer of this node to node 4.

Node 4 has no left child, thereforewe print 14 and follow the rightpointer back up the tree to node 1. Atnode 1, we print 15 and follow theright pointer to node 3. Node 3 has aleft child, so we move from node 3along the left pointer to node 6. Node6 has no left child, so we print thecontents of node 6, which is 20.

Following the right pointer of node6 back to node 3, we print its value,25. Following the right pointer ofnode 3 to node 5, we find the 26,which has no left child. So we print26 and look at the right pointer of this

node. Since the right pointer is NIL,the rightmost node must have nosucessor. This means it is the lastnode in the tree, so we end the sort.

This is certainly a lot oftrouble—unless you want to do morethan just sort your numbers once.And it is here that the binary treeshows its greatest advantage. In mostsort procedures, if you add a numberto the list to be sorted, you have tocompletely re-sort the new list. Butwith a binary tree, all you have to dois add one node and list the tree (bothof which take much less time than acomplete re-sort).

Figure 8 shows the addition of onenode, a 13, to be added to the tree offigure 7. The 13, being the eighthnumber in our list, becomes node 8. Itis added to the tree at the bottom ofthe appropriate branch, necessitatingthe change of only one pointer in the

250

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 174 on inquiry card

LINE VOLTAGETRANSIENT CLIPPING

5000 Hits/Second

PROTECTS AGAINST:

• High Energy VoltageTransients•On-Otf Switching•Lightning Induced Transients•Inrush of On/Off Power

Features Parallel Operation

PROTECTS.

•Computers

• Micro-Computer Systems•Word Processors•Cash Registers

• Power Supplies

MFD. by Energy Electronic Systems, Inc.Exclusively for:

7133 RUTHERFORD ROADBALTIMORE, MARYLAND 21207

(301) 298-3130

TRANSIENT VOLTAGE

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orar

®

Mr

(F

S-100 USERS"

Is LIFE too Slow?

Specialty Video Systems celebrates the tenthanniversary of the game of Life with theintroduction of a complete Life processor on asingle S-100 card.

Under full software control, create dazzlingvideo animation effects as this card displays 60generations per second! See glider guns come tolife, see spaceships zoom across the screen!

And, when you are not running Life, this carddoubles as a 128 x 128 graphics display.

* S-100 compatible

* 128 x 128 Life array

60 generations per secondDoubles as a graphics displayOperates under full software control

For more information, write:

Specialty Video Systems

P. O. Box 2662

Van Nuys, CA 91404

(213) 782-5137

^

Omikron's Mapper + NEWDOS/808 Drives for the TRS-80

NEWDOS/80 is Apparat's latest upgrade toNEWDOS. Features include variable lengthrecords, chaining, and drivers specifically con-figured for Omikron's MAPPER II. $150.

MAPPER II adapts the TRS-80 to run both 5"and 8" drives. With NEWDOS/80, storage isincreased to 300K per 8" drive. $99 plus $10per cable connector.

MAPPER I adapts the TRS-80 to run the vastlibrary of CP/M software as well as the TRS-80software. All Lifeboat Software may be orderedfor the MAPPER I. All MAPPER I CP/M soft-ware is compatible with the CP/M for the ModelII. With MAPPER II and 8" drives, the ModelI becomes disk compatible with the Model II.

Standard features include lower case support,serial and parallel printer drivers, and an ad-dressable cursor. MAPPER I is supplied withcomplete utilities including a memory test, adisk test, a copy program, and a proprietaryprogram for converting TRS-DOS files to CP/Mfiles. $199.

WORD PROCESSING-MAPPER I supportsprofessional word processors like the MagicWand and Word Star (see reviews in June 80Kilobaud). Omikron's implementation includesa blinking cursor, auto repeat, shift lock, de-bouncing, and an input buffer that eliminatesmissed characters. Magic Wand super discountprice $299.

FIELD PROVEN DESIGNS-After one year ofMAPPER production, Omikron has establishedan impeccable reputation for reliability, integrity,and user support. Omikron's customers includethe US Government, major corporations, uni-versities, medical doctors, and professionals inall fields.

SYSTEMS—Omikron sells complete systemsfeaturing Model II compatible Shugart diskdrives. Call for prices and delivery.

FOREIGN ORDERS must include full payment inUS funds plus $25 for air shipping and handling.

See review in July 80 BYTE By Jerry Pournelle.

*CP/M is a TM of Digital Research. TRS-80 is a TM of Tandy Corporation.

Circle 176 on inquiry card.

The days of complicated, unreliable,dynamic RAM are gone:

$199

the ultrabyte memory board

(complete kit 1with IBKmemoryJ

Qk [complete kitWW I with 16K memory I

Netronics consistently offers innovative products at un-beatable prices. And here we go again —with JAWS,the ultrabyte 64K S100 memory board.ONE CHIP DOES IT ALLJAWS solves the problems of dynamic RAM with astate-of-the-art chip from Intel that does it all. Intel'ssingle chip 64K dynamic RAM controller eliminateshigh-current logic parts . . . delay lines . . . massiveheat sinks. . . unreliable trick circuits.REMARKABLE FEATURES OF JAWSLook what JAWS offers you: Hidden refresh . . . fastperformance ... low power consumption . . . latcheddata outputs ... 200 NS 4116 RAMs . . . on-boardcrystal. . . 8K bank selectable . . . fully socketed . . .solder mask on both sides of board . . . designed for8080, 8085, and Z80 bus signals. . . works in Explorer,Sol, Horizon, as well as all other well-designed S100computers.

I GIVE YOUR COMPUTER A BIG BYTE OF MEMORY |POWERWITHJAWS—SAVEUPTOiSOONINTRODUCTORY LIMITED-OFFER SPECIAL PRICES! |

UNDECIDED? TRY A WIRED tat JAWS IN YOUR COMPUTER OH OURW-OAY MONEY- BACK OFFER (SPECIFY YOUR COMPUTER!.

From Connacticur Or For Aiiiitanc

MfflOIK

CONTINENTAL USA. CREDIT CARD BUYERS OUTSIDE CONNECTICUT CALL

CALL TOLL FREE 800-243-7428

From Conn a die m Or For Aniitanca, (203) 354-9375 DeDt

"•RESEARCH & bio.•DEVELOPMENT LTD.!333 Litchfield Road, New Milford.CT 06776Please send the items checked below:

□ JAWS 16K RAM kit, No. 6416. $199.95.*

i JAWS 16K RAM fully assembled, tested, burned in,

No. 6416W. $229.95.*n JAWS 32K RAM kit. No. 6432, (reg price $329.95),

SPECIAL PRICE $299.95.*H JAWS 32K RAM fully assembled, tested, burned in.

No. 6432W. (reg. price S369.95), SPECIAL PRICE

$339.95.*i JAWS48K RAM kit. No. 6448. (reg. price S459.95),

SPECIAL PRICE $399.95.*D JAWS 48K fully assembled, tested, burned in, No.

6448W, (reg. price $509.95), SPECIAL PRICE

$449.95.*G JAWS 64K RAM kit. No. 6464, (reg. price S589.95).

SPECIAL PRICE $499.95.*

□ JAWS 64K RAM fully essembled, tested, burned in.No. 6464W, (reg. price S649.95), SPECIAL PRICE$559.95.*

CI Expansion kit, JAWS 16K RAM module, to expandany of the above in 16K blocks up to 64K, No. 16EXP.S129.95.*

*AII prices plus S2 postage and handling. Connecticutresidents add sales tax.

Total enclosed: S

D Personal Check D Money order or Cashiers Check

□ VISA D MASTER CHARGE (Bank No )

Acct. No. Exp. Date

Signature

Print Name

Address

City

State Zip

D Send me more information

Deletion of nodes fromthe tree is not as obviousa procedure as one mightsuppose.

old tree: ihe left pointer of node 4now points to node 8. All the otherpointers remain intact, thus keepingcomputer time to a minimum. Best ofall, no key values of nodes have beenaltered in the least.

It is not hard to write a subroutinethat will traverse a binary tree in theproper order. Nor is it difficult towrite a subroutine to add a node to a

tree—or, equivalently to add anumber to a sorted list. Deletion ofnodes from the tree, however, is notas obvious a procedure as one mightsuppose.

Detaching the node to be deleted issimply a matter of destroying thepointers from other nodes to theundesired node. But repair of the treediagram—connecting nodes belowthe deleted node to the body of thetree—is not quite so easy. There areseveral cases to be considered, all ofwhich are handled by the subroutineDEL.

The binary-tree-sort program inlisting 1 was designed as a mainroutine and a collection ofsubroutines. A brief description of

C ust )

RET=FALSER =ROOT

WRITEHEADLINES

R = RLINK (R )

YES

WRITEKEY (B)

B=SUC (B )

WRITEKEY (B)

f RETURN J

YES

Figure 12: Flowchart for subroutine LIST. This subroutine traverses the binary tree insorted key order and prints the nodes as they are encountered.

252 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

,Circle 177 on inquiry card.

^3780

'*****

*&£&<

\X\0-

Circle 178 on

inquiry card.

SUPER SAYINGS

CROMEMCO

System Three 6195.00

ZS-80064K DynamicRam Card for Z80

Based Systems

ZS-FDCSingle DensityFloppy Disk

Controller

ZOBEX Z80 CPU

2 SER/2PL Ports

695.00

245.00..395.00

System Two 3195.00

System Two

W/ll MB Hard Disk 8995.00

3102 CRT Terminal 1695.00

similar discounts on

all Cromemco products

ZOBEX/ZS SYSTEMS

S-100 SystemW/Z80 CPUZMS-100 (32 KRAM)ZS-800-FDC

6 Slot Cage 1395.00

ZMS-100

64K Dynamic

Ram Card 795.00

ZOBEX Z80 CPU

4 SER/2PL Ports

. .475.00

SOFTWARE

Cromemco Cromix....Cromemco RPG-11

265.50535 50.

Cromemco Lisp 265.50

Professional business softwareavailable at similar discounts.

California Residents Add Appropriate Sales Tax.Call or write for information.

TORREY PINES

BUSINESS SYSTEMS

.INC. ^5

i

14260 GARDEN ROAD SUITE 1B POWAY, CALIFORNIA •

(714)486-0460

AUTHORIZED CROMEMCO DEALER

92064

OkidataMicroline 80

912 B $698

912 c.$698

Televideo920 B $748920 C$748

Texas Instruments

810 $1,498

ZenithZ-19 ....Z-89(48K)

$547

$787$2,437

Atari

800 . $748

400 . $445

Scotch - 5 V Qty. 10 $29

Verbatim - 5 v Qty 10 $26

Novation - Cat $ 148

Soroc - IQ 120 $696

Kurta Digitizer call

Mattel - Intellivision $238

Texas Instruments

99/4 Console $656

99/4 Color Monitor . $400

(when purchased w: console . $200)

We Also Buy and Sell Used Micro Computers & Peripherals.

Prices reflect 3% cash discount. Add 3% for credit card orders.Product shipped in factory cartons with manufactures warranty.Add 2%, a minimum of $5, for shipping and handling.

602-954-6I09

= 2222 E. Indian School Rd. • Phoenix, Arizona 85016

GOmPUTERWAREHOUSE

^^ffl ^S

We will try to beat any advertised prices!

Circle 179 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

253

OUR PRICES

ARE

TOO LOW

TO

ADVERTISE!

CHECK THEM—CALL TOLL FREE

800-243-7428

LOOK WHAT WE OFFER!

» HAZELTINE

Terminals

» CENTRONICS

Printers

» LEAR-SIEGLER

Terminals/Printers

> DATAPRODUCTS

Printers

> ANNADEX

Printers

BE SMART-DON'T BUYUNTIL YOUCHECK OURPRICES!

MASTERCHARGE

VISA COD

PERSONAL CHECKMONEY ORDER

ISMMETROIMICS

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT, LTD.333 Litchfield Rd„ New Milford. CT 06776

f sue )

YES

Q = RLINK (P )

r n

IS RIGHT

POINTER NIL (=0 ) !1 OR UPWARD1 POINTING (<0) ? 1

L_ ■ J

_^/rlin

K IPl\_

0 yS

/llin

NO

Q =

-Q

KigrV.

NO

S\ =NIL /~~

'

YES

1

Q=LLINK (Q)

•

SUC= Q

( RET

JRN J

Figure 13: Flowchart for subroutine SUC. This subroutine, given for a node P, finds thenumber of the node that is the successor of node P in the sorted-key sequence.

each subroutine (given below) and aflowchart describe the operation ofeach of the subroutine modules. Eachof the subroutines was written instructured fashion. Although themain routine is also structured, thecurrent listing reflects a certainamount of modification and ex-perimentation; in other words, it hasnot been rewritten for optimal struc-ture.

The main routine of listing 1 con-tains the following sequence: an arrayof 100 random integers is created andused to create a sorted binary tree;the binary tree is listed; then the useris given the options of adding to thetree, listing the tree, or deleting fromthe tree. All the necessary subroutinesare included in this listing.

This program was originially writ-ten in FORTRAN and was latertranslated to BASIC, running first ona PET, then on an Apple II. The pro-gram contains some redundancies sothat the program will run as writtenon both machines; the only restric-tion is that line 5 must be deletedbefore running the program on thePET. The structured programmingtechniques used in writing the

original FORTRAN version provedto be quite necessary whentranslating and debugging the BASICversion. I feel that structured pro-gramming techniques are essential toa program of any size.

Subroutine Descriptions

FIX: The purpose of the subroutineFIX (see flowchart in figure 9) is toinitialize all the space to be used fortree nodes before the binary tree isbuilt. The FIX subroutine must bepresented with N, the maximumnumber of nodes to be available tothe tree. Once the tree has N nodes,there are no provisions in this pro-gram to make additional spaceavailable.

BILDER: Subroutine BILDER addsa new data entry to the binary tree,placing it in correct relation to theother nodes in the tree. Within theBILDER routine, the node to beadded is numbered Q and has a valueof KEY(Q). The algorithm (seeflowchart in figure 10) compares thenode to be added, Q, with othernodes (starting with the root nodeand moving down the tree) until itcan be placed in proper relation to a

254 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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SEARCH sub-11) returns thekey with value

parent node (a node that has a NILpointer pointing to where node Qshould go).

SEARCH: Theroutine (see figurenode number of aALPHA. The node number (or zero ifthe node is not found) is returned inthe variable SEARCH. The searchdone is not a linear search but rathera binary search like the one used inBILDER. A binary search is namedsuch because each decision halves thearea to be searched.

LIST: The LIST subroutine (seefigure 12) lists the nodes of the tree inascending key sequence by traversing

the tree from its leftmost to itsrightmost node. LIST follows an op-timal path down the leftmost branchof the tree until it encounters a nodethe left pointer of which has valueNIL; this node contains the smallestkey value. Having found the smallestkey value, LIST then calls SUC (thesuccessor subroutine) repeatedly tofind successor nodes; key values areprinted in the order they are en-countered. When a node is found thathas a right pointer of value NIL, thenode with the highest key value hasbeen found, and the LIST subroutinehas finished.

Text continued on page 260

f PAR J

Fl=TRUE ORI DOES NODE R LI POINT TO NODE ,IP?I I

F1=TRUER = NIL

R=L LINK (R)

R = RLINK (Rl

YES

PAR --R

( RETURN J

Figure 14: Flowchart for subroutine PAR. This subroutine finds the parent node of agiven node P.

256

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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7BA0

GD

f CASE H J

15a

f CASEI J

SUBCASE I.A

DELETE ROOT NODEP; P HAS NO CHILDREN

( RETURN J

(yes

CASE I

CASE n

DELETE P«ROOT NODE

DELETE P«NONROOT NODE

i _

f RETURN J

25b

SUBCASE I.C

Q = PARENT OF P

25c

DELETE ROOT NODEPi P HAS ONLY ALEFT NODE

,/LLIN

K(Q) \ NO

P /

? yS

YES

GROUP H,A

GROUP H.B

DELETE NODE Pi

P IS RIGHT CHILD OF

N

DELETE NODE P;

P IS LEFT CHILD OF

N

"-

( RETURN )

SUBCASE I.B

DELETE ROOT NODEPi P HAS ONLY ARIGHT CHILD

SUBCASE I.D

DELETE ROOT NODEPi P HAS A LEFT ANDA RIGHT CHILD

(group h.a)

SUBCASE TX. A.l

DELETE NODE P;P HAS NO CHILDREN

[ RETURN J

25rf

SUBCASE n.A.3

DELETE NODE P;P HAS ONLY A LEFTCHILD

SUBCASE H.A.2

DELETE NODE P;

P HAS ONLY A RIGHT

CHILD

SUBCASE H. A.4

DELETE NODE P;P HAS A RIGHT ANDLEFT CHILD

Figure 15: Flowchart for subroutine DEL. Figures 15a thru 15e describe the algorithm, with further description given in table 1. Case Iis executed when the node to be deleted, P, is the root node. Case II, group A is executed when the node to be deleted, P, is the leftchild of a parent node. Case II, group B is executed when the node to be deleted, P, is the right child of a parent node.

258 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

(group n.B J

15e

'RLINK(P)>NIL

< L L 1 N K (

P) = N|L>

? ;/

YES

<mllink(p) = nil >~^-

[yes

SUBCASE n.B.i

SUBCASE H.B.3

SUBCASEH.B.2

SUBCASE TI.B.4

DELETE NODE P;

P HAS NO CHILDREN

DELETE NODE P;P HAS ONLY A LEFTCHILD

DELETE NODE P;

P HAS ONLY A RIGHT

CHILD

DELETE NODE P;

P HAS A LEFT AND A

RIGHT CHILD

1

',

\

\

''

( RETURN J

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October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 259

Case I: Node P to be deleted is the root node.Subcase A: Node P has no children.

I.Set EMPTY = TRUE.

2. Set N (the number of nodes in the tree) to zero.Subcase B: Node P has only a right child.

1, Set new root equal to right link of old root.Subcase C: Node P has only a left child (see figure 16a).

1. Set new rool equal to the left link of the old root.

2. Search right branch of left child of P for itsrightmost node R. Set the right pointer of R to NIL.

Subcase D: Node P has a left and a right child (see figure 16b).

1. Set new root equal to the right link of old root.

2. Search left branch of right child of P for itsleftmost node S. (S will have a left pointer of NIL.)Set left pointer of S to the left child of the

old root (that is, to point to the left subtreeof the old graph).

3. Search right branch of left child of P for its rightmostnode R. Set right pointer of R to point to S.

Case II: Node P to be deleted is not the root node.Group A: Node P is the left child of parent node Q.Subcase 1: Node P has no children.

a. Set LEFT link of parent Q to NIL.Subcase 2: Node P has only a right child.

a. Set LEFT pointer of parent node Q to right child of P.Subcase 3: Node P has only a left child (see figure 16c).

a. Set LEFT pointer of parent node Q to left child of P.

b. Search right branch of left child of P for itsrightmost node R; this node will have an upward rightpointer to P. Assign the right pointer of R the value ofthe right pointer of P.

Subcase 4: Node P has a left and a right child (see figure I6d).

a. Set LEFT pointer of parent node Q to right child of P.

b. Search left branch of right child of P for itsleftmost node S. (S will have a left pointer of NIL.)Assign the left pointer of S the value of the left pointerof P.

c. Search right branch of left child of P for itsrightmost node R. Assign the right pointer of R thevalue -S.

Group B: Node P is the right child of parent node Q.(Subcases 1 thru 4 are the same if the word RIGHT issubstituted for the capitalized word LEFT in each subcase.)

Table 1: Analysis of node deletion in a threaded binary tree. This table details theoperations necessary to delete a node, labeled P, from a threaded binary tree. Thistable is associated with figure 15, figure 16, and listing 1.

Text continued from page 256:

SUC: The SUC subroutine, shownin figure 13, when given the nodenumbered P, returns the value SUC,which is the number of the node thatfollows node P in the ascending keysequence. If the right pointer of P,named Q, is an upward pointer(value less than zero), the absolutevalue of the pointer is the successornode. If Q is a downward pointer, theleftmost child of Q is the successornode. A SUC value of NIL is returnedif node P is the rightmost node in thetree.

PAR: The PAR subroutine, shownin figure 14, returns in variable PARthe number of the parent node ofnode P. (Remember that every nodein a binary tree except the root nodehas exactly one parent node.) As in

260 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

BILDER and LIST, a binary searchstarting at the root uses the values ofthe current node key and the key ofnode P to guide the search down thetree until the parent of P is found.This method is much faster thanlinearly traversing the tree using theSUC subroutine.

DEL: The DEL subroutine to deletea node from the tree is the most com-plicated of the subroutines presented.This is due largely to the necessity ofreestablishing the thread that runsthrough the tree. The algorithm fornode deletion is given in figure 15 andtable 1; the examples in figure 16 arereferred to by table 1.

A Pascal Implementation

A second and somewhat different

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Wellesley Heathkit Electronic Center

West Springfield Norbili's Electronics Inc.

Worcester RM Electronics Inc.MICHIGAN

Adrian E&B Electronics Inc.

Allen Park Electronic Parts Co.

Ann Arbor Wedemeyer Electronic Supply

Battle Creek Warren Radio Co.

Bay City Kinde Distributing Co.

Canton The Electronic ConnectionClawson Radio Supply & Engineering Co.

Cotdwater B&M Electronics

Detroit Heathkit Electronic CenterDetroit Radio Supply & Engineering Co.

Detroit $&S Electronics

Oxford Oxford Software Co.

East Detroit Heathkit Electronic Center

Flint Shand Electronics Inc.

Garden City Computer Center

Grand Rapids Micro Computer World

Grand Rapids Radio Parts Inc.

Grand Rapids Warren Radio Co.

Jackson Fulton Radio Supply

Kalamazoo Warren Radio

MICHIGAN (Continued)

Lansing Fulton Radio Supply Inc.

Livonia Lafayette RadioLivonia Radio Supply & Engineering Co. Inc.

Madison Heights Warren Radio Co.

Midland Computronix Corporation

Milan C&S Electronics Mart Ltd.

Mt. Pleasant Barr's

Muskegon H. R. Electronics

Niles Niles Radio Supply

Rontiac Electronic SupplyPort Huron Main TV Radio Electronics Inc.

Saginaw Electronic Mart

St. Claire Shores Bell Electronics

St. Joseph Heath Customer Center

Taylor Electronic WorldTraverse City Traverse City Electronic SupplyMINNESOTA

Duluth Northwes\ Radio of Duluth Inc.

Hopkins Heathkit Electronic Center

Minneapolis Pal Electronics

St. Paul Heathkit Electronic Center

Winona Hiawatha Electronics Inc.MISSISSIPPI

j Jackson Ellington Electronic Supply

'- MISSOURI

Bridgeton Forsy the Comp u ters

El Dorado Springs Beckman Electronics

Florissant Computer CountrySt. Louis Computer Country (Downtown)MONTANA

Billings Conley Radio SupplyBozeman Electronic Service & Dist. Inc.

Great Falls Arts ElectronicsNEBRASKA

Lincoln Computer Systems

Lincoln Scott Electronic Supply Inc.North Platte Scott Electronic Supply Corp.

Omaha Midwest ComputerOmaha Scott Electronic Supply Corp.

Omaha Heathkit Electronic CenterNEVADA

Las Vegas Century 23NEW JERSEY

Cherry Hill The Computer Emporium

Englewood Radiomastens

Fair Lawn Heathkit Electronic Center

Ocean Heathkit Electronic Center

Pennsauken Lafayette Radio

Pompton Lakes Computer Corner

Ramsey Typetronic.Computer Store

Trenton Lafayette Radio Electronics

Vinoland Lafayette Radio ElectronicsNEW YORK

Albany Action Audio Inc.

Albany Fort Orange Electronics

Albany Greylock Electronics

Amherst Haathkit Electronic Center

Buffalo Radio Equipment Corp.

Cortland Action Audio Inc.

Endwell Computer Tree Inc.

Ithaca Action Audio Inc.

Ithaca Rad-Tronics

Jamestown Warren Radio

Jericho Heathkit Electronic Center

Kingston Action Audio Inc.

Kingston Greylock Electronics

Middleton Action Audio Inc.

Newburgh Action Audio Inc.

New York City Aristo Craft

New York City Oigibyte Systems Corp.

New York City Taft Electronics 45 Corp.

Orchard Park Radio Equipment Corp.

Peekstill Action Audio Inc.

Poughkeepsie Greylock ElectronicsNorth White Plains Heathkit Electronic Center

Rochester Heathkit Electronic Center

Troy Trojan Electronics

Utica Am-Com Electronics

Utica Central Elec tronics

Weppingers Falls Action Audio Inc.

White Plains The Computer CornerNORTH CAROLINA

Raleigh Byte Shop of RaleighNORTH PAKOTA

Fargo S&S ElectronicsOHIO

Cincinnati Heathkit Electronic Center

Cincinnati Micro -Solu tion

Cleveland Heathkit Electronic Center

Columbus Heathkit Electronic Center

Reynoldsburg Universal Amateur Radio

Toledo Heathkit Electronic Center

Toledo Warren Radio

Winklilti: Amateur Electronic Supply

YoungstownT -. Ross Radio CompanyOKLAHOMA

Oklahoma City Bits, Bytes & Micros

Oklahoma City Haathkit Electronic Center

Oklahoma City Trice Wholesale ElectronicsOREGON

Albany Oregon Ham Sales

Beaverton Norvac Electronics

Corvallit Zero-GeeEugene Eugene Amateur Radio Supply

Portland Portland Radio Supply

Salem Comm-ShackPENNSYLVANIA

Braddock Leff Electronics

Chambersburg Sunrise Electronic Dist. Co.

PENNSYLVANIA (Continued)

Drexel Hill Kass Electronics Distributors

Drums Mr. D 's Digital Electronics

Erie Warren Radio

Frazer Heathkit Electronic CenterHorsham Mighty Byte Computer CentersPaoli Personal Computer Corporation

Philadelphia Heathkit Electronic Center

Philadelphia Resco Electronics

Phoenixville Stevens Electronics

Pittsburgh Heathkit Electronic Center

Pittsburgh South Hills Electronics

Wilkes Barre Hamline Electronics

York G. Y.C. CompanyRHODE ISLAND

Cranston Jabbour Electronics City

Pawtucket Jabbour Electronics City

Warwick Heathkit Electronic CenterTENNESSEE

Cookevitle Wagnon's Stereo CenterKnoxville Shields Electronics Supply Inc.

Memphis Bluff City ElectronicsMemphis Sere-Rose & Spencer Electronics

Memphis Warren Radio CompanyNashville Eddie Warner's Parts Company

Nashville Electra Distributing Co.

Oakridge National Electronics

Tullahoma H&H Electronics Co. Inc.TEXAS

Beaumont Electro-Hut

Brownsville George's Electronics Mart

Dallas CompuShop

Dallas Heathkit Electronic Center

Dallas Ram Micro Systems

Fort Worth The Ingenuity Concept

Houston Heathkit Electronic Center

Houston Interactive Computers

Lubbock Trice Wholesale Electronics

McAllen Carlos Franco ElectronicsSan Antonio Appliance & Equipment Co. Inc.

San Antonio C&K Electronics Inc.

San Antonio Heathkit Electronic Center

Waco L&M Wholesale ElectronicsUTAH

Midvale Heathkit Electronic Center

Provo Alpine Electronic Supply Co.

Selt Lake City Best Distributing

Salt Lake City Computer/and of Salt LakeVERMONT

Essex Junction Lafayette RadioVIRGINIA

Alexandria Computers Plus Inc.

Alexandria Heathkit Electronic Center

Annadale Arcade ElectronicsArlington Arlington Electronic Wholesalers

Blacksburg Scotty's Radio & TV Inc.

Charlottesville Graves Electronics

Falls Church Crossroad Electronics

Hampton Electronic Sales Inc.

McLean Tyson's Computer Emporium

Norfolk Avec Electronics Corp.

Norfolk Priest Electronics

Portsmouth Electronics Unlimited

Richmond Avec Electronics Corp.

Roanoke Avec Electronics Corp.

Vienna Electronic Equipment Bank

Virginia Beach Heathkit Electronic Center

Warrenton Radio ShackWASHINGTON

Bellevue ABC Communications

Everett ABC Communications

Kennewick C&J Electronics Inc.

Longview Progress Electronics

Moses-Lake Ron's Electronics

Pasco Riverview Electronics

Richland C&J Electronics

Seattle ABC Communications

Seattle Amateur Radio Supply

Seattle Empire Electronics

Spokane Don's Stereo Center

Spokane Personal Computers

Tacoma C&G Electronics

Tacoma Northwest Radio SupplyWEST VIRGINIA

Fairmont TPS Electronics Inc.

Morgantown The Computer Corner

Morgantown Electro Distributing Co. inc.Wheeling Lafayette Radio Associate StoreWYOMING

Cheyenne Computer Concepts

CANADA

Alberta:

Calgary

Ontario:

Toronto

GUAM

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SINGAPORE

SINGAPORE

SWEDEN

Stockholm

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Port of Spain, Trir,

CompuShop Alberta Ltd.

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For Distributor Information, write or phone JIM -PA K® 1355 Shoreway Road, Belmont, CA 94002 (415) 595-5936

Circle 184 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

261

16a SUBCASE I.C

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V

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BEFORE

AFTER

16b SUBCASEI.D

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Figure 16: Examples of node deletion. Figures 16a thru 16d are used to illustrate the structure of a binary tree before and after the dele-tion of node P; they are referred to by table 1. A broken arrow (for example, A to R) denotes an eventual connection through zero ormore intermediate children. A dashed arrow denotes an upward right pointer to the next node in the sorted key sequence. A grayarrow in the "after" drawing denotes a pointer that has been changed by the deletion.

version of the binary tree program isgiven in listing 3. This version doesnot use a threaded tree (ie: there areno upward right pointers). Because ofthis, the subroutine to add a node isalmost trivial, and the delete routineis greatly simplified. This implemen-tation is, in general, altogether nicer.The main change in this listing(compared to the BASIC program of

listing 1) is the use of the scan pro-cedure to traverse and list the tree.The scan procedure uses a stack,which is maintained by the initstackand push procedures, along with thepop function. The scan algorithm isas follows:

1 ) Move left along the branches ofthe tree, placing each node

traversed onto the stack.

2 ) When a left pointer of NIL is

reached, pop the stack and printwhat was just popped.

3 ) If you can, move right one node

and go to step 1; otherwise, popthe stack, print the nodepopped, and repeat step 3.

4 ) Underflow of the stack repre-

sents the end of the algorithm.

262

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

16c SUBCASEH.A.3

Q

p

*

A

X

Q

A

R V

R

BEFORE

AFTER

16d SUBCASE H.A.4

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Due to the nature of the Pascallanguage, the listing itself serves todocument the algorithm. In allfairness to BASIC, it must be statedthat the Pascal program of listing 3 issimpler partially due to the absence ofthe thread running through thebinary tree.H

Acknowledgements

/ would like to thank the Computer Cornerof Amarillo, Texas, for the use of their printerto produce listings 1 and 2.

7

s

A

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AFTER

T

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October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 263

When You Have ToFace A Deadline

Communication Arts. Huntington Beach. CA

Arm Yourself WithPascal/MT+

From

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MT Micro SYSTEMS

1562 Kings Cross DriveCardiff, California 92007 (714) 753-4856

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CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research MP/M is a trademark of Digital Research Pascal/MT* is a registered trademark of MT Micro Systems

Circle 185 on inquiry card.

»o^»04a»o

MT MicroSYSTEMS SOFTWARE ARSENAL:

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Pascal/MT+- provides you with the power to meet yourdeadlines head-on! Compiling directly to native code withoutslowing down to generate P-code or assembly language,Pascal/MT+* generates ROMable, optimized native code andgives you the flexibility of modular compilation; and it doesso at speeds up to 2000 lines per minute while the others are,at best, one third as fast! Even when you're not facing adeadline, Pascal/MT+® never wastes your time! Nobody likesto wait for a computer. The Pascal/MT+® won't keep youwaiting! Your software written in Pascal/MT+® is totallyportable to most 8 and 16 bit processors. The Pascal/MT+®system provides you with a powerful debugging tool. WithPascal/MT+® you do have an effective weapon againstmonstrous deadlines.

Pascal is the most popular programming language in usetoday. You can use Pascal/MT+® to replace assemblylanguage in your ROM based applications, BASIC and COBOLin your business applications, FORTRAN in your scientificapplications, or interpreted Pascal in all of your applications.Because Pascal programs are easy to write, read, andmaintain; and because the Pascal/MT+® system contains allof the features you need for your applications, you can getyour job done on time! In fact, you may never need assemblylanguage or any other high level language again.Pascal/MT+® has the speed, extensions, and portability tostock your software arsenal for years to come!!!

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Pascal/MT+® supports the ISO Standard. We send the resultsof our compiler's performance on the Validation Suite. Also,for portability the MT+ compiler can warn you when you areusing non-standard extensions.

Modular Compilation

Pascal/MT+® generates the same industry standard relocat-able code used in FORTRAN and PL/I. Both Pascal andassembly language modules may be separately compiledand then combined to produce a final program. With modularcompilation available, the run time overhead is as small as256 bytes and is typically 1200 bytes.

Native Code Generation

Pascal/MT+® native code is faster than interpreted Pascaland other native code Pascals in benchmark test programs.Optimization steps taken during compilation perform suchenhancements as removing redundant PUSH/POPsequencesand using single increment and decrement instructions whenadding or subtracting small literal numbers. In addition, ourdisassembler interleaves your Pascal source code andsymbolic assembly code to help you write more efficientprograms.

Extras

• Predeclared arrays INP and OUT directly access I/O ports.

• INLINE instruction for inserting assembly language between the Pascalstatements. A built-in mini assembler translates the instructions atcompile time. Constant tables may be generated using the inline facility.

• ABSOLUTE assembly language procedure declarations for using pre-assembled routines.

• INTERRUPT procedures.

• CHAINING for transfering control from one program to another.

• ELSE clause on the case statement.

• REDIRECTED I/O facilities allow user written charade, level I/O drivers tobe called via READ and WRITE statements.

• HEX literal numbers are supported.

• Built in procedures/functions:—bit test, clear, set.

—byte swap.

—return hi or lo byte.

—Shift left and right.

—Return the address of a data item or routine.

—Return the size of a data item.

—Enable, disable interrupts.

—All standard file I/O plus random read and write to files.

• Include files supported.

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• AMD 9511 hardware support.

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• Full string capability (UCSD compatible).

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Our symbolic debugger is optionally linked into the final program. If you'retired of feeling like you're in the dark when using a higher level language, thePascal/MT+l" debugger lights up the darkness. The debugger traces one ormore lines of Pascal code or executes the program until a line number orsymbolic breakpoint is reached. To follow program flow the name of eachprocedure and function entered is displayed by the debugger. The contents ofsimple and complex variables may be displayed by name. The debugger maybe used in a ROM environment so that program flow and variable contents arevisible.

Distribution disk contains

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• Operating System: CP/M'1 (or equivalent such as CDOS. IMDOS. etc.)MP/M'". Intel ISIS II. Heath HDOS, and PDP-11 systems to be available soon.

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Machine Problem Solving,

Part 2:

Directed Search Using Cryptarithmetic

Professor Peter W Frey

Northwestern University

Cresap Neuroscience Laboratory

2021 Sheridan Rd

Evanston IL 60201

Insight into Problems

Those of us who teach courses on thinking and prob-lem solving are always delighted to find an intellectualpuzzle that is stated clearly and concisely, and yet stillprovides a real challenge for an intelligent problemsolver. A number of years ago, Allen Newell discoveredthe fascination of cryptarithmetic and many of hispioneering ideas on human information processing werebased on his research with these puzzles.

A cryptarithmetic puzzle consists of a group of lettersarranged in the form of an arithmetic problem. Each let-ter is a code for a digit (0,1, 2, ...., 9) and only one lettermay represent each digit. The problem solver must deter-mine how to assign digits to letters in such a way that themathematical constraints are satisfied. For example, apopular cryptarithmetic puzzle is:

SEND+ MO R E

MONEY

If the appropriate digit is assigned to each letter, thenumbers will add up to give the correct sum. This type ofpuzzle can be very challenging. If you doubt this, take amoment and try to solve the example given above.

Direct Logical Analysis

When humans attempt to solve these problems, theyuse a combination of logical inference and directedsearch. The values for some of the letters can be deter-mined, or at least restricted to a subset of values, bydirect logical analysis. The value of the remaining lettersis then determined by a "generate and test" approach inwhich plausible values are examined until a suitable oneis found. As more information is acquired, logical deduc-tion can narrow the search to a limited number of poten-tial solutions.

As an example, let us consider the SEND + MORE =MONEY puzzle. The first insight that most individualshave after considering the problem for a few moments isthat the letter M can be easily deciphered. MONEY hasfive letters and SEND and MORE have only four. There-fore, one can deduce that S + M + the carry from theprevious column = MO. The maximum possible values

for S and M are 8 and 9 and the carry is at most 1, sotherefore MO is 18 or less. It follows that M can be only 0or 1. If it were 0, however, it would not be written as thefirst digit of a number since leading zeroes are not print-ed. Therefore, the letter M must represent the digit 1.

Armed with this knowledge, it is possible to makeadditional deductions. For example, if we substitute thedigit 1 for the letter M in the equation given in theprevious paragraph (ie: S + 1 + carry = O + 10) wecan quickly deduce that S must represent a large digit andthe letter O has to represent a small digit. In fact, sincethe maximum value for S is 9, the sum of the column canbe no more than 11 if there is a carry and 10 if there is nocarry. Therefore, the letter O must be 1 or 0. It is alreadyknown, however, that M represents 1 so the letter Orepresents 0. Given that the sum of the column is 10, thenthe letter S has to be either 8 (if there is no carry) or 9 (ifthere is a carry).

Searching Technique

Our detective work has determined that M is 1, O is 0,and S is 8 or 9. In addition, we can infer that the values of1 and 0 cannot be assigned to any of the other letters.This narrows the search task considerably. A blind trial-and-error search process is not very efficient for thisproblem. There are eight letters in this cryptarithmeticpuzzle and ten digits to draw upon. The number of possi-ble assignments is 10X9X8X7X6X5X4X3 whichequals 1,814,400. The trial-and-error search approach weemployed last month for the missionaries-and-cannibalsproblem is not well-suited for this job. It would work,but it would take a very long time, especially if im-plemented in BASIC on a microcomputer.

By using logical deduction, however, we can reducethe size of the search space considerably. Since wediscovered that M is 1, O is 0, and S is 8 or 9, the numberof possible assignments is reduced to 8X7X6X5X4X2which equals 13,440. This is a substantial improvement.

In addition, the nature of the cryptarithmetic problempermits the use of a specialized directed search instead ofa nondirected trial-and-error search. The plan for thisspecific case is to assign digits to the numbers in the right-hand column of the problem, make the addition, andthen see if the two top numbers add to give the value

266 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 186 on inquiry card.

assigned to the letter at the bottom of that column.

A check is also made to see that these assignments donot contradict information we already know (ie: M = l,O = 0, S = 8 or 9), or produce the assignment of the samedigit to more than one letter. If no contradictions exist,we then move one column to the left and repeat the pro-cess. If we are successful in repeating this generate-and-test approach all the way to the left-most column, wehave successfully found a set of digit assignments whichsolve the problem. This approach avoids the necessity ofassigning digits to all the letters before checking forarithmetic correctness.

Using Human Deduction

When humans grapple with cryptarithmetic problems,there is usually a dynamic interplay between deductionand search. As information is deduced concerning whichassignments are feasible, the problem solver discardsmany of his previous working hypotheses and concen-trates on specific possibilities which appear to be mostpromising. It is difficult to accurately simulate this com-plex process on a machine, but it is possible to emulatesome of the key elements in a way that is sufficient ti>produce a reasonably efficient computer program forsolving cryptarithmetic problems. In what follows, wewill consider the details of such a program written inLevel II BASIC for the Radio Shack TRS-80 micro-computer.

Our technique for solving these challenging puzzles canbe considered in three parts: the representation for thespecific problem, the deduction of some of the values onthe basis of pattern analysis, and the development of acomplete solution by directed search. As is often the case,the programming steps required to set up the problemand develop a representation constitute almost half ofour effort.

The first steps are strictly preparatory. The videodisplay is cleared, all variables are declared as integers,space is set aside for string storage, and a title is placed onthe video display:

100 CLS: DEFINTA-Z:CLEAR 200: PRINT@150, "CRYPTARITHMETIC"

Next we have the machine ask for the specific puzzlefor which a solution is desired:

110 PRINT@272,INPUT X$(l)

120 PRINT@336,INPUT X$(2)

130 PRINT@400,INPUT X$(3)

"CODE FOR FIRST NUMBER'

'CODE FOR SECOND NUMBER";:"CODE FOR SUM OF ABOVE";:

We will need several arrays to store pertinent informa-tion. The C array will record whether a carry is presentfor each of the columns, given the letter values that arebeing tested at a given point in time. The D array willkeep track of which digit assignments are feasible foreach letter after the restrictions we discover from ourinitial detective work (ie: pattern recognition).

We will identify each letter by a number code and iden-tify these codes by letter in the D$ array and by positionin the puzzle with the S$ array. The digit that is beingtested for each letter will be indexed by the K array

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The 6502 microprocessor is particularly suited for control functions suchas temperature control burglar alarm, electrical wheel chair, lights, etc.This micro-micro interfaces with the JBE Solid State Switch and A-D andDA converter and uses JBE 5V power supply. 2716 EPROM is availableseparately. A 50 pin connector is included.80-153 ASSM. $110.95 Kit $89.95 Bare Board $24.95

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APPLE II DISPLAY BOARD

This handy littleboard is ideal forteaching and trouble-shooting. Ithasarun-stop single stepswitch which makesidentification ofshorted lines betweenaddress or data-bitseasy & shows singlestep for teachingcomputer logic. Thedisplay board has 16address LEDs, 8 dataLEDsandl RDYLED.All lines are buffered.

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October 1980 © BYTE Publications In

267

Circle 188 on inquiry card.

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(parallel to D$) and the S array (parallel to S$). Thelength of each of the code words is stored in the L array.

140 DIM C(8), D(10,10), D$(10), K(ll), L(3), 5(3,10),S$(3,10)

The processing task begins by determining the lengthof each code word and by breaking up each word into itsindividual letters:

160 FOR J = l TO 3: L(J)=LEN(X$(J)):

FOR 1 = 1 TO L(J)170 N = L(J)-I + 1: S$(J,I) = MID$(X$(J),N,1,):

NEXT I: NEXT J

The index J is used to represent the first word (J = l),second word (J = 2), and third word (J = 3), and the indexI is used to represent the right-hand column (1 = 1), thecolumn one over from the right (1 = 2), etc.

Our next objective is to assign an identifying numberto each letter (the index of array D$) and associate eachof these identifying numbers with a position in the crypt-arithmetic puzzle by setting up the S array. The variableNL records the number of different letters in the puzzle:

200NL = 0: 1 = 0

210 1 = 1 + 1: IF I>L(3) THEN 300 ELSE J = 0

220J=J + 1: IF J>3 THEN 210

230 IF I > L(J) THEN 220 ELSE N=0

240 N = N + 1: IF S$(J,I) = D$(N) THEN S(J,I) = N:

GOTO 220250 IF N<NL THEN 240260NL = NL + 1: D$(NL) = S$(J,I): S(J,I) = NL:

GOTO 220

It is also necessary to prepare the machine with theknowledge that blank spaces which precede letters in thefirst two rows should be treated as zeroes.

270 IF L(2)>L(1) THEN S(1,L(2)) = 11280 IF L(1)>L(2) THEN S(2,L(1)) = 11

Now the machine is almost ready to begin processing.Before it gets started, however, a neatly arrangedgraphical display of the puzzle is needed as well as a listof the letters in the order that digits will be assigned:

300 CLS: PRINT CHR$(23):

PRINT@226 - 4 *L(2)," + ";310 FOR J = l TO 3: FOR 1 = 1 TO L(J):

K = 104 + 64*2t(J-l)-4*I320 PRINT@K, S$(J,I);: NEXT I: NEXT ]330 FOR 1 = 1 TO L(3): PRINT@294-4*I,"—";:

NEXT I350 FOR 1 = 1 TO NL: PRINT@636 + 6*I, D$(I);:

NEXT I

Restricting Values

The first step in searching for a solution is to determinewhat values, if any, cannot be reasonably assigned toparticular letters. In our present effort, we will not at-tempt anything as complex as trying to directly deducethis information. Instead we will use pattern analysis toidentify certain obvious cases.

In order to use this information in our search, we will

268 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 189 on inquiry card.

set up a special array, D(J, I), in which the first index, J,will represent each of the letters we are working with andthe second index, I, will represent each of the digits (0 to9) which might potentially be assigned to each of theletters:

380 FOR J = 1 TO NL:FOR 1=0 TO 9: D(J,I) = I: NEXT I:NEXT J

To indicate that a particular digit cannot be assigned toone of the letters, the machine will set the appropriatemember of the D array to the value of 99. Twosubroutines will be used for this purpose. When themachine has determined that a particular letter can beassigned only one digit, it will record this information bycalling these subroutines. The first subroutine sets all thevalues for that letter to 99:

2000 FOR 1 = 0 TO 9: D(Z,I) = 99: NEXT I: RETURN

The second subroutine sets this digit in the arrays for theother letters to 99 and sets the digit value for the correctletter back to the proper value:

3000 FOR 1 = 1 TO NL: D(I,X) = 99: NEXT I:D(Z,X) = X: RETURN

With these subroutines in hand, the machine is readyto analyze letter patterns to determine if certain letterscan only take on a restricted set of values.

Patterns

The first pattern the program looks for is the one wedescribed at the beginning of this article when discussingthe SEND + MORE = MONEY cryptarithmetic puzzle:

400 F = 0: IF L(3) = L(1) OR L(3)=L(2) THEN 500410J = S(3,L(3)): Z = J: GOSUB2000: X-l:

GOSUB 3000420 Z = 0: IF J = S(1,L(1)) THEN Z = S(2,L(2))430 IF J = S(2,L(2)) THEN Z = S(1,L(1))440 IF Z = 0 THEN 500450 GOSUB 2000: D(Z,8) = 8: D(Z,9) = 9460Z = S(3,L(3)-1): IF J = Z THEN 500470 GOSUB 2000: X = 0: GOSUB 3000: F = l

This block of code checks to see if the bottom line of thepuzzle is longer than both the first and second lines. If so,the first letter of the bottom line has to be 1, and the Darray is altered accordingly. The machine then checks tosee if one of the first two lines starts with the same letteras the bottom line. If so, it can further restrict the valueswhich are allowed for the remaining letters in thiscolumn.

The next pattern the machine looks for is the case of acolumn where one of the letters in the first two lines isidentical to the letter at the bottom of the column. In thiscase, the odd letter in the column must be either 0 or 9. Ifthe digit 0 was assigned previously (ie: line 470), then theodd letter has to be 9. If this pattern is discovered, the Darray is modified appropriately.

500 FOR P = l TO L(l): Z=0

510 IF S(1,P) = S(3,P) THEN Z = S(2,P)

520 IF S(2,P) = S(3,P) THEN Z = S(1,P)

530 IF Z = 0 THEN 570 ELSE GOSUB 2000

540 IF P = l THEN X = 0: GOSUB 3000: GOTO 570

550 IF F = l THEN X = 9: GOSUB 3000: GOTO 570

560D(Z,0) = 0: D(Z,9) = 9

570 NEXT P

Both of the above patterns are easy to detect. Other in-formative letter arrangements are more complex and in-volve recursive IF ... THEN reasoning. The structure ofthe present program is such that these additional analysescan be added to increase the "intelligence" of the pro-gram. In each case, the information would be used tomodify the D array such that certain letter-digit combina-tions would be eliminated from the search procedure thatfollows.

The Directed Technique

The heart of our cryptarthmetic problem solver is thedirected-search process. Although this process is highlymechanical, it gives the program the appearance of beingintelligent. It would work even if lines 400 thru 570 wereeliminated from the program. The solution times,however, would be much slower without these lines.

The search process is somewhat similar to the blindtrial-and-error procedure we employed last month for themissionaries-and-cannibals problem. The major enhance-ment is that digits are first assigned to the letters in theright column of the problem and then the addition ischecked for accuracy. If it is incorrect, a new value is

Text continued on page 271

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Listing 1: A BASIC program to solve cryptarithmetic puzzles.This program, written for the Radio Shack TRS-80 computerwith Level II BASIC, solves problems similar to SEND +MORE = MONEY, where each letter of each xt>ord representsexactly one of the decimal digits 0, 1, 2, ... , 9. This programdecreases the solution time by incorporating several human-derived insights that decrease the solution space.

100 CLS: DEFINTA-Z: CLEAR 200:

PRINT® 150, "CRYPTARITHMETIC"110 PRINT @272 "CODE FOR FIRST NUMBER";: INPUT X$(l)120 PRINT@336, "CODE FOR SECOND NUMBER";:

INPUT X$(2)130 PRINT@400, "CODE FOR SUM OF ABOVE";: INPUT X$(3)140 DIMC(8), D(10,10), D$(10), K(ll), L(3), S(3,10), S$(3,10)160 F0RJ = 1T0 3: L(J) = LEN(X$(J)): FORI = lTOL(I)170 N = L(J)-I + 1: S$(I,I) = MID$(X$(J),N, 1): NEXT I: NEXT J200 NL = 0: 1 = 0

210 1 = 1 + 1: IFI>L(3)THEN300ELSEJ = 0220 J = J+1: IF J>3 THEN 210230 IF I > L(J) THEN 220 ELSE N = 0

240 N = N + 1: IF S$(J, I) = D$(N) THEN S(J,I) = N: GOTO 220250 IFN<NLTHEN240

260 NL = NL+1: D$(NL) = S$(J,I): S(J,I) = NL: GOTO 220270 IF L(2)>L(1) THEN S(1,L(2)) = 11280 IF L(1)>L(2) THEN S(2,L(1)) = 11300 CLS: PRINT CHR$(23): PRINT@226-4*L(2), " + ";310 FORJ=lT0 3: FOR 1= 1 TO L(J):

K = 104 + 64*2I(I-1)-4*I320 PRINT@K, S$(J,I);: NEXT I: NEXT J330 FOR 1 = 1 TO L(3): PRINT@294-4*I, "—";: NEXT I350 FOR 1 = 1 TO NL: PRINT@636 + 6*I, D$(I);: NEXT I380 FORJ = lTONL: FOR 1 = 0 TO 9: D(I,I) = I:

NEXT I: NEXT J400 F=0: IFL(3) = L(1)ORL(3) = L(2)THEN500410 J = S(3,L(3)): Z = J: GOSUB 2000: X=l: GOSUB 3000420 Z = 0: IF J = S(1,L(1)) THENZ = S(2,L(2))430 IF J = S(2, L(2)) THEN Z = S( 1, L( 1))440 IF Z = 0 THEN 500450 GOSUB 2000: D(Z,8) = 8: D(Z,9) = 9460 Z = S(3,L(3)-1): IF I = Z THEN 500470 GOSUB 2000: X = 0: GOSUB 3000: F = l500 FOR P=l TO L(l): Z = 0510 IF S(1,P) = S(3,P) THENZ = S(2,P)520 IFS(2,P) = S(3,P)THENZ = S(1,P)530 IF Z = 0 THEN 570 ELSE GOSUB 2000540 IF P= 1 THENX = 0: GOSUB 3000: GOTO 570550 IF F= 1 THEN X = 9: GOSUB 3000: GOTO 570560 D(Z,0)=0: D(Z,9)=9570 NEXTP

800 FOR 1 = 0 TO NL: K(I)=-1: NEXT I810 P = l: 1 = 0: C(0) = 0: K(11) = 0820 1 = 1 + 1: K(I) = - 1830 K(I) = K(I) + 1: IF K(I)>9 THEN 1000840 IF D(I,K(I)) = 99 THEN 830 ELSE J = 0850 J = J + 1: IF J = I THEN 870860 IF K(J) = K(I) THEN 830 ELSE 850870 PRINT@762 + 6*I, K(I);880 Z = K(S(3,P)): IF Z = - 1 THEN 820890 Y = K(S(2,P)): IF Y = - 1 THEN 820900 X = K(S(1,P)): IF X = - 1 THEN 820910 TS = X + Y + C(P-1)920 IF TS>9THEN C(P) = 1 ELSE C(P) = 0930 IFTS<>Z+10*C(P)THEN 830940 IFP<L(1) THENP = P+1: GOTO 880950 IFL(3) = L(1) AND C(P) = 1 THEN 830960 IFL(3)>L(1) AND C(P) = 0 THEN 830970 PRINT@960, "SUCCESS";: GOTO 9701000 K(I)=-1: PRINT@762 + 6*I, " ";: 1 = 1-1: P = l1010 IF I>0THEN 830

1020 PRINT@960, "FAILURE";: GOTO 10202000 FOR 1 = 0 TO 9: D(Z,I) = 99: NEXT I: RETURN3000 FOR 1=1 TO NL: D(I,X) = 99:

NEXT I: D(Z,X)=X: RETURN

270 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 192 on inquiry card.

Text continued from page 269:

assigned to the most recently modified letter. If the addi-tion is correct, values are then assigned to the letters inthe second column from the right. The addition for thiscolumn, including the carry when present for the right-hand column, is then checked. If incorrect, a new assign-ment is made. If correct, the machine goes over to thenext column. The machine continues this process until itfinds a solution or until all letter-digit combinations havebeen tried without success.

Because there are so many possible combinations, solu-tion time is much shorter if some of the potentialassignments can be eliminated during the preliminaryanalysis of letter patterns. The search occurs much morerapidly with addition checks made column by columnrather than through assigning a digit to all letters beforechecking to see if the digits add up correctly. Thesepreliminary checks provide considerable direction to anotherwise unstructured search.

Program Operation

The primary actor in the machine's search process isarray K. This array keeps track of which digit is currentlybeing tested for each letter. When no assignment has beenmade to a letter, the value of K will be set at —1. Thevariable NL, as you recall, represents the number of let-ters in the puzzle. The index P will represent whichcolumn of the puzzle is currently in the spotlight. Thearray C will keep a record of whether a carry hasoccurred for each of the columns. The index I keeps trackof the letter to which the machine is currently assigning adigit.

The first step is to initialize the key variables:

800 FOR 1 = 0 TO NL: K(I)= -1: NEXT I810 P = l: 1 = 0: C(0) = 0: K(11) = 0

Then we establish the main loop:

820 1 = 1 + 1: K(I)=-1

830 K(I) = K(I) + 1: IF K(I)>9 THEN 1000

A branch to line 1000 occurs when all ten digits (0 to 9)have been tried for a letter without success.

The code at line 1000 provides a means to back up andtry a new digit for the letter immediately preceding (in theassignment sequence) the current letter:

1000K(I)=-1: PRINT@762 + 6*I, " ";: 1 = 1-1:

P = l1010 IF I>0THEN 8301020 PRINT@960, "FAILURE";: GOTO 1020

Each time the machine backs up, the index I isdecremented by 1, the column analysis reverts back tothe right-hand column, and the last digit appearing on thedisplay is erased. If the value of I decreases to zero, allcombinations have been tried and found lacking. Themachine then makes its failure public by executing line1020.

If K(I) is assigned a number at line 830 of 9 or less, theprogram continues by seeing if the new value is anacceptable one by checking the D array for feasiblevalues (line 840) and then makes sure that this digit has

not already been assigned to another letter (lines 850 and860):

840 IF D(I,K(I)) = 99 THEN 830 ELSE J = 0

850 J=J + 1: IF J = I THEN 870

860 IF K(J) = K(I) THEN 830 ELSE 850

If the new assignment passes both of these tests, themachine prints the digit on the display to let the observerknow its current "thinking." It then checks to see whetherit has assigned a digit to each of the letters in the columnthat is presently under consideration:

870 PRINT® 762+ 6*1, K(I);880 Z=K(S(3,P)): IF Z= -1 THEN 820890 Y = K(S(2,P)): IF Y=-l THEN 820900 X = K(S(1,P)): IF X= -1 THEN 820

If one or more of the letters have not been assigned adigit, the machine branches to line 820 and takes care ofthis oversight. Otherwise, it calculates the sum of thecolumn (line 910), determines whether or not there is acarry (line 920), and then checks to see if the addition ofthe two top numbers matches the digit which has beenassigned to the bottom letter (line 930):

910TS = X + Y + C(P-1)

920 IF TS>9 THEN C(P) = 1 ELSE C(P) = 0

930 IF TS< >Z + 10*C(P) THEN 830

If the numbers do not add up properly, the machinebranches to line 830 to try another digit assignment forthe letter currently being tested. If the addition is correct,

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The pattern-analysis portion of the pro-gram provides a capability that mirrorshuman problem-solving skills.

the TRS-80 checks to see if all columns have been tested.If not, it increments P and jumps to line 880. If all col-umns have been tested, then it makes sure the carry forthe left-hand column is correct. If all is in order, themachine announces to the world that it has found a solu-tion:940 IF P<L(1) THEN P = P + 1: GOTO 830950 IF L(3) = L(1) AND C(P) = 1 THEN 830960 IF L(3)>L(1) AND C(P) = 0 THEN 830970 PRINT@960, "SUCCESS";: GOTO 970

A Useful Technique

This program provides an interesting example of prob-lem solving by combining man-like and machine-liketechniques. The search process (lines 800 to 1020) is clear-ly not meant for human use. A systematic, patient searchsuch as this is just not the thing a human would do. Onthe other hand, it is a highly effective technique for acomputer.

The pattern-analysis portion of the program (lines 400to 520) provides a capability that mirrors humanproblem-solving skills. Once you have worked withseveral cryptarithmetic problems, you will learn torecognize these patterns immediately and will use therelevant information to speed the solution process. Byprogramming the machine to recognize these samepatterns, we provide a useful mechanism for hasteningthe search.

In many instances, the most effective program for solv-ing a complex problem is one which uses efficientmechanical algorithms in combination with a knowledgebase which is triggered by pattern recognition. It is dif-ficult to write a computer program that accurately im-itates human problem-solving methods. However, pro-grams that ignore the domain-specific knowledge used byhumans in finding a solution are often very inefficient.The best technique often consists of combining usefulfeatures from both approaches into a single mechanicalstrategy.

To test the generality of our procedure, the reader isencouraged to try additional cryptarithmetic puzzles onthe program. Some common puzzles that are worth con-sidering are:

+

C RO SROAD

DONAG E R A

LDL D

LET+ W A V

DANG E R

ROBERT LATER

As mentioned earlier, the program should be able tosolve any puzzle of this type. Try your favorite puzzleand see how long the solution takes. You may wish toadd some pattern-recognition information to the pro-gram to increase the efficiency of the search.

Next month, we will consider the search process whichis commonly employed for two-person, perfect-informa-tion, zero-sum games such as chess or checkers. Insteadof simply talking about the alpha-beta (a— j3) algorithm,we will present the real thing in its modern form. ■

272 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 195 on inquiry card.

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by Douglas V Hall,Gregg/McGraw-Hill,1980, 426 pages,hardcover, $15.95

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Z80 MicroprocessorProgramming andInterfacing

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ware. Volume one covershow to program the Z80;volume two covers how touse it.

Both volumes are texts in-tended for use in alaboratory course or forlaboratory-based self-study.Each chapter begins with aseries of objectives and endswith a series of graduatedexperiments. The ex-periments involve bothhardware and softwaredevelopment, and stress thetrade-offs involved insubstituting one for another.Between the experimentsand the appendices, muchgood reference material isincluded, both hardwareand software. Overall, thetwo volumes make up avery useful text either forclass use or for self-study.

There is one glaring prob-lem with both texts,however. All of the ex-periments assume that thestudent has one of twosingle-board computersmanufactured by SGS-ATES. This is an Italiancompany whose productsare not widely available inthe US, at least from hob-byist sources. Fortunately,almost all of the softwareexperiments can be per-formed on any Z80-basedcomputer which has either afront panel or a monitor inread-only memory. Many ofthe hardware experimentscan also be performed (withminor changes) on othermachines. The exclusive useof this single-board com-puter along with the consis-tent use of SGS-ATES datasheets throughout the se-cond volume leads one tobelieve that the series wassponsored by SGS-ATES.This is all very well, but un-fortunately it renders theseries useless for self-studyby a novice who does notown an SGS-ATESNanocomputer and who isnot knowledgeable enoughto make the requiredchanges. On the positive

side, full schematic diagramsand software listings aregiven for the Nanocom-puter, which is an admirablelittle unit, suitable for use ina number of controller-typeapplications.

Now for a number ofmore or less random com-ments. The interfacing sec-tion contains the circuitryfor a breadboarding stationwhich could be used withmost Z80 systems. This plusthe listing of a 2 K-bytemonitor and the inclusion ofquite a few data sheets aresome of the little extras inthe book. On the negativeside, there is no good indexto the data sheets, on page106 the data sheet for a74LS138 is mistitled74LS139, and there is onlyone blank page at the backfor notes.

All in all, this is a usefulseries to have if you want tolearn how to use the Z80 forhardware designs. The serieswill not teach you aboutprogram design, and itassumes a certain amount ofsophistication if you do notuse the particular computerfor which the experimentshave been written. But itcontains the best discussionthat I have seen of machineprogramming (as opposed toassembler) of the Z80, andthe clearest discussion of ex-actly how the device func-tions when you make it per-form various tasks. The twovolumes would be ideal fora class, and belong on theshelf of anyone planning todesign systems which con-tain the Z80.B

John A Lehman

716 Hutchins #2

Ann Arbor MI 48103

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

273

The FORTH Standards Team

William RagsdaleFORTH Interest Group

POB 1105San Carlos CA 94070

How can a standard be created for a computerlanguage when every programmer freely adds his ownprocedures, data structures, and compilation methods?This dilemma continually faces the FORTH StandardsTeam as each user creates extensions to the language asthe fundamental act of programming!

The recently published FORTH-79 Standard offers auniform vehicle for interchange of FORTH programsacross all computer architectures and models. Addi-tionally, it provides programmers the ability to com-municate with other programmers and host computers,as they ply their craft. FORTH was created by MrCharles Moore from 1960 thru 1970, to meet his real-world programming needs. The standards team hasdeveloped the current standard through three genera-tions, to match increasingly broader requirements.

Why a Standard?

The true cornerstone of standards work is cost reduc-tion. This applies to all standards, not just thosedeveloped for computer languages. Instead of optimizingthe language for each application and computer, we teammembers accept programs that are a bit slower and a bitbulkier in memory usage. Our reward is less cost forcreating and maintaining specific application programs,less cost for personnel training, and less cost for the hostoperating system itself.

When analyzed in detail, language standards offer fivecomponents of cost and efficiency improvement:

• If an application is portable between computers, itscost may be spread over a larger number of installa-tions. Likewise, a standard host system offers a largerpotential market.

• A uniform computer language allows programmers tocommunicate concepts to one another. The conceptsmay be more efficiently shared if their standard corn-About the Author

William Ragsdale settled on FORTH in 1977, after a year-long searchfor high-level software tools to enhance programmer productivity. He isa graduate of the University of California at Berkeley and is president ofa communications company. Bill attended the FORTH-78 StandardsTeam meeting, created the FORTH Interest Group model of thelanguage, and contributes to FORTH Dimensions, the FIG Newsletter.He is currently chairman of the FORTH-79 Team.

ponents are clearly known.

• People move from one job to another. Personneltrained at one site are more quickly productive atanother site when standard usage exists. It isn't anyquicker to learn a standard language dialect, butnaturally, standardized skills have a broadermarketplace.

• The evaluation time spent for purchased application orsystem software is reduced if its components are stan-dardized. Only the new elements need to be analyzed.

• If someone does desire a nonstandard system or appli-cation, the standard portion provides a known pointof departure for documentation of the differences.

The Early History of FORTH Standards

FORTH's professional usage began in 1970 with oneprogrammer, Charles Moore, at NRAO (the NationalRadio Astronomy Observatory). Soon after that,Elizabeth Rather and others joined him. When FORTHcame into use at Kitt Peak National Observatory, thenumber of users grew even larger: finally the usersrecognized the need for standardization.

Specifically, as FORTH's usage increased inastronomical research, that user community recognizedthe need for a common dialect. An ad hoc team withinthe International Astronomical Union, hosted by KittPeak National Observatory, and with Jim Brault as chair-man, met in May, 1977. This group produced the docu-ment AST.l, a glossary of definitions for the minicom-puter versions then in use. Extension levels were outlined,but not detailed, for double-length numbers, floating-point numbers, and system extensions.

The work begun as AST.l was then carried forwardwith a series of European meetings, again, in theastronomical-research community. The final meeting washeld in Utrecht, The Netherlands, in February, 1978. Theattendees were Jim Brault, Phil Hill, Robbie Spruit, PaulBartholdi, Charles Moore, Elizabeth Rather, HansNieuwenhuijzen, and Terrel Miedaner. This group'sreport FST-780314 became the FORTH-77 standard. It isdirected toward word-addressing computers, specificallythe Data General Nova, the Hewlett-Packard HP-2100,and the Varian 620.

The standards meeting on Catalina Island, Avalon,California, in October, 1978, found the team expanded

274 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

to eighteen, and the chairman was Terrel Miedaner ofKitt Peak. A broadened constituency was drawn from theFORTH Users Group based in Europe, FIG (FORTHInterest Group), and FORTH Inc, a company started byCharles Moore.

This meeting was the first that considered byte-addressing computers. Work continuing from FORTH-77resulted in an increased clarity of word-naming and pro-vided a minimum set of defined words that were collec-tively more powerful than those of previous standards.However, there were no rules of usage, arithmeticoverflow was unspecified, and the byte/word-addressingspecification was ambiguous.

The FIG Model

In March, 1979, the FORTH Interest Group publishedan implementation model of FORTH written in FORTH.This became a test bed for the current standard and wasused to test portability of the language. (See theaccompanying "FORTH Connotations" text box.) Appli-cations were transported among computers using theIntel 8080, Digital Equipment LSI-11, Motorola 6800,National Semiconductor PACE, MOS Technology 6502and Texas Instruments 9900 microprocessors. Thispublic-domain research vehicle was most valuable aspreparation for the next standards team meeting.

A team charter was proposed and accepted in October,1979. Member eligibility, responsibilities, and organiza-tional functions were outlined: new members areobservers at their first team meeting; they are eligible tojoin at the next team meeting. Procedural matters aredecided by a simple majority, and standards proposalsmust be accepted by a two-thirds majority.

FORTH-79

A FORTH Standards Team of twenty-six people, withme, William Ragsdale, as chairman, met again atCatalina Island in October of 1979. The general goal wasto increase the portability of FORTH programs bylanguage specifications in addition to the current glossarydefinitions.

Each of the four days of meetings was structured by amorning general session lasting until noon, subteamworking sessions until 5:00 PM, and a general sessionconcluding at 6:00 PM. Two evenings had informalsubteam meetings (until 1:00 AM). Technical proposalswere "captured" on work forms; a total of 120 werepresented. These were organized and filtered by thesubteams, and formally reviewed by the full standardsteam. Working documents and all team actions weremaintained by secretary Jon Spencer.

Proposal decisions, subteam reports, and draft mark-ups were used by four technical referees to prepare thefinal-draft standard. Referees Charles Moore, RobbieSpruit, Hans Nieuwenhuijzen, and I presented this finaldraft before the full team for final acceptance in August,1980.

Oddities of FORTH

FORTH is an incomplete language—by definition.Each user's program adds new word definitions until allfunctions demanded by the application exist. (See the"FORTH Connotations" text box.) The programmerspecifies the exact procedure for calculating the desired

result rather than simply describing that result.

This means that some of the difficult programming isleft to the user. Sixteen-bit integer math is standard; some32-bit primitives and some mixed-mode primitives areprovided. However, a greater burden is placed on theprogrammer, who must create application-specific func-tions. This characteristic is tolerated, even cherished, byFORTH programmers: but who better understands thedemands of the application, the application programmeror a distant compiler writer?

Dr C A R Hoare has said that the most difficult prob-lem of language design is deciding what to leave out.The standards team faces the task of selecting a balancebetween primitive functions and directly usable func-tions, enabling the user to complete the software tools tosolve his application problem. FORTH allows worddefinitions to be in higher-level form or in machine code.To maintain portability among computers, the languageshould be defined so the use of machine-languge code canbe avoided. Therefore, the provided primitives must besufficient to solve all problems without use of machine-specific code.

In review, several of the features of FORTH-79 havebeen pointed out as "novel" for computer-language stan-dards; to those involved in the effort, these featuresseemed to be natural and necessary. Each of thesefeatures was introduced as needed, in response to prob-lems as encountered.

Foremost is the section of trade-offs. The FORTH Stan-dards Team members are working FORTH programmersand realize that compromises must be made among theirvarious preferences. The priority of certain language andprogram characteristics has been formalized for currentuse and future reference:

- most important to a usermost important to FORTH

1. correctness

2. portability

3. simplicity -

4. clarity

5. generality

6. execution speed

7. memory compactness

8. compilation speed

9. historical continuity

10. pronounceability

11. teachability

The pronunciation of FORTH words must be con-sidered since FORTH allows any ASCII text (withoutblanks) as definition names. Many of the common wordshave short names, such as:

! , pronounced "store"@ , pronounced "fetch"#S , pronounced "sharp-s"BLK , pronounced "b-l-k"

and so on.

Each word name that is not directly pronounceable hasa standard pronunciation given. There is a commitmentfrom the FORTH Users Group (Europe) that standardwords will be spelled in English but that applicationdefinitions can be named in any language. Therefore,there will be no need for renaming the standard words

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 275

FORTH Connotations

Some English words have specific connotationswhen referring to FORTH. Here are some examples.

word: Any sequence of ASCII (American StandardCode for Information Interchange) characters (ex-cept "return," "rubout," and "blank") terminatedwith a blank or return. Thus letters, numbers, andpunctuation may be used freely to form words. Useof control characters is possible but is frownedupon. The internal representation of "return" isconventionally "null."

definition: The execution procedure assigned to anamed word. Definitions begin as source text on amass storage device and are compiled into the dic-tionary for execution.' Programming consists ofcreating new definitions from the existing defini-tions, whether resident within the host FORTHsystem or defined by the user.

dictionary: When compiled into memory, FORTHword definitions are usually organized into linkedlists and further segmented into smaller lists calledvocabularies. Each definition may be located by itsword name, for execution or compilation. This dic-tionary expands as the user adds his own defini-tions.

extensibility: The ability to add operators, functions,and data structures that are indistinguishable fromthose of the host language, both at the compilationand execution levels.

portability: A characteristic that allows a standardFORTH program to run on numerous standardFORTH installations, each having a different hostcomputer.

with non-English equivalents.

Word definitions controlled by the standard have beengiven serialized numeric identifiers. Assigned integersbetween 100 and 999 will be changed when the definitionis functionally altered within future standards. (This hasbeen borrowed from the languages M6 by Doug Mcllroyand SAM76 by Claude A R Kagan. See "The SAM76Language" by Ancelme Roichel, Dr Dobb's Journal,volume 3, number 1, 1978, page 18.) No other use ofthese identifiers is required, although they may be of usefor calling library functions and archiving evolutionarychanges.

Just as FORTH is extensible, so is its standard. (Referto the "FORTH Connotations" text box.) Anexperimental-proposals section is a showcase for an-ticipated change. Inclusion of these proposals allowstesting and refinements, leading to future standards con-sideration.

Standard System Versus Standard Program

Standards for other contemporary languages generallyconcern the compiler, not the applications. FORTH-79,however, includes requirements for both a standardsystem (such as address representation, mathematicaloverflow, mass-storage access, and execution of standardwords) as well as a standard program (such as allowedareas of memory access and rules of use of standardwords). A standard program must use standard defini-tions within the rules of usage, but its production isultimately the programmer's, not the compiler's, respon-sibility.

The classical compilation process of high-levellanguages consists of:

• a syntactical and semantic analysis of correctness ofthe source code text

• the translation of this text into an executable codeform.

In FORTH, program correctness is not the responsibili-ty of the compiler but of the programmer. Since the

language and compiler are extensible, new constructsmay be introduced at all levels. Therefore, the program-mer must work in a responsible manner to decompose hisproblem into successively smaller components (ie:words). He must define these words as combinations ofwords from the required-word set; and he must test hisnew words individually and collectively for program cor-rectness. But as the programmer can extend the compila-tion process, he may also add to the compile-time andrun-time checking. Users are quite grateful that thelanguage gives them the choice of where and when to addexecution-time costs.

Much of FORTH's power results from its simplicityand generality. The user may add new compile-timeoperations as easily as new run-time operations. Tradi-tionally, few resources have been devoted to the detec-tion of compile-time errors. The newer versions tend toincrease compile-time checking, and future standardswork will reflect this trend.

It is quite correct and compliant with the FORTH-79standard to offer increased error-checking. The standardexpresses a uniform minimum; vendors of standardsystems will probably be rated by their customers oncompile-time diagnostics, with the higher-quality ven-dors prospering.

Labeling

Good Housekeeping Magazine and Underwriters'Laboratory Inc have established their own labeling forenforcement of product quality. We hope a series ofvalidation programs will be developed for verificationagainst the FORTH-79 standard. The team has reservedthe following labels for their use:

• FORTH-79 Standard

• FORTH-79 Standard Subset

• FORTH-79 Standard with xxxxx StandardExtension(s)

where xxxxx names the already-standardized extension(s)included in the package.

276 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Future Work

Work is still needed to improve compile-time errordetection and text string handling, and to broaden sup-port of input/output devices. Note that these functionsare all available on some installations but are so new thatstandardization is still in process. They can be compiledon top of standard systems, and thus are not necessarilyrequired: instead, such capabilities may be implementedas library functions which are loaded as desired.

FORTH derives its speed by operating very close tomachine-code level while presenting to the user anabstract and uniform high-level notation. This balancemust be preserved, otherwise performance would drop,causing some users to return to more specialized andnonstandard versions of FORTH.

A research group named FORML (FORTH Modifica-tion Laboratory) has begun as a clearinghouse forresearch areas and future standards material. It coor-dinates the efforts of regional groups and individuals.

Transportation

We now have the FORTH-79 standard, which is usefuland transportable. To the user, the memory spaceappears as byte-addressed. This imposes some execution-speed reductions on word-addressing computers, but thetrade-off was made favoring application portability andsimplicity. Except for the usual machine-code definitions,the standard contains all the fundamental elements ofFORTH as created by Charles Moore. The quality of thestandards team's efforts will be judged by how fewdisputes are caused by alleged standard programs that do

not execute correctly on a vendor's alleged standardsystem.

The FORTH Standards Team has requested an inter-lude of at least eighteen months before the next full-teammeeting. This should allow updating of the standard andsubsequent evaluation. During this period, regionalmeetings will be held for user comment.

The FORTH-79 standard-specification document isavailable from the FORTH Interest Group (POB 1105,San Carlos CA 94070) for $10 (surface mail to USA orCanada) or $13 (airmail to all other countries). ■

The FORTH Standard follows the general outline

below:

0.

Forward

1.

Purpose

2.

Scope

3.

Organization

4.

Definition of Terms

5.

References

6.

Standard System Requirements

7.

Compliance and Labeling

8.

Usage Requirements

9.

Glossary Notation

10.

Required Word Set 0.30 definitions)

11.

Extension Word Sets

a. 32-bit Word Set

b. Assembler Word Set

12.

Experimental Proposals.

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Programming Cuicfcies

A Quiz onExclusive-OR

Edmund Lai, 637 Acadia Ct, Roselle IL 60172

Exchanging the content of two memory locations orregisters is a very common operation, and every noviceprogrammer learns that the proper way to do it is not:

AB

BA

Every programming book for the beginner tells us thatthe proper way is:

T - AA - BB - T

This is fine except that an extra register, T, is required.Since a number of 16-bit machines have register-to-register arithmetic and logical operations, can we thenmake use of these to exchange the content of two registerswith three operations and without involving an extraregister?

Another related problem concerns the pointers of adoubly-linked list. A number of records are linkedtogether to form a chain. In each record there are twopointers, a forward pointer pointing to the next record,and a backward pointer pointing to the previous record.Therefore, we can scan the chain from record to record ineither direction. If there is enough room in the record foronly one pointer, can we still have a doubly-linked list?

Solutions

The first problem is to exchange the contents of tworegisters without involving a third register. The solution,as the user can guess from the title, involves theexclusive-OR operation. Let us first review some of theproperties of the exclusive-OR function, © :

A © (A e B) = B

B e (A © B) = A

A © B = B © A

Now we can make use of the above identities to ex-change the content of two registers, A and B:

A - A © BB - B © AA - A © B

To see how it works, let A0 and B0 be the original con-tents of registers A and B respectively. After the first stepthe content of A is A0 © B0. After the second step the con-tent of B is B0 © (A0 © Bo), the (A0 © B0) now being the con-tent of A. Since B0© C40©Bo)=/4o, the original contentof A has been transferred to B. After the third step thecontent of A will become (y40©Bo)©A0, since the con-

278 October 1O80 ^ BYTE Publications Inc

tents of A and B after the first two steps are A0 © B0 andAo. Since (A0® B0)« A0 = B0, the original content of B istransferred to A.

The second problem is to save a pointer in a doubly-linked list. When we access a record in a doubly-linkedlist, we get the address of the record by scanning thelinked list in one direction or the other, therefore weknow either its predecessor or its successor, and it can beused as the forward pointer (FP) or the backward pointer

(BP). If we store (FP © BP) in the record, we can find theother unknown pointer by:

FP = BP e (FP © BP)BP = FP © (FP © BP)

To use this scheme, we need to use the addresses of twosuccessive records as the header, otherwise we can neveraccess more than one record.

The Towers of Hanoi in BASIC09

Terry Ritter, Mail Stop M2880, Motorola Mos Division, 3501Ed Bluestein Blvd, Austin TX 78721

Steven Switzer's article 'The Towers of Hanoi"(March 1980 BYTE, page 240) brought back fondmemories. A Towers of Hanoi game has been available asa plastic toy for a number of years, and I can rememberspending hours playing the game as a child. Mr Switzer'sanalysis of the Towers of Hanoi solution is both elegantand correct, but he is unfortunately hampered in using anonrecursive BASIC to demonstrate a recursivealgorithm. The algorithm is simple (once you know itl),but his BASIC gets in the way.

Listing 1 shows the advantage of expressing the Towersof Hanoi algorithm in a modern, structured, high-levellanguage. The language used in BASIC09, a structuredBASIC for the Motorola MC6809 microprocessor. Noticethat the solution algorithm is unchanged from theoriginal article; the high-level language allows the pro-grammer to express the algorithm in a more natural man-ner. The numbers on the left of listing 1 are not linenumbers (although line numbers can be used). Instead,they represent the I-code location for the start of each line(relative to the start of the procedure). \BASIC09 com-piles into a machine language for an ideal machine, muchlike the p-code of UCSD Pascal; this allows the languageto be more easily transported to other

microprocessors GW] The PARAM statement

describes the passage of parameters from the callingroutine, while RUN calls a procedure by name.

A number of features of BASIC09 offer advantages tothe programmer. The BASIC09 development environ-ment is multiprocedure oriented; procedures are called byname, and the call may include parameters. Proceduresare easily modified and debugged: a powerful editorallows global changes; the TRACE mode displays eachprogram line before execution and prints out the result ofany expression evaluation. Control structures(IF... THEN... [ELSE...}... ENDIF, FOR...NEXT,REPEA T... UNTIL, WHILE... DO... ENDWHILE,LOOP...ENDLOOP, EXITIF...THEN...ENDEXIT, etc)are fully bracketed and have unique closure elements. Allloops are automatically indented in the listing, and allkeywords are automatically capitalized. Long identifiersallow the programmer to select names that imply the useof the variable or procedure, making the system easy tounderstand without constant reference to documenta-tion. And variables are always local to a particular pro-

cedure invocation, allowing the language to directly ex-press a recursive algorithm, such as Towers of Hanoi.

Listing 2 shows the results of executing Towers ofHanoi in BASIC09. By including a parameter in the pro-cedure call which is the number of disks to be moved, thespecial case of moving one disk is easily identified. (If the

Listing 1: The algorithm for solving the Towers of Hanoi prob-lem expressed recursively in BASIC09.

PROCEDURE hanai

0000

001ft

001D

0027

004E

0052

006D

0094

OOAF

00D1

00B2

READY

B

PARAM n INTEGER, from. to_, olher, STRlNGIEi]

IF n=l THEN

PRINT "move It "; n; " from "; from. " tcELSE

RUN hanoi (n-1. from, other, to_)

PRINT "move tt "i n, " from ", from. " 10

RUN hanoi (n-1- other. to._, from)ENDIF

END

Listing 2: A sample run of the Towers of Hanoi algorithmshown in listing 1. The parameters following "run hanoi" are thenumber of disks to be moved and the position of the spindles.

B run

hano i(4,

"1"

move

*

1

from

1

to

move

n

2

from

1

to

move

*

1

from

c

to

move

#

3

from

1

to

move

«

1

from

r

to

move

#

2

from

r

to

move

*

1

from

1

to

move

»

4

from

1

to

move

move

move

move

move

move

move

READY

B:

from cfrom cfrom rfrom cfrom 1from 1from c

to

to

task is to move the top four disks from left to right, thesolution is to move the top three to the center, move thefourth, then move the three from the center onto thefourth.) Furthermore, that same number can be used toidentify the disk to be moved: number 1 is the smallest.The spindle positions are sent to the procedure as stringparameters so that letters or names may be used for thespindles.

Most of those who criticize BASIC should understandwhere programming difficulties arise. Even BASIC isamenable to high-level tasks, as long as the particularBASIC implementation involved includes modern, high-level, programming features. A similar program could, ofcourse, be written in Pascal. When compared to"backward BASIC," the result of using BASIC09 is aneasier expression of the algorithm; clearer to the com-puter, and, most importantly, clearer to people. ■

October 1980 "-) BYTE Publications Inc

279

The Age of Affordable Per!

In 1978 Ohio Scientific introduceda revolutionary new low cost com-puter — the Superboard II. Thiscomputer provides all importantpersonal computer features on asingle board at a cost of under $300. The Superboard II received ravereviews by microcomputer experts such as:

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"The graphics available permit some really dramatic effects and arerelatively simple to program.. .The fact that the system can be easilyexpanded to include a floppy means that while you are starting out witha low-cost minimal system, you don't have to throw it away when youare ready to go on to more complex computer functions. At $279,Superboard II is a tough act to follow." RADIO ELECTRONICS JUNE, 1979

"The Superboard is an excellent choice for the personal computerenthusiast on a budget'.' BYTE MAY, 1979

Since the introduction of Super-board II, the cost of personal com-puters has actually gone up withnew models by major manufacturersranging from $1000 to well over$4000 due to the general cost ofinflation and the increasing func-tionality included in these com-puters. Today Cleveland ConsumerComputers is offering you the orig-inal Superboard II at its originalprice of just $279. In today'seconomy this is by far the best buy

in personal computing ever!

The Superboard II can entertainyour whole family with spectacularvideo games and cartoons, madepossible by its ultra high resolutiongraphics and super fast BASIC. Itcan help you with your personalfinances and budget planning,made possible by its decimalarithmetic ability and cassette datastorage capabilities. It can assist youin school or industry as an ultra

powerful scientific calculator, madepossible by its advanced scientificmath functions and built-in"immediate" mode which allowscomplex problem solving withoutprogramming! This computer canactually entertain your childrenwhile it educates them in topicsranging from naming the Presidentsof the United States to tutoringtrigonometry — all possible by itsfast extended BASIC, graphics anddata storage ability.

The machine can be economicallyexpanded to assist in your business,remotely control your home, com-municate with other computersand perform many other tasks viathe broadest line of expansionaccessories in the microcomputerindustry.

