Byte Magazine Volume 06 Number 01 - Hand-held Computers

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YOUR CHOICE-smart either way

• Over 140 software driven functions

• 82 x 24 or 82 x 20 screen format — software selectable

• High resolution 7x12 matrix characters — P-31 green phosphor

• Upper/lower case character set — plus graphics character set

• 56-key alphanumeric keyboard — plus 12-key cursor, numeric pad

• Internal editing functions — insert, delete, scroll, roll, slide, etc.

• Parallel printer I/O port

• 50 to 38,400 baud operation — programmable

• Cursor type, cursor position, print control characters, protected fields,shift inversion, dual intensity and many other features

8212 — twelve-inch diagnonal screen or 8209 — nine-inch diagnonal screen

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Data General

Yes, Data General, we saw yourad.

So we realize you hope to winover some of our computerbusiness.

And we can see you have reasonto be pleased about your line ofminicomputers. They are MINIsthough.

But Cromemco produces state-of-the-art MICROcomputers.

Powerful ones.

And our micros have someoutstanding advantages.

For example, Cromemco is theonly microcomputer manufacturerto support a broad range ofmicrocomputers with (a) 5-inch

WE' ISTIN0

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That means, of course, that ourcustomers have a wide choice ofdisk storage capability.

UNEQUALLEDSOFTWARE SUPPORT

OK. That was one point.

Here's another: our stunningselection of software support.Cromemco is the only micromanufacturer to produce bothsingle-user and multi-user multi-tasking computers with softwarelike this:

SYSTEM SOFTWARE

CDOS (a CP/M-like operating

system)

CROMIX (a UNIX-like operating

system)

RPG-II (IBM-compatible)

COBOL

BASIC

FORTRAN IV

RATFOR

LISP

C

Macro Assembler

APPLICATION SOFTWARE

Word Processing SystemData-Base ManagementGeneral LedgerAccounts ReceivableAccounts PayableInventory

All of this is available now withmore coming all the time.

So there you are, D.G.

You can see why we know ourmicrocomputers will stand the test.

Cromemco eagerly accepts thechallenge.

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Circle 1 on inquiry card.

Cromemco

incorporated

Tomorrow's Computers Today

280 BERNARDO AVE. MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94043(415) 964-7400 • TWX 910-379-6988

BYTE January 1981

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Management Information Display

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Get the professional color

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Here's a color display that haseverything: professional-level resolution,enormous color range, easy software,NTSC conformance, and low price.

Basically, this new Cromemco ModelSDI* is a two-board interface that plugsinto any Cromemco computer.

The SDI then maps computer displaymemory content onto a convenient colormonitor to give high-quality, high-resolution displays (756 H x 482 V pixels).

When we say the SDI results in a high-quality professional display, we mean youcan't get higher resolution than thissystem offers in an NTSC-conformingdisplay.

The resolution surpasses that of a colorTV picture.

BASIC/FORTRAN programming

Besides its high resolution and lowprice, the new SDI lets you control withoptional Cromemco software packagesthat use simple BASIC- and FORTRAN-like commands.

Pick any of 16 colors (from a4096-color palette) with instructions likeDEFCLR (c, R, C, B). Or obtain a circle ofspecified size, location, and color withXCIRC (x, y, r, c).

•U.S. Pat. No. 4121283

Model SDI High-Resolution ColorGraphics Interface

HIGH RESOLUTION

The SDI's high resolution gives aprofessional-quality display that strictlymeets NTSC requirements. You get 756pixels on every visible line of the NTSCstandard display of 482 image lines. Ver-tical line spacing is 1 pixel.

To achieve the high-quality display, aseparate output signal is produced foreach of the three component colors (red,green, blue). This yields a sharper imagethan is possible using an NTSC-compositevideo signal and color TV set. Full imagequality is readily realized with our high-quality RGB Monitor or any conventionalred/green/blue monitor common in TVwork.

Model SDI plugs into Z-2H 11-megabyte

hard disk computer or any Cromemco

computer

DISPLAY MEMORY

Along with the SDI we also offer anoptional fast and novel two-port memorythat gives independent high-speed accessto the computer memory. The two-portmemory stores one full display, permit-ting fast computer operation even duringdisplay.

CONTACT YOUR REP NOW

The Model SDI has been used in scien-tific work, engineering, business, TV,color graphics, and other areas. It's agood example of how Cromemco keepscomputers in the field up to date, since itturns any Cromemco computer into anup-to-date color display computer.

The SDI has still more features thatyou should be informed about. So contactyour Cromemco representative now andsee all that the SDI will do for you.

Circle 1 on inquiry card.

G

Cromemco

incorporated

280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 • (415)964-7400

Tomorrow's computers today

In The Queue

Volume 6, Number 1

January 1981

Features

1 8 An Introduction to Atari Graphics by

Chris Crawford and Lane Winner / Learning to usethe Atari display list can help to unleash the full powerof Atari's custom LSI video integrated circuits.

34 The Panasonic and Quasar Hand-HeldComputers: Beginning a New Generation ofConsumer Computers by Gregg Williams and RickMeyer / This full-function computer fits in your handand weighs 14 ounces.

4"0 Electromagnetic Interference by Steve

Ciarcia / Interfering electrical noise must be dealt withaccording to its mode of transmission.

7 2 The NEC PC-8001: A New Japanese

Personal Computer by Michael Keith and C P

Kocher / This popular Japanese personal computer maysoon be sold in the United States.

1 48 Generating Bar Code In the Hewlett-Packard Format by Thomas McNeal / Bar code pro-vides a cheap, easily reproduced, mass-storage mediumthat encourages the publication of software.

226 The Picture-Perfect Apple by Phil RoybalThis driver software allows your printer to transcribe thehigh-resolution graphics of the Apple II personal com-puter.

Micrograph, Part 3: Software andOperation by E Grady Booch / Part 3 concludes thisseries with a description of Micrograph's powerful soft-ware and instruction-set usage.

318 Whose BASIC Does What? by Teri Li

Knowing the differences between the six most popularBASICS is essential.

Reviews

94 The Sinclair Research ZX80 by John CMcCallum

1 18 The HP-41C: A Literate Calculator?

by Brian P Hayes

208 The Newest Sargon—2.5 by JohnMartellaro

216 The SwTPC 6809 Microcomputer

System by Tom Harmon

Nucleus

6 Editorial: Hand-Held Computers10, 292, 314 BYTE's Bits12 Letters90 Technical Forum: SC/MP

Instruction-Set Summary104 Education Forum: Multi-Micro

Learning Environments142 Desk-Top Wonders182 Systems Notes188 Languages Forum: A Bug in

BASIC200 BYTELINES282 Ask BYTE294 Software Received296, 298 BYTE's Bugs298 Books Received300 Book Reviews304 Event Queue312 Clubs and Newsletters328, 334 Programming Quickies336 What's New?

382 Unclassified Ads

383 BOMB, BOMB Results

384 Reader Service

BITE

Page 34

Page 48

Page 72

Page 104

January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 3

lim

Editor in ChiefChristopher Morgan

Technical Editors

Richard S Shuford; Gregg Williams;

Curtis P Feigel; Harold Nelson;

Stan Miastkowski; Kevin Cohan; Bruce Roberts;

Charles Freiberg, New Products; Steve Ciarcia,

Mark Dahmke. Consulting Editors

Copy Editors

David W Hayward, Chief; Faith Hanson;Warren Williamson; Robin M Moss;Anthony J Lockwood

Assistants

Faith Ferry; Debe Wheeler;Karen A Cilley; Jon Swanson

Production

Nancy Estle. Director; Christine Dixon,Asst Director; Wai Chiu Li;Holly Carmen LaBossiere; Deborah Porter;Sherry McCarthy, Chief Typographer;Debi Fredericks; Donna Sweeney;Valerie Horn

Advertising

Thomas Harvey, Director; Ruth M Walsh;Marion Gagnon; Barbara J Greene;Rob Hannings

Circulation

Gregory Spitzfaden, Manager:Andrew Jackson, Asst Manager;Agnes E Perry; Barbara Varnum;Louise Menegus; Melanie Bertoni,Dealer Sales

Marketing

Jill E Callihan, Special Projects;Laura Hanson

Controller's Office

Daniel Rodrigues, Controller; Mary E Fluhr,Asst Controller; Karen Burgess; Jeanne Cilley

Traffic

Mark Sandagata; N Scott Gagnon

Receptionist

Jacqueline Earnshaw

Publishers

Virginia Londoner; Gordon R Williamson;John E Hayes, Associate Publisher;Cheryl A Hurd, Publisher's Assistant

Officers of McGraw-Hill Publications Com-pany: Paul F McPherson, President; ExecutiveVice Presidents: James E Boddorf, Gene WSimpson; Group Vice President: Daniel AMcMillan: Senior Vice President-Editorial: RalphR Schulz; Vice Presidents: Kemp Anderson,Business Systems Development; Stephen CCroft, Manufacturing; Robert B Doll, Circulation;James E Hackett, Controller; William H Ham-mond, Communications; Eric B Herr, Planningand Development; John W Patten, Sales;Edward E Schirmer, International,

Officers of the Corporation: Harold WMcGraw Jr, President, Chief Executive Officerand Chairman of the Board; Robert F Landes,Senior Vice President and Secretary; Ralph JWebb, Treasurer.

..■..■- ;-V-V-^

In This Issue

This month's cover photograph by Ed Crabtree highlightsthree examples of a new phenomenon in the personal com-puter field: the HHC (hand-held computer). Shown are (fromtop to bottom): the Panasonic HHC; the Quasar HHC; and theRadio Shack HHC. All three units are discussed in this issue.Other articles this month describe two other miniature com-puters: the Sinclair ZX80 and the Hewlett-Packard HP-41C.

Elsewhere in this issue, Steve Ciarcia describes electro-magnetic interference; we describe some of the exciting capabil-ities of Atari graphics; and We review an intriguing newJapanese computer: the NEC 8001; plus a new regular sectionof hardware and software reviews.

BYTE is published monthly by BYTE Publications Inc. 70 Main St, Peterborough NH 03458, a wholly-ownedsubsidiary of McGraw-Hill, Inc. Address all mail except subscriptions to above address: phone (603) 924-9281. Ad-dress subscriptions, change of address, USPS Form 3579, and fulfillment questions to BYTE Subscriptions. POB590, Martinsville NJ 08836. Controlled circulation postage paid at Waseca, Minnesota 56093 - USPS PublicationNo. 528890 (ISSN 0360-5280). Canadian second class registration number 9321. Subscriptions are S19 for oneyear, S34 for two years, and S49 for three years in the USA and its possessions. In Canada and Mexico, S21 forone year, S38 for two years, S55 for three years. S43 for one year air delivery to Europe. S35 surface deliveryelsewhere. Air delivery to selected areas at additional rates upon request. Single copy price is S2.50 in the USAand its possessions, S2.95 in Canada and Mexico, S4.00 in Europe, and S4.50 elsewhere. Foreign subscriptionsand sales should be remitted in United States funds drawn on a US bank. Printed in United States of America.

Address all editorial correspondence to the editor at BYTE, POB 372. Hancock NH 03449. Unacceptablemanuscripts will be returned if accompanied by sufficient first class postage. Not responsible for lost manuscripts orphotos. Opinions expressed by the authors are not necessarily those of BYTE. Entire contents copyright © 1981 byBYTE Publications Inc. All rights reserved. Where necessary, permission is granted by the copyright owner forlibraries and others registered with the Copyright Clearance Center |CCC| to photocopy any article herein for thebase fee of S1.00 per copy of the article or item plus 25 cents per page. Payment should be sent directly to theCCC, 21 Congress St, Salem MA 01970. Copying done for other than personal or internal reference use withoutthe permission of McGraw-Hill is prohibited. Requests for special permission or bulk orders should be addressed tothe publisher.

BYTE® is available in microform from University Microfilms International, 300 N Zeeb Rd, Dept PR, AnnArbor Ml 48106 USA or 18 Bedford Row, Dept PR, London WC1R 4EJ England.

Subscription WATS Line: (800) 258-5485

Office hours: Mon-Thur 8:30 AM - 4:30 PM, Friday 8:30 AM - Noon, Eastern Time

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Hajar Associates

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SOUTHEAST (305) 886-7210

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January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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Editorial

The Hand-Held Computer

Chris Morgan, Editor-in-Chief

There's a new trend in personal computing today—the HHC (hand-heldcomputer). For years computer aficionados have dreamed of a computer smallenough to fit in one's pocket, yet powerful enough to do the sorts of jobs thatfull-size microcomputers do today.

Amazingly enough, the dream is coming true. There are now no less thanfour models (the Radio Shack/Sharp, the Panasonic/Quasar, the Hewlett-Packard HP-41C, and the Sinclair ZX80) that fall roughly into the ultra-smallcomputer category. One might quibble with calling the HP-41C a "computer"rather than a programmable calculator, but it has all the necessary elements toqualify: memory, processor, I/O (input/output), and a full line of peripherals.Each of these computers is discussed in this issue.

Among the new crop of HHCs, the Panasonic/Quasar (reviewed on page34) is perhaps the most impressive in terms of engineering innovations; itsports some features that many full-size personal computers don't have, suchas the ability to run for long periods from battery power alone—an impressiveachievement when you realize that the unit uses, not a CMOS (complementarymetal-oxide semiconductor) processor, but a standard 6502! It also has suchniceties as user-definable keys, a built-in real-time clock, uninterruptiblestorage of user programs, and the ability to produce color images on a colortelevision (with the addition of an optional interface unit).

The Radio Shack HHC has its own attractions, including its (relatively) lowprice of $250 and its surprisingly complete BASIC interpreter. The first time Isaw the Radio Shack unit was at the West Coast Computer Faire last spring,where it was being shown in its original form from Sharp. I was intrigued, butI quickly concluded it was just a passing fad. Not until I used the computer atlength did I begin to realize its potential. Here was a machine capable of run-ning complex BASIC programs—and it was truly portable! (I have to admitthat a lot of the fun connected with these units is taking them out of one'spocket and showing them to noncomputer people.)

What about the practical considerations of typing programs on such a tinykeyboard? Well, at first it felt awkward, but I quickly adjusted to it. (ThePanasonic/Quasar is a bit better in this regard, because the keys are spacedmore widely apart.)

Speaking of attractive prices, the Sinclair ZX80, for $200 or so, has its ownappeal. Strictly speaking, it's not a hand-held computer because it uses aseparate AC adapter. Still, it's tiny and can be easily transported. It hasbecome an overnight sensation in England. As our review on page 94 pointsout, the ZX80 has some bad characteristics, such as screen blankout during ex-ecution of programs. Even so, a student or other beginner in computer pro-gramming could learn a lot with this machine in conjunction with its introduc-tory BASIC book (included in the purchase price), which seems to be verygood.

Why all the sudden interest in miniaturization? In part, it's the logicalculmination of the never-ending battle to put more and more capability intoless and less space. Combine that with the recent Japanese trend towardminiature hi-fi components, and you begin to see the driving forces involved.

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For reliable data storage,I recommend systems withShugart disk drives!

"" Tom Knight, President—

Nycom, Los Altos, California

"The last thing you need when you putyour personal computer or small businesssystem to work is a disk drive that youcan't rely on. If the drive quits, yoursystem is out of business!'

That's why more and more manu-facturers and dealers depend on Shugartdisk drives for reliable data storage. Theseprofessionals don't want disk drive prob-lems any more than you do. Shugart has a

large family of drives, too—in all sizes andcapacities to suit your system storageneeds. For the smaller system, the original5'/4-inch Minifloppy '* stores 250 to 500kilobytes (single or double-sided)—thatfsabout 50 to 100 pages of printed material.Our single and double-sided 8-inchfloppys store 800 to 1600 kilobytes. Andfor systems that need a larger data base,our 8-inch or 14-inch fixed disk drives

store from 5 to 58 megabytes. No othermanufacturer offers such a wide variety ofdisk storage for personal computer andsmall business systems.

Word processing, general business,accounting—big system or small, you canrely on Shugart drives. We're known as theHeadstrong company for good reason.We're Headstrong about reliability, quality,and value. Ask your dealer. He knows us.

TM—Minifloppy is a trademark of Shugart Associates.

Rely on theHeadstrong Company.

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Editorial

The Japanese are going to continue to assert themselves inthe personal-computer market with both large and smallpersonal computers. Seiko is rumored to be working on ahand-held computer to be released later this year—andthat will be just the beginning, our sources tell us. In-terestingly, Commodore had until recently been planningto market a hand-held computer, but abandoned the planto concentrate on the new VIC 20 color computer. (Wesaw this $299 (!) unit recently, and will be reporting on itsoon. The color quality is remarkable for the price.) Lookfor additional entries into the hand-held-computermarket from US companies later this year.

Miniature Intelligent Terminals

One of the most important trends now going on behindthe scenes is the pocket-size intelligent terminal beingdeveloped by Bob Doyle and Jeff Rochliss. The unit, call-ed the Microterminal, will be battery operated and thesize of a pocket calculator. It will contain an intelligentterminal with single-line liquid-crystal display, a modem,a repertory dialer, and a printer. With this unit (whichwill probably retail for under $300), the user can plug in-to any modular phone jack and access data bases allaround the country, pay bills, get news, send and receivemessages, and so on. The implications of this technologyare enormous. We'll have a full report on this unit in anupcoming issue of BYTE.

Our New Look

You may have already noticed some of the layout anddesign changes in this issue of BYTE. It's all part of ourcontinuing effort to make the magazine easier to read andmore useful to our readers. The major change is the addi-tion of a new section in the magazine devoted to hard-ware and software reviews. This is in response to ourreader surveys that show your increasing interest in themany new products flooding the market. This new sec-tion will give you a variety of unbiased, detailed reviewseach month.

We have redesigned the table-of-contents, or "In TheQueue," page to make room for the additional new mate-rial. We have not decreased the number of articles. Theywill continue to be the mainstay of BYTE, as will themany popular features in the "Nucleus" section. We have

Articles Policy

BYTE is continually seeking quality manuscripts written by indi-viduals who are applying personal computer systems, designingsuch systems, or who have knowledge which will prove usefulto our readers. For a more formal description of procedures andrequirements, potential authors should send a large (9 by 12 inch,30.5 by 22.8 cm), self-addressed envelope, with 28 cents USpostage affixed, to BYTE Author's Guide, POB 372, Hancock NH03449.

Articles which are accepted are purchased with a rate of up toS50 per magazine page, based on technical quality and suitabilityfor BYTE's readership. Each month, the authors of the twoleading articles in the reader poll (BYTE's Ongoing Monitor Box or"BOMB") are presented with bonus checks of $100 and S50.Unsolicited materials should be accompanied by full name andaddress, as well as return postage.

PASCAL/Z - Q.E.D.

Ithaca Intersystems PASCAL/Z is the most powerful CP/M™compatible Z-80™ Pascal compiler ever . . . and here's why:

PASCAL/Z generates true Z-80 native code - ROMableand re-entrant — 5-1 OX faster than P-code interpreters;permits separate compilation; supports Direct File Accessand variable length STRINGs; utilizes fast one-pass recursivedescent organization; the macro-assembler generatesrelocatable object modules; and much, much more.

Complete package includes compiler, macro-assembler,linker/loader and source for the full library on one disk; withfree copy of Jensen/Wirth book and complete documenta-tion. Only $395.00.

IT'S DEMONSTRABLE!Don't just take our word for it. Ask for a demonstration ofthese features and more today at Computerland® and otherfull-service computer stores.

Ithaca Intersystems Inc., 1650 Hanshaw Road

P.O. Box 91, Ithaca, N.Y. 14850. Phone (607) 257-0190

Computerland is a registered trademark of Computerland Corporation.

CP/M and Z-80 are trademarks of Digital Research Corp. and Zilog, inc. respectively

PASCAL/Z and InterSystems are trademarks of Ithaca Intersystems Inc.

^TM

8 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 4 on inquiry card.

Ithaca Intersystems Inc.

Micros for bigger ideas.

Outside of the gardenyou need a computer that can grow.

For the average garden-variety home and hobby operation,a high quality personal computer is a real temptation. Butlet's face it: in the world of business, engineering andscientific applications you need a system that can keep upwith bigger ideas.

Bigger ideas today mean the power and flexibility tomove the micro up to and beyond the level of yesterday'sminis. More memory to hold bigger data bases. Moreflexibility to handle a variety of data entry devices. Moreprogramming and computing power for numbercrunchingand applications development. And easy upgrade to 16 bitoperation when you need it.

Intersystems has that, and more. The power and flexibilityof the versatile S-100 bus, with 20 slots of expandability forup to 16 individually-addressable DMA devices and up to 1Megabyte of memory, fully accessible to all users via ourunique memory management system. Plus reliableIntersystems design and manufacture, and the support ofour PASCAL/ZT"...the most powerful Z-80,M compiler ever.

For really serious computing, our front panel provides apowerful diagnostic tool for debugging or development.Combined with a scope, it allows you to look at any locationin the circuitry, set breakpoints, trigger and view one-shotevents, and many other activities usually possible only withexpensive logic analyzers. No wonder it's fast becoming thetool of choice for repair technicians and custom hardwaredesigners.

Intersystems Series II is the most complete line of fullyIEEE 696 compatible S-100 boards...easily upgradeable toour MPU 8000™ or other 16 bit S-100 CPU's as they becomeavailable...so you're never locked out of rapid expansion, orlocked into obsolescence, by dependency on a proprietaryproduct line.

So if you've left those garden-variety applications behind,come to Intersystems and get a system that will grow as bigas your next idea. Get it from the people who know smallcomputers...your Computerland store...or other fine fullservice computer dealers.

Ithaca Intersystems Inc., 1650 Hanshaw Road

P.O. Box 91, Ithaca, N.Y. 14850.

Phone (607) 257-0190 TWX: 510 255 4346.

Z-80 is a Iradernark of Zilog. Inc

PASCAL/Z MPU 8000 and InterSyslems are trademarks of Ithaca iniersysiems. Inc

OODfeO

Intersyste

Micros for bigger ideas.

Circle 5 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1981

Editoriai.

eliminated the "Background" and "Foreground" designa-tions because we have encountered many good articles

that don't fit either category. We invite your comments,pro or con.B

The November Cover

Much mail has come in requesting further informa- .

Hon on our November cover. It's actually a "still," oneof many extraordinary images from "The Works," a90-minute fully computer-generated feature film. Thisscience-fiction film is currently in production at theComputer Graphics Laboratory of the New York In-stitute of Technology in Old Westbury, Long Island,New York. The laboratory staff consists of a largenumber of exceptionally talented artists and engineerswith extensive backgrounds in film-making, computerscience, mathematics, and digital audio.

The digital-animation systems are state-of-the-art,using many Digital Equipment Corporation computersthat have been interfaced to frame buffers. The con-tents of the frame buffers are recorded onto 35 mmmovie film with high precision. The film will be in pro-duction for the next two years, fudging from what Ihave seen, it should be sensational. We thank the NewYork Institute of Technology for allowing us to seetheir work in progress. We hope to report on theirgraphics activities sometime soon in BYTE.

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BYTE's Bits

You Can Bank On It

Electronic home bankingis a reality in Knoxville,Tennessee. The Express In-formation bank-at-home ser-vice is a joint venture ofUnited American ServiceCorporation, Radio Shack,and CompuServe.TheUnited American Bank inKnoxville was selected as thefirst bank to use and marketthe service to its customers.For a $15 to $25 per monthfee, United American Bankcustomers can use a TRS-80Color Computer to accessnews and financial advisoryservices, pay bills, receivechecking-account informa-tion, use a bookkeeping ser-vice, and to apply for loans.The CompuServe networkprovides the bank-at-homecustomers with a shoppinglist of national, interna-tional, and financial news,plus the latest stock quota-tions and commodities infor-mation. The United Amer-ican Bank plans to add its

own bank news and dailyinformation on savings anddeposit rates. Customers ofthe bank are issued a secur-ity pack and certificates thatcan be redeemed at RadioShack outlets. In addition tothe financial services, cus-tomers can use the TRS-80Color Computer for homeentertainment, education,security, message services,electronic filing, and as anelectronic mail service. Fordetails, contact Tom Sud-man, c/o the UnitedAmerican Bank, in Knox-ville, Tennesee, (615)971-2121; David Beckerman,c/o the Tandy Corporation,Ft Worth, Texas, (817)390-3273; or Richard Baker,c/o CompuServe, Colum-bus, Ohio, (614) 457-8600. ■

10 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 6 on Inquiry card.

Circle 7 on inquiry card.

If you

^interface****and you w^Je aboard for

y0Ul

Serialtot<*K5

axinvum

coxnpatFor ex

^PleT \2rninal to get 8° Se-sViaringservices, « * * ftwareprogram d

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software ^-^-^^ p^

orAy one aPPj^ace.

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Maybe we cansave you a call.

Many people have called with the

same questions about the AIO.

We'll answer those and a few more here.

Oa Does the AIO have hardware handshaking?

A: Yes. The serial port accommodates 3 types—RTS,

CTS, and DCD/The parallel port handles ACK, ACK,

BSY, STB, and STB.

Cb What equipment can be used with the AIO?

A: A partial list of devices that have actually been tested

with the AIO includes: IDS 440 Paper Tiger, Centronics

779, Qume Sprint 5, NEC Spinwriter, Comprint, Heathkit

H14, IDS 125, IDS 225, Hazeltine 1500, Lear Siegler

ADM-3, DTC 300, AJ 841.

Q: Does the AIO work with Pascal ?

A: Yes. The current AIO serial firmware works great

with Pascal. If you want to run the parallel port, or both

the serial and parallel ports with Pascal, order our

"Pascal Patcher Disk'.'

GL What kind of firmware option is available for

the parallel interface?

A: Two PROM's that the user installs on the AIO card

in place of the Serial Firmware PROM's provide:

Variable margins, Variable page length, Variable

indentations, and Auto-line-feed on carriage

return.

GU How do I interface my new printer to my Appleusing my AIO card?

A: Interconnection diagrams for many popularprinters and other devices are contained in theAIO Manual. If your printer is not mentioned,

please contact SSM's Technical Support Dept.

and they will help you with the proper

connections.

GU I want to use my Apple as a dumb terminalwith a modem on a timesharing service likeThe Source. Can I do that with the AIO?A: Yes. A "Dumb Terminal Routine" is listedin the AIO Manual. It provides for full and

half duplex, and also checks for presence

of a carrier.

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Qc What length cables are provided?

A: For the serial port, a 12 inch ribbon cable

with a DB-25 socket on the user end

is supplied. For the parallel port, a 72 inch

ribbon cable with an unterminated user

end is provided. Other cables are available

on special volume orders.

The AIO is just one of several boardsfor the Apple that SSM will be introducingover the next year. We are alsoreceptive to developing products tomeet special OEM requirements.So please contact us if you havea need and there is nothing availableto meet it.

SSM Microcomputer Products2190 Paragon Drive

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Letters

Send + More = Code

I certainly enjoyed Peter Frey's article"Machine Problem Solving, Part 2" (seethe October 1980 BYTE, page 266),which concerned directed search usingcryptarithmetic. Unfortunately the pro-gram does not do quite all that it isadvertised to do, probably due to omis-sions in the press copy.

For example, on page 268 Mr Freystated, "It is also necessary to preparethe machine with the knowledge thatblank spaces which precede letters in thefirst two rows should be treated aszeros." Program lines 270 and 280,however, can never be executed becauseof the branch instruction in line 210,which bypasses lines 270 and 280 com-pletely. As a result, problems such as"SPEND+MORE = MONEY" cannot besolved, and an error message is gen-erated. Changing the branch instructionsat line 210 to cause a jump to line 270,instead of line 300, eliminates this prob-

lem, as long as the short word is notmore than one letter less than the otherword.

A second malfunction occurs in prob-lems of the "SEND+MORE=MONEY"type: when the sum word contains onemore letter than the addends and also isa unique letter (such as in "SEND+ MORE=HONEY"). The programrecognizes the patterns and alters the ar-ray correctly, but the value for that let-ter is not displayed on the screen. Ashort statement immediately after a suc-cessful pattern search, such as:

415 PRINT @ 762 + 6*NL, 1

seems to correct this error.

K W ButcherCanton ME 04221

Mr Butcher's comments are correct.We appreciate the feedback....CM

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Software for the Altos

I read with great interest MarkDahmke's article in the November 1980BYTE concerning the Altos machine.(See "The Altos ACS 8000 Single-BoardComputer," page 158.) I agree with MrDahmke's assessment of the Altos as awell-designed and reliable machine. Iwas especially interested, however, inhis comments on the available softwarefor the Altos.

I represent Avtek Inc, the softwarehouse that wrote APULIB and the bisyn-chronous and asynchronous communica-tions packages for the Altos machinementioned in the article. The softwarepicture for the Altos is not really as grimas the article makes it appear. Avtek haswritten many other software packagesfor the Altos. Among them:

• OPRA— A enhancement to the CP/Moperating system. It increases disk-storage capacity by 40%, disk-I/O (in-put/output) speed by a factor of 2, itsupports a type-ahead buffer, and it pro-vides for easy mixed-mode operation.

• Communications Packages—In addi-tion to the full IBM 2780/3780 bisyn-chronous and asynchronous packages Ialready mentioned, there is a syn-chronous communications package forAltos-to-Altos use. Incidentally, theprice of the bisync package has beenlowered to $495.

• GRAFLIB—A two- and three-dimensional graphics-subroutine libraryfor use with the Altos and a modifiedLear-Siegler ADM-3A terminal (512 by256 resolution), a Diablo 1650 printer,and a multicolor plotter.

• Graphics and Scientific System—Acomplete system for the Altos and themodified ADM-3A that contains Avtek'sown screen-oriented editor, a scientific-paper typesetting package, and manystand-alone and subroutine packages forgraphics and for the solution of special-ized scientific and mathematical prob-lems. This system also supports theDiablo 1650 printer, for graphics andmanuscripts, etc, and multicolor plot-ters.

In addition to those packages, Avtekhas plans for several others, including afinancial modeling package. I think thatthe software that Avtek supplies makesthe Altos a very versatile and usefulmachine. In fact, it turns the Altos intoa system.

John C Theys

President

Advanced Computational Technology Inc

30 Side Cut Rd

West Redding CT 06896

12 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 8 on Inquiry card.

Circle 9 on inquiry card.

Edison had over1,800 patents inhis name, butyou can be just as inventive

with an Apple.

Apple is the company with the brightest ideas inhardware and software and the best support — so you canbe as creative with a personal computer system as Edisonwas with the incandescent bulb.

How Apple grows with you.

With Apple's reliable product family, the possibilities ofcreating your own system are endless. Have expansion capa-bilities of 4 or 8 accessory slots with your choice of system.

Expand memory to 64K bytes or 128K bytes. Add anA to D conversion board. Plug into time sharing, news andelectronic mail services. Use an IEEE 488 bus to monitorlab instruments. Add 4 or 6 disk drives — the 5 "A" 143Kbytes, high-speed, low-cost drive that's the most popularon the market.

Apple speaks many languages.

Since more than 100 companies create software forApple, you'll have the most extensive library in the personal

computer world. Want to write your own programs?Apple is fluent in BASIC, Pascal, FORTRAN, PILOT and6502 assembly language.

There's even a series of utility programs called theDOS Tool Kit that not only lets you design high-resolutiongraphic displays, but lets you work wonders withcreative animation.

More illuminating experiences in store.

You won't want to miss all the Apple products beingintroduced at your computer store all the time. Don't lethistory pass you by. Visit your nearestApple dealer or call 800-538-9696.In California, 800-662-9238. Or write:Apple Computer, 10260 Bandley Drive,Cupertino, CA 95014.

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Letters.

68000 At Last?

In looking over a recent issue ofBYTE, I came across a section titled"BYTELINES" that contained referencesto the MC68000. (See "68000, WhereArt Thou?" September 1980 BYTE, page164.) The message that I got fromreading the commentary was that theMC68000 is still in the experimentalstage. This is untrue I All unreserved opcodes have been defined, and the in-struction set has been frozen sinceJanuary 1980. The second point is thatwe have been shipping the 68000 in largequantities for some time now. We haveno problem committing to delivery onlarge-production quantities.

Since those comments were based oncustomer inputs, I can understand someconfusion. I hope that this letter willhelp to resolve it.

Steve Sparks

Manager

Marketing and Applications

Motorola Inc

3501 Ed Bluestein Blvd

Austin TX 78721

Sol Libes Replies:

The column in question was writtensome time ago. At that time, two OEMs(original equipment manufacturers) thatwanted to use the 68000 reported to methat they were still not able to go intoproduction on planned products becauseMotorola still had not completed the68000's design and would not fill pro-duction orders. In other words, the factsas I reported them were true at the time.I understand that Motorola is now ship-ping production quantities.

A System Note

One problem with OSI (Ohio Scien-tific) systems (most notably the C-2) hasbeen the inability to utilize the 6502 IRQand NMI commands from a BASIC pro-gram, via USR routines. The problemoriginates from the fact that the resetvectors for these commands, containedin the system's ROM (read-only mem-ory), point to an area of memory that isheavily used by BASIC (ie: hexadecimaladdresses 01XX). Thus, it is impossibleto field either of these interrupts becauseBASIC rapidly destroys any serviceroutine.

My colleagues and I have proposed toOSI that new firmware be produced,identical to the old one in all respectsbut for the IRQ and NMI reset vectors.These would be changed to point to apart of memory that is "stable" (eg:hexadecimal addresses D0XX or E0XX).However, for such a new device to beproduced, it must be financially feasibleto do so (the cost to be in the $0.25 to$0.50 range). So, we would like to ask

all interested OSI users to drop a quicknote to Ohio Scientific expressinginterest:

Ohio Scientific ComputersAttn: Customer Relations1333 S Chillicothe RdAurora OH 44202

If enough replies are received, all of usmay well see a new monitor device.Thanks so much!

Shaun D BlackUniversity of MichiganDepartment of Biological Chemistry5440 Medical Sciences IAnn Arbor MI 48109

Intercepting Raster

I very much enjoyed John Beetem's ar-ticle entitled "Vector Graphics for RasterDisplays." (See the October 1980 BYTE,page 286.) To say the least, I found it aunique method. However, I must takeexception to one statement that wasmade regarding techniques for plottingvectors.

In referring to the slope-intercept andtrigonometric methods of calculation,Mr Beetem states, "None of these is verygood for a small computer, becausemany slow multiplications and divisionsare needed." This is simply not true, atleast not in the case of the slope-inter-cept method. (Note: In the followingdiscussion, for simplicity, it will beassumed that the X length is greater thanthe Y length. If this is not the case, theX and Y values should be swapped; theprogram under discussion handles thedata in approximately this way.)

The formula used in the common im-plementation of the slope-interceptmethod is Y=MX + B, whereM = (Y2-Yl)/(X2-Xl) andB = Y2-(X2XM). In other words, thevalue that represents the slope of the lineis multiplied by the given X value, thenadded to the origin (offset) to determinethe Y position. To plot a vector, onewould normally step through the Xvalues and calculate matching Y coor-dinates from one end of the vector tothe other.

In examining the formula, it should beobvious that if X is stepped by a con-stant amount, then Y will also increaseby some constant value. To reduce thealgorithm to its simplest form, it is bestto increment X by 1 (because, by defini-tion, we cannot plot any fractionalpoints). One can, therefore, find the Yincrement value simply by dividing theY length by the X length.

How complicated is the actual algo-rithm? Not very. Unitek Ltd is currentlydeveloping a high-level graphics package

14 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

TRS-80* Model I Computer Owners . . .

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Although rated for double-density operation, alllevels of Percom drives work equally well in single-density applications.

You can operate these drives in ordinary single-density format using TRSDOS* Percom OS-80™or any other single-density operating system.

Or, you can add a Percom DOUBLER™ to yourTandy Expansion Interface and store data andprograms in either single- or double-densityformat.

Under double-density operation, you can storeas much as 350 Kbytes of formatted data — de-pending on the drive model — on one side of afive-inch minidiskette. That's four times thecapacity of standard 35-track Model I mini-disks, almost 100 Kbytes more than the capacityof the eight-inch IBM 3740 format!

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TFD-100 drives are "flippy" drives. You store twicethe data per minidiskette by using both sides of thedisk. TFD-100 drives store 180 Kbytes (double-density) or 102 Kbytes (single-density) per side.Under double-density operation, you can store a 70-page document on one minidiskette.

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TFD-200 drives store 350 Kbytes (double-density) or197 Kbytes (single-density) on one side of a minidis-kette. By comparison, 3740-formatted eight-inchdisks store only 256 Kbytes. Enormous on-line stor-age capacity in a 5" drive, plus proven Percomreliability. That's what you get in a TFD-200.

The DOUBLER™ — This proprietaryadapter for the TRS-80* Model I com-puter packs approximately twice thedata on a disk track.

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The DOUBLER works with standard 35-, 40-, 77- and80-track drives rated for double-density operation.

Note. Opening the Expansion Interface to install theDOUBLER may void Tandy's limited 90-day warranty.

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for a commercial graphics product, andthe vector routine uses this method. Thedivision itself encompasses only fifteeninstructions (30 bytes), and need be doneonly once, which is before the actualwrite loop is entered. The loop propercontains only an X increment instruc-tion, a double-precision add (two in-structions) for the Y increment, the ac-tual write-routine call, and a simple testfor end-of-vector. Since Mr Beetem isusing an 8080 and Unitek's system is6800-based, a speed comparison wouldbe worthless. Suffice to say that theroutine actually calculates the vectorfaster than the hardware can plot thepoints.

To show the simplicity of thealgorithm, here is a minimal representa-tion:

1. Find the lengths of the X and Y com-ponents of the vector.

2. Divide the Y length by the X length.

3. Set location to X, Y origin.

4. Set the X increment to 1.

5. Set the Y increment to the result ofthe division.

6. Set the Y fraction register to hexa-decimal 80 {Vi for round-up).

7. Plot the location.

8. If location is end-of-vector, stop.

9. Increment X.

10. Add the Y increment to the Y frac-tion register.

11. If an overflow occurs, increment Y.

12. Go to 7.

As can be seen, the algorithm is rathersimple, and uses no complex mathe-matics in the loop.

It turns out that this method solves a

particularly knotty problem that cropsup in other variations (especially in aparametric line representation). Whenvectors approach angles that are multi-ples of 45° (ie: the X length nears the Ylength), varying overflow rates in thetwo variables cause undesired excursionsaway from the actual vector. Thiscreates a rough section about the pointswhere steps would normally occur. In-crementing one of the variables by 1eliminates any possibility of variableoverflow and results in a very smoothvector.

I found Mr Beetem's logic interestingand informative; had I considered thismethod of drawing vectors when we atUnitek were designing our graphicspackage, I probably would have discard-ed it without careful examination,believing it too slow and complex. MrBeetem has proven this not to be so.Perhaps the same thing happened whenMr Beetem was writing his routine. Hetoo may have considered the slope-inter-cept method briefly, but discarded it,without closer examination, as being tooclumsy. (Alas, it always seems that thealgorithm one discards later turns out tobe the variation with the greatest poten-tial....) In this case, it happened for thebest; otherwise, we would not have MrBeetem's method to consider. I do not inany way intend to detract from his ap-proach; merely to indicate that theslope-intercept is also a viable methodfor microcomputers.

CET

Richard H RaeUnitek LtdPOB 671Emporia VA 23847

Fewer Resistors =Same Resistance

In the August 1980 BYTE, W LloydMilligan shows a network of twenty-six1-ohm resistors (see "Letters," page 20)that he believes is the smallest net-work whose value is very close to w (pi).However, by using the same continued-fraction principle with only six parallel-connected resistors, a solution with atotal of only eighteen resistors is shownin figure 1. Alas, I have been unable to

find any network that starts with threein series with fewer resistors; startingwith two in series, there is another solu-tion with eighteen. All of these differfrom t by about one part in fourmillion. They all have the value355/113.

Can anyone find a solution withseventeen or fewer?

John Fitzallen Moore714 E Birch RdLake Bluff IL 60044

Figure 1

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16 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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An Introductionto Atari Graphics

Chris Crawford and Lane Winner

Atari Inc

1272 Borregas Ave

Sunnyvale CA 94086

The Atari 400 and 800 are second-generation personalcomputers. In addition to the normal memory and pro-cessor integrated circuits, they contain three special-purpose LSI (large-scale integrated) circuits which makethem capable of many feats of computing legerdemain.Most of this power, however, lies brooding beneathmany layers of "human engineering." The beginning pro-grammer working in BASIC is paternalistically protectedfrom the complexities and power of the beast within. Themore experienced programmer seeking cybernetic highadventure must first defeat the friendliness engineered in-to the machine to unleash its throbbing brute power.Without help, this can be most difficult. We will act asnative guides for one region of this complex machine: thedisplay list. We will show you how to generate flashy dis-plays by creating you own display list and redefining thecharacter set.

Display-List Fundamentals

Most personal computers use a straightforward mem-ory-mapped display in which the screen format is fixedand each screen pixel's (picture element's) contents areprovided by a specific location in memory. This is a sim-ple scheme demanding little of either the programmer orthe computer. The Atari 400/800 uses a more complexscheme involving a display list and display data. A dis-play list is a sequence of commands that defines the ver-tical format of the video display; the display data is theinformation to be displayed.

The Atari 400/800 display list is actually a small pro-

gram; it is processed by a special LSI circuit calledANTIC. ANTIC is a dedicated microprocessor whosesole function is to control the video display. ANTIC usesa process called DMA (direct memory access) to gain ac-cess to the display list and display data. The display listand display data are stored by the high-speed (1.8 MHz)6502 microprocessor. When the BASIC programmertypes GRAPHICS n, the operating system writes a com-plete display list into memory and clears the display data.The information flow for this process is diagrammed infigure 1. Clearly, the adventurous programmer who by-passes BASIC and writes his or her own display list willhave more direct control over the screen.

Associated with the display list are the concepts of agraphics mode and a graphics-mode line. The Atari400/800 supports fourteen fundamental graphics modes,only nine of which are directly accessible from BASIC.The first six modes (three of which are accessible fromBASIC) are character modes which display characters indifferent combinations of size and color. The remainingeight graphics modes display squares of color in differentresolution and color combinations. A graphics-mode lineis a group of horizontal-scan lines which are treated as aunit for display purposes. (A horizontal-scan line is asingle sweep of the electron beam across the televisionscreen. There are 192 horizontal-scan lines in the visiblearea of the screen.) A graphics-mode line will contain be-tween one and sixteen horizontal-scan lines, dependingon the graphics mode involved. A graphics-mode linestretches horizontally all the way across the screen (you

BASIC

OPERATINGSYSTEM

6502MICRO-PROCESSOR

DISPLAY LIST

AND

DISPLAY DATA

ANTIC

AND

CTIA

LSI

CIRCUITS

TELEVISIONSCREEN

Figure 1: Information flow for Atari 400/800 display. The adventurous programmer who bypasses BASIC gains more control overthe display list and display data, and thus is able to customize the displayed image to a greater extent.

18 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 15 on inquiry card.

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cannot change graphics modes halfway across thescreen). The video display is thus organized as a verticalsequence of mode lines of varying height and contents.There are many thousands of possible sequences of modelines on the screen; BASIC restricts the programmer toseventeen such sequences. Each such sequence is referredto in the BASIC manual as a graphics mode.

Display-List Details

The display list and the display data normally reside atthe top of available memory-address space. Since theamount of available memory is not fixed, the operatingsystem must keep track of the address of the display list.The address of the beginning of the list is stored indecimal addresses 560 and 561. The first 3 bytes in thedisplay list skip twenty-four blank scan lines, which isnecessary to defeat the vertical overscan of many televi-sion sets. The next byte is called the LMS (load memoryscan) byte. It defines the first mode line of the display andalso instructs ANTIC that the following 2 bytes give theaddress at which display data can be found. Since werarely need to tamper with these first 4 bytes, we willstart with the fifth byte, whose address we will assign to aBASIC variable called START. The value of START canbe calculated by:

START = PEEK(560) + 256*PEEK(561) + 4

The bytes at this location and the succeeding locationgive the starting address of the display data. Beginning atlocation START+2 is a sequence of mode bytes whichspecify the mode lines for the display. The codes for thesemode bytes are found in table 1. The programmer has thefreedom to create any sequence of mode bytes for thedisplay list. The programmer also has the responsibilityto insure that the chosen sequence includes exactly 192horizontal-scan lines. At the end of the mode-byte se-quence, the programmer must place an ANTIC JUMPbyte (decimal 65) followed by the low- and high-orderaddress bytes of the beginning of the display list—fourbytes lower in memory than the location we refer to asSTART.

The starting address of the display data, which we willassign to a BASIC variable called MEMST, can be cal-culated from:

MEMST=PEEK(START)+256 *PEEK(START +1)

The display data is simply strung together in sequence;this can cause a headache when mixing modes. Since dif-ferent mode lines require different numbers of display-data bytes, the programmer wishing to change a display-data byte must calculate its position in display-datamemory by adding up the space requirements of eachprevious mode line. The BASIC POSITION and PLOTcommands work reliably only with the homogeneousdisplay lists used by BASIC, so the programmer whomixes modes must expend greater effort to use such aspecialized display.

A Real Display List

We shall now illustrate these principles with a sampleprogram and its resultant display, display list, and dis-play data. The program is a straightforward affair whichplots the BYTE logo in graphics mode 7+16. The pro-

20 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 16 on inquiry card.

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Scan

Color

Lines

Dots

Per

Number

Bytes

Left

Right

Per

Mode

of

BASIC

Per

Mode

Remark

4 Bits

4 Bits

Pixel

Line

Colors

Mode

Line

character

0

2

Vt

8

V/2

0

40

character

0

3

Vz

10

VA

—

40

character

0

4

1

8

4

-

40

character

0

5

1

16

4

—

40

character

0

6

1

8

5

1

20

character

0

7

1

16

5

2

20

character

0

8

4

8

4

3

10

character

0

9

2

4

2

4

AO

graphic

0

A

2

4

4

5

20

graphic

0

B

1

2

2

6

20

graphic

0

C

1

1

2

—

20

graphic

0

D

1

2

4

7

40

graphic

0

E

1

1

4

—

40

graphic

0

F

«/s

1

VA

8

40

special

2

0-7

0

Blank

—

—

—

—

special

3

4

1

JUMP

—

—

—

—

Table 1: Interpretation of the graphics

-mode-byte

codes

. Remarks are 1

is follows:

1.

The left nybble

of the very

first mode byte of the display list must be ch

anged from 0 to 4.

2.

The blank mode is used to

output a si

lected

number of blank background lines.

3.

The JUMP instruction causes the ANTIC graphics processor

to recognize

the end of the display list and

return to

the beginning of the list, w

aiting for vertical blanking to occur so it can

proceed with anoth

er frame.

Where IV2 colors

are indicated, the hue

of the

foreground color cannot be controlled.

Photo 1: The BYTE logo as displayed by the Atari 400/800 run-ning the program of listing 1. See table 2 for details.

gram is presented in listing 1 (page 24), and the display itproduces is shown in photo 1. Figure 2a and table 2ashow the display list for this display. Since this is a stan-dard BASIC graphics-mode display list, it is neat andtidy.

Tampering With the Display List

With the formal goal of improving the display and theheuristic goal of demonstrating display-list manipula-tions from BASIC, we shall now tamper with this displaylist. The first step in this process is to prepare our pro-posed display list on paper. The desired screen format isshown in figure 2b.

We must consult table 3 to determine which of thedisplay modes will require the greatest amount ofmemory space. In our case, we are using modes 0, 1, 2,and 7; mode 7 is clearly the most memory-intensivemode. We shall therefore start with mode 7 and modifythe mode-7 display list. It is always easier to pare downan oversized display list than to build up an undersizedone.

Next, we must verify that our proposed display listdoes indeed produce 192 horizontal-scan lines. Consulttable 1 to find the number of scan lines per mode line.Our calculation produces the following results:

ode

Number

Scan Lines

Total Scan

of Mode

Per Mode

Lines

Lines

Line

0

1

8

8

1

4

8

32

2

4

16

64

7

44

2

88

192 Total

We now determine the mode bytes for each of themode lines by looking them up in table 1. It is handy toconvert these to decimal for later use. Our results are:

ode

Hexadecimal

Decimal

Mode Byte

Mode Byte

0

02

2

1

06

6

2

07

7

7

0D

13

22 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 17 on inquiry card.

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Listing 1: Atari 400/800 program to plot the BYTE logo, shown in photo 1. See table 2 on page 26 for details.

100HO120130SCOBiO82083090 C9059109159209259309359409459509559609659709759809S599 0

GRAPHICS 7JC0L0

A*0!READ B*CSIF

READ A»B»C:iF A

END

ON A+l GOTO 310

plot b»c:returndrawto b»c:retuposition b»c:xi

DATA lllf30s.Hl106*35*106111*41*110106*46*107

R ItPOKE 765,1 J POKE 710*123B>-1 THEN GGSUB 80QJGOTG 11 THEN GOSUB SOOtGOTC 120

J POKE10

712*128

820*830

RN

DATADATADATADATADATADATADATADATADATADATADATADATADATADATADATADATADATADATA

1*-1*1?-97*3088 * 3579*3577*3271*4667*4458*46,j\j * cib51*3949*3049*5146,3245*3336 * 30

970*

■f

X *

0*2*1,1*1*

? <3

,4*4*59388797670675454514948464549

13**6*0*01,110,31,6*107*37?1*109*417f107*4896*51*921*872*781*741*701*662*540*54li 510

:RETURN

*31*50*35*31*30*50*46*31f42»32*51*33*33*30

*49»48*46f47

,"S

109

107*33*108

103*42*107

108*49*109

*1*96*50»2

31*51*34*31*46*51*44*31*50*33*

wllj *

43*051*1-1*0*0

91*31

80*51

78*34

74*30

69

59

64

54

50

49

48*42

46*49

36*51

*43*51*43*43*51*43

3ii»

39,43*50,

10101011

7*33*107*349,40*110*40*111*407*44*106*450*50*111*50*111*51

96*3190*79*78*93*69*58 *63,51*50*49*48*45*

32*1*89*33*1*89*34

50,0*79*50

33 * 0 * 78 * 33 * 2,77,32

71*30

63*44*1*68*46

58*50

63*31*1*62,30

30 *0*

46,1*

50,0*

42,1 ,

31

42,0*

49

39 f Of

48fl,

oG , 0 ,

50,39,1,50,30

48f31,1,48*3045,4335*50*2,35*31

a)

NORMAL

96X2 = 192

TOTAL=192

MODE 796 LINES

b)

192

SCANLINES

MODIFIED

MODE 7 9 LINES

MODE O 1 LINE

MODE 7 35 LINES

MODE 1 4 LINES

MODE 2 4 LINES

9X2 =

18

1X8 =

8

35 X 2

= 70

4X8 =

32

4 X16

= 64

TOTAL=192

Figure 2: Horizontal-scan line arrangement for normal- and modified-display screens. The video screen in figure 2a is composed com-pletely of mode-7 horizontal lines. In figure 2b, the video screen is constructed from multiple-mode sections that allow a mix of im-ages to be displayed. Refer to table 2 for details.

The results of this paperwork are presented in table 2b.Now, at last, we are ready to write some code. Pleaserefer to listing 2 on pages 28 and 30 in conjunction withthis narrative. We begin by checking to see that there isenough memory available to reposition the display list(line 0). If there isn't enough, the program aborts. Wethen move the top of available memory down by 4 Kbytes and execute a GRAPHICS call (line 20) to write a

new display list and display data in memory. This pro-cedure reserves 4 K bytes of memory for our own uselater on. We then define our display strings (lines 30 and40) and execute another GRAPHICS call to initialize ourdisplay list—which we shall subsequently modify. Theseries of POKEs in lines 50 and 55 define the colors wewill be using and turn off the character display while weredefine our characters.

24 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 1B on inquiry card.

GRAPHIC

T F R KAIN AI P0CKETABLE d|g|t|zer

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&.PATTERN ANALYSIS

FANTA STICK-I is a multifunctionalterminal that lets you draw and movepatterns on the screen, and is alsocapable of analyzing drawn patterns.FANTA STICK-I is designed to im-prove functional performance usingintegrated circuits and highly ma-nipulative telephone keys.It is plug compatible with APPLE-II and especially designed for suchfields as production of commercialanimation, promotional demonstra-tion, graphic analysis, and develop-ment of software.

■ HARDWARE

FANTA STICK-I consists of stick,SW1-3 switch, tenkey, I/O expansio.connector, pilot lamp, and changeover switch on the reverse side. Stickand CHI-3 switch are used for mak-ing patterns and playing games.Tenkey is used for inputing dot tothe screen, graphic mode command,box-position command, and saveand load patterns. I/O expansionconnector is useful with I/O connec-tor inside APPLE by only changingswitch for using expansion connec-tor without removing FANTASTICK-I.

If you need higher performance, youjust add another FANTA STICK-] toI/O connector.

■ SOFTWARE

A feature of this software is thedivision of the screen into twentyindividual boxes, for drawing pat-terns, and memory. Then the boxesare reassembled to make a wholescreen.

It does not only draw patterns byputting together the boxes and pat-terns made with slide and revolvecommand, but composes newscreens by putting together the man-aged pattern.

Box system has the advantage of aclose management.There are many features, such asmaking patterns with expanding boxby three times on the screen, com-puting the area of dots in a desig-nated window.

Using a disk, you can freely operatea graphic pattern with save and loadcommand.

an

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Modified

Mode-7

Mode-7

Display

Display

Mode

List

Scan

Mode

List

Scan

Line

Hexadecimal/Decimal Line

Line

Hexadecimal/Decimal

Line

Number

Number

Number

Number

LMS Byte

1

(4D) 77 2

LMS Byte r 1

(4D) 77

2

Start

_

lo

—

Start

—

lo

—

_

hi

—

—

hi

—

2

(OD) 13 4

2

(OD) 13

4

3

(OD 13 6

Mode 7

3

OD 13

6

4

(OD) i

9 lines '

4

(OD) 13

8

5

(OD) 13

10

6

(OD) 13

12

7

(OD 13

14

I 8

(OD) 13

16

Mode 0~\ ?n

1 linp / - lu

(OD) 13(02) 2

1826

Mode 7

i imc j

r 11

(OD) 13

28

96 lines

Mode 7

121

(OD) 13

301

35 lines <

\

{

44

(OD

I 13

94

[ 45

(OD

) 13

96

r 46

(06

6

104

Mode 1 J 47

06

6

112

4 lines \ 48

(06

6

120

'

'

'

'

' ^

'

<- 49

06

6

128

r 50

07

7

144

94

(OD) 13 188

Mode 2 J 51

07*

7

160

95

OD 13 190

4 lines \ 52

07

7

176

96

OD) 13 192

^- 53

07

7

192

JUMP

(41) 65

JUMP

(41

65

lo

lo

hi

hi

(a)

(b)

Table 2: Normal- and modified-display lists

correspond to the lines displayed in figure 2. The program corresponding to table

2a is given

in listing 1,

and the actual displa

y is pictured in photo 1. Listing 2 corresponds to table 2b.

Mode 8 +

16

8138 Bytes

8

8112

7 +

16

4200

7

4190

6 +

16

2184

6

2174

5 +

16

1176

5

1174

4 +

16

696

4

694

3 +

16

432

3

434

2 +

16

420

2

424

1 +

16

672

1

674

0

992

Table 3: Memory requirements for various graphics modes.

We then calculate the variable START in line 60. Inlines 70 thru 90, we POKE the new and different modebytes into the display list to create our new display list.The offsets from START (the numbers added to START)are simply the mode-line numbers for the new modelines. Thus, the offset in line 70 is 10 because the modebyte we are POKEing is for the tenth mode line from thetop of the screen. (Remember, a mode line is not the sameas a scan line.) In line 95, we POKE the ANTIC JUMPbyte and the jump-address bytes at the end of our new

display list. The value of the jump-address bytes points tothe beginning of the display list and can be found in loca-tions 560 and 561.

We have just created a new display list on top of theoriginal one. Now we must put a display onto the screen.This will be a tricky operation; as we mentioned earlier,the PLOT and POSITION commands will not quite workas we expect them to. Some extra effort is necessary toproduce a display. Fortunately, our GRAPHICS 7 plot-ting of the BYTE logo will still work the same way.Because we have inserted a mode-0 line above it, the logowill be shifted down on the screen by six scan lines. Thisshift is so small that we can neglect it and plot the logowith the same routine used earlier. This is done in lines110 and 120.

Now that we have plotted the logo, we desire to printsome other characters as shown in photo 2 on page 32.Two problems impede us: first, we must redefine thecharacter set to mix uppercase and lowercase characters;second, we must calculate where these characters go.

The first problem arises from the natural limitations ofan 8-bit processor. If four colors are supported (as inGRAPHICS 1 and 2), only 64 distinct characters can bedisplayed in each color. This is because 2 bits are requiredto specify the color, leaving only 6 bits to specify thecharacter. This restricts our available set; the Atari char-acter set in ROM (read-only memory) supplies uppercaseand punctuation or lowercase and graphics symbols, but

Text continued on page 32

26 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Think of it, a printer at nearly half the price (when compared to models even remotely competitive inquality) combined with the ultimate in reliability, print quality, and flexibility.

Typical Comments: "Superb print quality!", "Highly reliable.", "Definitely letter quality. . . I can'tbelieve the price tag.", "Best use I've seen yet of LSI Technology."

But judge for yourself — look at the V300 features and keep in mind this is a letter quality printer atdot matrix prices.

• Tractor option available

• Print Speed — 25 CPS (Optional 45 CPS for $2,195)

• Print Wheel — Industry standard 96-character Daisy Wheel(including the extended-life dual plastic wheels)

• Service — Prompt maintenance/service agreements avail-able nationwide

• Interface — Industry standard parallel (RS232-C optional)

• Printable Columns — 136

• Warranty — 90 days parts and labor, one year parts only

• Proportional, bi-directional printing • Programmable VFU

• Extensive self-test functions • Hardware and softwarecompatible

Vista does it again! Quality, Price and Perfor-mance with a peach of a daisy wheel printer.

Wffff

AND, Vista Has a Complete V100 Word Pro-cessing System for Only $4995!

The Vista V100 is a complete word process-ing system that includes:

• Exidy SorcererComputer, 48K

• V200E20 Disc DriveSystem, DoubleDensity

• Sanyo Data DisplayMonitor

• Vista V300 PrinterFull Character DaisyWheel

• Wordstar, CPM™ 1.4(Includes E Basic)

• Can also be used forData Processing

IMMEDIATE DELIVERY

For Further InformationCall Toll Free (800) 854-8017

The Vista Computer Company 1401 Borchard Street • Santa Ana, California 92705*714/953-0523

CPM is a trademark of Digital Research

Circle 19 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1981 27

Listing 2: Atari 400/800 program to plot the BYTE logo and the other characters as displayed in photo 2.

0

2C

30

40

50

55

60

70

80

90

95

11

12

20

21

22

23

24

25

29

30

31

32

33

3*

IF FRE( 0X5325 THEN PRINT "NOT ENCUGRAMTOP=PEEK <106 > J POKE 106 tRAMTGP-16DIM SML$(32):3ML*(l»32> = Ii the smalDIM MGHifc (41) t MGH* < 11 41) =a @(23A©McGRAGRAPHICS 7+16tCOLOR 2 J POKE 76512POKE 708»128JPOKE 709»40tPQKE 710»1START=PEEK(560)+PEEK(561)*256+4POKE START+10»2FOR X=0 TO 3tPOKEFOR X=0 TO 3:POKEPOKE START+54»65:

o a=o:read b»c:if

n MEMORY!"JEND

:GRAPHICS 0

1 systems Joi.irn3l

WeHILLB@e@eS@SPUBLICATION'

:s:poke 712,123

START+46+X»6:NEXT

START+50+X»7tNEXT

:POKE START+55»FEEK

B>-1 THEN G0SU3 80

0 READ A»B»C:iF A>-1 THEN GOSUB 800J

0 CHBAS=RAMTQP-4:ADDR=CHBAS*256

0 FOR X=0 TO 1023:POKE ADDR+X»PEEK(5

0 POKE 756>CHBAS+2

0 FOR X=0 TO 255:POKE ADDR+512+XrPEE

0 FOR X=0 TO 7:POKE ADDR+5i2+X»0JNEX

0 FOR X=0 TO 7:READ A:POKE ADDR+99*S

0 POKE 755 r0{POKE 87,0

G POSITION 4,9:? #6?"AUGUST 1980 Vo

0 MEM3T==PEEK (START) +PEEK (START+1) *25

C FOR X=l TO LEN<8ML$)JPGKE CHRP03+X

0 CHRPGS=CHRFQS+6 0

C FOR X-l TO LEN(MGH*).lPOKE CHRPOS+X

XX(560)IPOKE START+56rPEEK(561)

o:goto 110

GOTO 120

7344+XKNEXT X

K(ADDR+256+X):NEXT XT X

+x»a:next x

luirie 5, Number 8° *6:CHRP0S-MEMST+46*40-1»ASC<SML*(X»X))+128:NEXT X

•l»ASC(MGH$(XfX))-64:NEXT X

Listing 2 continued on page 30

A MAJOR NEW YORK BANKINVITES YOU TO BANK AT HOME

...By Personal Computer

Our system talks with Yours. A program diskette provides

access to the bank for!

bill paying

account transfers

balance inquiry

record keepingSoftware requires 48K bytes of memory and one disk drive.This is a pilot program. For more information. Please terminatethis message by sending in the form below.

NAME

ADDRESS.

TELEPHONE NO

Name and type of system

Do you have communications capability?-.If not. are you planning for it?

MAIL FORM TO! Home Banking SystemP.O. Box 721Radio City Station--~_ New York, New York 10101

.CITY STATE.

.ZIP.

28 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 20 on Inquiry card.

THE DAWN OFA NEW AGE

The 2nd Generation is here!

MEASUREMENT systems & controls proudlyintroduces its new and exciting "2nd Generation"family of S-100* compatible products. Each hasbeen specifically designed for use withmulti-user and networkoperating systems suchas MP/M, CP/NET, andOASIS. Every product isfully tested and burned-in, comes with a 1 yearguarantee, and offersyou features notcurrently available fromany other source.

Z80 PROCESSORBOARD — The mostpowerful CPU board available today. Outstandingfeatures include 4MHz operation, high-speed serialand parallel I/O utilizing DMA or programmedcontrol, eight vectored priority interrupts, and areal time clock.

MULTI-USER SERIAL I/O BOARD — For use in

expanded systems requiring up to eight additionalserial I/O ports. Features include: 16 maskable

'AH products meet the new IEEE standards.

Systems

a Division of MEASUREMENT systems 8. controls

incorporated

vectored priority interrupts, RS-232C interfaces

with full handshake, asynchronous or synchronous

operation with asynchronous baud rates to 19,200.

Available in four or eight channel versions.

DOUBLE DENSITY

FLOPPY DISK

CONTROLLER BOARD-

controls up to four Sc-inch or 8-inch disk drivesusing IBM soft sectoredformats. It features 1Kof on-board buffering,DMA controlled datatransfers and the per-formance character-istics of the superiorNEC 765 chip.

64K BANK SELECTABLE MEMORY BOARD —

Features include I/O port addressing for bank

select with 256 switch selectable I/O ports for the

memory bank addressing. The memory is

configured as four totally independent 16K

software-selectable banks, with each bank

addressable on any 16K boundary.

"Attractive Dealer & OEM Prices"~ See your nearest computer dealer, or

contact us for the complete story onThe 2nd Generation.

867 North Main St. / Orange, Calif. 92668(714) 633-4460 TWX / TELEX: 678 401 TAB IRIN

Listing

35G360BCD610B2 083 09009G591091592 0925930935940945

95 0955

96 0965970975

98 09£5

99 0999

2 continued:

POKE 7GOTO 3OK A+lPLOT BDRAWTOPOSITI

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03*20060

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B?CiREON B»CJ

11 jr 20 f 1

Q6»25>1

11*31*106*36*1

10*820*8RNTURNXIO 18t*

11>21*11

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0,49*39

1*43,29*0*48*21*1,48,20

1*45*38*1*45*33

2*35*40*0*35*40*2,35*21

Building Blocks forMicrocomputer Systems,Dedicated Controllersand Test Equipment.

R2l/0

S-100 ROM,

RAM & I/O

BOARD

ECT's R2l/0 is an S-100 Bus I/O Board with 3 SerialI/O Ports (UART's), 1 Parallel I/O Port, 4 Status Ports,2K of ROM with the 8080 Apple Monitor Program and2K of Static RAM.

$295.00

RM-10S-100

RACK MOUNTCARD CAGE

ECT's RM-10 is a rack mount 10 slot Card Cage withPower Supply, consisting of an ECT-100 rack mountCard Cage (19"W x 12.25"H x 8"D), the MB-10 MotherBoard (with ground plane and termination) all 10connectors and guides and the PS-15A Power Supply(15A@8V, 1.5A@ ± 16V). $295 00

Specializing in Quality Microcomputer Hardware

Industrial • Educational • Small Business • Personal

Card Cages, Power Supplies, Mainframes, CPU's, Memory, I/O, OEM Variations

763 Ramsey Ave., Hillside, NJ 07205

(201) 686-8080

30 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 21 on inquiry card.

-JIMS

Q ATAia

Atari* &Appl<

ilc" software.

A financial VP in Massachusetts is cutting the time it takesto prepare month-end reports from three days to three hours.

A California company is replacing most of its time-sharecomputer service with a personal computer and VisiCalc,saving at least $30,000 the first year.

Thousands of other personal computer users are also soldon how VisiCalc is increasing their productivity. Besides savingtime and money, they're simplifying their work and gettingmore information that helps them make better decisions. Atypical user reaction comes from a New York dentist:

"VisiCalc has become an integral part of my business"

VisiCalc displays an "electronic worksheet" that auto-matically calculates nearly any number problem infinance, business management, marketing, sales, engi-neering and other areas. The huge worksheet is like ablank ledger sheet or matrix. You input problems bytyping in titles, headings and your numbers. Whereyou need calculations, type in simple formulas(+,—, X,-r) or insert built-in functionssuch as net present value and averaging.As quickly as you type it in, VisiCalccalculates and displays the results.

"I am extremely impressed with Visi-Calc's capability, flexibility and orderlypresentation of instructions'.'

So writes the director of a New York cor-poration. He appreciates VisiCalc's powerfulrecalculation feature. Change any number inyour model and instantly all numbers affected bythat change are recalculated and new results aredisplayed. You can ask "What if.. 7', analyzing

Commodore is a registered trademark of CommodoreBusiness Machines Inc., Atari is a registered trademark ofAtari Inc.. Apple is a registered trademark of AppleComputer Inc.

more alternatives and forecasting more outcomes. It reallyincreases your decision-making batting average!

When you finish, you can print a copy of the worksheet justas it appears on the screen and/or save it on diskette.

"I like VisiCalc's ease of use"

That response comes from a Utah businessman using Visi-Calc for production forecasts, financial report ratio analysis andjob cost estimating. Ease of use is VisiCalc's best-liked feature.It's designed for a non-programmer, and has an extensive, easy-to-understand instruction manual.

Users also like solving a wide variety of problems withVisiCalc . . . and solving them their way. VisiCalc can evenjustify the cost of a personal computer, according to a NewHampshire financial analyst:

"VisiCalc is paying for itself over and over."

VisiCalc is available for 32k Commodore PET/CBM, Atari800 and Apple disk systems. VisiCalc is written by Soft-ware Arts, Inc.

See VisiCalc at your Personal Software dealer.For your dealer's name, call Personal Software Inc.408-745-7841, or write 1330 Bordeaux Drive,Sunnyvale, CA 94086:

While there, see our other Pro-ductivity Series software: Desktop Planand CCA Data Management System.They're like time on your hands andmoney in the bank.

Circle 22 on inquiry card.

AUGUST t?3G Volune s, HuHber

The Atari 400/800 display list isactually a small program.

WS5-C-C.1

fl HCGRAM HILLPUBLICATION

Photo 2: The BYTE logo as displayed by the Atari 400/800 run-ning the program in listing 2.

8 BY 8 PIXELSQUARE

BINARY

HEXADECIMAL

DECIMAL

1 10 00 0

Figure 3: The assignment of values to create an elevated lower-case "c" character.

Text continued from page 26:

not uppercase and lowercase together—at least not inGRAPHICS 1 or 2. Since we want uppercase and lower-case together, we will have to redefine the character set.

To do this, we must have some memory reserved forthe new character set. Line 20 did this by fooling theoperating system into believing that the top of memory(called RAMTOP) lies sixteen pages lower than it actual-ly does. This has reserved 4 K bytes for our use. Thecharacter set needs only 1 K bytes, but the display datacannot cross a 4 K boundary (without entailing difficul-ty), hence we must move the display list and display datadown by an entire 4 K. The address of the beginning ofour new character set is calculated in line 200 and is calledADDR.

In line 210, we move the original character set (startingat address 57344 in ROM) into user memory. In line 220,we tell the operating system where the new character setis. In line 230, we move the uppercase characters into thepositions previously occupied by punctuation. Our new64-member character set has uppercase and lowercase,but very little punctuation. In line 240, we define a newspace character, as the original space character was partof the old punctuation group. We shall use the placepreviously occupied by the @ character for our spacecharacter.

We next take this technique of defining our own char-acters one step further. We had earlier decided to elevatethe lowercase "c" in "McGraw-Hill." To do this, we mustredefine what a lowercase "c" looks like. This is done in

line 250, with data coming from line 999. Obviously, thisprocedure can be greatly extended. The diligent program-mer can define any character set that can be expressed inan 8- by 8-pixel grid and POKE it into user memorydirectly (see figure 3). Greek, Cyrillic, or special technicalcharacter sets can be created in this way.

We now have our display list and character set inorder. We need only display our text. This is done start-ing at line 290. The first POKE suppresses the cursor for aneater display; the second POKE fools the operatingsystem into believing that it is working in mode 0. Thisprepares the way for a straightforward POSITION andPRINT of the first text line. The only trick is that the lineis positioned vertically according to the number of modelines from the top of the screen.

The next two text lines pose a particularly knotty prob-lem. We desire to print GRAPHICS 1 and 2 characters onmode lines 46 thru 52. Neither graphics mode allows somany lines; when we try to position the cursor onto line46 the computer will generate a "cursor out of range"error. Our only recourse is to POKE the character bytesdirectly into the display memory. We do this starting atline 310. First, we calculate the starting address of the dis-play memory (MEMST). Then we calculate the addresswhere our characters are to be stored (CHRPOS). Ourcalculation relies on the fact that the characters are on the46th line and all previous lines used 40 bytes each. Inmore complicated situations, we would have to add upthe byte requirements of all previous lines. This can getmessy when a display mixes mode-1 or mode-2 lines at 20bytes per line with other modes that use 40 bytes per line.Fortunately, our case is simple. Once CHRPOS has beencalculated, we POKE the character values into the dis-play data using a simple loop (line 320). Adding 60 toCHRPOS (line 330) skips three of our 20-byte mode-1 ormode-2 lines. We then POKE the character values for ourthird text line using the same technique we used in line320, except that a different character-value offset ( — 64instead of +128) gives us green characters instead of redones. Line 350 turns the characters back on.

Conclusion

The two major tricks we have demonstrated in this ar-ticle (modifying the display list and redefining the char-acter set) will greatly extend the graphics and displaypower of your BASIC programs. The Atari 400/800 run-ning BASIC alone has stunning graphics capabilities.With these tricks, the machine brings previously un-heard-of capabilities into the hands of the personal com-puter owner. Yet, we are still just trundling down therunway. There are even grander functions built into thismachine—movable graphics objects for animation, ver-tical and horizontal fine scrolling, and display-list inter-rupts, to name a few. With these tricks in hand, we cansoar beyond the limits of yesterday's color display andanimation. ■

32 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 23 on Inquiry card.

The Panasonic and QuasarHand-Held Computers

Beginning a New Generationof Consumer Computers

Gregg Williams, Editor

Rick Meyer, Friends Amis

c/o BYTE

70 Main St

Peterborough NH 03458

Arthur C Clarke talked about themin his futuristic novel Imperial Earth.Jerry Pournelle and Larry Niventalked about them in The Mote inGod's Eye. The subject is hand-heldcomputers that can run programs, re-mind you of upcoming appointments,and serve as portable intermediariesbetween you and large, immobile,mainframe computers. Are they stillscience fiction? No, the hand-heldcomputer is here—and for less thanthe price of some color televisions.

The HHC (hand-held computer) isa device about the size of a standardpaperback book with two inchesadded to its longest dimension (seephoto 1). Its weight is under a pound,yet it has the capabilities (when ex-tended with portable peripherals) todo anything that existing personalcomputers do. The device, developedjointly by the Japanese corpora-tion Matsushita (pronounced mat-SOOSH-ta) and Friends Amis of SanFrancisco, is being marketed inAmerica by Panasonic and Quasar.Photographs in this article show both

It is impossible to losethe work you are do-ing by pressing theOFF key.

the Quasar and the Panasonic ver-sions.

Description of the HHC System

The Quasar/Panasonic HHC is anintegrated package of hardware andsoftware that has the ability to doanything that other personal com-puters do. The HHC unit has thefollowing characteristics:

• Dimensions: 22.7 by 3.0 by 9.5 cm(815/16 by 13/16 by 3% inches);

• Weight: 397 grams (14 oz.);

• 6502 microprocessor running at1MHz;

• Sixty-five-key keyboard with two-key rollover;

• 159 by 8 dot low-persistence LCD(liquid-crystal display);

• Uninterrupted storage of all userprograms and other data through useof a unique "power-down" circuit;

• Redefinition of all keys duringexecution of an application program;

• Redefinition of all charactersdisplayed on the LCD display andprinter during execution of anapplication program;

• 2 K bytes of programmable mem-ory, expandable to 4 K bytes internal-ly or any practical limit (up to atheoretical limit of 4 megabytes) ex-ternally, by adding programmablememory peripherals;

• 16 K bytes of internal ROM (read-only memory) with sockets for fourprogram capsules containing up to64 K bytes of application programsor data (additional ROM, up to a the-oretical limit of 4 megabytes, can beadded externally through ROMperipherals);

• An internal real-time clock with aresolution of y2S6 second;

• A built-in nickel-cadmium battery

34 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

How to tell if it's a White Computer.

You see, it isn't always white.Until now, if you bought a WhiteComputer it was dressed up as some-one else's system. Mow the WhiteComputer is available under its ownnameplate.

And the features that make theWhite Computer the choice of manysystem builders also make the WhiteComputer an excel tent choice for you.

Features like White's guarantee toship replacement parts within 24hours of your telephone call. CP/M®and MP/M™ operating systems. Fullupgrade routes to multi-user andhard-disk performance. (Like the3-user 35 megabyte system shown.)And 8-bit or 16-bit configurations.Features that make the White Com-puter the reliable, high performance

system you need for business, orsoftware development, or industrialcontrol uses.

So if you buy a computer that'snot white, it might still be White. Butmake sure. Because if it's not White,chances are you're paying more, forless computer.

White Computers are nowavailable from computer dealersnationally. Call or write for moreinformation, and the name of yournearest dealer.

CK/M is a registered trademark ol Digital Research.MI7M Is a trademark of Digital Research.

White Computer Company A 1876 Industrial WayRedwood City, California 94063 A 415 364 7570

Photo 2: The HHC and its peripherals. The HHC computer is in the center of thephotograph. The peripherals are (clockwise, from upper left): a programmable-memoryextender, the color television interface, the I/O driver (a distributor of bus signals fromthe HHC to other peripherals), an acoustic-coupler modem, a portable printer, acassette interface, and a ROM expander.

All functions are

selected via a set of

nested menus.

enough current to retain the contentsof the HHC's display image andCMOS (complementary metal-oxidesemiconductor) memory and to pre-serve the real-time clock and key-board functions. A side benefit of thisfeature is that it is impossible to losethe work you are doing by pressingthe OFF key; when you press the ONkey, the computer resumes whateverit was doing before it was turned off.

A specially designed 44-pin busconnector allows you to connect anddisconnect the HHC and its periph-erals while all the components arepowered up. Because of this feature,the HHC and its peripherals can jointheir respective data, address, andcontrol buses without destroying datain either unit. As an additional safetyfeature, the piezoelectric beeper in-side the HHC sounds if the HHC findsany loose connectors.

The ability to connect and discon-

nect modules while the power is on isvery important because it allows theunit to be used in a variety of com-binations without worrying that datawill be destroyed by doing so. TheHHC and its peripherals can be con-sidered as interconnecting modules,and you can effectively forget thatthey contain volatile data. For exam-ple, when future program-develop-ment capsules become available, youwill be able to write a program whiletraveling, then debug it more easilyby hooking the HHC into the colorTV adapter and printer. Data canalso be entered into an HHC memoryperipheral that may then be detachedfrom the HHC and given to anotherHHC owner. He or she can plug it in-to another HHC and access the datathat was stored.

Friends Amis has invented a par-ticularly elegant solution to thepackaging of programs in ROM(read-only memory). This solutionalso allows denser storage of informa-tion than was previously possible.The HHC uses 24-pin ROMs that arepackaged in a plastic carrier aroundwhich the pins of the ROM are bent(see photo 3). This combination is

called an Amis Memory System Cap-sule (patent pending). (When a cap-sule is inserted into the back of theHHC, the flat base of each pin makescontact with the socket. This insuresa good electrical contact without theusual fragility of integrated circuitpins.) Since a minimal amount ofhardware is used to package theROMs, more can fit inside the smallbody of the HHC.

These capsules have already beenused in the Craig, Panasonic, andQuasar language translators (alsodeveloped by Friends Amis), and inthe Friends Amis point ofinformation display computer. Cap-sules can contain data to bemanipulated (eg: words in a Frenchlanguage capsule), application soft-ware (eg: a capsule of game pro-grams), programming languages (eg:a BASIC capsule), or any other datathat the computer can act upon. Cap-sules can hold 2 K, 4 K, 8 K, or 16 Kbytes of information. The 16 K-byteROM allows an unprecedentedamount of data to be stored in a smallspace. The large amount of informa-tion that can be stored in the HHC isincreased by its internal use of athreaded language and by the ap-plication of a set of data compressiontechniques.

Human-Engineered Features

As a direct result of the manufac-turers' desire to design a computerspecifically for the mass market, theQuasar/Panasonic HHC was devel-oped with a heavy emphasis onhuman engineering. This designphilosophy is reflected in the opera-tion and features of the HHC.

The keyboard has always been acrucial interface between the user andthe computer, and the popularity ofseveral existing microcomputers hasbeen largely influenced by the us-ability of their keyboard. This fact,coupled with the small size of theHHC, makes it necessary for theHHC keyboard to be as usable aspossible. We feel that the designershave achieved this objective.

[Despite my initial disbelief that akeyboard this small could be of anypractical use, I was soon convincedthat the HHC keyboard is easy to useand that, given some familiarity withit, I could use the keyboard withoutbeing distracted from the task athand... GW]

Photo 1 indicates that the keys on

36 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

pack that supplies all power to theunit;

• Internal shielding against RF (radio-frequency) interference in compliancewith the new regulations from theFederal Communications Commis-sion;

• An internal set of application pro-grams that includes a four-functioncalculator, a free-form file system andeditor, as well as several other func-tions.

In addition, the capabilities of theHHC are greatly extended by an in-tegrated system of intelligent periph-erals that include:

• A bus expander through whichother modules are connected to theHHC;

• A portable thermal printer thatprints 16 characters per line;

• A ROM extender that allows you toattach an additional four program ordata capsules;

• A programmable-memory extenderthat allows you to add additionalmemory to the HHC;

• A 110/300 bps modem and tele-computing program through whichthe HHC can act as a remote terminalto other computers and to large infor-mation utilities and data bases;

• A cassette interface module thattransfers data to a microcassetterecorder at 1200 bps;

• A color television interface thatallows a display of 16 lines of 32 char-acters each or up to 48 by 64 pixel(picture element) graphics in eightcolors and black.

When connected to the HHC, all ofthe above peripherals can fit in acustom case the size of an averageattache case, or they can be intercon-nected to make a flat, rigid, easilyportable combination. With the ex-ception of the color television inter-face, the HHC and the peripheralscan operate without connections toany outside power source, thus mak-ing the system truly portable andhand-held. Photo 2 shows the HHCand several of its peripherals.

Innovations in the HHC

The Panasonic/Quasar HHC em-bodies several technical break-throughs. Without these develop-ments, a computer as small and aspowerful as the HHC could not havebeen built.

One of the most important innova-

Photo 1: The Panasonic and Quasar HHCs (hand-held computers). Both unitsshown are prototype models and will have the same keyboard layout in thefinished versions.

tions in the HHC is the proprietary"power-down" circuit that allows theHHC to use the popular 6502 micro-processor in a hand-held device. Inthe past, manufacturers havedesigned hand-held products aroundmicroprocessors like the 1802. Suchdevices use a very small amount ofcurrent and can be powered by bat-teries, but they force the designer touse a slow microprocessor with aweak instruction set.

Designers have been preventedfrom using the more popular micro-

processors because of their high cur-rent drain: a conventional 6502-basedcircuit (using the same batteries as theHHC) would discharge them in abouttwo hours. But, with this power-down circuit and additional hardwareinnovations, the amount of currentneeded to power the HHC in both itsfully functioning and "off" (powered-down) modes is drastically reduced.A related feature of the HHC is thatwhen the OFF button has beenpressed, the computer is still on. It isin a dormant state that uses only

January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 35

the HHC are arranged in the standardtypewriter format. In addition, a keycan be pressed without pressing anyadjacent keys, so it is possible totouch-type on the HHC, regardless ofindividual finger width. This factallows the HHC to be used in text ap-plications—an area not practicallyaccessible by any other device of itssize.

Another powerful feature of theHHC is its ability within an applica-tion program to redefine any keyposition to any function. With theaddition of a keyboard overlay, thiscan provide a keyboard that is com-pletely suited to a given application.It was the intention of the HHC de-signers that no application, regardlessof complexity, would require mem-orization of command language orspecial key sequence (like control-Pfor print) to perform a function avail-able to the computer but not allotteda key. With redefinable keys andkeyboard overlays, this will neverhappen.

Three special keys, labeled fl, f2,and f3, can be assigned to be any se-quence of keystrokes, including mostfunction keys. When one of thesekeys is typed, its current definition isinput as if the sequence of keys hadbeen typed by the user. The defini-tions are processed as interrupts andare independent of the program inuse. Thus, they can be used with anypresent or future programs, eventhose written in BASIC or SNAP (thetwo computer languages currentlyplanned for the HHC). For example,one key can be assigned to a sequenceof calculations and/or constantvalues for use with the built-incalculator. Another key can be usedto enter repetitive text in the memorybank text editor or to create specialfunctions such as search-and-replace.Another definition can be used tomake a commonly used sequence ofmenu selections to reach a frequentlyused program.

A unique feature of the HHC is theHELP key. When this key is pressed,you are prompted by the LCD displayto press any key to find its definition.When a key is pressed, the function isgiven in a complete sentence of up to80 characters. For example, pressingthe HELP key followed by theSTP/SPD key causes the message"STOP / ENTER 1-9 FOR SPEED" tobe displayed.

Four HHC keys are used to indicate

LEFT, RIGHT, UP, and DOWN. Inmost programs, these keys are usedfor cursor control and horizontal andvertical scrolling. Since the HHC'sbuilt-in display shows only one short(26-character) line at a time, it is im-portant to be able to "steer" thedisplay through a larger page or listof material. The display is often usedas a window into a larger virtualspace (as is done in the popularVisiCalc program), and the fourdirection keys, which are auto-repeat

keys, move the window in any direc-tion. Another key, STP/SPD (stop/speed), allows you to freeze and con-tinue any program, like a run/stop switch, and to adjust the rate ofinformation display.

The HHC also has INSERT andDELETE keys that allow text materialto be changed. The HHC normallydisplays a solid rectangular cursor,but when you enter the insertionmode, the cursor changes to a blink-ing checkerboard cursor. Similarly,

WORD

FIRSTNUMBER*

LETTERS BORROWEDFROM LAST WORD

FIRSTLETTERNOTCOPIED

SECONDNUMBER*(COUNTFORWARD)

NEXT LETTEROF NEW WORD

REMAININGLETTERS OFNEW WORD*

SLOW

-_

__

__

__

__

__

SLUMP

2

SL

0 +

6 =

U

MP

SLY

2

SL

u +

4 =>

Y

—

SMALL

1

S

L +

1 =

M

ALL

SMART

3

SMA

L +

6 =

R

T

Figure 1: Compression of an alphabetized list. The tables of alphabetized lists withinthe HHC are kept as small as possible by using numbers to keep track of the number ofletters shared from the previous word and the number of letters between the first dif-ferent letter in the new word and its counterpart in the previous word. Note that theshaded letters on a line make up the word being encoded, but only the two numbers andthe letters in the last column (all marked with an asterisk in their table headers) are ac-tually stored in the encoded table. The dashes indicate an empty entry (as in the line forthe word SLY). The first line is all dashes because it does not have a previous line torefer to; in practice, all the letters of the first entry must be normally encoded.

Photo 3: Close-up of an HHC program capsule. The program capsule is actually a stan-dard 24-pin integrated circuit with its pins curled around a plastic harness. Its length is3.65 cm (l7/ib inches).

January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 37

Photo 4: The Quasar HHC connected directly to its acoustic coupler. The combina-tion, which is also available in the Panasonic HHC system, is a self-contained portablecomputer terminal.

The computer executes

a FORTH-IIke language

called SNAP.

when you enter the deletion mode,the cursor changes to a rectangularoutline cursor. These useful featuresgive you visual feedback regardingthe mode that the computer is in.

Other keyboard-related featuresare the search and locate commandsavailable within the memory bankelectronic file system. These featuresare available in two modes—contextand initial search. A context searchsearches for a match to the givencharacter string anywhere in the file,while an initial search searches for amatch beginning with the first char-acter of each record in the file. Theformer method allows maximumsearching power, but the latter pro-vides a faster search when the posi-tion of the string to be matched is atthe beginning of each record (eg:when the file contains last names andtelephone numbers and you are giventhe last name).

Other strong keyboard features ofthe HHC are the size and placement

of certain keys. The SPACE andENTER keys are in their traditionalpositions, and both are wider thanthe other keys for ease of use. Alsonotice from photo 1 that the CLEAR,ON, and OFF keys are located fiverows to the right of the rightmost let-ter key, and at least two rows to theright of any other key. Although theconsequences of hitting these keys byaccident are less critical than on otherpersonal computers (more on thatlater), the keys were placed there tominimize the danger.

Finally, the behavior of the SHIFTand LOCK keys should be mention-ed. In applications where the pro-gram differentiates between upper-case and lowercase letters, an upper-case letter is obtained by hitting theSHIFT key, followed by the key to beshifted. The HHC is locked into up-percase by hitting the LOCK key afterthe SHIFT key. You can return tolowercase by hitting either the SHIFTor LOCK keys. The LOCK key canalso lock the four cursor-control keysand the INSERT and DELETE keys.

The Menu and Other Features

To allow for use of the Panasonic/Quasar HHC with minimal priorknowledge of the machine, all func-

tions are selected via a set of nestedmenus. The first menu that appearswhen the computer is turned on iscalled the primary menu. It displaysthe available internal and capsuleprogram choices (eg: clock/secretary,program capsule, etc) with a 1-digitnumber assigned to each. A choice isselected by pressing the correspon-ding digit key. If the selected applica-tion allows choices of its own, itsmenu is displayed in the same way.This process is repeated until an ex-ecutable program is reached. Pressingthe CLEAR key causes the HHC todisplay the second menu (the oneimmediately after the primary menu).Pressing the CLEAR key twice causesthe HHC to return to the primarymenu.

The HHC computer contains apiezoelectric beeper that can produceeither a click (to provide audible feed-back to an event, usually a keypress)or a tone within a four-octave range.

Squeezing More into Less

There has been recent publicity onthreaded languages—most visiblyFORTH. (See the special languageissue on FORTH, August 1980BYTE.) Threaded languages offerprogram compactness and speed ofexecution halfway between those ofmachine language and a high-levellanguage like BASIC, while offeringthe programming ease and languagetransportability of high-level lan-guages.

The Quasar/Panasonic HHC isactually a hardware machine thatexecutes a FORTH-like languagecalled SNAP, in addition to 6502 ma-chine code. The HHC uses SNAP forevery function that it performs, fromthe display of characters on the LCDreadout to the handling of interruptsfrom the peripherals. When timing iscritical in a specific routine, such asinterrupt handling for high-speed pe-ripherals, SNAP allows any portionof itself to be coded in assemblylanguage for maximal speed.

SNAP, like other threaded lan-guages, is defined in terms of a givenset of operators (which are analogousto the operation codes of a givenmicroprocessor). SNAP programs aresimply lists of these operators, sothese programs (including applica-tions programs embedded in programcapsule ROMs) may be used withoutchange on any machine that executesthe SNAP language, provided no ma-

38 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

chine code is used. This protects thesizable programming effort put intothe HHC against hardware innova-tions in future versions of the HHC,while maintaining a body of pro-grams that execute quickly and uselittle memory.

Another way in which the execu-tion time of programs is decreased isthrough the use of interrupts for theHHC keyboard and all peripherals. Incontrast to other computers whichuse polling (ie: they periodicallycheck the device to see if it needscomputer time), the HHC peripheralsand keyboard generate interruptswhen they require attention from the6502 microprocessor. In this wayseveral peripherals can be serviced atonce. The HHC slows down onlywhen it is interrupted to do specificwork and is therefore faster thancomputers that waste time polling in-active devices. The HHC peripheralsthat require serial data all useseparate UART (universal asyn-chronous receiver-transmitter) in-tegrated circuits for this purpose.

Given the 64 K-byte maximum ad-dressing ability of the 6502microprocessor, the HHC mustsomehow pack more memory intoless space. It does so, using thefamiliar technique of bank-switching.Three banks of memory, hexadecimal2000 to 3FFF, 4000 to 7FFF, and 8000to BFFF, are bank-switched. Thismeans that several blocks of up to16 K bytes of memory could beassigned to one of the above addressareas, with electronic circuitry en-abling only one such block to beactive at a time.

The program capsules that insertinto the back of the HHC all map intothe same 16 K-byte address area:hexadecimal 4000 to 7FFF. Only onecapsule is active at a time and isselected from the HHC primarymenu. This area is also used for userdata and programs.

The 16 K-byte area from hexa-decimal locations 8000 to BFFF is usedfor external programmable memorybanks. Since this bank is in a differentaddress area from ROM banks, manyROM-based programs can referencedata in programmable memory with-out bank-switching.

The 8 K-byte address area (fromhexadecimal locations 2000 to 3FFF)is used by the specialized firmwarethat is contained in each HHCperipheral. When a given peripheralis being used, the firmware that con-

Letter

E

T

I

O

N

S

Huffman Code

000

001

010

0110

0111

1000

(a)

Code

Bit(s) toBe Matched

Comments

0 100111

0

--no match

0100111

01

--no match

0100111

010

--matches I

(I1P_111

0

--no match

(1)0111

01

-no match

(DQ1J1

011

-no match

(1)0111

0111

-matches N

(I) (N)

done

--message is IN

(b)

Table 1: An example of Huffman coding. Table la shows an example Huffmancode for several letters. Table lb shows how the code 0100111 is decoded into theletters I and N. Bits are taken from the left side of the remaining binary string untilthe sequence of bits matches one of the table entries. Notice in table la that thecode for no letter is a beginning substring of the code for another letter. (This, forexample, accounts for the fact that no letter is given to the bit string 011—it wouldconflict with 0110, the code for the letter O.) Every Huffman code (of which thereare an infinite number) is constructed so that no two letters can be confused witheach other. If the letters are assigned codes in the order of their decreasing fre-quency for the text to be decoded, a Huffman code permits the maximum datacompression possible.

Table Number of Elements

Rank(N) in Table ( = 2~)

1 2

2 4

3 8

4 16

5 32

6 64

Number of BitsIn New Permutation

Algorithm(F(N) = 2~ + 2F(N-1))

1

6 = 4 + 2(1)

20 = 8 + 2(6)

56 = 16 + 2(20)

144 = 32 + 2(56)

352 = 64 + 2(144)

Number of Bits

In Ordinary Look-up

Table (=N2N)

2

8

24

64

160

384

Table 2: Efficiency of the permutation algorithm given in figures 2 through 4 andthe text box. As can be seen from the last two columns, this algorithm uses fewerbits to define a given permutation. The ordinary look up table uses a table 2"entries long by N bits long to look up the value (from 0 to 2N—1) that a givenelement (in the same range) is permuted to.

trols its communication with theHHC is selected and used. This areaalso contains the memory-mappedcontents of the video display whenthe HHC is connected to the color TVinterface.

In both 16 K-byte bank-switchedareas it is possible to reference a pro-gram or a program/data combinationthat is more than 16 K bytes long.The program (or program and data)

is divided into 16 K-byte blocks, allof which map into the same area.Under program control the softwarecan then jump between 16 K-byteblocks by writing the appropriatevalue to a location in the HHC thatdetermines which block is currentlyselected.

Text Compression in the HHC

The increase in data storage caused

January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 39

a)

l

2

b)

Figure 2: Two possible outcomes for thepermutations of a two-element list. Seethe Mapping Algorithm text box forfurther details.

by the use of SNAP and 16 K-byteprogram capsules is significant. Butthe increase caused by the use of datacompression techniques is even moresignificant, almost doubling theamount of information that can bestored in an HHC data capsule. Avariable word-length code and in-creased data compaction throughcontext are the two techniques used.

In traditional data storage, onecharacter of information is stored in abyte (or 8 bits or binary digits) ofcomputer memory. Letters, numbers,and punctuation are stored in theASCII (American Standard Code forInformation Interchange) format,which uses 7 bits per character. Usinga method developed by Friends Amisthat modifies what is called a Huff-man code, variable bit-length codescan be devised for the characters to beencoded such that frequently usedcharacters will be given shorter codes(called codons), thus decreasing theaverage number of bits used percharacter. Table 1 shows an exampleof a standard Huffman code (thereare an infinite number of such codes).

Because of this variable-lengthcoding, the computer's memory isseen as a long string of bits. Bits areread from left to right (figurativelyspeaking) until the bits read matchthe codon for any character in the set.(Codons are generated by rules thatguarantee that a beginning string ofbits can match the codon of only oneletter in the set.) Codons are alsodevised so that the most frequentlyused letters have the shorter represen-tations and are also near the top ofthe look-up stack. Because the num-ber of look-up entries read before amatch occurs is kept to a minimum(on the average, slightly more thaneight entries), the decoding process

does not slow the machine down.

A further measure of compressionis made by modifying the look-upprocedure to be sensitive to the con-text of the previous letter. For exam-ple, even though the most frequentlyused letters in normal English text are(in decreasing frequency) E, T, I, O,N, and so on, if the previous letterlooked up was Q, then the letter U ismost probably the next letter and soshould be close to the beginning ofthe look-up table. Within the HHC,the letter-decoding routine uses thepreviously decoded letter to indexone of several look-up tables. In thisway, encoded characters can be re-presented in even fewer bits thanwould otherwise be possible usingstraight frequency-determined co-dons.

Two more techniques are usedwithin the HHC to decrease thenumber of bits used to representcharacter information to a finaldensity of just over 4 bits per char-acter. Although these techniques

were developed to deal with alpha-betized lists of words (for the FriendsAmis language translator), it is possi-ble to use them to compress nonal-phabetized text in some situations.

The first technique replaces thebeginning of each word (except thefirst word in a list) with two numbers.The first number tells how many let-ters to borrow from the previousword. The second number tells howmany letters away the first non-matching letter is from its counterpartin the previous word. For example, ifthe words are SMALL and SMART,the following is stored for the wordSMART: 3 (telling the computer toborrow SMA from the wordSMALL); 6 (telling the computer tocount forward six letters from the L inSMALL to arrive at the R inSMART); the encoded letter T(ending the encoding of the wordSMART). (See figure 1 for other ex-amples.) Because the two numbers(contained in 3 and 4 bits, respective-ly) take up fewer bits than the letters

The Mapping Algorithm

It is sometimes profitable tomaintain a list of words in alpha-betic order but to be able toretrieve them in some other pre-specified order. The problem thenbecomes one of finding the mostcompact way of specifying a per-mutation of N elements from (l, 2,3, ., N) to some other ordering.

The algorithm used within thePanasonic/Quasar HHC requiresthat the list be a power of 2 (ie:have 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64,... ele-ments). The algorithm can be con-sidered as a recursive set of pairswitchings. The permutations of alist of two elements can be re-presented by 1 bit of informa-tion—say, aO to represent that theelements are not switched, eg: (1,2) becomes (1, 2); and alto repre-sent that the elements are switch-ed, eg: (1, 2) becomes (2, 1). This isrepresented pictorially in figure 2,where a box represents 1 bit of in-formation.

The diagram in figure 3a is usedwith a list of four elements. Theupper-lefthand box is always filledin with an equal sign (=). The in-put arrangement, usually (1, 2, 3,4), is substituted for INI thru IN4,and the desired permutation is sub-

stituted for OUTl thru OUT4. Theboxes in the first and third columnsare filled in with either equal signs(=) or cross signs (X), leaving theboxes in the second column forlast.

Consider the example of permut-ing the list (1, 2, 3, 4) to become (4,1, 3, 2). Given the interconnectionsbetween boxes and the constraintsgiven above, the only path thatcan be taken from 1 to 1 goesthrough the top middle box (in amanner not yet specified) and tothe righthand side through a crossin the upper-right box, as shown infigure 3b. In figure 3c, the element4 is traced from box A to box B.Similarly, element 3 is traced frombox B to box C, and element 2 istraced from box B to box S, wherewe started.

Given the conditions shown infigure 3c, it is a simple task to fillin the middle columns, thus com-pleting the diagram. The finisheddiagram is shown in figure 3d.Through use of this diagram, thelist (1, 2, 3, 4) can be permuted tothe list (4, 1,3,2) using 6 bits of in-formation (1 bit for each of the sixboxes).

Study of an eight-element list ex-ample illustrates the recursive

40 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

they replace, this method can repre-sent the same text in fewer bits.

The last technique saves space inthat it allows alphabetized lists to beused in a different order. (For exam-ple, in language lists a given set ofwords is mapped from the sequentialorder in its alphabetized list to asemantic order in a list of words ofequivalent meaning available in eachlanguage list; this is done so that thecomputer can translate a given wordto its equivalent in another language.)With this technique, a list of 2Nelements can be permuted into anyother arrangement of the same ele-ments by a relatively small number ofbits of information (see table 2). Referto the Mapping Algorithm text boxfor the details of this algorithm.

The Real-Time Clock

One of the most important internalfeatures of the Panasonic/QuasarHHC is its real-time clock and eventsequencer. The real-time clock existsin memory as a 40-bit number stored

method that is used to generate thefinal structure for longer lists.Figure 4 shows a mapping of thelist (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) to (6, 3, 8,1, 7, 5, 4, 2). As before, box S ismarked with an equal sign. Boxesin the first and last columns arethen filled in; this can even be donewith no knowledge of the contentsof boxes X and Y. The boxes Athrough G are filled in alpha-betically. Note that when theseboxes are filled, the boxes X and Ybecome "black boxes" that mapfour-element lists into anotherordering. These boxes are thensolved as shown in figure 3, andthe permutation of eight elementsis now solved. The final solutionhas twenty boxes: eight as shownin figure 4, plus six boxes each forboxes X and Y.

Larger lists are solved in an ana-logous way, with a list of 2Nelements first filling the 2N boxes inthe first and last columns, followedby the solution of the two middleboxes, each of which permutes alist of 2' elements. Table 2 showsthe number of boxes (or bits) nec-essary to solve larger permuta-tions.

•0UT2

•0UT3

-0UT4

©

0

1

P

1

X

3

3

Figure 3: Solving a four-element permutation problem as a network of binary deci-sions. Figure 3a shows the initial configuration used in the solution of any four-elementpermutation. Figures 3b, 3c, and 3d show steps in the solution of this problem. See theMapping Algorithm text box for further details.

January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 41

in 5 contiguous bytes of program-mable memory, supported by a hard-ware counter that can be preset. Anincrement of one unit in this numberrepresents a time change of 1/256 sec-ond (about 4 milliseconds), so thatthe 40-bit number represents thenumber of 1/256 second intervalsthat have elapsed since the computerwas permanently turned on. (Giventhe above figures, a 40-bit numberwill represent a time period of ap-proximately 139 years.)

In keeping with the design philos-ophy of burdening the 6502 micro-processor with as few tasks as possi-ble, the real-time clock was designedto require the generating of as few in-terrupts as possible. Another area ofmemory contains a signed 23-bitcounter circuit that automaticallycounts down to 0 at a rate of onecount every 1/256 second. Normally,when this timer reaches 0 (once every223/256 seconds, or about 9 hours), itgenerates an interrupt that adds thesame amount (about 9 hours) to the40-bit clock number. However, if anyprogram needs to access the real-timeclock, the appropriate count based onthe value in the 23-bit counter can beadded to the 40-bit clock number andthe 23-bit counter can be cleared, thusupdating the clock to its correctvalue.

Associated with the real-time clockis an event queue in which futureevents are stored as 40-bit numbersalong with instructions to be carriedout when the 40-bit clock numberreaches that value. Internally, theoperating system software can usethis event queue to manage a set ofasynchronous events with a mini-mum of processing. Application pro-grams can use the event queue, as canusers programming on the HHC.

Design for ComponentInteraction

The Quasar/Panasonic HHC wasdesigned to be compatible with bothexisting and future hardware andsoftware. Because of this, the mem-ory usage of the computer had to beplanned to provide maximum flex-ibility.

In most microcomputer systems,there are fixed memory locations orI/O (input/output) ports assigned forspecific hardware peripherals. Thelimitation of this approach is that theentire memory mapping must be fore-seen; otherwise the ability to include

Data compressiontechniques in the com-puter almost doublethe amount of Informa-tion that can be storedin a given number ofbits.

future peripherals is questionable.The HHC does not make any fixedassignments. Instead, 4 bytes for eachperipheral are dynamically assignedas I/O and status locations for all cur-rently connected peripherals eachtime the clear key is pressed, so anynumber of different peripheral typescan be accommodated without run-ning into memory map conflicts.

This flexible system of directing in-put and output allows the HHC tooffer a more commonsense approachto dealing with devices like printers,modems, LCD displays, and otherdevices. In most computers, specialcommands must be given to direct in-put and output to specific devices,and even then you may not be able todistribute it to several devices. For ex-ample, a special command, LPRINT,must be used to get either the RadioShack TRS-80 or the Atari 400 or 800to print information on theirassociated printers, and it is impossi-ble to get a program to print on boththe video display and the printerwithout using both PRINT andLPRINT statements. With some limit-ations this can be done with theApple computer, but only with thecorrect interface board and thecorrect PR#N command.

The attitude taken by Friends Amisis that you shouldn't have toremember extra information (which isoften complicated by being condi-tional on what the computer is cur-rently doing). With the HHC com-puter, the use of I/O devices can bechanged by pressing the I/O key andenabling or disabling the appropriatedevices from a menu displayed by theHHC. You can even, for example, in-terrupt a running program to enablethe printer, and resume the programwithout error; from that point on,both the current display device (theLCD display, color TV, or otherdevice) and the printer displaywhatever the program tells them to.This method allows HHC programs

to be independent of the I/O devices,and it allows the use of futureperipherals with current software.

Application Software

The Panasonic/Quasar HHC in-cludes several application programsthat are contained in the same built-inread-only memory devices as theoperating system. These programsimplement a calculator, a clock/secretary, and an electronic file sys-tem and editor. Each of these pro-grams is called from the primarymenu of the HHC.

The calculator program, whenselected, transforms the HHC into astandard four-function calculatorthat adds, subtracts, multiplies, anddivides. The calculator can store onenumber and has keys to add to, sub-tract from, clear, and recall memory.It also has a percent key.

The clock/secretary uses the real-time clock that knows the time ofday, the day of the week, and thedate (day, month, and year). A clockoption within the clock/secretaryallows the time and date to be dis-played and continuously updated onthe LCD display window. Otherwise,the clock/secretary can be used tokeep track of future events. You canspecify a time for the clock/secretaryto activate itself, and include an op-tional reminder message. When thattime arrives, the HHC sounds a mu-sical tune regardless of its currenttask; you can then perform an "ac-knowledge" operation and see themessage associated with the event.The number of events and messagesthat the clock/secretary can hold islimited by the amount of program-mable memory in the HHC.

The "memory bank" is the nick-name of an electronic file system andeditor within the HHC. You can enterlines (or records) of up to 80 char-acters of ASCII information, groupthem to make files, and modify andlist these files. Any file can be editedwith a powerful cursor-controllededitor that allows insertion and dele-tion of characters or lines at the cur-rent cursor position. With theSEARCH key, you can also retrieverecords from a file based on a char-acter string to be matched.

Memory bank files can have anynumber of records, with each recordholding up to 80 characters. The sizeand number of files that can be storeddepends on the amount of program-

42 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

mable memory in the HHC. The cur-rent model of the HHC has somewhatless than 1500 bytes of memory forthis purpose, but the amount ofmemory in the HHC can be expandedwith a battery-powered 4 K-bytememory extender peripheral. Futuremodels will accept more program-mable memory in the form of cap-sules that fit into the same sockets asthe read-only memory capsules.

The Extended HHC

The Quasar/Panasonic HHC,when combined with its line of pe-ripherals, has the ability to performany function that existing personalcomputers do, while retaining thecharacteristics and advantages of ahand-held unit. The following sec-tions describe two of the most in-teresting peripherals—the color tele-vision interface and the modem.

The color television interface is theonly peripheral that requires connec-tion to an AC power line. But sincethe interface is also connected to acolor TV, this is hardly a limitation.Once the interface is connected, out-put can be routed to the TV throughthe use of the I/O key.

Through the color TV, the HHCwill display 16 lines of 32 characterseach. Characters can be displayed inseveral combinations (orange orgreen characters on black, or blackcharacters on either an orange or agreen background). Several kinds ofcharacters can be displayed: upper-case and lowercase ASCII letters;numbers and punctuation; graphicspatterns; and katakana characters (aset of phonetic characters used by theJapanese). All characters are createdin a 7 by 9 dot matrix.

The color TV interface offers twomodes of color graphics: 32 by 64 pix-els, or 48 by 64 pixels. The interfaceallows for black and eight colors(red, blue, green, yellow, orange,magenta, cyan, and buff).

The color TV interface contains abuilt-in RF (radio-frequency) modu-lator, as well as 1.5 K bytes ofdynamic memory organized as twosoftware-selectable screen images.The connection from the interface tothe HHC is an interrupt-driven par-allel connection.

The modem, which connects to theHHC through an interrupt-drivenparallel interface, is acousticallycoupled to a standard telephonehandset (see photo 4). Its options—

O

©

1

1

X

6

4

1

O

Q

3

4

X

/ \ 6\ / 7

7 / \

4 \ /

X

©

©

©

Figure 4: Partial solution of an eight-element permutation problem. Each of the boxesin the first and last columns is filled in first. The solution of this problem is then finishedby the solution of two four-element permutations as given by the numbers on both sidesof the boxes marked X and Y.

110 or 300 bps (bits per second) datatransfer rate, full- or half-duplextransmission, answer or originatemode, number of start and stop bits,and parity—are all selected by soft-ware. In a daring departure from con-ventional modems, the HHC modemhas no visible switches to set any ofits options. This forces the softwareto control all the options and leavesnothing for you to worry with (or setincorrectly).

The HHC modem, like other HHCperipherals, is responsible for supply-ing standard input and output rou-tines. (By using a uniform softwareinterface for all peripherals, the HHCcan be expected to work with periph-erals that have not yet beendesigned.) Since the modem can beused in several ways, it is suppliedwith a socket in which to place a pro-gram capsule for a given application.The first capsule to be produced forthe HHC modem is called 'Telecom-

puting" and it will allow the HHC tobe used as an intelligent remote ter-minal that is connected, through themodem, to a timesharing computer ordata base. The program can be usedwith the small battery-operatedmodem directly connected to theHHC, in a hand-held configuration,or the printer and TV can be used.

The telecomputing software canuse an automatic X-ON/X-OFF hand-shaking with a host computer so thatyou can regulate the rate of display toyour reading speed. This protocol issupported by most popular networkssuch as Micronet, The Source, andTymnet. When a printer is not con-nected, you can review many lines ofprevious interaction as they appear inthe LCD display, creating, in effect, avirtual printout. Incoming lineslonger than the 26-character LCDdisplay are divided only at blanks.This "word-wrap" feature, combinedwith the review mode, assures

January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 43

readability with the 1-line display.

Background of the HHC

The HHC was developed as a resultof a unique union of Japanese andAmerican technology. Friends Amis,with headquarters in San Francisco,contributed the best of SiliconValley—a software-based systems ar-chitecture, circuit design, a uniqueoperating system and SNAP lan-guage. The company's founders, whocame from Atari Inc, were responsi-ble for introducing the now widelyaccepted consumer video games.Friends Amis' first product was thehighly successful language translatorsold by Craig, Quasar, andPanasonic; this product was quicklyfollowed by its point of informationdisplay computer and the HHC(hand-held computer).

Matsushita, the parent company ofPanasonic and Quasar, in Osaka,Japan, brought its unparalleledtechniques of miniaturization, in-dustrial design, quality assurance,and the ultimate in highly

The HHC, through thecolor television Inter-face, can display 16lines of 32 characterseach.

automated, high-volume, low-costmanufacturing—areas in which Japanhas clearly outstripped the US in re-cent years. Putting the best of bothworlds together has resulted in aspecial product that could not havebeen produced alone: the first hand-held computer with bus architecture,a powerful operating system, and afast 8-bit microprocessor.

Conclusions

•The Quasar and Panasonic HHCsare certainly impressive first entriesinto the new market of hand-held,consumer-oriented computers. Greatemphasis has been placed on humanengineering. This is important for anydevice marketed to the general

public, even more so when so manyfunctions are being placed into such asmall package.

•The HHC was designed as a basicunit augmented by an extensive com-plement of peripherals. This "de-bundled" approach allows you to buyonly those peripherals you want, giv-ing you a customized computer atminimal cost.

• Several innovations in the HHCcomputer allow it to have the powerof conventional personal computerswhile retaining the portability of ahand-held unit. The use of data com-pression techniques and program cap-sules enables very large amounts ofdata to be contained within the hand-held unit.

•The HHC is supplied with internalapplication programs that include aclock, an electronic secretary thatreminds you of future appointments,and a file system for user data con-tained completely within the pro-grammable memory of the computer.These are nice touches that add to theutility of the computer.

A Fictional Hand-HeldComputer

Duncan's Minisec had been aparting gift from Colin, and he wasnot completely familiar with itscontrols. There had been nothingreally wrong with his old unit, andhe had left it behind with someregret; but the casing had becomestained and battle-scarred, and hehad to agree that it was not elegantenough for Earth.

The 'Sec was the standard size ofall such units, determined by whatcould fit comfortably in the nor-mal human hand. At a quickglance, it did not differ greatlyfrom one of the small electroniccalculators that had started cominginto general use in the late twen-tieth century. It was, however,infinitely more versatile, andDuncan could not imagine how lifewould be possible without it.

Because of the finite size ofclumsy human fingers, it had nomore controls than its ancestors ofthree centuries earlier. There werefifty neat little studs; each, how-ever, had a virtually unlimitednumber of functions, according tothe mode of operation—for the

character visible on each studchanged according to the mode.Thus on ALPHANUMERIC,twenty-six of the studs bore theletters of the alphabet, while tenshowed the digits zero to nine. OnMATH, the letters disappearedfrom the alphabetical studs andwere replaced by X, +, +, —, =,and all the standard mathematicalfunctions.

Another mode was DICTION-ARY. The 'Sec stored over a hun-dred thousand words, whosethree-line definitions could bedisplayed on the bright littlescreen, steadily rolling over pageby page if desired. CLOCK andCALENDAR also used the screenfor display, but for dealing withvast amounts of information it wasdesirable to link the 'Sec to themuch larger screen of a standardComsole. This could be donethrough the unit's optical inter-face—a tiny Transmit-Receivebull's-eye operating in the nearultraviolet. As long as this lens wasin visual range of the correspond-ing sensor on a Comsole, the twounits could happily exchange in-formation at the rate of megabits

per second. Thus when the 'See'sown internal memory was satu-rated, its contents could bedumped into a larger store for per-manent keeping; or conversely, itcould be loaded up through the op-tical link with any special data re-quired for a particular job.

From Imperial Earth, copyright

1976 by Arthur C Clarke.

Reprinted by permission of

Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc.

[Editor's Note: The 'Duncan' refer-red to in the first paragraph isDuncan Makenzie, the main char-acter in Clarke's Imperial Earth.Duncan's boyhood friend is KarlHelmer, a character whose name isa variant spelling on that of ourFounding Editor, Carl Helmers.For a humorous (and somewhateerie) commentary on the namesimilarity and the anticipatedpossibility of a hand-held com-puter, see Carl Helmers' editorialin the April 1977 BYTE (page 6)."How I Was Born 300 Years Aheadof My Time."]

44 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

• The HHC retains the contents ofmemory even when it is turned off. Inaddition, you do not lose what youare working on if you accidentally hitthe OFF button. These are importantfeatures that indicate the amount anddepth of human engineering that hasbeen applied to the design of theHHC.

• The HHC will be marketedaggressively by both Quasar andPanasonic. The public reaction to thisdevice, which is the first of its kind tobe marketed on such a large scale,will be carefully observed by manu-facturers and may determine the ex-tent and direction of future consumerproducts in this area. We feel that the

Panasonic/Quasar HHC is highlyqualified to receive this scrutiny andthat the public response will befavorable. ■

Acknowledgment

The cover photograph and all interiorphotographs are by Ed Crabtree. Photo 2 iscourtesy Quasar Electronics Company.

Another Pocket Computer

The internal architecture of theTRS-80 Pocket Computer is radi-cally different from the otherpocket computers now reachingthe market. Instead of a single 8-bitmicroprocessor (such as that usedin the Quasar/Panasonic HHC andthe Sinclair ZX-80), the designersof the TRS-80 Pocket Computer(Sharp Electronics of Japan) decid-ed to use two 4-bit micro-processors in a unique serial con-figuration.

Both microprocessors arecustom CMOS (complementarymetal-oxide semiconductor) in-tegrated circuits with built-inROM (read-only memory). Thepurpose of microprocessor 1 is toarrange data and make decisions.It reads the data that is keyed in orfetched from programmablememory. It is also responsible forparsing arithmetic operations andinterpreting the syntax of BASICstatements. It then arranges thedata and provides instructioncodes to microprocessor 2 througha transfer buffer. The actual execu-tion of an instruction is performedby microprocessor 2, which alsoupdates the display and notifiesmicroprocessor 1 that it has finish-ed its function. The respectiveduties of the microprocessors arelisted at right.Memory Organization

The programmable memory ofthe TRS-80 Pocket Computer iscontained in four integrated cir-cuits. There are three memory ICs,each containing 512 bytes of pro-grammable memory. The three ICswhich drive the liquid-crystal dis-play each contain 128 bytes of pro-grammable memory. Putting it alltogether, you end up with 1920bytes of programmable memory.After you subtract memory spaceused for the transfer buffer, inputbuffer, display buffer, fixed mem-

Microprocessor 1

Microprocessor 2

Key input routineAcknowledgment of the

Display processing routineInput bufferComputational result

remaining program

Error

One instruction to one

Arithmetic routine

program step incorporation

Character generator

Interpreter:

Program execute statement

Cassette routine

Cassette control statementCommand statement

Print routine

Printer control (reserved)

Buzzer

Execution of manual

Recognition of printer

operation

(reserved)

Power shut-off control

Power off

Clock stop control

Clock stop

ories, and reserved keys, you endup with 1424 bytes of user-address-able memory. Into this space you

can easily fit a BASIC program ofaround 250 lines (averagelength)...SMm

January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 45

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Electromagnetic Interference

Steve Garcia

POB 582

Glastonbury CT 06033

You may have noticed that certainhousehold appliances such as amicrowave oven or tools such as apower saw affect television reception

Copyright © 1981 by Steven A Ciarcia.All rights reserved.

when they are running. This televi-sion interference, or TVI, is caused bythe electromagnetic energy which isradiated when these electrical devicesare in use. The general term used todescribe such noise is EMI (elec-tromagnetic interference).EMI emanates from both natural

and artificial sources. Natural ter-restrial EMI sources include lightningdischarges, precipitation, and storms.Man-made EMI can come fromelectrical-power systems, rotatingelectrical machinery, gaseous-discharge systems, and electronicequipment such as radar, computers,

Photo la: To illustrate the effects of radiated and coupled interference, a portable TV set is placed next to an operating TRS-80 ModelI computer. The result is a very snowy picture, primarily the result of radiated noise. Also note a slight blurring of the characters onthe TRS-80 display screen. A beat frequency caused by magnetic coupling between the two video displays causes the TRS-80 screenimage to shake. In a longer exposure, the characters would be illegible.

48 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

and television transmitters. NaturalEMI is usually beyond man's control,and attempts to reduce it must becentered on the susceptible equip-ment. Man-made EMI, on the otherhand, can be suppressed at thesource—this is the most satisfactoryway to eliminate interference.

Various forms of EMI are a majorconcern today due to the rapidgrowth of digital electronic process-ing in business, industrial, and homeenvironments. My mail has beenoverflowing with questions oncomputer-related interference. Theletters have been almost evenly divid-ed between readers who require helpin cutting down the EMI emitted fromtheir computers and those concernedwith their computers' own suscep-tibility to noise.

The problem has received con-siderable news coverage lately, due tothe FCC's (Federal CommunicationsCommission's) stepping in to regulatenoise emissions from personal com-

The relative effect of

capacftfve coupling of

noise Is dependent

upon the distance

between conductors.

puters and other electronic equip-ment. In the past, only equipment in-tended for certain military applica-tions had to meet EMI limitations.The few EMI filters that were in-stalled were primarily intended toprotect the equipment in which thefilters resided from the effects of EMIgenerated by external sources, enter-ing through the AC (alternating cur-rent) power lines.

Little if any thought was given toattenuating electrical noise which wasgenerated within the equipment, leak-

ing out through a variety of couplingpaths. Because of the large volume ofcomplaints about EMI that havereached the FCC, the Commissionhas set new regulations on the max-imum level of electrical noise that canbe emitted from electronic equip-ment. These regulations took effecton January 1, 1981. (See "FCCRegulation of Personal- and Home-Computing Devices" by Terry GMahn, September 1980 BYTE, page180.)

But what about the equipment youown now? What if you have an im-mediate noise problem? Where doyou start to solve the problem? Howdo you detect where the noise is com-ing from7 How do you break the pathbetween the noise source and the af-fected receiver? Should you put noisefilters on every electrical outlet in thehouse? How does shielding work?

Answering all these questionscould easily fill a book. However,because EMI is such a pressing prob-

Photo lb: Demonstration of the effects of shielding. We have added a line filter to eliminate conductive interference to the setup ofphoto la. In addition, two grounded copper sheets, one under the portable TV set and one to the left of it against the side of theTRS-80 video monitor, protect the TV set from radiated noise. The results can be seen as greatly improved picture quality.