This machine is super easy to usebecause it communicates naturallyin BASIC, an English-like program-ming language. So you can easilyinstruct it or program it to dowhatever you want, but you don'thave to. You don't because it comeswith a complete software library oncassette including programs foreach application stated above. OhioScientific also offers you hundredsof inexpensive programs on ready-to-run cassettes. Program it yourselfor just enjoy it; the choice is yours.

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280 BYTE October 1980

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BYTE October 1980

281

The 6502 Gets

Microprogrammable

Instructions

Dennette A Harrod

POB 9475Rochester NY 14604

"Every programmer is part of a col-lective mind, and progress demandsthat he educate and be educated byothers." So states H T Gordon in aletter published in the October 1977issue of Dr Dobbs Journal of Com-puter Calisthenics and Orthodontia.

In this article I shall attempt toeducate others by detailing a hard-ware approach to adding sixty-fouruser-defined instructions to the MOSTechnology 6502 microprocessor.The 6502 device is used in the AppleII, PET, KIM-1, SYM-1, Rockwell,Ohio Scientific, and Atari microcom-puters to name a few.

My own research concerning 6502operation codes (ie: op codes) hasclosely paralleled the efforts of DrGordon (see his Technical Forumarticle "The XF and X7 Instructions ofthe MOS Technology 6502" Decem-ber 1977 BYTE, page 72). Close in-vestigation reveals that sixty-four ofthe unimplemented op codes can bedetected by a simple circuit such asthat shown in figure 1. Unim-plemented op codes are any of the opcodes with the two least significantbits set to 1.

About the Author

Dennette A Harrod is a systems programmerat Xerox Corp in the Computer Aided Drafting(CAD) Department.

A similar circuit, by C W Moser("Add a Trap Vector for Unimple-mented Op Codes" Dr Dobbs Journalof Computer Calisthenics and Ortho-dontia January 1979, volume 4, issue1, pages 32 thru 34) can be used to de-tect all undefined op codes, but it re-quires a programmable read-onlymemory programmer and does notappear to be as cost-effective in its useof components. My circuit uses onlythree integrated circuits.

Simple Hardware Appendage

The circuit in figure 1 is deceptivelysimple. Its purpose is to cause the6502 to receive an interrupt signalwhenever it attempts to execute oneof the sixty-four undefined op codesin which the right nybble (ie: 4-bitsegment) has a hexadecimal value of3, 7, B, or F. (The left nybble canhave any value.) These values corre-spond to the situation where both ofthe two least significant bits are high.

The software interrupt-serviceroutine then examines the instructionand jumps to a routine to perform theoperation specified by that code. Thisfacility enables the user to add in-structions not available on the 6502as supplied. With certain added in-structions, 16-bit arithmetic andlogical operations can be performed,or string comparison and move oper-ations may be implemented. These

added instructions are called virtualoperation codes, or v-codes.

When the 6502 is in the op-code-fetch phase of the instruction cycle,the normally low SYNC line goeshigh. When the processor attempts tofetch an op code which has both ofthe two least significant bits set to 1,the three-input NAND gate (IC2a,74LS10) output goes low. (Note: oneof the NAND gates on the 74LS10 iswired as an inverter.) As a result, thedata-bus transceiver (IC4, 74LS245) isdisabled, and the 6502 never receivesthe op code. Instead, a buffer (IC3,74LS244) is enabled, forcing all 0values onto the data-bus lines by pull-ing them to ground potential.

The net effect is that the 6502thinks it fetched a BRK (break) in-struction (hexadecimal 00). The BRKinstruction causes the microprocessorto go through an interrupt sequenceunder program control.

Three things happen when the 6502executes a BRK instruction.

• The program counter (PC) is in-cremented by 2 and is pushed ontothe stack (thus the processor treatsBRK as a two-byte instruction).

• The BREAK bit (B) in the pro-cessor status word (PSW) is set to1, and the PSW is pushed onto thestack.

• The 6502 transfers control to the

282 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Number

IC1IC2IC3IC4

Type

+ 5 V

GND

6502

74LS10

14

7

74LS244

20

10

74LS245

20

10

rr>

15

17

19

2G

1A11A21A31A42A12A22A32A4

1Y11Y21Y31Y42Y12Y22Y32Y4

16

14

IC374LS244

SYNC

DATA BUSDO Dl D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7

IC274LS10

00

<H

Bjjj^

IC274LS10

00

Al A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8

CE

IC4

R/W 74LS245

Bl B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8

18

17

32

16

31

15

30

14

13

DBO DB1 DB2 DB3 DB4 DB5 DB6 DB7

IC16502

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of a circuit that forces all lines on the data bus into a logic 0 (ie: low) condition whenever the 6502attempts to fetch an operation code with the two least significant bits both set to 1. The low-order hexadecimal digit of such an opcode will be 3, 7, B, or F. When all data bus lines are forced low, the 6502 executes the BRK (break) instruction, for which the op codeis 00. The BRK instruction causes the processor to go through an interrupt sequence under program control.

address stored in the highest loca-tions in memory (FFFE and FFFF),the IRQ interrupt vector. This ad-dress must indicate the startinglocation of the interrupt-serviceroutine.

Software Action

The first thing the interrupt-serviceroutine must do is determine whetherit was invoked by a hardware or asoftware interrupt. This is accom-plished by examining the B bit in theprocessor status word. Having deter-mined that it was a software interrupt(B = l), the program uses the stackpointer as an index to get the returnaddress off of the stack. This is ac-complished with the help of the TSXinstruction to transfer the stack point-er to the X index register. Then it canload the accumulator using the indi-rect address mode and examine theactual instruction that caused theinterrupt. Since the processor is not

fetching the op code for execution,the circuit of figure 1 does not inter-fere.

Once the interrupt-service routinehas established that it was not anactual BRK instruction that causedthe interrupt, the v-code can be usedas an index into a table of addressesof subroutines. There is one entry inthe table for each of the v-codes. Thesubroutine performs the v-codeoperation.

By using the byte following thev-code as an additional instructionbyte to be decoded by the v-code exe-cuting subroutine, each v-code canact as a gateway to 256 more virtualinstructions.

Do not be intimidated by the pro-spect of over 16,000 user-defined in-structions. Instead, welcome theability to microprogram any or all ofyour favorite machine architecturesinto the virtual machine nowavailable.

Instruction Characteristics

At this point I should probablyclarify a poorly documented factabout the 6502 BRK instruction. Onereason the processor treats BRK as a2-byte instruction is that the BRK canbe followed by a 1-byte code to be in-terpreted by the interrupt-serviceroutine, much the same way that asupervisor call (SVC) instructionworks in the IBM 360/370 computers.Using the circuit of figure 1 enablesyou to save one byte of code byeliminating the BRK instruction itself.This allows the interrupt-serviceroutine and v-code subroutine toaccess 2 bytes of user data (the v-codeand a data byte) without having toadjust the return address on the stack.

Taking a tip from Steve Wozniak(see "SWEET16: The 6502 DreamMachine" November 1977 BYTE,page 150), you can reserve 16 byteson page 0 of memory to serve as eight16-bit registers, each of which may be

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 283

used to contain either data or the ad-dress of data. The byte following thev-code can then be divided into two4-bit nybbles to specify source anddestination registers for the virtualoperation. The low-order 3 bits of thenybble contain the register number (0thru 7), while the high bit indicatesdirect or indirect mode. When thehigh-order bit has a value of 0, itmeans the register contains the data;a value of 1 means the register con-tains the address of the data.

If you wish, you can use 2 bytes forsource and destination information,

in which case 1 nybble of each bytecan be used as an index-pointer(meaning it specifies which register touse as an index register). However,this requires the user to assumeresponsibility for fixing up the returnaddress from the interrupt. On theother hand, if you use a real BRK in-struction followed by a v-code andone or more data-bytes, the returnaddress has to be manipulatedanyway.

Hardware Interrupt Vectors

If you are truly ambitious, a circuit

Listing 1: Example of an interrupt-service routine. It saves the contents of the 6502registers on the stack, calls a subroutine (by JSR) to operate the interrupting device,restores the registers, and finally returns to the interrupted task. Some instructionmnemonics are from a macro-assembler of the author's own design. For example, thePSH X instruction mnemonic causes the macro-assembler to generate two machine in-structions, TXA and PHA.

ABCD

SRVRTN

EQU

$ABCD

xxoo

ORG

$XX00

XXOO

ENTRY

EQU

xxoo

48

PSH

A

XX01

8A 48

PSH

X

XX03

98 48

PSH

Y

XX05

20 CD AB

JSR

SRVRTN

XX08

68 A8

PUL

Y

XXOA

68 AA

PUL

X

XXOC

68

PUL

A

XXOD

40

RTI

XXOE

END

ENTRY

;SAVE REGISTERS

;CALL SERVICE ROUTINE;RESTORE REGISTERS

.-RETURN FROM INTERRUPT

Listing 2: An interrupt-service routine that uses the soft-coded vector technique ofsubroutine calling. To call a subroutine, this routine places a return address on the 6502stack, and then branches to the subroutine by executing a JMP instruction in the in-direct addressing mode. The subroutine can return normally to this calling routine byexecuting an RTS instruction. This procedure compensates for the inability of the 6502processor to execute the JSR instruction using the indirect addressing mode.

YY00

ORG

$YY00

YYOO

SRVADR

EQU

ABCD

SRVRTN

EQU

$ABCD

YYOOXXOO

CD AB

ADRORG

SRVRTN

$xxoo

XXOO

ENTRY

EQU

XXOO

48

PSH

A

;SAVE REGISTERS

XX01

8A 48

PSH

X

XX03

98 48

PSH

Y

XX05

20 8B XX

JRS

JMPAT

SIMULATE JSR @ADDR

XX08

4C 00 ZZ

JMP

COMRTI

;GOTO REGISTER RESTORE

XXOB

JMPAT

EQU

XXOB

6C 00 YY

JMP

©SRVADR

;GOTO SERVICE ROUTINE

XXOE

END

ENTRY

ZZOO

ORG

$zzoo

ZZOO

COMRTI

EQU

;COMMON RTI ROUTINE

ZZOO

68 A8

PUL

Y

;RESTORE REGISTERS

ZZ02

68 AA

PUL

X

ZZ04

68

PUL

A

ZZ05

40

RTI

;RETURN FROM INTERRUPT

XX06

END

COMRTI

based on one by Yogesh M Gupta("True Confessions: How I Relate toKIM" August 1976 BYTE, page 44)intended for the vectoring of hard-ware interrupts, which the 6502lacks, can be modified and added tothe circuit in figure 1 to provide hard-ware vectoring of the software inter-rupts. Gupta's circuit generates vec-tored addresses that are 4 bytes apart.This is a compromise. All you reallyneed is 3 bytes to contain a JMP opcode and a 16-bit destination address,but hardware-generated addresses aremost conveniently generated inpositive powers of 2.

I suggest that the addresses fromsuch a device be 16 bytes apart, sothat the service routines can beentered with three assumptions:

• The routine was called by a jumpto subroutine (JSR) instruction,which is not strictly true, but thiswill be clarified in a moment.

• All of the 6502 registers are storedon the stack, directly beneath thereturn address, so that any registermay be used with impunity.

• The routine can exit from any-where by a return from subroutine(RTS) instruction, and all registerswill be restored to the pre-interruptstate before a return from inter-rupt (RTI) instruction is executed.

Interrupt Service Routines

The program of listing 1 is anexample of how to service an inter-rupt. It first saves the contents of the6502 registers on the stack. Next, itcalls a subroutine to service the inter-rupt, restores the registers, and final-ly returns to the interrupted task. Myexample is for a 6502, but the instruc-tion mnemonics are for a macro-assembler of my own design; forexample, the push X index register onstack (PUSH X) mnemonic generatestwo instructions: transfer X toregister A (TXA) and push A ontostack (PHA).

The program in listing 2 also savesthe registers on the stack, but insteadof calling a subroutine in the normalfashion, this program places a returnaddress on the stack. It then executesa jump (JMP) instruction in the in-direct addressing mode to reach thesubroutine. This means that the pro-gram in listing 2 will look in a loca-tion in memory to find the address ofthe subroutine to jump to. The impli-

284

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

cit assumption is made that thesubroutine will exit with an RTS in-struction. Thus, the subroutine thinksit was entered by a JSR instruction,when actually, the way there waswormed by a circuitous path.

This method for simulating use ofthe JSR instruction in indirect modewas developed by Tom Pittman, andI thank him for suggesting this soft-coded vector technique.

Benefits of Indirect-Mode Entry

There are several good reasons forentering an interrupt-service routine(or any monitor-service routine, forthat matter) with a JMP indirectrather than by a JSR instruction. Thefirst is that the choice of routine toservice a given interrupt can be easilychanged. Instead of being forced touse a particular routine in response toa particular interrupt, you need alteronly the address value contained inthe JMP-indirect vector location,which can be located in program-mable memory. Thus, a string ofcharacters to any of several differentperipheral devices can be outputusing the same microcoded v-code.Simply place the starting address ofthe desired device-driver routine inthe appropriate vector location.

Another reason is that if the loca-tions of service routines are to bechanged (perhaps because of addi-tions that make a routine too big forthe space it used to occupy), only theentry in the vector address table needbe updated. The vector address tablecan be stored in an inexpensive256-byte programmable read-onlymemory. Should the need arise, it ismuch easier to replace the 256-bytedevice containing the table than tofind all references to a routine in a2,048-byte programmable read-onlymemory, change them, and burn anew 2 K-byte device.

The reason for having each routineutilize a common return sequence isthat the user may desire to haveclasses of routines which all need dif-ferent sets of common operationsdone before returning to the callingroutine. Such an operation could beto transfer the saved register valuesfrom the stack into the registersbefore returning. It may also be usedto check if completion of an interruptservice (or v-code instruction) shouldreset a timer/counter or initiate some

other action before truly returning tothe pre-interrupt state.

Other Ideas

A truly innovative approach, andone that saves software overhead atthe cost of more circuitry, is to latchthe v-code, using the same circuit thatdetects the v-code, so that when the6502 attempts to fetch the IRQ vectoraddress from hexadecimal locationsFFFE and FFFF, it gets an address thathas been stored in a 128 by 8 pro-grammable read-only memory. Thisapproach, while limited in its flexi-bility, is ideally suited to "black box"or turnkey systems, where it isassumed that the end user has nodesire to know (let alone alter) the in-ternal operations of the machine.

I have set forth these ideas toenlighten my fellow computer ex-perimenters. I owe a debt to theauthors of the other articles I havementioned; without their work, Icould not have completely developedthe ideas discussed here. I assume thatmany of you will improve on mywork. I merely ask that you write tome and keep me informed of yourprogress. ■

References

1. Gordon, H T, "Decoding 650X Op Codes"Dr Dobbs Journal of ComputerCalisthenics and Orthodontia, Volume 2,Issue 7, August 1977, pages 20 thru 22.

2. Gordon, H T, "Decoding Efficiency andSpeed" Dr Dobbs Journal, Volume 3,Issue 2, February 1978, pages 5 thru 7.

3. Gordon, H T, "Software and Correction"Dr Dobbs Journal, Volume 2, Issue 9,October 1977, pages 42 thru 44.

4. Gordon, H T, "Use of NOP Codes as Exe-cutable Labels" Dr Dobbs Journal,Volume 3, Issue 8, September 1978, page29.

5. Gordon, H T, "The XF and X7 Instructionsof the MOS Technology 6502", BYTE,Volume 2, Number 12, December 1977,page 72.

6. Gupta, Yogesh M, "True Confessions:How I Relate to KIM" BYTE, Volume 1,Number 12, August 1976, pages 44 thru48.

7. MCS6500 Microcomputer Family Pro-gramming Manual, MOS Technology, Nor-ristown PA, 1976, pages 144 thru 147,pages 87 thru 92.

8. Moser, C W, "Add a Trap Vector forUnimplemented Op Codes" Dr DobbsJournal, Volume 4, Issue 1, January 1979,pages 32 thru 34.

9. Wozniak, Stephen, "SWEET16: The 6502Dream Machine" BYTE, Volume 2,Number 11, November 1977, pages 150thru 159.

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October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 285

Vector Graphics forRaster Displays

John Beetem

856 Allardice

Stanford CA 94305

Many personal computers on themarket today use raster graphicsdisplays. These consist of devices thatdisplay a rectangular matrix of points(actually small rectangles) on a standardraster scan video monitor. The pointsare stored in a memory, which can beaccessed by a computer. Plotting ran-dom points is easy, but there is no built-in provision for plotting line segments(vectors). This article describes a methodfor solving that problem.

In a video monitor, the electron beammoves across the screen in a fixed pat-

40 50

DEFLECTION

DEFLECTION

INTENSITY

Figure 1: Example of plotting segment from (10,31) to (40,29) on an X, Ydisplay. Note the simple waveforms; we have full control over X and Ydeflections.

tern called a raster. This is different froma true X,Y display (eg: an oscilloscope us-ing horizontal and vertical inputs),where the position of the electron beamis under user control. To keep thesetypes of display separate, I'll call thefirst a raster display.

Neither X,Y nor raster display has trou-ble plotting points on the screen, but theX,Y display can plot line segments muchmore easily than a raster display. All theX,Y display has to do is move the beamposition from one endpoint (the origin)to the other endpoint (the endpoint) in alinear path (see figure 1). When a line isto be drawn on the screen, the beam isintensified during this motion, leaving abright trail on the screen. In contrast, theraster display has no control over thebeam's position, so it must intensify thebeam at the right points on the rasterwhen the beam gets there (see figure 2).The raster display's data is stored inmemory, so it is necessary to set the bitsin memory corresponding to the inter-sections of the desired vector and theraster.

Plotting Vectors

There are many methods for plottinga vector into a point matrix. The onewhich most often comes to mind is com-puting the slope of the line and using asimilar triangles method. Trigonometricmethods exist. None of these are verygood for a small computer, as manyslow multiplications and divisions areneeded. We would like a method whichavoids such operations. Such a methodfollows.

It is easy to plot a vector when theendpoints are the same point. We simplyplot a point. If the endpoints are not thesame, divide the line in half (by com-puting the midpoint), save one half, andwork with the other. This new line is half

286 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

DEFLECTION

DEFLECTION

IINTENSITY

0-TIME-

Figure 2: Example of plotting segmentfrom (10,31) to (40,29) on a raster display.Since we have no control over the X andY deflections,, the intensity waveform iscomplicated. Also note the digitizing onthe output display.

as long as the original. Repeat the laststep until the vector becomes a point(this will happen because integerarithmetic is used). This point can beplotted. Then get the last segmentstored and work with it. Eventually allthe segments will be plotted! Figure 3shows the first few steps of this process.

The only arithmetic done is for com-puting the midpoints. Storage of seg-ments to be worked on later is done on astack, so that the most recently storedsegment will be worked on next. Theflowchart in figure 4 describes thealgorithm in more detail.

An example of plotting a one-dimen-sional line segment is given as table 1 toclarify the procedure. Everything follow-ing involves two dimensions, althoughthe method is valid for any number ofdimensions.

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October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 287

3a

WORKWITHTHISHALF

Ml DPT

■ STORETHISHALF

STORE THISHALF

3c

■ STORE THIS HALF

ORIG

WORK-WITHTHISHALF

' ENDPT

Midpoints

The midpoint is that point whichdivides a line segment into two equalsegments. It is easy to compute. If a linesegment's endpoints are (X.., YJ and (X2,Y,) in Cartesian coordinates, then themidpoint is ([X1+X2]/2, [Y1+Y2]12), that is, each coordinate is theaverage of each of the endpoints' coor-dinates. This is easy to do on a com-puter; division by 2 is simply a shift right,dropping the low bit into the "bitbucket."

There is a subtle problem with com-puting the midpoint, however. Note thatthe midpoint is pushed onto the stackand assigned to the endpoint, so that it isplotted twice. We must be careful howwe compute the midpoint else the pro-gram may enter an infinite loop.

A solution is as follows: we computetwo midpoints, one where the average isrounded down (truncated), and onewhere it is rounded up. For each compo-nent (X or Y), the higher average is pairedwith the greater of the endpoints, thelower with the lesser. Thus, if the origin'sX component is less than the endpoint's,then the low average is assigned to theendpoint (see figure 4) while the averageplus 1 is pushed onto the stack. Ofcourse, if a component of one endpointis the same number m as that compo-nent of the other endpoint, then thecomponent of the midpoint is simply m.

Software Implementation

The problems of storage of coor-dinates, stack operations, and midpointhandling must be solved to implementthe algorithm. These respective pro-blems were solved for the 8080 pro-cessor as described below.

• Storage of coordinates. I chose tostore one coordinate per byte. Thisallows greater use of registers, which in-creases speed. The assignment ofregisters is as follows:

Figure 3: Example of plotting a vector using the method described intext. First the original segment is divided into two parts as in figure 3a.Then a second division is performed as in 3b. The third division (3c) pro-duces a very short segment. Note how quickly a short segment iscreated. Recursive application of this procedure can be used to plotevery point on the line, using a stack oriented algorithm shown in figure4.

D

=

ORIC.X

(origin's X coordinate)

E

=

ORIG.Y

B

=

ENDPT.X

(endpoint's X coordinate)

C

=

ENDPT.Y

H

=

MIDPT.X

(midpoint's X coordinate)

L

=

MIDPT.Y

Since each register can hold eight bits,this implementation can handle rasterarrays only up to 256 by 256 points. This

( START J

PLOTORIGIN

s stackX^no

POP

\ EMPTY /

ORIGIN

| YES

f STOP J

POP

ENDPOINT

Figure 4: Flowchart for plotting a line segment. This flowchart assumesthat integer arithmetic will be used, so that an exact "origin =endpoint" condition will obtain to terminate the algorithm's inner loop.

288

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE October 1980 289

ORIGIN ENDPOINT MIDPOINT Contents of Stack Commentary

ORIG * ENDPT.Push ENDPT.Compute MIDPT.Push MIDPT + 1.ENDPT: = MIDPT.

55555

131313139

99

13131313

10

10

55

97

7

1313

10 910 9 8

55

76

6

1313

10 9 8 710 9 8 7 7

55

65

5

1313

10 9 8 7 7 610 9 8 7 7 6 6

56

5 *6

1313

10 9 8 7 7 6 610 9 8 7 7

6

7

6 *

7

1313

10 9 8 7 710 9 8

78

7 *9

1313

10 9 8

10

9

9 *

10

13

10

13

10

1 1

10

1 1

10

10

10

10 *

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1 *

12

13

12

13

12

12

12

12 *

13

13

13

13

1110

12

13 10 913 10 9 9

13 10 9 913 10

13 10

1313 12

13 12 1113 12 11 11

13 12 11 1113 12

13 12

1313 13

13 13

ORIG * ENDPT; Push ENDPT; Compute MIDPT.Push MIDPT + 1; ENDPT: =MIDPT.

ORIG * ENDPT; Push ENDPT; Compute MIDPT.Push MIDPT + 1; ENDPT: = MIDPT.

ORIG * ENDPT; Push ENDPT; Compute MIDPT.Push MIDPT + 1; ENDPT: = MIDPT.

Plot 5.

Pop ORIG, ENDPT.

Plot 6.

Pop ORIG, ENDPT.

Plot 7.

Pop ORIG, ENDPT.

ORIG * ENDPT; Push ENDPT; Compute MIDPT.Push MIDPT + 1; ENDPT: = MIDPT.

Plot 8.

Pop ORIG, ENDPT.

Plot 9.

Pop ORIG, ENDPT.

ORIG * ENDPT; Push ENDPT; Compute MIDPT.Push MIDPT + 1; ENDPT: = MIDPT.

ORIG * ENDPT; Push ENDPT; Compute MIDPT.Push MIDPT + 1; ENDPT: = MIDPT.

Plot 10.

Pop ORIG, ENDPT.

Plot 1 1.

Pop ORIG, ENDPT.

ORIG * ENDPT; Push ENDPT; Compute MIDPT.Push MIDPT + 1; ENDPT: = MIDPT.

Plot 12.

Pop ORIG, ENDPT.

Plot 13.

Stack Empty, end of algorithm.

*ORIG = ENDPT condition is true.

Table 1: An example of plotting a one-dimensional line segment usingthe algorithm of figure 4. The points are plotted in the order: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,70, 7 7, 72, 13. The maximum depth of the stack is eight.

gives excellent resolution on a smalldisplay. The next step up in dimensionscomplicates this program by an order ofmagnitude; it would be better to use a16 bit processor.

• Stack operations. On the 8080,only register pairs can be pushed or pop-ped, which is the reason for the HL mid-point register pair. It acts as a buffer tothe stack. The hardest part of stackoperations is detecting stack empty, asthere is no compare stack pointer in-struction. The most efficient way is topush a stack empty flag, hexadecimal0000 or FFFF, and test for it on pop

operations. If such a method is used, theuser must be absolutely sure that theflag code is never pushed as an actualdatum, or the program will "bomb."(Any program which makes large use ofthe stack runs the risk of wiping out allwritable memory, so be careful!) Thisimplementation uses 0000 as the flagand makes sure there are no problems atthe beginning of the program. If the pro-gram is used for a smaller matrix, thensimplifications can be made by pushingFFFF instead.

• Midpoint handling: Choosing theright midpoint to increment involves

290 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

comparing the coordinates. This is notsomething we want to do each time(waste of time), and we don't have to,since the method preserves the order ofthe endpoints. (1FORIG.X < ENDPT.Xatthe beginning, it will stay that waythroughout the algorithm.) What we dois as follows:

(1) Make sure ORIG.X is lessthan ENDPT.X, switchingthem if necessary. Then wealways increment theMIDPT.X pushed onto thestack.

(2) If ORIG.X is equal to END-PT.X, make sure ORIG.Y isnot greater than ENDPT.Y(This insures that 0000 is notpushed on the stack as apiece of data.)

(3) If ORIG.Y is less than END-PT.Y, then increment the mid-point pushed onto the stack,else increment the midpoint

and L are Y components. The contents ofregisters A, B, and C are destroyed.

The first two instructions initialize thestack so we can tell when it is empty.Hexadecimal 0000 on the top means thestack is empty. The next eight instruc-tions are used to insure that DE is lessthan HL, so that it is easy to computeMIDPT.X. Then BC is loaded from HL soas to free HL for the next step.

The next step sets up the midpointhandling for the Y coordinates. Memorylocation INRAL can have one of two in-structions in it: INR A if E < C, or INR Cif E > C. Again this is to make it easy tocompute midpoints. Instruction modifi-cation is a poor technique, as programsbecome nonreentrant, unable to bestored in read only memory, and nonde-buggable, but it is used here to savespace. It is possible to get rid of this stepby duplicating the rest of the sub-routine.

The rest of the program plots accor-ding to the algorithm. DE is the origin,

Photo 1: Example outputusing the line drawingalgorithms presented inlisting 1.

to be assigned to ENDPT.Y.This last operation can bedone by modifying oneinstruction (a bad technique)or by duplicating most of thecode (a waste of space).

Listing 1 is 8080 subroutine VECTORfor plotting a line segment between twoendpoints. The points are passedthrough the DE and HL register pairswhere D and H are X components and E

BC the endpoint, and HL the midpoint.The code is simply a realization of theflowchart in figure 4. Note the methodfor detecting 0000 on the top of theslack.

PLOT is a subroutine for plotting apoint on your graphics interface. X ispassed through B and D, Y through Cand E. All registers may be destroyed byyour PLOT subroutine (you don't have tosave any). PLOT is the only part of VEC-TOR which is device dependent (within

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

291

Label

Mnemonic

VECTOR:

LXI

B.OOOOH

PUSH

B

MOV

A,D

CMP

H

JC

NOXG

JNZ

XG

MOV

A,E

CMP

L

JC

NOXG

XG:

XCHG

NOXG:

MOV

B,H

MOV

C,L

LXI

H, INRAL

MVI

M.3CH

MOV

A,E

CMP

C

JC

LOOP

MVI

M,OCH

;ORIGIN =

DE

;ENDPT =

BC

;MIDPT =

HL

LOOP:

MOV

A,D

CMP

B

JZ

EQX

PUSH

B

ADD

B

RAR

MOV

B,A

INR

A

MOV

H,A

MOV

A,E

CMP

C

JZ

EQY

NEQY:

ADDRAR

C

MOV

C,A

INRAL:

INR

A

EQY:

MOV

L,A

PUSH

H

JMP

LOOP

EQX:

MOV

A,E

CMP

C

JZ

EQXY

PUSH

B

MOV

H,D

JMP

NEQY

EQXY:

CALL

PLOT

POP

D

MOV

A,D

ORA

E

RZ

POP

B

JMP

LOOP

Commentary

;Push stack empty flag.;Make DE less than HL.

;Exchange HL with DE if necessary.;BC: = HL.

;point to instruction INRAL.

;Make INRAL the instruction "INR A".

;lf E less than C

;Then leave INRAL alone

;Else change INRAL to the instruction "INR C

;lf ORIG.X 4= ENDPT.X.

;Then (Push ENDPT

; compute MIDPT.X

; ENDPT.X: = MIDPT.X

; Adjust midpoint:

; MIDPT.X: = MIDPT.X+ 1).

;lf ORIG.Y * ENDPT.Y

Then (Compute MIDPT.Y

ENDPT.Y: = MIDPT.YAdjust MIDPT.Y).

If ORIGIN * ENDPT in generalThen (push MIDPT

continue loop).

If ORIG.X = ENDPT.X

and ORIG.Y * ENDPT.Y

Then (push ENDPT

MIDPT.X: =ORIG.Xtreat as above).

If ORIGIN = ENDPTthen (plot ORIGIN

pop new origin

stack empty?

return if stack empty,pop new ENDPTcontinue loop).

Listing 7: Subroutine VECTOR plots a line segment between two points. Point number 7is stored in register pair DE and point number'2 is stored in register pair HL. The contentsof registers A, B, and C are destroyed.

the 256 by 256 limit). PLOT can use anycoordinate system: (0, 0) can be in thecenter, any corner, etc. VECTOR"doesn't care" as long as it is rect-angular. A sample subroutine PLOT forthe Polymorphics Video Board is in-cluded as listing 2.

How much stack space does this pro-gram take? Since we are pushing thingsfrom all over the place onto the stack, itseems considerable at first glance.However, this is not the case. If your

vector has a length of 256, then it onlytakes eight midpoint operations toreduce its length to 1, so we only needabout that many segments on the stack.Each segment takes four bytes, so weonly need about 32 bytes for the stack(give it a little more). This is a small priceto pay in storage for a large benefit inprogram efficiency.

Another use of this program (otherthan a raster display) might be to drivean X,Y display or a plotter. All you have

292

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Label

Mnemonic

PLOT:

XRA

A

MOV

A,D

RAR

MOV

L,A

SBB

A

MOV

D,A

MVI

H.OF8H

LXl

B.0040H

MOV

A,E

L1:

SUI

03H

JM

P1

DAD

B

JMP

L1

P1:

MOV

E,A

XRA

A

DCR

A

L2:

RAL

INR

E

JM

L2

INR

D

JZ

P2

RAL

RAL

RAL

P2:

ANA

M

MOV

M,A

RET

;Po/ymc

rphics Clear

Screen

CLEAR:

LXl

H.OF800H

CL1:

MVI

M.03FH

INX

H

MOV

A,H

CPI

OFCH

JNZ

CL1

RET

Commentary

;Clear carry.

;Get X.

.-Divide X by 2 to get horizontal character position.

,'Store in L.

;Get remainder (R).

;D:=OifR = 0; D:=FFHifR = 1.

:H points to video memory offset by X.

increment = 64.

;Get Y.

.-Divide Y by 3.

;HL contains quotient times 64.

;Store residue of Y (Res = Remainder - 3).

;Clear Carry.

;A:=OFFH.

;Rotate zero into A per Residue.

;Test remainder of X.

;lf it was zero

;then rotate zero bit three times.

;Set Memory bit.;Return.

;Video Memory.;Clear Character.;Next location.;Last Location?

;Return.

Listing 2: A typical PLOT subroutine, this one for the Polymorphics Video Board. ThePolymorphics board displays graphics by cutting a character position into six rectangles.The sign bit is 0 for graphics and 7 for characters. There are 76 lines of 64 characterseach, or 48 lines of 128 rectangles each. The low 6 bits are used to set the bits as in thefollowing example.

If a byte has its bits numbered: 76543210, the rectangles within a byte corrrespond to:

5

2

4

1

3

0

The PLOT subroutine plots the rectangle corresponding to X = D, Y=E.

to do is have PLOT send the X,Y data tolatching digital-to-analog converters.VECTOR itself is not changed.

Hardware Implementation

The method is valid for hardware also.A circuit utilizing this method would bean excellent addition to a graphics inter-face board. As we have seen, the stackneed not be deep; some 7489 typememories would be adequate, address-ed by an up/down counter. Comparatorsare no problem, nor is the averaging cir-cuitry. The comparators could controlthe midpoint manipulation (whichwould be a pain), eliminating the hard-ware analog of the instructions beforeLOOP. Stack empty is trivial. There arelots of integrated circuits in such adedicated hardware approach, but this

would be fast, great for plots and games.Some simplification might be obtainedusing LSI (large scale integration)microcontroller chips such as those inthe 2900 series or their equivalents.Again, digital-to-analog converterscould be used for X,Y display. (It suregets rid of a lot of analog circuitry need-ed to generate straight lines on tradi-tional X,Y displays.)

Summary

This article described a generalmethod for plotting a line segment,given its endpoints, on a raster scandisplay. The method uses a recursivetechnique: lines are subdivided untilthey are short enough to plot as a point.The method can be used in both soft-ware and hardware applications.■

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 293

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Letters

Letters continued from page 22:

More Significant Digits for Pascal

A reader inquired in the June 1980BYTE about the significant-digits limita-tion in UCSD Pascal. (See "NumericalPrecision in UCSD Pascal," by MartinBerman, page 17.)

Vejur Software Systems has softwarepackages which allow the precision of14-, 18-, and 36-decimal digits under theNorth Star version of UCSD Pascal.Each package has two instructions forconverting BCD (binary-coded decimal)numbers to binary form and vice versa,and four instructions for performingbinary arithmetic. The 14-digit packagestores numbers in 6 bytes; the 18-digitpackage uses 8 bytes, and the 36-digitpackage, 15 bytes.

Each package is supplied on a NorthStar double-density floppy disk for $20in object form. Source assembly-language code for the Z80microprocessor is also available forpossible use on other systems.

Arne Paulsen

Vejur Software Systems

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Information Needed

The Psychology Department at theUniversity of North Carolina at ChapelHill is currently in the planning stages ofa computer-based laboratory forundergraduates. We have chosen theApple II microcomputer and Pascal asthe programming language. As such, wewould appreciate learning of theavailability of any applicable software.

If there are any BYTE readers thatknow of such products, please let meknow.

R F Genovese

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Department of Psychology

Davie Hall 013 A

Chapel Hill NC 27514

Shared Files for Education

The special July 1980 BYTE with theEducation theme was an excellent over-view of the relationship betweenmicrocomputers and education, althoughit leaves readers with some incorrect im-pressions about the state of the art.

Dr Arthur Luehrmann's EducationForum ("Computer Illiteracy—A Na-tional Crisis and a Solution for It," page

294 Oclober 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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296 October 1980 «-) BYTE Publications Inc

88) stressed the importance of apersonal-computer shared-file system inproviding a workable environment forcomputer education, and indicated this isa problem unsolved by the computer in-dustry.

For several years, Nestar Systems hasdedicated itself to providing add-on net-works for the popular Apple, Com-modore, and Tandy/Radio Shack familyof computers. Known as theCluster/One Model One and Model A,these systems substantially satisfy thefeatures described as needed by DrLuehrmann in his article. Indeed, oneoutstanding installation of a Cluster/OneModel One system, with twenty-sevenmicrocomputers coupled in a high-speednetwork, has been running under DrLuehrmann's guidance at the Universityof California's Lawrence Hall of Sciencefor over a year.

Readers interested in the details ofNestar's product offerings should contactus at the address below.

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Disputes Heath SoftwareCompatibility

I was appalled to read BarryWatzman's (Heath Company's computerproduct line manager) statement in theJuly 1980 BYTE that, "...the S-lOO bushas nothing at all to do with software,and it is obvious that Mr Libes is refer-ring to 'CP/M' systems, and not to'S-100' systems." (See "Statement fromthe Heath Company," page 14.) DoesMr Watzman really believe that, or didhe simply miss the point of the state-ment he was ostensibly refuting7 Doesthis mean that Heath really doesn'tunderstand why their systems are notcompatible with the rest of the world7

While it is true that software couldnot care less about the bus structure ofits host processor, the problem is thatmost of the 8080/Z80 software availablein object form requires contiguous usermemory starting at location 0. None ofthe Heath systems can meet this require-ment, while virtually all of the S-100systems can. It would seem that, inpractice, the S-100 bus has a great dealto do with softwarel The difference ispurely one of hardware configurationand has nothing to do with whether ornot Digital Research Corporation'sCP/M is chosen as the operating system,although standard CP/M and all theprograms designed to run with it fall in-to the class of affected programs. Nodoubt many Heath owners would ap-preciate a modification (albeit it wouldnot be simple I) that would move their

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user memory to the bottom of theaddress space and their read-onlymemory to the top.

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Barry Watzman Replies

Thank you BYTE for the opportunityto reply to Mr Smith's letter.

In the July 1980 BYTE, 1 said "theS-100 bus has nothing at all to do withsoftware, and it is obvious that Mr Libesis referring to 'CP/M' systems, and notto S-100 systems." Mr Libes replied that"although CP/M has now been adaptedto run on the H-8, there are still manyother operating systems, languages, etcthat still run only on S-100-basedsystems." Mr Smith then says that"while it is true that software could notcare less about the bus structure of itshost processor, the problem is that mostof the 8080/Z80 software available inobject form requires contiguous usermemory starting at location 0."

Both Mr Libes and Mr Smith have at-tacked not what I actually said, butrather their own (incorrect) interpreta-tions of what I said. 1 can readily ap-preciate that both gentlemen assumedthat as product line manager for Heathcomputers I was defending the H-8, butin fact the machines I had in mind weresystems such as the Altos, the Onyx,and other non-S-100 systems which willrun any software that an S-100-bussystem will run. My point was that thebus structure is independent of the soft-ware used, which is true. I neither saidnor even implied that the memory mapof a computer is independent of the soft-ware used, yet that is precisely howboth Mr Libes and Mr Smith interpretedmy remarks.

Having said that, let me go a step fur-ther with regard to Heath computers.Many vendors will maintain vociferous-ly that their products are "perfect," evenwhen they know this is not the case.However, there are very few "perfect"products in this world, and a moremature approach is to recognize, admit,and correct a product's shortcomings.The H-8 and H-89 have admittedly suf-fered to a degree because the presence ofROM (read-only memory) at address 0has prevented the use of the standardDigital Research Corporation CP/Moperating system and much of theavailable 8080/Z80 software.

My own background prior to comingto Heath had been with CP/M softwareand S-100 hardware, so 1 fully ap-preciate both the restricted softwareavailability for Heath computers(although there is more Heath softwareavailable than most non-Heath userswould suspect), and the hesitance of a

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FORMAT ldd| - Prepare diskette lor usewith CP/M 2.2

FOLLOWING S0FTWAHE AVAILABLE IN MOST 5.Z5 ANO 8 INCH FORMATS

0ESPOOL - Simultaneous ti'r print and user operahorTEX — Text Icrmaiter Qualify hard copy

SID - Symooiic instruction decugger Multiple pass ptrack histogram source code labels

SB5/S15S45/S5S707S1S

SHS/S15S9S/II5

ZSIO - Same as SID lor me ^80 instruction set

COMPILE!! SYSTEMS CBASIC-Z rel 2 06

Compiler cuiended disk BASIC Sett documenting, source code

protection, line numbers not required $95/115

California residsnis add 6 '/• sales fan

Speedy single, double or quad capacity

Addlliona! tonrots available soon

Structuicd Sysiems Group programs require CP/M and CBASIC-2

'CP/M a a reg-sterca UMmtfk or Dignal Research

tSottwe and locumemauon'documentation only

MT mlcroSYSTEMS PASCAL/MT, - requires 32K minimum memorySymbolic debugger. BCO or Hoaiing pomt Optimized lor tne CP/Menvironment Produces compact machine code S250/S25

STHUCTOREO SYSTEMS (requires CBASlC-2)GENERAL LEDGERINVENIORY ....ACCOUNTS PAYABLEACCOUNTS RECEIVABLEPAYROLLANALYSTLETTERIGHTOSOHT

NAD

SHUGAHT HARD DISK 6 mo warranty, directI3 2M8YTE26 4M8YTE

siw:j/$;>■:.

%Ti'j-'l?'i5695/S2b

S695/S2S

IS95/S2S

S725/S20

SI75/SZOS9VS10S75/SI0

10 North StarS4595S4995

Shipping S? I)

COO S? 0

S79SH4.9S

DATADISK SYSTEMS, P.O. BOX 195, POWAY, CA 92064, (714) 578-3831

16K MEMORY KITS $49.95

4116's 6 MONTH WARRANTY INSTRUCTIONS INCLUDED

DISK DRIVES

PERCOMTFD-100$325PERCOM TFD-200 $595

CCI-100 $305

CCI-200 $495

2 DRIVE CABLE $24.95 4 DRIVE CABLE $34.95

PRINTERS $695

MICROTEK MT80P BI-DIRECTIONAL125 CPS UPPER & LOWER CASE

1 YEAR WARRANTY

CABLE-S24.95

DISKETTES

MEMOREX OR BASF 10/$26.50

YOUR SATISFACTION GUARANTEED OR FULL REFUND

MICROCOMPUTER SERVICES CORPORATION

7314 MATTHEWS-MINT HILL RD. CHARLOTTE, NC 28212

"TRADEMARK TANDY/RADIO SHACK CORPPERCOM TM PERCOM DATA CCI TM CPU IND

704-545-0826

BECAUSE WE'RE CPAsOUR NEEDS ARE THE SAME AS YOURS:

And because we use our own software in our practice we were able to see the need for an evenmore efficient program. Now our General Ledger Program is completely interactive with ourMaster Tax to generate Schedule C!

Master Tax Package >

Federal 1040 pages 1 and 2

Schedules A, B, C, D. E. F, G. R/RP. SE. TC, ES

Forms 2106, 2210, 2441. 3468, 2119, 3903. 4625. 4726, 4797,

4972, 5695, 6521

Tax Tables A, B, C, D

Tax Schedules X, Y, Z

Sales Tax Tables for Schedule A (state of your choice)

All clients stored on disks for immediate recall

Computes alternative minimum tax

Client instruction letter

Audit trail available on each client

Tax return printing capabilrty in batch or individual mode

1% and 3% medical limitation incorporated

Automatically checks for FICA over withholding

Automatically computes earned income credit

City/State tax automatically carried over to Schedule A

Depreciation calculation possible for all rates

Schedule TC automatically generated when appropriate

Exemptions are computed automatically

Dividend exclusions and interest are handled automatically

based on the type received

General Ledger II (Write-up and payroll)

• Flexible Report formatting

• Extensive error trapping and editing features

• Program menu sequenced

• History files maintained - transactions may be recalled fromprevious months

• Repetitive transactions may be automatically duplicated orincremented

• Incorrect entries can be voided

• Up to 400 accounts and 3000 transactions can be used(8" single density disk)

• Payroll interactive with general ledger so that payrollaccounts update general ledger accounts

• Financial statements may be printed before closing to facilitateadjusting entries

• Payroll computations "Before" or "After the fact"

• Ability to examine contents of all data files

• Up to 9 Departments may be used

• Amortization schedule

• Depreciation schedule

CP/liDS

THE NAME SAYS IT ALL

Specifications:

• Requires 48 K of memory

• Screen formatting using cursor positioning

• CRT screen of 80 x 24

• Dual Disks

• Written in Microsoft Basic (compiled)* CP/M

*CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research

The sale of each proprietarysoftware package conveys alicense lor use on onesystem only

A Division of Computer Tax Service Inc. Distributed by Lifeboat Associates, 1651 Third Avenue, n.y.. n.y. 10028 (212) 860-0300 Telex: 220501

BYTE Oclober 1980

299

Circle 215 on inquiry card.

WHEN IT COMESFROM US,IT WORKS.

Most Northstar Systems are purchasedfor business and scientific applicationswhere down-time means money.

That's why Scottsdale Systems pre-tests every Northstar BEFORE we sell it.And package it for SAFE delivery to you.

But we don't stop there. Our North-star Systems, with a SOROC IQ-120 ter-minal, and either an NEC Spinwriter or aTl 810, include full integration.

When it comes from ScottsdaleSystems, it's ready to work for you.

Northstar

Horizon II 32K DD '2399

Horizon II32 K Quad s2799

CCS 16KRAM s259

SOROC IQ-120 !749

TI-810Basic M589

NEC-5510 w/tractor '2799

NEC-5520 wftractor s3099

[NEC's include ribbon, thimble)

a »

800

ATARI•798* (W/16KRAMI)

TI-99/4* i

w/monitor '879 yw/o monitor *736

OCTOBER SPECIALS

Dynabyle 20% off

Zenith (Heath) Z-89 48KI S2289

Commodore (Pets. CBM's) 10% off

Mattel Intellivision $249

Televideo 91 2C S749

Televideo 920C $799

Perkin - Elmer Bantam S729

Comprint GP(TRS-80. Apple) S489

Comprint S $525

Okidata Microline 80 $559

Tractors (W/M80 purchase) $100

MPI 88T $659

2% cash discount incl./prices subject to change-Product subject to availability. 0-20% fee for returnedproducts. Factory warranties included. Call for add'lproducts.

SCOTTSDALESYSTEMS

6730 E. McDowell Road • Suite 103

Scottsdale, AZ 85257

OPEN 6 TO 6 PM • M.-SAT.

S I602) 941-5856 QSj

significant portion of the user communi-ty to consider Heath computer systems.One of my goals as product linemanager has been to change this. Thus,while Heath will continue to offer,enhance, and fully support its ownoperating system (HDOS), beginningthis fall Heath will also offer and fullysupport the standard version 2.2address-zero-based CP/M operatingsystem and a full 64 K-byte all-programmable-memory address space onboth the H-8 and the H-89 computers.At the same time, we will also beginoffering an 8-inch floppy-disk system(double-sided, double-density, IBM-compatible, and capable of running inan IBM 3740 single-density mode), withthe result that Heath systems willbecome totally software- and media-compatible with most of the other8080/Z80 computer systems on themarket. It is our hope that this will bothincrease the software available to ourcurrent customers (since the new con-figuration is fully retrofitable), and atthe same time encourage those who havepreviously rejected Heath systems togive us a second look.

Computers and Telephones:Information Needed

I have been unable to locate amanufacturer or a peripheral device forany readily available personal computerthat enables the computer to perform thefollowing telephone-related functions:

1. to answer incoming calls;

2. to receive and decode varyingamounts of Touch-Tone (dual-tone,multiple-frequency) data transmittedto the computer over the telephoneline;

3. to provide some type of "yay/nay"acknowledgment to the remotecaller;

4. to place outgoing calls using Touch-Tone signaling;

5. to initiate other ESS (electronicswitching system) custom-calling ser-

I would appreciate receiving any in-formation on such a device from anyreader of BYTE. Thank you.

Steven Schochet

POB 14073

San Francisco CA 94114

Two Requests for Video BrainInformation

I am looking for any information onthe programming module, cassette inter-face, memory expansion module,schematic, or anything to do with theVideo Brain computer. Any information

Circle 216 on inquiry card.

YOU TOO canbecome asuccessfulcomputer

ENTREPRENEUR!

59*

HOW TO START YOUR OWN SYSTEMSHOUSE is a practical step-by-step guide for theEDP professional or small businessman whowants to enter the micro-computer systemsbusiness.

Written by the founder of a successful systemshouse, this fact-filled 220-page manual coversvirtually all aspects of starting and operating asmall systems company. It is abundant withuseful, real-life samples: contracts, proposals,agreements and a complete business plan areincluded in full, and may be used immediatelyby the reader.

Proven, field-tested solutions to the manyproblems facing the small systems house arepresented.

From the contents:

• New Generation of Systems Houses • TheSBC Marketplace • Marketing Strategies •Vertical Markets & lAPs • Competetive Posi-tion/Plans of Major Vendors • MarketSegment Selection & Evaluation • Selection ofEquipment & Manufacturer • Make or BuyDecision • Becoming a Distributor • GettingYour Advertising Dollar's Worth • Your Sales-men: Where to Find Them • Product Pricing

• The Selling Cycle • Handling the 12 MostFrequent Objections Raised by Prospects •Financing for the Customer • Leasing •Questions You Will Have to Answer Before theProspect Buys • Producing the System • In-stallation, Acceptance, Collection • Docu-mentation • Solutions to the Service Problem

• Protecting Your Product • Should You StartNow? • How to Write a Good Business Plan •Raising Capital

6th edition, March 1980

220 pages

Essex Publishing Co. dept. 3

285 Bloomfield Avenue Caldwell, N.J. 07006

I would like to order HOW TO START YOUROWN SYSTEMS HOUSE at $36.00 (New Jerseyresidents add 5% sales tax)D Check Enclosed □ VISA □ Mastercharge

Name

Address

City

State

Zip

Card#

exp.

For immediate shipmentcall (201) 783-6940

on

credit card orders

300 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 217 on inquiry card.

Circle 218 on inquiry card.

IS THERE A

GAP

IN YOUR LIFE

GAP General Accounting Package. Fantastic double

entry accounting system with user definable ac-counts. The account numbers are made up of 74-digit fields allowing 7 levels of accountclassifications. With the use of the OperatorReport Selector Generator (OSRG), you cangenerate any type of report you desire, or usereport programs in GAP-GL, GAP-AP, andGAP-AR.

GAP-GL Includes all basic GAP functions, plus entry ofGeneral Ledger transactions, prints GeneralJournal, General Ledger summary and detail,Balance Sheet, Profit and Loss.

Price $124.95

GAP-AR Requires GAP-GL to run, allows adding A/R in-voices, printing Sales Journal, detail A/R report,Account Aging, add/update Cash Receipts withregister, Cash Receipts Journal, and A/R Billing.

Price $99.95

GAP-AP Requires GAP-GL to run, allows adding of A/Pinvoices, printing Purchase Journal, detail A/Preport, Aging of Accounts, Check Writing,Check Printing, Cash Disbursements Journal.

Price $99.95

System requirements are 32K CP'M CP/M is registered trademark of Digital Research

PROFESSIONAL DATA SYSTEMS

%

318 E 18 St.BAKERSFIELD CA. 93305

(805) 323-0891

THE HSSENCEof output quality

Any IBM SELECTRIC®can be con-verted to produce high quality out-put at an affordable price!

Interfaces directly to S100, Parallel,RS-232 or IEEE-488.

Compatible with TRS-80, Sorcerer,Pet, Apple, Horizon, etc.

Why be printer bound? Prices from

$496 to $675.

Call

today.

O

Backspace and TabAvailable NOW!

B

Escon Products, Inc.

171 Mayhew Way, Suite 204

Pleasant Hill, Ca., 94523

(415) 935-4590

Getting the Jump Means Winning the Race

Technical Career Open House is a unique presentationof many productive companies seeking to hire productiveprofessionals in technical job categories. These companiesare seeking top-notch engineers, technicians, marketingspecialists, computer professionals, and a wide variety oftechnical support personnel, in the following disciplines:

Biologists, Chemists, Designers, Programmers, SystemsAnalysts. WP and DP Managers, Customer Trainers,Interface designers, project leaders, researchers; Engineers:Multi-Industry; Automation, Quality Control, Civil, Industrial,Electronic, Power, Nuclear, Energy Control, Instrumenta-tion.

Technical Career Open House is the one place in NewYork where you can talk to companies both large andsmall from all parts of the country in just a few short hours.Here are just a few of the many companies waiting to talkto you: Pfizer, SDA, Inc., Blue Cross/Blue Shield, Pitney Bowes,Digital Equipment Corp., Automated Concepts, GTESystems, Racal-Milgo, Nutech, Chase Manhattan Bank,TRW, Knauer Computer, Eastman Kodak, Power Authority ofN.Y.S., Ebasco Services.

Registration for TCOH is free of charge and anonymous ifyou requested. (Your TCOH badge need only display yourjob title.) Write or call for registration forms.

TECHNICAL CAREER OPEN HOUSE/New York

New York Coliseum Oct. 29 - Nov. 1, 1980 tcoh hours

TCOH HOURS:

OCT. 29, 31 -3 PM to 8 PM

HO Charlotte Place. Englewood Cliffs. NJ 07632 /(20l) 569-8542

NOV. 1-9 AM to 4 PM

Circle 219 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

301

Circle 220 on inquiry card.

Circle 221 on inquiry card.

BKG10.

The improved version ot BKG 9.8,

the backgammon playing programI hat defeated the worldbackgammon champion by a scoreof 7-1 at Monte Carlo in July, 1979.

BKG10. developed utilizing theexpertise of Paul Magriel, formerworld backgammon championand author of Backgammon, hasemerged as one of the bestpieces of artificial intelligencesoftware available onmicrocomputer.

BKG 10. features:

1 Version I utilizes direct cursor control forprofessional display of board, disc, cube. etc.

' Version II adds printer/disc 10 of game inprogress, enables board sel-up at non-Sfandord points and simulation capabilities.

' BKG 10. incorporates advanced SNAC func-tions (Smooth & Nonlinear ApplicationCoefficients) as described in ScientificAmerican, June, 1980.

* Plays by ABPA Tournament Rules, including:doubling, moich play and optionally theCrawford Rule. BKG )0. VI will play eitherside. VII enables machine - machine ploy forsimulation applications.

1 BKG 10. responds quickly, making most movesin under 15 seconds (2 MHz), or 7 seconds(4MHz).

1 BKG 10. was written entirely in Z-80 Assem-bler.

BKG10. has the additional capability of

suggesting moves and doubling decisions.

• SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS •

l m Processor 32K 1PA, CP^M orcursor addressable video leirmnalpunter and odd'fionol drive

npahbli; opii" floppy dri

.00

BKG 10.$7900 $129

s.ngle hcense fee pR|CE |NauDES:

Two non-copiable diikeirus

and a complete 30 page manual.

Software Updaie subscription available

INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS LTD . 12d S DELAWARE STREET

INDIANAPOLIS, IN 4620-1 (31/)o3 1-5SU

For Mastercard, VISA, or C.O.D. orders only

Call Now: 800-824-7888;:

Alaska/Hawaii 800-824-7919Ask for Operator 105

BKG 10.

that BYTE readers could send me aboutwhere I might find these items would bevery helpful. Thanks for your coopera-tion.

Brent Dix

774 South 1110 W

Cedar City UT 84720

Since the Video Brain Computer Com-pany went out of business and you cannow readily pick up this computer(which has a color display) for around$88 (from COMB Liquidators in Min-neapolis, Minnesota), I would like tosuggest that BYTE and BYTE readersdevelop a few "how to" articles onmodifying this computer. Some of thesearticles could include:

• adding a full-sized keyboard to theVideo Brain computer;

• adding language capabilities;

• expanding the programmable andread-only memories in the computer;

• hooking up a cassette tape recorderto store programs.

I know there are certain limitations inthe F8 design, but I think the price ofthe system and the interest to ex-perimenters and other readers wouldmake it an enjoyable and worthwhileproject. And if all the above ideas werepossible, you could have a pretty goodsystem at a very cheap price. I hope youwill consider these suggestions.

Paul Bazylewicz843 Loomis StJackson MI 49202

Any readers with information on theVideo Brain system or its componentsare encouraged to write to the abovereaders. In addition, we at BYTE wouldbe interested in seeing any articles on theVideo Brain—either full-length articles orshorter articles that could be placed inour new upcoming column, "SystemNotes.". . GWB

BYTE's Bugs

A Financial Problem

In my article "A Financial AnalysisProgram" (February 1980 BYTE, page192) several errors appeared in theglossary which, unfortunately, I did notreceive with my proofs. On page 198,under the heading Accounts Receivablein Days, both occurrences of divided byshould have read divided into. This cor-rection should also be made for the

IMAGINE.

A computer game that has drawn

the attention of the national

news media.

A computer game that has peoplearound the world clamoring for it.

A computer game that turns your

love life into a menage a trois...

you, your mate, and your computer!

That's Interlude—the hottest newsoftware program for personalcomputers.

But it's more than just a game.It's an experience that will tantalizeyou...romanticize you...fantasizeyou...and often surprise you.

Interlude begins with a uniquecomputer interview of the partici-pants to determine their mood.Then it searches its memory toselect the best Interlude for theoccasion. You may be referred tothe instruction manual which de-scribes most of the 106 Interludes,or your instructions may appearon your screen if you've chancedto hit upon one of the many sur-prise Interludes buried within theprogram. (When you discoversecret Interlude #99, your love lifemay never be the same again!)

Interlude...it's fun...it's fanciful...it's fantastic. It's the computer gamefor adults. Are you ready for it?

Interlude

The Ultimate Experience.

INTERLUDE Dept. B-10 10428 Westpark, Hous-ton, TX 77042. Rush me my copy of Interlude.

Name

Age

Address _

City_

. State _

Z'P

DApple II* (16K) DTRS-80** (Level II-16K) Ds14.95 for cassette D$ 17.95 fordiskette. Add $1.50 for shipping. Texasresidents add 6% sales tax.

□ My check (payable to Interlude) is enclosed.Charge my □ Mastercharge □ Visa

Account Mo

Expiration Date_

MasterCharge Bank Code-Signature—

(Charge customers must sign.)CHARGE CUSTOMERS: Order by phone toll-free! 1-800-231-5768 Ext. 306(TX: 1-800-392-2348 Ext. 306)

•Registered trademark of Apple Computers. Inc."Registered trademark of Radio Shack, a Tandy Co.

AVAILABLE FOR IMMEDIATE DELIVERY.

302

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 222 on inquiry card.

If you are developing commercial software for aCP/M * system, you need a keyed file accessingpackage to create efficient, on-line, interactivesystems.

Only MICRO 6+™ offers all theseadvantages:•Guaranteed optimal file accessingperformance!

•Key access to data files with over10,000 entries in under onesecond...on floppy disk systems!•No reorganization of index and datafiles!

Before you order the most important com-ponent of your software development toolkit, compare. MICRO B+™ is unmatched byany other product available anywhere.

Assembly Language Version...$260.00

Specify MICROSOFT "REL" Files or CBASIC Compatible

BASIC Source Code Version...$195.00

Specify MICROSOFT Basic-5 or CBASIC-2

Shipping $2.USA/$5 Foreign

^— 2606 JOHNSON DRIVEAIPI.OM COLUMBIA. MO 65201«•■» V/V/IVI (314)445-3304

We accept VISA and MASTERCARD

The 2ndGeneration...

It's all that it'sCracked up to be,

MEASUREMENT

systems &. controls

incorporated

£

yyrroirrrroTnrT5TroTnn£/To further improve\ °

service to our customers wehave installed a toll-free^ WATS line in our^Peterborough, NewHampshire office.>If you wouldlike to order a^subscription to\BYTE, or if

Toll-free \ youhavea

\question relat-^ed to a BYTE

:

BYTEs

SubscriberW.A.T.S. Line

subscription,*yyou are invited\to call5

(800)258-5485

We thank you and lookforward to serving you.

SJLSLSiSJiJIJLSLSLSiSiSLSLSJLaJ.

(800)258-5485between 8:00 AM and4:30 PM Eastern Time.TFriday 8 AM-Noon)^i*Calls from conti-nental U.S.

only.

jy^ 9178'

^oOXSLSLSJLSiSiSJO

Payroll

General LedgerAccounts PayableAccounts Receivable

Flexible and sophisticated business software that Is otthe highest quality. Originally developed by Osborne& Associates and rapidly becoming a standard. Ac-countants are pleased with our balance sheets andincome statements. It has been tested and approvedby secretaries.

• Complete instructions • Return within 30 days

• Up and running the for complete refund ifsame day ot delivery. not satisfied.

• 100% guaranteed • No licensing

• Unlimited tree agreement —use astelephone assistance. you want.

Accounts Receivable $145.00

Accounts Payable $145.00

Payroll-California $145.00

Payroll-Non California stateincome tax calculations

(add to California payroll) $125.00

General Ledger $145.00

Multiple profit center option

for general ledger $ 50.00

Manuals (each) $ 20.00

Formats: Any 8" single or double density. TRS-80 Moa II. NorthstarDD, Vector Graphics. Super Brain, many others.Runs on Beehive. Soroc, Hazeltine, ADDS. Televideo. SOL. TRS-80Mod II. HEATH. ACT V. Intertube II, Altos, ADM and many otherterminals. All programs in CBASIC under CP/M (includes source).

Synergetic Computer Products

575 Middlefield Avenue Suite J. Palo Alto. CA 94301(415) 328-5391

VISA • Master Chorge • COD • Company Check

TRS-80 Is a trademark of Radio Shack, Inc CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research

Circle 223 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

303

UNBEATABLE..

APPLE II ORAPPLE II PLUS

Shipped direct to you!

s89900

(Plus Shipping)We have orchard fresh Apple pro-ducts ready to ship. Immediatedelivery. Send certified or cashierscheck for quick shipment. Orderswith personal checks shippedafter bank clearance.

16K UNITS $899

32K UNITS $999

48K UNITS $1099

Apple Disk Drive $550Pascal Language Card

$450

Above plus $20 shipping charge.

IMPORTANT—No shipments made with-in the state of Illinois.

MIGHTY MICROS

P.O. BOX 11375

CHICAGO, IL 60611

ORDER

Enclosed $_For

FORM

-ViaU.P.S.

Shipto:_Name

Address-

(No P.O. Boxes-Street Address Only)

City_

State.

_Zip_

definition of inventory turnover on page200.

Also, I had not realized that some ofthe following abbreviations would be in-comprehensible to nonaccountants:

Abbreviation Meaning

CGS cost of goods sold

SGA salaries and general ad-

ministrative expensesPPD items pre-paid itemsBldg/Equ buildings and equipmentCur LT current portion of long-

term liabilitiesC-Stk common stock

APIC additional paid-in capital

RE retained earnings

TOT CR total credits

I have received many requests for in-formation on converting the program torun on other systems. Perhaps readerswho have adapted this concept to theirown machines would like to share theirversions by sending a note to BYTE.

John A Lehman716 Hutchins #2Ann Arbor MI 48103

BYTE's Bugs

An Omission in "Varietiesof Threaded Code"

A paragraph was inadvertently omit-ted from the first page of "Varieties ofThreaded Code for Language Implemen-tation," by Terry Ritter and GregoryWalker (September 1980 BYTE, page206). The following should be insertedbetween the first and second fullparagraphs on the right-hand column,just before the paragraph that begins,"Any form of interpretation...":

The run-time overhead of any in-terpretation technique depends on therelative complexity of the machine-language routines actually invoked. Ifthe functions performed in machinelanguage are similar in complexity tothat of a single machine instruction,then the overhead of even a hard-ware subroutine call and returnoperation will he quite high. On theother hand, if the machine-languageroutines are made complex, theoverhead of even slow interpretationcan be made insignificant.

This paragraph explains a pivotalpoint in the article. We apologize for the

Back,

by popular

demand.

Just a few years ago, illegal huntingand encroaching civilization had all butdestroyed the alligator population in thesouth. They were added to the officiallist of endangered species in the UnitedStates.

Now alligators have made acomeback.

Conservationistsintent on preserving thislegendary reptile helped thealligator get back on its feet.Once again some southernswamps and marshes areteeming with alligators.

With wiseconservation policies,other endangeredspecies have also madecomebacks .. . thecougar, gray whale,Pacific walrus, woodduck, to name a few.

If you want to helpsave our endangeredspecies, join the NationaWildlife Federation,Department 106, 141216th Street, NW,i Washington, DCHISIIB 20036

304 October 1960 © BYTE Publications Inc

Time is precious

hy lose it?

RY SUPPORTEDNDAR CLOCKS

PDP-

LSI-117?

Multi-Bus2

EXORcisor

U-100 • $495M-150 • $460U-50D • $325

...TCU-410-$325... TCU-68 • $325

HP 2100 . .TCU-2100 • $395

Lockheed SUE . TCU-200 • $550Naked Mini4 TCU-310-$385

If automatic and accurate date and time entryis important to your system on power-up —you need a Digital Pathways battery sup-ported calendar clock. All Digital Pathways'TCUs have on board NICAD batteries to maintaindate and time during power down (typically up to

' Trademark of Digital Equipment Corp.

2 Trademark of Intel Corp.

3 Trademark of Motorola Inc.

4 Trademark of Computer Automation Inc.

Serial Line Clock . SLC-1 • $640

(RS 232 or 20mA) Microprocessor controlled.Auto message intercept and response.10 Digit display option $190.

three months). Timing is provided by a crystalcontrolled oscillator. Prices are U.S. domesticsingle piece. Quantity discounts available.

For more information on these timely products,contact:

Digital Pathways Inc.

4151 Middlefield Road

Palo Alto, CA 94306

Phone: (415) 493-5544

DIGITAL PATHWAYS

Circle 225 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

305

AskBYTE

Conducted by Steve Ciarcia

Terminal Expense

Dear Steve,

Why can't I buy a simplevideo terminal for less than$700, when a portable blackand white television receiver(including radio- and audio-frequency electronics) costsas little as $70 and a com-plete microcomputer system(including video display andkeyboard) costs around$600? I own a KIM-1 anddon't use it as much as Iwould like to because thekeypad and LED (light-emitting diode) display areinconvenient. It seems to methat, considering thesimplicity and availability ofthe component parts re-quired for a no-frills "glassTeletype," the price should

be between $150 and $200.Rob Fullerton

A high-grade video ter-minal and a television setare different animals. Theterminal has a much widerbandwidth and usually bet-ter component tolerances.Granted, this may make itworth $200 (instead of $100for a television), but look atwhat else you are getting:case, power supply, fan,printed-circuit board withelectronics, gold-plated con-nectors, Hall-effect or reed-switch keyboard, nonglarebezel, etc. These things addup. The reason why theKIM-1 is so inexpensive isthat it is just a printed-circuit board with com-ponents on it. Most likely

FOR SERIOUS USERS

OF 8080, 8085, OR Z80 COMPUTERS

PRINTER WIZARD - Now add powerful capabilities toyour printer. Free your computer tor use whilesimultaneously printing backlogged output on a first-in-first-out basis. Transparent operation without noticableslowing of the computer. Allows continuous computer andprinter operation on programs having sporadic output. Willbacklog up to 100 pages when used with a disk system.Adds optional automatic paging with numbers, adjustablemargins on 4 sides, indented overflow lines. Occupies lessthan 21/i K.

Documentation only

EX80M103EX80M103D

$45.00$ 7.50

DISASSEMBLER — Disassemble machine code into stan-dard source language. Modify or relocate existing programssuch as DOS or BASIC using your existing assembler (notincluded). Disassembles any 8080, 8085, or Z80 code, in-cluding embedded data blocks and "trick" codes.Generates symbol and label tables.

Documentation only

EX80M217EX80M217D

$75.00$12.50

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the printed-circuit board in avideo terminal is as complexas the KIM-1 and worthabout the same if soldseparately.

When a manufacturerproduces a television set, hecan be satisfied with a 5%or 10% return on invest-ment because he will prob-ably make over a million ofeach model. An Americanvideo-terminal manufacturergears up for a productionrun of perhaps 10,000, if heis lucky (there have been afew 100,000 sellers). The ef-fort involved is about thesame as designing a televi-sion, but all the costs areamortized over 10,000 ratherthan 1,000,000 units. Tostay in business, terminalmanufacturers must have amuch higher profit margin,and the overall price istherefore higher.

As the demand for videoterminals grows, you willsee the television manufac-turers attempt to meet themarket needs. With theadded volume and competi-tion, I think you can expectto see a $300 video terminalwithin a year or two. In themeantime, all you can do islook for a good used ter-minal for about $300.Steve

Radio Shack Bounce

Dear Steve,

No doubt you have heardmany cries from frustratedTRS-80 users aboutkeyboard bounce! I tookbasic programming at aKeene, New Hampshire,high school. There, I heardmy complaint multiplied by15. Our instructor, CharlesTousley, has the softwarekeyboard fix sold by RadioShack. I don't have to tellyou about the complicationsinvolved with that and 15students! Do you know of,

or can you design a hard-ware keyboard-debouncecircuit that can be installed?I looked at the keyboarddata on my oscilloscope.The bounce occurs when thekey is released. I triedsimple tricks with no luck. Ihave thought of flip-flopsand various timing circuits,but I'm afraid to try them.My technical experience isn'tin design. Also, the +5 Vseries voltage-regulator tran-sistor in the power supplyruns hot. I fear that it isbeing worked to capacity,and I don't want to damagethe computer.James L Siewert

Contact bounce is an ag-gravating situation when itoccurs, and not only theTRS-80 suffers from it. Mostkeyboards with unsealedcontacts are susceptible, andthe remedies are sometimesno better than the problem.

In the case of the TRS-80,it is due to tarnish and oxi-dation on the key contacts.When you press the keydown, you lower an in-sulator that is situated be-tween the contacts. The con-tacts then touch togetherand close the circuit (theprocess is reversed when thekey is released). However, ifthe contacts are dirty ittakes longer for them tomake satisfactory contact.This extended time is calledbounce because on a scopeit appears as if the contactsare opening and closingrapidly or "bouncing." Incircuits where there is a highcurrent flowing through thecontacts, most of this oxida-tion would be burned away(or if the contacts were goldthey would not tarnish).

One solution is to waitlonger for the contactbounce to settle. This is ac-complished in the older ver-sions of the TRS-80 byloading in the keyboard-fix

306 Oclober 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 226 on inquiry card.

Circle 227 on inquiry card.

program you mentioned.Entering this tape every timeyou power up is tedious,and on the first humid daywhen the contact resistancechanges everything goeshaywire once again. Ratherthan only using yourTRS-80 in a clean room atNASA, it's easier to attackthe problem at the source.

If you have an older ver-sion TRS-80 (prints"MEMORY SIZE?" whenpowered up), you can cleanthe contacts. Remove thetop of the keys one at atime and depress the spring.Using a very light-abrasivepaper with a few drops ofalcohol on it, run it up anddown between the closedcontacts a couple times.Repeat it for any keys thatcontinue to bounce.

In the newer TRSSOs(prints "MEM SIZE?" whenpowered up), there is apatched keyboard routinewith a debounce valuelocated at 011C in hexa-decimal. Change this byte toincrease the delay.

Finally, most experi-menters don't appreciate thefact that commercial com-ponents very often run hot.Most integrated circuits haveaO°C to 70°C operatingrange. Transistors usuallyhave an even broader rangethat may have an upperlimit of 125°C to 150°C.The question then is notwhether it is hot, but howhot? Series regulatorsgenerally run hot becausethat is the nature of thebeast. Switching regulators,such as used on the AppleII, dissipate very littlepower, but they cost con-siderably more to manufac-ture. If the heat still bothersyou, add a larger heatsink.Personally, I'd try a littleforced air cooling (a fan)first. It's not as messy.Steve

Radio Shack MemoryUpgrade

Dear Steve,

I recently subscribed toBYTE, and my first copywas the June 1980 issue. Ienjoyed reading your finearticle on page 40, "I/O Ex-pansion for the TRS-80, Part

2: Serial Ports." I found thearticle very informative. Iam a "new kid in town"when it comes to electronicsand all the various equip-ment available formicrocomputers. I have aRadio Shack TRS-80, LevelI, with 4 K bytes ofmemory, and I am just get-ting used to it. I'm reallycrazy about computers andplan to become deeply in-volved with them as a hob-by at home.

The reason I am writing isbecause I am wondering ifyou could provide me witha reprint of Part 1 of yourarticle which appeared in theMay 1980 BYTE, page 22,which dealt with parallelports. I will be glad to payyou for it if necessary. I amsure the article will be usefulto me in the future.

I would like to expand thememory in my TRS-80 to16 K bytes and wouldnaturally like to do it ascheaply as possible. I haveseen all the various adver-tisements regarding add-onmemory for TRS-80s withprices ranging from $55 to$80, for expansion kits con-sisting of "4116-200 ns (8pes)." The advertisementssay no special skills or toolsare required, and if a personcan change spark plugs in acar then they can add thememory kit to their system.As I said, I am a novice toany type of electronics andhave no idea what "4116-200ns (8 pes)" means. I assume"ns" is nanoseconds.

Could you please adviseme about these expansionkits? Will my TRS-80 stillfunction the same, are thekits really easy to install, orwill I be risking permanentdamage to my system? Iwould greatly appreciateyour comments and help.Michael H Bunt

There is nothing betterthan the real thing. If yourefer to page 229 of the June1980 BYTE, you will seethat it is easy to obtain theMay BYTE (and other backissues) in its entirety.

Concerning 16 K-bytememory add-ons for theTRS-80, it isn't too much ofa problem to upgrade yoursystem, but it is not as sim-

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Circle 228 on inquiry card.

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 307

Circle 229 on inquiry card.

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pie as pulling eight 4 K-byteintegrated circuits andreplacing them with16 K-byte 4116s. Hardside(6 South St, Milford NH03055) sells an upgrade kitthat includes eight 200 ns4116s and two DIP shunts.The following is an excerptfrom their kit installation in-structions:

"Locate Z13 through Z20on the logicboard.... These are the4 K [programmablememoryj chips whichyou will remove and thenreplace with the 16 K[memory! chips in yourupgrade kit.... Removethe 4 K [memory! chipsby gently and graduallyprying themloose....Now, install the16 K [memory]chips....Locate thesockets for Z3 and Z71on the logic board. On"A" Revision boards,note that Z3 is blank.Remove any jumper cir-cuits (DIP shunts) at Z3and Z71. The numbersZ3 and Z71 should besilk-screened next to thecorresponding com-ponents on the logicboard. Install the DIPshunts which are sup-plied. ... Reassemble thecase, place the logicboard and the keyboardon the posts of the lowerhalf of the case, with thekeyboard face up so thatthe posts stick throughthe holes in the logicboard and the keyboardrests on these posts.Carefully lift thekeyboard about one inchabove the posts uponwhich it rests. FLEX THECONNECTING RIBBONCABLE AS LITTLE ASPOSSIBLE.

Replace the spacers onthe posts and let thekeyboard rest back onthe posts.... Turn thecomputer on. The screenshould display 'READY.Type 'PRINT MEM' andhit 'ENTER'. Your16 K-byte computer willdisplay '15871' or'15872'."

As you can see, adding

the memory is not a greatproblem and it will notdamage your system.Steve

COMM-80

Dear Steve,

I read with great interestyour article "I/O Expansionfor the TRS-80, Part 2:Serial Ports" (June 1980BYTE, page 42). However, Ihave a few questions beforeI can decide whether or notthe COMM-80 is the answerto my problems.

I own a Radio ShackTRS-80, Level II, with 16 Kbytes of programmablememory. I want to eventual-ly expand it to include 32 Kbytes, a parallel printer, atelephone modem, and an8-inch floppy-disk system.Since the Radio Shackfloppy-disk system is only a5-inch disk, I knew I'd even-tually need to use equipmentfrom another manufacturer.

Could you please tell meif it is possible to use a disksystem with the COMM-80?Would that use the RS-232port? Could I use both theextra 16 K bytes of memoryand a disk system at thesame time?Richard L Jamison

The COMM-80 is a serialand parallel port. It can beused with any hardware thatwill plug into a TRS-80, butit has nothing logically to dowith a disk system. How-ever, if you purchase astand-alone disk controlleror memory-expansionmodule, they would beTRS-BUS driven and couldbe plugged into the expan-sion bus connector of theCOMM-80.

It is also my understand-ing that most disk operatingsystems for the TRS-80 re-quire a 32 K-byte system torun effectively. The questionshould be whether you canlive without the extra 16 Kbytes.Steve

Dear Steve,

My colleagues and I whohave worked in computer-controlled laboratories over

308 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 230 on inquiry card.

the years are intrigued withteaching and researchpossibilities with modernmicrocomputers. The RadioShack TRS-80 is in somesenses a bargain, but as yourightly point out, the I/O(input/output) problem isserious. Your May and June1980 articles in BYTE aresuggestive, but questionsremain:

• How can the COMM-80plug into the J2 connec-tor on the Expansion In-terface since J2 is theplace in the ExpansionInterface where it con-nects itself to theTRS-80? (You must meanthe J3 40-pin bus-exten-sion edge connector.)

• How can COMM-80 beused with TRS-80 Expan-sion Interface? How aresixteen units connected toone another, and to theTRS-80? Your photo 1shows only 3 connec-tions: one to TRS-80keyboard, one for serialprinter (RS-232), and onefor parallel printer inter-face.

If sixteen units are indeedall "chainable" to the Expan-sion Interface and one has a16-unit bus-extension capac-ity, we would appreciateliterature and specs.J P Rosenfeld PhD

Sorry about that, but youare correct. The signals on]2 and ]3 are the same, butthe COMM-80 attaches to ]3when using an Expansion In-terface. This is also calledthe screen-printer port insome of Radio Shack'sliterature.

The COMM-80 is a bus-driven device and can beconnected either to thekeyboard connector or to ]3as I mentioned. TheCOMM-80 contains aparallel (Centronics-compatible) and a serial (RS-232C) port. Internally, it hasa 4-bit address-selectionswitch. If you keep the ad-dress setting as shipped, theCOMM-80 will perform as ifit were the serial TRS-232board installed within theExpansion Interface.However, if you already

have a TRS-232 board andwant to just add anotherprinter to the system ordrive a serial printer in addi-tion to the modem, youwould set the COMM-80 toone of the other sixteen ad-dresses. Whether you usetwo or four COMMSOs, aslong as they have differentswitch settings, they are in-dependent I/O (input/out-put) channels to the com-puter.

With a 4-bit address code,up to 16 COMMSOs (or 15and a TRS-232 board) canconceivably be attached to a

TRS-80. Each COMM-80has an auxiliary TRS-BUSconnector that is the same asJ3. This means that the se-cond COMM-80 is pluggedinto the auxiliary connector(creating a daisy chain),since ]3 on the expansion in-terface is already occupied.As a practical matter,however, the cable lengthsget to be a problem withover ten units connectedtogether. Some extra buffer-ing might be needed at theTRS-80 end to drive thirtyor so feet of bus. I believeRadio Shack sold such a

device at one time.

As far as photo 1 (June1980 BYTE, page 42) goes,that was my prototype andit did not have the auxiliaryexpansion-bus connector.The photo on page 62 of thesame issue is of a productionCOMM-80 board. The threeconnectors you see are(clockwise from bottom left)for the auxiliary TRS-BUS,RS-232, and parallel printer.The connections missing inthis photo include the 1.5feet of ribbon cable and the40-pin expansion-bus edgeconnector. They would have

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Circle 231 on inquiry card.

October I960 © BYTE Publications Inc

309

obscured the picture.Steve

WTRS-80

Dear Steve,

I am the manager of aradio station in New Jersey,and I'm contemplating amicrocomputer system toperform a variety of tasks atthe station. Specifically, Iwant the computer to do:

• program logs—randomselection of public-service

announcements;

• information retrievalfrom our record library;

• word processing;

• computations of transmit-ter output power;

• automatic transmittercontrol based on platecurrent, plate voltage,and power outputreadings.

The last entry in the listabove is, perhaps, my mainconcern. Is there interfacingavailable to take analogreadings and perform correc-

tive action by way of con-tact closures using a micro-computer such as the RadioShack TRS-80 Model I orExidy Sorcerer?

Should I be looking atputting together a processcontroller, or can I do whatI want by using the off-the-shelf computers mentionedabove with interfacing hard-ware?

Ideally, I would like tohave a computer doing sta-tion functions in real time,and simultaneously use thecomputer for other func-

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tions. I would appreciate

your direction in this

matter.

P Michael Zeimann

Your question is legiti-mate, but it is a little likesaying, "I want to drive toCalifornia next week. Whatkind of car should I buy?"

The Radio Shack TRS-80Model I is adaptable to anumber of control applica-tions as well as standardbookkeeping; however,unless you are running thesefunctions sequentially ratherthan concurrently, you willrequire more than oneTRS-80. You could try towrite a multiprocessingoperating system, but thatwould put too muchdependence on one piece ofequipment and the entireradio station could "makelike a slow record" whenyou try to print out yourprogram log.

First of all, let me suggestthat you create functionalsubsystems with commonequipment and software,fust program them for thedifferent applications. In thecase of the transmitter, youwill, in fact, need to con-figure a closed-loop process-control system. It will prob-ably require an analog andrelay interface for readinginput sensors and settingoutput controls. Any com-puter can be used. How ef-fectively it will perform is afunction of the applicationsoftware and it will requireobtaining the necessaryperipherals. Of course, youcould build everything andwrite your own software.

You could try anothersource for informationbefore jumping in. The May1980 Kilobaud Microcom-puting has an article onusing a TRS-80 for theprogramming logs at a radiostation; and NAPCO Inc ofTerryville, Connecticut, usesa TRS-80 to control a$250,000 dip-plating line.They manufacture their ownfront-end equipment (ie:12-bit A/D [analog-to-digital] and 10-bit D/A[digital-to-analog] con-verters) and the applicationmay be similar enough for

Circle 232 on inquiry card.

you to use some of their

ideas.

Steve

[Software directed towardthe needs of radio stations,such as logs, billing, andpayroll, is available fromThe Management, FOB 111,Aledo TX 76008. . . .CPF]

Remote Supplier

Dear Steve,

After reading your article"Handheld Remote Controlfor Your ComputerizedHome" (July 1980 BYTE,page 22), I was very im-pressed with the many waysremote control can be ac-complished. I am particular-ly interested in the CMOS(complementary metal-oxidesemiconductor) LSI (large-scale integration) remote-control devices made byMotorola—the MC14422and the MC6525. Afterreading your article, I wasdelighted to find that some-one had built a working cir-cuit using these devices.

One problem I have isfinding a supplier that car-ries these integrated circuits;can you tell me yoursource? Can I use the sametype of 40 kHz transducersthat you specified in "Com-puterize a Home" (January1980 BYTE, page 28)?Nicholas Vasil

/ usually buy my com-ponents through distributorssuch as Impact (617)444-3971, Hamilton-Avnet(800) 952-0851, or SchweberElectronics (800) 952-1075.All three of thesedistributors carry Motorolaproducts, and, dependingupon whether they have anyof these devices in stock,they should sell you a pair.Be aware, however, that thecurrent price for theMC14422 is $8.74 and theMC6525 is $10.50. You mayalso find yourself with a $25minimum-order requirement.

The 40 kHz transducer Iused on the Busy Box homecontroller may not respondquite as well at 35 kHz, butyou shouldn't have any realproblems.Steve

In "Ask BYTE," Steve Ciarcia answers questions on anyarea of microcomputing. The most representative questionsreceived each month will be answered and published. Doyou have a nagging problem? Send your inquiry to:

Ask BYTE

c/o Steve Ciarcia

POB 582

Glastonbury CT 06033If you are a subscriber to The Source, send your questionsby electronic mail or chat with Steve (TCE317) directly. Dueto the high volume of inquiries, personal replies cannot begiven. Be sure to include 'Ask BYTE" in the address.

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October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 311

THE ORIGINAL MAGAZINE FOROWNERS OF THE TRS-80™* MICROCOMPUTER

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BYTE October 1980

313

Bock Reviews

Interfacing and ScientificData CommunicationsExperiments

by P R Rony, D GLarsen, ] A Titus, andC A Titus

Howard W Sams &Company Inc,Indianapolis IN, 1978Softcover, 157 pages$5.95

Most communication,whether it is person toperson, machine to machine,computer to peripheral, orperson to computer, is serialin nature. Words, signals,data, or other basic units ofinformation are sent andreceived one unit at a time.The opposite type of com-munication, the parallel for-mat, would require that, forexample, all words in a

thought be spoken at thesame time. That technique isclearly impractical.