January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc. 49

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The three forms ofnoise coupling are con-ductive, common-impedance, andradiated-field coupling.

lem for many computer owners, Ithink it needs to be addressednonetheless.

This article is intended as an in-troduction. While not endeavoring tocover all sources and solutions, it willoutline the common causes and pathsof noise and suggest possible methodsfor controlling interference. For thatreason, I am not limiting the discus-sion merely to computer-generatedEMI and related suppressionmethods. I hope the result will be abetter understanding of the entireproblem.

First, a few definitions:

• Noise: any electrical signal presentin a circuit other than the desiredsignal.

• Noise Path: the coupling mediumthat conducts the noise from thesource to the receiver.

• Interference: the undesirable effectof noise.

• Susceptibility: the capability of adevice or circuit to respond to un-wanted electrical noise.

• Receiver: any circuit or device be-ing affected by interference.

If you own a typical computer pur-chased before the FCC regulationswent into effect, then you no doubthave noticed that it emits con-siderable EMI. Depending upon themanufacturer and configuration ofthe system, the extent of the noisemay range from a little extra fuzzinessin television pictures to an actualblackout of TV reception. The effectupon nearby television sets is depen-dent upon the level of the emittednoise, the susceptibility of thereceiver, and the coupling channelwhich conducts the noise from thesource to the receiver.

Noise Coupling

In order for noise to be a problem,there must be a noise source, a re-ceiver that is susceptible to the noise,and a coupling channel that transmitsthe noise to the receiver. The relation-ship is shown in figure la.

We start to analyze a noise prob-

50 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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t Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc.

tTRS-80 is a trademark of Radio Shack, a division of Tandy Corp.

lem by defining what the noise sourceis, what the receiver is, and how thesource and receiver are coupledtogether. It follows that there arethree ways to break the path:

1. The noise can be suppressed at thesource.

2. The receiver can be made insen-sitive to the noise.

3. The amount of energy leakingthrough the coupling channel can beminimized.

There are three forms of noisecoupling: conductive, common-impedance, and radiated-field cou-pling. Figure lb demonstrates atypical situation. In this circuit, thecommutator noise generated from the

Photo 2: The simplest method of noise reduction is to use capacitors as simple filters.This photo shows two 0.1 fiF, 1000 V capacitors used to filter the AC power line in avideo terminal.

motor is both conducted along andradiated from the leads going to themotor-control circuit. Also, themotor control and the televisionreceiving set are plugged into thesame long extension cord, so theyshare a common line impedance. Thecoupling channel consists of:

• conduction on the motor power-supply leads

• radiation from the leads

• common line impedance

To eliminate the motor's influence onthe TV, all three parts of the couplingpath must be broken. You can applyEMI controls to any or all of theseelements.

Conductive Coupling

Conductively coupled noise isoften overlooked. A wire passingthrough a noisy environment picksup noise either by capacitive ormagnetic coupling and conducts it toanother circuit. A simple representa-tion of capacitive coupling betweentwo conductors is shown in figure 2.When the resistance from conductor 2to ground, R, is large, the voltagecoupled from conductor 1 to conduc-tor 2 is defined as follows:

VN =

\ ca + C2C J

v,

Photo 3: Commercial power-line filters from Corcom Inc, 2635 North Kildare Ave,Chicago IL 60639. Prices range from $10 to $20.

where C12 is the stray capacitance bet-ween conductors 1 and 2, CiC is thecapacitance between conductor 1 andground, C2C is the capacitance be-tween conductor 2 and ground, R isthe resistance from conductor 2 toground, V, is the interfering voltage,and Vat is the noise voltage producedon conductor 2.

Even though this may appear small(perhaps a few microvolts),remember that some receiversamplify input signals thousands oftimes. A few microvolts of noise onthe antenna terminals of a televisionset could easily be greater than thedesired video signal.

Figure 3 shows the effect of conduc-tor spacing on capacitive coupling.The coupling factor is said to be 0 dB(decibels) when the two conductorsare separated by a distance equal tothree times the conductor diameter(for 22-gauge wire, d = 0.71 mm orabout 0.028 inches); the factordecreases rapidly as the spacing in-creases. Separating wires reduces thecapacitive coupling between them.However, little is gained by spacing

52 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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NOISESOURCE

COUPLINGCHANNEL

RECEIVER

Figure la: The general case of the transmission of electrical noise.

AC POWER LINE

(TELEVISION SET)

Figure lb: A typical noise-coupling situation: commutator noise generated by the motoris conducted along and radiated from the connecting leads. Common line impedanceshared by the receiver (a television set) and the motor cause motor noise to be imposedon the receiver's power input.

Ct2=stray capacitance between

conductors 1 and 2Cic=capacitance between conductor

1 and ground

Cic — capacitance between conductor

2 and ground

R = resistance from conductor 2 to

groundVi ^interfering voltageVN=noise voltage produced on

conductor 2.

CONDUCTORS

Figure 2: Representation of capacitive coupling between two conductors. The defini-tions of the symbols are listed above.

1/8 1/4 1/2

SEPARATION D FOR 22-GAUGE WIRE (INCHES)1 11/2 2 2 1/2 3

-2-4-6-8-10-12

Figure 3: The relative effect of capacitive coupling of noise is dependent upon thedistance between conductors. In the chart shown, for 22-gauge wire, coupling is signifi-cant only when the conductors are closer together than 25 mm (1 inch).

the conductors more than 40diameters apart (about 25 mm or 1inch).

Magnetic Coupling

Magnetic coupling is also a prob-lem. When a current flows in a closedcircuit, it produces a magnetic fluxwhich is proportional to the current.If two wires are parallel, the flux pro-duced in one wire will induce avoltage in the second wire. This in-duced voltage constitutes noise.When you are running wires betweensensitive electronic components,avoid laying signal wires parallel tonoisy, high-current AC power lines.If a signal line must cross a powerline, have it do so at a right angle.

Common-Impedance Coupling

Common-impedance coupling oc-curs when currents from two differentcircuits flow through a common im-pedance. Two examples of this typeof coupling are shown in figures 4 and5. In figure 4, the ground currents ofboth circuits flow through a commonground impedance. The groundpotential of circuit 1 is modulated bycircuit 2, and vice versa. Any fluctua-tions in the ground current of circuit 2will be coupled through the groundimpedance, Xc, to circuit 1.

Another example is the power-distribution schematic diagramshown in figure 5. Any change in thecurrent required by circuit 2 will af-fect the voltage at the terminals of cir-cuit 1. This effect is due to the com-mon impedance of the power-supplylines and internal source impedance,RSl of the power supply. Shorterleads will help reduce the line im-pedance, but the source impedancealways remains. The typical com-puter system plagued with common-impedance noise is one where thebuilder has attempted to use the pro-cessor power supply to runeverything, including peripherals.The apparent economy is outweighedby periodic system crashes and un-predictable errors.

Radiated-Field Coupling

Radiated electric and magneticfields provide the last form of cou-pling. This form of coupling can bemost easily thought of as free-airradio transmission. The interferingcircuit broadcasts noise just like aradio station, and every conductivesurface in the receiver acts as anantenna. At close distances, the noisecan in fact be much stronger than areal radio station. [Many readers

54 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

University Basic ROM kit.Nowavailable for TM990/189 module.

On-board. Or off.

We've added another option to ourTM990/189 University Module. Now, inaddition to the I/O and RAM expansionkits previously offered, you can buy theTM990/189-1 module with a UniversityBasic ROM kit on-board, and get newhardware features, too. Features like:

• 1Kbyte of extra RAM

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• Off-board CRU expansion

All for the attractive price of $399*.

With the TM990/469 Basic ROM kit,standard 189 modules provide "hands-on" training for students and engineerswho want to learn a high-level languagelike Power Basic. The kit also supportsa subset of the Power Basic commandsand statements including SAVE andLOAD. Unique color commands such asTONE, COLOR, PATTERN andSPRITE work with TI's TMS9918Video Display Processor. Another fea-ture is the ability to access assembly

language routines from the UniversityBasic programs.

When purchased separately, theROM kit costs only $110*.

Of course, the standard TM990/189 isstill available. And, it's still your bestticket into the microprocessor world.For maximum hands-on experience.For ease and simplicity of learning andteaching about microprocessors, hard-ware, and assembly language.

Outstanding features for the stan-dard fully assembled TM990/189 stand-alone learning tool include:

• Powerful 16-bit microprocessor withminicomputer instruction set.

• 45-key alphanumeric keyboard and10-digit, 7-segment display for easyassembly language programming.

• ROM-resident software

• Audio cassette interface

• Easy-to-add EIA and TTY interface

• IK byte RAM expandable to 2K

• 4K byte ROM and 2K byte expansionEPROM socket.

• 16-bit programmable I/O controller.

• User addressable LEDs and soundindicator.

A 570-page tutorial text accompa-nies the TM990/189. It's a detailedguide for self-paced learning. Or, thebasis for a three-hour universitycourse. Also with the module: a 300-page user's guide.

The TM990/189 complete with tuto-rial text and user's guide is only $299*.

Order your University Module fromyour nearest authorized Texas Instru-ments distributor. For more informa-tion, send for a free copy of our newlyrevised brochure, CL- i—I o423B. Write to Texas In- I JnCstruments Incorporated, ^"^ h[]fP.O. Box 1443, M/S 6404,Houston, Texas 77001.

*U.S. price, subject to change without notice.© 1980 Texas Instruments Incorporated

Circle 28 on inquiry card.

Texas Instruments

INCORPORATED

CIRCUIT 1

CIRCUIT 2

GROUND VOLTAGEOF CIRCUIT 1

II

A?

GROUND CURRENTl2G

/77

"GROUND CURRENTllG

COMMON GROUNDIMPEDANCE

GROUND VOLTAGEOF CIRCUIT 2

fh

Figure 4: Common-ground-impedance coupling is caused by two pieces of equipment using the same electrical lead to ground. Theground current of one influences the ground-reference voltage of the other, and vice versa. One solution to this is a single-pointgrounding system.

probably know of methods forgenerating computer music by usingan AM radio to pick up computer-emitted noise while the appropriateprogram runs...RSS]

The characteristics of a field aredetermined by the source of the fieldand the distance between the sourceand the point of observation. Whenthe receiver is near-field, closer than1/6 wavelength, the electric andmagnetic fields are consideredseparately. Any source/receiverdistance greater than V6 wavelengthis far-field, and the electric andmagnetic fields are consideredtogether and are called simply theelectromagnetic field.

At frequencies below 1 MHz, mostcoupling is near-field, because thenear-field boundary at the corre-sponding wavelengths extends out toapproximately 45 meters (150 feet) ormore. At 100 MHz, most coupling isfar-field. For purposes of this discus-

sion, however, radiated-field-interference problems within anygiven piece of equipment should beconsidered to be caused by near-fieldradiation unless the interference isclearly from far-field radiation.

Finding and Fixinga Noise Problem

The key to solving a noise problemis finding the source of the noise. Infact, your computer might not be theculprit. More than one computerowner has suffered complaints abouthis "computerized noise generator"only to later find that the real sourceof the interference was the solid-statelight dimmer on the overhead light.

Continuous sources of noise areeasier to identify than intermittentones. The interference from ap-pliances and computers is usuallybroadband, affecting the entire radio-frequency spectrum. Digitalwaveforms are especially rich in har-

_—SOURCE IMPEDANCE'l + l2

^i_^

*s

, . -

CIRCUIT1

<T

COMMON LINEIMPEDANCES

POWERSOURCE

^2

CIRCUIT 2

Figure 5: Common-power-source coupling occurs within a computer that uses a singlepower supply for multiple peripheral devices. Due to the impedances on the connectinglines, the current drawn by one circuit changes the voltage "seen" by another circuit.

monic frequencies, as shown in figure6. Therefore, the continuous,harmonic-rich emissions of com-puters are relatively easy to find.

A standard battery-operated AMradio makes a good EMl detector.With it tuned to a frequency at whichthe noise is the loudest, just roamaround the house looking for theplace where the interference is thestrongest.

If you suspect the computer, thenmove the radio around it and alongthe connecting cables. You will besurprised how much the cables con-tribute to radiated noise. Disconnectcables and peripheral devices selec-tively to further isolate interferencesources. Often, the long leads be-tween the computer and printer emitelectromagnetic radiation as well asany transmitting antenna you couldhave possibly designed.

Finally, move the radio along thepower cord you have supplying thecomputer system. If you are using a15-meter (50-foot) extension cordwithout the ground lead connected,shortening the cord will reduce radia-tion considerably.

If the computer system is indeedfound to be the source of the in-terference, there are a variety ofpossible coupling paths. The couplingefficiency of digital interference isproportional to frequency; the higherthe frequency, the greater the in-terference. Depending upon thedesign, these interfering signals canradiate from the source, couple fromline to line, or be conducted directlythrough connecting wires to the exter-nal environment. Each noise pathmust be suppressed.

Grounding

Grounding is the primary way to

56 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 29 on inquiry card.

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The three ASCII compatible interfaces (parallel,RS-232-C and current loop) are standard, so con-necting your computer is usually a matter of plug-

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minimize unwanted noise andpickup. It is often the optimal solu-tion to most problems. There are twobasic objectives in designing propergrounding systems. The first is tominimize the noise voltage generatedby currents from two or more circuitsflowing through a common ground

impedance; the second is to avoidcreating ground loops which aresusceptible to magnetic fields and dif-ferences in ground potential. Thisground is the reference point for allvoltages in the system.

Signal grounds are generallyclassified as either single-point or

Photo 4: Switching-type power supplies, which use high-frequency pulse-width-modulated waveforms, are a potential source of noise. Most often they are contained inshielded enclosures, as in the Apple II, to eliminate possibly interfering radiation.

Photo 5: The Atari 400 and Atari 800 personal computers are designed to eliminate anyforms of EMI coupling and to meet the new FCC standards. This requires considerableshielding. The high-frequency processor and memory sections of the printed-circuitboard are segregated from the power supply and I/O (input/output) areas. A heavy-gauge aluminum enclosure encircles the high-frequency sections, as shown in this Atari800.

58 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

The Talk of the '80s

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Written in Pascal, the system runs on most any 56K or 64K micro or mini computer. The system is currently operatingon Dynabyte, Cromemco, Onyx, Vector Graphic, and Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) computers. Differentsystems provide 500 to 10,000+ patient capacity.

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multipoint grounds. From a noise-reduction point of view, the single-point ground is more desirable. Nor-mally, with equipment operating atfrequencies below 1 MHz, a single-point system is used. Above 10 MHz,a multipoint ground is best, tominimize ground impedance. Be-tween these bounds, the type ofgrounding depends on the systemconfiguration and layout. For per-sonal computers, single-pointgrounding is advised.

The AC power ground is of littlepractical value as a signal ground. Itis usually connected to signal groundas a safety measure only.

Shielding

When properly used, shielding isan effective means of reducing thecoupling of noise between conduc-tors. Shields consist of a variety ofconductive materials (usually steel,copper, or aluminum), all of whichserve in some way to reflect, absorb,or otherwise channel noise currentsaway from the protected conductor.Shields may be placed around com-ponents, circuits, completeassemblies, cables, or transmissionlines.

A parallel-tuned trapcannot be used forbroadband computer-generated noise.

The best way to minimize radiatednoise and susceptibility on connectingwires is to use coaxial cable (coax) orshielded twisted-pair cabling betweenperipheral devices and the processor.If the coaxial-cable shield is groundedat one end, it will protect the centralconductor from electric-field radia-tion. Grounding the shield at bothends creates a return current in theshield, which generates a field thatcancels the conductor's electric fieldand any magnetic interference aswell.

In twisted-pair shielded wire,grounding the shield at one end takescare of electric fields, while twistingthe conductor with the return lineserves to reduce magnetic suscep-tibility. (Twisted-pair shielded wire isespecially useful on low-levelsignals.) The number of twists perfoot determines the insensitivity to

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magnetic fields.

When comparing coaxial cable andshielded twisted-pair cable, it is im-portant to recognize their differencesin signal propagation, irrespective oftheir shielding characteristics. Shield-ed twisted-pair cable is very useful atfrequencies below 100 kHz. Above 1MHz the signal losses are con-siderable.

Coaxial cable, grounded at oneend, provides a good degree of pro-tection from capacitive pickup andcan be used at all frequencies fromDC (direct current) to UHF (ultra-high frequencies). However, due tothe potential for noise currents toflow through the shield (which is alsopart of the signal path), coaxial cableis better used at higher frequencieswhere such errors are minimized.Shielded twisted-pair cable, on theother hand, does not exhibit thisproblem and should be used for con-ducting low-frequency signals.

An unshielded twisted pair, unlessit is balanced, provides very littleprotection from capacitive pickup,but can still be good for magnetic-field protection. Plain untwisted-paircable, such as the zip cord you mightpurchase from a hardware store, pro-vides no electromagnetic-field protec-tion and should be avoided if youhave a noise problem.

Multiple-conductor cables, in-cluding ribbon cables, are alsoavailable in twisted-pair configura-tions. A common cable used in dataacquisition is a twelve-conductorshielded cable that consists of sixtwisted pairs surrounded by a singlefoil or braided shield. This cable isvery expensive, however, and it isbest acquired on the surplus market.

Shielding the connecting cablesmay eliminate only part of the prob-lem, especially if you determine thatthe major source of radiation is thecomputer. Most computers are en-cased in metal chassis. If these are notproperly grounded, the benefits of themetal as shielding material are lost.

On the other hand, if the computeris encased in plastic, the only solutionis to coat the inside (or the outside) ofthe case with a conductive substanceand connect it to signal ground.Aluminum foil, for example, could beused, but I suggest that you try all theother suppression measures before at-tempting this.

Encasing the entire computer in aconductive enclosure is not un-thinkable. In fact, newer small com-puters such as the Atari 800 andHewlett-Packard HP-85 are built ex-

60 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 32 on inquiry card.

Circle 33 on inquiry card.

When It ComesTo Add-on Memory...

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Circle 34 on inquiry card.

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62 January 1981 © BYTE Publications tnc

actly that way. It is very effective inboth containing the computer's elec-tromagnetic fields and protecting thecomputer circuitry from externalnoise. When an EMI field impinges ona shield, some of its energy isreflected at the first surface, some isabsorbed by the shield material, someis reflected by the second surface, andsome passes through. In general the

following is true of enclosure-typeshielding:

• Magnetic fields are harder to shieldagainst than electric fields. Magneticmaterial should be used to shieldagainst low-frequency magneticfields.

• At high frequencies, a good conduc-tor suitably shields against both elec-

Summary of Noise-Reduction Techniques

Suppressing noise at the source:

4. Keep ground leads as short as

possible.

1. Enclose noisy sources in a

5. Separate noisy and quiet leads.

shielded enclosure.

6. Use a single-point grounding

2. Filter all leads leaving a noisy

system.

environment.

7. Avoid ground loops.

3. Shield and twist noisy leads.

8. Keep sensitive-signal leads as

4. Ground both ends of coaxial-

short as possible.

cable shields to suppress radiated

interference.

Reducing noise at the receiver:

5. Limit pulse-rise times where

possible.

1. Use frequency-selective filters

where applicable.

Eliminating noise coupling:

2. Use shielded enclosures for sen-

sitive circuitry.

1. Twist and shield signal leads.

3. Provide proper power-supply

2. Ground shielded leads used to

filtering.

protect low-level signals at one end

4. Separate signal and hardware

only.

grounds.

3. Avoid ground leads in common

5. Use shielded cables to protect

between high-level and low-level

low-level signals.

equipment.

Photo 6: The underside of an Atari 800. Metal plates enclose the processor andmemory. The green printed-circuit board on the lower left contains the keyboard cir-cuit. Since it runs at low frequencies, it does not require a shielded enclosure.

Circle 35 on inquiry card. —►

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This fast-cleaning new Scotchkit comes with everythingyou need (including specialfluid, applicator tip, cleaningdiskettes) to handle up to30 cleanings. That's only abouta dollar a cleaning.

With the Scotch head-clean-ing diskette kit, you could saveyourself a lot more than just aservice call. So try this remark-able kit today. For the name of

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BASIC — Some of the features of OSSBASIC are syntax checking on programentry, true decimal arithmetic (great formoney applications), 32K byte string sizes,flexible I/O, long variable names (up to 255significant characters), and the ability to getand put single bytes.

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trie and magnetic fields.

• Shielding effectiveness is increasedwith thicker shielding material.

• In practice, actual shielding effec-tiveness obtained is determined bythe leakage through seams and joints,not by the shielding effectiveness ofthe material.

Filtering

Grounding and shielding wereprescribed to eliminate noise at thesource. The final measure, filtering, isapplicable either at the source or atthe receiver. Filtering is generally theeasiest form of noise abatement. It isprimarily used to reduce noise con-

Photo 7: The Atari computers allow the user to plug in special game and business pro-gram cartridges. These ROM packs (read-only-memory modules), which are connecteddirectly to the processor bus, must also be kept within the shield when the computer isrunning. This is accomplished using a special molded, %-inch (9.5 mm)-thick socket thatis electrically part of the shield. A plate of aluminum with conductive gasket materialaround the edges is attached to the cover. When the cover is closed, the memory is com-pletely shielded and virtually no electrical noise is emitted.

Photo 8: To reduce any high-frequency harmonics that might radiate from the video-monitor cable, a toroidal ferrite core may be wrapped in the line.

64 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 37 on inquiry card.

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The ACE 64K Distributed Process-ing single board Computer, thedpc-180 " gives the DISCOVERYMULTIPROCESSOR its uniquearchitecture. One DPC is dedicatedto each user providing exclusive useof the onboard Z-80, 64K ram andserial I/O. Shared storage is pro-vided by an expanded DPC used asthe Service Processor. Additionalusers can be added at any time bysimply inserting additional DPCsinto the standard S-100 bus — up to16 in a single chassis!

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(a)

FUNDAMENTAL

FUNDAMENTAL AND 3RD HARMONIC

FUNDAMENTAL, 3RD, AND 5TH HARMONICS

(b)

4V/jr

I , I , I

0 123456 789HARMONICS

Figure 6: Within the computer and be-tween peripherals, signals are digital. (6a)Such signals are square waves with veryfast rise times, composed of the fun-damental frequency, u, and all the oddharmonics of the fundamental frequency.In a computer with a clock frequency of 8MHz, there will be radiated noise at 8MHz, 24 MHz, 40 MHz, etc. (6b) Theamplitude becomes less at each higherharmonic.

f(t) = l^sin wt + ^sin 3o)f + §^sin 5u>f + |^sin 7a>t +

7r 3tt ot fw

AC LINE

Figure 7: A simple low-pass line filter with homemade inductors.

-3/4 in.-

1

1/2 in., 12.7 mm

10 TURNSNUMBER 16 WIREFOR L

duction into or out of the AC powerlines.

A circuit used as a power-line filteris a low-pass filter ideally designed tosupress all frequencies above 60 Hz.Such filters are commerciallyavailable from many sources but arealso easy to construct.

If you prefer to build a simple linefilter, figure 7 shows the schematicdiagram of a typical circuit. This cir-cuit is applicable for use in instancesof minor television interference. Itshould clear up most line-couplednoise problems.

As a practical matter, simple linefilters are less than ideal. Typicalcommercial single-section line filtersuse toroidal inductors and provideabout 55 dB of attenuation at 3 to 5MHz. Attenuation can be typicallyincreased to 70 dB by adding a second

LC (inductance/capacitance) section.A line filter should be used on thecomputer and any susceptiblereceivers.

If your TV reception is still garbledor nonexistent after you install a linefilter, then your set is picking upradiated noise through the antennainput. Generally, you will find theVHF (very-high-frequency) channelsto be affected much more than theUHF channels. This is because mostof the noise energy generated by thecomputer is at frequencies below 100MHz (VHF channels 2 thru 6 are be-tween 54 and 88 MHz). At frequenciesabove 470 MHz, where channel 14starts, there isn't much energy in thenoise spectrum.

The process of eliminatingradiated-noise pickup starts withreplacing the 300-ohm twin-lead cable

from the antenna to the televisionreceiver with 75-ohm coaxial cable. Ifthe problem persists after you do this,then additional filtering is in order. Ifthe noise is determined to be a singlefrequency, such as that emitted froma Citizens' Band radio transmitternext door, then a parallel-tuned trapthat singles out this one frequencyshould be used. Figure 8 shows such afilter circuit.

Computer-generated noise isbroadband rather than narrow-band.A parallel-tuned trap cannot be used,and a different filtering techniquemust be employed. A high-pass filteron the set's antenna input may beneeded. The system clock frequencyof most computers is between 1 MHzand 8 MHz. Harmonics will, ofcourse, reach much higher frequen-cies. The harmonic amplitude

66 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 38 on inquiry card.

Whateverhappened toeenie, meenie,miney, mo?

...a perfectgift for thaturban cowgirl!

I could he

another

i Solomon.

1

'This may putthe Godfather^out ofbusiness.

If onlymy heartwould stop Iiracing...

It must use

Bayesian,

weighted factor

.analysis, and..

Brilliant!Like a windowinto the future.

Maybe this'llhelp me choosea career...

I coulduse it toselect my staff.

Should I

buy stock

or commodities

in this economy?

Hp> i

mf Would i ^M

■ rather have ^

Winston's millions

H or Billy Joe's a

j^^^^M

^L low-'.' ^^k

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could be ^H

my ticket V

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afford$29.95? J

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H^/i Dec is ion Master speaks everybody listens.

Let's face it. We all have to make decisions. Decisions that can change our lives. Decisions that canmake us happy or unhappy. Decisions that could win us lame or fortune. Now, DecisionMastercan help you make the hest decisions of your life.

Use Bayesian theory to peer into the future...even if you've never heard of the Bayes' Rule. ADo a complete weighted factor analysis... without knowing what one is. Use discounted jdm

cash How to compare investment alternatives without bothering with present value a4^

tables. These and other sophisticated theories that were once the exclusive domain ofprofessors and top business executives are huili into DecisionMaster's algorithms...so you can use them at the touch of a key!

DecisionMaster is easy to use. It features:

• A fully documented manual developed by an authority in the field.

• A unique program-controlled cross reference system.

• A powerful formatted-screen data entry system.

You'll use DecisionMaster in hundreds of routine decisions,as well as more important ones such as* Buying a house

• Changing jobs* Selecting investment' Evaluating insur-ance policies- Expanding product lines* Leasing vs.purchasing.

If you buy only one computer program this year,make it DecisionMaster. And when it speaks.listen.

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Figure 8: A parallel-tuned trap filter for use on FM-radio or television sets. Each LCcombination is set for resonance at the frequency that is causing the interference. Trapfilters are suitable only for eliminating narrow-band interference such as that fromCitizens' Band radio transmitters.

Here, the center frequency trapped by the filter can be calculated from the equationfo=159.2/\JLC , where /0 is the resonant frequency in Hertz, L is the inductance inmicrohenrys, and C is the capacitance in microfarads.

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Figure 9a: A high-pass filter for use with 300-ohm antenna cable. A high-pass filter canbe used on television-receiving sets and FM-radio receivers to reduce or eliminate noiseat frequencies under 50 MHz, such as that produced by personal computers. Thesefilters pass frequencies above 54 MHz (where the VHF-TV broadcast band lies) and at-tenuate any lower frequencies where noise may reside.

In this design, the inductors Li and L2 are made from eight turns of 18-gauge wire in acoil 19 mm (V* inch) in diameter, 25.4 mm (1 inch) long.

diminishes with each successive fre-quency multiplication.

If we can presume that practicallyall of the radiated noise is below 54MHz where channel 2 starts, then wecan construct a filter that passes onlythe frequencies above 54 MHz. Thefilter should actually be set for a cut-off frequency of 45 MHz to reduce at-tenuation at the desired frequenciesabove 54 MHz. In combination withcoaxial cable, the high-pass filterusually remedies 80% of all in-terference problems. Figure 9 showsthe schematic diagram of a typicalhigh-pass filter.

The use of a coaxial cable, a linefilter, and an antenna filter should getyou out of the digital doghouse.

In Conclusion

EMI is but one of the many prob-lems confronting computer users. Ihave only touched on a few of thebasics in this short article, with myconcern obviously centered on the ef-fect the computer has on other equip-ment. I hope that I have provided youwith some solutions.

The effect the environment has onthe computer is an entirely differentmatter. You have probably noticedthat I have tactfully avoided discuss-ing things like voltage spikes, linefluctuations, frequency variations,and line interruptions. While often in-cluded in the consideration of EMI,problems of power-line performanceis an entirely different subject, requir-ing different solutions.

Noise filtering may improve yourrelations with your neighbor, andreduce the susceptibility of yourequipment to transients, but it will donothing to save you from the powercompany. It remains for me to coverthis latter problem in a separatediscussion.!

22pF

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Figure 9b: A high-pass filter for use with 75-ohm coaxial antenna cable. In this design,inductors L3 and L3 are made from four turns of 14-gauge wire in a coil 6.35 mm (Vtinch) in diameter and 12.7 mm {Vi inch) long, tapped one-half turn from the end. Induc-tors Ls and Lt are made from ten turns of 22-gauge wire in a coil 6.35 mm (V* inch) indiameter, with the turns spaced at 3.175 per cm (8 per inch).

Next Month:

Milton-Bradley s Big Trak is aclever toy. Wireless remote controlmakes it even more clever.

Editor's Note: Steve often refers toprevious Circuit Cellar articles asreference material for the articles hepresents each month. These articles areavailable in reprint books from BYTEBooks, 70 Main St, Peterborough NH03458. Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar covers ar-ticles appearing in BYTE from September1977 thru November 1978. Ciarcia's Cir-cuit Cellar, Volume II presents articlesfrom December 1978 thru June 1980.

68 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 204 on Inquiry card.

Two Great New TRS-80 Computers.

Radio Shack-Setting New Standards

For Price and Performance!

K TRS-80 Model III. The new standard inpersonal computers—packed with the advanced fea-tures you want, yet priced unbelievably low! TheModel Ill's handsome one-piece cabinet includes a highresolution 12-inch monitor that displays 16 lines of 64upper/lower case characters, and graphics. It also includesa 65-key typewriter-style keyboard with data pad. There isroom inside for two optional double-density disk drives —and you can add two more external drives for a total ofapproximately 670K bytes of on-line storage. Model IIIcomes with a two-speed cassette interface, so most of ourhuge library of Model I, Level II software can be used. Andthe new 1500-baud mode gives you really fast cassette I/O.The very powerful Model III BASIC language, contained in14K of ROM, features automatic line numbering, tracing,PEEK and POKE, machine language programming, key-board-controlled screen print, I/O device routing, repeatingkeys, special characters and lots more. Other Model III fea-tures include a built-in real time clock, cassette jack andModel III bus, plus a built-in printer interface for direct con-nection with Radio Shack printers. With the built-in RS-232firmware and the optional internal RS-232 board, commu-nications is a snap! Model III is expandable to 48K RAM atany time, and is also available with 4K RAM and Level IBASIC (for only $699*). A full-blown 32K, 2 disk systemwith RS-232 is yours for only $2495* This is the break-through you've been waiting for. Come in and try Model IIItoday. 16K TRS-80 Model III Only $999*

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16K TRS-80® Color Computer. Vivid 8-color graph-ics, sound, the high performance 6809E microprocessorand more — at a very affordable low price! This amazinglyportable new micro attaches in seconds to any TV set. Useit at work, at school or at home. Its Extended Color BASIClanguage provides unique commands for graphics manip-ulations, easy machine language programming, complexmusical sounds (with more than one note!), PEEK andPOKE, specific error messages and much more. A built-inRS-232 serial interface lets you attach a modem for com-munications or a serial printer. Of course, you can save yourprograms on cassette (at a fast 1500 baud)—or just pop inone of our instant-loading ROM Program-Paks for a widevariety of fast-paced games and valuable personal applica-tions. Like all TRS-80s, it's easy to expand — add a printernow, disk drives are on the way. An optional pair of joysticksbrings extra maneuverability and real excitement to com-puter games. The TRS-80 Color Computer is also availablewith 4K RAM and Color BASIC (at just $399*). This is themultipurpose computer you've been waiting for. Try it todayat your nearest Radio Shack store, Authorized Dealer orComputer Center. 16K TRS-80 Color Computer withExtended Color BASIC Only $599*

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•Retail prices may vary at Individual stores and dealers. Ask for our FREE 1981 TRS-80 Computer Catalog or Write Dept. 79, 1300 One Tandy Center, Fort Worth. Texas 76102

dFEW

OF THE FEATURES

THdTGVETEMK

THE EDGE 111

PRKE/PERFOOTMIKE

While some of the features ofTerak's new 8600 can be found inother computer graphic systems,no other system in the $5K-$20Kprice class (and even those costingthousands more) provides a com-parable combination of featuresand benefits. Features such as

Low Entry Cost The basic8600 color system is priced at about$15,000. It can be upgraded tohigher resolution and a greaternumber of colors, but even fuJJyexpanded it still comes in at lessthan $19,000.

Or, you can start with a blackand white system for less than$8,500 and upgrade to color at anytime by the addition of a colorprocessor and monitor.

SimultaneousGraphic/Text Display

The 8600 offers outstandingcontrol and formatting of bothgraphics and text. Completelyunder user control, the multiplememory planes permit simul-taneous display and indepen-dent manipulation of text andgraphics to achieve specialeffects such as overlays, scroll-ing and zoning. This capa-bility, in conjunction withTerak's unique flexible charac-ter generation, enables the8600 to present visual displaysthat are unequalled by anyother system of its class.

Broad Spectrumof Color Selection

The number of color mapsand the colors in each map iscompletely under softwarecontrol. With a 6-plane mem-ory (640 x 480 x 6), up to 64colors can be displayed on thescreen simultaneously. Witha 3-plane memory (320 x 240 x3), up to 8 simultaneous colorscan be displayed from anyone of eight color maps. Theoutput of the color map pro-duces eight levels each for red,blue and green. The resultis the selection of 512 possiblelevels of intensity, saturationand hue. Switching from mapto map is under softwarecontrol.

The 8600 monitor screen canbe divided into a maximum offour variable size zones. In <itypical application, the upperthree zones can display graph-ics while the lower zone dis-plays text. The text can bescrolled or slow scrolled whilethe graphics are changing tocoincide with the text changes.

Dual Processors For Speed andFlexibility The two 16-bit proces-sors (each with its own memory)are assigned those tasks which theycan accomplish most efficiently andwith the fastest throughput. Theresult is more available user spacein memory faster processing andincreased flexibility of operation.

DEC Based Hardware andSoftware The DEC based hard-ware and software includes theLSI-11 main processor, RT-11 oper-ating system and Q bus compati-bility. As a result the 8600 willsupport a variety of software andeasily integrates peripheral devices.

USCD Pascal, Too The 8600also supports the easy to use USCDPascal operating system for pro-

gram development, text editing,word processing and interactiveapplications.

Siggraph Core Standards, 2D1Level Graphic support is pro-vided for USCD Pascal and RT-11for Fortran, Basic and Pascal.

The Other Reasons? Add suchthings as graphics display listprocessing, a high resolution quad-rant, four modes of display blank-ing, emulation, remote on-linediagnostics, etc. The list goes onand on. But to fully appreciatethe system you should see one inaction. We'll be happy to set upan appointment. Just contact us.

CORPORATION

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u

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ibleCharacter Generation

nlike the rigid cell sizes ofmany graphic display systems,the 8600 character generationis under software control.Characters can be programmedto any size or shape includingthe creation and display oforeign languages such asArabic, Hebrew, Russian, etc.,mathematical symbols, primi-tives, specially configuredletters, characters or symbolsand a host of others.

Fill Algorithms

Terak's fill algorithms are fastand allows you to fill the insideof simple or complex geometricfigures without calculating points.This not only helps define charts,graphs, etc., but greatly enhancesthe appearance of presentationmaterial.

DYNAMICFEATURES

The 8600 also offers severaldynamic features that areimpossible to illustrate andmust be seen to fully appreciate.

Smooth or Line Scrolling

The speed of the vertical,bi-directional scrolling is underoperator control. It can beslowed down for text editingor speeded up for search. And,unlike most terminals thatjump a line at a time, the 8600moves in increments of onescan line. The result is a smoothmoving text that is easy to read.

External Video Synch

The 8600 can be synchronizedto receive externally generatedRGB signals or transmit 8600signals to external video moni-tors. This lets you combineand/or overlay internally andexternally generated charactersand graphics onto a singlescreen if mixing hardware isincorporated in the system.

■ ■ , ■

The NEC PC-8001: A NewJapanese Personal Computer

Michael Keith

D46 Abbington Dr

Hightstown NJ 08520

C P Kocher

505 South 42nd St

Philadelphia PA 19104

One of the products attracting a lotof attention at the 1980 NCC (Na-tional Computer Conference) in Ana-heim, California was the PC-8001personal computer produced by NEC(Nippon Electric Company). Becausethis well-made little machine has beenselling briskly in Japan, NEC was try-ing to gauge consumer reactions tothe PC-8001 that would aid them indeciding whether or not to sell it inthe US.

This article is based on our evalua-tion of a PC-8001 that some col-leagues purchased in Japan. When wefirst received it, we were bewilderedbecause all the instructions and docu-mentation were in Japanese (withonly the BASIC commands inEnglish). After several months ofpoking, playing, and progamming,some syllabie-by-syllable translitera-tions of the katakana (a Japanesesyllabary) instruction manual, and afew puzzled visits to Hiro, a Japanese-American co-worker, we believe thatwe have a good understanding of thePC-8001's most important features,its strong points, and its limitations.

Photo 1 shows the basic com-ponents of the computer. It consistsof two units: a keyboard (includingboth the processor and memory) and

The processor Is an

NEC version of the Z80

running at 4 MHz.

a color monitor, and it features a 24K-byte version of Microsoft BASIC inROM (read-only memory). The dol-lar equivalent prices of the keyboardunit and monitor are $700 and $910,respectively. [These prices, however,may be only distantly related to thefinal price of the American version ofthis microcomputer.... G VV/

Keyboard

The eighty-two-key keyboard has ahigh-quality standard English alpha-bet keyboard, five user-definablefunction keys, and a separate numerickeypad. In the normal mode, the usercan enter uppercase and lowercaseRoman characters; if he presses alocking shift key, he can enter char-acters in the Japanese katakana sylla-bary as well. Pressing a letter key andthe nonlocking "graph" key causesone of a set of graphic characters tobe displayed; this set includes bars,arcs, crosses, hearts, spades, clubs,and diamonds. (Although the kata-

kana character set may appear uselessto most American users, the char-acters are visually interesting andnicely augment the set of graphicscharacters.) All the characters avail-able are shown in photo 2. There isalso a reset button on the back of theconsole, so it can't be hit accidentally.

Inside the keyboard unit, the mostnoticeable feature is the switchingpower supply, which is mounted in along, thin metal cage (approximately38 by 6.35 by 3.175 cm [15 by 2Vi byIV* inches]) extending along the en-tire rear of the keyboard enclosure.(See photo 3.) The elongated shapeallows the entire power supply to besuspended over the printed-circuitboard under the only portion of thecabinet that can be vented. Duringoperation, however, the powersupply remains cool.

The 22.9 by 38.1 cm (9 by 15 inch)printed-circuit board has threelayers, but the center layer does notappear to be nearly as extensive as theother two layers. There are at leastsixteen test-point posts staked intothe board.

Most of the integrated circuits aremounted directly on the board, butthe circuits that are either expensiveor might have to be replaced (the

72 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

memory, central processor, DMA[direct-memory access] controller,USART [universal synchronous/asynchronous receiver-transmitter],video display device, and font mem-ory) are all in sockets. The board iseasy to remove because all connec-tions to it—power, keyboard, beep-er—are made with plugs and sockets;there are no external connections oreven jumpers soldered to the board.

The processor is an NEC version ofthe Z80 running at 4 MHz. TheBASIC ROM occupies the 24 K bytesof memory from hexadecimal 0000 to5FFF, and hexadecimal locations 6000to 7FFF are available for an expansionROM. Standard programmable mem-ory extends from hexadecimal loca-tions C000 to FFFF, with locations8000 to BFFFF available for expan-sion. The board has empty socketsavailable for both expansion ROMand programmable memory. A time-of-day clock is included on the board(see figure 1).

The video controller is a customNEC integrated circuit. There are twoseparate video output connectors onthe back of the keyboard unit. A5-pin DIN (Deutsche Industrie Norm)connector provides a baseband videosignal for a black and white monitorand a similar 8-pin connector pro-vides red-green-blue signals for a col-or monitor. With a black and whitedisplay, colors appear as differentshades of gray.

In addition to a video-out signaland ground, the 5-pin connector pro-vides VDD (+12 V) and horizontaland vertical sync signals. The 8-pinconnector provides VDD, ground,color-clock signal, horizontal andvertical sync signals, and red, green,and blue signals. Although the colormonitor has an audio amplifier andspeaker, the processor does not usethem. The only sound made by thePC-8001 is provided by a 2-inchspeaker mounted on the power sup-ply. The user can only control theduty cycle of a fixed-frequencybeeper.

Another DIN connector and anadapter cable provide an interface toany standard cassette recorder forprogram loading and storage. The en-coding scheme is 600 bps (bits per sec-ond) FSK (frequency shift keyed)Kansas City format (which uses 1200and 2400 Hz frequencies). This en-coding scheme is very robust—unlikemany computers, almost any volumesetting on the tape recorder is okay.

A relay inside the console controls thetape recorder motor (or any othermotor for that matter—a MOTORcommand in BASIC allows a user totoggle this relay).

A 16-pin socket on the printed-circuit board serves as an RS-232C

connector, while cutouts at the backof the cabinet give access to a pair ofedge connectors on the board. One isfor a printer and one is a DMA chan-nel. An expansion unit is available tointerface the DMA channel to up tofour disk drives, two RS-232C serial

Photo 1: The NEC PC-8001 personal computer system. Shown here is the basic system:high-resolution color monitor, keyboard unit, and documentation (reference manual,BASIC manual, and BASIC reference card).

* in see

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Photo 2: A display illustrating the colors and the character set on the PC-8001. In addi-tion to complete ASCII, there are various graphics characters, control characters, andkatakana characters.

January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 73

Terminals

super price. Dol matrix, serial parallel& current loop standard. 180 c.p.s. Bi-DirectionalMemory Integrated Circuits - Call for Qty. discountswhen ordering over 50 units.

Motorola 4116 (200 Nanosecond, Plastic) $4.50 EA.Fairchild 2114 (Standard Power, Plastic) $4.50 EA.

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Tl Omni 820 Receive-Only (RO) Package. Includesmachine-mounted paper tray and cable. A com-pressed print option and device forms control arestandard features. $2,155

Tl Omni 820 Keyboard Send Receive (KSR) Packagecomes with full ASCII keyboard with numeric key-padand an EIA cable with autospeed select. $2,395

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CompuMart has been selling computers bymail since 1971. Our thousands of satisfiedcustomers rely on CompuMart for servicesnot generally available from the others.Namely:

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We've got the following LearSiegler Terminals In Stock at pricestoo low to print—Call for quotes.

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The Printer. Upper and Lower case, Highresolution plotting, Portable Thermal operation

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Application Modules $45.00 EACH

Texas Instruments TI-99/4

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13" Sanyo Color Display Monitor$495

Computers

[apple

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Apple Fortran $200

Silentype Printer w/Xface $595

Visicalc $149

Tax Planner $120

From Symtech & Info Unlimited

Supersound Generator (mono) $159 (stereo)$259

Light Pen $249

X-10 Controller (plugs into paddle port) $49

From Personal Software

Visicalc $149

Desk top plan $99

New from Videx! — Video Term

80 Col. x 24 line

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graphics EPROM $350.

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Address Book $49.95

Mountain Hardware — Expansion accessories foryour Apple

lntrol/X-10 System $289

Super Talker $299

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ROM plus board w/keyboard filter $199

Clock Calendar S280

16 Channel A to D Converter $350

Apple Expansion Chassis $650

ROM Writer $175Miscellaneous Apple II Accessories:

Easy Writer (80 col. need Videx) $249

Easy Mover $ 49

Easy Mailer $ 69

Dysan Diskettes ea. $ 5

S.S.M. Serial & Parallel Apple Interface $225

ABT's Numeric Key Pad $110

COMMODORE

Buy direct from the biggest — Compumart has deliv-ered more Commodore computers in the U.S. thanany other dealer. We were Commodore's first dealerand carry everything Commodore manufactures. Instock for immediate delivery! Call us now for lowprices and special deals.NEW FOR PET:

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Word Pro 1, 529.95 • Word Pro 2. $99.95 •Word Pro 3. $199.95 • Word Pro 4, $299.95 •

The Amazing

HP 85

Hewlett-Packard's Personal Computer for Industry.This extremely portable computer features ex-tended BASIC lo solve your problems quickly andefficiently along with an advanced graphics sys-tem to enhance communication.We carry H.P. Peripherals (Disk Drives to GraphicsPlotters) Enhancements: (BASIC Training, GeneralStatistics, Financial Decision, Math, Linear Program-ming $95 ea.); HP-85 Accessories: (EnhancementROMs, ROM drawer, Overhead Transparency Kit);Supplies: (Plotter Pens, Tape Cartridges); InterfaceModules (HP-IB Interface, HP-IB InterconnectCables. Serial (RS-232C)Interface Module).

We can get your everyHP peripheral made for theHP-85. CALL FORCOMPLETE DETAILS& SPECS.

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ATARI

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PERIPHERALS

Atari 410 Program Recorder (FREE w/purchase of

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Atari 810 Disk Drive ($100 off with purchase) 699.95

New Dual Disk double density 1499.95

825 Printer (Centronics 737) 995.00

RS232 Interface w/Cable 249.95

NEW! Light Pens 74.95

New! Visicale for Atari $199.

EXIDY SUPER SALE!

We want to clean out our inventory of Exidy com-puters and peripherals. To do this we've priced ourExidy equipment so low you'll have to call us for

prices.

ROCKWELL AIM 65

The single board development systemthat's perfect in the classroom or lab.

Our AIM System includes: 4K AIM with BASICinterpretor assembler, Power Supply, Cassetterecorder & Enclosure $799.

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CompuMart's Microflex 65 System for your AIMIncludes: Adapter Buffer Module w/ 4-slot modulestack, 8K RAM module, 16K PROM/ROM module,Asynchronous communications Interface, & PowerSupply $1,299

Call or write forour completeMicroflex 65brochure

Piggy-backfor the AIM

NEW! The PMC-80The new 12K computerthat's SOFTWARECOMPATIBLE withthe TRS-80.*

Level II16K at $645

Just think, now you can choose from the thousandsof software packages already developed for the TRS-80 and run them on a computer costing only $645.But the PMC-80 is more than just a computer thataccepts TRS-80 software. Its features include: Readsall Level II BASIC tapes. Reads all SYSTEM tapes.Full range of peripherals. Video output for monitorand TV. Optional FASTLOAD at 8000 baud. OptionalUpper/Lower case. Call for complete specs."TRS-80 is a registered trademark ofTandy Radio Shack

Phonesopen from8:30 a.m. to7:00 p.m., Mon.-Fri.; 11:00 a.m. - 4:00p.m. Sat. P.O.'s acceptedfrom Dun & Bradstreetrated companies - shipmentcontingent upon receipt of signedpurchase order. Sale prices valid formonth of magazine date only - all pricessubject to change without notice. Our AnnArbor retail store is open 11:00 a.m. to 7:00p.m. Tues.-Fri., 10:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Saturdays.Stop by and visit.

^^\J§}tli^^Ji}/ir\a\ I Circle 40 on inquiry card

270 THIRD ST., DEPT. 113, P.O. BOX 568, CAMBRIDGE, MA. 02139x

Member Computer Dealers Assoc.

We've had a reputation for dependability since 1971

Photo 3: Inside the keyboard unit. The bottom of this photo corresponds to the front ofthe keyboard. Along the top edge is the power supply and, below it, the main printed-circuit board. The reset button can be seen at the rear of the keyboard near the powercord.

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Choose from entertainment, learning or home-application programs. All softwareis immediately available and features a money back guarantee.

TO GET A COPY OF OUR NEW CATALOG, CONTACT JOHN WEST.PHONE 612/426-0916. SOURCE- TCH122. MICRONET - 70040,555. OR DROPUS A NOTE.

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Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computers. TRS-80 is a registered trademark of Radio Shack. A Tandy Corp.

IM-BASIC, written byMicrosoft, is a floating-point BASIC capable ofoperating in eithersingle or doubleprecision.

ports, a parallel port, and an IEEE(Institute of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers)-488 bus (see figure 2).

Monitor

Everyone who has seen the NECcolor monitor has commented favor-ably on its convergence and overallquality of construction. The CRT(cathode-ray tube) is a 30.48 cm (12-inch) diagonal tube and has an in-linegun structure and dot screen face with12-mil (0.012-inch) dot spacing. Thedeflection yoke is the precisionwound torodial type. Convergence isexcellent: during construction,wedges were inserted between theyoke and the neck of the tube to shimthe yoke into correct alignment.

The chassis is transformer power-ed. Almost all the electronics aremounted on one large single-sidedprinted-circuit board. The horizontalscan frequency is 15,974.4 Hz, andthe vertical scan frequency is 60 Hz.The monitor uses an RGB (red-green-blue) signal interface withseparate horizontal and vertical syncsignals. All signals are at TTL(transistor-transistor logic) levels.Although the monitor has an audioamplifier and speaker, the audio lineon the connector is tied to VDD on theZ80 microprocessor. The computergenerates a format of up to 80 char-acters per line and 25 lines, noninter-laced. The image quality is excellent,as can be seen from photo 2.

The monitor power supply ap-parently has some sort of time delayelement, either intentionally or unin-tentionally, that prevents the userfrom turning on a set that is stillwarm. If you turn the monitor offand then try to turn it back on againwithout waiting a minute or so, thescreen remains dark.

Software

As mentioned previously, theBASIC by Microsoft, called N-BASIC, is contained in three 8 K-byteROMs. Contained within these 24 K

76 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 41 on inquiry card.

Circle 42 on inquiry card.

SYBEX SPEAKS YOUR LANGUAGE . . .

THE PASCAL HANDBOOK by Jacques Tiberghien

— A dictionary of every Pascal instruction, function,operator and reserved word covering virtually allversions of Pascal. 300 pp., 150 III., Ret. P320, 7"x9",$14.95 ■INTRODUCTION TO PASCAL (Including UCSDPASCAL) by Rodnay Zaks — A step-by-step introduc-tion for anyone wanting to learn the language ofPASCAL. Describes UCSD and Standard Pascals. 440pp., KK) III., Ref. P310, 7"x9", $12.95 ■INSIDE BASIC GAMES by Richard Mateosian -Uses a games format to teach program design inBASIC. Games run on TRS-80, APPLE II, PET/CBMand others. 300 pp., 100 III., Ret. H245, 7"x9", $13.95 ■FIFTY BASIC EXERCISES by |.P. LamoitierTeaches BASIC by actual practice using graduatedexercises drawn from everyday applications. All ex-ercises written in Microsoft BASIC. J00 pp.. 140 III.,Ret. B250, 7"x9", $12.95 ■THE CP/M HANDBOOK by Rodnay Zaks - Com-plete instructions and reference handbook for CP/M

— the industry standard in microcomputer operatingsystems. 336 pp., 100 III., Ref. C300, 5W'x6W, $13.95 ■PROGRAMMING THE Z80 by Rodnay Zaks - Acomplete course in programming the Z80microprocessor and a thorough introduction tomachine language. 620 pp., 200 III., Ref. C280,5'//'x8'/..", 2nd Ed. $14.95 ■PROGRAMMING THE 6502 by Rodnay Zaks -Machine language programming of the 6502 from

basic concepts to advanced data structures. 392 pp160 III., Ref. C202, 5W"x8'//', 3rd Ed., $12.95 I

6502 APPLICATIONS BOOK by Rodnay Zaks -Real life application techniques: the Input/Outputbook for the 6502. 288 pp., 207 III., Ref. D302,5'//'x8'//', $12.95 ■

6502 GAMES by Rodnay Zaks — Third in the 6502series. Teaches advanced programming techniquesusing games as a framework for learning. (04 pp., 140III., Ref. G402, 5l4"x8lV', $12.95 ■

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PROGRAMMING THE Z8000 by Richard Mateosian— Architecture and function of the Z8000 and itsfamily of support chips. Includes programming inZ8000 machine language. 312 pp., 124 III., Ref. C281,5'/j"x8'/j", $15.95 ■

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NAME

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ADD D $1.50/book UPS or D 75</book 4th class mail (CA add tax)OR CHARGE MY D VISA □ MC □ AM EX. CARD NO

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bytes of ROM is a very completeBASIC, as well as a system monitorprogram. Advertisements in theJapanese computer magazine ASCIIindicate that a number of user pro-grams (including a color version ofthe ever-popular Space Invaders) arereadily available on tape.

N-BASIC is a floating-point BASICcapable of operating in either singleor double precision. All the featuresof standard BASIC are present, alongwith a few interesting extensions,such as:

• SWAP: exchanges value of twovariables;

The PC-8001 has onefeature that ought tobe Included In all per-sonal computers: asingle BASIC commandthat changes It from acomputer to a terminal.

• BEEP, MOTOR: toggles beeper ormotor relay;

• HEX$: decimal to hexadecimal con-version;

• STRINGS (X,Y): string equal to X

copies of the character with ASCII(American Standard Code for Infor-mation Interchange) code Y.

In addition, there is a whole set ofgraphics and display commands thatwill be described further.

There is also a monitor programwhich gives the user direct access tothe Z80 machine code. After enteringthe monitor by typing MON, the usercan test, manipulate, load or storebytes of blocks of memory using thecommands in table 1.

Another useful feature of N-BASICis the use of the ESC (escape) key onthe keyboard as a pause function. It

PC - 8001

r

CPU780-1

RAM/iPD4161-3

c

ROM^PD2364

TIMER/1PD1990

CASSETTEINTERFACE

SPEAKER

P

RS232C

PRINTERINTERFACE

MODEM,ETC.

SERIAL

I/O

INTERFACE

SYSTEM BUS

KEYBOARD

L^

DMAC

/iPD

8257

0

DISKDRIVES

»

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DISKDRIVES

I

DISKINTERFACE

OR

CRTCfiPD2301

CHARACTERGENERATOR

HORIZ.

AND

VERTICAL

TIMING

INTERFACE

RGB

COLOR

MONITOR

EXPANSIONUNIT

■IEEE488-RS232C-PARALLEL I/O

±1

RF MOD-ULATOR

BSWTV

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DISKDRIVES

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DISKDRIVES

Figure 1: Block diagram of the NEC PC-8001 system. The modules within the dotted lines are contained in the PC-8001 keyboardunit.

POST-HASTE MAILING LIST

Software written in UCSD Pascal *

• 3 lines of address

• Ability to handle foreign addresses

• Address lines 35 characters long

• List on 80 or 132 character printer

• Print 1, 2, 3 or 4-up labels

• Access records by full or partial name

• Update files with screen-oriented input

• 50 character user definable field

• Select records using complex select criteria

• Sort selected records on up to 6 fields

These are some features of our professional mailing list package, the Post-Haste Mailing List. It is designed tomeet the demand of users of both large and small mailing lists. The mailing list file is indexed by a B+ treefor fast record retrieval and may contain in excess of 40,000 records if the disk space is available.

Post-Haste Mailing List $100. Also available, PFAS, key file access for CJCSD Pascal from $100.

C.J. WIGGLESWORTH SOFTWARE, P.O. Box 755, Cardiff-by-the-Sea, CA 92007

"UCSD Pascal is a Trademark of the Regents of the University of California.

Circle 43 on Inquiry card.

78 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 44 on Inquiry card.

Multi-User

UniFLEX is the first full capability multi-useroperating system available for microprocessors.Designed for the 6809 and 68000, it offers itsusers a very friendly computing environment.After a user 'logs-in' with his user name andpassword, any of the system programs may berun at will. One user may run the text editorwhile another runs BASIC and still another runsthe C compiler. Each user operates in his ownsystem environment, unaware of other useractivity. The total number of users is onlyrestricted by the resources and efficiency of thehardware in use.

I

Support

The design of UniFLEX, with its hierarchical filesystem and device independent I/O, allows thecreation of a variety of complex supportprograms. There is currently a wide variety ofsoftware available and under development.Included in this list is a Text Processing Systemfor word processing functions, BASIC interpreterand precompiler for general programming andeducational use, native C and Pascalcompilers for more advanced programming,sort/merge for business applications, and avariety of debug packages. The standardsystem includes a text editor, assembler, andabout forty utility programs. UniFLEX for 6809 issold with a single CPU license and one yearsmaintenance for $450.00. Additional yearlymaintenance is available for $100.00. OEMlicenses are also available.

FLEX

Multi-Tasking

UniFLEX is a true multi-tasking operating system.Not only may several users run differentprograms, but one user may run severalprograms at a time. For example, acompilation of one file could be initiated whilesimultaneously making changes to another fileusing the text editor. New tasks are generatedin the system by the 'fork' operation. Tasks maybe run in the background or 'locked' in mainmemory to assist critical response times. Inter-task communication is also supported throughthe 'pipe' mechanism.

UniFLEX is offered for the advancedmicroprocessor systems. FLEX, the industrystandard for 6800 and 6809 systems, is offeredfor smaller, single user systems. A full line of FLEXsupport software and OEM licenses are alsoavailable.

chnical /y/tenrvLfflrS jltantr, inc.

Box 2570, West Lafayette, IN 47906(317)463-2502 Telex 276143

'"UniFLEX and FLEX are trademarks of TechnicalSystems Consultants, Inc.

Circle 45 on inquiry card.

MBC Systems, Inc.

(203) 342-2747

NORTH STAR HORIZON:

HRZ-2-32K-D-Factory ASM$2275HRZ-2-32K-Q-Factory ASM$267564K DD or Q Also Available

HDS-18-F $4449

Northword DQ $ 295

INFO-Manager $ 365

Mail Manager $ 235

General Leger $ 775

ACC. REC. OR ACC. PAY..$ 445

Word Star $ 350

Medical-Dental SYS $2500

COMMODORE

2001-32K-BorN Keyboard $10908K and 16K Also In Stock!!!!8032 (80 Column Screen)$15992040 Dual Floppy Drive $10908'050 Dual Floppy (1MEG)$15992022 Tractor Printer...$ 749

Word PRO IV $ 290

VISICALC $ 195

APPLE II PLUS Call For Price!

ATARI 800 $ 849

TI 99/4 Console&Monitor..$1190

INTERTEC SUPERBRAIN:

32K RAM $2595

64K RAM $2795

PRINTERS

Letter Quality:

NEC 5510 or 5530 $2550

NEC 5520 KSR $2950

DIABLO 630 $2390

C.ITOH $1690

Dot Matrix:

CENTRONICS 730 $ 629

" " 737-1 $ 849

" " 799 $999

EPSON MX-80 $ 599

PAPER TIGER 460G $1250

BASE II MST $ 64 9

DISPLAY TERMINALS

HAZELTINE 1420 $ 949

" " 1500 $ 999

INTERTUBE III $ 775

TELEVIDEO 920C $ 849

Since 1977 complete sales andservice. Most items in stock,prices are subject to change.Visa and Master Charge welcomeMost items shipped by UPS.

MBC Systems, Inc.

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can be used to pause in the middle ofa program execution, programlisting, monitor dump, and just aboutany other process. Pressing ESCagain resumes the program or listing.This is very handy for debugging orfor reading parts of a long programlisting.

Finally, the PC-8001 has one

feature that ought to be included inall personal computers: a singleBASIC command that changes itfrom a computer to a terminal. TheTERM command allows the user toselect either ASCII or JIS (JapaneseIndustry Standard) coding, parity,and clocking options. A jumper in-side the keyboard unit selects data

-

Command Meaning

S xxxx displays the byte whose address is xxxx and changes it to the value to be

enteredD xxxx, yyyy displays the hexadecimal values stored in locations xxxx to yyyyG xxxx goes to byte xxxx and starts executing

W xxxx, yyyy writes to tape the block from xxxx to yyyyL loads a stored block from tape back to memory

LV loads a stored block from tape and verifies that it has been correctly

loadedTM tests memory and returns to BASIC

control-B returns to BASIC

Table 1: Monitor commands within the NEC PC-8001. These commandsavailable to the user for work in machine-language programming.

are

CONSOLE <T>, <N>, <K>, <M>Sets the following display parameters:

T =top line of scrolling window

N = number of lines in scrolling window

K =key list flag; if 1, displays identity of programmable function keys

M = color mode: 1 = color, 0 = black and white

COLOR <C>, <B>, <M>Sets the following parameters:C = color (or attribute in black and white mode):

In Color Mode:0 = black1=blue

2 = red

3 = magenta

4 = green

5 = cyan

6 = yellow

7 = white

In Black and White Mode:Bit 0 = visibility (0 = visible)Bit 1 = flashing (1 = flash)Bit 2 = reverse video (1 = reverse)

For example, color 6 in black and white mode would pro-duce flashing, reverse-video characters.

B = background character; fills the background with the character whose ASCII code is

B.M = mode flag, 1 = graphics mode, 0 = text mode

WIDTH <H>,<V>

sets screen format (H by V); (H = 80, 72, 40, or 36; V = 25 or 20)

LOCATE <X>, <Y>

moves cursor to character position (X,Y)

PSET(<X>, <Y>, <C>)draws a graphics dot at graphics coordinate X,Y in color C

PRESET (<X>, <Y>)

erases a graphics dot at X,Y

LINE(<X1>, <Y1>)-«X2>, <Y2>), "<char>", <C>,[B[F]]

Draws a line from (X1.Y1) to (X2,Y2). The line is a line of text characters "char". If"char" = PSET or PRESET, the line is a graphics line and X and Y are interpreted asgraphics coordinates. <C> is the color of the line. If present, B causes a rectangle(block) to be drawn with (X1.Y1) and (X2.Y2) as opposite corners, and F causes therectangle to be filled.

GET @ (<X1>, <Y1>)-(<X2>, <Y2>), Xstores characters from the specified rectangular area of the screen into array X

PUT @ (<X1>, <Y17>)-(<X2>, <Y2>), Xputs characters from array X to the display

Table 2: Commands for color-graphics display from within N-BASIC.

80 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 46 on Inquiry card.

ew musclefor Heathk it

Now with new CPIM Systems Software

for thousands more programs...and new

8-inch disk system for millions more bytes.

The Heathkit All-ln-One Computer now has spacefor 64K of addressable RAM, so you can run bigger,more complex programs.

And our new CP/M'-' Operating System (StandardORG-0, Version 2.2) makes thousands of CP/M pro-grams available to you. Heathkit systems can runmore, do more, store more than ever before.A new 8-inch double-sided, double-density disk sys-tem, with over 1 million bytes per drive, is now avail-able for Heathkit H-89 and H-8 Computers.The new 8-inch disk system features soft-sectoreddisks for IBM"" compatibility. It's capable of operat-ing in standard IBM 3740 format. And the 8-inch sys-

VISIT YOUR HEATHKIT STORE

Heathkit products are displayed, , —-sold and serviced at HeathkitElectronic Centers*, located inmajor cities throughout the U.S. 'and Canada. See your whitepages for the store nearest you.

'Units of Veritochnology ElectronicsCorporation, in tho U.S.

tern can be used in conjunction with 51/<i-inchsystems. For compatibility with the rest of the in-dustry, Heathkit Computers may just be the mostflexible systems you can buy.

All Heathkit computers and peripherals are avail-able in money-saving, easy-to-build kit form —orcompletely assembled and factory tested. All aresupported by the best documentation in the busi-ness and by 62 service centers throughout the U.S.and Canada. You're never out in the cold.For complete details and prices on Heathkit com-puters, peripherals and software, write today forthe latest Heathkit Catalog or visit your -rxeFfflM nearby Heathkit Electronic Center*.

[HeaSiH!

Send for FREE catalog

Write to Heath Company, Dept. 334-734,Benton Harbor, Ml 49022

In Canada, contact Heath Co., I480 Dundns St. E.,Mississauga, Ontario L4X 2R7

Heathkit

IBM is a rogistorod trademark ot International Business Machines Corporation. CP/M Is a trademark ol Digital Research, Inc.

transfer rates of either 4800, 2400,1200, 600 or 300 baud; the functionkeys on the keyboard determinewhether the terminal operates in half-or full-duplex modes. The only ap-parent deficiency is the lack of a shiftlock key for the terminal mode.

Graphic and Display Features

The display features of the PC-8001include:

• eight-color display (both text andgraphics);

• 248-symbol character set (complete

Photo 4: Sample display created on the PC-8001 by the authors. Note the use of theJapanese characters for graphics—the little invaders are actually the Japanese charactersfor the word "minute."

Photo 5: Illustration of some of the display restrictions of the PC-8001. See text for ex-planation.

ASCII, katakana, and graphics char-acters—lines, arcs, card symbols);

• variable screen format: (80, 72, 40,or 36 characters by 25 or 20 lines);

• two display modes: text andmedium-resolution (160 by 100 pix-els) graphics (these two modes can beintermixed on the same display);

• flashing, reverse video, andunderlined text.

Table 2 lists the graphics anddisplay-related extensions in thePC-8001 dialect of BASIC. These in-clude commands for cursor position-ing, changing various display pa-rameters, and plotting points anddrawing lines in gaphics mode. Twoparticularly worthwhile instructionsare GET and PUT. GET allows theuser to store the image in a specifiedrectangular area of the screen in anarray, which can then be PUT atanother location on the screen. Thisallows the user to define complexshapes that can then be drawn on thescreen with a single instruction.Repetitive erasure and redrawing of ashape also provides a simple methodof animation.

Photo 4 is a sample of what can bedone with the PC-8001 graphics. Thisdisplay uses most of the commands intable 2 and, in addition, illustrates theuse of some of the Japanese charactersfor graphics purposes (the invaderfigures and the television speakers aremade from these characters).

Problems with Video Displays

Upon further experimentation withthe computer, we discovered that cer-tain graphics operations can some-times produce strange and unex-pected results. A sampling of some ofthe display anomalies which can oc-cur is shown in photo 5. The follow-ing unexpected things happen in thisdisplay:

1. Each column of Xs in the upper-left corner should be a different color,but after eighteen columns, the dis-play remains in one color.

2. The two pairs of intersecting linesshould be the same, but in the one onthe left, extra areas are colored innear the intersection.

3. The width of the white diagonalline should stay constant, but itbecomes much thicker in the middle.

4. The two rows at the bottom leftshould be all dots, but some of thedots are printed as text characters.

5. The figure on the right of the

82 January 1981 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 47 on inquiry card.

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display should be a ring of concentricsquares, each a different color, butthe line thickness varies and somedots are replaced by text characters.

The explanation for all theseanomalies lies in the way the text andgraphic information is represented inmemory. For example, consider thefull 80-character by 25-line screen for-mat. To represent a screen of infor-mation in memory requires storagespace for 2000 characters and their at-tributes (color, flashing, etc). At 1byte for the character and 1 byte forits attributes this would require about4 K bytes of memory. However, only3 K bytes are allocated for screenstorage (addresses F300 to FEB8). Theway these 3 K bytes of memory areorganized explains all these displayanomalies and also provides insight

KEYBOARD/PROCESSORUNIT

into a useful feature that makes thePC-8001 unique.

As shown in figure 3, each row ofcharacters on the screen is repre-sented by 120 bytes in memory. Thefirst 80 of these 120 bytes contain theASCII codes for the 80 characters inthe row. The remaining 40 bytes areorganized into twenty pairs. We havenot determined the use of the firstpair, but the remaining nineteen pairsare used to encode up to nineteen at-tribute fields for that row. Each pairPi points to the beginning of the field,which runs to position P1+I—1 (thePi are always ordered so thatPi<P2< ...etc) and contains char-acters with attributes a, (where a, isthe 1-byte attribute within pair P,).

Whenever a program, in printingon the screen, uses up the first eigh-teen attribute fields for a row, all suc-

PC-8001

PC-8041

PC-8043

BASEBAND VIDEOMONITOR

HIGH-RESOLUTIONCOLOR MONITOR

PRINTER

PC-8062

RS-232C

EXPANSIONUNIT

FLOPPY DISKDRIVES

RS-232C

ADDITIONALI/O PORTS

PARALLEL I/O

Figure 2: Interconnection block diagram of the NEC PC-8001 system. While manyperipherals can be directly connected to the PC-8001, disk drives and I/O ports must beconnected through the PC-8011 expansion unit.

84 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Circle 48 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1981 85

The days of complicated, unreliable,dynamic RAM are gone:

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cessive characters on the same linethat occur after these fields are giventhe attribute a,9. This is the default at-tribute for that row that is set to thecurrent attributes in effect whenever aclear-screen command is received.

This explains the first anomaly inphoto 5. After eighteen different-colored columns, the computer "runsout of colors," and the remaining col-umns default to red. Red is not speci-fied in the program; it just happenedto be the color in effect when the pro-gram started.

Another problem occurs whenplotting color graphics because the

80

PC-8001 has character-oriented (notbit-mapped) graphics. (In this re-spect, it is closer to the Radio ShackTRS-80 than to the Apple II, for ex-ample.) Each character space is divid-ed into a 4 by 2 array of cells, each ofwhich can be "on" or "off." This pro-vides an alternate character set con-sisting of the 256 possible arrays of onand off cells. When points, lines, orgraphics shapes are drawn, the com-puter automatically converts thepoints to the required graphics char-acters and displays these, thus pro-viding an effective graphics resolu-tion of 160 by 100 cells.

.

o)

65208 ■

120 BYTES

ONE ROWOF SCREEN

MEMORY

BYTE

80818283

b)

119120

CHARACTER CODE 1

CHARACTER CODE 2

CHARACTER CODE 80

POSITION OF FIELD 1

A]

ATTRIBUTE BYTE

P2

POSITION OF FIELD 2

A2

ATTRIBUTE BYTE

Pl9 POSITION OF FIELD 19

Aj9 DEFAULT ATTRIBUTES

Figure 3: Format of the NEC PC-8001 memory-mapped video display. Figure 3a showshow each row of the video display translates into a block of programmable memory.Figure 3b shows how each 80-character row is stored in memory. A row can be brokeninto a maximum of nineteen fields, the position and attributes of which are described inthe last 38 bytes of the memory associated with one row. All numbers shown are indecimal. See the text for further details.

86 January 1981 © BYTE Publications lnc

PUASANI

MEMORY

for f M-SCusers

MT-32

printer/memory module

Give something different this season — thepleasing gift of increased memory — to yourfavorite TRS-80* user. The MT-32 from Microtek.The new, brilliantly designed Printer/Memoryexpansion module for the TRS-80 Model 1.

This unit will add 16K or 32K of RAM to thebasic 16K machine without the expense of a fullblown expansion interface. The module alsocontains circuitry to drive Microtek's MT-80P dotmatrix printer or any other Centronics-compatible printer. No special software routines.No hardware modifications. Attaching ordetaching takes seconds. One year warranty.

Three configurations are available:

• Without RAM assembled and tested(MT-32A @ $119.50)

• With 16K RAM assembled and tested(MT-32B @ $159.50)

• With 32K RAM assembled and tested(MT-32C @ $199.50)

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MICROTEK^

TRS-80 is the Registered Trademark of Radio Shack, Div. Tandy Corp.

Circle 49 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1981 87

However, a problem occurs when,for example, two lines of differentcolors intersect. Because a charactercannot be two colors at the sametime, the algorithm used by the com-puter gives the most recently plottedpoints precedence. Any cells withinthe same character space that arealready "on" are changed to the newcolor. Thus, an adjacent pair of hori-zontal lines for which different colorsare specified may be displayed ineither the same or different colors,depending on whether or not they lieon opposite sides of a character cellboundary. We can show that this is a

limitation of the software and not ofthe hardware video-controller device:the command OUT 63,41 (presum-ably an output to part of the video-controller device) fills the screen withadjacent horizontal lines of differentcolors.

This also explains anomalies 2 and3 in photo 5. The two crosses lookdifferent because they intersect in dif-ferent positions relative to cell bound-aries. The white diagonal line changeswidth because it crosses a blackgraphics rectangle. Even though theblack rectangle is invisible to thecasual observer, it changes the ap-

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Now, when you order the"Temple of Apshai," you get the"Sticks & Stones" board game

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Disk ($29.95)

TRS-80

□ 16K, Level II

□ 32K TRSDOS

APPLE

Not available

□ 48K Applesoft in ROM

PET

D 32K

Not available

(Add $1.00 shippingName

and

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6%

or 6'/2% lax tor Calitornia residents.)

Aririress

City, State,

Zip

□ Check enclosed.Amount $

Charge to: □ VISA □ MasterCard

#_

Expiration date_

Or charge by phone: (800) 824-7888, operator 861. In Calitornia: (800) 852-7777, operator 861.If you prefer, call these numbers for a list of the computer stores near you.

pearance of the intersecting diagonalline: every cell in each character spacechanges to white.

This alternative graphics-characterset is selected with one of the bits inthe attribute byte. This implies thatthe user can also "run out ofgraphics" on a horizontal line. This iswhat happens in anomalies 4 and 5(bottom and far right of photo 5).The default attribute byte happens tospecify text mode. Hence the remain-ing characters on the line are dis-played as their text equivalents.

It is unclear why the designerschose this display approach, par-ticularly since a full character- andattribute-mapped display would haverequired only 4 K bytes of memoryinstead of 3 K bytes. But even thoughthis implementation imposes some re-strictions on the types of displays thatcan be generated, it also provides aninteresting capability which, to ourknowledge, is not found on any otherpersonal computer.

This capability is a consequence ofthe fact that the attributes of a char-acter on the screen are specified in-directly. That is, each character isidentified with a field number whichin turn is associated with an attributebyte. Thus, by a direct POKE intomemory (a 1-byte change), the usercan change an attribute (specifically.,color) of a character or group of char-acters (up to an entire field) withoutaltering the character or field codes.This allows a sophisticated method ofanimation called color table anima-tion in which the user first prints anumber of images in different fieldson the screen, then changes the colorof the fields to make each image ap-pear in succession. As an example, wehave written a BASIC program whichanimates a large flying saucer flyingamidst a field of stars at 20 images persecond. This is very fast for an inter-pretive BASIC animation.

Summary

The PC-8001 appears to be an at-tractive, well-planned, and well-made personal computer. The graph-ics, though somewhat rudimentary,are more than adequate for charting,graphing, and business applications,and they can do a creditable job onmany games as well. Most peoplewho have seen our PC-8001 feel that,if it were sold in this country, itwould provide strong competition forany of the color-based home com-puters currently being sold.H

88 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 50 on inquiry card.

Circle 51 on inquiry card.

Memory — you never seem to have quiteenough of it.

But if you're one of the thousands of Appleowners using the SoftCard, there's an economicalnew way to expand your memory dramatically.

16K ON A PLUG-IN CARD.

Microsoft's new RAMCard simplyplugs into your Apple II,® and adds 16kbytes of dependable, bufferedread/write storage.

Together with the SoftCard,the RAMCard gives you a 56kCP/M" system that's big enoughto take on all kinds of chores thatwould never fit before (until now,the only way to get this muchmemory was to have an AppleLanguage Card installed).

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With the RAMCard andSoftCard, you can tackle large-scale business and scientificcomputing with our COBOL andFORTRAN languages. Orgreatlyincrease the capability of CP/M

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And RAMCard gives you the extra capacity todevelop advanced programs of your own. using theSoftCard and CP/M. Even with the RAMCard inplace, you can still access your ROM BASICand monitor routines.

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Microsoft ConsumerProducts, 400 108th Ave. N.E..Suite 200, Bellevue, WA 98004.(206)454-1315.

-L

.. . . -r

■ ■.. i-_l

> 1 . • • — 5

—3 «■

StV^Ea^Z]

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Technical Forum

SC/MP Instruction Set Summary

Professor Walter E Burton Jr

Electrical Engineering Technology Department

Southern Technical Institute

Marietta GA 30060

If you hand-assemble or debug programs for NationalSemiconductor's SC/MP processor, here is a simplifiedinstruction-set summary to speed you on your way.Table 1 contains the hexadecimal codes, the standardSC/MP mnemonics, and the SC/MP addressing modes.

Hexadecimal codes are separated into the high-orderdigits, which are in the left-hand column, and the low-order digits, which are in the top row. Mnemonics arelocated within the table. The abbreviation PTR refers to

the four SC/MP pointer registers 0 thru 3. The registernumbers are associated with the related instructions inthe same column in table 1.

Different addressing modes associated with two-byteinstructions are located along the bottom of the table.Blanks identify areas of illegal code.

As a reference I used the SC/MP Technical Descrip-tion, Publication Number 4200079B (Santa Clara CA:National Semiconductor Corporation).■

CO

co

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1-

High

Hexadecimal

Digit

Low Hexadecimal

Digit

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F

0

HALT

XAE

CCL

SCL

DINT

IEN

CSA

CAS

NOP

1

SIO

SR

SRL

RR

RRL

2

3

XPAL

XPAL| XPAL

XPAL

XPAH

XPAH

XPAH

XPAH

XPPC

XPPC

XPPC

XPPC

4

LDE

5

ANE

ORE

6

XRE

DAE

7

ADE

CAE

8

DLY

9

JMP

JMP

JMP

JMP

JP

JP

JP

JP

JZ

JZ

JZ

JZ

JNZ

JNZ

JNZ

JNZ

A

ILD

ILD

ILD

ILD

B

DLD

DLD

DLD

DLD

C

LD

LD

LD

LD

LDI

LD

LD

LD

ST

ST

ST

ST

ST

ST

ST

D

AND

AND

AND

AND

ANI

AND

AND

AND

OR

OR

OR

OR

ORI

OR

OR

OR

E

XOR

XOR

XOR

XOR

XRI

XOR

XOR

XOR

DAD

DAD

DAD

DAD

DAI

DAD

DAD

DAD

F

ADD

ADD

ADD

ADD

ADI

ADD

ADD

ADD

CAD

CAD

CAD

CAD

CAI

CAD

CAD

CAD

PTR

0

1

2

3

0

1

2

3

0

1

2

3

0

1

2

3

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Table 1: In

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or.

90 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 52 on inquiry card.

*CQ

tfVi

ft **

;. ;

G®^rTD^^ "VPH°"

|8.P

7 DAYS 9-6 I

ORDERSCALIFORNIA, ALASKA, HAWAIOUTSIDE OF U.S. (714) 698

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DISK II DRIVE (add-on) 425

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CORVUS CONSTELLATION. . 59516K MEMORY UPGRADE KIT(TRS-80, APPLE II.

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EXPANSION CHASSIS

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THE CONTROLLER GeneralBusiness System 519

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APPLEWRITERWordProcessor 65

APPLEPOST MAILINGList system 45

DOW JONES PORTFOLIOEVALUATOR 45

APPLE CONTRIBUTED

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COMPUTERS 85

APPLEBUG ASSEMBLER/

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APPLE DOS TOOL KIT 65

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8080 Simulator 17

FORTH II by PROGRAMMA

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ROUTINES 17

APPLEBUG DEBUGGER. . . 27APPLESOFT UTILITY PRO

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More software availablePlease write us for a list.

Circle 53 on inquiry card.

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820 PRINTER I40 col.1 459

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850 INTERFACE MODULE 175

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LIGHT PEN 65

ACOUSTIC MODEM ICATI 169

COMPUTER CHESS 35

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3-D TIC-TAC-TOE 35

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SANYO 12" B&W 255

PANACOLOR 10" COLOR 329

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TELEVIDEO 912B&C 698

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SPACE INVADERS 19 29

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ORDERING INFORMATION: Phone Orders invited using VISA. MASTERCARD, AMERICAN EXPRESS, or bank wire transfers VISA S MC credit card service charge of 2°»AE credit card service charge ot 5% Mail orders may send charge card number (include expiration date) cashiers check, money order or personal check (allow 10business days to clear } Please include a telephone number with all orders Foreign orders (excluding Military POs) add 1G°o tor shipping all funds must be in USdollars (letters ol credit permitted) Shipping. Handling and Insurance in U S add 3°o (minimum $4 00) California residents add 6°o sales tax Our low margins prohibitus to send COD or on purchase orders or open account (please send for written quotation ) All equipment is subiect to price change and availability Equipmentis new and complete with the manufacturer warranty We do not guarantee merchanlibility ol products sold All returned equipmenl is subject to a 15°o restocking teeWe ship most orders within 2 daysWE ARE A MEMBER OF THE BETTER BUSINESS BUREAU AND THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. RETAIL STORE PRICES MAY DIFFER FROM MAIL ORDER PRICES.

PLEASE SEND ORDERS TO:CONSUMER COMPUTERS MAIL ORDER, 8314 PARKWAY DRIVE. GROSSMONT SHOPPING CENTER NORTH, LA MESA, CA. 92041

Circle 53 on Inquiry card.

System Review

The Sinclair Research ZX80

John C McCallum, Department of Computer Science

York University, 4700 Keele St

Downsview, Ontario, M3J 1P3 Canada

The new ZX80 microcomputer from Sinclair ResearchLtd is a remarkable device. Although first announced tothe North American public in February, 1980, themicrocomputer did not become available until the fall.During the wait, the price has dropped from the expected$245 to just under $200. Because of this, the ZX80 is being

Name

Other hardware features

Sinclair ZX80

Forty-key pressure-

sensitive keyboard; built-

Manufacturer

in RF (radio-frequency)

Sinclair Research Ltd

modulator (for channel

475 Main St

2); creates video display

POB 3027

of 24 lines of 32

Wallingford CT 06492

characters each; includes

(617) 367-1988

AC adapter, cables to

cassette recorder

Price

$199.95

Software

4 K-byte system ROM,

Dimensions

which includes a BASIC

15.9 by 20.8 by 3.7 cm

interpreter and necessary

(6Vi by 8Vz by V-A

internal software

inches)

Options

Processor

8 K-byte BASIC module

Z80A, 8-bit

and 16 K-byte program-

mable memory module

System clock frequency

(see "New Sinclair

3.25 MHz

Modules" text box for

details)

Memory

1 K-byte static memory,

Comments

4 K-byte system ROM

Contains introductory

(includes BASIC inter-

BASIC book, A Course

preter)

in BASIC Programming,

128 pages, 20 by 14 cm

Mass storage

(8V4 by 53/4 inches)

Uses standard cassette

recorder (not included)

widely advertised as the first personal computer forunder $200.

The ZX80, shown in photo 1, is a new design fromClive Sinclair, a well-known British electronics in-novator. Sinclair is best known for his previous products:a miniature television, low-cost calculator and digitalwatch kits, and miniature stereo components. All of hisproducts have stressed small size, low cost, and high-quality operation—usually at the expense of packaging.The same is true of the ZX80.

Can it be any good if it sells for under $2007 This is areasonable question, but the question that is most impor-tant when buying a computer is, "Will it do the job I wantit to do?" The only way to tell is to look at its features insome detail. In order to design a very low-cost computer,some features had to be cut. However, the new featuresthat have been added are rather impressive. The goodfeatures include low price, small size, high micropro-cessor speed, ease of program entry, and real-time BASICsyntax checking.

The price of $199.95 includes the assembled computer,an AC (alternating current) power adapter, a cable toconnect the ZX80 to a standard television set (channel 2),connectors for a cassette recorder, and a well-writtenbook on programming in BASIC for the ZX80. For thoseinterested in building kits, a kit version is available.However, you will not save money by doing so, and thekit involves some steps that are rather involved for an in-experienced kit builder.

The ZX80 is small. The actual dimensions are 15.9 by20.8 by 3.5 cm (6V2 by 8V2 by IV2 inches), or about thesize of a hardcover book. It is not the smallest personalcomputer—the new pocket computers from Sharp, Pana-sonic, Quasar, and Radio Shack have that honor. Also,because the ZX80 has to be attached to its AC adapterand a television set to work, some of its size advantage islost.

As part of this evaluation, several benchmark pro-grams were run in BASIC to compare the ZX80 to otherpersonal computers. Although the ZX80 is not as fast asadvertisements imply, it does run faster than many otherpersonal computers, including the Radio Shack TRS-80Model I.

94 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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The number one reasonis dependability.

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The small businessmanwants big performance fromhis micro system, not microperformance. He wants com-plete documentation that iseasy to use. He wants com-plete flexibility to grow into a

more advanced system. He diskettes, standard eight inchwants the availability of addi- disk or a ten megabyte hardtional programs so he won't be disk. Programs are continuous-boxed in. Last, but not least, he ly being developed to expandwants support for any pro- the usability of our system,blems he may have. See your local dealer today.Here Is How We Responded If he doesn't have SYSTEM IITo expand the performance have him give us a call.

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•Apple II and The Cashier are trade names ol Apple Computer Inc

Photo 1: A photograph of the ZX80 in operation. Thehomemade power supply gives an indication of the small size ofthe computer. At the bottom of the television set, a BASIC lineis being edited.

The ZX80 also has a few software features that areuseful. The single-keystroke keywords mean that, insteadof typing a whole word, you have to type only a singlecharacter on the keyboard. This can cause some confu-sion at first, and it takes some time to remember not totype the whole word. But it does speed up the typing pro-cess when entering a program. Because the keywords arestored in 1 byte each, you save memory space that can beused for extra program storage.

Another BASIC feature that I found impressive is thesyntax checking of the program as you type it in. 1 havealways been disappointed that most other versions ofBASIC do not do this. The ZX80 actually prompts youwith the type of input it is looking for—a keyword, aliteral, a string, or a number. If you enter an illegal state-ment, it indicates where the statement is wrong and willnot let you enter that statement into the program. It alsodoes a similar check on input data requested by a runningBASIC program. In fact, it allows you to enter simple ex-pressions for numeric input and calculates the value whilereading the value into the program; a very nice feature.

At $200, though, everything cannot be optimum.There are objectionable features too. The most annoyingor limiting features of the ZX80 are its small memorysize, screen blanking during program execution, itslimited BASIC, and its keyboard.

The ZX80 comes with 1 K bytes of programmablestatic memory, although a memory-expansion boardallowing 16 K bytes of memory is expected soon (see textbox). These 1024 bytes of memory are shared by systemvariables, your BASIC program, the program variables,working space, the video-display memory and the stack.Although the space is used very efficiently, 1 K bytes ofmemory do not store a large program, no matter howefficiently it is squeezed.

Perhaps the most limiting characteristic of the ZX80 isthe screen-blanking behavior. When the ZX80 is ex-ecuting a program, the TV screen goes black. This hap-pens because the processor is used to control the displayas well as to do the processing, and the design decisionwas made to have the processor devote its time to onlyone of these. The effect of this trade-off is to increase pro-

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High Speed Printing-Bidirectional, logic-seeking printing at180 cps offers throughput of over 200 Ipm on average text. A9-wire printhead life-tested at 650 million characters generatesa 9x7 matrix with true lower case descenders and underlining.Non-volatile Format Retention-a unique programming keypadfeaturing a non-volatile memory allows the user to configure theDS180 for virtually any application. Top of form, horizontal andvertical tabs, perforation skipover, communications parameters

and many other features may be programmed and stored from thekeypad.When your system is powered down/the format is retainedin memory. The DS180 even remembers the line where you stoppedprinting. There is no need to reset the top of form, margins, baudrate, etc.... it's all stored in the memory. If you need to recon-figure for another application, simply load a new format into thememory.

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2a

1 REM

S REM CKhRRCTER SET

3 PRINT " "

4. PRINT " "

SSPRINT - "

lO FOR 1 = 1 TO 2SS

20 PRINT CHR* 11) ;

30 NEXT I

- ZXSO

fa

2b I

1

j"£J% ■J»»*£$:?<l-+X>'=><; , .01S345e.TQgflSCOEFGHIOKUMNOPORSTUVWXYZ??

THEN TO ; , ) C

NOT -*X/ AND OR XI=>< LIST RETU

RN CLS DIM SRVE FOR GO TO POKE I

NPUT RhNDOMISE LET •?? NEXT PRINT

? NEW RON STOP CONTINUE IF GO S

U8 LORD CLERR REM f

0/30

Photo 2: The character set of the ZX80 computer. Photo 2ashows a program that will list all 256 characters used by theZX80. Photo 2b shows the character set produced by the pro-gram; note that some characters are expanded to multiletterkeywords and that undefined codes are represented by a ques-tion mark.

cessing speed at the expense of limiting the interactivequality of the ZX80. It is not going to have the same typesof games as the Commodore PET or the Apple II com-puters. However, when performing long calculations onthe ZX80, it is easy to tell when the program ends—theroom bursts into light!

The limited features of ZX80 BASIC are alsofrustrating. This is a result of the limited amount (4 Kbytes) of ROM (read-only memory) available. This mem-ory contains the software used for the BASIC interpreter,for the character generator for the TV display, for de-coding the keyboard, and for cassette reading and writ-ing. This squeeze results in many useful BASIC functionsbeing omitted.

When dealing with strings, for example, you can breakup a string using two functions: CODE gives the ASCII(American Standard Code for Information Interchange)equivalent of the first character of the string; the TL$(tail) function returns a string containing all but the firstcharacter of the string. As an example of functions leftout, you cannot put two strings together (no concatenateoperation or function exists). However, Sinclair intendsto bring out an optional 8 K-byte floating-point BASICon a single ROM. With more than double the space towork with, it should be a very rich and impressivelanguage.

The last feature that I find annoying is the keyboard. Itworks—but @"#$. It is a touch-sensitive key-board—smooth, washable, indestructible. But it is dif-ficult to keep your fingers positioned properly on thekeys, particularly on the shift key, without inadvertentlypressing an extra key or two. The hardest keys to use arethe cursor controls and the rubout keys (both are shiftedcharacters). I always seem to end up with zeros where Iwant to remove a character (rubout is shift-zero). Re-member, though, that some people pay more for a key-board than this entire computer costs. This was a verywise place to save money on the design.

iOO REM BENCHMRRK PROGRfiM 7

SOO PRINT "START "

AOO LET K=0

<K30 DIM M(S)

500 LET K=K+1

51CHLET R=Kvax3+*-5

520 GO SUB 820

5GO FOR l_=l TO S

SOS LET M(L)=R

SAO NEXT L

BOO IF- K<1000 THEN GO TO SOO

VOO PRINT "END"

SOO STOP

820 RETURN

510 LET BR=K/,axa-»*-s

Photo 3: Editing on the ZX80. The cursor (at line 510 at the topof the screen) can be moved via arrow keys to different lines ofthe program. When the Edit key is pressed, the line beingpointed to is copied at the bottom of the screen, where it can beedited. The cursor on the bottom line can be moved right andleft; characters can be deleted or inserted at the current cursorposition. When the Newline key is pressed, changes made in thisline are added to the existing program.

Some Technical Details

The ZX80 microcomputer uses a very efficient designwith a total of only twenty-two standard integrated cir-cuits, including the voltage regulator. The main pro-cessor is a Z80A processor running at a speed of about3.2 MHz. The programmable memory is a pair of 4 K-bitstatic memory devices. The ROM is a single 4 K-bytepart that includes both the BASIC interpreter and theother functions listed above.

The operation of the ZX80 is—so far as I understandit—quite complicated because it works on a mix of hard-ware and software. The overall concept is that the refreshcounter of the Z80 is used to control the generation of thelines of the video display, producing dots on the TVscreen at twice the frequency of the processor clock. Thekeyboard is scanned under software control as I/O (in-put/output) port number 1, a port that is also shared bythe cassette input circuitry. The cassette output signal isthe same as the video synchronization signal; it is alsounder software control. It is an interesting design, butyou will need to study the ZX80 ROM carefully beforeyou can really understand it.

The character set is also a little strange. The keywordsthat are entered with single strokes are stored as singletokens and are expanded when displayed. Photo 2 shows

98 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE January 1981 99

a program for generating all 256 codes.

The high quality of the black-and-white display can beseen in the photograph of the TV screen, which is a stan-dard 12-inch color TV set (see photo 2b). The questionmarks are undefined codes, and the keywords (which arespelled out) are fairly obvious. The graphics charactersallow a limited 46- by 64-pixel graphics resolution.However, since the ZX80 is not primarily designed for in-teractive graphics applications, the existing resolution onthe ZX80 should be sufficient.

Software Features

The ZX80 system is excellent for learning introductoryprogramming concepts. This is in large part due to theimmediate feedback about errors. For the student at theintroductory level, the limited features of the languageare useful in preventing confusion; compare this with theextreme detail taken to describe some complicated ver-sions of BASIC. When you are ready to progress at alater time, the expanded version of BASIC will beavailable.

ZX80 BASIC not only prevents you from making syn-tax errors, but it also prompts you with a cursor that tellsyou what it is expecting—a keyword (denoted by a K in-side the square cursor) a literal (denoted by an L), or anumeric literal (denoted by an LS). When a program isexpecting string input, it puts the cursor between quotes,then expands the quotes as you enter the text. With theZX80, you never get the string errors during data entrythat are so common with other personal computers.

The method of editing programs is also well planned.A cursor, controlled by the t and I cursor keys, is used to

text.

Sine

e lines

nre

octer

, words, lin

» or

anywr

n the

text

opens

up

or clos

s as

rioge

retu

ns as

well

since

each

line of

tex

the electric pencil II

% for the TRS-80 Model II* Computer

OEM

The Electric Pencil is o Character Oriented Word Processing

System. This means that lex! is entered as a conlinuous siringof characters aid is manipulated as such. This allows the userenormous freedom and ease in the movement and handling ofnot delineated, any number of char-' paragraphs may be inserted or deleted. The entirety of I he text shifts and; needed in full view of the user. Cor-as word hyphenation arc not requi redt is formatted automatically.

As text is typed and (he end of o screen line Is reached, aportiolly completed word is shifted to the beginning of thefollowing line. Whenever lext is inserted or deleted, existinglext is pushed down or pulled up in a wrap around fashion.Kverylhing appears on the video display screen as it occurs(hereby eliminating any guesswork. Text may be reviewed otwill by variable speed or page-at-o-time scrolling both in theforward aid reverse directions. By using the search or thesearch and replace function, ony string of characters may belocaled rnd/or replaced with any other string of characters asdesired. Specific sets of characters within encoded stringsmay also be located.

When text is printed, The Electric Pencil automaticallyinserts carriage returns where they are needed. Numerouscombinations of Line Length, Page Length, Character Spacing,Line Spacing end Page Spocing allow for any form to behandled. Right justification gives right-hand margins thatare even. Pages may be numbered as well as titled.

the electric pencil

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Our CP/M versions are

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TRSDOS or CP/M Compatible ' 5upoorls Four DiskDrives * Dynamic Prim Formatting ' Diablo, NEC A

GUTM Print Packages • Multi-column Printing • PrintValue Chaining ' Page-ot-a-l ime Scrolling •Bidirectional Multispeed Scrolling • Subsystem withPrint Value Scoreboard ■ Automatic Word c. Record1-lrmb.T Tally * Global Search & Replace • Full MarginControl • End of Page Control ■ lion Printing TextCommenting * Line & Paragraph Indentation ■Centering • Underlining • Boldface

The Electric Pencil I is still available for TRS-80 Mode! Iusers. Although not as sophisticated as Electric Pencil II, itis still an extremely easy to use and powerful word processingsystem. The software lias been designed to be used with bothLevel I (I6K system) and Level II models of lite TRS-80. Two

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point to the "current" line. When the Edit key is pressed,the current line moves down to the bottom of the screento the program-entry line. There is always at least oneline between the program and the text-entry line, so youwill not get the areas confused.

Once the line is in the program-entry area, the line istreated exactly like a program line that you are typing ex-cept that the cursor is at the beginning of the statement.The cursor control keys — and -* are used to move thecursor within the line. Typing anything just inserts it atthat point in the line, and the rubout key is used to deletethe previous character. When you are finished editing,just press Newline and the edited line replaces the old linein the program (see photo 3). If you modify the linenumber during editing, you create a new line in the pro-gram. This feature makes it very easy to duplicate lines ina program.

The best way to describe the features of the ZX80BASIC language is to add to the comparison table usedby Creative Computing in their "BASICs ComparisonChart" (July 1980 issue, pages 28 and 29). The majorfeatures of the Sinclair Research ZX80 4 K-byte BASICare given in table 1.

Performance of the ZX80

At some time, all users become concerned about thespeed of their computers. There is no simple way to com-pare the speed of various personal computers withoutrunning actual programs. Two standard benchmarkshave been used to compare a wide range of computersrunning BASIC. These have been run on the ZX80 to geta valid estimate of its speed.

The system clock frequency of the Z80A processor is3.2 MHz. This compares to about 1.77 MHz for theRadio Shack TRS-80 Model I or to the 4 MHz of theTRS-80 Model II, both of which also use the Z80 as themain processor. A Z80 running at 2 MHz should be

Integer variables

yes; names must contain letters and

numbers only, but can be any length.

Real variables

no

String variables

yes; names must be one letter fol-

lowed by a dollar sign (eg: AS, B$, ...,

Y$, Z$).

Arrays

integer and one-dimensional (eg:

C(N)) only; names must be one letter

long and are initialized to zero

values.

Arithmetic operations

performed on 16-bit signed integer

values.

Arithmetic operations

+ ,-,*,/,** (exponentiation)

Relational operations

= ,>,<, on either string or integer

argument pairs.

Boolean operations

NOT , AND , OR performed on cor-

responding bits of integer arguments.

String operations

CHR$(X), TL$(X$), STR$(X$)

BASIC statements

CLEAR, CLS, DIM, FOR, GOSUB, GO

TO, HOME, IF, INPUT, LET, NEXT,

POKE, PRINT, RANDOMIZE, REM,

RETURN, STOP

BASIC expressions

ABS(X), CODE(X$), PEEK(X), RND(X),

USR(X)

BASIC commands

CONTINUE, EDIT, LIST, LOAD, NEW,

RUN,SAVE

Graphics

20 graphics characters; effective

resolution is 46 rows of 64 squares

per row, plus some graphics

characters for shading.

Table 1: Summary of the Sinclair Research ZX80 4 K-byte

BASIC.

100 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 57 on inquiry card.

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Now, you can use a microcomputer forsophisticated business applications... because now there's CIS COBOL.Micro Focus developed this COBOL soyour microcomputer can run the sameprograms as a minicomputer or amainframe.

CIS COBOL is Micro Focus' Compact,Interactive, Standard COBOL whichoffers the advantages of COBOL...powerful data structure features, English-like language, existing programmerexpertise... to provide you with a fullcommercial language. You won't berestricted by size either: a 64K bytemicrocomputer will compile up to 8000lines of COBOL, more if the program'ssplit into dynamically loaded modules.

Choose a Compact Compiler.

The Compact compiler runs on 32K bytemicrocomputer systems. Its powerfulsubset includes full support for random,indexed and sequential files.

Or choose theStandard Compiler.

The Standard CIS COBOL compilerrequires a minimum 48K of user RAM.A super-set of the Compact compiler,implementing ANSI 74 COBOL toFederal Low-intermediate Level.

The same CIS COBOLextensions for conversationalworking, screen control, interactivedebugging, and special peripheral support are in both compilers. And there aremore reasons to consider CIS COBOL:

• It conforms fully to the ANSI 74 stand-ard, so programs are portable upwardsand downwards to minis or mainframes.

• Its interactive features enable main-frame programmers to get results fast...workingon inexpensive microcomputers.

Forms

The FORMS utility lets you build ascreen layout online at the CRT. Thenit automatically generates COBOLrecord descriptions for inclusion in yourprogram.

Forms-2

A superset of FORMS, it eliminates theneed to write simple data entry andinquiry programs, because the programscan be automatically generated fromscreen definitions.

Environment

CIS COBOL products run on the 8080or Z80 microprocessors under the CP/M*operating system, and on the LSI-11or PDP-11 processors under RT-11.They are distributed in a variety of diskformats and come with a utility thatenables you to use any make of CRT.

OEMs

Intel has adopted CIS COBOL and offersit (as iCIS-COBOL) for their Intellec and

Intellec II systems. Idealfor OEM's or private label,CIS COBOL was developed"entirely by Micro Focus. Sendinquiries for CIS COBOL object packsand application vendor terms to MICROFOCUS or its licensed distributors.Distributor terms also available fromMICRO FOCUS.______________^

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CIS COBOL distributors include: Vector Graphic, Onyx Systems. Altos Computer Systems. Lifeboat Associates. Research Machines, Telecomputing, Modular Business Systems. Rair, Midlectron.Roslronics and Johnson-Laird Inc. tlntellec is a trademark of Intel Corp. *CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research Inc.

Circle 58 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1981

101

Benchmark

Number 12 3 4 5 6 7

Execution

Time (Seconds) 1.6 4.7 9.0 8.5 12.2 25.3 38.5

Table 2: Execution times of BASIC benchmark programs onthe Sinclair ZX80. See text for details

similar in speed to a 6502 running at 1 MHz (as used inthe Commodore PET or the Apple II). These estimations,however, do not consider the efficiency of the BASIC in-terpreter, which is often the most important speed factor.Thus, the execution-timing test of actual BASIC bench-mark programs is the most important way of comparingthe speed of various personal computers.

The ZX80 ranked between second and third places inthe BASIC benchmarks done for Kilobaud magazine (see"BASIC Timing Comparisons" by Tom Rugg and PhilFeldman, October 1977, page 20). It was beaten only by a6502 microprocessor running at 2 MHz (an Ohio Scien-tific Challenger II running its 8 K-byte BASIC), and by aZ80 running at 4 MHz (Zapple 8 K-byte BASIC). Forthose interested in the actual times of the benchmark pro-grams, they are given in table 2.

The prime-number program used for benchmarkingBASIC processors by Interface Age was also run (see"Assignment: Benchmark," by Tom Fox, June 1980, page130). [A similar benchmark program was given in"TRS-80 Performance: Evaluation by Program Timing"by James R Lewis, on page 84 of the March 1980BYTE....GW] This benchmark is particularly interestingbecause it was run on several of the fastest small com-puters, as well as on a DEC (Digital Equipment Corpora-tion) PDP-10 computer. The program given in the Inter-face Age article had to be modified slightly to allow forinteger BASIC. However, the only major effect was tochange an INT function to an integer multiply. The ex-ecution time for the program running on the ZX80 was

1604 seconds. Although this was not very fast comparedwith many of the computers in this benchmark, it wasnot the slowest either (the TRS-80 Model I took 1928seconds). The execution time was decreased to 1513seconds by removing the comment statements from theprogram (a 5 % increase in speed). This is a typical way ofspeeding up BASIC interpreters.

The ZX80 might be summarized as a high-perfor-mance, very low-cost, portable personal computer sys-tem. It is best used for home or school use in learning theconcepts of programming. When the memory-expansionand floating-point-BASIC modules become available (seethe "New Sinclair Modules" text box), it will also be goodfor low-cost mathematical, scientific, and engineering ap-plications. If you are looking for your own home com-puter, the ZX80 is a good starting point. ■

New Sinclair Modules

As this article goes to press, Sinclair Research Ltdhas announced two new modules for the ZX80, an8 K-byte BASIC in ROM and a 16 K-byte program-mable-memory module. According to an Americanrepresentative of Sinclair Research Ltd, the pro-grammable-memory module and a later version of theBASIC module currently being sold in England willprobably be available soon on the American market.The prices are expected to be "under $100" for the16 K-byte programmable-memory module and "about$40" for the 8 K-byte BASIC module. The BASICmodule will be slightly different from the one now be-ing sold in England in that it will add printer supportto the ZX80.

-ZX80

References

1. Davenport, Hugo. A Course in BASIC Programming-Operating Manual. Sinclair Research Ltd, 1980.

2. "Personal computer looks to open up the market with an ultralowprice." Electronics, Volume 54, Number 4, February 14, 1980, pages80 thru 82.

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BYTE January 1981 103

Education Forum

Multi-Micro LearningEnvironments:

A Preliminary Report on theSolo /NET /works Project

Dr Thomas A Dwyer, Soloworks Laboratory,

University of Pittsburgh, Department of Computer Science,

Pittsburgh PA 15260

Inventive Learning

It's a good idea to "back off" occasionally from thetough problems of education in the real-school worldand spend some time thinking about what it would taketo develop learning systems that go beyond training inthe basics. In particular, it is valuable to contemplate theintricacies of some of the impressive natural-learningphenomena that surround us. For example, when a two-year-old child startles her parents by speaking an adult-sounding sentence (one recently heard was, "No garagesales today—that's ridiculous") it's worth contemplatingthe significance of such a minor miracle as a key tounderstanding later cognitive developments. In a similarmanner, when a six-year-old masters the "solution" to acomplex system of differential equations in the eminentlypractical form of learning to ride a bicycle, we shouldspend more than a few moments asking what made sucha remarkable conquest possible.

An examination of these and similar examples of com-plex human learning reveals that in addition to the intrin-sic (and still quite mysterious) human potential fordeveloping an ever expanding "life of the mind," there aretwo important external elements at work. These elementscan be described as supportive-social and supportive-physical environments. In the case of the loquacious two-year-old quoted above, the supportive-social environ-ment was the constant flow of conversation betweenparents and child as they made their rounds of localgarage sales in search of fun bargains. The supportive-physical environment was the set of real places that werevisited as the child took part in the fascinating process offinding and acquiring some well-remembered objects, in-cluding, of course, a few toys.

The learning-to-ride-a-bicycle phenomenon is sup-ported from the same two bases. The social environmentis the neighborhood full of other kids who can handle atwo-wheeler and the fun that is promised to anyone whocan participate in the local rites of pedal-pushing. Thephysical environment is the pavement on which to pedaland of course the bicycle. When similar examples con-nected with older students are analyzed (eg: learning tofly an airplane solo in 10 hours), it is evident that the

Photo 1: Students from a local high school learn to play N-Trek.The terminals being used were connected to a PDP-11 RSTStime-sharing system, with each terminal controlling a jobrelated to a function of one starship crew member. The jobs in-teracted through use of shared variables in a common segmentof memory.

heritage of ideas built into complex mechanisms is often acrucial part of supportive-learning environments.

It was another example of such environmentally sup-ported human learning that triggered the idea behind theSolo/NET/works project. The example came out ofsomething called the Soloworks project in the mid 1970s.The Soloworks project involved the use of computertechnology to support a complex multiplayer version ofthe popular game Star Trek. (See photo 1.) Written bystudent Don Simon, the game was nicknamed N-Trek.This was because it allowed a variable number of playersto interact in a cooperative simulation/game setting.

In its original version, N-Trek was run on a PDP-11minicomputer time-sharing system. The general idea ofthe game was similar to more conventional versions, withthe starship Enterprise commissioned to explore theunknown while doing battle with the evil Klingon forces.The big difference was that in N-Trek, the Enterprise real-ly was run by a crew. Each member of this crew manneda terminal on the computer system, and depending onhow the game was initialized, each crew member playeda specific role. Thus, one terminal was run by the com-mander of the ship, another was manned by the weaponsofficer, a third was dedicated to navigational tasks, andso on. A separate graphics display showed the varioussector maps and status tables of the game, while an addedelement of feedback was provided by a colored light dis-play and a voice synthesizer that intoned such messagesas "RED ALERT" or "SHIELDS UP."

All in all, the many dramatic sessions played on thissystem were rated as some of the best examples of en-vironmentally supported learning that took place duringthe project. The word learning is used here with delibera-tion. The rules for handling the various roles in N-Trek

104 January 1981 © BYTE Publications lnc

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Education Forum

Photo 2: The equipment currently available in the Solo/NET/works laboratory. The terminal at the lower left in Photo 2a is used forthe WAG display (as explained in the text). To its right is the IMSAI S-100 computer that emulates the unrooted-tree network andperforms the managerial WAG functions. Further to the right are the system console and bus-status monitor; the other micropro-cessors operate as nodes in the network. Photo 2b shows MATSRCH designer Ivan Zatkovitch using an Apple II computer in a ver-sion of the game that requires only one player.

were extremely complex, yet it was possible to bring in agroup of neophytes and have them playing well in veryshort order. The most remarkable thing about this learn-ing was that it took place with surprisingly little explana-tion time; it happened mostly as a result of doing what-ever was necessary to handle the task at hand. It was alsoa form of learning that prompted students to develop newstrategies and theories. It was, to use a phrase we latercoined as being particularly appropriate, inventive learn-ing.

The Generalization of N-Trek

The new Solo/NET/works project (which like itspredecessor is supported in part by the National ScienceFoundation Development in Science Education program)can be looked upon as an extension and generalization ofthe N-Trek experience. The goal of the project is todevelop a prototype learning environment that will sup-port a variety of multiprocess simulations.

Physically, the environment will consist of a room (orseveral rooms) in which there is a variety of microcom-puters interconnected via a loosely coupled network. Thephrase loosely coupled is used in two senses. Technically,it means that the microcomputers in the network have in-dependent (and very likely differently designed) systembuses, and that they do not share memory. Pedagogical-ly, it is used to mean that each microcomputer node willbe running an independent program (ie: process) thatuses its own independent memory. The node processeswill be able to cooperate, but only in ways determined bythe program designers, and only via data communicatedover the network.

The reason we have kept the prefix Solo in the projectname is to emphasize that the student controlling a givenprocess (which may or may not have been designed bythat student) is in charge of that aspect of the overallsimulation. The sharing of data and the choice of whichprocesses are to be cooperative is to be a student-teamdecision, and modifications of this decision will be

viewed as an integral part of the learning process. Wewant the student activities to mirror the team efforts ofprofessional scientific and engineering projects, but withstrong emphasis on independent thought within a groupeffort.

Educational Applications

The tasks we have set in the first phase of the project(1980 thru 1982) are technical in nature. The first issue wemust address is that of finding simple ways to intercon-nect low-cost hardware in a cooperative network setting.For this reason, it is premature to talk about applications.Of course, they will eventually be the most importantaspect of the project.

Our approach to applications in this first phase hasbeen to outline scenarios describing how the systemmight be used, but to do most of our initial networktesting with simplified surrogate applications (an examplewill soon follow). The purpose of the scenarios is to helpus verify the accuracy and workability of the varioussystem hardware and software decisions that must bemade right away, while helping point the way to the bestuse of new technology sure to be available by 1982 andbeyond.

One example of a scenario we have found useful isbased on the use of the Solo/NET/works system tomodel both realistic and futuristic air traffic-controlsystems. In this application, some students will play therole of pilots flying a variety of aircraft. Each studentwill control a microcomputer at a node of the network.The principal process running in the computer at onenode will be a program that simulates the flightcharacteristics of a given (or imagined) aircraft. Theother microcomputer nodes will be manned by air-trafficcontrollers. The principal process running at each ofthese nodes will be one that interprets data returned fromaircraft transponders (a transponder is an "encoded"transmitter located in an aircraft), along with data on theposition of ground-based navigational aids.

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Education Forum

There will also be a distinguished node in the networkwhich we call the WAG (Weltanschauung, or "worldview," Generator). This will calculate all the data neededto generate a graphic display of the total universe withinwhich these pilots and controllers function. Normally,the total WAG display will be visible only to observers orvisitors who are not engaged in the simulation. However,windows on this universe appropriate to the functions atspecific nodes will be available to these nodes. For exam-ple, an air-traffic controller will be given a graphicdisplay of the aircraft in the specific sector he controls.This corresponds to the way in which radar displays areactually used today.

What will be learned by students working in such anenvironment? Specific learning will be in the areas ofaerodynamics, navigation and geometry, piloting, andair-traffic control (for those so inclined vocationally).Also involved are large-system design, distributed com-puting, data-base design, and, of course, the physics andmathematics of Newtonian dynamics.

The Solo philosophy assumes that students will play anactive role in the design and modification of the programsfor the node processes. More importantly, we believethat the participants who design, develop, debug, and usesuch a system will learn to be inventive—to devisestrategies and procedures that transcend anything thateven the best teacher or text could hope to transmit.

The ultimate power of a multi-micro network is foundin the fact that all the processes are run on general-purpose computers. This means that entirely new ap-plications, and an entirely new set of challenges to be in-ventive, are only as far away as the imaginations of theusers. We have found that visitors often suggest in-genious examples of such applications and that theserepresent a multitude of disciplines. Some of the otherscenarios that we are working on as a result of suchdiscussions are in the areas of corporate-businessmanagement, computer-operating systems, economicmodels, the colonization of space, and models of humanphysiology that could be used in medical education.

Network-Architecture Considerations

The subject of computer networking is extensive, and asubstantial amount of literature detailing a variety of ap-proaches has developed over the years. For our purposes,with our constraint to work with low-cost, off-the-shelfmicrocomputers, most of the options discussed in theliterature were not directly applicable. It also becameclear that, as with any new development, the promises ofwhat could be done tended to be ahead of the availabilityof actual products. However, we spent some time think-ing through the consequences of trying to apply the mostrecent ideas about local-area networking to our applica-tion, subject to the constraint that costs had to beminuscule compared to those associated with the com-mercial and scientific networks in use today.

We decided that even with this constraint, it would beadvantageous to work conceptually with the unrooted-tree passive-bus configuration, considered one of themost powerful local-network architectures. Anothername for this arrangement is the global multiple-access

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Education Forum

bus. Recent applications of this architecture are the XeroxCompany's Ethernet, and the Ungermann-Bass Net/Onesystem.

Figure 1 gives a brief summary of some of the networkarchitectures in use today. Although the passive-bus con-figuration appears to lack the complexity of the others, itis in reality a very general arrangement. This is becausethe bus (the heavy horizontal line) is assumed to be awideband communications medium (usually a coaxialcable) to which any node can be connected by means of atransceiver. The transceiver contains sophisticated cir-cuitry that allows the nodes to contend for access to othernodes without waiting for their turn in a polling scheme.This circuitry also allows for flexible addressing schemesthat allow the access paths in the network to be con-figured in any way desired. Logically, this configurationis equivalent to a fully connected distributed system, withno limitations or dependencies on which nodes are to actas control centers.

Since it is not yet possible to buy low-cost bus hard-ware such as transceivers off-the-shelf for use with thepopular microcomputers, we are simulating the passivebus-architecture with an S-100 microcomputer. The othernode microcomputers in the network connect to standardserial I/O (input/output) ports on the S-100 machine.The idea is to have a program segment running in theS-100 computer that makes these ports appear to be"taps" onto a passive bus. Actually, all communicationsfrom the nodes will be via RS-232C ports which areavailable at a low cost. In the spirit of limiting costs evenfurther, we are experimenting with having the same S-100computer also act as one of the nodes.

Hardware and Software

There are many ways to put together a system that actslike a general microcomputer network. One approachwould be to use a single machine running a sophisticatedoperating system like UNIX (a development of the BellSystem Laboratories), which allows the various users onthe system to set up "pipelines" with each other. BillGates of Microsoft has indicated that they will soon havesuch a system for use on the newer 16-bit microcom-puters. This product will undoubtedly be worth in-vestigating when it becomes available.

Two other products we considered were the Nestarsystem and the Corvus Constellation system. The Nestarsystem is designed specifically for Apple computers andthe Apple II bus. The Corvus system was not in use any-where that we could visit. Although both these productsare ingenious developments, we felt that with the lack ofgenerality and experience with their use, it would not bewise to acquire the Corvus and Nestar systems at thistime. This decision was further supported by ourequipment-budget limitations and our desire to test thefeasibility of using a variety of low-cost microcomputersas network nodes. Once we have a better feel for thecapabilities of the various machines, we will not be hesi-tant in choosing the models that perform the best for us.It is pretty clear that trying to accommodate all the dif-ferences found in the various brands of microcomputerstoday can create lots of problems.

110 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE January 1981 111

Education Forum

BUS (UNROOTED TREE)

0

DISTRIBUTED, MINIMALLY CONNECTED (RING)

CENTRALIZED

DISTRIBUTED, FULLY CONNECTED

DECENTRALIZED

HIERARCHICAL (TREE)

Figure 1: Examples of network architecture. A network consists of nodes that are linked through communications channels. In thesediagrams, square boxes represent nodes that act as resources in the network, circles represent users of these resources, and diamondsshow devices or persons that act as intermediaries (buffers, terminals, displays, etc). The letters P and C indicate that the node is aperson or a computer; a blank node means that the nature of the node is not specified.

Fortunately, the lack of standardization is not as severea problem with microcomputer languages and operatingsystems, and we had no misgivings about using MicrosoftBASIC running under CP/M in the S-100 computer. Bothproducts have proven to be sophisticated and reliable.Being able to count on this kind of stability has been a bigplus. We may look into using the C or Pascal languageslater on, but the microcomputer versions of these are stillrelatively new.

The simplest choice of system software for low-costcomputers like the Apple, Atari, and Radio Shack'sTRS-80 is to use whatever is supplied by the manufac-turer. This can cause problems, however, and since it isnow possible to add the CP/M-Microsoft BASIC com-bination to both the Apple and TRS-80, we may take thisroute later on. For the time being, we are trying to workwith the system software supplied with each of thesemachines, supplementing it where necessary with bus in-terface programs written in machine language.

Surrogate Applications

By now it should be clear that putting together asystem of this type is a complex job, especially for a smallstaff. Some of this complexity can be sorted out byrecognizing that we (and, later on, others who wish toreplicate the system) must wear three hats. The most im-portant of these will eventually be that of the educatorwho uses the system. The second will be that of theapplication-program designer. The third is the one we arewearing most of the time at present, namely that of amultisystem designer. The job of a multisystem designerhas to come first since the others build on its products.The problem is that any decisions at the system level can'tbe made without experience at the application level.

At this time, our strategy for dealing with this dilemmais to give consideration to a variety of educational ap-plications, but to hold off on implementing them fully. Aconsiderable effort in software engineering will be neededto implement the more advanced applications we have in

112 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 66 on inquiry card.

First compare quality.Then compare cost.

Morrow Designs' 10 megabytehard disk system: $3,695.

MORE MEMORY. LESS MONEY.

Compare Morrow Designs' DISCUSM26'" hard disk systemsto any system availablefor S-100 or Cromemcomachines. First, comparefeatures. Then, com-pare cost per mega-byte. The M26 worksout to under $200 amegabyte. And the M10 isabout half the cost of competing systems.

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Both the M10 (8"), and the M26(14"), are delivered complete withdisk controller, cables, fan, power supply, cabinet and CP/M* operatingsystem. It's your choice: 10 Mb 8"at $3,695 or 26 Mb 14" at $4,995.That's single unit. Quantity prices areavailable.

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104 Megabytes with the M26. 40+megabytes with the M10. Formatted.Additional drives: M26: $4,495.M10: $3,195. Quantity discountsavailable.

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The M26 and M10 are sealed-mediahard disk drives. Both S-100 controllersincorporate intelligence to super-vise all data transfers through four I/Oports (command, 2 status and data).Transfers between drives and control-lers are transparent to the CPU. Thecontroller can also generate interruptsat the completion of each command... materially increasing system throughput. Sectors are individuallywrite-protectable for multi-use environments. NorthStar or Cromemco?Call Micro Mike's,Amarillo, TX,(806)372-3633for the software ♦ '

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MAKE HARD COMPARISONS.

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Education Forum

mind, and for these we feel that it is wisest to confineourselves to the highest level of the application designprocess at present. The catch to this strategy is that itdoesn't get into the nitty-gritty detail that can have im-portant repercussions on network-level design decisions.To handle this obstacle, we are also working with thecomplete design and testing of what we call surrogate ap-plications. These are highly simplified but fairly accuratemappings of what we believe will be the essential ingre-dients of real applications.

The first surrogate application we have worked with isa game called MATSRCH. It was designed by IvanZatkovich as an undergraduate. He has since graduatedand moved on to bigger and better things as a computerscientist. His application was designed to work with aminimal system in which an S-100 computer provides thenetwork-bus function, while also handling several nodetasks.

The arrangement of components used in MATSRCH isshown in figure 2 and photos 2a and 2b. The S-100 com-puter consists of an IMSAI mainframe equipped with anIthaca Intersystems Z80 processor board and memoryboards, and a Morrow disk controller and I/O boards.The computer runs Microsoft 5.1 BASIC under CP/M.The nodes controlled by persons Pi, P2, P3, and so on,are equipped with low-cost machines such as the AppleII, the Atari 800, and the TRS-80. The processes in eachof these machines are written in the BASIC supplied withthe machine (usually a variant of Microsoft BASIC).

The idea of MATSRCH is to allow several players,each with his own computer, to move a spaceshipthrough a world defined by a matrix-like coordinatesystem. Players issue commands that move their ships,ask for scans of the area in which they are located, andrendezvous with other ships. The program running in theS-100 computer performs three tasks: it manages thecommunication of data between nodes (ie: it emulates thenetwork bus function), it keeps track of where everybodyis in the matrix world of the game (supplying this infor-mation to the WAG display), and it displays bus-statusinformation on the system console. This last function isnot essential to the game, but it is a revealing way to keeptabs on where the bottlenecks in communications occur.

The present version of this simplified net monitorshows whether the S-100 program is doing network poll-ing (and buffer management), interpreting data receivedfrom the nodes, or handling the WAG display.

The programs in the spaceship nodes are quite simpleat present. They allow the players to issue commandsthat control the motion of their ships, and ask for infor-mation about the presence of other ships. The game limitsthe range that a player may ask to scan. In effect, in-dividual nodes are able to look into small windows on theglobal space known to the WAG. Each node applicationprogram is also able to call upon a suitable driver pro-gram that can transmit or receive data from the bus. Theprograms in the nodes are actually parallel processes thatcooperate in the MATSRCH game. The important pointto note is that these processes can be expanded to take ad-vantage of all the power of the microcomputer in whichthey reside. This is an important point; the local nodes

114 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 67 on inquiry card.

Circle 68 on Inquiry card.

"When you sell to smallbusiness, learn to speaktheir language. COBOL- 80."

Ron MayberryMay berry Systems, Inc., Belleville, Illinois

"It's amazing what afew key phrases will dofor your sales recordto small businesses.Words like "faster,""cheaper," andMicrosoft's "COBOL-80"

I should know. I'm inthe business of sellingcomplete computer sys-tems to one of the mostdemanding enterprisesaround: pharmacies.That means my pro-grams have to solvethe complex problemsfacing pharmacies today—the deluge of paper-work, regulations, andthe need for immediateaccess to patientinformation.

I've sold a lot of mini-computer systems withprograms written inDIBOL. Then I discover-ed microcomputers,and Microsoft'sCOBOL-80. Together,they're faster and lessexpensive than my oldsystem, yet do all thesame things. And more.

Like what? Likemore flexibility and ver-satility. I use practicallythe whole range ofCOBOL-80 features, tospeed inventory, billing,labeling, pricing,accounts receivable,patient profiles and

doctor lists. And I'll beusing a lot of the samefeatures to write a pro-gram for travelagents too.

Believe me, wechecked them all, andonly COBOL-80 had allthe necessary LEVEL IIfeatures, plus the newCHAIN feature, pro-gram segmentationand formatted screenACCEPT/DISPLAY.

The CHAIN featureimpressed even aveteran programmerlike me. With my menu-driven systems, I havetotal control over whichprogram will execute

next. And it was great tofind that COBOL-80'sACCEPT/DISPLAYstatements give for-matted screens thatlook the same as my oldDIBOL screens. Yetwith fewer lines of code.

With 300 differentprogram modules, youcan be sure I appre-ciate segmentation too.In one case, I collapsedseven DIBOL programsinto one segmentedCOBOL-80 program.Now I can organize mysystem according toprogram function ratherthan memory size.

My compile times?Incredible. Over 1,500lines compile and link injust five minutes.

I know what you'rethinking. 'Sounds great,but I wouldn't want to bein Mayberry's shoeswhen he translated allthose DIBOL programsto COBOL-80.'Well,surprise. Since mostDl BOL features trans-late into COBOL one-for-one, we convertedthe source code sixtimes faster thanoriginally scheduled.

So simply put, that'show Mayberry SystemsInc. learned for itselfthat COBOL-80 is onelanguage that makesa lot of sense tosmall businesses.

In my opinion,COBOL-80 is first-class. And I thoughtyou should know aboutit too."

COBOL-80 now sup-ports Level II ANSISORT/MERGE state-ments to interface withMicrosoft's new sortfacility, M/SORT.

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Education Forum

S-100 MICROCOMPUTER RUNNING MICROSOFT BASIC UNDER CP/M

MATSRCH LOCAL PROCESSORS

Figure 2: The hardware and software arrangement for MATSRCH. This application uses an S-100 computer (indicated at the top ofthe diagram) for a variety of functions: the segment labeled "BUS" is involved in emulating the unrooted-tree network shown infigure 1. Each microprocessor node has a principal function (the task assigned to that node, indicated by a square) and a driver pro-gram that handles communications (indicated by a diamond).

are not just terminals connected to a central processor.

As was noted earlier, all communications betweennodes are via RS-232C serial lines. Thus, even though ourwork is primarily concerned with a local network, thereis still the capability of connecting several schoolstogether via telephone lines and modems. The potential

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of interscholastic simulation gaming between severallocal high schools and colleges is intriguing, especially interms of the higher levels of supportive social en-vironments that could result. ■

Acknowledgments; Further Information

The Solo/NET/works project derives many of itsideas from its two predecessors, Project Solo and theSoloworks Laboratory. All three projects were fundedin part by the Education Directorate of the NationalScience Foundation. Examples of early curriculumunits from Project Solo were reprinted in CreativeComputing in 1979 and 1980. Articles describing someof the activities of Soloworks appeared in BYTE inDecember 1976, August 1977, March 1978, and May1978. A description of the educational ideas thatunderlie the Solo philosophy was given in the article"Books As an Antidote to the CAI Blues" which ap-peared in the Education Forum of BYTE in June 1980,page 74.

Documentation of the Solo/NET/works project willinitially be in the form of working papers. These arefor internal use only, but revised versions will later besubmitted for publication in the Education Forum ofBYTE. If you'd like to be placed on a mailing list for anotice of what has been published and where it ap-peared, send your name and address to MargotCritchfield, Department of Computer Science, Univer-sity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15260. However,please understand that it will be some time before acomplete list is available.

The material in this preliminary report is based inpart on working papers by faculty associate Dr SigTreu, and project staff members Margot Critchfield,Bob Hoffman, and Blaise Liffick. The material on theMATSRCH application was derived from a paper inpreparation by Ivan Zatkovich.

116 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 69 on Inquiry card.

A PASCAL/M Demo Disk from Sordm.

You've heard all about the power of PASCAL. You know it's asimple, high level, block structured language that is replacingBASIC as the universal programming tool. But how can youlearn if it's really what you want without spending a lot ofmoney? Sorcim's Incredible $10 Free Offer is the answer.

For only $10 you receive a CP/M® compatible 8"floppy disk that demonstrates the entire PASCAL/Mlanguage. Through a sample pro-gram that displays the uniquefeatures of PASCAL/M and alimited compiler that allowsyou to create programs ofyour own, you'll discoverthe incredible world ofPASCAL/M first-hand.

You can run the disk on anystandard CP/M-based system using an 8080,8085 or Z80'- CPU device with 56K memory.So where's the FREE come in?

After the demo disk gets you hooked onPASCAL/M, just order the full PASCAL/Mpackage, including the compiler, object libraryand pseudo code (P-Code) interpreter, andwe'll give you full credit for the demo disk!

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If you need full documentation, just turn your Incredible$10 Free Offer into an Incredible $20 Free Offer. Order thecomplete 90-page User's Reference Manual, which fully detailsour entire PASCAL/M package, for an additional $10.And you'll get full credit for the $20 offer, too.

Sordm Is the solid software source.Sorcim is fully committed to the advance-ment of technology through software develop-ment. Our next PASCAL enhancement, thePASCAL/M symbolic debugger which dra-matically reduces program development time,is proof of this commitment. We also offer acomprehensive line of state-of-the-art softwareproducts for Z80, 8080, 8048, 6502, 680x,Z8000, M68000 and 8086/88 microprocessor-based systems. And Sorcim can develop operat-ing systems, compilers and assemblers for yourspecialized applications.

Take advantage of our incredible offer byfilling out the coupon and sending it to ustoday. You'll get hard evidence of solid softwarefor microcomputer applications.

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Circle 70 on Inquiry card.

BYTE January 1981 117

System Review

The HP-41C:A Literate Calculator?

Brian P Hayes

Scientific American

415 Madison Ave

New York NY 10017

Calculator vs Computer

The computer and the programmable calculator seemto be following paths of convergent evolution. As the oneis made smaller while the other gains in capability, theline of demarcation between them becomes more andmore arbitrary. For now at least, the programmablecalculator remains a distinct and lesser species, but itshares many of the attributes of the computer. Moreover,the shared attributes are chiefly the ones that make thecomputer an interesting machine. Both devices offer anintimate acquaintance with the powers and pleasures ofalgorithms. Both exhibit an enigmatic unpredictability:the response of the machine to any given stimulus iswholly deterministic, yet the behavior of a large program

Photo 1: Components of the Hewlett-Packard HP-41Ccalculator system. Shown here are the calculator itself and threeperipheral devices: a magnetic-card reader, a wand for readingprinted bar codes, and a thermal dot-matrix printer. Theperipheral units plug into four ports at the top of the calculator,which can also receive modules containing additional memoryor preceded applications programs. The HP-41C alone costsabout $300; a system including all three peripheral devices andtwo memory or applications modules is about $1000. (Photo byEd Crabtree.)

can be full of surprises, often to the frustration of the pro-grammer.

The HP-41C, which was introduced by the Hewlett-Packard Company about a year ago, is among the pro-grammable calculators that lie closest to the computerborderline. It comes close enough for the jargon of com-puters to be useful in describing it. At the Corvallis Divi-sion of Hewlett-Packard, where the HP-41C is made,they refer to the calculator itself as the "mainframe" andto its accessory devices as the "peripherals." Thecalculator comes equipped with four input/output (I/O)ports, through which the various elements of the systemare interconnected. Because the peripherals do some dataprocessing internally, the system might even be said tohave "distributed intelligence."

When compared with a computer, most programmablecalculators have a rich instruction set, but they are defi-cient in memory capacity and in facilities for communica-tion with the user. A calculator comes with suchamenities as trigonometric, logarithmic, and statisticalfunctions built in; with a computer, even floating-pointarithmetic must usually be constructed out of software.On the other hand, no calculator has the memory neededto store large tables or other data structures. And it is thecommunication problem that most seriously limits theutility of the calculator. A display that can represent onlythe 10 digits, a decimal point, and a minus sign does nothave much range of expression. Even for problems thathave entirely numerical results, such a display is notalways adequate, since without labeling of any kind it iseasy to become confused about what a number means.

The HP-41C

In the HP-41C, the instruction set is at least the equalof that in any other calculator and the potential memoryspace is large (although it can never be large enough).The most conspicuous distinguishing features, however,have to do with communications and "human factors "(or, in other words, those things that aid in writing pro-grams and in interpreting their results).

All three of the peripheral units now available serve toget information into or out of the HP-41C; they are aprinter, a magnetic-card reader, and a wand for readingbar codes. But perhaps the most significant innovation ofall is in the calculator itself: a liquid-crystal display thatcan represent not only numerals but also the completeuppercase alphabet and a few lowercase letters and other

118 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

The first personal computerfM-under $20tt

The Sinclair ZX80.A complete computer-only $199.95 plus $5.00 shipping.

Now, for just $199.95, you can get acomplete, powerful, full-function computer,matching or surpassing other personalcomputers costing several times more.

It's the Sinclair ZX80. The computer that"Personal Computer World" gave 5 starsfor 'excellent value.'

The ZX80 cuts away computer jargonand mystique. It takes you straight intoBASIC, the most common, easy-to-usecomputer language.

Yqu simply take it out of the box, con-nect it to your TV, and turn it on. And ifyou want, you can use an ordinary cassetterecorder to store programs. With the man-ual in your hand, you'll be running programsin an hour. Within a week, you'll be writingcomplex programs with confidence.

All for under $200.

Sophisticated design makes theZX80 easy to learn, easy to use.

We've packed the conventional computeronto fewer, more powerful LSI chips—including the Z80A microprocessor, thefaster version of the famous Z80. Thismakes the ZX80 the world's first truly port-able computer (6V2" x 8V2" x 1V2" and a mere12 oz.). The ZX80 also features a touchsensitive, wipe-clean keyboard and a32-character by 24-line display.

Yet, with all this power, the ZX80 is easyto use, even for beginners.

^e-nBASiCpm

Your course in computing.

The ZX80 comes complete with its own128-page guide to computing. The manualis perfect for both novice and expert. Forevery chapter of theory, there's a chapterof practice. So you learn by doing—not justby reading. It makes learning easy, excitingand enjoyable.

You'll also receive a catalog packed withitems that can make your ZX80 even moreuseful. Including 27 program cassettes,from games and home budgeting for just$6.95, to Sinclair's unique Computer LearningLab. And books, hardware options andother accessories.

ZX80's advanced design features.

Sinclair's 4K integer BASIC has perfor-mance features you'd expect only on muchlarger and more expensive computers.■ Unique 'one touch' entry. Key words

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■ Automaticerror detection.A cursor identifies errorsimmediately to prevent enteringprograms with faults.

■ Powerful text editing facilities.

■ Also programmable in machine code.

■ Excellent string handling capability—upto 26 string variables of any length.

■ Graphics, with 22 standard symbols.

■ Built-in random number generator forgames and simulations.

Sinclair's BASIC places no arbitrary re-strictions on you—with many other flexiblefeatures, such as variable names of anylength.

And the computer that can do so muchfor you now will do even more in the fu-ture. Options will include expansion of IKuser memory to 16K, a plug-in 8K floating-point BASIC chip, applications software,and other peripherals.

Order your ZX80 now!

The ZX80 is available only by mail fromSinclair, a leading manufacturer of con-sumer electronics worldwide.

To order by mail, use the coupon below.But for fastest delivery, order by phoneand charge to your Master Charge or VISA.The ZX80 is backed by a 30-day money-back guarantee, a 90-day limited warrantywith a national service-by-mail facility, andextended service contracts are available fora minimal charge.

Price includes TV and cassette connectors,AC adaptor, and 128-page manual.

All you need to use your ZX80 is a standard TV(color or black and white). The ZX80 comes completewith connectors that easily hook up to the antennaterminals of your TV. Also included is a connector fora portable cassette recorder, if you choose to storeprograms. (You use an ordinary blank cassette.)

Hi

The ZX80 is a family learning aid. Children 10 andabove will quickly understand the principles ofcomputing—and have fun learning.

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symbols. The letterforms are crude but perfectly legible;what they bring to the calculator is literacy, and it makesall the difference in man-machine relations.

The architecture of the HP-41C is not fundamentallydifferent from that of its predecessors in the Hewlett-Packard line. There is a four-level stack of registers wherepending operands are generally held; other registers areidentified by a 2- or 3-digit address. The internal memoryconsists of 63 registers, but this number can be increasedby plugging memory modules into the ports. Eachmodule adds 64 registers, so that a full complement offour modules yields a total capacity of 319 registers; withall the ports occupied, however, no peripheral devicescan be connected.

The memory available can be divided in any waydesired between data storage and program storage. Whenallocated to data memory, a register holds a singlefloating-point number (10-digit mantissa and 2-digit ex-ponent). Program capacity is more difficult to measurebecause instructions have varying space requirements.Without extra memory and with a reasonable allowancefor data storage, the maximum for an unassisted HP-41Cusually falls between 150 and 200 program lines. By add-ing three modules and keeping the same data space, theprogram capacity is expanded to about 1200 lines.

An additional wider register is dedicated to alphabeticoperations. Up to 24 characters can be accumulated in thealpha register, although only 12 at a time fit in the liquid-crystal display; the extra characters scroll in to the left,marquee-style. The alphabetic capability is not a merefrill. The extent to which it is called upon in the everyday

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operation of the calculator can be illustrated by consider-ing one of the curious challenges of calculator design.

Mnemonic Functions

The problem is that most scientific calculators havemore instructions than they have keys; in the case of theHP-41C, there are more than 130 instructions and onlythirty-five keys. A shift function doubles the number ofdistinguishable key sequences, but that still leaves almosthalf the instruction set without a home on the keyboard.Rather than further increase the number of keys or thenumber of shifted modes, Hewlett-Packard has adopted asolution familiar in larger systems: all instructions,whether or not they appear on the keyboard, can be ex-ecuted by spelling out their mnemonic in the display.Programs resident in memory and instructions associatedwith peripheral devices can be executed in the same way.

Execution of a mnemonic label has the significant ad-vantage of eliminating all dependence of the instructionset on the layout of the keyboard. It also has certainpotential drawbacks that the designers of the HP-41Chave gone to some lengths to remedy, largely by ex-ploiting the alphabetic display. For example, if the spell-ing of a mnemonic is forgotten, a complete listing of theinstruction set can be called up by the CATALOG func-tion.

Another objection is that repeatedly spelling out afunction can be tiresome on a keyboard smaller than thehuman hand. This burden has been relieved by theradical strategy of allowing all the keys to be redefined bythe user. Any instruction (with the exception of a fewprogram-editing pseudoinstructions) and any programcan be assigned to any key.

The fluid indeterminacy of the keyboard leads to a fur-ther possible complaint: the user may lose track of whatfunction has been assigned to a particular key. Twodevices come to the aid of the forgetful. A keyboardoverlay slides into place to relabel the keys according tothe chosen assignments; if several programs require dif-ferent key assignments, a separate overlay can be madeup for each one. The second aid is more elegant: the cur-rent function of any key can be verified merely by press-ing the key and holding it down a moment. Themnemonic of the function appears in the display. If thekey is released, the function is executed; otherwise, theword "null" appears and the command is canceled.

IA third aid to the use of the HP-41C keyboard is theselection of the user/standard mode. The key redefini-tions are valid only when the calculator is in the usermode. To use a key that has been redefined for itsoriginal function, the user has only to press the USER keyto toggle the calculator back to its standard mode. In thestandard mode, the HP-41C behaves as it would beforeany keys were assigned, thus giving the user the best ofboth worlds. . . . GW]

Further Features for the Programmer

The versatility of the liquid-crystal display is exploitedin several other ways to make the HP-41C friendly andfool-resistant. A row of indicators below the maindisplay provides various indications of mode and status.Error messages can be reasonably explicit: an attempt todivide by 0 elicits "data error," and a number greaterthan 10" is flagged as "out of range." When a conditional

120 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 71 on inquiry card.

Circle 72 on inquiry card.

NEW DISK SYSTEMPOLISHES APPLE

s-n

■

■

»hSM

I

I

... J •

Micro-Sci's new disk drive familyreally makes your Apple shine.

Both the A-40 and A-70 offerextra performance plus the abilityto read existing diskettes writtenon Apple Disk II systems.

And a jumper selectable bootprom for 13 and 16 sector intergerBasic or 8 sector Pascal comesstandard.

The Model A-40 actually costsa lot less than Apple Disk II drives.Yet it provides 40 tracks instead of

35, along with up to 20K increasein capacity. Maybe an extra 20K isn'tanything to write home about, butthe speed sure is—5 ms track totrack vs. Apple's 15 ms.

The Model A-70, on the otherhand, features twice the tracks andcapacity of the Apple Disk II, butit costs only a few dollars more.

The secret of outstanding per-formance and reliability is a state-of-the-art design incorporating aband positioner, instead of a plastic

fj-sa

cam, plus an improved mediacentering system.

SPECIAL DISCOUNT.

One A-40 plus controller is pricedat only $495 and the second driveis just $395. You can saveup to $200 per system over Apple IIdrive prices.

And you can save even more ifyou act now. Contact us today fora special $50 introductory discounton your Micro-Sci A-40 or A-70system order.

MICRO-SCI1405 E. CHAPMAN AVENUE • SUITE E • ORANGE, CALIFORNIA 92666

MICRO-SCI IS A DIVISION OF STANDUN CONTROLS, INC.Apple and Apple II are registered trademarks of APPLE COMPUTERS INC., SAN JOSE, CALIFORNIA

714/997-9260

test, such as "X = 07", is executed from the keyboard,the display answers the question "yes" or "no."

Alphabetic text can also have a valuable role within aprogram. How it is employed is largely up to the pro-grammer, but two obvious uses are prompting for inputsand labeling outputs.

Even with the best of keyboard technologies, entering along program is inevitably tedious. A feature of the HP-41C that helps in avoiding needless repetition of effort isa continuous memory, which maintains all data and pro-grams even when the calculator is turned off. Keyassignments, the settings of flags, and other status infor-mation (such as the angular mode) are also preserved. Aprogram that is run frequently can be kept in thecalculator. Memory resources are finite, however, and onoccasion a program must be cleared to make room foranother and later reloaded. It is for such purposes thatthe magnetic-card reader and the bar-code reader are in-tended.

Using Cards

The magnetic-card reader, which occupies one port, isa small unit that clips onto the top of the calculator andcan be left in place. The cards are the standard 1 by7 cm magnetic strips (slightly smaller than a stick ofchewing gum) that are also employed by the HP-67 andHP-97 and by some Texas Instruments calculators. Theyare inserted in a slot at the side of the reader and pulledthrough by a motor for retrieval on the other side. Eachcard has two tracks and each track holds the contents of16 registers, which can be either data or programs. A

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122 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 73 on inquiry card.

long program requires several cards, and a routine thatsaves the state of the entire machine sometimes calls for awhole deck of them.

Cues provided by the calculator make operations withthe cards almost mindless. When writing a program ontocards, a message in the display indicates how manytracks will be needed; when reading a program, the samemessage gives the lowest-numbered track that has yet tobe read. The cards can be inserted in any sequence, andthe information is sorted out internally. A defective cardor an unsuccessful pass through the slot generates an ap-propriate error message.

Cards can be both written and read at the command ofa running program. For example, a data card might be re-quested during an initialization routine, and new valuesmight be written onto the card at the end of a calculation.Or one of several possible subroutines might be appendedto a running program once the program had determinedwhich subroutine was needed. Unfortunately, all theseprocedures still require human intervention for the actualinsertion of the card. Thus, the user must attend themachine and feed it by spoonfuls on demand.

An amusing feature of the card reader is its ability tocreate "private" program cards. When such a card is readback into the calculator, the program appears in thecatalog and becomes available for execution, but it can-not be examined, modified, or copied onto another card.Any attempt to do so is blocked by the imperiousmessage "private." The security measures seem to be ef-fective (although I have not worked seriously atpenetrating them); how often they will be needed isanother question. In the realm of very-small-scalesystems, the major worry is theft of hardware, not soft-ware.

Software Compatibility

The introduction of a new model computer often raisesquestions of software compatibility. In this case,Hewlett-Packard has made the new machine compatiblewith the old software by including a translator routine inthe card reader. Magnetic cards written on the HP-67 orHP-97 can be entered into the HP-41C and, with no in-tervention by the user, will be converted into HP-41Cprograms. Thus, the machine has access to the large bodyof software written for the earlier calculators, includingmore than 3000 programs in a users' library administeredby Hewlett-Packard.

An incidental benefit is the addition of more than adozen instructions peculiar to the HP-67 and HP-97 thatbecome available on the HP-41C whenever the cardreader is plugged in, even though most of those instruc-tions have nothing directly to do with card operations.For example, there is a block-memory swap that comes inhandy occasionally.

Bar-Code Wand

One drawback of magnetic-card recording is the costof the medium: roughly fifty cents a card, plus the con-siderable expense of the card reader itself. There is alsothe delicacy of the iron-oxide surface, which necessitatescareful storage and the maintenance of duplicate copiesfor backup. A second input device for the HP-41C, thebar-code reader, relies on the most inexpensive of allknown storage media, ink on paper. The reader is a

Circle 74 on inquiry card. >

INTERFACE PRODUCTS FOR THE 80's

Multiport Serial Card

• Two or Four RS-232 serial ports with full handshaking.

• Independent baud rate generator for each port, with 16software selectable rates from 50 to 19200 baud.

• Handshake lines include hardware start/stop control foreach port to interface with serial printers without additionalsoftware.

• Each port can be configured as a "data set", for directconnection to a terminal, or a "data terminal", for directconnection to a modem.

• 8-level vectored interrupt controller handles receive andtransmit interrupt requests from each port.

• Interrupt controller may be slaved to our CPU Support Cardfor fully vectored operation or it may be used in the "polledmode" while retaining the interrupt masking and prioritiza-tion features.

' Both of these cards are IEEE 696 (S-100) compatible. Theyhave DIP switches for I/O port address and all options areset with switches or easy-to-use pin shunts.

Price: 2-port, $250; 4-port, $350. Manual only, $3. Cables$15 each in 14, 18, or 28 inch lengths.

CPU Support Card

• RS-232 serial port with full handshaking. Software-controlled baud rate generator allows almost any conceiva-ble data rate.

• Socket for 2716 or 2732 EPROM. The EPROM can drivePHANTOM to allow a memory board to overlap, and it canbe disabled with an output command.

• 8-bit parallel input and output ports, each latched and withfull handshaking.

• Vectored interrupt controller. Provides 15 levels of vectoredinterrupts, expandable to 64 through "slave"controllers onother cards (such as our Multiport Serial). Includescomplete interrupts support for 8080, 8085, Z80, and 8086microprocessors.

• Two general-purpose timer/counters, Each is 16 bits wide.One may be combined with the time-of-day clock to countdays.

* Time-of-day clock. Time of day is kept in 24-hour format to0.01 second. Power to run the clock may be provided froman external source, such as a battery, to keep the clockrunning when the computer is off. If time of day is notneeded, the clock may be used as two general-purpose 16-bit timers.

Price: Card, $370. Manual only, $4. Cables, one 28" cableprovided. Additional cables, see above. 2716 EPROM(single supply), $15 each or $13 in 10s.

From Seattle Computer, the System Design Experts

While each of these cards is a great individualperformer, together they form an unequalled interruptsystem. Up to seven Serial cards may have their on-board interrupt controllers slaved to the master control-ler on the Support Card for a maximum of 64 differentinterrupt sources. Only SCP provides this kind of

expandability required for the multi-user systems of the80's.

To help you tap the power of this system, each CPUsupport card includes source code on diskette of acomplete, fully interrupt-driven I/O system for MP/M.(MP/Mis a trademark of Digital Research Corporation.)

These products may be purchased from your local computer store.Products are guaranteed one year—both parts and labor. Factory ordersshipped prepaid In USand Canada. Foreign purchases must be prepaid InUS funds. Also add $10 per board for overseas air shipment.

A

Seattle Computer Products, Inc.

1114 Industry Drive, Seattle, WA. 98188(206) 575-1830

hand-held wand similar to a general-purpose one in-troduced some months ago (the Hewlett-PackardHEDS-3000), but it has an interface and a plug specifical-ly adapted to the HP-41C.

With programs encoded and printed by Hewlett-Packard, the wand works extremely well. A line of codecan be scanned in either direction, although multiple linesmust be read in sequence. The calculator display promptsfor the lowest-numbered line not yet read. Even morehelpful is audible confirmation. After each successfulpass, the calculator emits a high-pitched beep; a failureresults in a lower-pitched tone. The speed and orientationof the wand are not critical, and with practice the successrate becomes quite high.

The wand can also do a few things besides thestraightforward loading of programs. Individual instruc-tions can be executed from a "paper keyboard" (which isa table of bar codes, each of which is a single HP-41C in-struction); data can be entered directly into designatedstorage registers; subroutines can be appended and pro-grams merged. One wand function, instead of translatingthe scanned bar code into HP-41C operation codes,displays the actual binary value represented by the bars.

Printed machine-readable code is an ideal medium forthe mass distribution of programs, and Hewlett-Packardwill reportedly make all its software for the HP-41Cavailable in this form. Programs from the users' librarywill also be offered in bar code, presumably at a lowerprice than programs on magnetic cards. For frequentusers of such prepared software, bar code seems to be themedium of choice.

The situation is somewhat different, however, forthose whose main interest is in writing their own pro-grams rather than in running other people's. The troubleis that bar code, for now, remains largely a one-waychannel of communication.

It is possible to assemble by hand a bar-code represen-tation of a program. The basic materials are adhesivelabels, each bearing the code for a single instruction or asingle numeric or alphabetic character. [The "paperkeyboard" can also be photocopied, with a program be-ing created by cutting and pasting photocopied bar-codekeystrokes. . . . GW] A long program, however, wouldrequire several hundred labels; moreover, they must bescanned as a series of many short strokes. The ability toreproduce the program by photocopying mightsometimes compensate for this inconvenience, althoughthe wand owner's manual warns that such copies may notalways give acceptable results. (Three copying machines Itried all produced readable images, although the errorrate was somewhat higher than with originals.)

For those who have access to a computer system thatincludes a daisy-wheel printer or a plotter, Hewlett-Packard will supply programs in BASIC or FORTRANthat will generate bar code in the HP-41C format. A farmore appealing method would be to produce the bar codeon the printer in the HP-41C system; if that could bedone, the wand might entirely displace the magnetic-cardreader. The HP-41C printer can readily be made togenerate patterns that superficially resemble bar codes. Inseveral weeks of experimenting, however, I have beenunable to persuade the wand to recognize those patterns

9f Micros aren't just for games anymore-AARDVARK gets down to brass TAX. 99

AARDVARK SOFTWARE takes home com-puter use one practical step further with "Per-sonal Tax," a federal income tax programdesigned specifically for home use.

"Personal Tax" was developed by CPA'sand computer professionals. It will calculateFederal Forms 1040 and 4726, as well as sched-ules A, B,G and TC. The program features mul-tiple entries for a variety of inputs (e.g. wages,dividends and charitable contributions). An in-dexed instruction manual and easy-to-followinput forms are included.

"Personal Tax" computes quickly andaccurately, then displays or prints the totalsautomatically (using a standard printer inter-

face). You simply copy the totals onto your IRSforms.

This spring, use your microcomputer tosimplify your taxes and file with confidence!You won't have to spend half of your refundeither. The "Personal Tax" program is veryaffordable at only $75.

"Personal Tax" will run on: Apple II ,TRS 80Models I and II, and OSI. Additionally, underCP/M, the program will run on Vector Graphics,North Star and Cromemco.

Minimum machine requirements:48K and one disk drive.Send check or money order, or, write us formore information.

AARDVARK SOFTWARE INC

The Microcomputer People for Professionals

783NORTH WATER STRE El MILWAUKEE WISCONSIN 53202 414/289-9988

124 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 75 on inquiry card.

THE PERFECT MARRIAGE

CHRISLIN 256KB MEMORY

milium Hill

»tuBfc

BpB*ftl«»*\

BHB™.B B B B ™\^k, i

iiiiiiBit\v

[iliiiiuWm uu\n\\\\\\\\\\\

DEC® LSI® 11/23

NOW AVAILABLE! 256KB memory on a dual height board only $1925. CHRISLIN INDUSTRIESnow offers state-of-the-art 64K RAM Memory system designs. Like our recently introduced512KB MULTIBUS® compatible single card memory our 256KB LSI 11/23 memory is anindustry first.

Free up critical and expensive backplane space. Saves you 3 dual slots.

Addressable in 4K increments up to 4 Megabytes.

On board parity generator checker totally DEC hardware and software compatible.

Single 5 volt power requirement.

Battery back-up capability. 256KB unit draws less than 300 ma at 5 volts in battery back-upmode.

Tested and burned in. Full year warranty.

DON'T ASK WHY WE CHARGE SO LITTLE, ASK WHY THEY CHARGE SO MUCH.

c

Chrislin Industries, Inc.

Computer Products Division31352 Via Colinas • Westlake Village, CA 91362 • 213-991-2254

Circle 76 on Inquiry card.

Multibus is a trademark of the Intel Corp LSI II is a trademaik ol Digital Equipment Corp

BYTE January 19SI 125

SORCERER"SOFTWARE!

Unless otherwise noted, all programs are on cassette andrequire only 8K of memory.

FORTH

new! Now Sorcerer owners can enjoy the convenience and speed of the fascinating FORTHprogramming language. Based on FIGFORTH and written by James Albanese, this versionwas designed especially for the Sorcerer and includes the capability to read and write data(screens) to cassette tape and a complete on-screen editor. Requires at least 16K of RAM.

$49.95

new! GRAPHICS ANIMATION by Lee Anders. This package provides the BASIC program-mer with a powerful set of commands for graphics and animation. The program is written inmachine language but is loaded together with your BASIC program and graphics definitionswith a CLOAD command. Any image from a character to a large graphic shape may beplotted, moved, or erased with simple BASIC commands. Encounters of plotted charactersets with background characters are detected and background images are preserved. Con-tains a medium resolution plotting routine. A keyboard routine detects key presses withoutcarnage returns. Includes a separate program for constructing images. $29.95

new! STARBASE HYPERION™ by Don Ursem. At last, a true strategic space game for theSorcerer! Defend a front-line Star Fortress against invasion forces of an alien empire. Youcreate, deploy, and command entire ship squadrons as well as ground defenses in thiscomplex tactical simulation of war in the far future. Written in BASIC and Z-80 code. Fullgraphics and realtime combat status display. Includes full instructions and STARCOM battlemanual. Requires at least 16K of RAM. $17.95

new! HEAD-ON COLLISION'" by Lee Anders. You are driving clockwise and a computer-controlled car is driving counter clockwise. The computer's car is trying to hit you head on,but you can avoid a collision by changing lanes and adjusting your speed. At the same timeyou try to drive over dots and diamonds to score points. Three levels of play, machinelanguage programming, and excellent graphics make this game challenging and exciting forall. At least 16K of RAM is required. $14.95

new! LUNAR MISSION by Lee Anders. Land your spacecraft softly on the moon bycontrolling your craft's three propulsion engines. Avoid lunar craters and use your limitedfuel sparingly. You can see both a profile view of the spacecraft coming down and a planview of the landing area. Land successfully and you get to view an animated walk on themoon. Nine levels of play provide a stiff challenge to the most skillful astronaut. Requires atleast 16K of RAM. $14.95

new! HANGMAN/MASTERMIND by Charles Finch. Two traditional games are broughtto lifeby Sorcerer graphics. HANGMAN has three different vocabulary levels for you to chooseIrom. I n MASTERMIND, the computer selects a four-character code and you have to uncoverit. These two games provide an enjoyable way for young people to develop their vocabularyand their logical reasoning ability. Written in BASIC. $11.95

QS SMART TERMINAL by Bob Pierce. Convert your Sorcerer to a smart terminal. Used with amodem, this program provides the capability for you to communicate efficiently and saveconnect time with larger computers and other microcomputers. The program formatsincoming data from time-sharing systems such as The Source for the Sorcerer video.Incoming data can be stored (downloaded) into a file in RAM. Files, including programs, maybe saved to or loaded from cassette, listed on the video, transmitted out through yourmodem, or edited with an on-board text editor. Interfaces with BASIC and the WordProcessor Pac. $49.95

DPX*" (Development Pac Extension) by Don Ursem. Serious Z80 program developers willfind this utility program to be invaluable. Move the line pointer upward. Locate a word orsymbol. Change a character string wherever it occurs. Simple commands allow you to jumpdirectly from EDIT to MONITOR or DDT80 modes and automatically set up the I/O you wantfor listings. Built-in serial driver. Stop and restart listings. Abort assembly with the ESC key.Save backup files on tape at 1200 baud. Load and merge files from tape by file name.Versions for 8K, 16K, 32K. and 48K Sorcerer all on one cassette. Requires the Sorcerer'sDevelopment Pac. $29.95

Other utility programs:

PLOT by Vic Tolomei. High res and low res modes $14.95

SHAPE MAKER" by Don Ursem. An on-screen character maker $14.95

DEBUG by Bob Pierce. Debug machine language programs $14.95

SOFTWARE INTERNALS MANUAL by Vic Tolomei. A 64-page book $14.95

Other game programs:

MARTIAN INVADERS'" by James Albanese $14.95

NIKE II'" by Charles Finch and Bob Broffel $11.95

TANK TRAP by Don Ursem $11.95

MAGIC MAZE'" by Vic Tolomei $11.95

FASTGAMMON'" by Bob Christiansen $19.95

QUTILny SOFTWARE

6660 Reseda Blvd., Suite 105. Reseda. CA 91335Telephone 24 hours, seven days a week: (213)344-6599

WHERE TO GET IT: Ask your nearest Sorcerer dealer toprograms. Or, if you prefer, you may order directly fromholders may telephone their orders and we will deduct $1sate for phone charges. Or mail your order to the address asales tax. Shipping Charges: Within North America ordersshipping and handling. Outside North America the chargeis $5.00 — payable in U.S. currency.•The name "SORCERER" has been Irademarked by Exidy. Inc

see Quality Software's Sorcererus. MasterCharge and Visa card-from orders over $19 to compen-bove. California residents add 6%must include $1.50 for first classfor airmail shipping and handling

126 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 77 on inquiry card.

reliably. The printer output itself, which is made up ofblue or purple characters, is not recognized at all by thewand, and photocopies give erratic results.

Even if the problems of color, contrast, and resolutioncould be solved, there would remain other impediments.The bar pattern for most of the instruction codes exceedsthe capacity of the print buffer; what is more, with nomeans of summoning up operation codes from programmemory, printing the bar-code representation of a pro-gram would necessarily entail manual translation. Withthe system in its present configuration, bar-code outputfrom the printer does not seem to be practical, although itis tantalizingly close.

The mere possibility of obtaining

hard copy greatly enhances the

utility of the calculator ...

The Printer

The printer is easily the most engaging component ofthe HP-41C system. The mere possibility of obtaininghard copy greatly enhances the utility of the calculator,since it relieves the operator of the need to transcriberesults as they become available. The printer for the HP-41C does more than that: it will reproduce anything thatappears in the display and much else besides.

The print mechanism is a thermal, dot-matrix one;24-character lines are printed on rolls of heat-sensitivepaper about 6 cm wide. There is a standard set of 127characters, including full uppercase and lowercasealphabets, the ten numerals, a few Greek letters, andmiscellaneous other symbols and punctuation marks. Allcharacters can be printed in a standard 5 by 7 matrix or ina double-width format. A few of the standard calculatorinstructions trigger printing and, in addition, the printerhas its own repertoire of about twenty-five instructions.

Programs can be listed in their entirety, or a designatednumber of lines can be printed out; in either case, thelisting shows the same mnemonics that appear in thedisplay. The path followed by the calculator through aprogram being executed can be traced, providing a recordof all instructions and operands; this is a useful facilitywhen the program does not function as expected. Thecontents of the operand stack can be printed out with asingle command; so can the contents of all allocatedmemory registers, or of a defined block of registers. Inaddition, assignments of nonstandard functions to thekeyboard and the status of all flags can be listed. All ofthese functions can be executed manually or within a pro-gram.

The most commonly invoked print functions are thosethat print the contents of the X register (roughlyequivalent to an accumulator), the alpha register, or aprint buffer. The variations offered by these instructionsallow the output of a program to take almost any formatwithin the physical capabilities of the printer. The mainlimitations are the time and space the programmer wishesto dedicate to format commands. It is easy to list a seriesof variable names, each followed by a colon or an equalssign and a value. Tabulating two or three columns ofnumbers so they line up vertically on their decimal points

Circle 78 on inquiry card. ■■■►

The MODEL 800 MST is certainly pleasing to look at, but its true beauty lies beneath the surface. A glimpse at itsfeatures reveals why it is rapidly becoming the most sought after printer in the world . . .

Four standard interfaces:

RS-232(15 baud rates)

Centronics compatible parallel

IEEE-488

20ma current loopSix line densities: 64, 72, 80, 96, 120, 132100 CPS at all six densitiesUnidirectional or bidirectional printingSixteen horizontal and ten vertical tabsElongated characters in all six densities1920 character bufferUses either perforated or roll paperFully adjustable tractors to 9V2"Auto self-test

• Up to 10 character fonts

Standard 96 character ASCII

User defined character font

Provision for up to eight additional fonts

• Dot resolution graphics in six densities

• Variable line spacing control from 0 to 64 dots inhalf-dot increments

• Auto form-feed for any form length at any linespacing

• Heavy-duty all aluminum chassis

• 1 lOvac or 220vac, 50/60Hz.

• 100 million character printhead

• Measures only 15" wide, 3" high, and 11" deep

• Weighs only 15 lbs.

but maybe its most attractive feature is the price $699.00.

baxe_ inc.

W

P.O.

y—

BOX 3548 FULL., CAL. 92634 / C7ia) 992-4344

demands a somewhat larger investment of programmemory and execution time.

The dot-matrix print head is a single vertical row ofprint elements that sweeps across the paper formingcharacters as a series of columns (see table la). A specialset of printer instructions brings this process under pro-gram control so that nonstandard characters can becreated. Indeed, the printer reproduces any pattern thatcan be defined by a matrix 7 dots high and no more than40 dots wide. If the pattern fits in a 7 by 7 box, it can betreated as a special character, stored in a register, andcalled up as needed. In principle, a complete font couldbe built up in this way, although its usefulness might besomewhat impaired by the limited capacity of the printbuffer: only 6 special characters per line can be printed. Amore practical application is the creation of schematicsymbols and markers, such as playing-card suits, chesspieces, or the phases of the moon (see table lb).

Another capability of the printer is the plotting ofgraphs for any function that can be expressed in the formy = f(x). The graph is drawn under the direction of a

(a)

(b)

STANDARD CHARACTERS

SPECIAL CHARACTERS

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Table 1:

Character set as printed by the HP-41C printer. The

standard character set, shown in table la, contains 127 let-

ters, numbers

and

other symbols. About sixty of them, in-

eluding

the fu

11 uppercase alphabet,

can also be represented

in a somewhat different form in the

display of the HP-41C

itself. Each character can be printed

in a standard 5 by 7 dot

matrix or in a

double-width format. Special characters (table

lb) can

also be created by specifying the pattern of dots in

each column <

->f the character.

program called PRPLOT (print plot), which is committedto read-only memory in the printer. When PRPLOT is ex-ecuted (see listing 1), it first asks the user to supply cer-tain information that determines the form of thegraph, such as the range of x and y. It then calls on anamed program, also supplied by the user, that for eachgiven value of x must return a value f(x). The resultinggraphs cannot compare to the product of an x,y plotter,but they can be run off quickly and are adequate forgauging the basic form and range of a function. PRPLOTcan also be executed from within a program without theprompting for input values, and various parts of it can becalled independently.

Programming with Labels

An organizing principle of programs for the HP-41C isthat all references and transfers of control are made bymeans of labels. The name given to a program constitutesa global label, one that can be accessed from any point inprogram memory. By invoking the name, a program canbe called as a subroutine and can even call itself, althoughthere are limits to such recursion.

Labels within programs are generally local, so that thesame labels can be repeated in different programs withoutinterference. Subroutine calls and branches can be madeonly to a label; there is no absolute addressing by linenumber. As a result, all programs and procedures withinprograms can be relocated at will. Lines can also be freelyinserted or deleted without adjusting referenceselsewhere.

Instructions that require an address or a numericalargument can be given it either directly or indirectly. Theaddressing modes are uniform for all memory operations,subroutine calls, branching, loop control, the setting,clearing, and testing of flags, and even such functions assetting the display format and determining the pitch ofthe beeper. A subroutine is called by the XEQ (execute)function, which must be followed by a local label or thename of a program.

If the instruction is an indirect one (XEQ IND), the2-digit number that follows is interpreted as the registerwhere the subroutine name or label will be found. Anyregister, including those of the stack, can hold the in-direct address. Subroutines can be nested six levels deepbefore the return address of the highest-level routine islost.

Conditional tests of numerical data include variouscombinations of "less than," "greater than," "equal to,"and "not equal to"; alphabetic strings can also be com-pared, but only for equivalence. All the tests have thesame format, in which a false result causes the instructionfollowing the test to be skipped. Tests of flags (set orclear) employ the same scheme. The complement of fifty-six flags seems particularly generous. Eleven flags arecompletely unencumbered for use in programs; the restcontrol the status of the HP-41C and its peripherals,thereby affording the calculator a valuable amount ofself-knowledge.

Loops

The control of loops in HP-41C programs is facilitatedby two instructions that store all the needed informationin a single register. The instructions, ISG (increment, skipif greater) and DSE (decrement, skip if equal), refer

128 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 79 on inquiry card.

STOP PLAYING GAMES

HH3lililVJillii:ilKi7

Corvus Transforms the Personal Computerinto a Powerful Business Tool.

In business, professional offices, and schools through-out the world, thousands of Corvus intelligent peripheralsbring mass storage, increased speed, and multi-usercapability to a variety of microcomputers. Current applica-tions include accounts receivable and payable, medicalrecords, mailing lists, inventories, word processing, insur-ance, mathematics and science, and other large andcomplex files.

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directly or indirectly to a register holding a number of theform nnnnn.tttcc. Here nnnnn is the number to be tested,ttt is the value against which it is tested, and cc is theamount by which nnnnn is incremented, or decremented.The compacted form is a convenience, although I find itodd that the incremented number has a range of up to99,999, whereas a jump must take place whenever it ex-ceeds 999.

Other Programming Features

The HP-41C cannot realistically be said to supportstructured programming, not as I understand the term.The rule that all procedures should have a single entrypoint and a single exit, which is one of the precepts ofstructured programming, cannot be observed without ex-treme awkwardness. On the other hand, the program-control structures of the HP-41C strongly encourage thecomposition of modular programs, where each procedureis a self-contained unit, small enough to be fullyunderstood and capable of being tested independently. Ina program longer than a few hundred lines, some suchtechnique for imposing order is obligatory.

In the end, the capabilities of the HP-41C can be ex-hibited best by real programs and their output. A fewshort utility routines and a longer program, calledCHART, are given in listings 2 and 3. CHART, which in-cidentally shows off to good advantage the versatility ofthe printer, produces a bar graph, a form of display thatis more appropriate for some kinds of data than the linegraphs of PRPLOT.

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The main program in CHART (listing 2), which is con-fined to the first 20 lines, is little more than a list of XEQstatements. It first prompts the user for needed informa-tion, then does some preliminary calculations and printsa header that will identify the graph. An external pro-gram (see listing 4) is then called once for each bar; it isexpected to return a value defining the length of the barand a label of not more than 4 characters.

It is worth noting that the actual calculation of the barlength is a trivial operation. The bulk of the program istaken up with input and output routines, which are in-tended to minimize the burden on the user's memory andfaculties of interpretation. A bar graph generated by theCHART program is shown for data on the distribution ofdigits obtained from the RDM LN pseudorandom-number generator; see listing 5.

Next Generations

What more can one ask for in a programmablecalculator? Quite a lot; there is much to look forward toin the next generation. More memory is always near thetop of such a wish list. One way of supplying it, whichmight be compatible with the present mainframe, wouldbe in a double-density memory module. The entire ad-dress space could then be utilized without filling all theports.

The very existence of ports inspires thoughts of other

Text continued on page 136

Listing 1: Graph of the function (sin x)/x was drawn byPRPLOT, a program that resides in read-only memory in theHP-41C printer. The function itself is defined by a separate pro-gram (at bottom), which evaluates the expression each time it issupplied with a value of x and called PRPLOT.

PLOT OF SIN/X

■

{ <UHITS= 1.) i

1

1 <0HIT3= E-2.> •>

-8.58 2.8E

8.88

|_ 1 _

368

z

331

z

382

z

274

I

245

*

21b

I

137

•

158

X

138

I

181

I

-72

I

-43

■

-14

»

14

X

43

I

72

I

181

I

138

z

158

z

187

«

216

•

245

2

274

382

X

331

I

368

8I*LBL "SIN/

82 RCL X

83 SIH

84 XOY

85 /

86 END

130 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 80 on inquiry card.

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Listing 2: A bar-graph program. CHART, the HP-41C program for generating bar graphs, is written as a series of modules. Thefirstof these prompts the user to supply certain initial information that will determine the form of the graph. An alternative entry point,CHARTP, is intended for occasions when the bar-graph routine is called from another program; this entry point bypasses theprompting. For each bar drawn, CHART calls on a user-supplied program, which must return two items, the value to be plotted inthe X register and a label for the bar no more than 4 characters long in the alpha register. The bar is actually formed in subroutine 08out of a standard character and additional print columns for fine adjustment of the length.

8WLBL "CHART"62»LBL .503 XEQ 0884»LBL -CHflRTP-

65 XEQ 81

66 XEQ 82

07 XEQ -BAR"88»LBL A89 XEQ 83

10 XEQ 84

11 XEQ 8512»LBL 38

13 XEQ 67

14 RCL 13

15 INT

16 XEQ 1,'IB 11

17 XEQ 83

18 I3G 13

19 GTO 38

20 XEQ 67

21 GTO 50

22»LBL 80

23 CF 23

24 -PGH NAME?"

25 RON

26 PROMPT

27 FS? 2323 A3T0 11

29 flOFF

30 CF 22

31 "NO. OF BARS?"

32 PROMPT

33 FS?C 22

34 STO 12

35 "Y KIN?"

36 PROMPT

37 FS?C 2233 STO 1339 "V MAX?"46 PROMPT

41 FS?C 22

42 STO -14

43 -AXIS?"

44 PROMPT

45 FS? 22

46 STO 15

47 RTN

48»L8L 6149 RCL 12

58 1

51 -

52 1 E3

53 /

54 STO 18

55 137

56 RCL 14

57 RCL 1353 -

59 /66 "STO

Initialization; canbe executed fromthe keyboard bypressing "A."

Main calculation andprinting of bars. Callsa user program whosename is stored inregister 11.

Subroutine thatprompts for inputs.In each case theprompting messageappears in thedisplay but is notprinted. If no valueis input following theprompt, the programassumes the valuesupplied on the previousrun is still valid.

16

Set up registerfor looped callsto user program.

Calculate coefficientrelating /-axisscale to graph widthof 137 columns.

61 RCL 15

62 XEQ 18

63 STO 17

64 5

65 XOY

66 X<=Y?

67 ST- 1763 132

69 XOY76 X>Y?

71 ST- 17

72 RTN

73»LBL 82

74 ODV

75 All"

76 "F"

77 ACA73 SF 1379 "LOT OF

86 ACA

81 CF 13

82 SF 12S3 RCL 11

84 ACX

85 CF 1236 PREUF

87 RTN

88+LBL 83

39 SF 12

98

91

ACA

92 7

93 ACCHR

94 29

95 SKPCOL

96 T

97 ACA93 12599 ACCHR

186 CF 12

161 PRBUF

162 RTN

103«LBL 04

104 RCL 13

165 ACX

166 XEQ 11

167 STO 16188 RCL 14169 XEQ 11118 ST+ 18111.144

112 RCL 16

113 -

114 SKPCOL

115 RCL 14

116 ACX

Calculate absoluteposition of axis;if beyond the rangeof the graph, axisis suppressed.

Print identifying

header:

"Plot of 'PGM NAME'

Print labelsfor X and Y

Labels extremaof Y axis.

117 ADV

118 RTN

119»L8L 85

128 0

121 STO 16

122 RCL 17

123 X=6?

124 RTN

125 119

126 ACCOL

127 RUN

123 RCL 15

129 XEQ 1!

130 ST+ 16

131 2

132 /

pi -

Labels axis

134 5

135 X>Y?

136 GTO 52

within graph,if it has notbeen suppressed

137 RUN

133 132

139 RCL 18

149 -

141 X<Y?

142 GTO 52

143 RUN

I44+LBL 52

145 I NT

146 SKPCOL

147 ST+ 18

143 RCL 15

149 ACX

158 XEQ 12

151 RTN

152*LBL 87

153 119

154 ACCOL

155 0

156 STO 18

157 XEQ 17

158 XEQ 12

159 RTN

166«LBL 88

161 ACA

162 3

163 SKPCOL164-RJJN

165 XEQ 18

166 X<=8?

167 GTO 07

168 127

169 ACCOL178 RUN171 136

Accumulates markersfor the extrema pointsand the axis in spacesbetween bars.

Master subroutinefor accumulating andprinting a bar. Checksif the length is zero;if so, executes LBL 07.Checks if the length is

Listing 2 continued on page 134

132 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

SuperSoft's

Gallery of CP/M MasJcrworks

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TEXT PROCESSING

ff

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DIAGNOSTICS I: Easily the most comprehensive set of CP/M compatible

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(217)359-2112

Technical Hot Line: (217) 359-2691

(answered only when technician Is available)

CP/M REGISTERED TRADEMARK DIGITAL RESEARCH

Listing 2 continued:

172 X<=Y?

173 GTO 89

174 RHH

175 STO 18

176 XEQ 15

177 ROH

178 KEG 16

179 127188 RCCOL

181 XEQ 17

182 XEQ 12133 RTH

134185136187133189198191192

19:194195196

197193199288281282283

♦LBL 89STO 18XEQ 15RBH

XEQ 16127flCCOLADVRTH

♦LBL 15

I

X>Y?RTH

RTH31

flCCKRRDM

GTO 15

greater than the maximum;if so, executes LBL 09.Otherwise, the bar isbuilt up by LBL 15and LBL 16.

Special routine fora bar that must fillthe entire width ofthe graph.

Accumulates the maximuminteger number of gray-tonecharacters (standard char-acter 31) that will fit inthe bar.

284*LBL 16

285 1

286 X>Y?

287 RTH

288 X=Y?

289 RTH

210 42

211 flCCOL

Finishes a bar by

212 RDH

accumulating individual

213*-

columns until actual

214 1

length eguals specified

215 X>Y?

length.

216 RTH

217 X=Y?

213 RTH

219 35

228 RCCOL

221 RDH

222 -

223 GTO 16

224»LBL 17

225 RCL 18

226 1

227 +

223 RCL 17

229 X*8?

Inserts space from

238 X<=Y?

end of bar to maximum Y

231 RTH

then adds a marker for

232 STO 18

maximum Y

233 XOY

234 -

235 SKPCOL

236 119

237 flCCOL

233 RTH

239*LBL

18

240

RCL

13

241

-

242

RCL

16

243

*

244

FIX

8

245

RND

246

FIX

c

247

RTH

248

►LBL

11

249

BBS

258

sf ;

IT

251

LOG

1CA

C-JC

cf :

e

253

IHT

254

5

L.JJ

+

256

7

257

*

258

RTH

259»LBL

12

268

135

261

RCL

18

262

-

263

SKPC

OL

264

119

265

flCCOL

266

ADV

267

RTH

268*LBL

58

269

ADV

278

ADV

271

BEEF

272

EHB

Calculates the lengthof the bar.

Calculates width ofa number (eg: axis orextrema labels) in numberof columns.

Adds space to fill out aline, other than a line witha bar, then prints a Y -maximum marker.

Beeps to mark finish.

RACET SORTS - RACET UTILITIES - RACET computes - RACET SORTS - RACET UTILITIES - RACET computes — RACET SORTS - RACET UTILITIES - RACET computes -

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• Allows up to 4 Mod ll's to connect to a single controller — up to 4 hard diskdrives per controller. Users may access the same file simultaneously (first-comefirst-served).

• Uses Cameo controller and standard 10-megabyte cartridge (hard) disk drivesalong with RACET Hard/Soft Disk System (HSD) software.

• Access times 3 to 8 times faster than floppy. Mixed floppy/hard disk operationsupported.

• Compatible with your existing TRSDOS programs — you need only changefilenames! All BASIC statements are identical.

• A single file may be as large as one disk. Alternate mode allows 24-millionbyte record range. Directory expandable to handle thousands of files.

• Includes special utilities — XCOPY for backup and copies, XPURGE for multipledeletions, DCS directory catalog system, and Hard Disk Superzap. FORMATutility includes options for specifying sectors/gran, platters/drive, logicaldisk size, etc.

HARD DISK DRIVES CONTROLLER $5995 RACET HSD Software $400Call for multiuser pricing. Dealers call for OEM pricing.

BASIC LINK FACILITY 'BUNK' $25 Mod I, $50 Mod II

Link from one BASIC program to another saving all variables! The new programcan be smaller or larger than the original program in memory. The chained programmay either replace the original program, or can be merged by statement number.The statement number where the chained program execution is to begin may bespecified! (Mod I Min 32K 1-disk)

INFINITE BASIC (Mod I Tape or Disk) $49.95

Extends Level II BASIC with complete MATRIX functions and 50 more stringfunctions. Includes RACET machine language sorts! Sort 1000 elements in 9seconds!! Select only functions you want to optimize memory usage.

INFINITE BUSINESS (Requires Infinite BASIC) $29.95

Complete printer pagination controls — auto headers, footers, page numbers.Packed decimal arithmetic — 127 digit accuracy +, -,*,/. Binary searchof sorted and unsorted arrays. Hash codes.

BASIC CROSS REFERENCE UTILITY (Mod II 64K) $50.00

SEEK and FIND functions for Variables, Line Numbers, Strings, Keywords. 'All'options available for line numbers and variables. Load from BASIC — Call with'CTRL'R. Output to screen or printer!

DSM $75.00 Mod I, $150.00 Mod II

Disk Sort/Merge for RANDOM files. All machine language stand-alone package forsorting speed. Establish sort specification in simple BASIC command File. Executefrom DOS. Only operator action to sort is to change diskettes when requested!Handles multiple diskette files! Super fast sort times — improved disk I/O timesmake this the fastest Disk Sort/Merge available on Mod I or Mod II.

(Modi Min 32K 2-drive system. Mod II 64K 1-drive)UTILITY PACKAGE (Mod II 64K) $150.00

Important enhancements to the Mod II. The file recovery capabilities alone will payfor the package in even one application! Fully documented in 124 page manual!XHIT, XGAT, XCOPY and SUPERZAP are used to reconstruct or recover date Irombad diskettes! XCOPY provides multi-file copies, 'Wild-card' mask select, absolutesector mode and other features. SUPERZAP allows examine/change any sector ondiskette include track-0, and absolute disk backup/copy with I/O recovery. DCSbuilds consolidated directories from multiple diskettes into a single display orlisting sorted by disk name or file name plus more. Change Disk ID with DISKID.XCREATE preallocates files and sets 'L0F' to end to speed disk accesses. DEBUGIIadds single step, trace, subroutine calling, program looping, dynamic disassemblyand more!!

DEVELOPMENT PACKAGE (Mod II 64K) $125.00

Includes RACET machine language SUPERZAP, Apparat Disassembler, and ModelII interface to the Microsoft 'Editor Assembler Plus' software package includinguploading services and patches for Disk I/O. Purchase price includes completecopy of Editor Assembler + and documentation for Mod I. Assemble directly intomemory, MACRO facility, save all or portions of source to disk, dynamic debugfacility (ZBUG), extended editor commands.

C0MPR0C(Modl — Disk only) $19.95

Command Processor. Auto your disk to perform any sequence of instructions thatyou can give from the keyboard. DIR, FREE, pause, wait for user input. BASIC, No.of FILES and MEM SIZE, RUN program, respond to input statements, BREAK,return to DOS, etc. Includes lowercase driver, debounce, screenprint!

CHECK, VISA. M/C COD, PURCHASE ORDERTELEPHONE ORDERS ACCEPTED (714) 637-5016

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RACET SORTS - RACET UTILITIES — RACET computes — RACET SORTS - RACET UTILITIES — RACET computes — RACET SORTS — RACET UTILITIES — RACET computes -

134 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 83 on Inquiry card.

Circle 84 on inquiry card.

Accounting

Thousands of SoftwareHows'"users agree — SoftwareHowsproducts set a new standard of excellence for solution-orientedsoftware. Instant installation for your system, powerful "wordprocessing-like" editing facilities and consistent operatingfeatures make this SolutionWare'" the only serious choice foryour needs.

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The Data Base Integration System is built around the basic fouraccounting tools: General Ledger provides those all importantbalance sheets and income statements, Accounts Receivable andPayable take care of invoice control in a jiffy, while Payroll withCost Accounting does your payroll and provides cost effective-ness data. All packages fully interact and are self-checking. Theamazing Order-Right'"order entry system and MicroDaSys In-ventory, give you one of the most complete sales managementand material requirements systems available. Output is processedwith lightning speed and meticulous accuracy: invoices,shippinglabels, charge slips and COD tags. Orders automatically interactwith Inventory and Receivables. If your stock is too low, Inventoryrecommends the best source of supply and approximate prices topay. Upon authorization, a purchase order is generated. Thereceiving department verifies receipt and the invoice is trans-ferred to Accounts Payable.

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Text continued from page 130:

peripheral devices. A cassette recorder could providemass storage and would make feasible operations onlarge blocks of data. An x,y plotter could be driven veryefficiently by the HP-41C, albeit at a leisurely pace. Witha fairly simple interface, it should be possible to connectthe calculator to a computer system. The likelihood thatany of these products will ever be forthcoming is un-known. It is probably too much to ask that Hewlett-Packard release technical information on the signalsavailable at the ports so that others could develop plug-compatible devices. Some intrepid experimenter with alogic probe may do it anyway.

There are a few gaps in the instruction set of the HP-41C that should not be perpetuated in future calculators.For example, there are tests for x < y, for x < y and forx > y, but there is no test for x > y. Of course, anydesired logic function can be fabricated out of the existinginstructions, but the programmer should not have to goto that trouble and should not have to remember whichof the tests is the missing one.

The most fundamental defect in the architecture of theHP-41C, inadequate numerical precision, is a seriousflaw indeed. Numbers are represented, both internallyand in the display, with 10 decimal digits; there are noguard digits. As a result, inaccuracies are quite often in-troduced into the least-significant digit. For example,(■s/2)2 is evaluated by the calculator as 1.999999999. Foroperations on some data, the corruption goes still deeperand 2 or 3 digits become suspect. There is something ab-surd about the world's fanciest calculator not being able

NOW. . .Continuous Checks

That Can be Used With or Without Your Computer!!The Best in A Home Checking System

That's right. Continuous Checks in a 3-to-a-pagedesk set design that can be computer printed orhandwritten - just as you now do your presenthome checks.

VERSATILEOur checks are not a high-volume business formadaptation. They're especially designed for thehome or low volume user. Now, you don't haveto change your check writing habits just to useyour computer.

THOUGHTFUL FEATURES

Programming? Easy. All stub and check informa-tion is on the same line. No need to changetractor width either. Our checks are standaru916" width for tractor feed printers.

COMPLETE HOME SYSTEM

When you've iinished printing your monthlychecks on your computer, store your checks andstubs in our attractive Data Ring Binder Check-book. Later, if you have a few checks to writethere's no need to load them into a printer - justwrite a check right there at your desk as shownabove.

And, you can mail your checks in our dualwindowed envelopes to eliminate addressingchores.

136 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

UNIQUE

You won't find checks like these at any bank orforms company. Even so, our special smallquantity printing process will give you qualityand appearance equal to any check supplier.Color co-ordinated imprinting is standard onblue, grey, tan, or green checks.Standard imprinting and encoding is as shownabove (logos and multi-color printing areoptional).

Our prices are reasonable too. Two Hundredchecks are just S29.95 (envelopes $11.95}.Five Hundred checks are $49.95 (envelopes$23.95). Data Ring Checkbooks are only $5.95.

Special "ORDER NOW" OfferIf you order now, we'll send you a checkbookFREE. You'll save $5.95. Just enclose a voidedcheck (for encoding information) with yourpayment. (VISA - MasterCharge orders mustshow signature, expiration date, and accountnumber). Or, send today for samples (sorry, wecan't make this free offer on requests forsamples) To:

to give results accurate to more than seven or eightdecimal places.

Actually, a subsidiary problem is more serious thanthat. Conditional tests on data are carried out on the full10-digit representation. Consequently, a test that effec-tively asks "Is (V2)2 equal to 2?" will give a false result,which can lead a program far astray.

Listing 3: Utility routines for the HP-41C. These two routinesare the kinds of programs that can remain in memory asresources to be drawn on by other programs, somewhat likemacro instructions in an assembly language. BAR simply printsa heavy bar across the width of the paper to separate differentkinds of information. TAB handles the spacing of numbers to beprinted in vertical columns. It must be supplied with the numberto be printed (in the X register) and the number of characterspaces to be measured from the present position in the line ofprint to the decimal point. TAB was employed in formatting therandom-number data in listing 2.

81+L8L "BfiR"82 SUV93 .82384 3185+LBL 6196 OCCHR67 I3G Y93 GTO 8189 FRBUF18 BDV

11 flDV

12 END

SYNERGETICSOLUTIONS

4715 SHEPHERD RD.

MULBERRY, FL

33860

01»LBL ■

82

BBS

S3 SF 25

84 LOG

85

CF 25

86

X<=8?

07

CLX

88

INT

89

1

IS

+

11

RCL X

12

3.1

13

/

14

hit

15

+

16

CHS

17

+

13

SKPCH

TfiB"

19 END

Listing 4: Random-number routines for the HP-41C. These tworandom-number generators, standard coding exercises for pro-grammable calculators, both calculate a pseudorandom realvalue, then select a single pseudorandom digit for return to thecalling program. RDM LC employs the standard linear-congruential method, which has virtues and failings that arewell understood. In this example, Rn * , is equal to [24,298R„ +yy^yllmod 199,017.

RDM LN is an algorithm the author stumbled upon but hasnot seen in the literature. R„ t , is defined as 1/ln R„. Experimen-tal runs of up to several thousand iterations have given goodresults, but the behavior of the algorithm is not understood. Asample test is shown in listing 5.

9ULBL "RDM LN"

02 RCL 28

03 HBS

04 LN85 1/X

96 STO 2087 1 E3

08 *

09 FRC18 18

11 *

12 INT

13 A8S

14 END

81»LBL "RDH LC"

02 RCL 28

03 24298

04 *

05 99991

86 +

87 199817

08 MOD

09 STO 2818 1 E3

/

12 FRC

13 10

14 *

15 INT

16 END

11

Circle 85 on Inquiry card.

Look

's happened to

HIPL0T

TM

$1,385-

It's grown into a completefamily of quality low cost digital plotters

In just two short years, TheHIPL0T has become the mostpopular digital plotter amongsmall systems users. With arecord like that, what can we dofor an encore? WE'VE IN-TRODUCED A COMPLETE LINEOF HIPL0TS...with a modelsuited for just about every plot-ting application.

The HIPL0T DMP Series is anew family of digital plotterswith both "standard" and "in-telligent" models available withsurface areas of 81/2" x 11" (DINA4) and 11" x 17" (DIN A3). Forthe user needing a basic reliableplotter, we have the "old stan-dard" DMP-2 (81/2" x 11") and the"new standard" DMP-5 (11" x17"). For those needing a lit-tle more capability, there arethe DMP-3 (8V2" x 11") andthe DMP-6 (11" x 17")-both

TM HIPLOT and DM/PL are Trademarksof Houslon Instrument

Yes, they are UL listed! *

microprocessor controlled andproviding easy remote position-ing of the X and Y axes (perfectfor the OEM). For those whowant this intelligence plus theconvenience of front panel elec-tronic controls, we've providedthe DMP-4 (81/2" x 11") and theDMP-7(11" x 17").

The "standard" plotters comecomplete with an RS-232-C anda parallel interface. The "intel-ligent" DMP plotters accept datafrom either an RS-232-C or Centronicsdata source. For the "standard" plot-ters, software is available fromour ever expanding "MicrographicUsers Group." The "intelligent"HIPLOTs use our exclusiveDM/PL™ language which min-inimizes plot software to afraction of that normally as-

houston instrument

GRAPHICS DIVISION OF

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Circle 86 for literature

Circle 87 to have representative call

sociated wth digital plotting.

With the new DMP Series,high quality digital plotting cannow be a part of your system. Itjust doesn't make sense to bewithout this valuable tool whenthere is a DMP plotter with theplot size, speed and capabilitiesthat are exactly tailored to yourspecific needs...and yourbudget.

Prices for the DMP seriesrange from $1,085* to $1,985*.

For complete information con-tact Houston Instrument. OneHouston Square, Austin, Texas78753. (512) 837-2820. For rushliterature requests, outside Texascall toll free 1-800-531-5205. Fortechnical information ask foroperator #5. In Europe contactHouston Instrument, Rochester-laan 6, 8240 Gistel, Belgium.Telephone 059/27-74-45.

'U.S. suggested retail prices only.DMP 2, 3 and 4 UL listedDMP 5, 6 and 7 UL listing pending

DELIVER! ||

n VANDATA y

Business Software <zj

Before you buy the programs that your company is going todepend on for its accounting, ask the following questions:

Do I get the source (Don't settle for less.

code? You cannot make the

smallest change without it.)

Is it well documented? (The Osborne documen-tation is the best.)

Is it fully supported? (If not, why not? What arethey afraid of?)

The Osborne system is the industry standard accountingpackage, with literally thousands of users. We offer an en-hanced version of that package that will run on most systemswithout recompiling.

CRT INDEPENDENCE. The original programs weredesigned to run on a Hazeltine terminal. To use a differentCRT, you had to modify and test two modules — and recom-pile every program! With the Vandata package, you simplypick your CRT from a menu and run.

FILE/DRIVE MAP. The original package had all data fileson the same drive as the programs. Ours allows you todynamically specify the drive assigned to each file. In fact, youcan change the drive assignments whenever you wish, to ac-commodate expanded file sizes or new hardware — allwithout recompiling!

INTEGRATION. The original AR and AP systems had tobe changed and recompiled to feed journal entries to GL. Ourinstallation program eliminates this hassle. It simply asks you ifyou want the systems integrated, and what your special ac-count numbers are.

SPEED. The original programs used a binary search to ac-cess the GL account file. We use an enhanced technique thatgreatly cuts down on disk accesses, thus speeding up accountlookups significantly in the GL, AR and AP systems.

BUGS. We have corrected a number of bugs in the originalprograms. If you find a bug in our programs, we'll fix it — andsend you a $20 reward! Our users are sent bug fixes in sourceform.

MORE! We have made many minor enhancements, andfixed many minor problems. We are committed to the ongoingsupport of our package. Vandata has been an independentsoftware supplier for over seven years. Quality and support areour way of doing business.

General Ledger with Cash Journal . . $95

Accounts Receivable $95

Accounts Payable $95

Payroll with Cost Accounting $95

• All Four Packages (GL, AR, AP, PR) $295

Magic Wand (Super Word Processor!!) $345

Pearl Level III (best prog, tool available) $645

CBASIC-2 $110

TRS-80® MODIICP/M® 2.2 (Pickles & Trout) $185H89/Z89 CP/M® 2.2 (Magnolia Microsystems)$249

Formats: Sid. 8". 5" NorthStar DD. TRS-80 MOD II", H89/Z89 Manuals lorGL, AR/AP. and PR are not included in price — add $20 per manual desired(AR/AP are in one manual). CP/M-! and CBASIC-2 required lo run accountingsoftware Users must sign licensing agreement Dealer inquiries invited.

To order call: (206) 542-8370or write: VANDATA

17541 Stone Avenue North

Seattle, WA 98133

CP/M® is a registered trademark ot Digital Research.TRS-80® is a registered trademark ot Radio Shack, Inc.

Listing 5: Bar-graph results of the CHART program, given inlisting 2. The graph represents pictorially the distribution of the10 digits in a sample of 2500 pseudorandom numbers. Thenumbers were generated by another program, RDM LN (shownin listing 4), with the bookkeeping done by a third program.

Tesi of

•

RDM LN"

Plot of "RANDOM"

Nufiber

3f

trials 2538

mmimnmmmmi

Seed =

1

234567890

V.l Y-»

uiuu

mu

286.80 389.88

! 258.00

mMMMM 1

DIGIT i

1 1

<l>SIfSIHS3l?3

MEAN =

25S.08

1 11 i

<2>liIiIBI! !

<9> =

237.

1 11 1

<1> =

259.

<3>aiIIS 1

<2> =

234.

f 1

<3> =

22S,

<4>mnsiinia

<4> =

256.

i i

i i

<5> =

265.

<5>IM«IIiiI.«H

<6> =

268.

1 11 1

\ I f ~

251.

<6)IKiIII!III£ifII

/0\ ~

259.

1 1

<9> =

243.

<7>fiSlllIlli !

1 I Ii I I

<3>BIISSP*i«l :

RUNS OF

d

211.

I 1 1

RUNS OF

3

14.

<9>liiiIIIH 1 1

RUNS OF

4

3.

i i I

RUNS OF

eJ

8.

STATISTICS

CHI SQUARED = 6.3248

HIGH/LOW = 1.8593

ODD/EVEN = 8.9936

ISISIlIIIIillllilllilHI

It is easy to imagine that some programmablecalculator evolved from the HP-41C would have instruc-tions much like those of a higher-level language. Havingintroduced named programs, the next obvious step isnamed variables, which would relieve the programmer ofmuch tedious worry over memory allocation. Let themachine keep track of where the numbers are; it does sobetter than people can. The existing conditional tests,which act directly on particular registers, might be recastas a more general if . . . then . . . else construction,employing the named variables. Also, do . . . while andrepeat . . . until commands would be a welcome addi-tion; indeed, the loop-control instructions of the HP-41Calready come close.

One essential capability must be added to thecalculator before such higher-level commands can bemade available. A higher-level language is a programwhose output is another program, and so it is necessarythat instructions be allowed to operate not only on databut also on other instructions. In this context, it seemssignificant that the inability of a calculator to alter itsown instructions is what most clearly distinguishescalculators from computers. ■

138 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 88 on inquiry card.

INVEST IN PRODUCTIVITY

Are you responsible for introducing modernoffice systems into your organization?

Is your department going to be a user of suchsystems?

Do you design, plan, make, or market suchsystems?

If so, you should plan now to attend the secondannual Office Automation Conference in Houston,Texas, March 23-25.

More than a showcase for the latest office auto-mation equipment, the Conference provides aunique forum in which you can learn from expertshow to harness and integrate today's worksavingdevices for maximum gains in productivity

In addition to 150 informative exhibits, you'll be

able to attend over 50 special learning sessions.Sessions covering topics as diverse as: FeasibilityStudies...Organizational Impact...ElectronicMail...Teleconferencing...Merger of Voice with Text andData... State of the Art in Word Processing.

Don't miss this opportunity to see and hearwhat's new in office automation and turn what youlearn into greater productivity for you.

For Conference information, call or write OfficeAutomation Conference c/o AFIPS, PO. Box 9659,1815 N. Lynn Street,Arlington,VA 22209 (703)558-3610.

For discount air fares, airline reservations, hoteland show information, or to pre-register, call toll-free(800) 556-6882.

See you in Houston!

THE 1981 OFFICE AUTOMATION CONFERENCEHOUSTON, TEXAS MARCH 23-25

Circle 244 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1981 139

No.18

Software withfull support

Purchasing our software is just thebeginning. We then back it up withprofessional support:■ Subscription to "LIFELINES" for automaticnotifications of revisions! ■ Update service forsoftware and documentation! ■ TelephoneHotline! ■ Overseas software export service!

AM Lifeboat programs require CP/M, unless otherwise stated.

ilinull/ Alor

Munutl / Al

^

LJCP/M* FLOPPY DISK OPERATING SYS-TEM—Digital Research's operating systemconfigured for many popular micro-computersand disk systems:

System Version Price

Apple II* 2.x ... .349/NA O

SoftCard* with Z80

Microsoft BASIC version 5

with high resolution

graphicsNorth Star Single Density .. 2.x ... .170/25 ®North Star Double/Quad ... 2.x ... .170/25 ®

Durango F-85 2.x ... .170/25

iCOM Micro-Disk 2411 1.4 ... .145/25

iCOM 3712 for MITS

88-2SIO Console 1.4 ... .170/25 "

iCOM 3712 for 3P+ S/MITS

SIO Rev non-zero console 1.4... .170/25 "

iCOM 3812 2.x ... .225/25 ®

JCOM3812 1.4.... 170/25 *

iCOM 4511/Pertec D3000 .. 2.x ... .375/25 •+

Mils 3202/Altair 8800 1.4 ... .145/25

Heath H8 + H17 1.4... .145/25 ®

Heath H89 by Magnolia .... 2.x... .249/25 O

Ohio Scientific C3 2.x ... .200/25

Ohio Scientific C3-C 2.x ... .250/25

Onyx C8001 Standard 2.x ... ,250/25

Onyx C8001 Enhanced .... 2.x... ,330/25

TRS-80 Model I 1.4... .145/25 ©

TRS-80 Model II 2.x ,.. .170/25

TRS-80 Model II + Corvus . 2.x ... .250/25Processor Technology

Helios II 1.4....145/25

Intel MDS Single Density ... 2,x 170/25

Intel MDS Double Density ,. 2.x ... .170/25

i jf Micropolis Mod I 2.x 200/25 ®

k/Otv]* Micropolis Mod II 2.x .,. .200/25 ®

'V Jl Mostek MDX STD

Bus System 2.x... ,350/25 "

HARD DISK OPTIONS (items with ®) whenpurchased with CP/M 2.X system.

Corvus Add 80.

Konan Phoenix Add 80.

ICOM 4511/Pertec D3000 Add 80.

Software consists of the operating system, texteditor, assembler, debugger and other utilitiesfor file management and system maintenance.Complete set of Digital Research's documen-tation and additional Implementation notes in-cluded. Systems marked * and " include firm-ware on 2708 and 2716. Systems marked -In-clude 5440 media charge. Systems marked® require the special ® versions of soft-ware in this catalog. O includes hardware ad-dition to allow our standard versions ofsoftware to run under It.L.Z80 DEVELOPMENT PACKAGE-Consists® of: (1) disk file line editor, with global inter and® Intra-line facilities; (2) Z80 relocating assem-bler, Zllog/Mostek mnemonics, conditional as-sembly and cross reference table capabilities;(3) linking loader producing absolute Intel hex

disk file $95/520

DZDT— Z80 Monitor Debugger to break and

'" examine registers with standard Zilog/

© Mostek mnemonic disassembly displays. S35

when ordered with Z80 Development

Package S50/S10

AVOCET SYSTEMS

D XASM-68—Non-macro cross-assembler withnested conditionals and full range of pseudooperations. Assembles from standard MotorolaMC6800 mnemonics to Intel hex ., ,S200/$25

□ XASM-65-As XASM-68 for MOS TechnologyMCS-6500 series mnemonics S200/S25

□ XASM-4B- As XASM-68 for Intel MCS-4B andUPI-41 families S200/S25

D XASM-18- As XASM-68 for RCA 1802

$200/525

Ll'DISTEL—Disk based disassembler to Intel8080 or TDL/Xitan Z80 source code, listing andcross reference files, Intel or TDL/Xitan pseudo

ops optional. Runs on 8080 S65/S10

DDISILOG-As DISTEL to Zilog/Mostek

® mnemonic files S65/S10

©

DSMAL/80 Structured Macro Assembler® Language —Package of powerful generalpurpose text macro processor ana SMALstructured language compiler. SMAL is an as-sembler language with IF-THEN-ELSE,LOOP-REPEAT-WHILE, DO-END. BEGIN-END constructs. Not compatible with CP/Mversion 2 or greater $75/515

□ RAID —8080/8085 debugging aid and generalsystem utility program. Both a softwareemulator and real-time debug monitor. Fea-tures multiple breakpoints, symbolic input,symbolic display and altering of registers, built-in assembler & dis-assembler, tracing, single-stepping, memory protection, histograms,memory search, direct disk access. RequiresZP/W

w

32K CP/M

.S250/S25

PHOENIX SOFTWARE ASSOCIATES

DPASM* —Z80 macro assembler, Intel/TDL© mnemonics. Generates Intel hex format or re-locatable code in either TDL Object Moduleformat or PSA Relocatable Binary Module for-mat. Supports text insertion, conditionalbranching within macros, recursive macro callsand parameter passing $129/325

□ EDIT—Character oriented text file editor. In-© eludes macro definition capabilities. Handles

insertion, deletion, searching, block move, etc.for files of any length. Does not require aCRT. $129/$25

□ PLINK'-Two pass disk-to-disk linkage edl-ffltor/loader which can produce re-entrant,

ROMable code. Can link programs that arelarger than available memory for executiontargeted on another machine. Full librarycapabilities. Input can be PSA Relocatable Bi-nary Module, TDL Object Module or MicrosoftREL files. Output can be a COM file, Intel hexfile, TDL Object Module or PSA Relocatable

file $129/525

D BUG* and ^BUG'—Z80 interactive machine©level debugging tools lor program develop-ment, BUG "has full mnemonic trace and In-teractive assembly (mnemonics compatiblewith PASM). Dynamic breakpoints and condi-tional traps while tracing (even through ROM!),^BUG is a subset of BUG and is used in mem-ory limited situations $129/$25

DIGITAL RESEARCH

□ MP/M-Installed for single density MDS-800.Multi-processing derivative of the CP/M op-erating system. Manual includes CP/M?documentation $300/$50

□ MAC— 8080 Macro assembler. Full Intel macro©definitions. Pseudo Ops Include RPC, IRP,

REPT, TITLE, PAGE, and MACLIB. Producesabsolute hex output plus symbol table file foruse by SID and ZSID (see below) ..$120/515

□ SID—8080 Symbolic debugger. Full trace.© pass count and breakpoint program testing.

Has backtrace and histogram utilities. Whenused with MAC, provides full symbolic display ofmemory labels and equated values ,$105/515DZSID—ZB0 Symbolic debugger with all fea-ts tures of SID 5130/S15

®

□ TEX—Text output formatter to create paglnat-®ed, page-numbered and justified copy. Output

can be directed to printer or disk .. .5105/515

□ DESPOOL—Utility program to permit simulta-©neous printing from text (lies while executing

other programs 5B0/S10

□ tiny C—Interactive interpretive system for® teaching structured programming techniques.

Manual Includes full source listings .$105/550

□ BDS C COMPILER-Supports structures,® unions, 2 dimensional arrays, pointers, recur-© sion and overlays. Features optimized code

generator, variable sized buffers for file I/O, andcapability to produce ROMable code. Includesmacro package to enable user to produce link-able modules with MAC (see under Digital Re-search). Floating point functions, full run-timepackage and machine code library sourcesprovided. Linker, library manager and textbookincluded. Compiler lacks Initializers, statics,floats and longs $145/525

□ WHITESMITHS C COMPILER-The ultimate©In systems software tools. Produces faster® code than a pseudo-code Pascal with more

extensive facilities. Conforms to the full UNIX"Version 7 C language, described by Kernighanand Ritchie, and makes available over 75 func-tions for performing I/O, string manipulationand storage allocation. Linkable to MicrosoftREL files. Requires 60K CP/M 5630/530

MICROSOFT iMmtS'i/Moiw

□ BASIC-80-Disk Extended BASIC. ANSI©compatible with long variable names.©WHILE/WEND, chaining, variable lenglh file

records. MBASIC version 4.51 also included ondisk 5325/525

□ BASIC COMPILER—Language compatible© with BASIC-80 and 3-10 times faster execution.® Produces standard Microsoft relocatable bi-nary output. Includes MACRO-80. Also linkableto FORTRAN-80 or COBOL-80 codemodules S350/525

□ FORTRAN-80-ANSI 66 (except for COM-© PLEX) plus many extensions. Includes relocat-® able object compiler, linking loader, library with

manager Also includes MACRO-80 (seebelow) $425/525

□ COBOL-80-Level 1 ANSI 74 standard plus© most of Level 2. Full sequential, relative, and® indexed file support with variable file names.

Powerful interactive, formatted screen handlingwith ACCEPT and DISPLAY verbs. Programsegmentation for execution of programs largerthan memory and CHAIN command with pa-rameler passing. Full support of CP/M version2 files. Includes MACRO-80 (see above), link-ing loader, and relocatable library manager.Requires 48K CP/M $700/$25

□ M/SORT—Optional sort/merge capability for©COBOL-80 which conforms fully to SORT/

MERGE, Level II of the 1974 ANSI COBOLstandard (except COLLATING SEQUENCE ISalphabet-name). Requires COBOL-80. Sold as

an update to COBOL-80 $150/510

COBOL-80 + M/SORT $825/$35

□ MACRO-80-8080/Z80 Macro Assembler.© Intel and Zilog mnemonics supported. Relocat-®able linkable output. Loader, Library Manager

and Cross Reference List utilitiesincluded S149/S15

□ XMACRO-86 —8086 cross assembler. All© Macro and utility features of MACRO-80 pack-age. Mnemonics slightly modified from IntelASM86. Compatibility data sheetavailable S275/S25

□ EDIT-80—Very fast random access text editor® for text with or without line numbers. Global and

intra-llne commands supported. File compareutility included $89/515

□ muSIMP/muMATH — muSIMP is a high level© programming language suitable for symbolic

and semi-numerical processing implementedusing a fast and efficient interpreter requiringonly 7K bytes of machine code. muMATH is apackage of programs written in muSIMP Thepackage performs sophisticated mathematicalfunctions, Keeps track of up to 611 digits. Per-forms matrix operations on arrays: transpose,multiply, divide, inverse and other integer pow-ers. Logarithmic, exponential, trigonometricsimplification and transformation, symbolic dif-ferentiation with partial derivatives, symbolic in-tegration of definite and indefinite integrals,Requires 40K CP/M $250/$20

□ muLISP-60— Microcomputer implementation© of LISP. The interpreter resides in only 7K bytes

of memory yet includes 83 LISP functions. Hasinfinite precision integer arithmetic expressedin any radix from 2 to 36. muLISPSO includescomplete trace facility and a library of usefulfunctions and entertaining sampleprograms $200/515

□ PASCAL/M* —Compiles enhanced Standard® Pascal to compressed efficient Pcode, Totally

CP/M compatible. Random access files. Both16 and 32-bit Integers. Runtime error recovery.Convenient STRINGS. OTHERWISE clause onCASE. Comprehensive manual (90 pp, In-dexed), SEGMENT provides overlay structure.INPORT, OUTPORT and untyped files for arbi-trary I/O. Requires 56K CP/M. Specify 1) 8080CP/M, 2) Z80 CP/M. or 3) CromemcoCDOS 5175/520

□ PASCAL/Z-Z80 native code PASCAL com-® pller. Produces optimized, ROMable re-entrant©code. All interfacing to CP/M Is through the

support library. The package Includes compiler,relocating assembler and linker, and sourcefor all library modules. Variant records, stringsand direct I/O are supported, Requires 56KCP/M $395/525

□ PASCAL/MT- Subset of standard PASCAL,©Generates ROMable 8080 machine code.® Symbolic debugger Included. Supports inter-rupt procedures, CP/M file I/O and assemblylanguage interface. Real variables can be BCD,software floating point, or AMD 9511 hardwarefloating point. Includes strings enumerations

Sotlwar* /wild /Mi

M.11U.I/ All

* t

and record data types. Manuafexplains BASIC- VjPASCAL conversion. Requires 32K ,S250/S30\k

□ APL/V80—Concise and powerful language for© application software development. Complex

programming problems are reduced to simpleexpressionsTn APL. Features include up to 27Kactive workspace, shared variables, arrays ofup to 8 dimensions, disk workspace and copyobject library. The system also supports auxil-iary processors for interfacing I/O ports. Re-quires 48K CP/M and serial APL printing termi-nal or CRT $500/530

LJALGOL-60—Powerful block-structured lan-©guage compiler featuring economical run-timedynamic allocation of memory. Very compact(24K total RAM) system implementing almostall Algol 60 report features plus many powerfulextensions including string handling direct diskaddress I/O etc $199/520

□ CBASIC-2 Disk Extended BASIC-Non-® interactive BASIC with pseudo-code compiler

and run-time interpreter. Supports full file con-trol, chaining, integer and extended precisionvariables, etc. Versions of CRUN for CP/M ver-sions 1.4 and 2.x included on disk. . .$120/515

•

MICRO FOCUS

] STANDARD CIS COBOL-ANSI 74 COBOL) standard compiler fully validated by U.S. Navytesls to ANSI level 1. Supports many features tolevel 2 including dynamic loading of COBOLmodules and a full ISAM file facility. Also, pro-gram segmentation, interactive debug andpowerful interactive extensions to support pro-tected and unprotected CRT screen formattingfrom COBOL programs used with any dumb

terminal S850/S50

] FORMS 2—CRT screen editor. Output is) COBOL data descriptions for copying into CISCOBOL programs. Automatically creates aquery and update program of indexed filesusing CRT protected and unprotected screenformats. No programming experience needed.Output program directly compiled by STAN-DARD CIS COBOL 5200/S20

J NEVADA COBOL-Subset of ANSI-74. Fea-tures fast compilation and execution with smallobject modules. Has extended arithmetic with18 digit accuracy. Extended I/O includes ran-dom access files and sequenlial files of bothfixed and variable lenglh records, and interac-tive accept/display verbs. Good error mes-sages and debugging facilities enhance pro-gram development. Requires a 32K CP/Msystem S149/S25

EIDOS SYSTEMS

JKBASIC-Microsoft Disk Extended BASIC) version 4.51 integrated with KISS Multi-KeyedIndex Sequenlial and Direct Access file man-agement as 9 additional BASIC commands.KTSS included as relocatable modules linkableto FORTRAN-80, COBOL-80. and BASICCOMPILER, Specify CP/M version 1.4 or 2.xwhen ordering. Requires 48K CP/M S585/S45To licensed users of Microsoft BASIC-80(MBASIC) S435/S45

JXYBASIC Interactive Process Control

BASIC—Full disk BASIC features plus uniquecommands to handle byte rotate and shift andto test and set bits. Available in several ver-sions:

Integer ROM squared 5350/525

Integer CP/M 5350/$25

Extended ROM squared $450/$25

Extended CP/M 5450/525

Extended Disk CP/M -.5550/525

Integer CP/M Run Time Compiler . .S350/525Extended CP/M Run Time CompilerS450/S25

] RECLAIM—A utility to validate media underCP/M, Program tests a diskette or hard disksurface for errors, reserving the imperfections

in Invisible files, and permitting conlinuedusage of the remainder. Essential for any harddisk. Requires CP/M version 2 580/55

j BASIC UTILITY DISK-Consists of: (1)OCRUNCH-14— Compacting utility to reducethe size and increase the speed of programs inMicrosoft BASIC 4.51. BASIC-80 and TRS-80BASIC. (2) DPFUN- Double precision subrou-tines for computing nineteen transcendentalfunctions including square root, natural log, logbase 10. sine, arc sine, hyperbolic sine, hyper-.bolic arc sine, etc. Furnished in source on dis-kette and documentation 550/535

] STRING/80— Character string handling plusroutines for direct CP/M BOOS calls fromFORTRAN and other compatible Microsoft lan-guages. The utility library contains routines thatenable programs to chain to a COM file, retrievecommand line parameters and search file direc-tories with full wild card facilities. Supplied aslinkable modules In Microsofl format, $95/$20

DSTRING/80 source code available

separately— $295/NA

JTHE STRING BIT-FORTRAN characterI string handling. Routines to find, fill, pack,move, separate, concatenate and comparecharacter strings. This package completelyeliminates the problems associated withcharacter string handling In FORTRAN.

Supplied with source $65/515

I VSORT— Versatile sort/merge system for fixedD length records with fixed or variable lengthfields. VSORT can be used as a stand-alonepackage or loaded and called as a subroutinefrom CBASIC-2. When used as a subroutine,VSORT maximizes the use of buffer space bysaving the TPA on disk and restoring it on com-pletion of sorting. Records may be up to 255bytes long with a maximum of 5 fields. Upper/lower case translation and numeric fields

supported $175/520

l IBM/CPM- Program to transfer IBM 3741 dataset files to CP/MTlles or CP/M files to IBM 3741data sets. Easy to use. Requires two eight inchdiskette drives, 24K memory, and a 24 by 80CRT terminal S175/S5

CPAIds*

] MASTER TAX —Professional tax preparation) program. Prepares schedules A, B, C, D, E, R' G, R/RP, SE, TC, ES and forms 2106. 2119,2210, 3468, 3903. 2441. 4625, 4726. 4797.4972. 5695 and 6251. Printing can be on readilyavailable, pre-printed continuous forms, onoverlays, or on computer generated, IRS ap-proved forms. Maintains client history files andIs interactive with CPAids GENERAL LEDGER

II (see below) 5995/S30

Annual Update Fee $350

j STANDARD TAX —As above for schedules A,B. C. D, E. G. R/RP, SE, TC and forms 2106 and2441, Also, does not maintain client history

files $495/S30

Annual Update Fee 5175

Copyright © 1980 Lifeboat Associates. No por-tion ol this advertisement may be reproducedwithout prior permission.

Neu In der Schwefz Lifeboat Associates GmbH, Aegeristr. 35, CH 6340 Baar Telefon 042/31 2931

ttwara /

with /Manuallinuil/ Alone

#

. GENERAL LEDGER ll-Designed for CPAs.

t Stores complete 12 monlh detailed history oftransactions. Generates financial statements,depreciation, loan amortizations, journals, trialbalances, statements of changes in financialposition, and compilation letters. Includespayroll system with automatic posting to gen-eral ledger. Prints payroll register, W2's andpayroll checks S450/S30

Q T/MAKER —Powerful new tool for preparingmanagement reports with tabular data. Makesfinancial modeling projects easy. Do you want aweekly profitability report? Set up the table andcompute. Just change the sales figures for nextweek and compute. You have a new report!T/MAKER includes a full screen editor forsetting up tables which pages left, right, upand down. Compute includes standard arith-metic, percents, exponents, common tran-scendental functions, averages, maxima,minima, projections, etc. Requires 48K CP/M,CBASIC-2. CRT terminal with addressable cur-sor positioning S275/S25

UESQ-1 — Professional time and billing for the©legal profession. Designed for use by the first-t time computer user. Records billable and non-51 billable time. Complete system includes trans-nifi action entry, posting, billing, reports, and clientanalysis. Records cash receipts, escrow receipts,and escrow transfers. Requires 48K CP/Msystem, 480K of disk storage space, cursor ad-dressable CRT, and CBASJC-2 .. . .S1495/S50.'...Complete demonstration system for ESQ-1

© S75/S50

f

tt-ar. .with /Ml

Soltwaru /

wlih / ManualManual/ Alona

y

V

C J BSTAM - Utility to link one computer to another® also equipped with BSTAM. Allows file transfersat full data speed (no conversion to hex), withCRC block control check for very reliable errordetection and automatic retry. We use it! It'sgreat! Full wildcard expansion to send *. COM,etc. 9600 baud with wire. 300 baud with phoneconnection. Both ends need one. Standard and® versions can talk to one another. Thissoltware requires a knowledge of assemblerlanguage for installation S150/S10

□ BSTMS— Intelligent terminal program for®CP/M systems. Permits communication be-tween micros and mainframes. Sends charac-ter data files to remote computers under com-plete control. System can record character datasent from remote computer systems and databanks. Includes programs to EXPAND andCOMPRESS binary files for transmission. Thissoftware requires a knowledge of assemblerlanguage for installation S200/S25

ZDWHATSIT?*—Interactive data-base systemusing associative tags to retrieve information bysubject. Hashing and random access used forfast response. Requires CBASIC-2 .S175/S25 -\X

□ SELECTOR III-C2—Data Base Processor toVt create and maintain multi-key data bases.

9 Prints formatted sorted reports with numericalsummaries or mailing labels. Comes with sam-ple applications, including Sales Activity, Inven-tory, Payables, Receivables, Check Register,and Client/Patient Appointments, etc. RequiresCBASIC-2. Supplied in source S295/S20

□ GLECTOH— General Ledger option toSELECTOR III-C2. Interactive system providesfor customized COA. Unique chart of transac-tion types insure proper double entry book-keeping. Generates balance sheets. P&Lstatements and journals. Two year record al-lows for statement of changes in financial posi-tion report. Supplied in source. RequiresSELECTOR ll[-C2. CBASIC-2 and 56Ksystem $350/$25

0 MAGSAM III —Sophisticated keyed access file© support system. Supports random, sequential,and generic retrieval by key. Also, multiple sec-ondary keys. Dynamic allocation and extensionof files with automatic free space reclamation.Interactive tutorial included to get the userstarted, Complete with documentation andquick reference card, Specify CBASIC or Mi-crosoft BASIC version. Requires 48Ksystem S145/S25

□ MAGSAM IV —High speed machine code ver-©sion of MAGSAM III for CBASIC only. Distrib-uted as pre-loaded modules and Microsofl re-locatable object modules S295/S2S

G DATASTAR—Professional forms control entry

© and display system for key-to-disk data cap-ture. Menu driven with built-in learning aids.Input field verification by length, mask, attribute(i.e. uppercase, lowercase, numeric, auto-dup,etc.). Built-in arithmetic capabilities using keyeddata, constant and derived values. Visual feed-back for ease of forms design. Files compatiblewith CP/M-MP/M supported languages. Re-quires 32K CP/M and CRT with addressable

cursor S350/S35

DWORD-STAR—Menu driven visual word pro-© cessing system for use with standard terminals.Text formatting performed on screen. Facilitiesfor text paginate, page number, justify, centerand underscore. User can print one documentwhile simultaneously editing a second. Editfacilities include global search and replace,Read/Write to other text files, block move. etc.Requires CRT terminal with addressable cursorpositioning S445/S40

DWORD-STAR-MAIL-MERGE-As above with

©option for production mailing of personalized

documents with mail lists from DATASTAR or

NAD S575/S40

DWORD-MASTER Text Editor-In one mode© has superset of CP/M's ED commands includ-ing global searching and replacing, forwardsand backwards in file in video mode, providesfull screen editor for users with serial address-able-cursor terminal S145/S25

D MAGIC WAND*—Word processing systemwith simple, easy to use full screen text editorand powerful print processor. Editor has allstandard editing functions including text insertand delete, global search and replace, blockmove and library files for boiler plate text. Printprocessor formatting commands include au-tomatic margins, pagination, headings & foot-ings, centered and justified text. Also prints withtrue proportional spacing, merges with datafiles for automatic form letters, and performsrun-time conditional testing for varied output.Requires 32K CP/M and CRT terminal with ad-dressable cursor ■.. .S395/S40

D TEXTWRITER III- Text formatter to justify and® paginate letters and other documents. Specialfeatures include insertion of text during execu-tion from other disk files or console, permittingrecipe documents to be created from linkedfragments on other files. Has facilities for sortedindex, table of contents and footnote insertions.Ideal for contracts, manuals, etc. Now compati-ble with Electric Pencil* and Word-Star pre-pared files S125/S20

D DATEBOOK—Program to manage time justlike an office appointment book but using thespeed and memory ol a computer. Keeps trackof three appointment schedules (three dentalchairs, three attorneys, etc.) at once. Appoint-ments consist of name, reason for the appoint-ment, the date and time, and the length of theappointment. System can be quickly cus-tomized for the individual user. Many helpfulfeatures for making, changing, finding, and re-porting appointments. Requires 48K CP/M and180K bytes diskette storage, Requires 80 *24cursor addressable terminal. Specify 8080

CP/M, Z80 CP/M or Cromemco CDOS

5295/S25

DMA

□ CBS — Configurable Business System is at comprehensive set of programs for defining

custom data files and application systems with-out using a programming language such asBASIC, FORTRAN, etc. Multiple key fields foreach data file are supported. Set-up programcustomizes system to user's CRT and printer.Provides fast and easy interactive data entryand retrieval with transaction processing.Report generator program does complex calcu-lations with stored and derived data, recordselection with multiple criteria, and custom for-mats. Sample Inventory and mailing list sys-tems included No support languagerequired S395/S40

MICROPRO

D SUPER-SORT I — Sort, merge, extract utility as© absolute executable program or linkable mod-ule in Microsoft format. Sorts fixed or variablerecords with data in binary. BCD. Packed Deci-mal. EBCDIC. ASCII, floating & fixed point, ex-ponential, field justified, etc. Even variablenumber of fields per record! S225/S25

□ SUPER-SORT It-Above available as abso-© lute program only S175/S25

□ SUPER-SORT III-As II without SELECT/© EXCLUDE S125/S25

PEACHTREE SOFTWARE*

D General accounting software for small busi-

© nesses. Each product can be used alone or with

t automatic posting to the General Ledger,

Supplied in source for Microsoft BASIC 4.51.

GENERAL LEDGER $530/$40

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE S530/S40

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE S530/S40

PAYROLL $530/540

INVENTORY S660/S40

D Other application products supplied in source©for Microsoft BASIC 4.51.

f MAILING ADDRESS S530/S40

PROPERTY MANAGEMENT S925/S40

GRAHAM.DORIAN SOFTWARESYSTEMS

□ Comprehensive accounting software written in©CBASIC-2 and supplied in source code. Each® software package can be used as a stand-f alone system or integrated with the GeneralLedger for automatic posting to ledger ac-counts. Requires CBASIC-2.

GENERAL LEDGER $805/840

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE $805/S40

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE $805/840

INVENTORY SYSTEM $555/$40

JOB COSTING S805/S40

APARTMENT MANAGEMENT . .. .5805/540CASH REGISTER $805/S40

D POSTMASTER—A comprehensive package®for mail list maintenance that is completelymenu'driven. Features include keyed recordextraction and label production. A form letterprogram is included which provides neat letterson single sheet or continuous forms. IncludesNAD file translator. Requires CBASIC-2. $150/520

STRUCTURED SYSTEMS GROUP

□ Complete interactive accounting software fort business. Each product can be used stand-alone or with automatic posting to the general

ledger. Each product is thoroughly tested andvery well documented.

GENERAL LEDGER $820/540

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE SB20/540

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE $820/540

PAYROLL $820/540

INVENTORY CONTROL S820/S40

I ] ANALYST—Customized data entry and report- C

t ing system. User specifies up to 75 data itemsper record. Interactive data entry, retrieval, r-and update facility makes informationmanagemenl easy. Sophisticated reportgenerator provides customized reports usingselected records with multiple level break- Cpoints for summarization. Requires a disk sortutility such as QSORT. SUPER-SORT orVSORT and CBASIC-2 $250/515

I iLETTERIGHT—Program to create, edit andtype letters or other documents. Has facilities toenter, display, delete and move text, with goodvideo screen presentation. Integrates with NAD j^jfor form letter mailinqs $200/$25fl*w

I I NAD—Name and Address selection system. ™Interactive mail list creation and maintenanceprogram with output as full reports with refer- Dence data or restricted information for maillabels. Transfer system for extraction and trans-fer of selected records to create new files.OSORT required if sorting is desired. $100/$20 □

[} QSORT—Fast sort/merge program for fileswith fixed record length, variable field lengthinformation. Up to five ascending or descend-ing keys. Full back-up of input files created n $100/520

• •••••*

nHEAD CLEANING DISKETTE-Cleans thedrive Read/Write head in 30 seconds. Diskette Dabsorbs loose oxide particles, fingerprints, andother foreign particles that might hinder the per-formance of the drive head. Lasts at least 3 qmonths with daily use. Specify 5' or 8".

Single sided $20 each/$55 for 3

Double sided $25 each/565 for 3 LJ

NEWSLETTERFROM LIFEBOAT

LIFELINES is the first step in software support for theserious microcomputer user. Each issue reportsnew revisions together with information on the purposetor each such release, be it for correction of "bugs"or the addition of features and facilities.Feature Articles I New Software I ProductComparisons I Info on CP/M Users Group I

SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION:

$18 for twelve issues: U.S., Canada, and Mexico.

$40 for twelve issues; all other countries.

$2.50 for each back issue: U.S., Canada, and

Mexico.

$3.60 for each back issue: all other countries.

Send Check to LIFELINES, 1651 Third Avenue,New York, N.Y 10028 or use your VISA orMASTERCARD-call (212) 722-1700

DC 300 Data Cartridges Specify 450'XL or

300' certified. Pack of 5 5100

FLIPPY DISK KIT-Template and instructionsto modify single sided 5Va"diskettes for use of

second side in single sided drives $12.50

FLOPPY SAVER—Protection for center holesfor 5" and 8" floppy disks. Only 1 needed perdiskette. Kit contains centering post, pressuretool and tough 7 mil mylar reinforcing rings for25 diskettes.

5, Kit $14.95

5", Rings only $7.95

8". Kit $16.95

', Rings only SB.95

The CP/M HANDBOOK (with MP/M) by Rod-nay Zaks $13.95

PASCAL USER MANUAL AND REPORT-By

Jensen and Wirth. The standard textbook onthe language. Recommended for use byPascal/Z, Pascal/M and Pascal/MT users $12

THE C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE-By

Kernighan and Ritchie. The standard textbookon the language. Recommended for use byBDS C, tiny C. and Whitesmiths C users . .$12

STRUCTURED MICROPROCESSOR PRO-GRAMMING-By the authors of SMAL/80.Covers structured programming, the 8080/8085 instruction set and the SMAL/80 lan-guage $20

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE & ACCOUNTS

RECEIVABLE-CBASIC book by Osborne/

McGraw-Hill $20

GENERAL LEDGER - CBASIC book by

Osborne/McGraw-Hill $20

PAYROLL WITH COST ACCOUNTING-CBASIC book by Osborne/McGraw-Hill . .$20

• **•••**

* Program names trademarked

f Recommended system configuration consistsof 48K CP/M, 2 full size disk drives, 24 x 80 CRTand 132 column printer.

® Modified version available for use with CP/M asimplemented on Heath and TRS-80 Model Icomputers.

©User license agreement for this product mustbe signed and returned to Lifeboat Associatesbefore shipment may be made.

©This product Includes/eXcludes the language©manual recommended in Condiments.

©Serial number of CP/M system must besupplied with orders.

©Requires Z80 CPU.

**•*•***

Ordering Information

MEDIA FORMAT ORDERING CODES.When ordering, please specify format code.

LIFEBOAT ASSOCIATES MEDIA FORMATS LIST. Diskette, cartridge disk and cartridge tapeformat codes to be specified when ordering software for listed computer or disk systems. Allsoftware products have specific requirements in terms of hardware or software support, such asMPU type, memory size, support operating system or language.

Computer lyiiim Format Coda

Alialr BSOODiSk .. . See MITS 3200

Alios AT

Apple - ScftCard 13 Sector ,,. ,RGApple + SoftCard 16 Seclor .,. .RR

AVL Eagle RB

BASF Syslem 7100 RD

Blackhawk Single Density 03

Blackhawk Micropenis Mod II 03

CDS Versatile 3B Ql

CDS Versatile 4 Q2

COMPAL-80 Q2

Cromemco System 3 Ar

Cromemco Z2D R6

CSSN BACKUP (lape) T1#

Delia AT

Dlgl-Log Mlcroterm II RD

Digital Microsystems Ar

Discus See Morrow Discus

Ourango F-85 RL

Dyiabyte DBB/2 R1

Dynabyte DB8/4 A1*

Exldy Sorcerer h Lifeboat CP/M .02Exidy Sorcerer - Exldy CP/M ,. .04

Heath HB - H17/H27 P4

Heath H89 - Lifeboat CP/M ... .P4Haalh HB9 - Magnolia CP/M .. .P7Hallos II ,See Processor Technology

Horizon See Norlh Star

ICOM 2411 Microfloppy R3

iCOM 3712 A1

ICOM 3B12 AT

Prices reflect distribution on 8'single density diskettes. If aformat is requested whichrequires additional diskettes, asurcharge of SB. per additionaldiskette will be added.Prices FO.B. New York,Shipping, handling and C.O.D.charges extra,

Manual cost applicable againstprice of subsequent softwarepurchase.

The sale of each proprietarysoftware package conveys alicense for use on one3m only.

Computer ayaiem For mat Cod a

ICOM 4511 5440 Cartridge

CP/M 1.4 D1#

ICOM 4511 5440 Cartridge

CP/M 2.2 D2#

IMS 5000 RA

IMS 8000 AT

IMSAI VDP-40 R4"

IMSAI VDP-42 R4"

IMSAI VDP-44 R5"

IMSAI VDP-60 AT"

Intecolor See ISC Intecolor

Intel MDS Single Density A2

Intel MDS Double Density A5

Interlec SuperBraln DOS 0.1 ... R7Inlertec SuperBraln DOS 0.5-2.X RJ

Inlertec SuperBraln DOS 3.X RK

ISC Intecolor 6063/8360/B963 . ,A1

Konlron PSI-80 RF

Meca5'/<" P6

Mlcromallon

(Except TRS-80 below) AT

MicropoliS Mod I Ql

Micropolls Mod II 02

MITS 3200/3202 B1

Morrow Discus AT

Mostek A1

MSD5WT RC

North Star Single Density P1

North Star Double/Quad P2

Nylac Single Density 03

NylacMlcropollsMod.il 02

Oh'o Scientific C3 A3

OnyxCSOOl T2#

Pertec PCC 2000 AT

Processor Technology Helios II . .B2

Quay 500 RO

Quay 520 RP

RAIR Single Density R9

• Single-Side Single-Density disksare supplied for use with Double-Density and Double-Side 8 softseclor format systems.

" IMSAI formats are single densitywith directory offset of zero.

# A media surcharge ol 525 (or or-ders on tape formats Tl and T2 andol S100 for orders on disk lormatsD1 and D2 will be added.

The list of available formats Is sub-ject to change withoul notice. Incase of uncertainty, call to confirmthe lormat code lor any particularequipment.

Computer ayitem Formal CoOa

RAIR Double Density RE

Research Machines 8 A1

Research Machines 5Vi" RH

REX 03

Sanco7000 5'/i" RQ

SD Systems 8' AT

SO Systems 5'/*" R3

Sorcerer See Exidy Sorcerer

Spacebyle Ai

SuperBraln See Interlec

Tarbell AT

Tfittt" R3

TEI 8 AT

Thlnkertoys See Morrow Discus

TRS-80 Model I 5'A" R2

TRS-80 Model I - FEC Freedom RNTRS-80 Model I - Mlcromallon . .A4"TRS-80 Model I -r Omlkron 5V*" .RMTRS-80 Model I 4 Omlkron 8" .. .A1TRS-80 Model I - ShuflleboardB" A1

TRS-80 Model II AT

VDP-40/42/44/80 See IMSAI

Vector Graphic Q2

Vector MZ Q2

Versatile See CDS Versatile

Vista V8D 5V* Single Density ... .P5Vista V200 BVSt* DoublB Density . ,P6Zenith Z69 • Lifeboat CP/M ...,P4Zenith ZB9 - Magnolia CP/M .. .P7

Lifeboat ASSOCiateS, 1651 Third Avenue, N.Y, N.Y 10028 (212)860-0300 ™The Software Supermarket is a trademark

International Telex: 220501, Domestic Telex: 640693 of L,feboat Assoc,ates

<aa* For The

$99 GENERAL

The Micro Computer General 85

0 OEM Industry0 University

FOR USE IN:

° Laboratory0 Home

The General is a 4.5" x 6" single board microcomputer, ideal for industrial control applicationsas well as for dedicated test monitoring systems,communication subsystems, small scale dataprocessing and front end processing. Through itsadvanced design, it is adaptable for data logging,data acquisition, prototyping and experimenting.

Program development is facilitated through theGeneral's "Expeditor" system monitor. The Ex-peditor has specialized commands for automaticbaud rate selection — uploading and download-ing which speed up development and cut down on"hidden" program costs. An optional assemblerand disassembler on a 2716 will compliment theExpeditor and will further reduce programmingtime and cost.

The General comes complete with the DeluxeUsers Manual which offers complete instructionson hardware and software usage.

THE GENERAL — ONE POWERFULCOMPUTER SYSTEM

HARDWARE FEATURES

Board dimensions — 4.5" x 6"

8085 A CPU

4 Level programmable Interrupt

3 Priority Interrupts

2 Non-maskable Interrupts

256 Bytes of programmable memory

(expandable on board to 2 K bytes of

either Static Ram or CMOS Ram with

battery back-up)

2 K Bytes of EPROM — expandable

on board to 4 K bytes

22 Programmable parallel I/O lines

(ports)

6 Bit memory mapped port

Programmable 14 bit binary counter

and timer controlled through the

system software

Software compatible with the 8080

THE GENERAL MCG-85 $99.00

(Kit)

The GENERAL MCG-85 $135.00

(Assembled & Tested)

2 K Expansion Rom

SOFTWARE FEATURES

EXPEDITOR — 2 K SYSTEM MONITOR

0 Automatic Baud RateSelection (50-9600 Baud)

° Downloading — from a computer thatsupports an assembler. This will enablethe user to develop programs on a timesharing service, a larger computer, anddownload directly to the Ram of theGeneral.

° Uploading — Develop programs on theGeneral and upload them to a computerthat supports a disk drive for programstorage.

Hex Keypad and Display $69.002 K Basic in Rom $59.00

$30.00

2 K Assembler &

Disassembler $40.00

2 K Expansion Ram $30.00 Expeditor Monitor Listings $29.00

(Manual Form)2 weeks to clear) or charge to Visa or Masteradd 8% sales tax.

Send certified check (regular checks requireCard. Add $3.00 shipping. N.Y. residents

L

* In Kit form, single quantity, introductory offer.Dealer Inquiries Invited

ATLANTIS COMPUTERS

Division ofAtlantis Computerized Services

34-13 30 Ave. Astoria, NY 11103(212) 728-6700

Desk-Top Wonders

Self-Modifying Codefor the TI-58/59

Ted Green, Box 2289-AMR

Johns Hopkins University

Charles and 34th St

Baltimore MD 21218

Because of the four multiregister memories in the TexasInstruments TI-59 programmable calculator and theirability to hold either data or program steps, it is possibleto let the TI-59 change its set of instructions, or any seg-ment of its instructions, at any time during the program.This is done by "overlapping" data registers and programsteps.

To see how the TI-59 stores numbers contained in thedata register in the program-step memory, enter thefollowing, repartitioning to 100 data memories, 0 steps:

1234567891ST0 990

Op 17GTO 000LRN

Examine the LRN mode using SST; keep in mind thatoriginally there was nothing in the LRN mode. Now, weexamine the following locations:

000 90

001 00

002 00

003 91

004 78

005 56

006 34

007 12

The code in location 000 represents the type of numberthat was entered. In this case, the 9 stands for a numberthat consumed 9 memory locations (location 007 repre-sents memory location 1, location 6 represents memorylocations 2 and 3, location 5 is for memory locations 4and 5, etc). Notice that the number entered as1234567891 is stored as 9178563412 (starting at location003). The empty registers 001 and 002 are used for thestorage of up to thirteen digits (in location 001, therightmost digit is always 0). If you entered 1234567891and stored it in data register 98, your LRN mode wouldlook like this:

000 00

008 90

001 00

009 00

002 00

010 00

003 00

011 91

004 00

012 78

005 00

013 56

006 00

014 34

007 00

015 12

142 January 1981 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 90 on inquiry card.

Circle 91 on inquiry card.

New on the North Star Horizon:

18Mb Hard Disk Drive!

r i

o

I I

L

.^fl

Horizon Computer with 64K RAMand dual quad capacity (720kb)floppy disks

Up to four 18Mb Winchester-type hard disk drives

Display terminal

Letter-quality or dotmatrix printer

Horizon I/O flexibilityallows expansion tomeet your needs

Unsurpassed Performance and Capacity!

North Star now gives you hard disk capacity and process-ing performance never before possible at such a lowprice! Horizon is a proven, reliable, affordable computersystem with unique hardware and software. Now theHorizon's capabilities are expanded to meet your growingsystem requirements. In addition to hard disk perform-ance, the Horizon has I/O versatility and an optional hard-ware floating point board for high-performance numbercrunching. The North Star large disk is a Century DataMarksman, a Winchester-type drive that holds 18 millionbytes of formatted data. The North Star controller inter-faces the drive(s) to the Horizon and takes full advantage

NorthStaf^

North Star Computers, Inc.

1440 Fourth St.

Berkeley, CA 94710

(415) 527-6950 TWX/Telex 910-366-7001

of the high-performance characteristics of the drive. Ourhard disk operating system implements a powerful filesystem as well as backup and recovery on floppy diskette.

Software Is The Key!

The Horizon's success to date has been built on the qual-ity of its system software (BASIC, DOS, PASCAL) andthe very broad range and availability of application soft-ware. This reputation continues with our new hard disksystem. Existing software is upward compatible for usewith the hard disk system. And, with the dramatic increasein on-line storage and speed, there will be a continuallyexpanding library of readily available application software.For more information, see your North Star dealer!

HORIZON-HD-18

Horizon computer with 64KRAM, 2 quad capacity minidrives and one HDS-18 harddisk drive $9329

HDS-18

Additional 18Mb hard disk drivefor expansion of Horizon HD-18,or your present Horizon $4999

SYS-1N

Complete Horizon HD-18 plus80 x 24 display terminal andNEC Spinwriter printer $13,239

SYS-1A

Complete Horizon HD-18 with80 x 24 display terminal andAnadex printer $11,319

Desk-Top Wonders.

Storing the same number in data register 97 would usememory locations 016 thru 023, and so on. This schemecontinues throughout, with data register 00 taking upmemory locations 952 thru 959.

To apply this principle, try the following example:

9

Op 17

8166950185

+.686

ST0 990Op 17

RST

Now examine the LRN mode and notice the following:

000 90 List

001 60 Deg

002 68 Nop

003 85 +

004 01 1

005 95 =

006 66 Pause

007 81 RST

This is a counting program. Press RST, R/S, 1 . . . 2 . . .3 . . . 4 . . . etc. The .686 was added because neither theDeg nor the Nop have any effect on numbers that are"carried" from one step to another.

There are drawbacks to this storage system. For in-stance, if the number 1 is stored in memory 99, all pro-gram locations 001 thru 006 are cleared, erasing every-thing between 000 and 007. Also, the instruction 000 90appears to be troublesome and cannot be changed to auseful code; all it does is take up space. In addition, thecode in 002 always has a 0 on the rightmost side, whichdisables the code. Keep in mind that this also applies tocodes 008 and 009, 017 and 018, all the way up through952 and 953.

Listing 1 is an actual program that will first begin as acounting program, then, after adding 1, it will modify itsinstructions so that it becomes a subtraction program. ■

Listing 1: A demonstration program showing self-modifyingcode on the Texas Instruments TI-58 or Tl-59 programmablecalculators. When run, the program adds 1 to the number on thedisplay, then continually subtracts until R/S is pressed. Beginexecution at step 950. As soon as the program begins, holddown the Pause key to see the program work. After the pro-gram has been run, examine the LRN mode to observe how thecode has been modified.