To communicate effective-ly, the words, signals, data,etc must be in the properformat. The term format, asused in serial data com-munications, covers threeareas. First is the method bywhich the data are transfer-red. Are they sent asyn-chronously or synchronous-ly? In other words, does thetransmitting device assumethat the receiver is alwaysavailable to receive the data,or must a synchronizationmethod be used to keep datain step7 If the latter is used,that method of serial datatransfer is synchronous,which is beyond the scopeof this book.

Following some intro-ductory comments on thescope and objectives of the

book, and the fact that thereader is assumed to have abasic understanding of TTL(transistor-transistor logic)electronics (some knowledgeof transistor theorywould be helpful, too), thereader is given illustrationsof situations where asyn-chronous serial data com-munications would be used.Anyone who has ever pricedmulticonductor cable for aremote parallel-data formatterminal knows that asyn-chronous serial communica-tion over a twisted pair ortwisted triple is much lessexpensive.

Since TTL integrated cir-cuits can readily be used forasynchronous serial datatransfer, shift registers arediscussed briefly. The bitformat for asynchronousserial data transfer is il-lustrated and discussed.

RCA VP-600 series ASCII keyboards are available in two formats.You can choose either a 58-key typewriter format. Or a 74-key versionwhich includes an additional 16-key calculator-type keypad. Both canbe ordered with parallel or serial output.

These keyboards feature modern flexible membrane keyswitches with contact life rated at greater than 5 million operations. Plustwo key rollover circuitry. A finger positioning overlay combined with lightpositive activation key pressure gives good operator "feel," and an on-board tone generator gives aural key press feedback.

The unitized keyboard surface is spillproof and dustproof. This plushigh noise immunity CMOS circuitry makes these boards particularlysuited for use in hostile environments.

Parallel output keyboards have 7-bit buffered, TTL compatibleoutput. Serial output keyboards have RS 232C compatible, 20 mAcurrent loop and TTL compatible asynchronous outputs with 6selectable baud rates. All operate from 5 V DC, excludingimplementation of RS 232C.

For more information contact RCA CustomerService, New Holland Avenue, Lancaster, PA 17604.Or call our toll-free number: 800-233-0094.

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Universal AsynchronousReceiver/Transmitters(UARTs) have replacedmany TTL building blocks,and their function is dis-cussed at length. Since adevice cannot be used effec-tively until the userunderstands it thoroughly,the control pins of ageneralized UART (ie: theTMS6012, TR1602, orAY-3-1015 are all pin-compatible) are explained indetail. Since the UART is ahardware-programmabledevice (as opposed to thesoftware-programmableUSART discussed later), thefunction of each pin in theUART transmitter, receiver,and control blocks is ex-plained fully. CMOS (com-plementary metal-oxidesemiconductor) UARTs suchas the Intersil IM6403 aretouched on because of theiruse in low-power applica-tions.

The second area coveredby the term format is datatransfer rate. The UART re-quires a clock from which togenerate the serial bittiming, so various clockgenerators are discussednext. Two requirements ofthe clock generator for aUART are given: first, itmust be able to provide asquare wave of sixteen timesthe desired serial data rate inbits per second. Secondly,the accuracy of the clockmust be 3 % or better to en-sure accurate transmissionand reception of serial data.Motorola's MC4024 oscilla-tor and MC14411 bit rategenerator are explained, andcircuit diagrams are given.The ubiquitous NE555 isalso discussed as a bit-rategenerator, and a circuitdiagram is given once again.

Presumably the readernow fully understands howa UART works, and, if so,the next logical step is to useit. In the "Microcomputer-UART Interfacing" section,an example is given whichshows the TR1863A inter-

314 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE October 1980

315

faced to an 8080-basedsystem. The device-controlrequirements for the pro-cessor have already been ex-plained, so this section isdevoted to explaining howto generate the requiredsignals from the 8080'sI/O RD and I/O WR(input /output read andwrite) signals. Once thereader has wired the UARTinto his system, the pro-grams given in the text canbe entered into the machine,and the UART is ready totransmit and receive serialdata.

In the same section on in-terfacing, the Intel 8251AUniversal Synchronous/Asynchronous ReceiverTransmitter (USART) iscovered. A block diagram,pinout diagram, and truthtable for control inputs aregiven. Additionally, a circuitdiagram is given showinghow to interface this deviceto an 8080 system, alongwith explanations in tabularform for the mode-controlinstruction and the com-

mand instruction.

As the terms mode con-trol and command imply,the 8251A is software pro-grammable. This signifi-cantly improves systemflexibility because, unlikethe UART, no wiringchanges are needed tochange the number of stopbits, even/odd/no parity,character length, and datarate. Also initialization inputand output programs aregiven.

Now that you have wiredyour UART or USART onan I/O board, you're readyto connect a teletypewriterand start typing, right?WrongI A vital link betweenthe UART and the periph-eral is missing. The thirdarea covered under the termformat is signal level of theserial bit stream. The UARToutputs are TTL level sig-nals. An interface is requiredto convert the TTL level sig-nals to signals capable ofbeing transmitted overlonger distances than a footor so. Both 20 mA current

loops (used by teletype-writers) and RS-232C inter-face signal levels are dis-cussed.

In contrast to the discus-sion of RS-232C voltagelevels (where no circuitdiagrams for voltage levelconverters are given), thediscussion of 20 mA currentloops has a number of cir-cuits and optically isolatedconverter circuits (the latterrequire a current source). Ifyou do not feel like design-ing your own 20 mA inter-face, these circuits alone arewell worth the price of thebook. A brief discussion ofteletypewriter interfacing isthe last topic covered in thetext.

Following the text are tenexperiments, which arebased on UARTs. The ex-periments assume that thereader has available asolderless breadboard(although the experimentsmay be hardwired), aUART, some 7400 seriesTTL chips, and a teletype-writer. If the reader chooses,

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the experiment modules usedmay be purchased fromE & L Instruments Inc. Theiruse makes breadboardingeasier.

If the reader does nothave a teletypewriter, a lotcan still be gained from thebook since the experimentsare tutorial in nature. Theauthors describe exactly howeach experiment is to be per-formed, then proceed to aska number of in-depth ques-tions. Following each ques-tion is a space to jot downan answer, then the answeris given. Following some ofthe more involved experi-ments, a review is given thatcovers the high pointslearned.

Simplex, half-duplex, andfull-duplex asynchronousserial data communicationsare discussed in this book.The transmitter in each caseis a UART. The receiversrange from lamp monitors(to reconvert the serial databack to parallel data forcomparison with the trans-mitted data) to teletype-writers.

Nine appendices followthe experiments. The ASCII(American Standard Codefor Information Interchange)code is listed, data rates andclock frequencies aretabulated, a list of UARTand USART manufacturersis given, and data sheets forseveral are included. Thelast appendix gives anoverlay for the LR-21 out-board module, should thereader choose to buy itrather than breadboard hisor her own.

In summary, the bookfulfills its intended purposevery well. If you have aserial data communicationrequirement, this book willprovide all the informationneeded to design aUART/USART-based asyn-chronous serial data com-munications interface. Evenif you do not perform theexperiments, a lot of infor-mation can be derived fromthis book.

J C HassallH & H Enterprises1201 Highland CrBlacksburg VA 24060

316

October 1980 © BYT E Publications Inc

Circle 238 on inquiry card.

An Introduction toDatabase Systems

by CJ Date

Addison-Wesley, ReadingMA, 1977

Hardcover, 536 pages$19.95

This is the second editionof one of the many books inthe IBM-sponsored SystemsProgramming Series. Don'trun away because I saidIBM. This is not an IBMmanual, nor does it say thatIBM computers are theanswer. Each book in thisseries is written as a collec-tion of important topics andconcepts in a particulararea. The books reflect theideas and opinions of theauthor, not necessarily thoseof IBM. This book was writ-ten by C J Date of IBM(UK) Laboratories Ltd.

This book, like all theothers in the Systems Pro-gramming Series, is not forthe beginner. It is designedas a text and reference for asystems programmer. Ifound it to be hard reading.This is not because of itsstyle, but because it containslarge amounts of informa-tion that were new to me. Ifound myself continually go-ing back and rereading sec-tions that I had initially readhastily.

This book is divided intosix parts, with each partcontaining several chapters.Part 1 covers the basic con-cepts of a data base. It ad-dresses the necessity of adata-base managementsystem, and it exploresstorage structures and datamodels. Also introduced arethe three types of data-basemanagement systems: therelational, the hierarchical,and the network systems.These three types of data-base management systemsemerge as the subjects of thenext three parts of the book.Each part addresses in detailthe capabilities of one typeof system and explores itusing a current system as anexample.

Over three hundred pageslater, the book returns fromthe discussion of these threeapproaches to discuss data-base security and integrity.

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October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 317

Finally, Part 6, using the in-formation previouslypresented, compares thethree types and presents aconclusion. The conclusion,by the way, is a compromiseapproach, and still does notsay to buy an IBM product.My conclusion: if you area computer user who wantsto know how a data-basesystem works, don't readthis book. However, foranyone seriously interestedin developing a data-basemanagement system, this

book is excellent. Until youcan understand the conceptspresented in this book, youare not ready to develop adata-base system. There iscertainly more presentedthan will be implemented ona microcomputer in the nextfew years, but it's importantto know the concepts so youcan select the bestapproach.

Phil HughesPOB 2847Olympia WA 98507

TRS-80 Interfacing

by Jonathan A TitusHoward W Sams &Company lnc,Indianapolis IN, 1979Softcover, 190 pages$8.95

TRS-80 Interfacing is oneof the new books availableon interfacing the RadioShack TRS-80 to externaldevices. This book, which is

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part of the Blacksburg Con-tinuing Education Series, iswritten in the same style asthe popular Bugbooks; ie:the first half covers generalinterfacing techniques, whilethe second half deals withhands-on experiments. Ifyou are interested in inter-facing your TRS-80 to exter-nal devices, this book is agood place to commence.

Chapter 1 begins bydescribing the pins on theZ80 processor. Level IIBASIC is reviewed, and ex-amples are given showinghow to move information inand out of the TRS-80 usingBASIC commands. Thechapter ends by briefly com-paring BASIC with assemblylanguage.

Chapter 2 describesvarious methods of I/O(input/output) addressdecoding. This is ac-complished throughdiagrams of various in-tegrated circuits and byshowing how these circuitsare used to select one ormore I/O ports. The threedecoding methods discussedare gating, decoding, andcomparing. After readingChapter 2, you will knowhow to decode any I/Oaddress.

While I/O devices arevery slow, the TRS-80 isvery fast; this problem isdiscussed in Chapter 3.Latches and three-state busdrivers are shown that canbe used with the TRS-80.Although most of thechapter is concerned withstandard I/O decoding,memory-mapped I/O isbriefly mentioned.

"Flags and Decisions" isthe title of Chapter 4. Flagsare used for device syn-chronization and, thus, in-volve both hardware andsoftware. Hardware circuitsthat are used for flag detec-tion, along with thenecessary Level II software,are discussed.

The construction of aTRS-80 breadboard iscovered in Chapter 5.Regardless of whether youplan to actually build thebreadboard or not, it isgood to review theschematic of the breadboardand make sure you under-stand how it operates. In-cluded on the breadboard is

318 October 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc

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BYTE October 1980

319

a 5 V power supply, logicprobe, device and memorydecoders, bus buffers, andcontrol circuitry; a descrip-tion is given of each.

Chapter 6, which is ap-proximately one-half of thebook, contains eighteen ex-periments. The first elevenexperiments provide basicinterfacing techniques, whilethe last seven experimentsare more advanced. Topicssuch as I/O port applica-tions, traffic-light con-trollers, and A/D (analog-to-digital) conversion arecovered in detail.

I recommend TRS-80 In-terfacing to anyone who isinterested in the hardwareaspect of the TRS-80.Although the book is not asthorough as I would haveliked, it will serve as a goodstarting place for the begin-ner. My biggest complaintwas that Level II BASIC wasthe only language used;assembly language and theproblems that it can helpsolve—interrupts, fast I/O,etc— were only briefly men-tioned. You may be in-terested to know that the

major topics discussed in thebook are covered in a 3-partarticle in Radio-Electronics,beginning with theNovember 1979 issue.

Norman McEnrire323 Tram RdColumbia SC 29210

Pascal: An Introduction toMethodical Programming

by W Findlay andD A Watt

Computer Science Press,Potomac MD, 1979Softcover, 306 pages$12.95

Findlay and Watt haveorganized this book as atext. It presents all of stan-dard Pascal but is arrangedso that you can get started,and thereafter learn newconcepts and features as youprogress. The preface statesthat the book was written tobe used in conjunction witha first course in program-ming using Pascal. Althoughinitially I was skeptical, after

reading the book, I decidedthat it does clearly presenteverything necessary to startfrom scratch and learnPascal. Pascal is a com-plicated language, and anybook that promises to beeasy will not be able to pre-sent all of the language.

I can recommend thisbook for use in two places;first, in its intended use as aclassroom text for teachingPascal to computer sciencebeginners. Here, the help ofan instructor would assistthe student in learning themany new concepts. Se-cond, I feel the book makesan excellent text for anyonewith some background inanother programminglanguage.

In either case, I feel that itis very important to have aPascal compiler available totry the concepts presented inthis book. It would be vir-tually impossible to learnthe details of a language ascomplex as Pascal withouthaving an opportunity totry ideas on a computer.

For those who feel thatthis book may be what they

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need, here are the details ofits contents. The book isdivided into six parts plusfive appendices. Part 1, en-titled "First Steps in Pro-gramming," presents thenotation used in the bookand the concept of data,then explores the data typeINTEGER. The basic I/O(input and output) state-ments are presented and acomplete program isdeveloped using only integerdata, I/O statements, andthe assignment statement.

From this point on, newconcepts are presented insuch a way that they buildon the basic ideas. Part 1ends by presenting theBOOLEAN data type,WHILE and IF control struc-tures, and some concepts onprogram refinement, testing,and documentation.

Part 2 introduces the datatypes CHAR and REAL,enumerated and subrangetypes, and arrays. Part 3presents the remaining flow-of-control statements(CASE, FOR, REPEAT, andGOTO). Part 4 introducesthe concept of subprograms;this part also presentschapters on functions, pro-cedures, and their uses. Part5 presents the data struc-tures of Pascal, which in-clude records, packed dataand strings, files, sets, andpointers.

Part 6 is entitled "Pro-gramming Methodology." Itreviews the concept of step-wise refinement presentedearlier in the book and doesan excellent job of showingits usefulness with two ex-amples. For those of us whocan write programs fasterthan anyone else, but cannever quite get them towork or cannot figure outhow to add a new feature tothe program that we justwrote, this section is re-quired reading. The first ex-ample is the development ofa simple text formatter. It isdeveloped through fourlevels of refinement showingwhy each developmentalpath was chosen at eachlevel. The second example isa program to tabulate thewinner of a transferable voteelection. This example isequally well done.

Finally, the appendices

320

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Many BYTE subscribersappreciate this controlleduse of our mailing list, andlook forward to finding

information of interest tothem in the mail. Used areour subscribers' names andaddresses only (no otherinformation we may have isever given).

While we believe thedistribution of thisinformation is of benefit toour subscribers, we firmlyrespect the wishes of anysubscriber who does not wantto receive such promotionalliterature. Should you wish torestrict the use of your name,simply send your request toBYTE Publications Inc, Attn:Circulation Department,70 Main St, Peterborough NH03458. Thank you.

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BYTE October 1980

323

present Pascal syntaxdiagrams, reserved wordand special symbol lists,predeclared entities (likearithmetic functions and I/Oprocedures), and charactersets. The final section of thebook contains answers toselected exercises.

In conclusion, if you wantto leam Pascal, and if youhave some knowledge ofcomputing along with accessto a Pascal compiler, I feelthis book can help you. Ifyou are an instructor, thisbook would be an excellentchoice for the text in aPascal programming class.

Phil HughesPOB2847

Olvmpia WA 98507

MicrocomputerInterfacing

by Bruce A Artwick

Prentice-Hall Inc,

Englewood Cliffs NJ

1980

Hardcover, 341 pages

$18.95

At one time or another,most of us have wanted touse our microcomputer tocontrol items such as lights,appliances, air conditioners,and other things in our "realworld." If you are one ofthese people and have gonethrough the frustrating choreof trying to put together asuitable interface, this bookis for you.

Between the covers of thislong-needed book, Bruce AArtwick has compiled a veryuseful collection of data,technical facts, and advicefor the microcomputer userwho is interested in inter-facing computers to the realworld.

The greatest strength ofthis book is that the authornot only covers the ad-vanced topics related to cur-rent, technically sound inter-facing techniques, but healso takes the time to ex-plain the fundamentaltheories and informationthat are generally skippedover in publications gearedtoward those readers whopossess more technicalknowledge and skill. Mr

Artwick makes liberal use ofdrawings, charts, graphs,and schematics to highlighthis well-written text.

While this book is easy toread and comprehend, I canassure you that the informa-tion contained within it iscomplete and to the point.

Chapter 1 is an orienta-tion to interfacing. It getsthings off to a good start forthose readers who are newto this technical area. Thechapter details general com-puter architecture andsystem design. It also ex-plains how interfaces areused in these systems andgives examples of severaltypes of practical interfaceapplications.

Chapter 2 gives tips onselecting the best micro-processor for the task to bedone. The discussion in-cludes most of the popularmicroprocessors. Thischapter lists advantages anddisadvantages of each typeof microprocessor.

Chapter 3 is devoted tomemory. Included is infor-mation on several types ofmemory and the pros and

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cons of each. This chapteralso discusses medium- andlong-term storage devicesand techniques. The chapterconcludes with tips onselecting the best memorydevice for the user's par-ticular application.

Chapter 4 covers, in greatdetail, I/O (input/output)methods and devices. Thehighlights of this chapter in-clude: I/O standards, buses,DMA (direct memory ac-cess), and the transfer ofdata over long distances.

Chapter 5 is devoted tohardware. The authorcovers in depth the actualparts that are used to ac-complish the interface of amicroprocessor to the realworld. Conventional itemssuch as transistors, SCRs(silicon-controlled rectifiers),LEDs (light-emitting diodes),and relays are detailed aswell as the more recentdevices such as UARTs(universal asynchronous re-ceiver/ transmitters),modems (modulator/demodulators), and cassettecontrollers.

Chapter 6 guides thereader in going from theory,learned in the first fivechapters, to applications.This chapter gives tips anddesign rules to help thereader design a workableinterface.

Chapter 7 covers inter-facing to popular standardbuses such as the S-100,SS-50, those used in LSI-11and TRS-80 computers, andothers.

Chapter 8 shows thereader how to take a com-pleted design and actuallyconstruct it. This chapterdiscusses enclosures, connec-tors, circuit boards, wire-wrap, layout, and assembly.Here, Mr Artwick givessome very good advice onpurchasing parts and the pit-falls of some "bargain"buys.

Chapter 9 discusses inter-face software. This chaptercovers software basics ingeneral, but it does not gointo any detail on thewriting of actual softwareroutines for handling the in-terface. However, theauthor does give the readersome tips on obtaining soft-ware design information

324 October 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 253 on inquiry card.

from outside sources.

Although the text con-cludes with Chapter 9, I amcompelled to mention theexcellent glossary at the endof the book. It containsmore than 200 concise, well-written definitions of thetechnical terms usedthroughout the book. Theglossary is a wealth of infor-mation in itself.

In conclusion, I highlyrecommend this book as avaluable addition to yourtechnical library. It is thebest source of interfacing in-formation in one volumethat I have yet come across.I am sure that you will beconsulting it as often as Ido.l

Cli/ford R Mosley410 CampusJonesboro AR 72401

BYTE's Bite

Call for Papers

Papers are being solicitedfor the 1981 Summer Com-puter Simulation Conferenceto be held July 21-23, 1981,in Washington DC. Theconference theme is "Simula-tion: Foundations and theFuture." Accepted paperswill be published in boundproceedings distributed atthe conference. Fivehundred word summaries orcomplete drafts of originalpapers must be submitted byNovember 15, 1980, to L GCulhane, The MITRE Cor-poration, 1820 DolleyMadison Blvd, McLean VA22102, (703) 827-6000.

Call for Papers

A November 15, 1980,deadline has been set forsubmitting papers to theEighth International Collo-quium on AutomataLanguages and Program-ming (ICALP 81), The Tech-nion, Haifa, Israel, July13-17, 1981. Send fourcopies of an extendedabstract to the Chairman of

the Program Committee,Professor S Even, ICALP 81,Computer Science Dept, TheTechnion, Haifa, Israel. Thepapers can be on topics con-cerning automata theory,formal languages, analysisof algorithms, computa-tional complexity, com-putability theory,mathematical aspects ofprogramming-languagedefinition, and more.

Microcomputers inPrimary Schools Project

The University College,Cardiff Science Mathematicsand Technology Centre, inWales, is working on aproject designed to evaluatethe use of microcomputersand the currently availablesoftware for primaryschools. The project hasbeen funded in part by theBritish Department of In-dustry, and to obtain thegreatest benefit from theproject, the college is askingindustrial concerns for con-tributions in cash or sup-port. Doctors Thorne and

Wharry of the computingmathematics and educationdepartments would like toask any individuals ororganizations that have ap-propriate educational soft-ware to forward copies tothem. The results of theirwork will be published andmade available to allprimary schools in theUnited Kingdom. For moreinformation, contact Doc-tors M Thorne and DWharry, University College,Cardiff Science Mathematicsand Technology Centre,Dept of Education, Senghen-nyd Rd, Cardiff CF2 4AG,Wales.

Computer War GamesAnnounced

Avalon-Hill, well knownin the war-gaming field forits historical simulationgames, has announced fivegames in its new Avalon-Hill Microcomputer Gamesseries. Four of these games,B-l Nuclear Bomber, Mid-way Campaign, North

Atlantic Convoy Raider,and Nukewar, are games forone player against the com-puter. The fifth game,Planet Miners, is a game forone to four players. Thegames, priced at $15 each,will run on a Radio ShackTRS-80 with Level IIBASIC, an Apple II, or aCommodore PET or CBM,each with 16 K bytes ormore of free memory.Avalon-Hill's address is 4517Harford Rd, Baltimore MD21214.

In addition, The SoftwareExchange, 6 South St, POB68, Milford NH 03055, hasthree war games on cassettefor the TRS-80 runningLevel II BASIC: KriegspielII, Up Periscope, and War-path; price is $14.95 each.

Strategic Simulations, 450San Antonio Rd, Suite 62,Palo Alto CA 94306, offerstwo games, ComputerBismarck ($49.95 for theTRS-80 and $59.95 for theApple II) and ComputerAmbush, a World War IIwar game ($59.95 for theApple II). ■

Attention TRS-80 Mod II owners:P&T CP/M® 2 has more to offer!

More Disk Storage 596K bytes withdouble density on standard single sideddisk drives. If that's not enough, ver-sions are available for double sidedexpansion drives (1.2M bytes per disk)and the Cameo Hard disk system (10Mbytes).

More CRT Functions P&T CP/M 2has the most advanced screen driveravailablefortheModll including: eraseto end of line/screen, insert/deleteline, cursor addressing, non-scrollingarea on screen, and much more.More Serial I/O Capabilities The se-rial drivers in P&T CP/M 2 supportETX/ACK, XON/XOFF, and request tosend handshaking. Direct control ofthe serial ports is also available forspecial applications.

More Documentation Weprovidethestandard CP/M manuals and our own150 page manual written specificallyfor P&T CP/M 2.

More Utilities We have added 14 ofour own utility programs for the Mod IIto the standard CP/M utilities.More Useful System Functions P&TCP/M 2 has all sorts of useful featuresyou won't find elsewhere: type-aheadbuffer for keyboard input, system timeof day clock, automatic program execu-tion, and lots more.

PricesStandard P&T CP/M 2 $185

P&T CP/M 2 for Shugart 850

2 sided drives $220

P&T CP/M 2 for Cameo Hard

Disk system $250

We also carry these other software packages:

Magic Wand text processor $350

VEDIT text editor $110

LYNC data communication program $95

MCALL intelligent terminal program $65

MAC macro assembler $90

Pascal/M $175

Microsoft Basic-80 Interpreter $325

Microsoft Basic-80 Compiler $350

CBASIC2 (improved performance) $105Osborn accounting software(requires CBASIC 2; manuals extra}each package $95; all four $295Also available are single and double sidedexpansion disk drives and the Cameo HardDisk System. Call or write for details.

Tro#

Prepaid. COD. Maslercharrje or Visa orders accentedShipping enlra California tosidenls add B°i< sales tax.

PICKLES & TROUT

P.O. BOX 1206. GOLETA. CA 93017. (805) 967-9563

CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research Inc.

TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corp.

Circle 254 on inquiry card.

October 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc

325

Today one dollar buys/3of a business phone call

Today one dollar buys

6% readers who actually see

your sales message.

As your selling dollar buysless and less, it pays more andmore to advertise inMcGraw-Hill magazines.

As prices keep going up and up,McGraw-Hill magazines help 10.8 milliondecision-makers keep costs down.

For example, Chemical Week toldchemical processing managers and pro-fessionals how exports credits couldlower their debt-servicing costs. AndEngineering News-Record showed theconstruction industry how to cope withthe destructive effects of the 1981 federalbudget.

By helping 10.8 million readers solvetheir inflation problems, we help yousolve yours.

Today, the price of reaching onepotential customer in McGraw-Hillmagazines is only I60.1 This compares toa cost of $6.07 for sending a business let-ter,2 over $3.50 for a business phone call,3and an in-person sales call which, believeit or not, now costs over $100.4

hi times like these, when everythingcosts more, you may be tempted tospend less on your advertising budget.But our Laboratory of Advertising Per-formance (LAP) Report #5262 demon-strates that "Industrial companies whichmaintained or increased their advertisingexpenditure during the 1974-75 recessionenjoyed higher sales growth than thosewhich cut advertising." Write 1221 Avenueof the Americas, New York, N.Y. 10020,for LAP Report #5262 today. And let ushelp you make your advertising moreefficient, as the price of all other sellingtools becomes more expensive.

'< )ne reader-noted impression in ihe average McGraw-Hill publication.8The f tertnell institute <>f Business Research. a"Tfelephone Marketing"by Murray Roman. H S7. McGraw-Hill 1976. 'Laboratory of Advertisingperformance Report #8013.4, McGraw-Hill Research. "

McGraw-Hill Magazines

m

With inflation,we're an even better buy.

Software fieceived

The following is a list of software packages that have been re-ceived by BYTE Publications during the past month. The list is cor-rect to the best of our knowledge, but it is not meant to be a fulldescription of the product or the forms in which the product isavailable. In particular, some packages may be sold for severalmachines or in both cassette and floppy-disk format; the productlisted here is the version received by BYTE Publications.

This is an all-inclusive list that makes no comment on the qualityor usefulness of the software listed. We regret that we cannot reviewevery software package we receive. Instead, this list is meant to be amonthly acknowledgement of these packages and the companiesthat sent them. Companies sending software packages should besure to include the list price of the packages and (where appropriate)the alternate forms in which they are available.

Unless otherwise listed, "floppy disk" refers to a 5-inch single-sided, single-density floppy disk; "TRS-80" refers to a Radio ShackTRS-80 Model I; and "Apple II" refers to the Apple II, the Apple IIPlus, or the Apple III running in Apple II emulation mode.

Address Book, addressand mailing label utility forthe Apple II, floppy disk,$49.95, from MUSE Soft-ware, 330 N Charles St,

Baltimore MD 21201.

Adventure, game for theTRS-80 (other versionsexist), floppy disk, $29.95,from Microsoft Consumer

«T

Boards for S-100 BUSfrom S.C. Digital

"INTERFACE: 1"

Serial. Parallel. ROM. RAM,Cassette Interface Board

Assembled & TestedS229 Limited time only

Features: MODEL - 3SPC

3-Serial with hardware UARTS, RS232-C or 20ma Current loops

1 -Parallel I/O with full handshakes, polarity is SW selectable

Built in 4K ROM, 4K RAM Capability with SW disables

(for 2708's, 2114's, ROM, RAM not supplied)

Built in Kansas City cassette interface usable to 1200 BAUD

Interrupts built in on all 4 inputs

On board BAUD rate osc generates

19.2K, 9.6K. 4.8K, 1.2K, 300, 110 or 134.5 BAUD

Switch selectable address, ports and BAUD rates

"UNISELECT"

16K Static RAM Board

Assembled 6 Tested S255 with200nsecLow Power Memory Chips

Features: MODEL- 16K US

• Fully static, uses 2114LS • 16K Block Addressing & Bank Select

• Univeral Bank Select by port and bits, compatable with CR0MEMC0, ALPHA MICRO,NORTH STAR, MARINCHIPS, etc. • Address, Port, Bits, all SW Settable

All boards meet IEEE-SI 00 standards

Fully socketed, solder masks, gold contacts, and guaranteed for one full year.

Delivery: from stock to 72 hours. Ordering: You may call for M.C., VisaorC.O.D. orders.

(AddS4.00 for C.O.D.) Personal checks o.k., butM.0. speeds shipment. Takes? to 15 days to

clear personal checks before shipping.

Undamaged boards can be returned within 10 days for full refunds. Illinois residents add 5'/a%

sales tax.

O.E.M. PRICING AVAILABLE, DEALER INQUIRY INVITED

S.C. Digital

P.O. Box 906Aurora. IL 60507

Phone:

(312) 897-7749

Products, 10800 NE 8thAve, Suite 819, BellevueWA 98004.

APL80, subset of APL(programming language) forthe TRS-80, floppy disk(available on tape), $39.95,from Ramware, 6 South St,Milford NH 03055.

Computer Bismarck,computer-assisted war gamefor the Apple II (version forTRS-80 also exists), floppydisk, $59.95, from StrategicSimulations, 450 San An-tonio Rd, Suite 62, PaloAlto CA 94306.

Death Dreadnought,adventure game for theTRS-80, floppy disk, $14.95,from The Programmer'sGuild, POB 66, Peter-borough NH 03458.

EasyWriter, word-processing system for theApple II, floppy disk,$99.95, from InformationUnlimited Software, 793Vincente Ave, Berkeley CA94707.

Editor/Assembler-Plus,Z80 assembler and editor forthe TRS-80, cassette, $29.95,from Microsoft ConsumerProducts (see above).

Elementary Math,arithmetic tutorial for theApple II, floppy disk,$39.95, from MUSE Soft-ware (see above).

Higher Text, characterfont generator for the AppleII, $35, from SynergisticSoftware, 5221 120th AveSE, Bellevue WA 98006.

IRV, keyboard shorthandutility for the TRS-80,cassette, $25, from The Pro-grammer's Guild (seeabove).

Level III BASIC, utilityfor the TRS-80, cassette,$49.95, from Microsoft Con-sumer Products (see above).

Lost Dutchman's Gold,adventure game for theTRS-80, floppy disk, $14.95,from The Programmer'sGuild (see above).

Odyssey, adventure gamefor the Apple II, floppydisk, $30, from SynergisticSoftware (see above).

Sargon II, chess-playing

program for the TRS-80,floppy disk, $34.95, fromHayden Book Company, 50Essex St, Rochelle Park NJ07662.

SAT TRAK, graphicsatellite observation pro-gram for the Apple II (otherversions available), floppydisk, $45, from SAT TRAKInternationa], Computerlandof Colorado Springs, 4543Templeton Gap Rd, Col-orado Springs CO 80909.

SL5, version of FORTH(programming language) forselected CP/M machines,8-inch floppy disk, $150,from The Stack works, POB1596, 321 E Kirkwood Ave,Bloomington IN 47402.

Softronics APL, program-ming language for anyCP/M machine, 8-inch flop-py disk, $350, fromSoftronics, 36 HomesteadLn, Roosevelt NJ 08555.

Spider Mountain Adven-ture, game for the TRS-80,floppy disk, $14.95, fromThe Programmer's Guild(see above).

Stellar Trek, graphicsgame for the Apple II, flop-py disk, $24.95, from Rain-bow Computing Inc, 9719Reseda Blvd, Northridge CA91324.

Typing Tutor, educationalpackage for the TRS-80,cassette, $14.95, fromMicrosoft Consumer Prod-ucts (see above).

Write-On I, word-processing system for theApple II, floppy disk,$99.50, from Rainbow Com-puting Inc (see above).■

And then

there were

none.

What happens it civilisationcontinues to slowly choke oul wildlifespecies by species?

Man cannot live on a planet unfit totanimals.

Join an oiganization that's doingsomething, about preserving outendangered species. Gef involved. Writein. tlu-J National Wildlife Federation,SSxiffo- j " I ' ■ i ■ ' u?- 16th

slraa • i ■■•■' ■■••■

Sg-^ajgr1 DC 20036.

328 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 256 on inquiry card.

Slobs and Newsletters

Software Exchange forPDP-11 Users

A free software exchangeservice is available to DigitalEquipment CorporationPDP-11 users. This serviceallows the user to submitsoftware for software creditsthat may be used to obtainother software listed in theMonthly Software ExchangeBulletin. Write to thePDP-11 Software Exchange,1101 Noble Forest Dr,Norcross GA 30092.

The Maryland AppleCorps

The Maryland AppleCorps now has over fiftymembers. Hardware andsoftware demonstrations,program exchanges, bugsand fixes, and new uses ofthe Apple computer are in-terests of the group. Amonthly newsletter, a soft-ware library, and member-ship in Apple Internationalare also features of thegroup. The annual fee is$12. For information, con-tact Maryland Apple Corps,POB 5430, Towson MD21204, Atten: Art Blumberg.

North Star UsersGroup

The North Star UsersGroup of the Boston Com-puter Society will holdmeetings at 7:30 PM on thesecond Thursday of odd-numbered months, startingin November. The meetingswill be held at the Com-puter Mart, 1395 Main St,Waltham MA. Contact GarySaxton at (617) 861-6600,extension 2707.

REM Interest Group

A REM (RecognitionMemory) Interest Group hasbeen formed. The group issoliciting articles, informa-tion, and ideas from REMusers for its newsletter. In-

itial dues are $10 payable toREM Interest Group, POB23317, Honolulu HI96822.

VTOS Group

TCUG Inc, a nonprofitcomputer club, is organizingand chairing a national usersgroup for TRS-80 ownersusing the VirtualTechnology OperatingSystem (VTOS). The pur-pose of the group is to im-prove upon the documenta-tion of VTOS by sharingknowledge derived from ex-perience with VTOS. Thereis a $15 annual fee to jointhe VTOS Users Group,which entitles the memberto the newsletter. ContactTCUG Inc, VTOS Sub-Group, POB 2235, RestonVA 22090, Attn: Bill Beall.The TCUG Bulletin Board isavailable at (703) 620-4990.

National Association ofComputer Stores

The National Associationof Computer Stores, a tradeassociation representingretail computer stores, hasrecently been formed withthe assistance of IntraComInc, an association andorganizational managementfirm. The purposes of thetrade association are to en-sure prosperity and expan-sion of stores, to cooperatewith applicable governmentagencies and legislativebodies, and to represent andadvance the economic andeducational interests of retailcomputer stores. Informa-tion is available from Na-tional Association of Com-puter Stores, 3255 S US 1,Ft Pierce FL 33450, (305)465-9450.

Detroit Interact Group

Interact Electronics Cor-poration went out of

business in early 1980, withover 5000 Interact systemsin use and over 1000 ondealers' shelves. In order tosee that these owners getsupport, the Detroit InteractUsers Group has gone na-tional. They encouragedevelopment of new soft-ware and hardware by in-dependent sources. Amonitor and a serial port arenow available because ofthis group's efforts. Thegroup also supports a soft-ware library. They are try-ing to locate schematics,documentation, and reliablesources for software, parts,and service for the Interact.The club newsletter, Interac-tion, is bimonthly with in-formation, ideas, and pro-grams. Contact Detroit In-teract Group, 15356 Prevost,Detroit MI 48227. ■

And then

there were

none.

The list of already extinct animalsgrows ... the great auk, the Texas graywolf, the Badlands bighorn,the sea mink.the passenger pigeon .. .

Whet happens if civilizationcontinues to slowly choke out wildlifespecies by species?

Man cannot live on a planet unfit foianimals.

Join an organization that's doingsomething about preserving ourendangered species. Get involved. Write.«■»» the National Wildlife Federation,«VMMJ5» Depart™ I H.MGth

£§KS Street, MW. \\ ishii Itjjg^jjj' DC 20036.

the electric

II

for the TRS-80 Model II* Computer

"meEle

icit is a Character Oriented Word ProcessingSystem. This means that text is altered as a continuous stringof dioraclcrs ond is manipulated 0) such. This allows the userenormous freedom aid ease in the movement and liondling oftext. Since lines ore not delineated, any number of char-acters, words, lines or paragraphs may be inserted or deletedanywhere in the text. The entirety of the text shifts ondopims up or closes us needed in full view of the user. Car-riage returns as well os word hyphenation are not requiredsinci; each line of text is formatted automatically.

As lex' is typed aid the end of a screen line is reached, aparti oily completed word is shifted to Ihe beginning of thefollowing line. Whenever text is inserted or deleted, existingtext is pushed down or pulled up in o wrap around fashion.Everything appears en Ihe video display screen as it occursthi-rsby eliminating any guesswork. Text may be reviewed atwill by variable speed or page-at-o-time scrolling lx>th in theforward and reverse directions. By using the search or thesearch and replace function, any string of characters may belocated aid/or replaced with my other siring of characters asdesired. Specific sets of characters within encoded stringsmay also be located.

When text is printed, The Electric Pencil automaticallyinserts carriage returns where they are needed. Numerouscombinations of Line Length, Page Length, Character Spncing,Line Spocing ond Page Spacing allow for any form to behandled, Right justification gives right-hand margins thatare even. Pages may be numbered as well os tilled.

the electric pencil

-.) Pr iivpii Wot it Processing System

The TRSDOS versions of The Electric Pencil II are our bestever! You can rvow type as fast as you like without losing anycharacters. New TRSDOS features include word left, word right,wore delete, bottom of page numbering as well os extendedcursor controls for greater user flexibility. BASIC files mayalso be written raid simply edited without additional wftwore.

Our CP/M versions ne Ihe same as we have been distributingfor several years and allow the CP/M user to edit CP/M fileswith the addition of our CONVERT utility for an additional$35.00. CONVERT is not required if only quick ond easy wordprocessing is required. A keyboard buffer permits fast typingwithout character loss.

CP/M TR5DOS

Serial Diablo, NEC, Qume $ 300.00 $ 350.00All other printers $ 275.00 $ 325.00

The Electric Pencil I is still available for TRS-80 Model Iusers. Although not as sophisticated as Electric Pencil 11, itis still an extremely easy to use and powerful word processingsystem. The software has been designed to be used with bothLevel I (I6K system) and Level II models of Ihe TRS-80. TwovtrsioTs, one for use wilh cassette, and one for use with disk,ore ovoiloble on cassette. The TRS-80 disk version is easilytransferred to disk and is fully interactive with the READ,WRITE, DIR, and KILL routines of TRSDOS.

IRC Cassette $ 100.00

TRD Disk S 150.00

Features

TRSDOS or CP/M Compatible • Supports Four DiskDrives • Dynamic Print Formatting • Dioblo, NEC &Qume Print Packages • Multi-Column Printing ' PrintValue Chaining * Page-at-o-time Scrolling ■Bidirectional Multispeed Scrolling * Subsystem withPrint Value Scoreboard • Automatic Word & RecordNumber Tally * Global Search 4 Reploce • Full MarginControl • End of Poge Control * Non Printing TextCommenting * Line & Paragraph Indentation •Centering • Underlining • Boldface

MICHAEL SHRAVER SOFTWARE, INC.1198 Los Robles Dr.

Palm Springs. CA. 92262(714) 323-1400

Circle 257 On inquiry Card. October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 329

(Ointerkieiialternatives...

Featuring the Quality Engineering andManufacturing of THE MICRO MINT

FULL 8-BIT PARALLEL PORT

RS-232-C SERIAL PORT {up lo 19.200 baud)

UP TO 16 UNITS CAN BE CHAINED TOGETHER

TRS-BUS CONNECTOR FOR FUTURE EXPANSION

CONNECTS TO KEYBOARD OR E I

INCLUDES TERMINAL SOFTWARE

ONLY $179 95

HATTER BOX

FULL 8-BIT PARALLEL PORT

RS-232-C SERIAL PORT (up to 19.200 baud)

ACOUSTIC MODEM — 300 BAUD

TRS-BUS CONNECTOR FOR FUTURE EXPANSION

CONNECTS TO KEYBOARD OR E I

CAN BE CHAINED TOGETHER WITH COMM-80

INCLUDES TERMINAL SOFTWARE

ONLY $259 95

• DISK CONTROLLER (up lo 4 drives)

• DATA SEPARATOR INCLUDED

• INCLUDES 16K OF RAM

• PROVISION FOR AN ADDITIONAL 16K RAM

• TRS-BUS CONNECTOR FOR FUTURE EXPANSIONONLY S299.95

BUSY BOX

ALLOWS TRS-80 TO CONTROL AC APPLIANCESCABLE AND CONNECTOR FOR TRS-80 KEYBOARD OR E.IWORKS WITH THE POPULAR BSR X-10 SYSTEMINCLUDES BASIC LISTING FOR CONTROL ROUTINELEVEL II MINIMUM SYSTEMONLY S109 95

CES ARE RADIO SMACK HAHDWAHE AND SOFTWARE COMPATIBLE

fi WRITE OR CJQk£<\ TheM.cmMmUr.c

I?ou strati into tfjr Vegan System, ©oil arc tfjrcommahber of tke terran starfleet. ©our largos are&l)isi anb SlrgoS crystal. Sour siiielbS are loU) anbtfje aliens are closing in!!--Galactic ©ucst

Eost in tfjc cellar of a creepy olb ijouse. ffiitljinthese tombing corriborS, lurk unspeakable horrors;echo tuiflj unhuman footsteps, ©ou Ijabc almost mabeit to the Stairs- -torjen--- $ouse of Usher

llasar WavS, Cime £rek, S>umeria, anb many more!

GEo: Crystal Computer itlfg & &oftu)are

$).©. $ox 206, &an Jose, Calif. 95113408-292-1897

name:

abbress:.

please senb Usher ©nest

bisk $24.95 ° cassette $19.95apple 48ft o Ers-80 16 & o $ft 16 fco check o uiSa o masterchargeCatalog carb no

Gooks Received

The following is a list of books received at BYTE Publications dur-ing this past month. Although the list is not meant to be exhaustive,its purpose is to acquaint BYTE readers with recently published titlesin computer science and related fields. We regret that we cannotreview or comment on all the books we receive; instead, this list ismeant to be a monthly acknowledgement of these books and thepublishers who sent them.

The Architecture ofMicrocomputers, S E Green-field; Winthrop, CambridgeMA, 1980; 18.5 by 24.5 cm,366 pages, hardcover, ISBN0-87626-037-7, $24.95.

Basic Computer Programsin Science and Engineering,Jules H Gilder; HaydenBook Company, RochellePark NJ, 1980; 18 by 25 cm,256 pages, softcover, ISBN0-8104-0761-2, $8.95.

Computer Logic, Testing,and Verification, J PaulRoth; Computer SciencePress, Potomac MD, 1980;16 by 24.5 cm, 176 pages,hardcover, ISBN0-914894-62-5, $23.95.

Digital Computer Simula-tion, Fred J Maryanski;Hayden Book Company,Rochelle Park NJ, 1980; 15.5by 23 cm, 336 pages, soft-cover, ISBN 0-8104-5118-2,$15.95.

Digital Hardware Design,John B Peatman; McGraw-Hill Book Company, NewYork NY, 1980; 18 by 25cm, 438 pages, hardcover,ISBN 0-07-049132-1, pricenot available at this time.

Dr Dobb's Journal ofComputer Calisthenics &Orthodontia: Running LightWithout Overbyte, ThePeople's Computer Com-pany Series, Hayden BookCompany, Rochelle ParkNJ, 1980; 21 by 28 cm;volume 1: 368 pages, ISBN0-8104-5475-0; volume 2:480 pages, ISBN0-8104-5484-X; volume 3:480 pages, ISBN0-8104-5490-4; softcover,$18.95 each.

An Introduction toMicrocomputers: Volume 1Basic Concepts, AdamOsborne; Osborne/McGraw-Hill, Berkeley CA,1980; 19 by 23 cm, 480

pages, softcover, ISBN0-931988-34-9, $12.50.

Mathematical Modelingwith Computers, Samuel L SJacoby, Janusz S Kowalik;Prentice-Hall, EnglewoodCliffs NJ, 1980; 16 by 23.5cm, 292 pages, hardcover,ISBN 0-13-561555-0, $21.50.

Microcomputer Manage-ment and Programming,Carol Anne Ogdin; Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs NJ,1980; 18.5 by 24.5 cm, 348pages, softcover, ISBN0-13-580936-3, $16.95.

Microprocessors and LogicDesign, Ronald L Krutz;Wiley & Sons, New YorkNY, 1980; 15.5 by 23.5 cm,467 pages, hardcover, ISBN0471-02083-4, $24.95.

Microprocessor SoftwareDesign, Max Schindler;Hayden Book Company,Rochelle Park NJ, 1980; 22by 28 cm, 304 pages, soft-cover, ISBN 0-8104-5190-5,$11.95.

The Practical Guide toStructured Systems Design,Meilir Page-Jones; YourdonPress, New York NY, 1980;15.5 by 23 cm, 354 pages,softcover, ISBN0-917072-17-0, $19.50.

Programmable PocketCalculators, Mullish,Kochan; Hayden BookCompany, Rochelle ParkNJ, 1980; 15.5 by 23 cm,264 pages, softcover, ISBN0-8104-5175-1, $8.95.

TRS-80 BASIC; A Self-Teaching Guide, Albrecht,Inman, Zamora; Wiley &Sons Inc, New York NY,1980; 18.5 by 23.5 cm, 351pages, softcover, ISBN0-147-06466-1, $8.95. ■

330 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 285 on inquiry card.

PM080

Level II16K at $645

SOFTWARE COMPATIBLE

Reads all Level II BASIC tapesReads all SYSTEM tapesFull range of peripherals

The PMC-80 is a "work-alike" computerto the popular TRS-80* Model I, Level IIby Tandy, Radio Shack. The PMC-80 has16K bytes of RAM and the completeLevel II 12K BASIC ROM by Microsoftthat makes it 100% software compatiblewith programs from Radio Shack andfrom the hundreds of other independentsuppliers. The built-in cassette playerreads standard Radio Shack programsfor the TRS-80!

Sold through computer stores.

Video output for monitor and TVOptional FASTLOAD at 8000 bandOptional Upper/Lower case

The PMC-80 will operate with any of themany peripherals Radio Shack andother independent vendors have in-vented to plug into the TRS-80.* Mostimportantly, the Interface Adapter per-mits Expansion Interfaces with memoryexpansion to 48K to be added. AnExpansion Interface will also permit theaddition of Radio Shack compatible5 V<\" disks and disk operating systems,RS 232, printers, etc.

"TRS-80 is a registered trademark of Tandy, Radio Shack.

Personal Micro Computers, Inc.

475 Ellis Street, Mountain View, CA 94043

(415) 962-0220

Circle 175 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

331

Bock Reviews

Structured Programming

by O ] Dahl, E WDijkstm and CARHoare, Academic Press,London, 1972Hardcover, 220 pages$18.00

The term "structured pro-gramming" is no longernovel. If you were to en-counter this slender volumeon a bookstore shelf, youmight easily pass it by as yetanother how-to book, and anot very eye-catching one atthat. In reality, this book isa collection of brilliant ideasabout program construction,program structure, and datastructuring by three interna-tionally renowned computerscientists. Structured Pro-gramming is already aclassic in computer scienceliterature and should be readby everyone seriously in-terested in programming.

Structured Programmingis a collection of threeessays. The first is Dijkstra's"Notes on Structured Pro-gramming." These noteswere first circulated inmimeograph form and werethe intellectual catalyst foralmost the entire structuredprogramming viewpoint.The essay itself is a collec-tion of short notes concern-ing topics such as programstructures, proving the cor-rectness of programs, step-wise program composition,and many more. The con-cepts are exemplified bymany exercises and exampleswhich are themselves quitechallenging and thought pro-voking. One of the more in-teresting examples isDijkstra's solution to theeight-Queens problem.

Whereas Dijkstra's essaywill strike many resonantchords for those alreadyfamiliar with structured ap-proaches to programming,Hoare's essay will have anair of familiarity for Pascalprogrammers. Hoare's

"Notes on Data Structuring"is a brilliant analysis of theconcept of abstract datatypes in programming.Hoare advocates the use ofhigh-level data abstractions.He systematically examinesunstructured or scalar datatypes such as enumeratedsets and subranges. Next hediscusses structured or com-pound data types (calledstructures in manylanguages) such as theCartesian product, thediscriminated union (variantrecords), the array (in avery generalized form), andthe power-set. Finally, hetreats more complex datatypes such as sequences,recursive data structures,and sparse data structures.He introduces the basic con-cepts for each data type anda notation for syntactic ex-pression. He discusses thegeneral operations that canbe performed on each datatype and discusses sugges-tions for achieving workableand efficient data representa-tions and operations.

Hoare's stated objective isnot simply to create anotherprogramming language thattries to include all data typesand operations. Instead, heendeavors to give the readeran understanding of dataabstraction. Hoare's sugges-tion is that the reader adoptand adapt his notation foruse as a personal pseudo-language in the initial stagesof top-down design. Bykeeping the data objects inan abstract, conceptuallymeaningful form and bydelaying choice of represen-tation until later in thedesign several advantagesare obtained. A program ex-pressed in a high-levelabstract language is moreeasily read and understood.Details of the algorithm canbe worked out at anabstract level whichfacilitates ensuring the cor-rectness of the algorithm.Finally, alternative represen-tations for the data objectscan be explored without the

basic algorithm beingchanged. In essence, the useof abstract data typesrepresents a stepwise refine-ment of the algorithmiccode.

The final essay,"Hierarchical ProgramStructures," is coauthoredby Dahl and Hoare. Thisessay represents a synthesisof the ideas from theprevious two essays.Although not as clearlywritten as the other twoessays, it discusses the ideason structured programmingpresented in the others byshowing how they areachieved in the SIMULAlanguage.- The mostenlightening part of thisessay is the description ofSIMULA. SIMULA is apowerful general-purposeprogramming languagederived from ALGOL 60that introduces several novelprogramming concepts. The

most important of these isthe "class" concept. Classesare a means for creating notonly abstract data objectsbut also the operations formanipulating them. Thisidea of providing a meanswithin a language forcreating new data objectsand operations has beenrefined and incorporated in-to many of the most modernprogramming languages.

Structured Programmingwill introduce you to awealth of excellent ideasabout programming andprogram construction. It's abook that not only belongson every serious program-mer's library shelf, butbelongs among thosevolumes that become wornfrom repeated reading. ■

Glen A Taylor19 June PIMattawan NJ 07747

BYTE's Bugs

It's Greek to Me!

An error of charactersubstitution took place in afigure in Steve Ciarcia'sarticle "A Build-It-YourselfModem for Under $50"(August 1980 BYTE, pages22 thru 38).

In figure 3 on page 32,two equations should havecontained lowercase Greekomega "oj" characters;lowercase Roman-alphabet"w" characters weresubstituted.

The proper form of thecenter-frequency equation is:

oj2o = 1/R3C2(1/R,-I-1/R2).

The proper form of theequation under the op ampin the schematic diagram is:

o>o

= 2Trf0.

The center-of-passbandfrequency of the "typicalbandpass filter responsecurve" in the graph shouldhave been indicated by oj0not w0.

Data Flub on the Dubber

The price for the DataDubber in the "What'sNew?" section of the July1980 BYTE, page 251,should have read $49.95,not $39.95.

Mix-uprocessors

The August 1980 BYTE"In The Queue" page listsTheron Wierenga's videoterminal as based on theZilog Z80. The project ac-tually uses an Intel 8085. ■

332

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Let this New Series from

BYTE BOOKS answer your

programming questions

Programming Techniques is a series ofcollected articles concerned with the art andscience of computer programming. The firstvolume in the Programming Techniquesseries is entitled Program Design. The pur-pose of the book is to provide the personalcomputer user with the techniques neededto design efficient, effective, maintainableprograms.

ISBN 0-07-037825-8 Pages: 96Price: $6Editor: Blaise W. Liffick

Simulation is the second volume in theProgramming Techniques series. Boththeoretical and practical applications areincluded. Particularly stressed is simulationof motion, including wave motion and fly-ing objects, and the use of simulation forexperimentation.ISBN 0-07-037826-6 Pages: 126Price: $6Editor: Blaise W. Liffick

Numbers in Theory and Practice is thethird book in the series. It includes infor-mation of value to both the novice and theexperienced personal computer user. Themechanics of the binary system are dis-cussed, including software division andmultiplication, as well as floating point

numbers, numerical methods, random

numbers, and the mathematics of computer

graphics.

ISBN 0-07-037827-4 Pages: 192

Price: $8.95

Editor: Blaise W. Liffick

The 4th volume of the ProgrammingTechniques series, Bits and Pieces, coversvarious topics of interest to programmers. It

is a collection of the best articles from pastissues of BYTE magazine plus new materialcollected specifically for the series, on sub-jects such as multiprogramming, stacks,interrupts optimation, and real timeprocessing.

ISBN 0-07-037828-2 Pages: 160Price $8.95Editor: Blaise W. Liffick

Urn

Please send

. copies of Program Design

. copies of Simulation

. copies of Numbers in Theory and Practice

. copies of Bits and Pieces

B10

Company

City

State/Province

□ Check enclosed in the amount of $

□ Bill Visa D Bill Master ChargeCard No. Exp. Date .

KJ II I ^k Add 60<r per book to cover postage and handling.

! KfirilUK 70 Main St' Peterborough, NH 03458

Event Oueue

October 1980

October-November

Thinking Small—UsingSmall Computers to IncreaseBusiness Productivity. Theseconferences will featureleading authorities andsmall-business computerusers in a program designedto explore the opportunitiespresented by small com-puters for productivity im-provement of the smallbusiness. For a schedule oftimes and places, contactThe Information Exchange,1730 N Lynn St, Suite 400,Arlington VA 22209, (703)521-6209.

October-December

APL Classes. STSC Inc hasannounced its fall scheduleof classes and seminars in

APL and related applica-tions. Financial planning,manufacturing and materialsmanagement, insuranceanalysis, and data-basedesign and management willbe covered. Classes will beheld in major cities in theUS and Europe. ContactJoan Gurgold, STSCseminar manager, 11 Clear-brook Rd, Elmsford NY10523, (914) 347-5560.

October-DecemberHartford Graduate CenterCourses, Hartford CT.Assembly language, mini-computers, Pascal, micro-processors, and computer-aided graphics are coursesbeing offered by the Hart-ford Graduate Center, 275Windsor St, Hartford CT06120, (203) 549-3600, ex-tension 254 or 252.

October-December

Fairchild's MicrocomputerEducation Center, San JoseCA. A series of technicaltraining courses are offeredfor design engineers whomust learn to incorporatethe microprocessor into aworking system. The cur-riculum includes courses ondata communications andthe 6856, the 3870 single in-tegrated circuit microcom-puter and its family, 6800microprocessors, bit slicetechniques. Contact theCenter at MS 42-2120, 101Bernal Rd, San Jose CA95119, (408) 224-7096.

October-January 1981

Twenty-nine Seminars fromDPMA Education Founda-tion. The Data ProcessingManagement Association

A 10 Megabyte Winchesterhard disk based,S100 Computer for

$7500???

YOU BET!!!

We'll give you 20 to 1(storage that is)!

nn

NNC Electronics 15631 Computer LaneHuntington Beach CA 92649 (714) 893-4120

(DPMA) is sponsoring aseries of two-day computer-oriented seminars. Data pro-cessing, software configura-tion management, computer-aided design and manufac-turing, computers and datacommunications, data base,integrated circuits, and soft-ware engineering are someof the topics being covered.For details on site locationsand times, contact DPMAEducation Foundation Coor-dinator, 5959 W CenturyBlvd, Los Angeles CA90045, (213) 670-2975.

October 1-2

Choosing and UsingMicroprocessor Develop-ment Systems, London PressCentre, London EC4,England. The seminar willpresent information andpractical experience onwhich to base the selectionand use of microprocessordevelopment systems. It willprovide guidelines to answerquestions on the definitionof microprocessor develop-ment systems, what featuresshould be looked for, howto analyze particular re-quirements, and whatsystems are commerciallyavailable. The program isintended for senior engineersand engineering managerswho have some knowledgeof microprocessors. Contactthe Conference and CourseUnit, Sira Institute Ltd,South Hill, Chislehurst,Kent BR7 5EH, England.

October 1-3

The Tenth InternationalSymposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing, Kyoto,Japan. This meeting isdevoted to the theory andpractice of reliable com-puting and will cover designof fault-tolerant circuits andsytems; analysis of systemperformance and reliability;applications of codingtechniques; softwarereliability and testing; andmore. For information andtraveling arrangements, con-tact Secretary of FTCS-10,

334 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 258 on inquiry card.

Dept of AppliedMathematics and Physics,Faculty of Engineering,Kyoto University, Kyoto606, Japan.

October 6-7 and October 8-10

Microprocessor-Based Equip-ment Design and Develop-ment, Cudham Hall,Cudham, Sevenoaks, Kent,England. Contact Sira In-stitute Ltd, South Hill,Chislehurst, Kent BR7 5EH,England, for information onthis two-part course.

October 6-8

APL Users Meeting,Toronto, Ontario, Canada.This conference is aimed atAPL users as well as thoseconsidering the use of APLin their systems. Speakerswill present papers thatdiscuss the practical use ofAPL. Managing APLresources, teaching APL,and APL programmingtechniques will be covered.The registration fee is $180(in Canadian funds), whichincludes a copy of the pro-ceedings. For a brochure andregistration material, contact

Rosanne Wild, I P SharpAssociates Ltd, 145 King StW, Toronto, Ontario M5H1J8, Canada.

October 8-10

Circulation ComputerSystems Symposium,

Chicago Marriott Hotel,Chicago IL. More than 425newspaper publishers,general managers, circula-tion directors, controllers,and data-processingmanagers are expected to at-tend. Workshop sessionswill be held for participantswho already have or areconsidering automated cir-culation systems. For moreinformation, contactAmerican NewspaperPublishers Association, TheNewspaper Center, POB17407, Dulles Airport,Washington DC 20041, (703)620-9500.

October 14-16

Minicomputer andMicrocomputer Conferenceand Exposition, BrooksHall/Civic Auditorium, SanFrancisco CA. For completedetails, contact the Manag-

ing Director, Mini/MicroConference and Exposition,32302 Camino Capistrano,Suite 202, San JuanCapistrano CA 92675, (714)661-3301.

October 16-19

Midwest Computer Show

McCormick Place, ChicagoIL. Admission for adults is$5. For more information onthe exposition, contact Na-tional Computer Shows,POB 678, Brookline VillageMA 02147, (617) 739-2000.

October 20-22Applied Microprocessors: ABasic Introduction, Univer-sity of Houston Hotel,Houston TX. For informa-tion on the course, contactthe Continuing EducationInstitute, 10889 WilshireBlvd, Suite 1030, LosAngeles CA 90024, (213)477-8379.

October 26-28

The Eleventh ACM NorthAmerican Computer ChessChampionship, OprylandHotel, Nashville TN. This isa four-round, Swiss-style

tournament with participa-tion restricted to computers.All of the best chess pro-grams in North America areexpected to be present. Amaximum of twelve teamswill participate. ContactMonty Newborn, School ofComputer Science, McGillUniversity, 805 SherbrookeSt W, Montreal, Quebec,H3A 2K6, Canada, (514)392-8274.

October 26-29

International Data-Processing Conference andBusiness Exposition,

Philadelphia Sheraton Hotel,Philadelphia PA. This con-ference is being sponsoredby the Data ProcesssingManagement Association(DPMA). Contact the Con-ference Coordinator, DPMAInternational Headquarters,505 Busse Hwy, Park RidgeIL 60068, (312) 825-8124.

October 27-29Fundamentals of Data Com-munications, New York NY.This course is designed forpersonnel who want an in-troduction to data com-munications concepts and

Are you ready

for the Z8OOOmicroprocessor

revolution?

Zilog's generation-ahead, 16-bit, Z8000 is changing theway systems manufacturers and designers think aboutmicroprocessing. Now there's an easy way for youto learn everything you need to know to stay ontop of this powerful new technology. Enroll todayin Zilog's five-part, home-study seminar on

Zilog

Training and Education Department C110460 Bubb Road, Cupertino, CA 95014

Enroll me today in the 1980 Zilog Z8000 Architecture Course.

□ Enclosed is my check or money order for $39.

Make check payable to: Zilog, Inc.

Please charge my D Mastercharge or □ Visa account:

□□□□□□□□□□□□□□DOExpiration date

SIGNATURE

MyT-Shirlsizeis: S M L XL

Z8000 architecture for the advanced engineer.

Learn the details of the Z8000's 16-bit architecture,techniques of memory management, methods for inter-facing memory and peripherals, proper handling ofinterrupts and traps, and use of the Z8000's powerfulinstruction set.

You study at your own pace at home. Each test isindividually graded and critiqued. Total cost for all coursematerials and tests is $39. Enroll today. Become yourcompany's expert on the micropro-cessor technology of the future. Uponcompletion of the course, everyregistrant gets a colorful Captain ZilogT-shirt! Allow four weeks for

receipt of your first lesson. 7i"1/vt

ijjlft ) An Affiliate of E3jl(ON ENTERPRISES INC.BUSINESS ADDRESS

NAME

COMPANY NAME

CITY/STATE/ZIP_TELEPHONE

BILLING ADDRESS (as shown on charge card.)

NAME

COMPANY NAME

7 ADDRESS

\ CITY/STATE/ZIP

i \ Mail lessons to: D Business Address □ Billing Address

Circle 333 on inquiry card.

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

335

systems. The course coversall the elements of data com-munications systems. Con-tact American ManagementAssociations, 135 W 50th St,New York NY 10020, (212)246-0800.

October 27-30

The Fifth International Con-ference on Computer Com-munication, Peachtree PlazaHotel, Atlanta GA. Thetheme for ICCC/80 is"Computer Communica-tions: Increasing Benefits forSociety." More than 100speakers will present paperson applications and

technical developments ofcomputer communicationand its worldwide implica-tions for the 1980s. Fees are$175 for pre-registration and$200 at the conference. Con-tact ICCC/80, POB 280,Basking Ridge NJ 07920,(201) 221-8800.

November 1980

November 8-9

Personal Computer Fair,

Pacific Science Center,Seattle WA. The theme ofthis year's fair is "HandsOn." The booths and ex-

hibits will reflect this idea,and the public will have ac-cess to as many computersand terminals as possible.Contact The NorthwestComputer Society, POB4193, Seattle WA 98119,(206) 284-6109.

November 10-14

The Fourth Annual Data-Entry Management Con-ference, Orlando FL. Thisconference will cover dataentry, distributed process-ing, and word processingwith emphasis on dataentry, including human-machine interface. Contact

Call on John D. Owens for all Your Computer Needs

JOHN STARTED PROGRAMMING IN 1959 AND HAS WORKED ON

THE IBM 704, UNIVAC I, NCR 304, CDC 6600, IBM 360/370

AND MANY OTHERS. WHEN YOU CALL ON US, JOHN'S EXTENSIVE

EXPERIENCE BECOMES AVAILABLE TO YOU.

IMS 5000 and 8000 Systems

The new rising stars! Beautifully designed and constructed with the Industrial MicroSystem reputation for fine quality. These systems feature a Z80 CPU, S-100 bus; doubledensity drives (either single or double sided) CP/M®. 5000 series uses mini floppies,8000 uses maxi floppies. Hard disk and MP/M now available.

Model 5-00125 with two double density drives, 32K Static RAM $2,765

Model 8-00125 as above but with 8" drives $4,185

AMPEX DFR-900 HARD DISK DRIVES

Winchester media; 16MB removable; 32, 64 or 96 MB fixed. These drives are totally in-tegrated with the IMS hardware and CP/M. We can furnish a package consisting of anIMS system, your choice of CRT or printer, optional hard disk and applicationssoftware.

DRIVES

Per Sci 299B Now Available!!! . . . $2,200

Cabinet and power supply $300

Per Sci 277.. $1,210 Shugart $525

MPIB51 $265 B52 $365

Innotronics and QUME also available

HAZELTINE 1500 $885

1510 $980 1520 $1,210

1420 (two year warranty) $775

DEC LA 35/36 Upgrade $750

Increases baud rate to 1200. Microproces-sor controlled. Many features includeTOF, tabs and margin control.

We have no reader inquiry number.

Call on us for product sheets.

Dealer inquiry invited.

Prices subject to change without notice.

TELEVIDEO SMART CRTs912 B and C

$780

920 B and C

sr.so

IMS MEMORY 16 K static

32 K static

64 K Dynamic with parity ....

$285$585$950

TEI MAINFRAMES, S-10012 slot

.. $500

22 slot

.. $670

TARBELL

Double density controller

Cables

$420.. ..$40

CODs accepted at no extra charge.

Shipping $14 lor light printers and CRTs

Credit cards add 2%.

NY residents add tax.

WE EXPORT:

Overseas Callers:Phone 212 448-6298

TWX 710 588 2844

or Cable: OWENSASSOC

We Are Known for Our Prompt and Courteous Service!

JOHN D. OWENS

212 448-6283 AsSOCiateS, InC. 212 448-6298E3 12 Schubert Street

Staten Island, New York 10305

Data Entry ManagementAssociation, POB 3231,Stamford CT 06905, (203)322-1166.

November 11-13

Canadian Computer Showand Conference, Interna-tional Centre, 6900 AirportRd, Toronto, Ontario,Canada. For information,contact the Show Manager,Industrial Trade Shows ofCanada, 36 Butterick Rd,Toronto, Ontario M8W3Z8, Canada, (416)252-7791.

November 13-16

The 1980 International Com-puter Music Conference,

Queens College, FlushingNY. This conference is forpersons interested in com-puter applications in music.Conference activities includepresentation of papers, con-certs, workshops, paneldiscussions, meetings ofspecial interest groups,demonstrations, and an ex-hibition of computer musicequipment. For information,contact Dr Hubert S HoweJr, Director 1980 Interna-tional Computer Music Con-ference, Queens College,Flushing NY 11367, (212)520-7340.

November 18-20

The Third Industrial Revolu-tion, McCormick Place,Chicago IL. This show is anexposition and conferencedevoted to development bymanufacturing companies ofsystems for informationmanagement. Informationmay be obtained from Ban-ner and Grief Ltd, 110 E42nd St, New York NY10017, (212) 687-7730.

November 19-21

Comdex, Las Vegas Conven-tion Center, Las Vegas NV.Comdex is a conference andexposition for independentsellers of small-computerand word-processingsystems, peripherals, media,and supplies. Address in-quiries to The InterfaceGroup, 160 Speen St, Fram-ingham MA 01701, (800)225-4620.

November 20-21

Western Educational Com-puting Conference, SanDiego CA. This conferencewill feature papers and

336 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

seminars on the use of com-puters in higher educationfor instruction, administra-tion, and research. ContactRon Langley, Director,Computer Center, CaliforniaState University, LongBeach, 1250 Bellflower Blvd,Long Beach CA 90840, (213)498-5459.

November 20-23

Northeast Personal andBusiness Computer Show,

Hynes Auditorium, BostonMA. This is an annual ex-position open to the generalpublic. The admission willbe $5. Contact NationalComputer Shows, POB 678,Brookline Village MA02147, (617) 739-2000.

November 21-23

National Home Entertain-ment Show, New York Col-iseum, New York NY. Ex-hibits will cover video,photography, audio, games,and home computers.Seminars and demonstra-tions will be featured in thisshow. Contact UnitedBusiness Publications Inc,475 Park Ave South, NewYork NY 10016, (212)725-2300.

December 1980

December 2-5

The Eleventh InternationalConference of the ComputerMeasurement Group,

Sheraton-Boston Hotel,Boston MA. This conferenceis entitled "Computer Per-formance Evaluation in the80s." Contact Judith GAbilock, Price Waterhouse& Company, Office ofGovernment Services, 1801K St, NW, Washington DC20006, (202) 296-0800.

December 3-5

The 1980 Winter SimulationConference, Orlando Mar-riott, Orlando FL. This con-ference will feature papers,panel discussions, tutorials,and review sessions ondiscrete and combinedsimulations. Contact Pro-fessor Tuncer I Oren, Chair-man, Dept of ComputerScience, University ofOttawa, Ottawa, OntarioKIN 9B4, Canada,(613) 231-5420.

December 4

California Computer Shows,

Hyatt-Palo Alto, Palo AltoCA. Show hours are from 1to 7 PM. OEM (originalequipment manufacturers)and end-user computer andperipheral products will beexhibited and demonstratedby over 60 companies. Con-tact Norm De Nardi Enter-prises, 95 Main St, LosAltos CA 94022, (415)941-8440.

December 10

1980 Computer NetworkingSymposium, GaithersburgMD. This symposium is

sponsored by the IEEE Com-puter Society, TechnicalCommittee on ComputerCommunications, and theInstitute for ComputerSciences and Technology ofthe National Bureau of Stan-dards. The focus is on office

automation, office systemcomponents, and the com-puter networks required tointerconnect them. For in-formation, contact ExecutiveSecretary, POB 639, SilverSpring MD 20901, (301)439-7007. ■

In order to gain optimal coverage of your organization's computerconferences, seminars, workshops, courses, etc, notice should reachour office at least three months in advance of the date of the event.Entries should be sent to: Event Queue, BYTE Publications, 70 MainSt, Peterborough NH 03458. Each month we publish the currentcontents of the queue for the month of the cover date and the twofollowing calendar months. Thus a given event may appear as manyas three times in this section if it is sent to us far enough in advance.

Call on John D. Owens for all Your Computer Needs

COMPUTER CLUBS: discounts for 4 or more on most items.

TELETYPE Model 43 Inventory Sale/!!!

Model 4320 AAK AAL $1,085

Model 4330 punch/reader. 10 or 30 CPS.

8 level, 1" tape $2,595

Limited supply of Model 45 available.

IBM 3101 CRT Model 10 $1,195

Model 20 $1,395

Selectric-like, detached keyboard. 9x16 dot matrix.Maintenance contract from IBM only $70 per year.

PET COMPUTERS

INVENTORY SALE - LIMITED QUANTITIES

Pet 2001N 32K $900

DUAL DISK SYSTEM $900

ATARI SALE: We are discontinuing this line and sellingour stock at below wholesale prices. Hardware & software.

MARINCHIP SYSTEMS M9900

Elegant 16 bit CPU, S-100 compatible Multi user, multi pro-cessor operating system. Extended precision commercialBASIC, FORTH, META, PASCAL, Word Processor andText Editor. Fast and powerful!

Complete kit and software package $550

Assembled $700

We configure complete systems with floppy or hard disk.

MARINCHIP USERS: QBASIC for the 9900 $220

16 bit, 32K words, 64K BYTES memory $1,050

MICROANGELO 52,280

High resolution graphics system. Microangelo feature 15",22MHZ, green phospher screen, 72 key keyboard; includescomplete cabling and software. From SClON.

GRAPHICS SOFTWARE On line, real time, for theM9900 to drive the Microangelo. For use in design of PCboard masks, IC masks and other applications usually re-quiring a $200,000 system.

COMPUTER TO COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS

Enables communications from a micro to a terminal or toanother micro, mini or maxi computer. Modes of opera-tion: TERMINAL (your system acts like an intelligent ter-minal), FILE-TO-FILE, LOCAL (Disk commands),Full/Half Duplex on 8" or 5" disks.COM to COM modedoes full CRC 16 error check and retransmits block on error.Object Code $75 Source Code $150

CORVUS HARD DISK DRIVES now being offered.

INDUSTRIAL

MICRO

SYSTEMS

TELETYPE

HAZELTINE

IBM

TELEVIDEO

TE1

TARBELL

CORVUS

PER SCI

NEC

ITHACA

INTERSYSTEMS

MARINCHIP

DATA SOUTH

QUMECENTRONICS

TEXAS

INSTRUMENTS

ATARI

DEC

CALIFORNIA

COMPUTER

SYSTEMS

KONAN

EDGE

TECHNOLOGY

INNOTRONICS

XEROX

DIABLO

INTEGRAL

DATA SYSTEMS

CROMEMCO

SOROCMICROPRO

TELETEK

NOVATION

AMPEX

CDC

NORTH STAR

COMMODORE

SCION

MPI

POWER ONE

MEASUREMENT

SYSTEMSAND CONTROL

JOHN D. OWENS

212 448-6283 Associates, Inc. 21;

12 Schubert Street, E

Staten Island, New York 10305

212 448-6298

212 448-2913

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 337

What's New?

MISCELLANEOUS

High-Speed Cassette forthe TRS-80

The TC-8 allows the TRS-80 user toload programs five times faster than thestandard cassette recorder allows. It runsat over 3000 bps (bits per second) withan error rate of less than one bad loadin a million bytes, with the volume con-trol anywhere between two and eight.The TC-8 cassette recorder supports thesaving, loading, and verifying of BASICprograms, system programs, and datafiles. Features of this system includeeight-character names for files and theability to list the directory of all files ona tape. It is available in kit form for $90and fully assembled for $120 fromJ P C Products Company, 12021Paisano Ct, Albuquerque NM 87112,(505) 294-4623.

Circle 609 on inquiry card.

Microplot 44

The Microplot 44 is a 44-columnfixed-head thermal graphic printer foruse with microprocessor-based systems.-The printer features individual dot ad-dressing, enhanced vector plotting,256-dot resolution, manual and pro-grammable mode selection, 96-characterASCII double-height and double-densitycharacters, programmable tabs, andIEEE-488 and RS-232 interfaces. Theprice is under $1000 from Gulton In-dustries Inc, Measurement and ControlSystems Division, Gulton IndustrialPark, East Greenwich RI 02818, (401)884-6800.

Circle 610 on inquiry card.

Heavy-Duty Printer fromTEI

TEI Inc, 5075 S Loop E, Houston TX77033, (713) 738-2300, has announced itsMode] 3431 heavy-duty, 150 cps(characters per second), dot-matrixprinter. The printer offers up to136-coIumn printing using a 9-by-7 dotformat to form ninety-four ASCII(American Standard Code for Informa-tion Interchange) characters, includinglowercase letters with descenders, sym-bols, double-wide characters, and more.It also offers bidirectional printing. Thepin-feed tractor accepts continuous andmultipart forms. A parallel interface isstandard and RS-232 serial interfaces areavailable. The unit price is $1695.Circle 611 on inquiry card.

1 to 1000 MHz Signal Generator

SICNtl GIH1*

The Wavetek Model 3010 SignalGenerator covers the entire frequencyspectrum from 1 to 1000 MHz. Itfeatures 100 Hz resolution, 0.001% ac-curacy, complex modulation capabilities,and four internal modulation fre-quencies. Also featured are standard fre-quency programmability, Vernier con-trols for frequency and output level, andfour FM (frequency modulation) andtwo AM (amplitude modulation)modulation scales. RF (radio frequency)power level is +13 to -137 dBm.

Flatness is ±0.75 dBm. Frequency is setvia seven lever/indicator switches to aresolution of 100 Hz. The Model 3010 isuseful for tests of two-way radio, mobiletelephones, paging receivers, and othersystems that utilize techniques whichsuperimpose subaudible tones or tone-coded signals on voice or other chan-nels. The price is $4750, from WavetekIndiana Inc, 66 N First Ave, POB 190,Beech Grove IN 46107, (317) 783-3221.

Circle 612 on inquiry card.

Computer System fromGNAT

The System 10, developed by GNATComputers Inc, features a Z80 pro-cessor, 64 K bytes of programmablememory, 700 K bytes of floppy-diskstorage, a hard-disk interface, a DMA(direct memory address) controller, in-terrupt controller, and three serial I/O(input/output) channels. The system canalso be configured with a 9511

arithmetic processor and an IEEE-488GPIB interface. Software support con-sists of CP/M 2.0 and a screen editor.BASIC, FORTRAN, C, COBOL, Pascal,and other software are available.Application programs include word pro-cessing, accounting, and a mainframetelecommunication package. The price is$4950 from GNAT Computers Inc, 7895Convoy Ct, Bldg 6, San Diego CA92111, (714) 560-0433.

Circle 613 on inquiry card.

Where Do New Products ItemsCome From?

The information printed in the new products pages of BYTE is obtained from"new product" or "press release" copy sent by the promoters of new products. If inour judgement the information might be of interest to the personal computingexperimenters and homebrewers who read BYTE, we print it in some form. Weopenly solicit releases and photos from manufacturers and suppliers to thismarketplace. The information is printed more or less as a first in first out queue,subject to occasional priority modifications. While we would not knowingly printuntrue or inaccurate data, or data from unreliable companies, our capacity toevaluate the products and companies appearing in the "What's New?" feature isnecessarily limited. We therefore cannot be responsible for product quality or com-pany performance.

338 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

WhsftNew?

MISCELLANEOUS

Ultraviolet EPROM Eraser

|^

^

^^

^

^j ^k

%^

The QUV-T8 EPROM (erasable pro-grammable read-only memory) eraserallows hobbyists to erase most industrystandard ultraviolet EPROMs such as2708, 2564, 2716, 2532, and 2704 seriesEPROMs. The device is capable of eras-ing up to twenty EPROMs at a time,with an erase time of approximately 25minutes. The lamp has an estimated lifeof 7700 hours. It is available fromLogical Devices Inc, 1525 N E 26th St,Ft Lauderdale FL 33305, (305) 566-6252.

Circle 619 on inquiry card.

Speech Circuits Offered byTexas Instruments

The TI TMS5000-seriesspeech-processing integrated circuits pro-vide one hundred words of syntheticspeech, and cost approximately $13 inproduction quantities. Speech encodingon the TMS5100 speech synthesis circuitis achieved through pitch-excited LinearPredictive Coding (LPC). LPC is basedon a linear equation to formulate amathematical model of the human vocaltract and an ability to predict a speechsample based on previous ones. Codesfor twelve synthesis parameters serve asinputs to the synthesizer device. Inputsto the digital filter take two forms:periodic and random. The periodic in-puts are used to reproduce voicedsounds that have a definite pitch, suchas vowel sounds or voiced fricativessuch as Z, B, or D. A random input isused to model fricative sounds such asS, F, T, and SH. Output of the filterdrives a converter, which in turn drivesa speaker. The circuit can generate up to10,000 speech samples per second. Con-tact Texas Instruments Inc, InquiryAnswering Service, POB 1443, M/S 653,Houston TX 77001.

Circle 620 on inquiry card.

% SCIENTIFIC EHGlltERIHG LAHSATCWES *

MODEL 488-808

Interface Adaptor for theTRS-80

Scientific Engineering Laboratories, 11Neil Dr, Old Bethpage NY 11804, (516)694-3205, has announced a device for in-terfacing the GPIB-488 instrument-control bus to the TRS-80 Model I. TheModel 488-80B enables a TRS-80 Model

I with a minimum of 16 K bytes of pro-grammable memory and Level II BASICto be used as a GPIB-488 controller. Amachine-level driver program that isprovided with the unit interacts withLevel II , Level III, or Disk BASIC. Theprice is $225.

Circle 621 on inquiry card.

8-Bit D/A Converter

The AD558 D/A (digital-to-analog)converter features 1 ms maximum

voltage output settling time and opera-tion from a single +5 to +15 V supply.The monolithic device is guaranteed tooperate accurately over its entiretemperature range without any user-supplied trimming resistors. Two outputranges of 0 to 2.55 V and 0 to 10 V arepin selectable and require no externalcomponents. The AD558 is available infour grades and two package typesfeaturing direct microprocessor interfacecapability. The prices start from $5.95for single units in quantities of 100.Contact Analog Devices, Rt 1 IndustrialPark, POB 280, Norwood MA 02062,(617) 329-4700.

Circle 622 on inquiry card.

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October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 339

WbsftNewP

MISCELLANEOUS

Instrument Probe fromB & K

A wideband instrument probe hasbeen announced by B & K-Precision/Dynascan Corporation, 6460 W Cort-land St, Chicago IL 60635, (312)889-9087. The Model PR-40 is designedfor use with oscilloscopes and frequencycounters in applications through 100MHz. The PR-40 features a three-position switch which selects either a10:1, direct mode, or a reference posi-tion that grounds the tip through a 9megohm resistor. Accessories suppliedinclude a spring-loaded retractable tipcover, insulating tip, a snap-on groundclip, BNC tip adapter, and an integratedcircuit tip. The BNC adapter convertsthe probe tip into a push-on BNC con-nector for interfacing with test points oroutput jacks. The integrated circuit tipguide eliminates the possibility of short-ing the pins of the circuit. The PR-40,with all the accessories, is priced at $34.

Circle 614 on inquiry card.

Two Products from VectorGraphic

The Vector Graphic MP is a 5-by-7dot-matrix, software-driven printer thatcan print at a speed of 150 cps(characters per second). The price of theMP is under $1000 from Vector GraphicInc, 31364 Via Colinas, Westlake VillageCA 91361, (213) 991-2302. The VectorGraphic 64 K dynamic memory board isan 8-bit memory board which can be us-ed with most Z80-based S-100 systems.The system offers bank selectingcapability, allowing up to eight boardsto be used in a system at the same time.Circle 615 on inquiry card.

Small-C Compiler forCP/M Systems

The Small-C compiler from The CodeWorks is available to CP/M users on asingle-density 8-inch floppy disk. Thecompiler supports a large subset of theC programming language, and providesan interface to assembly language. Thedisk includes an executable Small-C

compiler, the complete source code forSmall-C, and a demonstration program;the run-time support library and CP/Minput/output functions as assembly-langauge source. The price is $15 in-cluding a manual. Contact The CodeWorks, POB 550, Goleta CA 93017,(805) 967-0905.

Circle 616 on inquiry card.

Switching Power Supplyfor Diablo Printers

Boschert Inc, 834 Santa Trinita Ave,Sunnyvale CA 94086, (408) 732-2440,has introduced the OL 152, a powermodule for all Diablo printers. TheOL 152 provides up to 170 watts ofcontinuous power. Standard models areavailable in 110 and 220 V AC. Other

standard features include reverse voltageprotection, a series thermistor thatreduces line surges at turn-on, and over-voltage and short-circuit protection. TheOL 152 for 110 V AC lists for $179 in1000-unit quantities, and the OL 152 for220 V AC is $186 per unit for 1000units.

Circle 617 on inquiry card.

Standard and FastRectifiers from Motorola

The MR2400 series of TO-220 con-figured packages of standard and fast-recovery power rectifiers has been intro-duced by Motorola SemiconductorProducts Inc, POB 20912, Phoenix AZ85036, (602) 244-4624. The series rangesfrom 50 to 600 volts and can handlefrom 3 to 40 amps. The fast-recoveryrectifiers are designed for applicationssuch as switching power supplies, inver-ters, and converters. The fast-recoverytypes have a soft-recovery time of 200ns maximum. The standard rectifiers

are designed for applications requiring ahigh current surge. Prices range from$0.82 to $2 in quantities of 100.

Circle 618 on inquiry card.

340 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

MISCELLANEOUS

Z8000 Business Computer

Onyx Systems Inc has introduced theZ8000 processor-based C8002 system.The C8002 supports eight users and bothperipheral and communication devices;the computer supports a high-speed localnetwork that allows many C8002s to belinked. The system combines Zilog'sZ8000 16-bit microprocessor, a Win-chester hard-disk drive, a cartridge tapedrive, and up to 512 K bytes of pro-grammable memory.