Step

Code

Key

000

76

Lbl

001

12

B

002

05

5

003

69

Op

004

17

17

005

01

1

006

01

1

007

06

6

008

01

1

009

09

9

010

05

5

011

00

0

012

01

1

013

07

7

014

05

5

015

85

+

016

93

017

06

6

018

08

8

019

06

6

020

95

=

021

42

STO

022

00

00

023

00

00

024

69

Op

025

17

17

026

61

GTO

027

09

949

028

49

—

949

32

xgt

950

76

Lbl

951

11

A

952

85

+

953

01

1

954

95

=

955

32

xgt

956

61

GTO

957

12

B

* NORTH STAR USERS *

8" FLOPPY SUBSYSTEM HAS DAWNED ON THE HORIZO

COMPLETE WITH MANUALS. SOFTWARE, HARDWARE FULLY INTEGRATED, READY TO RUN

v Totally compatible with North Star hardware * Allows use of 8' and/or 5" drives * Detailed, 80 page manual included * Background print tasks* Supports Hoppy files up to 4.2 MB * Simple, plug-in operation * Fully CP/M" compatible *File security * Extensive utilities included

DMA-DOS Software S200

Dynamic Microprocess Associates Disk Operating System

Tarbell Double Density Controller $420

Cables $40

Dual Shugart 8" 800R drives in cabinet with fan

and power supply $1,250

Total package $1,910

Prices antl offers subject to change without notice

n WE WILL PAY SHIPPING ON PREPAID ORDERS (Continental USA only). WE HAVE NO READER INQUIRY NUMBER. PLEASE WRITE OR CALL.

JOHN D. OWENS ASSOCIATES, INC.

12 SCHUBERT STREET, STATEN ISLAND, NEW YORK 10305OVERSEAS CALLERS: TWX 710 588 2844 or call (212) 448 6298*DOMESTIC CALLS: (212) 448 6283 (212) 448 6298 (212) 448 2913

144 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

baZic is written entirely in Z805 code—baZic runs as muchas 30% faster than North Star8 BASIC. The greater execu-tion speed is significandy advantageous for hea\y numbercrunching, multiuser and multitasking operations.

baZic has all the features of North Star BASIC— andthen some.baZic, with minor exceptions, is 100% compatiblewith existing North Star BASIC programs. Our new baZics under all Micro Mike's timesharing and hard diskrating software, including JOEDOS/.IOESHARE/SHARE and 5SHARE.

CHECK THESE FEATURES AT YOURCOMPUTER DEALER:

■ lakes full advantage of the Z80 instruction set

■ Can be used on any Z80-based microcomputer operatingunder North Star DOS or CP/M* (CP/M versions availableearly '81)

■ Supports North Star floating point board for even fasterexecution of compute intensive programs

■ Makes Multiuser systems with floppy disks more practical

■ Improves performance of Multiuser Hard Disk systems

■ baZic adds functions to assist in screen formatting, as well asfeatures to simplify programming, e.g. APPEND command/statement, ON GOSUB, cursor-addressable PRINT, etc.

■ baZic, as shipped, includes 8,10,12 and 14 digit precisions,including both software and hardware floating point versions

■ baZic is now included with Micro Mike's operating systemsoftware and applications programs

Dealers and OEM's: Special Discounts Available

For complete information, contact your North Star dealer orsend $1 to Micro Mike's for complete technical presentation.

"North Star Computers, Inc.

"Zilog, Inc.

"Digital Research, Inc.

Micro Mike's Inc.

905 S. Buchanan, Amarillo, Texas 79101

806-372-3633

Circle 92 on inquiry card.

Hard fact:

$150 package makes your Horizonexecute programs up to 30% faster!

: at**.

m

;*%

>. W

The Model-Ill is a completely self-containeddesk-top unit. Like the Model-I it is fully ex-pandable. There's plenty of room inside formore memory, communications interface,and 2 double-density disk drives. And best ofall many of the programs now available forthe Model-I will run on the Model-Ill. HARD-SIDE's low price includes shipping chargesand our extended 180-day warranty. Model-IllW/16K RAM $929.00

TRS-80 goes color! This is a complete, all-around personal computer. Instant-load Pro-gram Paks cover a wide range. The ColorComputer offers vivid color graphics for ex-citing visual displays. The Color Computerattaches easily to any color TV. It programseasily in Color BASIC or the more powerfulExtended Color BASIC. More expansions,even disk storage, will be available soon.HARDSIDE's low price includes shippingcharges and our extended 180-day warranty.TRSSO COLOR COMPUTER w/4K RAM $359.00

Model-ll,64KRAM

LIST PRICE

$3899.00$999.00

$2495.00$298.95$599.00$179.95$279.95$349.95$418.00$537.00$99.00

$119.00

$119.00

$59.00

OUR PRICE

$3799 00

Model-Ill, 16KRAM

$929 00

Model-Ill, 32K Dual Disk

Pocket Computer w/Interface....TRS-80 Color Computer ExpandedCOMM-80 Interlace

$2299.00$269.00$519.00$159.95

CHATTER BOX Interface

DISK-80 Interface

$259.95$329 95

Expansion Interface, 16K RAM ...Expansion Interface, 32K RAM ...RS-232-C Board

$339.00

$399.00

$89.00

TRS-232 Printer Interface

16K Memory Kit, TRS-Keypad ...16K Memory Kit, TRS-Exp. Int. ..Upper/lower Mod Kit

$59.95$59.00$59.00$24.95

Video Reverse Kit

LIST PRICE

$9.95$109.00$84.00$429.95$849.00$399.95$675.00$399.00

$29.95$39.95

OUR PRICE$23.95

CPU Speed-up Kit

Percom Electric Crayon, w/cable .

TRS-80 Dust Cover (3pc set)

TRS-80 Computer Case

TRS-80 Monitor Case

$34.95

$279.95

$7.95

$99.95

$84.00

Percom, TFD-100, 40-track

Percom, Dual TFD-100 Drives

Percom, TFD-40, 40-track

Percom, TFD-200, 77-trackHardside, 40-track Disk Drive ...Percom Doubler

$399.00$799.00$379.00$629.00$359.00$129.95

Percom Data Separator

$29.95

2-Drive Cable

$29.00

4-Drive Cable

$39.00

TERMS'. Prices and specifications are subject to change. HARDSIDE accepts VISA & MASTERCARD.Certified checks and Money Orders; Personal checks accepted (takes 3 weeks to clear). HARDSIDE paysall shipping charges (within the 48 states) on all PREPAID orders OVER $100. On all orders under $100 a$2.50 handling charge must be added. COD orders accepted (orders over $250 require 25% deposit) there isa $5.00 handling charge. UPS, Blue Label, and Air Freight available at extra cost.

TOLL FREE ORDERS:1-800-258-1790

6 South St., Mllford, NH 03055(In NH call 673-5144)

TS£:HPIRDSID€

146 BYTE January 1981

Circle 93 on inquiry card.

1 I

under one roof!

At TSE HARDSIDE we stock our shelves with only the finest productsavailable to make your micro-merchandise shopping a pleasure. So thenext time you're considering a purchase for your micro, just pick up thetelephone and dial our toll-free number 1-800-258-1790 (in NH call 673-5144)to get in touch with all that counts in the micro industry.

SOFTWARE

Microsoft

Apparat

Racet

Hayden

Muse

Creative Computing

Personal Software

Scott Adams

Acorn Software

Synergistics

Strategic Simulations

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Softape

Quality Software

Web Associates

Small System Software

Image

On-Line Systems

Ritam

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Big Five

Micro Lab

Programmers Guild

Quality Software Distributors

HARDWARE

• Radio Shack

• Commodore Pet

• Atari

• Percom

• Centronics

• NEC

• Sun

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• Source/Telecomputing

• Computer Case Co.

• MicroMint

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BOOKS

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• Plus much more!

Send S1.00 for our catalog, and receive a$2.00 credit toward your next purchase.

TStdHflRDSirX

6 South St., Mllford, NH 03055 (603) 673-5144

Circle 94 on inquiry card.

Generating Bar Codein the Hewlett-Packard Format

The HP-41C is Hewlett-Packard'snewest entry in the hand-held pro-grammable calculator race. The mainfeature that distinguishes it fromHewlett-Packard's earlier calculatorsis its modular design, which allowsthe HP-41C to be extended by a lineof peripheral devices. Up to fourperipherals can be plugged into thecalculator, and these include amagnetic card reader, a thermalprinter, memory modules to increasethe amount of memory available tothe user, and "application pacs" thatcontain software for particular ap-plications in read-only-memorymodule form. In addition, Hewlett-Packard has introduced the 82153AOptical Reader (also called a Wand),which is capable of reading bar codesthat contain HP-41C programs, data,or function definitions.

This article describes the HP-41Cbar-code format and includes aBASIC program that converts an HP-41C program into a series of bar-coderows that can be printed using a high-quality printer with incremental spac-ing.

HP-41C Bar-Code Format

The bar code that is read by theWand is simply binary informationrepresented by wide and narrow bars(representing 1 and 0, respectively).The space- 'between each bar isnominally the width of the narrowbar and serves as a benchmark for thecurrent unit bar width. The unit barwidth must be greater than 15 mils. Anarrow bar may be up to 20% widerthan the unit bar width, which is

Thomas McNeal

Hewlett-Packard

Cupertino Integrated Circuits Operation

10900 Wolfe Rd

Cupertino CA 95014

established by the previous bar andspace. A wide bar should be twice theunit bar width, and a wide bar shouldvary no more than 20% from its stan-dard value.

The bars are logically grouped into8-bit bytes, and a bar-code programis organized into rows of a maximumof 16 bytes, with 3 bytes of headerinformation and up to 13 bytes ofdata per row. Associated with eachrow are pairs of start and stop bits(binary 00 and 10, respectively) thatallow the rows to be read in eitherdirection. Figure 1 shows the formatfor a single row of program bar code.

The 13 data bytes contain the ma-chine language of the HP-41C instruc-tion set. Table 1 lists these instruc-tions, with the first 8-bit byte of eachinstruction determining the instruc-tion type. Additional bytes, if any,contain alphanumeric character data,numeric or stack operands, or linkageinformation.

All indirect instructions are 2 byteslong, with the high-order bit of thesecond byte set to 1 to signify an in-direct operand. In the case of indirectnumeric GOTO and EXECUTE in-structions, the high-order bit is set to1 for an EXECUTE instruction andcleared to 0 for a GOTO instruction.

The size of an instruction is deter-mined by its position in the table. Inorder to save room in the HP-41C,some instructions may have two com-pletely different representations, de-pending on the value of the operandassociated with that instruction. Forexample, the numeric label instruc-tion is represented by 1 byte if the

operand is less than 15 and, other-wise, by 2 bytes. The XROM (EXE-CUTE read-only-memory module) in-structions seen in the function tablealso save room when a reference to analpha label within a read-only-mem-ory module is made by an EXECUTEinstruction. The XROM instruction isa compact, 2-byte reference to a tableof alphanumeric labels within theread-only-memory module; this re-places the EXECUTE instruction orig-inally entered by the user.

HP-41C Internal Representation

The instructions generally are 1, 2,or 3 bytes long, with the 4 high-orderbits of the first byte indicating the in-struction length. The exceptions tothis rule are the instructions contain-ing alphanumeric character data. TheHP-41C has an alphanumeric displaythat allows the definition of instruc-tions with nonnumeric operands.These functions include an alpha-numeric label instruction, which con-tains a label of up to seven characters,GOTO and EXECUTE instructionswith alphanumeric label operands,and a text-entry instruction. This lastinstruction will either append or re-place character data in a specialalphanumeric register and may con-tain up to fifteen characters.

All character data is represented inASCII (American Standard Code forInformation Interchange), with onecharacter per byte and a few excep-tions for special characters not foundin the ASCII character set. Sincecharacter-oriented instructions are ofindeterminate length, their size is

148 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Please send your free software catalog.

(Check which software is of particular interest)

D C COMPILER. Optimized native code for VAX 11/780, PDP-11, LSI-11, Z80,8085,8080. Full C language as defined in Kernighan and Ritchie, with com-prehensive portable library. Cross compilers available. Runs under VMS,IAS, RSX-11D, RSX-11M, RSTS/E, RT-11, UNIX, Idris, CDOS, CP/M. From $600

□ IDRIS OPERATING SYSTEM. System calls and file system identical toUNIX V6, including pipelines. Utilities include shell, editor, assembler,loader, archiver, compare, copy, grep, etc., plus system utilities for filesystem maintenance. Runs on LSI-11, PDP-11. From $1000.

□ PASCAL COMPILER. Optimized native code for VAX 11/780, PDP-11,LSI-11, Z80, 8085, 8080. Full Pascal language as defined in Jensen andWirth, with standard library. Includes C compiler and portable library,permitting intermixed C and Pascal. Cross compilers available. Runsunder VMS, IAS, RSX-11D, RSX-11M, RSTS/E, RT-11, UNIX, Idris, CDOS,CP/M. From $750.

Name_

Company.Street

City

_State_

-Zip_

Idris is a trademark of Whitesmiths Ltd.UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories.CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research Co.

VMS. RSX-11. RT-11, RSTS/E. VAX,PDP-11. LSI-11 are trademarks of DigitalEquipment Corporalion.

Whitesmiths, Ltd.

Software for grownups.

(212)799-1200 ° r

RO.B. 1132 Ansonia Station, New York, N.Y. 10023

VALUE

FUNCTION

NUMBEROF BITS

nnnnnnnn

nnnn

(UP TO 13 BYTES)-

• I nnnnJ

10

STARTBITS

CHECKSUM

SEQUENCENUMBER

LEADINGPARTIALFCN BYTES

DATA

(TRAILINGI PARTIALIFCN BYTES

STOPBITS

UP TO 104

Figure 1: Format for Hewlett-Packard bar codes. A maximum of 13 bytes can be encoded into one row of bar code.

embedded within a word in the in-struction itself. For alphanumericlabel operands, the number of char-acters is held in the 4 low-order bits ofthe second or third byte, with the 4high-order bits set to hexadecimal F.

The position of this byte is indicatedin the documentation of the compileroutine of the bar-code generatingprogram. (See listing 1.) This conven-tion allows differentiation between analphanumeric label instruction and an

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Model HB5-3/OVP

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Get all the details on our105 standard open framesin our new 1981 catalog.

IN-STOCK NATIONWIDE... FOR IMMEDIATE DELIVERY

ALA.: Huntsville, Rakes Engr. & Marketing Corp. (205) 883-9260 ARIZ.: Phoenix, PLS Assoc. (602) 279-1531CAL.: Pasadena, A-F Sales Engr. (213) 681-5631; San Diego, A-F Sales Engr. (714) 226-8424; San Jose, RichardsAssoc. (408) 246-5860 COL.: Denver, PLS Assoc. (303) 773-1218 CT.: Litchfield, Digital Sales Assoc. (203) 567-9776 FLA.: Orlando, OEM Marketing Corp. (305) 299-1000 GA.: Duluth, Rakes Engr. & Marketing Corp. (404)476-1730 ILL.: Chicago, Coombs Assoc. (312) 298-4830IND.: Indianapolis, Coombs Assoc. (317) 897-5424 KAN.:Overland Park, ATS (913) 492-4333 MD.: Wheaton, Brimberg Sales Assoc. (301) 946-2670; Baltimore, BrimbergSales Assoc. (301) 792-8661 MASS.: Waltham, Digital Sales Assoc. (617) 899-4300 MICH.: Southfield, L.H.Dickelman Co. (313) 353-8210 MINN.: Minneapolis, Engr. Prod. Assoc. (612) 925-1883 MO.: St. Louis, ATS (314721-4401 N.J.: Whippany, Livera-Polk Assoc. (201) 377-3220 N.M.: Albuquerque, PLS Assoc. (505) 255-2330 N.Y.:Roslyn Hts., Livera-Polk Assoc. (516) 484-1276; Syracuse, CW. Beach (315) 446-9587 OHIO: Cleveland, MarlowAssoc. (216) 991-6500; Dayton, Marlow Assoc. (513) 434-5673 OKLA.: Tulsa, Advance Technical Sales (918)743-8517 ORE.: Portland, Jas. J. Backer(503) 297-3776; Salem, Jas. J. Backer (503) 362-0717 PENN.: Pittsburgh,Marlow Assoc. (412) 831-6113 TEX.: Dallas, Advance Technical Sales (214) 361-8584; Solid State Electr. (214)352-2601; Houston, Advance Technical Sales (713) 469-6668; Solid State Electr. (713) 772-8483 UTAH: Salt LakeCity, PLS Assoc. (801) 466-8729 WASH.: Seattle, Jas. J. Backer (206) 285-1300; Radar Elec. Co. (206) 282-2511WIS.: Milwaukee, Coombs Assoc. (414) 671-1945 EUROPE: Hanex, L.A., CAL (213) 556-3807 CANADA: Ajax,Ontario, McHugh Electronics (416) 683-1540; Montreal, Quebec, Empro Sales (514) 341-6420; Winnipeg,Manitoba, Cam Gard Supply Ltd. (204) 786-8481 CARIBBEAN: Ft. Lauderdale, FLA, Reptronics (305) 763-2856

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end instruction, in which the thirdword contains a hexadecimal F in thelow rather than the high 4 bits.

In addition, the alphanumeric labeland end instructions contain pointersthat link them with other alpha-numeric label and end instructions,creating an alphanumeric label chain.This chain is used to identify the posi-tion of labels and program bound-aries within the HP-41C programmemory and establishes entry pointsfor each program. The chain is re-compiled by the Wand software, sothe bytes containing the chain point-ers are set to 0 by this program.

For a detailed discussion of thefunction table and other internal fea-tures of the HP-41C, refer to a seriesof articles that appeared in the Cor-vallis Division Column of the PCCJournal beginning on September 6,1979. The PPC Journal is a publica-tion of the PPC (Personal Program-mable Calculator), an independentuser group for Hewlett-Packard pro-grammable calculators. Further infor-mation may be obtained by writingto:

Richard Nelson, EditorPPC Journal2541 W Camden PISanta Ana CA 92704

The header information necessaryfor a bar-code program is containedin the left-most 3 bytes of each barcode row. The first byte is a paritycheck in the form of a running check-sum (a summation modulo 256, withwrap-around carry, of the checksumof the preceding row and all otherbytes of the current row).

The second byte is split into twoparts. The 4 high-order bits containthe program type (l=nonprivate,2 = private), and the 4 low-order bitscontain the sequence number, whichis the bar-code row number minus 1,modulo 16. The sequence numberwill be inspected by the Wand soft-ware to assure that the correct row isbeing read.

Text continued on page 172Circle 96 on inquiry card. —j

THE FRONT RUNNER

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SPRINTER 40 is a highly reliable printer/plotter providing long life-expectancy

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Table 1: /I fnb/e /or the HP-41C instruction set.

Instructions in the HP-41C are

stored as one

or more 8-bit bytes.

Table 1 continued or

page 154.

Combine accurate flight characteristics with the best in animation graphicsand you'll have SubLOGIC's

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SubLOGIC's A2-FS1 is the smooth, realisticsimulator that gives you a real-time, 3-D,out-of-the-cockpit view of flight.Thanks to fast animation and accurate repre-sentation of flight, the non-pilot can now learnbasic flight control, including take-offs andlandings! And experienced pilots will recog-nize how thoroughly they can explore theaircraft's characteristics.Once you've acquired flight proficiency,you can engage in the exciting British Ace3-D Aerial Battle Game included in thepackage. Destroy the enemy's fuel depotwhile evading enemy fighters.Computer and aviation experts call theA2-FS1 a marvel of modern technology.You'll simply call it fantastic!

Special Features:

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• Keyboard or joystick input

$

25

00

for the Apple II

now on cassette or disk!

on cassette, usable on allsystems (16Kmemory required)

$

33

50

on disk, usable on DOS 3.2,DOS 3.3, or Language System(32K memory required)

Present cassette users maysend back their cassette (but nor the manual),along with $10 (first class shipping included)and receive the disk version.

See your dealer or order direct. For v^direct order, include $1.25 and specify ^—•UPS or first class mail. Illinois residentsadd 5% sales tax. Visa and Mastercardaccepted.

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152 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 97 on inquiry card.

Free software ($50-$120 worth)when you buy aTI programmable.

R.E.

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MODULE

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NAVIGATION

MODULE

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PrinterUtility

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StatisticalTesting

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An $io

2 FREE modules, 2 FREEPakettes with a TI-59.

1 FREE module, 1 FREE Pakettewith a ; !TI-58C. RSL'

□ $10 •

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Solid State Software™ modulesand Pakettes can help you utilizethe full capability of your TIprogrammable.

Modules turn a programmable intoa dedicated calculator. Paketteshave selected programs you key in.The TI-58C. An exceptional valuefor a powerful programmable.Up to 480 program steps or 60 mem-ories. Plus Constant Memory™ thatretains data when turned off. $130.The TI-59. Top-of-the-line.Up to 960 program steps or 100

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□ I've bought a TI-58C. Send me the one module and theone Pakelte listed below

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MODULE 1 PAKETTE 1:

MODULE 2: PAKETTE 2:

"b!

Name

Address

Cily

State

Zip

ALTERNATE MODULE:

Send to: Texas Instruments Free Software Offer

P.O. Box 725, Dept. M, Lubbock, Texas 79491 Calculator Serial Number (from back of unit)

Return this coupon with (1) Customer Information Card (packed with calculator). (2) Dated copy ol prool of purchase betweenJanuary 15,1981-March 31.1981 Items must be postmarked by April 14.1981. Please allow 30 days lor delivery Otter void whereprohibited Otter good only in U.S.A. TI reserves the right to substitute items

U.S. sug^esterl retail prices. *For use with TI-59 only.

Texas Instruments

) 1981 Texas Instruments Incorporated

NCORPORATED

J

45746

Circle 98 on Inquiry card.

Table 1 continued

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Quiet Designs

Preformatted Disks:

Compatible with Lanier 'No Problem',Lanier 90/100, Micom 2000/2001,A.M. 425, C.P.T. 6000/8000, Canon

Standard Disks

For all systems using unformatted disks

Head Cleaning Kits

Kits for 5'/4" and 8" drives

Flip-Sort™

Durable, Dust Proof, Desk Top Disk Storageand Retrieval System.

Quiet Designs

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154 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 99 on inquiry card.

^a

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We have over 100,000 in circulation since 1975 and we are still around and That's more than Anyone else can say. Weused to sell hundreds of programs individually, the programs in Volume X were sold for several years at over $10,000,in Volume III for over $6,000 but a few years ago we decided to promote software to the mass public and it was aninstant success.

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Almost every single programincluded in these volumes will run inevery Computer system thatoperates in Basic. A few changesmay be required for some Basics butmost of these changes are covered inone of the Tables and Appendicesincluded in Volumes III, V, VI,VIM, and X.

Volume VI — Disk programs arecompatible with TRS-80 disk basic

The disk programs in Volumes VI, VII and X arewritten in (CP/M) M Basic and Disk ExtendedMicrosoft Basic. Other programs written in 8KBasic.

dd $1.50 per volume handling, all domestic shipments sent U.P.S. except APO and0. Box which go parcel post. Foreign orders add $6.00/volume lor air shipment andake payable in U.S. dollars only.

MAILABLE AT MOST COMPUTER STORES

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)ur Software is copyrighted and may not be reproduced or sold.

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IN GERMANY

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OVER 116,

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156 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Why is the 88G Printerthe new industry

leader?

QUALITY

The attractive, durable 88G casework isformed from impact-resistant, flame-retardant Styron. Microprocessor con-trolled stepper motors provide precisioncontrol over print head and paperpositioning. Computer quality tractorsposition paper for readability and arefully adjustable to accommodate varyingpaper widths.

MICROPROCESSORCONTROLLED INTERFACE

The microprocessor array provides theintelligence for a dual RS232 serialand a Centronics® type parallel interface.Both inputs are fully buffered to allowthe 88G to receive data and printsimultaneously. A IK character buffer isstandard with a 2K buffer available asan option.

The short line thruput of the 88G hasbeen increased by incorporation of aQuick Cancel feature that fully utilizesthe bidirectional/unidirectional printingcapabilities. Built-in diagnostic andself-test capabilities allow the user toeasily pinpoint system problems anda Power On confidencetest verifiesoperational status ofthe printer eachtime power is applied

VERSATILITY

The 88G prints a full upper and lowercase 96 character ASCII set with a crisp,clear 7x7 matrix in 80, 96, or 132 columnformats. For text processing andcorrespondence applications, an 11x7,80 column serif style matrix can beselected by switch or software command.The dual tractor/pressure-feed paperdrive system allows the user to chooseeither pin-feed, roll, or single sheetpapers up to 9.5 inches wide.

Complete forms control allows the88G to be quickly configured for printingsingle or multiple-ply invoices, purchaseorders, checks, or any type of preprintedform. Optional paper roll holders andsingle sheet feeders can be quicklyattached.

The wide use range of the 88G makesit the perfect companion for businesssystems, data processing, RO teleprinterand terminal printer applications.

GRAPHICS

A high-resolution, dot-addressablegraphics option can be added for appli-cations requiring plotting, printing ofscreen graphics, drawings, illustrations,etc. Single dot print resolution greatlyextends the usefulness of the graphicscapability. Selection of one of thefour horizontal dot densities availablecustomizes the graphic printout, andalphanumerics can easily be includedfor titling of graphs and illustrations.

LONG LIFERIBBON CARTRIDGE

Ribbon difficulties are minimizedthrough use of a continuous loop cart-ridge with a five million character life.It is easily changed without openingthe case, and without any complicatedor messy threading operations.

PRICE

Every detail is directed toward providinga heavy-duty, commercial qualityprinter for only $749.00. No other printeron the market today can provide itsquality, features and performance ata comparable price. The 88G is anobvious industry leader.

^Centronics is a registered trademark of the Centronics Data Computer Corp.

Circle 100 on Inquiry card.

Micro Peripherals, Inc.4426 South Century DriveSalt Lake City, Utah 84107Phone (801) 973-6053

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158 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 101 on inquiry card.

00MPUS1AR

INTERTEC S NEW $2500 MULTI-USER SMALL BUSINESS COMPUTER

At last, there's a multi-user micro-computer system designed and built theway it should be. The CompuStar™. Ournew, low-cost "shared-disk" multi-usersystem with mainframe performance.

Unlike any other system, our newCompuStar offers what we believe to be themost practical approach to almost anymulti-user application. Data entry. Distrib-uted processing. Small business. Scientific.Whatever! And never before has suchpowerful performance been available atsuch modest cost. Here's how we did it...

The system architecture of theCompuStar is based on four types of videodisplay terminals, each of which can beconnected into an auxiliary hard disk stor-age system. Up to 255 terminals can beconnected into a single network! Each ter-minal (called a Video Processing Unit) con-tains its own microprocessor and 64K ofdynamic RAM. The result? Lightning fastprogram execution! Even when all usersare on-line performing different tasks! Aspecial "multiplexor" in the CompuStarDisk Storage System ties all exter-nal users together to "share" thesystem's disk resources. So, nosingle user ever need wait on an-other. An exciting concept...with some awesome applicationpossibilities!

CompuStar™ userstations can be configured inalmost as many ways as youcan imagine. The wide varietyof terminals offered gives youthe flexibility and versatilityyou've always wanted (butnever had) in a multi-usersystem. The CompuStarModel 10 is a program-mable, intelligent terminalwith 64K of RAM. It's areal workhorse if your re-quirement is a data entry

or inquiry/response application. And if yourterminal needs are more sophisticated,select either the CompuStar Model 20, 30or 40 Each can be used as either a stand-alone workstation or tied into a multi-usernetwork. The Model 20 incorporates all ofthe features of the Model 10 with theaddition of two, double-density mini-flop-pies built right in. And it boasts over350,000 bytes of local, off-line user stor-age. The Model 30 also features a dualdrive system but offers over 700,000 bytesof disk storage. And. the Model 40 boastsnearly 1 % million bytes of dual disk stor-age. But no matter which model youselect, you'll enjoy unparalleled versatilityin configuring your multi-user network.

Add as many terminals as you like- at prices starting at less than $2500.Now that's truly incredible!

No matter what your application,the CompuStar can handle it! Three diskstorage options are available. A tabletop10 megabyte 8" winchester-type drivecomplete with power supply and our spe-cial controller and multiplexor costs just$4995. Or, if your disk storage needs aremore demanding, select either a 32 or 96megabyte Control Data CMD drive with a16 megabyte removable, top loading car-tridge. Plus, there's no fuss in getting aCompuStar system up and running. Justplug in a Video Processing Unit and you'reready to go ... with up to 254 more ter-minals in the network by simply connect-ing them together in a "daisy-chain"fashion. CompuStar's special parallelinterface allows for system cable lengthsof up to one mile... with data transferrates of 1.6 million BPS!

Software costs are low, too.CompuStar's disk operating system is theindustry standard CP/M*. With animpressive array of application soft-ware already available and severalcommunication packages offered,the CompuStar can tackle even yourmost difficult programming tasks.Compare for yourself. Of allthe microcomputer-based multi-user systems available today,we know of only one whichoffers exactly what you needand should expect. Excep-tional value and upwardgrowth capability. TheCompuStar™. A true priceand performance leader!

3NTE3TEC

Edatassystems®

2300 Broad River Rd Columoia SC 292101803} 798-9100 TWX 810-666-2115

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160 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 102 on inquiry card.

Pump Up Your TRS-80 with the ES/F Mass Storage System

THESE FACTS SPEAK FOR THEMSELVES!

CASSETTE ES/F

MINI-DISK

MEET

THE WAFER

SPEED

(Seconds toload "Blackjack")

56

6

(5' wafer)

%Vz

CAPACITY

(thousandsof bytes)

38(C-20)

64(75' wafer)

59

(TRSDOS)

RELIABILITY

(Designed fordigital data?)

NO

YES

YES

▲ Actual Size

Actual Thickness T

SYSTEM COST

(First unitplus interface)

$60

$250

$800

MEDIA COST

(in quantitiesoften)

$3.10cassette

$3.00wafer

$3.20disk

Let's face it. Cassette players were notdesigned to store digital data and pro-grams. That's why we designed a digitalstorage system using a continuous tapeloop: the Exatron Stringy/Floppy(ES/F) and the Wafer. There's no ex-pensive interface to buy-the ES/Fcomes ready to pump up your TRS-80.*

Once your TRS-80* is pumped up byour ES/F . . . you won't want to deflateit. We're so sure, that we offer anunconditional 30-day money-backguarantee and a one-year limited war-ranty. Over 2,000 TRS-80 * owners havemet the wafer.. . why don't you'll '

EXATRONSTRINGY/Fl

SPEED, CAPACITYAND RELIABILITYFOR ONLY $249.5

f

CALL

OUR HOTLINE

(800)-538-8559

IN CALIFORNIA.CALL (408)-737-7111

^

<*»«""

exatron, inc.

Commercial Streetivvale. Calif. 94086

•TRS-80 is a registered trademark

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162 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 103 on inquiry card.

Orange micro

'SPECIALIZING IN PRINTERSAND CRT'S"

CENTRONICS 737 (SS)

Word Processing Print Quality

• 18 x 9 dot matrix; suitable for wordprocessing • Underlining • proportionalspacing • right margin justification • seriftypeface • 50/80 CPS • 91/2" PinFeed/Friction feed • Reverse Platen •80/132 columns

MALIBU

The Smail Business Printer;Letter Quality & Speed.

• 10 x 9 dot matrix • Letter quality print;Lower case descenders • High speed; 165CPS, Bidirectional, Logic seeking • Widecarriage, Adjustable tractors to 16" •Vertical forms control • Variable line spac-ing • User programmable character set •Dot Resolution Graphics

CENTRONIC 737-1 (List $995)

SCall

MALIBU 165 (List $2495)

$2195

EPSON MX80

Low-PricedProfessional Print Quality

• 9 x 9 dot matrix • Lower case descenders

• 80 CPS • Bidirectional, Logic seeking •40, 66, 80, 132 columns per line • 64 specialgraphic characters: TRS-80 Compatible •Forms handling • Multi-pass printing • Ad-justable tractors

EPSON MX80 (List $645)

SCall

OKIDATA MICROLINE SERIES

TRS-80 Graphics Compatibility

• 9 x 7 dot matrix • 80 CPS • 80, 132columns — 64 shapes for charts, graphs &diagrams • Double wide characters • 6/8lines per inch • Up to 3 part copy • Friction& pin feed • 200 M character head warranty

OKIDATA MICROLINE 80 (List $800)

$599

BASE 2

The Hobbyist Printer With The Most Features

• Graphics • Tractors/Friction Feed • 2KInput Buffer • RS-232 Serial, Centronics®Parallel, IEEE-488, 20 ma • TRS-80 Cableoption • 100 CPS • Fast form feed • Userprogrammable character set • 64, 72, 80,96, 120, 132 Columns/line • Expandedcharacters • Automatic skip-over-perfora-tion • Horizontal & Vertical tabs • Pro-grammable vertical line spacing • Intel8085 Microprocessor — over 40 softwarecommands (List $699) $649

BASE 2 800B

TOLL FREE(800) 854-8275

CA,AK, HI (714) 630-3322

At Orange Micro, we try to fit the right printer to your application.Call our printer specialists tor free consultation.

ANACOM

Low Cost, High Speed, Wide Carriage

• 9 x 9 dot matrix • Lower case descenders • Wide carriage •Adjustable tractors to 16" • 150 CPS, Bidirectional, Logic Seeking

ANACOM 150 (List $1350)

SCall

EPSON TX80

• 5 x 7 dot matrix • 125 CPS • Double wide characters • Dotresolution graphics & 64 special graphic characters • 6/8 line perinch • Vertical forms control • Adustable tractors • Heavy Duty —Highly reliable

EPSON TX80 (List $799)

SCall

THE SMALL COMPUTER PRINTER by Brent Weston

This illustrated booklet provides the information you need about today's smallprinters. There are many printers available, each with different features andcapabilities. The Small Computer Printer will guide you in determining whichprinter best fits your applications. A complete feature comparison chart isincluded representing over 40 small printers. A printer is a big investment —learn all about them before you buy one. $795

TELEVIDEO CRT'S

PRICES SLASHED!

TVI912C") Please Call Toll Free_ > Prices are too low toTVI 920C J advertise

PRINTERS

J CENTRONICS 730 Radio Shack Line Printer II (List $795) $ 639

I OKIDATA MICROLINE 82 & 83 $ Call |

l NEC 5530-5 letter quality, RO, parallel, tractors (List $2970) $ 25991

PAPER TIGER IDS 440 w/graphics and 2K buffer. . (List $1094)$ 9391PAPER TIGER IDS 460 w/graphics, 9 x9dot matrix .. (List $1295)$ Call!QUME 5/45 typewriter quality (List $2905) $ 2559 j

INTERFACE EQUIPMENT

APPLE II -BASE 2 parallel graphics interface board & cable $ 160

APPLE II- EPSON TX80

■ parallel graphics interface board & cable $ 110;

SSMAIO BOARD Apple Serial/parallel interface (List $225)$ 1751

MICROTRONICS Atari parallel interface $ 69'

ATARI 850 Interface module, serial/parallel $ 1991

, TRS-80 CABLES to keyboard or Exp. interface * Call]

CALL FOR FREE CATALOG

--

Phone orders WELCOME. Same dayshipment for VISA, MASTERCHARGE, and AMERICAN EX-PRESS. Personal checks require 2weeks to clear. Add 3% for ship-ping and handling. California resi-dents add 6%. Manufacturer'swarranty included. Prices subject torevision.

Orange

flllCfO, Inc.

3148 E. La Palma, Suite EAnaheim, CA 92806

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164 January 1981 © BYTE Publicaeions Inc

dBASE II vs. the Bilge Pumps.

by Hal Pawluk

We all know that bilge pumps suck.

And by now, we've found out—the hardway—that a lot of software seems to work thesame way.

So I got prettyexcited when I ranacross dBASE II, anassembly-language rela-tional Database Man-agement System forCP/M. It works! Andeven a rank beginnerlike myself got it upand running the firsttime I sat down with it.

If you're lookingfor software to deal withyour data, too, here aresome tips that will help:

Tip #1: Database Managementvs. File Handling:

Any list or collection of data is, loosely,a data base, but most of those "data base man-agement" articles in the buzzbooks are really aboutfile handling programs for specific applications.A real Database Management System gives youdata and program independence (no repro-gramming when data changes), eliminates dataduplication and makes it easy to turn data intoinformation.

Tip #2: AssemblyLanguage vs. BASIC:

This one's easy: if you're setting up aDBMS, you're going to be doing a lot of sorting,and Basic sorts are s-l-o-w. Run a benchmark ona Basic system like S*-IV against a relationalDBMS like dBASE II and you'll see what I mean.(But watch it: I've also seen one extremely slowassembly-language file management system.)

Tip #5: Relational vs. Hierarchal& Network DBMS.

CODASYL-like hierarchal and networksystems, around since the 1960's, are beingphased out on the big machines so why get stuckwith an old-fashioned system for your micro? Arelational DBMS like dBASE II eliminates the pre-defined sets, pointers and complex data structuresof a CODASYL-type DBMS. And you don't needto be a programmer to use it.

Circle 104 on inquiry card.

dBASE II vs. everything else.

dBASE II really impressed me.Written in assembly language (with noneed for a host lan-guage), it handles up to65,000 records (up to 32fields and 1000 byteseach), stores numericdata as packed stringsso there are no round-off errors, has a super-fast multiple-key sort,and supports ISAMbased on B* trees.

You can use itinteractively withEnglish-like commands(DISPLAY 10 PROD-UCTS), or program it(so when you've set up the formats, your secretarycan do the work). Its report generator and user-definable full screen operations mean that you caneven use your existing forms.

And if all this makes your mouth water, butyou've already got all your data on a disk, that'sokay: dBASE II reads your ASCII files and addsthe data to its own database.

Right now, I'm using dBASE II with myword processor for budgeting, scheduling andpreparing reports for my clients.

Next come job costing, time billing andaccounting.

An Unheard-of Money-BackGuarantee.

dBASE II is the first software I've seenwith a full money-back guarantee.

To check it out, just send $700 (plus tax inCalifornia) to AshtonTate, 3600 Wilshire Blvd.,Suite 1510, Los Angeles, CA 90010. (213) 666-4409.Test dBASE II doing your jobs on your computerfor 30 days. If, for some strange reason, you don'twant to keep it, send it back and they'll refundyour money.

No questions asked.

They know you don't need your bilgepumped.

Ashton-Tate

©Ashton-Tate 1980

BYTE January 1981 165

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THE UNBEATABLE S-100MEMORY I

Mi W i tfiijiiidiiiiaia

DBOOttC

■

,,,,,,........

J/ffiiii/MiiHiiffilT^^

That's the MEASUREMENT systems & con-trols DMB Series of S-100 bus memorymodules, fully compatible with ALPHAMICRO, CROMEMCO, DYNABYTE , NORTHSTAR, MP/M, and most other S-100 systems.

Definitely a winner, the DMB Series is avail-able with Bank Select (DMB6400) or without(DM6400) and utilizes industrial quality con-struction, provides outstanding reliability,and is backed by dedicated customer serviceand a one year guarantee.

The DMB6400 uses I/O port addressing forthe bank select feature. A switch provides theability to select any one of the 256 I/O portsfor addressing the memory banks. The mem-ory is configured as four totally independent16K software selectable banks, with eachbank addressable on any 16K boundary.

Systems

Group

a Division of MEASUREMENT systems &. controls

incorporated

Outstanding features such as those listedbelow make the DMB series the UNBEATABLES-100 Memory:

• Four independent 16K software select-able banks.

• Each bank is independently addressableon any 16K boundary.

• Switch selectable bank sizes — from16K to 64K in 16K increments.

• Eight banks (512K) per I/O port for eachof the 256 ports.

• Z-80 4MHz operation with no waitstates using transparent refresh.

• On-board diagnostic LED's.

• Low power — 8 watts maximum.

• Reliable, tested and burned-in memory.

• IEEE S-100 compatible timing.

• One year guarantee.

• Attractive Dealer & OEM Prices.

See your nearest computer dealer, or contactus for the complete story on the UNBEAT-ABLE S-100 Memory.

867 North Main St. / Orange, Calif. 92668 / (714) 633-4460TWX/TELEX: 678 401 TAB IRIN

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168 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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Circle 106 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1981 169

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BYTE January 1981

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Listing 1 continued:

50455058

585550685065507850755080568550985095510851055118511551205125513051355 140

1>INDEX OF FIRST POSITION {INTEGER)

2HNDEX OF LAST POSITION (INTEGER)

3>KEV TO EE FOUND CSTRING)

4)STRING ARRAY IN WHICH THE SEARCH IS MADE

DEF FN1NTEGF=I

L=J

M=t.F +IF Q*IF Q*IF Q<IF F<M = 8RETURFNEND

S<INTEGER I, J,Q*, A*C*> >

ER F,L,M

L> DIV 2

=A*<M> THEN RETURN M>A*<M> THEN F=M+1<fl*<M) THEN L=M-1=L THEN 5890

N M

** END OF BAR

I FIND CENTER OF ARRAY

!IF KEY HAS BEEN FOUND, RETURN INDEX

'CONTINUE SEARCH THROUGH APPROPRIATE HALF!RETURN 0 IF SEARCH FAILS

:iDE GENERATION PROGRAM *****************

Text continued from page 150:

Since the HP-41C instructions areof varying length, they quite oftenstraddle the border between two rowsof bar code. If an instruction starts inthe previous row and ends in the cur-rent row, the bytes of the instructioncontained in the current row are theleading partial-function bytes. Alter-nately, if an instruction starts in thecurrent row and ends in the next row,the bytes contained in the current roware the trailing partial-function bytes.The third byte of a bar-code row con-tains, in the 4 high-order bits, thenumber of leading partial-functionbytes, and, in the 4 low-order bits,the number of trailing partial-func-tion bytes.

A Bar-Code Generating Program

The program given in listing 1,which runs on a Hewlett-PackardHP-9845 minicomputer, allows theuser to enter numbered HP-41C in-structions and will insert the instruc-tions into a text string for later use.Each instruction is associated with avalue between 1 and 2240, whichdetermines the order of execution ofthe HP-41C instructions. The number2240 is given as a maximum since thatis the largest number of bytes avail-able to the user in program memory.

If the HP-41C program is extremelylong, a renumbering command allowsthe user to create gaps in his number-ing scheme to allow for later insertionof instructions. Using this program,the user is able to insert, delete, andreplace instructions; the user can savethe program in a file for later use.

In response to the prompt symbol,the user may give other single-wordcommands to compile and generate

bar code for the HP-41C programs,save and retrieve the compiled HP-41C machine language, and list ordelete the entire program. The syntaxand action of each command aregiven in table 2 and will be printedout by the program if a "77" is typedin response to the prompt symbol.

The basic structure of the programis a main routine that generates theprompt symbol and decodes theinput. A series of other routines per-form the command functions and arecalled by a jump table in the mainroutine. The input to the main rou-tine is decoded only to the extent ofdetermining whether a command oran instruction has been given, and ifan instruction has been decoded, theinstruction number is calculated. Theinstruction is then appended to a textstring, and a pointer to that instruc-tion is entered into a pointer array atthe position given by the instructionnumber. Consequently, the otherroutines will be able to retrieve theprogram by a linear inspection of thepointer array.

Replacement, deletion, and renum-bering of instructions only involvemanipulation of the pointer array,while insertion requires that the in-struction number (an integer) mustfall between two existing instructionnumbers. The syntax of the HP-41Cinstructions recognized by this pro-gram follows that of the HP-82143Athermal printer and of the programlistings distributed by the HP User'sLibrary, with a few exceptions dic-tated by the difference betweenASCII and the HP-41C character set.For example, characters representingthe Greek letter E, the angle sign, andthe =£ sign are represented by the

Text continued on page 178

172 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

fey

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COMPILEDELETE nEXITGETPROG

GETTEXT

LISTNUMBER

RENUMBER

RUN

RUNPRIVATESAVEPROG

SAVETEXT

Bar-Code Generator Commands

Compiles the current program and loads the compiled code into the array M.

Deletes the instruction given by n from the current program.

Halts execution of the bar-code generator or of the line-number generator.

Retrieves compiled code from a file on cassette tape. (The routine prompts for afile name.)

Retrieves program instructions from a file on cassette tape. (The routine promptsfor a file name.)

Lists the entire current program.

Automatically generates instruction numbers for HP-41C program entry. The start-ing number and size of the increment are requested by the routine. This routine ishalted by typing "EXIT".

Renumbers the current program instructions. (The routine prompts for the oldstarting number, new starting number and size of the increment.)

Generates the bar code from the compiled code. (It may not be run unless com-piled code has been generated.)

Generates bar code for a private program.

Stores compiled code for the current program on cassette tape. (The routineprompts for a file name.)

Stores instructions of the current program on cassette tape. (The routine promptsfor a file name.)

SCRATCH Erases the current program.

?? Displays a list of available commands and syntax rules.

Table 2: A table of commands for the bar-code generating program given in listing 1.

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Figure 2: A demonstration program for the HP-41C. This bar-code program was created by an HP-9845 minicomputer connected to aDiablo 1650 printer using a Titan 10 metallic daisy-wheel. The program requires twenty registers within the HP-41C.

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Text continued from page 172:

ASCII characters &, @, and #,respectively. Also, single quotes in-stead of double quotes are used fortext and alphanumeric labels, and analphanumeric append instruction isindicated by the character A pre-ceding the single quotes and characterstring. The most important routinescalled by a command are the compileroutine, which decodes the currentprogram held in the text string, andthe run routine, which takes the com-piled machine code and generates thebit pattern representing the requiredbar code.

The program listed here wasdeveloped on an HP-9845A minicom-puter and contains the functions andoutput statements required to gen-erate bar code on the Diablo 1650daisy-wheel printer. This is thesystem used by the HP User's Libraryto produce bar code at request forany program written either for theHP-41C or for the HP-67 and HP-97series. The Diablo 1650 printer is usedwith a 96-character Titan 10 metallicdaisy wheel and a Hytype II multi-strike film ribbon.

The bars are printed by using thevertical bar (about 160 mils tall and 9

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mils wide) on the Titan 10 with ahorizontal increment of 1/120 inch.The narrow bars are two characterswide, the wide bars are four char-acters wide, and the spaces are threeblanks wide. Three blanks are usedinstead of two because the inkgenerally spreads a slight amount,causing the spaces to shrink and thebars to grow larger. The paper used isthe standard one-ply, 8V4 by 11 inch,white computer paper. Figure 2 con-tains the bar code generated by theUser Library's Diablo 1650 for a shortdemonstration program written forthe HP-41C.

The subroutine at line 1605 prints arow of bar code and clears certainvariables in preparation for the nextrow of bar code; this routine must bechanged by the user if a differentcomputer/printer combination isused. Copies of the resulting bar codemay be made by an office copier ifcareful attention is paid to contrast,sharpness, and bar width. Many ofthe less expensive copy machinesshrink the size of the bars, thusexpanding the size of the spaces andrendering the bar code unreadable.Most of the commercial printinghouses have the better copiers neededfor this purpose. If many copies areneeded, offset printing may also beused as a more expensive but veryreliable method for bar-code repro-duction.

For further assistance in generatingbar code, you can obtain the Hewlett-Packard Creating Your Own HP-41CBar Code manual (part number82153-90019), which contains alisting of the program given here anda discussion of bar codes and bar-code generation. ■

Editor's Note:

The Hewlett-Packard bar-code format ispartially compatible with the PAPER-BYTE9 format designed by BYTE Publica-tions Inc in 1977. Fortunately, the com-patibility is in the most important place, therepresentation of 1 and 0 bits within a lineof bar code. Although Hewlett-Packarduses different header and trailer bytes toframe the actual bytes of data, the encodingscheme used to encode both the data andthe header and trailer bytes is the same inboth Hewlett-Packard bar codes andPAPERBYTE® . Hewlett-Packard's deci-sion in this direction strenghtens theauthority of the PAPERBYTE9 format,and we feel that this is an important steptoward the standardization of machine-readable bar code....GW

178 January 1981 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 113 on inquiry card.

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MT Micro SYSTEMS

1562 Kings Cross DriveCardiff, California 92007 (714) 753-4856

We ship on 8" single density and 5-1/4" North Star single density.Other formats available. Ask us.

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research MP/M is a trademark of Digital Research Pascal/Ml"-*- is a registered trademark of MT Micro Systems

MT MicroSYSTEMS SOFTWARE ARSENAL:

Pascal/MT+(

ScreenEditor*

'Contact us tor the exciting news about this leap forward in state ot the art technology.

Pascal/MT+® provides you with the power to meet yourdeadlines head-on! Compiling directly to native code withoutslowing down to generate P-code or assembly language,Pascal/MT+® generates ROMable, optimized native code andgives you the flexibility ot modular compilation; and it doesso at speeds up to 1000 lines per minute while the others are,at best, one third as tast! Even when you're not facing adeadline, Pascal/MT+® never wastes your time! Nobody likesto wait for a computer. The Pascal/MT+® won't keep youwaiting! Your software written in Pascal/MT+® is totallyportable to most 8 and 16 bit processors. The Pascal/MT+®system provides you with a powerful debugging tool. WithPascal/MT+® you do have an effective weapon againstmonstrous deadlines.

Pascal is the most popular programming language in usetoday. You can use Pascal/MT+® to replace assemblylanguage in your ROM based applications, BASIC and COBOLin your business applications, FORTRAN in your scientificapplications, or interpreted Pascal in all of your appiications.Because Pascal programs are easy to write, read, andmaintain; and because the Pascal/MT+® system contains allof the features you need for your applications, you can getyour job done on time! In fact, you may never need assemblylanguage or any other high level language again.Pascal/MT+® has the speed, extensions, and portability tostock your software arsenal for years to come!!!

ISO STANDARD Pascal

Pascal/MT+® supports the ISO Standard. We send the resultsof our compiler's performance on the Validation Suite. Also,for portability the MT+ compiler can warn you when you areusing non-standard extensions.

Modular Compilation

Pascal/MT+® generates the same industry standard relocat-able code used in FORTRAN and PL/I. Both Pascal andassembly language modules may be separately compiledand then combined to produce a final program. With modularcompilation available, the run time overhead is as small as256 bytes and is typically 1200 bytes.

Native Code Generation

Pascal/MT+® native code is faster than interpreted Pascaland other native code Pascals in benchmark test programs.Optimization steps taken during compilation perform suchenhancements as removing redundant PUSH/POPsequencesand using single increment and decrement instructions whenadding or subtracting small literal numbers. In addition, ourdisassembler interleaves your Pascal source code andsymbolic assembly code to help you write more efficientprograms.

Extras

• Predeclared a-rays INP and OUT directly access I/O ports.

• INLINE instruction for inserting assembly language between the Pascalstatements. A built-in mini assembler translates the instructions atcompile time. Constant tables may be generated using the inline facility.

• ABSOLUTE assembly language procedure declarations for using pre-assembled routines.

• INTERRUPT procedures.

• CHAINING for transfering control from one program to another.

• ELSE clause on the case statement.

• REDIRECTED I/O facilities allow user written character level I/O drivers tobe called via READ and WRITE statements.

• HEX literal numbers are supported.

• Built in procedures/functions:—bit test, clear, set.

—byte swap.

—return hi or lo byte.

—Shift left and right.

—Return the address of a data item or routine.

—Return the size of a data item.

—Enable, disable interrupts.

—All standard file I/O plus random read and write to files.

• Include files supported.

• Source code for run-time package included.

• Business (18 digit) arithmetic.

• Scientific (6.5 digit) arithmetic.

• AMD 9511 hardware support.

• Transcendental functions.

• Full string capability (UCSD compatible).

Symbolic Debugger

Our symbolic debugger is optionally linked into the final program. If you'retired of feeling like you're in the dark when using a higher level language, thePascal/MT*19 debugger lights up the darkness. The debugger traces one ormore lines of Pascal code or executes the program until a line number orsymbolic breakpoint is reached. To follow program flow the name of eachprocedure and function entered is displayed by the debugger. The contents ofsimple and complex variables may be displayed by name. The debugger maybe used in a ROM environment so that program flow and variable contents arevisible.

Distribution disk contains

• BCD compiler configured for your target machine.

• Floating point compiler configured for your target machine.

• Linker.

• Interactive Symbolic Debugger.

• Run time package in source and object form.

• Pascal library and utility routines.

• Manual containing an Applications Guide and a Language Guide.

• Sample programs.

System Requirements

• Operating System: CP/M® (or equivalent such as CDOS. IMD0S, etc.)

• Memory requirements:52Kminimum.

• Host Machines: 8080 or Z80.

• Target Machines: 8080/Z80. 68000, Z8000, 8086/8088, 6809.

• Resident compilers for all processors will be forthcoming as operatingsystems become available.

MT MicroSYSTEMS has a very reasonable, graduated, one time royaltyarrangement for free standing software generated by Pascal/MT+*\

Ordering

8 bit processor target machines:

8080/Z80, 6809 S250.00 each

16 bit processor target machines:

68000, Z8000, 8086/8088 $500.00 each

Copies on North Star Disks $50 additional.User's guide alone

(refundable with system purchase): $30.00

Note: Not all 16-bit CPU code generators are available at Ibis time: contact us (or informationbefore ordering.

OEM and Dealer inquiries invited.

Circle 115 on Inquiry card.

Systems Notes

NumericalAnalysis forthe TRS-80Pocket Computer

Mike Salem, 26A Delancey St, London NWl 7NH, England

Complicated programs can often be easily modified tofit into the new pocket computers. I've taken three pro-grams from the December 1979 issue of BYTE andmodified them to run on the Radio Shack TRS-80 PocketComputer (sold as the Sharp PC-1211 outside of theUnited States). The Pocket Computer has a 24-characterLCD (liquid-crystal display), twenty-six fixed variables,and 1424 bytes of programmable memory.

One of the programs I modified was the discrete-Fourier-transform program that appeared in "FrequencyAnalysis of Data Using a Microcomputer" by F RRuckdeschel (December 1979 BYTE, page 10). I also com-bined two programs that compute the time-domain

Payroll

General LedgerAccounts PayableAccounts Receivable

Flexible and sophisticated business software that is ofthe highest quality. Originally developed by Osborne& Associates and rapidly becoming a standard. Ac-countants are pleased with our balance sheets andincome statements. It has been tested and approvedby secretaries.

• Complete Instructions • Return within 30 days

• Up and running the for complete refund Ifsame day of delivery. not satisfied.

• 100% guaranteed • No licensing

• Unlimited free agreement-use astelephone assistance. you want.

Accounts Receivable $95.00

Accounts Payable $95.00

Payroll-California $95.00

Payroll-Non California stateincome tax calculations

(add to California payroll) $95.00

General Ledger $95.00

Multiple profit center option

for general ledger $95.00

Manuals (each) $20.00

Formats: Any 8" single or double density. TRS-80 Mod II, NorthstarDD. Vector Graphics. Super Broin, many others.Runs on Beehive. Soroc. Hazeltine. ADDS, Televideo, SOL, TRS-80Mod II, HEATH, ACT V. Intertube II. Altos. ADM and many otherterminals. All programs in CBASIC under CP/M (includes source).

Synergetic Computer Products

575 Middlefield Avenue Suite J, Palo Alto, CA 94301(415) 328-5391

VISA ■ Masler Charge • COD • Company Check

TRS-80 is a trademark of Radio Shack. Inc CP/M is a trademark of Digifal Research

response of a system with a given transfer function into asingle program ("Noniterative Digital Solution of LinearTransfer Functions" by Brian Finlay, December 1979BYTE, page 144). The modified programs have all of thefeatures of the originals, with the obvious omissions ofprinting and plotting.

Incidentally, it is important to note that the TRS-80Pocket Computer, in common with many machines,allows BASIC lines to contain multiple statements (sav-ing 3 bytes of programmable memory for each linenumber omitted). Although this feature is useful in itself,the TRS-80 Pocket Computer also has an IF statementthat can control all of the remaining statements in the

Listing 1: A discrete-Fourier-transform program for the TRS-80Pocket Computer. This program was modified from "FrequencyAnalysis of Data Using a Microcomputer" by F R Ruckdeschel(December 1979 BYTE, page 10). Statements entered on thesame line are separated here for clarity.

10

11

190

250

290

340

370

410420

510710

770800

810

815820

REM BYTE DEC 79

RADIAN

INPUT "1ST X? ";Z,"LAST X? ";Y,"#OF POINTS? ";N

1=1

INPUT "I/P SCALE FACTOR? ";I

IF I< 1 GOTO 250

D = (Y-Z)/(N-1)

Q = 0

V = i/DI

U = V/(N-1)

FOR 1=1 TON

PAUSE "NEXT § = ";I

BEEP 1

INPUT "NEXT F(T) VALUE? ";0

A(I + 26) = 0

NEXT I

B = 0

FORI = 27TON + 26

IFB>A(I)LETB = A(I)

NEXT I

FORI= 27TON + 26

A(I) = A(I)-B

NEXT IB = ABSBT = 0

FORI = 27TON + 26IFT<A(I)LETT = A(I)NEXT I

FOR 1=1 TONW = (I-1)*UC = 0P = 0

FORM=l TON

X = Z + (M-1)*D

G = WX

C = C + A(M + 26)*COSG

P = P + A(M + 26)*SING

NEXTMF = V(PP + CC)*DIF 1=1 LETC = C-NB

F = D*ABSCBEEP 1

PRINT U*(I-1);"RAD/S"PRINT "AMPL. = ";FIF C<>0 LET O = ATN(P/C)*180/tt

PRINT "PHASE = ";0NEXT IBEEP 3

PRINT "END OF RUN"END

182 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 124 on inquiry card.

One StopShopping

New CPU CardCompletes thePackage.

Now Tarbell offers a Z-80 S-100 CPU/IO board thatrounds out its product line. Along with the single ordouble density floppy interface, the 32K memory cardand the S-100 bus in the cabinet, this new CPU boardmeans that Tarbell now offers everything needed tobuild a system. Just add a CRT and printer, and you'rein business. Tarbell is now your one-stop shoppingsource.

One of the outstanding features of this new CPU boardis memory-management hardware that allows dynamicmapping of logical to 1 Megabyte of physical memory in4K blocks. Moreover, the CPU board is especially

designed to make it easier to implement multi-useroperating systems, such as MP/M™ from DigitalResearch. It can run at 2 or 4Mhz, jumper selectable. Ithas two RS-232 Serial Ports (one for printer and one forCRT), with full handshaking capability.

One of its additional important features is a crystal-controlled programmable timer, which can be used fortime-of-day clock and multi-tasking operations.Programmable priority masked vectored interrupthardware is another useful feature.

In addition to all the features of the new CPU card, thedouble density floppy interface has DMA which makesthe multi-tasking operation quite efficient. Also, the 32Kmemory board is static, resulting in a reliable memory.The Tarbell System with all three cards can beexpanded for more memory and thus provides theultimate in flexiblity.

Now Tarbell has it all.

^?1ot5

Circle 116 on Inquiry card.

The One-Stop Shopping Service

950 Dovlen Place, Suite BCarson, CA 90746(213) 538-4251

MP/M is a trademark of Digital Research.

BYTE January 1981 183

Systems Notes,

same line. Since this makes listings a bit difficult to read, Iprepared listings 1 and 2 with a separate statement oneach line.B

Listing 2: A program for the TRS-80 Pocket Computer thatcomputes the time-domain response of a system with a giventransfer function. The program shown was combined andmodified from two programs contained in "Noniterative DigitalSolution of Linear Transfer Functions" by Bryan Finlay(December 1979 BYTE, page 144).

1070

150160

240250

330

370

380

REM "TF: TRANSFER FCN - BYTE DEC 79"RADIAN

INPUT "CONST.? ";K,"#TERMS NUM.? ";E,"#TERMSDEN.?";LIF E = 0 GOTO 240

FORG = 27TOE + 26

O=10 + G

INPUT "RL, NUM.? ";A(G),"IM, NUM.? ";A(0)

NEXTGIF L = 0 GOTO 330

FORH = 47TOL + 46

O=10 + H

INPUT "RL, DEN.? ";A(H),"IM, DEN.? ";A(0)

NEXTHFOR G = 1 TO L0 = 66 + GQ = 76 + GA(0)=1A(Q) = 0IF E = 0 GOTO 450

FOR H = 1 TO E

D = A(26 + H)-A(46 + G)

C = A(36 + H)-A(56 + G)

M = V(DD + CC)

410

450465

470

500

501

520620

650

710

730

N = ATN(C/D)

IFD<0LETN = N-i

A(0) = MA(0)

A(Q) = N + A(Q)

NEXTHFOR R = 1 TO LIF R = G GOTO 501D = A(46 + R)-A(46 + G)C = A(56 + R)-A(56 + G)M = V(DD + CC)N = ATN(C/D)IFD<0LETN = N-irA(66 + G) = A(66 + G)/MA(76 + G) = A(76 + G)-NNEXTRNEXTG

INPUT "T(0)7 ";0,"DT? ";S,"# STEPS? ";N

:T = 0 + NS

U=-S

FORQ=l TON

:U = U + S

V = 0

w=o

H=l+INT((U-0)/S)FOR G = 1 TO LX = A(66 + G)*EXP( - UA(46 + G))

Y = A(76 + G)-UA(56 + G)

V = V + X*COS YW = W + X*SINYNEXTG

Z = KV(VV + WW)*SGN VBEEP 1

:PRINT"TIME = ";UPRINT "RESP. = ";Z;NEXT Q

ECHO SERIES™speech synthesizers

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Now you can add intelligible speech to your computerwithout using vast amounts of memory! The ECHO ] [™speech synthesizer for the Apple* is the first of aseries of synthesizers based on the same technologythat made the Speak & Spell** a success.

The initial operating system allows the creation ofyour own vocabulary with phonemes (word sounds)while using very little RAM memory (approx. 800 bytes+ 20 bytes/word). Enhanced operating systems andvocabulary ROMs will be offered as they becomeavailable.

The ECHO ][™ comes complete with speaker, instruc-tion manual, and a disk containing a speech editor,sample programs, and a sample vocabulary. Sug-gested list price is $225.

See your dealer or contact:

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Circle 117 on Inquiry card.

Speed up your PET programming with The BASICProgrammar's Toolkit™ now only $39.95.

Don't waste valuable programming time if there's aneasier way to go. Here it is: The BASIC Programmer'sToolkit, created by Palo Alto ICs,a division of Nestar. The Toolkit is aset of super programming aids de-signed to enhance the writing,de-bugging and enhancing of BASICprograms for your PET

The BASIC Program-mer's Toolkit has twokilobytes of ROM firm-ware on a single chip.This extra ROM store lets you avoidloading tapes or giving up valuableRAM storage. It plugs into a socketinside your PET system, or is mounted on a circuit board attached onthe side of your PET, depending onwhich model you own.

There are three versions of BASIC,and three Toolkit models. If yousee ***COMMODORE BASIC***when you turn on your PET, ituses model TK-80R If you see###COMMODORE BASIC###,it uses model TK-160. If you see***COMMODORE BASIC 4.0***,it uses model TK-4.0. Otherversions of the BASICProgrammer's Toolkit areavailable for PET systemsthat have been upgradedwith additional memory.

would di:

Increase

your PETS IQ

for

AUTO

DELETE

RENUMBER

APPEND

DUMP

NOW-SUPPORTS

COMMODORE 4.0 BASIC

ON ALL MODELS,

INCLUDINGTHE NEW 8032!

How Toolkit makes your programming easier:

FIND locates and displays the BASIC program linesthat contain a specified string, variable orkeyword.If you were to type FIND A$, 100-500, your PET's screenwould display all lines between line numbers100 and 500 that contain A$.

RENUMBER renumberstheentireprogram currently in your PET.You can instantly changeall line numbers and allreferences to thosenumbers. For instance,to start the line numberswith 500 instead of 100,just use RENUMBER 500.

HELP is used when your programstops due to an error. Type HELP,and the line on which the erroroccurs will be shown. The erroneousportion of the line will be indicatedn reverse video on the screen.

These simple commands, and the otherseven listed on the screen, takethe drudgery out of programdevelopment work. And for a verylow cost. The BASIC Program-mer's Toolkit costs as little as$39.95, or at most, $59.95.

Get the BASIC Programmer'sToolkit and find out how quickand easy program developmentcan be. See your local PETdealer or send this coupon intoday.

PALO ALT© iCs

A Division of Nestar Systems. Incorporated

The Toolkit is fully assembled.It is not a kit and requires nospecial tools to install.

FIND

STEP

OFF

HELP

TRACE

I want to save

programming

time and money.

Send me The BASIC Programmer's Toolkit that will give

my PET 10 new and useful commands.

Fill in the appropriate line below:

Qty TK-4.0 Toolkit(s) @ $39.95 each

Qty TK-160 Toolkit[s) @ $39.95 each

Qty TK-80P ToolkitCs) @ $59.95 each

Want to charge it? Call (415) 493-TOOL, or fill out theform below.

Enclosed is a D money order □ check

[If charging): □ Bill VISA □ Bill Master Card.

Charge Card Exp. Date

Master Card Interbank Number-

Signature-

Please include the amount of the Toolkit, plus $2.50 forshipping and handling. Please allow 30 days for delivery.SATISFACTION GUARANTEED, OR SEND IT BACKWITHIN 10 DAYS OF RECEIPT AND PALO ALTO ICsWILL REFUND YOUR MONEY.

SEND TO:

Name

Address-City

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-Zip-

Phone

MAIL TO:

Palo Alto ICs

A Division of Nestar Systems, Inc.

430 Sherman Avenue

Palo Alto, CA 94306

[4153 493-TOOL Dealer inquiries invited.

PET™ is a trademark ot Commodore Business Machines, !nc The BASIC Programmer's Toolkit'*' is a trademark of Palo Alto ICs, a division of Nestar Systems, Inc.Circle 118 on Inquiry card. byte January 1981 185

H

CQMPLITRQNICS

N

• • • EVERYTHING FOR YOUR TRS-80 • • •

* TRS-80'" is a trademark of the Radio Shack Division of Tandy Corporation

MOD-II PROGRAMS

* AH orders processed within 24-Hours+ 30-Day money back guarantee on all TRSDOS Software* Add $2.00 for shipping in UPS Areas• Add $3.00 for COD. or NON-UPS Areas• Add $4.00 outside U.S.A., Canada & Mexico-k We wilt match any bonafide advertised pricein any of the Major Computer Magazines

A

LL

S0

FTWARE

LISTED_HERE

wo

RKS

WI

TH

TRSDOS*

(1) ELECTRIC PENCIL (Michael Shrayer Software)...Complete word processor with extensive editing and

printer formatting features $325 (STANDARD

TRSDOS VERSION)...$350 (DIABLO, NEC OR QUMETRSDOS VERSION).

(2) GENERAL LEDGER, ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE,ACCOUNTS PAYABLE, INVENTORY CONTROL,INVOICING AND PAYROLL (Small Business SystemsGroup)...an extensive business system for the serioususer...can be used one module at a time or as a co-ordinated system.$225...per module...$1299 for thecomplete system.

(3) GENERAL LEDGER, ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE,ACCOUNTS PAYABLE, INVENTORY CONTROLAND PAYROLL (Compumax).a complete user ori-ented business system...can be used one module at atime or as a coordinated system...$140 per module...$995 for the complete system.

(4) MOD-II UTILITY PACKAGE (Racet Computes)...adds important utilities to TRSDOS...copy filesselectively...faster and more accurate file copying...repair bad directories...displays sorted directory ofall files on 1 to 4 disk drives...SUPERZAP.. changedisk ID...and more...$150.

(5) ADVENTURE »1-#9 (Scott Adams - AdventureInternational)...a series of games formally onlyavailable on the large computers...your goal is to workyour way through a maze of obstacles in order torecover a secret treasure or complete a mission...thepackage includes all 9 Adventures written by ScottAdams...$99.95.

(6) GSF (Racet Computers)...Generalized SubroutineFacility...a series of super fast machine languageutilities that can be called from a BASIC program (nomachine language knowledge required)...sorts 1000items in under 5 seconds., allows PEEK and POKEstatements...move data blocks...compress and un-compress data...works under TRSDOS. $50.

(7) DSM (Racet Computes)...Disk Sort Merge...sortsand merges large multiple diskette files on a 1 to 4drive system...NOT AN IN MEMORY SORT...canactually alphabetize (or any other type of sort) 4 diskdrives worth of data...sorts one complete disk ofinformation in 10 minutes...information is provided touse DSM with the RS MAILING PROGRAM ...worksunder TRSDOS...$150.

(8) RSM (Small Systems Software)...a machinelanguage monitor and disassembler...can be used tosee and modify memory or disk sectors...contains allthe commands found on the Model-I version plussome additional commands for the MOD-II...worksunder TRSDOS...$39.95.

(9) BLINK BASIC LINK FACILITY (Racet Computes)..Link from one BASIC program to another saving allvariables chain programs without losing variables...$50.

(10) BASIC CROSS REFERENCE UTILITY (Racet

Computes)...lists all variables and strings used in aprogram (with the line numbers in which they appear)...lists all GOTO's and GOSUB's (with the line num-bers in which they appear)...searches for any specificvariables or strings (with the line number in whichthey appear) ..$50.

(11) DEVELOPMENT PACKAGE (Racet Computes)...SUPERZAP (to see. print or change any byte on adiskette)...Disassembler and MOD-II interface to the

MICROSOFT EDITOR ASSEMBLER PLUS includinguploading services and patches for Disk I/O..assembledirectly into memory...save all or portions of sourceto disk...dynamic debug facility (ZBUG)...entendededitor commands. .$125.

(12) HARD/SOFT DISK SYSTEM (Racet Computes)The software essential to interface any of the popularlarge hard disk drives...completely compatible withyour existing software and files...allows up to 20megabytes of storage (and larger)...directory expand-able to handle thousands of files...$400.

(13) CAMEO HARD DISK DRIVE CONTROLLER...coming soon (November 1?)

{14) HARD DISK DRIVES.coming soon (Nov. 1?).

(15) H & E COMPUTRONICS, INC. SHARE-A-PROGRAM DISKETTE #1...works under TRSDOS...acollection of programs written by MOD-II owners...programs include data base management...a wordprocessor...mail system...mortgage calculations...checkbook register...and many others...$8 (add $3postage outside of the United States. Canada andMexico)...FREE if you send us a diskette containinga program that can be added to the SHARE-A-PRO-GRAM DISKETTE.

(16) WABASH CERTIFIED DISKETTES. S39 95 (perbox of 10).

(17) FLIP SORT DISKETTE STORAGE TRAY. .Stores

50 diskettes...comes complete with index-dividers, tiltplates and adjustable spacing...$44.95.

(18) MASTER PAC 100... 100 essential programs...BUSINESS.PERSONAL FINANCE...STATISTICS...MATH ..GAMBLING...GAMES., includes 125 pagemanual and 2 diskettes...$99.95.

(19) BUSINESS PAC 100..100 essential businessprograms. INVENTORY CONTROL..PAYROLL...BOOKKEEPING SYSTEM...STOCK CALCULA-TIONS...CHECKBOOK MAINTENANCE...AC-COUNTS RECEIVABLE...ACCOUNTS PAYABLE...includes 125 page manual and two diskettes...$149.95.

(20) EDITOR ASSEMBLER (Galactic Software Ltd.)...the first user oriented Editor Assembler for theMODEL II and was designed to utilize all the featuresof the MODEL II It includes innovative features forease of coding and debugging and complete docu-mentation (over 120 pages)...works under TRSDOS...$229.00.

(21) BASIC COMPILER (Microsoft)...changes yoursource programs into machine language...increasesprogram execution by 3-10 times...$395.

(22) MAIL/FILE SYSTEM from Galactic Software Ltd.stores 2,500 names per disk. No sorting time isrequired since the file is automatically sorted by firstand last name plus Zip Code on input. Retrieve by anycombination of 19 user codes. Supports an 11 digitalphanumerica Zip. Supports a message line Comescomplete with user-oriented documentation (100-page manual). Allows for company name and individ-ual of a company and complete phone number (andextension)...works under TRSDOS...$199.00

(23) INCOME TAX PAC...Professional income taxpackage...most forms and schedules...output to videoor line printer..automatic memory storage of allinformation...data can be loaded from diskette.changed and edited ...built in error checking. ..$199.95.

(24) COMPUTER GAMES (SBSG)...Mean CheckerMachine. Star-Trek III, Concentration, Treasure Hunt.Banco, Dog Star Adventure...$74.95.

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HOUR24 ORDERLINE

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(1) CP/M (Lifeboat Associates) an alternative

operating system for the MOD-II that allows MOD-IIowners to use any of the hundreds of programsavailable under CP/M...$170.

(2) CP/M HANDBOOK. (Sybex). a step-by-stepguide to CP/M...takes the reader through each of theCP/M commands., numberous sample programs..

practical hints...reference tables...$13.95.

(3) GENERAL LEDGER, ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE,ACCOUNTS PAYABLE, INVENTORY CONTROL,

AND PAYROLL (Peachtree Software), requires CP/Mand MICROSOFT BASIC..professional businesssystems...turn key operation ...can be used as singlemodules or as a coordinated system...$500 permodule...$2500 for the complete system.

(4) WORD-STAR...The ultimate word processor...amenu driven word processing system that can be usedwith any printer. All standard word processingcommands are included...plus many unique com-mands only found on WORD STAR...requires CP/M...$495.

(5) MAIL LIST MERGE An add on package thatallows the user to send form letters (created onWORD-STAR) to any compiled mailing list (using anyCP/M based MAIL program such as the PEACHTREEMAIL PROGRAM)...requires CP/M. WORD STAR andandy CP/M based mail program,.,$150.

(6) SELECTOR III (Micro-Ap)...complete datamanagement system...user defined fields and codes,,.manages any list defined by the user,..includesadditional modules for simplified inventory control,accounts receivable and accounts payable,..requiresCBASIC-2...$295.

(7) SELECTOR IV (Micro-Ap) the ultimate datamanagement system...all features use the SELECTORIII plus.data file format conversions..full page reportformatter,.computations...global search and replace...hard disk compatible...data/text merging...$550.

(8) GLECTOR (Micro-Ap)...add on package to theSELECTOR,..general ledger that allows the user todefine a customized chart of accounis...$350.

(9) CBASIC-2 a non-mtesactive BASIC used formany programs that run under CP/M allows user tomake more efficient use of disk files eliminates theuse of most line number references, require on suchprograms as the SELECTOR...$120,

(10) MICROSOFT BASIC an enhanced version of theMICROSOFT BASIC found on TRSDOS. addscommands such as chaining (allows the user to LOADand RUN a new program without losing the variablescurrently in memory)...long variable length filerecords, WHILE/WEND and others...can be used withthe BASIC COMPILER to speed up programs (3-10times faster execution)...$325.

(11) MASTER TAX (CPAids)..professional taxpreparation program...prepares schedules, A, B. C, D,E, F, G, R/RP, SE. TC. ES and forms 2106, 2119. 2210.3468. 3903, 2441. 4625. 4726, 4797. 4972, 5695 and6521. Printing can be on readily available pre-prmtedcontinuous forms, on overlays, or on computergenerated IRS approved forms. Maintainsclint historyfiles...interactive with CP/Aids General Ledger. .$995.

(12) GENERAL LEDGER II (CPAids)...designed forCPA's. stores complete 12 month detailed history oftransactions, .generates financial statements,depreciation, loan amortizations, journals, trialbalances, statements of changes in financial position.and compilation letters...includes payroll system withautomating posting to general ledgers...printspayroll register. W2's and payroll checks...$450.

(13) ELECTRIC PENCIL (Michael Shrayer Software)...Complete word processor with extensive editingand printer formatting features,..$275 (Standardprinter version) $300 (DIABLO. NEC or QUMEversion)

(14) BASIC COMPILER (Microsoft) ..changes yoursource programs into machine language, .increasesprogram execution by 3-10 times...$395.

* (CP/M IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARKOF DIGITAL RESEARCH)

A

LL

PROGRAMS

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Languages Forum

A Bug in BASIC

W D Maurer, Dept of Electrical Engineering andComputer Science, The George Washington University,Washington DC 20052

The purpose of this article is to describe and analyze aparticular bug that is common to a number of BASIC sys-tems for microcomputers. Specifically, of fifteen micro-computers surveyed, four of them had this particular bugin their BASIC, nine of them did not, and the remainingtwo had the bug in one version of their BASIC but not inthe other. The bug is illustrated by a simple BASIC pro-gram that runs properly on the systems that do not havethe bug and encounters a run-time error on systems thatdo have it. By comparing the program inputs that causeerroneous behavior with those that do not, the cause ofthe bug is traced, and two possible corrections are sug-gested. One of these is quite elegant and results in almostno change in running time or space requirements. It is, ofcourse, rather common for programmers to accuse eitherthe hardware or the system software of being at faultwhen their programs have bugs. The analysis here mayserve as an example of a valid isolation technique of abug's source in system software.

The program illustrating the bug is shown in listing 1.It accepts some numbers from the keyboard, checks forthe presence of the number 0, and checks for duplica-tions. Sample inputs and outputs are shown in listing 2.Of the six test cases in listing 2 on page 190, only Test IVand Test VI cause problems; both correct and erroneousbehavior are shown. Table 1 gives the names of themicrocomputer systems and their respective behavior.

There are no easy explanations for the presence of thisbug. As should be evident from table 1 on page 194,many of the lowest-priced systems are free from the bug,

Listing 1: A BASIC program that sometimes causes a NEXTWITHOUT FOR error.

10 DIMT(100)

20 PRINT "HOW MANY NUMBERS?"

30 INPUT N

40 PRINT "INPUT ";N;" NUMBERS"

50 FOR C = 1 TO N

60 INPUT T(C)

70 NEXT C

80 FOR C = 1 TO N

90 IFT(C) = 0THEN 130

100 NEXTC

110 PRINT "ZERO IS NOT PRESENT"

120 GOTO 140

130 PRINT "ZERO IS PRESENT"

140 FORR = lTON-l

150 FORC = R + lTON

160 IFT(R) = T(C)THEN210

170 NEXTC

180 NEXT R

190 PRINT "NO DUPLICATIONS"

200 GOTO 220

210 PRINT "T(";R;") = T(";C;")"

220 END

as are many of the highest-priced systems. A large pro-portion of the BASIC systems surveyed, with and with-out the bug, were produced by a single software supplier;other systems, with and without the bug, were not. Wedraw no general conclusions about the general relativesuitability of the various systems; many of the systemsthat exhibit the bug have numerous advantages whencompared to systems that do not have it.

As we shall see, there are various ways to circumventthe bug. That is, we can rewrite the program so that itstill does the same thing as before, without encounteringthe bug, and we can also do this in a variety of ways.This, however, does not change the fact that there is abug. We have the incontrovertible evidence of a simpleprogram that clearly ought to run, that does run on ninemicrocomputer systems, and does not run on anotherfour systems.

The bug has to do with FOR...NEXT loops in whichthere are abnormal exits. Many programmers are stillunder the erroneous impression that this is illegal—thatyou are not supposed to jump out of a FOR loop. On thecontrary, it is illegal to jump into such a loop. Abnormalexits from loops are absolutely necessary in programmingfor such tasks as searching (as illustrated here), errorexits, and, in general, the treatment of special cases.

Let us now analyze the bug. It is clear from listing 2that the problem arises at statement 180. The errormessage, NEXT WITHOUT FOR ERROR IN 180, meansthat there is a NEXT statement (180 NEXT R) that doesnot have a corresponding FOR statement. But this isclearly false; there is a corresponding FOR statement (140FORR=lTON-l).

Is the problem the expression N — 1 in statement 1407 Ifstatement 140 is changed to 140 Z = N-1 and 145 FORR = l TO Z, the bug is still there. So this is not the prob-lem.

Can we ever get to statement 180 without encounteringthe bug? If we look at Test I, we see the message NODUPLICATIONS. Clearly this was printed at statement190, and there are no jumps to 190 in the program, so theonly way to get to 190 is through 180. Thus, in Test I, thecomputer got through statement 180 with no problems.

How did we get to statement 1807 There are no jumpsto 180 in the program either; so we must have gottenthere from 170 NEXT C. Could this have caused theproblem? Since the problem is that the system thought itwas not in a loop when it got to statement 180, we nowconsider the possibility that the system thought it wascoming out of an outermost loop at 170 NEXT C.

Could the system have thought it was coming out ofone of the earlier loops? The FOR statement correspond-ing to 170 NEXT C is 150 FOR C = R + 1 TO N. But thereare two earlier FOR loops that use C, one starting at 50and the other starting at 80. Could this be the source ofthe confusion?

If so, it was probably the loop starting at 80 thatcaused the problem. The loop starting at 50 is completelyself-contained, but the loop starting at 80 has an abnor-mal exit: 90 IF T(C) = 0 THEN 130. Here is our hypothe-

188 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Languages Forum.

Listing 2: Test runs of the program in listing 1. Test IV and Test VI can each return two sets of behavior, one for versions of BASICthat correctly execute the program and one for versions of BASIC that do not.

]RUN

HOW MANY NUMBERS?

?5

INPUT 5 NUMBERS

?6

71

?8

?10

?12

ZERO IS NOT PRESENT

NO DUPLICATIONS

JRUN

HOW MANY NUMBERS?

?5

INPUT 5 NUMBERS

?4

?7

?2

?4

?10

ZERO IS NOT PRESENT

T(1) = T(4)

JRUN

HOW MANY NUMBERS?

?5

INPUT 5 NUMBERS

?3

?7

?9

?23

?9

ZERO IS NOT PRESENT

T(3) = T(5)

> RUNHOW MANY NUMBERS??5

INPUT 5 NUMBERS?4?071?12?6

ZERO IS PRESENTNO DUPLICATIONS

Test I

Test II

Test III

Test IV (correct)

]RUN

HOW MANY NUMBERS?

?5

INPUT 5 NUMBERS

?2

?6

?8

71

?0

ZERO IS PRESENT

T(D=T(4)

RUN

HOW MANY NUMBERS?

?5

INPUT 5 NUMBERS

71

?0

?24

?1

?24

ZERO IS PRESENT

T(3) = T(5)

]RUN

HOW MANY NUMBERS?

?5

INPUT 5 NUMBERS

?4

?0

71

?12

?6

ZERO IS PRESENT

?NEXT WITHOUT FOR ERROR IN 180

]RUN

HOW MANY NUMBERS?

?5

INPUT 5 NUMBERS

71

?0

?24

?1

?24

ZERO IS PRESENT

?NEXT WITHOUT FOR ERROR IN 180

Test V

Test VI (correct)

Test IV (erroneous)

Test VI (erroneous)

sis: when this abnormal exit was taken, the system didnot realize that it was not in a loop any more. Then,when it came to 170, it thought that it was finally comingout of the loop that started at 80. Since this loop was anoutermost loop, the system thought that it was no longerin any loops at all. Under these conditions (if they ex-isted), a NEXT statement, such as the one at 180, wouldtruly be an error.

This hypothesis is certainly plausible, but it has to bechecked. Specifically, does it account for the fact thatTests I and III worked, while Tests IV and VI did not7 InTests I and III, we print ZERO IS NOT PRESENT. Thiswas done at 110, and it is not too hard to see that in thiscase the abnormal exit is not taken; we never jump from90 to 130. In Tests IV and VI, we print ZERO IS PRE-SENT, and under those conditions we do jump from 90 to130. This behavior is consistent with our hypothesis.

Why did Test V work? The message T(1)=T(4) isprinted by Test V. Looking at statement 210, we can see

that we must have had R = l. Looking at statement 140,we can see that we must have been in the first iteration ofthat loop (since R = l) and that we made an abnormal exitfrom 160 to 210. Thus 180 was never executed. Again thisbehavior is consistent with our hypothesis.

What happens if we change C to D in the earlier loop?If we go back to statements 80, 90, and 100, and change Cto D throughout these statements, the bug disappears. Ifwe change C to D throughout the loop at statements 50,60, and 70 (and leave 80, 90, and 100 without change),the bug does not disappear. This tells us two things. First,the bug has nothing to do with the loop at 50, 60, and 70(again consistent with our hypothesis). Second, the bugdefinitely does have something to do with variablenames. The confusion is between FOR C at 80 and FOR Cat 150, and the confusion goes away if one of these ischanged to FOR D and if other corresponding changesare made.

What happens if we change the earlier loop so that

190 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Languages Forum.

System

Bug?

Alpha Micro (interpreter)

no

Alpha Micro (compiler)

no

APPLE (Integer BASIC)

no

APPLE (Applesoft BASIC)

yes

Archives (MBASIC)

yes

Atari 800 and 400

yes

Commodore PET

yes

Cromemco

no

Heath H-11A

no

Hewlett-Packard HP-85

no

IMSAI VDP-80

no

North Star Horizon

no

Ohio Scientific Challenger 1P

yes

Radio Shack TRS-80 Model I (Level

BASIC)

no

Radio Shack TRS-80 Model I (Level II BASIC)

yes

Radio Shack Model II

no

Texas Instruments 99/4

no

Vector Graphics (MBASIC 5)

no

Table 1: A list of computer systems' running

versions of

BASIC that do and do not run corre

ctly due to a

bug in their

handling of the FOR...NEXT loop.

The system'

■ listed here

were tested on November 12 and li

1, 1980.

there is no FOR statement? This can be done by simplychanging 80 to C = l and then replacing 100 by twostatements: 100 C = C +1 and 105 IF C < = N THEN 90. Ifthis is done, even though the same variable name C is stillused in two places, the bug disappears. This is furtherevidence for our hypothesis, because now there is no con-fusion about which FOR statement corresponds to theNEXT statement where the bug appears.

The above changes illustrate ways of working aroundthe bug. If you have a FOR loop with an abnormal exit,you will never find the bug if that particular FOR loophas a uniquely named loop-index variable. That is, if itends with NEXT a, then nowhere else in the programshould there be a statement NEXT a with the same a.

Now let us dig a little deeper. At statement 90, the exitgoes to 130, while the loop involves only statements 80,90, and 100. Why can't some of our BASIC systems tellthat the exit at 90 is an abnormal exit? Presumablybecause they have no information whatsoever as towhere loops start and end. Why would this be the case7There is a plausible explanation having to do with therelationship between the BASIC interpreter and itseditor.

Many of the BASIC systems that exhibit the bug have avery close coupling between running and editing a BASICprogram. The two activities, in fact, can be carried onalternately with very little internal data processing to ac-company the switch-over from running to editing or fromediting to running. Simple editing, however, may pro-duce far-reaching changes in the loop structure of a pro-gram. Adding or deleting a single FOR or NEXT state-ment can cause the pairing of other FOR and NEXT state-ments to be changed, even though they are widelyseparated from the added or deleted statement. There-fore, the decision must have been made not to keepFOR...NEXT pairing information at run time, with thehope that it would never really be needed. As we can see,Murphy's law is applied in this case with a vengeance.

Let us now examine the bug technically in terms ofstacking considerations. This will also suggest methods offixing the bug.

194 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

AH JH| ^P Licenced by Sinclair Research Ltd.

Microcomputer

for everyone ata Micro Price

The LMicrofkeJ

The unique

and valuable

components of the MicroAce

The MicroAce is not jusl another personalcomputer. Quite apart from its exceptionally lowprice, the MicroAce has two uniquely advancedcomponents: the powerful BASIC interpreter, andthe simple teach yourself BASIC manual.

The unique versatile BASIC interpreter offersremarkable programming advantages:

• Unique 'one-touch' key word entry: theMicroAce eliminates a great deal oftiresome typing. Key words (RUN, PRINT,LIST, etc.) have their own single-key entry.

• Unique syntax check. Only lines with correctsyntax are accepted into programs. A cursoridentifies errors immediately. This preventsentry of long and complicated programs withfaults only discovered when you try to runthem.

• Excellent string handling capability takes upto 26 string variables of any length. AH stringscan undergo all relational tests (e.g.comparison). The MicroAce also has stringinput to request a line of text whennecessary. Strings do not need to bedimensioned.

• Up to 26 single dimension arrays.

• FOR/NEXT loops nested up 26.

• Variable names of any length.

• BASIC language also handles full Booleanarithmetic, conditional expressions, etc.

• Exceptionally powerful edit facilities, allowsmodification of existing program lines.

• Randomise function, useful for games andsecret codes, as well as more seriousapplications

• Timer under program control.

• PEEK and POKE enable entry of machine codeinstructions, USR causes jump to a user'smachine language sub routine.

• High resolution graphics with 22 standardgraphic symbols.

• All characters printable in reverse underprogram control.

• Lines of unlimited length.

'Excellent value' indeed!

For just $149.00 {including handling charge) youget everything you need to build a personalcomputer at home... PCB, with IC sockets for allICs; case; leads for direct connection to a cassetterecorder and television (black and white or color);everything!

Yet the MicroAce really is a complete, powerful,full facility computer, matching or surpassing otherpersonal computers at several times the price.

The MicroAce is programmed in BASIC, and youcan use it to do quite literally anything, from playingchess to managing a business.

The MicroAce is pleasantly straightforward toassemble, using a fine tipped soldering iron. Itimmediately proves what a good job you've done:connect it to your TV ... link it to the mains adaptor... and you're ready to go.

Fewer chips, compact design,volume production-more powerper Dollar!

The MicroAce owes its remarkable low price to itsremarkable design: the whole system is packed onto fewer, newer, more powerful and advanced LSIchips. A single SUPER ROM, for instance, containsthe BASIC interpreter, the character set, operatingsystem, and monitor. And the MicroAce 1K byte

- a new generation ofminiature computers

A COMPLETE COMPUTERfor $149.00 for 1K Kit

Post and Packing FREE

(Add 6% Tax for Shipments inside California}

RAM (expandable to 2K on board) is roughlyequivalent to 4K bytes in a conventional computertypically storing 100 lines of BASIC. (Key wordsoccupy only a single byte.)

The display shows 32 characters by 24 lines.

And Benchmark tests show that the MicroAce isfaster than all other personal computers.

No other personal computer offers this uniquecombination of high capability and low price.

The MicroAce teach-yourselfBASIC manual.

If the features of the BASIC interpreter meanlittle to you don't worry. They're all explained in thespecially-written book free with every kit! The bookmakes learning easy, exciting and enjoyable, andrepresents a complete course in BASICprogramming from first principles to complexprograms. (Available separately-purchase pricerefunded if you buy a MicroAce later.)A hardware manual is also included with every kit.

The MicroAce Kit:

$149.00 with IK COMPLETE

$169.00 with 2K

Demand for the MicroAce is very high: use thecoupon to order today for the earliest possibledelivery. All orders will be despatched in strictrotation. If you are unsuccessful in constructingyour kit, we will repair it for a fee of $20.00, post andpacking FREE. Of course, you may return yourMicroAce as received within 14 days for a fullrefund. We want you to be satisfied beyond alldoubt and we have no doubt that you will be.

Z80 A microprocessor

chip, widely recognised

iis the besi ever made.

Your MicroAce kitcontains...

• Printed circuit board, withIC sockets for all ICs.

• Complete components set,including all ICs allmanufactured by selectedworld-leading suppliers.New rugged keyboard,touch-sensitive, wipe-clean.Ready-moulded case.Leads and plugs forconnection to domestic TVand cassette recorder.(Programs can be SAVEdand LOADed on to aportable cassette recorder.)Mains adaptor of 600 mAat 9VDC nominalunregulated.FREE course in BASICprogramming and usermanual.

JOIN THE REVOLUTION - DON'T GET LEFTBEHIND - ORDER YOUR MICROACE NOW!!

Send Check, Money Order or quote your Credit Card No. to:MicroAce 1348 East Edinger, Santa Ana, California, Zip Code 92705.or phone (714) 547 2526 quoting your Credit Card Number.

Quantity

Description

TOTAL

MicroAce Kit IK

$149.00

MicroAce Kit 2K

$169.00

Manual

$10.00

1K Upgrade Kit

$29.00

Shipmenadd 6%

ts inside CaliforniaTAX

TOTAL

Amex.DinersCheck

Money OrderMaster ChargeVisa

Card No..

Exp. Date_

■■■«■■

Address-City

.Zip.

Circle 121 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1981 195

6809

SOFTWARE

POWER TOOLS

BY MICROWARE"

OS-9 ™ MULTIPROGRAMMING OPERATING SYSTEM

j\ true multitasking, real time operating system forJ M timesharing, software development, database,X JL process control, and other general applications.This versatile OS runs on almost any 6809-based computer.

■ UNIX™ -like file system with hierarchical directories,byte-addressable random-access files, and full file security.Versatile, easy-to-use input/output system is hardware in-dependent and expandable.

■ Powerful "shell" command interpreter features: I/Oredirection, multiple job stream processing, and more. In-cludes a complete set of utility commands.

■ OS-9 Level Two uses hardware memory managementand can address over one megabyte of memory. Alsoincludes pipes and filters for inter-process data transfers.

■ OS-9 Level One runs on systems without memorymanagement hardware having up to 56K memory.

□ OS-9 Level Two $495* □ Level One $150'

BASIC09™ PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE SYSTEM

Extended BASIC language compiler/interpreter withintegrated text editor and debug package. Runsstandard BASIC programs or minimally-modifiedPASCAL programs.

■ Permits multiple named program modules having localvariables and identifiers. Modules are reentrant, positionindependent and ROMable.

■ Additional control statements for structuredprogramming: IF ... THEN ... ELSE, FOR ... NEXT,REPEAT ... UNTIL, WHILE ... DO, LOOP ... ENDLOOP,EXITIF ... ENDEXIT.

■ Allows user-defined data types and complex datastructures. Five built-in data types: byte, integer,

9 digit floating-point, string and boolean.

■ Runs under OS-9'" Level One or Level Two. D$195*

OTHER OS-9™ FAMILY SOFTWARE

■ Microsoft BASIC ■ Interactive Assembler

■ Macro Text Editor ■ Interactive Debugger

■ Stylograph™ Screen-Oriented Word Processor

BASIC09 is a trademark of Motorola, OS-9 is a trademark of Motorola andMicroware'". UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories. * Most software isavailable on ROM, diskette and tape in versions for many popular 6809computers. Contact Microware® for specific availability.

MICROWARG®

Microware Systems Corp., Dept. B2

5835 Grand Avenue, Des Moines, Iowa 50304

(515) 279-8844

Languages Forum.

At the start of a FOR loop, certain information isstacked; upon normal exit from that loop, it is unstacked.Upon abnormal exit from a loop, the information is alsosupposed to be unstacked, but in most cases it does notmatter whether the information is unstacked or not. Inthis case, however, it appears to matter. The sequence ofevents is as follows:

• At statement 50, we enter a loop, and C is stacked.Clearly, the loop-index-variable name must be stacked,along with other information that we shall ignore for themoment.

• At statement 70, we make a normal loop exit, and C isunstacked, leaving the stack empty.

• At statement 80, we enter another loop, and C isstacked again.

• At statement 90, if we make the abnormal exit from thisloop, C is supposed to be unstacked; but let us assume forthe moment that it is not.

• At statement 140, we enter another loop, and R isstacked.

• At statement 150, we enter a third loop, and C is againstacked. Note that we are now in two loops, although thesystem thinks that we are in three.

• At statement 170, we exit from a loop, and C isunstacked. But C is on the stack twice. Which version ofC is unstacked? It must be the one at the bottom of thestack, because, according to our analysis, when we get tostatement 180, the stack is empty. Then we try to unstackan entry, and, since it is empty, we signal an error.

This gives a clue to fixing the bug in an imaginativeway. Of course, one way of fixing the bug is to simplykeep the relevant FOR...NEXT pairing operation aroundat run time. But a simple change in the handling of NEXTstatements would also fix the bug in this case. We mustsearch the stack for the right information to unstack, andthe trick is to search the stack downwards from the top,rather than upwards from the bottom. If we had donethis, we would have unstacked the right version of C, andthe bug would not have occurred.

Are there any other ill effects from leaving extra infor-mation on the stack that should be unstacked, as is doneby those systems that have the bug? At the end of the ex-ecution of the program, the stack will not be empty.Since this could also happen if there were a FOR state-ment in the program without a corresponding NEXT, thisindication might be given (erroneously) at the end of therun. (The Data General D2 microcomputer system ap-pears to exhibit this behavior.) Another possible un-wanted effect is unlimited stack growth, causing stackoverflow. If an abnormal exit causing extraneous stackinformation is inside an outer loop, then unwanted stackinformation can continue to pile up—eventually resultingin overflow. This situation is more serious on aZ80-based system than on a 6502-based system, since thestack on the 6502 is confined to hexadecimal addresses0100 thru 01FF, and it wraps around when it overflows.

In conclusion, let it be carefully noted—as is necessaryin this fast-changing field—that all the information in thisarticle is as of November 12 and 13, 1980. ■

196 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 122 on inquiry card.

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BYTE January 1981 197

WE SUPPORT THE BUS OF THE FUTURE:

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— Conforms fully to all IEEE 696/S-100 standards

Ready to add some extra performance to your S-100 system? Then this isthe board for you. System Support 1 comes with a comprehensive owner'smanual that includes numerous software examples; add $195 to Ihe aboveprices for the optional 9512 math processor.

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v^ ELECTRONICS ^

198 BYTE January 1981

Circle 125 on inquiry card.

Memory has assumed tremendous importance in today'scomputers, which is why you don't just need memory: youneed reliable, finely-tuned, precision machines.

We've understood the importance of memory since weintroduced our first memory board well over 5 years ago.That's why CompuPro memory conforms fully to all IEEE696/S-100 specifications . . . uses low power statictechnology to avoid dynamic timing problems . . . comes in achoice of formats (unkit, assembled, or qualifiedunder the Certified System Component high-reliability program). . . and zips along to keep yourthroughput up where it should be (10 MHzoperation with CSC and assembled boards, 5 MHzwith unkit boards). We back these precisionmachines with a standard 1 year warranty, and 2year extended warranty for CSC boards.

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BYTELINES

News and Speculation About Personal Computing

Conducted by Sol Libes

*» uperconductlvlty AtRoom TemperaturesReported: A breakthroughfor the next generation ofsupercomputers may havebeen made. It was previous-ly thought that superfastcomputers, using Josephsonjunctions, would requiresupercooling to a tempera-ture near absolute zero.Now, Fred W Vahldiek of theWright-Patterson Air ForceBase, Dayton, Ohio reportsthat he has achieved super-conductivity at room tem-peratures. Vahldiek hasdeveloped titanium boritecrystals with zero resistance.Further research will berequired to determinewhether or not this couldlead to the development ofcomputers with picosecondmachine cycles and 100%power efficiency.

I

BM Announces 370-On-A-Chlp: IBM has dis-closed what many alreadysuspected: it has implement-ed the circuitry of a model370 processor on a single in-tegrated circuit. IBM hascreated a 370 model 138 pro-cessor that utilizes 5000 cir-cuits and Schottky-clampedbipolar TTL (transistor-tran-sistor logic) technology thatcan execute 2000 instruc-tions per second. The devicehas a cycle time of only 100ns and consumes 2.3 watts.It is part of a research pro-ject, and no specific plansfor a product have been an-nounced.

I™ ight For 16-Bit Micro-processor Market: It ap-pears that the 16-bit micro-processor market is thescene of a three-way battlebetween the Motorola68000, the Zilog Z8000, andthe Intel 8086. Although the68000 is ranked first in per-formance and the 8086 isranked last, the volume ofsales is greater for the 8086.Intel has a two-year lead in

product availability. Thismeans that there is already asubstantial software baseand peripheral device sup-port. Furthermore, Intel hasintroduced 8086 enhance-ments such as a 10 MHz ver-sion, an arithmetic co-pro-cessor, and a new 32-bit mi-croprocessor, the iAPX-432,that may undercut the 68000and Z8000. Intel expects tostart shipping samples of theiAPX-432 in two or threemonths.

u,

'NIX-LIke OperatingSystems Increasing InPopularity: Several soft-ware suppliers are now offer-ing UNIX-like operating sys-tems that may rival CP/M.The first UNIX-like softwarepackage, called TYNIX, wasreleased for LSI-11 andHeath H-11 systems in 1978by the Boston Children'sMuseum. In 1979, Yourdonannounced OMNIX for Z80computers and advertised itas CP/M compatible andsimilar to UNIX. Yourdonthen withdrew it because ofsoftware bugs, but it may bereleased again. Whitesmithsreleased its IDRIS system inearly 1980. Also in 1980,ElectroLabs introduced itsOS-1 UNIX-like system (nowmarketed by Software Labs),and late last year Microsoftand Morrow Designs an-nounced packages for Z8000and Z80 systems, respective-

ly.

^■opyrlght DecisionOverturned: In Chicago,the US Court of Appeals hasoverturned an earlier rulingthat ROM- (read-only mem-ory) based software cannotbe copyrighted. In the caseof Datacash vs JS & A (asreported earlier in this col-umn), the court had ruledthat the marketing of a chessgame by JS & A with a pro-gram identical to the oneoriginally developed by

Datacash was not copyrightinfringement because underthe 1909 copyright law theprogram could not be readwith the naked eye.

E thernet Specifica-tions Released: Xerox,Digital Equipment, and Intelhave published specifica-tions for the Ethernet systemdeveloped by Xerox. Ether-net provides a local net-working system for word anddata processing applica-tions. Xerox has alreadyreleased some Ethernetproducts.

Ethernet is a passive sys-tem and does not use switch-ing logic or a central com-puter. Rather, coaxial cableand communications trans-ceivers attach each machineto the network; each ma-chine is assigned a 48-bit ad-dress. Data is transferred inserial groups which includethe data and the addressesof both the sender and theaddressee. Each transceivermonitors the cable for datawith its address. It is ex-pected that the IEEE (In-stitute of Electrical and Elec-tronics Engineers) will in-tegrate the Ethernet specifi-cations into the networkingstandard currently in devel-opment.

Amda Language Final-ized And The Rush Is

On: Ada, the language thatthe DOD (Department ofDefense) expects to even-tually replace all otherlanguages, has been final-ized, according to Jean Ich-biah, president of Apsys,Washington DC. Over ninehundred revision proposalswere submitted, and severalmajor improvements havebeen incorporated into theproposed Ada languagestandard that was releasedin 1979. The most significantimprovement is the additionof tasking. The Ada Refer-

ence Manual may be obtain-ed from the DOD's DARPAoffice, 1400 Wilson Blvd,Arlington VA 22209.

At least twenty-five com-panies and universities arereported to be in the processof developing compilers forthe Ada language. A few uni-versities have already hadtheir Ada compilers running.However, the first commer-cial release has yet to occur,Intel claims that its new32-bit microprocessor, duefor release shortly, will useAda as its primary language.WD (Western Digital) isrumored to be working on asingle-board Ada computerthat is similar to its PascalMicroEngine. WD has pur-chased a 20% interest inTelesoftware Inc of SanDiego, which is developingan Ada compiler. (Dr Ken-neth Bowles of UCSD Pascalfame owns an additional40% interest in the com-pany.) Reportedly, Telesoft-ware already has a prelimin-ary version of its Ada com-piler running.

WP/M For 8086/8088Systems Released: DigitalResearch has released CP/M-86. This operating systemis designed for 8086- and8088-based systems and pro-vides the same facilities andfile format as CP/M, release2. CP/M-86 can also functionas a slave node in a CP/NETnetwork. As with 8080-basedversions of CP/M, the logic-and hardware-dependentportions of CP/M-86 aremodularized for ease of cus-tomization. Digital Researchalso plans to release MP/Mand PL/I for 8086/8088-basedsystems in the near future.

I ontgomery WardAnd Sears Expand Per-sonal Computer Market-ing: After test marketingOhio Scientific computers inselected stores, Montgom-

200 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Milestone are trademarks of Organic Software Ultrasort-ll is a trademark of Computer Control Systems

For shipping add S5

Circle 126 on inquiry card.

Magic Menu is o trademark of Charles Merrift Copywriter is a trademark of Systronics Mlcrostat is a trademark of EcosoftS-Basic is a trademark of Topaz Programming CP/M & MP/M are trademarks of Digital Research TRS-80 is a trademark of TandySuperbrain is a trademark of Intertec Data Systems UCSD Pascal is a trademark of the Regents of the University of Californiain US- S10 outside US per package California residents add appropriate state sales tax Terms: Prepaid check, M/C or VISA

or in US COD (UPS) Dealer inquiries invited Prices effective until March 1,1981

BYTE January 1981 201

BYTELINES

ery Ward has decided to ex-pand its personal computersales into one hundredstores. The stores will sellthe OSI Challenger 1P and4P cassette-based systemswith accessories such as diskdrives, video monitors, print-ers, security systems, andsoftware. Sears is now carry-ing two full pages in itscatalog promoting the Atari400 and 800 computers,games software packs, andperipherals. Other retailchains and departmentstores are expected to followin their footsteps.

Jystem Puts Local Net-work On Cable TV: SytekInc, Sunnyvale, Californiahas introduced a packet-network system to supportup to 24,000 terminals andoperate at up to 9600 bps(bits per second) over acable TV system. This sys-tem, called "LocalNet," isexpected to fill the gap thatexists between such systemsas Ethernet and ARPANET.Ethernet is limited to a 1 to 2km distance while ARPANETis committed to long-dis-tance distributed processing.LocalNet can cover up to 50km distances on a singlecoaxial cable and can bepiggybacked onto existingCATV cable systems, thusproviding a very low-costnetworking system.

IM,

I EC Claims Cure ForDual-Sided Floppy Prob-lems: NEC, the Japanesemanufacturer, claims tohave developed a floppydisk system which elimi-nates the disk and head wearproblems associated withdual-sided floppy disks. NECuses an "air" shock absorberto cushion the force of theheads landing on the disk,and the company claimsthat its new FD1160 SoftTouch drive provides twicethe media and head life ofcompetitive drives.

Standard For 32-BltBus: The IEEE has formed acommittee to draft a back-plane bus standard, desig-

nated as P896, for 32-bitmicrocomputers. Accordingto committee chairman An-drew Wilson, P896 is alreadywell along in development,and a draft may be releasedsoon. The bus will support32-bit microprocessors un-der development by Inteland other companies. It willbe processor-independentand will support up to sixty-four bus masters and clockrates of up to 20 MHz.

fcSOOO Call Conven-tions Proposed: Micro-soft, Bellevue, Washington(the largest supplier of mi-crocomputer software) hasproposed a standard forZ8000 calls that specifyparameter-passing and regis-ter usage. Adoption of astandard would enableZ8000 languages, applica-tion programs, and operat-ing systems to be more easi-ly interfaced, and would fa-cilitate the building of aZ8000 program library simi-lar to the present CP/M UserGroup Library.

mJ o Computers CauseUnemployment? Calvin CCotlieb, a professor of Com-puter Science at the Univer-sity of Toronto, delivered apaper at the recent IFIPS (In-ternational Federation of In-formation Processing Soci-eties, Inc) Congress-80 whichclaimed that computers arecausing unemployment.Gotlieb cited dozens of stud-ies to support his claim; forexample, at one WesternElectric facility, the numberof employees was reducedby 50% (from 39,200 to19,000) over a six-year peri-od, while production doub-led. A Japanese TV manu-facturer increased produc-tion by 25% over a four-yearperiod, while reducing thenumber of workers by 50%.Cotlieb contends that com-puters must be used morewisely, and cited a West Ger-man study that stated:"(C)omputers make thingsmore formal, more routine,more bureaucratic and inev-itably lead to less humanetreatment of people." He

also cited a law on the WestGerman books that com-plains: "(O)nce a decision ismade by a computer, no oneis permitted to challenge it,"

Atmateur Robotics OnThe Rise: More and morehobbyists are building theirown robots. The evidence isthe fact that there are al-ready several companiessupplying robot parts to hob-byists and two magazinescatering to their interests.Hobbyists seeking parts andkits should write to: HobbyRobotics Company, POB997, Liburn CA 30247, andthe Robot Mart, 19 W 34thSt, New York NY 10001.Robot Mart also publishesthe Hobby Robot Newslet-ter.

■ lat-Panel DisplayTechnology Improving:

Although CRTs (cathode-raytubes) still dominate thecomputer-terminal displayfield, it appears that severalflat-screen systems will soonbe ready to challenge thatdominance. The new tech-nologies include electro-phoretic, electrochromic,LCD (liquid-crystal display)and LED (light-emittingdiode) systems. LCD panelsare already available in1-and 2-line versions. Severalfirms will soon offer multi-line panels. Dot-matrix dis-plays are also under devel-opment by several firms,and prototypes are becom-ing available in LED, vacu-um fluorescent, and elec-troluminescent technolo-gies. There is no doubt thatflat-screen terminals willcompete with small CRTswithin two or three years.

One manufacturer of flatscreens is Optotek Ltd, ofOttawa, Canada, which willsoon offer a display usingLEDs that are 1/8000 inch indiameter. Each square inchof the display has 4000diodes. A 3- by 4-inch displayhas 49,000 diodes. Control ofthe diodes is performed byspecial VLSI (very large-scale integration) integratedcircuits provided for eachsquare-inch block.

R

andom Bits: As of

January 1, 1981, RadioShack has stopped produc-tion of the TRS-80 Model Icomputer, in anticipation ofincreased sales of theTRS-80 Model III. .The IEEEhas established a committeeto develop a standard forbenchmark programs formicroprocessor users...Several hundred workers atthe Minneapolis Star andTribune newspaper recentlywent on strike tc protest,among other things, thenewspaper's experimentalelectronic newspaper pro-ject with CompuServe Inc....Japan's NTT (Nippon Tele-graph and Telephone PublicCorporation) will soon in-augurate a public facimilenetwork that may be the firststep in developing an elec-tronic mail system....Intelhas released prices on itsnew 2764 64-K-bit (16K by 8bits) 250ns EPROM: $163each in lots of onehundred....Seventy to eightypercent of all TRS-80 ModelII systems are running CP/M;this statement is based onthe fact that LifeboatAssociates has already sold4000 copies of CP/M for theModel II.

R

l andom Rumors: Ap-ple Computer Company maybe setting up its own floppy-disk manufacturing opera-tion to make double-sideddouble-density drives for itsnew Apple III Computer. In-troduction of the drive is ex-pected by mid-year....Sources say that RadioShack is close to releasing ahard-disk drive for theTRS-80 Model II and III com-puters. Further, Radio Shackwill soon release version 1.3of its DOS (disk-operatingsystem) to replace version1.2 which, reportedly, hasmany bugs. Unfortunately,the two versions will not becompatible....Altos Com-puters is said to have switch-ed from the Z8000 to the8086 for its new 16-bit sys-tem. This decision was prob-ably due to the introductionof the CP/M^86 from Digital

202 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Suddenly, RCA makes talking toyour computer a lot cheaper.

New interactive data terminalwith color graphics-only $36

RCA's new VP-3301 is a professional quality, ASCIIencoded, interactive data terminal, suitable for a widevariety of industrial, educational, business and individualapplications requiring interactive communicationbetween computer and user. Connects directly to yourcomputer or to a standard modem for over the phoneaccess to time sharing networks and data bases. And it'scompatible with networks such as those provided byCompuServe Information Services and Source Tele-computing Corp. Microprocessor intelligence and LSIvideo control integrated circuits bring performance,features and flexibility at a low price. Power supplyincluded.

Unique color locking circuitry creates sharp, jitterfree, true color graphics and rainbow free characters.

Displays the entire field of characters in any of 8colors against any of 8 background colors (7 gray scaleswith monochrome monitors). Or to add specialemphasis, you can display individual letters, words orlines in different colors or in reverse video.

The VP-3301 offers you a choice of two software-selectable display formats: Either 40 characters by 24lines. Or 20 characters by 12 lines.

The terminal's resident character set consists of 52upper and lower case alphabetics, 10 numerals, 32punctuation/math symbols, and 31 control characters.

You can also define a total of 128 of your own characters.Including: Greek letters and other foreign alphabets,graphic symbols, large graphics building blocks.playingcard suits, unique character fonts, and "little green men."

The keyboard section features flexible-membranekey switches with contact life rated at greater than fivemillion operations. A finger positioning overlay andpositive keypress action give good operator "feel".

An on-board sound generator and speaker providesaural feedback for key presses and may also beactivated with escape sequences to provide an audiooutput.

The sealed keyboard surface is spill proof and dustproof. This combined with high noise immunity CMOScircuitry makes the VP-3301 ideal for hostileenvironments.

Output is industry standard asynchronous RS232Cor 20 mA current loop with six switch selectable baudrates and 8 selectable data formats.

The terminal can be connected directly to a 525 linecolor or monochrome monitor. Or to a standard TV setusing an Rf modulator.

For more information, contact RCA MicrocomputerMarketing, New Holland Avenue, Lancaster, PA 17604.

Or call our toll-free number: 800-233-0094.

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BYTE January 1981

203

BYTELINES

Research...North Star Com-puters might be developinga single-board 8088-basedsystem that will work with ahard disk and support CP/M....Whitesmiths Ltd is ru-mored to be about to releasean 8088/8086 version of itsC compiler....A Californiafirm may be readying anunder $300 OEM (originalequipment manufacturer)daisywheel printer thatwould be set for introduc-tion by the end of the year.

I redlctlons. Predic-tions...In my December1979 column I made elevenpredictions for 1980. Severalreaders asked me to grademyself on how well I did, sohere goes:

1. The first Japanese per-sonal computer system willbecome available in thiscountry. Score a "correct."In fact, several have been in-troduced and reported on inthis column. Look for manymore in 1981.

2. Competitive pressures onsmall manufacturers will in-crease. This will causeseveral mergers, consolida-tions or acquisitions. Score a"correct" on this one too. Somany failures, mergers andacquisitions occurred thatthey are too numerous to bementioned. More will beforthcoming in 1981.

3. A sizable number of audioand office equipment re-tailers will enter the com-puter retailing business. Thiswill create pressures on con-ventional computer stores.We may even see the ap-pearance of stores that sellonly software, much likeaudio record stores. Score a"maybe." Although somesteps have been taken in thisdirection (eg: Bell & Howelland several other audio/visual and office equipmentsuppliers), the real first stephas yet to be taken...possibledevelopments this year ornext.

4. 16-bit microcomputersystems will be common-place. Score a "maybe" onthis one too. Althoughseveral 16-bit systems wereintroduced, lack of 16-bit

parts and software limitedtheir adoption. We shouldsee a significant increase intheir acceptance in 1981with the availability ofCP/M, MP/M, UNIX andother powerful operatingsystems.

5. IBM, DEC, Data General,

H-P and other minicomputermakers will introduce low-cost microcomputer systems.Score a "partial" on this one,as H-P (Hewlett-Packard) in-troduced the HP-85 and IBMshowed its S-100 product inEurope but withheld it fromthe US market. These com-panies may jump in this yearor next.

6. Several personal com-puter manufacturers will in-troduce second-generationmachines with significant in-creases in power. Score a"no." Although Apple,Tandy and Commodore allintroduced new machines,none were significantly dif-ferent from their previousunits. I look to 1981 for theintroduction of a machinewith significantly new per-formance versus price mark.

7. The emphasis will shiftfrom hardware to software.BASIC will continue as thedominant language. Scoreanother "correct." This yearshould see continued im-provements in disk operat-ing systems and applicationspackages.

8. Business application soft-ware for microcomputer sys-tems will finally come of ageand provide the needed per-formance that suppliers havebeen promising but not de-livering during the past twoyears. Score a "correct."

9. The first low-cost micro-computer-based robot kitwill be introduced. Score an"incorrect." Although arobotic arm kit was intro-duced, its price was beyondthe means of most personalcomputerists. Maybe thisprediction will come true in1981.

10. Typewriters will havebuilt-in intelligence, and usemicroprocessors, built-inmicrodisks, and word pro-cessing features. The dumbtypewriter will soon be athing of the past. Score an

"incorrect." Although Smith-Corona and Triumph-Adlerintroduced electronic type-writers, their intelligence isstill on a primitive level. Iam now projecting 1982 or1983 on this development.11. Personal computer time-sharing systems will pro-liferate. Score a definite"correct" on this one.

All in all, I would rate myprediction ability as "fair":about sixty points out of apossible one hundred.Where I guessed wrong I wasjust ahead of the industry.

I redlctlons For TheFuture: Not allowing myprevious performance todeter me, I will venture forthwith some more predictions:

1. The S-100 will becomethe de facto standard for businterfacing. There are al-ready thirty-two manufac-turers of S-100 systems, and Iexpect this number to in-crease to over forty in 1981(and to include IBM). Thistrend should continue intothe mid-1980s, when we maysee the development of anew interface bus to accom-modate new hardware andarchitectures.

2. Hardware will becomemore sophisticated and lessexpensive. This is not a dif-ficult prediction to make,since Moore's law states that"the number of componentsper integrated circuit rough-ly doubles every year."Thus, personal computersystems will acquire thecharacteristics of their larg-er, more expensive predeces-sors. In other words, withinthree to five years we can ex-pect personal computerswith the characteristics oflarge IBM 370s. The likeli-hood is that by the mid-1980s we will see a singlepackage device containingprocessor, floating-pointarithmetic, main memoryand read-only memory withthe complete operating sys-tem and a compiler or inter-preter.

3. The man-machine inter-face will improve to accom-modate the many users who

have little or no knowledgeof computers. I thereforelook for voice input/outputto become commonplace bythe end of the decade. Al-though voice input may belimited to short commands,output should be of a highquality with a large vocabu-lary.

4. Cheap mass storage willfinally arrive via videocassette and optical diskmemories. We will be ableto store 100,000 pages ofprinted text on a single op-tical (video) disk...expect tosee the Encyclopaedia Bri-tannica on a single opticaldisk, with sophisticatedcross-referencing software.Furthermore, expect opticaldisks that may be used withpersonal computers to pro-vide high-quality video im-ages for games, educationaluse, etc.

5. Higher-quality displaysusing either liquid crystal orsemiconductor technologywill replace CRTs (cathode-ray tubes).

6. Personal computers willinclude self-testing capa-bilities and redundant cir-cuits to improve reliability.

7. Expect BASIC to continueas the dominant language.Assembler and Pascal willstill be the most popularlanguages for systems-levelprogramming, and C will in-crease in popularity. Naturalprogramming languages andautomatic programming stillappear to be many yearsaway. The number of menu-driven systems for the naiveuser will increase.

8. Operating systems suchas UNIX, CP/M, MP/M andmore sophisticated systemswill increase in popularity,and many manufacturerswill design special hardwareto support these operatingsystems.

MAIL: I receive a large num-ber of letters each month as aresult of this column. If youwrite to me and wish a re-sponse, please include astamped, self-addressed enve-lope.

Sol LibesPOB 1192Mountainside NJ 07092

204 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE January 1981 207

Product Review

The Newest Sargon—2.5

John Martellaro

2929 Los Amigos Ct Apt B

Las Cruces NM 88001

Time travel is common now. You've decided to spendthe afternoon in Vienna on a sunny spring day in 1770.There is talk that at the Royal Palace the Baron Wolfgangvon Kempelen, counselor to the Royal Chamber, will begiving a demonstration of his amazing Automaton ChessPlayer. You wander over towards the Palace.

The murmur of the crowd grows as the Baron rolls alarge wooden cabinet into the courtyard, the result of asolemn promise he made to the Queen 6 months ago tobuild a chess-playing machine. The Baron smiles gra-ciously and invites anyone to come forward from thecrowd to play the Automaton.

Meanwhile, the noblemen are about ready to accusethe Baron of a hoax. A machine that thinks? Rubbish.Sacrilege. And the spectators are no more convinced.Catcalls from the crowd dare the Baron to open thecabinet—obviously big enough to hold a small man—whereupon von Kempelen opens all the doors only toreveal a complex system of pulleys, gears, and levers,nothing else.

About this time, you decide to come forth from thecrowd to play this wondrous machine. Unknown toeveryone, you have Sargon 6, no bigger than a match-book, hidden in your palm. With its aid, you win, but theAutomaton plays a superb game. Afterwards, a crowdgathers around you, and the Baron congratulates you onyour game. Everyone agrees that the machine played acreditable game of chess, clearly outplayed by a genius.A priest overhearing this remarks that this is proof of thesuperiority of the human mind. You shrug, put Sargon 6in your pocket, and wander off into the crowd.

The Baron will go on to amaze the bewildered crowdsin Europe and America for many years, and the machinewill defeat many chess players. It will take 70 years forthe hidden compartment and the hoax to be revealed. Butthe dream of a chess-playing machine is planted firmly inthe minds of men. A dream which would take another200 years to come true.

Introduction

Sargon 6 isn't available yet, but Sargon 2.5 is. It is agame module and holder slightly larger than a hardbackbook, but the real guts are no larger than a pocketcalculator. This is the MGS (Modular Game System)from Chafitz; as of this writing, it is the strongest chess-playing microcomputer you can buy.

You may already be familiar with the Sargon 1 and

Sargon 2.0 computer programs written by Dan andKathe Spracklen. These are available on cassette or flop-py disk (from Hayden Books) for the Apple II andTRS-80 computers. But now Chafitz is marketing Sargon2.5 as a plug-in ROM (read-only memory) module thatfits into the MGS. Presumably, when Sargon 3 and otherversions are available, you can remove the old ROM andplug in the new one. Not only does this protect the firm-ware, but allows new games (such as checkers andbackgammon) to be run on the same system.

The technical specifications of the MGS-Sargon 2.5combination are many and impressive. The system israther complete: a benefit of Chafitz's previous ex-perience with its chess machine, Boris. A touchpadkeyboard allows the user to:

• force selection of best move

• use the machine in its hint mode

• set playing level (from 0 to 6)

• set up a given position

• show elapsed time (either player, cumulative, or timeper move)

• withdraw a move or moves (up to three moves)

Af a danrp

Name

mable memory (for inter-

Chafitz Modular Game

nal use only)

System with Sargon 2.5

Additional features

Manufacturer

Includes AC adapter,

Chafitz Inc, 856 Rockville

keyboard, chessboard,

Pike, Rockville MD

magnetized chess pieces;

20852, (301) 340-0200

Sargon 2.5 is a re-

movable module that can

Price

be replaced by other

$375

game modules (not yet

released)

Processor

6502, 8-bit

Software

Sargon 2.5 program, held

System-clock frequency

in 8 K bytes of ROM

2 MHz

Options

Memory

Rechargeable battery

2 K bytes of program-

option

208 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Sicilian Defense

White

Black

Martellaro

Sargon 2.5 (level 4)

1. e2-e4

c7-c5

2. Ng1-f3

d7-d6

3. Bf1-b5 ch

Bc8-d7

4. Bb5-c4

Nb8-c6

5. Nb1-c3

Ng8-f6

6. d2-d4

c5xd4

7. Nf3xd4

Qd8-b6

8. Bc1-e3

Qb6xb2??

9. Nd4-b5

Ra8-c8

10. Ra1-b1

...and Black loses his Queen

Table 1: Beginning

of a

chess game between the author and

Sargon 2.5.

The system is very nicely packaged. The quality of theplastic case and the display is outstanding. In the instruc-tion manual there is a brief rule description of chess andinformation on the USCF (United States Chess Federa-tion). This is an important and welcome addition.Overall, the instructions are clear and easy to under-stand. For once, we have complete documentation.

A conversation with Kathe Spracklen revealed that thedecision algorithms of Sargon 2.5 are exactly the same asthose of Sargon 2.0. The only modification is that thehost 6502 microprocessor runs at 2.0 MHz as opposed tothe Apple's effective 1.0 MHz, and Sargon 2.5 thinks onits opponent's time. The result of this is that Sargon 2.5 isoften ready with a move as soon as the opponent entershis move. The program uses 8 K bytes of ROM and 2 Kbytes of programmable memory.

Playing Strength

When chess programs were first written for microcom-puters (Microchess 1.0 on the KIM and Sol), we alllaughed and proceeded to demolish them. While we hadrespect for the programs on big computers, microcom-puter chess programs had a poor reputation. Times havechanged, and now the average player can no longer bullymicrocomputer-based chess programs. That is not to saythat Sargon can't be beaten by a good player. (Someresults are given here; see tables 1 and 2.) But now aplayer must use care and caution, and a single slip canmean disaster.

Sargon 2.5 in experimental form obtained a USCFrating of 1641 in a rated human tournament (the 1979Paul Masson Championship). This is not bad at all for amachine that plays under tournament time controls andcan be held in the palm of your hand. Reportedly, theSpracklens are working on major improvements that willboost its rating (Sargon 3) to 1800 in tournament time.Sargon 2.5 is probably the last microcomputer programthat we amateur players will be able to consistently beat.

Playing Results

In a match of five games between Sargon 2.5 andSargon 2.0 (which runs on my Apple II), the programssplit—two wins, two losses each, and a declared draw.Sargon 2.5 started out slowly indeed. I didn't mind toomuch when I (rated about 1700) and a friend (rated 1850)

210 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

When it comes to 6800Software Source Books;Hemenway delivers whatthe others leave out.

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TRACER: A 6800 DEBUGGINGPROGRAM

Ideal for the programmer looking for gooddebugging software. TRACERfeatures singlestep execution using dynamic break points,register examination and modification, andmemory examination and modification.Includes detailed TRACER program notesand a reprint of "Jack and the MachineDebug" (from the December 1977 issue ofBYTE magazine). U.S. $5.95

International $8.95

If your machinewould like to readthese programs,object code versionsare available in thesedisk formats: Per-com, ICOM, SSB,SWTPC, TANO andothers.

WRITE FOR PRICES

Please rush the following books:

copies of SP/68 OPERATING SYSTEM

copies of XA6809 CROSS ASSEMBLER

copies ofLINK68 LINKING LOADER

copies of RA6800ML MACRO ASSEMBLER

copies of STRUBAL+™ COMPILER

copies ofTRACER DEBUGGING PROGRAM

For North America, add $.75 per book postage or $1.50 per book forFirst Class. All other destinations, add $2.00 per book postage andhandling or $3.50 per book for Priority Mail.

LINK68 LINKING LOADER

This is a one-pass linking loader which allowsseparately translated relocatable objectmodules to be loaded and linked together toform a single executable load module, and torelocate modules in memory. It produces aload map and a load module in MotorolaMIKBUG loader format. This book provideseverything necessary for learning about thissystem and the nature of linking loader designin general.

U.S. $7.95

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This two-pass assembler produces a programlisting, a sorted symbol table listing, and relo-catable object code. Object code is loadedand linked with other assembled modulesusing LINK68. This book fully describes the6800 assembly language and all major rou-tines used, and includes flow charts, details oninterfacing the assembler. Cross referenced,showing all calling and called-by routines,pointers, flags and temporary variables._., U.S. $24.95

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BYTE January 1981 211

Grunfeld-lndian Defense

18. g2xf319.0-0

Qe4-f5

White Black

Taunting Sargon 2.0 to do any harm...

Sargon 2.5 (level 4) Sargon 2.0 (level 3)

19

b7-b5

1. d2-d4 Ng8-f6

2. c2-c4 g7-g6

20. Bc4-b3

21. Bc7-g3

Qf5-g5 chQg5-f6

3. Nb1-o3 d7-d5

22. Rc3-c5

a7-a6

4. c4xd5 Nf6xd5

23. Bb3-d5

Ra8-d8

5. Nc3xd5 Qd8xd5

24. Qd1-c2

6. Ng1-f3 Bf8-g7

7. Bc1-f4

Threatening, of course,

25. Rc5-c8.

24

Qf6-f5

This gets the Bishop developed in preparation for 8. e2-e3.

25. Qc2xf5

g6xf5

Nb8-c6

26. Bd5-b7

e7-e6

8. e2-e3 Qd5-a5 ch

27. Bb7xa6

b5-b4

9. Qd1-d2 Nc6-b4!

28. Rc5-c4

Rd8-a8?

Not a bad move for a $30 program. But it will be fruitless.

Black was in serious trouble, but there was no reason to allow thefollowing clincher.

10. Ra1-c1 Bc8-f5

11,Rc1-c5 Qa5-b6

29. Bg3-d6 ch

Kf8-e8

12. Bf4xc7 Nb4-c2 ch

30. Ba6-b5 ch

Sargon 2.0 has been wanting to do this badly. Now, however, it is

The mating web starts.

•

in vain.

30

Ke8-d8

13. Rc5xc2 Qb6-e6

31. Rc4-c7

Ra8-a5

14. Bf1-b5ch Ke8-f8

32. Rc7-b7

15. Bb5-c4 Qe6-e4

Threat: Rb7-b8 mate.

16. Rc2-c3 Bf5-g4

17. Qd2-d1

32

33. Rb7-d7 ch

Ra5-a8Kd8-e8

Sargon 2.5 is finding all the right defensive moves and is a pawn

34. Rd7-a7 ch

Ke8-d8

and Knight to the good.

35. Ra7xa8 mate

17 Bg4xf3

Table 2: Record of a complete chess game between Sargon 2.5 (running on the Chafitz Modular Game System) and Sargon 2.0

(running on an Apple II computer).

Technical Notes on Sargon 2.5 and the ChafitzModular Game System

The NIGS is a plastic case with a slide-out tray. Thetop of the chessboard is brown and white soft grainwith algebraic-notation markings. In the tray is thereceptacle for the plug-in ROM, a keyboard (suppliedwith a chess overlay), and a compartment with chess-men—standard Staunton chess pieces, magnetized,with a 2V*-inch King. There is an AC (alternating cur-rent) adapter supplied. An optional battery pack isavailable for $39.95; on battery power, the unit can re-tain an adjourned position for about 24 hours. Thetotal system price is $375.

Sargon 2.5 plays at six levels. Level 4 gives a reply in2 to 4 minutes, plays in tournament time, and is rated1641. If you want to wait 20 to 40 minutes per move atlevel 5, the claimed rating is 1800.

took three games from Sargon 2.5. But when Sargon 2.0won its first two games, apprehension mounted. Wewondered if there was a faulty ROM in Sargon 2.5, butwe decided it was unlikely. Later, Sargon 2.5 came backto win two straight games against Sargon 2.0 and redeemitself (see match results, table 3).

The circumstances of the first two losses to Sargon 2.0are peculiar. In the first game, everything was even downto pawns and King against pawns and King. But Sargon2.0 gained a tempo (an advantage in time) and promoteda pawn to Queen before Sargon 2.5 could. In the secondgame, Sargon 2.5 played very speculatively on the attackand lost a Bishop for a pawn, then later another pawn. Awhole Bishop down going into the end game with no

Opponent ofSargon 2.5

Martellaro

J. IrwinSargon 2.0

USCFRating

(1700 + )(1850)(1600?)

Results

2 wins, 1 loss

1 win

2 wins, 2 losses, 1 draw

Table 3: An informal list of match results between Sargon2.5 and other opponents.

compensation whatsoever caused me to declare a win forSargon 2.0.

This is hard to quantify or justify, but it appears thatSargon 2.5 with its greater look-ahead capability playsmore (what I would call) speculatively. Sargon 2.5 willplay solid defense and sacrifice soundly, but it also ap-pears to play a little more aggressively and loosely thanSargon 2.0. Sargon 2.0 is very solid and conservative andnever risks too much. Because of this, Sargon 2.5 can getinto trouble on the offensive.

It is also peculiar that in the games Sargon 2.5 won, itwas on the defensive with White. (See the game score intable 2.) Sargon 2.0 huffed and puffed on the attack withBlack for twenty moves, flailing away. When Sargon 2.5was done fending off the attack, it was a Bishop and twopawns up and proceeded to mate. Astonishing.

The difference in strength between Sargon 2.5 andSargon 2.0 seems small yet definite. My personal subjec-tive experience is that Sargon 2.5 is more resilient on thedefense, and I would prefer to play Sargon 2.0 as theweaker opponent. However, if you are running Sargon2.0 on your microcomputer, the $300-plus investment forthe "improved" version is hardly worth it. Wait forSargon 3.B

212 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE January 1981 213

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TheMICROCONDUCTOIV" is notjusta file managerbut a true Data Base Management System suitable forboth the novice and professional users.Some of the modules of this masterpiece are:DATA FILE—One step file creation. Just set it, and forget it.MAINI— Manipulate your data files with ease,- add,delete, modify, scan, relocate, and more.SORT— Sort any number of fields, in any sequence,

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DATA FILES—No limit on the number of records a filecan have.FIELDS—Any type (string, interger, single, double).Eight entry modes (including defaults,counting, and suppress).REPORTS—Four ways to generate reports. Total nu-meric column(s). Print on any paper inany format (statements, labels, etc.).SORT—Any field(s) in any combination (i.e. mul-tiple-key sort). Any size file, numeric orASCII. Ascending or descending.MAINT.—Command anticipation. Record duplica-tion. Direct access ond sequential search.UPDATING/MERGING—Add, subtract, multiply, divide fields. Com-bine results from previous calculations.Test for any condition and take action.

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Circle 134 on Inquiry card.

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BYTE January 1981

Product Review

The SwTPC 6809 Microcomputer System

Tom Harmon, 1505 Magnolia Dr, Salisbury MD 21801

The SwTPC 6809 microcomputer system can be pur-chased in kit form (as the 69/K) for $495 or assembledand tested (the 69/A) for $595. Since I wanted to addsockets for all the integrated circuits, I chose the kit. (Theassembled version doesn't use sockets.)

The 69/K and 69/A systems both include the MP-09processor board, one MP-8M 8 K-byte programmablememory board, the MP-S2 RS-232C serial-interface card,and the MP-B3 motherboard with eight 50-pin slots andeight 30-pin slots. The case and power supply are also in-cluded.

The Processor Board

The MP-09 uses the Motorola 6809 microprocessorwith a 1 MHz clock. The 6809 is the third-generation ad-

Af a nianrp

Name

Hardware

69/K (kit) or 69/A

RS-232C terminal (for

(assembled) computer

input and output)

Use

Software

6809-based personal

SBUG-E monitor in ROM

computer

(included)

Manufacturer

Hardware Options

Southwest Technical

extra memory boards,

Products Corp, 219 W

expansion kit for serial

Rhapsody, San Antonio

interface, MF-69 5-inch

TX 78216 (512) 344-0241

floppy-disk system (in-

cludes FLEX operating

Dimensions

system)

length: 44 cm (17 inches)

width: 39 cm (15 inches)

Software Options

height: 18 cm (7 inches)

FLEX disk operating

system, other software

Price

products from TSC (see

$495 (for 69/K), $595

text) that are supported

(for 69/A)

by SwTPC

Features

Documentation

processor board contain-

looseleaf pages, 22 by 28

ing 6809 microprocessor

cm (8V2 by 11 inches), in

running at 1 MHz,

binder, with separate sec-

RS-232C serial-interface

tions on kit construction

card, 8 K bytes of pro-

(if applicable), sche-

grammable memory, fan

matics, parts layout,

operation

dition to the 8-bit 6800 family. It includes two 16-bit in-dex registers, two 16-bit stack pointers, two 8-bit ac-cumulators which can be treated as a single 16-bit registerfor some operations, and a direct-page register for direct-memory addressing. The 6809 includes all addressingmodes of the 6800 with the addition of program-counterrelative, extended indirect, indexed indirect, andprogram-relative indirect. Assembly language writtenwith program-counter relative mode can be movedanywhere in memory without reassembly.

The 6809 is not object-code compatible with the 6800.Although 6800 source code can be reassembled withminor changes, the code should be rewritten to take fulladvantage of 6809 capabilities.

Sockets are provided on the board for three additional2716 EPROMs (erasable programmable read-onlymemory devices). However, the documentation says thephysical addresses of these may conflict with interfaceaddresses and recommends they be switched off.

Included on the processor board is an integrated circuitthat creates clock signals for various data-transfer rates.Because of the shortage of pins on the SS-50C bus, someof the clock signals share common bus lines and arejumper-selected.

A DAT (dynamic address translator) allows physicalmemory to be assigned as logical memory in any desiredorder. Because of this, you don't have to strap memoryboards into consecutive memory locations. The principaluse for the DAT will be for multiuser/multitasking soft-ware, which is still being developed.

A welcome feature is that the memory addresses usedfor input and output have been moved to a higher loca-tion to allow the 6809 to support 56 K bytes of program-mable memory instead of the 32 K bytes supported onolder SwTPC 6800 systems.

The MP-09 processor board is silk-screen masked andis of much higher quality than the memory board sup-plied with the kit. The MP-09 board is intended for usewith the SS-50C bus and cannot be used with the olderSS-50 bus unless modifications are made to the mother-board.

The SBUG-E Monitor

A 2 K-byte monitor (SBUG-E) is supplied in a ROM(read-only memory) that is pin compatible with a 2716EPROM. The monitor contains disk bootstrap routinesfor both 5-inch and 8-inch floppy disks. A new DC-3double-head single-density disk controller that is com-

216 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Circle 137 on Inquiry card.

BYTE January 1981 217

Photo 1: The SwTPC 6809 microcomputer system. The factory-assembled 69/A sells for $595 and includes the three boardsshown here. Front to back are the MP-09 processor board, theMP-8M memory board, and the MP-S2 RS-232C serial-interfaceboard. The kit version 69/K is $495.

Photo 2: The MP-8M programmable memory board for theSwTPC 6809 microcomputer system. Both the kit and as-sembled versions of the computer are shipped with one of these8 K-byte boards. This board is addressable to any 8 K-byteboundry within the first 32 K bytes of memory.

patible with the SS-50C bus is available from SwTPC for$150. The older MF-68 disk controller cannot be usedwith the SS-50C bus without modification. It has beenrumored that SwTPC may soon discontinue the MF-68floppy-disk drive and replace it with a DT-5 unit, whichuses the Siemens double-head drive.

The SBUG-E monitor also includes a memorydiagnostic. It allows you to set and release breakpoints,examine and alter memory, and examine and alter 6809registers. Unfortunately, SwTPC does not provide sourcelistings of SBUG-E. However, a disassembled sourcelisting has been published in 68 Micro Journal (June1980).

Serial Interface

The MP-S2 serial-interface card is supplied set up forone serial port. It can be expanded to two ports by order-ing the MP-SX expansion kit, which sells for $25. Thecard must be installed in bus-row 0, driving the systemconsole with a standard RS-232C port. A nice feature is

that you don't need extra cables or connectors since theDB-25 connector is mounted directly on the card.

Other Features

The MP-B3 motherboard uses the new SS-50C bus.Since I/O cards have decoding performed for sixteen ad-dresses, the new cards are not downwards compatiblewith the SS-50 bus.

The power supply provides unregulated outputs of±16 VDC and +8 VDC. Older SS-50 cards thatobtained 12 VDC from the bus will now require on-boardregulators.

The 6809 cabinet is constructed of heavy anodizedaluminum and is a major improvement on the olderSwTPC systems. I had no trouble getting the bolt holes toalign perfectly.

The quality of the parts supplied with the 69/K kit isexcellent. I did find several small components missingfrom the kit but had no trouble getting replacement partsfrom SwTPC.

AIM 65

AIM 65 is fully assembled, tested and warranted. With the addition of a low cost, readily available powersupply, it's ready to start working for you. It has an addressing capability up to 65K bytes, and comeswith a user-dedicated 1K or 4K RAM.

• Thermal Printer

• Full-Size Alphanumeric Keyboard

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• TTY and Audio Cassette Interfaces

• ROM Resident Advanced Interactive Monitor

• Advanced Interactive Monitor Commands

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218 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 138 on inquiry card.

DYNACOMP

Quality software for:

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TRS-80 (Level ID-NORTH STARCP/M 8" Disk

GAMES

BRIDGE 2.0 (Available for all computers) Price: $17.95 Cassette

$21.95 Diskette

An all-inclusive version of [his most popular of card games. This program both BIDS and PLAYSeither contract or duplicate bridge. Depending on the contract, your computer opponents will eitherplay the offense OR defense. If you bid too high, the computer will double your contract! BRIDGE 2.0provides challenging entertainment for advanced players and is an excellent learning tool for the bridge

HEARTS 1.5 (Available for all computers)

Price: $14.95 Cassette$18.95 Diskette

An exciting and entertaining computer version of this popular card game. Hearts is a trick-orientedgame in which the purpose is not to take any hearts or the queen of spades. Play against two computeropponents who are armed with hard-to-beat playing strategies.

CRIBBAGE 2.0 (TRS-80 only) Price: $14.95 Cassette

$18.95 Diskette

This is a well-designed and nicely executed two-handed version of the classic card game, cribbage. It isan excellent program for the cribbage player in search of a worthy opponent as well as the beginnerwishing to learn the game, in particular the scoring and jargon. The standard cribbage score board iscontinually shown at the top of the display (utilizing the TRS-80's graphics capabilities), with the cardsshown underneath. The computer automatically scores and also announces the points using the tradi-tional phrases.

CHESS MASTER (North Star and TRS-80 only) Price: $19.95 Cassette

$23.95 Diskette

This complete and very powerful program provides five levels of play. It includes castling, en passantcaptures and the promotion of pawns. Additionally, the board may be preset before the start of play,permitting the examination of "book" plays. To maximize execution speed, the program is written inassembly language (by SOFTWARE SPECIALISTS of California). Full graphics are employed in theTRS-80 version, and two widths of alphanumeric display are provided to accommodate North Starusers.

STARTREK 3.2 (Available for all computers) Price: $ 9.95 Cassette

$13.95 Diskette

This is the classic Starirek simulation, but with several new features. For example, the Klingons nowshoot at the Enterprise without warning while also attacking starbases in other quadrants. TheKlingons also attack with both light and heavy cruisers and move when shot at! The situation is hecticwhen the Enterprise is besieged by three heavy cruisers and a starbase S.O.S. is received! The Klingonsget even!

SPACE TILT (Apple only) Price: $10.95 Cassette

$14.95 Diskette

Use the game paddles to tilt the plane of the TV screen to "roll" a ball into a hole in the screen. Soundsimple? Not when (he hole gets smaller and smaller! A built-in timer allows you to measure your skillagainst others in this habit-forming action game.

GAMES PACK I and GAMES PACK II Price: $ 9.95 each, Cassette

$13.95 each, Diskette

GAMES PACK I contains BLACKJACK, LUNAR LANDER, CRAPS, HORSERACE, SWITCHand more. GAMES PACK II includes CRAZY EIGHTS, JOTTO. ACEY-DUCEY. LIFE. VVUMPUSand others. Available for all computers.Why pay S5.95 or more per program when you can buy a DYNACOMP collection for just $9.95?

STUD POKER (ATARI only) Price: $11.95 Cassette

$15.95 Diskette

This is the classic gambler's card game. The computer deals the cards one at a time and you (and thecomputer) bet on what you see. The computer does not cheat and usually bets ihe odds. However, itsometimes bluffs! Also included is a five card draw poker betting practice program. This package willrun on a 16K ATARI.

STATISTICS and ENGINEERING

DATA SMOOTHER (Not available for ATARI) Price: $14.95 Cassette

$18.95 Diskette

This special data smoothing program may be used to rapidly derive useful information from noisybusiness and engineering data which are equally spaced. The software features choice in degree andrange of fit, as well as smoothed first and second derivative calculation. Also included is automaticplotting of the input data and smoothed results.

FOURIER ANALYZER (Available for all computers) Price: $14.95 Cassette

$18.95 Diskette

Use this program to examine the frequency spectra of limited duration signals. The program featuresautomatic scaling and plotting of the input data and results. Practical applications include the analysisof complicated patterns in such fields as electronics, communications and business.

TFA (Transfer Function Analyzer) Price: $19.95 Cassette

$23.95 Dbkette

This is a special software package which may be used to evaluate the transfer functions of systems suchas hi-fi amplifiers and filters by examining their response to pulsed inputs. TFA is a major modificationof FOURIER ANALYZER and contains an engineering-oriented decibel versus log-frequency plot aswell as data editing features. Whereas FOURIER ANALYZER is designed for educational and scien-tific use, TFA is an engineering tool. Available for all computers.

FOURIER ANALYZER and TFA may be purchased together for a combined price of S29.95(Cassettes) and $37.95 (Diskettes).

REGRESSION I (Available for all computers) Price: $19.95 Cassette

$23.95 Dbkette

REGRESSION I is a unique and exceptionally versatile one-dimensional least squares "polynomial"curve fitting program. Features include very high accuracy; an automatic degree determination option;an extensive internal library of fitting functions; data editing; automatic data and curve plotting; astatistical analysis (e.g., standard deviation, correlation coefficient, etc.) and much more. In addition,new fits may be tried without reentering the data. REGRESSION I is certainly the cornerstone programin any data analysis software library.

REGRESSION II (PARAFIT) (Available for all computers) Price: $19.95 Cassette

$23.95 Diskette

PARAFIT is designed to handle those cases in which the parameters are imbedded (possibly nonlinear-ly) in the fitting function. The user simply inserts the functional form, including the parameters (A(l),A(2), etc.) as one or more BASIC statemeni lines. Data and results may be manipulated and plotted aswith REGRESSION I. Use REGRESSION I for polynomial fitting, and PARAFIT for those com-

plicited functions.

REGRESSION I and II may be purchased together for S36.95 (cassettes) and $44.95 (diskettes)

Availability

DYNACOMP software is supplied with complete documentation containing clear explanations andexamples. All programs will run within 16K program memory space (ATARI requires 24K). Except wherenoted, programs are available on ATARI, PET, TRS-80 (Level II) and Apple (Applesoft) cassette anddiskette as well as North Star single density (double density compatible) diskette. Additionally, most pro-grams can be obtained on standard 8" CP/M floppy disks for systems running under MBASIC.

BUSINESS and UTILITIESMAIL LIST II (North Star only) Price: $21.95

This many-featured program now includes full alphabetic and zip code sorting as well as file merging.Entries can be retrieved by user-defined code, client name or Zip Code. The printout format allows theuse of standard size address labels. Each diskette can store more than 1100 entries (single density; over2200 with double density systems)!

TEXT EDITOR I (Letter Writer) Prke: $14.95 Cassette

$18.95 Diskette

An easy to use, line-onented text editor which provides variable line widths and simple paragraph in-dexing. This text editor is ideally suited for composing letters and is quite capable of handling muchlarger jobs. Available for all computers.

PERSONAL FINANCE SYSTEM (ATARI only) Price: $34.95 Diskette

PFS is a single disk menu oriented system composed of 10 programs designed to organize and simplifyyour personal finances. Features include a 300 transaction capacity; fast access; 26 optional user codes;data retrieval by month, code or payee; optional printing of reports; checkbook balancing; bar graphplotting and more. Also provided on the diskette is ATARI DOS 2.

FINDIT (North Star only) Price: $19.95

This is a three-in-onc program which maintains information accessible by keywords of three types: Per-sonal (e.g., last name), Commercial (eg: plumbers) and Reference (eg: magazine articles, recordalbums, etc). In addition to keyword searches, there are birthday, anniversary and appointment search-es for the personal records and appointment searches for the commercial records. Reference recordsarc accessed by a single keyword or by cross-referencing two or three keywords.

DFILE (North Star only) Price: $19.95

This handy program allows North Star users to maintain a specialized data base of all files and pro-grams in the stack of disks which invariably accumulates. DFILE is easy to set up and use. It willorganize your disks to provide efficient locating of the desired file or program.

COMPARE (North Star only) Price: $12.95

COMPARE is a single disk utility software package which compares two BASIC programs and dis-plays the file sizes of the programs in bytes, the lengths in terms of the number of statement lines, andthe line numbers at which various listed differences occur. COMPARE permits the user to examine ver-sions of his software to verify which are the more current, and to clearly identify the changes made dur-ing development.

COMPRESS (North Star only) Price: $12.95

COMPRESS is a single-disk utility program which removes all unnecessary spaces and (optionally)REMark statements from North Star BASIC programs. The source file is processed one line at a time,thus permitting very large programs to be compressed using only a small amount of computer memory.File compressions of 20-50W are commonly achieved.

GRAFIX (TRS-80 only) Prke: $12.95 Cassette

$16.95 Diskette

This unique program allows you to easily create graphics directly from the keyboard. You "draw"your figure using the program's extensive cursor controls. Once the figure is made, it is automaticallyappended to your BASIC program as a string variable. Draw a "happy face", call it HS and then printit from your program using PRINT HS! This is a very easy way to create and save graphics.

TIDY (TRS-80 only) Price: $10.95 Cassette

$14.95 Diskette

TIDY is an assembly language program which allows you to renumber the lines in your BASIC pro-grams. TIDY also removes unnecessary spaces and REMark statements. The result is a compactedBASIC program which uses much less memory space and executes significantly faster. Once loaded,TIDY remains in memory; you may load any number of BASIC programs without having to reloadTIDY!

SIMULATIONS and EDUCATION

BLACK HOLE (Apple only) Price: $14.95 Cassette

$18.95 Diskette

This is an exciting graphical simulation of the problems involved in closely observing a black hole witha space probe. The object is to enter and maintain, for a prescribed time, an orbit close to a small blackhole. This is to be achieved without coming so near the anomaly that the tidal stress destroys the probe.Control of (he craft is realistically simulated using side jets for rotation and main thrusters for accelera-tion. This program employs Hi-Res graphics and is educational as well as challenging.

V ALDEZ (Available for all computers) Price: $14.95 Cassette

$18.95 Diskette

A simulation of supertanker navigation in the Prince William Sound and Valdez Nanows. The pro-gram uses an extensive 256X256 element radar map and employs physical models of ship response andtidal patterns. Chan your own course through ship and iceberg traffic. Any standard terminal may beused for display.

FLIGHT SIMULATOR (Available for all computers) Price: $17.95 Cassette

$21.95 Diskette

A realistic and extensive mathematical simulation of take-off, flight and landing. The program utilizesaerodynamic equations and the characteristics of a real airfoil. You can practice instrument approachesand navigation using radials and compass headings. The more advanced flyer can also perform loops,half-rolls and similar aerobatic maneuvers.

TEACHER'S PET I (Available for all computers) Price: $ 9.95 Cassette

$13.95 Diskette

This is the first of DYNACOMP's educational packages. Primarily intended for pre-school to grade 3,TEACHER'S PET provides the young student with counting practice, letter-word recognition andthree levels of math skill exercises.

Ordering Information

All orders are processed and shipped postpaid within 48 hours. Please enclose payment with order alongwith computer information. If paying by VISA or Master Card, include all numbers on card. For ordersoutside North America add 10ft for shipping and handling.

Add S2.50 to diskette price for 8" floppy disk (soft sectored, CP/M, Microsoft BASIC)'TRS-80 diskettes are not supplied with DOS or BASIC.

Deduct 10% when ordering 3 or more programs.

Ask for DYNACOMP programs at your local software dealer. Write for detailed descriptions of these andother programs from DYNACOMP.

DYNACOMP, Inc.

6 Rippingale RoadPittsford, New York 14534

(716) 586-7579

New York Suit residents pleue add 7tt NVS sales las.

Circle 139 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1981 219

31^^S 1^\ The improved3l\^J l\/« version of BKG9.8,the BACKGAMMON playing program thatdefeated the '79'-'80 World BackgammonChampion by a score of 7-1!

f'%,^ BKQl6.,developed°with the

help of Paul Magriel former? world champion and author

of BACKGAMMON, hasemerged as one of thebest examples of artificial| intelligence software

available for micro-computers.

Vers I $79.

^ Vers II $129.FEATURES:

* Version I: Full direct cursor screen control for professionaldisplay of beard, dice, etc.

* Version II adds printer/disk output of game in progress,board initialization at non standard positions, and simulationcapabilities.

* BKG 10. utilizes advanced SNAC functions (smooth,nonlinear application coefficients) as described in ScientificAmerican, June, 1980.

* Complete game rules including: doubling, match play andCrawford Rule. Will play man-machine, either side or

.i machine-machine with Version II.

' BKG 10. makes most moves in under 20 seconds (2MHZ)or 10 seconds (4 MHZ).

* BKG 10. was written entirely in Z-80 assembler.

ANNOUNCING:

GOMOKU

Compete against

your machine to

arrange five stones in a

row on a 19 by 19 matrix. ! !

Play this game for fun but be prepared for defeat asit exploits your human weaknesses in this entirelylogical game. You may allow yourself a handicap, askfor the prefrred move, store a game position, recall agame from disk, output a game to the printer or re-play a game from memory for study.

• SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS •

Z-80 Processor, 40k CP/M for BKG 10 Vers I, 48k for BKG 10 Vers IIand GOMOKU, cursor addressable video terminal (specify terminalmodel, most makes supported), 8" or 5^4" floppy drive. Formatsavailable for TRS-80 Model II, Northstar, Cromemco, others.

For MasterCard and CODs only-

CALL NOW (800) 824-7888

in California: 800-852-7777in Alaska/Hawaii: 800-824-7919

please ask for Operator 105

Intelligence Systems Ltd.. Indianapolis. IN - (317) 631-5514

The documentation supplied with the 69/K system isadequate, but the construction manuals are not as de-tailed as those of some other manufacturers. For exam-ple, you are told to install all resistors as a single step inconstruction, and you are expected to know the resistorcolor codes and be able to identify the polarity of allpolarized capacitors. I would not recommend this kit fora beginning kit builder. However, an experienced buildershould have no trouble.

Construction Hints

I selected low-profile tin soldier-tail sockets manufac-tured by Texas Instruments for use on the printed-circuitboards. These sockets may be purchased from a numberof sources, including Digi-Key Corporation, POB 677,Highway 32 S, Thief River Falls MN 56701.

The straight pin-edge connectors on the motherboardseem to slope in one direction and the 10-pin male con-nectors should be installed with the slope in the samedirection. This avoids problems when the printed-circuitboards are inserted later. You might also find it easier toremove the socket index pin before soldering the socketsto the board.

The Added Extras

In order to communicate with your microcomputersystem, you'll need an RS-232C-compatible terminal. Iselected the Heath H-19 video terminal over the SwTPCCT-82 because I prefer the larger 12-inch display size ofthe Heath. (The SwTPC CT-82 has a 9-inch display.) Thenormal format of the Heath H-19 is 24 lines by 80characters, while the CT-82 format is 16 lines by 82characters.

You'll probably want additional memory because only4 K bytes of the supplied 8 K bytes of programmablememory are available for use. The SBUG-E monitorassigns a 4 K-byte area for a system stack and for internaltables and addresses. SwTPC sells additional MP-8Mbbare boards with edge connectors for $17. By buyingyour own integrated circuits and memory from indepen-dent suppliers, you can save a considerable amount ofmoney over assembled units.

Digital Research Computers (POB 401565, Garland TX75040) sells a 16 K-byte programmable memory boardfor the SS-50 bus ($26). The board uses type-2114 in-tegrated circuits instead of the type-4044 programmablememory devices used by the MP-8M board. The qualityis excellent and well worth adding to your 6809 system.

Of course you'll also need either a cassette-tape unit(like the SwTPC AC-30) or a floppy-disk system forloading and saving programs.

Software

The FLEX 09 version 2.6 disk operating system isavailable from SwTPC. The price ($35) includes amanual and object-code disk. FLEX 09 can be used withmost of the 6809 software available from TSC (TechnicalSystems Consultants, POB 2574, West Lafayette IN47906). TSC has a large amount of 6809 software, in-cluding a text editor, an assembler, several versions ofBASIC, a debugging package, and others.

CSI (Control Systems Inc, 1317 Central, Kansas CityKS 66102) has the UCSD Pascal compiler for $419 that

Circle 140 on inquiry card.

PET and the

IEEE 488 Bus

(GPIB)

by E. Fisher andC. W Jensen

This is the only complete guide available oninterfacing PET to GPIB. Learn how to programthe PET interface to control power supplies,signal sources, signal analyzers and otherinstruments. It's full of practical information, asone of its authors assisted in the original designof the PET GPIB interface.

#31-4 $15.99

NEWPET/CBMedition

Some CommonBASIC Programs

by L. Poole, M Borchers,C. Donehue

76 Programs you cen use even if you don'tknow BASIC. This book gives you e variety ofmath power including personal finance, taxesand statistics as well as other programs you'llwant like Recipe Cost and Check Writer. Allprograms can be run on a PET or CBM with 8Kor more.

#40-3 $14.99

PET owners can purchase the programs ready-to-run on cassette or disk. Use the book as amanual for operating instructions andprogramming options.

Disk #33-0 $22.50Cassette #25-X $15.00

Practical BASIC Programs

ed. Lon Poole

These are 40 easy to use programs thateach do something useful.

Income averaging, checkbook reconciliation,statistics, factorials, temperature conversionand musical transposition are just a few. It offersa wealth of practical computing power. Includeswrite-ups, program notes and instructionalexamples to help you realize the potential usesof each program.

#38-1 $15.99

6602

Assembly Language

Programming

by L. Leventhal

Increase the capabilities and performance ofPET (end other 8502-based computers) bylearning to program in assembly language.

#27-6 $16.99

New for your PET

from

{j\ OSBORNE/McGraw-Hill

PET™/CBM™ Personal Computer GuideSecond Edition

by Adam Osborne and Carroll S. Donahue

The PET/CBM Personal Computer Guide is a step-by-step guide that assumes noprior knowledge of computers. If you can read English, you can use this book.

This book provides the important information and documentation that PET/CBM

users have sought for so long. After reading this book you will have

a good understanding of what a computer —

especially the PET/CBM

computer — can do for you. If you've just / j^0

bought a PET or CBM this is the book you

must have to really understand your

computer. By using the examples

found in this book, you will quickly

get your PET/CBM up and running. These

examples are thoroughly documented so

you can learn how and why the programs

work. It is the "how" and the "why" that

are important if you want to learn how to

make your PET or CBM work efficiently

for you.

This second edition contains even more

useful information than the first

edition of this book.

The guide contains a wealth of

information on everything

from keyboard variations

to a detailed description

of PET and CBM memory.

Included are:

Complete operating instructions for

■ keyboard

■ tape cassette• disk

Description of all CBM BASIC statementsOptimal programming techniques including

■ input/output programming* file handling

■ screen editing

Solutions to programming problemsCBM capabilities and limitations

#55-1 $15.00

Book/Caeeette/Dlek

Prloe

Quantity

Amount

27-6 6602 Assembly Language Programming

$18.99

30-fl PET Personal Computer Guida

$16 00

31 -4 PET and the IEEE 488 Bui IGPIQI

$1599

40-3 Some Common BASIC Programa PET/CBM ad. (book)

$1499

26-X Soma Common BASIC Programt PET Caaaatte

$15.00

33-0 Soma Common BASIC Programt PET Diak

$22.60

38-1 Practical BASIC Program!

Si & 99

California raiident tax

Shipping

■ I Amount Enclaead

Shipping: (Shipping for large orders to ba arranged)• All foreign ordari $4.00 par book for airmail

^-^630

OSBORNE/McGraw-Hill630 Bancroft Way, Dept.BIIBerkeley, California 04710(416) 648-2806 • TWX 910-366-7277

706

Name:,

Address:,City:

• $0.45 par book 4th clan in tha U.S. (allow 3-4 wmVi)

• SO 75 par book UPS in tha U.S. (allow 10 days)

• $1.60 par book apacial ruih ahipmant by air in tha U.S.

Caaialtai and Diak:

a No additional charge in tha U.S

• $1.60 aach foreign airmail

State:_Phone:.

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Credit Card No.:

□ Master Card

Circle 141 on Inquiry card.

BYTE January 1981 221

YOU'RE RIGHT!

KEYED FILE ACCESSING

is essential to develop effective applicationprograms under CP/M® for your 8080/Z80 machine.Your on-line, interactive systems demand theperformance that only a professional keyed fileaccessing package can offer: fast random andsequential access to data by key values, on-lineadditions and deletions to your data files,elimination of lengthy sorting procedures.

BUT WHICH ONE?

Feature

MICRO B-w The Other One

• Random Access by Key

YES

YES

• Wild Card Search

YES

YES

• Key-Sequential Access

YES

YES

• Multiple Keys

YES

YES

• Automatic Space

Reclamation

YES

YES

• Eliminate Overflow Files

YES

NO

• Maximum Number of Entries

65,535'

10,000

• Eliminate Index File

Reorganization

YES

NO

• Guaranteed Optimal Index

File Structure

YES

NO

• Maximum Disk Accesses To

Reach Any of 10.000 Entries

3

?

• Duplicate Key Values

YES2

NO

'32.767 for the source code versions2Source code versions only.

IT'S OBVIOUS, GET MICRO B+™!

And search an index of over10,000 key values in less than onesecond on a floppy disk system!

Assembly Language Version ...$260.00Specify MICROSOFT. CBASIC", PL/l-80'". S-BASIC"

Basic Source Code Version ...$195.00Specify MICROSOFT Basic or CBASIC"

Shipping $2 USA / $5 ForeignWe accept VISA and MASTERCARD

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

RIrCom

Making Micro's work like Maxl't

© 1980 Fair Com

2606 Johnson DriveColumbia, MO 65201(314) 445-3304

CP/M and PL/l-80 are trademarks of Digital ResearchMICROSOFT is a trademark of MICROSOFT. Inc.CBASIC Is a trademark of Compiler Systems. Inc.S-BASIC is a trademark of Topaz Programming

will run on a 6809 system with 56 K bytes of program-mable memory. The software is available on both 5-inchand 8-inch floppy disks, and includes operating system,compiler and linker.

System Checkout

The power-supply cables and voltages are first checkedwithout any other boards installed. Then the mother-board is installed, and finally the remaining printed-circuit boards. You will need an RS-232C-compatible ter-minal connected to the serial-interface card to test for theproper message, "S-BUG 1.5-8 K", followed a blinkingcursor.

When I performed the checkout, everything appearedto be normal until I attached a terminal and noticed thatthe video display consisted of question marks being pro-duced much faster than the current data-transfer rate,which was 300 bps (bits per second). The SwTPCdocumentation states that if anything is printed, especial-ly question marks, the computer is probably working andthat the problem is probably with the terminal parity, bitformat, or data-transfer-rate setting.

I spent a considerable amount of time checking forproblems and couldn't find anything wrong until I usedmy ohmmeter and observed that the resistance betweenthe 300 and 4800 bps lines on the motherboard measuredabout 2 ohms. I immediately suspected a solder bridgebut was unable to find one I then called in a friend with avery accurate ohmmeter. He detected a dip in theresistance at the closest pin on the motherboard. Using aprojector lens, he found two extremely small copperbridges that were covered by the green coating on themotherboard and were virtually impossible to see withthe naked eye. After I removed the copper bridges with asmall knife, the system worked beautifully.

The moral of this story is that you should be careful tocheck adjacent bus lines on the motherboard both initial-ly and after assembly. Doing this will eliminate a lot offrustration and wasted time.

Conclusions

I'm pleased with the overall quality of the SwTPC69/K, and I recommend it to any experienced kit builder.One big headache-saver is to check out individual fin-ished boards on a working SS-50 or SS-50C system. Iused a friend's SS-50 computer to test the 8 K-byte pro-grammable memory board supplied with the kit.

If you don't have a means of testing individual boards,I strongly suggest the purchase of the 69/A assembledand tested system. When you consider the amount oftime spent assembling and testing the unit, the extra $100seems like a bargain.

SwTPC does have technical services available, but theentire computer must be repacked and sent to San An-tonio, Texas.Without the proper test equipment, it is dif-ficult, if not impossible, to track down specific problems.

If you purchase factory-assembled boards, SwTPCdoes offer a factory exchange program. Boards can be ex-changed for a fixed fee ($40 for the MP-09 processorboard). All factory-assembled products are included inthe plan for 6 months, and SwTPC will arrange a servicecontract after the 6-month period. If you're using yourcomputer for business, this service is ideal. ■

222 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 142 on inquiry card.

CALL FOR PAPERS

W EUROMICROSl

SEVENTH SYMPOSIUM ON MICROCOMPUTING

PARIS, SEPT. 7-10, 1981

THE SYMPOSIUM

EUROMICRO 1981 is the seventh annual symposiumorganized by EUROMICRO, the European Associa-tion for Microprocessing and Microprogramming.Previous annual conferences have been held in Nice,Venice, Amsterdam, Munich, Goteborg and London.The purpose of this conference is to bring togetherpractitioners and theoreticians from industry, govern-ment and academia who are interested in all prob-lems relating to the underlying concepts and the useof microprocessing and microprogramming.

SUBMISSION OF PAPERS

Authors are invited to submit original papers onrecent and novel work in the whole field ofmicroprocessing and microprogramming. Solicitedare all contributions concerning problems of hard-ware, firmware, software and applications that aretypical with respect to systems, development, socialimplications and education.

Authors should submit six complete copies of theirpapers to the program chairman not later than byMarch 15, 1981.

EUROMOUSE IN PARIS—CALL FOR MICE

EUROMOUSE™ is the European version of IEEE Micromouse contest where a microcomputerized "mouse" mustfind its way in a labyrinth.

FOR FULL DETAILS:

EUROMICRO, 18 rue Planchat, 75020, Paris, France Tel: 1/370-3275 Telex: 211801

Or Contact: Dr. Rodnay Zaks, SYBEX, 2344 Sixth Street, Berkeley, CA 94710 Tel: 415/848-8233 Telex: 336311

Circle 143 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1981 223

As your introduction to The Library Of

Computer and Information Sciences

Take this

$60.00 classicfor only $3.00

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

Edited by Anthony Ralston and Chester L. Meek. More lhan 1550 oulsizepages of information on every aspecl of computer science—from algebra toautomata theory, from basic terminology to string-processing languages. 470articles by 208 experts. Over 700 charts, tables, graphs and diagrams.

or 3 otherbooks for only $1 each

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SORS: From Chips to Sys-tems. Rodney Zaks. Detailedexamples, photographs, dia-grams and appendices.525.00

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Brown. Includes how to de-sign an internal language,error detection and diagnosisin the run-lime svstem. andmuch more. Counts us 2 ofyour .$ hooks. $26.95

224 BYTE January 1981

79155. SOFTWARE INTER-PRETERS FOR MICRO-COMPUTERS. Thomas C.Mchuire. How to design areliable software interpreterfor anv microcomputer sys-tem. ' $23i95

56395. AN INTRODUCTIONTO PROGRAMMING ANDPROBLEM SOLVINGWITH PASCAL. G. MichaelSchneider el al. Presents thefundamentals of PASCAL, anew computer language.

$15.50

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$17.95

38319-2. CLASSICS INSOFTWARE ENGINEER-ING. Edited by Edward NashYourdon. A compendium ofreference articles. 424 pages.Softcover. Counts as 2 of youri hooks. $28.00

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If the reply card has been removed, please write to

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to obtain membership information and an application.

BYTE January 1981 225

The Picture-Perfect Apple

Phil Roybal

1111 Pippin Creek Ct

San Jose CA 95120

A picture is worth a thousandwords. And it was the capability ofrepresenting information in picturesthat initially attracted me to theApple II computer.

But images on a screen can be toopersonal an experience. Often no one

else sees them. It would be great ifthere were a way to transcribe theseimages so that others could also ap-preciate them. There is a way to do it,and this article tells how.

The program discussed here waswritten in Apple (6502) assemblylanguage for the Qume Sprint Micro3, a daisy-wheel printer with a 16-bitparallel interface. The approach isquite general in nature; therefore,you will find it easy to adapt it to

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other hardware.

The high-resolution screen of theApple II is actually a window into thememory between decimal addresses8192 and 16,383. Anything you seethere can be printed on paper. Thismeans that if you have a graphicsprinter, you needn't go to a lot oftrouble writing plotting routines forit. Those already available in theApple languages and utility programswill suffice quite handily.

This capability can be put to gooduse the next time you need to producea high-quality chart for a presenta-tion, or an attention-getting cover fora report. You can do the job on thesame letter-quality printer you usedto produce the report itself.

Even if you don't have one of theseelegant but expensive printers, thisroutine is still useful. Very littledepends upon either the printer or theinterface. In fact, the bulk of theroutine is concerned with decodingthe high-resolution screen addresses.Therefore, you can quickly tailor theprinter routine to your hardware.

The High-Resolution GraphicsScreen

The Apple graphics screen is atricky beast. If you calculate howmuch memory it should consume, itcomes out:

280 dots X 192 lines = 53,760 pixels

Then consider that there are eightcolors that can be displayed. Thismeans you throw in 3 bits per pixel towind up with:

53,760 X 3 = 20,160 bytesof memory

Despite this, the screen takes up only8192 bytes. How is this done?

The screen doesn't show everycolor in every location. Only black-and-white images take advantage ofthe full resolution of the screen.Colors show up in alternate columns(green alternates with violet, orangewith blue, etc). Apple's video cir-cuitry and the television set'sresponse characteristics combine tomake the rows of colored dots appearto fuse together. Thus, you can drawa "solid" horizontal line across thescreen, regardless of the color youplot it in.

226 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

While this bit of trickery does savememory, it makes analyzing screenimages rather complex since you haveto figure out what the color is at anygiven location. Fortunately, sincemost printers produce only black andwhite, the color issue is academic. If adot is there, the printer prints it. Theend result is that colors appear as lessdense clusters of dots than solidwhite, providing a shading effect toimages produced on the printer.

What causes the most difficulty isthat the designer of the Apple savedhimself a logic gate or two throughthe use of rather unorthodox screenaddressing. As a result, adjacentscreen rows do not occupy con-secutive memory locations. It is thedecoding of this high-resolutionscreen addressing which accounts fora good deal of the complexity of thisprogram. The software has to use aseries of counters to keep track ofwhere it is on the screen. (Figure 2shows how it works.)

The high-resolution

screen of the Apple II Is

actually a window into

the memory.

High-resolution screen addressingis easy to understand if it is con-sidered as a series of hexadecimalrather than decimal numbers.

As shown in figure 1, the screen isdivided into three major sets ofhorizontal lines which I call triads.Each triad is divided into eight groupsof horizontal lines called octets. Andfinally, each octet consists of eighthorizontal lines called fillers. A lineconsists of 280 dots, which are de-rived from 40 bytes of memory by us-ing the lower 7 bits of each byte. Thisis how it works.

The triads begin with lines whosefirst bytes (leftmost characters) havehexadecimal addresses:

200020282050

If you poke Is into these addresses

while the high-resolution screen isblack, dots will appear along the leftmargin, evenly dividing the screenvertically into thirds.

Within a triad are octets. Theoctets begin with lines whose firstbytes are incremented by hexa-decimal 80 from the starting addressof the triad. For example, the firsttriad, which starts at hexadecimal2000, has octets beginning with lineswhose first bytes have hexadecimal

addresses:

20002080210021802200228023002380

Each ocfef has eight lines within it.

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January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 227

Circle 144 on inquiry card.

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These lines start with bytes whose ad-dresses go up in increments of hexa-decimal 400 from the octet startingaddress. Thus, the first octet of thefirst triad has eight lines in it that startwith the hexadecimal addresses:

2000240028002C003000340038003C00

This is a bit complex. It helps if youwork out a table and verify it by pok-

/* 2000

ing information into the high-resolu-tion screen area. Adapting the pro-gram to handle a different printer isrelatively trivial compared to under-standing the address scheme. Thus,this algorithm is a good base to buildon, no matter what hardware youuse.

A Tour of the Driver

The driver routine (see figure 2)knows that the screen is contained inthe memory area between hexa-decimal 2000 and 3FFF. Therefore, itmoves the print head to the leftmargin and then starts with hexa-decimal address 2000, in the first

FirstTriad

2000

FirstOctet

2080

Line

Beginning

Locations

^ 2028

r

SecondOctet

ThirdThruEighthOctets

2028

2000240028002C003000340038003C002080248028802C803080348038803C802100

2028

SecondTriad

FirstOctet

SecondThruSeventhOctets

EighthOctet

^-2050

r

2050

ThirdTriad

V.

FirstOctet

SecondThruSeventhOctets

EighthOctet

Figure 1: Apple II high-resolution screen-memory addressing. All addresses shown arein hexadecimal radix. The screen is divided into three major sets of horizontal linescalled triads. Each triad is divided into eight groups of horizontal lines called octets.Each octet is divided into eight horizontal lines called fillers. Each line uses 40 bytes ofprogrammable memory and consists of 280 dots.

228 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE January 1981 229

Circle 146 on inquiry card.

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800-538-5000

408-247-4852

230 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

triad, first octet, and first filler line, has found a dot.

Beginning at one end of the first line, In the first case, the complete line is

it looks at the lower 7 bits of each blank (all zeroes), so the driver issues

byte until it has scanned (decimal) 40 a line feed. It then picks the next line

bytes without finding a dot, or until it (in this case, the second filler line in

f ENTRY J

INITIALIZE PRINT HEAD POSITION

TR=OC=FL=BYT=MSK=0

ADDR =

$2000+($28*TR)+ ($80*0C) + ($400*FL)+ BYT

DATA=SCREEN(ADDR)

DATA = DATA AND MASK (MSK)

YES

DELTA = ABS(HEAD POS'N- DOT POS N)

CONSTRUCT HEAD MOTION STRING

MOVE HEAD 1/60" PER DOT

UPDATE HEAD POS'N COUNTER

RAISE RIBBON AND PRINT DOT

BYT = 0

LINE FEED 1/48"

FL = FL+1

0C=0C+1

MSK=MSK+1

MSK = 0

RESET PRINT HEADTO LEFT EDGE

f RETURN )

Figure 2: Flowchart for a program to drive the Qume Sprint Micro 3 plotter to printApple II screen graphics. The shaded boxes indicate hardware-dependent code,although the code is very similar for all 16-bit parallel printers. Abbreviations are asfollows: TR = triad counter; OC = octet counter; FL=filler counter; BYT=filler-line-byte counter; and MSK=seven-dot byte mask.

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BYTE January 1981 231

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the first octet) and again scans it fromend to end. This pattern continues (ifthe whole screen is blank) through theeight filler lines of each octet, theeight octets of each triad, and allthree triads, until the end of thescreen is reached. Then the driverjumps back to the routine that calledit.

When a nonzero bit (a dot on thescreen) is found, the driver calculatesthe distance from the present printhead location (normally over the lastdot printed) to the new dot position.It then moves the print head intoplace in a single step (instead of ratch-eting along over every dot position).When the print head is in place, thedot is printed.

In the driver written here, if at leastone dot has been printed on a line, thenext line will be scanned and printedfrom the opposite direction. This pro-vides the fastest printing withminimum wear and noise underaverage conditions. While thisscheme is not 100% optimized, itdoes yield very acceptable perfor-mance. The determination of scan-and head-motion direction adds com-plexity to the algorithm without con-tributing to the basic capability, sothis feature is omitted from the flow-chart in the interests of clarity.

The bulk of this program isdedicated to screen-address decoding.The only section tightly woven aboutthe hardware is the output routines.These come last in the source code tofacilitate changing them withoutreassembling the entire driver. Theyassume that you are using a Qumeprinter receiving 16-bit parallel codein the format shown in figure 3. Ifyou are using another printer and in-terface, just write code to send thecorrect control characters to yourprinter hardware.

Using the Plotter

The driver was written for a printerthat provides horizontal resolution of120 steps per inch and vertical resolu-tion of 48 steps per inch. Twohorizontal increments are used foreach screen dot, and one vertical in-crement is used for each line. As aresult, the printer will reproduce thehigh-resolution graphics screen in aspace about 11.3 by 9.8 cm (4.7 by 4inches). This area will be centered ona 20.8 cm- (8V2-inch) wide page, andwill start printing at wherever thepaper is located at the time the driveris called.

Once you have loaded the driverand produced an image in high-

232 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 148 on inquiry card.

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Circle 149 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1981 233

Circle 150 on inquiry card.

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resolution page 1, just turn on yourprinter and enter the routine with aCALL from BASIC or a G commandfrom the monitor.

7 6

LOW BYTE

OUTPUT4 3

—i—I I I f

ASCII CODES USE BITS 1-7 IMOTION CODES USE ALL 8 BITS-

HIGH BYTE

1 1 1

MOTION DISTANCEMOST SIGNIFICANTDATA BITS (0-4)1 1 1

STROBES:-PRINT CHARACTERMOVE PRINT CARRIAGEFi D PAPER

INPUT

7HIGH

63YTE

5

4

3

2

1

0

STATUS FLAGS:

PRINTER READY

PLATEN READY

CARRIAGE (POSITION) READY-PRINT HEAD READY

Getting a Copy of the Driver

A driver code is rather long forpublication. In any case, typing it inis a masochistic form of entertain-ment. To alleviate these problems, Ihave made this code available on5-inch floppy disk. The disk includes:

• object code assembled at hexa-decimal location 9000 (for 48 K-bytesystems), and hexadecimal location5000 (for 32 K-byte systems)

• source code in a text file

Also included is a version of this codeadapted for use with Sprint 5 printersinterfaced through Apple's Serial In-terface Card.

To obtain your copy of this floppydisk, send a check for $14.95 (Califor-nia residents add 6% sales tax) plus$1.00 shipping and handling to Con-tech, 1111 Pippin Creek Ct, San JoseCA 95120. Ask for the "Picture-Perfect Apple" software.■

Figure 3: The form in which the driverdescribed in the text communicates withthe Qume Sprint Micro 3 plotter. A strobeconsists of a "1" bit in the appropriateposition, with all other bits "0." If allstrobes are raised simultaneously, theprinter is reset and the print carriagemoves to the left margin.

Figures 4a, 4b, and 4c: Three examples of Apple II high-resolution graphics transcribedby the Qume Sprint Micro 3 plotter, using the driver described in this article.

234 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Poking Data Into the High-Resolution Screen Area

Direct interaction with theApple II high-resolution screenmemory is an excellent way totest addressing schemes and ex-plore the structure of Applegraphics images. To experimenton your own, get into themonitor mode (type CALL— 155) and display the high-resolution screen by typing:

C050 C054 C057

resolution screen. To clear it ofgarbage, fill it with Os by typing:

2000:0 2001 <2000.3FFEM

followed by a return. Once youhave a clean screen, type a hexa-decimal address followed by acolon and FF. For example:

2000-.FF

followed by a return. This will setthe byte to all Is and will produceand hit the Return key. You are a 7-dot-wide line segment at thelooking at page 1 of the high- appropriate place on the screen.

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January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 235

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FASTLOAD connects to the 40 pin I/O orto the Expansion box.The control programdoes not use computer memory becauseit is in a built-in PROM. Other valuablefeatures are keyboard debounce program,automatic key repeat routine and key-beep via cassette speaker. Price is $188.00for FASTLOAD and $95.00 for the modi-fied CTR-41 recorder.

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236 BYTE January 1981

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"TRS-80 is a registered trademark of Tandy, Radio Shack.

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BYTE January W*l 237

Micrograph

Part 3: Software and Operation

E Grady Booch

4314 Driftwood Dr

Colorado Springs CO 80907

Some background on interactivecomputer-graphics systems was pre-sented in Part 1. In Part 2, a descrip-tion was given of the hardware for alow-cost color-graphics display pro-cessor, called Micrograph, which in-terfaces to a microcomputer as an in-telligent peripheral device. In this, thethird and final part, you will becomefamiliar with the software for Micro-graph, which implements the display-processor instruction set introducedin Part 1, and be given instructionsfor operating the system.

Software Perspective

Two packages of software are re-quired to support Micrograph, as wehave observed in the generalizedgraphics system in Part 1. The firstpackage is the applications software,which executes in the host computer.This software creates and manipu-lates abstractions of images. Theelements of these images are de-scribed to the display processorthrough the instructions in a displaylist. Within the display processoritself, there must reside a second soft-ware package that converts these in-structions into a visible image.

In Part 1, we described one such in-struction set for controlling a colorraster-scan display processor, and itis summarized in table 1, here, in Part3. Since emphasis has been on thedisplay processor, and since the ap-plications software is system specific,the remainder of this article will con-centrate upon the other package: thesoftware internal to the display pro-cessor. However, the protocol soft-ware in the host computer that isneeded to carry out communicationwith Micrograph will be described.

Mnemonic

Name

CALL

Call subroutine

LCRAM

Load color memory

LPIX

Load pixel

LREG

Load register

LSUB

Load subroutine

LSYM

Load symbol

MOV

Move

RCRAM

Read color memory

RET

Return

RPIX

Read pixel

RREG

Read registerRead subroutine

RSUB

RSYM

Read symbol

SYM

Display symbol

VEC

Draw a vector

WAIT

Wait

Diagnostics are available under XERR.

Table 1:

Sum

mary of graphics

primitives.

These

instructions control

the graphics-dii

play processor in

Micrograph

Software Description

The source software forMicrograph consists of approxi-mately 2400 lines of Z80 assembly-language code plus internal com-ments. (See listing 2 in Part 1, BYTE,November 1980, page 280; listing 1 inPart 2, BYTE, December 1980, page327; and listing 1, in this issue, page240.) This code assembles to approx-imately 2.6 K bytes of object codeand resides in the three systemEPROMs (erasable programmableread-only memories) in the addressspace decimal 0 to 3071.

The Micrograph software waswritten on a Zilog DevelopmentSystem and conforms to the ZilogZ80 assembly-language standards.Structured programming and step-

wise refinement were used to developthe software. By virtue of thesetechniques, once I had cleared out thetypos in the source, I required onlyfour assemblies to complete the finalworking package.

Software Structure

Figure 1 (on page 264) indicatesthat, as a result of stepwise refine-ment, the Micrograph software ishighly structured. The software con-sists of one main routine, three driv-ing modules, seventeen routines thatimplement the instruction set, twelveshared utility routines, and five inter-rupt-service routines. These routinesappear grouped together by theirclass, then alphabetically in the soft-ware source listing.

The routine MAIN drives the entireMicrograph software and handles acall to the power-up INIT (initializa-tion). MAIN then enters an infiniteloop of instruction fetches (viaFETCH) and executes (via EXEC). Inthis sequence, Micrograph requestsan instruction from the host com-puter and executes it. PRIMAT isthen called by EXEC to calculatewhich instruction has been com-manded and, in turn, calls the ap-propriate routine that processes thevarious options of the instruction.

These sixteen routines (CALLSthrough WAIT) correspond directlyto the instruction set in table 1. Sincethe routines execute similar code,they may call any of several utilityroutines. These routines include nullsubroutine calls (GUSER and USER),routines for communicating with thehost computer (GETBLK, SENDBK,and SENDBY), and some primitive

Text continued on page 260

238 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 1: The final third of the firmware for Micrograph control, written for the Z80microprocessor used in the prototype. The first and second portions of the firmware ap-peared with Part 1 and Part 2 of this series.

Q7EA

El

1861

POP

HL

(RESTORE H AND 1.

D7EB

FDE1

1662

POP

IK

SRESTORE )Y

07ED

Fl

18 63

POP

AF

;RESTORE STACK

0VEL

C9

166 41865 .

P.E1

1666

CLIP

-: v. ¥. $ a;

**:******:*««

¥. S * 3 *

» « k « * * « s * * * « « * ft *■ k * * x a? * * «

1867

1668

C.L If

DETERMIN

SHOULD BE CLIPPED OR NOT

1869

CLIP

"IRST

DETERMINES

THE F

OINT REFERENCED, THEN

1870

COMPARES IT WITH THE CASE.

SUCCESS IS SET IN THE

1871

POINT

IS NOT CLIPPED.

1672

1873

CALLS

NONE

1874

1875

CALLED

1876

PUT

ie?7

RPIX

1878

LP IX

1679

1680

REG IJ

TERS

H

(TEMPORARY)

1881

B

(CASI

:>

1 882

C

(SUCCESS)

1883

D

(TEMPORARY)

1684

E

(TEMPORARY)

1885

H

(TEMPORARY)

1686

L

(TEMPORARY)

1887

IX

(INDt

:x>

1888

1Y

(INDEX)

1889

1690

1/0

NONE

1891

1892

STRUCTU

GDRO

(X)

1893

GDR1

(Y)

1894

GDR6-13

(VIEWPORTS)

1895

REF

(REFERENCE)

1896

07EF"

0L01

1697

;lips

LD

C, 1

(ASSUME SUCCESS

0 7F1.

DDCB434E

1898

BIT

1,(IX+REF)

(POINT TO REFERENCE

D7F5

00

1899

RET

N7

(RETURN IF SET

07F6

F5

1900

PUSH

AF

(SAVE A AND F

D7F7

FDE5

1901

PUSH

1Y

(SAVE IY

07F9

E5

1902

PUSH

HI-

(SAVE H AND L

07FA

[)5

1903

PUSH

DE

(SAVE D AND E

07FB

0E00

1904

LD

CO

(CLEAR SUCCESS

07FD

FD218610

1905

LD

IY,STRUCT+GDR6

(LOAD REFERENCE START

0801

DDCB4346

1906

BIT

0,(IX+REF)

(TEST REFERENCE

0605

2804

1907

JR

Z.CLIPO

(JUMP IF NOT SET

0807

FD218A10

1908

LD

IY.STRUCT+GDR10

(LOAD REFERENCE START

obob

FD6E00

1909

;lipo:

LD

L,(IY+0)

(LOAD LEFT X

OBOE

2600

1910

LD

H,0

(CLEAR H

0610

Cf.D9

1911

SET

3,C

(SET BIT 3

0812

DD5E0 0

1912

LD

E, (IX+GDRO

(GET X

0615

1600

1913

LD

0,0

(CLEAR D

0817

AF

1914

XOR

A

(CLEAR CARRY

0818

ED52

1915

SBC

HL.DE

(SUBTRACT

081A

FA2108

1916

JP

I'I,CLIP1

(JUMP IF MINUS

081D

2802

1917

JR

Z, CI I PI

(JUMP IF ZERO

081F

CB99

1.918

RES

3,C

(SET BIT 3

0621

FD6E02

1919

:lipi :

LD

L, ( IY-12)

(LOAD RIGHT X

0824

2600

1920

LD

H,0

(CLEAR H

OS 24

CBD1

1921

SET

2 7 c;

(SET BIT 2

08 28

DD5E00

1922

LD

E, (IX + GDRO

(GET X

082B

1600

1923

LD

D , 0

(CLEAR D

082D

AF

1924

XOR

A

(CLEAR CARRY

062E

E052

1925

BBC

HL.DE

(SUBTRACT

U830

FA3508

1926

JP

M.CLIP2

(JUMP IF MINUS

0633

CE91

1927

RES

2,C

(RESET BIT 2

0835

FD6E01

1928

:LIP2:

LD

l , (t y n)

(LOAD LEFT Y

0636

2600

1929

LD

H,u

(CLEAR H

083A

CBC9

1930

SET

1,C

(SET BIT 1

063C

DD5E01

1 931

LD

E,(IXlGDR1

(GUI Y

083F

1600

1932

LD

D, 1]

(CLEAR D

0841

AF

1933

XOR

A

(CLEAR CARRY

0842

ED52

1934

SBC

HL.DE

(SUBTRACT

0844

FA4B08

1935

JP

M.CLIP3

(JUMP IF MINUS

0 8 4 7

280 2

.1936

JR

Z, EL IP 3

(JUMP IF ZERO

0849

CB89

1937

RES

1 ,C

(SET BIT 1

08 48

FDAE0 3

1938

:lip3i

LD

L.(IY+3)

(LOAD RIGHT Y

084E

2600

1939

LD

H,0

(CLEAR H

0850

CBC1

1940

SET

0,C

(SET BIT 0

0652

DD5E01

1941

LD

E.(IX+GDR1)

(GET Y

0855

1600

1942

LD

DrO

(CLEAR D

0857

AF

1943

XOR

A

(CLEAR CARRY

0858

ED52

1944

SBC

HL.DE

(SUBTRACT

065A

FA5F08

1945

JP

M.CLIP4

(JUMP IF MINUS

08SD

CB81

1946

RFS

Q.C

(CLEAR BIT 0

085F

79

1947

:LIP4:

LD

ft,C

(GET C

0840

0E00

1948

LD

CO

(CLEAR SUCCESS

0862

CB46

1949

BIT

1 ,B

(TEST CASE

0864

2014

1950

JR

NZ.CLIP6

(JUMP IF SET

0666

CB40

1951

B I T

0,B

(TEST CASE

0868

2006

1952

JR

NZ,CLIPS

(JUMP IF NOT SET

Listing 1 continued on page 242

240 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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1225

Diablo 630 RO

2295

Diablo 1640 RO

3085

Diablo 1640 KSR

3285

Diablo 1650 RO

3185

Diablo 1650 KSR

3385

Tl 743 (portable)

11901585

Tl 745 (portable/built-in coupler)

Tl 763 (portable/bubble memory)

2690

Tl 765 (port/bubble mem/b-i coupler)

2895

600 BAUD TELEPRINTERS

Tl 825 RO impact

1565

Tl 825 KSR impact

1645

Tl 825 RO Pkg.

1750

Tl 825 KSR Pkg

1R95

1200 BAUD TELEPRINTERS

LA120-AA DECwriter III (forms pkg.l

. 2410

LA180 DECprinter I

. 2195

Tl 783 (portable)

17452395

Tl 787 (port/internal modem)

. 2845

Tl 810 RO impact

1800

Tl 810 RO Pkg

. 2047

Tl 820 KSR impact

. 1895

Tl 820 KSR Pkg

1995

Tl 820 RO

1895. 2047

Tl 820 RO Pkg

2400 BAUD

Dataproducts M200 (2400 baud) . ..

.2595

DATAPRODUCTS LINE PRINTERS

B300 (300LPM band)

. 5535

B600 (600LPM band)

6861

2230 (300LPM drum)

7723

2260 (600LPM drum)

961412655

2290 (900LPM drum)

ACOUSTIC COUPLERS

A/J A242-A (300 baud orig.)

242315

A/J 247 (300 baud orig.)

A/J AD342 (300 baud orig./ans.l

395

A/J 1234 (Vadic compatible)

895695

A/J 1245 1300/1200 Bell comp.)

MODEMS

GDC 103A3 (300 baud Bell)

395

565

.. 850

GDC 202S/T (1200 baud Bell)

GDC 212-A (300/1200 baud Bell)

A/J 1256 (Vadic compatible)

825MS

CASSETTE STORAGE SYSTE

...1050

Techtran817 Istore/for/speed up)

1295

Techtran 818 (editing)

. 1795

2295

MFE 5000 (editing)

. 1495

FLOPPY DISK SYSTEMS

Techtran 950 (store/forward)

. 1395

Techtran 951 (editing)

1995

"Please call for quote.

Applications Specialists & Distributors

Great Neck, New York/Cleveland

Ohio.

N.Y.: 516/482 3500 & 212/895-7177

k 800/645-8018 Ohio: 216/464 6688

Listing

1 continued:

086A

FEDA

1953

CP

10

JTEST IF 10

086C

2820

1954

JR

Z,CLIPS

;JUMP IF EQUAL

086E

1822

1955

JR

CLIP9

JJUMP AROUND

0870

FE08

1956 CLIPS: CP

8

JTEST IF 8

0872

2B1A

1957

JR

Z.CLIPS

;JUMP IF SO

0874

FE0B

1958

CP

11

;TEST IF 11

0B76

2816

1959

JR

Z,CLIPS

;JUMP IF SO

0878

1818

1960

JR

CLIP9

;JUMP AROUND

087A

CB40

1961 CLIP6: BIT

0,B

JTEST BIT 0

087C

200A

1962

JR

NZ,CLIP7

;JUMP IF SET

oe7E

FE02

1963

CP

r>

JTEST IF 2

0880

280C

1964

JR

Z,CLIPS

JJUMP IF SO

0882

FE0E

1965

CP

14

JTEST IF 14

0884

2808

1966

JR

Z,CLIPS

JJUMP IF SO

0886

180A

1967

JR

CLIP9

JJUMP AROUND

0888

FE05

1968 CLIP7: CP

5

JTEST IF 5

088A

2002

1969

JR

NZ.CLIP8

JJUMP IF NOT SO

088C

1804

1970

JR

CLIP9

J JUMP AROUND

08SE

0E01

1971 CLIPS: LD

C, 1

JSET SUCCESS

0890

1802

1972

JR

CLIP10

JJUMP AROUND

0692

0E00

1973 CLIP9: LD

CO

JCLEAR SUCCESS

0894

Dl

1974 CLIP10: POP

DE

JRESTORE D AND E

0895

El

1975

POP

HL

JRESTORE H AND L

0896

FDE1

1976

POP

IY

JRESTORE IY

0898

Fl

1977

POP

AF

JRESTORE AF

0899

C9

19781979

RET

J RETURN

1980

GETBLK ***

**********

*********

***********************

1981

1982

GETBLK READS B BYTES

OF DATA

AND PLACES THE DATA

1983

STARTING AT HL.

1984

1985

CALLS

FETCH

1986

1987

CALLED BY

LCRAM

1988

LSUB

1989

LSYM

1990

1991

REGISTERS

A

(DATA)

1992

B

(COUNT)

1993

H

(POINTER)

1994

L

(POINTER)

1995

1996

I/O

NONE

1997

1998

STRUCTURES

NONE

1999

089ft

CDED01

2000

3ETBLK: CALL

FETCH

JCALL FETCH

089D

77

2001

LD

<HL),A

J SAVE THE DATA

089E

23

2002

TNC

HL

J INCREMENT THE POINTER

039F

05

2003

DEC

B

JDECREMENT THE COUNT

0SA0

20FB

2004

JR

NZ,GETBLK

JJUMP IF NOT DONE

08A2

C9

200S2006

RET

J RE TURN

2007

GUSER ****

**********

*********

**•::********************

20U8

2009

GUBER IS THE DEFAULT

GRAPHICS

SUBROUTINE WHICH IS

2010

THE DUMMY

CALL FORM

THE PRIMITIVE CALL. GUSER SlflPL

201 1

RETURNS.

2012

2013

CALLS

NONE

2014

2015

CALLED BY

CALLS

2016

2017

REGISTERS

NONE

2018

2019

I/O

NONE

2020

2021

STRUCTURES

NONE

2022

08A3

80

20232024

iUSER: DEFB

128

JRETURN FROM GRAPHICS

2025

PEEK *****

**********

*********

*********************** T

2026

2027

PEEK READS

DATA FROM

A PIXEL.

PEEK FIRST SETS A READ

2028

FLAG, CALLS PIXEL, THEN RETURNS. PEEK EXPECTS THE

2029

PIXEL TO BE AT XY. THE COLOR

IS RETURNED IN ft.

2030

2031

CALLS

PIXEL

2032

2033

CALLED BY

RPIX

2034

2035

REGISTERS

A

(COLOR

RETURN)

2036

C

(READ FLAG)

2037

2038

I/O

NONE

2039

2040

STRUCTURES

NONE

2041

08A4

0E01

2042 1

•EEK: LD

C, 1

JSET REftO FLAG

08A6

CDAA08

2043

CALL

PIXEL

JGET THE DATA

08A9

C9

20442045

RET

J RETURN

2046

PIXEL ****

**********

*********

***********************

2047

2048

PIXEL MAPS

THE USER

I00RDINATE DATA TO THE PHYSICAL

2049

SYSTEM. THIS IS PERHAPS THE MOST COMPLEX ROUTINE IN

205D

THE FIRMWARE, AND IS

THE ONLY

ROUTINE THAT MUST

Listing 1 continued on page 244

242 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

DEALERS: By now you know that it takes

SOFTWARE

TO SELL

COMPUTERS

and International Micro Systems can provide you with the largest selection of quality businessapplications ever developed for the microcomputer industry.

If you are just looking for a G.L., A/P, and Payroll, you can find them in a dozen ads in thismagazine. But thers's a much bigger market for micros out there than that. Where can you find afully interfaced Wholesale/Retail Distribution System? How about Manufacturing InventoryControl including Production Scheduling & Control. See that one anywhere else? Maybe yourmarket is Medical/Dental and IMS has the full systems there too. You can't sell computerswithout software and IMS has the finest selection of software available foryou. Each system hasbeen developed by the IMS professional staff and we support what we sell.

But thats not all. International Micro Systems has the strongest dealer marketing plan in theindustry. With our

$245 Dealer Demo System.

we put all the software shown below in your office or store ready to demo to your prospects andwe include the promotional material and our unique video sales presentation to help you movesystems. Give us a call or drop us a card and let us show you what selling business systemsshould be all about.

Financial Systems

GL. A/P, A/R

Payroll

Cash Receipts/Disb.

Job Costing

Mailing List Mgmt.Medical/Dental

Office.Scheduler

Patient Billing 4 AVR

Insurance FormsGovernmental/Educational

Student Record Keeping

and Scheduling

Fund Accounting

Wholesale Distribution System

Purchasing & Receiving

Inventory Control

Invoicing & Receivables

Salesman Comm. Reporting

Backorder ManagementManufacturing Inventory Control

Finished Goods Inventory Mgmt.

Parts Inventory Mgmt.

Parts Purchasing & Receiving

Bill of Material

Production Scheduling

INTERNATIONALIICRO

S

YSTEMS

For details on our demo special, contact us at:8425 Quivira Road, Lenexa, Kansas 66215Phone: (913) 888-8330

Circle 156 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1981 243

Circle 157 on inquiry card .

SUPERBRAIN

32K or 64K (Double or Quad Density unitsavailable). Uses two Z-80 CPU's. Commercial-type terminal with 12" monitor. Dual doubledensity minifloppies. Over 350 kilobytes ofstorage (twice that with quad density drives).Two serial RS232 ports, I/O ports standard.Expandable with optional S-100 S-100 inter-face. Comes with CP/M™ 2.2 operating sys-tem. MiniMicroMart includes BASIC inter-preter and can supply a wide range of CP/MDevelopment and Application software.

w/32K Double Density, List $2995 . $2685

w/64K Double Density, List $3345 $2883

w/64K Quad Density, List $3995 $3595

64K Special Quad Version $3395

INTERSYSTEMS

formerly ITHACA AUDIO

DPS-1, List $1795

Call for Price!

The new Series II CPU Board features a 4 MHzZ-80A CPU and a full-feature front panel. 20-slot actively terminated motherboard, with 25amp power supply (50/60 Hz operation, incl.68cfmfan).

COMPLETE SYSTEM with InterSystem 64KRAM, I/O Board w/priority interrupt anddouble density disk controller board. Full 1-yearwarranty, List $3595

HEWLETT-PACKARD

HP-85A

F.O.B. shipping point. All prices subject to change and alloffers subject to withdrawal without notice. Advertised pricesare for prepaid orders. Credit card and C.O.D. 2% higher.C.O.D. may require deposit.

- WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG -

MiniMicroMart

1618 James StreetSyracuse, IMY 13203 (315) 422-4467

Listing 1 continued:

OBAA08ACOBAD08AE

OSAF03B2

Dee. 4uae.i

08BS

081} A0BBD08BF08C2

08 CS

oecs

DSC 9

oacft

C8CC0BCE

08D108D3

0SD508D708D9D8DB

08DD06DF'08E10BE4OSESD8EB08EA

obec;

08EE0BF008F208F308F408F508F708F9D8FB08FDQ8FF09010903090S09070909090B090C090D0V0F091009110912091109160918091A091.C

09 IE09 If09200921092209230921

FDE5

E5

05

F5

DD7E0E

E6E0

FE00

280 D

Ft CO

CA4209

F EE0

CAB709

C39000

DD7EQ1

2F

67

CB3C

CB3C

DD6E00

CB3C

CB1D

CB3C

CB1D

CB3C

CB1D

CB3C

CB1D

110020

19

DD7E00

E60C

CB3F

CB3F

CB41

2B1E

IF

Fl

7E

CB41

2301

CB27

CB27

CB4 9

2808

CB27

CB27

CB27

CBS 7

E6C0

Dl

El

FDE1

C9

4F

f 1

163F

E6C0

CB41

2E0A

CB3F

CB3F

FS

7 A

OF

01

57

F 1

CB49

2051

2052

2053

2054

2055

2056

2057

205B

2059

2060

2061

2062

2063

2064

2065

2066

2067

2068

2069

2070

2071

2072

2073

2074

2075

2076

2077

2073

2079

2080

2081

2082

2083

2084

2085

2086

21.187

2088

2089

2090

2091

2092

2093

2094

2095

2096

2097

2098

23?'/

2100

2101

2102

2103

2104

2105

2106

2107

2108

2109

21.10

2111

2112

2113

2114

2115

2116

211 7

2118

2119

2120

21.21

2122

2123

2124

2125

2126

2127

2128 PIXEL

2129

2130

2131

2132

2133 PIXEL

2134

2135

2136

2137

2138

2139

2140

21 4 1

214 2

2143

2144

2145

2146

21.47 PIXEL

BE MODIFIED IF SYSTEM II IS USED. PIXEL FIRSTDETERMINES WHAT DISPLAY DENSITY IF USED. AND IF THEOPERATION IS READ OR WRITE. THE PHYSICAL ADDRESSOF THE PIXEL IS DETERMINED, THEN THE BIT ADDRESS ISMAPPED OUT. PIXEL DEALS WITH THE PIXEL AT XY, THEREAD FLAG IN REGISTER C, AND EXPECTS/RETURNS THECOLOR IN REGISTER A.

CALLS

CALLED BY

REGISTERS

I/OSTRUCTURES

IXELOs I.

PIXEL1 I

NONE

POKEPEEK

A

c

DE

HL

IXIY

NONE

GDROBDR1GDR14

(COLOR,FLAGS)

(FLAGS, TEMPORARY)

(TEMPORARY)

(TEMPORARY)

(POINTER)

(POINTER)

(INDEX)

(INDEX)

(X)(Y)(DISPLAY FORMAT)

PUSH

PUSH

PUSH

PUSH

LD

AND

CP

JR

CP

JP

Cf

JP

JP

DEPILD

SRI.SRLLDSRLRRSRLRRSRLRRSRLRRLDADDLDANDSRLSRL.BITJRLDPOPLDBITJRSLASLABITJRSLASLABLASLAANDPOP-POPPOPRETLDPOPLDANDBITJRSRLSRLPUSHLD

RRCARRCALDPOPBIT

REFRESH RAM

IYHLDEAFA. (IX+GDRM)

liioaonoi}

u

Z, PIXELJ)

11 000 00 Of.

Z,PIXEL*

11100000EJ

Z.PIXEI...C

XERR

A, < IXK3DR1 )

H,A

H

H

I ,(IX+ODRO)

H

L

H

L

H

L

H

L

DE.RBOTTOM

HLiDE

A, < IX + GDRO)

00001100B

A

A

O.C

2,PIXELS

C,A

AF

A, <HL>

0,0

Z.PIXEL1

ft

A

1 ,C

Z,PIXEL2

A

A

A

A

11000000B

DE

HL

IY

C,A

AF

D, 0011111IB

11000000B

0,0

7.PIXEL4

A

A

AF

A,D

D,A

AF

1,C

(SAVE IY

(SAVE HL

(SAVE DE

(SAVE AF

;glt display iormat(MASK all but type

(64 X 64 ?

(JUMP IF SO

;128 X 128 ?

(JUMP IF 80

125* X 192 ■■■

(JUMP ':-' 80

!ERROR OTHERWISE

(BET Y

:COMPLEMENT

(LOAD H

!SHIFT

;SHIFT

iLOAD X

;SHIFT

!SHI FT

(SHIFT

; SHIF1

;SHI FT

; SHIF'I

(SHIFT

(SHIFT

(LOAD BASE ADDRESS

(ADO OFFSET

(GET X

(MASK ALL BUT 2 BITE;

(SHIFT

(SHIFT

(CHECK READ FLAI3

[JUMP IF NOT SET

(LOAD C

(RESTORE A

(GET PIXEL

(CHECK LSB

(JUMP IF ZERO

(SHIFT A

(SHIFT A

(TEST NEXT BIT

(JUMP IF ZERO

(SHIFT

(SHIFT

(SHIFT

(SHIFT

(MASK ALL ELSE

(RESTORE DE

(RESTORE HL

(RESTORE IY

(RETURN

(SAVE DATA

(RESTORE COLOR

(LOAD A MASK

(MASK COLOR

(TEST READ FLAG

(JUMP IF NOT SET

(SHIFT

(SHIFT

(SAVE AF

(GET THE MASK

(ROTATE RIGHT

[ROTATE RIGHT

[RESTORE THE MASK

[RESTORE AF

(TEST LSB

Listing 1 continued on page 246

32K Board Pictured Above

Why Not the Best?

From The Dynamic RAM Company.

2MHz

4MHz

16K-$249

$259

32K-S375

$395

48K—$500

$530

64K—$625

$665

We have now been shippingour 2MHz dynamic RAM boardsfor over two years. Hundreds of4MHz boards have been goingout every month since early1979. Our reliability is proven inthe thousands of systems whichcontain our board. Many quality-minded systems houses acrossthe country and overseas areusing our boards for theirequipment.

Our prices still beat all.Despite rising 16K memory chipprices (at least from reputablesuppliers), Central Data continuesto give you the best buy inmemory today. Nobody offers aboard with a capacity of 64K,assembled, tested, and guaranteedfor a full year at the price we do.

Circle 158 on Inquiry card.

Deselect around PROMs. Our

boards have the important deselectfeature which lets you overlap anyfixed memory in your system withno interference.

Our features make the boardeasily used and expanded. Youaddress our boards on 16Kboundaries with mini-jumps (smallshorting plugs that slide over wire-wrap pins) near the top of theboard for easy access. If you wantto expand your board after youhave purchased it, all that youneed to do is add memory. Wecan supply you with expansionpackages ($150-2MHz,$160-4MHz) which include eightRAMs that you can depend on aswell as two mini-jumps foraddressing. And of course, ourboard never generates wait states.

Low power consumption keepsyour computer running cool andreliable. The total powerconsumption of our 16K board istypically less than 4 watts (+8V @300ma, +16V @ 150ma and

-16V @ 20ma). Boards withadditional memory typicallyincrease power consumption only1 watt per 16K!

Standard S-100 Interface. Ourboard is designed to interface withany standard S-100 CPU. All ofthe timing of the board isindependent of the processor chip,and the board is set up fordifferent processors by changingtwo plugs on the board.

Call or write us today. That willguarantee a fast response withmore information on the board. Ormake an order — you'll probablyhave the board in two weeks! Ifyou're interested, also ask for acatalog on our Z8000 16-bitprocessor board designed for theMULTIBUS. All of these productsare available to your local dealer,also.

Central Data Corporation, 713Edgebrook Drive, PO Box 2530,Station A, Champaign, IL 61820.(217) 359-8010

Central Data

BYTE January 1981

245

NO FRILLS!

NO GIMMICKS!

JUST GREAT

DISCOUNTS

MAIL ORDER ONLY

ATARI 800

Personal Computer

System $79900

NORTHSTAR

Horizon II32K 234900

Horizon II Quad 279900

Horizon II64K 299900

Horizon Quad 64K 339900

TELEVIDE0

912 74900

920 79900

HAZELTINE

1420 79500

1500 84900

1510 104900

1520 122900

0KIDATA

Microline80 69900

S0R0C Technology

iq 120 69900

iq 140 99900

CR0MEMC0

System 3 569500

Z2H 799500

INTERTEC

Superbrain32K 249500

Superbrain64K 279500

DECwriter IV

LA34 97900

TEXAS INSTRUMENT

810 Multi Copy

Impact Printer 149900

We'll meet or beat any advertised prices!

Most Hems in slock lor immediate delivery.Factory sealed canons Full manulacturer s guarantee

DATA DISCOUNT CENTER

Box 100 135-53 Northern Blvd., Flushing, NY. 11354

Visa • Masier Chaige • N Y S, residents add Sales TaxShipping F 0 B. NY.

Phone Orders Call 212-465-6609

Listing 1 continued:

0926

2010

2118

JR

Z,PIXELS

[JUMP IF ZERO

0928

CB3F

2119

SRL

A

(SHIFT

092A

CB3F

2150

SRL

ft

ISHIF1

092C

CB3F

2151

SRL

A

; SHIFT

092E

CB3F

2152

BRL

A

; SHI FT

0930

F5

21.53

PUSH

AF

(SAVE AF

0931

7 A

2151

LD

ft.D

(SET THE MASK

0932

OF

2155

RRCA

[ROTATE RIGHT

0933

OF

2156

P. RCA

[ROTATE RIGHT

0931

OF

2157

RRCA

;ROTATE RIGHT

0 935

OF

2158

RRCA

! ROT ATE RIGHT

0936

5 7

2159

LD

D,A

;GET THE MASK

093"/

Fl

2160

POP

AF

(RESTORE AF

0938

IF

2161 PIXELS: LD

C,A

[SAVE MASK

0 939

7E

2162

LD

A.(HL)

;get data

093A

A2

2163

AND

D

(MASK THE old

093B

Bl

2161

OR

C

;and data

093C

77

2165

LD

(HL),A

[SAVE PIXEL

093D

Dl

2166

POP

DE

(RESTORE DE

093E

El

2167

POP

HL

(RESTORE HL

093F

FDE1

2168

POP

1Y

(RESTORE IY

0941

C9

2169

RET

(RETURN

0912

DD7E01

2170 PIXEL6: LD

A, (IXhGDRI)

(LOAD Y

0915

2F

2171

CPL

[COMPLEMENT

0916

67

2172

LD

H,A

(LOAD Fl

0917

CB3C

2173

SRL

H

(SHIFT

0919

DD6E00

2171

LD

L. CIX+BDRO)

(LOAD X

091C

CB3C

2175

SRL

H

[SHIFT

091E

CB1D

2176

RR

L

(SHIFT

0950

CB3C

2177

SRL

H

(SHIFT

0952

CB1D

2178

RR

L

(SHIFT

0951

CB3C

2179

SRL

H

(SHIFT

0956

CB1D

2180

RR

L

(SHIFT

0958

110028

2181

LD

DE.RBOTTOM+2018

(LOAD BASE ADDRESS

0 95B

19

2182

ADD

HL.DE

(ADD OFFSET

095C

DD7E00

2183

LD

A, (IX+GDRO)

(GET X

095F

E606

2181

AND

00000110B

[MASK ALL BUT 2 BITS

0961

CB3F

2185

SRL

A

(SHIFT

0963

CB11

2186

BIT

o.c

(TEST LSB

0965

281E

2187

JR

Z.PIXEL9

(JUMP IF NOT SET

0967

IF

2ise

LD

C,A

(SAVE A

0968

Fl

2189

POP

AF

(RESTORE A

0969

7E

2190

LD

A, (HL)

(GET PIXEL DATA

096A

CB11

2191

BIT

OrC

(TEST NEXT BIT

096C

2801

2192

JR

Z.PIXEL7

(JUMP IF NOT SET

096E

CB27

2193

SLA

A

(SHIFT

0970

CB27

2191

SLA

A

[SHIFT

0972

CB19

2195 PIXEL7: BIT

IrC

(TEST NEXT BIT

0971

2808

2196

JR

Z.PIXEL8

(JUMP IF NOT SET

0976

CB27

2197

SLA

A

[SHIFT

0978

CB27

2198

SLA

A

[SHIFT

097A

CB27

2199

SLA

A

[SHIFT

097C

CB27

2200

SLA

A

(SHIFT

097E

E6C0

2201 PIXEL8: AND

11000000B

[AND ALL ELSE

0980

Dl

2202

POP

DE

[RESTORE DE

0981

El

2203

POP

HL

[RESTORE HL

0982

FDE1

2201

POP

1Y

[RESTORE IY

0981

C9

2205

RET

[RETURN

0985

1F

2206 PIXEL9: LD

C,A

[RESTORE A

0986

Fl

2207

POP

AF

[RESTORE STACK

0987

163F

2208

LD

D, 00111 HIE

(GET THE MASK

0989

E6C0

2209

AND

11000000B

(MASK ALL ELSE

09 BE

CB11

2210

BIT

O.C

[CHECK LSB

093D

2S0A

2211

JR

Z,PIXELA

[JUMP IF ZERO

098F

CB3F

2212

SRL

A

[SHIFT

0991

CB3F

2213

SRL

A

[SHIFT

0993

F5

2211

PUSH

AF

[SAVE AF

0991

7A

2215

LD

A,D

(GET THE MASK

0995

OF

2216

RRCA

[R0TA1E RIGHT

0996

OF

2217

RRCA

[ROTATE RIGHT

0997

57

221B

LD

D,A

[RESTORE THE MASK

0998

Fl

2219

POP

AF

[RESTORE THE MASK

0999

CB19

2220 PIXELA: BIT

1 ,C

[CHECK NEXT BIT

099B

2810

2221

JR

Z,PIXELS

[JUMP IF ZERO

099D

CB3F

2222

SRL.

A

[SHIFT

099F

CB3F

2223

SRL

A

[SHIFT

0 9 A 1

CB3F

2221

BRL

A

[SHIFT

09A3

CB3F

22^5

SRL

A

(SHIFT

09A5

F5

2226

PUSH

AF

(SAVE. AF

09A6

,'n

2227

LD

A,D

[GET THE MASK

09A7

OF

2228

RRCA

[ROTATE RIGHT

09A8

OF

2229

RRCA

[ROTATE RIGHT

09A9

OF

2230

RRCA

[ROTATE RIGHT

09AA

OF

2231

RRCA

[ROTATE RIGHT

09AE:

57

2232

LD

D, A

[RE1 THE MASK

09AC

Fl

2233

POP

AF

[RESTORE AF

09AD

1F

2231 PIXELS! LD

C, A

[SAVE A

09AE

7E

2235

LD

A,(HL)

(GET PIXEL DATA

D9AF

A 2

2236

AND

D

(MASK THE OLD

09B0

Bl

2237

OR

C

(OR WITH C

09B1

77

2238

LD

(HL),A

(SAVE PIXEL

09B2

Dl

2239

POP

DE

[RESTORE DE

09B3

El

2210

POP

HL

[RESTORE HL

09B1

FDE1

2211

POP

IY

[RESTORE IY

09B6

C9

2212

RET

[RETURN

09B7

DD7E01

2213 PIXFLC: LD

A, (IXi-GDRl )

[MOVE Y TO A

09BA

2F

2211

CPL

[COMPLEMENT

Listing 1 continued on page 248

246 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

<F,V

.Threaded Interpretive

Languages

R. G. Loeliger

Threaded languages (such as FORTH) are an exciting new class of languages. They are compactand fast, giving the speed of assembly language with the programming ease of BASIC, and com-bine features found in no other programming languages. An increasing number of people areusing them, but few know much about how they work. Is a threaded language interpreted orcompiled? How much memory overhead does it require? Just what is an "inner interpreter?"Threaded Interpretive Languages, by R. G. Loeliger, concentrates on the development of aninteractive, extensible language with specific routines for the ZILOG Z80 microprocessor. Withthe core interpreter, assembler, and data type defining words covered in the text, it is possible todesign and implement programs for almost any application imaginable. Since the language itselfis highly segmented into very short routines, it is easy to design equivalent routines for differentprocessors and produce an equivalent threaded interpretive language for other development sys-tems. If you are interested in learning how to write better FORTH programs or you want to designyour own powerful, but low-cost, threaded language specific to your needs, this book is for you.

linil

This and other BYTE/McGraw-Hillbooks are available from BYTEBooks or your local computer store.

Please send

. copies of Threaded Interpretive Languages

ISBN 0-07-038360-XPrice $18.95

B1

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Title

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Code

Call TOLL FREE: 800-258-5420or Mail To:

Bill

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I Check enclosed in the amount of $

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Add 75ff per book to cover postage and handling.Please remit in U.S. funds or draw on a U.S. Bank.

Circle 160 on inquiry card.

W*

Z8QOO

The System X800O MICRO-MINI"* based onthe 16-bit Zilog Z8000 processor is availablefor Immediate delivery.

FEATURES (partial list)

• Zilog Z8000 CPU

• Intel Multibus compatible

• Unique memory management systemallows up to 16 megabytes of memory

• Optional 9511 arithmetic processor

• 8-level vectored + non-maskable interrupts

• Two programable timers

• On-board monitor ROM option

• Full "Multimaster" capabilities allow multipleprocessors and/or DMA devices on thesame bus

• Flexible and/or hard disk controller

• Powerful disk-based operating system

• Memory boards: 16K, 32K, 48K, 64K, 96K,128K

• 15-slot backplane

• Heavy-duty switching power supply

• Industrial quality throughout

Prices start from $998. System discounts.Call for prices on complete custom systems.

SYSTEM X9020

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SYSTEM FEATURES (partial Hit)Paical MICROENGINE" X9000

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• Floppy disk controller (SS or DS)

• Floating point hardware (IEEE standard)

• System software with enhancements

• 2 serial, 2 parallel ports

• Pascal compiler.text editors, file manager,

CPU & memory diagnostics, symbolic Pascal debugger.linker, utilities and more.Floppy Disk Drives (2)

• 1M combined memory

• Double density, single sided

• Standard B" diskettes

• 6 ms track to track

$900*

With CPU

MODEL X-920

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ADM3A+ plus RG graphics (512x256)...$1995

NEC Spinwriter 5510 or 5530 w/trac 2895

Anadex DP-9500 printer (60dpi) 1595

X-912 CRT (less 18 function keys) 799

P-E 550 CRT ("Bantam") 740

Siemens standard 8" drive (ss/sd-dd) .... 399

312 684-3183

^^" COMPUTEX

J^L \ Microcomputer Sy»t ems \

^^\ \ 5710 Drexel, Chlcigo, IL 60637

Listing 1 continued:

09BB

67

2245

LD

H,A

SAVE IN H

0 9BC

DD6E00

2246

LD

L,(IX+GDRO)

GET X

09BF

CB3C

2247

SRL

H

SHIFT H

09C1

CB1D

2248

RR

L

SHIFT L

09C3

CB3C

2249

SRL

H

SHIFT H

D9C5

CB1D

2250

RR

L

SHIFT L

09C7

CB3C

2251

SRL

H

SHIFT H

09C9

CB1D

2252

RR

L

SHIFT L

09CB

110018

2253

LD

DE,RE0TT0M-2048

POINT TO BOTTOM

09CE

19

2254

ADD

HL. ,DE

ADD OFFSET

09CF

DD7E00

2255

LD

A,(IX+GDRO)

GET X

09D2

E607

2256

AND

00000111B

MASK A

0904

CB41

2257

BIT

0,C

TEST LSB

09D6

2824

2258

JR

2,PIXELS

TEST FOR READ

09D8

4F

2259

LD

C,A

LOAD C

09D9

Fl

2260

POP

AF

RESTORE A

09DA

7E

2261

LD

A,(HL>

GET PIXEL

09DB

CB41

2262

BIT

0,C

•TEST LSB

09DD

2802

2263

JR

Z.PIXELD

SJUMP AROUND SHIFT

09DF

CB27

2264

SLA

A

;SHIFT A

09E1

CB49

2265

=TXEL0:

BIT

1,C

;test next bit

09E3

2804

2266

JR

Z.PIXELE

JJUMP AROUND SHIFT

09E5

CB27

2267

SLA

A

JSHIFT A

09E7

CB27

2268

SLA

A

;SHIFT A

09E9

CB51

2269

••IXELE;

BIT

2,C

;TEST NEXT BIT

09EB

2808

2270

JR

Z.PIXELF

;JU«P AROUND SHIFT

09ED

CB27

2271

SLA

A

(SHIFT A

09EF

CB27

2272

SLA

A

;SHIFT A

09F1

CB27

2273

SLA

A

JSHIFT A

09F3

CB27

2274

SLA

A

;SHI FT A

09F5

E680

2275

E'lXELF:

AND

100000O0B

(MASK ALL OTHERS

09F7

Dl

2276

POP

DE

;RESTORE DE

09F8

El

2277

POP

HL

RESTORE HL

09F9

FDE1

2278

POP

IY

(RESTORE IY

09FB

C9

2279

RET

;RETURN

09FC

4F

2280

='IXELG:

LD

C,A

■SAVE DATA

09FD

Fl

2281

POP

AF

;GET COLOR

09FE

167F

228^

LD

d. om hub

[LOAD THE MASK

oaoo

E680

228 3

AND

loooooaoB

•MASK ALL EL8E

DA02

CB41

2284

BIT

o,c

■TEST LSB

0A04

2807

2285

JR

Z.PIXELH

JUMP AROUND SHIFT

0A06

CB3F

22E6

SRL

A

SHIFT

0A08

F5

2287

PUSH

AF

SAVE AF

0A09

7A

2288

LD

A,D

GET THE MASK

0AC1A

OF

2289

RRCA

ROTATE RIGH1

0A0B

57

2290

LD

D,A

GET THE MASK

0A0C

Fl

2291

POP

AF

RESTORE AF

0AOD

0B4 9

2292

"•1.XELH:

BIT

1,C

TEST NEXT BIT

0A0F

280A

2293

JR

Z,PIXELI

JUMP AROUND SH.TI- r

0A11

CB3F

2294

SRL

A

SHIFT

UAli

CB.5I-"

2295

SRL

A

SHIFT

D a i:,

F 5

2296

PUSH

AF

SAVE AF

0A16

7rt

2297

LD

A»D

GE' 1 HE MASK

0A1V

or

2296

RRCA

ROTATE R1GK1

0A18

OF

2299

RRCA

ROTATE RIGHT

0A1V

57

2300

LD

D , A

GET THE MASK

0A1A

Fl

2301

POP

AF

RESTORE AF

0A1B

CB51

2302

'■1XLL.1 :

B 1 T

2,C

TES'I NEXT Bl"!

GA1D

2810

2303

JR

Z,PIXELJ

JUMP AROUND SH'F r

0A1F

CB3F

2304

SRL

A

SHIFT

0A2t

CB3F

2305

SRL

A

SHTFT

0A23

CB3F

2306

SRL

A

SHIFT

0A2S

CB3F

2307

SRL

A

SHIFT

0A27

F5

2308

PUSH

AF

SAVF, AF

0A28

7 A

2309

LD

A, D

GET THE MASK

0A29

OF

2310

RRCA

ROTATE RIGHT

DA2A

OF

2311

RRCA

ROTATE RIGHT

0A2B

OF

2312

RRCA

ROTATE RIGHT

0A2C

(IF

2313

RRCA

ROTATE RIGHT

0A2D

57

2314

LD

D,A

GET HIE MASK

0A2E

F1

2315

POP

AF

RESTORE AF

0A2F

4F

2316

'IXELJ:

LD

C, A

SAVE A

0A3Q

7E

2317

LD

A,(HL )

GET PIXEL

0A31

A2

2318

AND

D

MASK THE OLD PARI

0A32

Bl

2319

OR

C !

OR DATA

0A33

77

232D

LD

(HL),A

SAVE PIXEL

0A34

Dl

2321

POP

DE !

RESTORE DE

0A35

El

2322

POP

HL

RESTORE HL

0A36

FDE1

2323

POP

IY i

RESTORE IY

0A38

09

23242325232623272328

RET

RETURN

POKE

««««*****««***«**«********

***********«**«*««

POKE

WRITES DATA TO THE PIXEL t

T XY. POKE SETS A

2329

WRITE

FLAG

THEN CALLS PIXEL. TF

E COLOR DATA IS

2330

EXPECTE TER A.

2331

2332

CALLS

PIXEL

2333

2334

CALLED

LPIX

2335

PUT

2336

2337

2338

REGIS

TERS

C (WRITE FL

AG)

2339

2340

I/O

NONE

2341

Listing 1 continued on page 250

248 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

SIRIUS 80+

High Performance

Low Cost Floppy Add-Ons!

The SIRIUS SYSTEMS 80+ Series of FloppyDisk add-ons are designed to provide un-matched versatility and performance for yourTRS-80*. Consisting of four different add-ons, there is a 80+ Series Floppy Disk Drive tomeet your needs.

COMMON CHARACTERISTICS

■ 5ms track-to-track access lime

■ Auto-Ejectm 180 day WARRANTY

■ Exceptional speed stability - 11l2°k

■ Single/Double Density operation

■ Mix any or all 80+ Series ontbeSSStandard cable

SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICSThe SIRIUS 80+1 -a single sided, 40 trackDrive. Offering 5 more tracks than the RadioShack model, it cost $120 less. Formatteddata storage is 102K/204K Bytes Single/Double Density.

SIRIUS 80+1 $379.95

The SIRIUS 80+2 is a dual sided, 80 track (40per side) Disk Drive. It appears to the TRS-80*as TWO 40 track drives yet COST LESS THANHALF THE PRICEI Even greater savings resultsince data is recorded on both sides of themedia instead of only a single side. This unitmay require the SS Standard cable. Formatteddata storage is 204K/408K Bytes Single/Double

tensity.

SIRIUS 80+2 $449.95

The SIRIUS 80+3 - a single sided, 80 trackDrive. Offering 2'/3 times the storage of astandard Radio Shack Disk Drive, the 80+3greatly reduces the need for diskettes corre-spondingly. Additionally, because of the in-creased storage and faster track-to-trackaccess time, the 80+3 allows tremendouslyincreased throughput for disk based pro-

grams! The 80+3 includes SIRIUS's TRAKS-PATCH on diskette (for use with 96 tpi drives).Formatted data storage is 204K/408K BytesSingle/Double Density.SIRIUS 80+3 $499.95

The SIRIUS 80+4 -a dual sided. 160 track (BOper side) 5'/<" monster! The ultimate in state-of-the-art 5V4" Floppy Disk Technology, the80+4 is seen by the TRS-80* as two singlesided disk drives. Thus, in terms of capacity,one 80+4 is equivalent to 4% standard RadioShack drives — at a savings of over 73% (notto mention diskettes!!!), (with a double den-sity converter the available memory is huge!)The 80+4 (a 96 tpi drive) includes TRAKS-PATCH on diskette and may require the SSStandard cable. Formatted storage is 408K/816K Bytes Single/Double Density.SIRIUS 80+4 $649.95

All 80+ Series Floppy Disk add-ons operate at5ms track-to-track but are Expansion Interfacelimited to 12ms for the TRS-80**TRS-80© ol Tandy Corp.

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SIRIUS SYTEMS offer cases and enclosures for all PRIAM Hard Disk Drives. All 14" WinchesterDrives will mount in our 14" Standard Case. The 8" Winchesters have two alternatives: a singledrive case and a dual drive case. All SIRIUS SYSTEMS Winchester drive cases include PowerSupply, internal cabling, switches, fan, extra AC outlet (not switched, but fused) and possess veryadequate ventilation. Drive addressing is done on the rear of the Case and not on the drive iteselfto provide ease of use during operation. All WINCHESTER DRIVE Cases are Warranted for a fullyear and come in our standard blue-black color scheme. Consult us for current availability andpricing.

introducing the versatile, Low-CostOMEGA Series Controller

As new technological advances bring down thecost of fast, reliable mass data storage, the needfor an inexpensive, versatile controller have be-come greater and greater. To meet this need,SIRIUS SYSTEMS' OMEGA Series Controllerwas designed.

The SIRIUS OMEGA Series Controller Moduleutilizes an on-board microprocessor tomediate data transfer to a wide variety ofperipherals from an equally wide variety of hostcomputer systems. Up to four Winchester HardDisks (8" or 14"), four 5V Floppy Disks Drivesand/or up to eight 8" Floppy Disk Drives may beIn use at one time. Host systems interfacingis accomplished via a parallel or a serial inter-face. With the additon of a Personality module,the OMEGA Series Controller Module is directlycompatible with many popular com-puter systems (among them the TRS-80-,Apple, Heath, and others). Provision is made forthe addition of a streaming tape drive, also.

SPECIFIC HARDWAREFEATURES INCLUDE:

■ Control ol up to twelve Floppy Disk Drives(eight 8" andlor four 5'A'')

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What TFORTH is - and what It has to offer YOU!

TFORTH is a unique growth programming language for the TRS-80"" that combines the bestfeatures of an interpreter and a compiler all in one functional easy-to-use package, TFORTH cannot besimply compared with Fortran, BASIC or PASCAL. This high speed, high level modular code offersthe speed found in many FORTRAN compilers yet retains the on-line conviences found in BASICINTERPRETERS by flagging input errors as they occur line-by-line. Unlike PASCAL, TFORTH needsno "run-time" package for support. Serving as an operating system, compiler, assembler, inter-preter, virtual memory manager, all in one: TFORTH makes easy, efficient- structured re-entrantprograms a natural consequence.

The key to TFORTH's flexibility and ease of use lies in its use of a stack for parameters and a uniquedictionary for WORDS. These WORDS are stated in terms of other WORDS already defined in thedictionary. It is this rich set of WORDS that provides DO LOOPS, IF-THEN-ELSE statements,BEGTN-END statements, virtual memory, any number base (to base 32) for input or output, a macroassembler, re-entrant code, multithread dictionary, line editor, excellent math package (16 bitintegers, double precision floating point, SIN, COS, TAN, EXP and LOG) and it runs under eitherTRSDOS- or NEWDOS. Assembler inherently nests with high level in an easy fashion. Complicateddrivers for new devices take only a few lines of TFORTH which saves both memory and disk space!

TFORTH is a procedural language specifing a process rather than a desired result. The ability tohave the language grow in the direction the user desires is excellent for novel applications. New datatypes and new processes can become part of tbe language. Due to the modular constructions, a verycompact code is produced which executes at exceptionally high speeds between machine code andmachine code plus 20% typical overhead speeds. Memory requirements can be "less" thanassembler coding or other high level languages.

TFORTH comes complete for the TRS-80® with as little as 16K of memory and a single Disk Driveusing either TRS-DOS® or NEWDOS. It provided on diskettes and an optional Math and Utilitiespackage is available.

Through TFORTH an excellent way to develop new languages, provide simple control of device(including videomonitors, A/D and D/A converters and burglar alarms) and to implement tasksrequiring monitoring and decision is offered. Many WORDS to handle peripherals are part of basicTF0RTKand others may be added easily. Often, substantial hardware development can be eliminatedby using TFORTH to do the major digital or reduction of data.

For many applications a minimal task may be written in high level (or mixture of assembler and highlevel) code: loaded, assembled and prior to execution may be written to the disk as a ready to executemacnine code/EXE module with the DOS.

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MPI Technical Manual $6.95

* * Unformatted data storage

Circle 161 on Inquiry card.

BYTE January 1981 249

Circle 162 on inquiry card.

Announcing the most important utilityever introduced for the TRS-80* Model I

and Model II-

TM

ENHBAS

ENHBAS is an Enhanced Basic extensionmodule, which loads at the top of BASIC, add-ing many commands and background tasks—DOver 30 new commands added to your

BASIC:

•SORT-Multi-keying, multi-tagging arraysort. Sorts thousands of items in mereseconds, all with one command!

•JNAME-Use line labels along with linenumbers in branching statements, as inassembly language, using the ENHBAScommands GTO and CSUB (specialGOTO and GOSUB).How many times have you wanted to usevariables to reference line numbers? Nowyou can! GTO and CSUB allow variableexpressions as operands, such as inGTO X+40.

•WHILE / WEND-New, structured pro-gramming loop construct. Makes for morelogical program flow (less GOTO's).

•EXEC / EVAL-Two new, extremely pow-erful functions! EVAL evaluates an alge-braic expression in string form. With EVALyou can manipulate complex functions instring form, and then evaluate them. EXECexecutes a string expression as if it werea BASIC program line! With EXEC, yourcomputer can actually write its own pro-grams and execute them!

•CALL-Pass control to machine languagesubroutines at any address, passing para-meters both ways.

•CLM / PAGE-Set up automatic pageroll-over and other line printer functionsfrom BASIC.

•AN these and many more!

Din addition to the above commands, Model IENHBAS contains vector graphics anddrawing commands. Model II ENHBAS hasmany functions suited to business program-ming—ISAM file handling commands, RS-232access, and many more; along with severalModel I BASIC commands left out of Model II(PEEK, POKE, OUT, etc.).

UENHBAS includes many background util-ities (Model I version):

•UMtr-definable cursor•Key click

•Two-tone beep on error•Automatic lower-case•Automatic debounce•Short-entry commands(Shift-letter prints command)•Real Control keys•One letter commands•Formatted LISTings

ENHBAS is available for:

I6K Model I-Level-ll Tape $39.95

32K Model I Disk $39.95

32K Model III (avail. 11/1/80) $39.95

32K Model II (on TRSDOS disk) $99.95

' TRS-80 is a reg. trademark of Radio Shack, a Tandy Co,

Other software:

CSG PILOT-Disk-based, high level language.32K Model 1 Disk $59.95

Z-EMULATOR-Executes assem. lang. lines,

16K Model [-Level II Tape $29.95

32K Model 1 Disk $29.95

ENHCOMP-lnteger subset BASIC compiler.

Full graphics. Reauires RS Editor/Assembler.32K Model 1 Disk $24.95

ABBREV-Level-I abbrev. in Level-Il/Disk.

16K Model l-Level II Tape $24.95

32K Model I Disk $24.95

Dealer and OEM inquiries invited.

The Comsoft Group

6008 N.Keystone Ave., Dept. BIndianapolis, IN 46220

(317) 257-3227

Listing 1 continued:

0A39 0E000A3B CDAA080A3E C9

0A3F0A42DA46GA470A4AGA4DOftSO0A530A560A59OftSC0A5F0A62I.1A650A480A6B0A6EQA/l0A740A770A7AUA7D

OAee

0A890A8A0A8D0A8E0A90

CD7E0ADDCBD57E

ce

DD3400CD7E0ADD3401CQ7E0ADD3S00CD7E0ADD3500CD7E0ADD3501CD7E0A01)3501CD7E0ADD3400CD7E0ADD3400CD7E0ADD3500.DD3401C9

0A7E EDEF07

QA31 CB41

0A83 CS

0A84 CD390A

0A87 C9

7E

23

CD910A

OS

20F8

C9

2312234323442345234623472348234923502351235223S3235423552 35623572358235923602361236223632364236523662367236823692370237123722373,'374237523762377237823792380238123822383238423852386238723882389239023912392239323942395239623972398239924002401240224032404240524062407240824092410241124122413241424152416241724)824192420242124222423242424252426242724282429243024312432243324342435243624372438

STRUCTURES N0N

0KE: LD CO

CALL PIXELRET

F'LOT 8****3t*3t*96S*

JSET WRITE FLAG;UIRITE THE F1XEL(RETURN

PLOT PLOTS A POINT AT XY AND AT A LARGER WIDTH IF

NECESSARY. PLOT FIRST PUTS THE BASIC POINT AT XY

AND IF A LARGER WIDTH IS SPECIFIED, AROUND THE POINT.

CALLSCALLED BYREGISTERS1/0STRUCTURES

CALLBITRETINCCALLINCCALLDECCALLDEL-CALLDECCALLDECCALLINCCALLINCCALLDECINCRE I

PUT

VEC

IX

NONE

GDR0GDR1GDR5

(INDEX REGISTER)

(X)<Y)(VECTOR MODE)

PUT

7, (IXK3DRS)

Z

(IX+GDR0)

PUT

(IX + I3DR1 »

Pill

(IX+GDRQ)

PUT

(IXiGDRO)

pin

(IX+BDR1)

PUT

(IX+BDR1)

PUT

(IXfGDRO)

PUT

(IX+GDR0)

PUT

(IX+GDRQ)

( IX-iGDRl)

!F'UT TO BASIC POINT

(TEST WIDTH

iRETURN IF NOT SET

(INCREMENT X

(PUT THE NEXT POINT

!INCREMENT Y

;F'U1 THE NfcXT POINT

;DECREMENT X

(PUT THE NEXT POINT

;DECREMENT X

SPUT THE NEXT POINT

;DECREMENT Y

;F'UT THE NEXT POINT

;DECREMENT V

;PUT THE NEXT POINT

[INCREMENT X

;PU1 THE NEXT POINT

:INCREMENT X

iPUl THE NEXT F'OINl

!RES I ORE X

[REST0RF Y

;RETURN

PUT *s

PUT PUTS A POINT AT XY IF IT IS NOT CLIPPED. PUTFIRST CALLS CLIP THEN PLOTS THE POINT IF IS NOTCLIPPED.

CALLS

CALLED BYREGISTERS1/0STRUCTURES

CLIPPOKE

PLOT, MOV, SYMNONE

NONE

PUT: CALL CLIPb i r 0, C

RET ZCALL POKERET

SENDBK miHSSS

(TEST FOR CLIP;CHECK SUCCESS;RETURN IF CLIPPED;PUT POINT!RETURN

a « g * » s s * *

SENDBK OUTPUTS B BYTES OF DATA STARTING AT HL.SENDBK FIRST GETS THE DATA, INCREMENTS THE POINTER.THEN CONTINUES THE LOOP UNTIL B IS ZERO.

CALLSCALLED BY

REGISTERS

STRUCTURES

SENDBY

RCRAM

RSUB

RSYM

ABH

L

NONE

(DATA)

(BYTE COUNT)

(POINTER)

(POINTER)

SENDBK: LD A, (FIDINC HI.CALL SENDBYDEC B

JR NZ,SENDBKRET

250 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Lnc

;GET THE DATA

;INCREMENT THE POINTER

(SEND THE DATA

(DECREMENT COUNT

(CONTINUE IF N0N ZERO

(RETURN

Listing 1 continued on page 252

Circle 163 on Inquiry card.

KIMAIM

ANALOG INTERFACES

Industrial, Scientific, Laboratory,or Commercial Microcomputer Clsers-

Industrial quality data conversion boards for APPLE, S-100,PET, TRS-80, AIM, and KIM systems. Tecmar can provideindividual boards, data conversion subsystems, or completeData Conversion Systems. Tecmar's growing product lineoffers outstanding features, meticulous engineering,exceptional documentation, and a seven year record ofproven reliability.

TRS-80 TRS-80

Tecmar's new Analog to Digital converter Board (AD200) isdesigned to meet sophisticated data acquisition needs. Theboard accommodates various precision A/D modules byAnalogic and Data Translation. These modules are easilyinterchanged to provide options such as 12, 14, or 16 bitaccuracy; 125 KHz throughput; variable ranges and gains.AD200XX S-100 A/D and Timer Board $695

AD200AP Apple A/D Board $495

AD-200 Features

• 12 bit accuracy and resolution standard

• 30 KHz conversion rate standard

• Jumper selectable for 16 single-ended or 8 differential inputs

• External trigger of A/D

• Output formats: Two's complement, binary, offset binary

• Auto channel incrementing from any channel to any channel

• Data is latched providing pipelining for higher throughputs

• Provision for synchronizing A/Ds

• Utilizes interrupt for status test

• Jumper selectable input ranges: ±10V, ±5V,In addition the SI00 version:

• Complies with IEEE S-l 00 specifications

• Transfers data in 8 or 16 bit words

• Provides for expansion to 256 channels

• Is switch selectable 1/0 or memory mapped

Timer Features on S-100 Board

In addition to the A/D features, the S-100 Board contains apowerful timer circuit which can start A/D conversion and canalso be used independently for time of day, event counting,frequency shift keying and many other applications.

Oto+lOV, 0to+5V

Apple D/A Features $295

12 bit accuracy and resolution

2 independent digital to analog converters

8 parallel latched output lines

Jumper selectable output ranges: ±10V, ±5V, ±2.5V, 0 to

+10V, 0to+5V

• 3 microsecond conversion time

• Minimal software required

S-100 PET TRS-80 AIM KIM

The original Tecmar data conversion boards (AD-100 andDA-100) continue to solve less sophisticated conversionproblems. These S-100 boards interface to the PET, TRS-80,AIM, and KIM through standard S-100 expansion interfaces.