The Z8000 features 110 distinct in-structions, eight addressing modes, andseven data types, including BCD(binary-coded decimal), string, and longword (32 bits). The main processor con-tains the Z8000 microprocessor, a directmemory address channel, serial andparallel I/O (input and output) ports,memory-management controller,floating-point processor, and supportcircuitry.

The operating system and all user pro-grams are executed by the main pro-cessor. The mass-storage controller usesa Z80 processor and 64 K bytes of pro-grammable memory to handle all diskand tape transactions. Bell Laboratories'sUNIX timesharing operating system hasbeen adapted for use on the C8002. Thissystem enables users to share files,process text, and compile or executeprograms written in BASIC, COBOL,FORTRAN, C, and Pascal. The C8002 ispriced at $16,000. Write or call OnyxSystems Inc, 37 E Trimble Rd, San JoseCA 95131, (408) 946-6330.

Circle 623 on inquiry card.

Memory Board forHeathkit/Digital H-ll

The CI-1103 memory board is design-ed for the Heathkit/Digital H-ll,LSI-11/2, and PDP-11/03 computers.The new memory features an 8 K by 16bit (dual width) board using 200 ns 4027(4 K by 1 bit) dynamic memory devices.The CI-1103 is available with either on-board distributed refresh or externalrefresh control logic. Data-access time is300 ns, and cycle time is 525 ns. On-board memory-select is available in 2 Kincrements up to 128 K words ofmemory. Power consumption is underseven watts. The 8 K by 16 board is$390 and the 32 K by 16 board is $750.Contact Chrislin Industries Inc, 31352Via Colinas #102, Westlake Village CA91361, (213) 991-2254.

Circle 624 on inquiry card.

Prototype Board for the H-8 Bus

This prototype board will allowpersonal-computer users to build customelectronic interfaces for theirZenith/Heathkit H-8 personal com-puters. It is designed for use with aforty-four-pin edge-cable connector op-posite the bus connector, or with manydifferent Molex connectors from holesalong the board top. There are locations

for 3 V to 5 V regulators, with loca-tions for two filter capacitors, and extraholes for other voltage regulators. Theprice is $46 per kit, from Mullen Com-puter Products, POB 6214, HaywardCA 94545, (415) 783-2866.

Circle 625 on inquiry card.

Office Computer Under$5000

The ALPHAsprint system includes64 K bytes of programmable memory, a45 K-byte display buffer, high-resolution 12-inch video display, andtwo double-density 5-inch floppy-diskdrives capable of storing 330 K bytes ofdata. A Selectric II-type keyboard incor-porates seventy-two character and func-tion keys and a full numeric keypad.The optional 660-word-per-minute letterquality printer can be shared by up tothree ALPHAsprints. Word-processingfunctions are oriented toward long docu-ment preparation. Other standardfeatures include multispeed unlimited

bidirectional scrolling, eight cursor com-mands, and intercharacter right justifica-tion. Printing functions are under pro-gram control. Editing can occur in theforeground while other documents arebeing printed in the background.Automatic centering, boldface, under-line, automatic pagination and repagina-tion are standard. Applications soft-ware and CP/M, BASIC, FORTRAN,COBOL, and Pascal are available. Thesingle quantity price for theALPHAsprint is $4990 from Alpha Pro-fessional Systems Inc, 9465 WilshireBlvd, Suite 518, Beverly Hills CA 90212,(213) 272-3032.

Circle 626 on inquiry card.

Direct Connect Modem forMulti- or Single-LinePhones

The D-CAT is an Federal Com-munications Commission (FCC) ap-proved, Bell 103-compatible modem(modulator/demodulator) that can func-tion on either a multi- or single-linephone. It works with a single-line phone

or fifty-pin, six-line business phones.The modem offers full-duplex capability,a voice/data monitor, a hold function,privacy button, and self-test features.The unit has a mode switch to allow theuser to monitor whether voice or data isbeing transmitted. The D-CAT is pricedat $199 from Novation, 18664 OxnardSt, Tarzana CA 91356.

Circle 627 on inquiry card.

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 341

Whafs New?

MISCELLANEOUS

High-Speed TransientRecorder

The Model 57-TR is a transientrecorder that provides hard-copy outputof recurring or single-shot transients.With switch-selectable conversion ratesfrom 50 to 200 Hz, the 57-TR will con-vert analog input data into 10-bit digitalwords. Upon receiving a preselected trig-ger signal, the recorder will plot the in-formation which has been stored. Theoperator can use an oscilloscope to viewthe analog input signal prior to, during,or after recording. Additional featuresinclude plotting rates of 20, 50, or 100words per second; ± trigger level con-trol; variable input off-set of 0 to fullscale; and chart speeds of 30 inches perminute when plotting. The list price is$3300 from Pedersen Instruments, 2772Camino Diablo, Walnut Creek CA94596, (415) 937-3630.

Circle 658 on inquiry card.

Books from Prentice-Hall

The list of computer books fromPrentice-Hall includes Structured SystemProgramming; Software Development:A Rigorous Approach; 16-BitMicroprocessor Architecture;Microprocessors and Programmed Logic;Microcomputer Management and Pro-gramming, and more. For informationand a catalog, contact Prentice-Hall Inc,Englewood Cliffs NJ 07632.

Circle 659 on inquiry card.

Graphics Terminal

A Tektronix Plot-10 software-compatible graphics terminal that pro-vides four operating modes has beenintroduced by Continental ResourcesInc, 175 Middlesex Tpk, Bedford MA01730, (617) 275-0850. The ContinentalCPG-4010 graphics terminal providesautomatic scaling to allow use ofgraphics, and compatible status readback that returns alpha cursor positionand graphic status information uponreceipt of an ESC ENQ. Using a Z80microprocessor, the CPG-4010 operatesin the ADM-3A Alpha, 4010 Alpha,vector, and point modes. Allowing fullscreen usage, the Plot-10 graphic grid isautomatically scaled to the CPG-4010grid. The terminal is priced at $1995.

Circle 660 on inquiry card.

Z80 Board from California Computer Systems

The 2810 Z80 single-board computeris designed for S-100 bus systems. Itsupports front panel operations and isfully compatible with the Altair andIMSAI computers. The board featureseasily selectable options including anRS-232 serial port that can be used for aconsole interface. Other options includeI/O (input/output) address mirroring, apower-on jump to any location inmemory, and wait states with optionalwait state generation. Standard featuresfor the 2810 include a 2 K-byte ROM

(read-only memory) containing monitorfirmware. A switch allows the user toselect a clock rate of 2 or 4 MHz. Theboard also features microprocessor anddata rate integrated circuits withseparate crystal controls, and LEDs(light-emitting diodes) to indicate a Haltstate, ROM enabled, and Interruptenabled. The 2810 is available for $300from California Computer Systems, 250Caribbean Dr, Sunnyvale CA 94086,(408) 734-5811.Circle 661 on inquiry card.

342 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Whsfts New?

SYSTEMS

Intel's iSBC 80/10B Single-Board Computer

The iSBC 80/10B is fully compatiblewith the 80/10A board from Intel, andis expandable from 4 K to 16 K bytes ofEPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory) and ROM (read-onlymemory). One K bytes of programmablememory are included and may be ex-tended up to 4 K bytes. The iSBXparallel 350 and serial 351 I/O (in-put/output) boards provide expansionidentical to on-board I/O. Two pro-grammable, 16-bit BCD (binary-codeddecimal) and binary timers are availablefor general use. Another multimoduleboard is the floating-point math board.This unit is compatible with the IEEE(Institute of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers) format and offers single- anddouble-precision arithmetic functions.The 80/10B system provides a batterybackup in the event of a power failure.

The price for the board is $560. Pricesfor the parallel and serial I/O boardsand the floating-point board range from$155 to $450. Contact Intel Corporation,

5200 NE Elam Young Pky, Hillsboro OR97123, (503) 640-7147.

Circle 644 on inquiry card.

Vector System 2800 MakesIts Debut

The System 2800 consists of a Vector3 terminal with the ZCB single-boardcomputer, together with 64 K bytes ofprogrammable memory, a floppy-diskcontroller, and a Flashwriter II videoboard featuring an 80-character by24-line display. The second majorfeature is the Dualstor 8-inch floppy-disk drive unit, which has a total capac-ity of 2 megabytes. The formatting is

IBM compatible. The drives have an ac-cess time of 91 ms and a transfer rate of500 K bps (bits per second). The stan-dard software on the system is CP/M.Microsoft BASIC-80, RAID debugger,SCOPE editor, and the five PeachtreeSoftware accounting packages are op-tional. The suggested retail price for theSystem 2800 is $7295. Contact VectorGraphic Inc, 31364 Via Colinas,Westlake Village CA 91361, (213)991-2302.

Circle 645 on inquiry card.

Zilog Introduces a Z8000Board

A microcomputer board based on theZ8001 microprocessor is now on themarket. The Z8000 board features 32 Kbytes of programmable memory withparity protection, 8 K bytes of addi-tional ROM (read-only memory) orPROM (programmable read-onlymemory) space, two communicationchannels, and a real-time clock. TheZ8001 microprocessor is a segmented

unit characterized by a 414-member in-struction set. The Z8001 can address upto 8 megabytes of memory. In addition,the board employs the Z80A serial I/Ocontroller to incorporate two serialchannels. Each channel is individuallyprogrammable to support synchronousor asynchronous protocols, includingIBM Bisync, SDLC, HDLC, and CCITT-X.25. Other features include a parity-error detection circuit, three types of in-terrupts, and three LEDs (light-emittingdiodes) to indicate when the micro-processor is in system mode, WAITstate, and I/O reference. The Z8000microprocessor board is priced at $2295.Other members of the family will be in-troduced later and are to include pro-grammable memory, a single-board ter-minal, floppy-disk controller, and digitaland analog I/O boards. For more infor-mation, contact Zilog, 10460 Bubb Rd,Cupertino CA 95014, (408) 466-4666.

Circle 646 on inquiry card.

System 80-W from NNC

NNC Electronics has recently an-nounced its System 80-W computer, acomplete S-100 system built around thenewly released 10-megabyte Shugart8-inch Winchester hard disk. The systemincludes a floppy-disk controller and oneShugart 801R double-density floppydisk, a two-board hard-disk controller, aZ80A microprocessor running at4 MHz, 64 K bytes of bank-selectabledynamic memory, eight-level vectoredinterrupts, a real-time clock, threeparallel ports with line drivers for inter-facing to all parallel printers, and twoRS-232C serial ports with completehandshaking and programmable data-transfer rates. In addition, the computerconforms completely to the IEEE S-100bus standard. For more information,contact NNC Electronics, 15631 Com-puter Ln, Huntington Beach CA 92649.

Circle 647 on inquiry card.

Microsette Gets NewName and New Product

Microsette Company has changed itsname to Personal Micro Computers Inc.One new product from Personal MicroComputers is Fastload, which is an in-terface between the Radio Shack CTR-41cassette recorder and the TRS-80 parallelport. Fastload permits standard cassettesin BASIC or SYSTEM formats to beloaded at 8000 bps (bits per second), six-teen times faster than the usual rate.Personal Micro Computers Inc is locatedat 475 Ellis St, Mountain View CA94043, (415) 968-1604.Circle 648 on inquiry card.

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

343

What's New?

SOFTWARE

Real Estate Package for the TRS-80 and CP/M Systems

The Key Realty Management Systemis for TRS-80- and CP/M-based com-puters. The system includes listing con-trol, escrow control, sales control,general ledger, and property manage-ment subsystems. Accounts payable andpayroll are optional. The minimum

system provides for up to 300 listings,

100 sales associates, and 10 offices. The

entire package is $2500. Each subsystem

is $500. Contact Key Systems Inc, 16

Ocean East, Marathon FL 33050, (305)

743-5890.

Circle 639 on inquiry card.

Pascal and FORTRAN forOSI Systems

Ohio Scientific, 1333 S Chillicothe Rd,Aurora OH 44202, (216) 831-5600, is of-fering UCSD Pascal and a FORTRANbased on a subset of the ANSI 77 stan-dard. (ANSI is the American NationalStandards Institute.) The software runson Ohio Scientific systems with 48 Kbytes of memory and two floppy-diskdrives. The system includes a screen-oriented text editor and a Pascal com-

piler. An assembler and run-time linkerallow machine-code subroutines in eitherPascal or FORTRAN. The softwarepackage also includes utilities for filemaintenance, disk initialization, anddisk duplicating. The package wasdeveloped and produced by SofTechMicrosystems Inc and is sold throughOhio Scientific dealers. The package in-cludes several disks, a Pascal primer,and manuals; price is $450.

Circle 640 on inquiry card.

FMS-80

Systems Plus, 1921 Rock St, Suite 2,Mountain View CA 94043, (415)969-7047, is distributing FMS-80, a data-base management system. This systemallows users to program applications inless time than it normally takes withhigher-level languages. It is completelymenu driven and is written in assemblylanguage. It runs on CP/M, MP/M, orCromemco's CDOS operating systems.FMS-80 features screen formatting,report generation, multiple field han-dling, and arithmetic manipulation ofmultiple data records. There is no limitto the size of records or the number offields.

Circle 641 on inquiry card.

HDOS Package for NorthStar Horizon

Southwest Computer Center hasdeveloped a hard-disk operating systemfor use with the Corvus hard disk andthe North Star Horizon computer.HDOS is completely compatible withNorth Star's DOS 5.0. The hard disk isaccessed through two drives that arecapable of storing 8.4 and 1.6megabytes. An incremental backup andrecovery system for security (known asIBARS) has also been added. HDOSsells for $125, and IBARS sells for $75.The packages can be purchased fromSouthwest Computer Center, 121 WyattDr, Suite 7, Las Cruces NM 88001,(505) 526-2842.

Circle 642 on inquiry card.

A Bookkeeping Program

The DTI Bookkeeper I runs underCP/M and the TRSDOS operatingsystems and is written in MicrosoftBASIC. The package includes generalledger, accounts receivable and payable,and payroll. Programs may be usedseparately, but they share consistentscreen formats for user prompting.Maintenance for tax tables, W-2 forms,quarterly tax reports, financial statementheadings, and other reports can begenerated. One version of the package isfor the TRS-80 Model I with 32 K bytesof progammable memory and dual diskdrives; and the other version is forCP/M operating systems. The DTIBookkeeper I is available for $95 permodule or $335 for the entire package.Contact Data Train Inc, 840 NW 6th St,Suite 3, Grants Pass OR 97526, (503)476-1467.

Circle 643 on inquiry card.

344 October 1980 © BYTE Publications In

What's New?

SOFTWARE

VisiCalc Now Runs on PETs and Atari Machines

VisiCalc, from Personal Software Inc,1330 Bordeaux Dr, Sunnyvale CA94086, (408) 745-7841, is a softwarepackage that turns a personal-computerdisplay into an interactive electronicworksheet. It is now available for theCommodore PET and CBM Model 8032and Atari 800 computers. VisiCalc

creates a 64-column wide, 254-row highmatrix on the screen. It is used insteadof a calculator in businesses for inven-tory planning, sales forecasts, financialanalyses, and modeling. Prices areavailable from local computer stores.

Circle 633 on inquiry card.

Cross Assemblers

These development systems feature amacroassembler, an interactiveeditor/assembler, and a text editor.They enable CP/M systems to serve asdevelopment stations for the Intel 8048series, RCA COSMAC 1802/1804,National COP400 series, and the ZilogZ8 processors. The development systemsshare a common operational structure.The assemblers feature instructionmnemonics and syntax as defined by theprocessor manufacturers. The macro-assembler includes full macroassemblyand conditional assembly features, aswell as the ability to chain a series ofsource files together during a singleassembly. Programs developed underthese systems must be off-loaded to thetarget processor for testing. Eachdevelopment system is available for $150on CP/M 8-inch floppy disks, 5-inchNorth Star or Micropolis Mod II disks.Contact Allen Ashley, 395 Sierra MadreVilla, Pasadena CA 91107, (213)793-5748.Circle 634 on inquiry card.

Data Base for the Hewlett-Packard HP-85A

The EDIT Division of PhysiologicCorporation, 3800 Woodward Ave,Detroit MI 48201, (313) 831-8800, hasintroduced EDIT-85 for the HP-85Acomputer. This data-base managementsystem supports all standard EDITfeatures such as validity and rangechecking during data entry, unlimiteduser viewing of the data, output-formatcontrol, data compression, nested datarelations within files, and menu-orienteduser prompts. EDIT applications includecheck/request, invoice, mail list, pur-chase order/request, and quote func-tions. The EDIT-85 and EDIT-4050 tapecartridge-based systems purchase price is$1750, and the lease/equity plan is $110a month. The introductory applicationsare $50 each or $200 for all five on onetape. All EDIT systems receive 1 year ofupdate privileges and the EDIT newslet-ter.

Circle 635 on inquiry card.

Programs for HomeControl

The Soft-Sonic programs provide forhome control. They run on the Applemicrocomputer with a BSR UltrasonicSystem X-10 (Sears Home Controller).The package includes the transducerhardware, interface cable, and the pro-grams on a floppy disk. The programsallow for control of lighting, appliances,and more, through user-defined timedsequences or by voice command usingHeuristics Speech Lab. The price is$39.95 from John Blankenship, BACE,POB 52785, Atlanta GA 30355.

Circle 636 on inquiry card.

The Dow JonesConnection

The Dow Jones Connection is a stock-management system that interfaces theTRS-80 to the Dow Jones computer inPrinceton, New Jersey. Interaction withthe Dow Jones network is automatic andvirtually instantaneous. The first step isto create one or more portfolios of up totwenty-five stocks each. When the port-folio is completed, a second progam re-quests the user password and preparesthe data for interrogation of the DowJones computer. A telephone call con-nects the two systems. Hard copy of thedata can also be obtained through theuser's printer. The Dow Jones Connec-tion requires a TRS-80 Model I or IIdisk system or a Model I cassette systemwith a minimum of 32 K bytes ofmemory, and a Micro Connectionmodem which has an RS-232 output thatcan be used to drive a serial printer. Foradditional information, contact TheMicroPeripheral Corporation, POB 529,Mercer Island WA 98040, (206)454-3303.

Circle 637 on inquiry card.

Color-Enhanced BusinessPackages

Peachtree Software has announced acolor-enhanced version of its generalbusiness packages. The packages havebeen modified for the CP/M-compatibleIntecolor unit at Intelligent Systems Cor-poration of Norcross, Georgia. Initiallyoffered are the Accounting, Inventory,and Mailing Address systems. For moreinformation, contact the marketingdepartment, Retail Sciences Inc, 3 Cor-porate Sq, Suite 700, Atlanta GA 30329,(404) 325-8533.Circle 638 on inquiry card.

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 345

What's New?

PERIPHERALS

Floppy-Disk Attachmentfor Typewriters

The Phrasestore is a floppy-diskstorage system that attaches directly toan IBM Model 50, 60, or 75 electronictypewriter. It includes two temporary

working storage memories with editcapabilities. No modifications are madeto the typewriter. When power to thePhrasestore is off, the typewriter is elec-trically isolated. Edit features includeadd, delete, insert, merge, and searchcommands. An optional feature providesRS-232 asynchronous communicationsup to 9600 bps (bits per second). ThePhrasestore is priced at $1810. The com-munications option is $350. ContactCalifornia Micro Computer, 9323Warbler Ave, Fountain Valley CA92708, (714) 968-0890.

Circle 628 on inquiry card.

:|;: :v.

Intelligent Modems

Business Computer Corporation, POB7498, Menlo Park CA 94025, (415)854-5434, has unveiled BIZCOMP Mod-el 1030 and 1031 Intelligent Modems.The 1030 combines a modem, an auto-matic calling unit, and microcomputerinto an FCC-registered unit with auto-answer, auto-dial, and auto-repeat dialfeatures. BIZCOMP's code-multiplexeddesign allows intelligent modem controlusing the same terminal as that for datacommunication. Code-multiplexing en-ables software to be written in high-levellanguages. Applications include comput-er/terminal networking, financial trans-action entry, store and forward messagerouting, remote data-base access, andremote computer diagnostics. RS-232and current-loop interfaces are standard.Model 1031 includes the features of the

1030 plus command-selectable dial pulseor tone dialing, and self-test. The tonedialing capability of the 1031 is suitablefor a CPT-TWX network interface. Bothmodels feature automatic data-rate ac-quisition at 110, 134.5, 150, 200, or 300bps. the Model 1030 is $395 and the

1031 is $495.

Circle 631 on inquiry card.

Modules Control AC andDC Circuits

This I/O (input/output) system allowsdirect microprocessor control of in-dustrial AC and DC circuits. Any mixof AC or DC, input or output solid stateplug-in modules can be used in any posi-tion on the universal mount. Allmodules are optically isolated, fused,and have LED (light-emitting diode) in-dicators. Applications include energymanagement, machine and process con-trol, and lighting systems. The price is$10 to $20 per circuit depending on con-figuration. Contact Wintek Corporation,1801 South St, Lafayette IN 47904, (317)742-8428. Circle 629 on inquiry card.

BUILT-IN BOOTSTRAPONBOARD DIAGNOSTICSDISKETTE FORMATTINGWBITE PRECOMPENSATION

6502 Development System

Microproducts has introduced a 6502development system. This system con-tains a text editor, assembler,disassembler, and symbolic debugger. Itis available for the Apple II on a floppydisk and resides in 8 K bytes of pro-grammable memory. The system is alsoavailable on EPROM (erasable program-mable read-only memory) with socketadapters to replace Integer BASIC. Thetext editor supports the entry andmaintenance of 6502 assembler text files.The assembler has been designed to pro-cess all 6502 op codes designated byMOS Technology, and other pseudo op

codes.

The disassembler will disassemble aspecified portion of machine-residentcode and produce a text file that iscompatible with the assembler. Thedebugger executes programs step-by-stepand displays each instruction along withthe microprocessor registers, as well asvalues contained in up to five hundreduser-selected memory locations. Thedisk version is $125, a plug-in card ofthe system on EPROMs is $395, andsocket adapters that plug into the AppleII main board are $249. Contact Micro-products at 30420 Via Rivera, RanchoPalos Verdes CA 90274, (213) 541-5131.Circle 630 on inquiry card.

Two-Megabyte Floppy-Disk System

A double-sided double-density DigitalEquipment Corporation (DEC) RX02-compatible floppy-disk system has beenintroduced by Data Systems Design Inc,3130 Coronado Dr, Santa Clara CA95051, (408) 727-9353. The DSD 470 iscompatible with DEC LSI-11 computersand doubles the capacity of other DEC-compatible floppy-disk systems; it alsoprovides LSI-11/23 multiple-level inter-rupt support. The DSD 470 is priced at$4295.

Circle 632 on inquiry card.

346 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

PUBLICATIONS

Computer Supplies andAccessories

A thirty-six-page issue of the MISCOMinicomputer Supplies & AccessoriesCatalog oilers the company's computerproducts, plus an expanded section ofstock, custom and Digital EquipmentCorporation-compatible cables; multi-point paper shipping for the lowest ship-ping costs; and the addition of BASFfloppy disks to the selection of products.Catalog merchandise can be ordered bymail, TWX, or by a toll-free telephonenumber. The free catalog is availablefrom MISCO Inc, POB 399, 963Holmdel Keyport Rd, Holmdel NJ07733, (201) 946-3500.

Circle 649 on inquiry card.

Opto-Electronic DevicesDetailed in Catalog

Ferranti Electric Inc has put together acatalog that details its line of solar cells,photodiodes, phototransistors, program-mable integrated circuit photoswitches,and infrared detectors. A full productdescription, table of principalcharacteristics, and list of applicationsare provided for each device. Alsofeatured is a section on Ferranti's customdesign service. For a free copy, contactFerranti Electric Inc, Semiconductor Pro-ducts, 87 Modular Ave, Commack NY11725, (516) 543-0200.

Circle 650 on inquiry card.

Design of VMOS Circuits

Design of VMOS Circuits, With Ex-periments, by Robert T Stone andHoward M Berlin, features elevenchapters on the VMOS (vertical metal-oxide semiconductor), and its char-acteristics. The VMOSFET (verticalmetal-oxide semiconductor field-effecttransistor) is introduced, and some of itscharacteristics, such as high input im-pedances, nanosecond switching times,and low feedback capacitances, are ex-plained. The theory of semiconductoroperation and applications and limita-tions of VMOS devices are also covered.Audio, RF (radio frequency), power sup-ply, and microcomputer applications areillustrated and discussed. The authorsset up nine experiments usingVMOSFETs. The book lists for $8.95from Howard W Sams and CompanyInc, 4300 W 62nd St, Indianapolis IN46268, (317) 298-5400.Circle 651 on inquiry card.

Brochure on SpeechTechnology Products fromTexas Instruments

Solid State Speech

Products and Services

from Texas Instruments

r

JSb A

1*1! 1,1

./O

The Solid State Speech Products andServices Brochure provides informationon voice-synthesis technology availablefrom TI. The brochure describes linearpredictive coding technology,vocabulary development for user ap-plications, and solid state speech pro-ducts. Included are TI's LSI (large-scaleintegration) voice-synthesis processorsand voice synthesis memories, theTM990/306 speech module, and customspeech modules. The brochure is freefrom Texas Instruments Inc, InquiryAnswering Service, POB 225012, M/S308, (Attn:CL-501), Dallas TX 75265.

Circle 652 on inquiry card.

Manual for OSI BASICUsers

All About OSI Microsoft BASIC inROM is a reference manual for OhioScientific computers that use MicrosoftBASIC Version 1.0, Revision 3.2. De-tailed descriptions of BASIC commands,statements, and functions are illustratedwith short programs and sample runs.The book explains loops, tapes, and theUSR(X) function. Some bugs and theirfixes are discussed. Topics on themachine-language level include sourcecode and variable storage, floating-pointand two's complement numbers, mapsof subroutine locations, and a descrip-tion of the monitor and support ROMs(read-only memory) at $FE and FF. Theprice is $8.95 from E H Carlson, 3872Raleigh Dr, Okemos MI 48864.Circle 653 on inquiry card.

Catalog from SynertekSystems

A catalog from Synertek Systems Cor-poration, 150 S Wolfe Rd, SunnyvaleCA 94086, (408) 988-5689, featuresdescriptions and prices of SYM, KIM,and Superjolt products. Single-boardcomputers, video displays, BASICROMs (read-only memory), program-mable memory kits, and more, arefeatured.

Circle 654 on inquiry card.

Catalog of ComputerForms

Moore Business Forms Inc, 1205 NMilwaukee Ave, Glenview IL 60025,(312) 291-8227, has published an eight-page brochure describing its productsand services. Products featured are salesbooks, register forms and registers,snap-apart unit sets, self-mailingsystems, print continuous and stockforms. Products for data-processing in-stallations as well as word processingsystems are included. Services such asMoore Creative Graphic Centers, IdeaCenters, and worldwide sales are alsocovered.

Circle 655 on inquiry card.

Nibble for the Apple

Nibbte Magazine is focused on theApple II and Apple II Plus computers.Each issue contains a central theme suchas home finance, games, simulation, anddata-base management. It also featureshardware and software reviews,graphics, programming tips, games, anda hardware construction project. Nibbleis published eight times a year by Micro-SPARC Inc, POB 325, Lincoln MA01773, (617) 259-9710. The subscriptionrate is $15.Circle 656 on inquiry card.

PET Printout from Europe

PET Printout is a magazine fromEngland published every five weeks. Itincludes news and technical reviews ofPET-related products, programmingarticles and listings, questions and an-swers, applications stories, and a gossipcolumn about PET personalities on bothsides of the Atlantic. Printout is pub-lished ten times a year and costs $30.Contact Printout, Greenacre, North St,Theale, Berkshire, RG7 5EX, England.Circle 657 on inquiry card.

October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 347

348 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

3

WORLDS LARGEST MICROPOLIS SALE

FACTORY CLEARANCE

Tell a Friend

03

C

At MIcroDolls. complete means complete.

Some suppliers offer only hardware and callthat complete. At Micropolis completemeans everything: hardware and softwareand documentation.

The hardware set is complete withS-100/8080/Z-80 compatible controller,drive(s). cable-even a built-in Autoloadbootstrap ROM to eliminate tiresome buttonpushing.

Our full Disk Extended BASIC and DOS,assembler and editor software comes com-plete, too. On its own diskette, ready to go.Software from Micropolis includes a DOSand Disk Extended Basic designed for8080/Z80-based microcomputers.

DOS is a complete package, including anassembler, editor, file management func-tions and utilities, which provides total sup-port for 8080 programming. BASIC is a self-contained package which provides a powerful set of tools for developing, testing, executing, and maintaining BASIC progra?

BASIC is designed for microcomputers with at least 24K bytes of RAM and a Micropolis MetaFloppy disk system. DOS can be usedalone in a 16K bytes memory system.

Activating the built-in Auto load ROM brings up the system under control of the DOS executive. BASIC can be accessed by issuing asimple DOS command.

The 1053 MOD II Subsystem is designed for flexible, efficient programming. 8080 programs created under DOS can be loadedand accessed from BASIC. Data files created under BASIC can be processed by user written application programs running underthe DOS.

Imagine getting all the capacity of an 8-inch floppy in a 5V«-inch format.

MetaFloppy can give you Ihis higher capacity because it packs more data into every disk You get the capacity of larger 8 inch drives with the lower price and smaller packagingol 5" .-inch drives

An ordinary 5''.-inch floppy provides jus! 35 tracks/drive and stores only 70K bytes Not nearly enough f256 bytes/seclor —to yield a capacity of 315K bytes/drive That's more than lour times an ordinary 5V

Combine two of these drives in a compact dual module and you can copy diskettes from one drive to tbytes Enough for almost anything But |usl in case that isn't enough, our controller can handle two dual;Dytes of formatted disk storage.

If that still isn't enough, on special order you can add a second controller with up to four more drives

This means, if your application keeps growing, we've got you covered in easy steps And you gel all th

MicropolisMetaFloppy"'

Each one of our floppy disks has a remarkable storage capacity,eliminating the need to keep bothersome stacks of paper

MCP-1053 M2

TWO DISK SYSTEM WITH 630,000 BYTES(FORMATTED) OF ON-LINE STORAGE CAPACITY,

THATSINCREDIBLE!!

\ for anything useful. So instead, we use 77 tracks-each with 16 sectors ofnch (loppy! And why we call this one "quad density "> the other, or rearrange data files, or whatever The dual unit stores 630Kals (or four singles). That means your micro can have more than a million

. That will give you a grand total of over 2,500,000 bytes of storage on-linethese bytes al surprisingly low cost.

Faster than a speeding bullet.

At Micropolis. we don't skimp on performance to delivermaximum capacity So you can expect professional operatingspeed and efficiency. Like checks and balances, such asautomatic read verification after writing, that you would expeel in a sophisticated data processing system.

Like fast track-to-track positioning time of only 30milliseconds- And a data transfer rate of 250.000 bits per second

Up. Up. and away!

Metafloppy gets along well with almosteveryone.

So choose the microcomputer you want MetaFloppy's con(roller is completely compatible with the Si 00/8080/2-80 bussIt just plugs into your MITS 8800, IMSAI 8080, COMPAL 80.SOL 20, Polymorphic 88. CROMEMCO. TDL. or similar microand it's ready to go. The memory mapped controller/bootstrapmay be origined at any 1K byte boundary in the 48K to 64K byteregion of memory.

For small businesses, for engineers who want to developtheir own software, or for the advanced hobbyist. MetaFloppy

wO

m

s ideal

LISTPRICE

$1895.00

SALE PRICED AT JUST $995.00

^ PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

^g^* 16723B Roscoe Blvd., Sepulveda. CA 91343

"" Terms: Visa. MC, BAC. Check. Money Order. U.S. Funds Only. CA residentsadd 6"o sales tax. Just in case — please include your phone no. Pricessubject to change without notice. We will do our best to maintain prices thruOct. 1980.

'Sale Prices are tor prepaid order only, credit card orders will be chargedappropriate freight.

^

ORDER TOLL FREE

1-800-423-5633

except CA, AK. HI, CALL

(213)894-8171

WE STOCK THE ENTIRE

MICROPOLIS LINE

CALL FOR PRICES

DEALERS WELCOME

HI

m

CD

>

7)

m

§

PICKED AT THE PEAK OF FRESHNESS

Circle 259 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

349

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

on

Auto Baud Rate Select

Z-80 Refresh Optioni Z-80 Non Maskable interrupt Optioni PHANTOM Line Option

■ Led's to Indicate: ROM Enable. Haltand Interrupt Enable )

i CPU and Baud Rate IC's haveseparate Cyrstals

■ 2 or 4 MHz Operation (selectable)

• Power On Memory Jump

• S-100 Altair/IMSAl Compatible. Z-80 Monitor Select/Deselect

• Responds to Wait State Generation. M1 Wait State .rltf

• Front Panel Supported NPjLL

• I/O Address Mirror ™

• 1-RS23Z Serial Port, Selectable I/OAddress with 100% Disable Option

Z-80 SBC CPU

California Computer Systems

ORDER PART NO

uiiifmiiiiinliiiiiTilf

€

California Computer Systems M U LTIM O D E

FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER

FREE

'order part no. Tprai'fT-„ ___ *

CCS-2422 *400°° " »ifcfcfc&«f^coPv oF cpm 2.2-

• Factory Assembled & Tested • Based onWestern Digital 1793* IBM Format Compat-ible • ROM Controlled Addressing • AutoBoot • Single and Double Density • 5V and8" Drives • Write Precompensation • FastSeek if Voice Coil Type Drives • Auto Eject(Persci) • Read Data Separator • Data InputFiltering • Digital Data Separator • 2K ByleEPROM (2716) lor Auto Bool • Auto Wait PortSelect • Led's to Indicate Boot. Select andBank • Four Drive Select Lines.

NEW

SPECTRUMS-100 COLORGRAPHICS BOARD

CMP** mwr

CK022 S-100INTERFACER

Includes 8K of IEEE-compatible static RAM: full duplex bi-directional parallel I/O port forkeyboard, joystick, etc. interface; and 6847-based graphics generator that can display all64 ASCII characters. 10 modes of operation, from alphanumeric/semi-graphics in 8colors to ultra-dense 256 x 192 full graphics. 75 Ohm RS-170 line output and video outputfor use with FCC approved modulators. Introductory prices:

Reg.

Sale

$319.00

$349.00

GBT-144-U (Kit) $339.00

GBT-144-A (Assembled) $399.00

Don) settle tor black and white graphics or stripped-down color boards; specify (heCompuPro Spectrum.

Want graphics software? Sublogic's 2D Universal Graphics Interpreter (normally $35) isyours tor S25 with any Spectrum board purchase. /SAT)

GBT-2D $25.00 lOlwlQ),

NEW! 32K X 8 ECONORAM XX

Static Storage for the S-100 buss

32K BANK SELECT! S-100 compatible 5 MHz guaranteed operation (0-70 c). Features 1 x32K block positionable on any 4K boundry. Windows may be positioned every 4K. BankSelect port may beany one of 256 I/O Ports, and any data bit maybe used as a control bit.Perfect for use on Alpha Micro Systems, Marinchip, Cromemco. and others with IEEE 24 Bitextended addressing Uses4Kx 1 low power STATIC rams. Current consumption guaraiteed 3500 MA max. Shipping Weight 2 lbs.

Reg. Sale

16K UNKIT $349.00 $329.00

16K A&T $419.00 $369.00

24K UNKIT $479.00 $449.00

24K A&T $539.00 $479.00

32K UNKIT $649.00 $598.00

32K A&T $729.00 $649.00

Our new I/O board gives you unparalleled flexibility and operating convenience We include suchfeatures as.

• 2 independently addiessable serial pons (dip switch selectable addresses)

• Real LSI hardware UAHTs for minimum CPU housekeeping

• RS232C, current loop (20mA). & TTL signals on both ports

• Precision, crystal-controlled Baud rates up to 19.2K Baud (individually dip switch selectable)

• Transmit & receive interrupts on both channels, jumperable to any vectored inlenupt line

• Industry standard RS232 level converters with five RS232 handshaking lines per port

• Optically isolated current loop with provisions fo/ both on-board & off-board current sources

• UART parameters, interrupt enables & RS232 handshaking lines are software programmable w;lhpower-on hardware default to cuslomer specified hard-wired settings lor maximum flexibility

• Port connectors mate directly to ribbon cable & DB25 connectors in standard pinouts

• RS232 lines will conform to either master or slave configurations

• Board gives full feature operation with both 2 & 4 MHz systems

• Low power consumption: +8V @ 450mA, *16V @ 150mA; -16V @ 70mA max> No software initialization required for board operation, although board parameters may be altered by

software 2 lbs.

Reg. Sale

INTERFACER I UKT $199.00 $189.00

INTERFACER I A&T $249.00 $219.00

1 GBT-133UGBT-133A

6*

INTERFACER II

w

GBT-164-U16GBT-164-A16GBT-164-U24GBT-164-A24GBT-164-U32GBT-164-A32

I

I

Hi-id

SHIELDED/TERMINATED

MOTHERBOARDS

A Must for Reliable System Operation!!!

&

*

The new Interfacer II I/O board incorporates one channel of serial I/O withall the features of the INTERFACER dual RS232 serial board, plus 3 lullduplex Parallel ports. The serial section includes all the features you've cometo expect - a hardware UART, on-board crystal controlled Buad rate genera-tor, hardware/software programmability, RS232 handshaking lines with realRS232 drivers, current loop & TTL drivers, full interrupts and more!!! Theparallel selection utilizes LSTTL octal latches for latched inputs, output datawith 24mA drive current, attention, enable & strobe bits for each parallel port(each with selectable polarity), interrupts for each input port, separate 25 pinconnectors with power for each channel and a status port for interrupt maskand port status. All in all - an incredibly flexible and easy to use board.

Reg. Sale

GBT-150U INTERFACER II UKT $199.00 S189.00

GBT-150A INTERFACER II A&T $249.00 $219.00

These are third generation micro-motherboards set up to exceed Ihe latest S-100 specs Designedwith operation of the newest 5 to 10 MHz MPUs in mind — with any of these motherboards, youwon't have to start from scratch when you want to upgrade your system from 2 or 4 MHz operationTrue active termination — with split termination — halt of the termination load at each end of everybuss line. Grounded Faraday shield between all buss signal lines to minimize cross-talk. Heavyduty power traces for minimal power loss Power connectors supplied All edge connectors &termination resistors supplied soldered to board in "UNKIT" versions All sizes fit Godbout,Vector. IMSAI. TEI, etc. enclosures.

All boards are double sided fiberglass epoxy, G10/FR4. with plated through holes & solder maskon both sides. A parts legend on the component side makes assembly a snap.

Reg.

Sale

GBT-155-AGBT-153-AGBT-154-A

20 SLOT A&T $214.00 $189.00

12 SLOT A&T $169.00 $149.00

6 SLOT A&T $129.00 $119.00

ECONOROM2708

^™^o^.

\ 1 1 1

"*«s.|l "*•"" I ;V :

J. „ i , > 1

■*. .-.-y,.-.-1

ffi- '■- '--ii^ ■! * i. nfc>s£

Has provisions for wait states for 4MHz operations. Configuredas four 4K blocks - each independently addressable and disable-able. Power-on jump. Does NOT include 2708s. Includes all sup-port chips, sockets, regulators, heat sinks, etc. Sold in UNKIT formonly. Shipping Weight 2 lbs.GBT-125U ECONOROM 2708 UKT $85.00

Reg. Sale

. GBT-I43U ECONORAM XIV 16K RAM UNKIT .. . $299.00 $279.00

,\J* GBTI43A ECONORAM XIV 16K RAM A&T S349.00 $298.00

f» GBT-144U SPECTRUM (Color graphics) KIT $339.00 $319.00

GBT144A SPECTRUM (Color graphics) A&T . .. $399.00 $349.00

GBT-I60U CPU-Z80KIT $225.00 $210.00

GBTI60K CPU-Z80A8J $295.00 $269.00

. GBT-161U CPU-8085 KIT $235.00 $220.00

^>N G8T I6IA CPU-8085 A&T $325.00 $259.00

V GBT 18BU CPU-8085/8088 KIT S3B5.00 $365.00

GBT- IB8A CPU-8085/8088 A&T $495.00 $449.00

GBT BOX-DESK (S-100 Mainframe) $289.00 $269.00

GBT BOX-DESK (S-100 Mainframe) $329.00 $309.00

ECONORAM XA32K RAM

4 MHz with 280

5 MHz with 8085Assembled and TestedS-100 CompatibleFully Static

Reg. $689.00Sale Priced

Order No.GBT129A32

$450.00

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

Circle 259 on inquiry card.

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

Features.

• -BVai 8 Amps

• -16V at 4 Amps

• 16V at 1 Amps

• 110V 220V Adjustable Input

• Industrial Quality

• Fused Outputs

• Conservatively Rated

• Rack Mountabie

• Cut Out for Fan

• Manufactured by Alpha Power

• Brand New'

• Documentation Included

Priority 1 Electronics made this special pur-chase when a large OEM customer defaulted.Take advantage of the Great Opportunity!HURRY, limited quantity.At these prices they won't last long.

S-100 POWER SUPPLY

SPECIAL PURCHASE

$3495

or2for$6000

TRS-80/APPLE

MEMORY EXPANSION KITS0 4116's RAMS

. A(r from Leading Manufacturers <&> ?

4?4? (16Kx1 2007250ns) <r%

/ 8 for $4400 X

ADD $3.00 FOR PROGRAMMING JUMPERSFOR TRS-80 KEYBOARD

4116's 100 pes & UP $5.20 each1000 pes & UP $4.45 each.

ANACOM 150

DOT MATRIX PRINTER

Order 9 ANA150S — with Serial Int.ANA150P — with Parallel Int.FEATURES:

« 150 Characters per second

• Bidirectional printing, logic seeking

• 9 x 9 Dot matrix

• Upper and lower case with decenders

• Double width characters

• 10 Characters per inch — horizontal

• 6 or 8 Lines per inch — vertical

• Adjustable tractors

• Original and 4 copies

• Parallel or serial interface (you must specify)

LIST PRICE

$1350.00OUR PRICE

$995.00

The ANACOM-150 is a highly dependablereceive only printing terminal. It's modularconstruction combines rugged quality withconvenient serviceability. It is factorywarranteed for 90 days with an extendedservice contract available for continuedcustomer protection.

mi^

LIST PRICE S7995

SALE PRICE S5995ORDER G0FIBAR46

PROTECT YOUR INVESTMENTPROTECT YOUR OATA WITH

THE ISOBAR ELECTRICAL OUTLET STRIP CONSISTS OF A MASTER POWER SWITCH.INDICATOR AND -1 INDIVIDUAL 3 WIRE OUTLETS. EACH WITH ITS OWN NOISEFILTER AND SURGE SUPPRESSOR TO PROTECT YOUR EQUIPMENT FROM DANGER-OUS TRANSIENTS FROM OTHER EQUIPMENT PLUGGED INTO YOUR ISOBAR ORFROM WHATEVER THE POWER COMPANY IS DOLING OUTWARNING: Murphy's Law'' predicts lliat allei reading this ad and not acting, youiequipment will soon be destioyed by a latal Glitch -*<*^.

'MUGEMrjMC.

GOLD 3 LEVEL WIRE WRAPo6 SOCKES

14, 16 & 24 PIN

RNS-14G3 120/542.00

RNS-16G3 104/540.00

RNS-24G3 51/536.00

Tl LOW

PROFILESOCKETS

TIS-16 LP I00/SI6.00

TIS-I4 LP I00/S14.00

RS232and "D" SUB-MINIATURECONNECTORS

P - Plug. Male Type - S - Socket. Female Type ■ C = Cover. I

PART NO.

DESCRIPTION

CND-DE9P

CHD-DE9S

CNDDE9C

CMD-QA15P

CN00AI5S

CND-DAI5C

CND0B25P

CND0B25S

CND-DB51ZIZ

CNDP25H

CND-DB51226

CNDDC37P

CN0DC37S

CNDDC37C

CNDD050P

CN0-DD50S

CAIDDD50C

CND-0204IB

CN0-573O36O

9 PIN MALE9 PIN FEMALE

9 PIN COVER

15 PIN MALE15 PIN FEMALE15 PIN COVER

25 PIN MALE25 PIN FEMALE

1 PC. GREY HOOD

2 PC. GREY HOOD2 PC. BLACK HOOD

37 PIN MALE37 PIN FEMALE

37 PIN COVER

50 PIN MALE50 PIN FEMALE

50 PIN COVERHARDWARE SET 2 PR

run urai. RS232' DB25P' EIACNDRSZ3ZBF CLASS 1 CABLE 8 C0N.8 FT.

CENT. 700 SERIES

PRINTER CONNECTOR

3 LEVEL GOLD WIRE WRAP SOCKETSPRICE*

100-249

'50-999

.37

.33

.45

.42

.47

.44

.65

.60

.75

.70

1.05

1.00

1.05

1.00

1.30

1.20

1.45

1.35

a computer |EEs s-100

T SYSTEMSC0MpAT|BLE

Z+BO CPU REV II "lv-•

• 'K i am on board • 2 programmable timers* 2 or 4 MHz selectable*Jump star! to any 1K address* Programmable bant) rate selection 111010 96001 • On boaid Eprom may be disabled • On board USART loiRS-232 serial I/O • Paiallel I/O port

QTCZ80R2BB iBare Boardl

S 60.00

0TCZ8OR2K (Kill

SI 90.00

QTCZ80R2A (AST)

S28D.00

QTCZ80IKNI [IK Memory Kit)

$ 12.00

EXPANDABLE + DYNAMIC MEMDRY |I6K lo 64K|

• Works with Cromemco. Northstar. SD Syslems

S many other CPU

boards

Uses 3242 Refresh Chip with Delay Line.

4 layer board for qulel operation

24 address lines (IEEE spec).

Optional M1 Wait State allows error-tree operation with faster

processors

Optional Phantom Disable.

Uses Z80 Refresh Signal

Bank select at I/O port 40H per industry standard.

Bank in use determined by convenient DIP switch selection of data

bus bits.

Low power (5 watts)

Convenient LED indication of bank in use.

Board access time with (4116-200NS1-240NS.

'Price based on gold not exceeding $400.00 per oz

ft

\ferbatim

QTCEXPBB Bare Board S 70.00

QTCEXP16K 16K Kit S280.00

QTCEXP16A 16KA&T S325.00

QTCEXP32K 32K Kll S330.00

0TCEXP32A 32K A&T S425.00

0TCEXP4BK 48K Kil S380.00

0TCEXP48A 48K AST $550.00

0TCEXP64K 64K Kil S430.00

0TCEXP64A 64K AST S625.00

CLOCK CALENDAR *

• Time ol day in hoors. minutes and seconds

• 24 hour format

• Monlh and day date lunctions

• Simple lead instruments allow simple interface to basic CP/M. e!r.

• Will run with 4 HMz piocessors

• Can be located at any group of 4 I/O port addresses

OTCCCSBB S 45.00

OTCCCSK S 99.95

OTCCCSA SI49.95

THE STAR MODEMFROM LIVERM0RE

Pari No.

Sectoring

Application

Pk. Dl 2

Baxol 10

URHM0 525 0I

SollSeclui

TflS-BC Apple

S a 95

S29.95

VHB-Mfl 525-ta

Hard ittSecioi

NuiUi 5131

S 8 95

S29 95

VR8 MO 525 16

Hard '6 Scrim

MlC'OpOllS

J 895

S29 95

UHBFD32 1000

Haid Sectoi

Stiuq.itt 801R

SI 195

S37.D0

VRB-FDM 1000

Soli St'LlLir

IBM 3740

SI 1.95

S37.00

SHIPPING WEIGHT 1 LR

BE SURE TO ORDER YOUR KASSETTE/10LIBRARY CASE BELOW

KASETTE/10^ LIBRARY

\[!JK 8 DISKETTE

IMKSI0 J3" HOLDER S4.50

BIEGE or 3/S11.qq_

gtTey

IM.KM-I0 gjf

BEIGE

DISKFHEHOLDER $4.25or 3/S10.0Q

i

0 to 300 baud dala i ale Compatible withBell 103 and 113 Answei/Originate Full/Half Duplex Special self test lealures

LISTPRICE

$199.00

SALE PRICED

$139.00

MEMORY HEADQUARTERS

2716 16K 5 Volt only EPROM. s16°°ea.

10/s150°°

2708 8K 450ns EPROM 81*55'"'

!850 ea.

2114-3L 1Kx4 300ns Low Power. 8 J4500

100 + s4Mea.

5257-3L4Kx1 300ns Low Power. .8/«5500

100 + «525 ea.

Circle 259 on inquiry card.

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

16723(3 Roscoe Blvd. Sepulveda, CA 91343

Terms: Visa, MC, BAC, Check, Money Order, U.S. Funds Only. CA residents add 6% sales tax,Minimum order $10.00 Prepaid U.S. orders less than $75.00 include 5% shipping and handling.MINIMUM $2.50. Excess refunded. Just in case ... please include your phone no. Prices subject lochange without notice. We will do our best to maintain prices thru October, 1980'SOCKET and CONNECTOR prices based on GOLD, not exceeding $500 per oz.

"Sale Prices are for prepaid orders only credit card orders will be charged appropriate freight

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

FOR MORE INFORMATION SEElOUR 52 PAGE AD In JANUARYlBYTE OR SEND S1.00 FOR|CATALOG• Sale Prices are (or prepaidIorders only • Quantities are|limited, subject to prior saleCREDIT CARD ORDERS WILL BElCHARGED APPROPRIATE]FREIGHT

Circle 260 on inquiry card.

TRS-80's

DISCOUNTS of 10%, 15% and Moreavailable.

WE PAY Domestic U.P.S. shipping andinsurance on minimum orders.

NO TAXES are collected on out-of-stateshipments.

TOLL FREE Order Number 800/531 -7466.

OPEN 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m., CentralTime, Monday through Friday;9:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m., Saturday.

Pan American Electronics

Incorporated

a Radio /hack

AUTHORIZED SALES CENTER

1117 CONWAY MISSION, TEXAS 78572

TOLL FREE ORDER NUMBER 800/531-7466

TEXAS AND PRINCIPAL TELEPHONE NUMBER 512/581-2765

dSDBBannrn

4*1111 ii«0i<

a

if™

64K BYTE EXPANDABLE RAM

DYNAMIC RAM WITH ON BOARDTRANSPARENTREFRESH GUARANTEED TO OPERATE INNORTHSTAR. CROMEMCO, VECTOR GRAPHICS.SOL, AND OTHER 8080 OR 2-80 BASED S100SYSTEMS*4MHZ Z-80 WITH NO WAIT STATES.

* SELECTABLE AND DESELECTABLE IN 4KINCREMENTS ON 4K ADDRESS BOUNDARIES.

. LOW POWER-8 WATTS MAXIMUM

* 200NSEC4116RAMS.

* FULL DOCUMENTATION,

* ASSEMBLED AND TESTED BOARDS AREGUARANTEED FOR ONE YEAR ANDPURCHASE PRICE IS FULLY REFUNDABLE IFBOARD IS RETURNED UNDAMAGED WITHIN14 DAYS.

ASSEMBLED/TESTED

64KRAM S595.00

48KHAM S5Z9.00

32KBAM S459.00

I6KBAM J3B9.00

SIDO MAINFRAME

AND CARD CAGE __ Q

* W/ SOLID FRONT PANEL . . $239.00~

* W/ CUTOUTS FOR 2 MINI-FLOPPIES . .. $239.00

* 30 AMP POWER SUPPLY $119.00

i SLOT MOTHERBOARD $149.00

* 19 SLOT MOTHERBOARD $199.00

16K MEMORY EXPANSION KIT

0NLYS5BFOR APPLE, TRS-80 KEYBOARD, EXIDY,AND ALL OTHER 16K DYNAMIC SYS-TEMS USING MK4116-3 OR EQUIVALENTDEVICES.

• 200 NSEC ACCESS, 375 NSEC CYCLE

• BURNED-IN AND FULLY TESTED

• 1 YR. PARTS REPLACEMENTGUARANTEE

• QTY. DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE

VISTA V-200 MINIFLOPPY SYSTEM

• S100 DOUBLE DENSITY CONTROLLER

• 204 KBYTE CAPACITY FLOPPY DISKDRIVE WITH CASE & POWER SUPPLY

• MODIFIED CPM OPERATING SYSTEMWITH EXTENDED BASIC

$695.00

- COmPUTER DEVICES1230 W.COllinS AVE.

ORnncE, en 92668

(714)633-7280

3ZK BYTE MEMORY

RELIABLE/COST EFFECTIVE EXPANDABLE RAM FOR

6502 AND 6800 SYSTEM-AIM 65-'KIM,SYM,PET'S44-BUS

* PLUG COMPATIBLE WITH THE AIM-65/SYM EXPANSIONCONNECTOR BY USING A RIGHT ANGLE CONNECTOR(SUPPLIED) MOUNTED ON THE BACK OF THE MEMORYBOARD.

. MEMORY BOARD EDGE CONNECTOR PLUGS INTO THE6800 S 44 BUS.

* CONNECTS TO PET OR KIM USING AN ADAPTOR CABLE.

* RELIABLE-DYNAMIC RAM WITH ON BOARD INVISIBLEREFRESH-LOOKS LIKE STATIC MEMORY BUT ATLOWER COST AND A FRACTION OF THE POWERREQUIRED FOR STATIC BOARDS.

* USES *5V ONLY. SUPPLIED FROM HOST COMPUTER.

* FULL DOCUMENTATION. ASSEMBLED AND TESTEDBOARDS ARE GUARANTEED FOR ONE YEAR ANDPURCHASE PRICE IS FULLY REFUNDABLE IF BOARD ISRETURNED UNDAMAGED WITHIN 14 DAYS.

ASSEMBLED WITH 32K RAM S4I9.00

& WITH 16K RAM 1349 00

TESTED WITHOUT RAM CHIPS J279.00

HARD TO GET PARTS (NO RAM CHIPS)

WITH BOARD AND MANUAL SI09.00

BARE BOARD 8, MANUAL 549.00

:cepled. Pleas_..k. Phone orde.added lo all ship

PET INTERFACE KIT-CONNECTS THE 32K RAM BOARD TOA 4K OR 8K PET. CONTAINS: INTERFACE CABLE. BOARDSTANDOFFS, POWER SUPPLY MODIFICATION KIT ANDCOMPLETE INSTRUCTIONS S4B.D0

U.S. PRICES ONLY

BYTE October 1980

DEALS □ DEALS □ 0£>US

OUR BUYERS ARE IN

CONTACT WITH EVERY MAJOR

SUPPLIER AND O.E.M.

BUY HERE AT 1000 PIECE

QUANTITY PRICES

ALL MERCHANDISE 100%

GUARANTEED! 15 DAY FULL

CASH REFUND!

S8»^ MICROIV I. ill. SALES

CALL TOLL FREE: 1-800-435-9357

TERMS: Prepayment - C.O.D. up to $100.00 - M/C, VisaPlease allow personal check to clear before shipment.

WRITE FOR FULL CATALOG!

JUST HOT STUFF SPECIAL OF THE QUARTER SPECIALS OF THE MONTH

POWER SUPPLIES

If you can beat theseprices we will be trulyamazed. OEM's at 500lot pay more than this.Call or write for fullspec, sheets.

Bflart

DISK POWER SUPPLIES

PRIAM - SHUGART - SIEMANS - MICROPOLIS

+5V@9A |-5V6>.8A I+24V @ 7A | US-384

89.00

SHUGART - SIEMANS - MPI 5'/4-'

+5V(°>.5A

+ I2V@.9A

US-340

33.50

+5V@2A

+ 12V04A

US-323

56.25

SHUGART - SIEMANS - CDC 8"

+5V@1A

-5V@.5A

+24VP 1.5A

US-205

52.50

+5V • 2A

-5V@.5A

+24V@3A

US206

69.00

+5V@3A

-5V@.6A

+24V @ 5A

US-1B2

89.00

+5V@1.7A

-5V@1.5A

+24V @ 2A

US-272

69.00

+5V @ 2A

+ 12V @.4A

-12V@.4A

US-HTAA

37.50

TELEVIDEO 912C

$665.00

Also have 920C, SOROC,HAZELTINE, etc. Whatwe don't have is room onthis page. Call Toll Free800 number for prices.

C-ITOH PRINTER$499.00

Look closely at the

photo and see other

adds in this rag at

$995.00. Perfect units,

warranteed. Only 500 pes. Same story,

manufacturerer had too many.

ATARI

800 - $899.00400 - $499.00

As long as there is aprice war, we will fightyour battle. Compareat your local Dept.store and buy US MICRO.

S-100 POWER

$49.50

Simple Brute Force.S-100 Power Supply.6A 9 +16V, 6A ® -16V.PC Board design.

DUAL DRIVE SUBSYSTEM

$995.00 I

If this looks like a LoboDrive System, don't be 2 SHUGART 801 Rfooled. Just because it POWER SUPPLY

looks like one, works like one, smells like one,and tastes like one (?) doesn't mean it has tocost like one!

S1-MOD (KIT)

$239.00

Complete S-100 12 Slot Computer. Amplesystem power with regulated power for drives.Excellent for Subsystem or Hobby use.4 hours to build.

EXPANDABLE RAM (KIT)

This is the best allaround 64K boardyou can buy. If afteryou see it, you don'tagree return (unassem-bled) for full refund.Bank Select by extended address lines.

32K - $380.00 64K - $450.00

32K STATIC (KIT)

You have seen thiswell known boardaround for years. Webought 500 of themand plan on corneringthe market! BankSelect on extendedaddress lines.

w*'tfwiw imn?3R*r~**

$388.00

Z-80 CPV (KIT)

The first time thisworld popular CPUoffered in Kit. 2 serial,3 parallel, CTC, EProm2-80 at 4 mhz. Soft-ware band rate, etc.

$212.00

DMA DISK CONTROLLER (KIT)

How many DMA DiskControllers are thereon the market? Ctn'tmention the name atthis LOW, LOW, LOW,price.

$265.00

12 SLOT MOTHER

We have connectors and powersupply too. Start your systemwith quality components.Terminated,CONNECTORS $3.50 ea.

$22.50

4116s

Expansion 16K DynamicRAMs for Apple, TRS-80S-100 systems. T.I., MostekIntel, Call for manufacturer.

$4.25

200 NS

DIP-80 $399.00

Don't be mislead by thisLOW price. This is a rug-ged 100% Duty Cycle7 by 7 Dot Matrix Printer.Brand new, factory warr.

• RS-232

• TRACTOR FEED

2114s

One of the world's two

most popular STATIC

RAMs. Factory prime

tested units. Sold in lots of 8 only

FUJITSU, HITACHI, etc.

$3.95

200 NS

TMS-4044MM-5257INTEL 2147

$425.00

250 NS

The other of the world's most popular STATICRAMs. This one is 4K by 1 organization. Don'tbuy Gold, buy these, the price won't last!

2716s2708s

$13.50$6.95

Remember when 2716s were $50.00 and hardto get? These units are so beautiful it's hard topart with them. But we will, for a small price.Guaranteed!

SHUGART DRIVE8" 801R

Manufacturer had $385 00

too many, buys at *^

1000 piece rate,

sales dropped, so we got'em. Fantastic buy, get

them while they last! Full warranty.

51/4" MINI

$265.00

Now is the time to

expand that Trash-80

or Rotton Apple (no offense!) These go so fast.

Quantities limited to those on hand. Hurry [

No Junkers! Factory warranty.

SHUGART / SIEMANS / MPI

Circle 261 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

353

Circle 262 on inquiry card.

6502 7.45 10 @ 6.95 50 @ 6.55 100 @6502A 8.40 10 @ 7.95 50 (3 7.35 100 @>6520 PI A 5.15 10 @ 4.90 50(3 4.45 100 @6522VIA 6.90 10 @ 6.50 50 @> 6.10 100 @

6532 7.90 10 @2114-L4502114-L3002716 EPROM4116-200 ns RAM6550 RAM (PET 8K)S-100 Wire Wrap

6.156.904.155.706.604.155.10

7.40 50 @ 7.00 100 @

4.65 20 @ 4.35 100 <s>

5.95 20 @ 5.45 100 @

21.00 5 @ 19.00 10 @ 17.00

7.00 8 @ 6.25

12.70

2.65 Solder Tail 2.15

CASSETTES-AGFA PE-611 PREMIUM

High output, low noise, 5 screw housing, labels.

C-10 10/5.65 50/25.00 100/48.00

C-20 10/6.45 50/29.50 100/57.00

C-30 10/7.30 50/34.00 100/66.00

All other lengths available. Write for price list.

Jk. ATARI 800 SPECIAL $799

ATARI' AH Atari Modules 20% OFF

DISKS

(write for quantity prices!

SCOTCH (3M) 8"

10/3.10 50/2.85 100/2.75

SCOTCH (3M) 5"

10/3.15 50/2.95 100/2.85

Maxell 5"

10/3.65 50/3.40 100/3.15

Maxell 8" Double Dens.

10/4.10 50/3.95 100/3.80

Verbatim 5"

10/2.40 50/2.35 100/2.30

BASF 5"

10/2.45 20/2.35 100/2.30

BASF 8"

10/2.50 20/2.45 100/2.35

Diskette Storage Pages

10 for 3.95

Disk Library Cases

8"-2.85 5"-2.15

115 E. Stump RoadMontgomeryville, PA 18936

Commodore CBM-PET SPECIALS

-Up to $235 freeA/ merchandiseAy with purchase of one of<C following CBM-PETitems:

8032 32K-80 column CRT

8016 16K-80 column CRT

8050 Dual Disk Drive-950,000 bytes

CBM Modem-IEEE Interface

CBM Voice Synthesizer

8N full size graphics keyboard

16K Full Size Graphics or Business Keyboard

32K Full Size Graphics or Business Keyboard

2040 Dual Disk Drive-343,000 bytes

2022 Tractor Feed Printer

2023 Pressure Feed PrinterC2N External Cassette DeckUsed PETs (limited quantities)

THE STAR MODEM

From Livermore Data SystemsIEEE 481 MODEM

SALE $286

RS232 MODEMSHE $139

CBM Full Size Graphics Keyboard

WordPro l-for 8K PET

WordPro 11-16 or 32K, 2040, Printer

WordPro III-32K, 2040, Printer

WordPro IV for 8032

PASCAL Compiler for PET

$ 74

25

72

178

268

75

Programmers Toolkit-PET ROM Utilities $ 44.90

PET Spacemaker Switch 22.90

Dust Cover for PET 7.90

IEEE-Parallel Printer Interface for PET 79.00

IEEE-RS232 Printer Interlace for PET 149.00

215-699-5826

A B Computers

Centronics 737 Proportional Spacing Printer $800

NEC Spinwriter-parallel 2450

SYM-T"$209 with 4K RAM $ 238

SYM BAS-1 BASIC in ROM 85

SYM RAE-1/2 Assembler in ROM 85

MDT 1000 Synertek Development System 1345

KTM-2/80 Synertek Video Board 349

KIM-1 (add $34 for power supply) 159

Seawell Motherboard-4K RAM 195

Seawell 16K Static RAM-KIM, SYM, AIM 320

Leedex Video 100 12" Monitor 129

Zenith Z19 Terminal (factory asm.) 770

KL-4M Four Voice Music Board for PET $34.90

Visible Music Monitor (4 Voice) for PET 29.90

SPECIAL—KL-4M with Visible Music Monitor 59.90

MICR0THELL0 for PET by Michael Riley $9.95

Machine language version—you can't win at Level 5.

VISICALC for PET (CBM/Personal Software) $128

CBM Assembler/Editor (disk) 89

CBM General Ledger, A/P, A/R NEW! 270

PAPER MATE 60 Command PETWord ProcessorFull-featured version by Michael Riley

S29.95

A P Products 1 5% OFF

All Book and Software Prices are Discounted

PET Personal Computer Guide (Osborne) $12.75

PET and the IEEE-488 Bus (Osborne) 12.75

6502 Assembly Language (Osborne) 9.45

Programming the 6502 (Zaks) 10.45

6502 Applications Book (Zaks) 10.45

Programming a Microcomputer: 6502 7.75

6502 Software Bookbook (Scelbi) 9.45

WRITE FOR CATALOG

Add $1.25 per order for shipping. We pay balance

of UPS surface charges on all prepaid orders.

C/MOS (DIODE CLAMPEDI

4003 - .45 4034

74C7674C83 -74 CSS

74c'as

74CB674C93

74C151 -

'■'.ii!H'SL'32 INTERFACE -MH'.t H5232 INTERFACE -■2S09 TRl STATE STAT. SF1 -?'.,?? STATIC SHIFT REG. -:'/:iin;i:rtT(OMi450ns) -IMS 3409 NC 80 BITS DYN S.I7716ITII-3VOLTAGES -2716llmcll - SV -?! 14-4K STAT RAM 1450 rsi -2532-4K ■ BEPROM2102-1 (450 nsl -21L(l23l350nsl -WM'ilviMKXtDYN,-MK4008P -

21111 1254 ■- 4 STATIC -FD1791 FLOPPY DISC

CONTROLLERMK402734K • 1DVN \M3«i

41163 16K DYN. 300NS628001076 4KDYN, RAM -TMS4Q50L -

8131 - 2 95

74C161

11

74CIG3

74C04 -

m

74C08 -

%\

74C10 -

■/>

74C14 -

•n\

74CI75 -

74C20 -

74C32 -

40

74C901

74C42 -

74C73 -

..'b

AMD 2301 BDCH

SPEED

BIT SLICES -

TMS4D45 2

^liltMS STATIC RAM ■

825.23 -

B2S123

B2S129

B2S126 -

82S131 -

82S130 -

AY5 IOI3 UART

TRI602B -

MC8845 -

MCMiitaVlA

iChai gen -

MMM5321

MCGEN. -

34 s-:> ij( isoa

DATEL'S DAC-08BC - 8 bit DAC - $9.95

CRYSTALS $3.45 ea.

RIBBON CABLE

2.000 MHz

6.144 MHz

FLAT (COLOR CODED)

•1.000 MHz

8.000MHz

#30 WIRE

3.000 MHz

10.000 MHz

IScond. ■ .40/per loot

3.07 MHz

18.000MHz

40cond. - ,75/perfoot

5.000 MHz

20.000 MHz

50 cond. - ,90/pur foot

G.OOOMHz

DB25Pmale S3.25

rniUMCr-rnDC DB 25S female ... $4.25

CONNECTORS hoods $1.50

RS232

FCS 8024 - 4 digitC.C.8" displayFND503C.C. .5"FND510C.A. .5"DL-704-.3" C.C.

LED READOUTS

S5.95 DL-707C.A. .3"

$ .85 DL747C.A. .6"

$ .85 HP3400 .8" CA

$ .85 HP3405.8"CC

$1.50$1.95$1.95

PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD

4" x6" DOUBLE SIDED EPOXY BOARD 1/16'

thick 1

EPOXY glass

vector board

1/16" thick with 1/10" spacing 4V x 6&" ..

.. $1.95|

74SO0 -

.30 74S20 - .40 74S153

- 1.10 ■

74S02 -

.30 74S30 - .40 74S151

1.25 ■

74S05 -

.45 74S32 - .40 74S157

1.25 ■

74S08 -

.40 74S89 - 1.90 74S15S

- 1.25 ■

74S11 -

.35 74S112 - .85 74S174

- 1.40 ■

74S15 -

.40 74S140 - 1.00 74S257

1.50 ■

7 WATT LD-65 LASER DIODE IR $8.95

25 watt Intra Red Pulse (SG 2006 equiv.)

Laser Diode (Spec sheet included) $24.95

MINIATURE MULTI-TURN TRIM POTS100, 5K, 10K, 20K, 250K. 1 Meg, S.75 each ... 3/2.00

2N3820 P FET $ .45

2N 5457 N FET $ .45

2N2646 UJT $ .45

ER 900 TRIGGER DIODES 4/51.00

2N 6028 PROG. UJT $ .65

FP 100 PHOTO TRANS S .50

RED. YELLOW OR GEEN LARGE LED's. 2'1 6/51.00

RED; GREEN BIPOLAR LED's $ ,55

MLED92 R LED $ ,75

MR014B PHOTO DARL. XTOR $ ,75

TIL 118 OPTO-ISOLATOR. $ .75

IL-5 OPTO-ISOLATOR $ ,80

1 WATT ZENERS: 3.3, 4.7, 5.1. 5.6. 6.8. 8.2. 9.1, 10,12.15,18, or 22V Off 1.00

TTL REED RELAY - SPSTSVMmn $1.00

Silicon Power Rectifiers

12A 50A 125A 240A

TRANSISTOR SPECIALS

2N1303 PNP GE TO-5 3'51.0

2N1307PNPGETO-5

2N404APNPGE :05 3'S1.0

2N154GPNPGF rt>3 .

2N6233-NPN SWITCHING POWER .

MRF-eoo-1 a en rf tp.a-:sisioh.\pn

:n3?/; ni'ns to3

:;j.:!ifiHi'iii'S T03 $1,0'

^Mi.Niitil'NPS -OS2 41*

2N3I37 NI'NS HP 5

L>N331!tNI'NS I03RF. $

2N1420NPNSiTO>5 . . 3'$

2N37G7NPNS TO 66 $

2N2222NPNS TOiS Ml J

2N3055NPNS TO 3 .

2N3S04NPNS 1092 6'$1.C-

2M3fiUiil'NPS. "092 6'$1.0

I'NLi^KiNf'N !,. IC 22C2NG1(J<M>IJ[>5. :0 22J2NI30ill>.NI'G(i 10 '.TIP31BNPNS.TO220TIP371iP,NPS. TO2202N5641 NPN 1ARF POWER .

TTLICSERIES

740074101

7402 -

7403 -7404740574QG

7416

7417 -74207425 -742674277430 -7432

1.00 2.50 10.50 15.50

3.00 12.50 20,00

IN4148IIN914) 15/S1.00

.1 or .01 uf 25V ceramic disc, caps. 16/$1.0Q, 100/$50.00

REGULATORS

LM317T $2.50 340K-12,15of 24 V $1,50

323K 5V 3A $5.75 340T - 5, 6, 8,12, 15,

79HGKC-5Vat5A ,.,$6.95 18 or 24 V $1-10

723 $ .50 320M5 $ .75

7448 -745(1 -

7472 -

7473 -

7474 -7475747G7480 ■7483

7485 -

7486 -7489-749074917492749374947495 -74% -74107 -74121 -74122--74123-

74125 -

74126 -74145 -74150 -7415174153 -78164 ■74155 -

74279

74325 -

74365

74367

74368

75491

75492

8T98

MM5387AA CLOCK CHIPS $5.95

MM5314 $4.75

MM5316 $4.95

NO. 30 WIRE WRAP WIRE SINGLE STRAND

ALCO MINIATURE TOGGLE SWITCHES

MTA106SPDT $1.05

MTA 206 DPDT $1.70

MTA 206 P DPDT CENTR OFF S1.B5

MSD 206 PDPDT CENTER OFF LEVER SWITCH $1.85

.22UF 35 V

5/$1.00

.47UF35V

5/$1.00

.68UF35V

5/$1.00

1UF35V

5/$ 1.00

2.2UF20V

5V'j$1.00

3.3UF20V

4/$ 1.00

74LS SERIES

74LSD1 2974LS02 2874LS03 28

7JLSI$3

7;[si5G

74LS157

?.:isy.-VilsS:-

74LS1574LS20

74LS2174l.S?:>

"-1LS2774LS2E74LS30

/■ii.s3:

74 US 37

7-1: S.Tii

?4LSi!i

74LS30

35 74LS162

35 74LS161

30 74LS168

45 74LS169

35 74LS170

96 74LSI 73

I 70 74LS174

35 74LS175

30 74LS181

55 74LS190

35 MLS1S1

35 74LS192J5 74LS193fl5 74LS1W

36 74LS15540 74LSIW

1 OS 74LS257

IS 74LS258

45 74LS259

.90 7-1LS 266

.90 74LS279

90 74LS29U

45 T4LS293

45 74LS295

45 74L529B

45 74LS365

96 74LS375I 25 74LS377I 30 74LS386

NEAR CIRCUITS

LM31ILM31H

LM.17J

t MamLM3S1.'

i m:o»;

U.VMII

LM37I)LM63VI.M663

LMbL.5

SCR'S TRIACS

1 5A

(iA

35 A

110A

PRV

IA

10A

25A

100

.45

.60

1.40

100

.45

.80

1.55

200

.70

,80

1.90

9.00

200

.84

1.30

2.10

400

1.20

1 4(1

? 6(1

12.00

400600

1.30

2. oo

T.902.75

3.10 '

600

1.80

3.6;)

15.00

4.30

SOLID STATE SALES

P.O. BOX74B

SOMERVILLE, MASS. 02143 TEL. (6171 547-7053

WE SHIP OVER 95%

OF OUR ORDERS THE

DAY WE RECEIVE THEM

354 BYTE October 1980

Circle 263 on inquiry card.

DAL - COMP

DAL-COMP gives you the finest lines in electronic hardware, components, computer boards and peripherals.

j $yj0'MSHCOUPW ]

i With Prepaid Order of $100.00 & over - Expires Sept. 30th

4116 8 FOR 39.95

Buy 4 Sets at 8 For 37.00

2114L-3 8 FOR 35.95

Buy 4 Sets at 8 FOR 32.00100 Lot 3.75

EA

2716sv 16.95

TMS2716+5 5+12 15.00

2708 6.25

1771 26.00

1791 37.00

tr1602Buart 3.50

1863/ay51015uart 5.00

$2350 usrt 6.50

2513 (3021) CHAR GEN 10.952513 (2140) CHAR GEN 10.95

MC14411 11.00

3242 Refresh Chip

10.15

8156

20.00

6502 cpu

11.50

8212

3.50

Z80A

12.00

8214

4.00

8080A

3.50

8216

2.95

8035

17.95

8224

3.00

8085

19.95

8226

3.00

8086

75.00

8228

5.95

BEFORE YOU BUY

Call Dal-Comp for prices on all your electronic and computing needs. We offer the finest productsindustry at prices you can compare with anyone. Check our fast service and responsive sales people.

in the

CALL TOLL FREE 800-527-5310

TEXAS RESIDENTS

CALL COLLECT (214) 350-6898

CB2Z-80 CPU BOARDSSM — CB2 —KIT —$219.95SSM — CB2 — AST —$305.00

I04 2 PARALLEL & 2 SERIAL

I/O BOARDSSM —104 —KIT —$149.95SSM —104 — A&T —$215.00

AI0 APPLE SERIAL/PARALLELINTERFACE

KIT $124.95

ASSEMBLED & TESTED .$164.00

VB3 80 CHARACTER VIDEO4MHz BOARDSSM — VB3 — KIT — $359.95SSM — VB3 — A&T —$439.00

EPR0NI ERASER

Compact durable quality UV Lamp for erasingEPR0MS. Features a special safety lock to preventaccidental exposure. Erases up to four devices(2708. 2716. 2732, 1702A. 52030, 53040, etc.)simultaneously.

UV SHE $68.95

MOTHER BOARDS

6 Slot Bare Board $19.00

6 Slot Kit 36.00

8 Slot Bare Board 24.00

8 Slot Kit 47.00

12 Slot Bare Board 29.00

12 Slot Kit 62.00

DIP SWITCHES

3Pos. $1.00 6Pos. $1.10

4Pos. 1.00 7Pos. 1.15

5Pos. 1.00 8Pos. 1.20

ZIP DIP II SOCKETS16 Pin $5.50

24 Pin 7.50

40 Pin 9.00

RS-232 CONNECTORS

DB25P — Male Plug $2.95

DB25S — Female Socket 3.60DB25C — Cover 1.50

RS232 SPECIAL $6.50

(1-DB25P —1-DB25S —1 Cover)

WIREWRAP SOCKETS

8 Pin14 Pin16 Pin18 Pin20 Pin22 Pin24 Pin28 Pin40 Pin

.39.46.50.68.85.42.941.231.60

VERBATIM

129.95

VER-MO 525-01 Soft Sector for

TRS 80 AppleVER-MO 525-10 Hard 10 Sector tor $29.95

North StarVER-HD 525-16 Hard 16 Sector for $29.95

MicropolisVER-FD 32-1000 Hard Sector for $35.95

Shugart 801RVER-FD 34-1000 Soft Sector for $35.95

IBM 3740

ot

CO***

TERMS OF SALE: Cash, checks, money orders. VISA. Master Charge. Minimum Order $10.00. Texas residents add 5% sales tax. Minimum shipping and handlingcharge S3.00. COD orders add S2.00 COD fee. U.S. funds only. PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. SOME ITEMS SUBJECT TO PRIOR SALE. WERESERVE THE RIGHT TO LIMIT QUANTITIES. 90 DAY GUARANTEE. SALE PRICES ARE FOR PREPAID ORDERS ONLY. FOR OPEN ACCOUNT PLEASE CALL FORPRICINGS TERMS.

DAL-COMP M/0 DIV. 2560 ELECTRONIC LANE, SUITE 108, DALLAS, TEXAS 75220 • (214) 350-6895

Circle 264 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

355

Circle 265 on inquiry card.

WAMECO

THE COMPLETE PC BOARD HOUSEEVERYTHING FOR THE S-100 BUSS

■fc FPB-1 FRONT PANEL BOARD FOR 8080A AND Z80SYSTEMS IMSAI COMPATIBLE.PCBD $56.95 KIT $1 75.00

•K MEM-2 16K RAM 2114's. ADDRESSABLE IN 4KBOUNDARIES.PCBD $33.95 KIT (LESS RAMS) .... $80.95

•* EPM-2 16/32K ROM USES 2716 OR 2708. ADDRESS-ABLE IN 4K BOUNDARIES.PCBD .... $33.95 KIT (LESS ROMS) .... $74.95

•X- CPU-1 8080A PROCESSOR BOARD WITH VECTORINTERRUPT.PCBD $33.95 KIT $124.95

•# IOB-1 I/O BOARD. ONE SERIAL, TWO PARALLELWITH CASSETTE. PCBD $33.95

•5fr FDC-1 FLOPPY DISC CONTROLLER BOARD USES1771. PCBD $45.95

* QMB-12 13 SLOT MOTHER BOARD.

PCBD $42.95 KIT $125.95

•K QMB-9 9 SLOT MOTHER BOARD.

PCBD $35.95 KIT $109.95

•X- PTB-1 POWER SUPPLY AND TERMINATOR BOARD.PCBD $29.95 KIT $49.95

•K RTC-1 REAL TIME CLOCK BOARD WITH TWOINTERRUPTS.PCBD $29.95 KIT $79.95

■fc MEM-1 8K RAM, USES 2102's

PCBD .... $33.95 KIT (LESS RAM) .... $71.95

•3fr EPM-1 4K 170Z BOARD.

PCBD .... $29.95 KIT (LESS ROM) .... $59.95

FUTURE PRODUCTS: 80 CHARACTER VIDEO BOARD2-80 CPU BOARD WITH ROM, 8 PARALLEL PORT I/O BOARD

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED, UNIVERSITY DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE

AT YOUR LOCAL DEALER

MOST PRODUCTS FOR IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT. NO 4-8 WEEK DELAYS REQUIRED FOR OTHERS.

wmc

inc.

WAMECO, INC., P.O. BOX 877 . 455 PLAZA ALHAMBRA • EL GRANADA, CA 94018 • (415) 726-6378

Dual Trace OscilloscopeHITACHI 30 MHz

• TV sync-separater circuit

• High-sensitivity 1 mV/div(BMHz)

• Sweep-time magnifier(10 times)

• Z-axis input (Intensitymodulation)

• Signal delay line

• X-Y operation

• Trace Rotation

$945.00

More sensitive to your input

SD SYSTEMS

Z-80

STARTERSYSTEM

The Z80 Starter Kit by SD Systemsuses the powerful Z80 microproces-sor as the heart of the complete micro-computer on a single board. Learn astep-by-step introduction to micro-computers with a keyboard and display, audio cassette inter-face, PROM programmer, wire-wrap expansion area, 4-channel Counter Timer and on Board RAM and PROM.Complete Opperetion end Instruction Manual included. ZBUGMonitor in ROM.

27004 kit

. $340 38007 assem/T. . $450

COMPUTER KIT

27003 kit $295

PROM-100 kitPROM Programmer

27014 kit $200

(!• «1 rX When you purchase any SD SYSTEMS item you

3> *''*_,-, will recBive a COUPON FOR A $25 CASH REBATE

FA.CTOK* direct from the Manufacturer. SD SYSTEMS. Use

REB/Vft it with our 16% OFF COUPON for extra savings.

VERSAFLOPPY I

FLEXIBLE DISK

DRIVE Controller

$250.$335

27002 assem/T .38005 assem/T.

VDB-8024

VIDEO

DISPLAY BOARD

38013 Bssem/T ... $470

8080A

$595

MICRO-PROCESSOR

AP PRODUCTS

923101 . . $ 79.95

923102. . . 124.9B

»923103 . . . 124.95

O PLESSEY

T^^r^ ^ JMINI1

V*■ *'^>^-^SA M P LE RS2G.00

Metallized

Polyester

pacitors

SD SystemsEXPANDO RAM

*>,'**IH8£.'','"™~:

27001 kit $220

38001 assem/T... $480

Add-On RAM Kit

27010 (16K. 8 devices) $165

FUNCTION GENERATOR KITXR22D6KB

■6V spur SUPPLY

$19.95

NEW

HICKOK

LX304

DIGITALMULTIMETER

Compact

Accurate

Dependable

>89

95

ALSO — STILL AVAILABLE

LX303 $74.95

H

l

32K

Part No. DP1000-2

$1295

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

• High Contrast Ratio

• Wide Viewing Angle

• 0.5 in. Digit Height• ULTRA Low Power ConsumptionLCD 1Q6 $13.50

[yjMe

SYM-t

NEW LOWPRICE

$239.00

KTM-2 CRT/TV Kybd Tarm S349

EPROM

2708 $1050

EPROM16

(5 Vol!)

2716

80

POWER SUPPLY5 Volt 3 AmpAPS 5-3

$42.50$40.65$38.85

* 16% *

DISCOUNTCOUPON

Bring this COI'PON into one of our stores ormail to our Mail Order address shown below and

receive a 16% IHSTOIM

on purchases from this Ad of $1 00.00 or more.

Offer EXPIRES on October 31,1980

NAME

ADDRESS

CITY STATE

ZIP PHONE NO

Coupons accepted only with full name and address filled in

(X)

Money Ordur lo: P.D. Bo< 2208V, Culver City CA 90230.idents add 6% sales tax. Minimum Order; SI0.00.Add S2.00 to cover postage and handling. Master Charge and Visa wulcomed.

PHONE ORDERS: (213) 641-4064

MAIL ORDER

P 0 Bon 220BY

OAfM CiIy.CA 90230

(2I3| 641-40

TUCSON

PORTLAND

IS03) 254-5541

SANTA ANA

CULVER CITY

13131 3903595

SUNNYVALE

14081 3434131

356 BYTE October 1980

Circle 266 on inquiry card.

DIGITAL RESEARCH COMPUTERS

(214) 271-3538

32K S-100 EPROM CARDNEW!

USES 2716sBlank PC Board - $34

ASSEMBLED & TESTEDADD $30

SPECIAL: 2716 EPROWi s (450 NS) Are $1995 EA. With Above Kit.

KIT FEATURES:

1. Uses +5V only 2716 (2Kx8) EPROM's.

2. Allows up to 32K of software on line!

3. IEEE S-100 Compatible.

4. Addressable as two independent 16Kblocks.

5. Cromemco extended orNorthstar bankselect.

6. On board wait state circuitry if needed.

7. Any or all EPROM locations can bedisabled.

8. Double sided PC board, solder-masked.silk-screened.

9. Gold plated contact fingers.

10. Unselected EPROM's automaticallypowered down for low power.

11. Fully buffered and bypassed.

12. Easy and quick to assemble.

16K DYNAMIC RAM PARTIALS^\ INTEL 2108 8K X 1 RAMS £0° 8 FOR $9.95 32 FOR $35 °% ,

FACTORY PRIME!