AD-100 Features

operation for S-100systems

• Jumper selectable inputranges: ±10V, ±5V, Oto+10V, 0to+5V

• Minimal softwarerequired

• Complies with IEEES-l 00 specifications.

DA-100 Features

12 bit accuracy and resolu

tion

30 KHz conversion rate

16 single-ended or

8 differential inputs

(specify AD 100S or

AD100D)

Jumper selectable 1/0

or memory mapped

accuracy and

• 5 independent 16 bit counters(cascadable)

• 15 lines available for external use

• Time of day

• Event counter

• Alarm comparators on 2 counters

• One shot or continuous frequency

• Complex duty cycle and frequencyshift keying outputs

• Programmable gating and countsource selection

• Utilizes vectored interrupt

• 12 bitresolution

• 4 independent digital toanalog converters

• 3 microsecond settling time

• Jumper selectable outputranges: ±10V, ±5V, ±2.5V, 0

Expansion board, power supply, and enclosure for PETExpansion board and power supply for TRS-80, KIM, or AIM

to+lOV, 0to5VJumper selectable I/O ormemory mapped operationfor S-100 systemsMinimal software requiredComplies with IEEE S-100specifications

$250150

outputs

Options for AD-200

• Programmable gain up to 500

• 14 bit accuracy

• 16 bit accuracy

• 100 KHz conversion rate

• 125 KHz conversion rate

• Screw Terminal and Signal Conditioning panel

• Thermocouple cold junction compensation

• Rack mounting assembly with plexiglass cover

• Low level, wide range permitting low level sensorssuch as thermocouples, pressure sensors and straingauges to be directly connected to the module input

$ 1756451.04544554525012512565

S-100 Real TimeVideo Digitizer

Digitizes and Displays in1/60 sec, flicker-free16 Gray LevelsSwitch Selectable todisplay Black and WhiteGraphics (8 pixels/byte)Maximum Resolution:512 pixels/line x 240 linesMinimal software . ___requirements $850

S-100 BOARDS

8086 CPU $450

W/vectored interrupts

RAM

8Kxl6/16Kx88086PROM-I/OSerial andParallel I/OParallel I/O& Timer

$395

$495

$350

$350

EC RR

INC.

Data Acquisition Systems andVideo Microcomputer Systems Available

23414 Greenlawn • Cleveland, OH 44122

'Reg. Trademark of Tandy Corp.'Reg. Trademark of Commodore

TECMAR, INC.

(216)382-7599

Circle 164 on inquiry card.

don't risk

magnetic damage toedp storage media

Many computer users have learned "the hard way" thataccidental exposure to magnetic fields can erase oralter data and programs stored on disks and tapes.Such irretrievable loss can occur during media transitor storage if unprotected disks or tapes are exposed tothe magnetic fields produced by motors, transformers,generators, electronic equipment, or even intense tran-sient fields induced by electrical storms.

Data-Safe Products provide reliable, economicalprotection against stray magnetic field damage byshielding disks and tapes with the same high-permea-bility alloy used to shield cathode ray tubes and othermagnetic-sensitive components. DISK-SAFE FloppyDisk Protectors, punched for 3-ring binder, sandwichtwo 8" disks, or smaller mini-disks, between sheets ofmagnetic shielding alloy encased in the strong vinylpockets. (Binder sent free with 10 Protectors).

DISK* SAFE

FLOPPY DISK PROTECTORS

TAPE*SAFE

METAL CASSETTE SHIELDS

TAPE-SAFE Cassette Shields are constructed of mag-netic alloy, with heliarc-welded seams and an easy-open hinged top. Each attractively-finished TAPE*SAFEholds one cassette in its original plastic box. Ashelved metal FILE DECK (not shown) stores up to sixTAPE*SAFEs for easy access. (One free with each sixTAPE'SAFEs). VISA and MasterCard telephone ordersaccepted. Prices below include shipping.

DISK-SAFE Floppy Disk Protectors: 1-5, $8.95ea;6-9, $7.95 ea; 10 or more w/binder, $6.95 ea;

TAPE-SAFE Cassette Shields: 1-5, $14.95 each;6 or more with free FILE DECK, $12.95 each.

TAPE-SAFE FILE DECK: $10.95 each.

Data-Safe Products, Inc.

1926 Margaret St., Phiia., PA 19124- 215/535-3004Dealer Inquiries Invited

252 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1 continued:

2139

211021112112

SENDBY * * * * * * *■ * * *■:< 3 s s * a s * * s s s * s ********$:* ********** *

SENDBY OUTPUTS ONE BYTE OF DATA. SENDBY WAITS UNTIL

2113

THE OUTPUT IS CLEAR TO SEND, THEN OUTPUTS THE DATA

2111

CURRENTLY IN A. THE OUTPUT INTERRUPT STATUS IS

2115

SET AGAIN.

2116

2117

CALLS NONE

2118

2119

CALLED BY RREG

2150

SENDBK

2151

XERR, RPIX, RCRAM

2152

215321512155

REGISTERS A (DATA)

I/O PORT 2 (STATUS)

2156

PORT 4 (OUTPUT)

2157

2158

STRUCTURES NONE

2159

0A91

DOCB.OF

5E

2140 SENDBY: BIT 3,(IX+GDR15) ! TEST OUTPUT INTERRUPT

0A95

20FA

2141

JR NZ,SENDBY ;,JUMP IF STILL SET

DA97

D306

2142

OUT (6),A JSEND THE DATA

0A99

r-3

2143

DI ;DISABLE INTERRUPTS

0A9A

DDCEOFDE

2141

SET 3,<IX+6DR15> ;SET THE OUTPUT FLAG

0A9E

DD7EOF

2145

LD A,(IX+GDR15) ;GET THE STATUS

0AA1

D302

2144

OUT (2),A JSEND THE STATUS

OAA3

FB

2147

EI ;ENABLE INTERRUPTS

OAA1

C9

214821492170217121722173217121752174217721782179218021812182218321812185

RET iRETURN

USER ***********************************************

USER IS A DUMMY ROUTINE WHICH IS THE DEFAULT CALLFROM CALLS. USER SIMPLY RETURNS FROM ASUBROUTINE.

CALLS NONE

CALLED BY CALLS

REGISTERS NONE

I/O NONE

STRUCTURES NONE

0AA5

C9

21842187218B21892190

ISER: RET 5 RETURN

END OF MICROGRAPH !HSHSHKHi>»«m«HiiHSMH«iEND

cross;

REFER EN

:i;.

SYMBOL

VAL (1

DLIN

KET S

CALLS

0 2AF

7)3

123

CALLS 1

02S7

729

7 1 9

CASE

Q7AQ

1826

892 1.081 1321 1497 1 709

CABEO

07B3

1836

IB32

'

CASE1

07C1

1812

1810

CASE2

07D5

1851

1619

CASE3

07E9

1840

1B58

t l i p

07EF

1897

908

329 2104

CLIPO

OOOB

1909

1907

CLIPi

0821

191 9

1914 1917

CLIPIO

0891

1771

1972

CLIF'2

0835

1928

1924

CLIP3

081B

1938

1935 I

93 4

CLIP1

085F

1917

1915

CLIPS

0870

1954

1952

CLIP6

oe?A

1961

1950

CLIP7

08S8

1948

1942

CLIPS

osbe

1971

1951 1957 1959 1941 1944 1949

CLIP9

0892

1973

1955 1960 1967 1970

COLOR

0019

212

1440 1710

CONST

0048

117

CRO

1C00

218

779

7B8 796 621 1168 1197 1207 1230

CR1

1C10

219

CR2

1C20

220

DEE IN

OOBE

115

ECOLOR

001D

99

212

EGDR

0001

3 9

152

EGDRO

0001

10

153

EGDR1

0005

11

151

EGDR10

OOOE

5 0

143

EGDRU

OOOF

51

161

EGDR12

0010

52

165

EGDR13

0011

53

166

E6DR11

0012

51

167

EGDR15

0013

55

168

EGDR2

0004

12

1S5

,

EGDR3

0007

13

156

EGDR1

OOOB

11

157

EGDR5

0009

15

158

EGDR4

OOOA

14

159

EGDR7

OOOB

17

140

E6DR8

OOOC

ie

141

Listing 1 continued on page 254

ALL THESE FEATURES...

IN THIS SMALL SPACE...

AT THIS LOW PRICE!

Greater computer power. . . fewer separatecomponents . . . larger capability . . . simpler tooperate .... modular maintenance . . .

These are the unique benefits of the QuasarData QPD-100 Floppy Disk Computer. . . plusunsurpassed reliability... plus 12-month warranty on all PC boards.

Its highly reliable, industry-standard MFE drive is compact.Accepts both single AND double-sided disks.

Upgradeable from the Z-80® microprocessor-basedsystem to our Z8000® microprocessor-based system by simplyplugging in extra PC cards. Hard disk and multi-usersystems available.

As your requirements grow, your QDP-100 can growto fit them.

The Quasar Data QDP-100H is a larger version with6-megabyte capacity; includes one double-sided floppyand one 51A microwinchester hard disk.

Both the Quasar Data QDP-100 and QDP-100H arefully compatible with all standard terminals.

Phone or write for descriptive bulletin and specifica-tions. And ask for a demonstration. Dealer inquiries invited.

QUASAR DATA'S QDP-100COMPUTER SYSTEM.

4,695

**0. 4-M^^S

64KTwo

metric

Cpu

F°"r(4 n fl°PPies2mUble-

***mS.G/1-Ah.'

s*"^-

18" wide16%" deep11" high

'"Z-80andZ-28000

are trademarks of Zilog Corporation

'■CP/MandMP/M

are trademarks of Digital Research Corp.

□U«i'r

Compu*»r5yit§m

aaplOO

Quasar Data Products

10330 Brecksville Road, Brecksville (Cleveland), Ohio 44141

Phone: 216/526-0838 / 526-0839Circle 165 on inquiry card.

Circle 166 on inquiry card.

SNAPP II EXTENDED BASIC A family of en-hancements to the Model II BASIC interpreter.Part of the package originated with the best ofAPPARAT, INC.'s thoughts In implementingNEWDOS BASIC. The system is written entirely inmochine language for SUPER FAST execution.The extensions are fully integrated into Model IIBASIC, and require NO user Memory, and NOuser disk space. The package Is made up of thefollowing six modules, each of which may bepurchased separately,

XBASIC—Six single key stroke commands to listthe first, lost, previous, next, or current programline, or ro edit the current line. Includes quickway to recover BASIC program following o NEWor system or accidental re-boot. Ten singlecharacter abbreviations for frequently usedcommands: AUTO. CLS. DELETE, EDIT, KILL,LIST, MERGE, NEW, LUST, and SYSTEM. $40.00XREF—A powerful cross-reference facility withoutput to display and/or printer. Trace a vari-able through the code. Determine easily if avariable is in use. $40 00

XDUMP—Permits the programmer to displayand/or print the value of any or all programvariables. Identifies the variable type for allvariables. Each element of ony array is listedseparately. $40.00

XRENUM—An enhanced program line renum-bering facility which allows specification of anupper limit of the block of lines to be renum-bered, supports relocation of renumberedblocks of code, and supports duplication ofblocks of code. $40.00

XFIND—A cross reference facility for key wordsand character strings, also includes global re-placement of keywords. $40.00XCOMPRESS—Compress your BASIC programsto an absolute minimum. Removes extraneousinformation; merge lines; even deletes state-ments which could not be executed. Typicallysaves 30-40% space even for programs with-out REM statements! Also results in 7-10% im-provement in execution speed. $40.00ENTIRE PACKAGE ONLY $200.00

6160 Corporate Pork Dr.Cincinnati, Ohio 45242

Call Toll FreeI 1 - 800 - 543-4628 |I Ohio residentscoll collect (513)891-4496

All products now available to run with TR5DOS 2.0.

Now available for Model III

Listing 1 continued:

00OD00460014

EGDR9

EGF'C

EL00

EL01

EL02

EL03

EL04

EL05

EL06

EL07

EL10

EL. 11

EL 12

EL13

EL 14

EL15

EL14

EL 17

EH

E(1M

EflN

ENULL

EREF

ES00

ES01

ES02

ES03

ES04

ES05

ESG6

EE07

ES10

ESI 1

ES12

ES13

ES14

ES15

ES16

ES17

ESLINK

EBLONG

ES0FF

EEPTR

ESTRUC

ESX

ESY

EXEC

EXERRT

FETCH

00160018001A001C001E00200022002400260028002A002C002E0030003200480049004A0050004700340035□ 036003700380039003A003B003C0D3D003E003F004000410042004300140034004500440004004B004C023D004E01ED

FETCH0 01FCFETCH1 020EFETCH2 0230FRAME 0146FREE 10CDGDR 0000GDR0 0000

GDR10G0R11GDR12GDR13G0R14G0R15

GDR2

GDR3

GDR4

G0R5

GDR4

GDR7

GDR9

BETBLK

GPC

GRD8

GSTACK

BUSER

INIT

INPUT

INTO

INT1

INT2

IVECT

LOO

L01

L02

L03

LU4

LOS

1.06

000A000BO00C0000000E000F

0002000300040005000600070009089A00420008107F08A3018401680068004A006C006800100012001400160018001A001C

4992575659606162636465666766697 07172949596101937 47 5767 77 8

7 9808182

8 38485868788

8 95673919038

9 798

431100574

579585603386215152153

163164165164167168

155156157158159160162

2000205161149

2023484419119120121118170171172173174175174

1622051701711721731741751761771781791801811821831841852072082092142061871881891901911921931941951961971981992002012021691862042031512102112492132489891601580578584119508944693152719222381894154323711841

794

9921644

13639121531209B2383914160023771908

604 804 808 817 B87 905 946 9831031 1087 1130 1139 1203 1224 1435 15141453 1784 2000

1085 1141 1325 1334 1500 1502 1504 1504

1540 1542 1555 1599 1444 1753 1755 1912

2109 2174 2183 2246 2255 2349 2373 2375

2385

10B4 1142 1326 1336 1499 1503 1511 1513

1680 1756 1758 1931 1941 2093 2170 2243

2379 2386

393285351519637

526

266

352

520

438

885 902

883 900

391 1788

1082 1495

1636 1905

294396563

340421604

780730

15065247120490492494

790742

72966

948 20B4

287 289 292

388 389 395

574 575 579

2460 2464 2465

1146 1553 1457

1149 1550 145917891597 2367

623 995 1027 1044 2004743 1242 1243 1273

345

347

4 48

449

432

433

126547

Listing 1 continued on page 258

254 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Start learning and computing for only $129.95 with a Netronics 8085-basedcomputer kit. Then expand it in low-cost steps to a business/development systemwith 64k or more RAM, 8" floppy disk drives, hard disks and multi- terminal I/O.

THE NEW EXPLORER/85 SYSTEM

Special! FuJI 8" /loppy, 64k system for less than the price of a mini! Only $1499.95!

Imagine — for only $129,95 you can own the startinglevel of Explorer/85, a computer that's expandable intofull business/development capabilities — a computerthat can be your beginner system, an OEM controller,or an IBM-formatted 8" disk small business system.From the first day you own Explorer/85, you begincomputing on a significant level, and applying princi-ples discussed in leading computer magazines. Ex-plorer/85 features the advanced Intel 8085 cpu, whichis 100% compatible with the older 8080A. It offers on-board S-100 bus expansion, Microsoft BASIC in ROM,plus instant conversion to mass storage disk memorywith standard IBM-formatted B" disks. All for only$129.95, plus the cost of power supply, keyboard/terminal and RF modulator if you don't nave them (seeour remarkable prices below for these and other, ac-cessories). With a Hex Keypad/display front panel,Level "A" can be programmed with no need for a ter-minal, ideal for a controller, OEM. or a real low-coststart.

Level "A" is acomplete operatingsystem,perfect for^•beginners, hobbyists,P industrial controlleruse. $129.95

LEVEL "A" SPECIFICATIONS

Explorer/85's Level "A" system features the advancedIntel 8085 cpu, an 8355 ROM with 2k deluxe monitor/operating system, and an advanced 8155 RAM I/O . ..all on a single motherboard with room for RAM/ROM/PROM/EPROM and S-100 expansion, plus generousprototyping space.

PC Board: Glass epoxy. plated through holes withsolder mask. • I/O: Provisions for 25-pin (DB25) con-nector for terminal serial I/O, which can also support apaper tape reader .. . cassette tape recorder input andoutput . . . cassette tape control output. . . LED outputindicator on SOD (serial output) line .. . printer inter-face (less drivers) .. . total of four 8-bit plus one 6-bitI/O ports. • Crystal Frequency: 6.144 MHz. • ControlSwitches: Reset and user (RST 7.5) interrupt . . . addi-tional provisions for RST 5.5, 6.5 and TRAP interruptsonboard. ■ Counter/Timer Programmable, 14-bit bi-nary. • System RAM: 256 bytes located at F800. idealfor smaller systems and for use as an isolated stackarea in expanded systems ... RAM expandable to 64Kvia S-100 bus or 4k on motherboard.

System Monitor (Terminal Version): 2k bytes ofdeluxe system monitor ROM located at F000, leaving##0 free for user RAM/ROM. Features include tapeload with labeling . . . examine/change contents ofmemory. . . insert data .. . warm start.. . examine andchange all registers . .. single step with register displayat each break point, a debugging/training feature ... goto execution address .. . move blocks of memory fromone location to another.. . fill blocks of memory with aconstant .. . display blocks of memory . . . automaticbaud rate selection to 9600 baud .. . variable displayline length control (1-255 characters/line) . . . chan-nelized I/O monitor routine with 8-bit parallel outputfor high-speed printer . . . serial console in and consoleOut channel so that monitor can communicate with I/Oports.

System Monitor (Hex Keypad/Display Version):Tape load with labeling . .. tape dump with labeling.. . examine/change contents of memory . , . insert data. . . warm start . . . examine and change all registers . . .

(Also available wired & tested. $1799.95)

Full 8" disk system [or less than the price of a mini (shown withNetronics Exp/orer/85 computer and new terminal). System featuresfloppy drive from Control Data Corp., world's largest maker ofmemory storage systems (not a hobby brand!)

Level "A"With HexKeypadfDisplay.

single step with register display at each break point. ..go to execution address. Level "A" in this versionmakes a perfect controller for industrial applications,and is programmed using Ihe Netronics Hex Keypad/Display. Il is low cost, perfect for beginners.HEX KEYPAD/DISPLAY SPECIFICATIONSCalculator type keypad with 24 system-defined and 16user-defined keys. Six digil calculator-type display,that displays full address plus data as well as registerand status information.LEVEL "B" SPECIFICATIONSLevel "B" provides the S-100 signals plus buffers/drivers to support up to six S-100 ous boards, and in-cludes: address decoding for onboard 4k RAM expan-sion selectable in 4k blocks . . . address decoding foronboard 8k EPROM expansion selectable in 8k blocks... address and data bus drivers for onboard expansion.. .wait state generator (jumper selectable), to allow theuse of slower memories . . . two separate 5 volt regula-tors.

LEVEL "C" SPECIFICATIONSLevel "C" expands Expiorer/85's motherboard with acard cage, allowing you to plug up to six S-100 cardsdirectly into Ihe motherboard. Both cage and card areneatly contained inside Explorer's deluxe steelcabinet. Level "C" includes a sheet metal superstruc-lure, a 5-card. gold plated S-100 extension PC boardthat plugs into the motherboard. Just add requirednumber of S-100 connectors.

LEVEL *'D" SPECIFICATIONS

Level "D" provides 4k of RAM. power supply regula-tion, filtering decoupling components and sockets toexpand your Explorer/85 memory to 4k (plus the origi-

nal 256 bytes located in the 8155A). The static RAMcan be located anywhere from Agty to EFFF in 4kblocks.

LEVEL "E" SPECIFICATIONSLevel "E" adds sockets for 8k of EPROM to use thepopular Intel 2716 or the Tl 2516. It includes all sockets,power supply regulator, heat sink, filtering and decou-pling components. Sockets may also be used for 2k x 8RAM IC's (allowing for up to 12k of onboard RAM).DISK DRIVE SPECIFICATIONS

• 8" CONTROL DATA CORP. • Data capacity: 401,016 bytesprofessional drive. (SD). 802,032 bytes (DD),

• LSI controller. unformatted.

• Write protect. • Accesstime: 25ms{one

• Singleordoubledensiry. track).

DISK CONTROLLER/ I/O BOARDSPECIFICATIONS

• Cont.olsuptofour8"drives. • 2716 PROM socket included

• 1771A LSI (SD) floppy disk for use in customcontroller. applications.

• Onboard data separator • Onboard crystal controlled.(IBM compatible). • Onboard I/O baud rate

• 2 Serial I/O ports generators to 9600 baud.

• Autoboottodisksystem • Double-sided PC boardwhen system reset. (glass epoxy.)

DISK DRIVE CABINET/POWER SUPPLY

• Deluxe steel cabinet with individual power supply for max-imum reliability and stability.

ORDER A COORDINATEDEXPLORER/85 APPLICATIONSPAR!

Beginner's Pak (Save $26.00!)— Buy Level "A" (Ter-minal Version) with Monitor Source Listing and AP-15-amp Power Supply: (regular price $199.95), now atSPECIAL PRICE: $169.95 plus post. & insur.Experimenter's Pak II (Save $53.40!) — Buy Level"A" (Hex Keypad/Display Version) with HexKeypad/Display. Intel 8085 User Manual, Level "A"Hex Monitor Source Listing, and AP-1 5-amp PowerSupply: (regular price $279.35). all at SPECIALPRICE: $219.95 plus post. & insur.Special Microsoft BASIC Pak (Save $103.00!) — In-cludes Level "A" (Terminal Version). Level "B",Level "D" (4k RAM), Level "E", 8k Microsoft inROM, Intel B085 User Manual, Level "A" MonitorSource Listing, and AP-15-amp Power Supply: (regu-lar price $439.70), now yours at SPECIAL PRICE:$329.95 plus post. & insur.

ADD A TERMINAL WITH CABINET,GET A FREE RF MODULATOR: Saveover $114 at this SPECIAL PRICE: $499.95plus post. & insur.Special B" Disk Edition Explorer/85 (Save over $104!)— Includes disk-version Level "A", Level "B", twoS-100 connectors and brackets, disk controller. 64kRAM. AP-1 5-amp power supply, Explorer/85 deluxesteel cabinet, cabinet fan, 8" SD/DD disk drive fromfamous CONTROL DATA CORP. (not a hobbybrand!), drive cabinet with power supply, and drivecable set-up for two drives. This package includeseverything but terminal and printers (see coupon forthem). Regular price $1630.30. all yours in kit atSPECIAL PRICE: $1499.95 plus post. & insur. Wiredand tested, only $1799.95.

Special! Complete Business Software Pak (Save$625.00!) — Includes CP/M 2.0. Microsoft BASIC.General Ledger. Accounts Receivable. AccountsPayable. Payroll Package: (regular price$1325), yoursnow at SPECIAL PRICE: $699.95.

Please send the items checked below.

a Explorer/B5level"A"klt(Terminal Version). . $129.95plus$3 post. & insur.

□ Explorer/85 Level "A" Idl (Hex Keypad/Display Version)...$129.95 plus S3 post. & insur.

□ Sk Microsoft BASIC on cassette tape. $64.95 postpaid.

D BkMlcrosOft BASIC In ROM kit (requires Levels "B", "D" and

"E")... $99.95 plus S2 post. & insur.D Level "B" (S-100) kit $49.95 plus $2 post. & insur.D Level "C" |S-100 tHard expander) Idl... $39.95 plus S2 post

& insur.D Level "D" (4k RAMI kit S6B.95 plus S2 post. K insur.Q Level "E" (EPROM'ROM) kit $5.95 plus r>0t pslia Deluxe Steel Cabinet for Explorer/as . . . $49.95 plus S3 post.

& insur.

D Fan For Cabinet... $15.00 plus $1.50 post. & insur.D ASCII Keyboard/Computer terminal Idl: features a full 128

character set. u&l case: full cursor control: 75 ohm video

output: convertible to baudot output; selectable baud rate.

RS232-C or 20 ma. I/O. 32 or 64 character by 16 line formats.

andean be used with either a CRT monitor or a TV set (ifvou

have an RF modulator). . . $149.95 plus $3.00 post. & insur.

□ DeLuxe Steel Cabinet for ASCII kcyboanl/terminal . ..$19.95 plus $2.50 post. & insur.D Newl Terminal/Monitor: (Set! photo) Same features as above.

except 12" monitor with keyboard and terminal is in deluxe

single cabinet; kit . . . S399.95 plus $7 post. & insur.D Hazelllne terminals: Our prices loo low to quote — CALL OS

□ Lear-Slgler terminals/printers: Our prices too low to quote:CALLUS

D Hex Keypad/Display kit $09.95 plus $2 post, s insur.

□ AP-1 Power Supply Kll ±nv @5 amps) in deluxe steel cabinet.. . S39.B5plus $2 post. & insur.

□ Gold Plaled S-100 Bus Connectors $4.85 each, postpaidD RF Modulator kit (allows you to use your TV set its a monitor)

...$8.95 postpaid.a 16k RAM Idl (S-100 board expands In 64k)... $199.95 plus $2

post. & insur.fj 32k RAM Idl . $299.95 plus $2 post. & insur.D 48k RAM kit S399.95 plus $2 post. & insur.D 64k RAM kll $499.95 plus $2 post. & insur.D 16k RAM Expansion kll (to expand any of Ihe above in 16k

blocks up to 64k). . . S99.95 plus S2 post. & insur. each.D Intel 8085 cpu Users' Manual. . . S7.50 postpaid.D 12" Video Monitor (lOMI-lz bandwidth) . . . $139.95 plus $5

post. & insur.D Beginner's Pak (see above) SI60.95 plus $4 post. & insur.a Experimenter's Pak (see above)... $2IB.95 plus $6 post. &

insur.

□ Special Microsoft BASIC Pak Wllnotil terminal (see above)..S329.BS plus $7 post. & insur.

a Same as above, plus ASCII Keyboard terminal With Cabinet,

Gel Free RF Modulator (see above). . . $499.95 plus $10 posl.& insur.

□ Special 8" Disk Edition Explorcr/85 (see above) . $1499.95plus 526 posl. & insur.

D Wired & tested . SI799.9Splus $26 posl. & insur.D Extra 8" CDC Floppy Drives . $499.95plus$12posl. & insur.

D Cabinet & Power Supply For Drive S89.95 plus $:i post.»insur.D Drive Cable Set-up For Two Drives $25 plus $ 1.511 post s

insur.

D Disk Controller Board With 1/0 Pons $199.05 plus $2 post.

& insur.D Special: Complete Business Software Pak (see above) ...

$899.98 postpaid.SOLD SEPARATELY:

D CP/M 1.4... $100 postpaid.

□ CP/M2.0. . $150postpaid.

D Microsoft BASIC. .. $325 postpaid.G Intel 8085 cpu User Manual... $7 50 postpaid.D Level "A" Monitor Source Listing... $25 postpaid.^ continental U.S.A. Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut ^

■ CAM, TOLL FREE: BOO-243-742B A

To Order From Connecticut Or For Technical I^V^B Assistance, call {203) 354-9375 ~

Total Enclosed {Conn res. add sales lax) $

Paid By:

□ Personal Check □ Cashier's Check/Money Order

O VISA D Master Charge (Bank No )

Acct. No. Exp. Dale

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. Zip_

NETRONICS Research & Development Ltd.333 Litchfield Road, New Milford, CT 06776

WE'RE CLEANING OUT OUR ATTIC ...

GET BACK ISSUES OF BYTE

WHILE THEY LAST.

The Following Issues Are Currently Available.

May 1978

GRAPHICS IN DEPTH: 3-D Adds a New Dimension to Your Display; CON-VERT YOUR TV SET TO A VIDEO MONITOR; HIDDEN LINESUBROUTINES FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL PLOTTING; GRAPH: ASYSTEM FOR TELEVISION GRAPHICS, Part 1; Software, VideoGraphics; A PROGRAMMABLE CHARACTER GENERATOR, Part1: Hardware; TUNE IN AND TURN ON: An AC Wireless Remote ControlSystem; HOW TO MULTIPLY IN A WET CLIMATE: Design Details; THEPHOTOGRAPH IS ALSO A HARD COPY; Product Description: THEMATROX ALT-256 VIDEO BOARD; COLOR GRAPHICS ON THE COM-PUCOLOR 8051; A LOW COST LIGHT WAND AMPLIFIER.

June 1978

A PROGRAMMABLE CHARACTER GENERATOR, Part 2: Sottware; APROGRAMMABLE IC TESTER; MORE MUSIC FOR THE 6502; TALK TOME: Add a Voice to Your Computer for $35; A THEATRICAL LIGHTINGGRAPHICS PACKAGE; GRAPH: A SYSTEM FOR TELEVISIONGRAPHICS, Part 2: Software, Video Graphics; AUDIO PROCESSINGWITH A MICROPROCESSOR; NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSINGAND SMALL SYSTEMS; GIVE AN EAR TO YOUR COMPUTER: ASpeech Recognition Primer; THE HP-67 AND HP-97: Hewlett-Packard'sPersonal Computers; NOTES ON TEACHING WITH MICROCOMPUTERS;A LOOK AT SHUGARTS NEW FIXED DISK DRIVE.

July 1978

KIMER: A KIM-1 TIMER; THE AXIOM EX800 PRINTER: A User's Report;THE Z-80 IN PARALLEL; CONTROLLING DC MOTORS; BUILD AKEYBOARD FUNCTION DECODER; A HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE FOR 8BIT MACHINES; HOW TO GET YOUR TARBELL GOING; TOP-DOWNMODULAR PROGRAMMING; WHO'S AFRAID OF DYNAMICMEMORIES?; ANTIQUE MECHANICAL COMPUTERS, Part 1; EarlyAutomata; THE FIRST TEN YEARS OF AMATEUR COMPUTING; ASHORT HISTORY OF COMPUTING; HOW TO CHOOSE AMICROPROCESSOR.

August 1978

COMPILATION AND PASCAL ON THE NEW MICROPROCESSORS;PASCAL: A Structurally Strong Language; DESIGNING STRUCTUREDPROGRAMS; LET YOUR FINGERS DO THE TALKING: Add a Noncon-tact Touch Scanner; ON BUILDING A LIGHT-SEEKING ROBOTMECHANISM; THE NUMBER CRUNCHING PROCESSOR;PHILADELPHIA'S 179 YEAR OLD ANDROID; ANTIQUE MECHANICALCOMPUTERS, Part 2: History; IN PRAISE OF PASCAL; PASCAL VER-SUS COBOL: Where Pascal Gets Down to Business; JACPOT; PASCALVERSUS BASIC: An Exercise.

September 1978

A "TINY" PASCAL COMPILER, Part 1: The P-Code Interpreter; LETYOUR FINGERS DO THE TALKING: Scanner Applications; S2L: ANALTAIR(S-100)TOLSI-11 BUS ADAPTER; WADUZITDO: How To Write aLanguage in 256 Words or Less; THE MATHEMATICS OF COMPUTERGRAPHICS; APL AND GRAPHICS; SOME WORDS ABOUT PROGRAMSTRUCTURE; ANTIQUE MECHANICAL COMPUTERS: The TorresChess Automaton, MATH IN THE REAL WORLD; GRAPHIC MANIPULA-TIONS USING MATRICES.

October 1978

NO POWER FOR YOUR INTERFACES?: Build a 5 W DC to DC Converter;A "TINY" PASCAL COMPILER, Part 2: The P-Compiler; TESTINGMEMORY IN BASIC; FIRST STEPS IN COMPUTER CHESS PROGRAMM-ING; LINEAR CIRCUIT ANALYSIS; SOLVING THE EIGHT QUEENS PRO-BLEM; A SIMPLER DIGITAL CASSETTE TAPE INTERFACE; SOUPING

UP YOUR SwTPC 6800; A NOVEL BAR CODE READER; A COMPUTERCHESS TUTORIAL; A MEMORY PATTERN SENSITIVITY TEST;PAM/8: A New Approach to Front Panel Design; ASSEMBLING THE H9VIDEO TERMINAL; CREATING A CHESS PLAYER.

December 1978

FAST FOURIER TRANSFORMS ON YOUR HOME COMPUTER; DESIGN-ING A UNIVERSAL TURING MACHINE: A Software Approach; BUILDAN OCTAL/HEXADECIMAL OUTPUT DISPLAY; INTERFACE YOURCOMPUTER TO A PRINTING CALCULATOR; ZAPPER: A ComputerDriven EROM Programmer; CLOCKLESS MULTIPLICATION AND DIVI-SION CIRCUITS; CREATING A CHESS PLAYER, Part 3: Chess 0.5 (con-tinued); PARTITIONED DATA SETS; LIFE WITH YOUR COMPUTER;SOME FACTS OF LIFE; ONE-DIMENSIONAL LIFE; CHESS 4.7 VERSUSDAVID LEVY; AN EASY PROGRAMMING SYSTEM; TEACHING WITH AMICROCOMPUTER; THE MOTHER CHIP; FORTRAN AND ITSGENERALIZATIONS.

January 1979

BUILD A COMPUTER CONTROLLED SECURITY SYSTEM FOR YOURHOME: Protecting your home with your personal computer—Part 1 of a 3part series; A COMPUTERIZED MAILING LIST: A practical application foryour floppy disk computer system; LIFE ALGORITHMS: Efficient methodsfor programming John Conway's game of life; POLYPHONY MADEEASY: Play chords instead of just single notes with your computer; ANAUDIBLE LOGIC TEST PROBE: Change voltage levels to musical tonesfor quick troubleshooting; HISTORY OF COMPUTERS: The IBM 704, Con-cerning one of the last vacuum tube computers; A MICROPROCESSORFOR THE REVOLUTION: THE 6809; AN EXPOSURE TO MUMPS; THEDIGICAST SYSTEM: Receiving Data and Information Over Your FM Radio,Receiving computer programs over FM subcarrier bands; GRANDMASTERWALTER BROWNE VERSUS CHESS 4.6; AN INTRODUCTION TOBNF: Introduction to Backus-Naur Form, an abbreviation method used incompiler and interpreter design; CREATING A CHESS PLAYER, Part4: Strategy in Computer Chess, Optimizing end game evaluation on thecomputer; IPS, AN UNORTHODOX HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE;GOTOIocks AND THE THREE SORTS: A tale told by a PUNdit of a sort;ELEMENTS OF STATISTICAL COMPUTATION: How to calculate meansand standard deviations.

May 1979

COMPUTER GENERATED MAPS, Part 1: Maps help make the arrange-ment of numeric data meaningful; REPRESENTING THREE-DIMENSIONAL OBJECTS IN YOUR COMPUTER: Using a digitizer to in-put graphical data; COMMUNICATE ON A LIGHT BEAM: Transmit digitalinformation over a beam of light; SINGLE CHIP VIDEOCONTROLLER: Controlling a video display with a single integrated circuit;THE INTEL 8275 CRT CONTROLLER: This controller device eases videodisplay design; THE SUPERBOARD II: A Surprising Single Board Com-puter From OSI; 6800 DISASSEMBLER: Decipher your machine code pro-grams; SPACEWAR IN TINY BASIC; SMART MEMORY, Part 2: A blackbox approach to associative memory design; SIMULTANEOUS INPUT ANDOUTPUT FOR YOUR 8080; QUEUING THEORY, THE SCIENCE OF WAITCONTROL, Part 2: System Types; TRIGONOMETRY IN TWO EASYBLACK BOXES: Calculate trigonometric functions using arithmetic opera-tions; TIC-TAC-TOE: A PROGRAMMING EXERCISE; THE HOBBY UN-WRAP: How to unwrap what was previously wrapped; A MINI-DISASSEMBLER FOR THE 2650; AIDS FOR HAND ASSEMBLING PRO-GRAMS.

June 1979

A MODEL OF THE BRAIN FOR THE ROBOT CONTROL, Part 1; MIND

OVER MATTER: Add Biofeedback Input to Your Computer; COMPUTERGENERATED MAPS, Part 2: A general purpose perspective projectionprogram; THE NATURE OF ROBOTS, Part 1: Defining Behavior;DESIGNING A COMMAND LANGUAGE: Using theory of finite statemachines to design input command language; SIMPLE MAZE TRAVERSALALGORITHMS; MORE COLORS FOR YOUR APPLE; A HOME FOR YOURCOMPUTER: Increase the utility and enjoyablity of your equipment with acarefully planned cabinet; TALK TO A TURTLE: Build a Computer Controll-ed Robot; MY COMPUTER RUNS MAZES: Using simple tree searches toreach a goal; The 1802 OP CODES: The instruction set of theRCACHughes 1802 microprocessor; THE HISTORY OF COMPUTING: THEIBM 7070; ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ENTROPY: Chemistry, ar-tificial intelligence, and the second law of thermodynamics; BASIC TEXTEDITOR; BUBBLE MEMORIES: A Short Tutorial; STACKS INMICROPROCESSORS: Learn the ups and downs of stacks in yourmicroprocessor; TIMESHARING: SQUEEZING THE MOST FROM YOURMICRO; THREE TYPES OF PSEUDORANDOM SEQUENCES.

July 1979

GRAPHIC INPUT OF WEATHER DATA; SOUND OFF: Interfacing a com-puter to external sound generation devices; A MODEL OF THE BRAIN FORROBOT CONTROL, Part 2: A Neurological Model; SONICANEMOMETRY FOR THE HOBBYIST: Measuring wind speed and direc-tion by electronic means; THE NATURE OF ROBOTS, Part 2: SimulatedControl System, Understanding closed loop control systems: QUEST: Willyou find tne treasure or will the giant find you first?; MOUSE: A language forMicrocomputers, Simple language to demonstrate implementation pro-cesses; SUBROUTING PARAMETERS; THE MATHEMATICS OF COM-PUTER ART; CREATIVITY IN COMPUTER MUSIC: Effect of computeruse on music composition and theory; PHOTO ESSAY: Physical Hardwareof a New Computer Backplane. The beginnings of a homebrew 6809 personalcomputer.August 1979

ANYONE KNOW THE REAL TIME?: Simple methods of telling time;MODEL OF THE BRAIN, Part 3: Comparison of Brain and Model, DoesCMAC accurately represent human brain function?; NATURE OF ROBOTS,Part 3: A Closer Look at Human Behavior, Simulating a 3-muscle system;THE DESIGN OF AN M6800 LISP INTERPRETER: The theory behind oneimplementation; LISP APPLICATIONS IN BOOLEAN LOGIC; AN OVER-VIEW OF LONG DIVISION: Providing real answers to division problems;AN OVERVIEW OF LISP; LISP BASED SYSTEMS FOR EDUCATION; THELAMBDINO STORAGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: Data storage techni-ques represent major design considerations; PATTERN-DIRECTED IN-VOCATION LANGUAGES: A data base development tool; EXPLORINGTRS-80 GRAPHICS; A MATHEMATICIAN'S VIEW OF LISP; A PREVIEWOF THE MOTOROLA 68000; LISP BASED SYMBOLIC MATH SYSTEMS.

September 1979

JOYSTICK INTERFACES; INTRODUCTION TO MULTIPROGRAMMING;INTERFACE A CHESSBOARD TO YOUR KIM-1; A LOW-SPEEDANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER; THE NATURE OF ROBOTS, Part4: A simple, human experiment; INEXPENSIVE, OPTICAL PAPER-TAPEREADER; A MODEL OF THE BRAIN FOR ROBOT CONTROL, Part4: Decision-making procedures; SOME MUSINGS ON HARDWAREDESIGN: Simple design techniques; SOLDERING TECHNIQUES: A pic-ture essay; HANDY PULSER: A simple, circuit-debugging tool; THEAMSAT-GOLEM-80: A modular and inexpensive S-100 computer system;ADD SOME CONTROL TO YOUR COMPUTER.

October 1979

TRACING YOUR OWN ROOTS: Genealogical research with a microcom-puter; POWER HELPS ANALYZE ELECTRIC BILLS: Determine powerusage from appliance ratings; SELF-REFRESHING LED GRAPHICSDISPLAY; INTERFACING THE S-100 BUS WITH THE INTEL 8255; THEXYZ PHENOMENON: Stereoscopic Plotting by Computer, Three-dimensional simulation using optical devices and computer graphics; CURVEFITTING WITH YOUR COMPUTER: A simplified approach to nonlinearregression; SPACE GAME: Develop your reflexes with this fast-movinggame; EASY TO USE HASHING FUNCTION: Random symbol distributionaids recall process; PICKING UP THE PIECES: Recovering from disk writeerrors; VARIABLES WHOSE VALUES ARE STRINGS: String variablescan be easy to use; IBM COMPATIBLE DISK DRIVES: Floppy disk sector-ing rules; THE TRS-80 SPEAKS: Discussion of a vocal output peripheralfor the Radio Shack TRS-80; LOW-LEVEL PROGRAMOPTIMIZATION: Some Illustrative Cases, How to decrease memory re-quirements and increase execution speed; SOME LAWS OF PERSONALCOMPUTING: Some unnatural, natural laws; BUDGET BUILDING ON ABARE BOARD.

November 1979

SOLVING SOMA CUBE AND POLYOMINO PUZZLES; PROGRAMMINGSTRATEGIES IN THE GAME OF REVERSI: A tutorial on using theminimax theory in designing a game; A SPACECRAFT SIMULATOR: Aspace-navigation game; THE NATIONAL MICROPASTIME: Simulatingbaseball games using actual statistics; WRITING ANIMATED COMPUTERGAMES; BUILD A SIMPLE DIGITAL OSCILLOSCOPE: Displaywaveforms with light-emitting diodes; THE INTEL 8086: Hands-on ex-perience with a system design kit; ALPHA-BETA PRUNING: A program-mer's approach to simulating a chess game; INTERFACING THE PETTO ALINE PRINTER: Connection through the PET user port plus a screenimage-printing program; STACK IT UP: Use your microprocessor's stackto your best advantage; FIVE USEFUL PROGRAMS FOR THE SC/MP; THECHERRY PRO KEYBOARD: A professional keyboard for the hobbyist.

January 1980

COMPUTERIZE A HOME; A COMPUTER-CONTROLLED LIGHT DIM-MER, Part 1: Design; A FURNACE WATCHDOG; TELEPHONE DIALINGBY COMPUTER; ANALYSIS OF POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS WITH THETI-59 CALCULATOR, Part 2; ALPHA LOCK FOR YOUR ASCIIKEYBOARD; RELOCATING 8080 SYSTEM SOFTWARE; EIGHTEENWITH A DIE, A LEARNING GAME PLAYER; MAKING COLOR SLIDESWITH AN INTECOLOR MICROCOMPUTER; WHAT COMPUTERS CAN-NOT DO; INDIRECT ADDRESSING FOR THE 6502; THE PLOT CON-TINUES; A COMPUTER-GENERATED REMINDER MESSAGE.

March 1980

EASE INTO 16-BIT COMPUTING: Get 16-bit performance from an 8-bitcomputer: ELECTRON BEHAVIOR IN A CHEMICAL BOND; SOLVINGPROBLEMS INVOLVING VARIABLE TERRAINS, Part 2: Special cases,including hexagonal grids; A POWER-LINE PROTECTION CIRCUIT; LAN-DING MODULE SIMULATION WITH RANDOM SURFACE; THE DIRT-CHEAP BOOTSTRAP, MORE NOTES ON BRINGING UP A MICRO-COMPUTER; HYDROCARBON MOLECULE CONSTRUCTOR; SUPERTIC; HEWLETT-PACKARD'S NEW PERSONAL COMPUTER, THE HP-85;TRS-80 PERFORMANCE, EVALUATION BY PROGRAM TIMING; ELEC-TRONIC PLANIMETRY; OPERATION CODES FOR 8080, 8085, AND Z80PROCESSORS; TO ERR IS HUMAN.

April 1980

COMPUTING THE / CHING WITH A TRS-80; THE GREAT RACE ANDMICRO DISK FILES: Horse Race Simulations; PROGRAM THOSE2708s!; APPLE AUDIO PROCESSING; BUILD A LOW-COST EPROMERASER; USING THE COMPUTER AS A MUSICIAN'S AMANUENSIS,Part 1: Fundamental Problems; ADD A SIMPLE TEXT EDITOR TO YOURBASIC PROGRAMS; EASE INTO 16-BIT COMPUTING, Part 2: Examin-ing a Small Multi-User System; ADVANCED REAL-TIME MUSIC SYN-THESIS TECHNIQUES; CALCULATING FILTER CAPACITOR VALUESFOR COMPUTER POWER SUPPLIES; A GRAPHICS TEXT EDITOR FORMUSIC, Part 1; Structure of the Editor.

May 1980

A DC-TO-DC CONVERTER; EXPANSION FOR THE RADIO SHACKTRS-80, Part 1: Principles of Parallel Ports; KIMDOS: Using Your KIM-1with a Percom Floppy-Disk Drive; INTERFACE A FLOPPY-DISK DRIVE TOAN 8080A-BASED COMPUTER; GIVE YOUR COMPUTER AN EAR FORNAMES; THE COSMAC DOODLER; ERROR CHECKING AND CORREC-TING FOR YOUR COMPUTER; THE CASSETTE LIVES ON: An Alter-native to Floppy-Disk Mass Storage; A GRAPHICS TEXT EDITOR FORMUSIC, Part 2: Algorithms; USING THE COMPUTER AS A MUSICIAN'SAMANUENSIS, Part 2: Going from Keyboard to Printed Score; COMPAR-ING FLOPPY-DISK DRIVES BY SOFTWARE SIMULATION; THE CLUBCOMPUTER NETWORK

June 1980

AN ANSWER/ORIGINATE MODEM; I/O EXPANSION FOR THE TRS-80,Part 2: Serial Ports; Z80 OP CODES FOR AN 8080 ASSEMBLER; COM-MUNICATING IN TWO DIRECTIONS; A TIME-SHARING/MULTI-USERSUBSYSTEM FOR MICROPROCESSORS; A TELEPHONE-DIALINGMICROCOMPUTER; MY TRS-80 TALKS TO MY CROMEMCO Z-2;UNDERSTANDING ISAM; INTERPERSONALIZED MEDIA: WHAT'SNEWS?; FIFTEEN: A GAME OF STRATEGY (OR TIC-TAC-TOEREVISITED).

July 1980

HANDHELD REMOTE CONTROL FOR YOUR COMPUTERIZED HOME;INTERACTIVE CONTROL OF A VIDEOCASSETTE RECORDER WITH APERSONAL COMPUTER; PILOT/P: IMPLEMENTING A HIGH-LEVELLANGUAGE IN A HURRY; THE 1980 WEST COAST COMPUTER FAIRE;SIMULATING HUMAN DECISION-MAKING ON A PERSONAL COM-PUTER; EDUCATION FORUM: BOOKS AS AN ANTIDOTE TO THE CAIBLUES; EDUCATION FORUM: THE PERSONAL COMPUTER—LastChance for CAI?; EDUCATION FORUM: COMPUTER ILLITERACY; APERSONAL COMPUTER ON A STUDENT'S BUDGET; THE MICROCOM-PUTER IN THE UNDERGRADUATE SCIENCE CURRICULUM; THEUSER'S COLUMN: OMIKRON TRS-80 BOARDS, NEWDOS + ; CREATINGA FANTASY WORLD ON THE 8080; MICR08: Using BASIC to LearnAssembly Language.

To order any of the above back issues, please fill out and return the attachedpostage paid envelope. Allow 8 weeks for delivery.

Circle 167 on inquiry card.

64K Horizon II S2669I

Don't be fooled by our low prices. These oren'rjusr any I64K Horizon lis. They're thoroughly rested, enhanced,and backed by fost warranty service. Also, we discount Ithe total system from game disks to hard disks. Call forour price on your system.

Horizon II 64K Quod $3069 I

Horizon II 02K DD $2339

Horizon II 32K Quod S2689

PRINTERS

Okidata

taSig Microline 80

$539

Epson MX-80

Paper Tiger 440G $8751

Paper Tiger 460G $1149

I Centronics 737 $789

Anadex 9500, 9501 $1349

| TI-810 Dasic $1489

I NEC 5510 $2589

COMPUTERS

I Atari 800 _ $747

JHP-85 $2849

Zenith (Heath) Z-89 48K $2199

Industrial Micro 5000 D.D $2499

I Altos ACS-8000-5 $4995

TERMINALS

P.E. Bantam (w/non-glare) $669

Soroc IQ 120 $729

Televideo 920C $769

Televideo 950C $989

Hazeltine 1500 $699 |

HOW TO ORDER

Moil Order OnlyI 2% cosh discount incl. Prices subject to change. ProductI subject to avail. Az. residents add 5%. F.O.D.Scortsdole.I 0-20% restocking fee for returned merchandise.I Warranties included on all producrs.

ScottsdaleSystems

6730 E. McDowell Rood #1 COa Scottsdole. Az. 85257

Open 6 to 6 PM • M-5of.

(602)941-5856

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258 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

5,000,000 Reasons to replaceyour 5-inch Floppies with alow-cost, high-performance

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5 megabytes instantly expand the program and data storagehorizons on your H-89, TRS-80, or s-100 microcomputer system.

□Just slip 5 megabytes of on-line data storageInto place In your standard 5-Inch floppy diskopenings, and suddenly your capability horizonshave dramatically shifted, upwards. Now yourCP/M* S-100 microcomputer system, or H-89Heathkit (HDOS or cpm 2.2) computer system canutilize the kind of high-reliability and rapid-access mass storage which today's sophisticatedprogramming demands. DA company namedACT has created a complete package at a price so good, youcouldn't walk away from It. The 5-Inch package Includes theremarkable Shugart Technology ST 506 hard-disk drive with 6.3megabytes of unformatted mass storage and a micro-sequencingcontroller card with complete floppy disk-like Interfacing. Hard-disks have never been more affordable, nif you are wonderingJust how these ultra-fast, high throughput hard-disk drives willwork with your multi-terminal or real-timetransaction oriented systems: now you can get ■some straight answers. Clip and mall the coupon IS^n5^^ rfor quick response to all your questions. Orbetter yet, give us a call today at (703) 471-6288for some no-nonsense reasons why your systemneeds to act now. Quantity pricing Is availableto meet the needs of Original EquipmentManufacturers; check the box on the coupon.

Circle 168 on inquiry card.

Clip and mail coupon to:

American Computer 11301 Sunset Hills Road

and Telecommunications Suite A-4, Reston, VA 22090Corporation {703)471-6288

Tell me more about the ACT5-inch hard-disk drivepackage:

My present 5-inch hard-disk driveinterests center around:

□ S-100 Microcomputer Systems

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Name

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Circle 169 on inquiry card.

CHOOSE...

Choose an Apple Desk

A compact bj-level desk ideal for an Applecomputer system. This 42" x 31/4" desk comeswith a shelf to hold two Apple disk drives.Thetop shelf for your TV or monitor and manualscan also have an optional paper slot to accom-odate a printer.

Choose a Micro Desk

Get your micro computer off the desk top andinto the micro shelf under our Designer Seriesdesks. Suitable for the North Star, Dynabyte,Vector Graphics, and Altos computers. Thedesks come in a variety of sizes and colors.

Choose a Mini Rack

■w

Mini racks and mini micro racks have standardventing, cable cutouts and adjustable RETMArails. Choose a stand alone bay or a 48", 60",or 72" desk model in a variety of colors andwood tones. A custom rack is available for theCromemco.

Choose a Printer Stand

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ELECTRONIC SySTEMSFURNITURE

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Listing

continued:

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Text continued from page 238:

clipping routines (CLIP and CASE).There are several utility routinesmaintaining the frame buffer (ie:PEEK and POKE, which place orreturn a pixel value at a given coor-dinate; PUT, which pokes a series ofpixel values; and PIXEL, which does

the transformation from the coor-dinate plane to the physical memory).Only one routine in the entirepackage, PIXEL, directly manipulatesthe frame buffer. Besides PIXEL, allsubroutines operate in a Cartesian co-ordinate system. Because of thisstructure, only PIXEL must be altered

260 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

HOW TO TURN AN APPLE INTO A TANK.

With Computer Conflict™and a little imagination, we'lltransform your staid and respectable Apple computer into thefearsome war machine of the Soviet Red Army. ComputerConflict actually consists of two fast-paced, action-packed war-games played on full-color mapboards of Hi-Res graphics:Rebel Force and Red Attack!

REBEL FORCE puts you in the role of a Soviet commanderwhose regiment must face a computer-directed guerrilla up-rising which has overrun a vital town. Armed with your tank,heavy-weapons, and infantry units, your mission is to regainthe town through the annihilation of the Rebel Force.

Your advance will be brutally opposed by minefields,ambushes, militia, and anti-tank guns — all skillfully deployedby your computer. Survival and success of your units willdepend on your ability to take advantage of the variable terrains- open, forest, and rough - each of which has different move-ment costs and shelter values.

In this finely-balanced solitaire wargame, every move isplayed under real-time conditions: Procrastinate and lose. At

the same time, caution cannot be cast aside; severe unitlosses will only result in a Pyhrric victory at best

With its five levels of difficulty (plus one where you makeup your own), the computer can and will stress your tacticalskills to their fullest

RED ATTACK! simulates an invasion by a mixed Soviettank and infantry force against a defending battalion. As thedefender, your task is to deploy your infantry units effectivelyto protect three crucial towns — towns that must not fall!

As the Russian aggressor, your objective is to crush theresistance by taking two of these three towns with your tanksand infantry. With control of these strongpoints, the enemy'scapitulation is assured.

Red Attack! is a two-player computer simulation of modemwarfare that adds a nice touch: At the start of each game, thecomputer displays a random setup of terrains and units, pro-viding every game with a new, challenging twist

Computer Conflict for $39.95, comes with the game pro-gram mini-disc and a rule book

W / Vt^ ^X'

OR A SPITFIRE.

After you're done playing Computer Conflict you may bein a mood for something other than ground-attack wargames.In that case, Computer Air Combat™ is just what you need.

With Computer Air Combat your screen lights up with anopen sky generated by Hi-Res graphics offering global andtactical plots. Squint your eyes a bit let loose your mind, andyou'd swear your keyboard has melted into the throttle, rudder,altimeter, and other cockpit instrumentation of a World War IIcombat plane. In fact any of 36 famous fighters or bombers,from a Spitfire and B-17 Flying Fortress to the Focke-Wulf 190and A6M5 Zero. Each plane is rated - in strict historicalaccuracy and detail - for firepower, speed, maneuverability,damage-tolerance, and climbing and diving ability.

Practically every factor involved in flying these magnificentairplanes has been taken into account even down (or up?) tothe blinding sun. Climb, dive, twist and turn. Anything a realplane can do, you can do. However, the computer prevents all"illegal" moves - such as making an outside loop (which inreal life, would disastrously stall a plane).

PLAY THE COMPUTER. Aside from being the game'sperfect administrator and referee, the computer will serve as afierce opponent in the solitaire scenarios provided: DogfightBomber Formation, radar-controlled Nightfighter, and V-l Inter-cept There's even an Introductory Familiarization Flight (withAir Race option) to help you get off the ground.

With the number and type of planes and pilot abilityvariable, you can make the computer as challenging as youwant to give you the ultimate flying experience.

PLAY A HUMAN. Two can play this game as well, indogfights and bomber attacks. Given a handicap of more orbetter planes or an ace pilot (or all of the above), even anovice at Computer Air Combat stands a chance to defeat abattle-hardened veteran.

For $59.95, Computer Air Combat gives you the gamedisc, a rule book, two mapboard charts (for plotting strategiesbetween moves), and three player-aid charts.

Credit card holders, if you own an Apple®Il 48K (Apple-soft ROM) and a mini-floppy disc drive, call 800-227-1617ext 335 (toll free) and charge your order to your VISA orMASTERCHARGE. In California, call 800-772-3545, ext 335.

To order by mail, send your check to:Strategic Simulations Inc, Dept W, 465 Fairchild Drive,No. 108, Mountain View, CA 94043. All our games carry a14-day money back guarantee to assure your satisfaction.

While you're at it you can also get our other games:

D

Computer Bismarck for your Apple: $59.95Computer Bismarck, TRS-80® 48K Disc: $59.95Computer Bismarck, TRS-80 32K Cassette: $49.95

□ Computer Ambush (a tactical simulation of man-to-man combat in WWII) for your apple: $59.95

□ Computer Napoleonics, the Battle of Waterloo for yourApple: $59.95

□ Computer Quarterback (a real-time strategy footballgame): $39.95

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc.

TRS-80 is a registered trademark of Tandy Corporation.

Circle 170 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1981 261

SOFTWARE

Adt9v0 out our new items.

FANTASTIC PRICE PROTECTION POLICY

The Discount Software Group will match any advertised price

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Take advantage of some of the lowest everyday prices anywhere.

Enjoy the security of a price protection plan

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It's an uncomplicated, convenient, logical way to acquire software.

DISK

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CP/M"'(other versions) Call

S PL/l-80 $459/$35

Mac $ 85/$15

Sid $ 65/S15

Z-Sid $ 95/$15

Tex $ 70/S15

DeSpool $ 45/S10

MICROSOFT

Basic-80 $294/$30

Basic Compiler $334/$30

Fortran-80 $384/$30

Cobol-80 $574/$30

Macro-80 $144/$20

Edit-80 $ 84/$20

MuSimp/MuMath $224/$25

MuLisp-79 $174/$20

MICRO DATA BASE SYSTEMS

HDBS $250/$40

MDBS $750/140

Other Call

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r-" Payroll $ 79/$25

►'AIM $269/$99

SUPERSOFT

Forth (8080 or Z80) .$129/$25

Diagnostic I $ 49/$20

Other disk software less 10%

SOFTWARE WORKS

Adapt $ 69/ na

Ratfor $ 86/ na

COMPUTER PATHWAYS

Pearl (level 1)# $ 99/S25

Pearl (level 2)# $299/$25

Pearl (level 3)# $549/$25

COMPLETE BUSINESSSYSTEMS*

s Creator $269/$25

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General Ledger* $747/$40

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MICRO-AP

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ORGANIC SOFTWARE

TextWriter III $111/$20

^ DateBook $269/$25

SoHo Group

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S Worksheet $124/$20

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Tiny"C" $ 89/$50

osoll BASIC ?—Supplied in source code «-

s Tiny •C" Compiler .$229/$75CBASIC-2 $ 89/$ 15

^OS-1 $229/$45

Pascal/Z $369/$30

Pascal/UCSD $299/$30

Pascal/MT+ $224/$30

Pascal/M $149/$20

Nevada Cobol $ 89/S25

FMS-80 $649/$45

dBASEIIDBMS . S629/S35

Condor DBMS $599/$30

Vulcan DBMS $469/$30

T.I.M. DBMS* $329/$35

CBS $369/$45

Whatsit? $149/$25

Vsortl $159/$25

s MicroStat $224/$15

String/80 $ 84/S20

^ Vedit $ 99/$15

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x WordSearch $179/$25

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Spell Binder $349/$45

Magic Wand $299/$45

Electric Pencil II less 15%

CPAids less 12%

APPLE II

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Other Call

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Visicalc" $122

CCA Data Mgr $ 84

Desktop/Plan $ 84

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MUSE

Super-Text II $127

Other disk software . . .less 10%

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Other less 15%

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^ Data Factory $ 84

Whatsit? $129

v" Creator $229

v LedgerPlus

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TRS-80 MODEL II

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Electric Pencil II less 15%

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THE DISCOUNT SOFTWARE GROUP1610 Argyle Ave., Bldg. 102 • Los Angeles, CA 90028 • (213) 666-7677

if different video-display hardware isused.

Also, there are five interrupt-service routines. Four of theseroutines are directly connected to ahardware interrupt. For example, IN-PUT is called whenever the host sendsa byte of data, and OUTPUT is calledwhenever the host receives a byte.XERR is called either by a non-maskable interrupt (which signifies afatal error in the hardware or in auser-supplied subroutine) or by anyother routine capable of detecting anerror. XERR then provides a debug-ging capability to the host and allowsexamination of memory or registers.Finally, FRAME is connected to theframe interrupt.

Whenever the video-displaygenerator grants the bus to themicroprocessor, an interrupt signal isgenerated on PIO (peripheral in-put/output) port 0. This interruptallows a process to synchronize withthe frame rate, since the interruptoccurs at the end of each frame.FRAME maintains a frame count, butalso calls a routine, called NULL,located in programmable memory. Ifyou desire to execute a routine at theframe rate, perhaps to perform somecalculation for a game, simply load(via LSUB) a routine at NULL, andthe software will call the routine atthe start of every frame.

There isn't sufficient room todescribe all of the features of this soft-ware. The source listing has manycomments and provides a preambleto each routine describing the routinename, who calls it and whom it caJJs,a description, the registers affected,and the structures affected. Com-ments are also provided for every lineof executable code; and there actuallyare more comments than code. Theremainder of this discussion willcover some of the major structuresand algorithms implemented in theMicrograph software.

Software Structures

As we mentioned in Part 1 of thisarticle, there are two importantabstractions that must be im-plemented in the Micrograph soft-ware. Abstractions denotes that thesoftware appears as one thing to theuser, while hiding the actual im-plementation. In this case, theabstractions allow the user to dealwith manipulating images, ratherthan dealing with the bits and piecesof the frame buffer itself.

Text continued on page 266

262 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 171 on inquiry card.

GET A HEAD STARTON TOMORROW WITH THESOFTWARE THAT'S GOING PLACES.THE UCSDp-SYSTEM.""

JULIE ERWIN, Director of Marketing, SofTech Microsystems

UCSD p-System and UCSD Pascal are trademarks of the Regents of the University of California.LSI-11 is a trademark of Digital Equipment Corp.

Our microcomputer softwaresystem's going places forgood reasons:

We're constantly expandingand developing it. We started withUCSD Pascal,™ added FORTRAN,and we'll be introducing more inthe months ahead.

We offer a total developmentand execution environment, fromoperating system and cross assemblersto screen editor.

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Our system's available fordistribution licensing or for single-copysales. With Pascal, it costs $350...with FORTRAN, $400... and with bothlanguages, $550. Documentationsets are $50. Phone orders are welcome,and Visa and Master Card ordersare accepted. Write or call formore details.

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BYTE January 1981 263

CALLS I LCRAM Y LPIX T LREG I LSUB I LSYM J MOV IRCRAMI RETN 1 RPIX J RREG [ RSUB I RSYM I SYM J VEC I WAIT

{GETBLK K-

(SENDBKV

1SENDBYV

CASE H-

CLIP M-

POKE H-

LL ) ( INPUT J (OUTPUT)

Figure 1: Hierarchy of subroutine calling in the Micrograph display-control program. The graphics primitives described in Part 1 arerepresented by the subroutines in the long horizontal row; all are called by the routine PRIMAT through an indirect process. Thegraphics-primitive routines may then call other routines, shown in the vertical column. The five routines shown in the horizontal rowat the bottom are called by processor interrupts. Execution of a subroutine-return instruction causes control to branch to the routineEXEC.

264 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

DG: Realizing the H8's Potential

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BYTE January 1981

265

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Mnemonic

Name

GDRO

X

GDR 1

Y

GDR 2

Primary coior

GDR 3

Secondary color

GDR 4

Frame count

GDR 5

Vector mode

GDR 6

Viewport 0 left X

GDR 7

Viewport 0 left Y

GDR 8

Viewport 0 right X

GDR 9

Viewport 0 right Y

GDR 10

Viewport 1 left X

GDR 11

Viewport 1 left Y

GDR 12

Viewport 1 right X

GDR 13

Viewport 1 right Y

GDR 14

Display format

GDR 15

Status

Table 2: Functions of the sixteen

graphics- disp

'ay registers of

Micrograph.

Text continued from page 262:

One of the more important abstrac-tions is the structure of the framebuffer appearing to be a Cartesianplane. In Micrograph, the user seesthe system as a 256 by 256 pixel by256 color display, which is physicallyand internally truncated to a lowerresolution (eg: 64 by 64 pixels withfour colors, 128 by 128 pixels withfour colors, or 256 by 192 pixels withtwo colors). In reality, the frame buf-fer cannot be physically accessed us-ing these same coordinates. Instead,the Micrograph firmware does thetranslation through the routine PIXELfrom the Cartesian coordinates to thephysical frame buffer.

Figure 2 shows the structure thesystem implements for the threeresolutions available throughMicrograph. Actually, all the6847-supported resolutions are possi-ble: the software, however, directlysupports only three. The figure alsoindicates a border in which no in-dividual pixels may be accessed.

The other critical structure thatMicrograph must implement is thegraphics-display register set. As Parts1 and 2 explained, the graphics-display registers define system-globalparameters, such as line type (eg:solid, dashed, small, or fat), currentcolor, viewport coordinates, and soon. In Micrograph, there are sixteengraphics-display registers, whosefunctions are summarized in table 2.Remember that these registers may bedirectly accessed through the instruc-tions LREG and RREG and that theyeffect the execution of most of theother instructions.

There are a few other abstractionsimplemented by the Micrograph sof t-

266 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 174 on inquiry card.

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BYTE January 1981 267

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64X64X4

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128X128X4

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(0,0) —-

(0,0)

USER SPACE

256 X 192 X 1

(255,191)

(0,0)

Figure 2: Pixel mapping structure of Micrograph firmware.

ware worthy of mention and mostlyrelating to display-list subroutineimplementation, as shown in figure 3.For user-called microcomputermachine-language subroutines (ac-cessed through CALLS), themicrocomputer stack is used to han-dle subroutine nesting. A similarstructure must be implemented forthe graphics-primitive subroutines,as the figure indicates. In this case, asecond stack is maintained and ispointed to by a base-register offset byanother byte (GPC). This stack holdsthe nested graphics-subroutinenames, not addresses. Another byte(SPTR) holds the current subroutinename.

To find the actual entry point of asubroutine, two more tables are used(SLINK, the subroutine address inmemory, and SLONG, the sub-routine length). To access the actual

address or length of a subroutine,SPTR is added to the table base forindexing the appropriate data.SLONG directly provides thesubroutine length with a maximum of256 bytes. The value in SLINK isadded to SOFF, the subroutine offset,to point to the next instruction in thecurrent subroutine.

Major Algorithms

The implementation of theMicrograph instruction set is relative-ly straightforward. However, thereare a number of algorithms buried inthe software that you should beaware of, including the algorithm forthe routine PIXEL, the scan-line con-version routine, and the clippingroutine. Since these routines areutilities used by several of thecommand-processing subroutines,they will be discussed first, followed

268 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE January 1981 269

Figure 3: Micrograph display-listsubroutines. Figure 3a shows the stackused for nested user-called subroutines.Figure 3b shows the scheme used for keep-ing track of nested graphics subroutines.

by some details on the command (ie:instruction) processing itself. Even ifyou don't plan to build a completeversion of Micrograph, or if you havean existing graphics system, thefollowing algorithms may easily beused to implement some importantgraphics-processing functions.

The routine PIXEL is the onlyroutine that directly accesses theframe buffer: all other routinesoperate in the abstraction of theCartesian plane. Hence, PIXEL mustprovide the mapping between thesetwo frames of reference. Rememberthat the frame buffer is actually ablock of memory up to 6 K byteslong. As figure 4 indicates, this blockof memory is mapped directly to thedisplay by the video-displaygenerator. Since Micrograph sup-ports three different formats, thismapping is not necessarily constant.Figures 5a, 5b, and 5c describe thistransformation for each displayresolution. These are essentially bit-manipulation operations, and be-cause they are very similar, it will suf-fice to discuss one in detail, the 128by 128 pixel (four-color) resolutionin figure 5b.

PIXEL starts with clipped X and Ycoordinates and, through the givenbit manipulations with some moving,complementing, and shifting, forms a16-bit offset from the start of therefresh memory. This offset is addedto the start of the frame-buffermemory, which then points to a par-ticular byte in the refresh memory.Since, in this case, there are four pix-els packed in 1 byte, bits 3 and 4 ofthe clipped X value are used to pointto one particular pixel. Since PIXELsets or reads the color-value bits thatcorrespond to the pixel, we must alsomatch the byte representing the se-lected color to the pixel data. In thiscase we actually truncate the selectedcolor and use only the top 2 bits assignificant, which equates to fourpossible colors. Thus, there's a poten-tial of 256 possible colors, if the hard-ware will support it.

Recall the description of a viewportin Part 1: a rectangular block that ispart of (or the entire) display screen.Therefore, you can clip (ie: make in-

Text continued on page 274

GRAPHICS SUBROUTINE STACK

a)

SLINK

START OF REFRESH MEMORY

(255,255)

(0,0)

END OF REFRESH MEMORY

Figure 4: Mapping of picture elements to the video display.

270 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

TOGETHER AT LAST

SSS FORTRAN & RATFOR are the critic's choice!

The SSS FORTRAN compiler is fast, efficient, and complete (full 1966 ANSIstandard with extensions!. The RATFOR compiler compiles info FORTRAN allowingthe user to write structured code while retaining the benefits of FORTRANTogether they form an incredible team!

SSS FORTRAN Specifics

SSS FORTRAN makes full FORTRAN IV available to microcomputers. SSS

FORTRAN meets and exceeds the ANS11966 FORTRAN standard. The compilersupports many advanced features not found in less complete implementations,including: complex arithmetic, character variables, and functions. SSS FORTRANwill compile up to 600 lines per minute! Recursive subroutines with staticvariables are supported. ROMable ".COM" files may be generated.

FEATURES

Code generation: ROMable ".COM" files or intermediate code files (saves diskspace). External routines may be called.

Data types: Byte, integer, real, double precision, complex, logical, charac-

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Begin End Brackets Macro Defines

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BYTE January 1981 271

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272 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

CLIPPED X

CLIPPED Y

L, LQ

(5a)

COMPLEMENT J

^, OFFSET

+ START OF REFRESH

EFFECTIVE ADDRESS

WHICH POINTS TO

BIT L,Lo0

SELECTED COLOR

CLIPPED X

CLIPPED Y

L, L0

\ A

COMPLEMENT )

(5b)

^

i

/

+ START OF

REFRESH

OFFSET

EFFECTIVE ADDRESS

WHICH POINTS TO

BIT L. L0 1

BIT Li Lo0

SELECTED COLOR

L2 L, L0

(5c)

EFFECTIVE ADDRESS

BIT L2L,L0

SELECTED COLOR

Figure 5: Variations in pixel mapping among the three available resolutions and for-mats. Figure 5a represents the X, Y to memory mapping for a 64 by 64 pixel by 4 colordisplay format. Figures 5b and 5c represent mapping for 128 by 128 pixel by 4 color and256 by 192 pixel by 2 color formats, respectively.

exatron

Stringy Floppy

Systems

For the TRS-80 Mod I,III,&/The New Color Computer

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BYTE January 1981 273

Jf CPU's &f SUPPORTCHIPS

RAM's

C/MOS (DIODE CLAMPED)

808A

6.95

8085A

12.95

AMD 2901 -

13.95

8205 -

3.95

8216

2.90

8228

4.50

82G1

6.95

B259

-9.95

8257 IAM9517)

-8.95

2B0ASIA

-8.95

8275

34.95

MC6845

24.95

FD1791

-34.95

2114L-3

4116-3

4116-2

21L02-3

2102-4

MK4027-3

MK4096-11 -

TMS4045-25-

MS4050NL -

2101-1

21O7B/5280 -

MM5270

MK4008P

4028 -

H>

.48

.1(1

4023 -

130

4510 -

SO

.45X-35

AD

4040 -

4042 -

4043 -

4044 -

1.00«

1.0030

4611 -

4514 -

4515 -

4516 -4518 -

Sb

138135130170

T4CS3 -74C151 -74C157 -74C160 -74C161 -MCI63 -74C165 -74C173 -

361.7S1.761J0

4520 -

1.00

,461.08

4050 -

4051 -

481,10

74COO -74C02 -

!27

125

1 XI

1.10

4059 -4071 -

.48

74C14 -

1.20XI

7AC926-

636

4072 -

74C32 -

4h

.76

4076 -

1.00

74C73 -

.75

UART's

AYS-1013 - 3.75

1602B - 3.95

AY38500 - 1-95

PT1482B - 3-25

INTERFACE& DRIVERS

2.502.502.502.502.002.002.002.00

ROM's

2708271625162532822382G2382S11282S12382S12682S12982S13082S131AM921BC

18.00- 49.00

- 3.95

- 2.95

- 7.95

- 4.95

- 2.95-3.25-3.45

- 3.95

PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD

4" x 6" DOUBLE SIDEDEPOXY BOARD 1/16" thick$.60 ea 5/$2.60

SPECIAL VALUES

ALL7400 SERIES IC's

15% OFF LIST

ALLREGULATORS

20%

OFF LIST

SPECIALSGOOD THRU JANUARY 1981

CRYSTALS $3.45 ea.

2.000 MHz4.000 MHz3.000 MHz

1/16" thick with 1/10" spacing

W x 6Y2" $1.95

DATEL'S DAC-08BC

8 bit DAC - $9.95

8" DISKETTES HARD SECTOR$1.75,10/$16.00

74S00

.30

74S20 .40

74S02

.30

74S30 .40

74S05

.45

74S32 .40

74S08

.40

74S89 1.90

74S11

.35

74S112 .85

74S15

.40

74S140 1.00

74S153 1.1074S151 1.25

745157 1.25

745158 1.2574S174 1.40

745257 1.50

745258 1.40

7 WATT LD 65 LASERDIODE IR $8.95

25 watt Infra Red Pulse ISG 2006 equiv.)

Laser Diode (Spec sheet included)

S24.95

2N38*C P FET S .45

2N5457NFET S .45

2N2646 UJT S .45

ER 900 TRIGGER DIODES 4/S1.00

2N 602B PROG. UJT S .65

TTL REED relay - SPST 5V 20ma $1.00

CLOCK CHIPS

MM5387AA $5.95

MM5314 $4.75

MM5316 $4.95

TANTALUM CAPACITORS

.22UF35V 5/S1.00 10UF10V - S .40

.47UF35V 5/S1.00 22UF 10V -$.30

68UF35V 5IS1.00 15UFI6V 3/S1.00

1UF35V 5/S1.00 30UF6V 5/S1.00

HH12S! 5,$' °°r, 33UF20V $ .60

4373nFF?RV « -00 '00UF,5V S ™4.7UF15V 5/S1.00 150UF,5V 5 95

6.8UF35V 3/S1.00 1buuMbv * as

SANKEN

AUDIO POWER AMPS

Si 1010 G 10 WATTS .. $ 7.50Si 1020 G 20 WATTS .. $13.75Si 1050 G 50 WATTS .. $26.90

200 PRV 1A LASCR .95

RS232CONNECTORS

DB 25P male $3.25

DB25Sfemale ... $4.25HOODS $1.50

3.57 MHz5.000 MHz

6.000 MHz

6.144 MHz8.000MHz10.000 MHz18.000 MHz18.432 MHz20.000 MHz

■■ ■ -■ rf i ■ mil m

TRANSISTOR SPECIALS

2N1303PNPGETO5 3/S1.00

2N1307PNPGETO5

2N4MAPNPG6TO-5. 3/SI.OO

HEPG6014-PNPGETO3 S .85

TIP121-NPNSISWITCHING * M

2N6233-NPN SWITCHING POWER 81.95

MRF 8004 a CB R = TRANSi'jron NPN S .75

2N3772NPNS.TO-3 51.00

2N4908 PNP S. T&3 $1.00

2N5086 PNP Si TO-92 4151.00

2N3137 NPN Si RF t .55

2N3919 NPN Si TO-3 RF 51.50

2N1420 NPN Si TO S 3/S1.00

2N3767 NPN 61 TO-66 5 .70

2N2222NPNS.T0 18 EJ51.00

2N2907 NPN Si TO 18 -*/*1 iSP

2N3055 NPN Si TO 3 8 .60

2N3904 NPN Si T092 6JS1.00

2N3906PNPS. TO 92 6/81.00

2NS296NPNSiTO220 S .55

2N6109PNPS TO 220 5 .55

TIP31BNPNS.TO220 S .60

TIP32BPMPST0 220 S .65

riP34PNPSt 5 .95

TTLIC SERIES

7400- .17 7450- .17 74161- .60

74101 - .17 7472 - .35 74162 - 1.20

7402 - .17 7473 - .35 74163 - .95

7403- .17 7474 - .42 74164 - M

7404 - .24 7475 - .49 74165

7405- .24 7476- .45 74166

7406 - .33 7480 - .45 74167

7407 - .35 7483- .60 74170

7408 - .27 7485 - .75 74173

7409 - .24 7486 - .42 74174

7410 - .17 7489 - 1.60 74175

7411 - .22 7490- .50 741767412- .22 7491- .55 74177

7413 - .42 7492 - .51

7414 - .90 7493 - 50 74181

7416- .33 7494- .60 74190

7417- .37 7495- .60 741917420 - .17 7496 - .60 741927425- .35 74107- .35 74193

7426 - .33 74121 - 35 74194

7427 - ,35 74122 - .39 741957430- .17 74123- .42 741967432 - .27 74125 - .45 741977437 - ,27 74126 - .45 742797438- .27 74145- .75 743257440- 17 74150- 1.10 743657441 - .85 74151 - 65 "3677442- .50 74153- 55 ™3907445- .70 75154-1.10 75325

7446 - .75 74155 - .75 7549

7447 - .75 74157 _ .65 75492

7448 - .75 74160 - B5 BT98

1.35

7- .75

.751.90

D - 1.201.20.79.79

.85

5- .65

.85

.651.501.50

I - 1.051.05

RIBBON CABLE

FLAT (COLOR CODED)

#30 WIRE

16 cond. - ,40/per foal40 cond. - ,75/per fool50 cond. ■ .90/per foot

MINIATURE MULTI-TURN TRIM POTS100. 5K, 10K. 20K, 250K, ... $.75 each .

NO. 30 WIRE WRAP WIRE SINGLE STRAND

100' $1.40

ALCO MINIATURE TOGGLE SWITCHES

MTA106 SPOT 51.05

MTA 206 DPOT 51.70

MTA 206 PDPDT CENTR OFF SI .85

MSD 206 P-DPDT CENTER OFF LEVER SWITCH 51.85

SCR's

600

1.5A 6A 35A 11DA

3.60

:-

FULL WAVE BRIDGE

PRV

2A

6A

25A

100

1.40

200

.80

1.30

2.20

400

1.00

1.65

3.30

600

1.30

1.90

4.40

TRIAC's

DIP SOCKETS

8 PIN .17 22 PIN .30

14 PIN .20 24 PIN .35

16 PIN .22 28 PIN .40

18 PIN .25 40 PIN .60

74LS SERIES

PRV

1A

10A

25A

100

.46

.80

1 55

200

.8-1

1.30

2.10

400

1 ..10

1.90

3.10

600

2.00

2.75

4.30

FP 100 PHOTO TRANS S .50

RED, YELLOW OR GEEN LARGE LED's. 2" 6/S1.00

RED/GREEN BIPOLAR LED's 8 .55

MLED92 R LEO 8 .75

MRD14B PHOTO DARL. XTOR 8 .75

TIL-118 OPTO-1SOLATOR 8 .75

IL-5 OPTO-ISOLATOR 8 .80

1 WATTZENERS: 3.3.4.7, 5.1, 5.6. 6.8. 8.2. 9.1,10,

12, 15.18, oi 22V 6/S1.00

SFC 3301 - 50 PRV 30AFAST RECOVERY DIODE (35ns) .

SILICON POWER RECTIFIERS

PRV

1A

3A

12A

BOA

125A

240A

100

.06

.14

.35

.90

.3.70

5.00

200

.07

.20

.40

1.30

4.25

6.50

400

.09

.25

.65

1.50

6.50

9.60

600

.11

.30

.86

2.00

8.50

12.50

800

.15

.35

1.00

2.50

10.50

16.50

1000

.20

.45

1.25

3.00

12.50

20.00

IN 4148 (IN914) 15/41.00

.1 or .01 uf 25V ceramic disc. capis.16/S1.00, 100/S5.00

REGULATORS

74LS0274LS0374L50474LS0&

74LS15.74LS2074LS2174L57274LSZ6

74LS2874LS3074LS3274LS3774LS3&74LS4074LS4274LS4774LS5174LS&4

74LS74

74LS76

74LSK3

74L585

74LS86

74LS90

74LS92

741S93

74LS107

741S112

74LS113

74LSI2674LS13274LS1367413138

74LSI3974LS151

741515374 LSI 56

MLS16174LS16274LS16374LS16474LS16874LSI7074LS17374LS17474LS17574LS18174LS19074LS19174LS19274LS193MLS 1947-1LS19574LS19674LS19774LS24074LS24I74LS24274LS24374LS24474LS2517-1LS2S374LS2S774LS25874L525974LS26674LS273741527974LS29074LS2S374LS36574LS36674LS36774LS36B741S37574LS37774LS38674LS333

LM317T $2.50

LM337 $2.50

323K5V3A $5.75

79HGKC-5Vat5A ..6.95

723 $ .50

350T-5, 12, or 15V $1.10

LM305G $ .75

340K-12,15or24V.$1.50340T-5, 6, 8, 12.15

18or24V $1.10

320M5 $ .75

LAS1412 + 12V3A $3.95

LINEAR CIRCUITS

LED READOUTS

FCS 8024-4 digitC.C. 8" display $5.95FND503C.C. .5" $ .85FND510C.A. .5" $ .85DL-704-.3" C.C. $ .85

DL-707 C.A. .3" $ -75DL747C.A. .6" 91.50HP3400.8"CA $1-95HP3405.8"CC $1.95

747 - ,5C1458 - .[4136 - .?3DO0 - .!

LM308 -LM324 -LM339 -

I.M270 -LM311 -LM31B -

LM380 ,!)5LM332 - 1.25LM386 .80LM387 1.25LM5S3 - 2.25

09 - .25

10 - .45

CA3018 - 1CA3046 - .1CA3030 - .•CA3086- .!NE540L - 2

POSTAGE ADD 10% FOR ORDERS UNDER $20.00RATES ADD 5% FOR ORDERS BETWEEN $20.00 AND $50.00

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TERMS: FOB CAMBRIDGE MASS. SEND CHECKOH MONEY ORDER. MINIMUM TELEPHONE,C.O.D. PURCHASE ORDER OR CHARGE S20.00MINIMUM MAIL ORDER $5.00.

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WE SHIP OVER 95%OFOUR ORDERS THEDAY WE RECEIVE THEM1-BO0-343-523O

Text continued from page 270:visible) all points that are outside (orinside, in the case of masking) theviewport. This feature allows multi-ple images to be placed on the displayand for selective updating.

In Micrograph, four possible casesof clipping are defined, as shown infigure 6. These cases allow more flexi-ble masking and selective updating.Of course, you must have some sortof algorithm to determine if a pointshould be clipped. The inputparameters needed for this algorithmare the current X and Y points and thecoordinates of the viewport, whichwe call Xi, Yj, Xr, and Yr. Figure 7describes the algorithm for determin-ing the case of the viewport, which isdone by determining the relationshipof the four viewport coordinates.Continuing, as the figure shows, youcompare the current X and Y coor-dinates to determine where in thedisplay they are located. Finally, tocomplete the clip algorithm, notewhat parts of the screen are notclipped relative to the case of theviewport.

There is one final algorithm thatmust be discussed, namely, the scan-line conversion routine. This routine,actually located in routine VEC,draws a clipped line on the displaygiven the current X and Y points asthe start of the vector and the end-point coordinates. Figure 8 providesthe scan-line algorithm used byMicrograph, which computes everypoint along the vector. As theflowchart indicates, the routine firstsets counter C to 0. This countertallies the number of points that havebeen generated. Next, MM and MNare set to the maximum and theminimum, respectively, of the AX(delta X) and AY values (ie: the cur-rent X or Y value minus the respectiveendpoint value). These values deter-mine whether the line is longer in theX or the Y axis. M is then set to half ofthe maximum value.

Next, a loop is started that firstcompares C and MM to verify that allthe points have been plotted; if not,then M and MN are added. M is thencompared to MM, to determine thenecessity to increment your positionin the shorter axis. Following theflowchart, the increment values forthe X and Y axes are determined next.The longer axis is always incre-mented, and the shorter axis is onlyincremented if M is greater than orequal to MM. Next, the new X and Y

Text continued on page 278

274 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

MICROPOLIS™ PRICE BREAKTHROUGH

\\\\\\\\\\\w t^rsr% ^^ . r%r%

\\\^x\v^x TRS-80 ADD

ON 5Va" DISK

FROM MICROPOLIS THE WORLDS LARGEST

MANUFACTURER OF HIGH DENSITY 51A"

FLOPPY DISK DRIVES

Now at an incredibly low price, you can add theMicropolis MCP1027M1 floppy disk drive to yourTRS-80* computer. The MCP1027M1 in fully plug com-patable with the TRS-80* expansion interface floppydisk output.

SIMPLE INSTALLATION

Simply plug the MCP1027M1 into your data cable,and your on-line. There is no need to worry about for-mat compatability. Your TRS-80* 35 track 5V4" floppydisk programs will operate identically on theMCP1027M1. Compatability doesn't end here.Micropolis has even matched the colors of theMCP1027M1 to the TRS-80".

WHAT'S A LITTLE TECHNICAL

SUPERIORITY AMONG

FRIENDS?

Anyone can cut price by cutting out capacity orvaluable features. But there's no long term advantagein it. Not for the user. Or the builder.

Micropolis takes a better approach, even though it'sharder, using advanced design to provide morecapability while also lowering cost.

For example, most 51/4-inch floppy disks cut costsby using a cheap, less accurate plastic cam or camfollower to position the read/write head. Most 8-inchfloppy disks use a better approach, with a rolled steellead screw for this function.

We go them one better and use an all-steel system,with a precision-ground steel lead screw and steelfollower. It costs more but gives us greater storagecapacity with lower cost per thousand bytes. Not soincidentally, our steel construction (compared toplastic) significantly increases reliability, too. There'seven a built-in File Protect feature that prevents ac-cidental loss of valuable data. (A file protecteddiskette cannot be written on.)

Heat can cause numerous read and write errors thatcan become hazardous to your data. The major heatproducing power supply components are mounted toa large heat sink, external to the cabinet, by the powerswitch and fuse (located at the rear of the cabinet).This design is to assure that the drive components arskept as cool as possible to assure reliable datarecovery.

MICROPOLISBUILDS 'EM RIGHT

Reliability just can't happen, and it can't be postedon latter. Micropolis knew you had to have it, so theydesigned it in. Micropolis builds it in every day. Justbecause Micropolis drives are economical doesn'tmean they're cheap.

To save unnecessary wear and tear on the diskette,Micropolis included an automatic deselection featurewhich relieves head pressure on the recording surfacewhen the disk isn't in use. This produces longeroperating life: more than 10° passes on one track.

When unloading, the diskette is ejectedautomatically. Just pull it out.

To cap it all, disk speed is independent of any fluc-tuation in line frequency.

It all adds up to solid operation, year after year.

"TRS-80 is a registered TM of Tandy Corp.

The Heart of your Micropolis TRS-80*add on drive.

EXPERIENCE

How can Micropolis offer so much for so little? Noneed to visit the oracle at Delphi. The Micropolissecret is simple. Micropolis is the only disk systembuilder who is completely integrated in manufactur-ing. Drawing on the experience gained in producingover 100,000 units; Micropolis is able to design andbuild a drive of superior performance.

This total integration means Micropolis controlseverything from beginning to end. The result is a bet-ter drive for you, backed by a full 120 day factoryguarantee.

YOU'RE IN GOOD COMPANY

An an individual, you can't help but wonder when youspend your hard earned money, have you made theproper choice? With so many drives in themarketplace, and so few hard facts available to the in-dividual, how can you make an intelligent decision?One way is to see which drives the large systemmanufactures and OEM's rely on. Companies likeCommondore, Exidy, Harris, and Vector Graphics de-pend on Micropolis for years of reliable performance.That is one reason why International Computers Ltd.,has recently signed a $20 million dollar contract forMicropolis disk drives. Years from now, you can lookback and know you made the best choice:MICROPOLIS.

WBmtiitKF

f

Disk drives being assembledfor delivery to Priority 1 Electronics

INCREDIBLEPURCHASING POWER

Priority One Electronics, the worlds largest stock-ing distributor of Micropolis disc drives was able tonegotiate a special price for the MCP1027M1 when wecommitted to buy an entire production run. TheMCP1027M1 is a good buy at the list price of $545.00.The MCP1027M1 is an excellent buy at our sale price

$279.00

Now all that remains is for you to take advantage ofthis truly incredible buy, while the supply lasts.Credit card buyer call toll free

(800) 423-5633 exceptca.ak hi can (213) 894-8171

or if you prefer use the coupon below.

(800)423-5633 (213)894-8171

Priority One Electronics

V*2g**^ 16723 Roscoe Blvd. • Sepulveda, CA 91343

^^^ Please send me the following items:

MCP1027-1 Micropolis TRS-80™ Ad on drive $279.00*

APP395 New DOS 80 operating system $149.00

VRBMD525-01 Box of 10 Verbatim diskettes $ 29.95

MMM7440 Box of 10 Scotch diskettes $ 39.95

VRBFD05 Head Cleaning Kit $ 29.95

PR134CEEE-2 2 drive disc cable $ 29.95

PR134CEEE-4 drive disc cable $ 39.95

C I have enclosed a check or money order Sub

(6% CA only) Tax

Bill my D VISA, □ MASTERCHARGE Shipping $2.50

Credit Card# TOTAI

Exp. Date - Signature

Name

Address

City State Zip

'These sale prices are for PREPAID U.S. orders only. Credit card orders will be charged appropriate freight. On

approval, purchase orders for the MCP1027-1 will be accepted at $379.00, FOB Sepulveda, CA.

BY8101 Good thru Jan. 81

Circle 181 on inquiry card.

Buy By Mailand Save!

INTERTEC SuperBank, 32K .$2495

64K Ram, List $3345 $2695

64K Quad, List $3995 $3395

NORTH STAR Horizon I

32K DD List $2695 $1989

Horizon I QD List $2995 $2245

Horizon 2 32K DD.List $3095 $2289lntersystemDP-1 List $1749 . .$1495

t

CROMENCOZ-2, List $9995 .$7945System 64K, List $3990 . . . .$3179

System 3 64K, List $7395 5689

ATARI 800, List $1080 $799

APPLE II, 16K $969

DISK SYSTEMS

THINKER TOYS" Discus 2D ..$939

Dual Discus 2D $1559

Discus 2 + 2, List $1549 $1259

M26 Hard Disk, List $4995 . . .$3949

PRINTERS & TERMINALS

PAPER TIGERS IDS-440 $679

With graphic option $749

CENTRONICS 730-1,List $795 $595

737, List $995 $789

704-9 180 cps....! $1495

703-9 180 cps $1569

Tl 810,List$1895 $1489

NECSPINWRITER5530 $2395

NEC SPINWRITER 5515 $2395

DIABLO 630 List $2711 $2399

INTERTEC

Intertube lll,List $895 729

Emulator $729

Televideo 912C $679

920C $799

Hazeltine 1420 $789

1500 $845

Soroc 120, List $995 $689

Soroc140 $994

Most items in stock lor immediate delivery. Factory sealed cartons,w/full factory warranty. NYS residents add appropriate sales tax.Prices do not include shipping. VISA and Master Charge add 3%.COD. orders require 25% deposit Prices subject to change withoutnotice.

ComputersWholesale

P.O. Box 144 Camillus, NY 13031IS (315) 472-2582

R

L

L

R

CASE 0

CASE 1

R

L

LR

CASE 2

INDICATES VISIBLE ( NON - CLIPPED ) AREA

CASE 3

Figure 6: Four possible cases of clipping. The L and R refer to the viewport's left andright boundaries.

CASE OF VIEWPORT

nLi *„■

'I

STR-

iN BITO

3 SET IF YRESET IF N

CLIP-OFF POINT

-cx<xL

■CX<XR-

N

-cxsxR-

BIT 3

N BIT 2

CY<YL Cy<YL Cy<YL Cy<YL BIT 1

CY<YR CY<YR CY<YR CY<YR CY<YR CY<YR CY<YR CY<YR BITO

12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

CASE OF VIEWPORT

SUCCESS (NOT CLIPPED) WITH CASE

0123

10

8 OR 11

2 OR 14NOT 10

Figure 7: Algorithm used for determining the clipping case of the viewport.

Circle 182 on inquiry card.

Circle 183 on inquiry card.

Radio /haek

PROGRAMS

Graphic Games

Space-Action-Invaders

Programmer's Tool Kit

Write your own programs easier

rr

6809 Specialists

Many, many more!

Lessons • Music • Games. . .coming soon

Call or Write:

COMPUTERWARE

Dept. C • Box 668Encinitas, CA 92024(714) 436-3512

DEC LSM1Components

Dependable serviceat discount prices

Domestic Silll

and Export

\l. ft rt Aft A *|Mf

J—1

11

J V V V V V V

1

V L

mini

Computer Suppliers, Inc.

25 Chatham Rd., Summit, N.J. 07901Since 1973

(201) 277-6150 Telex 13-6476

©Mini Computer Suppliers, Inc.1979

THUNDERCLOCK PLUS

A REAL-TIME CLOCK/CALENDAR

• Provides month, date, day-of-week,hour, minute, and second

• Software selectable time formats: 24hour or AM/PM ASCII string, or asnumeric values

• Provides interrupts which can be en-abled or disabled under software con-trol

• On board battery allows accurate time-keeping for up to 2 years even withyour APPLE turned off

AVAILABLE NOW!

TO ORDER TOLL FREE (VISA/MC) CALL:800-227-6204 Ext. 307 (Outside California)800-632-2131 Ext. 307 (California Only)

PUT TIME AND

BSR CONTROL IN

YOUR APPLE II

AN INTERFACE FOR THE BSR X-10

• Control AC outlets with your BSRCommand Console and APPLE II

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California residents add 6% sales taxBSR X-IO is a trademark of BSR (USA) LTD. APPLE II is a trademark of APPLE COMPUTER, INC

Circle 184 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1981 277

Circle 185 on inquiry card.

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278 January 1981 © BYTE Publications lnc

f BEGIN J

C = 0

MM=MAX ( 1 AXI.lAYI)MN = MIN (1 AXI.lAYI)M = MM/2

YES

M=M+MN

NOTE: S(N) =+ 1 IF N >00 IF N =0-1 IF N<0

[ END J

YES

IMY rS(AX)MM=lAXIIN*" 10,MM* I AX I

INY

lo

S(AY),MM = |AXI

MM/-IAX

M=M-MMINX = S(AX)INY=S(AY)

X = X + INXY=Y+INYC = C+1

Figure 8: Micrograph scan-line algorithm. This algorithm computes the set of pointsalong the vector to be displayed.

Text continued from page 274:

values are determined, the counter isincremented, and the point is plotted.Figure 9 provides an example of theuse of this algorithm.

One final note: scan-line conver-sion routines are inherently slow,since they must compute every pointalong a vector. This particularroutine has the advantage of requir-ing no division (except by 2, whichcan be done by shifting) ormultiplication. Using a Z80 at about2 MHz, the line is drawn faster thanyou can detect.

Operation

Once you have completed theMicrograph construction as in Part 2and your software has been burned inthe three EPROMs, the system isready for use. First connect the RF(radio-frequency) or video output toyour receiver. (This section shouldhave already been checked asspecified in Part 2.) Next, the input,output, and status ports must be con-

nected to your host computer. Thereis nothing special about this connec-tion. Three 8-bit ports are required,plus a strobe line for each. There areno particular timing specifications forthis interface. In this initial checkout,however, you can connect LEDs(light-emitting diodes) to the statusand output lines, and rig the inputand strobe lines. After this, Micro-graph can be powered up.

First, the display will appear in the64 by 64 pixel, four-color format,with the display area blanked. Aborder will also appear, and if youwatch the status port, it will come upin the INIT status, followed by theFETCH status. (If you have problemshere, try powering up again....I hadproblems with an unreliable power-up circuit.) The INIT status indicatesthat the system is ready to acceptcommands.

The protocol for communicatingwith the system is simple: wheneverthe INPUT status is low (ie: false),Micrograph is ready for data or a

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Circle 187 on inquiry card.

command. Remember that some ofthe instructions require several bytesand the host must keep track of howmany bytes to send. If the INPUT ishigh (ie: true), then the system is busyprocessing, and the input is pending.If Micrograph is sending data, theOUTPUT status will be high, in-dicating that there is data to bereceived. OUTPUT will go low oncethe host has strobed the output port,signifying that data has been re-ceived.

Finally, the host may detect frameinterrupts and error conditions. If theERROR status bits go high, thissignifies that Micrograph has detecteda hardware or software failure. Diag-nostics are available through thecommand XERR to examine memoryor registers or to reset the system.Also, the formats and detailed de-scriptions of the commands andgraphics-display registers are in theMicrograph Reference Manual (avail-able from the author for $20.00,postage paid). The manual providesfurther details on the system designand construction.

Conclusion

This series of articles has examinedinteractive computer-graphicssystems, with a particular emphasisupon raster-scan graphics-displayprocessors. I have presented an in-struction set for a color raster-scandisplay processor for a microcom-puter, called Micrograph; the hard-ware construction details; and thesoftware design for the system, whichprovides a color graphics andalphanumerics display in any of threeresolutions.

The field of computer graphics isboundless. Especially with theavailability of low-cost color-graphics systems for the consumer,

STEP

INIT1

Figure 9: Scan-line example using the algorithm of figure 8.

START(2,7)

_L

J_

_l_

J_

_L

•END(10,2)

L

J_

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Y C MM MN M

9 10 11 12 X

INX INY AX AY

8

STOP

such as Micrograph, further researchis needed for determining how to pro-duce good-quality images with mod-erate-resolution displays, using tech-niques such as ordered dithering andshading. This series of articles will

i

66

1138055

10277

124

enable you to achieve a low-cost col-or display. I hope that it has givenyou an understanding of some state-of-the-art graphics techniques, alongwith an appreciation of what remainsto be studied. ■

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M nee allows you lo move by characters words lines sentences paragraphs and screens It allows youto insert tent at will Iwithout gong into input mode ). elthel automatically making room tor new testor overwriting the old It allows you to delete characters words lines, sentences or paragraphs and defineand delete regions of text (These commands also allow you to undo your accidental deletion mistakes1! TheCommands are mnemomcally picked tor ease o' learning and use Mince implements a virtual memorysystem thus allowing you to edit many documents at once via the use of multiple tent huflers This allowsyou ro modify one tile based upon another and to move blocks ol text [words, lines paragraphs yon get

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74801BYTE January 1981 281

Circle 191 on inquiry card.

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The AIM-Mate Series products use the AIM 65 as the heartof adaptable, expandable, high reliability systems forapplications from process control to software develop-ment. AIM-Mate products like Memory-Mate (16-48K RAMexpansion), Video-Mate(80 or 64 char, line video displaygenerators) and Floppy-Mate (full or mini floppy driveinterface) give you the flexibility you need for anyapplication. Standard features like parity protection ofsystem RAM, programmable write protect, programmabletone output, and programmable character size (Video-Mate), tell you we're serious about full function systemexpansion. Options, like a full speed STD BUS interface,let your AIM-Mate system branch out for additional I/Ocapability or STD BUS development applications.

To put it all together, the AIM-Mate Case (and integralpower supply) houses the entire system in a compactdesk top unit - a full function development system in halfthe space (and half the price!) of comparable developmentsystems.

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Ask BYTE

Conducted by Steve Garcia

Bus-Signal Lines

Dear Steve,

I have a Radio ShackTRS-80 microcomputer, andwould like to interface yourLED (light-emitting diode)display. (See "Self-Re-freshing Graphics Display,"October 1979 BYTE, page58.) Can you tell me whatpins I should use on the

TRS-80's 40-pin ExpansionInterface connector7Randy Biggs

J am glad that you wantto build this device. I listedthe signal names on theschematic diagram, but amhappy to list the bus-signalpins as well. (See table 1.)... Steve

Table 1

Pin Designations

TRS-80

Signal Apple II

S-100

20

D7 42

90

24

D6 43

40

28

D5 44

39

18

D4 45

38

26

D3 46

89

32

D2 47

88

22

D1 48

35

30

DO 49

36

36

A7 9

83

38

A6 8

82

35

A5 7

29

31

A4 6

30

34

A3 5

31

40

A2 4

81

27

A1 3

80

25

A0 2

79

39

+ 5V 25

1 &51( + 8V)

8

GND 26

100

12

STROBE 1

see figure 1

Figure 1

T-T STROBE

SOUT g3>

In "Ask BYTE," Steve Ciarcia answers questions on any area ofmicrocomputing. The most representative questions receivedeach month will be answered and published. Do you have a nag-ging problem? Send your inquiry to:

Ask BYTE

c/o Steve Ciarcia

POB 582

Glastonbury CT 06033If you are a subscriber to The Source, send your questions byelectronic mail or chat with Steve (TCE317) directly. Due to thehigh volume of inquiries, personal replies will be given as timepermits. Please enclose a self-addressed, stamped envelope, andbe sure to include "Ask BYTE" in the address.

282 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE January 1981

283

Ask BYTE.

Vocal Power

Dear Steve,

I need your expertise incircuit design once again. Irecently interfaced a voicesynthesizer to my Heath H-8computer, and I need apower supply for it becausethe H-8 doesn't supplyenough current for bothitself and the synthesizer.

The power supply I amusing now is my own crudedesign, unregulated andpoorly filtered. I havelooked through past BYTEarticles for something thatmight work, and I havefound nothing. Could yoube of help, Steve7 What Ineed is ± 12 V at 500 mAand +5 V at 350 mA. Thereis very little "surge" de-

mand. The ±12 V shouldbe within 10% and regu-lated, the +5 V within 5%,also regulated.Ted G Benglen II

Figure 2 is a schematicdiagram for the power sup-ply you describe. If youhave any more questions onseat-of-the-pants series-regulated power-supply

design, I recommend youread my new book entitledBuild Your Own Z80 Com-puter, which will beavailable from BYTE Books(70 Main St, PeterboroughNH 03458) in February,1981. There is a completechapter devoted to this sub-ject.... Steve

Figure 2

* HEAT SINK (DO NOT SHORT MOUNTING TABSTOGETHER). APPROXIMATE POWER DISSIPATIONNOTED OVER DEVICE.

4A FULL-WAVEBRIDGE 100PRVRS 276-1171

2.5W

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-G> +12V@0.5A

-G>+5V@ 1A

O GND

-C2> -12V@0.5A

EMG + TRS-80 = 77

Dear Steve,

I am currently using aTRS-80 Level II 16 Kmicrocomputer in myclassroom. I am a SpecialEducation specialist whoteaches 7th and 8th gradelearning-disabled students. Iam trying to put together aprogram using stress-freelearning techniques. What Iwould like to do is interfacean EMG (electromyogram)unit to the TRS-80. Yourname was given to me as apossible resource. I wouldappreciate any assistancethat you could provide.William Engelhardt

It is not particularlydifficult to connect thesingle-bit output of the EMGunit from my article "Mind

Over Matter: Add Biofeed-back Input to Your Com-puter" (June 1979 BYTE,page 49) to a TRS-80, if youhave the Radio ShackExpansion Interface or aCOMM-80. Either unit pro-vides a printer port atmemory address hexa-decimal 37E8.

The easiest method is toattach the EMG output topin 21 of the printer connec-tor (ground is on pin 34).This is ordinarily used as theprinter BUSY line. Pins 23,25, 28, 29, 19, 32, and 30should be grounded. InBASIC, execute aPEEK(14312) when youwant to read the EMG in-put. If it returns as decimal128, then the EMG output ishigh; if it returns 0, then itsoutput is low.

If you would prefer not to

go through the expense ofthe expansion interfaces fora single-bit input, then Irefer you to my May 1980BYTE article (see "I/OExpansion for the RadioShack TRS-80, Part 1: Prin-ciples of Parallel Ports,"page 22), which describeshow to construct a parallelport for any address....Steve

SDK-86 Inquiries

Dear Steve,

I am a subscriber toBYTE, and I have enjoyedreading your articles forover two years. Your ar-ticles have increased myknowledge of digital cir-cuitry and microcomputers.Thus, one purpose of thisletter is to thank you foryour effort. Although I con-

stantly read articles in BYTEand other technicalmagazines, I am only nowthinking of assembling myown computer. Perhaps youcould answer some of myquestions:

In your article on the IntelSDK-86 computer kit (see'The Intel 8086," November1979 BYTE, page 14), thedata-rate generator is fed bya 612,500 Hz clock. It seemsto me that the 8-bit counter(a 74LS393) would dividethis by 256 to produce aminimum rate of over2 kHz. Where does the 110bps (bit per second) ratecome from7

I am considering the pur-chase of an Intel SDK-85 kitand a Heathkit H-19 (smartvideo terminal). I believethat they will be compatible;how hard can the interfacing

284 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 196 on inquiry card.

Circle 197 on inquiry card.

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BYTE January 1981 285

Ask BYTE

be? Since the serial I/O (in-put/output) port of theSDK-85 runs at 110 bps, itseems that the initial loadingof the H-19 may take aslong as 3 minutes. What isthe best way to interface aprinter to the computer atthe same time?

I am interested in obtain-ing BASIC firmware; I haveseen advertisements forBASIC stored in ROM(read-only memory), but itseems that it may be writtenfor a specific computersystem, rather than the 8085microprocessor in general.Can I get firmware compat-ible with the SDK-85 com-puter that will handle I/O?Is the performance increaseof the SDK-86 over theSDK-85 really worth $550?Chin Y Chang

Thank you for the vote ofconfidence. I'll try to answeryour questions in order:

On the SDK-86 computer,the data-rate generator is fedby a 1.8432 MHz clock. The74LS393 and other circuitryreduce this to approximately1760 Hz (actually a bithigher) to provide 110 bps.This unit can go as high as4800 bps, with the change ofa few jumpers.

The H-19 and SDK-85could communicate serially.Provision is made on theSDK-85 board for the addi-tion of an MC1488 and anMC1489 (quad line driverand quad line receiver,respectively) for RS-232operation. Since the onlydata rate is 110 bps, thingswill indeed be slow, unless

you write your own I/Oroutines. Interfacing to aprinter requires knowledgeof the printer's specifica-tions. If it communicatesserially, then a switch wouldallow you to use the printerin place of the videomonitor quite easily. Selec-tion of the best printer forinterfacing is dependentupon your programmingabilities.

Lawrence LivermoreBASIC is available in read-only memory from a fewmanufacturers (such as Na-tional Semiconductor). CallNational's local sales officesfor details. The memorydevices contain only theBASIC interpreter, but noI/O routines; compatibilitywith the SDK-85 systemwill, again, depend on yourabilities.

The SDK-86 is not aimedat the experimenter market.While you may benefit inthe long run, your questionssuggest that you might bebiting off a little too much.If you want a 16-bit com-puter, save the $1000 cost ofan SDK-86 kit and put ittoward an assembledsystem.... Steve

Questions,Questions, Questions

Dear Steve,

I have a couple of ques-tions regarding your article"I/O Expansion for theRadio Shack TRS-80, Part1." (See the May 1980BYTE, page 22.) It appears

that figure 7 is a diagram ofthe prototype board pic-tured in photo 3. Where dothe capacitors come in? Andwhat are their values7

I know just enough aboutelectronics to get myself intotrouble. I know what thecomponents are and howthey work, but I don't knowhow to match them up intoa working circuit.

Also, could you furnishmore information aboutusing the extra logic on IC5to operate the three addi-tional ports? I am particular-ly interested in a combina-tion security system andexternal-device control andmonitor. I don't think 8 bitsis enough for what I have inmind.

I have done some figuringon the additional ports. Itappears to me that, for eachadditional port, I will need(to decode the port address)one 74LS04, one 74LS30,and one 14-pin DIP switch.For input capabilities, Iwould need two 74LS125sand two 74LS75s.

Since there are four in-verters unused on IC7, threecould be used with thelatches for the three otherports.Kerry A Wilson

You are correct. Figure 7is the circuit of photo 3. Theextra capacitors are fordecoupling and protectivefiltering. These componentsare added because they are agood idea and not becausethey are necessary for theport function described.Whenever TTL (transistor-

transistor logic) componentsare used in a design,capacitors are attachedacross the power-supply pinsto eliminate noise in thepower wiring. The value isusually 0.01 nF to 0.1 iiF,and one should be added forevery three integrated cir-cuits (this figure is variableand depends on circuit den-sity and power consumptionas well).

The larger capacitor is a10 pF electrolytic type whichis attached between +5 Vand ground where thepower enters the board.Whenever an interface isremotely powered, it ispossible that the wires at-taching it to the powersource will pick up noise.Adding a capacitor at theend of the power cable helpsreduce this noise. The exactvalue is a function of cableimpedances and circuit reac-tance, but, in low-currentcircuits, 10 iiF to 100 jiF isacceptable. High-qualitydesigns may be a little moreparticular, and tantalumelectrolytics are generallyused.

The additional logicnecessary to expand figure 7for three more ports wouldbe six 74LSl25s, six74LS75s, and three of the re-maining inverter sections ofIC7. For each port, youwould duplicate the circuitof ICs 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7a;however, use the otherstrobe lines on IC5, the74LS155. Those lines aredescribed in detail in the sec-ond part of my article. (Seethe June 1980 BYTE, page

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286 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE January 1981 287

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42.) The addressing for theother ports is already de-coded in the original circuit.As the switches are shown,the first port is 00. Theother three will be 01, 02,and 03 respectively.

Be careful to keep yourwiring short and neatbecause this circuit is at-tached to the main computerbus. If the computer mal-functions, then you mayneed to add extra buffers tothe data and I/O buses.... Steve

Transmission-Transmission Logic?

Dear Steve,

I have been interested inmonitoring my car's gasmileage for several years,but until recently I havebeen prevented from doinganything about it becausethere was no inexpensiveway for me to measure thelow fuel-flow rate in a car.Now a fuel-flow sensor isavailable from Zemco Inc,12907 Alcosta Blvd, SanRamon CA 94583, for $19.They sell The Compucruiseand any replacement partsfor the unit at reasonableprices. A speed sensor andmagnet-replacement kit arealso available for $4.50 and$15, respectively, but myodometer (I have a 1974Toyota Celica) sends amarker pulse to anemissions-control device,which I can use.

I designed the circuitshown in figure 3 to displaymiles per gallon. The circuitis simple, and though it doesnot contain a microproces-sor, it could be connected toa computer for more sophis-ticated analysis. It comprisestwo signal conditioners toconvert the outputs of thespeedometer and the fuel-flow sensor to TTL levels, adivide-by-N counter tocount fuel pulses, and a3-digit latching counter anddisplay to count odometerpulses. A pair of one-shots(monostable multivibrators)are used to latch and thenclear the display.

My odometer sends 376pulses per tenth of a mile. Ido not know how the pulses

are created inside thespeedometer case, but, withan oscilloscope and aresistor-substitution box, 1determined that the pulsetrain switches between 0 and5 V with a 50% duty cycleand has a 1 k-ohm im-pedance.

In the fuel sensor, arotating vane interrupts alight beam from a 12 V bulbto a phototransistor 3730times per gallon.

Dividing 3730 by 376gives 9.92 (ie: roughly 10),so if I count 10 pulses fromthe flow sensor with thedivide-by-N counter andthen display the count fromthe odometer, it will readtenths of a mile per gallon.This reading is converted tompg (miles per gallon) byshifting the decimal pointleft one place. Two 7490decade counters, two 7442BCD-to-decimal decoders,and a NOR gate make upthe divide-by-N counterwhere N can be any numberfrom 0 to 99 by moving theinputs to the NOR gate tothe appropriate pins on the7442s. As an extra, I tied thedecimal point to the least-significant bit of the flowcounter so that the decimalpoint blinks as the fuelflows. On the highway, thedecimal point blinks aboutonce per second and thempg reading is updatedabout every five seconds.The readout can be con-verted to display miles perhour by switching the inputto the first one-shot fromthe divide-by-N counter to a555 timer with a 9.6-secondperiod.

My question concerns theinterfaces from the sensorsto the TTL. The two inter-face circuits I show on theschematic were designed bytrial and error because tran-sistors are a mystery to me(I used the 2N2222 becauseit is ubiquitous). The bufferfrom the odometer seems towork well enough, but I oc-casionally get erraticreadings from the flow sen-sor, which is mounted to thecar body near the distributorand ignition coil. Should Ibe using shielded cable orprovide filtering beforefeeding the signal to theSchmitt trigger7 If you can

288 January 1981 © BYTE Publications tac

Ask BYTE

Figure 3

0.05/jF

January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 289

Circle 205 on inquiry card.

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offer any improvements toeither interface I would ap-preciate it.Roger H James

// / were you, I would useshielded cable between thesensors and the logic board.The pulse output, as yousaid, is a result of thegasoline flow causing thewheel to spin and interrupta light beam. Figure 4 is a

circuit which more readilyconditions phototransistorpulse outputs. It might help.Also, I have provided amagnetic-transducer condi-tioner (see figure 5), if youeventually care to use amagnetic pickup to acquirespeed data....Steve ■

Power Connections for Figure 3

Number

Type Vcc

GND

IC1

14553 16

8

IC2

7447 16

8

IC3

7490 5

10

IC4

7490 5

10

IC5

7442 16

8

IC6

7442 16

8

IC7

74123 16

8

IC8

7402 14

7

IC9

74*14 14

7

Figure 4

li-OTTL

I OUTPUT

ISOLATOR/PULSE CONDITIONER

Figure 5

MAGNETICPICKUP

• L~^>TTL OUTPUT

MAGNETIC PICKUP CONDITIONER

290 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Circle 209 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1981 291

BYTE's Bits

Clarificationsto TRS-80ROM Article

After reading Terry Li'sarticle in the October 1980BYTE ("Radio Shack'sModifications to theTRS-80," page 182), I feel Imust make a few comments.

Adding lowercase to theTRS-80 Model I is not doneby adding or changing aROM (read-only memory).In an unmodified TRS-80,seven programmable mem-ory integrated circuits areused for the video display.When the lowercase modifi-cation is performed, aneighth programmable mem-ory device is added for bit6, which indicates upper- orlowercase characters.

In some cases, a newcharacter generator ROM isadded because earlier modelTRS-80s had charactergenerators that did not givegood lowercase characters.

To use lowercase, theLevel II BASIC ROMs mustbe upgraded. The INKEY$problem seems to indicatethat this is done when thelowercase modification isinstalled.

LPRINTing a characterafter PEEKing it from videomemory is possible. A

simple BASIC statement cancheck to see if the characteris in the valid range for theprinter. If it is not, anotherstatement can change theASCII (American StandardCode for Information Inter-change) value to a validone.

The new Level II BASICROMs do not have a smallercapacity (less bytes of mem-ory). Some changes havebeen made that consumedsome of the memory spaceoriginally used by themessages "RADIO SHACKLEVEL II BASIC" and"MEMORY SIZE". The en-try points for all I/O (in-put/output) routines are un-changed, so most of the pre-sent TRS-80 software willwork. Also, no routineshave been eliminated.

With the old Level IIBASIC ROMs, the shift-down-arrow gives controlcharacters when other keysare pressed with it simulta-neously. However, the value26 is generated first. Whenthe shift-down-arrow key isnot released, then pressingother keys generates thecontrol values (eg: 01 for"A"). Most software thatuses the control valuefeature of the TRS-80neglects the value 26. Any

of this software, however,should work with the newLevel II BASIC ROMs.

In regard to using theElectric Pencil with theTRS-80, a number of pub-lications have presented in-formation on how to use theElectric Pencil with theRadio Shack lowercase mod-ification. Some commercialsoftware is also available formodifying the ElectricPencil.

Thomas de ManVoszcgge 72318 ZJ LeidenHolland

Sources at Radio Shacktold me that all points madein this letter are essentiallycorrect. However, RadioShack would like a fewpoints clarified: When thelowercase modification isperformed by Radio Shack,the character generatorROM is often replacedbecause early Model ITRS-80s had charactergenerators that had lower-case characters withoutdescenders that fell belowthe line (eg: "y," "g," and"p"). The new ROM givesthese letters true descenders,thus making these lettersmuch easier to read.

The new Level II BASIC

ROMs use the same amountof memory as did their pre-decessors. Radio Shack hasmodified some code to cor-rect keyboard bounce andcassette loading problems,and some new code hasbeen added. Radio Shackstresses that all the originalroutines are still containedin the ROMs and the entrypoints for all publishedroutines remainunchanged... .SM

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0 Written in machine language for speed & efficiency

® Requires only 5k of memory

Single Hite object licence ^

Demo package on 8' SSSD CP M formatCalifornia residents add B'X. sales tax

OEM & Dealer inquiries invited

395

EMS

EffluentManagcm

computer applications

Sir- 30-1 O.ikl.n

HEWLETT-PACKARD'S

Calculators at

Discount Prices

(VI

HP-41C

Card Reader (4IC)

Printer (41C)

THE WAND (4IC)

HP-67

97

34 C

38C

33C

38E

37E

33E

32E

31E

2621A Terminal

HP-85

Personal Computer

Reg '32so Sale $2895

ADD SHIPPING CHARGES-Illinois Residents add 5.25% Sales TaxVISA-MASTER CHARGE-CASHIER CHECKPersonal Check OK ■ Allow 10 doystor bonk clearance.

LIST PRICE

•295•215'385'125•375'750'150•150•110•120

'75

'90

'70

'50'1495

HEWLETTPACKAPD

FARNSWORTH PRICE

'259.00•193.00'346.00'125.00'318.75'637.50'135.00'135.00

'99.00'102.00

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FARNSWORTHCOMPUTER CENTER

1891 N. Farnsworth Ave.

(Immediately S. of EW Tollway}

Aurora, IL (312) 851-3888

WEEKDAYS 10-8; SAT 10-5

To Place An Order

From Outside Texas

1-800-231-3680

MARYMAC INDUSTRIES, INC.

(Radio /hack)

Questions & Answers

& OrdersTexas 1-713-392-0747

Store #G-189

BRAND NEW IN CARTONS DELIVERED. Marymac Industries owns & operates Radio Shack® dealership in Katy, Texas. Warran-ties will be honored by all company owned Radio Shack® stores, & participating franchisees and dealer authorized sales centers. SaveState Sales Tax. Texas Residents Add Only 5% Sales Tax. Open Mon.-Sat. 10-7. We pay freight and insurance. No extra charge forMaster Charge & Visa. Call us for reference in or near your city. Ref: Farmers State Bank, Brookshire, Texas. Write or visit us at,21969 Katy Fwy, Katy (Houston), Texas 77450.

WE OFFER ONREQUEST

Federal Express 0

Houston Intercontinental Airport 0

Delivery

U.P.S. BLUE 0

References from people who have 0

bought computers from us probablyin your city

In stock TRS-80 ModalII and III

No Tax on Out of Texas Shipments!

ED McMANUS

9S

Model III

10% 15%

OR MOREI

WE ALWAYSOFFER

0 NO extra charge for Master Chargeor Visa

0 We always pay the freight andinsurance

0 Toll free order number

0 Our capability to go to the giant TandyComputer warehouse 5 hours away,in Ft. Worth, Texas, to keep you instock.

JOE McMANUS

RadioShaek

In Stock

Circle 213 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1981 293

Circle 214 on inquiry card.