Huge special purchase of INTEL Dynamic RAM's. Theseare 2108-4, 300NS, 8K, Ceramic DIP. The 2108 is theINTEL 2116 (16K) tested foreitherupperorlower8Konly.These are factory prime. Full Spec. See INTEL 1978 Cat.for details or Memory Design Handbook for applicationdata. Both IMSAI and EXTENSYS did mfc;. S-100 RAMboards using these devices. — P.S. These devices will notwork in the SD EPANDORAM*". Please specify upper orlower 8K. (S1626 or S1627). A super easy RAM to interfaceto a Z80, 16 PIN DIP.

FOR4MHZ

S*t-el

LOW POWER - 300NS 8 FOR

2114 RAM SALE! $"

4K STATIC RAM'S. MAJOR BRAND, NEW PARTS.

These are the most sought after 2114's, LOW POWER and 300NS FAST.

8 FOR $44

16K STATIC RAM KIT-S 100 BUSS

PRICE CUT!

16K STATIC RAM SS-50 BUSS

PRICE CUT!

BLANK PC BOARD W/DATA-$33

LOW PROFILE SOCKET SET-$12

SUPPORT IC'S & CAPS-$19.95

KIT FEATURES:

1. Addressable as tour separate 4K Blocks.

2. ON BOARD BANK SELECT circuitry. (Cro-memco Standard1). Allows up to 512K on line!

3. Uses 2114 (450NS) 4K Static Rams.4.' ON BOARD SELECTABLE WAIT STATES.

5. Double sided PC Board, with solder mask andsilk screened layout. Gold plated contact fingers

6. All address and data lines fully buffered ASSEMBLED & TESTED-ADD $35

7. Kit includes ALL parts and sockets.

8. PHANTOM is jumpered to PIN 67.

9. LOW POWER: under 1.5 amps TYPICAL fromthe +8 Volt Buss.

10. Blank PC Board can be populated as anymultiple of 4K.

FOR SWTPC6800 BUSS!

OUR #1 SELLINGRAM BOARD!

ASSEMBLED ANDTESTED - $35

KIT FEATURES:

1. Addressable on 16K Boundaries

2 Uses 2114 Static Ram

3. Fully Bypassed

4 Double sided PC Board Solder maskand silk screened layout

5 All Parts and Sockets included

6 Low Power' Under 1.5 Amps Typical

BLANK PC BOARD—S30 COMPLETE SOCKET SET-

SUPPORT IC'S AND CAPS—$19.95

$12

MtfNv STEREO! %jv,

S-100 SOUND COMPUTER BOARD

16K EPROM CARD-S 100 BUSS

COMPLETE KIT!$3495

(WITH DATA MANUAL)

At last, an S-100 Board that unleashes the full power of twounbelievable General lnstrumentsAY3-8910NMOS computersound IC'S. Allows you under total computer control togenerate an infinite number of special sound effects forgames or any other program. Sounds can be called in BASIC.ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE, etc.KIT FEATURES:

* TWO Gl SOUND COMPUTER IC'S.

* FOUR PARALLEL I/O PORTS ON BOARD.

* USES ON BOARD AUDIO AMPS OR YOUR STEREO.

* ON BOARD PROTO TYPING AREA.

* ALL SOCKETS. PARTS AND HARDWARE ARE INCLUDED.

* PC BOARD IS SOLDERMASKED, SILK SCREENED, WITH GOLD CONTACTS.

* EASY. QUICK. AND FUN TO BUILD. WITH FULL INSTRUCTIONS.

* USES PROGRAMMED I/O FOR MAXIMUM SYSTEM FLEXIBILITY.Both Basic and Assembly Language Programming examples are included.

SOFTWARE:

SCL'" is now available1 Our Sound Command Language makes writing Sound Effects programsa SNAP' SCL'" also includes routines for Reg ister-Examine-Modify, Memory-Examine-Modify.and Play-Memory SCL'" is available on CP/M' compatible diskette of 2708 or 2716 Diskette-$24.95 2708 - $19.95 2716 - $29.95 Diskette includes the source. EPROM'S are ORG atE000H

BLANK PC

BOARD W/DATA

$31

USES 2708's!

Thousands of personal and business systems aiuund the world use this boara withcomplete satisfaction. Puts 16K of software on line at ALL TIMES' Kit features a topquality soldermasked and silk-screened PC board and first run parts and sockets. Anynumber of EPROM locations may be disabled to avoid any memory conflicts. Fullybuffered and has WAIT STATE capabilities.

ASSEMBLED AND FULLYTESTED — ADD $30

OUR 450 NS 2708'SARE $8.95 EA. WITHPURCHASE OF KIT

RCA CMOS COMPUTER CHIP SET

INCLUDES:

1-CDP1802CD CPU 1-CDP1861CD VIDEO IC2-CDP1822CE 256 x 4 RAM 1-CDP1862CE COLOR GEN.1-CDP1858CE 4 BIT LATCH 1-CDP1863CE SOUND GEN. COMPLETE SET $45 limited qty

NEW! G.I. COMPUTER SOUND CHIP

AY3-8910. As featured in July. 1979 BYTE! A fantastically powerful Sound & MusicGenerator. Perfect for use with any 8 Bit Microprocessor. Contains: 3 Tone Channels.Noise Generator, 3 Channels of Amplitude Control. 16 bit Envelope Period Control, 2-8Bit Parallel I/O, 3 D to A Converters, plus much more! All in one 40 Pin DIP. Super easyinterface to the S-100 or other busses.SPECIAL OFFER: $14.95 each Add $3 for 60 page Data Manual.

Digital Research Computers

9 (OF TEXAS) '

P.O. BOX 401565 • GARLAND, TEXAS 75040 • (214) 271-3538

TERMS: Add $1.25 postage. We pay balance. Orders under $15 add 75«handling. No. C.O.D. We accept Visa and MasterCharge. Tex. Res. add 5%Tax. Foreign orders (except Canada) add 20% P & H. 90 Day Money BackGuarantee on all items. Orders over $50, add 85c for insurance.

'TRADEMARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH.

Circle 267 on inquiry card.

NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DIGITAL RESEARCH OF CALIFORNIA

THE SUPPLIERS OF CPM SOFTWARE.

BYTE October 1980 357

Circle 268 on inquiry card.

»1

—J CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS

16K RAM BOARD. Fully buffered addressable in 4Kblocks. IEEE standard for bank addressing 2114's.PCBD .$28.95 Kit 450 NSEC S249.95

PT-1 PROTO BOARD. Over 2,600 holes 4" regula-tors. All S-100 buss functions labeled, gold fingers.

PCBD .._. $28.95

PT-2 PROTO BOARD Similar to PT-1 except set-up to handle solder tail sockets. PCBD ..$28.95

CCS MAIN FRAME. Kit (S-100) $339.95

APPLE EXTENDER. Kit $22.95

APPLE IEEE INSTRUMENTATION INTERFACEKIT 7490. Kit S275.00

ARITHMETIC PROCESSOR FOR APPLE 7811A.Kit $350.00

APPLE ASYNCHRONOUS SERIAL INTERFACE7710A. Kit $89.95

APPLE SYNCHRONOUS SERIAL INTERFACE

7712A. Kit $89.95

ALL OTHER CCS PRODUCTS AVAILABLE

PB-1 2708 & 2716 Programming Board with pro-visions for 4K or 8K EPROM. No external suppliesrequired, textool sockets. Kit $143.00

CB-1A 8080 Processor Board. 2K of PROM 256BYTE RAM power on/rest Vector Jump Parallelport with status. Kit SI 46.00 PCBD ...S31.95

VB-3 80x24 VIDEO ROARD Graphics included.4MHZ $379.95

IO-4 Two serial I/O ports with full handshaking20/60 ma current loop: Two parallel I/O ports.Kit S168.00 PCB.D . $31.95

VB-IC 64 x 16 video board, upper lower case Greekcomposite and parallel video with software. S-100.Kit SI 43.00

CB-2 Z80 CPU BOARD. Kit $199.95

AIO APPLE SERIAL/PARALLEL . . ..S144.95

ALL OTHER SSM PRODUCTS AVAILABLE

W777C ,„c WAMECO INC.

FDC-1 FLOPPY CONTROLLED BOARD will driveshugart, pertek, remic 5" & 8" drives up to 8 drives,on board PROM with power boot up, will operate

with CPM™ (not included). PCBD $43.95

FPB-1 Front Panel. IMSAI size, hex displays. Byte,

or instruction single step. PCBD ...$48.50

MEM-1A 8Kx8 fully buffered, S-100, uses 2102

type rams. PCBD $28.95

QM-12 MOTHER BOARD, 13 slot, terminated, S-100

board only '....$39.95

CPU-1 8080A Processor board S-100 with 8 level

vector interrupt. PCBD $28.95

RTC-1 Realtime clock board. Two independent in-terrupts. Software programmable. PCBD $25.95EPM-1 1702A 4K Eprom card. PCBD .. .. $25.95EPM-2 2708/2716 16K/32K EPROM CARD.

PCBD $28.95

QM-9 MOTHER BOARD. Short Version of QM-12.

9 Slots. PCBD .. $33.95

MEM-2 16Kx8 Fully Buffered 2114 Board.

PCBD $28.95

PTB-1 POWER SUPPLY AND TERMINATOR BOARD.

PCBD $28.95

IOB-1 SERIAL AND PARALLEL INTERFACE.2 parallel, one serial and cassette.

PCBD $28.95

2708 S 9.49 2114L 450 NSEC $5.99

2716 $35.95 2114L 200 NSEC $6.99

m

(415) 726-7593P.O. Box 955 • El Granada, CA 94018

Please send for IC, Xistor and Computer parts list

OCT. SPECIAL SALEON PREPAID ORDERS

(Chare

tided on this o(ler)

RAM SALE

MEM-2, PCBD S25.95

MEM-2 + PARTS LESS RAM S49.95

MEM-2 MIKOS #7 450 NSEC S1 99.95

MIKOS PARTS ASSORTMENTWITH WAMECO AND CYBERCOM PCBDS

MEM-2 with MIKOS -7 16K ram

with L2114 450 NSEC $229.95

MEM-2 with MIKOS -13 16K ram

with L2114 200 NSEC $249.95

CPU-1 with MIKOS =2 8080A CPU $99.95

QM-12 with MIKOS r4 13 slot mother

board $110.95

RTC-1 with MIKOS =5 real time clockEMP-1 with MIKOS =10 4K 1702 less

EPROMS

EPM-2 with MIKOS =11 16-32K EPROMS

less EPROMS

QM-9 with MIKOS =12 9 slot mother

board

FPB-1 with MIKOS =14 all partsfor front panel

MIKOS PARTS ASSORTMENTS ARE ALL FACTORY MARKEDPARTS. KITS INCLUDE ALL PARTS LISTED AS REQUIREDFOR THE COMPLETE KIT LESS PARTS LISTED. ALL SOCK-ETS INCLUDED.

LARGE SELECTION OF LS TTL AVAILABLE

PURCHASE S50.00 WORTH OF LS TTL AND GET10°o CREDIT TOWARD ADDITIONAL PURCHASESPREPAID ORDERS ONLY.

$65.95.$ 49.95. $65.95. $99.95$144.95

VISA or MASTERCHARGE. Send account number, interbank num-ber, expiration date and sign your order. Approx. postage willbe added. Check or money order will be sent post paid in U.S.If you are not a regular customer, please use charge, cashier'scheck or postal money order. Otherwise there will be a two-week delay for checks to clear. Calif, residents add 6% tax.Money back 30-day guarantee. We cannot accept returned IC'sthat have been soldered to. Prices subject to change withoutnotice. $10 minimum order. SI.50 service charge on ordersless than $10.00.

HOME STUDY COURSE ONCASSETTE

SI-INTRODUCTION TO S2PROGRAMMINGMICROPROCESSORS MICROPROCESSORS

WiCROPBOCISSOHi SIM

■,-.».-( M FJAilC MUNITIONS VMIM

COMPONIMS MrCRO(MJOCfSSO» AWuC*

llONS .fVMAT IO LOC* FOB and IMPACTAND(VA,UAl.ON 52995

$2995

■ W IfCNNKAL BACKGROUND ASSUMED*

* 2114L *

"$450

1024x4 StnticRAI4.50ns.

8038C

VCOWaveformGerv -i^._

»»»""» $265

VOLTAGE REGULATORS

NEGATIVE POSITIVE

790S.5V 7BOS.5V 78IS 15V

7906 8V< 7B06.6V' 7B1B.1BV

791S/ISV; 780BI8V 7824,24V

95!

BO-COLUMN IMPACT PftlNTERLOWUT IN r*MCS—HIGHEST IN HIVOftMiiHCI

#649°°^,.ibase2ijnc

Take20% off'LS'pricesI

74LS0O74LS0274LS0374LS0474LS0874LS0974LS1074LS2074LS2!74LS2274LS2674LS2774LS3D74LS3274LS3874LS4 274LS4874LS5174LSS474LS7474LS7574LS8 3ILS8SILSB61LS90.-ILS93741S10774LS11274LSH374LSI2274LS12374LS12G-.513874L.S1S1" "-S1S374LS155

74LS158

75

74LS160

95

74LS161

74LSI62

96

74LS163

74LS164

74LSI65

89

74L SI 70

196

741 SI 74

90

74LS17S

74LS190

110

74LS193

74LS195

74LS196

74LS221

74LS240

245

74LS241

245

74LS243

220

74L S244

245

74LS245

695

74LS253

95

74LS257

95

74LS2S8

96

74LS259

2 85

74LS279

74LS283

100

74LS293

74LS298

120

74LS366

95

74LS367

95

74L5368

96

74LS373

74LS374

250

74LS386

55

SN74393N

175

APPLE II Computerwith full 48K of memory'

$1099°°

EPROMS

2708 S6 75

IK* a 450NS.8 FOR S48 50

2716 sis. 95

I6KI2K*814S0HS8 FOR SI42 95

2732 j

32X14096*81

i/ftfeo

. too

'13900

Leedex Corp.

12" BLACK & WHITELOW COST VIDEOMONITOR

ni

'1795 \=t'M PROBEKIT

APPLE EXPANSION16K MemoryAddOn

*4750

MEMO/71-AOO-OlVXINCLUDES INSTRUCT hRAMS AND JUMPERS hNO TOOLS REOUIREDM

S100 MEMORY BOARD

16K

STATIC

RAM

FULLY STATIC OPERATION4KBANH ADDRESSABLEEXTENDED MEMORY MGMJMEETS IEEE PROPOSEDS-IOO SIGNAL STANDARDS4 MHZ OPERATION

lEMBlEO 249°°& TESTEDCalifornia Computer Systems

555 Timerl 8212

i/o^rjort

27<t

(295

POWER CONTROLLER8outlet 6switi)wdEMI filtered JoiSO

Circuit Breaker0/

TRS-80

1GK Memory Add.On

♦4095K,T

With jumpers and jinstructions

T980

"IC"[Master

$4795

CONCORD

COfflPUTCR

cofflPoncfiTi

1971 SOUTH STATE COLLEGE ANAHEIM,CA. 92806

VISA MASTERCHARGE /71*\n07 ACT? MINIMUM ORDER S10 00

check or mo \ln)9irmSI add si so for fit

NO COD Wt stock and sfll o«e. 12.000 lvptsoUemi conductors CAL RES AOD 6".

MSM5832 MICROPROCESSORREAL-TIMECLOCK/CALENDARGENERAL DESCRIPTION

nouns PA

I O d.t» ot SECONDS U

745

358 BYTE October 1980

Circle 269 on inquiry card.

WE WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLD

16K MEMORY UPGRADE KITS 2for$85 $45

for TRS-80*, Apple II, (specify): Jumpers $2.50

PRINTERS NEC Spinwriter

I Letter Quality High Speed Printer

Includes TRS-80* interface software, quickchange print fonts, 55 cps, bidirectional,high resolution plotting, graphing, propor-tional spacing: R.O. $2579R.O. with Tractor Feed $2679 KSR with Tractor Feed $2995779 CENTRONICS TRACTOR FEED PRINTER $969

Same as Radio Shack line printer I737 CENTRONICS FRICTION & PIN FEED PRINTER $799

9x7 matrix730 CENTRONICS FRICTION & PIN FEED PRINTER $629

7x7 matrix Same as Radio Shack line printer IIP1 CENTRONICS PRINTER $269

Same as Radio Shack quick printerPAPER TIGER (IP440) $939

Includes 2K buffer and graphics optionTI-810 Faster than Radio Shack line printer III

Parallel and serial w/TRS-80* interface softwarewith upper and lower case and paper trayOKIDATA Microline 80 Friction and pin feed

Tractor Feed, friction, and pin feedEATON LRC 7000 + 64 columns, plain paper

ANADEX

DP-9500

$1359

$1599

$559

$679

$299

DP-8000 $825

DISK OPERATING SYSTEMS

for Model II, Altos40 track

$ 8.95$169.00$ 99.00$135.00

PATCHPAK #4 by Percom DataCP/M9 for Model I, Zenith $145NEWDOSPIusNEW DOS 80

ACCESSORIES

HEAD CLEANING DISKETTE: Cleans drive Read/Write head in30 seconds. Diskettes absorb loose oxide particles, fingerprints,and .other foreign particles that might hinder the performance ofthe drive head. Lasts at least 3 months with daily use. Specify5 V4 " or 8". $20 ea /$45 f or 3

FLOPPY SAVER: Protection for center holes of 5 Vi" floppy disks.Only 1 needed per diskette. Kit contains centering post, pressuretool, tough 7-mil mylar reinforcing rings. Installation tools andrings for 25 diskettes. $11.95

Re-orders of rings only $ 7.95EXTERNAL DATA SEPARATOR: Eliminates data separation prob-lems (crc). Improves reliability. This plug in unit comes fullyassembled and tested. $29.95

RS232 $84.00

DISK-DRIVE EXTENDER CABLES: Fits all mini-disk drives.

$16.95SIX (6) PRONG ISOLATOR $54.00

AC FILTER/6 PRONG POWER STRIP $39.00

DISK DRIVE CABLES: 2 drive $29.00 4 drive $35.00

DUST COVERS: TRS-80/Apple $ 7.95

PLASTIC DISKETTE HOLDER $ 8.00

RF MODULATOR: Adapts video to TV $35.00

TRS-80 & OTHER MYSTERIES $18.95

CAT MODEM Originate and answer same as

Radio Shack Telephone Interface IILEEDEX MONITOR Video 100ZENITH Color MonitorSANYO Model VM 4509 Monitor

$148

$119$379$179

DISK DRIVES

$314

40 track, 102K Bytes. Fully assembled andtested. Ready to plug-in and run the momentyou receive it. Can be intermixed with eachother and Radio Shack drive on same cable.TRS-80* compatible silver enclosure. 90 daywarranty. One year on power supply. Externalcard edge included.

FOR TRS-80*

CCI-100

CCI-280

CCI-800

For Zenith Z89

CCI-189

Z-87

5V4", 40 Track (102K Bytes) for Model f5V4", 80 Track (204K Bytes) for Model I8" Drive for Model II (% Meg Bytes)

5V4", 40 Track (102K Bytes) add-on driveDual 5Vi" add-on drive systemDISKETTES — Box of 10 (5'/t")- wjth plastic library case8" double density for Model II (box of 10)

$314$549$795

$394

$995

$24

$36

COMPLETE SYSTEMS

ALTOS 64K, DD, SS, 2-Drive, 1MB $3995

TRS-80* Model II-64K $3499

TRS-80* LEVEL II-16K with keypad $689

TRS-80* Expansion Interface $249

APPLE16K $989

HEWLETT PACKARD HP-85 $2999

ZENITH Z89,48K all-in-one computer $2555

ZENITH Z19 $740

TELEVIDEO 912B $745 920B $769ATARI 400 $489 ATARI 800 $769

APF M1000 $99 IM-1 $499

MATTEL INTELLIVISION $249

SOFTWARE FOR THE TRS-80*

INTELLIGENT TERMINAL SYSTEM ST-80-III BYLANCE MIKLUS: Enables a TRS-80' to acl as a dial-up terminal on any standard time sharing network.Provides a TRS-80" with control key, ESC Key,Repeat Key, Rub Out Key, Break Key, full upper andlower case support, selectable printer output andprogram selectable transmission rates $139

CCA-DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: Automate yourinformation processing tasks. You can create a file ofcustomer information; quickly and easily add, deleteor update records; search a file; keep a file in order ofthe value in any field; and print records and labels inany desired sequence or from just a part of a file.Requires 32K TRS-80 and one drive. $74.95

S & M SYSTEMS

INSEQ-80™: Indexed Sequential Access Method(ISAM) for the TRS-80 Model I. A must for anyone writ-ing business programs. Eliminate wasted disk spacefrom direct record processing. Split second access toany record. Access data records instantly via alpha/numeric "key" eg. Part NR, zip code or sequentially inascending key sequence. Add/modify records in anyorder. Access up to three files per program —Files

may be spread over multiple disks. Machine languageprocessing from your basic program. Utility programto convert direct files to INSEQ-80 format. $49.95

FULLY INTERACTIVE ACCOUNTING PACKAGE:

ISAM (INSEQ-80) based. Includes General Ledger,

Accounts Payable, Accounts Receivable and Payroll.

System runs "stand alone" or "co-ordinated G/L" al

users option. Based on Osborne accounting method.

Requires 32K, TRS-80, 2 or 3 drives. N/A CA.

Genftal Ladgw $99

Accounts Receivable $99

Accounts Payable $99

Payroll $99

Osborne books: Req'd as additional documentation

$20 ea

INVENTORY Requires 32K, TRS-80,1 drive $125

INSORT-BO: Callable form BASIC via USR. Sorts "Ran-dom" Disk Files. "Di3k" to "Disk" sort times —350records in 35 sees, 1000 records in 6 minutes, 3500records in 12 minutes. Machine language processing.Up to 35 sort keys ascending /descending. Utility tobuild BASIC program. Runs under NEWDOS. $49 95

CP/M BASED SOFTWARE forZenith, Altos, Radio Shack, Apple 22

Z-80 SOFTCARD FOR APPLE: Your key to future soft-ware expansion. Get the best of both worlds, Apple's6502 and CP/M Z-80. Plug in the card and get a Z80.Supports Apple language card and all Apple peripher-als. Comes with set of three manuals. $339

CCI-TELNET VERSION 5: A communication Packagewhich enables microcomputer users to communicateboth with Large Mainframes and other microcom-puters. Extensive commands make it useful in manyapplications where communication between com-puters is necessary. Powerful terminal mode enabling

user to save all data from a session on disk. Com-pletely CP/M compatible. Multiple communicationprotocols supported. Able to transfer files in bothdirections without protocol where the other machinedoes not support any protocol. Extensive ON-SCREEN help. Source code provided. $149

MICROPRO-WORD-STAR: Menu driven visual wordprocessing system for use with standard terminals.Text formatting performed on screen. Facilities for textpaginate, page number, justify, center and underscore.User can print one document while simultaneouslyediting a second. Edit facilities include global searchand replace. Read/Write to other text files, blockmove, etc. Requires CRT terminal with addressablecursor positioning. $399

VISA*

dealer (national/international) inquiries invited Send for FREE Catalogue

The CPU SHOP

TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-343-6522

Massachusetts residents call (617)242-3361

For detailed technical information, call 617/242-3361

Hours: 10AM-6PM (EST) M-F(Sat. till 5)

'TRS-80 is a Tandy Corporation Trademark e Digital Research

5 Dexter Row, Dept.BIOMCharlestown, Massachusetts 02129

Massachusetts residents add5% sales tax

Quantities on some items are limited

master charge

Circle 270 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

359

Circle 271 on inquiry card.

J^ -€-<-<■ l_^-<.

apple computer

32K '1050 48K M125

APPLE II OR APPLE II PLUS

DISK ll-ORIVE ONLY . . $429

DISK II DRIVE S CONTROLLER CARD 489

MODEM MB W- INTERFACE 339

MODEM MB 0NU Italian Cat) !59

GRAPHICS TABLET 659

SIIENTYPE PRINTER

W/Applelnleface ... .

APPLE COMPUTER

INTERFACE CARDS

PBOIOTyPING.'HOBBr CARD 522

PARALLEL PRINTER INTERFACE CARD 145

COMMUNICATION CARD SDB2S

Connector CableHI-SPEED SERIAL INTERFACE CARDLANGUAGE SYSTEM WITH PASCALCENTRONICS PRINTER

INTERFACE CARDAPPLESOFT II FIRMWARE CARD

W/Auto-Stait ROM

INTEGER BASIC FIRMWARE CARD

W/Mon & Prog Aid ROMSADDONSlEK MEMORY UPGRADE

(1RS-80, Apple Sorcerer).ABT NUMERIC INPUT KEYPAD

(Old or New Kybrd)ALF MUSIC SYNTHiSIZERAlF TIMING MODE INPUT BOARD 19

BRIGHTPEN LIGHIPEN Ifam SOFTAPE 32

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS12K ROM/PROM ASSEMBLED

BOARONO 7I14A .169

519

185

155429

185

149

149

S69

19

PROGRAMMABLE TIMER MODULE

MIR SUP.R.TERMINAL 80 COLUMN

No )440A

145

BOARD

119

3'. DIGIT BCD ANALOG TO

MICROSOFT Z-80 SOFTCARD SYSTEM

DITIGALCONVER1ER

135

W.'CP/M

299

GPIB IEEE-488 (1978) INTERFACE

MICROWORKS OS65 DIGISECIOR

339

No 7490A

.259

MOUNTAIN HARDWARE

ASYNCHRONOUS SERIAL INTERFACE

APPLE CLOCK/CALENDER CARD

229

No 7710A

145

SUPERTALKER SPEECH SYNTHISI2ER

SYNCHRONOUS SERIAL INTERFACE

SYSTEM

249

NO 77I2A

145

ROMPLUS - ./KEYBOARD FILTER

169

PARALLEL INTERFACE No 7720A

109

ROMPLUS- wo/KEYBOARD FILTER

155

ARITHMETIC PROCESSOR CARD

1NTROL/X10 REMOTE CONTROL

NO 78118 . .

339

SYSTEM

249

WIRE WRAP BOARD

20

INTROLX-10 CONTROLLER ONLY

169

SOLDER TAIL BOARD

20

ROMWRITER SYSTEM

lb9

EXTENDER BOARD

24

PROGRAMMAAPPLT10YSTICK

39

PCB ETCH BOARD

20

SEE-THRU CLEAR PLASTIC TOP

CORVUS

FOR APPLE II

.23

CDRVUS 10 MEGABYTE HARD DISK

SSMAIO SERIAL/PARALLEL I/O

DRIVE SYSTEM

14495

CARD [KID ....

129

CORVUS MIRROR) (VTR Required)

695

SSM AID ASSEMBLED 8 TESTED

169

CORVUS MIRROR! (VTR Required)

795

SYMTEC

CORVUS CONSTELLATION

595

APPLE LIGHT PEN SYSTEM

719

DAN PAYMAR LOWER CASE ADAPTER

44

SUPER SOUND GENERATOR (MONO)

m

319

SUPER SOUND GENERATOR (STEREO)

229

SVA 8 INCH DISK DRIVE CONTROLLEF

SPEECHLINK 2000164 Word

CARD

319

Vocabulary)

219

VERSA WRIIERDIGIII7ER DRAWING

SPEECHLAB 20A(Cassetle)

169

SYSTEM

219

SPEECHLAB 20A (Diskette)

189

VIOEX VIDEOTERM 80 COLUMN CARD

111

MODEL 70 CONTROLLER . .

75

VIDEX V1DEOIERM H.GRAPHICS

MSR SUP R MOD TV MODULATOR

EPROM

339

The APPLE II is a completely assembled and tested computersystem The system includes a rugged molded case, typewriter-style keyboard with N-key rollover, high-etficiency switchingpower supply, two hand controllers, demonstration programs ontape cassettes. AC power cord, cassette cable, referencemanuals.

APPLE II has ROM-resident Integer BASIC interpreter, monitor,mini-assembler and disassembler & BASIC Programming Manual

October Special! Additional 110.00 off on most Horns.

APPLE 111 APPLE II PLUSSOFTWARE

PASCAL wiH LANGUAGE SYSTEMFORTRAN loi use with LANGUAGE

S'.'STEMCP/Mlor use with MICROSOFT Z-80

SOFTCARD . .

THE CONTROLLER Geneial Business

SystemTHE CASHIER Retail Management &

InventoryAPPLEWRITER Word ProcessorAPPLEPOST Mailing Lisl SystemAPPLE POST Graphs Plot SystemDOW IONES PORIFOLIO EVALUATORCONTRIBUTED VOLUMES I THRU 5

*/ MANUALSVISI-CALC by PERSONAL SOFTWAREDESKTOP/PLAN by DESKTOP

COMPUTERS .CCA DATA MANAGEMENT

By PERSONAL SOFTWAREPIMS Personal Information

Management SystemADVENTURE by MICROSOFTSUB-LOGIC FS-1 Flight SimulatorSARGON II Chess by HAYOEN (Cass)SARGON II Chess on DisketteBill Budges TRILOGY olGAMFSBill Budges SPACE GAME ALBUMSPACE INVADER on casselleSPACE INVADER on DisketteSYBEX APPLE-80 8080 S1ML

FORTH II by PROGRAMMA SOFTWARE

45

SINGLE DISK COPY ROUTINES

17

S429

APPLEBUG ASSEMBLER/

DISASSEMBLER

79

APPLEBUG DEBUGGERAPPLESOFT UTILITY PROGRAMS

27

By HAYDEN

27

519

PRINTERS, TERMINALS4 MONITORS

PRINTERS. TERMINALS S MONITORS

ANAOEX OP8000 or DP8000AP

S795

ANAD£XDP9500orOP950!

1J95

85

45

BASE 2 w TRACTOR t BUFFER

599

CENTRONICS 700-9

1099

CENTRONICS 737

849

35

MPI88T

699

PAPER TIGER IDS 440

R95

W/GRAPHICS OPTION

995

NEC SPINWRITER 5530 or 5510

2595

TRENDCOM 100

329

TRENDCOM200

529

85

LEEDEX VIDEO 100

139

SANYO 9 INCH BSW MONITOR

159

SANYO 15 INCH MONITOR

249

2327

Tl 13 INCH COLOR MONITOR

429

S0R0CIQ120

729

SOROC IQ 140

1199

HAZELTINE 1500

979

HA2EL1INE 1510

1079

HA7EL1INE 1520

1379

HWEL1INE 1410

749

17

HA7EUINE 1420

829

1

i^^J' M?a H| nOt^^^/^^^li^l

*«

-^^'WE WILL NOT BE UNDER SOLD!"

^^^►COMPUTER SPECIALTIES

■^^►""^ 1251 BROADWAY

EL CAJON, CA. 92021 • (714) 679-0330

1

illwv 2 woaks In clnwl Ploaso include H: hone numbrii with nil orders RirOKjn utters !n»i in

(Hillary POs) odd 1(1 tor shippitir) nnd liinrl* rrtusl 1 lUS dollars Shinninr Iwndlinr) anil

tslirnw.l! in US IS 50c |).-r Iti bnriHcn St 00 pm III loi ,iu Nn COD! "i [inn Ii.im-

i,ii lumi w.immts

BECKIAN I

ALL PRIME QUALITY - NEW PARTS ONLY

SATISFACTION GUARANTEED.

EDGE CARD CONNECTORS:

GOLD PLATED:

Abbreviations: S/E Solder Eye

. S/T Sold Tail:

W/W Wire Wrap.

PART * DESCRIPTION. Row Sp.

19pc.

1024pca

25pct. Up.

.158" CONTACT CENTER CONNECTORS.

'D' TVPE SUBMINIATURE CONNECTORS.

BRAND:

TEXAS INST.

PART # DESCRIPTION.

Row Sp.

tape.

1024pct. 26pct. Up.

QUANTITY

4070

501100 ImiailCrom. .250

•3.85ea.

»3.55»n.

•3.1 tn.

15105

6112 SIE PET/NSC

.140

• 1.80

• 1.65 »1.45

4090

501100 Imui WW .250

4.30aa.

3.05ae.

3.45o».

15110

8112 SfT PETfNSC

.140

1.85

1.65 1.50

PARI tlUMHEK UtSUHIPMUN. 1 apct. TU-/4pct.

25-89pct.

BRAND:

SULLINS: U.l Rag.

15137

8112 SfT PETfNSC

.200

1.80

1.54 1.45

DE

9P Male •1.60ea. •1.40ae.

• 1.30(111.

12986S

501100 Solder Eye .140

B.BOaa.

B.tOn,

5.45eo.

15175

6f. SIE Sgle Row

1.70

1.50 1.30

DE

9S Female 2.25ea. 2.00ea.

1.90ae.

129870

501100 SfT Imtsi .250

4.50aa.

4.1 Oaa.

3.70

15270

10120 SIE

.140

2.15

1.85 1.70

DE

110963-1 2 pc. Gray Hood. 1.50ea. 1.35ee.

I.20ea.

129875

501100 WW Imui .250

5.25

4.75

4.20

15276

10120 SfT

.140

2.00

1.85 1.60

129885

501100 SfT Altait .140

4.95

4.45

3.95

15435

12124 SIE PET

.140

2.60

2.35 2.10

DA

15P Mala 2.35a. 2.15ea.

2.OO0B.

129990

501100 SfT Cromem. .250

4.75

4.25

3.80

15440

12124 SfT PET

.140

2.65

2.40 2.15

DA

15S Female 3.25ea. 3.1 Oaa.

2.90ea.

15446

12124 SfT PET

.200

2.75

2.50 2.20

DA

512111 1. pc. Gray Hood 1.40ee. 1.20ea.

I.ISeta.

OTHER .

125" CONTACT CTR CONNECTORS

15505

15130 SIE GRI Key

.140

2.50

2.25 2.00

OA

512261 2 pc. Black Hood 2.50ea. 2.25ea.

2.00ea.

12305

22144 S/E No Ears .140

' 4.15

3.75

3.35

15510

15130 SfT GRI Key

.140

2.40

2.15 2.95

DA

1109632 2 pc. Gray Hood I.BOaa. 1.35aa.

UOea.

12759

38172 SfT .140

5.40

4.85

4.35

15515

15130 WW GRI Key .200

2.60

2.35 2.10

DBDBDB

25P Male 2.80et. 2.60ea.25S Female 3.60ae. 3.40ea.512121 1 pc. Grey Hood 1.50ea. 1.30ea.

2.40ea.3.20ee.I.IOea.

12790 10180 WW .250.100" CONTACT CTR CONNECTORS:

6.30

5.65

5.00

158001581015615

18138 SIE18136 SfT18136 WW

.140.140.200

3.353.003.80

3.05 2.702.70 2.403.20 2.90

10048

13/26 SIC No Eari .140

3.40

3.05

2.15

15700

22144 SIE KIMIVEC .140

2.98

2.90 2.75

DB

51228-1 2 pc. Black Heed 1.90ee. 1.65ee.

1.45ea.

10210

25150 SIE TRS SO .140

4.50

4.05

3.80

15705

22144 SfT KIMIVEC .140

3.98

3.30 3.00

OB

116883-3 2 pc. Grey Hood 1.75ea. 1.50aa.

1.35ee.

10175

20140 SIE TRS BO .140

5.85

5.35

4.75

15710

22144 WW KIMIVEC .200

3.48

3.20 2.B5

DC

37P Male 4.20ea. 4.00aa.

3.70ea.

10180

20140 WW TRS 80 .200

3.30

3.00

2.15

15875

25150 SIE

.140

4.65

4.20 3.75

DC

37S Female S.OOee. 5.75ea.

5.50ea.

10190

20140 SfT TRS 80 .140

3.20

2.90

2.55

158B0

25150 SfT

.140

4.55

4.10 3.85

DC

1109634 2 pc. Grey Hood 2.25ea. 2.00ea.

1.75ea.

10495

30172 SIE Vactor .140

5.50

4.90

4.40

15885

25150 WW

.200

4.85

4.35 3.90

10490

36172 WIE Vactor .200

5.80

5.25

4.65

18115

30172 SIE

.140

6.50

5.B5 5.20

DD

50P Male 5.50ea. 5.10aa.

4.75ea.

10500

36172 SfT Vactor .140

5.70

4.20

4.60

16120

38172 SfT

.140

6.55

5.90 5.25

DD

50S Female 9.40ee. B.BOea.

B.OOee.

10535

40180 SIE PET .140

5.65

5.35

4.75

16125

36172 WW

.200

8.75

8.10 5.40

DD

512161 1 pc. Gray Hood 2.40ea. 2.20ae.

2. OOea.

10540

40/80 WfW PET .200

6.00

5.40

4.80

16145

36172 SfT

.200

8.50

5.85 5.20

DD

1109635 2 pc. Grey Hood 2.60ea. 2.40ea.

2.1 Oaa.

10550

40180 SfT PET .140

5.80

5.25

4.65

18235

43IB6 SfT Mot 6800 .140

8.60

5.85 5.30

.70ea.

10585

43166 SIE COSIELF .140

6.95

6.25

5.56

16240

43186 WW Mot 6800 .200

7.80

7.05 6.25

D

20418-2 Hardware Set ,90ea. -BOea.11 Hood Sell

10805

43I86 SfT COSIELF .140

6.60

5.95

5.30

18260

43186 SfT Mot 6800 .200

6.50

5.85 5.20

10595

43186 WW COSIELF .200

6.90

6.20

5.95

16725

43188 SIE Mot 6860 .140

7.20

6.50 5.75

10815

43IBB SfT COSIELF .200

6.B0

6.16

5.40

K-1

PolKeyt

.15

.12 .10

I.C. SOCKETS GOLO.

COOLING FANS.

TERMS: MINIMUM ORDER: SI 5.00 ADD $1

.35 For

WWRAP 3 TURN

I.I

. SOCKETS int.

Extra Quiet.

Handling 8< Shipping. Orders over $30.00 in the U.S.A.

14 pin

•0.40 ea

14 pin

•0.15 en.

1 to 4

• IB.OOee.

We Pay the Shipping. CALIF. RESIDENTS: Please Add

18 pin

0.44 ea

.

16 pin

0.17 ee.

5 to 8

17.00 ea.

6% Sales Tax.

NOTE: NO C.O.D. OR CREDIT CARD ORDERSACCEPTED.

8080A PRIMI

A/ILL BE

15.00 ea.

CON

NECTORS F

)R CENTRONICS 700 SERIES,ihenol 57-3n?ftn

PHONE: 213-988-6196

BECKIAN ENTERPRIS

e~a**

EIA 8 CONDUCTOR CABLES 8ft. Long.

ES

CLASS #1 Type Cablet.

1 to 4 pet.

•8.00 ea.

MAIL ORDERS TO:

P.O. BOX #3089

1. to 4 pea.5 to 9 pea.

IZ2.U019.00

5 to 8 pet.

6.00 oa.

SIMI VALLEY, CA 93063

360

BYTE October 1980

Circle 272 on inquiry card.

• CONTEST ENDS THIS MONTH • DON'T DELAY •

PRE-CHRISTMAS SALE!

ORDER NOW

NOW OPEN • SHOWROOM AND REPAIR CENTER

STARWRITER

d I DAISY-WHEEL PRINTER

$1995.

REG. $2195.00

- PARALLEL OR SERIAL INTERFACE-96 CHAR FONT WHEEL

- HYTYPE II SUPPLIES

- 45 CPS (OPTIONAL) ADD S600

- TRACTORS (OPTIONAL! - $250

DISKDRIVES

FOR

TRS-80

$545.

REG. $ 599.00

ORDER NOW TOLL FREE 1 (800) 345-8102 • VISA-MASTER CHARGE ACCEPTED

6.3 MEG HARD DISKWINCHESTER

FOR TRS-80, APPLE, S-100

$2445/

SUPERBRAIN™

BY INTERTEC

64K $2995.5°

ASK ABOUT OUR SPECIAL PURCHASE GAME SOFTWARE FOR X-MAS.

SOFTWARE

Medical/Dental Patient AccountingWord Processing (Magic Wand)General LedgerPayrollData Base

Upper/Lower Case Modification

Comprehensive Diagnostics

CP/M

New DOS+40TK

New DOS/80

34.95 34.95

S175.00100.00145.00

Software Documentation Available • CALL FOR PRICES

DISK DRIVES s 350

Model II Drives

1 Drive Single Enclosure1 Drive Multiple EnclosureAdditional Drives for Mult. Enc.

Disk Head Cleaning Kit - Mod, I

Disk Head Cleaning Kit • Mod. II

4K L II TRS-80

16K L II

RS-232

OK Expansion Interlace

Telephone Modem

Emulator CRT by Intertec

CRT Stands f

Anti-static Mats

MOD. I TRS-80 COMPATIBLE

$ 899.00

1069.50

540.00

14.95

24.95

575.70

789.60

92.10

278.10

179.95

895.00

139.00

160.00

i + OFF SELECTED TRS-80'S AND PERIPHERALS

16K LI I w/o Key Pads16K Expansion Interface32K Expansion InterfaceCentronics 730 PrinterCentronics 737 PrinterCable for above Printers

$65235545063584530

PRINTERS

NEC 5510, 5530 w/Tractors

Printer Stands

$2950.00from 119.00

V R DATA'S TRS-80™ SWEEPSTAKES

• • •

Celebrating V. R. DATA'S 8th AnniversarySWEEPSTAKES RULES

1 ALL ENTRIES MUST BE SUBMITTED ON ORIGINALENTRY BLANK

2 ONE ENTRY PER PERSON

3 WINNERS SELECTED BY RANDOM DRAWINGNOTIFIED BY MAIL

4 ENTRIES MUST BE RECEIVED BY 10 31 80

5 VOID WHERE PROHIBITED BY LAW NOPURCHASE NECESSARY

• ABOVE PRICES ARE CASH DISCOUNTED *CALL FOR OTHER TERMS • DEALER INQUIRES INVITED

ORDER TOLL FREE

1 800-345 8102

LOCAL CALL [

(215)4615300 I

OVER $1700.00 in PRIZESGRAND PRIZE - 16K Lll TRS-80TWO SECOND PRIZES - DISK DRIVESFOUR THIRD PRIZES - $50.

Gift Certificates

MAIL NOW TO ENTER V. R. DATA'S SWEEPSTAKES

.ADDRESSI CITY

STATE

ZIP.

(TELEPHONE

COMPUTER EQUIPMENT OWNED

.OCCUPATION

INTENDED USE

I

777 HENDERSON BLVDFOLCROFT. PA 19032

SEND FREE CATALOG □

Circle 273 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

361

Circle 274 on inquiry card.

BUILD YOUR OWN LOW COSTMICRO-COMPUTER

POWER SUPPLIES

FOR S-100 BUS, FLOPPY DISCS, ETC.

POWER TRANSFORMERS (with mounting brackets)

ITEMNO.

USED INKIT NO.

PRI. WINDINGTAPS

SECONDARY WINDING OUTPUTS2x8 Vac 2x14 Vac 2x24 Vac

SIZEWx D x H

UNITPRICE

T1

T2T3T4

OV, 110V, 120V0V, 110V, 120 V0V, 110V, 120V0V, 110V, 120V

2x7.5A

2x12.5A

2x9A

2x4A

2x2.5A

48V, CT, @3A

POWER SUPPLY KITS (open frame with base plate, 3 hrs. assy, time)

2X2.5A2x3.5A2x2.5A(28V, CT)

3%"x35/8"x31/8"3%"x43/a"x3V8"3%"x4%"x31/8"33/4"x35/e"x31/a"

21.9527.9529.9522.95

ITEM

USED FOR

@+8Vdc @-8Vdc @+l6Vdc @-i6Vdc @+28Vdc SIZEWxDxH UNIT PRICE

KIT1 15 CARDS SOURCE 15A

KIT 2 SYSTEM SOURCE 25A

KIT 3 DISC SYSTEM 15A

KIT 4 DISC SOURCE 6A

1A1A

2.5A3A2A1A

2.5A3A2A1A

4A5A

12"x6"x4%"12"x6"x4%"14"x6"x4%"10"x6"x4%"

51.9558.9566.9551.95

EACH KIT INCLUDES: TRANSFORMER, CAPACITORS, RESIS., BRIDGE RECTIFIERS, FUSE & HOLDER, TERMINAL BLOCK, BASEPLATE, MOUNTING PARTS AND INSTRUCTIONS. 'OPTION OF KIT 4: REPLACE +28V @ 5A BY + 16 @ 6A.

DISC DRIVE POWER SUPPLY "R3" ASSY. & TESTED, OPEN FRAME, SIZE: 9"(W)x6r(D)x4%"(H) 66-95

SPECS: +5V @ 5A REGUL, OVP, -5V @ 1A REG., +24V @ 5A REG., SHORTS PROTECT.OPTIONS: 1. REPLACE +24V BY +12VIDEAL FOR 2 SHUGART 801/851 OR SIEMANS FDD 1-00-8/200-8 DISK DRIVES & ROCKWELL AIM-65. 2. ADD ± 12V @ 1 A, $10.00 MORE.

SHIPPING FOR EACH TRANSFORMER: $4.75. FOR EACH POWER SUPPLY: $5.00 IN CALIF. $7.00 IN OTHER STATES. CALIF. RESIDENTS ADD 6% SALES TAX. OEM WELCOME

MAILING ADDRESS:P.O. BOX 4296TORRANCE, CA 90510

SUNNY INTERNATIONAL

(TRANSFORMERS MANUFACTURER)(213) 633-8327 M ON-SAT 9-6

SHIPPING ADDRESS:22134 S.VERMONT AVEUNIT "E"TORRANCE, CA 90502

^^^_^_ SAVE TIME AND MONEY AT THE APPLE COMPUTER SUPER MARKET....

Ea computers 5T us ■■

tipple computer

Sales and Service

SOFTWARE

DISK II DRIVE

with controller

INTEGER or APPLESOFT II

firmware card.

PASCAL LANGUAGE SYSTEM. .425SILENTYPE PRINTER w/int.. ..515DC HAYES MICR0M0DEM II.. 31 5MICROSOFT Z-80 CARD 319

APPLE ] [ OR

APPLE ] [ PLUS

16K ONLY

*949

32K 99948K 1069

CCA DATA MANAGEMENT 85 VISICALC ... 1 2

APPLE FORTRAN 165 DOS 3.3 4

APPLE WRITER 65 DOS TOOLKIT . 6APPLEPOST 45 APPLEPLOT. . . 6

VIDEO MONITORS

LEEDEX VIDEO 100 12" B&W... 12<

PANAC0L0R 12" COLOR. 32<

SANYO 9" B&W 155

SANYO 15" B&W 245

ZENITH 13" COLOR 39<

EPSON w/GRAPHICS. 729 CENTRONICS 737.

MPI 88T 699 NEC SPINWRITER.

PAPER TIGER 0UME PRINTER .

w/GRAPHICS 975

.8:25:

241.

(714) 698-8088

362 BYTE October 1980

NOTE: FOR OTHER DISCOUNT PRODUCTS AND ORDERIINFORMATION, PLEASE SEE OUR FULL PAGE AD ON PG. i8907 LA MESA BLVD. LA MESA, CALIFORNIA 92041

Apple Computer Is a trademark of Apple Comuptor Inc.

Circle 275 on inquiry card.

The Supermarket for TRS-80*

/\QQ "Oil vOITl POn©nTS (and other computers, too)

In stock now. Immediate delivery.

The Vista V-80/800/8000Family Disk Drive System

• Fully compatible withTRS-80. Heath/Zenith

• 120 Day Warranty

• 40 Track Patch atNO CHARGE

V-80 Single drive system (102K) $395.00

V-80 Two drive system (204K) $ 770.00

V-800 Single drive, B52 Drive (204K) $ 595.00

V-800-2 Double drive. B52 Drives (408K) $1175.00

V-8000 Single drive, B92 Drive (408K) ... $ 775.00

V-8000-2 Double drive B92 Drives (816K) $1450.00

Vista's Add on Drives for Apple"

Speed . Capacity . Price

More for Less

30 to 60% cheaper per byteFrom 20 to 400% more capacityTwice as fastCompatible with PascalWarranty 120 days

140-Track $365.00

' 80-Track $595.00

160-Track $825.00

Controller $100.00

The VistaMUSICMACHINE 9

WITH 9 VOICES!

• NEW! Uses latest State ot the Art LSI Technology.

• Requires only one slot for 9 voices!

• Uses three Ay3-8910's to produce nine voices(Other competitive models have only 3 voices).

• Simulates three ALF Boards.

• Plays music generated by the ALF Board.

• APPLE" II compatible.

• ALF'" software required.

3 TimesMore PowerfulThan ALF'1

$129.95

The VISTA Model II

• Provides one, two orthree drives.

• Adds up to 1.5 millionbytes of on-line storage.

• 120 day warranty

• Does everything RadioShack's expansionsystem will do. . . for less!

$ 900.00 Single drive (non-expandable)$1000.00 Single drive

Expansion System$1550.00 Two drive Expansion System$2100.00 Three drive Expansion System$ 525.00 Additional drives alone

Printers

Vista V300

Daisy wheel

Letter quality

Base 2 Printer

Variable line spacing control0 to 64 dots in half dot increments100 cps — six densitiesStandard 96 character ASCIIUp to 10 character fonts

Anadex DP8000 $895.00

9x7 dot matrix

80 column (112 cps)

Vista Printer $745.00

5x7 dot matrix80 column (125cps)

Add On Drives

$1895.00

$575.00 (includes: 2-K Buffer,

graphics, high speed tractor feed)

MP I B51MPI B52SiemensSiemens

Shugart

40 Track, Double

Density-204K

Dual Head, Double

Density-408K

FDD100-5 40 Track Double

Density 204K

FDD100-8 8" Single

Sided Drive

801R Single Sided Drive ...

$275.00

$375.00

$275.00

$448.00$448.00

Other Products

1. VISTA Verbatim diskettes (hard or soft sector) Certified40 track

2. 16K RPM upgrade kits, guaranteed for 120 days.PRIME PRODUCT

3. NEW! DOS *

4. LNW expansion bare board

5. H.C. Pennington book, TRS-80 Disk and OtherMysteries

6. DDT Disco-Tech disk drive timer

$ 38.95

$ 59.95$110.00$ 66.95

$ 18.95$ 19.95

The VISTA V-200 for Exidy^

• Completely.packaged system, tested and ready to plug in, includes:power supply, two 40 track drives, case, controller, all cabling andtotal CPM documentation.

• Storage capacity from 400K to 1.2 meg.

• System software-VISTA CP/M Disk Operating System and BASIC-E Compilerrecorded on 5-1 /4" diskettes.

Price: Starting as low as $1199.00

^^^^W CALL TOLL-FREE 800-854-8017

■TRS-80 is a registered trademark of Radio Shack

The Vista Computer Company 1401 Borchard Street • Santa Ana, California 92705 • 714/953-0523

Circle 276 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

363

EVERY MONTH

BUY, SELL OR TRADE ALL TYPES OFCOMPUTER EQUIPMENT AND SOFT-WARE (pre-owned and new) among20,000 readers nationwide in BIG(11x14") pages. Classified ads areonly 10' per word and are indexed foreasy and fast location. Subscription:$10 a year/12 issues. Money backguarantee.

CO/TJPUTSR SHDPPSR

P.O. Box F-14

Titusville, FL 32780

(305)269-3211

MasterCharge or VISA orders only,

Call TOLL FREE 800-327-9920

6800 DEVELOPMENT PAC II

• 6800 MICRO COMPUTER

• 48K RAM

• EROM PROGRAMMER

• RS-232 INTERFACE•CASSETTE INTERFACE

• MONITOR DEBUG ROM

• EDITOR/ASSEMBLER

• 4K INDUSTRIAL BASIC•RACK, BACK PLANE, SUPPLY

• $1895

wis hi:

Corp.

317-742-8428801 South St., Lafayette, IN 47904

WE HAVE

8039

MICROCOMPUTERSNEW PRIME PARTS

•TIMER APPLICATIONS

• CLOCKS

• SYSTEM CONTROLLERS

• KEYBOARD ENCODING

• 5 VOLT SUPPLY 6MHz

• ETC.

SEND CHECK FOR

IMMEDIATE DELIVERY

1-5 $19 6-25 $15

OVER 25 $10

MARSHALL PHILLIPS

U.S.I., DEPT. 37

10324 S. DOLFIELD ROAD

OWINGS MILLS, MD 21117

(301) 363-3000 TELEX: 8-7675

Circle 277 on inquiry card.

Circle 278 on inquiry card.

Circle 279 on inquiry card.

0 Dysan

•/corporation

Solve your disc problems, buy 100% surfacetested Dysan diskettes. AH orders shippedfrom stock, within 24 hours. Call tall FREE(800) 235-4137 for prices and Information.Visa and Master Card accepted. All orderssent postage paid.

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.San Luis Obispo. CA93401. (InCal. call(805) 543-1037.)

Circle 280 on Inquiry card.

CONSULTANT'SBILLING SYSTEM

An automated client/project billingsystem designed for use by the profes-sional consultant.

• Client/Project Files

• Labor Distribution

• Daily Time & Expenses

• Posts Payments/Adjustments

• Aged Accounts Receivable

• Monthly Invoices

• Project Summary

• Fixed and T&M Projects

Requires CBASIC-2 and 32K CP/M®

Distributed on 8" CP/M compatiblediskette. Includes CBASIC-2 SourceCode and a 25 page User's Manual in-cluding installation procedures.

$79.00 check with order

CEDAR HILL SOFTWARE

P.O. BOX 652

STAFFORD, VA 22554

(703) 659-2890

* CP/M is a registered trademark of

Digital Research

Disk BasedWord Processor

7

Available Mow!

Mailing List Option

7

Pensadtne

444^ West First Ave

Vancouver. B.C.

V6R 4H9

s©

BD4-224-31D7

Circle 281 on inquiry card.

BASEX is . . .

More Basic than BASIC!More Forthright than FORTH!More Tiny than TINY C!Runs Fast like FORTRAN!Less Hascaf than PASCAL!

•

*97 page manual ($8) with complete

source listing.

•TAPES ($25) — Meca, SOL, Poly88,

TRS80(16MI), Paper tape.

"DISKS — NStar ($25); CPM ($35) 8"

SD or 5" (NStar, Meca, Micropll).

ADD $.75 shipping ($1.50 UPS orspecial handling)

iffii

INTERACTIVE MICROWARE, INC

Box 771, State College, PA, 16801

CALL (814) 238-8294

OHIO

SCIENTIFIC

SYSTEMS

CALL FREE FOR ML PRICES

(800) 558-0870

or

WRITE FOR CATALOG

FARAGHER &ASSOCIATES

7635 BLUEMOUND

MILWAUKEE, WI 53213

(414) 258-2588

In Wisconsin

Circle 282 on inquiry card.

80X24 VIDE0TERM™

7X9 MATRIX DISPLAY FOR

APPLE II®

LOWER CASE W/ DESCENDERS i

80 columns by 24 lines with easy to read 7x9 dot matrix,upper and lower case with descenders using shift lockfeature • 1K firmware incorporates PASCAL and BASICprotocalls so user is not required to enter machinelanguage programs or change PASCALS. Misc. info, orGotoxy files • Compatible with all APPLE II peripheralsso user won't need new software patches for futuresoftware products • Crystal controlled dot clock forexcellent character stability • VIDEOTERM is the samesize as the Apple language card and power consump-tion is held lo a minimum through the use of CMOS andlower power devices • Character sel can be user de-finable up to a maximum of 128 symbols of 8x16 dotmatrix font • Display control character mode and fourstandard display formats controlled by escape sequen-ces • Built in light pen capability • Inverse displaymode • 50/60 HZ operation • Sockets on all IC's.PRICE:Wi1h.out graphic EPROM $345 fr

OPTIONS: Graphics EPROM line dwg.S25

VIPEO SWITCH PLATE, inserts

in case slot lo choose between

APPLE II1 and VIDEOTERM $12 Mk ■«■'

MANUAL: $15 w mmi

VIDEX 3060 N.W. Thistle PI. Corvallis, OR 97330 Phone (503) 758-0521

Circle 283 on inquiry card.

Circle 284 on inquiry card.

computerproducts, inc.

11542-1 KNOTT ST.

GARDEN GROVE,

CA 92641

OUTSIDE CA (800) 854-6411

INSIDE CA (714) 891-2663

ORDERING INFO

NAME, ADDRESS, PHONE

SHIP BY: UPS OR MAIL

ADD $2.00 FOR

SHIPPING UP TO

(5) LBS.

TERMS

WE ACCEPT CASH,

CHECK, MONEY ORDERS

VISA & MASTER CHARGE

COD'S ON APPROVAL

TAX: 6% CALIF. RES.

CAPACITORS

@12V/CERAMIC

11<p ea.

or

100/$10.00

2708

(450 NS.)

$7.50

EACHOR

8/$56.00

2716

5-VOLTONLY450 NS.

$15.00

(PRIME)

8080A

CPU CHIP

1 MHZCERAMIC

$2.50

REGULATORS

320T-5 .90

320T-12 .80

340T-5 .70

340T-12 .65

VERBATIM

51/4" DISKS

SOFT-SECTORBOX OF (10)

$28.50

5257-3L

4K STATIC RAM

1-16 $5.2517 Up $4.95

4116's

16KX 1 DYNAMIC RAM

for

APPLE, TRS-80, HEATH, ETC.

8 for $45.00

16/$85.00 32/$160.0C

CENTRONICS

MODEL # 737•80 CPS PROPORTIONAL SPACED■DOT MATRIX (7x9) or (7x8)•96 CHARACTER ASCII•PARALLEL INTERFACE

$825.00

SANYO

MONITORS9" BLACK & WHITE

$175.00

12" BLACK & WHITE

$240.00

IMSAI

CONNECTORS

100 PIN GOLDSOLDERTAIL

$2.50 ea.or

10/S2.30 ea.

LO-PROFILE SOCKETS

14 PIN16 PIN18 PIN20 PIN24 PIN28 PIN40 PIN

1-99

.10.12.15.23.26.30.42

100 Up

.09.11.13.21.24.28.40

QUME

DATATRAK 8DISK DRIVE

•DOUBLE SIDED/SGL. OR DBL. DENSITY•154 TRACKS

•1.2 MEGABYTES/DISK IBM FORMAT•3 MS. ACCESS TIME TRACK TO TRACK

AVAILABLE FROM STOCK

$625.00

ANAC0M 150 DOT MATRIX PRINTER

•9x9 DOT MATRIX•BI-DIRECTIONALLOGIC SEEKING•150 CPS

•DBL WIDTH CHARACTERS•10 CPI-H0RIZ0NTAL•6 OR 8 LPI-VERTICAL

•UPPER & LOWER CASE

W/DESCENDERS•ADJUSTABLE TRACTORS•SERIAL OR PARALLEL

INTERFACE

CALL FOR PRICE

SA 800/801 DISK DRIVE

1 OR 2 DRIVES INSTALLED, SGL ORDBL. DENSITY/SGL-SIDED, METAL

CABINET, & POWER SUPPLY(1) SA800/$775.00 (2) SA800/$1250.00(1) SA801/$795.00 (2) SA801/$1295.00

1 YR. WARRANTY PARTS & LABOR

SHUGARTSA801

BARE DRIVES

SINGLE-SIDED/

SGL/DBL. DENSITY

CALL FOR PRICE

AND

DELIVERY

2114L-2

LO-POWER/200 NS.

1-16 $4.25

17-49 $4.00

50-99 $3.75

100 Up $3.50

MICROBYTE 32K

STATIC RAM BOARD

•IEEE/S-100 COMPATIBLE

•4K BANK ADDRESSABLE TO ANY

4K SLOT WITHIN 64K BOUNDARY•ON BOARD 8-BIT OUTPUT PORT•NO DMA RESTRICTIONS•4 MHZ OPERATION

ASSEMBLED & TESTED $475,

00

ATARI MODEL #800(NEW 16K VERSION)

•JOYSTICKS•RF MODULATOR•POWER SUPPLY

CALL FOR PRICE

(IN STOCK)

10% OFF SOFTWAREWITH PURCHASE

•COMPUTER CONSOLE•ATARI BASIC 8K ROM•57 FULL STROKE ALPHANUMERIC

KEYS PLUS 4 FUNCTION KEYS•INVITATION TO PROGRAMMING

CASSETTE

•OPERATORS MANUAL•EDUCATION SYSTEMS MASTER

ATADI SOFTWARE &

nlMnl accessories

BASKETBALL ROM $30.00

SUPER-BREAKOUT ROM $30.00

STAR RAIDERS ROM $45.00

CHESS ROM $30.00

VIDEO EASEL ROM $30.00

MUSIC COMPOSER ROM $45.00

3D TIC TAC TOE ROM $30.00

JOYSTICKS $18.00

PADDLE CONTROLS $18.00

#410 CASSETTE RECORDER $60.00

COMPONENTS74LS240 $1.5074LS241 $1.4074LS244 $1.5074LS373 $1.6074LS374 $1.60

ATARI OPTIONAL ACCESSORIESMODEL #810 DISK DRIVE SYSTEMMODEL #820 40-COL. DOT MATRIX PRINTERMODEL #822 40-COL. THERMAL PRINTERMODEL #825 80-COL. DOT MATRIX PRINTERMODEL #830 ACOUSTIC MODEMMODEL #850 INTERFACE MODULEMODEL #CX853 16K RAM MODULE

CALL FOR PRICE & AVAILABILITY

SD

EXPANEXPANEXPANEXPANEXPANEXPANEXPANEXPANEXPANEXPAN

SYSTEMS

DORAMDORAMDORAMDORAMDORAMDORAMDORAMDORAMDORAMDORAM

I KITI KITI KITI KITI KITII KITII KITII KITII KITII KIT

W/16KW/32KW/48KW/64K

W/16KW/32KW/48KW/64K

$180.00$199.00$239.00$279.00$319.00$200.00$250.00$300.00$350.00$400.00

(250ns)

(200ns)

Circle 286 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

365

FOR SALE:

Unused PolymorphicSystem 8813 with 32K RamMemory with floppy diskdrives, printer interface andAbern-Sopher MultiwriterIII. System has Canadianimport tax paid. Offers forcomplete system to:

Bishop Management,

#8-825 McBride Blvd.,New Westminster, B. C,Canada, V3L 5B5.(604) 525-8148.

Circle 287 on inquiry card.

ffUC A mjT™ Data«J 1FI 9J%,PrT Manager

• CUSTOM DATA FILES

• FAST/EASY/MENU DRIVEN

• HELP COMMANDS

• KEYED RANDOM ACCESS

• MULTIPLE SEARCH KEYS

• PRIVACY ACCESS CODES

• WILD CARD SEARCH

For 16K-32K PET, Dual Disk, and Printer

FREE: LABEL PRINTER MODULE

FREE: REPORT GENERATOR MODULE

Specify CBM 2040 or COMPU/THINK

Package $150 User's Guide only $25

Introductory Demo Tape $5 Disk $ 8

Check or Money Order plus $2 Shipping

(NY residents add 8% Sales Tax)

-DEALER INQUIRIES WELCOMED-

JINI MICRO-SYSTEMS, Inc.

P.O. Box 274-B • Bronx, NY 10463

Circle 290 on inquiry card.

DISK DRIVE/CRTSALE

IVI I I [Demos)

B51

200

B52

275 _f

SA 801R far RS MOO II s468

Hazeltine 1000 (unused) s299

Shugart SA 400 s279

Pertec FD 2000 ...s279 FD250 .... s359

SA801R w/PS/Cab s749

16K Ram Chips [each) s4.50

HAITI 3304 W. MocRrthur Blvd.IVIl | | Santo Hno, CD 92704

(714)979-9923

Circle 288 on inquiry card.

CASSETTEDUPLICATION

TRS-80 (I & II), PET, APPLE, KIM. ATARI

Quality software duplication is morethan copying cassettes. Microsette du-plication uses a proprietary high speedduplicator designed specifically forcomputer program duplication. The fin-ished products are of consistent quality,guaranteed to load. Minimum order is100 with discounts for higher quanti-ties. Call (415) 968-1604 for details.

MICROSETTE CO.

475 Ellis StreetMt. View, CA 94043

Circle 291 on inquiry card.

Now on Disk

Learn FORTH

FORTH is a structured high level language that dramatically; program development time. You can expand theFORTH language by defining new operations and data types.FORTH programsare compiled to reduce memory space andspeed execution.

tiny FORTH is a complete version of the powerful FORTHanguage tailored to the TRS-80. The disk tinyFORTH systern is a stand-alone operating system with FORTH, a texteditor, an assembler, and graphics.

Learn FORTH on your own computer. The nnyFORTH

user's manual contains hundreds of examples to leach youFORTH in a hands-on style.

tinyFORTH for I6k level II TRS-80:

Disk version and full documentation $49.95

Cassette version and full documentation $29.95

Documentation only (disk version) $14,95

AM orders are fully guaranteed. Add $1.50 for postage andhandling. Order with check, money order. Visa, or Mastercharge.

Write for a FREE booklet describing FORTH.

The Software Farm

Dept. A32

Reston, VA 22090

Circle 289 on inquiry card.

AD-8/1 ANALOG I/O INTERFACE

FOR SS-50 BUSS6800 SYSTEMS

• 8 AID input channels

• Vary fait AID over 8500 tamplai per sacond

• 1 D|A output channel with sample and hold

• Bipolar input and output

• Full 8 bit resolution

• Upward compatible to 680X

• Complete documentation

• Fully assembled and tested

• Visa and M.C. accepted

$109.50

CCMff INC. "■■«";■

' Reston, VA 22091

Phone orders call 703-620 3403

Circle 292 on inquiry card.

With This Ad

HAZELTINE 1420 $780

CENTRONICS 779 W/TRACT0R $969NEC SPINWRITER $2250

Get the Catalog

&Our Low Prices

'Cr\ DATA PRODUCTS

JolI/maintenance CORP

9460 Telstar AvenueEl Monte, CA 91731

(213) 573-5991(714) 994-4180

WINCHIBTIR •TORAHBtFOR THBI BIOO BUB)

AVAILABLE NOW

S-100 Bus Hard Disc Controller33MB Disc Subsystem

ADES PS100 Controller. I'rian3350 WinchL'Etqr Disc, Case.Power Supply t CHIOS for CPM*2.2

PSIO0 UserS33 User

AVAILABLE NOVEHMtlt IPSO

10MB Disc Subsystem

ADES PS1O0 Controllor, Priam1070 Nlnchoatar Disc, Case,Power Supply (, CHIOS for CPM'2 .

S10CBIOS BiOS fie

CPM*2.

d S10 Subsys

For Product Data Sheets Write:

$ 25

DEALEB INQUIRIES WELCOMED

ATARI OWNERS

Parallel Printer Interfacefor the ATARI 400 / 800

Connects to controller jacks 3&4works with BASIC / DOS / ASSEMBLERThree printer connectors available:

ATARI 400 / 800

TRENDCOM100/200 A4P-1 A8P-1CENTRONICS 730 / 737 A4P-2 A8P-2CENTRONICS 36 PIN* A4P-3 A8P-3

•Fits all other parallel Centronics plus Anadex,Base 9, Epson, Comprint and Microtek.Order by part number, MC / VISA accepted

95

A A »^*UCROTRONr

^■^A^^T 1185 N. Golden

CA salts add 6% to;

ICS.inc.®StateTurlock, CA 93380 (A)(909) 667-9888 / 634-8888

Circle 293 on inquiry card.

Circle 294 on inquiry card.

Circle 295 on inquiry card.

yc/t_

ELECTRONICS

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

P.O. Box 4430XSanta Clara, CA 95054

Will calls: 2322 Walsh Ave.(408) 988-1640

Same day shipment. First line parts only. Factory tested.Guaranteed money back. Quality IC's and other compo-nents at factory prices.

74QDTU

7400N

7402N

7404N

MOSN

74 ION

74I4N

T420N

7423N

7430H

7447N

7445N

7448K7450H7474N7475N74S5N7439N7490H7492N7493117495N741QCN741Q7N

74 ISDN74tSIN741S4N74I57N74I6IN74162N74I63N74I74N74I75N7JT90N74192N74193N7422IN74298N7436SN74366H74367N

74LSM TTL

74LS0(1N

74LS02N

74LS04N

74LS05N

74L508N

74LS10N

74LS13N74LS14N741S20N74LS22N74LS28N74LS30N74LS33K74LS38N74LS74H74LS75N74LS90N74LS93N74LS95N74LSI07N74LSI12N74LSM3N74LSI32N74LS136N74LSI5IN74LS1S5N74LSIS7N74LSI62N74I.ST63N74LS174N74LS190N74LS221N?4LS2SfiN74LS367N

LINEAR

CA3045

CA3046

CA3D6I

CA3QB?

CA30R9

LM3QIM m

LM30SH

LM307N

LM30BN

LM3D9K

LM311HN

LM317TK

LM3Z3K-5 5 95

ID LM320K-12 I 50

20 LM320K 15 ! 50

25 LM320T-5 i 35

23 LM320TB 1 35

20 LM320TI2 1 35

70 LM320T-I5 I 35

2Q LM324N 1 40

39 LM339N 1 GO2C LM3«K-5 I 3558 LM340K-8 1 3574 LM340K-12 I 35

58 LM340K15 I 3577 IH340K-24 1 3520 LM34QT-5 1 2535 LM34Q1 8 1 2549 LM34DT-I2 1 25

88 LM340M5 1 25; 85 LM340T tg I 25

43 LM340T 24 1 25

43 LM350 7 50

43 LM377 3 50

59 LM379 5 00' IS LM35CN 1 00

35 LM381 1 60

34 LM382 I 6059 LM703H 6545 LM709H 2811 LM723HN 50

1 20 LM733N B569 LM741CK 35

2 00 LM741N 3B69 IM747HN 75V IM748N 35

1 25 LM1303N I 75

87 LM1M4 I 10

96 LM1305 I 27

95 LM1307 2 00

1 15 LM1310 2 75

8? LMI458 47

85 LM1B12 7 50

i 7'. LM1BB9 3 00

! 65 LM2I1I I 75

B9 LM2902 2 25

59 LM3900N 60

89 LM3905 I 75LM3909M 95MCM58V 50

35 NE550N 1 0035 NE555V 3955 NE556A 85

40 NE565A r 00■If-. (JE566V I 5045 NE567V I 0055 NE5708 4 75

I 25 76L05 60

45 7BL08 60

78M05 85

45 7510_

45 75491CN

75 75492CN

75 75494CH

1 00 A to D CONVERTER

l 00 60389 4 50

I 10 97O0CJ 13 95

65 itiOICN 2200

65 B750CJ

45 LD130

89 94000) V F65 ICL7103

1 10 ICL7107

■ 10

■ 10 CMOSI 65 CD40001 65 CD40017 00 CD40021 25 CD4006! 50 CD4007' 60 CD4003

■ 65 CD4009

CD4010C04011

90 CD40I2< 10 C04D13

■ ao CD40i4

i 90 CD4015

! 95 CD4016

35 CD4017

87 CD4018

35 CD4019

1 00 CD4020

1 50 CD4021

90 CD4022

3 75 CD4023

1 35 C04024

1 50 CO4025

C04026CD4027

CDJQ28

CO4029

CD4030

CQ4035

CD4040

CD4042

CD4043

C04044

CO4046

C04049

CD4050

C04Q51

CD4OG0

CD4066

CD4068

CD4069

CO407O

CO4071

CO4072

CD4D73

CD4075

CQ4076

CD4078

CD408I

CDJ0B2

CD4116

CD4490

CD4507

CD4508

CD4510

CD45II

CQ4515

CD4516

C04518

CD4520

C04527

CD4528

CD4553

CD J 565

CD4583

C04585

CO40192

74COO

74C04

74C10

74C14

74C20

74C30

74C48

74C74

74C76

74C90

74C93

74C154

74C160

74C175

74CI92

74C221

74C909

74C906

74C914

74C922

74C923

74C925

74C926

74C927

INTERFACE

R095

8096

8097

6098

BT09

8T10

8T13

BI20 !

BT23

BT24

BT2S

BT26

8128

8T97

4116 200ns 7 95 CONNECTORS84118 200ns49 00 30 pin edge2513B 6 30 44 Dm edge

MU52B2

MM52B0MM5320MM 53 30PD41ID-3PD411D iP5101L4200A8232591.02AHD0165-5MM57100fitAV38500MCM66751i9358 3 50

0 00

IC SOCKETSSolder Tin Low PmlllePIN 1UP PIN 1UP

WIRE WRAP LEVEL 3

KEYBOARDS

56 -ey ASCII keyboard ki

Fuil< assembled

53 toy ASCII keyrjo.iru kl

LEOS

T018

16 00

CRYSTALS

MM53I2

:t90

MM584I

14 4ft

HIS

MM5375A/U

? 097152 MM.-

7209

DS002IO

4 95,3 75

3 2768 MH;

Gretn Yellow T018 20

Jumbo ReO 20

Green. Orange. Yello* Jumoo 25

Clipilli LEO Mflunllng Clips 8 Si 25ispeciiy red. amMi. green, yelio*. clear)

CONTINENTAL SPECIALTIES in itoei

Corr-rlde llH ol Dreacnnard res' equipMAX-IOOBBigilFnq. Clr. S128.95

OK WIRE WRAP TOOLS In slockPortable Molllmeler S1B.00

Comoielc line of AP Products m slockSPECIAL PRODUCTS

UMG8BS Siop*aicn Timer

with 10 pg spue 9 00

'C ooaid 7 50

Switches Mom Pushbutton 27

3 pos slide 25

Encoder HD0165-5 6 95

Peralronici 100A Logic

Anainer 1425.00

Model fO Trigger

E«Dan0erKi1 S229 00

, '■■ lifitlii MM/ J.50

l 5 185 MHl 4 50

5 7143 MHi 4 50

!- ^535 MM,- 4 50

14 31818 MHi 4.25

18 432MH; 4 50

22 1184MHI 4 50KEYBOARD ENCODERS

AY5-2376 SI? SO

AY5-360D t7 95

AYS 9100 10 50

AY5-9200 16 50

74C922 5 50

74C923 5.50

HOQtM-3 6 95

D Connertorc HS232

DB25P :

DB25S !

Cover

DE9S

□AlSP ;

OA15S

Complete Snl

Model 150 BusGrabber Kfl

Clock Calendar XII7,5 MHt Frequency

30 MM: FrequencyCounier Kit

S369 00S23.95

S4J.75

TRANSFORMERS

6V 300 ma 3.25

'2 Vutl 300 ma tianstormer 125

'2 6VCT6D0ma 3 75

'2V250ma»aiipiuo 2 95

■2VCT250rt

I plug

3 95

4 85

CDP1802CD 2B.95CDP1802D 35 00CDP1861 15 95

UAflT/FIFOAY5-1013AY5-10143341

PROM

1707 A

2513B upper ci

2708

27IST1 1

2716 In

E !::>■: i:

8741A

47 874S

1 25 S74E-B

i 00 MOS/MfMORY HAV8755A2 95 NB2S23N82S123N82S126NB2S129H82SI31H82S1MN82S137DMB577B223

aioa-i

2I02AL-42102AN-2L2104A-42107B-4

SI 12-2 3 9

2114L300ns67:2114L 450ns 5 9:

9 50

Hlckok3Vi Digit LED mul-timeter 74.95Stopwatch Kit 2E.9SAuto Clack KM 17.9SDigital Clack Kit 14.95

, 9K.-1BK EprcmKII

j (less PRDMSl SB9 00

J Molhtrboird S39 00

s EfKnder Board S15 00

RESISTORS '. wat 5Nli 10 per type 03B 7i 25 per lype 025>g 100 per lypo 01510 1000 per lype 01210 350 piece packK3 5 per type 6 75

[g ft watt 5* per lype 0510

10 Telavldaa Terminal10 Model 912 SB4b 0010 Model 920 S9« 00

6 50 Tiny Batlc Ewirlmi

B 75 BSR Conlrollar S39.95

8 75 Conntctyou'fnmiiuterj.'T:-ii!;;iii

2 90 System CansutM contfDfted u«rj5

2.M Mt-r tar ,-c.r BSR S;ft*i-f' ■ 'i

24V CT 400 ma

'OV 1 2 amp «

■2VGomp id so

12V 500 ma wDJI plug ■' 75

'2V l amp wall plug 6 50

'0 15 VAC 8 16 VA wall plug 9 75

DISPLAY LEDS

MARS

MAN72 74 C

DL704

DL707DL707R

0L727 728 CA CC

0L747 750

DL750

FND359

■ (iiviii'i :-,07

!NL)503 5I0FNDBOO B07

CACC i

CC CA :

CC CA :CC CA :

300 1 25300 1 00500 1 90

3digii4 digit IC'GB FluorescentCG10 fluorescent10 digit display7520 Cliitd ptioioceiisTIL311 Kei

MAN3640 CC

MAN4G10 CA

UAfi-1640 CC

MAKJriO CA

MAN4740 CC

MWJr.u-10 CC

N'AH5?10 CA

WAN6740 CC

h<A10D2A

MA1002E

MA1Q12A

102P3 Iranilormer

MA1012A Tmnslormer

JO I 20

56 2 9560 1 35

k

PROM Eraser

assembled. 25 PROM capacity $37.50(with timer $89.50). 6 PROM capacity OSH/VUI version $69.50 (with timer $94.50).

Z80 Microcomputer

16 bit I/O. 2 MHz clock. 2K RAM. ROM Bread-board space. Excellent lor control. Bare Board$28.50. Full Kit $99.00. Monitor $20.00. PowerSupply Kit $35.00. Tiny Basic $30.00

S-100 Computer Boards

8K Static Godbout Econo IIA Kit 145.0016K Static Godbout Econo XIV Kit 285.0024K Static Godbout Econo VIIA-24 Kit 435.0032K Static Godbout Econo X-32 Kit 575.0016K Dynamic RAM Kll 199.00

32K Dynamic RAM Kit 310.00

64K Dynamic RAM Kit 470.00

Video Interlace Kit $135.00

80 IC Update Master Manual $55.00

Comp. IC data selector, 2700 pg. master referenceguide. Over 51.000 cross references. Free updateservice through 1980. Domestic postage $3.50.

Modem Kit $60.00

State of the art, orig., answer. No tuning neces-sary. 103 compatible 300 baud. Inexpensiveacoustic coupler plans included.LRC 7000. Printer $389.0040/20 column dot matrix impact, std. paper.Interlace all personal computers.

64/40/32/20 version $405.00. Optional cablesavailable.

LRC 7000 printer interface cable for Super Ellwith software $26.00

NiCad Battery Fixer/Charger Kit

Opens shorted cells that won't hold a chargeand then charges them up. all in one kit w/fullparts and instructions. $7.25

Rockwell AIM 65 Computer

6502 based single board with full ASCII keyboardand 20 column thermal pnnter. 20 char, alphanu-meric display, ROM monitor, fully expandable,$375.00. 4K version $450.00. 4K Assembler$85.00, 8K Basic Interpreter $100.00.

Special small power supply for AIM65 assem. inframe $54.00. Complete AIM65 in thin bnefcasewith power supply $499.00. Molded plasticenclosure to fit both AIM65 and power supply$47.50. Special Package Phce: 4K AIM. 8K Basic,power supply, cabinet $599.00

AIM65/KIM/VIM/Super Elt 44 pin expansionboard; 3 female and 1 male bus. Board plus 3connectors $22.95.

60 Hz Crystal Time Base Kit $4.40

Converts digital clocks from AC line frequencyto crystal time base. Outstanding accuracy.

Video Modulator Kit $8.95

Convert TV set into a high quality monitor w/oaffecting usage. Comp kit w/tull instruc.

Multi-volt Computer Power Supply

8v 5 amp, ±18v .5 amp, 5v 1.5 amp, -5v.5 amp, 12v .5 amp, -12v option. ±5v. ±12vare regulated. Basic Kit $29.95. Kit with chassisand all hardware $43.95. Add $4.00 shipping. Kitof hardware $14.00. Woodgrain case $10.00.$1.50 shipping.

RCA Cosmac 1802 Super Elf Computer $106.95

Compare features before you decide to buy anyother computer. There is no other computer onthe market today that has all the desirable bene-fits of the Super Elf for so little money. The SuperElf is a small single board computer that doesmany big things. It is an excellent computer fortraining and for learning programming with itsmachine language and yet it is easily expandedwith additional memory. Full Basic, ASCIIKeyboards, video character generation, etc.Before you buy another small computer, see if itincludes the following features: ROM monitor;State and Mode displays; Single step; Optionaladdress displays; Power Supply: Audio Amplifierand Speaker; Fully socketed for all IC's; Real costof in warranty repairs; Full documentation.The Super Ell includes a ROM monitor for pro-gram loading, editing and execution with SINGLESTEP for program debugging which is not in-cluded in others at the same price. With SINGLESTEP you can see the microprocessor chip opera-ting with the unique Quest address and data busdisplays before, during and after executing in-structions, Atso, CPU mode and instruction cycleare decoded and displayed on 8 LED indicators.An RCA 1861 video graphics chip allows you toconnect to your own TV with an inexpensive videomodulator to do graphics and games. There is aspeaker system included for writing your ownmusic or using many music programs alreadywritten. The speaker amplifier may also be usedto drive relays for control purposes.

plus load, reset, run, wait, input, memory pro-tect, monitor select and single step Large, onboard displays provide output and optional highand low address. There is a 44 pin standardconnector slot for PC cards and a 50 pin connec-tor slot for the Quest Super Expansion Board,Power supply and sockets tor all IC's are in-cluded in the price plus a detailed 127 pg. instruc-tion manual which now includes over 40 pgs. ofsoftware info, including a series of lessons tohelp get you started and a music program andgraphics target game. Many schools and univer-sities are using the Super Elf as a course of study.OEM's use it for training and R&D.Remember, other computers only offer Super Elffeatures at additional cost or not at all. Comparebefore you buy. Super Ell Kit $106.95, Highaddress option SB.95, Low address option$9.95. Custom Cabinet with drilled and labelledplexiglass front panel $24.95. All metal Expan-sion Cabinet, painted and silk screened, withroom for 5 S-100 boards and power supply$57.00. NiCad Battery Memory Saver Kit $6.95.All kits and options also completely assembledand tested.

Questdata a software publication for 1802 com-puter users is available by subscription for$12.00 per 12 issues. Single issues $1.50. Is-sues 1-12 bound $16.50.Tiny Basic Cassette $10.00, on ROM $38.00,original Elf kit board $14.95. 1802 software;Moews Video Graphics $3.50. Games and Music$3.00, Chip 8 Interpreter $5.50.

A 24 key HEX keyboard includes 16 HEX keys

Super Expansion Board with Cassette Interface $89.95

This is truly an astounding value! This board hasbeen designed to allow you to decide how youwant it optioned. The Super Expansion Boardcomes with 4K of low power RAM fully address-able anywhere in 64K with built-in memory pro-tect and a cassette interface. Provisions havebeen made for all other options on the sameboard and it fits neatly into the hardwood cabinetalongside the Super EH. The board includes slotsfor up to 6K of EPROM (2708. 2758. 2716 or Tl2716) and is fully socketed. EPROM can be usedfor the monitor and Tiny Basic or other purposes.A IK Super ROM Monitor $19.95 is available asan on board option in 2708 EPROM which hasbeen preprogrammed with a program loader/editor and error checking multi file cassetteread/write software, (relocatable cassette file)another exclusive from Quest, It includes registersave and readout, block move capability andvideo graphics driver with blinking cursor. Break

Announcing Quest Super Basic

A new enhanced version of Super Basic nowavailable, Quesl was the first company worldwideto ship a full size Basic for 1802 Systems. Acomplete function Super Basic by Ron Cenkerincluding floating point capability with scientilicnotation (number range i.^E38). 32 bit integer± 2 billion; multi dim arrays, string arrays; stringmanipulation; cassette I/O: save and load, basic,data and machine language programs; and over75 statements, functions and operations.

points can be used with the register save featureto isolate program bugs quickly, then follow withsingle step. If you have the Super ExpansionBoard and Super Monitor the monitor is up andrunning at the push of a button.Other on board options include Parallel Inputand Output Ports with full handshake. Theyallow easy connection of an ASCII keyboard to theinput port. RS 232 and 20 ma Current Loop forteletype or other device are on board and if youneed more memory there are two S-100 slots forstatic RAM or video boards. Also a 1K SuperMonitor version 2 with video driver lor full capa-bility display with Tiny Basic and a video interfaceboard. Parallel I/O Ports $9.65, RS 232 $4.50,TTY 20 ma l/F $1.95, S-100 $4.50. A 50 pinconnector set with ribbon cable is available atS15.25 lor easy connection between the SuperElf and the Super Expansion Board.Power Supply Kit for the complete system (seeMulti-volt Power Supply).

— SECOND GENERATION

Enhancements include increased speed, built-in provisions lor Stringy Floppy, Floppy Disc,Printer Driver, I/O, user definable commandlibrary and statement renumbering.Easily adaptable to most 1602 systems. Re-quires 16K RAM minimum for Basic and userprograms. Source listing lor both Serial andParallel I/O included.Super Basic on Cassette $40.00.

Gremlin Color Video Kit $69.95

32 x 16 alpha/numerics and graphics; up to 8colors with 6847 chip; 1K RAM at E000. Plugsinto Super EK 44 pin bus. No high res. graphics.On board RF Modulator Kit $4.95

1802 16K Dynamic RAM Kit $149.00

Expandable to 32K. Hidden refresh w/clocks up to 4MHz w/no wait states. Addl. 16K RAM $63.00Super Elf 44 pin expansion board; 3 female and 1male bus. Board plus 3 connectors $22.95Tiny Basic Extended on Cassette $15.00

(added commands include Stringy, Array, Cas-sette I/O etc.)

S-100 4-Slot Expansion $ 9.95

Super Monitor VI.I Source Listing $15.00

Elf II Adapter Kit $24.95

Plugs into Elf II providing Super Elf 44 and 50 pinplus S-100 bus expansion. (With Super Ex-pansion). High and low address displays, stateand mode LED's optional $18.00.

Super Color S-100 Video Kit $129.95

Expandable to 256 x 192 high resolution colorgraphics. 6847 with all display modes computercontrolled. Memory mapped. 1K RAM expanda-bletoBK. S-100 bus 1802,8080,8085, Z80 etc.Editor Assembler $25.00

(Requires minimum ot 4K lor E/A plus usersource)

1802 Tiny Basic Source listing $19.00

Super Monitor V2.0-2.1 Source Listing $20.00

TERMS: $5.00 min. order U.S. Funds. Calif residents add 6% tax.

$10.00 min. order BankAmericard and Master Charge and COD. $1.00 insurance optional.Shipping charges will be added on charge cards.

FREE: Send for your copy ot our NEW 1980QUEST CATALOG. Include 48c stamp.

Circle 296 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

367

yy~50

Computing

• THE OTHER ALL 6800COMPUTER MAGAZINE

Devoted to the 6800-6809enthusiast...Software, fixes,hardware, reviews and more!

Charter Subscription$12.00-1 Year $22.00-2 Years___VI_SA ___MC_

FREE SAMPLE ISSUE(60<f in stamps for 1st Class)

SS-50 Computing

P.O. Box 402BLogan, Utah 84321

DOUBLE YOUR LA36DECWRITERS SPEED TO 60 CPS

The ACCELEWRITER converter enables youto convert the LA36Decwnter from 10/15/30to 10/30/60 CPS.

Utilizes Decwriter's own built-in 60 CPS.

speedPlugs into logic boardCompatible with Decwriter option boardsDecwriter reconverts to "stock" in

secondsThousands soldIn use for over 3 yearsFull one-year warrantyS115 includes shipping

Brochure sent promptly at your request.Write or call us.

LARKS ELECTRONICS & DATA

P.O. Box 22. Skokie. IL 60077(312) 677-6080

COMPUTE-A-SCORE

,TM

SOFTWARE FORGYMNASTICSSCORING

Now Available in CP/M* Version

<S>

Program proven in over three year's useat local, district, regional, state,national, USGF, high school and collegecompetition.

Make your computer earn its keep byservicing an expanding field.

Phone or write for complete details.M(gj MICRO COMPUTER-J' 'nc SERVICE, INC.

"Customized Computer Services"

Salina Star RouteBoulder, CO 80302Phone: (303) 442-2622

Circle 297 on Inquiry card.

Circle 298 on inquiry card.

Circle 299 on inquiry card.

S-100 A/D

• S-100 Bus Compatible A/DConverter

• 12 Bit Accuracy

• 16 Channel Analog Input

• Programmable Gain Amplifierwith Sample-and-Hold

• High Quality Commercial/Industrial Construction

2 and 4 Channel, 12 Bit D/ABoards also available.

CALIFORNIA DATACORPORATION

3475 Old Conejo Road, Suite C10Newbury Park, California 91320(805)498-3651

PETmusic

BOARD

At last! A music maker for your PET. Oursystem consists of a small circuit boardwhich plugs into your PET's user port andconnects either to a speaker or your hi-fisystem (cable included). Our software (oncassette) lets you enter, save, andplayback music in up to four voices, eachwith its own tone colour. Also included areseveral sample pieces to get you started.Uhen ordering, please specify 8k, l6k, or32k PET version.

$*i9 without amp (plugs into your stereo)$54 with amp (connects to a speaker)Please use certified cheque or money order.

Electronic Music Systems^5 Livingston Rd. Suite 501West Hill, Ontario, CanadaM1E 1K8

a trademark of Commodore B.M.

BELOW DEALERS COST!

NorthStaf^

North Star Horizon

32KDD -2295.0032K QUAD-2600.00

Application Software

North Star Pascal NorthWord General Ledger

S160.00 $335.00 $825 00

^*% North Star^"^

Mail ManagerS245.00

$395.00.

BASIC

Accounts Receivable AcccS47S.00

unts PayableS475.00

COD-CASH IN ADVANCE-VISA/MASTER CHARGE'

CUSTOM BUSINESS COMPUTERS

103 ATLANTIC AVENUE. LYNUITOOK. TUEW YORK TTE63 . I5T6) B87 1500 ,11 BH7 3340

Circle 300 on Inquiry card.

Circle 301 on inquiry card.

Circle 302 on Inquiry card.

Apple users!

NEW 16 CHANNEL

VARIABLE A-D BOARD

• Lets you digitally display, store,analyze, and print your measure-ments. ■ Allows Increasedmeasurements from 5 volts up to100 volts. • comes with a completesoftware package including a testkit, calibration method, and variousapplications.

Special introductory Price 17995

Visa, Diners Club, Master Card UsersCall Toll Free 800-854-2003, ext. 815In CA Call 1-800-522-1500, ext. 815Or send your check for179M(Texas res. add 5% sales tax) to:COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY /vuASSOCIATES ^- tr\

5812 Cromo Drive, Suite 102El Paso, Texas 79912

THECQflPCASE

ATTACHE STYLE CASE FOR ~~^^ CARRYING ANDPROTECTING THE APPLE COMPUTER. CONSTRUCTEDOF THE HIGHEST QUALITY LUGGAGE MATERIAL.WILL ACCOMMODATE COMPUTER. TAPE RECORDER.OR DISC DRIVES PLUS TAPES. OR DISCS AND ALL MANU-'ALS. NEVER A NEED TO REMOVE COMPUTER FROM CASE.SIMPLY REMOVE LID. CONNECT POWER AMD MONITOR CA-BLES. AND OPERATE. LIDCAN BE REPLACED AND LOCKEDFOR SECURITY AND PROTECTION WITHOUT DISCON-NECTING CABLES.

DELUXE CASE 5109.00

DELUXE CASE/2 DISC DRIVES. $119.00

COMPUTER CASE CQNPflriY

5650 INDIAN MOUND CT.. COLUMBUS. OHIO(614)8689464 43213

Circle 303 on Inquiry card.

Circle 304 on inquiry card.

MEMOREX

Floppy Discs

Lowest prices. WE WILL NOTBE UNDERSOLD!! Buy any

quantity 1-1000. Visa. Masterchargeaccepted. Call free (800)235-4137for prices and information. Allorders sent postage paid.

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.San Luis Obispo. CA93401 (InCal. cal(805) 543-1037.)

Circle 305 on inquiry card.

page

PRE-CUT WIRE WRAP WIRE

Length 100/Bag 500/Bag 1K/Bag

Length 100/Bag 500/Bag 1K/Bag

Kit No. 1

$9.95

Kit No. 3 $32.95

2.5"3.0"3.5"4.0"4.5"5.0"5.5"6.0"

51.251.301.371.421.481.541.581.65

$3.583.864.154.444.745.045.385.66

$

6.196.787.377.948.549.139.7210.31

6.5"7.0"7.5"8.0"8.5"9.0"9.5"10.0"

$1.921.992.082.142.182.242.302.39

$6.446.767.077.387.698.118.328.71

$11.8112.4413.0913.7314.3615.0115.6516.28

Kynar precut wire. All length^ are overall, including 1" strip on each end.Colors and lengths cannot be mixed for quantity pricing. Choose from colorsRed, Blue, Black, Yellow, White, Green, Orange, and Violet.

250 3" 100250 3H" 100100 4" 100

AW

5"6"

500 214" 500 A%

500 3" 500 5"

500 3%" 500 5Vt

500 4" 500 6"

Kit No. 2

$24.95

Kit No. 4

$59.95

250500500500250

2J4"

3"3%'4"AW

250100250100100

5"5%'6"6%'

7"

1000 214" 1000 AYt

1000 3" 1000 5"

1000 3%" 1000 5"

1000 4" 1000 6"

* • Truckload SALE * *

FREE WIRE KIT

Kit #1 on orders over $50Kit #3 on orders over $1 50Kit #4 on orders over $250

RN WIRE WRAP

Size

Quantity/Tu

be Price ea.*

Price/Tube

IC SOCKETS

08 pin

52

.39

$20.28

3-level Gold

1416

3026

.46.50

$13.80$13.00

Closed Entry

Design

18

23

.68

$15.64

20

21

.85

$17.85

22

19

.92

$17.48

"Sockets sold at these

24

17

.94

$15.98

prices by the tube only.

28

15

1.23

$18.45

40

10

1.60

$16.00

Above

prices mc

ude gold up

to $800/oz.

IDC CRIMP STYLE CONNECTORS

Card Edge Connectors

IDC Sockets Cable Plugs

Right Angle Headers

CABLE

IDE 10IDE 20IDE 26IDE 34IDE 40IDE 50

$3.25$3.50$4.05$4.85$5.65$5.90

IDS 10IDS 20IDS 26IDS 34IDS 40IDS 50

$1.252.022.653.504.055.06

IDP 14IDP16IDP 24IDP 40

1.251.402.253.65

DB25

Connectors

Male $4.95

Female $5.25

Wire Wrap

IDH10WRIDH20WRIDH26WRIDH34WRIDH40WRIDH50WR

1.752.753.604.154.906.15

Solder Tail

IDH10SR .80

IDH20SR

IDH26SR

IDS34SR

IDH40SR

IDH50SR

1.251.852.152.503.15

10

2.90

17.00

14

3.40

23.80

16

3.70

27.20

20

4.40

34.00

24

5.00

40.80

26

5.40

44.20

34

6.80

57.80

40

7.80

68.00

50

9.50

85.00

ORDERING INFORMATION

Orders under $25 include $2 handling.All prepaid orders shipped UPS Ppd.Visa, MC & COD's charged shipping.

All prices good through cover date.

Most orders shipped next day.

Byte must be mentioned to get sale prices.

Call or Write for 1980 Catalog:

* IC Sockets

* Vector Boards & Pins

* Bishop Drafting Aids

* OK Tools

* RN IDC Crimp Connectors

|j3£fO 1858 Evergreen, Duarte, California 91010 Phone (213) 357-5005

Circle 306 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

369

?5K

Floppy Disk Drives35% OFF LIST

Rebuilt, tested, like-new, with90-day Warranty

$235°°ea

Any quantity, while supply lasts

Also available:New and like-new Pertec 24MB, 10MB,Cartridge Hard Disk Drives. MagneticTape Drives and Controllers.

Call, write or TWX for more info.IBEX COMPUTER CORPORATION

18730 Oxnard St., Tarzana, CA 91356

(213)705-2517VISA and Mastercharge accepted

J

n

350

50

INTERTEC SUPERBRAIN SOFTWAREAvailable Now!

BUSINESS SOFTWARE

INVESTMENT LEDGER

Takes care ol Stocks, Hondo, CD's, A/R,Real Estate, others -up to 150 investments

GENERAL LEDGER

All general bookkeeping functions, major l> nub

EXPENSE LEDGER

Designed to co-Ocdinate with the General Lcug>for applications with n.ultiple cost centers

CHECK REG I STEP./HANK RECOHCILIATIOI! S9

cash tiisburuements - balances the chacfCbOOk

F18AHCIAL PACKAGE SO

effective interest, presenl/fOtlre value, etc.

GAMES 15 •

• WuiEpus ' Escape * Bisram

* Adventure ■ Others

111 SC ELLA!! EOUS

REPORT GENERATORS 5 2 5 ■

Rentals, AutorcODIlCS, Insurance

ALL SOFTWARE EXCLUSIVELY DEVELOPED FOR THE SUPERBRA1H

IClUI

:lutle

isl i

IBlB

(9151 676-961;

Ginaraf Syifami Consulting

J and S Computers

2247 Shetland RoadLivermore, Ca. 94550

Texas Instruments

99/4 Computer $1090.00

810 Basic Printer (100) $1600.00

810FullASCM(201) $1695.00

Exidy

32K Sorcerer $1074.00

48K Sorcerer $1205.00

Lobo Disks

SA 400 in cabinet w/power supply $410.00

3101 I SA 400 for Apple w/interiace .. .$487.00SA 801 in cabinet w/power supply $780.00

Centronics

730-1 Parallel $670.00

730-3 Serial $715.00

and more...send $1.50 for a catalogue

California residents add 6% sales tax

All orders, add 3% shipping and handling

Circle 307 on inquiry card.

Circle 308 on inquiry card.

Circle 309 on inquiry card.

J^ ATARI

Atari 800 $810.00 810 Disk Drive .. $525.00

16K RAM Module $150.00 Controllers $18/Pr.

All ROM's. Including STAR RAIDERS, 20% OFF!!!"•Bit Bucket software for the ATARI**-

Disassembler/dumper/

deposiler/BASIC renumber $30.00

Action Games... $25.00 Brain Games... $25.00

All above Bit Bucket software FREE with

purchase of ATARI 800.

Free utilities disk (disasm, renumber, etc.) with

purchase of 810 Disk.

PET

8K ....$699.00 16K ...$876.00 32K ...$1140.00

CAT Modems $156.00!

Soroc IQ120 Terminals $775.00

All Centronics Printers 15% OFF!!

The Bit Bucket

168 North Beacon Street

P.O. Box 365

Newton Highlands, MA 02161

Phone: (617) 783-3144See us at the Northeast Computer Show in BostonNovember 20-23

All prices subject to change without notice.

NORTHSTAR SOFTWARE

PROFESSIONAL BUSINESS

PROGRAMS

PROPERTY MANAGEMENT - - $225OFFICE/APARTMENT/CONDO200 UNITS/500 EXPENSE ENTRIES

TIMECLOCK/BILLING $265

100 CLIENTS/30 EMPLOYEES20 BILLING RATES/ 100 WORK CODES

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE $225

350 ACCOUNTS

800 INVOICES/MONTH

ALL PROGRAMS INTEGRATEDWITH G/L

GENERAL LEDGER $225

300 LEDGER ACCOUNTS1000 CHECKS/MONTH

LADCO DEVELOPMENT CO. INC.

P.O. BOX 464

OLEAN, N.Y. 14760

(716) 372-0168

CROSS-ASSEMBLERS

WRITTEN IN ANSI FORTRAN IVPACKAGE M0. MACHIHEIS)

XASM8B00 MC68OO.O2.08

XASM8881 MC680I

XASM6805 MC6B85

XASM6809 MC6809

XASM8D85 8080,8885

XASM1802 CDP18B2

XASMB802 8800 FAMILY

Full instruction set, all addressing modes. Free-format input,relocatable listing and object module, many user-selectableassembly options. 8-chatBcter labels, arithmetic eipressions inoperands, long error messages, high execution speed.

Full-capability assemblers run on almost any system suppor-ting ANSI standard FORTRAN IV, 1966 or later, at e traction ofthe cost of a separate development system.

FORTRAN SOURCE MEDIA PHICE

MAGNETIC TAPE PACKAGE $75.00

PUNCHED CARD PACKAGE $50.00

MANUAL/LISTING ALONE $20.00

Peckeges include manual/listing, shipping in U.S.A. For cards,specify punch code. For tepe, specify code, BPI, block size.

I nilII P.O. Boi 14538

' ' lllfl Minneapolis, MN 55414

■■»*■■■ (6121-722-1702

Circle 310 on inquiry card.

Circle 311 on inquiry card.

Circle 312 on inquiry card.

OSI'ersl

OSI DIDN'T FILL YOU IN...

WE WILL... With theComplete,New OS-65DV3.2

DisassemblyManual.

• 60 pages of listings

• Includes full cross-referencelisting

Order today. Send check for$24.95 to Software Consultants,7053 Rose Trail, Memphis, Tenn.38134. 901-377-3503. Postpaid.Allow 2-3 weeks.

!! REAL TIME

11

The TIME MACHINE from ALPHA OMEGA COMPUTERSYSTEMS isn't just another digital clock chip surroundedby intertace circuitry. It's on intelligent microcomputerbased peripheral device.

The TIME MACHINE communk rtej with your computervia a serial I/O portal auser solectabledata rate between300 and 2400 baud. RS-232, RS-422, or current loopcommunication may be used.

Battery protection against power loss is included. TheTIME MACHINE automatically computes day ol the weekand leap year. Buffered output pulses a! one second, oneminute, and one hour intervals are provided.

Dimensions are 2.5 x a.75 x 7.5 inches. Batteries,power supply, and communication cable are included.

Price is only $450 single lot and quantity discounts areavailable. Dealer inquiries invited. Off the shelf delivery.

ALPHA

OMEGAcomputir sasTtws, INC.

P.O.Ooi 727/ Co..,

<nx

CloseOut

DeskTop Computer

This unit is a computerized Electronic Secre-tary It keeps time, date, calendar, message, andmeeting files. Originally sold thru a major mailorder house for over $450 00

Technically, it's a 6507 MICRO, ROM. Ram,Planaplex Alpha Display. Ni-cad Battery, PowerSupply, Keyboard. Wood and Aluminum Casewith Schematic and Instructions

Most of these Computers are warranty returnsWe are offering refurbished like new units for$99.95 and as is (most have minor problems)units for $44.95 Add $4.95 per unit for shippingand handling per unit ordered All units arecomplete as described All sales are finalCalifornia Residents add 6 5% Sales Tax

Send Payment and Order to:

Solid State Surplus

P.O. Box 32418/San Jose, CA 95152

Circle 313 on inquiry card.

Circle 314 on inquiry card.

Circle 315 on inquiry card.

FOR APPLE II AND APPLE II PLUS COMPUTERS

DoubleVisiori"

■ ■■ ■ ' ■. ■■

80 x 24 Video Display with Upper and Lower Case

COLUMNS UNES

• is a hardware board that may be plugged into any slot in Apple II or Apple II Plus 32K or 48K Disks • full 128 ASCII character set, includingcontrol characters • fully programmable cursor • built in light pen capability • inverse video • full cursor control • works with50760Hz • has 2k of its own screen memory • has its own video output jack that must be connected to a monitor (or a high band width black& white TV thru a good RF modulator). Color TV's produce a poor display and are not recommended. • permits you to connect anothermonitor (or a T.V. set thru RFmod) to the Apple video output jack • displays 24 lines of 80 column text — programmable for differentvalues • permits you to have graphics on Apple video output • video output and Apple video output may be connected to one monitor thruoptional video switch • is active only when addressed for reading from or writing to • accepts lower case input from keyboard by use ofescape key. (no modification required) or direct use of shift key (1-wire connection from shift key pad to DoubleVision required). • iscompatible with the latest version of various word processing software packages. Presently these include Apple-pie 2.0— Programma InternationalEasywriter Professional system—Informational Unlimited, Text Editor/Formatter—Peripheral's Unltd. (when ordering from these companiesplease ask for versions compatible with DoubleVision). All software available from Computer Stop when released. • Peripheral's UnltdB.I.T.S. and P.I.T.S. and Southeastern Software's "DATA CAPTURE" with Micromodem and communication card. These packages give abilityto upload, transfer and download files from remote computers, and all at 80 columns! • Programma Int. latest assembler LISA V:20 will sup>port full 80 column display • is transparent for use with Basic and Pascal • software on disk for easy modification and adaptation for dif-ferent applications • completely commented source listing of software and hardware schematics available • PASCAL(optional) • becomes the console when installed in Pascal • Permits 80 column text processing with full upper/lower case while usingPascal's editor • must be plugged into slot 3 when operating with Pascal

Available now at your local computer store

$295.00

Call Computer Stop for Store nearest youShipping, Insurance, Handling, extra

Dealer inquiries invited.Contact:

COMPUTER STOP CORP.

2545 West 237th St.

Suite L

Torrance, CA 90505

539-7671

The Computer Stop

16919 Hawthorne Blvd.Lawndale, CA 90260

(213)371-4010

Calif. Residents add 6% Sales Tax■Apple is a Registered TM of Apple Computers, Inc.

MON. - SAT.

10-6

Circle 316 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

371

DISKETTES

For record reliability and quali-ty buy 3M Scotch Diskettes. AllDiskettes are in stock for im-mediate shipment Call TOLLFREE (800) 235-4137 for pricesand information. Visa and Mas-ter Card accepted. All orderssent postage paid.

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill BludSan Luis Obispo. CA93401 (In Cal. cal(805)543-1037)

GET Paid

for using yourComputer ^

FUN-' Easv tt£V&

RUSH COUPON FOR ^FREE FACTS

Gfl^ SPARE TIME

Send today to — DAR - B103110 Fu lion Ave, Sacramento CA 95821

Now you can afford quality!

SW &% ■ b_®

•".•]!•-

DISKETTES

SAVE 30% TO 45%!

Possibly the LOWEST prices you'll findon quality SCOTCH Brand Diskettes insizes to fit all Mini/Micro Computers.One box or by the case, all orders areprocessed quickly and shipped peryour instructions.

Call COLLECT to Order!

(805)484-8146

QUALITY DATA SUPPLY

P.O. Box 236, Camarillo, CA93010

Authorized Distributor *5MMi

Information Processing Products mJiVI

Circle 317 on Inquiry card.

Circle 318 on inquiry card.

Circle 319 on inquiry card.

f~ QUARTZ CRYSTALS *"J

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5.242SB

9.9336 9 20000B 36.2B86-Q

4285IB-B

466I2BB , 1

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429258B

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<VDO SI.00 SHIPPING

CAL.

RES. ADD 6% SALES TAX

FREE OSCILLATOR SCHEMATICS

WITH ANY ORDER

1| QUALITY COMPUTER PARTS ! 1

1 P.O

BOX 743 / CHATSWORTH. CA 91 311 .

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NEWPRODUCTS

PMC-80 computer $ 595.

^ ADDS 25/120 terminal. $ 985.° Diablo 630 printer $2695.

IBM 3101 terminal $1195.

Atari 400 computer $ 495.

SorocIQ 120 $ 739.

Novation CAT modem .. $ 155.

Circle 320 on inquiry card.

Circle 321 on inquiry card.

American Express, MasterCard & VISA

accepted. Checks require time to clear.

CA add 6% tax. All add 3% for shipping. We

carry most all brands, micros, terminals,

printers, software and accessories.

SP ELECTRONICS

P.O. Box 8265Sacramento, CA 95818

(916) 442-2323

Circle 322 on inquiry card.

DISKETTES

90 DAY WARRANTY$240

8 soft $060HARD ■-

5-1/ SOFT74 10'* 16

ea. inboxesof 10

ea. inboxesof 10

LIBRARYCASE

5 *2.508 $2.50

Use VISA, MC. Add $2. for C.O.D.Ship. & hdlg. $1. + $.50/lb.

AMIS, Box 15056

Long Beach, CA 90815

(213) 597-6839

clbis

YOUR HEADQUARTERS FOR

SALES • SERVICE • SUPPORT

THE BEST NEW YORK AREA PRICES

ON ALL OHIO SCIENTIFIC COMPUTERS- LOCAL USERS GROUP -BUSINESS AND PERSONAL SYSTEMS

PROFESSIONAL BUSINESS SOFTWARE:Systems now available:Encumbered Budget AccountingInventory/lnvoi cing Export ManagementMai Iing List PayrolIAccounts Receivable Accounts PayableManuals available separately $35

ALSO AVAILABLE:

"Eaton LRC 7000+ Plain Paper Printer...$356.

"Okldata Microline 80 Printer-upper/ lower case, graphics, any paper,software selectable print size 695.

MASTERCHARGE £ VISA WELCOME

Designers & Builders of Information Systems, Inc.

One Mayfair Road - Eastchester, New York I0707

(914)779-5292

(212)933-4170

H9 OWN€RS!

Upgrade your video terminal uuith oneof these long overdue kits:

GRflFIX —Graphical display capa-bilities assembled and tested $69.95.Kit $59.95.

CURSOR CONTROL - n total of8 functions assembled and tested$34.95. Kit $29.95.

FLICK€R Ffl€€ — 4800 baudoperation assembled and tested$79.95. Kit $69.95.

Fill have a full 6 month warranty.

NORTHW6ST COMPUTERSCRVICCS, INC.

8503 N.€. 30th AvenueVancouver, UJfl 98665

Circle 323 on inquiry card.

Circle 324 on inquiry card.

Circle 325 on inquiry card.

/MICRO

BUSINESS WORLD

MM

ZENITH

DATA

SYSTEMS

Smart VideoTerminal

Z-89

Computer

System:

includes: Z19 Display, a built in 5'/*"Floppy Disk. 2 serial ports, and 16K ofmemory. 2295.00 48K Memory 2595.00Also48KZ-19hasaZ80 Micro -processor,numeric keypad and 8 function key. 895.00

Immediate response to your orders (verbal or written), toll-free (800) 421-0347

tippkZ II... Apple II plusand the NEW Apple III

The complete, ready to run computers . . . Connect to yourcolor TV and start writing programs today. APPLE is faster,smaller, more powerful than it's predecessors. APPLE willchange the way you think about computers. Call for our Price.

INVENTORY CONTROL SYSTEM FOR Apple II

The first truly professional system that can tackle up to 8,100items • Transaction register/audit trail • Inventory Status re-port • Re-order report • Keeps track of purchase orders auto-matically • Will handle multiple departments or divisionsFast data retrival.

Minimum hardware requirements: APPLE 11 Plus with 48K,one disk drive and 80 column printer.Introductory Price: $99.00 Including comprehensive manual.

PersonalComputer System

Packed with: Computer Console, BasicLanguage Card, Education SystemMaster Cartridge, Cassette Recorder, TVModulator, 8K Memory (expandable to48K), Power Supply & all Books andManuals S799.95

ATARI 400 spyesfer!o?^uter

Packed with: Computer Console, BasicLanguage Cartridge, Power Supply, TVModulator, and all Books andManuals S499.95

ATARI Program Recorder 69.99

ATARI Software, Rome, Casaelles 25% off list price

ATARI Expansion Memory 8K Module 99.99

16K Module 169.99

ATARI 800

fscommodore

the Great American Solution

CBM 8050DUAL DRIVEFLOPPY DISK

CBM 8000 SERIES BUSINESS COMPUTER

CBM 2001 SERIES BUSINESS COMPUTER

DYSAN DISKETTES

THE CADILLAC OF THE FLOPPY DISKS AT LOW LOW PRICES

8" (BOX OF 10) • 3740/1 sgl side/ sgl density 4.50 ea

• 3740/1D sgl side/dbl density 6.95 ea

5" (BOX OF 5 )• 104/1 soft sector • 107/1 10 sectors

• 105/1 16 sectors 4.50 ea

Prices subject to change without notice.

VISA and MASTER CHARGE WELCOME. Allow 2 weeks for cashierscheck to clear, 4 weeks for personal checks. Add 2% for shipping andHandling. Calif, residents add 6% sales tax. (Sorry, no C.O.D.)

U.S. and International dealer inquiries invited.

Copyright 1980 • MICRO Business WORLD Circle 326 on inquiry card.

EPSON MX-80

DOT MATRIX PRINTER

The new Model MX 80 is a high-speedbidirectional, impact printer capable ofprinting 9x9 dot matrix characters. Printsenlarged, condensed, condensed/enlarged,normal characters with 40,132, 66, 80 col-umns per line logical seeking function.

$645.

EPSON TX-80 . . .DOT MATRIX PRINTER

with graphics $795.

16K RAM setof84116's250 ns or better $59.00

/MICRO

BUSINESS WORLD

15818 Hawthorne Boulevard

Lawndale. California 90260(213) 371 -1660,

New Program TracksYour Investments!

... gives your Apple II* all thecapabilities of a Wall Street Brokerage!

■ Records Purchases and Sales

■ Maintains Short Sales, Puts and Calls

■ Records Gains and Losses ■ BothShort & Long Term

■ Prepares Schedule D ... and More!Accompanying manual providescomplete instructions with examples.(Requires 1 disk drive.)

$7K00INVESTOR'"Diskette and Manual Only I <->

Send check or money order to:Sophisticated Microsystems, Inc.

550 Frontage Road, Northfield. IL 60093(312)441-5802

("Apple II is a registered trademark ol Apple Computer. Inc.)

SURPLUS INVENTORY

SPEECH RECOGNITION and VOICERESPONSE peripheral for Z-80 basedsystems. 32 word vocabulary, up to 98%recognition rate. Connects to parallel I/Oport, comes complete with microphone,power supply and speaker. Generatesmusic and sound effects too. Beautifultwo-tone case, extensive users manual.Breakthrough price, only $149. Versionsavailable for The Exidy Sorcerer and theTRS-80. Write for more info giving detailsof your system.

P.O. Box 388VOICETEK Goleta, Ca 93017

(t77 % 22 MHZ

3> (i *****aW bandwidth

SOLID STATE MONITORS: Sylvama 12" B&W CRT, 22MHivideo bandwidth, 600 line resoluhon' ASL Model C12ACB OEMlabletop slyle without case. P4 phosphor. Inputs - separate video, horil& vert. pos. sync pulses at nominal TTL/CMOS levels Any sweep rale.10-20 KHz. 115 VAC. Simple TRS-80 hookup, add 2 lumpers. Wiih lullmaim, mainual incJ. timing, schemalics. TRS-BD hookup eic. Slightlyused and like new. checked, S8fl. Used, checked, no burns S77

FLOPPY POWER SUPPLIES (6 OUTPUTS): North x3676,brand new in orlg. toam boxes 5V/3A. 24V/1 2A, I6V/2.6A (alladjustablo, w/OV pro!. &curr. limiting); 12W0.1A,-24W0.3A (bothw/OVprot.); -12W0.1A (adj.). Fully regulated, linear, partially end , w/schts &assy. dwgs. 3.5*5,5* 14". 115VAC. Will run 1 typical 8" floppy or dropthe 16Vto I2andrun2or3minirloppies W

S100 CORE SALE: Brand new. tested Ampe* core See article'ITSTIME FOR CORE" (fl/79 Kilobaud p. 3-1) which describes an easily builiinterface between this core and an S-100 machine. But ignore tne pricesin the article! Sale priced. Including large documentation pkg Non-volatile. l6K-bylo beards S199.

Add $4 tor schematics of core

OTHER SURPLUS BARGAINS: letter quality ascm ksh

TERMINALS. Perkin Elmer Carousel 20ma S1600. RS-232 StaOO. FOBPORTACOM portable terminals w/buili-m coupler, 110 baud, impact,technician special. AS-IS S250, checked S450. FOB

WRITE OR CALL FOR FULL SPEC SHEETS ON SPECIFIC ITEMS.

TERMS: UPS included IB slates except FOB items UPS COD addS2.00 VISA & MC add 4%. NJ add sales tax Everything guaranteedworking to specs. Immediate shipment or immediate refund Phoneorders and questions are 'vetcome

ELECTRAVALUE INDUSTRIAL

PO. BOX 157-B r-^i Phone orders

MORRIS PLAINS. NJ 07950 C^VV"- arewelcome

X 201/267-1117

Circle 327 on inquiry card.

Circle 328 on inquiry card.

MICRO COMPUTERS andCIVIL ENGINEERING

The machine can do it — but you needthe application package to make it workfor you.

We have brought together the most pow-erful civil engineering tools available, USA-COGO (Civil Engineering Coordinate Ge-ometry), USA-EARTH (Earthwork De-sign Quantities), and USA-STRESS (Struc-tural Engineering System Solver). Eachsystem provides a complete data entry andchange system in addition to the powerfulproblem analyzer tied together through acommon menu driver.

It's available to you now on your choiceof CP/M or TRSDOS in source codeBASIC or FORTRAN. For additionalinformation, call us at (314) 878-1277,or write to:

13001 Cannes DriveSt. Louis, Missouri 63141

Uuminq djreami Jfnto rCealtfu

1 BASF

DISKETTES

BASF Diskettes at compe-titive price. Call TOLL FREE(800) 235-4137 for prices andinformation. Visa and MasterCard accepted. All orders sentpostage paid.

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill BlvdSan Luis Obispo. CA93401 (InCal call(805) 543-1037)

MEMORY IC BONANZA

INTEL 5V ONLY 16K DYNAMIC RAM: 150ns.ceramic, low power (11mw stby, 150mw oper) version ofpopular 16Kx1 4116. TTL compatible inputs, Iri-stateoutputs. Equivalent to Motorola 4516, National 5295 etc.OEM list price in quantities of 1000 is $17, our price, IntelD2118-7sat $10ea.

INTERSIL 4K DYNAMIC RAM: Equivalent to

Mostek 4096, 300ns, 4Kx1, ceramic & gold, TTLcompatible inputs, tri-state outputs, low power (24mwstby, 3fl0mw oper), priced at less than !(S the usual-hobbyprice, sold in sleeves of 24, $30 per sleeve, that's Intersil7005-123 at $1-25 ea.

INTEL 2716 EPROMS - 5V ONLY: Ceramic. 450ns.the industry standard 2Kx8 EPROM. Sold by others from$27 to $59. quantity limited $20ea.

FULL SPEC SHEETS: Free with order or$1.00per setof 3 for evaluation.

TERMS: Prices include insured UPS 48 states. UPSCOD add $2. MC/VISA add 4%. Prime parts, new inoriginal sleeves, guaranteed to mfr's specs. $20minimum order. N.J. add sales tax. Immediate shipmentor immediate refund.

ELECTRAVALUE INDUSTRIAL

P.O. BOX 157-B fV

MORBIS PLAINS. NJ 07950 ^\J\

201/267-1117

Circle 329 on inquiry card.

Circle 330 on inquiry card.

TERMINAL

DATA

CORPORATION

MODEL 1200 RS-232 DATA SPLITTER

available in kit form

Model 1200K gives the terminal or micro-processor user a second interface for a printer,plotter, cassette or tape drive. It operates at anyspeed & isolates the two output devices fromeach other, while providing 2 RS-232 interfacesfrom the terminal or microprocessor.

The kit consists of 3 RS-232 connectors,printed circuit board, all necessary components,enclosure, mounting hardware & assembly in-structions $67.00

write or calf

TERMINAL DATA CORP.

11878 Coakley Cir.

Rockville. MD 20852

(301)881-7655

The best choicein mainframes !

• S1O0 CARD FRAME • AXIAL GLOWER

• 22 MHz 12" CRT MONITOR • ASSEMBLED 8. TESTED

• 18 AMP POWER SUPPLY • READY FOR YOUR CARDS

• UPPER & LOWER CASE • NEW LOW PRICEASCII KEY BOARDS $885.00

>D

OOU I N F I N I T

119 E. STRAWBRIDGE, MELBOURNE, FL 32901

Circle 331 on inquiry card.

Circle 332 on inquiry card.

TRS-80SERIAL I/O

• Can input into basic

• Can use LUST andLPRINT to output, oroutput continuously •RS-232 compatible •Can be used with orwithout the expansionbus • On board switchselectable baud ratesof 110,150.300,600,1200. 2400, parity orno parity odd or even,5 to B data bits, and 1or 2 stop bits. D.T.R.line • Requires +5,-12 VDC • Board only$19.95 Part No. B010,with parts $59.95 PartNo. B010A, assembledS79.95 Part No. 8010C. No connectors pro-vided, see below.

EIA/HS-232 Con-nector Part NoDB25PS600,«ith9', 8 Conductorcable $10 95 PartNo DB25P9

3' ribbon cablewith attached con-nectors tolitTPS-60 and our serialboard 119 95 PartNo 3CAB40

COMPUCRUISE

9M

$129.95; with cruise control $169.95

PAPER TIGER

Prints address labels,multicopy invoices andlegal-size reports. Adjustthe tractor width from1-3/4 to 9-1/2 inches.8 switch-selectableforms lengths. Print 6or 8 lines per inch. Addthe software-selectablefull dot plotting graphicsoption to print illustra-tions, block letters,charts, graphs. Part No.

162172 $899.95 • withgraphics option Part No.

162173 $1099.95

GAME PADDLES& SOUND

WJZ+

Includes: 2 game pad-dles, interface, soft-ware, speaker, powersupply, full documen-tation including: sche-matics, theory ofoperation, and userguide; plus 2 games oncassette (Pong andStarshipWarl $79.95Complete Part No.7922C

DIGICOM DATA

PRODUCTS INC.

Series 312Acoustic Coupler

300 BAUD Originate,Part No. AC3122,$219.95. 300 BAUDAnswer, Part No.AC3122, $219.95.300 BAUD Answer/Or-iginate, Part No. AC3123,$229.95.

IBEXLIGHT PEN

Comes with Backgam-mon and Tic-Tac-Toe ontape with full documen-tation and program list-ing. Requires 9v. battery.Part No. IBEX $19.95

SYSTEM

EXPANSION

from

LIMW Research

• Serial RS232C/2DmA I/O • Floppy con-troller • 32K bytesmemory • Parallel print-er port • Dual cassetteport • Real-time clock

• Screen printer bus •Onboard power supply

• Software compatible

• Solder mask, silkscreen. PC board anduser manual, Part No.LNW80, $69.95.

DISKETTES

Yferbatim

Box of 10. 5" $29.95,B" $39.95.Plastic box, holds 10diskettes, 5" - $4.50.B"-$6.50.

1GK RAMS

For the Apple,TRS-BO or Pet $8each Part No. 4116/2117.

LEEDEXMONITOR

12" Black and White •12 MHz Bandwidth• Handsome PlasticCase -$139.00

S-100 INTERFACE

AN S-100 bus Adapter—Motherboard for theTRS-80. Kit, Part No. HUH81 DLXK, $295.95.Assembeled. Part No. HUHB1DLXA, $375.95.

NOW!

A FULL SUPPORT SYSTEM

FOR TRS-80

• 32K of RAM • EPROM firmware • Diskcontrol • Data acquisition • Parallel I/O •Serial I/O • Plug into GPA's Motherboard.GPA's quality design includes • 6-44 pin edgeconnectors • +5V, -5V, +12V, -12V externalpower supply required • Active termination.The Motherboard, Part No. GPA80, is only$149.95.

TAKE ADVANTAGE OF

GPA-EXPANSION CARDS

FOR THE GPA80

Memory cards: Now with Fortran compilersavailable for your TRS-BO, additional expansionmemory is a must! Card with sockets only, PartNo. GPA801 .$119.95. Card with 16K of 4116Dynamic Ram, Part No. GPAB02, $224.95.Card with 32K of 4116 Dynamic Ram, Part No.GPA803, $329.95. All cards come equippedwith sockets to accomodate 32K of Ram.EPROM firmware card. Put those valuablesubroutines in firmware. Don't waste timeloading and unloading tapes and disks. For 2708or2716 EPROMS, Part No. GPAS06,$79.95.Serial I/O card. Here's what you've beenasking for. a full serial terminal interface, withRS-232Cor20 mA. Current loop. Input/outputcapabilities. Part No. GPA807, $79.95.Parallel I/O Card. Control functions in theoutside world, monitor and store real timeevents. Two parallel output ports. Dip switchesselect ports (0-254). Part No. GPA808,$79.95.

FLOPPY DISKSTORAGE BINDERS

Three ring binder comeswith ten transparent plas-tic sleeves which accom-modate either twenty,five-inch or ten, eight-inchfloppy disks. Binder & 10holders, Part No. 81 OB—$9.95 • Extra holders,Part No. 810—69Ceach.

Three-ring binder withten 5 1/4 inch jacketsPart No. 51 OB—$9.95»Jackets only, fits stan-dard 3-ring binders, PartNo. 510—690: each.

DIGITALCASSETTE

5 min. each side. Boxof 10 $9.95. Part No.C-5.

TRENDCOMPRINTER

TRENDCOM 200. PartNo. TRCO200 $495.95.Interface for TRS-80,Part No. T80A $49.95,For Apple II. Part No.TRCALL, $75.95. ForPET, NO. TRCP2,$79.95. For Scoccerer.TRCSR1 $45.95.

SARGON: A ComputerChess Program

Features the complete program that won the1978 West Coast Computer Faire Tourna-ment. Part No. 00603 —TRS-80 Level II;Part No. 00604 — Apple II (24KL $19.95

SPINWRITERMODELS 5510 and 5520

Features—EIA RS-232C/CCITT V.24 Inter-face Standard • 55 Characters Per SecondMaximum Print Rate • Impeccable Print Quality(OCR Quality] • Microprocessor Electronics •High Resolution Plotting/Graphing • LowestOperating Noise Level • Self-Test Printing •Operator Engineered Control Panel • PrintsOriginal and up to Seven Copies • NEC Informa-tion Systems new Model 5510 Receive Only andModel 5520 Keyboard Send/Receive SPIN-WRITER terminals are microprocessor con-trolled serial, impact terminals designed forremote printing applications where impeccableprint quality is required. Model 5510 RO, PartNo. NECA30759 $2795.95 • Model 5520KSR, Part No. NECA30762 $3095.95

Send for FREE Catalog...a big self addressed envelope with 80$ postage gets it fastest!

Tfl flrrJPr"" Mention Part no- description, and price. In USA shipping paid by us for orders accompanied by check or money' order. We accept C.O.D. orders [U.S. only) or a VISA or Master Charge no., expiration date, signature and phoneno., shipping charges will be added. CA residents add B.5°/o for tax. Outside USA add 15°/o for air mail postageand handling. Payment must be in U.S. dollars. Dealer inquiries invited. Prices subject to change without notice.

Order Line: (408) 448-0800

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS Deijt-B- p°-Box2l63aSanJose'CAUSA95151

Circle 336 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

HEX ENCODED KEYBOARD

Four-onboard LEDs indi-cate the HEX code gen-erated for each keydepression. The boardrequires a single +5volt supply. Board only$15.00 Part No. HEX-3,with parts $49.95 PartNo. HEX- 3A. 44 pinedge connector $4.00Part No. 44P. *•?•".»

T.V.TYPEWRITER

• Stand alone TVT

• 32 char/line. 16

lines, modifications for64 char/line included

• Parallel ASCII (TTL)input • Video output

• 1K on board memory

• Output for computercontrolled curser •Auto scroll • Non-destructive curser •Curser inputs: up, down,left, right, home, EOL,EOS • Scroll up, down

• Requires +5 voltsat 1.5 amps, and -12volts at 30 mA • All7400. TTL chips •Char. gen. 2513 •Upper case only •Board only $39.00Part No. 106, withparts $145.00 PartNo. 106A

44 BUS MOTHERBOARD

Has provisions for ten44 pin (.156) connec-tors, spaced 3/4 of aninch apart. Pin 20 isconnected to X, and22 is connected to Zfor power and ground.All the other pins areconnected in parallel.This board also hasprovisions for bypasscapacitors. Boardcost $15.00 Part No.102. Connectors

$3.00 each Part No.44WP.

UARTSBAUD RATEGENERATOR

-- ...wi».....:.

• Converts serial toparallel and parallel toserial • Low cost onboard baud rate gener-ator • Baud rates:110, 150. 300, 600,1200, and 2400 •Low power drain +5volts and -12 voltsrequired • TTL com-patible • All characterscontain a start bit, 5to B data bits, 1 or 2stop bits, and eitherodd or even parity. • Allconnections go to a 44pin gold plated edgeconnector • Board only$12.00 Part No. 101,with parts $35.00 PartNo. 101 A, 44 pin edgeconnector $4.00 PartNo. 44P

RS-232/20mAINTERFACE

This board has twopassive, opto-isola-ted circuits. One con-verts RS-232 to20mA, the other con-verts 20mA to RS-232. All connectionsgo to a 10 pin edgeconnector. Requires+12 and -12 volts.Board only $9.95,part no. 7901, withparts $14,95 PartNo. 7901A.

ASCII TO CORRESPONDENCECODE CONVERTER

This bidirectional board is a direct replace-ment for the board inside the Trendata 1000terminal. The on board connector providesRS-232 serial in and out. Sold only as anassembled and tested unit for $249.95.Part No. TA 1000C

ASCII KEYBOARD

53 Keys popular ASR-33 format • RuggedG-10 PC. Board • Tri-mode MOS encoding• Two-Key Rollover • MOS/DTL/TTL Compat-ible • Upper Case lockout • Data and Strobeinversion option • Three User DefinableKeys • Low contact bounce • Selectable Par-ity • Custom Keycaps • George Risk Model753. Requires +5, -12 volts. $59.95 Kit.

ASCII KEYBOARD

TTL & DTL compatible • Full 67 key array

• Full 12B character ASCII output • Positivelogic with outputs resting low • Data Strobe

• Five user-definable spare keys • Standard22 pin dual card edge connector • Requires+5VDC, 325 mA. Assembled & Tested.Cherry Pro Part No. P70-05AB. $119.95.

A-to-D D-to-A CONVERTER

.piBsitpsaliMal

IX I^HlaB

■tw

Analog to Digital,Digital to AnalogConverter, A-D con-version time 20us.D-A conversion5us. Uses includespeech and musicsynthesizing andslow scan TV. Sin-gle power supply (5V), 8 Bits wide, latched I/O,strobe lines. Part No. 79287K Complete Kit$49.95 • Part No. 792B7A Assembled $69.95

xHrvm

SOLID STATE SWITCH

SUPER MODEM

Orignate, RS-232 and20 mA compatable. Fullduplex, and half duplex,direct connect or a-coustic coupled, on/ aM boardpowersupply,car-

rier detect light, DB25 plug , 300 BAUD, Type103 compatable frequencies, Bare board PartNo.2000,$19,95. Kit Part No.20O0A,$99.95.

Your computer can control power(120VAC) to your printer, lights,and other 120VAC appliances upto 720 watts [6AMPS at 120VAC1Input 3 to 15 VDC, 2-13 MA TTLcompatible, isolation 1500V. Part No. 79000K1 Channel Kit $9.95 • Assm. $12.50 • Part No.79004K 4 Channel Kit $34.95 • Assm. $44.95.

T.V. INTERFACE

• Converts video toAM modulated RF,Channels 2 or 3. Sopowerful almost notuning is required. Onboard regulated powersupply makes this ex-tremely stable. Ratedvery highly in DoctorDobbs' Journal. Recom-mended by Apple •Power required is 12volts AC C.T., or +5volts DC • Board only$7.60 part No. 107,with parts $13.50 PartNo. 107A

SOROCIQ120

Upper/lower case dis-play • Numeric keypadS. cursor keys • Pro-tected fields, Vs inten-sity display • RS 232interface & aux. port.IQ120—$799.95 •IQ140 Detachable key-board—$1199.95

RS-32/TTLINTERFACE

• Converts TTL to RS-232, and converts RS-232 to TTL • Two se-parate circuits • Re-quires -12 and +12volts • All connectionsgo to a 10 pin edgeconnector, kit $9.95 PartNo.232A10Pinedge con-nector $3.00 part No.1QP.

TAPEINTERFACE

• Converts a low costtape recorder to adigital recorder • Worksup to 1200 baud •Dig-ital in and out are TTL-serial • Output ofboard connects to mic.in of recorder • Ear-phone of recorder con-nects to input on board

• No coils • Requires+5 volts, low powerdrain • Board only$7.60 Part No. 111.with parts $29.95PartNo. 111A

MODEM

• Type 103 • Full or halfduplex • Works up to300 baud • Originateor Answer • Serial TTLinput and output • con-nect B i! speaker andcrystal mic. directly toboard • Requires +5volts* Board only $7.60Part No. 109. with parts$29.95 Part No. 109A.

COMPUCOLOR II

a

war

With reg. keyboardMOD3 8K $1449.95MOD4 16 K $1495.95MDD5 32K $1699.95Without disk drive sub-tract $450.00. Add-ondrives, $495.00. With101 key option add$134.95. With 117 keyoption add $179.95.

DC POWER SUPPLY

• Board supplies a regulated +5volts at 3 amps., +1 2, -1 2, and -5volts at 1 amp. • Power required isB volts AC at 3 amps., and 24 voltsAC C.T. at 1.5 amps. • Board only ■$« ]—$12.50 Part No. 6085. with partsexcluding transformers $42.50Part No. 60B5A

Send for FREE Catalog.;.a big self addressed envelope with 80<F postage gets it fastest!

TO Ordfir* Mention Part na' description, and price. In USA shipping paid by us for orders accompanied by check or money" order. We accept C.O.D. orders (U.S. only) or a VISA or Master Charge no., expiration date, signature and phoneno., shipping charges will be added. CA residents add B.5°/o for tax. Outside USA add 15Q/o for air mail postageand handling. Payment must be in U.S. dollars. Dealer inquiries invited. Prices subject to change without notice.

Order Line: (408) 448-0800

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS DePi B< p°-Box 21638-san j°se. ca usa 95isi

376 BYTE October 1980

Circle 336 on inquiry card.

Cwta

II OrAPPLE II PLUS

16KS975S5/Extra16KE.S. RAM installed$74.95, extra 32KE.S.RAM installed $148.95.

APPLE II HOBBY/PROTOTYPING CARD

PartNo.7907$14.95

APPLE IIPARALLELINTERFACE

Interfaces printers, syn-thesizers keyboards, andJBE A-D D-A ConverterG. Switches. This inter-face has 4 I/O portswith handshaking logic,2-6522 VIA's and a74LS74 for timing. In-puts and outputs areTTL compatible. PartNo. 79295K CompleteKit—$69.95 • Part No.79295A Assembled—$79.95

REALTIME

100,000 DAY

CLOCK

MT. HARDWARE Dou-ble the utility of yourS-100 bus computerwith a real-time clockthat keeps time in100/iS increments forover 273 years. Pro-gram events for the en-tire period with real timeinterrupts...without de-railing the system. Main-tain a log of computerusage, time and datetransaction printouts,call up lists. On-boardbattery backup.MHPX004-$349.00

16K EPROM

Uses 2708 EPROMS.memory speed selec-tion provided, ad-dressable anywhere in65K of memory, canbe shadowed in 4K in-crements. Board only$24.95 part nD.7902, with parts lessEPROMs $49.95 partno. 7902A.

PET COMPUTER

^L^^^^^B

With 16K S. monitor—$895.00'Dual Disk Dnve-$1095.00

OPTO-ISOLATED

PARALLEL INPUT

BOARD FOR

APPLE II

There are 8 inputs thatcan be driven fromTTL logic or any 5 voltsource. The circuitboard can be pluggedinto any of the 8 socketsof your Apple II. It hasa 16 pin socket forstandard dip ribboncable connection.Board only$15.00. PartNo. 120, with parts$69.95. Part No. 120A.

VIDEO TERMINAL

1 *■■":;:■:

16 lines, B4 columns •Llpper and lower case

• 5x7 dot matrix • Se-rial RS-232 in and outwith TTL parallelkeyboard input • Onboard baud rategenerator 75, 110,150. 300, 600, &1200 jumper select-able • Memory 1024characters f7-21L02)

• Video processor chipSFF963B4 by Necu-lonic • Control char-acters (CR, LF, -♦. •-,T, J., non destructivecursor, CS, home, CL

• White characters onblack background orvice-versa • With theaddition of a key-board, video monitoror TV set with TVinterface (part no.107A) and powersupply this is a com-plete stand aloneterminal • also S-100compatible • requires+ 16, S. -16 VDC at100mA, and 8VDC at1A. Part No. 1000A$199.95 kit.

qiBjHjqisiDjqjqi

PARALLEL

TRIAC OUTPUT

BOARD FOR

APPLE II

This board has 8 tnacs capable of switching110 volt 6 amp loads (660 watts per channel) or atotal of 5280 watts. Board only $15.00 Part No.210. with parts $119.95 Part No. 21OA

apple ii-::-

SERIAL I/OINTERFACE

Baud rate is continuously adjustable from 0to 30.000 • Plugs into any peripheralconnector • Low current drain. RS-232 inputand output • On board switch selectable 5 to8 data bits, 1 or 2 stop bits, and parity or noparity either odd or even • Jumper selectableaddress • SOFTWARE • Input and Outputroutine from monitor or BASIC to teletype orother serial printer • Program for using anApple II for a video or an intelligent terminal.Also can output in correspondence code tointerface with some selectrics. • Alsowatches DTR • Board only $15.00 Part No.2, with parts $42.00 Part No. 2A, assembled$62.00 Part No. 2C

8K EPROM PICEON

'<-""

^^Sfli^BiiSMiffl^^^^

• Programs 2708's address relocation of each4K of memory to any 4K boundary • Power onjump and reset jump option for "turnkey"systems and computers without a front panel

• Program saver software in 1 2708 EPROM$25. Bare board $35 including custom coil,board with parts but no EPROMS $139, with 4EPROMS $1 79, with 8 EPROMS $219.

WAMECO PRODUCTS

With ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS parts

FDC-1 FLOPPY CONTROLLER BOARD willdrive shugart, pertek, remex 5" & 8" drivesup to 8 drives, on board PRDM with powerboot up, will operate with CPM [notincluded). PCBD $42.95

FPB-1 Front Panel. (Finally) IMSAI size hexdisplays. Byte or instruction single step.PCBD $42.95

MEM-1A 8Kx8 fully buffered. S-100, uses2102 type RAMS.PCBD $24.95. $1 68 Kit

QMB-12 MOTHER BOARD, 13 slot, termi-

nated, S-100 board only $34.95

$89.95 Kit

CPU-1 8080A Processor board S-100 with

8 level vector interrupt PCBD .. $25.95

$89.95 Kit

RTC-1 Realtime clock board. Two independ-ent interrupts. Software programmable.PCBD $25.95. $60.95 Kit

EPM-2 2708/2716 16K/32K

EPROM card PCBD $24.95

$49.95 with parts less EPROMS

QMB-9 MOTHER BOARD. Short Version of

QMB-12. 9 Slots PCBD $30.95

$67.95 Kit

MEM-2 1 6Kx8 Fully Buffered 2114 BoardPCBD $25.95, $269.95 Kit

YOU MUST REFER TO THIS ADTO GET THESE PRICES.

D.C. HAYES MICROMODEM

Fully S-100 bus compatible including 16-bitmachines and 4 MHz processors. • Two soft-ware selectable Baud rates—300 Baud and ajumper selectable speed from 45 to 300 Baud.(110 standard). Supports originate and answermodes. • Direct-connect Microcoupler. ThisFCC-registered device provides direct accessinto your local telephone system, with none ofthe losses or distortions associated with acous-tic couplers and without a telephone companysupplied data access arrangement. • Auto-Answer/ Auto-Call. The MICROMODEM 100can automatically answer the phone and receiveinput; it can also dial a number automatically. •Automatic Reset and Disconnect. • Softwarecompatible with the D.C. Hayes Associates80-103A Data Communications Adapter.Micromodem-DCHA32625—$379.95

TIDMA

Tape Interface Direct Memory Access • Recordand play programs without bootstrap loader (noprom) has FSK encoder/decoder for direct con-nections to low cost recorder at 1200 baud rate,and direct connections for inputs and outputs toa digital recorder at any baud rate • S-100 buscompatible • Board only $35.00 Part No. 112,with parts $110.00 Part No. 112A.

SYSTEM MONITOR

B080, B085, or Z-80 System monitor for usewith the TIDMA board. There is no need forthe front panel. Complete with documentation$12.95.

RS-232/TTYINTERFACE

Mar tsa too

This board has twoactive circuits, one con-verts RS-232 to 20 mA,the other converts 20mA to RS-232. Re-quires +12 and -12volts. $9.95 Part No.BOOA Kit.

SERIAL I/O

Four Serial I/O RS-232ports. S-100 Bus, Soft-ware or jumper selectablsbaud rate (110, 300, BOD.1200,2400.4800,9600,19.2K). on board Xtal baudrate generator, Address-ing, switch selectable,Parity or no parity (odd oreven) switch selectable. 1or 2 stop bits, 5 to abits/character. Board only$29.95. Part No. 7908.With parts (kit) $199.95.Part No. 7908A.

S-100 BUSACTIVE TERMINATOR

Board only $14.95 Part No. 900, with parts$24.95 Part No. 900A

Send for FREE Catalog...a big self addressed envelope with 80$ postage gets it fastest!

Tfl flrripr- Mention part no., description, and price. In USA shipping paid by us for orders accompanied by check or money■ order. We accept C.O.D. orders (U.S. only) or a VISA or Master Charge no., expiration date, signature and phoneno., shipping charges will be added. CA residents add 6.5°/o for tax. Outside USA add 15% for air mail postageand handling. Payment must be in U.S. dollars. Dealer inquiries invited. Prices subject to change without notice.

Order Line: (408) 448-0800

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS Dept. B, P.O. Box 2163S, San Jose, CA USA 95151

Circle 336 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

COMPUTERSYSTEMSINC.

15335 South Hawthorne BoulevardLawndale, California 90260(213) 970-0952

Place Orders Toll Free 1-800-421-5150

(Continental U.S. Only — Except Calif.)

Retail Store Open 10:00 A.M. to 6:00 P.M.

Daily Except Sunday

QT CATALOG NOW AVAILABLE

Q.T.

BOARD SET #1 (KIT)Z+80 CPU (Rev i)Expandable + with 32KMonitor For Serial Terminal

Q.T.

BOARD SET #2 (KIT)Z+ CPU (Rev I)Expandable + with 64KVersafloppy IIMonitor For Serial Terminal

THE GREAT Q.T. BOARD SET SALE

USER PROVEN BOARD SETS AT NOT MUCH ABOVE OUR

WHOLESALE COST. 6 SLOT MOTHER BOARD KIT

FREE WITH EACH BOARD SET PURCHASED.

S.D.

BOARD SET #1

FORSTARTERS

Our

Normal

Retail

Q.T.Price

$525.00$425.00

FORHOBBYISTS

Our

Normal

Retail

Q.T.Price

$1050.00$850.00

FOR SERIOUSHOBBYISTS

Our

$950.00

NormalRetailQ.T.Price

$850.00

KIT)SBC-100

Expandoram I with 32K RAMVersafloppy I

Monitor For Serial TerminalBIOS for 8" or 5%" Drives

S.D. FOR SMALL BUSINESSES

BOARD SET #2 (KIT)& SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS

SBC-200 Our

Expandoram II with 32K RAM Normal $1150 00

Versafloppy II Retail

Monitor For Serial Terminal Q.T. ^

BIOS for Disk Drives Price $1000.00

PARTICIPATING IN THIS SALE ALSO ENTITLES YOU TO SUCH BONUSES AS:

1. $36.00 Per set of 4116's — 200ns devices only

2. Free second page of memory option in all Televideo 912 & 920 Smart CRT's.

QT MEMORY EXPANSION KITS

for .

TRSSCf APPLE •EXIDY

4116 200 ns

8 for $40.00

2716 (5V - 450 ns)

$18.00

2716 (5& 12V- 450 ns)

$14.00

2732 (5V)

$55.00

2114L 300 ns8 for $40.00

100-$4.25ea.

4118-$24.95

r

>

TELEVIDEO (CRT)SMART TERMINAL

<

• Reverse Video • Blinking/blank fields

• Upper/lower case character • Protectedfields • Non-glare screen • Underlining

• 12 x 10 character resolution • Singlestroke editing keys • Function keys • Blink-ing cursor • TTY keyboard • Numeric pad

• 9 Baud rates (75-9600 Baud) • Self-test

• Printer port

912B $75a00

9206 $835.00

920C $850.00

OPTION:

2nd Page Memory $34.95

Nationwide Field Service available fromGeneral Electric Instrumentation and Com-munication Equipment Service Shops.

, uei

\mu

VERBATIMMEMOREX& WABASH

A

Pirt No.QTMO 525 01QTMO 525 10OTMO 525 16QTF032 1000\ QTF034 1000

A

Sectoring Pkg. of 2 Box of 10Soil Sector $ 8.95 $29.95

Hard 10 Sector $ 8.95 $29.95Hard 16 Sector $ 8.95 $29.95Hard Sector $11.95 $34.95Soft Sector $11.95 $34.

r.

4.95J

KASETTE LIBRARY

Part No.

CAS-10-8

Blue/Grey/Beige/Black8" Diskette Holder .... $4.50 or 3/$10.00CAS-10-5

Blue/Grey/Beige/Black

Diskette Holder .... $4.25 or 3/$10.

>

CONNECTORS

0.00/

RS232 Set $6.50

.1 Male DB-25, 1 Female DB-25, 1 Cover

DB25P $2.95

DB25S $3.60

Cover $1.50

S-100 (IMSAI STYLE) $2.50 ea.

\ Gold Solder Tall 10 for $2.25,

/SEE QT PRODUCTS AT THE

I NORTHEAST PERSONAL &

I BUSINESS

I COMPUTER SHOW

I IN BOSTON - NOV. 20-23 #

V. ISLAND BOOTH #408 J

PARTS

MICROPROCESSORS

Z80 (2MHz) ... $10.95Z80A (4MHz) . . $12.95

6502 $11.25

6800 $12.50

6802 $18.00

8035 $20.00

8080A $ 3.50

8085A $20.00

8086-4 $60.00

8088 $60.00

8748-8 $70.00

8080A SUPPORT

8212 $ 3.50

8214 $ 4.50

8216 $ 2.95

8224 $ 4.00

8228 $ 6.00

8238 $ 6.00

8243 $ 5.00

8251 $ 7.00

8253 $19.00

8253-5 $20.25

8255 $ 6.25

8257 $17.95

8257-5 $19.00

8259 $19.95

8275 $69.95

8279 $17.50

8279-5 $18.00

8295 $16.50

KEYBOARD CHIPS

AY5-2376 $13.75

AY5-3600 $13.75

BAUD RATEGENERATORS

MC14411 $11.00

1-8432 XTAL $ 4.95BR1941L $10.00

DISC CONTROLLER

1771B01 $24.95

1791B01 $37.95

V 179

EPROMS

1702A $ 4.95

2708 $ 6.25

2516 $18.00

2758 $27.00

2532 $55.00

2732 $55.00

USRT

S2350 $ 7.95

MISCELLANEOUSOTHER COMPONENTS

N8T20 $ 3.25

N8T26 $ 2.50

N8T97 $ 2.00

N8T98 $ 2.00

1488 $ 1.25

1489 $ 1.25

D3205 $ 3.00

D3242 $10.15

D3245 $ 5.60

P3404 $ 6.75

TMS5501 $19.00

DM8131 $ 3.00

CRT CONTROLLER

MC6845P $22.00

UARTS

TR1602B $ 3.75

CHARACTERGENERATORS

2513

(Upper case) .$10.952513

(Lower case) .$10.952513

Upper (5 v) . . .$ 9.752513

Lower (5 v) . ..$10.95

6800 PRODUCTS

6802P $18.00

6821P $ 5.25

6845P $22.00

6850P $10.00

6860P $11.55

6875P $ 7.40

378 BYTE October 1980

Circle 337 on inquiry card.

.SS37PRODUCTS

CB2 Z-80 CPU

Kit $225.00

Assembled & Tested $310.00

• 2MHz, 4MHz, Mixed • Type—2716 or 2732 (not incl.) • Dip switch addressing •One wait state added • Dip switch disable • Type— TMS 4016 (not incl) • 8additional address lines • Rawer on/reset firmware jump using first instruction inEPROM

104 2P + 2S I/O interlace

Kit $150.00

Assembled & Tested $200.00

• Two serial ports with status • Two parallel inputs • Two parallel outputs •Current-loop by optical isolators • UART presets by dip switch: —stop bits —wordlenglh —parity even and odd • Dip switch addressing of serial I/O to any four portboundary • Dip switch addressing of parallel I/O to any two port boundary

PB1 2708/2716 EPROM Programmer

Kit with Textool sockets $140.00

Assembled & Tested w/Textool sockets $190.00

• 2708 EPROM (not included) • 2716 EPROM + 5V type (not included) • Any 4Kboundary • Separate 2708 and 2716 sockets • Any 4K/8K boundary above 8000Hex • Optional Textool sockets (for programming only) • Programming software& bit for bit verify routines provided

VB1C

Kit $160.00

Assembled & Tested $210.00

• 64 or 32 Characters Per Line* 16 Lines* Graphics (128x48matrix)* SeparateVideo. Horizontal & Vertical Sync • Memory Mapped Board • 1024 Bytes • DipSwitch Addressing in 1K Increments • All Lines Buffered

VB 3 80 Character Video Interlace80x24 Display, 4 MHz

Kit $369.95

Assembled & Tested $439.00

• 80 char, per line, up to 51 lines • Graphics up to 160 x 204 matrix • Upper & lowercase characters • Software controlled timing, top & bottom margins, horiz.position • U.S. & European T.V. timing • 4096 Bytes (8192 bytes optional) • Switchaddressing, 8K increments • CP/M compatible driver routine

S-100 BARE BOARDS

CB1A 8080 CPU *ja00

VB2 I/O Mapped Video Interlace $33.00

I02 Parallel I/O Interface $33.00

104 2P + 2S I/O Interlace $33.00

SB1 Muwc Synthesizer $40.00

OB1 Vector Jump aPrototyping Board $29.96

MB3 4K 1702 EPROM Board $30.00MB6B 8K Static RAM $27.00

MB7 Low Power 16K Static RAM $30.00MB8A 16K 2708 EPROM Board $3000

T1 Terminator $26.00

MTI 15 Slot Motherboard $4000

XB1 Extender Board $1X50

S-100 KITS & ASSEMBLED BOARDS

APPLE SERIAL/PARALLELINTERFACE

Al/O Kit $125.00

Al/O A&T $165.00

CB1A 8080 CPU

Kit $149.95

Assembled & Tested $199.95

I02 Parallel I/O Interface

Kit $ 59.00

Assembled & Tested $ 89.00

MB3 4K 1702 EPROM Board

Kit - without EPROMS ... $ 65.00

Assembled & Tested $125.00

MB6B 8K Static RAM450 ns RAM

Kit $139.95

Assembled & Tested $199.95

250 ns RAM (MB6B)

Kit 179.95

Assembled & Tested $245.00

MB7 Low Power 16K Static RAM

Kit $325.00

Assembled & Tested $375.00

MB8A 16K 2708 EPROM Board

Kit - without EPROMS ... $ 99.00

Assembled & Tested $159.00

MT1 15 Slot Motherboard

Kit (with Connectors) $100.00

Assembled & Tested $150.00

OB1 Vector Jump &Prototyping Board

Kit $ 55.00

Assembled & Tested $ 85.00

SB1 Music Synthesizer (4)

Kit $199.00

Assembled & Tested $279.00

T1 Active Terminator

Kit $ 34.00

Assembled & Tested $ 64.00

VB2 I/O Mapped Video Interface

Kit $16000

Assembled & Tested $21000

XB1 Extender Board

Kit (with Connector) $22.00

Assembled & Tested $30.00

r

v

$25 REBATE

on any SD Systems ——--

microcomputer board Offer expires 10-31-80

VERSAFLOPPY II

DOUBLE DENSITY DISK CONTROLLER

e For single or double density e 985600 bytes on 8" double sideddiskettes • 259840 bytes on double sided 5%" diskettes • S-100 bus

• IBM 3740 format in single density • 8" and 514" drives controlledsimultaneously* Operates with Z-80, 8080, and 8085 CPU's* Controlsup to 4 drives

VF-2K (KIT) $30000

VF-2AT (A&T) $369.00

SBC-100/200

2 OR 4 MHz SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER

• S-100 bus Z-80 CPU BD • 1Kofon-board RAM* 4 EPROM socketsaccommodates 2708, 2716, or 2732 * One parallel and one serial I/Oport • 4-channel counter timer chip (Z-80 CTC) • Software program-able serial baud rates

SBC-100K (2MHz KIT) $255.00

SBC-100AT (2 MHz A&T) $325.00

SBC-200K (4 MHz KIT) $289.00

SBC-200AT (4 MHz A&T) $369.00

SD SYSTEMS

ALL SD A&T PRODUCTS

SOLD BY QT ARE

ASSEMBLED & TESTED BY QT

PROM-100

• For S-100 Bus • Programs the Following EPROMs: 2708, Intel 2758,2716. 2732 and Tl 2516 * Dip Switch Selection of EPROM type * 25VDC Programming Pulse Generated On Board • Maximum Program-ming Time: 16,384 Bits in 100seconds* Software Provides for Readingof Object File from SDOS, CP/M or PROM and Programming intoEPROM • Program Verification • Verification of Erasure • ZeroInsertion Force Socket

PROM-100K (KIT) $175.00

PROM-100AT (A&T) $225.00

Z-80 STARTER KIT

COMPLETE Z-80 MICROCOMPUTER

• On-board keyboard, display, EPROM Programmer, and cassetteinterface • On-board S-100 interface • Wire-wrap area and room for2S-100 connectors • Two 8-bit parallel I/O ports, 4-channel CTC, 5programmable breakpoints* Examine an 1 change memory, I/O ports,or register

Z-80K (KIT) $289.00

Z-80AT (A&T) $349.00

8" DRIVES

SA-801R $475.00

Single Sided. Sgl/Dbl Density

Buy 2 EA 801R & Get One Free CabinetREMEX 4000D $675.00

Double Sided, Dbl Density

5%" DRIVES

MPI B-51 $275.00

Single Sided. Sgl/Dbl Density

Exact Replacement for SA-4O0MPI B-52 $395.00

Double Sided, Dbl DensityPERTEC FD-200 $250.00

Single Sided. Sgl/Dbl DensityAdd $5.00 for Disk Drive Manuals

STATIC RAMBOARDS

SR-8K BARE BD (Ithaca Audio) 21L02 $ 19.00

SR-16K BARE BD (Problem Solvers) 2114 .. $ 19.00

SR-16K A&T 2114L 4MHz $249.00

SR-32K KIT (Uses 2114L) 4MHz $40000

SR-32K AST (Uses 21I4L) 4MHz $45000

TEXTOOL ZIP* DIP II SOCKETS

16 PIN ZIP* DIP II $ 5.50

24 PIN ZIP* DIP II $ 7.50

40 PIN ZIP* DIP II $10.25

•ZERO INSERTION PRESSURE

PRINTERS

NEC Splnwriter

Model 5500

Model 5510

Delivery-Allow 4 WksPaper Tiger

IDS-440

W/GRAPHICS $1050.00

Centronics 737-1 $995.00

QT TECHNICAL HOTLINE(213) 973-2619

. $2600.00$2900.00

. $950.00

<T

COMPUTERSYSTEMSINC.

PLACE ORDERS TOLL FREE

1-800-421-5150

(CONTINENTAL U.S. ONLY)

(EXCEPT CALIFORNIA)

15.1.15 South Hawthorne Boulevardl.awndale. California 90260(21.1) 970-0952

VISA

TERMS OF SALE: Cash, checks, moneyorders, credit cards accepted. Also COD.orders under $100.00, Minimum order$10.00. California residents add 6% salestax. Minimum shipping and handling charge$2.50.

Prices subject to change without noticeInternational sales in American dollars only

Circle 337 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

379

Contact us for new prices

Qume Datatrak 8

Double sided floppy with NO HEADACHES.Although many think this an impossibility,seeing is believing, and this drive is reallysomething! Shugart compatible, fully option-ed, reliable, and rapidly becoming the stand-ard in double-sided diskdom.

$599. Two/$549.

Siemens FDD 100-8D

Single sided 8" floppy drive, the latest

& greatest revision. Features double density

plus much more. An extremely reliable

drive $439 2/$409

Hard sector option kit... $9.95

Data separator option kit... $9.95

The following 5>i" mini-floppies share mostfeatures with their 8" cousins, so withoutfurther ado.. .

Siemens FDD 100-5D „ $279.

Qume Datatrak 5 (double sided).. .. 399.

BASF Mini mini . „ 279.

SA 400 .. .... ......... 299.

All the above mini-floppies are fully SA400

compatible.

Manuals for all drives are $10, refundable against future purchase of

drives. Also, all 8" drives can be ordered with 220 v/50 hz for world

wide use.

Disk controllers

Delta Products double density $349

Micromation doubler 439

Tarbell single density, A & T 225

Tarbell single density, kit 184

Tarbell double density, DMA 425Sorrento Valley 8" single density

for Apple 375

Electrolabs'Monthly Special!!!

TELEVIDE0 912C $699

TELEVIDEO920C 799

Features typewriter keyboard, microprocessorcontrols, Upper/lower case, adjustable baud rates(75-9600 baud), special function keys, muchmuch more.

Second page memory option $29.00

Accessories

HardDisk

CM HB 10 MBY fully REMOVEABLE cartridgedrive. Complete with controller, personality card,media, power supply, cabling, connectors anddocumentation. Highlighted by stylish & moderncabinetry. $6995.

Shugart SA4008 20MBY fixed disk system. S-100,includes controller, power supply, and all that isnecessary to run $6995.

Data Display Monitors

used 12" Sylvania monitors. Compositevideo, 12 MHz, 120 VAC. with new P-39 orP-4 tube, $79, used tube $59, OEM style(without case), subtract $12. U-fix model,10/$300.

4116 dynamic ram, 16K Bonanza!!

Set of 8, 16K, for Apple, TRS-80, ExioV, Heath & more. 200 Ns.,prime parts, at the unheard of $49/8.

Large discounts available for quantity & dealers (500 & up). Offerlimited while supply lasts, as these will vanish quickly!!!

Media

Cable kits for 8" drives with 10' 50 cond. flat cable,power cable, and all connectors. Assembled if de-sired. One drive 27.50, two 33.95, three 38.95for mini floppies (34 cond): one 24,95, two, 29.95

CP-206 Power-one power supply. Powers two drivesmore than adequately, top quality. Z8A/24V,2.5A/5V,.5A/-5V $99.

mini-floppy power supply $79

Electrolabs

POB 4436, Stanford, CA 94305

415-321-5601 800-227-8266

Telex: 345567 (Electrolab Pla)Visa MC Am. Exp.

PRAGMATIX 1

Incredible!! — Two 8" Shugart compatible single sided floppydisk drives (double oensity), CP-206 power supply, in hand-some color coordinated cabinet, with full cabling, connectors,and documentation, plus one box diskettes!!! All for an un-precedented $1295. Up to one MBY of storage.

with Qume Datatrak 8" double-sided drive $1695

8" ...$39.99 SS/SD8" ...$49.00 SS/DD8" ...$55.00 DS/SD8" ...$59.00 DS/DD5V*" $34.95 SSVU" $59.00 DSVerbatim, Memorex, Scotch, orequivalent name brandSpecial Introductory Offer!!!Wabash 8" diskettes $29.00 SS$39.00 DSPrice is cheap, but they runlike champs!!!!

Diskette head cleaning kit for 5'/S" or 8"$28.75 includes everything for 1 drivefor 1 year. Alignment Diskette forFloppy Drives $39.00

ENCLOSURES

Rackmount Mainframe MT-200. This gorgeousbeast is so appealing that it can easily functionalso as stand-alone mainframe. Very modernstyling with fully actively terminated S-100 bus.

With two 8" single-sided disk drives.. , $1899.With two 8" double sided disk drives in placeof single-sided variety. . $2499.

Desktop Mainframe MT-100. Contemporary styling, a handsome cabinet

coated with durable epoxy finish colors (blue, beige, off-white & silver).

Easy to fit into an office environment. The proper way to start your

sy stem.

Above plus two 8" single sided disk drives $1599.

Above with two 8" double sided disk drives in place of single-sidedvariety $2199.

$25 min. order. Calif, residents add 6% sales tax. Orders under $75, add 5% shippingand handling, over $75 add 2.5%. All pricing subject to change without notice.

380 BYTE October 1980

Circle 338 on inquiry card.

KeyboardSpecial 1 M

CHERRY "PRO" Keyboard $119.00

Streamlined Custom Enclosure

34.95

BOTH only $134.95

Daisy Wheel Printers

NEC Spinwriter 5510/2 $2899

NEC Spinwriter 5520/2 call

NEC Spinwriter 5530/2 for

*s. «k /•? prices

Qume S/5

KeyboardSpecial 2 !!

Keytronics 1660 $149.00

Hard Plastic enclosure 49.00BOTH only $152.00

ESAT 200B

BILINGUAL 80x24

Communicating Terminal

Scrolling, full cursor, bell, 8x8 matrix, 110-19,200 baud. Dual Front Applications.Arabic & Hebrew, Multilingual Data EntryForms Drawing, Music, & Switchyards.

Alone $279.

with Cherry Pro keyboard &

custom metal case $399.

Disk Subsystem

Matchmaker TechnologyTURNKEY DISK SUBSYSTEMS

APPLE Single density disk controller. Expanded Apple DOS

TRS-80 Single or double density. Expansion interface neces-sary. Space for 48K dynamic RAM on controller cardRS232 portSORCERER .. Full RS-232 Interface. One S-100 slot for memory ex-pansion. Single or double densityAll above units come as follows: Complete, assembled and tested, withtwo 8" floppy disk drives (Apple available in one drive model). Includesall cabling, connectors and documentation in a stunning color coordina-ted cabinet with power supply. Ready to go, plug in and run!!!

When ordering specify single or double sided drives

Software available for above disk add-ons

TRS-S0 & Sorcerer operate on all CP/M compatible software

Sprint 5/45 RO

$2699

Sprint 5/55 RO

2829

Sprint 5/45 KSR

3029

Sprint 5/55 KSR

3159

Forms Tractor

$210

Pinfeed platen

155

paper guide

30

paper basket

50

QumeSprint 3\A5

(requires self assembly)

Circle 338 for Electrolabs

printer mechanism

power supply

combination special

cases

S-100 interface card

$1499

349

1699

200

149

many print wheels, ribbons, & more available

Electrolabs

POB 4436, Stanford, CA 94305

415-321-5601 800-227-8266

Telex: 345567 (Electrolab Pla)Visa MC Am. Kxp.

Peripheral Sale!!

Hiplot Plotter $875.

Hipad Digitizer 715.

IDS 440 Paper tiger 899.

SD Expandoram 11

(A&T, 64K) 560.

Imsai 65K dynamic RAM III 399.

DC Hayes Micro-modem 100 . . 399.Super switcher power for

hard disk & more 349.

Contact us for new prices

DC Hayes Micromodem 11

(for apple) $344DC Hayes Micromodem 100 $349

735 LOMA VERDE. PALO ALTO. CA. 94303

Database Management Systems

HDBS A hierarchical Database Manage-ment System featuring fixed length records,read/write protection at file level and oneto many set relationships.

Z-80 Optimized 250.00

8080 Optimized 325.00

6502 Optimized 325.00

MDBS A large computer DBMS withhierarchical and full network data struc-tures (CODASYL Oriented). Explicitrepresentation of one to one, one tomany, many to one and many to manysets. Routines are callable from BASIC,PASCAL' COBOL or Machine Language.Z-80 Optimized 750.00

8080 Optimized 825.00

6502 Optimized 825.00

CommunicationsBISYNC-8G73780 a full function ibm

2780/3780 emulator that provides one ofthe most widely used communicationsprotocols. 550.00

BISYNC-80/HASP A full function HaspMulti-leaving Workstation package. 800.00

BISYNC-80/ASYNC An asynchronouscommunications package that uses thefull error correcting BISYNC protocol.

95.00

BISYNC-80/3270 a full function ibm

3275 or 3271/3277 terminal emulatorthat converts a "dumb" terminal into avery smart one. 550.00

Multiple License Pricing

- Upon Inquiry -

* LSI-11, PDP-11 TM DEC, UNIX TMWestec/i Electric, CP/M TM Digital Research

LSIll Z-80 8080 8085 6502

PHONE: 415 493-8186

High Level Languages

8080, 8085, Z-80 (Under OS-1 or CP/M)

BASIC

Microsoft Compiler 395.00

Microsoft "BASIC 80" 350.00

FORTRAN

Microsoft "FORTRAN 80"

(Includes MACRO 80) 500.00

COBOL

Microsoft "COBOL 80" 750.00

"C"

Whitesmith's "C" 600.00

PL/1

Digital Research's PL/1 500.00

PASCAL

M.T. Compiler 250.00

Z-80 Optimized (Under OS-1 or CP/M)

COBOL

R-M Z-80 COBOL ANSI '74 750.00LSI-11 */PDP-11* Under RT-11 or RSTS

COBOL - ANSI 74 Introducing:RJ-11 Compiler 1750.00

Applications in COBOL '74

Available in R-M COBOL, COBOL 80and RJ-11. (Source Included)

General Ledger 995.00

Accounts Receivable 995.00

Accounts Payable 995.00

Inventory Control 995.00

Order Entry/Invoicing 995.00

COMPLETE LEGAL 4200.00

COMPLETE DENTAL 4200.00

Why COBOL?It's portable (ANSI '74) it's universal!

150.0025.00

8080, 8085 & Z-80

CP/M Version 2.2Manuals only

CP/M - MCZ Version 2.2. Runs on

ZIL0G MCZ and PDS-8000

Only from Software Labs!Manuals only

systems.200.0035.00

OUR CATALOGUE

SoftwareSuppliesMedia

Storage EquipmentPublications- Upon Request -

Circle 339 for Software Labs

TO ORDER

*Price of manuals applied against softwarepurchase.

By Mail: Send check or money order {orP.O. from rated or institutional customers)

By Phone: Use Master Charge or Visa No.

Important Note: Please specify completesystem hardware and software configurationwith each order.

OPERATING SYSTEMSTM Z-80 Optimized

0S-1 A breakthrough in microcomputer

software from Electrolabs! UNIX*-like OSwith virtual I/O, bank-select memory controlto 16 MBY and optional memory protection!Totally compatible with all CP/M programs.You will be amazed at the difference! Ex-cellent brochure available. Includes editor,linker-loader, debugger, and one year update.

249.00

CaI.Forn.a DiqiTAt

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503

MEW

fromINTEGRAL DATA

Paper Tiger

**** All the features of the 440 and more ****The 460 uses a dot matrix character formation leciinique in whichthe placement of the dots overlap both horizontally and verticallyto achieve a correspondence-quality printing.