The Phone Link Acoustic Modem

Sleek Quiet Reliable

Software Received

m

U.S. ROBOTICS iNc,

203 N.WABASHSUITE 171SCHICAGO, ILL BOSOl

C312. 346-5650

FORTHfor CP/Mt

Conquer the wait while the editor or compiler loads. Conquer excessivedisk I/O. Conquer boredom during yet another compilation or assemblyjust to squash a tiny bug. Conquer memory squeeze on applicationprograms.

Timin Engineering now offers CP/M users a complete, integrated,memory resident full FORTH system. Powerful editor. IncrementalFORTH compiler. Z80/8080 assembler. Virtual memory. Fast .17second/K-bytedisk I/O. Top level command processor. All using yourstandard CP/M BIOS.

Ready to run for only $95. User Manual alone, $20, credits towardH software purchase.

Place your order today — Then go FORTH and conquer!

MITCHELL E. TIMIN ENGINEERING COMPANY

9575 GENESEE AVENUE • SUITE E2 ■SAN DIEGO • CALIFORNIA 92121 -

TELEPHONE (714) 455-9008

VISA

ffE ■■■'..'

1

Software price is (or single lir_vn-.ff.HKl includes User M,inu,il ,nwj shipping uxcvfit II1 I). Distribution i. on 8" single density disk. Olhiv

formats, add $15. Items shipped within 48 hows for C.O.D., credit cards, certified che< k, or money order. California residents please add

•FORTH Interesl Group 1'Dixildl Research Corp

0

Data Master. Accessorypackage to InformationMaster (see separate listing)for the Apple II. Floppydisk, $100. High Tech-nology, POB 14665, Okla-homa City OK 73113.

The Pascal Data Base.Data base for the Apple II.Floppy disk, $400. ArizonaComputer Systems Inc, POB125, Jerome AZ 86331.

Information Master. Database for the Apple II. Flop-py disk, $150. High Tech-nology, POB 14665, Okla-homa City OK 73113.

(T.(L.O)-LISP. Version ofLISP programming languagefor CP/M computers. Cas-sette, $150. The LISP Com-pany, POB 487, RedwoodEstates CA 95044.

Linear Circuit AnalysisProgram. Electronicsanalysis program for thePET/CBM. Cassette, pricenot available. CommodoreBusiness Machines (UK)Limited, 818 Leigh RdTrading Estate, SloughBerks, England.

Single Disk Sort Version2.0. Disk-sort utility for theApple II. Floppy disk,$49.95. Datacope, 5706A W12th St, PO Drawer AA,Hillcrest Sta, Little Rock AR72205.

Text File Copy. Word-processing utility for theApple II. Floppy disk,$49.95. Datacope, 5706A W12th St, PO Drawer AAHillcrest Sta, Little Rock AR72205.

The Datacope Scribe.Word processor for theApple II. Floppy disk,$79.95. Datacope, 5706A W12th St, PO Drawer AA,Hillcrest Sta, Little Rock AR72205.

Microcomputer-AidedDesign of Active Filters.Electronics analysis programfor the Apple II. Cassette,$16.95. Hayden Book Com-pany Inc, 50 Essex St,Rochelle Park NJ 07662.

Super Nova. Graphicsgame for the TRS-80. Cas-sette, $14.95. Big Five Soft-ware Company, POB9078-185, Van Nuys CA91409.

Up Periscope. War gamefor the TRS-80. Cassette,$14.95. Ramware, 6 South

St, Milford NH 03055.

Warpath. War game forthe TRS-80. Cassette,$14.95. Ramware, 6 SouthSt, Milford NH 03055.

Disk-O-Tape. Utility pro-gram for the Apple II.Cassette, $12. DannMcCreary, POB 16435, SanDiego CA 92116.

Asteroids in Space.Graphics game for the AppleII. Floppy disk, $19.95.Quality Software, 6660Reseda Blvd, Suite 105,Reseda CA 91335.

Monty Plays Monopoly.Computer-opponent pro-gram for the Apple II. Flop-py disk, $34.95. PersonalSoftware Inc, 1330 BordeauxDr, Sunnyvale CA 94086.

The Voice. Utility pro-gram for the Apple II. Flop-py disk, $39.95. Muse Soft-ware, 330 N Charles St,Baltimore MD 21201.

Interactive Fiction: SixMicro Stories. Role-playinggame for the TRS-80. Flop-py disk, $14.95. AdventureInternational, POB 3435,Longwood FL 32750.

Pascal/Z Version 3.0.Version of Pascal program-ming language. Eight-inchfloppy disk, $395. IthacaIntersystems Inc, 1650 Han-shaw Rd, POB 91, IthacaNY 14850.

Adaptable UCSD PascalSystem for CP/M. Versionof UCSD Pascal program-ming language for CP/Msystems. Eight-inch floppydisk, $350. Softech Micro-systems, 9494 Black Moun-tain Rd, San Diego CA92126.

Asteroid. Graphics gamefor the Apple II. Floppydisk, $19.95. Adventure In-ternational, POB 3435,Longwood FL 32750, (305)682-6917.

EMU 02. 6502 machine-language emulator for theTRS-80. Cassette, $24.95.Allen Gelder and Company,POB 11721, Main PO, SanFrancisco CA 94101.

Super Step. Single-steproutine for Z80 machinelanguage on the TRS-80.Cassette, price not available.Allen Gelder and Company,POB 11721, Main PO, SanFrancisco CA 94101.

Super Tlegs. Machine

294 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 215 on inquiry card.

Circle 216 on inquiry card.

Circle 217 on inquiry card.

Save on Calculators

Olympic Sales is an HP franchised dealer Call us for the best deal.

HP-41C Scientific

21995

Card Reader lot 41C

16995

Primer lor HP 41C

28995

Optical WAND for 41C

99 95

Memory Module lor 4IC

39 50

HP-34C Scientific

11995

HP-38C Business

119 95

HP-33C Scientific

89.95

HP-37E Bus Prog

61.95

HP-32E Adv Scientific

58.95

HP-67 Sciemilic proy

28995

HP-97 Sclent prog priming

577 95

m

HEWLETTPACKAPD

HP-85 COMPUTER

We have ihe lowest prices onHP in America and else-where. Do not waste money— tiuy from us and save.HP-85—Graphic Plotters-Letter quality printers—16Kry modules—Software,:oming soon: 8 modelssk Drives for HP-85)ROM.

"C" sianris lor conmiuous memoryWu Cflffy an enormous slock of HPgoods and HP accessories al alllimes

Immediate delivery on all HP products in most of the casesOne year guarantee by HP on a I cafes. 90 days on computers All units complete

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

■*

TI-55TI-50

TI-30

7135Tl 59

TI-58CTI-57Printertor 59/58C

35 9535 9517 9522 95199 9589 954995

149 95

TI-58/59 LibrariesTI-5040 printerTI-5015 printerTI-51D0TI-5213 comrcal prntr CallTI-5215 comical prntr Ca!TI-5217 comrcal prntr CaTI-5219 comrcal prntr Ca

329579.9562 9539 95

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Apple IIpersonal computer

APPLE II Computer ^rw*"»

Peripherals, accessories, software

for immediate delivery and Ihe

lowest prices. Call us. We carry a

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We ate now taking orders for Apple III Systems. First come

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r w

469 9538995

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS Computei

99/4 Computer console only12" Color Monitor

ATARI 800 16K Computer

Mallei Inlellivsn TV game 2609

Mattel Race HrseAnlysr Comput

Sony Walkmn/Sndbout Stero ply(

Sony TCS 300 Walkmn records- plays 189 95

Craig uansltor doubl capac M100SE 119 95

BSR X 10 T.mer 59 95- Contrllr comnd 33 95

75995229.95114 95169 95

Sharp • S.C.M. • Royal • Victor ■ Canon • Casio • Pearlcorder • Sony • RCA and more.

cesarelob LA Add S4 95 tor shippng handheld calcs m USA CA resident* add 6:'o sales tanII beaiariv advertisediiria-il the competition has ihe goods on hand Goods subject to availabilityflerjiiest our 130 page catalog in writing Call Monday Ihru Samrday. MM to 6PMOutside CA tolMrue 800-421-8045

In CA. Callfelo.v *'s

Olympic sales comPAnv inc.

216 Soulh Oxford Avenue • P.O. Box 74545 • Los Angeles. CA 90004(2131381-3911 or 12131301-1202 -Telex 67-3477

FREE Catalog

New 4-way relief from problems withComputer/WP supplies and accessories.

1. One-stop shopping.

Inmac (formerly known asMinicomputer AccessoriesCorporation) has a catalogof over 1000 products. Every-thing from racks and line-printer paper to connectorsand cables. Each designedto help keep your minicom-puter or word processingsystem up and running.

2. Hassle-free ordering.Inmac lets you order by

mail or phone. So keep this free

catalog close. It makes those once-tough tasks like

ordering your magnetic media easy, fast and foolproof.

3. Fast shipment of just the quantity you need.Inmac ships your order within 24 hours from centers in

California, New Jersey and Texas. In a bind? Call us for themany special services that can get your products to yourinstallation even faster, with no minimum-order requirement.

4. Field-proven quality means precision performance.Inmac guarantees every product in these 70 pages for

at least 45 days. And even some for up to ten years.

m Send for your FREE

MM^RfWWrtf* Inmac catalog or call, SE„.TM„ZET^*=: (408) 727-1970 todayl

2465 Augustine Drive, P.O. Box 4780, Santa Clara, CA 95051

© 1979 International Minicomputer Accessories Corporation

From Ballet on Broadway

to Billiards m Dallas...

. . . people are finding unique ways to use the Powerful SciTronics REMOTE CONTROLLER

Whether it's the intricate lighting for a Broadway Ballet or the sim-ple remote lighting of pool tables in a Dallas billiards hall, peopleare finding out SciTronics Remote Controller can meet their needs.

Here's Why:

0 Controls 256 BSR remote switches—not just 160 Hardware driven—requires minimum software0 No ultrasonic link—prevents erratic operation0 No BSR command module necessary

Real Time Clock gives Remote Controller an added dimension!

Real Time Clocks are now available to make your remote controller even morepowerful. The RTC feature allows for energy consumption scheduling, eventscheduling and much more. Your imagination is your only limitation when it comesto the ways which this RC/RTC combination can be used.

Real Time Clocks feature:

0 Lithium battery back-up

0 Crystal controlled accuracy (.002%)

0 Clock generates interrupts (seconds, minutes, hours) for foreground/background operation

0 Complete software in BASIC to Set and Read clock

etc)

$159.$159.$184.

$269.$129.

S-100 CONTROLLER BOARDS-100 REAL TIME CLOCK BOARDENCASED CONTROLLER

(TRS-80, Apple II etc.)ENCASED CONTROLLER & REALTIME CLOCK (TRS-80, Apple IIAPPLE II CLOCK BOARD

SciTronics Inc.

523 S. Clewed St., P.O. Box 5344

Bethlehem, PA 18015

(215) 868-7220Please list system with which you plan to useperipheral. Master Charge and Visa accepted.PA residents add sales tax. COD's accepted.

Sena checkor moneyorder to:

Circle 218 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1981 295

Software Received.

utility to relocate RadioShack T-BUG software. Cas-sette, $9.95. Allen Gelderand Company, POB 11721,Main PO, San Francisco CA94101.

Enhanced Paper TigerGraphics Software. High-resolution image printer forthe Apple II. Floppy disk,$44.95. Computer Station,12 Crossroads Ctr, GraniteCity IL 62040.

Visilist. Utility programfor VisiCalc and the AppleII. Floppy disk, $19.95.Computer Station, 12 Cross-

roads Ctr, Granite City IL62040.

Mailing List. Mailing listsoftware for Heathkit/Zenith computers. Floppydisk, $49.95. Hayden BookCompany, 50 Essex St,Rochelle Park NJ 07662.

Programming in Apple In-teger BASIC. Tutorial soft-ware. Floppy disk, $39.95.Hayden Book Company, 50Essex St, Rochelle Park NJ07662.

Conflict. War game forthe Apple II. Cassette, pricenot available. Keating Com-

puter Services Pty Ltd, POB448, Double Bay, Australia2028.

Indexed Sequential AccessMethod. ISAM disk soft-ware for the PET/CBMcomputers. Floppy disk,$99.95. Creative Software,POB 40, Mountain View CA94040.

Mychess. Chess programwith graphics for theTRS-80. Floppy disk, $50.Computer Services, 2431Lyvona, Anchorage AK99502.

Helicopter Battle.

YOU THINK YOU'VE SEEN WORDPROCESSING SOFTWARE?

MAGfc WAND

Word Processing

The

System offers you the best features of any system

in the miCrO market Version 1.1 is now available

FEATURES INCLUDE:

Full-screen text editor

Simple, control key operationEdit programs as well as text

Assemble, compile or run programs

without modificationFiles larger than memory

Files up to 256KLibrary files

Merge part or all of one file with

anotherSpool printing

Print a file while editing anotherEasy page formatting

Simple commands set margins, page

length, etc.Override commands at run-time

Give any command from the key-board as well as in fileVariable pitch control

Change pitch in mid-line, even

mid-wordUp to 128 user-defined variables

String, numeric or dollar formatForm letter generation from externaldata files

Compatible with both sequential and

fixed-record filesConditional commands

Any command may be conditionalPrint to disk and/or printer

Save all or part of output on diskSwitch from specialty printer to CP/Mlist device

Print the same file on either specialty

or standard printer

EASE OF OPERATIONWith all its power, the MAGIC WAND isremarkably easy to use. This is no acci-dent. The command structure is designedto be flexible and logical so that you canperform basic functions with a minimum ofcommands.

We have included in the manual a step-by-step instructional program, for the per-son who has never used a word-proces-sor before. The trainee uses sample filesfrom the system disk and compares hiswork to simulated screens and printouts.

In addition to the lessons, the manualhas a complete documentation of thecommand structure, special notes for pro-grammers, an introduction to CP/M fornon-programmers and a glossary. Themanual is typeset, rather than typewritten,for greater legibility.

We have written the manual in non-technical English, because we want youto read it. We don't overload you with abunch of jargon that could confuse even aPhD in Computer Sciences.

We send out newsletters so that usersof the MAGIC WAND can learn specialapplications of the print commands. Forexample, we might show you how to cre-ate a mailing list or set up an index fora file.

In short, we've done everything we canto make things easy for you. Because thebest software in the world is just a bunchof code if you can't use it.

For more information, call or write:

saidu baslacss applications, vac.

3220 Louisiana • Suite 205 • Houston, Texas 77006 • 713-528-5158

Graphics game for the Atari400 or 800. Cassette, $9.95.Custom Electronics Inc, 238Exchange St, Chicopee MA01013.

Tractor Beam. Graphicsgame for the Atari 400 or800. Cassette, $9.95.Custom Electronics Inc, 238Exchange St, Chicopee MA01013.

Disk Cataloger. Disk-utility program for theTRS-80. Cassette, $16.95.Hayden Book Company, 50Essex St, Rochelle Park N]07662.

Energy Miser. Energy-useestimation utility. Cassette,$19.95. Hayden Book Com-pany, 50 Essex St, RochellePark NJ 07662.

Chem Lab Simulations 1and 2. Tutorial simulationprograms for the Apple II.Floppy disk, $99.95 each.High Technology, POB14665, Oklahoma City OK73113.

Infinite BASIC. BASIC-language utility for theTRS-80. Floppy disk,$49.95. Racet Computes,702 Palmdale, Orange CA92665.

Infinite Business. Exten-sion to Infinite BASIC (seeseparate listing). Floppydisk, $29.95. Racet Com-putes, 702 Palmdale, OrangeCA 92665. ■

Listing Credits

The program for "LostDutchman's Gold," by BobLiddil (December 1980BYTE, page 268) wastranslated from the RadioShack TRS-80 to the AppleII by Jamie Tietjen.

Moore's Number

The October 1980 BYTEcontained an error on page347 in the "What's New"section. The phone numberfor Moore Business FormsInc should read (800)323-8325. We are sorry forthe inconvenience this hascaused. ■

296 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 219 on inquiry card.

Circle 220 on inquiry card.

DEC

TEXASINSTRUMENTS

CENTRONICS

TERMINALS FROM TRANSNET

PURCHASE PLAN • 12-24 MONTH FULL OWNERSHIP PLAN • 36 MONTH LEASE PLAN

PURCHASE PER MONTH

DESCRIPTION PRICE 12 MOS 24 MOS 36 MOS

LA36 0ECwriterll S1.695 S162 S 90 S 61

LA34 DECwriter IV 1,095 105 58 40

LA34 DECwriter IV Forms Ctrl. .. 1,295 124 68 46

LA120 DECwriter III KSR 2,495 239 140 90

LA120 DECwriter III RO 2,295 220 122 83

VTIOOCRTDECscope 1,895 182 102 69

VT132CRTDECscope 2,295 220 122 83

TI745 Portable Terminal 1.595 153 85 58

TI765 Bubble Memory Terminal . 2,595 249 138 93

TI783 Portable KSR, 120 CPS ... 1,745 167 93 63

TI785 Portable KSR, 120 CPS ... 2,395 230 128 86

TI787 Portable KSR, 120CPS ... 2,845 273 152 102

TI810RO Printer 1,895 1B2 102 69

TI820 KSR Printer 2,195 211 117 80

730 Desk Top Printer 715 69 39 26

737 W/P Desk Top Printer 895 86 48 32

704 RS232-C Printer 1,795 172 96 65

6081 High Speed Band Printer .. 5,495 527 293 198

DT80/1 CRT Terminal 1,795 172 96 65

DT80/1L15'Screen CRT 2,295 220 122 83

DT80/5APLCRT 2,095 200 112 75

DT80/5LAPL15"CRT 2,595 249 138 94

ADM3A CRT Terminal 875 84 47 32

ADM31 CRT Terminal 1,450 139 78 53

ADM42 CRT Terminal 2,195 211 117 79

1420 CRT Terminal 945 91 51 34

1500 CRT Terminal 1,095 105 58 40

1552 CRT Terminal 1,295 125 70 48

_ Letter Quality KSR, 55 CPS 3,395 326 181 123

■ Letter Quality RO, 55 CPS 2.895 278 154 104

2621A CRT Terminal 1,495 144 80 54

2621P CRT Terminal 2,650 255 142 96

FULL OWNERSHIP AFTER 12 OR 24 MONTHS •10% PURCHASE OPTION AFTER 36 MONTHSACCESSORIES AND PERIPHERAL EQUIPMENT

ACOUSTIC COUPLERS • MODEMS ■ THERMAL PAPER • RIBBONS • INTERFACE MODULES ■ FLOPPY DISK UNITS

OTHER POPULAR TERMINALS, COMPUTER PERIPHERALS AND COMPUTERS AVAILABLE.

T

RANSNeTcorporath

1945 ROUTE 22 • UNION, N.J. 07083 • (201) 688-7800

TWX 710-985-5485

Circle 221 on inquiry card.

AUTHORIZED TRS 80® DEALER #R491

$670.00 MODEL I

16K Level II with Keypad26-1056

$3500.00 MODEL II

MODEL II, 64K26 - 4002

$875.00

MODEL III

MODEL III 16K RAM,

MODEL III BASIC

26-1062

WE ACCEPT CHECK, MONEY ORDER, ORPHONE ORDERS WITH VISA OR MASTERCHARGE. SHIPPINGCOSTS WILL BE ADDEDTOCHARGEORDERS. DISKDRIVES, PRINT-ERS, PERIPHERALS, AND SOFTWARE -YOU NAME, WE'VE GOT IT.WRITE OR CALL FOR OUR COMPLETEPRICE LIST.C& S ELECTRONICS, LTD. 32 EAST MAIN ST. MILAN, MICH. 48160(313)439-1508 (313)439-1400

CIS ELECTRONICS MART IS AN AUTHORIZED TRS 80s SALES CENTER STORE #R491

FULL FACTORY WARRANTYON ALL ITEMS SOLD.

Spend both more wisely with CBS.

THE CONFIGURABLE BUSINESS SYSTEM™ is aready-made set of programs that lets you custom-ize your computer without ever using a complexprogramming language.

-arAfclS

JA<

o*&

• It takes the trial and errorout of trying out a program.

• And the mumbo-jumbo

out of talking to a computer.

• In fact, CBS pre-packagesas much of your program asis humanly possible.

CP/M* is a Trademark of Digital Research Corp.

So you can spend your time solving problems.Instead of spending money wasting your time.

Disks and manual, $395. Manual only, $40.

CBS Disks can fit any 8080 or Z80 computer withCP/M* Your DMA representative can tell youabout DMA.DOS, our CP/M compatible operatingsystem, and ASCOM, an Asynchronous Commu-nication Control Program.

DMA • We speak your language.

DYNAMIC MICROPROCESSOR ASSOCIATES • 545 Fifth Avenue ■ New York, New York 10017 • (212) 953-1721 • MasterCharge and VISA accepted

Circle 222 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1981 297

Circle 223 on inquiry card.

MICROPROCESSOR SUPPORT f.C.'S

WE GUARANTEE FACTORY PRIME PARTS

2708 1KX8 EPROM 3 Supply

2716 2KX8 EPROM 3 Supply

2716 2KX8 EPROM 1 Supply

2732 4KX8 EPROM 1 Supply

4116 16KX1 DYNAMIC 3 Supply

4116 16KX1 DYNAMIC 3 Supply

4164 64KX1 DYNAMIC 1 Supply

4118 1KX8 STATIC 250 ns

2114 1KX4 STATIC 250 ns

2114L 1KX4 STATIC 250 ns

450 ns450 ns450 ns450 ns200 ns

$5.50

$11.00

$11.00

$35.00

8/$36.00

32/$136.00

300 ns 8/$32.00

32/$120.00

250 ns $130.00

EXTRA SPECIAL

$16.00

$4.25 8/$32.00

$4.50 8/$34.00

32428155818582028205821282148216

$11.00

17.50

29.95

45.00

3.95

2.75

5.25

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82248226822882388243825082518253

5 2.953.955.505.506.00

15.956.95

12.95

TO ORDER: Send

check , money order orcharge card C.O.D.Please include $3.00shipping. For C.O.D.allow for shipping and$2.00 C.O.D. fee.

82558259827582798282828382848755

$ 6.50

17.95

32.95

13.95

6.70

6.70

5.85

49.95

HANLEY ENGINEERING

P.O.BOX 21432SEATTLE, WA 98111(206) 633-3404

Send for full catalog including 74XX,74LSXX and CMOS I.C.'s.

DISCOUNT PRICES

APPLE II COMPUTERS

16K APPLE II

949.00

32K APPLE II

994.00

48K APPLE II

1039.00

DISK W CONTROLLER

520.00

DISK ONLY

450.00

APPLESOFT CARD

159.00

INTEGER CARD

159.00

PASCAL SYSTEM

425.00

SILENTYPE PRINTER

525.00

RAM MEMORY

FOR TRS-80, APPLE II

16KSET4116's

45.00

NORTH STAR COMPUTERS

HRZ-1D-32K-ASM 2125.00

HRZ-2D-32K-ASM 2475.00

HRZ-1Q-32K-ASM 2375.00

HRZ-2Q-32K-ASM 2990.00

VERBATIM DISKETTES

BOX OF 10 5V." 29.50

BOX OF 10 8" 39.50

FREDERICK COMPUTER PRODUCTS

MUNICIPAL AIRPORT

FREDERICK, MD. 21701

(301) 694-8884

Books Received

The following is a list of books received at BYTE Publica-tions during this past month. Although the list is not meantto be exhaustive, its purpose is to acquaint BYTE readersWith recently published titles in computer science andrelated fields. We regret that we cannot review or commenton all the books we receive; instead, this list is meant to be amonthly acknowledgment of these books and the publisherswho sent them.

The Art of Electronics.Horowitz and Hill. NewYork: Cambridge UniversityPress, 1980. 17.7 by 25.1 cm(7Vt by 10 Vk inches), 716pages, hardcover, ISBN0-521-23151-5, $24.95.

Computer Programmingin the BASIC Language.Neal Golden. New York:Harcourt, Brace, JovanovichInc, 1981. 15.3 by 22.6 cm(6V4 by 9V* inches), 312pages, hardcover, ISBN0-15-359090-4, $7.50.

Computer Security,A Management AuditApproach. Norman L Engerand Paul W Howerton. NewYork: AMACOM, 1980.15.3 by 22.6 cm (6V4 by 9^4inches), 264 pages, hard-cover, ISBN 0-8144-5582-4,$21.95.

Data Base: StructuredTechniques for Design, Per-formance, and Management.S Atre. Somerset NJ: JohnWiley & Sons, 1980. 15.3 by22.6 cm (6V4 by 9Vt inches),442 pages, hardcover, ISBN0-471-05267-1, $27.95.

Electrical Wiring Hand-book. Edward L Safford.Blue Ridge Summit PA: TabBooks Inc, 1980. 12.5 by20.2 cm (5% by 8V4 inches),432 pages, softcover, ISBN0-8306-1245-9, $8.95; hard-cover, ISBN 0-8306-9932-5,$15.95.

Handbook of Micro-processor Applications. JohnA Kuecken. Blue RidgeSummit PA: Tab Books Inc,1980. 12.5 by 20.2 cm (5%by 8Vi inches), 308 pages,softcover, ISBN0-8306-1203-3, $8.95; hard-cover, ISBN 0-8306-9935-X,$14.95.

Pascal. David L Heiser-man. Blue Ridge SummitPA: Tab Books Inc, 1980.12.5 by 20.2 cm (5% by 8V4inches), 350 pages, soft-

cover, ISBN 0-8306-1205-X,$9.95; hardcover, ISBN0-8306-9934-1, $15.95.

Principles of FirmwareEngineering in Micro-program Control. MichaelAndrews. Potomac MD:Computer Press Inc, 1980.15.3 by 22.6 cm (6>/4 by 9'/4inches), 347 pages, hard-cover, ISBN 0-914894-63-3,$21.95.

Programming in BASICfor Personal Computers.David L Heiserman. Engle-wood Cliffs NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc, 1981. 15.3 by 22.6cm (6'/4 by 9Vi inches), 333pages, softcover, ISBN0-13-730739-X, $7.95; hard-cover, ISBN 0-13-730747-0,$17.95.

A Reference Guide toPractical Electronics. RobertG Krieger Sr. New York:McGraw-Hill Book Com-pany Inc, 1981. 13.1 by 20cm (53/8 by 8 inches), 212pages, softcover, ISBN0-07-0345492-8, $7.50.

6502 Software Design. LeoJ Scanlon. Indianapolis IN:Howard W Sams CompanyInc, 1980. 13.1 by 20.8 cm(5% by 8'/2 inches), 270pages, softcover, ISBN0-672-21656-6, $10.50.

Z8000 Assembly LanguageProgramming. Leventhal,Osborne, Collins. BerkeleyCA: Osborne/McGraw-Hill,1980. 15.9 by 22.6 cm(6V2 by 9'/4 inches), 604pages; softcover, ISBN0-931988-36-5, $19.99. ■

298 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Book Reviews

How To ProgramYour Program-mable Calculator

by Dr Stephen L Snoverand Dr Mark A Spikell,Prentice-Hall Inc,Englewood Cliffs NJ,1979, 27) pages,softcover, S7.95

Reviewed byRichard KeckRte INeoga IL 62447

How To Program YourProgrammable Calculator isa very versatile book, withmany examples from simplestraightline programs tocomplex decision-makingloop programs for calculus.The book has two sections:one for the TI-57 andEC-4000 calculators, and theother for the HP-33E. Ex-amples and presentation areidentical with the exceptionof different keystrokes forthe different sections.

The book can also beused as an aid in decidingwhich calculator to buy.Using the book does not re-quire a programmable calcu-lator.

Due to the large numberof examples and explana-tions, this book should beuseful in a classroom en-vironment. Since it has over100 problems, as well asanswers, it can easily beused as an introduction toprogramming or as a mini-unit on the use of program-mable calculators in theclassroom.

The book is specificallydesigned for the less expen-sive programmable cal-culators. However, as aTI-58 owner, I believe itsusefulness as a referencemanual for subroutines isreason enough for evenexperienced calculator pro-grammers to purchase it.Whether you are new toprogrammable calculators oran old pro, How To Pro-gram Your ProgrammableCalculator is a valuable ad-dition to your library ofprograms and books. ■

Structured Pascal

by Jean-Paul Tremblay,Richard B Bunt, andLyle M Ospeth,McGraw-Hill Book Com-pany, Hightstown NJ,1980, SI0.95

Reviewed byPeter Grogono4125 Beaconsfield AveMontreal, QuebecH4A 2H4 Canada

Structured Pascal is a text-book for a first course in acomputer-science curriculumat the university level. It is asupplement to An Introduc-tion to Computer Science:An Algorithmic Approachby the same authors, butcan be used independently.It is a bulky book, measur-ing 8 Vi by 11 inches, andalthough it contains morethan 400 pages, there are nodiagrams. Although primar-ily intended as a languagemanual, Structured Pascal isalso concerned with pro-gramming style and containsmany example programs.These programs are morevaried than those cus-tomarily found in introduc-tory texts, and each is pre-sented in the form of a com-plete listing with examplesof input and output, not asa collection of fragments.The range of applications iswide. In addition to pro-grams that implement stan-dard algorithms such assorting, searching, Gaussianelimination, and numericalintegration, there are pro-grams which compute pari-mutuel payoffs and mort-gage payments, and whichprocess hockey-leagueresults, transpose musicalscores, and add poly-nomials. The book is fairlywell organized, but there aresome anomalies. For exam-ple, the Pascal CASE state-ment is described in achapter entitled "AdvancedString Processing."

It is unfortunate that abook that attempts to do somuch should be so flawed.

300 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE January 1981 301

Book Reviews

Some of the flaws areminor; they seem to be dueto the fact that this book,like so many recent texts, isa set of lecture notesprepared for publication.The choice of the program-ming language used for theexamples (a local dialect ofPascal called ManitobaPascal) seems to be thecause of some major prob-lems.

There are two differencesbetween standard Pascal andManitoba Pascal that have amajor impact on the valueof the book to the ever-growing Pascal community.The first difference is thatManitoba Pascal providesslightly more flexibility instring processing than doesstandard Pascal. String-handling capabilities areused extensively in the ex-amples, and two chaptersare devoted almost entirelyto "strings and things." Theexamples make frequent useof a predefined set of some-what inefficient and inflexi-

ble string-handling pro-cedures and functions. Con-sequently, they are not real-ly Pascal programs at all;they are programs in aprimitive string-processinglanguage that happens tohave been embedded inPascal. The problem here,and in other sections of thisbook, is that Pascal istreated as a poor man'sPL/I, and is not allowed tostand on its own.

The second difference be-tween Manitoba Pascal andstandard Pascal is minor,but it has had a serious ef-fect on the book. Studentsat the University of Saskat-chewan punch their pro-grams on cards, andkeypunch machines do nothave keys for squarebrackets. Consequently,where standard Pascal has'[...]', Manitoba Pascal has'(...)'. Computer users of1980 are inconvenienced bythe technology of 1890. InPascal, '(A,B,C,D)' is anenumerated-type descriptor,

and '[A,B,C,D]' is a set con-stant. Enumerated types arean abstraction of the con-stant identifiers frequentlyused in assembly-languageprograms to represent asmall number of states orchoices, and sets are anabstraction of bit-strings.They are among the innova-tions of Pascal that are par-ticularly notable for their ex-pressive power. Yet, inStructured Pascal these twouseful constructions arehopelessly confused. Onpage 11, we are shown anenumerated-type declarationand told that it is a "set";furthermore, we are incor-rectly told that "set opera-tions" may be applied toenumerated types, but weare told neither here norelsewhere how these setoperations are represented inPascal. Later, on page 255,we are told, "Pascal doesnot have bit-strings." It isnot surprising that the exam-ple programs make use ofneither set types nor enu-

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ORDERING INFORMATION

Weacceol Visa and Masleichaige WewillshipCOD ceitilied check

oi money o'Oeis only Massachusetts 'estdenls ado 5 peicent sales tax

To order call toll-tree 1-800-343-5206

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merated types; in fact, theprograms hardly employuser-defined types at all.

Is this just a question ofstyle? Does it really matterif some people use moretype declarations than othersin their Pascal programs?My own view is that it doesmatter. The lesson of theSixties was that program-ming languages must bemore expressive, not justmore powerful. This is whatstructured programming anddata abstraction are allabout. In Structured Pascal(note the title!), structuredprogramming is defined inone sentence on page 4:"Structured programming isreally little more than theapplication of a particulardiscipline to the practice ofprogramming." This is theattitude of people who "goon a diet" rather than eatnutritious food regularly. Itis more than a question ofstyle when a textbook thatprofesses to describe a pro-gramming language entirelyomits the most expressivefeatures of that language. ■

New FIG Telephone

FIG (the FORTH InterestGroup) is receiving many in-quiries about its productsbecause of the August 1980FORTH issue of BYTE. Tohelp deal with the increasedvolume of orders, FIG hasinstalled a telephone forchecking on mail orders:(415) 962-8653. Technicalquestions should still be sentin writing to the mailing ad-dress (FORTH InterestGroup, POB 1105, SanCarlos CA 94070), so thatyour questions can berouted to the proper person.

The group is totallystaffed by volunteers and is,at the moment, over-whelmed by the large num-ber of orders and questionsbeing received. Please keepthis in mind if an order orquestion goes unprocessedlonger than it would ifdirected to a commercialbusiness. ...GW ■

302 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE January 1981 303

Event Queue

January 1981

January

Courses from Battelle,Seattle WA, Houston TX,and Boston MA. Battelle,4000 NE 41st St, POBC-5395, Seattle WA 98105,(206) 525-3130, is offeringtwo courses on data-basemanagement and digitalcommunication principles

and systems. For schedulesand fees, contact Battelle atthe above address.

January

Courses from Zilog, BostonMA and Cupertino CA.Three- to 5-day courses onmicroprocessors, the Z8000and Z8 circuits, program-ming, and architecture arebeing offered by Zilog,Training and Education,

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a three-year-old product is a winningproduct Materosette users acclaim theexcellent value and reliability of theseca*s«ite tapes for s.ife storage of theircomputer programs. Microsette 50-footand 100-foot length cassettes are backedby a 30-day warranty for use on all popu-lar 'microcomputers'. The two convenientlengths store the complete memorycontents of most microcomputers. Thetapes are as excellent for Hi-Fi audio asfor microcomputer use.

AUDIOPHILES

Audiophiles an* very selective «&ht*n Hcomes to rnedia for theU high fidelitysystems. A recent survey of BYTE'Maga-zine readers revealed that 98% own highfidelity audio equipment, Microsettetape quality is already well establishedwith microcomputer owners. Now Micro-'sette otters popular C-60 and C-90 lengthcassette tapes for the computerist whois also an audlophile.

Dealer prices are 50% of iist. Available In 250 quantitycase lots only. Write or call {1115} 9681604 tor completedetails. -:

Microsette Co., 475 Ellis St., Mountain View, CA 94043

in control systems, struc-tured programming, andprotection of computerassets are some of the areasof study being presented inthese courses from GeorgeWashington University.Contact the Director, Con-tinuing Engineering Educa-tion, George WashingtonUniversity, Washington DC20052, (800) 424-9773.

January-February

Data Processing Courses,

Houston and Dallas TX, andLondon, England. Data-processing operations man-agement and fundamentalsof data processing for ex-ecutives are the courses of-fered by the University ofChicago. For schedules oftimes, and additional infor-mation, contact the Univer-sity of Chicago, Center forContinuing Education, MCSeminar Division, 1307 E60th St, Chicago IL 60637,(800) 223-7450. In New Yorkstate, call collect (212)953-9022.

January-March

Courses from Intel, Boston

MA, Chicago IL, and SanFrancisco CA. Introductionsto microprocessors andmicrocomputers; 8080/8085, and 8086/8088 systemdesign workshops; develop-ment systems workshops;peripheral integrated-circuit-design workshops; and othercourses are being offered byIntel Corporation. For a listof times and fees, contactIntel Corporation, CustomerTraining Department, 3065Bowers Ave, Santa ClaraCA 95051, Attn; Registrar—MS SV3-1.

January-June

Seminars from WorcesterPolytechnic Institute,

various cities in easternMassachusetts. The Con-tinuing Professional Educa-tion Department of WPI(Worcester Polytechnic In-stitute) is presenting 2-dayseminars on fundamentals ofdata processing, distributedsystems, data communica-tions, microprocessors, andother computer-related

Circle 236 on inquiry card.

Circle 237 on inquiry card.

Circle 238 on inquiry card.

Z-80 FORTH $50.00

FORTH is fast, easy to use, extensible, and totally flexi-ble. Excellent for rapid development of real-time dataacquisition or process control applications.

Laboratory Microsystems Z-80 FORTH is an optimizedimplementation of standard fig-FORTH • to run on Z-80microcomputers under the CP/M 2.x" operating sys-tem. Unlike the FORTHs of many other vendors, our in-terpreter uses CP/M compatible random access diskfiles for screen storage.

Z-80 FORTH is distributed on an eight-inch, soft-sectored, single density diskette containing:

executable interpreter

fig-FORTH portable line editor

screen editor

demonstration programs

utilities

complete documentation

Price: $50.00 includes tax and shipping.

Laboratory Microsystems

4147 Beethoven StreetLos Angeles, CA 90066

•Forth Interest Group.

• -CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

/P

A Messageto our Subscribers

From time to time we makethe BYTE subscriber listavailable to other companieswho wish to send oursubscribers promotionalmaterial about their products.We take great care to screenthese companies, choosingonly those who are reputable,and whose products, services,or information we feel wouldbe of interest to you. Directmail is an efficient mediumfor presenting the latestpersonal computer goods andservices to our subscribers.

Many BYTE subscribersappreciate this controlleduse of our mailing list, andlook forward to finding

information of interest tothem in the mail. Used areour subscribers' names andaddresses only (no otherinformation we may have isever given).

While we believe thedistribution of thisinformation is of benefit toour subscribers, we firmlyrespect the wishes of anysubscriber who does not wantto receive such promotionalliterature. Should you wish torestrict the use of your name,simply send your request toBYTE Publications Inc, Attn:Circulation Department,70 Main St, Peterborough NH03458. Thank you.

^

TEXAS COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Radio /hack

Authorized Sales Center, offers

LOWEST PRICES on

TRS-80

COMPUTERS

Model II64K$3349

Pocket Computer$199

agm interface $43

Model III4k LI $599

| Mod. Ill $211932K 2 Disks

Model III16K LIU $844

Color Computer |4K LI $322

PRINTERS

DAISY WHEEL II $1688

Carbon Ribbon typewriter quality (or wordprocmint 43 characters ptr second,standard Centronics parallel interface. Full16" width, takes individual sheets on friction feed platen. Tractor feed $250 eitra. The fastest daisywheel available it this low price.

EPSON MX-80 SHL

Letter quality matrix similar to the LinePrinter IV and the Centronics printer but has fullLlSt $645 software control of 40, 80, W, or 132 columns.80 cps bidirectional printing, tractor feed, disposable printhead. $300 less than the nearest competi-tive printer, ifs the best buy in a letter quality multi-strike printer. Our price is too low! to advertise.

' 200 cps, 7*9 or 9x9 matrix, dotk addressable graphics, excellentquality and price. 10, 12, 13.3characters/in, 6 or 8 lines/in, standard parallel, serial, and current loop interfaces included.

ANADEX 9500/9501 $1385;

Fast versatile—takes both sinjrie sheets and pin tedforms, 100 cps bidirectional, tow profile. List $1160

LINE PRINTER III $1685 £.MB?'""""hmiMam'm,K'

LINE PRINTER VI $999

Letter quality multi strike matrix, 80 or 132columns, friction feed.

LINE PRINTER IV $825

ACCESSORIES- SOFTWARE

MODEL II

CP/M The best version of CP/M available for theModel II. Cursor addressing, software control of allports. 596K on each drive, auto density select,many, many more. 150 page manual. $180 (P&T)

SCRIPSIT Word Processing System. Extensive com-mand set allows global search and many otherfeatures not found on other systems. Use with DaisyWheel and other printers. Excellent value. $263.Profile II Filing System allows immediate accessand review of up to 20,000 individual user definedrecords. Can print labels or reports in any format.$158.

General Ledger allows up to 504 accounts with userdefined account numbers. Up to 11,420 entries permonth. Audit trails and reports generated. Easydocument and error recovery. $175.Inventory handles up to 3,000 line items, 200 ven-dors with each item quantity up to 999,999. Sug-gested reorder report, sales trends and performance$175.

SNAP II Extended Basic. Several enhancements toTRSD0S BASIC including powerful editing com-mands and a variable cross reference tor debuggingprograms. $190.

MODEL II

HOST/TERM allows the Model II to become con-trolled remotely by another terminal or Model II,$50,

SPOOLER allows disk spooling of printed output orin the normal mode, greatly enhances system'sspeed and performance. $99.VISTA Shuprt Disk Expansion System. Uses thesame drive as the Model II console.) Drive $949.2 Drive $1424, 3 Drive $1899.

MODEL I AND III

PF.RC0M DOUBLE* allows double density on theModel I. Easy installation, comes with the DOUBLDOSoperating system on disk. 150k on each drive. $209.Ask about NEWD0S conversion for Double Density.EXPANSION INTERFACE M Ram $249NEVffiOS^O $139

PERCOM DISKS $CAU

We have all Radio Shack computers and accessor-ies, and a number o( other brand computer items.Call us for your specific needs and get a copy of ourcatalog.

+ No taxes on out-of-state shipments. Texas res. Add 5%.

* All merchandise is new. checked and guaranteed by manufacturer

* Payment' Money Order, Cashier's Check, Certified Check, Persona! Checks require 3 weeks to cleaiVISA, MASTERCHARGE-Add 3%,

* Prices subject to change at any time

* Delivery of merchandise is subject to availability.

TEXAS COMPUTER SYSTEMS

An Authorized RADIO SHACK* Sales Center F701

Box 1174, Brady, Texas 76825

TOLL FREE Number 800-351-1473

Texas Residents 915-597-0673

BYTE January 1981 305

Event Queue —

topics. For schedules ofsites, times, and fees, con-tact WPI, Office of Con-tinuing Education,Worcester MA 01609, (617)753-1411, Attn: GinnyBazarian.

January 7-9

The Fourteenth InternationalSymposium on Minicom-puters and Microcomputers,

Hotel del Coronado, SanDiego CA. The scope of thesymposium will cover tech-nology, hardware, software,engineering, languages, sys-

tems architecture, operatingsystems, numerical methods,computer networks, andother aspects of computing.Contact the Secretary,MIMI '81 San Diego, POB2481, Anaheim CA 92804.

January 8-11

The 1981 InternationalWinter Consumer Elec-tronics Show, Las VegasConvention Center, LasVegas NV. Over 750 ex-hibitors will display videogames, personal computers,peripherals, software, audio

equipment, calculators,watches, and other relateditems. Seminars onmarketing, communications,and other topics will bepresented. Contact Con-sumer Electronics Shows, 2Illinois Center, Suite 1607,233 N Michigan Ave,Chicago IL 60601, (312)861-1040.

January 13-15

Communications Networks

1981, Albert Thomas Con-vention Center, HoustonTX. This show will feature

Waiting On DeliveryofADECLA120?

Avoid the hassle by upgrading your LA36 for 1200baud operation with a DS120 Terminal Controller.

The Datasouth DS120 gives your DECwriter® II the high speedprinting and versatile performance features of the DECwriter® IIIat only a fraction of the cost. The DS120 is a plug compatiblereplacement for your LA36 logic board which can be installed inminutes. Standard features include:

•RS232 interface

•20 mA Current Loop interface

•165 cps bidirectional printing•Horizontal & Vertical Tabs•Page Length Selection

• 110-4800 baud operation•1000 character print buffer•X-on, X-off protocol

• Self Test

•Top of Form•Adjustable Margins•Double wide characters•Parity selection•Optional APL character set

Over 4000 DS120 units are now being used by customers rangingfrom the Fortune 500 to personal computing enthusiasts. Innumerous installations, entire networks of terminals have beenupgraded to take advantage of to-day's higher speed data com-munications services. LSImicroprocessor electronicsand strict quality controlensure dependable per-formance for years tocome. When service isrequired, we will respondpromptly and effectively.Best of all, we can deliverimmediately through ournationwide network ofdistributors. Just give us acall for all the details.

DATASOUTH COMPUTER CORPORATION

4740 Dwight Evans Road • Charlotte, North Carolina 28210 • 704/5238500

exhibits and seminars cover-ing network policy andmanagement for US and in-ternational users and car-riers; network architecture,software, and hardware;new developments; informa-tion appliances; and more.This conference is aimed atcommunications profes-sionals, carrier, service, andhardware vendors who areinterested in combiningvoice, data, and messagesystems applications. Con-tact Communications Net-works '81, c/o The Con-ference Company, 60 AustinSt, Newton MA 02160, (617)964-4550.

January 13-15

Southcon/81 Show andConvention, Georgia WorldCongress Center and theOmni International Hotel,Atlanta GA. Contact Elec-tronic Conventions Inc, 999N Sepulveda Blvd, El Segun-do CA 90245, (213)475-4571, (800) 421-6816.

January 14-19

The Forty-Second NationalAudio-Visual Conventionand Exhibit, Dallas Conven-tion Center, Dallas TX.Over 300 manufacturers andproducers of audio-visual,video, and microcomputerhardware and software willbe exhibiting products.Seminars will cover market-ing and production ofaudio-visual items. For moreinformation, contact theNational Audio-VisualAssociation, 3150 Spring St,Fairfax VA 22031, (703)273-7200.

January 16-17

Microcomputer Conference,

Arizona State University,Tempe AZ. The goal of thismicrocomputer conference isto introduce educators tothe applications of com-puters in the classroom. Theemphasis of the conferenceis to provide an awarenessof microcomputers and theirimpact on society. For fur-ther information, contact DrGary G Bitter, Arizona StateUniversity, Payne 203,Tempe AZ 85281.

January 17-18

Educational SoftwareSymposium, Holiday Inn,

306 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 239 on inquiry card.

Circle 240 on inquiry card.

Circle 241 on inquiry card.

MAIL ORDER DISCOUNTS

[apple computer

Sales and Service

APPLE II PLUS 48K

$999

APPLE /// CALL FOR PRICES

ACCESSORIES

DISK II DRIVE & CONTROLLER (DOS 3.31

DISK II DRIVE ONLY

INTEGER BASIC FIRMWARE CARD

APPLESOFT II FIRMWARE CARD

M&R SURRMOD RF MODULATOR

CENTRONICS PRINTER INTERFACE CARDHIGHSPEED SERIAL INTERFACE CARD . .IEEDEX VIDEO 100 12''B&W MONITOR ...

525 MICROSOFT Z-80 SOFTCARD SYSTEM

420 VIDEX 80 COLUMN BOARD149 W/GRAPHICS AND SWITCH

149 HAYESMICROMODEM II

30 SILENTYPE PRINTER W/INT CARD

179 LANGUAGE SYSTEM W/PASCAL .

.139 GRAPHICS TABLET

139 ALF MUSIC SYNTHESIZER

SOFTWARE

APPLE FORTRAN

PFS SOFTWARE

APPLE DOS TOOL KIT

APPLEPLOT GRAPH & PLOT SYSTEMCCA DATA MANAGEMENT

159 THECONTROLLERBUSINESSSYSTEM . 515

85 THE CASHIER RETAIL MANAGEMENT ... 189

65 VISICALC 115

60 APPLEWRITER TEXT EDITOR 59

85 BASF 5V«- DISKETTE (10). ... 30

• WE WILL TRY TO BEAT ANY ADVERTISED PRICE

• WE PERFORM APPLE WARRANTY REPAIR

TO ORDER: Please phone using VISA and Master Card. Or send cashier's check,money order or personal check (allow 14 business days to clear). VISA and MCcredit card service add 2%. Shipping, handling and insurance add 3%. Californiaresidents add 6% sales tax.ORDER HOURS: Monday thru Saturday 9-5 PST.

computer age. inc.

Authorized Apple Dealer & Service Center^4688 CONVOY ST., SUITE 105, SAN DIEGO, CA 92111 (714) 565-4042^

Model EP-2A-79

EPROM Programmer

Software available for F-8, 6800, 8085, 8080, Z-80, 6502 18022650. 6809 based systems.

EPROM type is selected by a personality module which plugs intothe front of the programmer. Power requirements are 115 VAC50/60 Hz. at 15 watts. It is supplied with a 36-inch ribbon cable forconnecting to microcomputer. Requires l'/i> I/O ports. Priced at$169.00 with one set of software. (Additional software on disk andcassette for various systems.) Personality modules are shown below.Part No. Programs price

PM0 TMS 2708 $i7(](i

PM1 2704,2708 I7fl0

PM-2 2732 ym)

PM-3 TMS 2716 noil

PM4 TMS 2532 33 (Xi

PM-5 TMS 2516.2716.2758 17(X)

PM-8 MCM68764 3500

Optimal Technology, Inc.

Blue Wood 127, Earlyavllle, Virginia 22936Phone (804) 973-5482

A new long-lifealternative to trackballs

With this new X-Y controller all you do Isslide your fingertip In the desired direction.

Then 3600 solid-slate sensors embed-ded In a tough plastic block along with VLShybrid circuitry detect the presence,motion, and direction of motion of yourfingertip on the Touch GraphicsTMsurface,producing X- and Y- digital control signalsfor all graphics applications.

The result Is a cost-effective alternativeto trackballs, light pens, thumb wheels, etc.

Circle 242 on inquiry card.

CALL TODAY

This is a new micro-proximity touch-sensing technology you should knowabout. Call now for sales literature on thisand other control devices.

2346 Walsh Ave., Santa Clara, CA 95051(408) 727-TASA • TWX 910 338 7620

cy> You H/WE

CM

•lH<?US£e?/lT-S AS A „

Good reading

Order free IRS Publications ondeductions, exemptions, tax credits,depreciation — over 90 topics in all.Available by using the handy orderform in your tax package.

A public service message fromthe Internal Revenue Service.

BYTE January 1981 307

Event Queue —

Bridgeport CT. Seminartopics will include educa-tional software for elemen-tary schools, mathematicscurricula, and sciences;simulations; computereducation; computer-aidedinstruction in foreignlanguages; and more. Con-tact Monica Kantrowitz,President, Queue, 5 ChapelHill Dr, Fairfield CT 06432.

January 17-19

Machine Othello Tourna-ment, University of Califor-nia, Santa Cruz CA. This

2-day tournament is open toindividuals and teams thatregister by January 10. Thetournament consists of eightrounds of play, with eachcontestant allotted 30minutes per game. Toregister, send your name,program designation, andequipment description toProfessor Peter W Frey, 421Kerr Hall, University ofCalifornia, Santa Cruz CA95064, (408) 429-4005.

January 17-23

The First Annual Alpha

Micro User's Society Con-vention, Deauville Hotel,Miami Beach FL. Seminars;conferences; demonstrations;meetings for businessmen,programmers, and analystsare being featured. The con-vention is strictly for AlphaMicro users. ContactWilliam L Miller &Associates, 8380 SW 151 St,Miami FL 33158, (305)233-1216.

January 27-29

Advanced SemiconductorEquipment Exposition, San

You can extend the useful-ness and data entry speedof your TRS-80 by giving itthe graphics and menu ca-pabilities of the Bit Pad Onedigitizer.

With the Bit Pad andproper software, you cangenerate schematic dia-grams; describe salescurves to your computer; enter alphanu-meric information by merely touchingprinted letters on a menu, or enter order or

inventory information bymerely checking boxes onprinted forms.

Bit Pad One, completewith stylus, specially de-signed plug-in TRS-80 in-terface and power supplycost just slightly over$1,000.

If you don't have a digi-tizer, you are restricting your TRS-80'sabilities. We'll gladly send you a list of dis-tributors who have the Bit Pad One.

Swwmdiaphiof

^^ ^ ' cotpof ation

35 Brentwood Avenue, Fairfield,CT 06430, (203)384-1344

Now, Bit Pad One™digitizer makes it easy to addgraphics capabilityto your

I * } 2 { 3 I "» 5 6 7 se>5

| a { 8 J c J o E F G HI ill Iff K 1 4j|j

|njo}p|q b s t o v wjx| y^

Jose Convention Center, SanJose CA. Over 100 exhibi-tors will feature equipmentat this trade show. Theshow's emphasis is on newproducts and emergingtechnology in the semicon-ductor processing and pro-duction fields. ContactCartlidge & Associates, 491Macara Ave, Suite 1014,Sunnyvale CA 94086, (408)245-6870.

January 28-31

The Third IMMM/DataComm International JapanExposition, Harumi Exposi-tion Center, South Hall,Tokyo, Japan. Over 15,000scientists, design engineers,technical managers, applica-tions engineers, and otherspecialists are expected to at-tend this show. The In-ternepcon Japan/Semicon-ductor International con-ference is held concurrently.The conference program willinclude talks on microcom-puter-controlled data-communications systems,peripheral interfacing, soft-ware management, andmore. Contact Industrialand Scientific ConferenceManagement Inc, 222 WAdams St, Chicago IL60606, (312) 263-4866.

February 1981

February 2-5

The Second Middle EastElectronic CommunicationsShow and Conference,

Bahrain Exhibition Centre,Bahrain. This conferencewill cover communicationsresearch, technology, andadministration in satellitecommunications, digitalcommunications, networksand industrial systems, andbusiness communications.An exhibition will also beheld. Contact TMAC, 680Beach St, Suite 428, SanFrancisco CA 94109, (800)227-3477.

February 4-5

Computer and OfficeAutomation Show and Con-ference, Hyatt RegencyHotel, Vancouver, Canada.This conference will featuredata-processing equipment,small-business computers,

308 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 243 on inquiry card.

Our State-of-the-Art

thinking gave you

SARGON.

But chess isnft ail

we think about!

SARGON II (Spracklen) The Champ of champs."... an excellent program which will provide atrue challenge for many players... Save your moneyand buy SARGON II..'. " '80 Software Critique.03403, TRS 80 Level II: 03404. Apple II: 03410. OS!C1P: 03440. OSI C4P: 03401. PET: each tape $29.9503408. TRS 80 Level II Disk: 03409. Apple II Disk:03414. OSI CIP Disk: 03444. OSI C4P Disk:03484. C8P Disk: each S34.95

BLACKJACK MASTER: A Simulator TutorGame (Wazaney) A serious game that performscomplex simulations and evaluations of playing andbetting strategies. 05303. TRS 80 Level II tape.$24.95:05308. TRS 80 Disk Version. $29.95

REVERSAL (Spracklen)

Winner of the software division of the Firs/ Inter-national Man Machine OTHELLO" Tournament.this version of the 200 year old game Reversi .features27 levels of play and high-resolution color graphics.07004. APPLE II tape. $29.95: 07009. APPLEII Disk.$34.95

APPLESOFT UTILITY PROGRAMS (Gilder)Increase your BASIC programming speed and flexi-bility. Contains 9 useful subroutines: 1. REM Writer2 PRINT Writer 3. POKE Writer 4. HexadecimalDecimal Converter 5. Line Counter 6. Renumber7, Append 8. Byte Counter 9. Slow List Stop List03.504. Apple II tape. $29.95

FLASH & CRASH SOUND EFFECTS

(American Micro Products)A collection of 18 subroutines that can be incorpo-rated into your own programs to produce soundeffects with the American Micro Products musicboard. Included are: Train. Explosion. Phaser,Chimes. Sirens. Jet and 12 others.08709. APPLE II Disk. $39.95

6502 DISASSEMBLER (Slamm)Produce assembly language source files with labeledsubroutines and references from programs alreadyin memory. It is compatible with Hayden's ASSEM-BLY LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM.08609. APPLE 11 Disk. $34.95

PSEUDOD1SK (Neuschatz)

This money saving program simulates a disk memorysystem for Integer BASIC programs. It allows multi-ple programs in memory at Ihe same lime whichcan be run from a catalog. 04804. APPLE II tape.$24.95

LINE & VARIABLE CROSS REFERENCEGENERATOR (Johnson) Provides a cross-refer-ence of line numbers and variable names. 07301.PET tape. $16.95

DISK CATALOGER (LeBar)Automatically maintains a cross-reference listingof all your programs, their location by disk number,their function and use. Catalogs, lists and sortsprograms. 05203. TRS-80Level 11 taoe. $16.95:05208. TRS-80 Level II Disk. S21.95

APPLE'" ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE DEVEL-OPMENT SYSTEM: An Assembler/Editor/Formatter (Lutus) Write and modify your machinelanguage programs quickly and easily. 04609. AppleIIDisk Version. $39.95

SUPER APPLE'" BASIC (Lutus) A structured

BASIC that compiles into an optimized Applesoftor Integer BASIC program. 05409. Apple II Disk.$39.95

MAILING LIST (Tru-Data Software) Listsaddresses, prints labels, allows for alterations anddeletions, and has the capacity to make duplicatedata file disks. Can only be used with version 1.5.05713. Heath tape. S49 95

ORDERING INFORMATION

Hayden

Send me the software cht™ order is enclosed. 1 underH and handling costs and ihfl 10 days il il is defective or

reason Residents of NJ a

good in US only

eked below. A check or money Book CoinpAIlU, UlC. ■

stand lhat Havden pays shipping "f -,rr~, ■il lean return any disk or tape within 50 Esse.\ Sheet. Rochelle Park. (VJ 0766.2[ am dissatisfied with il for any Hnd CA musl add sales lax Offer |

■ D 00100

■ n OHOi

■ n 01403

■ n 01404

■ n 01407m □ 01413

□ 02404 D 03401D 02501 D 03403

□ 02503 D 03404

□ 02601 □ 03408

□ 02701 D 03409O 03304 □ 03410

D 03414

□ 03440D 03444D 03484D 03504

□ 04501

□ 04503

□ 04504

□ 04513P 04609D 04804D 04909

D 05103 D 07009 ■

□ 05108 D 07301 ■

□ 05203 D 07809 ■

□ 05208 D 08609 ■D 05308 p 08709 ■

P 05409 P 5681 8 ■

Name o( individual ordering musl be filled in

!(. 81 ■

FINPLAN: A Financial Planning Program forSmall Business (Montgomery) Allows you to enterdata from a balance sheet into the program, to makeassumptions about future growth of business, andto have the computer project results for up to a fiveyear period based on those assumptions. And ifyou change any data, the program revises all resulting data automatically. The disk version can onlybe used with TRSDOS Version 2.3. 05/03. TRS 80Level II tape. $69.95; 05108. TRS-80 Level II DiskVersion. $74.95

DATA MANAGER: A Data Base ManagementSystem and Mailing List (Lutus) Store informationon a floppy disk, and retrieve it quickly and easilyby specific names, or by category, 04909. Apple IIDisk Version. $49.95

MCAP: A Microcomputer Circuit AnalysisProgram (Savon) Performs a linear voltage,impedance, or transfer impedance analysis of anelectronic circuit. 0450J, PET: 04503. TRS-80 Level11: 04504. Apple II: each tape $24.95: 04513,Heathkit'Zenith Disk. $29.95

MICROCOMPUTER AIDED DESIGN OFACTIVE FILTERS (Gilder) Eight programs thatsimplify the design of active filters and will calculatethe component values needed for various bandpass,low-pass, and notch-type filters. 01401. PET: 01403.TRS-80 Level II: 01404. Apple 11: 01407. Heath: eachtape $16.95,' 014/3. Heathkit Zenith Disk Version.$21.95

DISK CERTIFIER AND COPIER (Jacc Inc 1A handy utility program that certifies the acceptabilityof blank diskettes and rejects those with flaws. Italso includes a fast machine language disk copyingprogram that will work on single and dual drivesystems. 07809. APPLE 11 Disk. $19.95

SONGS IN THE KEY OF APPLE (Lopatin)

Allows you to see and hear your favorite tunes, preprogrammed tunes or music you create (up to 200notes, including rests, per musical piece), 03304.Apple 11 tape. $10.95

HOW TO BUILD A COMPUTER-CON-TROLLED ROBOT (Loofbourrow) Contains 5control programs that consist of: Joystick ControlProgram; Self-Direction Program; Impact SensorControl Routine; and more. 00100. KIM-1 tape. $14.95Should be used with text HOW TO BUILD ACOMPUTER-CONTROLLED ROBOT. 568/ 8.59.75

Apple is a trademark ui Apple Computer Compom, fn,

and is not affiliated with Havden Book Company. Iri<

Call Toll Free

24 hours a day,

(1-800-821-3777, esrt. 302)* TO CHARGE

YOUR ORDER TO Master Card or Visa.Minimum order is $10.00; customer payspostage and handling.From Missouri call (1-800-892-7655, ext. 302)

=Hayden

50 Essex Street, Rochelle Park, NJ 07662 Book Company, Inc.

Circle 253 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1981 309

Event Queue —

computer peripheral prod-ucts, medium- and high-speed copiers, word-proces-sing systems, and conven-tional office products andservices. Seminars on therole of computers ininformation management,electronic mail, data baseapplications, and otherrelated topics will be given.Contact Whitsed PublishingLtd, Suite 1201, 55 Bloor StW, Toronto, Ontario,Canada, M4W 3K2.

February 9-13

Reliability Engineering,Testing and MaintainabilityEngineering, University ofCalifornia, Los Angeles CA.This course is designed forreliability, product assur-ance, logistics, qualityassurance, and designengineers. The course is in-tended for those required todesign and to predict thereliability of components,equipment, and systems.The fee is $750. ContactContinuing Education inEngineering and Mathe-matics, UCLA Extension,

POB 24901, Los Angeles CA90024, (213) 825-1047.

February 14-16

International Conference onMicrocomputer Applicationsto Industrial Controls,

Jadavpur University, Calcut-ta, India. Papers will bepresented on the applica-tions of microcomputers toindustrial controls in theareas of general systems.Contact Dr Sushil Dasgupta,Professor and Head, Elec-trical Engineering Depart-ment, Jadavpur University,

BIZCOMP 1022 for Computer Applications

Looking to have your small business system do late-night polling over the telephonenet? Or how about store-and-forward electronic mailing, distributed networking orautomatic data downloading? IMPOSSIBLE using acoustic couplers. FAT CHANCEwith a "DUMB" modem. BIZCOMP's new 1022 Intelligent Computer Modem is de-signed for the versatility and performance needed in computer applications—at aprice you can afford!

There was a time when business applications required a modem, an auto-calling unit, aDAA and a messy computer interface board. Not to mention a bear of a headache tryingto write the comm software. Well now you can wash your hands of the mess and hassleof outmoded "DUMB" modems. Plug in a BIZCOMP Intelligent Modem and discoverthe simplicity of a full control, 3-wire RS-232 interface. An integral serial dialer with bothtone and dial-pulse capability. Direct connect, FCC registered auto-answer. Andreliable Bell Standard 103 compatibility at up to 300 baud. The 1022 even does doubleduty as a remote maintenance/diagnostics device. Whatever your application, BIZ-COMP Intelligent Modems open the road for advanced communications.

BIZCOMP Communications...

Why not start with the best?

BIZCOMP

P.O. Box 7498 • Menlo Park CA 94025 • 415/854-5434Rentals and leasing available from Leasametric, 8001227-6773; 4151574-5797 in Calif.

Patent Pending

40B, Southern Ave,Calcutta-700029, India.

February 17-18

Integrating Word Processingand Electronic Data Proces-sing: Technology, Architec-ture, Planning, The HarvardClub, New York NY. Thetopics of this seminar will bethe study of word proces-sing today and its future,the evaluation and selectionof systems, electronic mailand communications, andthe automated office. Forfurther details, contact theseminar coordinators at theCenter for ManagementResearch, 850 Boylston St,Chestnut Hill MA 02167,attn: Ms Karen Smolens,(617) 738-5020.

February 18-20

Business- and Personal-Computer Sales and Exposi-tion and the HoustonBusiness Show, HoustonCivic Center, Capitol Aveand Bagby St, Houston TX.Data-processing managers,systems analysts, program-mers, educators, hobbyists,and user's groups will findthis exposition useful. Thebusiness show is primarilydesigned for purchasing andoffice managers, executives,business owners, attorneys,accountants, and physicians.For details, contact Produx2000 Inc, POB 2000, BalaCynwyd PA 19004, (215)457-2300.

February 23-26

Computer Science Con-ference, Stouffer's RiverfrontTowers Hotel, St Louis MO.The conference is sponsoredby the ACM (Associationfor Computing Machinery).The Ninth Annual Com-puter Science EmploymentRegister will be conducted.This register aids in match-ing computer scientists anddata-processing specialistswith employer oppor-tunities. For information,contact Orrin E Taulbee,ACM Computer ScienceEmployment Register,Department of ComputerScience, University of Pitts-burgh, Pittsburgh PA 15260,(412) 624-6475.

February 26-27

Louisiana Computer Exposi-

310 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 245 on inquiry card.

Event Queue.

tion, University ofSouthwestern Louisiana,Lafayette LA. Papers will beread on operating systems,data-base management andsupport, distributed com-puters systems, and relatedtopics. Contact William REdwards, c/o the ComputerScience Department, Univer-sity of Southwestern Loui-siana, POB 44330, LafayetteLA 70504, (318) 264-6284.

March 1981

March 24-26

The Southwest Semiconduc-tor Exposition, PhoenixCivic Plaza ConventionCenter, Phoenix AZ. Over140 equipment and materialsmakers will exhibit over $12million of semiconductor,hybrid, and printed-circuit-board production, proces-sing, and test equipment.Contact Cartlidge &Associates Inc, 491 MacaraAve, Suite 1014, SunnyvaleCA 94086, (408) 245-6870.

March 31-April 2

Cincinnati Business Show,

Cincinnati Convention-Exposition Center, Cincin-nati OH. Office equipmentand services includingautomated systems, com-munications, computers,telephone systems, wordprocessing, data processing,printing equipment, andother office supplies, will befeatured. A program ofbusiness seminars is alsoscheduled. Contact Ray G

Nemo, 5679 Creek Rd, Cin-cinnati OH 45242, (513)531-5959. ■

March 8-11

TI-MIX 1981, MarriottHotel, New Orleans LA.This is a conference forTexas Instruments equip-ment users. Thirty-six ses-sions consisting of individualpresentations, panel discus-sions, and workshops, areplanned. Two exhibit roomsfeaturing the latest computerequipment from Texas In-struments will be open.Contact TI-MIX, M/S 2200,POB 2909, Austin TX78769, (512) 250-7151.

March 11-13

Business- and Personal-Computer Sales and Exposi-tion and New York BusinessShow, Madison SquareGarden, New York NY. SeeFebruary 18-20 for details.

March 17-20

The Fourteenth AnnualSimulation Symposium,

Tampa FL. Papers describingdigital discrete simulationand other techniques, suchas continuous or analog,will be read. This sym-posium is a forum for theexchange of ideas and tech-niques in computer simula-tion. Contact Annual Simu-lation Symposium, POB22621, Tampa FL 33622.

March 23-25

Office Automation Con-ference, Albert ThomasConvention Center,Houston TX. This con-ference will present seminarson concepts and methodsbehind the latest officetechnologies and an exhibitof equipment. Contact Of-fice Automation Conference,POB 9659, Arlington VA22209, (703) 558-3617.

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Call or write today for additional information, or your nearest dealer. Problems that can't wait?Call Don White our V.P. oF Research and Development, direct, at (213) 6680238.

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Z-80 Softcard 259.00

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Clubs andNewsletters

ET-3400 Users Group

A group has formed tocollect and distribute infor-mation for ET-3400 owners.They need articles, letters,programs, and general news.Contact ET-3400 UsersGroup, c/o Charles VanDyke, 11231 Oak St, ElMonte CA 91731, (213)443-2237, CompuServeaccount 70250,463.

Heath Users Club

The Triad Heath UsersGroup meets at 1 PM on thesecond Saturday of eachmonth at the Sears ActivityRoom in the Hanes Mall inWinston-Salem, NorthCarolina. Contact HughesHoyle at (919) 378-1050, orSteve Minor, 424 CliffdaleDr, Winston-Salem NC27104, (919) 765-7717.

WATNEWS

The Computer SystemsGroup at the University ofWaterloo is the publisher ofWATNEWS, a newsletter oneducational computing.WATNEWS describes soft-ware systems that are devel-oped at the University ofWaterloo. The newsletter'spurpose is to communicatewith people involved in thepresentation of computerscience, business data pro-cessing, and related courses.Some of the software fea-tured in the newsletter in-cludes Waterloo BASIC forthe Commodore PET and anenhanced version for theIBM Series I computer.Other articles have featureda Pascal compiler and struc-tured programming inmacroassembly languages.For more information, con-tact WATNEWS, ComputerSystems Group, Universityof Waterloo, Waterloo, On-tario, Canada N2L 3G1,(519) 885-1211.

The Problem Solving Company

312 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

-S447 Torrance Boulevard • Torrance, California 90503 • (213) .170-9456

Circle 248 on inquiry card.

Circle 249 on inquiry card.

Interest Group for

Possible

IBM Computer

With many industry ana-lysts predicting advances insemiconductor technologythat will allow the instruc-tion set of the IBM/370computer to be executed bya microcircuit on a singlechip (or a few chips) ofsilicon, some pioneering en-thusiasts are anticipating theannouncement of theIBM/380, a possibly per-sonal computer with the fullcapability of, perhaps, theSystem/370-135.

Mokurai Cherlin, of APLBusiness Consultants Inc, isorganizing Group/380, auser group for the anticipat-ed System/380. Mr Cherlin'sintent is to prepare in ad-vance for use of this ma-chine, so that people willknow what to do with itwhen, and if, it arrives. Thefirst project of Group/380 isto compile a directory ofsoftware for the System/370that is free, low-cost, orsuitable for personal-computing use.

Individual membershipsfor $10 and corporate mem-berships for $25 can be ob-tained from Group/380,POB 1131, Mt Shasta CA96067. Members will receivea newsletter, instructions forprogram submissions, andaccess to a computerizeddata base of relevanthardware and softwareinformation.

IndependentHeathkitVendors Listed

Heathkit computer ownerscan find the hardware andsoftware they need with thisdirectory of suppliers com-piled by Buss: The Indepen-dent Newsletter of HeatliCompany Computers. Thenewsletter includes oversixty suppliers of Heathkit-compatible products. Thesuppliers are not affiliatedwith Heath. The Buss direc-tory is available for $7.50from Buss, 325-B Penn-sylvania Ave SE, Washing-ton DC 20003, (202)544-0484.

THE 100,000 DAY CLOCK.

Put your S-100 Computeron the clock.

A real time clock could double theutility of your computer. Time eventsin 100>S increments for up to 100,000days (over 273 years). Program eventsfor the same period with real timeinterrupts that permit pre-programmed activities to takeplace...without derailing on-goingprograms. Maintain a log of computerusage. Call up lists or appointments.Time and date printouts. Time events. Anon-board battery keeps the clock running inthe event of power outage.

Mountain Computer also offers a complete lineof peripheral products for many fine computers.

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January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 313

ENTREPRENEURS

|HpH |i"l I MORE THAN EVER IN THE MICRO-

IILIhIhILv computer industry.

The shortage of knowledgeable dealers/distributors is the #1 problem of microcomputermanufacturers. Over 300 new systems houses will go into business this year, but the number fallsshort of the 1200 needed. It is estimated that the nationwide shortage of consultants will be over3000 by 1981. The HOW TO manuals by Essex Publishing are your best guide to start participatingin the continued microcomputer boom.

$36

HOW TO START YOUR OWN SYSTEMS HOUSE

6th edition, March 1980

Written by the founder of a successful systems house, this fact-filled 220-page manual covers virtually all aspects of starting andoperating a small systems company. It is abundant with useful,real-life samples: contracts, proposals, agreements and a completebusiness plan are included in full, and may be used immediately bythe reader.

Proven, field-tested solutions to the many problems facing thesmall systems house are presented.

From the contents:

• New Generation of Systems Houses • The SBC Marketplace •Marketing Strategies • Vertical Markets & lAPs • CompetetivePosition/Plans of Major Vendors • Market Segment Selection &Evaluation • Selection of Equipment & Manufacturer • Make or BuyDecision • Becoming a Distributor • Getting Your AdvertisingDollar's Worth • Your Salesmen: Where to Find Them • ProductPricing • The Selling Cycle • Handling the 12 Most Frequent Objec-tions Raised by Prospects • Financing for the Customer • Leasing

• Questions You Will Have to Answer Before the Prospect Buys •Producing the System • Installation. Accaptance, Collection •

Documentation • Solutions to the Service Problem • Protecting Your Product • Should You StartNow? • How to Write a Good Business Plan • Raising Capital

No. 10

HOW TO BECOMEA SUCCESSFUL

COMPUTERCONSULTANT

$28.

HOW TO BECOME A SUCCESSFUL COMPUTER CONSULTANT

by Leslie Nelson, May 1980

Independent consultants are becoming a vitally important factor inthe microcomputer field, filling the gap between the computervendors and commercial/industrial users. The rewards of theconsultant can be high: freedom, more satisfying work and doubledor tripled income. HOW TO BECOME A SUCCESSFUL COM-PUTER CONSULTANT provides comprehensive background infor-mation and step-by-step directions for those interested to explorethis lucrative field:

• Established consulting markets • How to get started • Itemizedstart-up costs • Are you qualified? • Beginning on a part-time basis

• The Marketing Kit • Should you advertise? • Five marketing tips

• Getting free publicity* How much to charge'When do you need acontract? • Sample proposals • Which jobs should be declined •

No. 16 Future markets • The way to real big money • Avoiding the legal

How consultants' associations can help you • The National Register of Computer Con-• How others did it: real-life sample cases • and much more.

FREE-LANCE SOFTWARE MARKETING 3rd edition, June 1980Writing and selling computer programs as an independent is abusiness where • you can get started quickly, with little capitalinvestment • you can do it full time or part time • the potentialprofits are almost limitless. Since the demand for computersoftware of all kinds is growing at an explosive rate, the conditionsfor the small entrepreneur are outstanding.

This manual will show you how to sell your own computer programsusing these proven techniques: • direct to industries • throughconsulting firms • through manufacturers of computer hardware• in book form • mail order • through computer stores. It willshow you how to profitably sell and license all types of softwareranging from sophisticated analytical programs selling for thou-sands of dollars, down to simple accounting routines and games forpersonal computers.

The book will guide you step by step through the process ofS30- No. 32 marketing, advertising, negotiating a contract, installing software,

training users and providing maintenance and support. It also contains sample software contractsthat have been used in actual software transactions. Also included are tips on how to negotiate witha large corporation, ways of avoiding personal liability, techniques for obtaining free computer timeand hints on how to run a free-lance software business while holding a full-time job.

ESSEX PUBLISHING CO. Dept. 2 !■■■

285 Bloomfleld Avenue • Caldwell, N.J. 07006 I' ' ■ I

Order books by number. Send check, money order (U.S.S), VISA or Master Charge #.

Publisher pays 4th class shipping. For Air Mail shipping add $2.50 per book in USA and

Canada, $5.00 In Europe, $8.00 elsewhere. N.J. residents add 5% sales tax.

□ No. 10 □ No. 16 D NO. 32 D Check enclosed □ Credit card

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Newsletter for theSinclair ZX80Microcomputer

Syntax ZX80 is a monthlynewsletter for Sinclair ZX80users. Featuring news andreviews of ZX80 hardwareand software, the publica-tion focuses on the Z80A-based microcomputer fromSinclair Research Ltd, Cam-bridge, England. The news-letter provides forecasts ofapplications, technicaldetails for homebrewers,and a forum for users toshare advice about programsand vendors. The yearlysubscription rate (twelveissues) is $25. Syntax ZX80is available from AnnZevnik, Editor, The Har-vard Group, Bolton Rd, RD2, Box 457, Harvard MA01451, (617) 456-3661.

OSI Users Group

An OSI (Ohio Scientific)users group is forming inNew Jersey. Contact theOSI Users Group, 4 Swim-ming River Rd, Lincroft NJ07738, (201) 747-8888, attert:Bob Childs.B

Free MuslcSystemUpdates

If you have purchasedMountain Hardware'sMusicSystem, a music-synthesis package for theApple II contained in a com-bination of hardware andsoftware, you are entitled toreceive, free of charge, ver-sion 2.0 of the MusicSystemsoftware, if you did notreceive it with your pur-chase. According to AveryE Dee, vice president ofmarketing at MountainHardware, copies of theMusicSystem with earlierreleases of the software(probably version 1.2) weresold with the intention ofsending the version 2.0 soft-ware free of charge toregistered owners. Unfor-tunately, the company has

Circle 250 on inquiry card.

no way to contact ownerswho have not sent in theMusicSystem warranty card.

Version 2.0 of the soft-ware includes significantimprovements in the capa-bilities of the system, in-cluding user definition ofmusical instruments, quickerfile loading, and printout ofmusical scores on the AppleSilentype printer. Music-System owners who havenot received version 2.0 ofthe system software shouldsend in their warranty cards(indicating the versionreceived with the system) orcall or write MountainHardware Inc at 300 HarveyWest Blvd, Santa Cruz CA95060, (408) 429-8600.

Radio Network for6502Microcomputer Users

There now are three radionets for the microcomputeruser on the amateur-radiofrequencies. The East CoastApple Net is on or near7260 kHz every Saturdaymorning at 1300 UTC(Coordinated UniversalTime)—ie: 9 AM EasternDaylight Time. Transmis-sion mode for this 40-meternet is lower sideband withWlUKZ in Scituate, Massa-chusetts, as net control. Inthe Greater Boston areathere is a 2-meter net forthose interested in Applecomputers on the Norwellrepeater (144.65/145.25MHz). This net meets at 8PM local time everyWednesday. WlUKZ,WA1ZKB, and others act asa control for this net. TheAtari International Com-puter Net meets Tuesdays at0100 UTC—ie: 9 PM EasternDaylight Time, Mondayevenings—with WlUKZ inScituate again serving as thecontrol. These nets transfernews about everyday com-puter subjects and specificnews on computers and newproducts, and there are pro-gram swaps. For more infor-mation, contact David PAllen, WlUKZ, 19 DamonRd, Scituate MA 02066. ■

System Log

3Vo A/n. - JW.^^ /)*u+*s L

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DIAGNOSTICS

Diagnostics II is SuperSoft's expanded Diagnostic package.

Diagnostic II builds upon the highly acclaimed Diagnostics I. It will testeach of the five areas of your system:

Memory Terminal Printer CPU Disk

Every test is expanded.

Every test is "submit"-able. A "submit" file is included in the package which"chains" together the programs in Diagnostics II, achieving an effectiveacceptance test. All output can be directed to a log file for unattended operation,for example over night testing. Terminal test is now generalized for most crtterminals. A quick-test has been added for quick verification ot the workingof the system.

The memory test is the best one we have encountered. It has new features,including:

• default to the size of the CP/M Transient Program Area (TPA)

• printout of a graphic memory map • burn in test

• bank selection option • memory speed testDiagnostics-ll still includes the only CPU test for 8080/8085/Z80.

A Spinwriter/Diablo/Qume test has been added, which tests for the positioningand control features of the Spinwriter/Diablo/Qume as well as its ASCIIprinting features. (Serial Interface only)

And, as with all SuperSoft products, a complete online HELPsystem and user manual is included.

Price: $100.00 (manual only): $15.00

Requires: 32K CP/M

CP/M Formats: 8" soft sectored, 5" Northstar, 5" MicropolisMod II, Vector MZ, Superbrain DD/QD

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First in Software Technology

Circle 251 on inquiry card.

January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 315

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As your selling dollar buysless and less, it pays more andmore to advertise inMcGraw-Hill magazines.

As prices keep going up and up,McGraw-Hill magazines help 10.8 milliondecision-makers keep costs down.

For example, Chemical Week toldchemical processing managers and pro-fessionals how exports credits couldlower their debt-servicing costs. AndEngineering News-Record showed theconstruction industry how to cope withthe destructive effects of the 1981 federalbudget.

By helping 10.8 million readers solvetheir inflation problems, we help yousolve yours.

Today, the price of reaching onepotential customer in McGraw-Hillmagazines is only 16C.1 This compares toa cost of $6.07 for sending a business let-ter,2 over $3.50 for a business phone call,3and an in-person sales call which, believeit or not, now costs over $100.4

In times like these, when everythingcosts more, you may be tempted tospend less on your advertising budget.But our Laboratory of Advertising Per-formance (LAP) Report #5262 demon-strates that "Industrial companies whichmaintained or increased their advertisingexpenditure during the 1974-75 recessionenjoyed higher sales growth than thosewhich cut advertising." Write 1221 Avenueof die Americas, New York, N. Y. 10020,for LAP Report #5262 today. And let ushelp you make your advertising moreefficient, as the price of all other sellingtools becomes more expensive.

'One reader-noted impression in the average McGraw-Hill publication.-Tin- Dartnell institute of Business Research. :t" Telephone Marketing"by Murray Roman, P. 87, McGraw-Hill 1976.4Laboratory of AdvertisingPerformance Report #8013.4, McGraw-Hill Research.

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Circle 330 on inquiry card.

Whose BASIC Does What?

Many articles have been writtenabout the various new personal com-puters now on the market, includingthe Atari 400 and 800 and the TexasInstruments (TI) 99/4, but few havetried to compare these newer unitsagainst the most popular computers.

Because of this, I have decided todo a comparison of the four mostpopular computers (Apple II, Com-

Teri Li

POB 481

Peterborough NH 03458

modore PET, Exidy Sorcerer, and theRadio Shack TRS-80 Model I) againstthe TI 99/4 and the Atari 400 and800. (The BASIC is the same for boththe Atari 400 and 800.) To make this

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With all its power, the MAGIC WAND isremarkably easy to use. This is no acci-dent. The command structure is designed(o be flexible and logical so that you canperform basic functions with a minimum ofcommands.

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as fair as possible, I have comparedonly the computers that come withversions of BASIC supplied with themachines in ROM (read-only mem-ory) at the time of purchase, withoutextended hardware (such as diskdrives).

This comparison is in the form ofthree tables. (See tables 1 thru 3 onpages 320 thru 327.) The BASIC com-mand, statement, or function is onthe left, followed by six columns, onefor each of the computers (PET,Apple II, TRS-80, Atari, TI 99/4,Sorcerer). To the right of these col-umns is a brief explanation of each ofthese commands (since not all areself-explanatory). If a particular com-puter interprets a BASIC commanddifferently from the others, a nota-tion of the difference is made.

For the Apple II computer, espe-cially, this is true as there are two ver-sions of BASIC which you can getwith it: Integer BASIC and Applesoft.Unless otherwise stated for the Apple,the commands apply to both ver-sions.

There are only a few additionalcomments that I need to make aboutthese comparison tables.

I have not gone into a great deal ofdetail on the graphics capabilities ofthese machines, but briefly speaking,the TRS-80 has the worst point resol-ution, while only the Apple II, Atari400 and 800, and TI 99/4 have colorgraphics. In graphics mode, theApple II, Atari 400 and 800, andSorcerer offer the most versatility,while the PET is the easiest to use.

Last, the TI has the most cumber-some BASIC to use. It lacks a "freememory" command, it allows onlyline numbers (not statements) to beused in IF . . . THEN statements, andit does not allow the use of multiplestatements per line.

As for the rest, check out the tablesand decide for yourself which of thesecomputers is best suited to yourneeds.

The tables also have one other use.They can assist in the translation ofprograms from one computer toanother, since they do give compar-able keywords for the different com-puters. ■

318 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 252 on inquiry card.

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System

CommodorePET

Apple II

Radio ShackTRS-80

Atari 400,800

Tl 99/4

ExidySorcerer

AUTO mm. n

S

if

Number

BREAK mm

^

CLEAR

CLR

S

>s

V*

\f

CLEAR n

V*

CLOAD

LOAD

LOAD

lS

If

OLD

if

CLOAD?

VERIFY

if

CONTINUE

CONT

CONT

CONT

CONT

if

CONT

CSAVE

SAVE

SAVE

iS

if

SAVE

K*

DELETE mm

DEL

V*

EDIT mm

cursor

cursor

V*

cursor

cursor

HOME

if

HIMEM

s

LIST mm-nn

f

S

if

►*

t*

\f

LOMEM

if

MAN

if

NEW

if

►*

tf

if

if

if

RESEQUENCE mm, nn

s

RUN mm

V*

if

►<"

If

if

If

SYSTEM

SYS

CALL-151

if

BYE

BYE

BYE

TROFF

NOTRACE

V"

UNTRACE

TRON

TRACE

if

TRACE

UNBREAK

tf

(Screen Format)

40 by 24

40 by 24

64 by 16

40 by 24

32 by 24

64 by 30

(Character Resolution, m by n)

3 by 2

8 by 8

8 by 8

(Total pixels)

280 by 192

128 by 48

320 by 192

256 by 192

512 by 240

Table 1: Availability of BASIC system commands in six microcomputer families. In this table, and tables! and 3, a check indicatesthe presence of a feature in a given microcomputer BASIC, while a blank indicates its absence. A word or words in the table entry

BASIC Statements

CommodorePET

Apple II

Radio ShackTRS-80

Atari 400,800

Tl 99/4

ExidySorcerer

General Statements

APPEND

if

CLS

if

if

CALL CLEAR

CALL address

if

CALL CHAR

if

EN

CALL COLOR

COLOR

if

Table 2: Availability of BASIC statement types in six microcomputer families.

320 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Explanation of Command

Automatically numbers the lines of a program as you enter them from the keyboard, starting with line mm, using the increment n. No:available in Applesoft.

Sets a breakpoint at line number mm; program execution will halt upon reaching this breakpoint.

Sets all numeric variables to zero and all string variables to null.

Sets aside n bytes of memory for storage of strings; also sets numeric variables to zero and string variables to null.

Loads a BASIC program from cassette tape.

Compares a program in memory to a program on tape; the two must match exactly.

Continues execution of a program after reaching a BREAK (Tl) or STOP statement (all) during program execution, or after program is haltedby operator (after a Control-C, Break key, Stop key, etc).

Saves a BASIC program in memory to cassette tape.

Deletes program line mm from the program. The Tl uses this command to delete programs or data files from its filing system.

Enters EDIT mode for line number mm. Lets you manipulate the characters in line number mm. The Apple, Atari, Exidy, and PET computersuse on-screen editing to do this via LIST and cursor controls.

Moves cursor to top line, leftmost position of video, in Applesoft only. CALL -976 has same function for Integer BASIC.

Sets address of highest memory address available to a BASIC program; protects data, graphics, or machine-language routines located inhigh memory.

Lists all program lines between (and including) line numbers mm and nn. Apple Integer BASIC uses comma instead of hyphen.

Sets lowest address available to a BASIC program. Reset by NEW. DEL, and Control-C key.

Apple Integer BASIC only: resets AUTO line-numbering feature to manual numbering.

Deletes entire program from memory and resets all pointers and variables to zero and null.

Renumbers program from beginning or starting with line mm, incrementing in steps of nn.

Begins execution of program, starting at beginning or at line number mm.

Puts you in monitor mode for execution of machine-language programs. Atari and Tl use BYE only to go to calculator mode from BASIC.

Turns off trace features.

Tells you which line number of the program is currently being executed. Very useful in tracking down programming bugs.

Removes breakpoint set by the BREAK command.

Normal screen format for text operation, number of characters per line by number of lines on screen.

Individual character positions on screen can be broken down into a matrix of dots, m rows of n dots per row. Not applicable to Apple II, Atari400/800 or the PET.

Actual number of total pixels (picture elements) that can be individually turned on and off by the program when in full graphics mode.

indicates that the feature described under the "Explanation " column is available for a given computer using this name. These tablesare not meant to be an exhaustive description of any of the six computer systems.

Explanation of Statement

Allows data to be added to the end of a data file.

Clears the video screen and returns the cursor to the top line, leftmost position of the video. See also HOME.

Branches to the machine-language subroutine at the specified address addr.

Allows you to define a new character for the video display to be used by your program.

Allows you to define the background color to be used for the individual characters.

January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 321

System

CommodorePET

Apple II

Radio ShackTRS-80

Atari 400,800

Tl 99/4

ExidySorcerer

CALL JOYSTK

STICK

if

CALL SCREEN

HCOLOR =

SETCOLOR

if

CALL SOUND

SOUND

f

CLOSE

if

f

COLOR = n

if

DATA

f

f

if

if

f

if

DEF FN (name)

if

if

DEF

DEFINT

if

DEFDBL

f

DEFSNG

if

DEFSTR

««*

DIM var(k)

if

if

If

V*

f

DISPLAY

f

DRAWTO

HPLOT

f

DSP var

f

END

f

if

V

If

f

f

EOF

f

ERROR (mm)

if

FOR . . . TO . . . STEP, NEXT

f

if

if

If

if

f

GOSUB linenum, RETURN

if

if

if

V*

f

f

GOTO linenum

If

if

if

if

if

f

GR

V

GRAPHICS

if

HLIN . . . AT

CALL HCHAR

IF expr THEN linenum

(<•

f

if

If

f

f

IF expr THEN . . .ELSE

if

if

IF expr GOSUB . . . RETURN

if

f

f

f

IF expr GOTO

if

if

f

if

IN (port)

\N#expr

if

if

INPUT "msg", var

v>

if

if

if

if

f

\NPUT#n,var

if

RECALL

c

f

f

LET var = expr

if

f

V*

f

f

f

LPRINT '-msg" or LPRINT var

if

if

ON ERROR. GOTO linenum

ONERR

If

TRAP

ON expr GOSUB, RETURN

If

if

f

f

if

f

ON expr GOTO linenum

if

If

if

f

f

is"

322 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Explanation

Checks the joystick port for input.

Allows you to select the background color of the video. HCOLOR = exp lets you select the color to be used in hi-res (high-resolution) graphicsmode in Applesoft.

Lets you define the sound output to be used by your program.

Closes device (tape, printer, etc) data file.

Sets the color of the point for the next plot (in low-resolution graphics for the Apple II).

Holds data for access by a READ statement.

Lets you define a single-line function, called by using FN and the function name.

Defines as integer all variables beginning with the specified letter, letters, or range of letters.

Defines as double-precision floating-point all variables beginning with the specified letter, letters, or range of letters.

Defines as single-precision floating-point all variables beginning with the specified letter, letters, or range of letters.

Defines as string variables all variables beginning with the specified letter, letters, or range of letters.

Allocates space in memory for a variable array with as many dimensions as numbers in k, and with the specified size per dimension. AppleInteger BASIC allows one-dimensional arrays only.

May be used in place of PRINT, or to specify the format of data stored on tape. DISPLAY specifies ASCII format.

Draws a line from the last plotted point to this position. HPLOT can also plot a single point in high-resolution graphics or a series of pointsconnected in sequence.

Displays value of the specified variable each time it changes. Available in Apple Integer BASIC only.

Ends execution of program and returns to command mode.

Writes End-of-file mark to a data file.

Simulates the error specified by the number mm, to test ON ERROR GOTO routines.

Creates an iterative loop, with optional step size specified. If no step size is given, a step of 1 is used. Leaving a loop before it is finished willcause problems later.

Branches to the specified line number and continues program execution from that point until a RETURN is found. Execution then returns tothe statement following the GOSUB command.

Branches to the specified line number.

Turns on low-resolution graphics. HGR selects page 0 of high-resolution graphics, HGR2 selects page 2.

Turns on graphics mode.

Draws a horizontal line at the specified line number. Tl lets you specify the number and type of characters in the line.

Tests an expression. If it is true, the statement following the THEN is executed before executing the next program line. If it is false, programexecution proceeds to the next line.

Same as above, except execution goes to the ELSE only if the argument is false. In either case, execution continues on the next programline. Tl allows only line numbers after THEN and ELSE.

Same as an IF . . . THEN, except a GOSUB is executed.

If the expression is true, then program execution proceeds directly to the specified line number and continues from there.

Goes to the specified port and gets the value there. Both the argument and the result must be in the range of 0 thru 255. IN# selectsspecified motherboard slot for input, with 0 being the keyboard.

Goes to keyboard and awaits user input. An optional message may be printed to the video display as a prompt.

Inputs data from cassette. RECALL (for Applesoft only) reads data into single array. (Applesoft and Apple Integer BASIC have INPUT state-ment, too.)

Assigns the argument to the specified variable.

Sends value of the variable specified or a message contained within quotes to a printer. See also PRINT* for the PET and Tl.

Error-trapping routine: if an error occurs within the program, then program execution goes to the specified line number and continues fromthere.

Evaluates expression; on the integer value of the expresssion, expr, transfers control to the exprth number after the word GOSUB. Returnsto line after this line when RETURN is encountered.

Same as above except control does not return to next line.

January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 323

System

CommodorePET

Apple II

Radio ShackTRS-80

Atari 400,800

Tl 99/4

ExidySorcerer

OPEN

s

S

OPTION BASE (x)

k*

OUT portnum, val

PRfexpr

S

PADDLE

PDL

p*

PEEK

v>

V*

1/

<**

CALL GCHAR

x*

POINT

t*

POP

V*

(^

POKE locn, val

V

**

V*

>s

^

PRINT "msg" or PRINT var

V*

K<

K*

X*

^

\S

PRINT®

e»

POSITION

PRINT*

S

v>

tS

S

v'

PRINTUSING

is

PTRIG

►*

READ var, var . . .

IS

v*

t*

f

c

V*

RECALL

tS

REM

S

s

S

**

V*

\S

RESET (x,y)

is

RESTORE

(**

t*

is

C1

V"

V*

RESUME linenum

V*

\*

SET(x,y)

PLOT, HP LOT

C

PLOT

SPEED = expr

e-

STOP

S

►<•

^

**

S

P*

STORE

v>

TAB

S

e»

0*

<s

V*

TEXT

S

UPDATE

IS

VLIN . . . AT

</

CALL VCHAR

VTAB (x)

t*

WAIT A.B.C

v>

V

f

String Functions

ASC (string)

^

<s

V*

«-•

S

X»

CHR$ {code)

<s

v*

is

►*

S

1^

FRE (X$)

S

s

IS

X*

INKEYS

GET

GET

V

CALL KEY

LEFTS {string,n)

v>

V*

IS

f

LEN (string)

C

W

*s

<s

is

iS

MID$ (string,p,n)

V

is

f

SEG$

*

POS (strl ,str2,n)

x*

RIGHTS (string,n)

y>

t*

*

iS

STRS (expr)

**

f

t*

V>

►*

V"

324 January 1981 © BYTE Publications lnc

Explanation

Opens a device to either input or output a data file.

Sets the lowest-allowable subscript of an array, x. to either 0 or 1.

Sends the specified value (0< val <255) to the specified I/O port (0< portnum s255). PR# selects motherboard slot (0 thru 7) for output,where 0 = video monitor.

Gets the value of the paddle input.

Returns the value stored in the specified location. Atari and Tl are restricted to video locations only.

Checks the specified video location (graphic) and returns a 1 if it is on. returns a 0 otherwise.

Removes the most recent addition from the stack.

Loads the specified value into the specified location. Both numbers are decimal, and 0< val <255.

Sends the message within the quotes or the value of the specified variable(s) to the video display.

Same as above, except printing begins at the specified video location.

Sends data to the cassette drive.

Prints according to the specified format.

Returns a 0 if the game-paddle pushbutton is depressed, otherwise a 1 is returned. STRIG is used for the joystick button.

Assigns the values stored in the data statements to the variables listed.

Reads contents of a numeric array from cassette; available in Applesoft only.

Remark indicator; computer does not execute anything following the REM (for the rest of that line only).

Turns oft the graphics block at position (x,y).

Resets the data pointer to the first item in the first DATA line. With Atari and Tl, a line number may be specified, and the pointer will be set tothe first item of data in that line.

In Applesoft only, resumes program execution from the error routine at the specified line number.

Turns on the graphics block (x,y). Apple Integer BASIC and Applesoft can plot low-resolution graphics with PLOT. Applesoft can also plot ahigh-resolution graphics point with HPLOT.

Determines speed at which characters are sent to the screen or other output device (Applesoft only).

Halts program execution and returns to the READY prompt.

Writes contents of a numeric array to cassette (Applesoft only).

A print modifier: the variable or message is printed at the specified column.

Converts from graphics mode to all-text mode.

Allows an opened file to be both read from tape and written to tape, changing values in the process.

Draws a vertical line at the specified column. Tl lets you specify number and type of characters in the line.

Moves the cursor x lines down from the top of the display screen.

Temporarily halts program execution until certain conditions are met.

Returns the ASCII value of the first character of the string.

Returns a one-character string defined by the value of code, 0< code <255. If a control code is specified, that function is executed.

Returns the amount of memory available for string-variable storage.

Scans the keyboard once and returns the character pressed. If none of the keys are pressed during the scan, returns a null.

Returns n characters from the specified string, starting at the left.

Returns the length of the specified string, 0 for a null string.

Returns a substring of length n, starting at position p in the specified string; Atari uses a subscripting procedure.

Returns the starting position of substring str2 inside of string strl, beginning the scan at character position n in strh

Returns n characters from the specified string, starting at the right.

Converts the specified numeric expression to a string.

January 1981 © BYTE Publications lnc 325

System

CommodorePET

Apple II

Radio ShackTRS-80

Atari 400,800

Tl 99/4

ExidySorcerer

STRINGS (n.char)

t*

VAL (string)

s

y

V*

v*

v*

»•

VARPTR var

\*

ADR

BASIC Functions

CommodorePET

Apple II

Radio ShackTRS-80

Atari 400,800

Tl 99/4

ExidySorcerer

(Precision)

9

10

6 or 16

10

14

6

ABS (expr)

>«•

e*

y"

y

y

K*

ATN (expr)

y

>^

V

y

y

y

CINT (expr)

**

CDBL (expr)

V*

CLOG (expr)

<<"

y

CSNG (expr)

IS

COS (expr)

r*

v*

V*

r*

e"

«*

ERL (expr)

V*

ERR (expr)

y-

EXP (expr)

o*

y

y

K"

y

U*

FIX (expr)

IS

FRE (expr)

r*

v> (also MEM)

S

S

INT (expr)

S

V*

y

S

V*

y

LOG (expr)

v*

V*

v>

V*

IS

y

MOD (expr)

POS (expr)

RANDOMIZERND (0)RND (expr)

SCRN (x,y)SGN (expr)SIN (expr)SPC (expr)SPC (num)SQR (expr)TAN (expr)Tl (expr)USR (X)

AND, OR, NOT

Table 3: Availability of BASIC mathematical and other functions in six microcomputer families.

v>

V*

V*

RANDOM

RANDOM

¥>

RND

V

y

y

y

y

y

y

t*

y

y

V*

r*

IS

y

y

V*

y

y

y

V*

y

X"

RND(1)

yy

NULL

y

yy

y

y

yr*

326 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Explanation

Returns a string of length n composed of the specified character.

Converts a string of numerals (eg: "68") to its numeric value (eg: 68).

Returns the memory address where the name, value, and pointer of variable var are stored.

Explanation

The number of significant digits with which the computer operates. The TRS-80 has double-precision (sixteen-digit) capability, but allmachine-supplied functions are truncated to six digits.

Gives the absolute value of the specified expression.

Gives the arctangent in radians; Atari can be set up to use angular measures in degrees.

Converts the expression into the largest integer not larger than the expression; - 32768 < expr < 32768.

Converts the expression to double-precision (sixteen-digits).

Returns the base-10 (common) logarithm of the specified expression; CLOG (0) will give an error, CLOG (1) = 0.

Converts the expression to single-precision (six digits).

Returns the cosine of the expression, where expr is in radians.

Returns the line number of the current error.

Returns a value related to the current error.

Returns the natural exponential (e ""' = EXP (2expr)).

Returns the integer equivalent of the expression, truncated.

Tells you total number of unused and unprotected bytes in memory. MEM does not include unused string space. FRE(A$) will tell you amountof unused string space.

Returns largest integer not greater than the expression (- 32768 < expr < 32768).

Returns natural logarithm (base e) of the expression; the expression must be positive.

Modulo arithmetic: returns remainder after two numbers are added/subtracted, allows for some division. Available in Apple Integer BASIC

only.

Returns a number indicating the current position of the cursor on a line: available in Applesoft only.

Reseeds the random-number generator.

Returns a pseudorandom number between .000001 and .999999: in Applesoft and Tl BASIC, RND(0) returns the last random number given.

Returns a pseudorandom number between 1 and the value of the expression (1 <, expr < 32768). In Applesoft if expr< 0, then the samevalue is returned each time expr is used.

Returns the color value at screen position (x,y); available in Integer BASIC only.

Returns a -1 if the expression is negative, 0 if it is 0, or +1 if it is positive.

Returns the sine value of the expression; expr must be in radians.

Returns the number of skips specified in the argument. Range 0< expr <255. SPC(0)= 256 skips.

Prints the specified number of spaces.

Returns the square root of the specified expression: expr cannot be negative.

Returns the tangent of the expression, the expression must be in radians.

Sets the real-time clock to the value specified.

Passes the value X to a machine-language subroutine and executes subroutine. Address of the routine must already have been POKEd into

memory.

These three operators perform the given logical operations on numeric variables or expressions. (NOT works on a single number.) In mostcases, these operators work bit-by-bit on the numeric values expressed in binary. For example, 3 OR 5 equals 7: 3 is binary 011, 5 is binary101, and 7 (the result) is 111 (011 OR 101).

January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 327

Programming Quickies

Rotation Algorithm

Samuel Bates, SPO 1263, Sewanee TN 37375

Many unique and elegant designs can be producedusing straight lines. Listing 1 shows a program forcreating such designs. Using the "rotation" algorithm,curved patterns that appear to be three-dimensional willbe produced.

The main functions of the program (which is written inHewlett-Packard HP 3000 BASIC) are POLY andROTATE. When given information on the size and loca-tion of a polygon, POLY draws the figure and numbersthe vertices. ROTATE takes a number of points and doesthe following:

• A small distance is measured along the line between thefirst two points.

• The same distance is measured between the second andthird points, and a line is drawn between these points.

• The first two steps are repeated until the program cyclesback to the beginning point.

• The program begins again, measuring along the lines ofthe new polygon just formed.

Other functions in the program are JOIN, which drawsa line between two points; MID, which takes the mid-point of two lines; PRINT, which prints the coordinatesof a point; and POINT, which creates a point when givenX and Y coordinates. TO, RECALL, and LIST are forcreating and using specific routines.

All figures shown (1 thru 5) were drawn with aHewlett-Packard 7202A plotter. ■

Listing 1: "Rotation" written in HP 3000 BASIC. The READ statements retrieve graphic parameters from the individual files shownwith each figure.

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

133

140

150

16(1

17 0

180

19 0

?00

210

220

230

240

250

260

270

280

29 0

300

310

320

330

340

PILES *

DM ASC72I. BSC72J. EC 30. 21

DIM MC 100*21»iMC«0J»P$C31»RC 103

I^AGE 4D» X, 4D» "1"

IMAGE 4D.X.4D

DEF FN EC i) = <. EC I + 1. g]-EC I >£ 3 ) »2

P$="FLT"

F=?5

P=0

PRINT "FILE NAME"J

INPUT A$

ASSIGN AS. 1. S

IF S=3 THEN 100

PRINT "BEGIN"

PRINT ":";

ENTER 255.A9.A5

PRINT

GOSUB 240

GOTO 150

STOP

DATA "POLf", "JOIN", "MID". "ROTATE"

DATA "PRINT","POINT"."TO". "RECALL'

DATA "CLEAR"."LI ST"."QUIT"

X9= 1 1

RESTORE

FOR D= 1 TO X9

READ B$

IF ASCl.LENCB$>]=B$ THEN 320

NEXT D

FRINT "NONEXISTENT COMMAND"

RETURN

IF D>6 THEN 550

L = LENC B$>

B$="0123456789"

350360

37 0

38 0

39 040041042043044 0450

46 0

47 0

48 0

49 0500510520530540550560

57 0

58 0

59 0600610620630640650660

67 0

68 0

C=N=0FOR IIF ASCFOR J=IF ASCNEXT JRETURNN=N+ 1R C N ] = JNEXT IX = 0

FOR J=X=x+RCNEXT JC = C+1NC C3 = xN = 0

MAT R =I F I <I F D>XGOSUBGOSUBG OS U BRETURNNC?]=NN C 3 J = NPRINTFOR 1 =G=CI-PMCI♦ 1 .MCI♦ 1 .PRINTNEXT IFRINT

L+2 TO LENCAS)

I .I ] = " " THEN 4 50

1 TO 10

I.I]=B$CJ.J] THEN

420

I TON

Jl* 10tCN-J)

= LENC AS) THEN 440

9 THEN 58 0

D OF 590,7 10.790,340,1090

D-5 OF 1410,1130,1270.1460

D-9 OF 1510.200

C21/C2*SIN(3.14159/NCn))C33*3. 14 159/130PSJ"L"P TO NC U + P) * 6 . 28 3 1 9 AM C 1 ] + N C 3 1n=NC4]+10*NC2]»COSCG>2]=NC5]+10+NC2J+SINCG)USING 50;MC1 +1. 11.MCI + 1. 21

P$j"T"

328 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Programming Quickies

Circle 254 on inquiry card.

69 07007107207 307407S076077 073079 03008103?033034035036087 033 039 0900910920930940950960

97 0

98 0

99 01000101 010201030

1040

105010601070

108 0

109 01100

1110

1 120113311401153116011701 1301190120012101220123012401250126012/0123 012901300131013201330134013501360137 0133 0139 01400

THEN 780

STEP 2

40;-»1C'MC I Jj n.MCNCI J»?3

50JMCNC 1 + 1 ]# 1 ]<MC,MC I + 11.2J

P=F+NC1]+1

RETURN

IF C/2*I,MT(C/2)

PRINT PJ;,,L"

FCW 1 = 1 TO C

PRINT USING

PRINT USING

NEXT I

PRINT P$;"T"

RETURN

P- P+ 1

MC P> 1] = (AtNC21»1l + MCMC 1 J • 11)/2

MCP»21 = CMtNC81»21*MCNt 1i>2 J) /2

PRINT "POINT,'P,,= "MC P. 1 1 MC P> 21

RETURN

FOR 1=1 TO C

E [ I . 13 = :<! C N C I ]» i 1

E C I . 2 ) = M C N [ I 3 , 2 3

NEXT I

EC I. I 3 = EC 1. 1 3

EC I.21 = EC 1.2J

PRINT P$;"L"

F OR 1=1 TO C

NC I 3 = F*L/SOR(FNEC 1)+FNEC 2) )

IF NC I )>•5 THEN 107 0

NEXT I

FOR 1=1 TO C

ECI»13=ECI.11+NCI3*(ECI+1»13-ECI

EC l.2) = ECI.23+NC I 3*( EC I + !» 2J-EC I

IF I#l THEN 13 10

FRINT USING 40i EC I

GOTO 1020

PRI \JT US1 MG 50; EC I

NEXT I

EC I . 1 3 = EC 1.13

EC I.23 = EC 1» 23

PRINT USING

G OT 0 9 13

PRINT PS;"T"

RETURN

FOR 1 = 1 TO C

PRINT "FOINT

NEXT I

RETURN!

READ #1-1

IF ENID 41 THEN

READ #1!BS

IF B$#A$C43 THEN

PRINT "DUPLICATE

G OT 0 12 6 0

PRINT *l;A$C4 3•J2 5 5.A9> AS

1 1 )

23 )

1 3> EC I» 23

1 3. EC I.23

EC I » 1 3. EC I .23

MCI 3"='>ICNC I 1» 1 11» CN C I 1.23

I 190

1 150

NAME"

PRINT

ENTER

PRINT

PRI \)T # 1 ; AS

IF AS#,,END" THEN

PRINT #1J END

RETURN

READ *1> 1

A£=A£C 33

IF END #1 THEN

READ #1IB$

I F a.S= AS THEM 1 3 50

GOTO lSflfl

PRINT "NONEXISTENT

RETURN

READ It 1 i AS

PRINT AS

[F AS="END

GOSUB 240

GOTO 13 53

RETURN

1 200

3 30

ROUTI \IE"

THEN 1400

Listing 1 continued on page 330

What is a

CLOCALPEEP?

Another name forthe CCB-II, which is:

• a clock

hour, minute, second

• a calendar

day, day of week,month, year

• an audio alarm

All on one board foryour

TRS-80 Model II

It includes a pacemaker battery which willgive over 8 years of continuous timekeeping.

From the folks who brought you the bestCP/fvT for the Model II.

$175 plus shippingPrepaid, COD, Mastercharge or Visa ordersaccepted. California residents add 6%sales tax.

TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corp.CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research Inc.

Tro#

PICKLES & TROUT

P.O. BOX 1206. GOLETA, CA 93116, (805) 967-9563

Warning: Installation requires opening the Model II, which may void itswarranty. We suggest that you wait until the warranty period has expiredbefore installing the CCB-II.

SOFTWARE PROFESSIONALS

Some of New England's finest companies rely heavily on E.P.Reardon Associates to assist them in finding software profes-sionals. Two of our clients have expressed an urgent need fortalented software engineers with the qualifications listed below:

SR. SOFTWARE ENGINEER-PDP11 To 30K

Lead technical role responsible for systems design, RSX-11Moperating systems knowledge is essential. Experience with net-working, I/O drives, diagnostics or other areas helpful.

DATA COMMUNICATIONS

SYSTEM DESIGNER To 32K

Key spot for individual contributor in the Future Products groupof this leading mini computer vendor. Requires experience withprotocols, packet switching and SNA. BSEE or Comp. Sci.necessary. Advanced degree preferred. Excellent combination oftech. challenge and visibility.

CAD/CAM T0 28K

Systems level software design or CAD/CAM applications ex-perience necessary. Assembly and high level programminglanguage knowledge required. Co. is rapidly growing leader in thedesign and installation of CAD/CAM systems for electronic andmanufacturing industries.

OPERATING SYSTEMS To 28K

Work with a small team in the design and development of newoperating systems. Experience in large, multi-user operatingsystems, virtual memory and sophisticated paging techniques isrequired.

PRODUCT SUPPORT To 28K

Provide technical support to Field Service, Sales, and Manufac-turing in the solution of software problems. Strong hardwarebackground is essential as is real-time assembly language ex-perience.

To explore these, or many other challenging positions, pleasecontact Dan Meagher by calling (617) 329-2660 or mall yourresume to him (In complete confidence) at:

888 Washington Street, Dedham, Mass. 02026 (617) 329-2660

January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 329

Programming Quickies

Figure 1

:POLY 9 200 0 5000 5000

PLTL

:POLY 9 275 0 5000 5000

PLTL

:IOIN 11 2 13 4 14 5 16 7 17

PLTL

:ROTATE 11 12 13 4 3 2

PLTL

:ROTATE 14 15 16 7 6 5

PLTL

19 1

.■ROTATE 17 18 19 1 9 8

PLTL

: CLEAR

PLOT CLEARED

:POLY 9 100 0 5000 5000

PLTL

:ROTATE 19 8 7 6 5 4

PLTL

:QUIT

DONE

3 2

Listing

1 continued:

1560

1410

P=P + 1

1570

1420

MCP>n=NCU

1530

1430

MCP#2J=NC21

1590

1440

PRINT "P01NT"P

1630

1450

RETURN

16 10

1460

MAT M=JER

1620

1470

MAT N = £ER

1630

1430

P=0

1640

149 0

PRINT "PLOT CLEARED"

1650

1500

RETURN

1660

1510

READ #1 f 1

1670

1520

R=0

1630

1530

PRINT

1690

1540

IF LENC AS>>4 THEN

1630

1700

1550

IF END *1 HEN 1

S20

17 10

READ #1 I AS

PRINT " "IAS

IF A$#"END" THEN 1563

FRINT

IF R THEN 1620

GOTO 1560

RETURN

R= 1

IF END #1 THEN 169 0

READ #11B$

IF B$#ASC6] THEN 1650

AS=9J

GOTO 157 3

PRIMT AS" NON-EMSTEMT"

RETURN

END

330 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Programming Quickies

:POLY 9 200 0 5000 5000

PLTL

:MID 5 6

POINT 11 = 2252.52

JOIN 4 1 7 1 11 1

PLTL

:ROTATE 1 11 5 4

PLTL

:ROTATE 1 11 6 7

PLTL

:ROTATE 14 3 2

PLTL

•.ROTATE 17 8 9

PLTL

:QUIT

DONE

4999.99

2 150 0 5000 500010

:POLY

PLTL

JOIN 1 7 4

PLTL

:MID 1 7

POINT 14 = 5000

:ROTATE 1 14 4 3 2

PLTL

:ROTATE 7 14 4 5 6

PLTL

:ROTATE 1 14 10 11 12

PLTL

:ROTATE 7 14 10 9 8

PLTL

:QUIT

DONE

5000.

Figure 3

January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 331

Programming Quickies

Figure 4

:RECALL

TESSELc"

1

POLY

8

100

22

5000

5000

PLTL

POLY

8

100

22

5000

1585

PLTL

POLY

8

100

22

6707

3293

PLTL

POLY

8

100

22

8415

5000

PLTL

POLY

8

100

22

6707

6707

PLTL

POLY

8

100

22

5000

8415

PLTL

POLY

8

100

22

3293

6707

PLTL

POLY

8

100

22

1585

5000

PLTL

POLY

8

100

22

3293

3293

PLTL

ROTATE

1 2

3

4 5

6 7

ROTATE 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

PLTL

ROTATE 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

PLTL

ROTATE 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

PLTL

ROTATE 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38

PLTL

ROTATE 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53

PLTL

ROTATE 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 56

PLTL

ROTATE 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71

PLTL

ROTATE 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74

PLTL

END

:QUIT

DONE

332 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Programming Quickies

Figure 5

:POLY 6

300 0 5000

5000

SSS!

PLTL

^

:ROTATE

12 3 4 5

6

PLTL

:POLY 6

410 0 5000

5000

PLTL

:POLY 6

430 0 5000

5000

PLTL

:POLY 6

300 0 5000

5000

PLTL

-^>

:ROTATE 16 5 4 3 2

PLTL

:POLY 6 400 0 5000 5000

PLTL

:POLY 6 420 0 5000 5000

PLTL

:QUIT

DONE

UCSD p-System* for the INTE7TEC SUPE3BRAIN

With UCSD Pascal* and FORTRAN

UCSD p-System includes: operating system, editor, filer, library,

Z80 assembler, and documentation,with Pascal $ 400

with FORTRAN 450

with Pascal and FORTRAN 600

(TM)

NO€SIS (MWMGG©

615 Third Street, San Francisco, CA 94107Telephone: (415) 495-7440

-'Mu^fflb'j u VISA/Master Card Accepted

■ UCSD p-System and UCSD Pascal are trademarks of theRegentsofthe University otCallfornlaa Trademark of Intertec Data Systems

Circle 255 on inquiry card.

January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 333

Programming Quickies

Change Your GOTOs toFOR...NEXT Loops

David Carew, Interactive Management Systems,3700 Galley Rd, Colorado Springs CO 80909

In terms of computer architecture, virtually all current-ly available microprocessors are termed "stack-oriented"machines. Virtually all implementations of BASIC inter-preters on stack-oriented machines make use of a push-down stack to implement FOR . . . NEXT loops. Becauseof this, FOR . . . NEXT loops run much faster than loopsimplemented with a GOTO statement. GOTO state-ments involve some sort of line search; whereasFOR . . . NEXT statements get their "traffic direction"directly from the stack.

My purpose here is to demonstrate how you can gainthe extra efficiency of FOR . . . NEXT loops for all thelooping constructs you write in BASIC.

Suppose you want to access a particular part of an in-ternal table of data items (in DATA statements). Perhapsyou enter a string which you convert to a particularnegative number. Later you wish toifind that negativenumber in your DATA table, knowing that the data-table items immediately following the matching "key"can be processed further to satisfy your requirements.

Obviously, you'll wish to RESTORE the data-tablepointer and loop through the table, READing and com-paring until you have a match. However, there can be noassumptions made in your BASIC program code as tohow many READs it will take to get the match. How,then, can you implement such a loop usingFOR . . . NEXT construction?

Two methods are shown in listings 1 and 2. Either ofthem will run in virtually any BASIC dialect. The simpleris shown in listing 1.

Almost any BASIC that allows the user to STEP the

loop-index variable will also allow you to STEP 0. ASTEP 0 does not increment the index and results in anendless loop. To get out of this loop, test as shown in line530 of listing 1 and set the loop index high when you wishto exit the loop. This method will even run in RadioShack's Level I BASIC.

An alternative method, shown in listing 2, also usesmanipulation of the loop index from within the loop. Itmay be implemented in those versions of BASIC whichmay not allow STEP 0.

If you need more than 32,766 iterations of a loop, thenyou need this speed optimization. For the extreme case orfor the purist who wants his endless loops really endless,the user could manipulate the index again by adding:

515 IF I = 32765 THEN I = 1

However, for short loops, the added processing overheadof the extra IF statement will cut much of the speed ad-vantage.

Some may consider the manipulation of a FOR . . .NEXT loop index from within the loop a bit too deviousfor their taste, but I believe that, even without consider-ing speed advantages, such constructs are preferable to"backward GOTO" implementations. Modern struc-tured-programming techniques place emphasis on elimi-nation of GOTO statements. GOTO implementations re-quire more care to get up and running and are prone to goawry when later modification requires line-numberchanges. Tracking down and reworking GOTO refer-ences after a change has been made is tedious business,and the one you overlook is sure to generate a fine exam-ple of Murphy's Law. Using the method I have described,you no longer lack an alternative to "backward GOTO"loop implementations in BASIC.■

Listing 1: An example of using a FOR...NEXT loop to replace aGOTO statement. The technique shown in this listing workswith versions of BASIC that allow STEP 0, including RadioShack Level I and Level II BASIC.

Listing 2: An alternative method of replacing a GOTO state-ment with a FOR...NEXT loop. This method can be used in ver-sions of BASIC that do not allow STEP 0.

14 0 REM CALL READ LOOP SUBR:150 GOSUB 500

K = KEY ITEM

14 0 REM CALL READ LOOP SUBR:150 GOSUB 500

K = KEY ITEM

500 RESTORE

510 FOR I = 1 TO 2 STEP 0

52 0 READ X

53 0 IF X = K THEN 1=3

54 0 NEXT I550 RETURN

500 RESTORE

510 FOR I = 1 TO 32766

52 0 READ X

530 IF X = K THEN I = 32767

540 NEXT I

550 RETURN

334 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

META TECHNOLOGIES

FOR YOUR DISK SYSTEM

FILE BOX $24E.*.(M.

DISKETTE STORAGE SYSTEM for 8" disks . . . $29.95

MTC brings you the ULTIMATE diskettestorage system, at an affordable price. Stor-ing 50 to 60 diskettes, this durable, smoke-colored acrylic unit provides easy accessthrough the use of index dividers and ad-justable tabs. Unique lid design providesdust-free protection and doubles as a carry-ing handle.

PLASTIC LIBRARY CASES

(not shown)An economical form of storage for 10 to 15diskettes, and is suitable for your bookshelf!Case opens into a vertical holder for easy ac-cess.