The printer's nine-wire print head uses staggered needle rows tocreate the vertically overlapping dots. The head is driven bi-directionally under microprocessor control by a stepper motordriven mechanism with logic-seeking look ahead capability.Standard " Two-K Byte" buffer allows the printer to accept theentire content of a 1,920-character CRT screen. Weight 27 lbs.suggested list price $1,295. Calif. Digital price

$1,076

%

MMWMMA

T

DB25

El

each 10+

—-i male $2.5° 2a

■•■•■•■•■•■•■•■•■•■•; °| female 3.25 305

~WSX!1 hOOd-2p 125 98Ctntronlc 6.35

|BCDThus«ee,l?5

Ten PositionMfg. by Digiswitch1 7/8"high 1/2" wide

Authorized Distributor

SCOteK »«/a

741-0

LI

Edge

Connectors

GOLD100 PIN

IMSAI/ALTAIR

Imsai solder .!25i 250Imsai ww .12 5 centersAltair soidertaiI 140 rowSPECIALS22/44 Him eyelet.156"25/50 solder tab .156"36/72 wide post «/w,156

• 2.9S 3/» 7.50(4.95 3 513.00S5.95 3 115.00

S1.9S 3/45.00(1.09 3/(2.0041.95 3/45.00

Data Products

M

IBM soft format.Double side softD oubLe density743-0 Double/Double740-32 8" Hard sector744-(0)(10K16) 5 l/4"miniLibrary case for any above834 A Data CassetteD C 100 Mint CartridgeD C 300 D ata Cartridge9201 ) Disk Cartridga

5 Of

$3. 50 I

6. 00

I. B0

10 Pak$30.00

65. 00

53. 00

70. 00

30.00 3.50

39.00 3.50: Add $3. 005.50

16.00

20.00

30. 00

S-100 Mother Board

QuietBuss

WESTERN UNION

ENCLOSURE

TELETYPE MODEL 43

4320 KEYBOARD

TTL AAA $ 950

RS232....AAKFriction... AAE103 Modem AAB 1575

1050 p|

1100 shipping

TET

$24.95

PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE

with purchaseof each box of

Memorex mini-diskettes. »5 value.

*&. *24.95

Bo?e°s '22.2$

forty track

DISKETTES

SUPER BUY

IDS44QGPAPERTIGER

S770

California Digital has recent"Cash Flowr" problem. Alltverv Integra] Data SystemsOrder now before invent urie

nils are first cla■HOC. Paper Tig*are exhausted B

primers fron-, .. computer ii,.inu f.n-turs fresh merchandise shipped in factor• includes factory- Installed "Dot Plot 'J save S3U0 off retail prices. Oily 70

sealed cIfr.iiihiesv,.ii:ible.

experiencing a

Think/Toys Switchboard I/OGodbuul Ecooor.iiii Product*Mullln TU-2 Extend. r.L.u,:ie 100 WtreV

3 54K Exp.indoi

i M-.-n-

16 BIT S-100 BOARDSCal. Digital CAL-B6Teciiiar BOBSSeattle Con-.pulrrs BOBSGodbout SOBB.Blld..Ithaca Inter systems 7-80IJ0

M1SCEI.I.ANI. Oil..Cherry P ro ASCI 1 Keybd.Maxiswiich HEX KeyboardL'V Eraser 11-ESuper Mel II Rl Modulator

MEMORY

TRS-80S,APPLE II

16k memory (8) 4H6's

Installation is simple. Anyone who hasever changed a spark plug should be able <to up-grade his microcomputer.How can California Digital offer thesememory up-grade sets at 25% below our competition?Simple, we buy In volume, wholesale to dealers andsell the balance directly to owners of personal micro-systems. These 16K dynamic memory circuits arefactory prime and unconditionally guaranteed for onefull year. N O VV, before you change your mind, pickup the telephone and order your up-grade memoryfrom California Digital Add $3 for TRS80 jumpers.

5C -099 1K>-

STATIC

1-31

32-99

100-5

21L02 450nS.

1. 19

.99

.95

21L02 250nS.

1.49

1. 39

1.25

2114 1Kx4 450

5.95

5. 50

5. 25

2114 1Kx4 300

8. 95

8. 50

8.00

4044 4Kxl 450

5.95

5.50

5.25

4044 4Kxl 250

9.95

9.50

9.00

■1045 IKx4 450

8. 95

8. 50

8. 00

4045 1KX4 250

9.95

9. 50

9.00

5257 low pow.

5. 95

5. 50

5. 00

.90

. 35

*** THOUSANDS ***We have slashed price in an effort toreduce our over stocked inventory.These are Single Five Volt Eproms,manufactured by one of the Worldslargest producers of semiconductors.Please phone for volume pricing.

3-Shugart Associates

SA800-R Floppy D

$4495Q

XEROX 800

WORD PROCESSING

KEYBOARD

ASCII ENCODED

This 77key word proee.ssiii!! keyboard wasmanufactured by Mlcroswitch fur use En thoXerox BOO word processing system.Tile keyboard outputs B seven bit ASCIIcode along with an eighth bit that allowsmoat keys lo shift ana double Qinotlon asspecial characters. Extra targe " Tab **Return " keys are designed into the layoutof the keyboard to emulate the IBM Selec-iric. 17 illuminated keys serve for specialword processing codes. The keyboard isequipped with two thumbwheel switches fordefining line width.

Original Xerox acquisition ov-r 1400.00California Digital USED price i.nly (48, 00

:eUei

cond. Dc

□ATA INPUT■V* TERMINAL

e System is comprised of :,»iC with a Honeywell / Mlcrt

aeptance of data and alertst most of all -.Ms "USEO"t

HHiifuvili

.■ tor a

accept I

s KeyHlalloti terminal1 ».is recently acred from the CMC division of the P ertit unit wan originally deslgneionto magnetic tape.

i.jgliiallcn. cai/Idco display: i

ildltlonal 320.

\

CONTROL D/WA

CRT Terminal?

1 r;inklv we made a mistake and areoffering these terminals below oureosi jusi to get them out of our ware*linuse. As far as we can determinethe units are complete. But we areoffering them on m "as-Is" basiswithmii any return privileges.I'he terminals were originally pur-chased from All State Insurance.f\t present we have been unable tosecure any printed Information onthemils. If you have any doubts, pleaseIn not purchase one of these term in a-hipped via truck. £-it

Scotcl

Diskette

Head

Cleaning

Kit

$24.95

Please specify:8" or 5 1/4"

MiniatureSwitches

KEYBOARD $24?5

classic Hvlek keyboard Is similar lolie used in the Deewi-itOT Terminal,in-encoded contacts three locking.B-y boxed Altair surplus. Shipping % 11

PORTABLE DATA ENTRY SYSTEM

These used data terminals wen- originally designed for ctrol and order entry systems. The operator entersmerchandise on hand and the unit price. After all pertinent data has been enterthe recorder, the mam warehouse iii telephoned, the handset is placed in the acicoupler and all the recorded Information is transmitted back to the master com;With a little Imagination and une of these portable entry systems, you should beto exchange programs and computer infurmalion wilh associates across the courAil units were removed from service in working condition. Original cost $2,$Q(

Each system comes complete with:

•Portable Cassette Drive Unit ■Five Could "II" NiCads ■DB25 Cable

•Removable Entry Keyboard ■Acoustical Coupler .Shoulder star

with LED Display ■llaltery Charger -Full Documer

ESS

your choice

$.98

SPDT Miniature Toggles

7101C&K ON NONE ON

7107 jlit 0K.0FF1rnnt.0N)

7108 CK ON-Onome.it ON)7103 CK ON OFF ONRotary 3P-4-Pos.Rotary 3P-6Pos.Push BIN 0 1 S.39».4/S1

JJ29

9pos.|

SPST

The new BSR timer runsyour home like clockwork.Turns on lamps and appli-ances while your awayfrom home.

Completely compatiblewith your existing sys-tem X-10 devices.

BSR Timer $65.00

Master Console 34.95

Ultrasonic Controller 19.95

Modules: Appliance.Lamp or Wall Switch 13.95

VISA

All merchandise sold by California Digital is premium gradeShipping: First five pounds $2.00; each additional add $.40Foreign orders 10% shipping. Excess will be refunded.California residents add 6% sales tax. COD's discouraged.

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

(800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

213679-9001

CaMFoRNIA DiqiTAl

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503

Introducing the

ANACQM 150

DOT MATRIX PRINTER

Mfg. suggested list S1350California Digital Introductory Price

Full 136 Charactersfor the price of 80

Microprocessor controller) loiric set-kimr bi-lireetioual

head allows tha At)BOOM to prim up to .speeds of 150characters per second. 136 columns wide.

If you art' In the market for a "Quality l.uuineeridot matrix printer, please consider Die Anacoin I5ibefore purchasing B less reliable machine.

Available cither RS-232 serial i*GO0 baud. PUA-ir.fl.'or Centronic parallel PUA-150P. Field exchange.UPS slitppinK weight 'io pounds.

==== = 3101

3101 illn|iiay l

DISPLAYTERMINAL

C IBM

ible micro computer industry.

This iiKiduL'n-ty constructed CRT terminal has beenengineered with the user In mind. The video display

modulus swivels and lilts !o provide Ihe operator with

.i comfort able viewing posture.

Standard no by 24 lineto display machine an

in the event of a syste

reen format with a 25th line; and aid in the diagnosticsmalfunction.

in key Selectric style keyboard arrangenwith numeric entry pad. Eight user deflion keys.

...e 3101 ...pl.ivs all 121

Accessible

Rut most or all, built iquality thai you have le

§1II

;- ■

IBM direct price H295CALIFORNIA DIGITAL

discount price

SI IOC Immediate

1199 delivery

i.v.v.j oixjqqpcxicrv.i^v.y.vaoap/ic.' J"

3(713JOB

n

LocaIData H*00

lltBi 300 from I

i Teletype Modi

ttattis prin>

I Data

:i«ld

:1 40 line printer mechanism.speeds upio 500 lines per minute,selectable between RS-232 serial and Centronicscrfacing. 132 column Cull character belth vertical forms contrcl. P11L-300A. 125 lbs.

rVfCSpinwriter551(3 P/S

s249

The word processing tiunlltv Spinwriter prints at speeds upio fifi ehar-aciers per second. 1*1..' Model SMftR/S is supplied with both parallel

and RS-232 serial interfoelng. Uso Included is the tractor feed ntech.utlsm. alont with print thimble .nd ribbon. PKN-aalflPS 70 Ib3.Kevboard (KSH) Model :.:i20I'.'S available -2l'LT). PHN-5520PS 75 lbs.

PRINTROMX

$4500

P-300

k P-300 has the capabilily ofires, bar codes and lorj;e la-

. PHI'-300 L'OO lbs.

PRX9500

DP-9500

TI-B1Q

Basic Printer List JW9S1495 5400

CEnTRDniC5

730 $595737 $795

standard office letterhead or pin feed continuous forms,for higher resolution the 737 implements a nine wire dotmatrix print head. Parallel Interfacing. Add SG5 forRS232. PRC-730P (S). PRC-737P (S> 17 lbs.

PlTtf lain ■iJjJtranil

AprJed Dgital Data Systems Inc

REGENT 35 S850

00 character by M line twelve inchscreen. ID key numeric-entry cluster.Reverse video. Ulsploynble controlcharacters. Vl> 1' -IfJfi ship. GO lbs.RECENT W SU50

natures. special functionresolution graphics. 25thMulti-Intensity screen.■ard. VDT-R30REGENT 40 $1195

/delete line feature. Eleven1 graphic symbols. VhT-R-tO

TELEVIDEO

912B '739920B $795920C 875

SOROC

120 *695140 *995

HAZELTINEVDT-H

1400-$6951410—7251420—8951500—9501510—10251520—1295

BMC

High impact plastic enclosuntake anywhere Instrument, i

i ivi-.i.v:il>le smoked non-elai

VIMONITOR

$259

Jreen phosphor with 111 MM/, hand-composit video input make the BMC

i ideal monitor for anyone requiringlutiott 12" display.issures that the BMC monitor Is a rugged■ added protection ihe unit is equipped withUlexiulas screen. V.DM-BMC 111 lbs.

VISA

Circle 340 on inquiry card.

All merchandise sold by California Digital is premiumShipping: First five pounds $2.00; each additional add $Foreign orders 10% shipping. Excess will be refundedCalifornia residents add 6% sales tax. COD's discourOpen accounts extended to state supported educationaltions and companies with a "Strong Dun & Bradstreet. 'Warehouse: 15608 Inglewood Blvd. Visitors by appoin

HEWLETT PACKARD

Hewlett Packard IIP-H5 Is a coin-portable computersvstcm. This self contained packageincludes CPU. keyboan"CRT display and cassette tape drive.

ATARI

I 800 *7479-400 >695

LOBO

Disk Drives

The package includes a dur-able steel enclosure, PowerOte brand disk power supply,muffin exhaust fail and all the

necessary harnessing cables.The Lobo package with:(_*ie Sliugart SA801H disk drivTwoShugart SAU01H disk driv

Measurement Systems DMB6400

Assembled and bU11II-MM0U

$850

direct connect

MODEM

Un.versaI Data 105

•phoi

■ external

Connects directly to the newjack. Kully powered from ;telephone line. No need to loc;iAC power. Crystal control prevents ire-quency drift. Direct connect feature elim-inates loss of information due to carboncompression that is associated with acous-tic modems. Runs circles around (hoseother "Domesticated" modems.

*169

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

(800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

213679-9001

7400

SN7-100NSN7401NSN7402NSN7403NSN7404NSN7405NSN7406NSN7407NSN7408NSN7409NSN7410NSN7411NSN7412NSN7413NSN7414NSN7416NSN7417NSN7420NSN7421NSN7422NSN7423NSN7425NSN7426NSN7427NSN7429NSN7430NSN7432NSN7437NSN7438NSN7439NSN7440NSN7441NSN7442NSN7443NSN7444NSN7445NSN7446NSN7447NSN7448NSN7450NSN7451NSN7453NSN74S4NSN7459NSN7460NSN7470NSN7472NSN7473NSN7474NSN7475NSN7476NSN7479NSN7480NSN7481NSN7482NSN7483NSN746SNSN74B6NSN7489NSN7490NSN7491NSN7492NSN7493N

SN7494NSN7495NSN7496NSN7497NSN74100NSN74107NSN74109NSN74116NSN74121NSN74122N

SN74123N

SN74125NSN74126NSN74128NSN74132NSN74136NSN74139NSN74141NSN74142NSN74143NSN74144NSN74145NSN74147NSN74I48NSN74150NSN74I51NSN74153NSN74153NSN74154NSN74155NSN74156NSN74157NSN7415BNSN74160NSN74161NSN74162N5N74163NSN74164NSN74165NSN74166NSN74187NSN74170NSN74172NSN74173NSN74174NSN74I75NSN74176NSN74177NSN74179NSN74180NSN74181NSN74182NSN74184NSN74185NSN74186NSN74188NSN74190NSN74I91NSN74192NSN74193NSN74194NSN74195NSN74196NSN74197NSN74198NSN74199NSN74221NSN74251NSN74273NSN74279NSN74283NSN74284NSN74285NSN74290NSN74298NSN74365NSN74366NSN74367NSN74368NSN74390NSN74393NSN74490N

CD4000C04001CD4002C04006CD4007CD4008CD4009CD4010CD4011CD4012CD4013CD4014CD4015CO4016CD4017CD4018CD4019CD4020CD4021CD4022CO4023C04024CD4025CD4027CD4028CD4029CD4030CD4031CD4032CD4034CD4035CD4037CD4040CD4041CD4042CD4043

CD4044

CD4046

CD404.7CD4048CD4049CD4050CD4051CD4052C04053C04055CD4056CD4059CD4060CD4066CD4069CD4070CD4071CD4072CD4073CD4075CD4076CD4077CD4078CD4081CD4082CD4085CD4089

3.252.15

3.25

1.103.952.95

9.95

CD4093

CO4094

CD4098

CD4099

MC14408

MC14409

MC14410

MC14412

MC14415

MC14419

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CO4502

C04503

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CD4508

CD4510

CD4511

CD4512

C04515

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CD4566

74C00

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74C923

MM80C95

MM80C97

CMOS

2.952.4925512.9512.9512.9512.958.954.95.39

2.493.502.102.392.30Z392.392£92.752.752.39£392.397.956.95

74LS00

74LSO0N74LS01N74LS02N74LS03N

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74LS08N

74LS09N

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74LS40N

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74LS51N

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74LS55N

74LS73N

74LS74N

74LS75N

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74I.S83AN

74LS85N

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74LS90N

74LS92N

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74LS107N

74LS109N

74LS112N

74LS113N

74LS114N

74LS122N

74LS123N

74LS124N

74LS125N

74LS126N

74LS132N

74LS136N

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74LS139N

74LS145N

74LS148N

74LS151N

74LS153N

74LS154N

74LS155N

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74LS157N

74LS158N

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74LS164N74LS165N74LS166N

74LS1G8N

74LS169N

74LS170N

74LS173N

74LS174N

74LS175N

74LS181N

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74LS243N

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74LS247N

74LS248N

74LS249N

74LS251N

74LS253N

74LS257N

74LS258N

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74LS266N

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74LS275N

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74LS290N

74LS293N

74LS295N

74LS298N

74LS324N

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74LS348N

74LS352N

74LS353N

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74LS365N

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74LS375N

74LS377N

74LS385N

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74LS390N

74LS393N

74LS395N

74LS399N

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74LS668N

74LS670N

81LS95N

81LS96N

81LS97N

81L598N

1.951.702 BS2.95

LINEAR

5.95

2.95

3.25

2.75

1.25

4.95

78H05

78M06

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LM105H

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LM300H

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LM304H

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LM307CN/H

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LM309K 1.49

LM310CN 1.25

LM311D/CN/H .98

LM312H 1.75

LM317T

LM318CN/H

LM319N/H

LM320K-XX*

LM320T-XX-

LM320H-XX*

LM323K

LM324N

LM339N

LM340K-XX*

LM340T-XX-

LM34DH-XX-

LM344H

LM348N

LM358CN

LM360N

LM372N

LM376N

LM377N

LM380CN/N

LM381N

LM383T

LM3ES6N

LM387N

LM390N

NE531V/7

NE555V

NE556N

NE561T 1

NE562B

NE565N/H

NE566H/V

NE567V/H

NES92N

LM702H

LM709N/H

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LM739N

LM741CN/H

LM741CN-14

LM747N/H

LM74BN/H

LM7G0CN

LM1310N

LM1414M

LM1458CN/N

MC1488N

MC1489N

LM1496N

LM1556N

LM1800N

LM1820N

LM1850N

LM1889N

LM2111N

LM2900N

LM2901N

LM2917N

CA3013T

CA3016T

CA3021T

CA3023T

CA3035T

CA3039T

CA3046T

LM3053N

CA3059N

CA3060N

CA3062N

LM3065N

CA3080N

CA3081N

CA3082N

CA3083N

CA30B6N

CA30B9N

CA3096N

CA3097N

CA3130T

CA3140T

CA3146N

CA3160T

CA3190N

CA3401N

MC3423N

MC3460N

SG3524N

CA3600N

LM3900N

LM3905N

LM3909N

RC4131N

RC4136N

RC4151N

RC4194

F1C4195

ULN2001

ULN2003

SN75450N

SN75451N

SN75452N

SN75453N

SN75454N

SN75491N

SN75492N

SN75493N

SN75494N

RETAIL STORES OPEN MON-SAT

1310 "B" E. Edinger STORE 674 El Ca

ADVffVNCED

COMPUTERRODUCTS

With Apple Intelligent InterfaceCard. Reg. $595.00

Interface Card Has

All Software For NOW ONLY

Hl-Rag. Graphic! A_ __ *■>*».

8. Pascal Um, $549.00

BECKMAIM

Digital Multimeters

MODELS TECH JW AND TSCti J10

Chora d Woo* - The TEC H 310 has all Jtmn teatina 7 turtcns.,29 ranow t*a 0 25% V* aaaracyThe 1KM 300 has 10 S% Vdc accuracy and M It* Dm tea tuts,W wdftul ItBa-Ohms"* artruty l/rtana Ihe 10 ampan-

TECH 300 Digital Mutlimaiar JIOO.

TECH 310 Digitat MultimfHnr $130.

VC-201 Vlnyi Carrying Case S10.

DC-202 Delu«a Carrying Casa J24.

HV-21! High Voltage Probe *35.

RP-221 HP Probo J35,

Ct-231 AC Cuiront Clamp $42,

DL-241 Deluxe Tesl Lead K.i $10.

TL-242 Spare Test Leads $6.

UP"" MUSIC MACHINE 9®

mm WITH 9 VOICES!

• HEW Uses litest Slate Dftre Aji LSI TechrWajy • Requiresonly are sM lor 9 voces • Uses three ftr.i-8910 s U prtducenine races • PUyS music penanud Dy WALF HoarrJ • alfsoftwareleojwS • APPLE™ licanpattk

UlElltiBtllTEmtl..

$129.95

THE BONEFONE

• SKIERS

• JOGGERS

• SKATERS

• CYCLERSYou must hearIt and feel itto believe it!

AM/FM stereoSLhTounds andI tills your bodywith sound.No earplugs.j^fe^ You wear it!

*f^ $5595

FLOPPY DISK DRIVES

MPI B51-5W. 40lracka 279.00

Shugart SA400-5V." 35 tracks 295.00

Shugarl 800/801R 8" 475.00

Siemens Shugarl Compatible Model

FDO-120-8D 429.00

PERSCI Model 277 Dual 1195.00

WANGO/SIEMENS 5'/*" Drive 290.00

MPI BS26W Dual 348.00

WANGO/SIEMENS 282 Dua! 5V,".... 395.00WANGO/SIEMENS 82 290.00

EHICZCONTINENTAL SPECIALTIES

MtM LM-3 40-channel Logic Monitor.... 585.00

MbM LM-1 Logic Monilot 60.00

KM LM-Z Logic Monitor 147.00

WAX-tOO 100 MHz Portable Frequency Counter

149.00

UtU LM Digital Logic Probe 50.00

M*M LP-2 Economy Logic Probe 2800

MtM LM High Speed Logic Probe 77.00

MtM LPK-I Logic Probe Kit 21.95

■•WLTC-l.LTC-2 Logical Analysis Kits... 220/250"

^ Proto Clips

r^^- 14-P,r«C!ip PC-14 S 4.25

j. ,r 16-Pin Clip PC-16 S 4.50

Iku * 24-PmChp PC-24 S 9.50

^V 40-Pin Clip PC-40 ...»14.95

Proto Boards

PEW 16.95

* 1 'I ■ "■■ I I PB-100 18.00

gMfUMSi en-1 in 21.00

r JT III lltl P8 25-00

i^V^1 ■*" *1 PB-104 54 00

l__^aMIE^E^H

U Apple II. 16K

or Apple II. Plus $990

DISK SYSTEM SPECIAL

^Apple II Plus w/48K Supermod Video ModulatorDisk II w/Controller integer Based ROM Card.Reg. $2,220.00, ACP Price $1819.00 SAVE $401.00

Hi-Speed Serial I/O...Centronics Printer I/O..Applesoft II Firmware.

Apple Clock

Introl X-10 System. .InlrcJ X-10 Controller .All Music Synthesizer.16 Ch. Analog Input.2 Ch. Analog Output..

13-Key Keypad

Visi-Calc

S189.00 DS65 Digi-Sector.

AppJe Graphics TabletDC Hayes Modem IIDisk II w/Controller

.000

.189.00269.00179.95269.952599524995.164.95. 119.9512500

$3-19 0067500349 95559.00459.00450 00165.00

Pascal Lang SystemParallel Pnnler Card ..Communicaltons Card.Business Softwa'ePkg.Corvus 10 Megabyle Drive 4625 00

62500

Integer ROM Card

ProloCard.

M & ft Modulator

Sanyo Cassette

ISK Upgrade Kit

Desktop Plan.

8" Floppy Controller

Heuristics Speechlab

Romplus +

Supertalker

Cashier...

$189 002195299554 9554.9598003500017900169002790025000

A ATARI 800 & 400

Personal Computer System

ATARI 800 $825.00ul. ATARI 400 $449.00

ATARI 800 Includes: Computer Console, BASIC Lang. Cartridge. EducationSystem Master Cartridge, BASIC Language Programming Manual, 800 Operator'sManual w/Notebook, Atari 410 Program Recorder, 16K RAM Module, PowerSupply, TV Switch Box.

E4EaUmS¥SWi.MaswCartfWge

Atari BASIC

AssemUei Dehig

Basketball

EMotta !pt» CoHtti Ft*

US History

US Govemmert

Supervisory Skits .WcrtJ History (Western)Base SociologyCounsolng PmoMuresFrncpfcS Ol Atcouitng

Great Ctisscs lEngkshlBusiness CommuncalionsBase PsychologyErteclw wmmg

Auto Mccfancs

Pmooles ol Eccnmes.

Spe><ng

Base EKctnolyBasic Algebra

35 00150035 DO

35 003500350035003500J5M

Onvug Conliolei PairPaddle Controller PanJoystick Controller Pa i

Iffi-i-M-iS VALUE «

f> tlODCASHMUtE

•"■■^rUBOYrjiiiM-iimniti.

jQ^ OF FREE

^81

Texas Instruments99/4 PERSONAL COMPUTER

Superior Color. Music, Sound and Graphics- and a

Powerful Extended Basic-All Built In.Tl 99/4 Console only

available for $659.00

$1099.00

(V commodorePET L0AWSAS $775.00

DISCOUNT PRICES

?ooi-aK200I-16KN ...20O1-16K8 (Fog)

JM1-3JKN

20ai-32Kfl|reg)

2022 BO-Col Dot Maru Pi

77500 2073 ao-Cd Ram Pager Pnmer 69500

97500 IW0 CKoi Mini Disk Drive... 125000

97500 Pet to IEEE Cable. 3995

125000 IEEE to IEEE Cable,. 4995

1250 00 C2N External Cassette Deck .. 950079500

ft IBRKOM

$174.95

IMHi $-154.95

without * ' a"*"W5'

An onboatd navic).itional computBt lor ailanobiles,DiJCks.andtec rea tonal wfiides. Feaiures enkse control, fuel manage-ment system, trip computer, mUiifunciicrac quarti crystaltime counter, piu-j many other lunctions

rOtniE SOT TO HE»I IT TO IEUETE IT

AUDIO DISC

Mifct ii ntJn nl,vktii run fbir or ctlh| cmh ilhn

till li ifII IhIiiUc

A»#ta Syitim. ittrn tMii

$89.95 m pah

NOT A SPEAKER

e

BACK TO SCHOOL SPECIALS

ON CALCULATORS

TEXAS INBTNUHIMTS

T1Progr»mmer S2.0B

TJ-5S 35.05

TVS7 54.05

TV58 113.95

TVM no.05

Tl-30 SP Slucrtn* MKh Wt 1B.05

CASIO

FX68 Sup«r Mann Card 22.05

JL20 40.05

JL30 ...50.05

NATIONAL SEMI CONDUCTOfl

NS 6010 Malrlc Converter. 17.03

SHARP

EL 51 CO 08.05

EL SOB 28.0S

EL 211 12 05

TOTAL VEHICLE

PROTECTION

UTOLOCK-7

• SIMPLE KOOK UP

• SUPER SENSITIVE DETECTOR

• EXIT. EKTRV DEIM

• SECRET CODE OISIRK

• SOLID STATE CIRCUITRY

• I TEAR SOARAIITEE

acpprice on. iS99.95

THE PROFESSIONAL'DIGITAL VEHICLE SECURITY SYSTEM

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER SELECTION GUIDE

BOARD PROCESSOR ACP PRICE ENCLOSURE

KIM-1 6502 169.00 Add 29.95

SYM-1 6502 239.00 Add 39.95

Cromemco Z80 409.00 N/A

SD-SBC100 Z80 239.00 N/A

AIM 65 6502 375.00 Add 49.95

CosmacVip 1802 199.00 Inc.

#2 Tusttn, CA 92680

Specializing in Systems

P.O. Box 17329 Irvine, Calif. 92713

Direct Order Lines: (714) 558-8813

(800) 854-8230 or (800) 854-8241

FOR INTERNATIONAL ORDERS:1401 E. Borchsrt (714) 953-0604Santa Ana, CA92705 TWX: 910-595-1565

384 BYTE October 1980

Circle 341 on inquiry card.

^/PRODUCTS,

W^

STATICX /RAM BOARDS

« S-100 32K (uses 2114) JU^ *VfaLV

ASSEMBLED Kit I1/** r"

450ns. 499.00 450ns'. 469.00

250ns. 539.00 250ns. 499.00

Bare Board 49,95Bare Board w/all parts less mem. 99.95

• S-100 16K(S-100 Compatible)

• 2 MHz or 4 MHz WOW!

• Assembled S Tested —"2 MHz .... $250.004 MHz... S265.00

• LOGOS I8K

ASSEMBLED

mn

450 ns 149.95 KIT 450ns. 125.95

250ns. 169.95 250ns 149.95

Vector Graphic 8K Kit $139.95

Bare PC Board w/Data S21.95

"Special Offer* Buy 14) 8K 450ns Kits S I 17.00

S»VWTA V-80 TRS80 ADD-ON

Disk Drive System

■§jj" ="*«*»»" gOk SALE

• 120 day warranty ■■♦'9QQ flfl

• -111 track patch jt HO CHARM ■■■ i#i33.UU

THE VISTA V-200 FOR EXIDY

Pnce Starting as low as S1199.00

M- Cancm; Chu^him Mftt Ma

V20OE20 400 2Dn« 25 ite 119900

Single HeadV200 E-S2 BOO 2 Dnve. 25 IK 1549 00 '

ftxrt*; Head i

V2Q0E-3O 600 3Dnre 321bs 152400 |

Single HeartWOO E 32'2 MEG 3 0fltft 32 lis 199900

Dot* Head

Ttf

ATTENTION VIDEO HOBBYISTS!!!

* BOX BUILDERS

* USE AS REMOTE TUNER/TIMER

* FULL SCHEMATICS AVAILABLE

* FOR ONLY S5.90I - FREE W/PURCHASE

A Recent Special Purchase Allows Us To Present The Following:

NEW, UNUSED COMPONENTS

Frum T>,i RCA VDT-Z01 Yldeocuutli Racorder

1 UHF.VHF Tuner Subassembly with as una

and Video DemcdiJalcir? RF Mooiiala wilh Audio & VBco inputs

Channel 3 oi 4 Output3 Digital Obex Module AM/PM Fluorcscenl

Readout (Green)1 300 Otiir to 75 Onm Malenim]

5 CompWe 5et of All The Above

SSO.BS

S39.&5

S10.0SI 2.49

StJESH 1123.34

$74.95

Please Call For Volume Discounts

RAM BOARDS SPECIAL

1BK Altnlr Mltl Dynamic FtAM BoardsA—am. tTaifd»118.95 Unfit ad 895.00

16K

LOW COST FLOPPYDISK SUBSYSTEM

S<emens FDD 120-8 (2) VISTA Floppy Control-ler (S-100), Case, Power Supply S Cable CP/MDisk Operating System Assembled & TesiedWalnut Wood Sides S14SO.OO

* check our FLorrr diik pricing dm this page*

SAVE $300.00 {$1799.00 VALlia

WATANABE MIPLOT

typically 05 rrr, butt-in character geneand 4 degrees ct rdtttttt aKolrle drandraw, alpha prating done with simple Cc

IMS STATIC RAM BOARDS

250 njL_ 450 ns^

8K Static S209.00 $189.00

16K Static S449.00 S399.00

32K Static S729.00 S629.00

CENTRONICS PRINTER f*

• Centronics complete printerThe 737 has everything. Checkand compare the leatures.New low price $835.00

ASSEM

-Lfc- SD SYSTEMS BOARDS

5*v TAKE 10% OFF! kit

SBC 100 Single Board Computer (2MHz) S26S.0O I 349.00

SBC 200 Single Board Computer |4MHz) 299.00 399.00

ZBOSIaner System 319 00 449.00

VDB 6024 Video Display Board 335 00 459.00

Versa-Floppy II 325.00 429.00

E.pando PROM 115 00 225.00

SD100 Computer Systom W/64K - 6995.00

SD2COCcmpuler System w/64K - 7995.00

3602960396049605

9612

9616

9617

9630

9622

9627

9629

9629A

9630

9640

9650

9655

96103

96702

5 Slot Mother ICard Cage6 Slot Mother BoardPower SupplyDC Input Power SupplyUtility Proto BoardArith. Proc/Memory ModuleButtered Utility Proto Board32K EPROM/RAM ModuleEPROM Programming Head16 Channel Parallel I/O ModuleSenal-Parallel I/O Module16K Sialic RAM Module 470ns32K Sialic RAM 450ns32K Sialic RAM 200nsCard Eitender

Multiple Programmable TimerS Channel Duplex Serial I/O ModIntelligent Tape Controller32/32 I/O ModuleContact Closure Module

75.00

75.00100.0027500325.00

39.00495.00

49.00250.00250.00295.00325.0039500695.00895.00

68.00395.00395.00550.00275.00350.00

APPLE/EXIDY/EXPANDOTRSBO 16K-UPGRADE KIT

$49.95 TRS-80/APPLE $49.95

MEMORY EXPANSION KITS,

4116's, 16K (200/250 ns.)

8 pes for $49.95

w/instructions & jumpersCall For Volume Pricing

* Special: TRS80 Schematic

* Expansion Interface Schematic .

* Expansion Interface Connector.,

4.954.957.95

SSraSm

EXPANDORAM II MEMORY KITS

* Bank Selectable * Uses 4116 200 ns.

* Write Protect _»* Power 8VDC. +16VDC

* Phantom Ngjcfe + Up to 4 MHzExpando 64 Kit (4116) Assem. & Tested Add $50.

16K $269.0032K $349.00

48K $435.0064K $505.00

SOROC

TERMINALS

SALE

IQ 120. ...$ 695.00IQ140.... 995.00

Eraser

Model UVS-11E S69.9S

Holds 4 Eprom's at a time

Backed by 45 years

experience

Model S-52T... S265.00

Professional Industrial Model

EMAKO-20.. Reg $777 oo $599.00

UNBELIEVABLE!!125 Caps, 601pm-VerticalFormal Unit - 96 Charac-ters - Upper/Lower Case -4.5" to 9.5" Adjustable■ 80 col/40 col doublewidth-Full96char.ASCII

EMAK0-22

Prints a 132 coL'line Available with parallel a

... $799.00

al cutout 31 same price

VISTA PRINTER E

25 CPS, Full Character

Daisy Wheel, 136 Column

Model

No. FP1500 $1995.00

BASE II PRINTER

a 60 I

a 115/230 VAC, 50

or 60 Hi.a 72.80. 96, 1 20 Or

132 Char/Linea Self-Test Swilch

WITH ALL OPTIONS

Option "M" Terminal Screen BOption "S" High Speed PaperOption'T1 Tractor Feed... ...

REG S699.00

ACP PRICE $575*00

ifler (1920 Char.) S50.00

\dvance S Graphics 50.00

50.00

Z-80/Z-80A/8080 CPU BOARD

* On board 2708 * 2708 Included (450ni.|

* Power on Jump * Completely aocketed.

a Z-80 Assembled and Tested SI85.00

aZ-BOKit $129.95

a Z-80 Bare PC Board S 34.95

* For 4MHi Speed Add 515,00

8080A Kit S 99.95

80S0A Assembled SI 49.95

S-100 MOTHERBOARD SPECIAL

8 slot expandable w/9 conn.

reg S69.95 NOW S52.95

SIEMEN'S FLOPPY

a Special buy while supply lastsa B" Drive with DouDlo-Densilya 90 Day Warranty* CHECK OUR FLOPPY OtSK PRICING! ON THIS PAGE

BALE

SIEMENS

$429.00SHUGART

ACOUSTIC MODEM

NOVATION CAT'"

0-300 Baud

Bell 103 ^_ . - _ _. —i

Answer. Original. $149.95

MONITORS

Sanyo 1?" Data DrsWyDM51I2CX. J325O0

Motorola 12", figfi Rmouim

22 MHz. DEM Model#M3OOCKW0 21900

1-155I0EM)

113 95

Zereth 13- COor MonitorMGA 13'CoKrlVVAMP 19_ Cob MonitorVAMP IS" Color MonitorSanyo 9"

49900349 0057500419001B99S2790013995

DATA BOOKS • COMPUTER BOOKS

1980 IC Master S59.95

INTEL Data Booh 7.50

INTEL MCS85 Manual 7.50

SALE a OSBORNE BOOKS a SALE

Rag. Sale

Intro to Micros Vol. 0. SifiO 7.75

Intro lo Micros Vol. I 6*S0 7.75

8080A Programmino £SQ 7.75

6800 Programming (XSQ 7.75

Z80 Programming tt^Q 7.75

Vol. It Some Heal Microprocessors w/&nder 30*0 27.50

Vol. Ill Some Real Support Devices w/Bnder 2ftea 18.50

IntrotoMiCJO^oUh^^^^^^^^^^^JgtgO^e^O

SALE • SYBEX COMPUTER BOOKS • SALE

6502 Games S12.95

Intra, to Personal & Business Computing 12.95

Mircoprocessors From Chips to Systems 1 2.95

Microprocessor Interfacing T,?chnigues. 12 95

Programming IheZSO 12.96

Programming the Z8000 12.95

Programming the 6502 . . 12.95

6502 Applications Book 12.95

FIRST TO OFFER PRIME PRODUCTS TO THE HOBBYIST AT FAIR PRICES!

1. Proven Quality Factory tested products only.

2. Guaranteed Satisfaction

3. Over $1,000,000.00 Inventory

1980 CATALOG NOW AVAILABLE.

Send $2.00 for your copy of the most complete catalog of computer products.A must for the serious computer user.

MICROPROCESSORS

ZB001 IB hit to 8Mb $189.00

ZB002 I6t»t I0 64K . ... 149.00

Z80 10.73

Z80A .14.50

P8(38SO) 16 95

2650 1695

CD180? 13.95

B080A ...... 8 50

BOOS-' 1495

2901 9 90

2901A 1495

2903 4 tn- Supnrslice 29.S5

TMS9900JI .49 95

CP1COO 3995

6502 ..11,60

6502A 16.95

IM6iyO ....29.95

6800.... 11.75

6800B?OMHi 1995

6802P . 17,95

B035 19.95

8755 ., 49.95

8748 6995

6809 3736

8086 . 69.95

ADVANCED SUPPORT

i. Processor

175.00

175.00.79.95

AM9511

9512 An

9513 Un'rv. Timing

AM9517 DMA Controller ...AM9519 Universal Interrupt... IB.95

Z-80 SUPPORT CHIPS

Z80-PIO

Z80A-PIO

ZBO-CTC

Z80A-CTC

Z80-DFVA

Z80A-DMA

2.5 IV

4.0 MHz 12.95

2.5 MHz 8.75

4 0 MHz . .12 952 5 MHz . . 29 9536 95ZBO-S DO 2 5 MHz. 35.95

ZBOA-S 0.0 40 MHZ. 3940

ZBO-SO'1 25MH; 35.95

Z80A-SIO/1 '.0 MHz 3340

Z80-S!C'2 2 5 MHz ...35.95

ZBOSIO.-2 4 0 MHz .... 39.40

8080/8005 SUPPORT

8155/B156 I/O. 24.95

8755 I/O w th fcfi'cn 64 95

8202 Dyn Rom Com .... 34 95

8205/74S 13<1 Decoder 3.95

82128 M l/o 2.75

8214 Priority In) , 525

B216 Bus Driver 2.75

B224Ci>ckGen 2 95

B224-4 1.4MHz] 9.75

B226 Bus Dnver 3.95

8T26 I3..S Driver ..... 2 95

8228Si^ Control .550

8238 Sys Com 5 50

8251 P-og I/O.. . .6.95

8253 In] I mer 12.95

8255 P.-»g t/O....- 6.50

8257 P.-og DMA , 1695

8259 Proo im 17 95

8275 CRT Cor-uotie- 53.95.

8279 Pron Keyboard -.16.95

68O0 SUPPORT CHIPS

6810 128 <6 Ram. 4,75

6820 CIA 5.95

6821 PIA ..6.S0

6828 P.'Kjr ty mi 9.95

6034-1 5*.? - 8 tprom 16.95

684&7HD46805 CRT Cortt .39.95

6847 Color CRT... 49.95

6850 ACIA 5 95

6852 Serial Aoapier ..,.5.95

6680 Modern ,, 10.95

6862 Modulator 11.95

6B71A 1 OMHzOSC 25.95

6875 6.95

6880 Bus rv.ver 2.95

MC68488 19.95

68047 24.95

SHIFT REGISTER SALE

STATIC RAMS

21L02 450ns. /cfcVE

21L02 250ns.[=Ao2

2,11 V f*9j2112-1 Vpy

11.30 1.25

.99

1.59 1.55

1.15

3.75 3.65

3.55

2.95 385

2.65

2101-1

2.90 2.7C

2.55

2H4L-250ns. 140451

6.50 5.95

550

2l14L~J50ns. (4049)

4.75

4044 250 ns.

89

4044 450ns.

h«

EUM4200A

fl,7-

EMM4402

79

7.25

74589

!>»f

5101C-E

/Hf

7.95

AM D9140/41

10.9

10.25

AM D9130/31

12.95 11.95

1101

19

1.75

P2125/93425(45r,s.|

HMJ

9.35

B.25

(■«*

7.95

6518 1Kx 1 CMOS

t\»

7.95

7BS189 64 bit Ham

y.y

2147 Low PoweMKStalic

19.95 18.95

16.95

DYNAMIC RAMS

416/4116 16K(ili 1' m

0 75

Set of 8416s

49 95

4115 8K (16 Pm] . .

a.es

52615262...

::,!£ 64K

1103

195

5270 4.9f, RAMS

6605

795

n»7-V.'i&45 $159.95

66046002

■195

1 50

SOCKETS

# Pins

Lo-Pro Soldo

| Wl

a Wrap

3 Levol

all

Tin

Gold

8

14

.15.19

.32.36

.45

16

.20

.38

62

IB

.24

,59

84

20

.29

.69

99

22

24

79

1.10

24

.38

.B5

1 20

28

43

1.10

36

.58

1.25

40

.60

1.40

1.B9

ZERO INSERTION FORCE

16 Pm S5.50 24 Pin S7

00

40 Pin

SI 0.25

LED READOUTS

2503V..2504V..2507V.

2525..2527..2528..2529..2533..

rut Hi

0L704

DL707

FND35?

FND501

F:ND5O3[50D)

rtJ [1507 (510)

FNO503

FN0533

FN055J

FND803(flOO)

FNDBIineiO)

HP5082-734D

HPsoe;-7300

HPSLW-7731

TIL3Q5

TIL308

TIL309

TIL311

MAN2A

MANICA

XAN306I

XAN3062

XAH3063

XArV3M4

XAN3051

WN30S2

XAN3053

XAN3054

XAN3081

XAN3062

XAN3083

XAN30B1

Sla C*ir300 Red300 Red357 Red500 Red500 Red500 Red500 Red500 Green500 Crango

FLOPPY DISK I/O

1771HD1 8 A Mm-loppy 24 95

uPd372N>-C F.oopy .49.95

1781 Dual Floppy 2995

1791-01 Dual Floppy 36 95

uPd 765 Floppy 49.95

A/D CONVERTERS

8700 8 b't B-nary 13.50

B701 iy pit B'na'y 22 00

B703 8D.ITS . 13 50

9400 Voir to Fre0 Conv 7 25

8750 3', D.g.t BCD U 95

1408L6 6hH a95

140BL8B Pit 5.95

DACOI D to A . . 5 95DAC08 9 95

TV CHIPS/SOUND

AY38500-1 6GamesB/W 4.95

AV38515 Color Converter 2.95

AY38603-1 Roadrace Game. .8.95AY3B605-1 Wartaro Game.... CALLAY38606-1 Wipeoul Game .... 9.50AY38607-1 Shooting Gallery. ..8.95AY33910 Sound Generator... 12.95SN76477 Tl Sound Generator.. 3.95MM5320/21 TV Synch Gen.... 9.95

MM5369 Prescaler 3.95

LM1889 RF Modulator 3.95

MM57100 NSC Color TV 6.95

MM57104 Clock Gen 3.75

RF Modulator w/Audio 8.95

MSR Modulator 29.95

WAVEFORM GEN.

8038 Function Gen 3.95

MC4024VCO 2.95

LM566VCO 1.95

XR2206 Function Generator... 5.25

SHIFT REGISTERS

MM500H Dual?5 50

MM5056N Dual 256 2 95

MM5060N Duo. 128 2 95

2510ADual 1UO 1 95

2847 Quad BC 4 95

3341 Dual 80 495

3351 40x9 FIFO 17 95

3357 Quad BC 6 95

9403 16x4 FIFO . 2495

9408 10 Bit Sequence! 195

CTS DIPSWITCHES

CTS206-2 1.75 CTS206-7 1.75

CTS206-4 1.75 CTS206-8 1.95

CTS206-5 1.75 CTS206-9 1.95

CTS206-6 1.75 CTS206-10 1.95

CONNECTORS (GOLD)

300 Refl

300 Red

300 Red

300 Green

.300 Green

3 00 Green

300 Green

300 Yellow

300 Yellow

300 Yellow

300 Yellow

Crjmm Caltate

Crmm Anode

Crjmm Cattioje

Comm Catnodel+l)

Comm CamorJe

Ccdim Anode

Ccrnm Anode (+1)

Ccnm CathoUe

Ccnm Cathode

Ctmm Cathode

Comm Anate

' 17 Sgl Diotl RHOComm AnodeArray 5 > 7

Nuinencal DisplayNiimencal DisplayA < 7 Hcidecimal

Alpha NumericComm Arxde Right DPComm Anode Left DPOwriiow, CA. Left DPComm Cathode figril DPComm Anode Rght DPComm Anode Lett DPOutflow CA Lelt DPComm Cathode, Right DPComm Anode, Right OPComm Anode Lell DPOverflow CA, Lett DPComm Cathode. Rigtit OP

Set w/Hood. Sale $7-50

22/44 W/W, 6/T. KIM 2.95

43/86 WAV, S/T. MOT 6.50

50/100 S-100 Connector w/w .. .4.9550/100 S-1CO Connector s/t 3.95

6502 SUPPORT CHIPS

6520 PIA 7.50

6522 Mult . 11 95

6530-O02.0OJ C04 OOh 2195

6532 1995

655! 19.95

PROMS

270B450n'J 0 25

2708 L CtiOns 7 50

1702A 4.95.

2732 . .74 95

2716-SV

2716SV. 12V

27S8SV .5203AO5204 AC)

IM 5610

SALE 8223 32 18....82S115512 >H(T5l

82S123 32 . 8

82S126 25fi «4

82S129 256x4 ITS)82S13C5l2«4|OC).

82S23 .

82S13182S137..

29 9529 9513 95

4 906506 95

NOTE: WE PROGRAM PROMS

CHARACTER GEN.

IC SPECIAL PURCHASE

LF 13508 JFET Analog Mulli 8 bit 8 95

ICM 7045 Precision SiopWatch 23.95

ICM7205CMOS LED SWpwatUhVTimer.. i&95

ICM 7207 Oscillalor Controller 7,50

ICM 7208 Seven Decade Counter 18.95

ICM 7209 Clock Generator 6 95

ICL 7107 3'/! Digit A/D (LED] 14 95

MCI4433P3'.i Digil A/D Converter..

ICL 8211 Voltage Reference

LM I820N AM Radio ....

LM 1B50N Ground Fault IC

LM 2900N Quad Amplifier

LM2901NIHM) Quad Comparator ..

LM2917N Freq. to Volt Conv

AY-3-3550 4'M digil DMM

AY-5-3507 40MH? DVM ,,

MEM 4963 Moslet Smoke Detector

27S08 32 * 8 Prom [IM 5600)

G115M6channelMosfet ."

ULN 2003A 7 channel Driver

2101AL-4 :

MCM 14505 64 bit Static Ram . .. .

7520/25 50 LM 377...

14BG/14B9... 2/1.99 LM 387...

MK5014Calc..3/1.99 LM 3302 ..

74S89 3/1.99 LM 4558 .

7BH05K 6.95 RC 4136...

LM323K 4.95 RC 4131...

MC1372 8.95 COM 5027

MM5298-4A/B..2.95 COM 5037

. 13.95..1.95

.3/1 00.3/1 00,2/1,00.2/1.00.2/1.9924959.95

NAKED PC

Z-BOCPUflthaca). .

soaoACPu

8K Sialic RAM ILogos)..16KStahc RAM (2114)32K Sialic RAM (2114)8KEpromr2708) . . .

1702 Eprom Board

2708/2716 Eprom (Ithaca)2708/2716Eprom(WMC)

Realtime Clock 34.95

ACPProtoBd.pMConn) .27.95

Vector B800 Proto 22.20

Vector 8803 11 slot MB 29.95ACP Extender w/Conn . 1B.95

Video Interface (SSM) 31,95

Parallel Interface (SSM).... 31.9513 Slot MothorBonrd (WMCI 32.959SlotMotMerBoard[WMC] ... 29.958SlolMother(e>pan0ablel ..34.95

Proc-Tech Bare Boards CALL

WMC Floppy PCB 34.95

COMPUTER SPECIALS

disco*

,OH^1

Apple II Plusw/16K

1195. 990

PET 2001-16N

995. 895.

ExidySorcererw/16K

1099

Cromemco Sys III

6990 .6290

Horizon lw/32K

CALL

Pascal Microengine

1995.1595

IPS1 1620 Diablo RO

Anadex DP B000

995. 875.

Centronics Micro S-1

595. 525.

Soroc IQ 120

995. 795

Teletype Model 43

1349.1150

HiPlol Plolter

10B5. 899.

HiPlot Digitizer

795. 735.

Interlube It

B95 784.

Atari 800

999. 750.

Atari 400

549. 449.

Tl 99/4

1150.1025.

Leedex 12" Monitor

149. 139.

Cenlronics 737

995. 699.

TrencomT-100

375. 349.

Trencom T-200

595. 525.

Sanyo 9" Monitor

220. 169.

Sanyo 15" Monitor

295. 249.

Mot 22 MHz Monilor

296 219.

2513-ADM3 |5V) Lower 1 4.95

MCM6571 11.75

MCM6571A 11.75

MCM6574 14.50

MCM6S75 14.50

UARTS/BAUD RATE

TH1602BI5V. 12V, 3 95

AV51013I5V. 12V1 495

AY51014A/1612I5-14V) 6 95

AY51015A/1863I5VI 6 95

TM5 601 1 15V. 12V) 5.50

IM6402IM64032350 USRT

VERBATIMDISKETTES

100% CERTIFIED ERROR-FREE!

ICEBOX 10S?7?S27 2527 25

8.959 9524 95

TR14720 0.05

11.9514 95

1671SALE

MCI'4702WD 1941COM 5016 -

KEYBOARD ENCODERS

AY5-2376 13.75

AY5-3600 13.75

HD0165 9.95

74C922 9.95

16.95

• It 1UCKS DOUBLE DENSITY SKEIE-St

525-01 Soil Sectored TRS BO. etc

525-10 10 Hole Hard NS Aj>b^ elc

525-16 16 Hole Hard McropoliS

• *0 A 11 THICK D0UB1E DEKSITr - SIHGLE SIDEO

5V.- W7HUI HEIUFOHCEKENT RING57701 Soli Sectored IRS HO eic

577-10 10 Hole Hard NS. Appfc elc

5/M6 IS Hole Hard MCtOPOU

• ID TUCK!. DOUILE SIDED DOUBLE DENSITY it,

55001 Soft Sectored SA450 MB 52

550-10 10 Hole Hard. BASF WANGCO

550-16 15 Hole Hard M«ro'

• I 100% CERTIFIED DISKETTESFOB0001 Soil. Smgte Density. 3740FDBQO-3? 32 Hard Single Density Shtigf-DBO?-01 SotL Douole Density 3740FD85001 Soft DooDie Sded DnttWe Density 3740

VOLUME DEALER PRICING AVAILABLEWE ALSO STOCK DYSAN-CALL

SOCKET SPECIALS

14Pinw/w-2L S .35

18 PinwAv-2L 55

20 Pmw/w-2L 75

40 Pinw/w-2L 1.45

TERMS: Use check, M/C, VISAAMEX. CB. or COD. COD requires25% deposit. Charge Orders pleaseinclude expiration date Fceign payU.S. Funds. Order by phone, mail orTWX. MINIMUM $1000 Please in-

SHIPP1NG: U.S.A add S2 00 tor tirsl2 lbs. For surface add 30c lor addi-tional lbs. For air add 70C for addi-tional lbs. FOREIGN: Add 10% ship-ping and handling. COD's El .85 extra.NpI responsible lor lypos. Someitems subject lo prior sale. We re-

is subject to precious m

RETAIL STORES OPEN MON-SATSTORE 1310 "B" E. Edinger STORE 674 El Camino Real

#1 Santa Ana, CA 92705 #2 Tustin, CA 92680

Showrooms, Retail, Warehouse Specializing In Systems

P.O. Box 17329 Irvine, Calif. 92713

Direct Order Lines: (714) 558-8813

(800) 854-8230 or (800) 854-8241

FOR INTERNATIONAL OR0ERS:1401 E. Borchard (714)953-0604

Circle 341 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

385

7400 TTL

5N7400NSN7401NSN7402NSN7403NSN7404NSN7405NSN7406NSN7407NSN7408NSN7409NSN7410NSN7411NSN7412NSN7413NSN7414N5N7416NSN7417NSN7420NSN7421N5N7422NSN7423NSN7425NSN7426NSN7427NSN7429NSN7430NSN7432NSN7437N5N743BNSN7439NSN7440N5N7441NSN7442NSN7443NSN7444N5N7445NSN7446NSN7447NSN7448NSN745CNSN7451NSN7453NSN7454N5N7459A5N7460IM

CD4000CD4001CD40O2CO4006CD4007CD4009CD4010CD4Q11CD4012CD4013CD4014CD4015CD4016CD4017CD4018CD4019CD4020CD4021CD4022CD4023C D4024CD402SCD4026CP4027

SN7470N

.29

SN7472N

.29

SN7473N

.35

SN74160N

.89

SN7474N

.35

SN74161N

.89

SN7475N

.49

SN74162N

.89

SN7476N

.35

SN74163N

.89

SN7479N

5.00

SN74164N

.89

SN74B0N

.50

SN74165N

.89

SN74S2N

.99

SN74166N

I.'A

SN74S3N

.69

SN74167N

[.93

SN7485N

.89

SN74170N

1.9b

SN7486N

.35

SN74172N

6.00

SN7489N

1.75

SN 74173 N

1.78

SN7490N

.49

SN 74174 N

.99

SN7491N

.59

SN74175N

.89

SN7492N

.43

5N74376N

.79

SN7493N

.43

SN74177N

.'79

SN7494N

.65

SN74179N

1.95

SN7495N

.65

SN74180N

.79

SN7496N

.65

SN74181N

1.95

SN7497N

3.00

SN74182N

.79

SN74100N

1.49

SN74184N

2.2b

SN74107N

.35

SN74185N

2.25

SN 74109 N

.39

SN741E6N

9.95

S N 74116N

1.95

SN74188N

3.95

5N74121N

.39

SN74190N

l.»

SN74122N

.39

SN74191N

1.2b

SN 74123 N

.59

SN74192N

.89

5N74125N

.49

SN74193N

.89

SN74126N

.49

SN74194N

.89

SN74132N

.75

SN74195N

.69

SN74136N

.75

SN74196N

.89

SN 7414 IN

.79

SN74197N

.89

SN 74142 N

2.95

SN74198N

1.49

SN74143N

2.95

5N74199N

1.49

SN74144N

2.95

SN74S200

4 4S

SN74145N

.79

5N74251N

.99

SN 74147 N

1.95

SN 74279 N

.19

SN74148N

1.29

SN74283N

?.?b

SN741S0N

1.25

SN74284N

3.9!i

SN74151N

.59

SN74285N

3.95

SN74152N

.59

SN74365N

,m

SN74153N

.79

SN74366N

.59

SN74154N

1.25

SN74367N

.69

SN7415SN

.79

SN74368N

.69

5N74156N

.79

SN74390N

l.flfi

SN74157N

.65

SN 74393 N

1.95

CMOS

CD4070CD4071

.55.49

CD4028

.89

CD4072

.49

CD4029

1.49

CD4076

1.39

CD403O

.49

CD4081

.34

CD403S

.99

CD4082

.39

CD4040

1.49

C D4093

.99

CD4041

3.49

CD4098

1.19

CD4042

.99

MC14409

:4.9b

CD4043

.89

MC14410

14.*

CD4044

.89

MC 14411

14 9S

CD4046

1.79

MC14419

4.95

CD4047

2.50

MC14433

13.95

CD4048

1.35

MC 14506

.75

CD4049

.49

MC14507

.99

CD405O

.69

MC 14562

11. K

CD4051

1.19

MC 14583

2.44

CD4053

1.19

CD4508

3.95

CD4056

2.95

CD4510

1,39

CD4059

9.95

CD4S11

l.W

CD4060

1.49

CD4515

2.95

CD4066

.79

CD4S18

1.79

CD4068

.39

CD 4520

1.79

CD4069

.45

CD4566

2.25

74C0074C0274C0474C0874C1074C1474C2074C3074C4274C4874C7374C74

.79

74C00

74C8574C9074C9374C9S74C10774C15174C15474C15774C15074C161

74C16374 C16474C17374C19274C19374 C19574C92274C92374 C 92574C92680C9580C97

.79

78MG 1.75

LM106H .99

LM300H .80LM30JCN/H .35

LM302H 1.75

LM304H 1.49

LM305H .79LM307CN/H .45LM3Q8CN/H 1.00

LM309H 1.10

LM309K 1.25

LM310CN 1.95

LM3UN/H .90

LM312H 1.95

LM317K 3.95LM318CN/H 1.95

LM319N 1.30

LM320K-5 1.35

LM320K-5.2 1.35

LM32QK-12 1.25

LM320K-15 1.35

LM320K-1B 1.35

LM320K-24 1.35

LM320T-5 1.25

LM320T-5.2 1.25

LM320T-8 1.25

LM320T-12 1.25

LM320T-15 1.25

LM320T-18 1.25

LM320T-24 1.25

LM323K-5 5.95

LM324N .99

LM339N .99

LM340K-5 1.35

UW1340K.-6 1.35

LM340K-8 1.35

LM340K-12 1.35

LM34DK-15 1.35

LINEAR

LM340K-18 1.35

LM340K-24 1.35

LM340T-5 1.25

LM340T-6 1.25

LM340T-8 1.25

LM340T-12 1.25

LM340T-15 1.25

LM340T-18 1.25

LM340T-24 1.25

LM358N 1.00

LM370N 1.95

LM373N 3.25

LM377N 2.95

LM380N 1.25

LM380CN .99

LM381N 1.79

LM382N 1.79

NE510A 6.00

NE529A 4.95

NES31H/V 3.95

NE536T 6.00

NE540 6.00

NE544N 4.95

NE550N 1.30

NE555V .39

NE556N .99

NE560B 5.00

NE562B 5.00

LM565N/H 1.25

LM566CN 1.75

LM567V/H .99

NE570N 4.95LM703CN/H .69

LM709N/H .29

LM710N .79

LM711N .39

LM723N/H .55

LM733N 1.00

LM739N 1,19LM741CN/H .35

LM741-I4N .39

LM747N/H .79

LM748N/H .59

LM1310N 1.95LM1458CN/H .59

MCI488N 1.95

MC1489N 1.95

LM1496N .95

LM1556V 1.75

MC1741SCP 3.00

LM2111N 1.95

LM2901N 1.95

LM3053N 1.50

LM3065N 1.49LM 3900 N (3401).59

LM3905N 1.49

LM3909N 1.25

MC5558V .59

8038 B 4.95

LM 75450 N .49

75451CN .39

75452 CN .39

7545 3CN .39

75454CN .39

75491CN .79

75492 CN .89

75493N 1.25

75494CN 1.25

RC4136 1.25

RC4151 3.95

RC4194 4.95

HC4195 4.49

V

74LS0O74LS0I74LS0274LS0374LSW74LS0574 L SOS74 L 50974LS1074LS1174LS1374LS1474LS1574LS2074LS2174LS2274L52674LS2774LS2874LS3074LS3274LS3774LS4074LS42'4LS47

74LS00TTL

74LS51

74LS54

74LS55

74LS73

74LS74

74LS7S

74LS76

74LS78

74LS83

74LS85

74LS86

74L590

74LS92

74LS93

74LS95

74LS96

74LS107

74LS109

74 LSI 12

74 LSI 23

74LS125

74LS132

74LS136

74LS138

74LS13974LS15174LS15574L515774LS16074LS16174LS16274LS16374LS16474LS17574LS18174LS19074LS19174LS19274LS19374LS19474LS19574LS25374LS25774LS25874LS26074LS27974LS36774LS36874LS670

JE6O8 PROGRAMMER

2704/2708 EPROM PROGRAMMER

JE608K KIT $399.95

JE608A Assembled and tested $499.95

DISCRETE LEDS

XC556R .200" red

XC556G .200" green

XC556Y .200" yellov

XC556C .200" clear

XC22R .200" red

XC22G .200" green

XC22Y .200" yellov

MV10B .170" red

5/$l4/$l4/J14/115/$l4/$l4/$l4/tl

MV50 .085" red

XC209R .125" red

XC209G .125" green

XC209Y .125" yellov

XC526R .185" red

XC525G .185" green

XC526Y .165" yellov

XC526C .185" clear

6/$l5/$l4/$l4/tl

5/$l4/$l4/$l4/S1

XC111R .190" red 5/J1

XC111G .190" green 4/$l

XC111Y ;i90" yellow 4/$l

XC111C .190" clear 4/$l

INFRA-RED LEDWxW'xl/W flat

IRL—5/S1

C.A. -

Type

MAN 1MAN 2MAN 3MAN 4MAN 7GMAN 7YMAN 72MAN 74MAN 82MAN 84MAN 3620MAN 3630MAN 3640MAN 4610MAN 4810MAN 4840MAN 6610MAN 6630MAN 6640MAN 6650MAN 6660MAN 6710MAN 6750MAN 6760MAN 6780DL701DL704

Common Anode

Polarity

C.A.—red5x7 D.M.—redC.C.—redC.C.—redC.A.—greenC.A.—yellowC.A.—redC.C.—redC.A.—yellowC.C.—yellowC. A.—orangeC.A.—orange ± 1C.C.—orangeC.A.—orangeC.A—yellowC.C.—yellowC.A.—orange—DDC.A.—orange ± 1C.C.—orange—DDC.C.—orange i 1C.A.—orangeC.A.—red—DDC.C.—red ± 1C.A.—redC.C.—redC.A.—red ± 1C.C,—red

DISPLAY LEDS

C.C. — Common Cathode

Price

2.954.95

Type

DL707

DL728

DL741

DL746

DL747

DL750

DL33B

FND70

FND358

FND3S9

FND503

FND507

5082-7730

HDSP-3400

HDSP-3403

5082-7613

5082-7620

5082-7623

5082-7730

5082-7731

5082-7750

5082-7751

5082-7750

5082-7300

5082-7302

5082-7304

5082-7340

Polarity

C.A.—redC.C—redC.A.—redC.A.—red ± 1C.A.—redC.C—redC.C—redC.C.C.C ± 1C.C.

C.C. (FND5O0)C.A. (FND510)C.A.—redC.A.—redC.C—redC.C, R.H.D.—redC.A., L.H.D.—yel.C.C, R.H.D.—yel.C.A., L.H.D.-redC.A., R.H.D.—redC.A., L.H.D.-redC.A., R.H.D.-redC.C, R.H.D.-red4x7sgl.dig. RHDP4x7sgl.dig. LHDPOvemge.char.(±l)4x7sgl. dig, hex.

1.50l.bO1.25

1.251.251.251.2519.9519.9515.0022.50

RCA LINEAR

CA3013T 2.15

CA2023T 3.25

CA3035T 2.48

CA3039T 1.35

CA3046N 1.30

CA3059N 3.25

CA3060N 3.25

CA3080T 1.25

CA3081N 2.00

CA3082N 2.00

CA3083N 1.60

CA3086N .85

CA3089N 3.75

CA3130T 1.39

CA3140T 1.25

CA3160T 1.25

CA3401N .59

CA36O0N 3.50

CALCULATORCHIPS/DRIVERS

$2.952.952.00

MMS72S

MM 5738

DM8BG4

DM8865

DM8887

DM8S89

9374 7-Seg.

LED driver 1.50

MM5309 4.95

LOW PROFILE{TIN) SOCKETS

-24 25-49 50-100

8 pin LP14 pin LP16 pin LP18 pin LP20 Pin LP22 pin LP24 pin LP28 pin LP36 pin LP40 pin LP

SOLDERTAIL (GOLD)STANDARD

1G p

i SG

pin SG24 pin 5G28 pin SG36 pin SG40 pin SG

CLOCK CHIPS

MM5309 4.95

MM5311 4.95

MM5312 4.95

MM5314 4.95

MM5316 6.95

MM531B 9.95

MM 5369 2.95

MM5377 4.95MM53B7/1998a4.9S

MOTOROLA

MC1408L7 4.95

MC1408L8 5.75

MC1439L 2.95

MC3022P 2.95

MC3061P 3.50MC4016 (74416) 7.50

MC4024P 3.95

MC4040P 6.95

MC4044P 4.50

SOLDERTAILSTANDARD (TIN)

24 pin ST28 pin ST36 pin ST40 pin ST

WIRE WRAP SOCKETS(GOLD) LEVEL #3

1/4 WATT RESISTOR ASSORTMENTS -5%

10 OHM27 OHM68 CHM

12 OHM33 OHM32 OHM

IB OHM 22 0HUJ 7 OHM 56 OHM120 OHM 150 OHM

I8D OHM 220 OHM 2711 OHM 330 OHM 3f0 OHM470 OHM 560 OHM 680 OHM 820 OHM IK

ASST. 7

ASST. 8R

so pes $1.95

so pes $1.95

so pes $1.95

3.3K ;i.9K 4,7K b.bri 6.8K ^

5ea. 8.2k iOK I2K 1 sk t8K 50 PCS $1.95

22K 27K 33* 39K 42K

5 ea. b6K 68K H2K 1 nOK 12UK 50 PCS $ 1.95

1SQK IB0K 220K 270K 330K .

5 ea. 390* 470K bWK 6B0K B20K 50 PCS $ 1 ■ 95

tM 1.2M I.5H 1.SM 2.2M

5ea. 2.7M 3.3M 3.9M 4.7M b.6M 50 PCS $1.95

Includes Resistor Assortments 1 -7 (350 PCS.) $10.95 ea.

TELEPHONE/KEYBOARD CHIPS

AY-S-9100 Push Button Telephone Dialler

AY-5-9200 Repertory Dialler

AY-5-9500 CMOS Clock Generator

AY-5-2376 Keyboard Encoder (88 keys)

HD0165 Keyboard Encoder (16 keys)

74C922 Keyboard Encoder (16 keys)

74C923 Keyboard Encoder (20 keys)

11.957.955.495.75

ICM7045ICM7205ICM7207I CM 7208ICM7209

I CM CHIPS

CMOS Precision TimerCMOS LED Stopwatch/TimerOscillator ControllerSeven Decade CounterClock Generator

7.5019.956.95

NM0S READ ONLY MEMORIES

MCM6571

128 X 9 X 7 ASCII Shifted with Greek

13.50

MCM6574

128 X 9 X 7 Math Symbol 8 Pictures

13.50

MCM6575

128 X 9 X 7 Alpha Control Char Gen

13.50

TL074CN

TL494CN

TL496CP

11C90

95H90

4N33

MK50240

OS0026CH

TIL308

MM5320

MM5330

LD110/111

MC14433P

MISCELLANEOUS

Quad Low Noise bi-tet Op Amp 2.49

Switching Regulator 4.49

Single Switching Regulator 1.75

Divide 10/11 PrescaTer w.»

Hi-Speed Divide 10/11 Prescaler 11.95

Photo-Darlington Opto-lsolator 1.25

Top Octave rreq. Generator 17.50

5Mhz 2-phase MOS clock driver 3.75.27" red num. display w/integ. logic chip 10.95

TV CamBra Sync. Generator 14.95

4'/2 Digit 0PM Logic Block (Special) 3.95

3tt Digit A/D Converter Set 25.00/se!

3'/: Digit A/D Converter 13.95

LITR0NIX ISO-LIT 1

Photo Transistor Opto-lsolator(Same as MCT 2 or 4N25]

49eeach

SN 76477

SOUND GENERATORGenerates Complex SoundsLow Power - Programmable

$3.95 eacli

TV GAME CHIP AND CRYSTAL

AY-3-8500-1 and 2.01 MHZ Crystal (Chip & Crystal _ _c . ,includes score display. 6 games and select angles, etc. I .HO/Scj

$8.404.404.401.551.50.39

XR205

XR210

XR215

XR320

XR-L555

XR555

XR556

XR567CP

XR567CT

XR1310P 1.95

XR1468CN 3.85

XR1488 1.95

XR1489 1.95

1.25

EXAR

JE2206KB 19.95XR1800 3.20

XR2208 5.20

XR2242CP 1.50XR2264 4.25

XR2209XR2211

1.755.25

XR2212 4.35XR2240 3.45

XR2556

XR2567XR3403XR4136XR4151XR4194XR4202XR4212XR455SXR4739XR4741

3.202.991 251.253.951.453.602.05

TYPE

IN 745

1N751

1N752

1N753

1N7S4

1N757

1N759

1N959

1N965

1N5232

1N5234

1N5235

1N523B

1N5242

1N5245

1N456

1N458

IN485A

1N4001

DIODES

VOLTS W3.3 400m

400m400m400m400m400m400m500m500m500m500m500m500m

PRICE

4/1.004/1.00

4/1.004/1.00

4/1.004/1.004/t.OO4/1.004/1.004/1.004/1.004/1.004/1.006/1.006/1.005/1.0012/1.00

TYPE

1N4002

1M4003

1N4004

1N40G5

1NJ006

1N40O7

1N3600

1N4148

1PJ4154

1N4733

IN4734

1N4735

1N4736

1N4738

1N4742

1N4744

IN1183

1N1184

1N11B5

1N1185

1N118B

VOLTS W

100 PIV 1 AMP200PIV1 AMP400 PIV 1 AMP600 PIV 1 AMPBOO PIV 1 AMP1000 PIV 1 AMP50 200m75 10m

35

15

10m

1w

50 PIV 35 AMPI00PIV35 AMP150 PIV 35 AMP200 PIV 35 AMP400 PIV 35 AMP

PHJCE12/1.0012/1.0012/1.0010/1 0010/1.0010/1.006/10015/1.0012/1.004/1.004/1.004/1.004/1,004/1.004/1.004/1.001.60

SCR AND FW BRIDGE RECTIFIERS

C36D 15A @ 400V 5CR{2N1849)

C36M 35A @ 600V SCR

C106B1 3.6A @ 200V SCR

2N2328 1.6A @ 300V SCR

MDA980-1 12A @ 50V FW Bridge Rec.

M DA 980-3 12A & 200V

FW Bridge Rei

MPSA05

MPSA06

TIS97

TIS98

40409

40410

40673

2N9I8

2N2219A

2N2221A

2N2222A

PN2222 Plastii

2N2369A

MPS2369

2N24B4

2N2906

2N2907

2N2925

MJE2955

2N3053

TRANSISTORS

3/1.00 2N3C553/1-00 MJE30554/1.00 2N33924/1.00 2N33981-75 PN35671-75 PN35S81.75 PN35692/1.00 MPS3638A2/1.00 MPS37023/1.00 2N37043/1.00 MPS37046/1.00 2N37052/1.00 MPS37054/1.00 2N37064/1.00 MPS37062/1.00 2N37072N37I12N3724A2N3725A2N37722N38232N3903

3/1.00

4/1.00

1.25

2/1.00

1.004/1.004/1.003/1.004/1,004/1.004/1.004/1.004/1.004/1.004/1.004/1.004/1.004/1.004/1.004/1.00

.65

2N39D42N39052N39062N4Q132N4123PN4249PN42502N440O2N44012N44022N44032N44092N50862N50872N50882N50892N5129PN513-!PN51382N51392N52102N54492N5951

4/1.004/LOQ

4/1.00.654/1.004/1.004/1.004/1.004/1.004/1.004/1.004/1.004/1.004/1.004/1.004/1.004/1.004/1.004/1.004/1.004/1.003/1.002/1.00

CAPACITOR

CORNER

$10.00 Min. Order - U.S. Funds Only Spec Sheets - 25i

Calif. Residents Add 6% Sales Tax 1981 Catalog Available —Send 41 if stamp

Postage —Add 5% plus$1 Insurance (if desired)

PHONE

ORDERS

WELCOME

(415) 592-8097

1 N£Vf

MAIL ORDER ELECTRONICS - WORLDWIDE

1355SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002

PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE

10 pt22 pi

47 pi100 pi

,001ml.00220047ml,01ml

.1/35V.15/35V.22/35V.33/35V.47/35V68/35V1.0/35V

.47/50V

1.0/50V

3.3/50V

4.7/25V

10/25V

10/50V

22/25V

22/50V

47/25V

47/50V

100/25V

100/50V

220/25V

220/50V

470/25V

1000/16V

2200/16V

8 .06 .05 00VF* .06 .05 0047fiF8 .06 .05 .0VF8 .06 .05 022nF8 .06 .05 047uF8 .06 .05 imf

100 VOLT MYLAR FILM CAPACITORS2 .10 ,07 ,022ml,047mt

.12

.07

,1ml

,22ml .33 27

+20% DIPPED TANTALUMS (SOLID) CAPACITORS.39 .34 .29 I.5/3SV .41 .37

.39 .34 .29 2.2/35V .51 .45

.39 .34 .29 3.3/25V .53 .47

.39 .34 .29 4.7/25V .63 .56

.39 .34 .29 6 8/25V .79 .69

.39 .34 .29 ,5/25v 1.39 1.25

.39 .34 .29 22/6v -79 .69

MINIATURE ALUMINUM ELtCTROLYTIC CAPACITORS

.16 .14 .10

,19 .16 .12

.25 .21 .19.29 .25 .23

47/25V.47/50V1.0/16V1.0725V

1.0/50V4.7/16V4 7/25V4.7/50V10/16V10/25V10/50V47/50V100/16V100/25V100/50V220/16V470/25V

Radial Lead.15

386 BYTE October 1980

Circle 342 on inquiry card.

BLAK-RAY UltravioletIntensity Meter

TWO MODELS:LONGWAVE

ANDSHORTWAVE

Meter consists of a sensor cell attached toa compact (3" x 3%" x 3") metering unit.Can be hand-held or placed directly onsurface for measuring. Can be used re-motely, while connected to a meter hous-ing by a 4-foot extension cord. Twomodels available - one for long waveand one for short wave ultraviolet. Read-ings are in microwatts per square centi-meter. Weighf. 1 lb.

Completely assembled (includes sensorcell, reduction screen, extension cord,contrast filter and certification report.)

J-221 LONGWAVE „»_-_ _.-.

(300nm-400nm) $242.00

J-225 SHORT WAVE ^(200nm-280nm) 3)ZDU.UU

EPROM Erasing Lamp

• Erases 2708, 2716, 1702A, 5203Q, 5204Q, etc.

• Erases up to 4 chips within 20 minutes

• Maintains constant exposure distance of one inch

• Special conductive foam liner eliminates staticbuild-up

• Built-in safety lock to prevent UV exposure

• Compact - only 7-5/8" x 2-7/8" x 2"

• Complete with holding tray for 4 chips

UVS-11E $79.50

Jumbo 6-Digit Clock Kit

* Four .G30"lit. and two .300"ht.common anode displays

* Uses MMS3W clock chip

* Switches for hours, minutes and hoh

* Hours easily viewable to 30 feet» Simulated walnut case

* 115VAC operation

* 12 or 24 hour operation

* Includes all components, case and w

* Size: 6% x 3Va x HS

JE747 $29.95

Bright .300 ht.

:omm

ode display

Uses MM5314 c

ock ch

P

Switches for he

and hold modes

Hrs. easily view

blc to

20

Simulated wain

t case

115 VAC opera

ion

12 or 24 hr. ope

ration

Incl. ail compo

.ents,

wall transforme

JE701

•Sue: S%" x 3-1/8" x tW\'

6-Digit Clock Kit $19.95

Regulated Power Supply

Uses LM309K. Heat sinkprovided. PC board con- -^struction. Provides a solid ™"1 amp @ 5 volts. Can supply upto -5V, -9V and * 12V withJE205 Adapter. Includes compo-nents, hardware and instructions.Size: 314" x 5" x 2"H

JE200 $14.95

ADAPTER BOARD-Adapts to JE200-±5V, +9V and ±12V

DC/DC converter with +5V input. Toriodal hi-speed switching XMFR. Short circuit protection.PC board construction. Piggy-back to JE 200board. Size: 314" x 2" x9/16"H

\JE205

$12.95

MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS

83166224

82268328823882518253825582578259

MC6B00

MC6802CP

MC681DAPI

MC6821

MC6828

MC6830L8

MC6850

MC6852

MC6860

MC6B62

MC6880A

-BOBOA/B080A SUPPORT DEVICES'

CPU

6-Bit Input/OutputPriority Interrupt ControlBi-Directional Bus DriverClock Generator/DriverBus Driver

System Controller/Bus Drtwi

System ControllerProg. Comm. 1/0 (USART)Prog Interval TimerProg. Peiiph. 1/0 (PPI)Prog DMA ControlProg interrupt Control

— 6600/5800 SUPPORT DEVICES

MPU

MPU with Clock and Ram

128X8 Static Ram

Peripli Inter. Adapt (MC6820)

Priority Interrupt Controller

1024X8 Bit ROM (MC68A30-8)

Asynchronous Comm Adapter

Synchronous Serial Data Adapt

0-6G0 op; Digital MODEM

2400 BpsMorJulalor

Quad 3-State Bus. Trans (MC8T26}

-MOOPflOCESSOR MANUALS -

M-Z80 User Manual

M-CDP1B02 User ManualM-2650 User Manual

-ROM'S-

2513(21101 Character Gcnerator'upper case) S9.95

2513(3021) Character Generalor(lowcr ense) 9.95

2516 Character Generator 10.95

MM5230N 2048-Bit Read Only Memory 1.95

MICROPROCESSOR CHIPS—MISCELLANEOUS-

28O(780C) CPU

Z80A(780-1) CPU

CDP1B02 CPU

2650 MPU

6502 CPU

8035N6 B-Bil MPU W/dtt*, RAM. 1/0 lines

P8085 CPU

TMS9900JL 16-Bit MPU

10.9514.956.956.9510.9512.952.25

S13.9515.9519.9516.95

11 9519.951995

4995

1101

1103

2101(81011

2102

21L02

2111(8111)

2112

2114

2114L

2114-3

21141-3

5101

5280/2107

7489

UPD414

(MK-1027)MM 5290-2

TMS4Q44- 4K

45fJL

TMS4045 102-1X4

2117 1G.384X1

25GX11024X1256X41024X11024X1255X4256X41024X41024X41024X41024X4256X44096X116X4

- RAM'S -Stall

Dynamic

Static

Static

Static

Static

Static M0S

Static 450ns

Static 4S0iis low power

Static 300ns

Static 300ns low pDwer

Static

Dynamic

Static

Dynamic 16 pin

Static

MM500H

MM503H

MM506-I

MM510H

MM5016H

2504(1404 A)

2518

2522

2524

2525

2527

2528

2529

2532

3341

74LS670

SHIFT REGISTERS —

Dual 25 Bit DynamicDual 50 Bit DynamicDual 100 Bit StaticDual 64 Bit Accumulator500/512 Bit Dynamic1024 DynamicHex 32 Bit StaticDual 132 Bit Static512 Bit Dynamic1024 DynamicDual 256 Bit SialicDunl 250 StalicDual 240 Bit StaticQuad 80 Bit SialicFilo4X4 Regisier File (TriState)

StaticDynamic 350ns

(house marked]Dynamic

- PROMS

TMSZ516

16K-

TMS2532 4KX82708 SK

2716 T. 16K"

""Requires"5203 2048

6301-1(7611) 10246330-1(7602) 25682S23 32X8

82S115 4096

825123(5610)32X874186 512

•'-5-1013 30K BAUD

'4181

256

FAMOS

EPROM(lntel)

EPROM (2716)ires single + 5V power supply

EPROM

EPROM

EPROM3 voltages, —5'

PROM

Tristate Bipolar

Open C Bipolar

Open Collector

Bipolar

Tristate

TTL Open Collector

TTL Open Collector

12V

$5.9529.9519.95

89.9510.9529.95

FunctionGenerator Kit

Provides 3 basicwaueforms: sine,triangle and squarewave. Freq. rangefrom 1 HztolOOKHz. Output ampli-tude from 0 voltsto over 6 volts(peak to peak).Uses a 12V supplyor a :6V split sup-ply. Includes chip,P.C. Board, com-ponents & instruc-tions.

JE2206B... $19.95

DIGITALTHERMOMETER KIT

■ Dual sensors-control switch tor indoor/outdoor or dual monitoring —intensionup to 500 feet

■ Continuous LED .S" ht. display

■ Range: 40CF to 199°F / -40DC to 100°C

■ Accuracy: tl" nominal

■ Calibrate for Fahrenheit/Celsius reading

■ Sim. walnut case-AC wall adapter incl.

■ Size: 3K"H x 6-5/8"W x 1-3/8"D

JE300 $39.95

DESIGNERS'SERIESBlank Desk-Top Electronic Enclosures

High strength cpoxy moldedend pieces in mocha brownfinish.

/ ^^m * Sliding rear/bottom panel for

/ ^K service and component ac-

cessibility.* Top /bottom panels .080 thkalum. Alodine type 1200finish (gold tint color) forbest paint adhesion aftermodification.

Vented top and bottompanels for cooling efficiency.Rigid construction providesunlimited applications.

CONSTRUCTION:

The "DTE" Blank DeskTop Electronic Enclosures are designed to blend and complementtoday's modern computer equipment and. can be used in both industrial and home. Theend pieces are precision molded with an internal slot (all around) to accept both top andbottom panels. The panels are then fastened to !4" thick tabs inside the end pieces toprovide maximum rigidity to the enclosure. For ease of equipment servicing, the rear/bottom panel slides back on slotted tracks while the rest of the enclosure remains in-tact. Different pane! widths may be used while maintaining a common profile outline.The molded end pieces can also be painted to match any panel color scheme.

/

EnclosureModel No.

PanelWidth

PRICE

, DTE-8

8.00"

$29.95

DTE-11

10.65"

$32.95

< DTE-14

14.00"

$34.95

S10.00 Min. Order - U.S. Funds Only Spec Sheets - 25«!

Calif. Residents Add 6% Sales Tax 1981 Catalog Available -

Postage— Add 5%plusS1 Insurance {if desired)

Send 41(! stamp

J aEEgJSESIia

PHONE

ORDERS

WELCOME

(415) 592-8097

MAIL ORDER ELECTRONICS - WORLDWIDE

1355SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT. CA 94002

PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE

'2 National Semiconductor ~

; RAM SALE

MM5290J-2 (MK4116/UPD416). . . $6.95each

16K DYNAMIC RAM (150NS)

(8 EACH $49.95) (100 EACH $550.00/lot)

MM5298J-3A $3.25 each

8K DYNAMIC RAM (LOW HALF OF MM5290JI 200NS(8 EACH S23.95) 1100 EACH S250.00/lotl

MM2114-3 $5.95 each

4K STATIC RAM (300NSI

(8 EACH S43.95) (100 EACH $450.00/lot}

MM2114L-3 $6.25 each

4K STATIC RAM (LOW POWER 300NS)(8 EACH S44.95I (100 EACH S475.00/lot)

k

Vacuum Vise

/acuum-based light-durise for small component.nd assemblies. ABS cor

W-1 $3.49

TRS-8016K Conversion Kit

Expand your 4K TRS-80 System to 16K.Kit comes complete with:

* 8 each MM5290-2 (UPD416) (16K Dynamic Rams)150NS

* Documentation for conversion

TRS-16K $49.95

JE610 ASCIIEncoded Keyboard Kit

The JE610 ASCII Keyboard Kit can be interfaced intomost any computer system. The kit comes completewith an industrial grade keyboard switch assembly(62-keys), IC's, sockets, connector, electronic compo-nents and a double-sided printed wiring board. Thekeyboard assembly requires +5V @ 150mA and —12V@ 10mA for operation. Features: 60 keys generate the126 characters, upper ano lower case ASCII set.Fully buffered. Two us^r-define keys provided forcustom applications. Caps lock for upper-case-onlyalpha characters. Utilizes a 2376 (40-pin) encoderread-only memory chip. Outputs directly compatiblewith TTL/DTL or MOS logic arrays. Easy interfacingwith a 16-pin dip or 18-pin edge connector.

JE610 (Case not included) $79.95

Desk-Top Enclosure forJE610 ASCII Encoded Keyboard Kit

Compact desk-top enclosure: Color-coordinated de-signer's case with light tan aluminum panels and moldedend pieces in mocha brown. Includes mounting hardware.Size: 3J4"H x 14J6"W x 8%"D.

DTE-AK $49.95

SPECIAL: JE610/DTE-AK PURCHASED TOGETHER(Value $129.90) $124.95

JE600Hexadecimal Encoder Kit

FULL 8-BITLATCHED OUTPUT19-KEY KEYBOARD

The JE600 Encoder Keyboard Kit provides two separatehexadecimal digits produced from sequential key entriesto allow direct programming for 8-bit microprocessoror 8-bit memory circuits. Three additional keys areprovided for user operations wilh one having a bistableoutput available. The outputs are latched and monitoredwith 9 LED readouts. Also included is a key entry strobe.Features: Full 8-bit latched output for microprocessoruse. Three user-define keys with one being bistableoperation. Debounce circuit provided for all 19 keys.9 LED readouts to verify entries. Easy interfacing withstandard 16-pin IC connector. Only +5VDC required for

operation

JE600 (c

ase not included)

$59.95

Desk-Top Enclosure forJE600 Hexadecimal Keyboard Kit

Compact desk-top exclosure: Color-coordinated de-signer's case with light tan aluminum panels and moldedend pieces in mocha brown. Includes mounting hardware.Size: 3K"H x 8K"W X 8K"D.

DTE-HK . $44.95

SPECIAL: JE600/DTE-HK PURCHASED TOGETH(Value S104.90I $99.

rHER j

Circle 342 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

387

CompuMart

lets youput 'em on trial

CompuMart has been selling com-puters by mail since 1971. Our thou-sands of satisfied customers rely onCompuMart for services not generallyavailable from the others. Namely:

• Product Selection/Each product ad-vertised by CompuMart has been eval-uated by our in-house staff for bestprice, performance, and supplier reli-ability

• Return Privilege/After receipt of ourproducts, you are protected by Compu-Mart's exclusive, 10-day return privi-

ledge- good for all products exceptsoftware.

• Support/Our Customer Service Dept.and dxpert technicians are always thereto assist you by phone or at Compu-Mart's outlets. Our knowledgeablephone sales force can provide you withdetailed information and completeproduct specifications.

• Phone Ordering/For added conveni-ence, CompuMart maintains a toll-freeordering number. 1-800-343-5504.

withlO day free return

Printers1

The Paper TigerPrinter FromIntegral Data

Uses standard \ inch roll

paper and ribbon

40 characters per line

Speed: 40 characlers

per second

UL approved

High resolution dotmatrix impact printer

IDS Paper Tiger Printer $995

IDS Graphics Paper Tiger Printer $1,094

NEW! From Integral Data.The IDS 460.

We saw this new desktop printer at the NCC 80and when we saw its features: Correspondencequality printing. High-resolution graphics capa-bility, programmable print control functions, andautomatic text justification —we knew that we hadto offer this printer to our cost/features consciouscustomers $1,295

The Omni

Texas

CENTRONICS PRINTERS

New! The incredible Model 737- Correspondenceand Draft Quality Printing for Under $1,000. This isthe first printer in its class to offer print qualitysuitable for text processing, plus the performanceand application flexibility required for data pro-cessing. $995737-3 (Serial Interface) $1,045

Tractor Feed Printer- Centronics' Most PopularModel. Perfect for the needs of a small businesssytesm. Recommended by Apple and Radio Shack.

$1,079

NEC The First Name in LetterQuality Printers.

CompuMart offers beautiful print quality with NECSpinwriter terminals. The Spinwriters. both KSRand RO versions, give unsurpassed hard copyoutput. CompuMartoffers a completerange of NEC Spin-writers—Call ourexpert salesforce

810 Printer fromInstruments

Terminals:

Televideo 912C

820 x 24 —Lower case descenders. Teletype ortelewriter keyboard. 110/220 VAC. 50 to 19.2K BaudItem entry pad. Great looking and no fannoise.

Tl Omni 820 Receive-Only (RO) Package. Includesmachine-mounted paper tray and cable. A com-pressed print option and device forms control arestandard features $2,155

Tl Omni 820 Keyboard Send Receive (KSR) PackageComes with full ASCII Keyboard with numeric Key-pad and an EIA cable with autospeed select. $2,395

Monitors

CompuMart!

olor Video

NEW FROM SANYO—Four Great Momtors at Low CompuMart Prices.Sanyo's new line of CRT data display monitors arespecifically designed lor the display of alpha-numeric or graphic data.9" Sanyo Monitor $169

12" Sanyo Monitor $289

12" Sanyo Monitor with green screen $29913" Sanyo Color Display Monitor $495

Televideo 920C

Similar to the TV 912 but has programmablefunction keys across top.Excellent for text editing.

Call for IntroductorySale Prices

We've got the following Lear Sieg-ler Terminals In Stock at pricestoo low to print—Call for quotes.

ADM-3A Industries favorite dumb terminal forsome very smart reasons.ADM-3A.+ New from LearSiegler. CALL!ADM-31. The terminal that's too smart to be con-sidered dumb.

ADM-42. Available with keyboard semi-intelligent terminal offering tremendous user flexi-bility. The optional configurationsare amazing.

Call for deta

*+

HAZELTINE TERMINALS ATSPECTACULAR SAVINGS!

Hazeltine 1410. List $850 CompuMart $749

Hazeltine 1420. List $995 CompuMart $895

Hazeltine 1500. List $1095 CompuMart $995

Hazeltine 1510. List $1395 CompuMart $1325Hazeltine 1520. List $1585 CompuMart $1485Hazeltine 1552. List $1395 CompuMart $1295

Call CompuMart for complete specsand quantity discounts.

Calculators

A CALCULATOR, A SYSTEM, AWHOLE NEW STANDARD.

HEWLETT-PACKARD'S HP-41C

HP-41C Calculator $288.00

The System

Memory Modules. For storing programs or up to

2,000 lines of program memory $45.00

"Extra Smart" Card Reader. Records programs and

data back onto blank mag-cards $199.00

The Printer. Upper and Lower case, High resolution

plotting, Portable Thermal operation $355.00

Application Modules $45.00 EACH

Standard pac: ^^^ « ££| ^-'

Statistics. •<■ ' '

Math,

Financial &

Surveying

Tl CALCULATORS

The Tl Programable Calculator —Super Sale $229.00

NOVATION CAT™

ACCOUSTIC MODEM

• Answer Originate • Bell 108

• 300 Baud • Low Profile DesignLooks good, works great! $179.00

Texas Instruments TI-99/4 Home

Computer

Save $300 on this 16-Bit computer with

monitor

TI-99/4 w/Monitor $889

TI-99/4 w/o Monitor $725

Circle 343 on inquiry card.

Computers

tcippkz computer

Brand New From Apple for the Apple II

DOS 3.3 Convert disks to 16 sector format for 23%more storage and faster access $60

Apple Plot. The perfect graphic complement for Visi-calc. $70

Dow Jones News & QuotesAdventureDOS Tool KitApple Fortan

$95

$35

$75

$200

New From Videx! — Video Term.

80 column by 24 line 7x9 matrix — plug in compati-ble board for the Apple II. Price: $325 w/o graphicsEPROM

Options. Graphics EPROM $25

Video Switch Plate, inserts between Apple IIVideo and vidoterm board $12

NEW FROM MUSE FOR YOUR APPLE II

The Voice $39.95

Super Text $99.00

Address Book $49.95

S.S.M. Serial & Parallel Apple Interface $225

NEW! ABT's Numeric Key pad $110

CCA. Data Management Program for

Apple II $ 99

New from Mountain Hardware — Expan-sion Accessories for Your Apple.

lntrol/X-10 System $289

Super Talker $299

The Music System $545

ROM plus board w/Keyboard filter $199

New from Microsoft — The Z-80 Softcard $349

Apple III Accessories

Silentype Thermal Printer $525

Disk III $545

12" B&W Monitor $320

Vinyl Carry Case $ 75

We have a complete inventory ofApple computers,peripherals and software

Introducing the HP-85

$3,145

Hewlett-Packard's PersonalComputer for Industry.This extremely portablecomputer features ex-tended BASIC to solve your problems quickly andefficiently along with an advanced graphics sys-tem to enhance communication.NEW from Hewlett-PackardHP 82900-Series Flexible Disk Drives for theHP-85

These 4 new Flexible Disk Drives provide fast on-linestorage using flexible disks

•HP 82901M. Supplies approx. 540K bytes of on-linestorage. $2,500

"HP 82902M. Approx. 270K bytes of on-line storage.

$1,500•HP 82901S. Supplies an additional 540K bytes whenconnected to an HP 82901M or an HP 82902M.

$2,200•HP 829025. Supplies an additional 270K bytes whenconnected to an HP 82901M or an HP 82902M.

$1,300

The Hewlett-Packard 7225A. High Quality/Low CostGraphics Plotter. $2,050

Call our expert sales force for complete productspecifications.

BUY-OF-THE-MONTHApple III is Here

Zenith Z-89

The All-ln-One-Computer

This is the famous computer system which

up no more space than a terminal alone. The 12"

screen is beautiful and lends itself perfectly to

professional applications thanks to its 25 lines ot

80 characters. We know of no other computer

which gives you this many features at such a low

price.

Zenith 48K Z-89 Dual Port List $2,895

CompuMart $2,695

Z-19 Smart Video Terminal List $995

CompuMart s^^^^^, $895

and We've Got It!

Apple III System Packages

Apple III Information Analyst Option A.Includes: Apple III System with 96K RAM memory,Information analyst configuration package, 12" B&Wmonitor for Apple III $4,340

Apple III Information Analyst Option B.

Same as Option A plus: Disk 11 for Apple III $4,885

Apple III Information Analyst Option CSame as Option A plus: Disk 11 for Apple III, Silen-type Thermal Printer for Apple III $5,410

Apple III Software

Visicalc III $250

Mail List Manager $250

Business Basic $250

PASCAL $250

FORTRAN $250

System Software & Manuals $250

Super Sale on Exidy Sorcerer

List Price Sale!

16K Sorcerer $1,295 $999

Parallel Data Cable $35 $20

Development PAC $99 $85

Word Processing PAC $199 $169

S-100 Expansion Unit $419 $389Lots of other Sorcerer accessories In stock at lowprices — CALL!

ROCKWELL AIM 65

The single board development systemthat's perfect in the classroom or lab.

Our AIM System includes: 4K AIM with BASICinterpretor assembler, Power Supply, Cassetterecorder & Enclosure $799.

4K AIM — 65 $499

PL65 High Level Language $125

Paper for the AIM (roll) $ 2.!

Rockwell's 4-slot Motherboard (SALE) $175

CompuMart's Microflex 65 System for your AIMIncludes: Adapter Buffer Module w/ 4-slot modulestack, 8K RAM module, 16K PROM/ROM module,Asynchronous communications Interface, & PowerSupply / „ $1,299

Call or write forour completeMicroflex 65brochure

Buy Direct from the largest Commodore dealer inthe country, and the very first Commodoredistributor in the U.S. Buy from the experts- Buyfrom CompuMart.

Commodore —We have everythingthat Commodore manufactures. Instock for Immediate Delivery!Call CompuMart now for lowprices and special deals.

ATARI 800 Personal Computer System.

Comas with 800 Operators Manual, 16K RAM Mem.ory module, 10K ROM Operating System, powersupply, TV Switch Box. $1080

PERIPHERALS

Atari 410 Program Recorder (FREE w/ purchase ofAtari 800)

Atari 810 Disk DriveNew Dual Disk double density825 Printer (Centronics 737)RS232 Interface w/ CableNEW! Light PensCall for New Software

Circle 343 on inquiry card.

IMPORTANT ORDERINGINFORMATION All orders musl,

include 4% shipping andhandling Mass residentsadd 5% sales taxMich residents4%, forsales

Phonesopen Irom:30 a.m. to 5.30p.m. EST, Mon.Fn •PO's accepted fromD&B rated companies —shipment contingent upon receiptof signed purchaseorder • All pricesare subject to change without notice • Mostitems in stock for immediate shipment— calltor delivery quotation • In the Ann Arbor area? Ourretail store is open 11:00 a.m. to 7:00 p m. Tues.-FrL,10:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Saturdays (closed Sun. and Mon.)

COMPUMART

270 THIRD STREET, DEPT110 CAMBRIDGE, MA. 02142

Member Computer Dealers-Assoc.

We've had a reputation for dependability since 1971

Notice

The

Difference

At HOBBYWORLD the difference is service.

Our proud tradition is built on serving our customer'sneeds. Starting with honest and friendly customerrelations, HOBBYWORLD is also dedicated tomaintaining an in-stock availablity of state-of-the-artproducts, at competitive prices. Our service continueswith careful attention to shipping and handling yourorders in compliance with all the FTC mail-orderregulations.

HOBBYWORLD is your electronics' 'shopping-center''.

We bring to you the largest selection of electronicsequipment that can be found anywhere, and all underone roof. Our vast inventory includes: computersystems & peripherals, computerized toys & games,disks & diskettes, application boards, integratedcircuits &. electronics parts... almost anything youneed, Hobby World has it! We also stock an extensivelibrary of comprehensive software &. books.

Two convenient showrooms.

Whether you live in southern California, or arevisiting the Los Angeles area, we encourage you tocome in and experience this progressive field ofbusiness, entertainment and technology. We also offer

non-technical "mini-course" seminars for businesspeople, professionals and prospective home users whomay be considering their first computers.

Notice the difference!

Call us toll-free and ask for your free product catalog,or circle the readers service inquiry number in thismagazine... or fill out the information below andsend to:

HOBBYWORLD ELECTRONICS, INC.19511 Business Ctr. Dr. Dept. BIONorthridge, California 91324

FREE HOBBYWORLD CATALOG

Name.

Company-Address

City

Zip

State.

Service makes the difference.

HOBBYWORLD

ELECTRONICS, INC.

Toil-Free: USA (800) 423-5387

Toil-Free: Calif. (800) 382-3651

Local & Outside USA: (213) 886-9200

Circle 344 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980 391

Get the insidecopy of CP/M*

Just purchase aJadeDouble-Dor CCS double density diskcontroller this month andCP/M* 2.2 is yours for free.

S-100 Boards

DOUBLE-D - Jade

Double density disk controller with the inside track

IOD-1300K Kit & CP/M 2.2 $395.00

IOD-1300A 8" A & T & CP/M 2.2 .. $469.00IOD-1305A 5'A" A&T & CP/M 2.2 $469.00IOD-1200B Bare board $55.00

DOUBLE DENSITY - Cal Comp Sys

S'/i" or 8" disk controller with free CP/M 2.2IOD-1400A A&T $374.95

THE BIG Z - Jade

2 or 4 MHz swilchable Z-80 CPU with serial I/O

CPU-30201K Kit $145.00

CPU-30201A A&T $199.00

CPU-30200B Bare board $35.00

SBC-100-SD Systems

2.5 MHz Z-80 CPU with serial & parallel 1/0 ports

CPO-30100K Kit $269.95

CPO-30100A Jade A&T $339,95

SBC-200 - SD Systems

4 MHz Z-80 CPU with serial & parallel I/O ports

CPC-30200K Kit $299.95

CPC-30200A Jade A&T $375.00

CB2 - S.S.M.

2 or 4 MHz switchable Z-80 CPU with RAM, ROM. &I/0

CPU-30300K Kit $239.95

CPC-30300A A&T $299.95

2810 Z-80 CPU - Cal Comp Sys

2 4 MHz Z-80A CPU w/serial I/O portCPU-30400A A&T $275.00

ExpandoRAM I - SD Systems

2.5 MHz RAM board expandable from 16K to 64K

MEM-16130K 16Kkit $245.00

MEM-16130A I6K Jade A&T $295.00

MEM-32131K 32K kit $275.00

MEM-32131A 32K Jade A&T $325.00

MEM-48132K 48K kit $305.00

MEM-48132A 48K Jade A&T $355.00

MEM-64133K 64K kit $335.00

MEM-64133A 64K Jade A&T $385.00

~64K RAM BOARD $359.95ExpandoRAM II - SD Systems

4 MHz RAM board expandable from 16K to 256K

MEM-16630A 16K kit $249.95

MEM-16630A 16K Jade A&T $299.95

MEM-32631K 32K kit $289.95

MEM-32631A 32K Jade A&T $339.95

MEM-48632K 48K kit $324.95

MEM-48631A 48K Jade A&T $374.95

MEM-64633K 64K kit $359.95

MEM-64633A 64K Jade A&T $409.95

32K STA TIC RAM BOARD $249.9516K STATIC RAM BOARD $149.95

32K STATIC RAM - Jade

2 or 4 MHz expandable static RAM board uses 21 14L's

MEM-16151K 16K4MHzkit $149.95

MEM-16151A 16K 4 MHz A&T ... $199.95

MEM-32151K 32K 4 MHz kit $249.95

MEM-32151A 32K 4 MHz A&T ... $299.95

16K STATIC RAM - Cal Comp Sys

2 or 4 MHz I6K static RAM ■ a real memory bargain

MEM-16160K 16K 2 MHz kit $249.95

MEM-16160A 16K 2 MHz A&T ... $279.00

MEM-16162K 16K 4 MHz kit $279.95

MEM-16162A 16K 4 MHz A & T ... $309.00MEM-16160B Bare board $29.95

PB-1 - S.S.M.

2708. 2716 EPROM board with built-in programmer

MEM-99510K Kit $159.95

MEM-99510A A&T $239.95

PROM-100 - SD Systems

2708. 2716. 2732. 2758, & 2516 EPROM programmer

MEM-99520K Kit $175.00

MEM-99520A Jade A&T $225.00

32K BYTESAVER - Cromemco

32K EPROM board with on-board 2716 programmerMEM-32550A A&T $295.00

I/0-4 - S.S.M.

2 serial I/O ports plus 2 parallel I/O ports

IOI-1010K Kit $179.95

IOI-1010A A&T $259.95

IOI-1010B Bare board $35.00

BIT STREAMER II - Vector Graphic

3 serial VO ports plus 2 parallel I/O purtsIOI-1025A A&T $259.00

CB-1 - Mullen

S-100 controller for up to 8 external deuiccs

IOC-HOOK Kit $119.95

IOC-1100A A&T $169.95

100K DAY CLOCK - Mtn Hardware

Crystal controlled S-100 clock with NiCad backupIOK-1400A A&T $329.95

SB1 - S.S.M.

15 Hz to 25K Hz music synthesizer for S-100

IOS-1005K Kit $239.95

IOS-1005A A&T $299.95

TB-4 - Mullen

Extremely uersatile extender board with logic probe

TSX-180K Kit $55.00

TSX-180A A&T $75.00

TERMINATOR & EXTENDER - CCS.

Can be used as both an S-100 extender and terminatorTSX-150K Kit $39.95

S-100 EXTENDER - Cal Comp Sys

Puts problem boards within easy reachTSX-160A A&T $24.95

VERSAFLOPPY I - SD Systems

Versatile floppy disk controller for 8" or 5'A"

IOD-1150K Kit $219.95

IOD-1150A Jade A & T $269.95

VERSAFLOPPY II - SD Systems

New double density controller for both 8" & 5'A"

IOD-1160K Kit $309.95

IOD-1160A Jade A & T $369.95

S-100 PROTO BOARD - Jade

Universal design, plated thru holes, gold fingersTSX-140B Bare board $24.95

2708/2716 EPROM BOARD - Jade

Holds up to 16 EPROMs, addressable on IK banks

MEM-16230K Kit $69.95

MEM-16230A A & T, no PROMs $99.95

MEM-16230B Bare board $30.00

8K RAM BOARDS - Special Sale

Uses21L02 RAM chips2 boards & manual for $30.00

VDB-8024 - SD Systems

80 x 24 I/O mapped video board with keyboard I/O

IOV-1020K Kit $339.95

IOV-1020A Jade A&T $399.95

VB3 - S.S.M.

80 x 24 or 80 x 48 memory mapped with graphics

IOV-1095K Kit, 4 MHz $399.95

IOV-1095A A&T, 4 MHz $464.95

IOV-1096K 80 x 48 upgrade, 4 MHz . $89.00

VIDEO BOARD - Jade

64 x Hi assembled & tested S-100 video board

IOV-1050B Bare board $29.95

IOV-1050A A&T sale price $99.95

Single Board Computers

AIM-65 - Rockwell

6502 computer with printer, display. & keyboard

CPK-50165 IK AIM $374.95

CPK-50465 4K AIM $449.95

SFK-74600008E 8K BASIC ROM ... $99.95SFK-64600004E 4K assembler ROM $84.95

PSX-030A Power supply $59.95

ENX-000002 Enclosure $49.95

4K AIM. 8K BASIC, power supply. & enclosureSpecial package price $599.00

Z-80 STARTER KIT - SD Systems

Z-80 computer with RAM. ROM. I/O. & keyboard

CPS-30010K Kit $319.95

CPS-30010A Jade A&T $399.95

Video Monitors

VIDEO 100 - Leedex

12" B & W video monitor with 12 MHz bandwidthVDM-801210 $139.95

VIDEO 100-80 - Leedex

81 X 24' version of Video 100 with metal cabinetVDM-801230 $179.95

9" B & W MONITOR - A.P.F.

High quality, high resolution video monitorVDM-750900 9" monitor $149.95

13" COLOR MONITOR - Zenith

The hi res color you 'ue been promising yourselfVDC-201301 $449.00

12" GREEN SCREEN - NEC

20 MHz, P31 phosphor video monitor with audioVDM-651200 12" monitor $249.95

Software

SDOS - SD Systems

DOS, CBASIC-2, Z-80.assembler/editor/linker

SFX-55001000D Manual set $24.95

SFX-55001002M 5'A" disks & man $149.95SFX-55001006F 8" disk & manual $149.95

CP/M 2.2 - Digital Research

Latest & most powerful release of CP/M

SFC-52506000D Manual set $24.95

SFC-52506000M 5'A" disk & manual $149.95SFC-52506000F 8" disk & manual $149.95

*CP/M is a registered trademark of DigitalResearch Corp.

All royulties paid by Jade Computer Products andCalifornia Computer Systems.

track and a free2.2 to boo

Accessories for Apple

16K MEMORY UPGRADE

Add 16K of RAM to your TRS-80. Apple, or Exidy

MEX-16100K TRS-80 kit $39.95

MEX-16101K Apple kit $39.95

MEX-16102K Exidy kit $39.95

DISK DRIVE for APPLE

5'A" disk drive with controller for your Apple

MSM-12310C with controller $575.00

MSM-123101 w/out controller $475.00

8" DRIVES for APPLE

Controller. DOS. two 8" drives, cabinet, & cableSpecial package price $1475.00

AIO - S.S.M.

Parallel & serial interface for your Apple

IOI-2050K Kit $159.00

IOI-2050A A&T $199.00

APPLE CLOCK - Cal Comp Sys

Real time clock w/battery back-upIOK-2100A A&T $125.00

SUPERTALKER - Mtn Hardware

Speech recognition/synthesizer w/speaker & mikeIOS-2015A A&T $275.00

Z-80 CARD for APPLE

Z-80 CPU card with CP/M for your Apple

CPX-30800A A&T $298.00

MICROMODEM - D.C. Hayes

Auto answer/dial modem card for Apple or S-100

IOM-2010A Apple modem $349.95

IOM-1100A S-100 modem $375.00

Printers

BASE 2 - Impact Printer

132 cps, bi-directional, tractor feed, & graphicsPRM-13100 $675.00

DP-9501 - Anadex

9x11 dot matrix, 220 column, 200 cps, & graphicsPRM-10501 Standard DP-9501 .... $1495.00PRM-10511 with graphics & 2K .. $1595.00

LP-80 - Matchless

9 x 7 matrix. 132 column, 125 cps, bi-directionalPRM-37204 $775.00

PAPER TIGER - Integral Data

132 column, parallel & serial, 150 cps, graphics

PRM-33440 IDS-440 $950.00

PRM-33441 IDS-440 w/graphics .. $1050.00

MIPLOT - Watanabe Instruments

Intelligent graphics plotter uses 7 bit ASCII codePRP-10800 $1075.00

SPINWRITER - NEC

65 cps, bi-directional, letter quality with tractorPRD-55510 with 2K buffer $2695.00

NOVATION CAT

300 baud, auto answer/originate acoustic modemIOM-5200A Special sale price $149.00

EPROM ERASER - L.S.Engineering

UV eraser for up to 48 EPROMsXME-3200 A&T $39.95

TV-1 - Best Buy

The inexpensive alternative to video monitors

IOR-5040K Kit $8.95

| Call for your free 1980 catalog

Disk Drives

JADE DISK PACKAGE

Double-D controller kit, two 8" double density drives

CP/M 2.2, cabinet, power supply. & cables

Special package price $1395.00

DUAL 8" DRIVES - Jade

,4 pair of double density Shugarts in a cabinet

MSF-12800R 2 single sided $995.00

MSF-125202 2 double sided $1425.00

8" DISK DRIVES

Highly reliable double density floppy disk drivesShugart 801R single sided, double density

MSF-10801R SA-801R $425.00

Special Sale Price 2 for $800.00

Qume Datatrak 8 double sided, double densityMSF-750080 851R compatible $625.00

DISKETTES - Jade

Bargain prices on magnificent magnetic media

5Vi" single sided, single density, box of 10

MMD-5110103 Soft sector $27.95

MMD-5111003 10 sector $27.95

MMD-5111603 16 sector $27.95

5Vi" double sided, double density, box of 10MMD-5220103 Soft sector $39.95

8" single sided, single density, box of 10MMD-8110103 Soft sector $33.95

8" single sided, double density, box of 10MMD-8120103 Soft sector $55.95

8" double sided, double density, box of 10MMD-8220103 Soft sector $57.95

FLOPPY SAVERS - Tri-Star

Protect your valuable software from spindle damage

MMA-205 514" kit $13.95

MMA-208 8" kit $15.95

Motherboards

ISO-BUS - Jade

Silent, simple, and on sale • a better motherboard6 Slot (5'A" x 8%")

MBS-061B Bare board $19.95

MBS-061K Kit $39.95

MBS-061A A&T $49.95

12 Slot (9:,/i" x 8V»")

MBS-121B Bare board $29.95

MBS-121K Kit $69.95

MBS-121A A&T $89.95

18 Slot 04'/.." x 8%")

MBS-181B Bare board $49.95

MBS-181K Kit $99.95

MBS-181A A&T $139.95

Mainframes

MAINFRAME - Cal Comp Sys

12 slot S-100 mainframe with 20 amp power supply

ENC-112105 Kit $309.95

ENC-112106 A&T $349.95

DISK MAINFRAME - NNC

Dual 8" drive cutouts with 8 slot motherboardENS-112320 with 30 amp p.s $699.95

KIM-1 - Commodore

6502 computer with RAM, ROM, I/O. & keyboardCPK-50010A A&T $175.00

SYM-1 - Synertek

6502 computer with RAM, ROM, I/O, & keyboardCPK-5002A A&T $249.95

PROMS2708 (450ns) S 8.952716 (450ns) $19.952716 (5v)... $19.9527.12 (5v)... J95.002758<5v).,. $19.95

RAMS211.02(2 MH/I211.02(4 MH;.21141.(2 MH/)21141.(4 MHz)

4116

4127(70ns)...4I64(64K x I) ....

5257(2 MH/) S 6.75

5257(4 MH/) S 7.25

SUPPORTDEVICES

. SI 75.00

8212..8214..8216..8224..8224-48226..8228 . .8238..8243..8250..8251..8253. .8255. .8257..8259..

8275 S49.95

8279 SI5.95

$ 4.95$ 4.65S 2.95$ 3.25JI0.9S$ 3.85$ 4.95$ 4.95$ 8.00$14.95$ 6.50$13.95$ 6.50$19.95$17.95

^

&\*&

jMta**.

IIARTSAY5-10I3A.. $5.25AY3-1014A.. $8.25TR1602B ... $5.25TMS6011 ... $5.95IM6403 $9.00

BAUD RATE

GENERATORS

MCI44II .. $10.00

CRYSTAL. $ 4.95

Z80 SUPPORT

3881 (PIO) $ 9.50

3881-4

(PIO-4 MH/) .. $14.50

3882 (CTC) $ 9.50

3882-4

(CTC-4MH/) .. $14.95

3883 (SIO) $29.50

3884 (SIO) $49.50

PLACE ORDERSTOLL FREE

Inside California Continental U.S.800-262-1710 800-421-5500

For customer serviceor technical inquiries call 213-973-7707

Write for our FREE 1980 catalog

COMPUTER PRODUCTS

4901 W.Rosecrans. Hawthorne. CA 90250

TERMS OF SALE: Cash, checks, credit cardsmoney orders or from recognized institutionsPurchase orders accepted. Minimum order SlO.OuPrCalifornia residents add 6% sales tax. MinhmtiiftSshipping and handling charge $2.50. Prices ar' forU.S. and Canadian delivery only and are subjetto change without notice. For export prices andinformation send for a JADE INTERNATIONALCATALOG.

5

Circle 345 on inquiry card.

Computers, Disk System,

SUPERBRAIN

BvllMTERTEC

32K or 64K (Double or Quad Density unitsavailable). Uses two Z-80 CPU's. Commercial-type terminal with 12" monitor. Dual doubledensity minifloppies. Over 350 kilobytes ofstorage (twice that with quad density drives).Two serial RS232 ports, I/O ports standard.Expandable with optional S-100 S-100 inter-face. Comes with CP/M™ 2.2 operating sys-tem. MiniMicroMart includes BASIC inter-preter and can supply a wide range of CP/MDevelopment and Application software.

w/32K Double Density, List $2995 . $2685

W/64K Double Density, List $3345 $2883

w/64K Quad Density, List $3995 $3595

W/64K Quad - MiniMicroMart

Upgrade Special $3395

MICROMATIOIM

A 64K complete computer with dual density8" floppies (1 megabyte). Rack or verticalmounting. Systems with double-sided drives,hard disks, and multi-user (MP/M).Z+ 100 64K RAM,Computer, $2495. . $2099Z+ 120 Includes two 8" disks, $4995 . . . $4199"Z" system features new distributed processingmulti-user concept with one Z-80 per user, withZ-80for MP/M (Master Satellite concept).

AS LOW AS $11,899!

SD SYSTEMS

SDS-100, W/32K RAM, $6995 $5945

SDS-200, List $8995 $7645

RADIOSHACKTRS-80™

10% OFFh

INTERSYSTEMS

formerly ITHACA AUDIO

DPS-1, List $1795

Call for Price!

The new Series II CPU Board features a 4 MHzZ-80A CPU and a full-feature front panel. 20-slot actively terminated motherboard, with 25amp power supply (50/60 Hz operation, incl.68cfm fan).

COMPLETE SYSTEM with InterSystem 64KRAM, I/O Board w/priority interrupt anddouble density disk controller board. Full 1-yearwarranty, List $3595 _ „ , _ .

Call for Price!

HEWLETT-PACKARD

HP-85A

Desk-TopComputer

Call

for

Price

n 1i11111ii 111 I

MORROW

THINKER TOYS®DISCUS M26™

26 megabytes offormatted storageList $4,995

$4,199

THINKER TOYS®DISK SYSTEMS

Now includes CP/M® 2.2

Discus 2D, List $1199 $1019

Discus 2D, dual-drive, List $1994 $1694

Discus 2 + 2, Assem., List $1549... I... $1319Dual Discus 2 + 2, Assem., $2748 $2335

All Morrow systems now include CP/M9 2.2

NORTH STAR

DOUBLE DENSITY

CONTROLLER BOARDS

Kit, List $399 Ao«r

OUR PRICE $32£

Assembled and Tested, List $499 $39!

In Stock — First Time in 2 Years!

FANTASTIC SAVINGS

on a "QUAD" DENSITY

HORIZON UPGRADE

North Star Double Density Controller Boarc(see above) and a quad density MPI-52 (features superior disk handling and door mechanism.

MDS-H-MQ/K Kit formList $999

OUR PRICE

$699

MDS-H-MQ/A Assembled form, List $1099

$75SShipping and insurance: Add $6.

NORTH STAR MDS-ADouble Density MiniFloppy Disk System

Double Density, Kit

List$799 OUR PRICE $669

Assembled and Tested $71S

Quad Version, Kit, List $836

Assembled, List $1099 $896

Above MDS-A units do not include cabinet o,

power supply.

Shipping and Insurance: Add $7.50.

Super Spec/a//

North Star

Controller Board,

Drive, Cabinet, ^700

and Power Supply Y / w w

Complete system similar to above but alsoincludes a cabinet and an assembled/testedpower supply for the drive (silver finish). Yourchoice of Shugart SA-400 or MPI-51 DoubleDensity Drive or MPI-52 quad density drive(MPI drives feature improved door and diskhandling mechanism).

w/Controller Bd. kit, SA-400 $705

w/Controller Bd. kit, MPI-51 $70!

w/Controller Bd. kit, MPI-52 $80!

w/Assembled Bd. and SA-400 $765

w/Assembled Bd. and MPI-51 $76S

w/Assembled Bd. and MPI-52 $869

Shipping and Insurance: Add $6.

For converting existing Horizon 2 to quad,

order additional MPI-52

MPI-52 Quad Density Drive $37!

Circle 346 on inquiry card.

Terminals and Printers!

ELEVIDEO TVI-912C

SOROC

TI-810

(HI till IIIIIIIIUI U\\\\\\

mum \\\\\\w

mmimwm

jper and lower case, 15 baud rates: 75 toi,000 baud, dual intensity, 24 x 80 charactersplay, 12 x 10 resolution. Numeric pad. Pro-ammable reversfble video, auxiliary port,If-test mode, protect mode, block mode,jbing, addressable cursor. Microprocessorntrolled, programmable underline, line andaracter insert/delete. "C" version featuresaewriter-style keyboard. List $950

OUR PRICE $789

0C (with 11 function keys, 6 edit keys andransmission mode keys, List $1030

ONLY $849

Intertec

EMULATOR

)ftware compatible with a Soroc IQ-120,azeltine 1500, ADM-3A or DEC VT-52. Fea-res block mode transmission and printer port;'" anti-glare screen; 18-key numeric keypad;II cursor control. List $895 Jk******

OUR PRICE $729

ntertec ||\]TERTUBE II

List $995 ONLY $7992" display, 24 x 80 format, 18-key numericsypad, 128 upper/lower case ASCII charac-irs. Reverse video, blinking, complete cursorcldressing and control. Special user-definedontrol function keys, protected and unpro-3Cted fields. Line insert/delete and characterisert/delete editing, eleven special line draw-ng symbols.

IQ-120

List $995

SPECIAL

$729

IQ-140 List $1495SPECIAL $1149

HAZELTINE

1500ONLY

$879

1410 w/numeric keypad, List $900 $749

1420 w/lower case and numeric pad 849

1510, List $1395 1089

1520, List $1650 1389

BANTAM 550

From Perkin-Elmer

ONLY

$799

withanti-glareCRT^, ONLY $829

CENTRONICS

PRINTERS

NEW 730, parallel, friction, tractor . . . $679

NEW 737 parallel, friction, tractor $849

779-2 w/tractor (same as TRS-80 Line

Printer I), List $1350 1049

702 120 cps, bi-direct., tractor, VFU 1995

703 185 cps, bi-direct., tractor, VFU 2395

704 RS232 serial version of 703, $2350 .. $1995

TI-810 Basic Unit, $1895 . ONLY $1695TI-810 w/full ASCII (Lower case), vertical

forms control, and compressed print . $1895TI-745 Complete printing terminalwith acoustic coupler, List $1695 $1399

PAPER TIGER

IDS-440 Paper Tiger, List $995 . $895

w/graphics option, incl. buffer, $1194 . . $989TRS-80 cable 45

NEC SPINWRITER

TM

Terminal/Keyboard as well asRO Printer Only models available.

CALL FOR PRICES!

OKIDATA ^An

Microline 80 ONLY $649

Tractor Feed Option $99

Serial interface $89

AXIOM IMP I $699

COMPRINT 912 w/parallel interf. $559912 w/serial interface, List $699 $589

MICROTEK, List $750 $675

ANADEX 80-Col. Dot Matrix $849

Above prices reflect a 2% cash discount (order prepaid prior to shipment). Add 2% to prices for creditcard orders, C.O.D.'s, etc. Prices are f.o.b. shipping point. Prices are subject to change and offerssubject to withdrawal without notice. WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG. Circle 347 on inquiry cara.

MiniMicroMart, Inc

1618 James Street, Syracuse NY 13203 (315) 422-4467 TWX 710-541-0431

visa-

If North Star or Cromemco offer it..

WE HAVE IT!!

Immediate Delivery at Discount Price

NORTH STARHorizon 2

32K Double Density

Assembled and TestedList $3095

ONLY $2619

North Star KIT products have been

discontinued. MiniMicroMart HAS

INVENTORY of most items!

KITS

HORIZON 1 16K, DD .. $1474

32K, DD, List $1999 1684

32K, QD, List $2199 1869

HORIZON 2, 16K, DD . $1824

32K, DD, List $2399 2034

32K, QD, List $2779 2359

ASSEMBLED

HORIZON 1, DD $2279

32K, QD, List $2995 2539

HORIZON 2, 32K, DD . $2619

32K, QD, List $3595 3049

48K, DD, List $3590 3039

48K, QD, List $4090 3469

64K, DD, List $3830 3239

64K, QD, List $4330 3669

NORTH STAR APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE

(Exclusive for use with North Star Disk Systems — specify Doubleor Quad Density)

NORTHWORD, List $399 $339

MAILMANAGER, List $299 249

INFOMANAGER, List $499 419

GENERALLEDGER, List $999 799

ACCOUNTSRECEIVABLE, List $599 499

ACCOUNTSPAYABLE, List $599 499

NORTH STAR HARD DISK HD-18

18 megabytes, plugs into parallel port of North StarHorizon. Utilizes tried-and-proven 14" Century DataMarksman. List $4999. 0UR PRICE $4199

NORTH STAR MDS-A - Double (or Quad)Density Disk System, Kit, List $799 . OUR PRICE $669Assembled and Tested, List $899 SPECIAL $719

NORTH STAR MEMORY BOARDS

16K Dynamic RAM (RAM-16-A/A), Assembled, List $499 $420

Kit, List $449 SPECIAL $299

32K (RAM-32/A), Assembled, List $739 $620

Kit, List $669 ONLY $499

I

LIMITED TIMEINTRODUCTORY SPECIAL

NEW System

byCROMEM«

Now with Di

Double Sid

Double Dens

oj/er 2 megaby

of Stora<

64K of R/

List $7 •

$619$

CROMEMCO SYSTEM 2 - Now features disided drives — double the capacity. Similar to Systemexcept features dual, double-sided mini floppy ddrives. List $3990 ONLY $3:

Z-2 COMPUTER SYSTEM (can be rackmounted), List $995 $J

SINGLE CARD COMPUTER - SCC-W4 MHz. List $450 £

NEW COLOR GRAPHICS INTERFACE - SDIList $595 OUR PRICE ONLY $1

CROMEMCO HDD - 11 /22-megabyte Hard Dfor use with existing systems. DMA controller. Trefer rate of 5.6 megabytes/second.

HDD-11, List $6995 OUR PRICE ONLY $51

HDD-22, List $11,995 $10,

CROMEMCO Z-2H

Full 11-megabyte Hard L"system. FastZ-84 MHz processtwo floppy cdrives, 64K R/memory, RSispecial interfaprinter interfaand extenssoftware availal

List $9!OUR PRICE $84

SHIPPING AND INSURANCE: Add $15 or Horizons, $2.50 for Boards and Software. Hard Disk Systems and Cromemco systems shipped freight collAdvertised prices are for prepaid orders. Credit card and C.O.D. 2% higher. Deposit may be required on C.O.D. All prices subject to change and ofsubject to withdrawal without notice.

- WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG -

MiniMicroMart, Inc.

1618 James Street, Syracuse, NY 13203 (315)422-4467 TWX 710-541-0431

master clia

396 BYTE October 1980

Circle 348 on inquiry card.

Try to beat our prices!

UPERBRAIN bylntertec

If-contained computer with dual disks ando RS232C ports. Complete with CP/M" 2.2d BASIC. A«CQr

K Double Density, List $2995 . y^DOU

K. Double Density, List $3345 $2883

K MiniMicroMart-upgraded) Quad Density ....

SPECIAL $3395

VIDEO TERMINALS

?WEMULATOR (Intertec), List $895$ 729

TERTUBE II, List $995 ONLY $ 799

)ROC 120, List $995 SPECIAL $ 729

3140, List $1495 SPECIAL $1149

IRKIN-ELMER 550, List $997 $ 799

tith antiglare screen, $1027 $ 829

\ZELTIIME 1410, List $900 $ 749

420 $ 849

500, List $1225 $ 879

510, List $1395 $1089

520, List $1650 $1389

)DS R-20, List $995 $ 945

AR SIEGLER ADM3A, Assembled . . $ 849

ILEVIDEO 912C, List $950 $ 789

20C, List $1030 $ 849

PRINTERS

MADEX DP-8000 $ 849

JP-9500, List $1650 $1399

TEGRALDATAIP-125w/1210 $ 724

3-225w/1210&1250op., List $988 . .. $ 834>-225w/tractor, 1210, 1250, 1221(2K Buffer), 1241 (graphics) . . . NOW $ 899\PER TIGER IDS-440, List $995 .... $ 895• /graphics op., incl. buffer, $1195 . . . $ 989

EC Spinwriters Call for Price

RETYPE 43 KSR $1087

ENTRONICS

30-1 parallel interface .... NEW LOW $67937 parallel interface . . SUPER VALUE $84979 w/Tractor, List $1350 $1049

32 w/Tractor, VFU, List $2480 $1995

33 w/Tractor, VFU, List $2975 $2395

D4 w/Tractor, VFU, List $2350 $1995

810 Basic, List $1895 $1695

10/serial & Centronics-style

parallel interface, List $1940 $1735

10 w/full ASCII (U/LC), Vertical

Forms Control, Compressed Print . . $1895

820 KSR, List $2165 $1895

745 w/full ASCII, List $1695 $1399

)MPRINT 912 w/parallel interface . . $ 559

12w/serial interface, List $699 $ 589

<IOM IMP I $ 699

ICROTEK, List $750 $ 675

CIDATA Microline 80, List $949 649

ractor Feed Option $ 99

S232 Serial Interface $ 89

NORTH STAR HORIZON®

(Call for North Star Specials)

HORIZON 1 KITS

16K, Double Density, List $1749 .... $1474

32K, Double Density, List $1999 $1684

32K, Quad Density, List $2199 $1869

HORIZON 1 ASSEMBLED & TESTED

32K, Double Density, List $2695 $2279

32K, Quad Density, List $2995 $2539

HORIZON 2 kits

16K, Double Density, List $2149 $1824

32K, Double Density, List 2399 $2034

32K, Quad Density, List 2779 $2359

HORIZON 2 ASSEMBLED &TESTED

32K, Double Density, List $3095 $2619

32K, Quad Density, List $3595 $3049

48K, Double Density, List $3590 $3039

48K, Quad Density, List $4090 $3469

64K, Double Density, List $3830 $3239

64K, Quad Density, List $4330 $3669

FLOPPY DISK SYSTEMS

NORTH STAR MDS-AAssembled, List $899 SPECIAL $ 719

Kit Version, List $799 $ 669

MORROW THINKER TOYS" Discus 2D,

List $1199 OUR PRICE $1019*

Discus 2D, dual-drive, List $1994 $1694*

Discus 2+ 2, A&T, List $1549 $1319*

Dual Discus 2 + 2, A&T, List $2748 . . . $2335*"Now includes CP/M" 2.2MICROMATION Megabox, DD w/

8" drives, 1-megabyte. List $2295 $1949

2-megabyte, List $3095 $2629

MICROPOLIS 1041 MacroFloppy"

w/enclosure (no P.S.), List $695 $ 625

1042 MacroFloppy w/case & AC P.S. . $ 7091053 Dual MetaFloppy" , List $1895 . . . $1695

VIDEO BOARDS

I/O MappedSD COMPUTER VDB-8024,kit,List $370$319t

Assembled, List $470 $ 3991

XITEX SCT-100K, Kit ONLY $154.95

SCT-100A Assembled $174.95

SSM VB2 I/O, Kit, List $169 $ 144

Assembled & Tested, List $234 $ 199

Memory MappedSSM VB1C, 16x64, Kit, List $179 $145

Assembled & Tested, List $242 $196

SSM VB3, 80 Char,4MHz,Kit,List $399 $ 339

4 MHz, A&T, List $464 $ 394

INTERSYSTEMS, 16x64, A&T, List $165 $149

ESCON CONVERSIONFOR IBM SELECTRIC

Complete w/microprocessor controller andpower supply. Factory built. User installssolenoid assembly or it can be done at Esconfactory at nominal cost.Parallel (TRS-80, Sorcerer, etc.), $575 $514

RS232 Standard Serial, List $599 534

IEEE-488 (for PET), List $660 584

TRS-80 Cable 25

CPU BOARDS

(assembled unless noted)NORTH STAR Z80A (ZPB-A/A), $299 $254CROMEMCO 4 MHz (ZPU-W), List $395 $335

4 MHz (SCC-W), List $450 $382

INTERSYSTEMS (formerly Ithaca Audio)new Series II Z-80, 4 MHz, List $395 . . . $349

SSM CB1 8080 A&T, List $219 $186

CB1A Kit, List $159 $135

CB2 Z-80, A&T, List $275 $234

CB2Kit, List $210 $179

DELTA Z-80, with I/O $289

SD SBC-100, List $350 $298t

SBC-100 Kit, List $295 $250t

SBC-200, List $400 $3321

SBC-200 Kit, List $320 $2721

MEMORY BOARDS

32K SD ExpandoRAM Kit

ONLY $249f

ONLY $159 without RAM chips

T Get $25 rebate from SD Computer

when you buy any of their products

prior to October 31, 1980.

NORTH STAR 16K Dynamic RAM Board,

A&T (RAM-16-A/A), List $499 $420

16K Kit Version, List $449 . . . SPECIAL $299

32K A&T (RAM-32/A), List $739 $620

32K Kit, List $669 SPECIAL $499

CROMEMCO 16KZ-W, List $495 $419

64KZ-W, List $1795 1485

MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS & CONTROLS

(Guaranteed performance, incl. labor/parts 1 yr)DM6400 64K Board w/all 64K, $795 . . . $659

DM4800 with 48K, List $695 $589

DM3200 with 32K, List $595 $509

DMB6400 64K Board w/all 64K $859

DMB4800 with 48K $789

MORROW SuperRAM - all static, all A&T

16K, 4 MHz or 2 MHz, List $349 $299

32K, 4 MHz, List $699 $629

16K Memory Master, List $399 $339

24K Memory Master, List $549 $465

INTERSYSTEMS (formerly Ithaca Audio)

8K Static 2 MHz, A&T, List $165 $149

8K Static 4 MHz, A&T, List $195 $176

16K Static 2 MHz, A&T, List $475 $427

16K Static 4 MHz, A&T, List $495 $445

64K Dynamic, List $995 $895

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER16K Static, A&T, List $349.95 $259

FLOPPY DISKCONTROLLER BOARDS

NORTH STAR, DD, Kit, List $399 $329

Assembled, List $499 $399

MORROW Disk Jockey 1, A&T ($213) . $189

Disk Jockey 2D, A&T, List $479 $429

SD Versafloppy 1, Kit, List $250 $212 t

Versafloppy II, DD Kit, List $350 $297 T

Versafloppy II, DD, A&T, List $430 .... $365 t

DELTA double density A&T ($385) $345

CONDUCTOR, double density A&T . . . $269INTERSYSTEMS FDC-2, A&T, $495 . . . $439MICROMATION Doubler, DD, A&T . . . $399

TARBELL Floppy Disk Interface Kit $199

double density, A&T, List $495 $444

PPING AND INSURANCE: Add $2.50 for boards, $6 for Selectric Converter or Floppy Disk Drives. $7.50 for Floppy Disk Systems, SI5 for Horizon. SHIPPED FREIGHT COLLECT: SuperBrain, Centronics

T.l. printers. Contact us for shipping information on other terminals and printers.

we prices reflect a 2% cash discount (order prepaid prior to shipment). Add 2% to prices for credit card orders, C.O.D.'s, etc. Prices are subject to change and offers subject to withdrawal without notice.

- WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG -

ini Micro Mart, Inc.

1618 James Street, Syracuse NY 13203 (315) 422-4467 TWX 710-541-0431

Circle 349 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1980

397

Unclassified Ads

UNCLASSIFIED POLICY: Readers who are soliciting or giving advice, or who have equipment to buy, sellor swap should send in a clearly typed notice to that effect. To be considered for publication, an advertisementmust be clearly noncommercial, typed double spaced on plain white paper, contain 75 words or less, and includecomplete name and address information.

These notices are free of charge and will be printed one time only on a space available basis. Notices can beaccepted from individuals or bona fide computer users clubs only. We can engage in no correspondence on theseand your confirmation of placement is appearance in an issue of BYTE.

Please note that it may take three or four months for an ad to appear in the magazine.

FOR SALE OR TRADE: PET monitor with schematic formonitor and Interface to Commodore PET computer. Re-qulres horizontal and vertical drive and composite video,all are TTL levels. Has built-in power supply. Trade forcomposite video only monitor or sell for $70. Worksgreat. Lynn Sim, 113BTyndall Ave, Colorado Springs CO80916,(303)574-5810.

FOR SALE: Heathkit H8 computer, H9 video terminal,20 K static memory, H8-5 serial I/O and cassette inter-face, Benton Harbor Extended BASIC software, and allmanuals. Assembled, tested, and running. Original cost$1370, best offer over $850. Louis F Latilla, 61 Turf Rd,Staten Island NY 10314.

FOR SALE: Two S-100 16 K static-memory boards. Bothuse TMS 4044-25 chips. These are fast boards and havelogged over 1000 hours on a 4 MHz Z80 system with zerofaults. Will sell either board alone for $225, or both for$400. Shipping paid within continental USA. Call after 5CT weekdays. Richard Kruse, (316)744-1548.

FORTRAN: I want to do FORTRAN on an Apple II Plus.Who could help? Oen Sek Hong, 13939 Carnell St,Whittier CA 90605.

HELP: Need back Issue magazines desperately. Theseinclude BYTE, Creative Computing, Personal Computing,Recreational Computing, etc. Paying up to $10 each. JohnJ Liska, POB 98, Brandywine MD 20613.

FOR SALE: IMSAI 8080 with 4 K board; $700, ProcessorTech VDMI; $100, Godbout 8K board; $100, MorrowSpeakeasy board with ATE; $120, IMSAI MIO board;$150, TV monitor; $125. I will pack; you pay the freight.Dwight Hebert, 2053 Wlllowick St, Lake Charles LA70605,(318)436-7563.

FOR SALE: Brand-new TRS-80 16 K/Level II. Has notbeen taken out of original carton. $700 plus shipping.Fariborz Hamzei, 26911 Fond du Lac Rd, Palos VerdesCA 90274.

FOR SALE: Model 15 Teletype with built-in loop supplyand RS-232 interface; $50 local pickup. SwTPC CT-1024terminal in metal cabinet with built-in keyboard andcassette interface. Modified for 64 characters, scrolling,and two pages of display; $175. SwTPC 4Kprogrammable-memory boards; $40 each or 3/$105. 2102memory chips; 8/$3.00. Joe Dubner, 865 S Hask6't St,Mountain Home ID 83647, (208) 587-9383.

FOR SALE: Datapoint 3300P thermal printer, 80-column,RS-232 serial Input at 300 bps. Uses Tl 745 paper. Case Is15 by 14 by 5 and color matches Apple. Quiet, reliable,and attractive printer. 30-day guarantee. $500 freight col-lect, $550 with Apple serial interface. Also, have someS-100 equipment for sale. Dave Valllere, 207 EdgewoodDr, Wilmington DE 19809, (302)764-7210.

FOR SALE: Xitan Alpha II computer with complete TDLcassette software (Z80 Macroassembler, Editor, and12 K BASIC). Hardware Includes Z80 processor board,16 K programmable memory, and System Monitor BoardII (SMB). SMB board contains two serial and one parallelports. Monitor software in read-only memory. f\%V.\^$1200 or best reasonable offer, cost $1700 new. John EParsons, 3118-A Avent Ferry Rd, Raleigh NC 27606,(919)851-0411.

FOR SALE: Altalr dual-disk drives with controller andeprom boot boards. Drives just back from factoryoverhaul. All for $1500. Original cost over $3000. DickWhipple, 305 Clemson Dr, Tyler TX 75703, (214) 561-1648.

FOR SALE: Printer-terminal: GTE Novar 5560, IBM 72Selectrlc, and tape drive. Tl Silent 700 printer and H9video terminal. In excellent condition with documenta-tion. Best offer. R A Ackerman, 2 Hillside St, Red BankNJ 07701, (201)291-0680, 741-0923.

FOR SALE: One Wameco EPM-2, 2708/2716, epromS-100 card. Assembled but never used. $45 or best offer.D Snyder, c/o Buell Dlv Envirotech, 200 N 7th St,Lebanon PA 17042, (717)272-2001 ext 527 days,(412)287-1625 evenings.

run****!.

tit*

K2FDO!

A New FloppyDisk Systemfor the 8080.

Small (4K),but powerful!

K2FDOS is a complete software package.It includes all the specific routines nec-essary to bootstrap and run a powerfulfloppy disk operating system on an 8080based microcomputer. K2FDOS featuresassembly language source code listingsand object code in hexadecimal listingsand machine-readable (PAPERBYTE® )bar code format.

398 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

■

This and other Byte/McGraw-Hillbooks are available from ByteBooks or your local computer store.

Please send □

ISBN #0-07-069206-8Price $20.00

_ copies of

K2FDOS A Floppy Disk Operating System for the 8080

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Code

□ Check enclosed in the amount of $_

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Please remit in U.S. funds or draw on a U.S. Bank

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Available in October

70 Main Street, Peterborough, N.H. 03458

BUI

BililM

FOR SALE OR TRADE: SwTPC 6800 computer with 12 Kmemory, CT-64 terminal, and AC-30 cassette Interface.Sold separately or as a unit to first reasonable offer. Willconsider trade for Apple hardware, especially Disk IIwithout controller, printer, etc. Art Boice, 14 Beech St,Norwich NY 13815, (607) 334-5746.

FOR SALE: Tl 99/4 computer, 16 K programmablememory, 26 K read-only memory, 30 K addon read-onlymemory (preprogrammed) available. Five months old.Comes with RS-232 Interface and modem (300 bps). In-terface and modem are one month old, hardly used.Also, comes with GE tape recorder and dual recorder in-terface. Originally $2000, now $1500. Carl Hewitt,958 Woodthrush Ct, San Jose CA 95120, (408) 268-9761.

FOR SALE: Two Hazeltine 1500 video terminals; $825apiece. Dust covers Included with both, maintenancemanual available. Both terminals one-year-old. Will shipUPS for certified check. T Stowe or J Boniakowski, POB1126, Neptune N J 07753, (201) 295-9105, (201) 922-3460.

FOR SALE: Amphenol 50 pin connectors, male andfemale with one metal hood per pair. All contacts aregold-plated. $15 per pair with hood. Also, some 86 pin in-dustrial wire-wrap edge connectors, gold-plated, $5each. Marc Samson, 4355 Royal Ave, Montreal Quebec,H4A 2M7 Canada.

FOR TRADE: Gas-panel display and power supply byDigivue. 512-by-512 dots, for 51 lines of 85 characterseach. Simple to Interface and control. Perfect forgraphics. Buffered; no regeneration required. Uses X/Yaddressing. New cost $7000. Interested In Apple,TRS-80, and programs/information on ELF II (1802). E WKilby, 1904 Lewis St, Tarboro NC 27886, (919) 823-3775.

FOR SALE: Radio Shack Level II, 32 K expansion inter-face, two disk drives. Excellent condition. $1800. Willsell separately. Robert Webster, 3221 Riverside Dr #147,Tulsa OK 74105, (918) 742-2538.

WANTED: TRS-80, KIM. Complete unit. Give full detailsand your lowest price for the unit. John Waskowitz,35-30 73rd St, Flushing NY 11372.

FOR SALE: TI-59 programmable calculator and somesoftware. Must sell. Software includes accurate stop-watch program and Master Mind game. Mitch Wyle c/oTaffy's Inc, 701 Beta Dr, Cleveland OH 44143, (216)461-3360.

FOR SALE: 6800 system (MSI) with 32 K programmablememory, two Siemens SSSD floppy-disk drives (300K bytes each), Centronics 306 impact printer, andBeehive B-100 terminal. Software Dynamics BASIC com-piler and MSI BASIC interpreter included. System can beupgraded to 6809 with FLEX If desired. All offers con-sidered; best offer takes. Will consider selling computerand disk drives separately. Gary Patrick, 4110 Clark #1,Kansas City MO 64111, (816) 753-2293.

FOR SALE: SOL-20, 32 K static programmable memory(Dynabyte), and North Star disk. Excellent condition.Sacrifice for $2250. Yannlck Benitah, 2626 Stanford Ct,Indianapolis IN 46268, (317) 299-5202.

FOR SALE: ELF II microcomputer, 4 K static program-mable memory, Giant Board (tape interface,Monitor/Editor, RS-232C/TTY Interface, 8-bit parallel I/O),ASCII keyboard, and Tiny BASIC. All units are assem-bled. Worth over $300 in kit form. Only $250. Power sup-ply for the unit; $40. Extra ASCII keyboard can be pur-chased separately for $55. First reasonable offer with amoney order takes It postpaid. Amit Solomon, 7 YalrStern St, Herzlia, Israel 46425, (011) 972-52-88127.

WANTED: Persons interested in cooperative life inWashington DC area directed towards designing, pro-gramming, and construction of artificial intelligence be-ings. AIB, 6504 Democracy Blvd, Bethesda MD 20034.

FOR SALE: TRS-80 Scrlpsit Disk Word Processor. Brandnew and unused. Complete with program disks, instruc-tional cassettes, manual, binder, etc. The regular pricefor this word-processing program Is $99.95, but I will sellmine for $50, including first class postage. W L Pierce,703 23rd St S, Arlington VA 22202.

FOR SALE: Heath H-11 16-bit computer with 8 K bytesof programmable memory and parallel interface card.Fully assembled. Users manual included. $2300 value;will sell for $1600. Craig Altenburg, 328 Taldan Ave,Virginia Beach VA 23462, (804) 499-6254 evenings.

FOR SALE: BYTE issue #1 thru May 1977. Best offertakes the lot. Philip F Curtlss, 2146 Lost Tree Way,Bloomfield Hills Ml 48013.

FOR SALE: Heath Zenith H-89 microcomputer. Brandnew, fully assembled and tested, floppy disk, cassette-tape interface, 16 K programmable memory, software,and full documentation. List over $2500; sell for $1700.Robert E Martin, 2505 Cherrywood Ln, Titusvllle FL32780,(305)268-1184.

BOMB

ingoing Monitor Box

BYTE s C

Article #

Page

Article

Author(s)

1

24

Make Liquid-Crystal Displays

Work for You

Ciarcia

2

62

An 8088 Processor for the

S-100 Bus, Part 2

Cantrell

3

96

Sorting With Binary Trees

Walker

4

114

An Information-Retrieval

System

Elmore andAgarwal

5

154

Add Macro Expansion to Your

Microcomputer, Part 1FLOPTRAN-IV: A Tiny Compiler

Brown

6

196

Zimmermann

7

232

Symbolic Math Using BASIC

Stoutemyer

8

266

Machine Problem Solving, Part2: Directed Search Using

Cryptarithmetic

Frey

9

274

The FORTH Standards Team

Ragsdale

10

282

The 6502 Gets Microprogram-

mable Instructions

Harrod

11

286

Vector Graphics for Raster

Displays

Beetem

FOR SALE: Texas Instruments TI-59 programmablecalculator and PC-100 printer with four library modules,80 magnetic cards, PPX bulletins, PPX catalog, alldocumentation, and many programs, $525 value for$395. H D Moxness, 14 McGregor Ave, Mt Arlington NJ07856, (201) 663-2402.

FOR SALE: Tutorial on Pattern Recognition ideas thatwill make your computer smarter (and which might makeits entrepreneurial user wealthier). Send $0.45 instamps. G Butler, 475 Selby Ln, Atherton CA 94025.

FOR SALE: S-100: Wameco MEM-1A 8 K-by-8 static450 ns programmable memory, $120; SSM i/O-4 2parallel + 2 serial, $120. All circuits socketed, fulldocumentation. Surplus keyboard, keypunch style,metal case, one 5-by-7 display, thumbwheels, counter,no documentation, $25. Douglas Zimmerman, 2824 StPaul St, Baltimore MD 21218, (301) 889-1698.

FOR SALE: A copy of the first issue of BYTE. In mintcondition. Max Guze, 1201 Mill St, Montreal Quebec,H3K 2B2 Canada.

FOR SALE: Nearly new Gimix computer, excellent condi-tion. 6800 processor card, 16 K static memory card(Gimlx). $800. Also, Smoke Signal Broadcasting disk-controller card. $250. Paul Lamar, 123 S Juanita St,Redondo Beach CA 90277, (213) 374-1673 work, (213)316-8351 home.

FOR SALE: Exidy Sorcerer with 32 K programmablememory; $895. S-100 expansion unit; $250. Both for$1100. Larry Shelton, 2470 Hummingbird Rd, Dalzell SC29040, (803) 499-2763.

FOR SALE: North Star Horizon 48 K with two double-density floppies. Built from kit and working perfectly. In-cludes extra blank diskettes, full assembly manuals,BASIC software and documentation, and Z80 assemblerprogramming manuals. $2000 firm. John Perez, 1946Winterport Cluster, Reston VA 22091, (703) 620-5961evenings.

FOR TRADE: Drake 2-A receiver and Q multiplier plusHeath DX 60-B and V.F.O. for best AIM-65 offered. Also,exchanging programs, etc for OSI Challenger. HenryEtchason, Box 147, Sage AR 72573.

FOR SALE: 16 K Apple II like brand new. In original car-ton. Super Mod with extra box. New recorder withcounter. Four 6502 books by Zaks and MOS. ADC/DACand RS-232 interface. The new Apple II Reference Manual.Many materials, magazines, and notes (old and newBYTEs). MicroChess 2.0. Big software library. My costover $1450 and twelve months. Asking $1100. Lee Gillie,1804 Elk #140, Rock Springs WY 82901, (307) 382-5998after 5 PM MST.

WANTED: Graduate student on small budget would likequotes on used Houston Instruments HIPLOT DMP-2and/or Apple graphics pad. Arthur B Busbey, 1025 E 57,Dept of Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago IL60637, (312) 955-5934.

User's Column Towers OverCircuit Cellar in July

Jerry Pournelle's first install-ment of The User's Column, en-titled "Omikron TRS-80Boards, NEWDOS + , and Sun-dry Other Matters" (page 198),produced a favorable responsefrom readers of the July BYTEwho voted in the BOMB tally.Dr Pournelle won the first-place prize of $100.00.

Steve Ciarcia, for his JulyCiarcia's Circuit Cellar article,"Handheld Remote Control forYour Computerized Home,"received second place in thevoting. Steve was awarded$50.00.

October 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc

399

ReaderService

To get further information on the products advertising in BYTE, fill out the reader service card with yourname and address. Then circle the appropriate numbers for the advertisers you select from the list. Add a15-cent stamp to the card, then drop it in the mail. Not only do you gain information, but our advertisers areencouraged to use the marketplace provided by BYTE. This helps us bring you a bigger BYTE. 'Corresponddirectly with company.

Inquiry No. Page No.

262

AB Computers 354

324

45

Aokerman Digital 74

193

AEI 271

127

294

Adaptive Data & Energy Sys 366

35

238

Advance Access Group 316

99

341

Advanced Comp Prod 384, 385

191

24

Altos Computer 40, 41

225

314

Alpha Omega Comp Sys 370

267

206

American Square Comp 296

143

323

AMIS 372

232

36

Anacom 59

266

Ancrona 356

203

142

Anderson Jacobson 218

136

130

APF Electronics 194, 195

200

5

Apple Computer 12, 13

*

38

Applied Digital Data Sys

237

(ADDS) 63

207

116

Apparat 175

*

228

Arizona Comp Systems 307

338

3

Artec Electronics 6

72

286

ASAP 365

166

16

Atari Personal Computers 27

301

*

ATV Research 374

56

193

Automated Equipment Inc

336

(AEI) 271

17

65

Automated Simulations 101

189

61

base 2 Inc 95

106

79

Bay Technical Associates Inc118

218

216

272

Beckian 360

50

187

John Bell Engineering 267

226

*

Beta Comp Devices 352

108

182

Beta Comp Devices 255

39

287

Bishop Management Co Ltd 366

222

310

The Bit Bucket 370

282

239

Bits Inc 317

128

91

Bower-Stewart & Assoc 138

137

*

BYTE Books 60, 239, 333, 398

115

•

BYTE Back Issues 295

*

•

BYTE Subscriber 321

308

BYTE WATS 303

247

155

C & S Electronics 234

67

11

Calif Comp Systems 20, 21

173

300

Calif Data Corp 368

159

340

California Digital 382, 383

*

204

Cambridge Develop Labs 295

292

CCM Inc 366

172

•

Cedar Hill Software 364

164

112

Central Data 169

234

114

CFR Assoc Inc 172

12

94

Chrlslin Industries 141

251

134

Chrislin Industries 203

156

107

Circle Comp Sales 164

66

198

Cleveland Consumer Computers

51

& Components 280, 281

154

129

Color Software 193

344

343

CompuMart 388, 389

26

249

Computer Camp Inc 321

27

304

Computer Case Co 368

97

107

Computer Center Inc 164

307

*

Computer Factory 199

312

109

Computer Furniture &

55

Accessories 166

18

250

Computer Instant Ads Assoc

23

321

332

141

Computer Marketing Corp 217

62

*

Computer Prof Book Club 208,

194

209

34

277

Computer Shopper 364

220

199

Computer Specialties 287

283

271

Computer Specialties 360

221

133

Computers R Us 201

8

275

Computers R Us 362

30

49

The Computer Stop 78

316

The Computer Stop 371

309

303

Computer Technology Assoc 368

345

85

Computers Wholesale 128

342

160

Computers Wholesale 238

321

179

Computer Warehouse 253

184

211

Computex 298

290

125

Computique 187

195

111

CompuVlew Products Inc 168

•

240

Condor Computer Corp 318

103

269

Concord Comp Components 358

40

205

Contract Services Assoc 295

311

74

Cover Craft 112

298

2701

The CPU Shop 359Creative Software 315Cromemco 1, 2

132

285

Crystal Computer 330

33

302

Custom Busn Computers 368

121

*

Cybernetics Inc 44

64

264

Dal-Comp 355

295

318

DAR Sales 372

122

Data Discount Center 285

139

213

Datadlsk Systems 299

208

293

Data Products Maintenance 366

180

236

Data Soft Inc 315

162

231

Datasouth Computer Corp 309

101

186

Datek Systems Inc 267

92

104

Delta Products 156, 157

*

Inquiry No. Page No.

Designers & Builders

Information Sys (DBIS) 372

DG Electronics 190

Diglcomp Research Corp 58

Digital Marketing 146

Digital Graphic Systems 270

Digital Pathways 305

Digital Research Comp (TX) 357

Digital Research Corp (CA) 219

The Discount Software Group

310

Dual Systems Control Corp 294

Dynacomp Inc 207

Dynasoft Systems Ltd 289

Eaton Corp 14

Ecosoft 315

Elcomp Pub Co 296

Electravalue Industrial 374

Electrolabs 380, 381

Electronic Control Tech 110

Electronic Design Assoc 244

Electronic Music Systems 368

Electronic Specialists 88

Electronic Systems 375, 376, 377

Electronic Sys Furniture Co 28

Ellis Computer Systems 268

Epson 161

Escon 301

Essex Publishers 300

Exatron Inc 79

Excom 306

Executive Business Sys 165

Factory Direct 64

Faircom 303

Faragher & Assoc 364

Famsworth Comp Center 192

Forth Inc 211

Forethought Products 173

Frederick Computer Prods 84

General Systems Consulting 370

Gimix 294

Global Parameters 104

Godbout Electronics 248, 249

Mark Gordon Computers 238

Graham-Dorian Software Sys

135

GW Computers 247

H & E Computronlcs 241

H & E Computronics 312, 313

Hardhat Software 22

Hardside 322

Hayden Book Co Inc 235

Heath Company 103

Hewlett-Packard 81

High Technology Inc 233

Hobbyworld Electronics 390. 391

Houston Instruments 45

Houston Instruments 45

IBC 144

IBEX Comp Corp 370

IDM 370

Image Resource Corp 87

Industrial Micro Systems 31

Industrial Micro Systems 39

Infinite Inc 374

Integral Data Sys 97

Integrand 272

Intel 56, 57

Intelligent Systems 302

Interactive Microware 364

Interlude 302

Intertec Data Sys 17

Intertec Data Sys 49

Ithaca Intersystems 8, 9

J & S Computers 370

Jade Computer Prod 392, 393

Jameco Electronics 386, 387

Jepsan Group K Inc 372

Jlm-Pak 260, 261

Jlnl Microsystems 366

Joe Computer 272

Kemco Ltd 83

Konan Corp 151

Kurta Corp 65

Ladco Develop Co Inc 370

Lark Electronics & Data 368

Leapac Services 198

Lifeboat 50, 109, 152, 153, 160,

299

Lobo Drives Int'l 55

Lomas Data Products 182

Macrotronlcs 100

Macrotronlcs 366

Mallbu Electronics 183

Marot Software Systems Inc 215

Mark of the Unicorn 297

Marway Products Inc 255

Marymac Industries 240

Matchless Systems 148

Maxell Data 139

McGraw-Hill Magazines 326, 327

Inquiry No. Page No.

* Meas Sys & Controls 29, 289,303, 315, 321

168 MicroAce 245

153 MicroAmerica Distributing 231

75 Micro Age Computer Store 113

209 Micro Appl Group (MAG) 297

210 Micro Appl Group (MAG) 297326 Micro Business World 373201 Micro Byte Software 289212 Micro Computer Brokers 298

' Micro Comp Discount Co 317

214 Microcomputer Serv Corp 299

299 Micro Computer Service Inc 268

117 Microcomputer Tech Inc 175

13 MicroDaSys 23

63 Micro Data Base Sys 99

138 Mlcromail 214

140 Mlcromail 216

120 Micro Management Sys 181

181 Micro Manufacturing Sys 255

29 Micro Mikes 47

* The Micro Mint 237, 330291 Microsette 366

60 Microsoft 93

86 Microsoft (Cons Prod Div) 129245 Microtech Exports 294

42 Microtek Inc 71

148 Microware 227

83 The Micro Works 124

76 Micro World 115244 Midas 319

■ Mighty Micros 304

268 Mikos 358

95 Mini Computer Suppliers 142

346 Mini Micro Marl 394

347 Mini Micro Mart 395

348 Mini Micro Mart 396

349 Mini Micro Mart 397

81 Morrow/Thinker Toys 120, 121

10 Mountain Computer Inc 19

77 Mountain Computer Inc 11688 mpi 134

288 MTI366

71 MTI Inc 108

185 MT MicroSYSTEMS 264, 265

69 Multl Business Comp Sys 106

" The National Comp Shows 125

90 National Microsoftware Prod Inc

137

170 National Multiplex 247

78 National Small Comp Show 117

258 NNC Electronics 334

151 NEECO230

152 NEECO 231

* Netronics 191, 250, 252, 254, 256

118 New England Business Service(NEBS) 178

14 Nixdorf Computer 25

" Northern Tech Books 243

80 North Star Computers Inc 119

325 Northwest Comp Services 372

233 Novation 311

* NRI Schools 177

353 Ohio Scientific InstrC IV28 OK Machine & Tool 46

176 Omlkron 251

9 Omega Research 18

102 Omega Sales Co 149

* onComputing 257

242 Optimal Technology 319

54 Orange Micro 86

123 Organic Software 184

98 Oregon Software 145

126 Osborne/McGraw-Hill 189

* Owens Associates 336, 337

280 Pacific Exchanges 364

305 Pacific Exchanges 368317 Pacific Exchanges 372330 Pacific Exchanges 374

306 Page Digital 369

260 Pan American Elec 352

174 PDF Corp 251

281 Pensadyne Comp Services 364

6 Percom Data 15

87 Percom Data 131

354 Percom Data 131

175 Personal Micro Comp Inc 331

84 Personal Software 127

* Phase One Systems 213254 Pickles & Trout 325

167 PK Systems Inc 244

7 Power One Inc 16147 Prentice Hall 225

259 Priority One 349, 350, 351217 Professional Data Sys 301

37 Professional Software Inc 61

19 QT Comp Systems 32, 33

337 QT Comp Systems 378, 379

320 Quality Computer Parts 372

319 Quality Data Supply 372

149 Quality Software 228

Inquiry No.

Page No.

119 Quasar Data Products 179

296 Quest 367

196 RACET Computes 27744 Radio Shack 73

* Rainbow Computing 278100 RCA Solid State 147235 RCA Solid State 314

59 RNB Enterprises 92

171 Rochester Data 247

190 S-100 Inc 269

150 Howard W Sams Co 229

256 SC Digital 328

93 Scott instruments 140

2 Scion Corp 5

183 SciTronlcs Inc 259

215 Scottsdale Systems 300

165 Service Technologies 242

257 Michael Shrayer Software 329

* Shugart 7

48 Small Business Appl 77

202 Small Sys Design 289

21 Smoke Signal Broadcasting 37

22 Smoke Signal Broadcasting(Dealers) 37

145 Softech Microsystems 221

46 SOFTWARE 75

313 Software Consultants 370

252 The Software Exchange 323289 The Software Farm 366

58 The Software Federation 91

339 Software Labs 381

230 The SoHo Group 308

263 Solid State Sales 354

315 Solid State Surplus 370

327 Sophisticated Micro Sys 374

253 Sorcim 324

197 Sorrento Valley Assoc 278

351 Southwest Tech Prod Corp C II

* Specialty Video Systems 251144 Spectrum Software 220

322 SP Electronics 372

297 SS-50 Computing 3684 SSM11

146 Strategic Simulations 22382 Strobe 123

15 SubLOGIC26

274 Sunny Int'l 362

43 SuperSoft 72

70 SuperSoft 107

135 SuperSoft 205

157 SuperSoft 236

53 Sybex 85

73 Symtec 111

* Synchro Sound 53, 297223 Synergetlc Comp Prod 303124 Tarbell Electronics 185

96 Tech Sys Consultants (TSC) 143

219 Technical Career Open House

301

113 Tec-Mar Inc 171

219 TCOH 301

331 Terminal Data 374

227 Texas Comp Sys 307

20 Texas Instruments 35

68 Texas Instruments 105

110 Texas Instruments 167

25 3M Company 43

163 Thunderware 240

241 Mitchell E Tlmin Engineering Co

319

192 TNW Corp 270

178 Torrey Pines Busn Sys 253

229 Max Ule & Co 308

352 United Business Products CI 11

* United Software of America 69279 Universal Security Instruments

(USI) 364

329 Universal Software Appl 374

261 US Micro Sales 353

31 US Robotics 51

32 VANDATA 54

47 Vector Electronics 7657 Vector Graphics 89

284 Videx 364

105 Vista Computers 159

276 Vista Computers 363

328 Voicetek 374273 VR Data 361265 Wameco 356

169 The Warehouse 246

' Whitesmith's Ltd 133

243 Wild Hare Comp Sys 319

41 John Wiley & Sons 68

131 John Wiley & Sons 197

278 Wintek Corp 364

177 Winterhalter & Assoc 253

246 Worldwide Electronics 294

333 Zllog Inc 335

188 Zg Systems 268

400 October 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

A

A COMPANY TO RELY ON. . .r\ UNITED BUSINESS PRODUCTS

Custc^fr^grmsWiJ^ptfarantee

<s^*~r>--"

.."."'

1

UNITED BUSINESS PRODUCTS

20268 E. Carrey Rd.WALNUT, CA. 91789

A

UnitedBusinessProducts

(213) 448-4850(714) 594-5966

NAME OF COMPANY .

ADDRESS

CITY, STATE, ZIP ,

ATTENTION OR DEPT.

A D The swingline table top burster will separate single-ply continuousforms into individual sheets up to 15". Length 2Va" to 12". Paper weight 10 to110 lb. bond. Speed is constant at 125 ft. per minute.

Wt. 95 lbs. Price $ 899.00

B D Our custom forms have a guarantee that speaks for itself. Our time onforms range from two to five weeks for custom work and before we start a jobwe now give a guaranteed shipping date and price, depending on art work.from two to five weeks and for every day we're late we give you a 10% discount.To get a quote just mail the detached portion of this ad with sample of form orlayout and we will call you the day we get the information with a price andguaranteed day of shipment.

C D The swingline table top decollator is a portable unit which separatesboth carbon and carbonless continuous computer forms into stacks. Theseparated carbon is easily and neatly removed from carbon pick-up spool.Form size is up to 15" wide. Wt. is 10 to 110 lb. bond paper, and the speed isvariable from 75 to 200 feet per minute and takes only 120 volts AC 60 hertz tooperate.

Wt 40 lbs.

Price $ 419.00

D D The Datatech Intimus 007 shredder works for Scotland Yard, forgovernment authorities, for important corporations, banks and embassies.The cutting capacity is 12 to 14 sheets at one pass. Crosscut is 1/35x3/8. It hasa 2 H.P. motor and runs off of 220/380 V 3 phase.

Wt. 320 Lbs.

Price $6799.00

E D The Intimus 306 is designed for trouble free operation and has a switchfor forward and reverse rotation. It has 2 motors with terminal overload.Housing consists of coated steel, mounted on rubber cushions for noiselessshredding. The 306 can sit on a table or a stand. Cutting width is V&" or J4" andhas two 150 watt 110 V 60 cycle, 1 phase motors.

Wt 66 Lbs.

Price $1199.00

F D The Intimus Simplex is designed for security without problems in theoffice. One push of the button renders confidential information into fiveillegible paper strips W thin. The simplex has a wide opening in the middle forthrow away of cans, etc. Even a paperclip is simply cut into pieces. The cuttingcapacity is 8 to 10 sheets at one time. It has a 1/5 H.P. motor and runs off of 110volts.

Wt 27 Lbs.

Price $ 599.00

G D Our catalog consists of more information on equipment in this ad.Other models are available plus a complete line of calculators and typewritersby Adler, Lathem time recorders, several varieties of safes, and ourdisintegrator that destroys paper, aluminum, film and carbon to a completeloss of identity.

Price $2.00

O Free Brochures and more information;

1. d Business Forms

2. d Calculators

3. o Forms Handling Equipment

4. □ Time Recorders

5. □ Typewriters

Terms: Check or money order U.S. funds only. Prepaid orders add 3% S/H, COD's add 5% S/H (U.S.only). California

« residents add 6% sales tax. ^mhh

Prices subject to change without notice. i^jS^

Circle 352 on inquiry card.

Cost Effective Systems for theMicrocomputer OEM.

Ohio Scientific has been building smallbusiness microcomputers and personalcomputers since the beginning of themicrocomputer revolution. Most OhioScientific products incorporate a busarchitecture utilizing modular circuitcards mated to a multi-slot backplane.Ohio Scientific's 48 signal line bus isdesigned to effectively marry the versa-' tility and modularity of bus architecturewith the economies of consumer productsproducing an ultra-low cost yet reliablesystem. Many industrial users of micro-computers recognize the economy andversatility of Ohio Scientific's modularcomputer boards and utilize these boardsand subsystems as well as customerswho purchase complete computersystems on an OEM basis.

Ohio Scientific'sNew OEM Program

Ohio Scientific now recognizes theimportance of the OEM marketplace andis introducing a complete program for theboard level OEM user as well as thesystem OEM. The program starts with ourstandard products including three CPUboards, a broad range of static anddynamic memory boards, mini and 8"floppy disk controllers, printer controllers,multiple RS-232 port boards, a hard diskcontroller, and video interface withoptional keyboard. Backplanes with two,four, eight or sixteen slots are available.These standard products are now beingsupplemented by a broad range of

products specifically lor the OEM userincluding:

• New universal telephone interfaceboard which has auto-dial capability,auto-answer capability, tone encodingand decoding, answer and originate 300baud modem and voice I/O via taperecorder or optional phonetic voiceoutput system.

• New calendar-clock with several monthbattery backup capability which can beprogrammed to automatically restartthe computer or shut off the computer atset times. The circuit board alsoincludes automatic power-fail restartcapability.

• Instrumentation quality high speed,

12-bit analog A/D - D/A module with a16-channel input multiplexer and two12-bit D/A converters.

• A large range of parallel interfaceoptions including circuit cards contain-ing 48 parallel I/O lines.

• New solderless prototyping board whichconnects to the computer system

and allows rapid prototyping of newinterface ideas.

• System PROM blaster which accepts 8Kthrough 64K bit industry standardEPROMS and a universal EPROM-ROMcard.

• A card edge extender, bus analyzer andbus compatible breadboards.

Documentation

All ol Ohio Scientific major circuit boardsare now fully documented by HowardSams (the originator of the Sams Photo-fact series for Consumer Electronics)

servicing manuals which includeblock diagrams, schematics,detailed pictorials, parts place-ment diagrams and parts lists

providing the designer, systems integraterand serviceman with detailed hardwareinformation. Ohio Scientific is offeringqualified OEM users its principal diskoperating system (OS-63D V3.2) whichsupports multiple languages, mini-floppies,8" floppies, printers, modems and otheraccessories in documented Source Codeand machine readable form which can bereassembled on standard OSI computers.This gives the product developer theultimate flexibility in integrating thesecomponents into his total system design.

Best of all is the Price

Because of Ohio Scientific's hundreds ofthousands of boards per year volume forthe consumer and small business market,these products cost a mere fraction of thecorresponding LSI-11, SBC or S-100 busboards. This economy allows you to utilizea floppy subsystem in your product at atotal cost typically less than an EPROMbased system from other vendors.

Ohio Scientific's reasonably priceduniversal telephone interface and voiceoutput capabilities allow you to integrateadvanced telecommunications, remotecontrol capabilities and/or unlimitedvocabulary voice response in yoursystems at the same price as a "barebones" implementation with other busarchitectures.

Easy to Start With

Getting started with the OSI bus architec-tu re is now easy with documentation, offthe shelf availability, and economicalcomputer systems for in-house softwaredevelopment using Assembler, BASICFORTRAN or PASCAL. Ohio Scientific'snew OEM contract provides easy to startwith terms and generous volumediscounts.

For more information and the name andphone number of your local OhioScientific OEM representative call1-800-321-6850 toll free. Please specifyyour interest as an OEM user.Circle 353 on inquiry card.