5'/i-inch diskette case $3.25

8-inch diskette case $3.50

'

TRS-80™ PRODUCTS

Jltnivn f'tli'roill'

nnitosori msec iuccoiucu

& OTHER 2WVSTERIES

fiw ti><- riis-sti

NEWDOS/80 by Apparat $149.95

NEWDOS+ with ALL UTILITIES

35-track $69.95

40-track $79.95

TRS-80TM DISK AND OTHER MYSTERIES

. . .$19.95

MICROSOFT tm BASIC DECODED & OTHERMYSTERIES for the TRS-80TM $29.95

'RINGS' &THINGS

Help prevent data loss and media damagedue to improper diskette centering androtation with the FLOPPY SAVER™ rein-forcing hub ring kit. 7-mil mylar rings in-stall in seconds. Kit is complete withcentering tool, pressure ring, 25 adhesivebacked hub rings and instructions. Refillsavailable.HUB RING KIT for 5%" diskettes .. $9.95

Protect your expensive disk drives andyour valuable diskettes with our diskettedrive head cleaning kit. The kit, consistingof a pair of special "diskettes", cleaningsolution and instructions, can be used for52 cleanings. Removes contaminationfrom recording surfaces in secondswithout harming drives.HEAD CLEANING KIT for BYt" drives $24.95

Single Sided, Single Density, Soft-Sectored5'/.-inch, (for TRS-80™) Mini-floppy

DISKETTES$21

95

box of 10

Meta Technologies strikes again ... atthe competition! These are factoryfresh, absolutely first quality (noseconds!) mini-floppies. They arecomplete with envelopes, labels andwrite-protect tabs in a shrink-wrapped box.

PLAIN JANE™

DISKETTES

The Beautiful Floppy

with the Magnetic PersonalityrM

In 1980 alone, MTC has sold nearly a thirdof a million dollars worth of brand-namediskettes. If anyone knows quality, we do.And these are quality diskettes. Thecatch? They are in a plain white box.You're not paying for fancy printing, fancylabels or fancy names on the packaging.We don't even put our own label on thepackage (labels cost money). In the lasttwo months thousands of people haveswitched to this low-cost alternative.Trust us.

PLAIN JANE™ Diskettes $ 21.95

VERBATIM brand Diskettes (box of 10)

| 5%-inch (for TRS-80TM)

MD525-01 $24.95

10 boxes of 10... (each box)... $23.95

8-inch FLOPPIES

Single-Density, FD34-1000 ... $29.95Double-Density, FD34-8000 .. $39.95

CALL FOR INFORMATION ONOTHER TRS-80™ PRODUCTS

Products damaged in

transit will be

exchanged.

Prices, Specifications,

and Offerings subject

to change without

notice.

MOST ORDERS

SHIPPED

WITHIN ONE

BUSINESS DAY

PRICES IN EFFECT

January 1, 1981 THRU

January 31, 1981

WE ACCEPT

• VISA

• MASTER CHARGE

• CHECKS

• MONEY ORDERS

• COD.

' Add $2.50 forstandard UPSshipping & handling

• $2.00 EXTRAfor COD.

• Ohio residents

add 5Vi% sales tax.

TO PLACE ORDER1-800-321-3552

CALL

TOLL

FREE

FOR PRODUCT INFO1-800-321-3640

IN OHIO call (216)289-7500 (COLLECT)

ITlETfl TeCHUDlQGJES CQRPQRfTi™

26111 Brush Avenue. Euclid. Ohio 44132

801114

TRS-80 is a TM of Tandy Corp.PLAIN JANE is a TM ol MTC.&1980 by Metatechnologies Corporation, Inc.

Circle 281 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1981 335

What's New?

MISCELLANEOUS

Analog InterfaceSwitching Modules

ATEC Systems, POB 128, Mendon NY14506, (716) 924-3822, has introduced aseries of switching modules that can beused as an analog interface between anymicroprocessor 8-bit I/O (input/output)port and the signals to be switched inautomatic test equipment, instrumenta-tion, and control-system applications. Inthe matrix mode, any switch selected canbe latched or unlatched. In the multiplexermode, only one switch can be closed atany time. The latches are solid state, andthe switches are sealed reed relays, with alife of more than 100 million operations.By selecting the required interface module,the complete matrix or multiplexer can becontrolled from an 8-bit I/O port or fromthe IEEE-488 bus. The modules range inprice from S80 to S100. Complete systemscan also be ordered.

Circle 460 on inquiry card.

Cryptography Kit

The Cryptographic Primer Kit educatescomputer users about cryptography,thereby enabling them to encode and pro-tect data against unauthorized access. AnRS-232 interface board is included in thekit. The interface board functions at 300bps (bits per second) and contains theWD20001F LSI (large-scale integration)implementation of the National Bureau ofStandards Data Encryption Standard. ACryptographic Primer describes how theuser can implement different cryp-tographies in software in conjunctionwith the board. It also provides examplesfor debugging software. An assembly andwiring manual includes wiring diagrams,assembly and operating instructions. Thekit is priced at $395 unassembled or S495assembled. Contact Western Digital, 3128Redhill Ave, Newport Beach CA 92663,(714) 557-3550.

Circle 461 on inquiry card.

Socket WrapIdentification

The Socket Wrap-ID is used to identifypin numbers on wire-wrapping sockets. Itconsists of a socket-sized plastic panelwith numbered holes in the pin location.The Socket Wrap-ID is slipped onto thesocket before wrapping. Users can writeon it for identification of location,integrated-circuit part number, or func-tion. It is available from O K Machine andTool Corporation, 3455 Conner St, BronxNY 10475, (212) 994-6600.

Circle 462 on inquiry card.

S-100-Compatlble, Bank-Selectable, 64 K-ByteMemory Board

The DMB6400 is a 64 K-byte, bank-selectable, dynamic memory module fromMeasurement Systems & Controls, 867 NMain St, Orange CA 92668, (714)633-4460. It is compatible with AlphaMicro, Cromemco, North Star, MP/M, andmost other S-100 bus computers. It usesoutput port addressing for the bank selectand is configured as four independent16 K banks of memory. Any of the 256

possible I/O (input/output) ports can bedecoded, and eight banks of memory arepossible for each port. Each bank can beturned on or off at system reset, and phan-tom can be used by any of the four banks.The board will run with all 8080 and 8085microprocessors at 3 MHz. It will also runwith most Z80As and the Marin ChipM9900 microprocessor.

Circle 463 on inquiry card.

AIM 16 A/D Converter

The CmC AIM 16 is a sixteen-channelA/D (analog-to-digital) converter designedfor most microcomputers, including thePET, Apple II, TRS-80, and KIM. Theconverter is connected through the com-puter's 8-bit I/O (input/output) port orthrough one of CmC's (Connecticutmicrocomputer) custom interfaces. Eachof the sixteen inputs is converted to an8-bit digital signal. The input voltagerange for the AIM 16 is 0 to 5.12 V, withinput voltage converted to a count be-

tween 0 and 255. Resolution is 20 mV percount, with accuracy at 0.5% ± 1 bit.Conversion time is less than 100 micro-seconds per channel. The converter has asuggested retail price of S1 79. Power sup-plies are available for S 14.95 and S24.95,depending upon the required voltage.Contact Connecticut microcomputer Inc,34 Del Mar Dr, Brookfield CT 06804, (203)775-4595.

Circle 464 on inquiry card.

Where Do New Products Items Come From?

The information printed in the new products pages of BYTE is obtained from"new product" or "press release" copy sent by the promoters of new products. Ifin our judgment the information might be of interest to the personal computing ex-perimenters and homebrewers who read BYTE, we print it in some form. Weopenly solicit releases and photos from manufacturers and suppliers to thismarketplace. The information is printed more or less as a first-in first-out queue,subject to occasional priority modifications. While we would not knowingly printuntrue or inaccurate data, or data from unreliable companies, our capacity toevaluate the products and companies appearing in the "What's New?" feature isnecessarily limited. We therefore cannot be responsible for product quality orcompany performance.

336 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

MISCELLANEOUS

ComputerCarrying Cases

A series of carrying cases for the Apple IIand TRS-80 Model I computers have beenintroduced by Computer Case Company,5650 Indian Mound Ct, Columbus OH43213. (614) 868-9464. These cases canhold the computer, disk drives, andmonitor in a fully operational configur-ation. There is no need to disconnect andreconnect cables each time the computeris moved. The lids have storage space formanuals, disks, papers, and other items.The computers and disk drives are held inposition with security straps and cradled infoam rubber for protection. The cases areconstructed of luggage material coveredin vinyl with padded handles, protectivepads, and steel skids. The API01S caseholds the Apple with a single disk drive ora tape recorder; it sells for S109. A larger

case, the API02D, selling for SI 19. holdsthe Apple and two disk drives. TheAP103M holds the Apple, two drives, anda 9-inch monitor. The RS20I case willhold the TRS-80 keyboard, the expansionunit, and up to two disk drives. This case

also has a power strip. It sells for S109.The RS202 case holds the monitor withadditional space for a small printer,modem, or similar equipment.

Circle 492 on inquiry card.

Screen-ManagementTransaction System

The E-Code language provides screen-management capabilities to the VT-100video terminal. Designed to support fourVT-IOOs and an LA-1 20 under the RT-1 Ioperating system, E-Code allows DEC(Digital Equipment Corporation) LSI-11and PDP-11/03 applications to operatesimultaneously in key-to-disk, data entry,data edit, and record-management func-tions. The features include a structuredprogramming language, multiterminalsupport, virtual memory, and provisionsfor validating operator input in characteror block mode. Multifile capabilities allowindependent data-file manipulation fromeach attached terminal. The price is S850and the manual is S15. Contact MCPCSystems, 2344 Nicollet Ave S. Suite 220,Minneapolis MN 55404, (612) 870-3841.

Circle 493 on inquiry card.

Asynchronous-Synchronous Translator

The AST (asynchronous-synchronoustranslator) enables users to access largedata bases and mainframes. The data baseis accessed by communicating under theBisync protocol. The single circuit boardutilizes the 6809 microprocessor, control-ling advanced data-link protocol, with thecontrolling firmware contained onEPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory). This card also enables thecompany and the user to apply the ASTboards under other operating systems.Peripherals and microcomputers will beable to access large data-processingcenters, usually as a remote-job-entry sta-tion. For more information, contact SDSTechnical Devices Ltd, POB 1998, Win-nipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3C 3R3, (204)589-7507.

Circle 494 on inquiry card.

TI-990 Software

Synergistic Systems. Cobble Hill Rd, EastThetford VJ 05043, (802) 785-4121, hasseveral software packages for the TexasInstruments (Tl) TI-990 computer writtenin Tl BASIC. Mail-990 is a mailing-list pro-gram that maintains up to 10,000 address-es per disk. Text-990 is a text editor withscreen-oriented text-preparation functionsfor documents of up to 400 lines. Index-990 is a set of multikey mdexed-se-quential-access routines that provide ac-cess to any record in a file by up to fivekeys, and sequential access in key or re-verse-key order from any starting key.Forms-990 has functions and subpro-grams to simplify the development offorms-oriented input routines. The Seek-990 interactive data-base system for officepersonnel helps create and maintain databases by means of menu specifications.

Circle 495 on inquiry card.

January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 337

What's New?

■

MISCELLANEOUS

Microprocessor Training Course

:i

8085A

COOKBOOK

{KB» J

J

©00000©0000©00©00©

000000

The 8085AAT Microprocessor TrainingUnit includes a tested and assembled8085A microcomputer with 1 K bytes ofprogrammable memory, a 1 K-byte PROM(programmable read-only memory), aI K-byte EPROM (erasable programmableread-only memory), programmable I/O,keyboard, microprocessor card, displayand operating system, a 44-pin edge con-nector that allows configuration to anybus structure, an area on the processorcard for wire-wrap design or user-definedinterface circuitry, and a 20 mA asyn-chronous port. The software comes with

an instruction manual, a user's manualwith programs, a 352-page 8085A cook-book that includes basic microprocessorconcepts and actual designs of an 8085Amicrocomputer, an 8080/8085A soft-ware-design book with over 190 execut-able program examples, an examinationof all 244 instructions, plus an overview ofassembly language for the 8080/8085Amicroprocessors. The Training Unit isS299.95; a kit version is S249.95. ContactPaccom, 14905 NE 40th St, RedmondWA 98052, (206) 883-9200.Circle 486 on inquiry card.

Backplane I/O

Connectors with

Up to 72 Contacts

Mupac Corporation, 646 Summer St,Brockton MA 02402, (617) 588-61 10, hasannounced a family of plug-style connec-tors with 26, 36, 40, 52, and 72 contacts.They can be mounted onto backplanes,printed-circuit boards, or wire-wrappablepanels. They are available with straight or

right-angle pins and have either printed-circuit tails or wire-wrappable pins. Matingconnectors that mass-terminate to flatcable are also available. The contactmaterial is phosphor bronze with gold-over-nickel plating. Prices in quantities ofone to nine range from S3.43 each toS8.37 each. Prices for mating connectorsrange from S4.33 to S8.54 each.

Circle 487 on inquiry card.

AsynchronousEPROM from RCA

A 256-word by 8-bit static CMOS (com-plementary metal-oxide semiconductor)EPROM, the CDP18U42CD. has been de-veloped by RCA Solid State Division,Rt 202, Somerville NJ 08876, (201)

685-6423. The device is useful in general-purpose asynchronous ROM (read-onlymemory) applications and will interfacedirectly with the CDP 1802 microproces-sor. It has common data inputs and out-puts. The 100-unit price is S38.70.

Circle 488 on inquiry card.

Dual

Integrated-Circuit

Schottky Rectifiers

Intended for center-tap rectification,these 30 A Schottky rectifiers are availableas full-wave bridges in medium-powerswitching supplies. The MBR 3020CT,3035CT, 3045CT, and SD241 are singlepackages made up of two integrated cir-cuits. These 20, 35, and 45 V units havean operatingjunction temperature of 150°C, with reverse voltages to 45 V. A built-inguard ring reduces junction stress andoperates like a zener diode for transientprotection. An extra layer of barrier metalacts as an interface between a workingbarrier metal of chrome or platinum andthe nickel-gold ohmic contact metal, thusit virtually eliminates contamination andfailure. Prices in 100- to 999-unit quantitiesrange from S5.70to S7. Contact MotorolaSemiconductor Products Inc. POB 20912,Phoenix AZ 85036, (602) 244-4624.

Circle 489 on inquiry card.

Sixteen-PortSerial I/O Board

Konan's sixteen-port asynchronousserial I/O (input/output) board can com-municate with peripherals on all S-100 bussystems, and also interconnects com-puters within networking systems. Omni-port can talk to sixteen peripherals withRS-232 interfaces and has sixteen select-able data rates. It also features sixteenasynchronous channels with full hand-shaking capabilities. Omniport has a4-character buffer on each channel, in-cluding the receive register. All operations,except the interrupt, are enabled withpush-on jumpers. Omniport is compatiblewith all S-100 bus specifications proposedby the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Elec-tronics Engineers). The price for Omniportis S800 in OEM (original equipment man-ufacturers) quantities of two. Konan Cor-poration is located at 1448 N 27th Ave,Phoenix AZ 85009, (602) 269-2649.

Circle 490 on inquiry card.

Adapt for DG

Data Financial Systems Inc has intro-duced the Adapt Software Package for useon all DG (Data General) minicomputers.The package includes modules for Gener-al Ledger, Accounts Receivable, AccountsPayable, and Payroll Applications. Thesemay be custom tailored by nontechnicalpersonnel with little knowledge of pro-gramming, utilizing the Adapt tool. DataFinancial Systems Inc is located at 4350 ECamelback Rd, Phoenix AZ 85018, (602)959-9240.Circle 491 on inquiry card.

338 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

PERIPHERALS

It's Smooth Scrollingwith Micro-Term

Micro-Term Inc. 1314 Hanley IndustrialCt. St Louis MO 63144, (3! 4) 968-8151, isoffering the ACT-5A and Mime-2A videoterminals with a smooth-scroll feature.This feature allows the operator to readdata as it passes over the screen in onecontinuous motion. This eliminates thejump scroll found in other terminals. Otherfeatures in the 5A-2A line include a Pi-directional printer port and editing capa-bilities. In addition, the Mime-2A willemulate the DEC (Digital Equipment Cor-poration] VT-52. Hazeltine 1500, andSoroc IQ120. The ACT-5A and the Mime-2A cost $995 and S1045 respectively.

Circle 496 on Inquiry card.

Power Supply with200 W Peak Capacity

The Model AC-130 is a 130W multi-output, switched-mode power supplywith a 200 W peak output capability. Thesupply is compatible with the BoschertOL-130 unit, and has an input-voltagetolerance of 80 to 140 VAC and 160 to264 VAC The unit also has an adjustablepower-fail signal. The outputs are + 5 V±3% at 15 A, +12V ±5% at 4 A,-12 V ±5% at 2 A. and -5 V ±5% at1 A. A +24V at 2 A output can besubstituted for the - 5 V output. Thesingle-unit price is S340 from Conver Cor-poration. 10629 Bandley Dr, CupertinoCA 95014, (408) 255-0151.Circle 497 on inquiry card.

Dithertizer II

The Dithertizer II is a binary video-digitizer board for the Apple II. The boardutilizes a video camera with external syncto load the video display of the Apple II.The device is designed as a frame grabber,DMA-type (direct memory address) digi-tizer that requires one frame, or one-sixtieth of a second, to capture a binaryimage. Software is included to builddithered (pseudo gray scale via half tones)images from multiple binary images and tocapture image-intensity contours using im-age subtraction. The software allows theuser to select and change the matrix sizeand view the effects on the monitor. Usersmay also adjust the contrast and densityof the image with joysticks and adjustmatrix size. The Dithertizer II requires avideo camera with an external sync. Theprice for the unit is S300. A package con-sisting of the Dithertizer II and a Sanyovideo camera is S650. Contact ComputerStation, 12 Crossroads Plz, Granite City IL62040, (618) 452-1860.Circle 498 on inquiry card.

Belden Introduces a Short-Haul Modem

The Belden Model 9338 metallic-conductor Bit-Driver short-haul modemhas been developed as part of an RS-232-compatible data-transmission system forin-house and m-plant applications. The9338 provides asynchronous simplex andduplex data transmission, at speeds up to56 K bps (bits per second). The metallic-conductor unit is recommended for use inclean electrical environments. The oper-

ating range extends from 1500 to 4500meters (5000 to 15,000 feet). An LED(light-emitting diode) array on the frontpanel indicates system status and aids indiagnosis. The price of the Model 9338 isSI95. Contact the Marketing Manager,Belden Corporation, 2000 S Batavia Ave.Geneva IL 60134. (312) 232-8900.

Circle 499 on inquiry card.

92 K-Bit MagneticBubble-Memory Kits

The TIBK090 and TIBK09I 92 K-bitmagnetic bubble-memory kits provideengineers with the bubble memory andintegrated circuits required to lay out andassemble a 92 K-bit bubble-memory sys-tem. The 091 kit contains the parts re-quired to construct one minimum memorysystem. The 090 kit contains all the partsrequired to construct one modular-mem-ory unit (MMU). The MMU consists of all

the parts in the 091 kit except the func-tion-timing generator and controllers. Thememory capability of the 091 kit can beexpanded by assembling additional 090kits and utilizing the timing generator andcontroller capabilities of the 091 kit. TheTIBK090 kit costs S I 5 1, and the TIBK09 Ikit is priced at S 191. both in quantities ofone to twenty-four. Contact Texas In-struments Inc. Inquiry Answering Service.POB 225012. M/S 308. Attn: TIBK090.Dallas TX 75265.Circle 500 on inquiry card.

January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 339

What's New?

PERIPHERALS

Word-Processing-Quality Video Terminal

The WP2000 word-processing-qualityvideo terminal is available from IndustrialMicro Systems Inc. 628 Eckhoff St, OrangeCA 92668, (714) 978-6966. The unit fea-tures an EPROM (erasable programmableread-only memory) character generator,special function keys, an IBM Selectrickeyboard layout, and a fifteen-key cursor-positioning and editing keypad on a re-movable keyboard. Also included is a ten-key numerical keypad. The high-resolu-

tion video monitor utilizes a 9 by 13 dotmatrix. The 12-inch screen displays 25lines. The WP2000 also features normaland reverse video; blinking, underlinedand highlighted fields; uppercase andlowercase characters with descenders;2-page memory; automatic self-test; peninterface; and printer port.

Circle 482 on inquiry card.

Printer from DIP

The DIP-81 dot-matrix impact printerfeatures 7 by 7 or 14 by 7 matrix printing,plus uppercase and lowercase charactersets. The bidirectional printing speed is100 cps (characters per second), and theDIP-81 uses ordinary bond paper insheets, roll, or fanfold form. The printerhas the full 96-character ASCII (AmericanStandard Code for Information Inter-change) set, printing both 40 and 80 char-

acters per line on standard-sized paper.Operator control includes power, select/deselect, line feed, top of form, and self-test. A Centronics-compatible parallel in-terface is standard, and a serial RS-232 or20 mA current-loop interface is optional.The printer costs S499. For more informa-tion, contact DIP Inc. 121 Beach St,Boston MA 021 1 1, (617) 482-42 1 4.Circle 485 on inquiry card.

516-MegabyteRemovable Disk Drive

Century Data Systems Inc. 1270 NKraemer Blvd. Anaheim CA 92806, |7 14)632-7500, has introduced the TridentT-600/602 disk drives, offering 516 mega-bytes storage capacity. The price per unitin lots of 100 is under S12,000 and single-unit prices are around SI5,500. The T-600is compatible with the Trident T-200 andT-300 drives. The capacity in the T-600drive has been achieved by using nar-rower tracking heads that have increasedoutput by 25% and resolution up to 5%.The servo surface has been rewritten toprovide for 1349 cylinders. The unit'smean time between failures is specified at4000 hours and calculated at 6000 hours,with a mean time to repair of less thanone hour. Standard features include dual-access operation and fixed or variable sec-toring.

Circle 483 on inquiry card.

High-QualityCassette Tapes

Marathon cassettes, made by MagneticInformation Systems, 415 Howe Ave,Shelton CT 06484, (203) 735-6477, have50% more storage capacity than otherdigital cassettes on the market. EachMarathon cassette contains 450 feet of a0.30-mil-thick polyester-film-base tape.Tape quality and case tolerances exceedANSI/ECMA/ISO specifications. Each tapeis certified in the cassette to be 100% errorfree.

Circle 484 on inquiry card.

340 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

SYSTEMS

Two Items for the Blind

Total Talk and Speak Easy are micropro-cessor-based products that convert com-puter-transmitted data into syntheticspeech. Total Talk is a computer terminalthat converts data into full-word syntheticspeech. By translating data into phoneticcharacters and feeding that data into asynthesizer, the blind can have direct ac-cess to information stored on computers.Total Talk switches from full word tospelled speech output. The speech rate(45 to 720 words per minute), pitch, tone,and volume are adjustable. The unit isbased on the Hewlett-Packard 2621A ter-minal. It is priced at S5995.

Speak Easy is a subset of Total Talk. Itdoes not have the editing and cursor-control capabilities of Total Talk. Applica-tions include computer-aided instruction,instrument control, vocal feedback, andmore. Speak Easy costs S4000 withRS-232 interface and IEEE-488-bus inter-face capabilities. For details, contactMaryland Computer Services Inc, 502Rock Spring Ave, Bel Air MD 21014, (301)879-3366.Circle 471 on inquiry card.

? m* ■?.

OSM SystemAllows 128 Terminals

OSM Computer Corporation, 2364Walsh Ave, Santa Clara CA 95051, (408)496-6910, has introduced a multi-user,multitasking microcomputer system calledthe OSM Model 6300. Each user has amicroprocessor, memory, I/O (input/out-put) ports, and shares common diskstorage of up to 128 megabytes, using

CP/M 2.2 and DPOS/2 operating systems.A service processor, consisting of a Z80Amicroprocessor, programmable memoryand I/O, links the user processors to thedisk drives and printer User hardwareconsists of the Z80 processors. 64 K bytesof memory. I/O. and optional printers. TheModel 6300 allows up to I 28 user ter-minals with no console-response degrada-tion, because each user has his ownmicroprocessor. This can be helpful in

word-processing environments and otherapplications where console speed iscritical. The Model 6300 comes with two8-inch double-density floppy-disk drives.Several hard-disk options are available.The complete system is available with theIBM 3101 video terminal and Texas In-struments 820 RO or optional letter-qualityprinter. The single-user system is priced atS5195.Circle 472 on inquiry card.

Single-BoardBubble-Memory System

The RMS family of single-board bubble-memory systems includes the controller,all electronics, and the bubble-memory de-vices. The four modules with 32 K-byte-thru 256 K-byte-capacity systems interfacewith the Rockwell AIM-65 microcom-puter. System 65 development system,and the Motorola EXORciser and Micro-module family. The average data rate foran accessed block is 22 K bytes per sec-ond. Depending upon block location, theaccess time ranges from 20 us to 20 ms.The RMS includes checksum-error detec-tion, redundancy control, and power-failmemory-protect circuitry. Prices rangefrom SI800 for a 32 K-byte system toS5350 for a 256 K-byte system with aI-megabyte bubble-memory device. Forinformation, contact Bubble MemoryProducts. Electronic Devices Division,Rockwell International, POB 3669 RC55,Anaheim CA 92803. (714) 632-3729.Circle 473 on inquiry card.

6802 Single-Board

Computer with

2 K-Byte EPROM

The Model SBC-02 computer from Star-Kits, POB 209. Mt Kisco NY 10549. is asingle-board computer that features a6802 processor with 128 bytes of pro-grammable memory, a 2 K-byte EPROM(erasable programmable read-only mem-ory), and parallel or serial I/O. A wire-wrap area is provided for custom interfac-

ing and expansion. The board costs S25with instructions. S75 for a parallel I/O kit,or S150 when wired and tested. An op-tional machine-level monitor can be in-stalled to provide program entry and con-trol, single-stepping, breakpoints, andother front-panel functions from a serialterminal. It is supplied separately in anEPROM for S40 (included at no charge inthe kit and wired verisonsl.

Circle 474 on inquiry card.

Single-Board6809 Computer

The ADS 6809 S-100 single-board com-puter features provisions for 2 K bytes ofprogrammable memory. 4 to 16 K bytes ofEPROM. RS-232 serial communicationwith selectable data rates, parallel I/Oports, and simulated 8080-type I/O.ADSMON, a 2 K-byte monitor, allows

users to examine and change memoryand registers, test memory, calculate rela-tive offsets, load and punch tape files, andmore. The ADS 6809 is sold as a prmted-circuit board with a manual for S69.95from Ackerman Digital Systems, I 10 NYork Rd, Suite 208, Elmhurst IL 60126.(312) 530-8992.

Circle 475 on inquiry card.

January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 341

What's New?

SOFTWARE

Graftrax Graphics for the TX-80 Printer

Graftrax is a high-resolution bit-plotgraphics capability for the Epson TX-80dot-matrix printer. The bit-plot modeallows individual bit control of the printwires. Graftrax enables the printer to per-form programmable universal form-han-dling functions. The length of a line feed issoftware definable in 255 steps of 0.007inches each. The skip-over-perforationfunction a Hows the size of the print field tobe adjusted from one line to a full page.

Graftrax counts the dots being printed inthe high-density graphics mode so thatGraftrax slows the printer down if a safeduty cycle is exceeded. Graftrax is builtinto a PROM (programmable read-onlymemory). For more information, contactEpson America Inc, 23844 HawthorneBlvd. Torrance CA 90505, [213)378-2220.

Circle 476 on inquiry card.

Apple II Cassette Pascal

Dynasoft Pascal is a p-code implemen-tation of a Pascal subset intended for usewith cassette-based microcomputer sys-tems that cannot support full-scale sys-tems such as UCSD Pascal. It includes thecontrol structures of standard Pascal andsupports integer, char, boolean, scalar,subrange, pointer, and array data types. Alinkage to machine-language subroutinesis also provided. The one-pass compilerproduces a position-independent program

that is run with a 2 K-byte interpreter. Thepackage, including the compiler, inter-preter, and a line-oriented editor, reguires8 K bytes of memory space and will runon a 16 K-byte Apple II or Apple II Plus.Support is provided for low- and high-re-solution graphics. This cassette systemcosts S50. For more details, contact DrAllan Jost, c/o Dynasoft Systems Ltd, POB51, Windsor Junction, Nova Scotia,Canada, BON 2V0, (902) 861-2202.

Circle 477 on inquiry card.

TRS-80 DiskBASIC Compiler

ACCEL2, a TRS-80 Disk BASIC compiler,is being marketed by Allen Gelder Soft-ware, POB 11721, Main Post Office, SanFrancisco CA 94101. The compiler pro-duces compact machine-code translationsof selected Disk BASIC statements andfunctions in integer, single- and double-precision, and string variable types. Subsetcompilation minimizes output code expan-sion with little loss of execution speed. Six

diagnostic messages and a set of local/global compilation options increase com-patibility with subject programs and con-trol output code growth. The compile-time routines are self-relocating and oc-cupy 5120 bytes; the run-time componenttakes I K bytes, making the compilationprocess available to 16 K-byte non-disk-drive machines. ACCEL2 comes on cas-sette tape with a manual for S88.95.

Circle 478 on inquiry card.

TRS-80 PayrollSystem Uses TRSDOS 1.2

PR is a payroll system for the TRS-80Model II. It requires TRSDOS 1.2. a 132-column printer, a dual-disk drive, and 64 Kbytes of memory. PR calculates the payrollfor all employees as it maintains monthly,quarterly, and yearly totals for reportingpurposes. It can produce paychecks, 941forms, W-2 forms, paycheck registers,monthly summaries, general-ledger trans-action registers, employee file lists, andmore. Priced at S129, PR comes with amanual, an installation guide, twelve pro-grams, and sample data files on an 8-inchfloppy disk. Contact Micro Architect Inc,96 Dothan St. Arlington MA 02 1 74, (6 I 7)643-4713.

Circle 479 on inquiry card.

TRS-80 Text Editor

Textan is a text editor for the TRS-80using Level II BASIC. It is a machine-lan-guage editor reguiring at least 16 K bytesof memory. It is a video editor designed toread tapes written in Level II BASIC. Uponcompletion of the edit function, it returnsto BASIC with the program loaded. Textanincludes 32 command functions and 26reserved-word keys. The command func-tions allow for top, bottom, and center ofscreen; end of and first of line; character,word, to end of line, and line delete; pre-vious screen; automatic line numbering;line and character insert; and more. Thereserved-word keys will automaticallyenter AND, GOSUB, CHRS, DIM, ELSE,FOR, GOTO, and most of the other com-mand words. Contact Southeastern Soft-ware, 512 Conway Ln, Birmingham AL35210, (205) 956-2389.

Circle 480 on inquiry card.

Alpha MicroComputer FORTH

FORTH is available on the Alpha MicroMicrosystems AM-100 computer. Basedon the model by FIG (FORTH InterestGroup), AM-FORTH runs under theAMOS operating system and includesFORTH, an interface to the AMOS filestructure, and a FORTH text editor. AM-FORTH has facilities to permit processingdata using AMOS sequential files. Memoryis controlled so that the program uses onlyenough for the dictionary with the ap-plication routines and file I/O (input/out-put) buffers. An AMS or STD format disk isavailable with documentation and theFORTH program for S40. Contact GeorgeYoung, c/o Sierra Computer Company,617 Mark NE. Albuquerque NM 87123,(505) 296-8085.Circle 481 on inquiry card.

342 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

DEALS □ DEALS □ D£>US

OUR BUYERS ARE IN

CONTACT WITH EVERY MAJOF

SUPPLIER AND O.E.M.

BUY HERE AT 1000 PIECE

QUANTITY PRICES

D G

IUI

CROSALES

664 N. MICHIGAN AVE. • SC/7~£ ;070 * CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60611CALL TOLL FREE: 1-800-435-9357 * MONDAY thru SATURDAYALL MERCHANDISE 1 00% (ILLINOIS RESIDENTS CALL: 815-485-4002) * 8:00a.m. to 6:30p.m.

GUARANTEED! 1 5 DAY FULL TERMS: Prepayment - C.O.D. up to $100.00 - M/C, Visa

r^Acu dcci iMm Please allow personal check to clear before shipment.

WRITE FOR FULL CA TALOG!

JUST HOT STUFF

POWERSUPPLIES

If you can

ibeat these prices

J we will be truly

amazed. OEM's

at 500 lot pay more

than this. Call or write for full spec, sheets.

DISK POWER SUPPLIES

PR 1 AM-SHUGART-CENTURY-MICROPOLIS

+5V@9A |-5V<a.8A |+24V@7A | US-384

89.00

SHUGART - SIEMANS - MPI 5%"

+5V@.5A

+ 12V@.9A

US-340

33.50

+5VP2A

+ 12V@4A

US-323

56.25

SHUGART - SIEMANS - CDC 8"

+5V @> 1A

-bVi=!.5A

+24V@ 1.5A

US-205

52.50

+5V@2A

-5V@.5A

+24V@3A

US-206

69.00

+6V ® 3A

-5V («' ,6A

+24V@5A

US 162

89.00

+6V@1.7A

-5VSM.5A

+24V@2A

US-272

69.00

+5V@2A

*12V@.4A

-12V<a.4A

US-HTAA

37.50

TELEVIDEO 912C

SOROCIQ120-$675.00Televideo912C- 665.00ADDSR-25 - 710.00

Also have 920C, SOROC,HAZELTINE, etc. Whatwe don't have is room onthis page. Call Toll Free800 number for prices.

C-ITOH PRINTER$499.00

Look closely at the

photo and see other

adds in this rag at

$995.00. Perfect units,

warranteed. Only 500 pes. Same story,

manufacturerer had too many.

S-100CARD EXTENDER

$12.50 p^

(Gold Contacts)

As long as there is aprice war, we will fightyour battle. Compareat your local Dept.store and buy US MICRO.

MEM0REX - VERBATIM - WABASHBASF FLOPPIES

BOX OF 10 ONLY:

5V

5%'

5%'

8"

8"

8"

SOFTHARD 10HARD 16SOFT 1DSOFT 2DSOFT2DDS

S2.65 ea2.65 ea.2.65 ea.3.25 ea.3.85 ea.5.00 ea.

SPECIAL OF THE QUARTER SPECIALS OF THE MONTH

12 SLOT MOTHER

We have connectors and powersupply too. Start your systemwith quality components.Terminated.

CONNECTORS $3.50 ea.

$22.50

S1-MOD (KIT)

$239.00

Complete S-100 12 Slot Computer. Amplesystem power with regulated power for drives.Excellent for Subsystem or Hobby use,4 hours to build. {6 conn, incl., less fans)

EXPANDABLE RAM

*SPECIAL*SPECIAL*SPECIAL*

This is the best all ■«» muni

around 64K board

you can buy. If after

you see it, you don't

agree return for full

refund. Bank Select

by extended address *>****^ *»« « *• m.

lines or I.O.40H. * $389.00 A&T*

32K STATIC (KIT)

You have seen thiswell known boardaround for years. Webought 500 of themand plan on corneringthe market! BankSelect on extendedaddress lines.

$388.00

Z-80 CPU (KIT)

The first time thisworld popular CPUoffered in Kit. 2 serial,3 parallel, CTC, EPromZ-80 at 4 mhz. Softwarebuad rate, etc.(less Prom)

$212.00

DUAL DRIVE SUBSYSTEM

$995.00

'\

If this looks like a LoboDrive System, don't be 2 SHUGART 801 Rfooled. Just because it POWER SUPPLYlooks like one, works like one, smells like one,and tastes like one (?) doesn't mean it has tocost like one!

FANS $14.95

n

These are brand new,

in the box fans. Not 3-1/8'

noisey bearing pullouts.

Never again at these low prices!

&

4-5/8'

4116s

200 NS

Expansion 16K DynamicRAMs for Apple, TRS-80S-100 systems. T.I., MostekIntel, Call for manufacture

DIP-80 $399.00

$4.25

-^ h

Oon't be mislead by thisLOW price. This is a rug-ged 100% Duty Cycle7 by 7 Dot Matrix Printer.Brand new, factory warr.

. RS-232 ADD $65.00• TRACTOR FEED ADD $70.00

2114s

I One of the world's two

most popular STATIC

RAMs. Factory primeI tested units. Sold in lots of 8 only.

FUJITSU, HITACHI, etc.

$3.45

200 NS

TMS-4044MM-5257INTEL 2147

$4.25

250 NS

The other of the world's most popular STATICRAMs. This one is 4K by 1 organization. Don'tbuy Gold, buy these, the price won't last!

2716s2708s

$13.50 (450 NS)$6.95 (450 NS)

Remember when 2716s were $50.00 and hardto get? These units are so beautiful it's hard topart with them. But we will, for a small price.Guaranteed!

SHUGART DRIVE

8" 851R $585.00

8" 801R

$395.00

Manufacturer had

too many, buys at

1000 piece rate,

sales dropped, so we got'em. Fantastic buy

them while they last! Full warranty.

51/4" MINI

Now is the time to V^OO m\J\J

expand that Trash-80

or Rotton Apple (no offense!) These go so fast.Quantities limited to those on hand. Hurry !No Junkers! Factory warranty.

SHUGART / SIEMANS / MPI

What's New?

SOFTWARE

Tlmeclok

Timeclok/Billing is a time-managementand billing program for businesses andprofessional offices chiefly concerned withprojects or cases. It maintains client andoverhead expenses by time and disburse-ment charges. Up to thirty employees cancharge time and billing-rate units, such asper hour, per day, and miles traveled. Onehundred work and overhead codes canbe user-defined. The program can handle100 clients on a single floppy disk. Time-clok generates reports on employee con-tribution, cash receipts, charges per client,charges per case or project, and billingstatements. Reports can be assembled fora month or all months to date. Reports onindividual clients, projects, and staff mem-bers can also be obtained. Client account-ing balances are maintained for fourteenmonths. Timeclok requires the North Stardisk operating system, 48 K bytes of mem-ory, twin floppy-disk drives, a 24-line by80-character video terminal, and a 132-column printer. Contact Ladco Develop-ment Company Inc, POB 464, Olean NY14760, (716) 372-0168.

Circle 465 on inquiry card.

Enhanced NEWDOS/80for the TRS-80 Model I

NEWDOS/80 is an enhancement ofApparat's NEWDOS 2.1 disk operatingsystem for the TRS-80 Model I. NEWDOS/80 can mix or match disk drives and sup-port track counts from 18 thru 80. It con-tains new editing commands and an im-proved RENUMBER command, plus it canroute data to displays and printerssimultaneously. Also included are Super-zap/80. print spooling, and specifiablesystem options |SYSGEN). The price ofNEWDOS/80 on a floppy disk with docu-mentation is S 149 from Apparat Inc, 4401S Tamarac Pky, Denver CO 80237. (303)741-1778.

Circle 466 on inquiry card.

FORTH for the 6502

This version of FORTH is available forthe 6502-based KIM-1, SYM-I, AIM-65,and Apple II microcomputers. This versionof FORTH contains a built-in 6502 as-sembler, a text editor, and a cassette file-management system. Information on in-terfacing FORTH to a floppy disk is pro-vided, as well as several extensions to thelanguage. 6502 FORTH sells for S90,which includes a manual, source listing,and the cassette containing the objectcode. Contact Eric C Rehnke, Tech Ser-vices, 1067 Jadestone Ln, Corona CA91720, (714) 371-4548.Circle 467 on inquiry card.

CP/M-86 Operating System from Digital Research

Digital Research, the originator of theCP/M operating system, has introducedCP/M-86 for Intel 8086/8088-based micro-computers. This is a singie-user system.The file format of CP/M, release 2. hasbeen retained. CP/M-86 can also function

as a slave node in a CP/NET network. Fordetails, contact Digital Research, POB 579.801 Lighthouse Ave, Pacific Grove CA93950. (408) 649-3896.

Circle 468 on inquiry card.

Monty Plays Monopoly

The Ritam Corporation, Fairfield, Iowa,has developed a "computer-opponent"program for the Apple II and the TRS-80Model I Level II computers that playsParker Brothers' popular board game. Mo-nopoly. This program, called Monty PlaysMonopoly, uses the standard Monopolyplaying board and pieces, and plays thegame according to the official rules.Monty is an entertaining opponent be-cause he performs musical and graphics

diversions for you while waiting for histurn to play. When it is Monty's turn, heappears on the video screen and proceedsto wheel and deal as any other Monopolyplayer. The program is priced at S 29.95 for16 K-byte cassette systems and S34.95 for32 K-byte floppy-disk systems. MontyPlays Monopoly is distributed by PersonalSoftware, 1330 Bordeaux Dr. SunnyvaleCA 94086, (408) 745-7841.

Circle 469 on inquiry card.

FORTH for OSI Systems

This FORTH language, based on the

FIG (FORTH Interest Group) model lan-guage, runs under OSI's (Ohio Scientific's)OS65D-3.2 operating system. High-levelFORTH disk-operating-system words areimplemented in FORTH for full compatibili-ty with FIG-standard extensions. A lineeditor and a 6502 assembler are included.Also featured are a programmable-mem-ory dump, video graphics, data-disk initial-izer, a sample machine-code routine, anda system disk optimizer. Minimal require-

ments are 24 K bytes of programmablememory and one disk drive. The 5-inchfloppy-disk version works on C2-4P andC4 models. The 8-inch version works onC2-8P, C8P, C2-OEM, and C3 models.Superboard, CIP, and C2 versions willalso be available. The program and man-ual are available from Consumer Com-puters, 8907 La Mesa Blvd, La Mesa CA92041, (714) 698-8088. for an intro-ductory price of S69.95.

Circle 470 on inquiry card.

344 January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

apple II plu

With 48Kofmemory!

$1042°°

With thepurchase ofthe APPLE IIselect from the belowSPECIAL PRICING!

&ase2 printer. SS99°°Ois*//"9ton(....SS5"

Diskll 475™

Ser.PrinterCd... 179°°

SupR'Mod 23°°

3way l/OSelect.. 33°°VideolOO 12:.... m°°FimmareCaid. 149™UHFloRCACable.S"

74LS00

74 ISO 2

74LS03

74LS04

74LS08

74LS09

74LS10

74LS20

74LS21

74LS22

74LS26

74LS27

74LS30

74LS32

74LS38

74LS42

74LS48

74LS51

74LS54

74LS74

74LS75

74LSB3

74LSB5

74LS86

74LS90

74LS93

74LS107

74LS112

74LS113

74LS122

74LS123

74LS126

74LS138

74LS151

74LS153

74LS155

74LS158

74LS160

74LS161

74LS162

74LS163

74LS164

74LS165

74LS170

74LS174

74LS175

74LS190

74LS193

74LS195

74LS196

74LS221

74LS240

74LS241

74LS243

74LS244

74LS245

74LS253

74LS257

74LS258

74LS259

74LS279

74LS283

74LS293

74LS298

74LS366

74LS367

74LS368

74LS373

74LS374

ll/oppk II plu/|

With60Kpfmemory!

$1259°°

■ Switch from"APPLESOFT"to"INTEGER BASIC'and back again.

■ With DiscOperatiitg SystemDOS 3.3 run PASCAL program

without need fora PASCAL card.

$759

BASE 2 PRINTER

TO APPLE COMPUTER

INTERFACE BOARD WITH

Global Specialties

Logic Probes

*3749

*2149

*5849

video

_ ma

$12495

appk clodi/cakAdai

9 Second mkwtes,hours,ciayof-weekmonth, date, S year.

• Oi board batteries with one year life.

• Uses MSM5832-crystal controlledCalifornia I'-ompuuT Systems

SlOO MEMORY BOARD

16K

STATICS

RfiM

s249°

ASSEMBLED *""* ,f" wopqs

S TESTED j «S« oPF«rTn*T

California GimputerSyslirmN

J

8750

No "Glitches", Surges Or Interference

Thr MI'D 11 7 i. Ihr low-cal solulitpower distribution problems.

MSM5832

MICROPROCESSORREAL-TIME $7^5CLOCK/CALENDARGENERAL DESCRIPTION

The MSM583? is a monolilriic molal-gaie CMOS mlenraled

nOiJll', [JAY-OF WEF.I

iii.ilor lime base is counteil I O data ot SECONDS .DATE MONTH and YEA

EPROMS

27081^8$ 5.?52716 2KX8 10.952732'4Kx8 3?,,;,?£

SINGLE bVOLT FOR 2716S 2732

TRS80

16K MpmoriflddOn

•4395

KIT CONTAINSDIP SWITCHESAND DETAILEDINSTRUCTIONS

HOEXl POOP

IMPACT cnih

$649

oo

bo/e^ Inc.

Loedax Corp

12" BLACKS, WHITELOW COST VIDEOMONI TOR

APPLE EXPANSION Kir

16K Memory Add-On 5 QQ °° I

^P

TMS2716

E-PROM

REQUIRESTHREE *850POWER SUPPS.

SN7400NSN7402NSN7404NSN7408NSN7410NSN741 2NSN7413NSN7414NSN7416NSN7417NSN7423NSN7425NSN7430NSN7437NSN7438NSN7440NSN7442NSN7443NSN7445NSN7451NSN7454NSN7474NSN7475N

.20 SN7482N.22 SN7492N.22 SN7493N.24 SN7495N.22 SN7496N.28 SN74122N.35 SN74136N.49 SN74141N.29 SN74151N.29 SN74153N.28 SN74154N.25 SN74155N.23 SN74157N.29 SN74160N24 SN74161N22 SN74163N57 SN74164N.78 SN74165N.78 SN74174N.20 SN74175N20 SN74180N.32 SN74181 N.32 3N74393_N_

CONCORD

COfllPUTCR

componenn

1971 SOUTH STATE COLLEGE ANAHEIM, CA. 92806

VIS* MAS1ERCHARCE /71/1\007 nrOI MINIMUM ORDER ilOOO

check ormo (7MJ 937-0637 ado si so forfrt

NO COD W* slock and sello«er 12.000t»pesDlsem. conductors CAL RES ADD ir.

5712

Connecter Layoi.

$145oo %5oo

Description

The RS-232C Compatible Digital Trartafer

Switch is designed lo switch modemsbetween Iron! end processors All 24 pins ofthe connector are switched, with Pin 1 wiredto ground

Tbar

INCORPORATED

FRT.CHARGES

t frt.clig

•"10-49 * 20050-99 400

100-249 700250-499 800500-999 10OO1OO0up inquire

16K ADDON

DADr Dnnnn WITH DOCUMENTATION AND

loAnb dUARD amiuo instruction book

555TIMER27C

SCRs & Triacs

10Amp.400Volts Isolated Tab

IS4I0 topk|°IT4I095*

2114L

1024x4 Suitic RAM

300nsec $3"

200nsec 475

M7

1 LOGIC•f PROBE

KIT

VOLTAGE REGULATOR!

NEGATIVE7905 SV7908 av7915 1SV7918 1BV

POSITIVE/HOb SV/BO*. bV/BOB 8VTBI? tjy

95 <

MCI330AIP

S1.60

MCBSOP

1.15

MC1358P

1.50

LM380N

1.75

NE565/V

1.25

MC1458P

.50

COMPLETE SOBSA BASED

MICROCOMPUTER

AND M/CWOPOOCCSSOfl WAINING UNIT

VW GET:

• Fully assembled and tested 8085A Microcpm *[punftr with IKRAM.IKPftOM.&IKEPPOMProgrammable Ifo. Keyboard unit. CPU card. 1ma Asynchronous serial port. Display andOperating system980B&A Cookbook X2pages lakes vou irom

basic concepts to actual design*DOeoe08SA Software Design-Boo* I mlhdetailed examination ot all 244 mstructrons-336 pages Include sample programs usingall basic instructions and typical assembly

afaT-kf^laiaaMasBBBBBBBBBB

'JreoasA

r COOKBOOK

ajf't

\'?if\

Hf

•fl

l-r'

m

flic

I"

J f

_ Jf-r

Tj ■_

r$295°

Circle 257 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1981 345

HOT WINTER PRICES OIM PERSONALCOMPUTERS AND COMPONENTS.

Look at this!

«• ll0*;„ lit VI

Ohio ScientificSuperboard II

• It's the first complete computersystem on a board.

• Superboard II uses the ultrapowerful 6502 Microprocessor

• 8K Microsoft BASIC-in-ROM

• 4K static RAM on board,expandable to 8K

• Full 53-key keyboard, with upperand lower case. Plus userexpandability.

• Video interface and audiocassette interface.

The Ohio Scientific Superboard II at$299 — in today's economy — hasgot to be the best buy by far. It willentertain you with spectaculargraphics made possible by its ultrahigh resolution graphics and superfast BASIC. It will help you in schoolor industry, as an ultra powerfulscientific calculator. Advancedscientific functions and a built-in"immediate" mode allow you tosolve complex problems withoutprogramming.

The Superboard II can beexpanded economically, for businessuses, or to remotely control yourhome appliances and security. Evencommunicate with other computers.

Read what's been writtenabout Superboard II:

"We heartily recommend Super-board II for the beginner who wantsto get into microcomputers with aminimum cost. A real computerwith full expandability."—POPULAR ELECTRONICS, MARCH 1979

"The Superboard II is an excellentchoice for the personal computerenthusiast on a budget."

—BYTE, MAY 1979

Look at these easy hardware prices:

BIO Board For use with Superboard II and Challenger 1 P.

8K static RAM. Expandable to 24K or 32K system total.

Accepts up to two mini-floppy disk drives. Requires + 5V

@4.5 amps. S 298

Mini-Floppy Disk Drive Includes Ohio Scientific's PICO DOS

software and connector cable. Compatible with 610

expander board. Requires + 12V @1.5 amps and + 5V @

0.7 amps. [Power supply S. cabinet not included.] 299

630 Board Contact us for important details. 229

AC-3P 12" combination black and white TV/video monitor. 159

4KP 4K RAM chip set. 79

PS-005 5V 4.5 amp power supply for Superboard II. 35

PS-003 12V power supply for mini-floppies. 29

CS-600 Metal case for Superboard II, 610 and 630 board

and two power supplies. [While stock lasts.] 49

CS-900B Metal case for single floppy disk drive and power

supply. [While stock lasts.] 49

AC-12P Wireless remote control system. Includes controlconsole, two lamp modules and two appliance modules, foruse with 630 board. 175

AC-17P Home security system. Includes console, fire

detector, window protection devices and door unit for use

with 630 board. 249

C1P Sams C1P Service manual 8

C4P Sams C4P Service manual 16

C3 Sams Challenger III manual 40

Ohio Scientific and independent suppliers offer hundreds of programs for theSuperboard II, in cassette and mini-floppy form.

Freight Policies All orders of $100 or more are

shipped freight prepaid. Orders of less than $100 please add$4.00 to cover shipping costs. Ohio residents add 5.5% Sales Tax.

xsr

hseb*

Hours: Call Monday thru Friday.B:00 AM Co 5:00 PM E.D.T.TOLL FREE: 1-800-321-5805

Guaranteed Shipment

Cleveland Consumer Computers B. Componentsguarantees shipment of computer systemswithin 48 hours upon receipt of your order.Our failure to snip within 48 hoursentitles you to $35 of software, FREE.

TO Order: Or to get our free catalog CALL 1-800-321-5805 TOLL FREE. Charge yourorder to your VISA or MASTER CHARGE account. Ohio residents call: [21B] 464-8047,Or write, including your check or money order, to the address listed below.

CLEVELAND CONSUMERCOMPUTERS & COMPONENTS

P.O. Box 46627Cleveland, Ohio 44146

IBlBHBlBlBlBSBaBaBSBaBlBlBlBiBSBSI

nnrlan Cnnm ■ Cleveland consumer p.o. box 46627

Ul UCl rUI Ilia COMPUTERS & COMPONENTS Cleveland, Ohio 44146

□ Superboard II $299. □ 630 Board $299.

D 610 Board $298. □ AC-3P 1 2" B/W Monitor $1 59.

□ Mini-Floppy Disk Drive $299. □ C1P Sams Manual $8.[Attach separate sheet for other items.]

NAME

ADDRESS:

CITY:PHONE:

STATE:

ZIP:

Payment by: VISA

. MASTER CHARGE

MONEY ORDER

Credit Card Account #

Expires.

. Interbank #[Master Charge]

TOTAL CHARGED OR ENCLOSED $_

. [Ohio Residents add 5.5% Sales Tax)

Orders of less than £100, please add £4.00 to cover shipping costs.

All orders shipped insured UPS unless otherwise requested. FOB Cleveland, Ohio.

346 BYTE January 1981

Circle 89 on inquiry card.

1858 Evergreen Street, Duarte, California 91010

INSERTION/EXTRACTION TOOLS

WW1 WIRE WRAPPING KIT

ORDERING INFORMATION:

• Orders under $25 include $2 handling

• All prepaid orders shipped UPS Ppd.

• Visa, MC & COD's charged shipping.

• All prices good through cover date.

• Most orders shipped same day.

• Byte must be mentioned to get sale price.

Phone 213-357-5005

page

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS II

PRB1 LOGIC PROBE PLS1 LOGIC PULSER

PRB1 LOGIC PROBE $36.95

• Compatible with all logic families

• Visual indication of low, high and bad logic levels

• Pulse stretching to 50 Msec

1 PLS1 LOGIC PULSER

$48.95

Superimposes 20pps pulse train onto circuitNo need to cut circuit traceAutomatic pulse polarity

WK7 INSERTION/EXTRACTION KIT $29.95

• MOS safe

• Includes EX1 & EX2 Extraction tools

• MOS 1416, MOS 2428, MOS 40 Extraction tools

• MDD1 1 channel dispenser $ 21.85

• MDD5 5 channel dispenser 83.43

• MDD10 10 channel dispenser 160.45

• Dispenses 8-42 pin IC's

• Compatible with all IC carrying tubes

• Use with WK7 for MOS-safe IC insertion

WW1 WIRE WRAPPING KIT

• BW2630 Power wrapping tool $19.85

• BT30 #30 Bit 3.95

• BC1 Batteries and charger 14.95

• KIT#3 Precut wire kit 32.95

• 10 ea. 14 pin, 16 pin gold wrap sockets 11.00

• EZO7302 4.25" x 8.5" Glass epoxy board 3.95

• 14 ID, 16ID20ICwrapindentifiers 3.96

TOTAL $90.01SALE PRICE $69.95

Write or call for 1980 catalog

• IC Sockets

• Vector Board & Pins

• Bishop Drafting Aids

• OK Tools

• RN IDC Crimp Connectors

Circle 267 on inquiry card.

TOLL FREE ORDERING NUMBER 1-(800)-423-7144

Circle 268 on inquiry card.

BUILD YOUR OWN LOW COSTMICRO-COMPUTER

POWER SUPPLIES

FOR S-100 BUS, FLOPPY DISCS, ETC.

*jr»

m

%ajty

POWER TRANSFORMERS (with mounting brackets)

ITEMNO.

USED INKIT NO.

PRI. WINDINGTAPS

SECONDARY WINDING OUTPUTS2x8 Vac 2x14 Vac 2x24 Vac

SIZEW x D

x H

UNITPRICE

T1T2T3T4

OV, 110V, 120 V0V, 110V, 120V0V, 110V, 120V0V, 110V, 120V

2x7.5A

2X12.5A

2x9A

2x4A

2x2.5A2x3.5A2x2.5A(28V, CT)

@3A

3%"x35/8"x3'/8"3%"x4%"x31/8"3%"x4%"x31/8"3%"x35/8"x3y8"

21.9527.9529.9522.95

2x2.5A48V, CT,

POWER SUPPLY KITS (open frame with base plate, 3 hrs. assy, time)

ITEM USED FOR @+8 Vdc @-8Vdc @ + 16Vdc @-l6Vdc @+28 Vdc SIZEWxDxH UNIT PRICE

KIT 1 15 CARDS SOURCE 15A

KIT 2 SYSTEM SOURCE 25A

KIT 3 DISC SYSTEM 15A

1A

2.5A3A2A

2.5A3A2A

4A

12"x5"x4'/8"12"x5"x4%"14" x 6" x 47/a"

51.9558.9566.95

EACH KIT INCLUDES: TRANSFORMER, CAPACITORS, RESIS., BRIDGE RECTIFIERS, FUSE & HOLDER, TERMINAL BLOCK, BASEPLATE, MOUNTING PARTS AND INSTRUCTIONS.

DISC DRIVE POWER SUPPLY "R3" assy. & tested, open frame, size: 9-(w) x ey4"(D) x 4%"(H) 66.95

SPECS: +5V @ 5A REGUL, OVP, - 5V @ 1A REG., +24V @ 5A REG., SHORTS PROTECT.OPTIONS: 1. REPLACE +24V BY +12V

IDEAL FOR 2 SHUGART 801/851 OR SIEMANS FDD 1-00-8/200-8 DISK DRIVES & ROCKWELL AIM-65.

2. ADD ± 12V @ 1A, $10.00 MORE.

SHIPPING FOR EACH TRANSFORMER: $4.75. FOR EACH POWER SUPPLY: $5.00 IN CALIF $7.00 IN OTHER STATES. CALIF. RESIDENTS ADD 6% SALES TAX. OEM WELCOME.

MAILING ADDRESS:P.O. BOX 4296TORRANCE, CA 90510

SUNNY INTERNATIONAL

(TRANSFORMERS MANUFACTURER)(213) 328-2425 MON-SAT 9-6

SHIPPING ADDRESS:22129V2 S. VERMONT AVETORRANCE, CA 90502

Add-On

Disk Drive

Subsystems

FOr Apple, TRS-80, S-100Based Computers

Expansion and enhanced capabilities are key words in achieving full utilization of your computer system. Our complete line of L0B0 diskdrive subsystems are the ideal, cost-effective way to provide the expansion capabilities you need to meet your system growth requirements.All of our subsystems are complete, thoroughly-tested, 100% burned-in, and feature a 1 year 100% parts/labor warranty.

APPLE

3101 Minifloppy, 31011 Minifloppy w/interlace card

8101 CA One SA800 in cabinet w/power, DDC* Controller, cable and manual8202CA Two SA800 in cabinet w/power, DDC* Controller, cable and manual5101 CA One SA850 in cabinet w/power, DDC* Controller, cable and manual5202CA Two SA850 in cabinet w/power, DDC" Controller, cable and manual"Double Density Controller

S-100 BASEDCOMPUTERS

MODEL NO DESCRIPTION

4101C SA400 in cabinet w/power

8212C Two SAB01 in cabinet w/power

5212C Two SA851 in cabinet w/power

GENERAL

MODEL NO DESCRIPTION

8212 Two SA801 in cabinet

8212C Two SA801 in cabinet w/power

5212 Two SA851 in cabinet

5212C Two SA851 in cabinet w/power

TRS80

MODEL NO. DESCRIPTION

4101C SA400 in cabinet w/power

8101C II One SA800 in cabinet w/power lor Mod.

8202C II Two SA800 in cabinet w/power (or Mod.

C802 Cable for Mod. II

C805 Cable for TRS80 Minifloppy

MODEL NO

DESCRIPTION

C808

Cable for TRS80 Eight inch Floppy

LX80

Double-density expansion interface

RS232

Dual Serial Port Option

16K

16K Byte RAM for LX80 (32KB max.)

VTOS

4.0 Disk Operating System

INVENTORY CO.,

P.O. Box 185, Santa Yhez,Ca., 93460(805) 688-8781

348 BYTE January 19B1

Circle 269 on inquiry card.

Immediate response to your orders (verbal or written).

Call toll-free-. J(800) 421-0347

apple II &II plus

16K-Call32K-Call48K-Calltoll free

apple III ■;is here ■

Call today and be the ^|first to have the mostpowerful professionalcomputer in its class!

AATARI 400

Personal computer. Come with computerconsole, basic language cartridge, powersupply, TV modulator, books, and manuals.Only $498.

%//»»

00»

^commodore

Call for latest price on:

CBM Modem(300 Band)CBM VoiceSynthesizer

CBM 8000

iness computerCBM 2001

usiness computerCBM 2001PET

CBM 2022PrinterCBM 2023PrinterCBM2040Dual DriveFloppy DiskCBM 8050Dual DriveFloppy Disk

cromemco system three

Cromemco

A professional microcomputer withtremendous expandable memory.Call Now

Also Z-2H Hard Disk and Z2 Com-puter System. We carry all acces-sories, hardware and software.

monitors

9" Black and white. Only $185.Also available in Sanyo

12" Black and white.15" Black and white.

Everything that 400 has plus BasicLanguage Cartridge. 16K memory (ex-pandable to 48K). Only $798.

^y Bonus 8K Memory Module good till<& 12/31/80.

Atari Program Recorder. Only $68.95

Atari Expansion Memory. 8K $89.95 16K $159.

apple IIinventory control system

The first truly professional systemthat can tackle up to 8,100 items,transaction register/audit trail, in-ventory status report, re-orderreport, keeps track of purchaseorders automatically, will handlemultiple departments or divisions,fast data retrieval. Minimum hard-ware requirements: Apple II Pluswith 48K, one disk drive and 80column printer. Available also forthe new DOS 3.3.

dysan diskettes

8" (Box of 10)

374 0/1 sgl side/sgl density$4.50 ea.

3740/1D sgl side/dbl den$6.95 ea.

5" (Box of 5)

104/1 soft sector,

107/1 10 sectors,

105/1 16 sectors $4.50 ea.

Micromodem 100 CallMicromodem II Only $329.

CALL US TOLL FREEFOR NEW CATALOGOF ACCESSORIES &SOFTWARE 800-421-0347

'TRS-80 is a trademark of the Tandy Corporation

Prices subiect to change without noticePlease allow 2 weeks lot cashierschecks and 4 weeks for personalto clear Add 2% for shipping andhandling Cai residents please add6% sales tax Sorry no CODU.S. and international dealerInquiries invited.Copynqnt J98C MICRO Business Wo'ld

TRS-80

All TRS-80 Compatible Hardwareand Software. Call us and tell us whatyou need!

print wheels and thimbles

Huge selection for Qume, Diablo,NEC. Plastic or metal.Call 1-800-421-0347.

apple cards

Hi-Speed Serial Interface Call

Communications Interface Call

Parallel Printer Interface Call

Centronics Printer Interface Call

Hobby/Prototype Call

Integer Basic Firmware Call

Applesoft Firmware Call

printers

NECSpinwriter

Letter quality high speed printer, bi-directional, high resolution plot-ting, graphics.

RO with Tractor Feed $2865.KSR with Tractor Feed $2995.

Paper Tiger (1P440) $949.With GraphicsAnadexDP9500 11449.DP8000 $849.Epson MX 80 $645.

DATA SYSTEMS

Smart Video Terminal

$795

FREE CATALOG Circle 270 on inquiry card

Get our free computer hardware, soft-ware, supply and accessory catalog. Wecarry most everything for Apple. TRS 80.Vector. Atari.Commodore.Cromemco andmuch more.

16K RAM

Set of 8 S39.95

In California Call (213) 371-1660

MICRO

BUSINESS WORLD

15818 Hawthorne Blvd.,Lawndale, CA 90260

Circle 271 on Inquiry card.

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS

32K RAM BOARD A&T.

450 NSEC $579.95, 200 NSEC $629.95

16K RAM A&T.

450 NSEC $255.95, 200 NSEC $285.95

64K DYNAMIC A&T.

200 NSEC ...$579.95

Z80 PROCESSOR A&T $259.00

DISC CONTROLLER $339.95

APPLE IEEE INSTRUMENTATION INTERFACEKIT 7490. Kit $275.00

ARITHMETIC PROCESSOR FOR APPLE 7811A.Kit $325.95

APPLE ASYNCHRONOUS SERIAL INTERFACE7710A. Kit $89.95

APPLE SYNCHRONOUS SERIAL INTERFACE

7712A. Kit $89.95

ALL OTHER CCS PRODUCTS AVAILABLE

==iT7

PB-1 2708 & 2716 Programming Board with pro-visions for 4K or 8K EPROM. No external suppliesrequired. Textool sockets. Kit $143.00

CB-1A 8080 Processor Board. 2K of PROM 256BYTE RAM power on/rest Vector Jump Parallelport with status. Kit ....$146.00 PCBD $31.95

VB-3 80x24 VIDEO BOARD. Graphics included.4MHZ $379.95

IO-4 Two serial I/O ports with full handshaking20/60 ma current loop: Two parallel I/O ports.Kit $168.00 PCBD $31.95

VB-IC 64 x 16 video board, upper lower case Greekcomposite and parallel video with software, S-100.Kit $143.00

CB-2 Z80 CPU BOARD. Kit $199.95

AIO APPLE SERIAL/PARALLEL $144.95

ALL OTHER SSM PRODUCTS AVAILABLE

W777C

inc. WAMECO INC.

MEM-3 32K STATIC RAM 2114 24 bit

addressing $32.95

FDC-1 FLOPPY CONTROLLER BOARD will driveshugart, pertek, remic 5" & 8" drives up to 8 drives,on board PROM with power boot up, will operate

with CPM™ (not included). PCBD $43.95

FPB-1 Front Panel. IMSAI size, hex displays. Byte,or instruction single step. PCBD $48.50

QM-12 MOTHER BOARD, 13 slot, terminated, S-100

board only $39.95

CPU-1 8080A Processor board S-100 with 8 level

vector interrupt. PCBD $28.95

RTC-1 Realtime clock board. Two independent in-terrupts. Software programmable. PCBD $25.95

EPM-2 2708/2716 16K/32K EPROM CARD.

PCBD $28.95

QM-9 MOTHER BOARD. Short Version of QM-12.

9 Slots. PCBD $33.95

MEM-2 16Kx8 Fully Buffered 2114 Board.

PCBD $28.95

PTB-1 POWER SUPPLY AND TERMINATOR BOARD.

PCBD $28.95

IOB-1 SERIAL AND PARALLEL INTERFACE.2 parallel, one serial and cassette.

PCBD $28.95

2708 $7.50 2114L 450 NSEC $4.99

2716 $25.95 2114L 200 NSEC $5.99

m

(415) 726-7593P.O. Box 955 • El Granada, CA 94018

Please send for IC, Xistor and Computer parts list

JAN. SPECIAL SALEON PREPAID ORDERS

(Charge cards not included on this offer)

WAMECO PCBD SALE.

MEM-2 EPM-2 $25.95

IOB-1, CPU-1 $24.95

PTB-1, RTC-1 $22.95

QMB-12 $32.95 QMB-9 $29.95

MIKOS PARTS ASSORTMENTWITH WAMECO AND CYBERCOM PCBDSMEM-2 with MIKOS =7 16K ram

with L2114 450 NSEC $229.95

MEM-2 with MIKOS "13 16K ram

with L2114 200 NSEC $249.95

CPU-1 with MIKOS =2 8080A CPU $99.95

QM-12 with MIKOS r4 13 slot mother

board $110.95

RTC-1 with MIKOS "5 real time clock $65.95

EMP-1 with MIKOS #10 4K 1702 less

EPROMS $ 49.95

EPM-2 with MIKOS "11 16-32K EPROMS

less EPROMS $65.95

QM-9 with MIKOS *12 9 slot mother

board $99.95

FPB-1 with MIKOS *14 all parts

for front panel $144.95

MIKOS PARTS ASSORTMENTS ARE ALL FACTORY MARKEDPARTS. KITS INCLUDE ALL PARTS LISTED AS REQUIREDFOR THE COMPLETE KIT LESS PARTS LISTED, ALL SOCK-ETS INCLUDED.

LARGE SELECTION OF LS TTL AVAILABLE

PURCHASE S50.00 WORTH OF LS TTL AND GET10%CREDITTOWARD ADDITIONAL PURCHASES.PREPAID ORDERS ONLY.

VISA or MASTERCHARGE. Send account number, interbank num-ber, expiration date and sign your order. Approx. postage willbe added. Check or money order will be sent post paid in U.S.If you are not a regular customer, please use charge, cashier'scheck or postal money order. Otherwise tliere will be a two-week delay lor checks to clear. Calif, residents add 6% tax.Money back 30-day guarantee. We cannot accept returned IC'sthat have been soldered to. Prices subject to change withoutnotice. $10 minimum order. $1.50 service charge on ordersless than $10.00.

Oscilloscopes

A

2 YEAR WARRANTY

Probes included on all scopes

*a

20 MHz, TRIGGERED

■ Single trace, automatic trigger forhighly stable, bright display.

■ 17.5nSec rise time. ■ tOmV/cm to20V/cm Vertical Sensitivity; 11 steps.

20 MHz, DUAL TRACE

■ Add, subtract modes on CH-1 & CH-2facilitate easy checkout for simultaneouspulses, signal levels, distortion & noisecancelling.

30 MHz, VARIABLE DELAYEDSWEEP, DUAL TRACE

■ Built in variable delay circuitry —VSec to 5 Sec. ■ 5mV/Div. VerticalSensitivity.

35 MHz,

FIXED DELAY, DUAL TRACE

■ Dual trace, 35 MHz bandwidth.

■ 5mV/cm Vertical Sensitivity." 10.0 ns

COLOR BAR GENERATORS, BRIDGES, TESTERS,

NTSC Color Bar PatternGenerator

Model rHBSaafin

LCG-396

• NT5C color oars

• Provides Igll-tielrJ Or IQW insertion DluS on-oll cor

• Ools and single crossbars lor convergence raslerolher alignment requirements

• 7511 VidecH 1 Vollli.orJianORFouloullorTVanb

Completely Portable, BatteryOperated TV Color Analyzer

ModeLCG-397

Transistorized LCR Bridge

FM Multiplex StereoGenerator^

&

Order with Confidence and get the Fordham Advantage!

ourprices TOLL FREE

(800)645-9518

, » / in N.Y. State call (516) 752-0050

855 Conklin St. Farmingdale, N.Y. 11735

■ Master Charge

■ BankAmericard

■ VISA ■ COD

■ Money Order

■ Checki COD's extra

£

350 BYTE January 1981

Circle 272 on inquiry card.

AD & D-A CONVERTER

Z80 MICROCOMPUTER

6522 APPLE II INTERFACE

JBE A-D & D-A Converter can be usedwith any system having parallel ports

• Interfaces with JBE Parallel I/O Card

• D-A conversion time — 5jjs • A-Dconversion time — 20 fxs • Uses JBE5V power supply • Parallel inputs &outputs include 8 data bits, strobelines & latches • Analog inputs & out-puts are medium impedance 0 to 5 voltrange.

79-287

Bare Board $29.95

ASSM. $79.95Kit $59.95

6502 MICROCOMPUTER

This control computer has: • 1024bytes RAM (two 2114s) • 2048 bytesEPROM (2716) • Uses one 6522 VIA(comp. doc. incl.) • Interfaces with JBESolid State Switches & A-D & D-A Con-verter • Uses JBE 5V power supply• 2716 EPROM available separately(2716 can be programmed with anApple II & JBE EPROM Programmer &Parallel Interface) • 50 pin connectorincluded in kit & assm.

80-153

Bare Board $24.95

ASSM. $110.95Kit$ 89.95

SOLID STATE SWITCH

Your computer can control power toyour printer, lights, stereo & any120VAC appliances up to 720 watts (6amps at 120VAC). Input 3 to 15VDC• 2-14MA TTL compatible • Isolation— 1500V • Non zero crossing • Comesin 1 or 4 channel version • Includesdoc. for interfacing with Dimmer Con-trol.

79-282-1 ASSM. $13.95

Bare Board $6.95 Kit $10.95

79-282-4 ASSM. $49.95

Bare Board $24.95 Kit $39.95

APPLE II DISPLAY BOARD

■ s s

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JBE is announcing a single boarddedicated computer designed for con-trol functions. It features: • A Z80Microprocessor software compatiblewith the Z80, 8080 & 8085Microprocessors • Uses a Z80 PIO chipfor I/O which has 2 independent 8 bitbidirectional peripheral interface portswith handshake & data transfer control• Uses one 2716 EPROM (2K)& two 2114RAM memories (1K) • Single 5V powersupply at 300MA req. • Clock frequencyis 2MHz, RC controlled • Board comeswith complete doc. • 50 pin connector isincluded • 2716 EPROM availableseparately.

80-280 ASSM. $129.95

Bare Board $29.95 Kit $119.95

DIMMER CONTROL

JBE Dimmer Control features: • 4channels • 256 brightness levels • On-board power supply • Four 8 bitparallel input ports • Interfaces withJBE Solid State Switch & Apple IIParallel Interface.

80-146

Bare Board $25.95

ASSM. $89.95Kit $79.95

POWER SUPPLIES

• Use wall transformers for safety

• Protected against short circuit andthermal breakdown.

5 VOLT POWER SUPPLYRated at 5V 500MA • Operates JBE A-D& D-A Converter, Z80 & 6502 Microcom-puters, 8085 & 8088 Microcomputers.80-160 ASSM. $20.95

Bare Board $8.95 Kit $16.95

± 12 VOLT POWER SUPPLYRated at ± 12V 120MA • Can be used asa single 24V power supply • Ideallysuited to OP-AMP experiments.80-161 ASSM. $22.95

Bare Board $8.95 Kit $18.95

80-144

Bare Board $25.95

ASSM. $49.95Kit $42.95

• Has run-stop, singlestep switch • Has 16address LEDs, 8 dataLEDs & 1 RDY LED

• All lines are buf-fered.

ICS

65026522Z80

Z80PIO2716 5V

$9.95$9.95$9.95$9.95$19.95

• Interfaces printers, synthesizers,keyboards, JBE A-D & D-A Converter &Solid State Switches • Has handshak-ing logic, two 6522 VIAs & a 74LS74 fortiming. Inputs & outputs are TTL com-patible.

79-295 ASSM. $69.95

Bare Board $22.95 Kit $59.95

2716 EPROM PROGRAMMER

dD

JBE 2716 EPROM Pro-grammer was designed.to program 5V 2716EPROMS • It can alsoread 2716s. It interfacesto the Apple II usingJBE Parallel I/O Card &four ribbon cable con-nectors • An LED indicates whenpower is being applied to the EPROM• A textool zero insertion force socketis used for the EPROM • Comes withcomplete doc. for writing and readingin the Apple II or Apple II + • Cablesavailable separately.

«0"iil II

flWl

•An

80-244

Bare Board $24.95

ASSM. $49.95Kit $39.95

BARE BOARDS

APPLE II EXTENDER BOARD

SVi" x 2V2". Price includes 50 pin

Apple Connector.

80-143 $12.95

8085 3 CHIP SYSTEM

State-of-the-art system using an 8085,8156 & either an 8355 or 8755

• Instruction set 100% upward com-patible with 8080A.

Bare Board $24.95

8088 5 CHIP SYSTEM

An 8086 family microcomputer systemusing an 8088 CPU, 8284, 8155, 8755A& an 8185.Bare Board $29.95

CRT CONTROLLER

This intelligent CRT Controller isbased on an 8085A Microprocessor &an 8275 Integrated CRT Controller. Itfeatures: • 25 lines, 80 characters/line

• 5x7 dot matrix • Upper case only

• Two 2716s • Serial Interface RS232& TTL • Baud rates of 110, 150, 300,600, 1200, 2400, 4800 & 9600

• Keyboard scanning system • Req's.unencoded keyboard • Uses +5V &±12V power supplies.

Bare Board $39.95

50 pin connectorSTD. Dip Jumpers16 Pin, 2 ft.

$5.95

$4.25

John Bell Eivgiiveeriivg

ALL PRODUCTS AREA VAILABLE FROM JOHN BELL ENGINEERING • P.O. BOX 338DEPT. 4 • REDWOOD CITY, CA • ADD 6% SALES TAX IN CALIFORNIA • ADD 5% SHIPPING & HANDLING

(415)367-1137

BYTE January 1981 351

Circle 274 on inquiry card.

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S o i£ . in in

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Yes! We supply IMSAJ products...

NOTE: "Original" IMSAI parts were purchased at the closing business sale of IMSAI Manufacturing Corp.WW Components also distributes S-100 buss IMSAI compatible parts and boards. As supplies of "original"parts are exhausted, WW reserves the right to supply equivalent compatible parts not made by IMSAI. Allitems listed as "Assembled & Tested" have been assembled by WW Components and carry a 1 year warranty.

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1-8080 S-100ENCLOSURESheet Metal Kit

MPU-B SBC8085 CPU

PS-28DPower SupplyParts Kit:

1-8015 CompleteSystem w/MPU-B

CP/M®2.2for IMSAI

THE ORIGINAL IMSAI: Mainframe with blue cover, cardguides and hardwarespaced for PS-28D Power Supply, up to 22 slot motherboard.

Kit of all metal parts and hardware w/docs $95.00

Thinker Toys WunderBuss20 for above w/o conn. $79.00

Complete 8085 based CPU including: serial RS-232 port, parallel I/O port3 MHz operation, 256 bytes memory, ROM monitor, 3 timers, and more.

Assembled & Tested $250.00

Mounts in the I-8080 enclosure, supplies +8V @ 28A, +/- 16V @ 3A, kit includesboard, transformer, documentation, and all components.

KIT $95.50The complete 8085 system, includes MPU-B, RAM III, 10 slot terminated mother-board, PS-28D, and jump start front panel. A complete 64K system!

Assembled & Tested $1250.00

NOW AVAILABLE - CP/M forthe IMSAI floppy disk system. Version 2.2 isavailable for the DI0-C 8" controller. Others on request. Docs. incl.

8" Diskette & Manuals $175.00

Ask about documentation, repair service, firmware and software for your system.

TERMS: (1) PREPAID Send check or M.O. for merchandise amount only - we pay the shipping.(2) UPS COD or bankcard orders by phone or mail - shipping charges added.California Residents add 6.5% Sales Tax.

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WAMECO

THE COMPLETE PC BOARD HOUSEEVERYTHING FOR THE S-100 BUSS

MEM-3, 32K STATIC RAM BOARD

•X-32K of 2114's

#■ Full 24 line address decoding.(Or bank select like the MEM-2)

•fc Expandable in 1K increments.(Board disabled for unloaded RAM)

* Bi-directional capability on data lines.(Board may be used as upper or lower 8 bitson a 16 bit bi-directional buss.)

•X-Addressable in 8K boundary within the 64Kboundary selected.

« Kits less RAM $112.95.

With 2114L-4 $475.95.

With 2114L-2 $549.95.

Bare board $ 35.95.

Available mid January.

FUTURE PRODUCTS: 80 CHARACTER VIDEO BOARD.Z-80 CPU BOARD WITH ROM, 8 PARALLEL PORT I/O BOARD.

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED, UNIVERSITY DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE

AT YOUR LOCAL DEALER

MOST PRODUCTS FOR IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT. NO 4-8 WEEK DELAYS REQUIRED FOR OTHERS.

W777C

tnc.

WAMECO, INC., P. O. BOX 877

352 BYTE January 1981

455 PLAZA ALHAMBRA • EL GRANADA, CA 94018

(415) 726-6378

Circle 275 on inquiry card.

HT m TRS-SO's

/WJM*JITH1>1>*-Ta IflH

... ' ^—^ r mm *MK ,\ m

Model I —'

from

Pan AmericanElectronics, Inc.

a Radio /hack

AUTHORIZED SALES CENTER

We Have

DISCOUNTS

FREE SHIPPING

and a

TOLL FREE ORDER

800/531-7466

Texas and Principle Number 512/581-2765Telex Number 767339Department B1117 ConwayMission, Texas 78572

NUMBER

MoitaiCcHil

Model II

Model III

J)^ Color Computer

Circle 276 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1981 353

1

MICRO CompEquIP discounts & dealer overstocks

Sell For

List Price

Micromation Dual Memorex 8" disk drive

1467,00

1990.00

Southwest Technical (SWTPC)

A.I Cybernetics Speechboard

260.00

380.00

Micromahon Dual Density disk controller Card

310.00

500.00

MF-68 Dual 5" Floppy 796.00

995.00

Anadex 40 Column Printer

641.00

855.00

MS Corp. Apple PH-40 Inlerlace

87.00

87.00

AC-30 Cassette Kit 63.00

79.50

Base 2 8K Memory Board Assembled

211.00

282.00

National Multiplex Digital Cassette Recorder

150.00

200.00

Slide Controls 29.00

35.95

Craig M-100 Translaler

122.00

199.95

Novation 1200 Baud Modem (4202T)

274.00

375.00

Joystick Kit 30.00

39.95

Dajen Casselte Interlace

121.00

165.00

Oliver Audio Paper Tape Reader

81.00

95.00

PR-40 Printer Assembled 187.00

250.00

Dajen Cassette Interlace

88.00

120.00

Pickels & Troul TV Mod Kit lor Hilachi

15.00

20.00

Power Supply For CT-6 12.00

15.50

Dynabyte 16K Dynamic Ram

229.00

485.00

Polymorphic Systems

8K Ram 200.00

250.00

Dynabyle Naked Terminal

245.00

350.00

8K Assembled

289.00

385.00

2K Ram Expansion 28.00

35.00

RCA Studio II Video Game W/cartndges

110.00

110.00

Pan Mod. Kit

26.00

35.00

8K Ram Kil 187.00

250.00

Digital Systems Disk Control Card

399.00

600.00

8K Memory Board

225.00

300.00

6800/2 Assembled 341.00

455.00

Digital Systems Dual 8" Single Density

2293.00

2732.00

Poly KBD

169.00

225.00

6800/2 System 351.00

439.00

Dulronics Poly 2-80 Upgrade Kit

123.00

169.95

8813

2880.00

3250.00

Graphics Terminal 79.00

98.50

Dutronics Imsai Z-80 Upgrade Kit

116.00

159.95

System 0

378.00

525.00

Technical Design Labs (TDL-Xitan)

Eclectic Corp. Superchip ior Apple II

75.00

95.00

88-System 2

529.00

735.00

I/O board - SMB-I1 257.00

395.00

Fidelity Electronics Ltd.

System 12 Kit

846.00

1128.00

32L Series K Memory Board 559.00

799.00

Level 1 Chess Challenger

120.00

75.00

System 6

1134.00

1575.00

Fortran IV Ser.37 279.00

349.00

Level 3 Chess Challenger

170.00

175.00

Video Card

210.00

280.00

Fortran IV Ser.41 279 00

349.00

Level 4 Checker Challenger

100.00

115.00

Processor Tech

Xitan Alpha 1.5 823.00

1138.00

Level 2 Checker Challenger

40.00

40.00

Cuts BD Assembled

139.00

199.00

Xitan Alpha 1 576 00

769.00

George Risk Inc. Pel Keyboard

176.00

250.00

Cuts BD Kit

77.00

110.00

Xitan Alpha 3 854.00

1181 00

Heuristics Speechlab S-100 Assembled

194.00

299.00

Parasol

100.00

100.00

Xitan Alpha 1.5 571.00

868.00

Heuristics Speechlab S-100 Kit

162.00

224.95

8K Dynamic Ram

175.00

250.00

Video Board 277.00

369.00

Imsai CPU Board

125.00

175.00

16K Dynamic Ram

300.00

429.00

Tarbell Electronics

Imsai 2-SIO

316.00

395.00

64K Dynamic Ram

878.00

1350.00

Cassette Interlace Kit 90.00

120.00

Icom Micro Peripherals 5" Disk Drive

821.00

1095.00

Extended Basic Cassette

21.00

45.00

Spooler Software 8" diskette 35.00

50.00

Intertec Data Intertube Terminal

654.00

874.00

SOL 20 W/O Memory

1270.00

1895.00

Technico

Kent Moore 8K RAM 450NS

148.00

197.50

System 11 Kit

1262.00

1905.00

Super Starter Assembled 293.00

300.00

Kent Moore Alpha Display Module

80.25

107.00

Panasonic Monitor

143.00

210.00

Super Starter Kit 199.00

299.00

Mountain Hardware

Radio Shack TRS-80 Disk Drive

399.00

499.00

Trace Elec. 32K RAM Board Assem 599.00

999.00

AC Control AppleAC RemoteS-100 AC Control KitAC Remote Kit

132.0095.00

104.0067.00

189.00149.00149.0099.00

TRS-80 16K ComputerTRS-80 Expansion Interlace

SD Sales 32K Dynamic Ram Board Ki!

Solid State Music 16K Static Ram Board Assem

479.00239.00332.00330.00

599.00299.00475.00579.00

ALL ITEMS SOLD AS IS

AC Control- Apple Kit

104.00

145.00

Solid Stale Music 16K Static Ram Board Kit

300.00

325.00

SHIPPED UPS OR US MAILNO RETURNS / NO REPAIRS

PHONE ORDERS:

Micro CompEquip

PO BOX 195CROWNSVILLE, MD 21032

VISA / MC / NAC

(301) 261-1859

CHECKS ACCEPTED

Dual Trace Oscilloscope

HITACHI 30 MHz

• TV sync-sepnrater circuit

• High-sensitivity 1 mV/dlv(5MHz)

• Sweep-time magnifier(10 times)

• Z-axis input (Intensitymodulation)

• Signal delay line

• X-Y operation

• Trace Rotation

$945.00

More sensitive to your input

SD SYSTEMS

Z-80

STARTERSYSTEM

The Z80 Starter Kit by SD Systemsuses the powerful Z80 microproces-sor as the heart of the complete micro-computer on a single board. Learn astep-by-step introduction to micro-computers with a keyboard and display, audio cassette inter-face, PROM programmer, wire-wrap expansion area, 4-channel Counter Timer and on Board RAM and PROM.Complete Opposition and Instruction Manual included. ZBUGMonitor in ROM.

27004 kit $340 38007 assem/T. . $450

SINGLE

SBC-100 BOARDCOMPUTER KIT

27003 kit $295

VERSAFLOPPY I

FLEXIBLE DISK

DRIVE Controller

27002 assem/T .38005 assem/T.

.$250.$335

BOARD

PROM 100 KITPROM Programmer

27014 kit $200

VDB-8024

VIDEO

DISPLAY BOARD

3801 3 assem/T . . . $470

8080A

MICRO-PROCESSOR

$C95

2114L

(450 nS)

4116 $399

(200 nS)

CRTCONTROLLER

5037P $3500

25 UP $25.00 100 up $1900

Low Cost EPROM Erasing Lamps

• SIMPLE TO USE

• SAFETY INTERLOCK

• ERASES i CHIPS IN LESSTHAN 20 MINUTES

%*

• HIGH INTENSITY BW LAMP

• TUBE RATED AT 50D0 HOURS

• ERASES 8 CHIPS IN LESSTHAN Id MINUTES

UVS-1E

S85 GO UVS-S4T

S155D

^1

• UNMATCHED INTENSITY AT254 nm

• TUBE RATED IN EXCESS OF10,000 HOURS

• ERASES IB CHIPS IN LESSTHAN 7 MINUTES

S-52T

S3550

O PLESSEY

33 160

IMINIBOX\*-'~C±^^ SAMPLERS26.00

SD SystemsEXPANDO RAM

iSta*r —~ ■~;l

27001 kit $220

38001 assem/T . . . $480

Add-On RAM Kit

27010 (16K,8dovices) $165

AP PRODUCTS

923101 . . S 79.96

923102 124.95

923103 ,124.95

[i <'H' i

32K

DPI 000-2

295

SORCERER COMPUTER

- 32K RAM4 Cfl.rulaii -I D*lm*d Cl>«

SYM-1

$239.00

KTM-2 CRT/TV Kybd Term S349

2708

EPROM $990

2716

EPROM $i 199

(5 Volt) X L

POWER SUPPLY

5 Volt 3 AmpAPS 5-3

S42.50$40.65$38.85

* 16% *

DISCOUNTCOUPON

Bring this <"OI*l*OX into one of our stores or

mailtoourMail Order address shown below andreceive a l«% DISCO INT

on purchases from this Ad of $1 00.00 or more.

Offer i: \ PI iti;s on .laiiiiarv it KImiI

NAME

ADDRESS

CITY STATE

ZIP PHONE NO

Coupons accepted only wilh full name and address filled in.

A

heck or Money Order lo: P.O. Boi Z20BV. CuIvk Ciiy CA 90230

ma residents add 6% sales tax Minimum Order. S1O00

Add S2.00 to cover postage and handling. Master Charrju and Visa welcomed.

Please include you' charge c;ird number.

Interbank number and expiration date. PHONE ORDERS: (213) 641-4064

TUCSON

(602)081.2348

PORTLAND

SANTA ANA

ATLANTA

1*041 26171O0

CULVER CITY

I?I3) 3B035HS

354 BYTE January 1981

Circle 278 on inquiry card.

There's two things youcan't afford to waste.

These days, everyone is more conscious of the need to conserve time and money. That'swhy mail order shopping just naturally makes good sense.

At Hobbyworld Electronics, the number one name in mail order electronics, we're proudto offer the widest selection of computer systems, software, and electronic components.Fast service, fair prices, and our exclusive 120 day warranty are your assurance ofsatisfaction every time you order.

So give us a call, or write for your FREE Hobbyworld catalogue TODAY, because yourtime and money are too important to waste.

^HOBBYWORLD®

^ELECTRONICS, INC.

Notice Our Difference

19511 Business Center DriveNorthridge, California 91324

In United States: (800) 423-5387

In California: (800) 382-3651 and

Local/Outside U.S.A. (213) 886-9200

Circle 279 on inquiry card.

FREE Hobbyworld Catalogue

Name.

Address.City

State.

Zip

Dept. Bl

.J

BYTE January 1981 355

Circle 280 on inquiry card.

BECKIAIM I

ALL PRIME QUALITY - NEW PARTS ONLY

SATISFACTION GUARANTEED.

EDGE CARD CONNECTORS:

GOLD PLATED:

Abbreviations: S/E Solder Eye

. S/T Sold Tail:

W/W Wire Wrap.

PART « DESCRIPTION. Row Sp.

1 9pc.

10 24pci

. 25pci. Up.

.150" CONTACT CENTER CONNECTORS.

D' TVPE SUBMINIATURE CONNECTORS.

BRAND:

TEXAS INST.

PART # DESCRIPTION.

Row Sp.

1 9pc.

10<24pcl. 25pci. Up.

4070

501100 ImieilCrom. .250

♦3.95ee.

•3.55ns.

♦3.1500.

15105

6112 SIE PETINSC

.140

♦ 1.90

♦ 1.65 »1.45

QUANTITY

4090

501100 Imiai WW .250

4.30ee.

3.B5ee

3.45ea.

15110

6112 S/T PETINSC

.140

1.85

1.65 1.50

PARI NUMBtH UtSUHIHIUN. 1-9pci. 10Z4pcI.

2599pci.

BRAND:

SULLINS: U.L Rig.

15137

6112 SIT PETINSC

.200

1.80

1.54 1.45

OE

9P Mele ♦1.60ea. ♦1.40aa.

♦1.30ee.

129865

501100 Solder Eya .140

O.BOea.

6.1 Oea

5.45ea.

15175

01 SIE Sgla Row

1.70

1.50 1.30

DE

OS Femolo 2.25ea. 2.00ee.

1.90oo.

12987D

501100 SIT Imiai .250

4.50m.

4.10ea

3.70

15270

10120 SIE

.140

2.15

1.95 1.70

DE

110963-1 2 pc. Groy Hood. 1.50eo. 1.35ee.

1.20ea.

12987S

501100 WW Imiai .250

5.25

4.75

4.20

15275

10120 S/T

.140

2.00

1.85 1.80

I2SB8B

501100 S(T Altair .140

4.95

4.45

3.95

15435

12124 SIE PET

.140

2.80

2.35 2.10

DA

15P Mele 2.35ee. 2.15ee.

2.00ob.

129990

501100 S/T Cromem. .250

4.75

4.25

3.80

15440

12124 SIT PET

.140

2.65

2.40 2.15

DA

15S Female 3.25ee. 3.10ee.

2.90OB.

15445

12124 S/T PET

.200

2.75

2.50 2.20

DA

512111 1. pc. Grey Hood 1.40ee. 1.20ea.

1.15ee.

OTHER

125" CONTACT CTR CONNECTORS

15605

15130 SIE GRI Kay

.140

2.50

2.25 2.00

DA

512261 2 pc. Black Hood 2.50ee. 2.25ee.

2.00aa.

12305

22144 SIE No Earl .140

' 4.15

3.75

3.35

15510

15130 S/T GRI Key

.140

2.40

2.15 2.95

DA

110963-2 2 pc. Grey Hood I.8B00. 1.35ea.

1.30oa.

12759

36/72 S/T .140

5.40

4.B5

4.35

15515

15/30 WW GRI Kay .200

2.60

2.35 2.10

12790

40/80 WW .250

6.30

5.65

5.00

1560015610

18131 SIE

10136 SIT

.140.140

3.353.00

3.05 2.702.70 2.40

DB

di

25P Male 2.80ee. 2.60ee.25S Femele 3.60ee. 3.40ee.

2.40OB.3.20ea.

.100" CONTACT CTR CONNECTORS:

15615

18136 WW

.200

3.66

3.20 2.90

DD

512121 1 pc. Grey Hood 1.50ee. 1.30ee.

1.10ae.

10049

13126 S/E No Earl .140

3.40

3.05

2.15

15700

22144 SIE KIMIVEC .140

2.98

2.90 2.75

DB

51226 1 2 pc. Black Hood 1.90ee. 1.65ee.

1.45BB.

10280

25/60 S/E TRS 80 .140

4.50

4.05

3.60

15705

22I44 S/T KIM/VEC .140

3.98

3.30 3.00

DB

110903-3 2 pc. Grey Hood 1.75BB. 1.50ee.

I.35BB.

10175

20140 SIE TRS 80 .140

5.B5

5.35

4.75

15710

22144 WW KIMIVEC .200

3.49

3.20 2.85

DC

37P Mele 4.20ee. 4.00ee.

3.70eo.

101 BO

20/40 WW TRS 60 .200

3.30

3.D0

2.15

15675

25150 SIE

.140

4.65

4.20 3.75

DC

37S Femele 6.00ee. 5.75ea.

5.50ee.

10190

20140 S/T TRS 80 .140

3.20

2.90

2.55

15880

25150 SIT

.140

4.55

4.10 3.85

DC

1109634 2 pc. Grey Hood 2.25oa. 2.00ea.

1.75m.

10485

36172 SIE Vector .140

6.50

4.90

4.40

15685

25150 WW

.200

4.85

4.35 3.90

10490

36I72 W/E Vector .200

5.80

5.25

4.65

18115

36172 SIE

.140

6.50

5.85 5.20

DD

50P Mele 5.50ee. 5.1 Oea.

4.75oe.

10500

38172 S/T Vector .140

5.70

4.20

4.60

16120

36172 SIT

.140

6.55

5.90 5.25

DD

50S Femelo 9.40ee. 9.6Dei.

e.OOae.

10535

10180 SIE PET .140

5.B5

6.35

4.75

16125

36172 WW

.200

6.75

8.10 5.40

DD

51216-1 1 pc. Grey Hood 2.40ee. 2.20ea.

2. DOea.

10540

40/60 WW PET .200

8.00

5.40

4.60

16145

36172 SIT

.200

6.50

5.85 5.20

DD

1109635 2 pc. Grey Hood 2.60ee. 2.40aa.

2.10ae.

10550

40I80 S/T PET .140

5.60

5.25

4.85

16235

43166 S/T Mot 6900 .140

6.80

5.95 5.30

10585

43/88 S/E COS/ELF .140

6.9S

6.25

5.55

16246

43/86 WW Mot 6800 .200

7.80

7.05 6.25

D

20418-2 Hardware Set .90eo. .60ea.11 Hood Sell

.70ea.

10605

43186 S/T C0SIELF .140

6.60

5.95

5.30

11210

43/86 S/T Mot 6800 .200

6.50

5.85 6.20

10595

43186 WW C0SIELF .200

6.90

6.20

6.95

18725

43/86 SIE Mot 6800 .140

7.20

6.50 5.75

10615

43186 SIT COS/ELF .200

8.80

8.10

5.40

K-1

Pol Key!

.15

.12 .10

I.C. SOCKETS GOLD.

I.C

t? n p 1/ r t o

COOLING FANS.

TERMS: MINIMUM ORDER: $15.00 ADD $1

.35 For

WIWRAP 3 TURN

. SOCKETS i in.

Extra Quint.

Handling & Shipping. Orders over $30.00 in the U.S.A.

14 pin

10.40 ei

.

1

4 pin

♦0.15 aa.

1 to 4

♦ IB.DOee.

We Pay the Shipping. CALIF. RESIDENTS: Please Add

10 pin

0.44 ei

.

16 pin

0.17 ee.

5 to 9

17.00 ee.

6% Sales Tax.

NOTE: NO C.O.D. OR CREDIT CARD ORDERS WILL BEACCEPTED.

B0B0A PRIME.

$5.00 ee.

COI

INECTORS F

R CENTRONICS 700 SERIES.

hnnnl R7 jniRd

PHONE: 213-988-6196

BECKIAN ENTERPRISES

EIA 8 CONDUCTOR CABLES Oft. Long.

CLASS #1 Typa

Cables.

1 to 4 pel.

iitiiiui 3 / o

♦8.00 ee.

MAIL ORDERS TO:

P.O. BOX #3089

1. to 4 pel.5 to 9 pel.

♦22.0019.00

5 to 9 pel.

6.00 •»■

SIMI VALLEY, CA 93063

,*. ^ A www'mm

64K BYTE EXPANDABLE RAM

DYNAMIC RAM WITH ON BOARDTRANSPARENTREFRESH GUARANTEED TO OPERATE INNORTHSTAR. CR0MEMC0. VECTOR GRAPHICS.SOL. AND OTHER 8080 OR Z-80 BASED S100SYSTEMS *4MHZ Z-80 WITH NO WAITSTATES.

* SELECTABLE AND DESELECTABLE IN 4KINCREMENTS ON 4K ADDRESS BOUNDARIES

* LOW P0WER-8 WATTS MAXIMUM.

* 200NSEC4116RAMS.

. FULL DOCUMENTATION.

* ASSEMBLED AND TESTED BOARDS AREGUARANTEED FOR ONE YEAR ANDPURCHASE PRICE IS FULLY REFUNDABLE IFBOARD IS RETURNED UNDAMAGED WITHIN14 DAYS.

ASSEMBLED/TESTED

64KRAM S595.00

48K HAM S529.00

32KRAM S459.00

16KRAM J3B9.00

S100 MAINFRAMEAND CARD CAGE __ Q

* W/ SOLID FRONT PANEL . . S239.00™

* W/ CUTOUTS FOR 2 MINI-FLOPPIES . . . S239.00

* 30 AMP POWER SUPPLY $119.00

* 8 SLOT MOTHERBOARD $149.00

* 19 SLOT MOTHERBOARD S199.00

16K MEMORY EXPANSION KIT

ONLY $58FOR APPLE. TRS-80 KEYBOARD, EXIDY,AND ALL OTHER 16K DYNAMIC SYS-TEMS USING MK4116-3 OR EQUIVALENTDEVICES.

* 200 NSEC ACCESS, 375 NSEC CYCLE

• BURNEDIN AND FULLY TESTED

• 1 YR. PARTS REPLACEMENTGUARANTEE

* OTY. DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE

VISTA V-200 MINI-FLOPPY SYSTEM

* S100 DOUBLE DENSITY CONTROLLER

* 204 KBYTE CAPACITY FLOPPY DISKDRIVE WITH CASE & POWER SUPPLY

* MODIFIED CPM OPERATING SYSTEMWITH EXTENDED BASIC

$695.00

COmPUTER DEVICES

1230 uj.coiuns nv/£.

ORflflGE, CA 92668(714)633-7280

32K BYTE MEMORY

RELIABLE/COST EFFECTIVE EXPANDABLE BAM FOR

6502 AND 6800 SYSTEM-AIM 65-"KIM-SYM-PErS44-8DS

* PLUG COMPATIBLE WITH THE AIM-65/SYM EXPANSIONCONNECTOR BY USING A RIGHT ANGLE CONNECTOR(SUPPLIED) MOUNTED ON THE BACK OF THE MEMORYBOARD.

* MEMORY BOARD EDGE CONNECTOR PLUGS INTO THE6800 S 44 BUS.

* CONNECTS TO PET OR KIM USING AN ADAPTOR CABLE.

* RELIABLE-DYNAMIC RAM WITH ON BOARD INVISIBLEREFRESH-LOOKS LIKE STATIC MEMORY BUT ATLOWER COST AND A FRACTION OF THE POWERREQUIRED FOR STATIC BOARDS.

* USES *5V ONLY. SUPPLIED FROM HOST COMPUTER.

* FULL DOCUMENTATION. ASSEMBLED AND TESTEDBOARDS ARE GUARANTEED FOR ONE YEAR ANDPURCHASE PRICE IS FULLY REFUNDABLE IF BOARD ISRETURNED UNDAMAGED WITHIN 14 DAYS.

ASSEMBLED WITH 32K RAM $395.00

« WITH 16K RAM $339.00

TESTED WITHOUT RAM CHIPS $279.00

HARD TO GET PARTS (NO RAM CHIPS)

WITH BOARD AND MANUAL $109.00

BARE BOARD S MANUAL $49.00

PET INTERFACE KIT-CONNECTS THE 32K RAM BOARD TOA 4K OR 8K PET. CONTAINS: INTERFACE CABLE, BOARDSTANDOFFS. POWER SUPPLY MODIFICATION KIT ANDCOMPLETE INSTRUCTIONS J49.00

U.S. PRICES ONLY

356 BYTE January 1981

WE WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLD

DISK DRIVES

$314

40 track. 102K Bytes. Includes power sup-ply and TRS-80* compatible silverenclosure. Ready to plug-in and run themoment you receive it. Can be intermixedwith each other and Radio Shack drive onsame cable. 90 day warranty. One year onpower supply. Available for 220 Vac(50 Hz) operation. External card edgeincluded.

. 40 Track (102K Bytes) for Model I. 80 Track (204K Bytes) for Model I

5'/4

5%

8" Drive for Model II (Vi Meg Bytes)

5Vt", 40 Track (102K Bytes) add-on drive $394

Dual 5% " add-on drive system $995

with plastic library case

BASF or Verbatim $24

$36

$19

$ 8.95$169.00$ 79.00$135.00

FOR TRS-80*

CCI-100CCI-280CCI-800For Zenith Z89

CCI-189Z-87

DISKETTES — box of 10 (5'/,"

Maxell $30

8" double density for Model II (box of 10)CLEAR PLASTIC CASE - Holds 50 diskettes

DISK OPERATING SYSTEMS

PATCHPAK #4 by Percom Data

CP/M- for Model I. Zenith $145 • for Model II, Altos

NEWDOSPIus 40track

NEWDOS80

COMPLETE SYSTEMS

ALTOS 64K, DD, SS, 2-Drive, 1MB

APPLE 16K

TRS-80* Model II-64K

TRS-80* Model III - 16K

TRS-80* Expansion Interface

ZENITH Z89, 48K all-in-one computer

ZENITH Z19

TELEVIDEO 920C

ATARI 400 $489

APF Game Only $ 95

MATTEL INTELLIVISION

MONITORS

LEEDEX 12"B&WVideo 100

ZENITH 13" Color

SANYO 9"B&WVM4509

SANYO 12" B&W DM5012

SANYO 12" Green Screen DM5112

SANYO 13" Color DMC6013

APF 9"B&WTVM-10

$314

$429$795

ACS 8000-2

$3395$969

$3499$899$249

$2440

$735

$748

ATARI 800 $747

Complete System $489

$229

$129$379$155$210$215$375$139

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

LIVERMORE STAR MODEM 2-year guarantee $145

CAT MODEM Works same as Radio Shack Telephone Interface II $148D-CAT HARD WIRED DIRECT MODEM $189

COMMUNICATIONS SOFTWARE

CCI-TELNET VERSION 5: A communication package whichenables microcomputer users to communicate both with largemainframes and other microcomputers. Completely CP/M compati-ble. Multiple communication protocols supported. $149

INTELLIGENT TERMINAL SYSTEM ST-80 III: Enables a TRS-80* toact as a dial-up terminal on any time sharing network. $139

16K MEMORY UPGRADE KITS 2tor $65 $35

200 ns for TRS-80*, Apple II, (specify): Jumpers $2.50

PRINTERS NEC Spinwriter

Letter Quality High Speed Printer

Includes TRS-80" interface software, quickchange print fonts, 55 cps, bidirectional,high resolution plotting, graphing, propor-tional spacing: R.O. $2395R.O. with Tractor Feed $2575 KSR with Tractor Feed $2950C.ITOH Starwriter, 25 CPS, daisy wheel printer $1895C.ITOH Starwriter II, 45 CPS, daisy wheel printer $2195Letter quality printers. Use up to 15" paper. 1 year warranty onparts. 3 months on labor. Proportional spacing and bidirectionalprinting. Same as VISTA V300.

779 CENTRONICS TRACTOR FEED PRINTER $969

Same as Radio Shack line printer I

737 CENTRONICS FRICTION & PIN FEED PRINTER $795n x 9 proportional and 7x8 mono spacing.Same as Radio Shack line printer IV

730 CENTRONICS FRICTION & PIN FEED PRINTER $5957x7 matrix Same as Radio Shack line printer II

P1 CENTRONICS PRINTER Same as Radio Shack quick printer $269

PAPER TIGER (IP445) $699

(IP440) Includes 2K buffer and graphics option $879

(IP460) Bidirectional, 160 cps, graphics and 2K buffer $1075

TI-810 Faster than Radio Shack line printer III. Parallel and

serial w/TRS-80- interface software w/u + I case & paper tray $1589

Compressed print, vertical form control $1865

OKIDATA Microline 80 Friction and pin feed $545

Tractor Feed, friction, and pin feed $645

Microline 82 Bidirectional, friction and pin feed $745

Microline 83 Bidirectional, 120 cps, uses up to 15" paper $1050

EATON LRC 7000 + 64 columns, plain paper $289

ANADEX DP-9500/01 $1350 DP-8000 $795

ACCESSORIES

HEAD CLEANING DISKETTE: Cleans drive Read/Write head in 30seconds. Specify 5Vi" or 8". $20ea/$45for3

FLOPPY SAVER: Protection for center holes of 5Va" floppy disks.Installation tools and rings for 25 diskettes. $ 11.95

Re-orders of rings only $ 6.95EXTERNAL DATA SEPARATOR: Eliminates data separation prob-lems (crc). Improves reliability. This plug in unit comes fullyassembled and tested. $ 29.95

Z-80 SOFTCARD: Your key to software expansion. The plug-in Z-80Softcard transforms your Apple into a Z-80 while keeping all thebenefits of the 6502. Comes with CP/M in two disk format, MBASIC

and GBASIC, full documentation and utility programs.RF MODULATOR: Adapts video to TVTRS-80 & OTHER MYSTERIES

NEC SPINWRITER THIMBLE $11.95 RIBBON

CCS CARDS: Parallel or serial printer interface cardsRS232: For Radio Shack Interface.TRS232: Teletype current loop output from cassette portDISK-DRIVE EXTENDER CABLES: Fits all mini-disk drives.

$

$339$ 35.00$ 18.95$ 6.00$115.00$ 84.00

49.00

S

SIX (6) PRONG ISOLATOR: ISO-2 $

AC FILTER/6 PRONG POWER STRIP $

DISK DRIVE CABLES: 2 drive $29.00 4 drive $

DUST COVERS: TRS-80/Apple $

PLASTIC DISKETTE HOLDER: For ring binder, holds 20 $ 8

16.9554.0039.0035.007.9500

For fast delivery, send certified checks, money orders or call to arrange direct bank wire transfers. Personal or company checksrequire two to three weeks to clear.

dealer (national/international) inquiries invited Send for FREE Catalogue

TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-343-6522

TWX: 710-348-1796 Massachusetts Residents call 617/242-3361

The CPU SHOP

5 Dexter Row. Dept. B01M

Charlestown. Massachusetts 02129

Hours 10AM-6PM (EST) Mon.-Fri. (Sat. till 5)

Massachusetts Residents add 5% Sales Tax* TRS-80 is a Tandy Corporation Trademark" Digital Research

master charge

VISA

Circle 282 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1981 357

Know The Reasons Why

The FORCE-80 is your

"Best Buy."

FORCE-80 The computer protector

• Power dropout protection

• Suppresses transient voltages

• Suppresses RFI

• Disc protection

• Factory warranty

• Satisfaction guaranteed

• Direct from factory

FORCE-80

Only $121.50 plus $5.00 shipping & handling

Check, Mastercharge, Visa accepted(5% discount for cash) mbmNo C.O.D.'s please

P&S Electronics, Inc.

Allow 6-8 weeks for delivery.

P.O. Box 23014 Dept. BNashville, TN 37202

Add 14 days for personal checks.

Circle 283 on inquiry card.

TWX-LINK

TWX-LINK is a complete soft-ware package which interfacesyour Cromemco or MP/M basedmulti-user computer to a WesternUnion TWX line.

Using an FCC approved directconnect modem, TWX-LINKallows your computer to act as aTWX terminal for both incomingand outgoing messages.

TWX-LINK constantly monitorsyour TWX line. Incoming mes-sages are automatically received,acknowledged, and written todisk storage.

TWX. TELEX. MAILGRAMS,AND TELEGRAMS can all becreated, edited, and sent fromyour computer by using TWX-LINK.

Call, write, or TWX for more info:

CAWTHON SCIENTIFIC GROUP

24224 Michigan Avenue

Dearborn, Michigan 48124

PH: (313) 565-4000

TWX: 810-221-1265

Circle 284 on inquiry card.

27 Ws

5v EPROM

$12

n? Components

IC Sockets

6520 PIA $4.50

16 Pin $.14

6522 MULT $5.50

24 Pin $.20

6502 CPU $650

40 Pin $.34

6 Digit Flourescent Display3 Term Reg T0220 Package

$6.50$.95

Send for complete listing:

(415) 838-2585

G. Osborne Co.505 Mission PI.San Ramon, CA 94583

Circle 285 on inquiry card.

ATARI OWNERS

SCREEN PRINT INTERFACE

Obtain hardcopy ot any screen image (graphics and / ortext) on either a TRENDC0M 200 or IDS 440 PoperTiger printer. Simply attach the supplied parallel printercable ana load the software trom cassette (may betransferred to Disk). Obtain a "picture" of the screenon your printer under direct (CTRL?) or program (XI0)control Works in all graphics / text modes os well asLPRINT and LIST "P:"

Only $139

Parallel Printer Interface lor theATARI 400 / 800

Connects to controller jocks 3&4 works with BASIC / DOS /ASSEMBLER Three printer connectors available:

ATARI 400 / 800TRENDCOtvMOO / 200 A4P-1 A8P-1CENTRONICS 730/737 A4P-2 A8P-2CENTRONICS 36 PIN" A4P-3 A8P-3

CA soles add 6% taxMC I VISA accepted.

' Fits all other parallel Centronics plus Anudex. Base 2,Epson. Comprint and Microtek Order by port number.ATARI is a recognized trademark of ATARI, Inc

AMCROTRONICS, inc. ®

1125 N. Golden Slate Blvd. / Suite G

Turlock. CA 95380 (A) (209) 667-2888 / 6348888

69

95

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INTERFACES FOR APPLE

by

TEXCOMENGINEERING ASSOCIATES

'RS-232 Serial Interface - $119.95

/ 15 Software selectable baud rates from

50 to 19,200 baud./ Programmable interrupt control, word

length, number of stop bits and parity

select./ 256 Bytes of onboard PROM for driver

routines./Will interface to most RS-232

compatible printers, modems, etc.

•Dual Parallel Interface - $109.95/ Two 8 bit parallel ports/ Two 16 bit programmable interval

timers/ One serial port

/ Programmable interrupt control/ 256 Bytes of onboard PROM for driverroutines

* 16 Ch A-D Converter - $ 149.95

•Custom interfaces and software available.

These are professional quality boards with gold-plated connectors and are fully assembled, tested and

documented.

To order, send check or MO to:P.O. Box 24472, Houston, TX. 77013Phone: (713] 458-3720

Circle 286 on inquiry card.

Circle 287 on inquiry card.

Circle 288 on inquiry card.

JCY-6

THE ULTIMATE JOYSTICK INTERFACEFOR YOUR TRS-80*

JOY-6 Is a Complete 6 Channel, 9 Bit A to D Featuring:

■ 4 channels with variable gain—(or Joysticks

■ 2 unbuffered channels—for game paddles, sensors

■ 3 digital inputs—for pushbuttons. TTL signals

■ Sound effects capability—(user supplies speaker)

■ Comprehensive users manual—write your own games!

■ Joypak-1 cassette-(Requires16Klevel2)-6 excitingJoystick games with sound effects, including:

lIUriLI A unique new game of strategy and skill. Time shots andjudge angles correctly to defeat the opponent. Use the pushbutton tospin your shots. Practice mode sharpens your offensive anddefensive tactics. Variable levels of difficulty.

SPECIAL INTRODUCTORY OFFER! joy-6 complete with. 2 JOY-STICKS WITH PUSHBUTTONS. JOYPAK-I. POWER SUPPLY, USER'S MANUALASSEMBLED. TESTED. READY TO PLAY QNLY $99.95

mEOfl

systems inc.

PHONE ORDERS WELCOME215-337-3876

COD CHECK M O , MC , VISA

AO0 U GOC»<lsg.. lumi.ng

— ZAPS —

8080 - 8085 - Z80

DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM

Integrated Assembler DisassemblerEditor Loader and file utilities.Full Intel and Zilog mnemonics.In BASIC and Z80 machine languagefor fast operation - 290 lines/minuteassembly. Requires Z80 processor,48K of memory and North Star mini-disc system. Specify single (rel 4.0) ordouble density (rel 5.1DQ).

SEND $100 FOR DISC ANDINSTRUCTIONS

(N.Y. State residents, add appropriate sales tax)

CONENTROPY

PO BOX 316YONKERS, N.Y. 10704

MEMOREX

Floppy Discs

Lowest prices. WE WILL NOTBE UNDERSOLD!! Buy any

quantity 1-1000. Visa. Masterchargeaccepted. Call free (800)235-4137for prices and information. Allorders sent postage paid.

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.San Luis Obispo. CA93401 (In Cal. cal(805) 543-1037)

Circle 289 on inquiry card.

Circle 290 on inquiry card.

yc/t-

ELECTRONICS

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

P.O. Box 4430XSanta Clara, CA 95054

Will calls: 2322 Walsh Ave.(408) 988-1640 TWX 910-338-2139

Same day shipment. First line parts only. Factory tested.Guaranteed money back. Quality IC's and other compo-nents at factory prices.

740DTTL

MOON

M02N

7J04N

7J09K

7410h

74201,7«2NM30N7442NM«N7447N744BN7450N7474NM75N74BSN7469(47490N7492117493N7495N74) DONN107N

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74151M74IS4H74157N741 BIN74I62N74163N74174N7417S1I74I90N74I92N7JI93NM2?INM298N74365N74366h74367h

74LSO0 TTL

MLSOCN

74LS02N

7JLS04N

74LS05N

74LS06N

74LS1CN

74LS13K

7ALSUH

74LS2CN

74LS22N

74LS28N

MLS30N

74LS33N

74LS38N

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74LS75N

74LS90N

74LS93N

74LS95N

74LSI07N 45

74LSI12N 45

74LS113N 45

741S132N 89

74LS135N 50

74LS15IN 90

74LS1SSN I 10

74LS157N I ID

74LS162N I 10

74LS1G1N 1 10

74LS174N 1 2S

74LS190N 1 25

74LS22'N 1 25

74LS25SN 1 00

74LS367N 75

LINEAR

CA3W5 90

CA3046 1 10

CA3081 1 80

CA30S2 1 90

CA3D89 3 40LMJOIAfAH 35

LM305H 87

LM307N 35

LM30BN 1 00

LM309K I 25

LM311H.N 90

LM317T 165

LM317K 3 75

LM3I8 1 50

LM320K-5

LM320K-12

LM320K-15

LM320T-5

LM320T-8

LM320WZ

LM320T-I5

LM323K-5

LM324N

LM339N

LU3J0H-5

LM340K-8

LM340K-12

LM340K-15

LM340K-24

LM340T-5

LM340T-8

LM340I-12

LM340T-15

LU340T-IB

LM340T-24

LM350

LM377

LM379

LM38DN

LM38I

LM382

LM709H

LM723H.N

LM733N

LM741CH

LM741N

LM747H/N

LM74SN

LMI303N

LM1304

LM1305

LM1307

LM1310

LM1458

LM1812

LU1889

LM2111

LM2902

LM390ON

LM3905

LM3909N

MC1458V

M5S0K

NE555V

NE55GA

HE585A

NE566V

NE567V

NE570B

78L05

7BL08

7BM05

75IOS

75491CN

75492CN

75494CN

CO4026

CD4Q27

CD4028

C04029

CD4O30

CD4035

CD4040

CD4042

C04043

CD4D44

CD4046

CD4049

C0405D

CD4051

CD4060

CD4D66

CD4068

CD4069

CD407O

CD4071

CD4072

CD4073

C04075

CO4076

C0407S

CDJ0B1

CO4082

C04II6

CD4490

CD4507

CD4508

CD4510

CD491I

C04515

C04516

C04518

CD4520

CD452?

CD4528

C04553

CD4566

C04583

CD4585

CO40192

74C00

74C04

74C10

74C14

74C20

74C30

74C4B

74C74

74C76

74C90

74C93

74C154

74C16C

2.50 21 hl 450ns 4 00

66 4116 200ns 5 50

86 B.-4116 200ns 35 00

' 35 MM5262 40

« MM52B0 300

' OH MM5320 9 9S

1 35 MM5330 5 94

B5 PD411D-3 4 00

B6 PD411D-4 5 00

IS P5101L 8 95

I 67 «00A 9 95

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60 9H02A 1 50

1 '3 HD0I65-5 6 95

I & MM57100 4 50

»1 G1AV385O0-1 9 95

'0 MCM66751A 9 95

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100

10 00

CONNECTORS30 pin edge 2 50

44 pin edge 2 75

86 pm ease 4 00100 Dm edge 4 50

100 pin edge WW 5 25

IC SOCKETS

Solder Tin La* ProlilePIN 1UP PIH 1UP

20 29 40

WIRE WRAP LEVEL 3

CLOCKS

MM5311 5 50

MM53I2 3 90

MM5314 3 90

MM5369 2 10MM5841 14 45

MM5B65 7 95

CT7010 8 95

CT7015 8 95

MM5375AA/N 3 90

MM5375AG/N 4 90

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1 p? DS002GCN 3 75i\ DS0056CN 3 75

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2 4) MICROPROCESSOR

2 35 6502 10 951 |0 6504 9 95

3 M 6522 9 9535 6800 6 9540 6802 'I1*3j 6820S9 68503b B080A35 8085

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6 95

4 50

22 00

B700CJB701CN

8750CJ 13 95

10130 9 95

MOOCJWf 7 40

1CL71D3 9 50

ICL7107 14 25

CMOS

CDJ000CD4O01CD4002C04D06CD4D07CD4O08CD4009CO40TOCD4011CD4012CD4013CD4014CD4015

CD4016CO4017C04018CD4D19CD4020CD4021CO4022CO4023CD4024CO4025

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1 2b B212i 2b 62143 50 B216

2 75 8224i 3S 82281 65 82511 90 82536 00 8255 5 75

7b 8257 10 95

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5 0C 'B02CP ptas 13 95

5 50 l802DPolai 17 95

750 '861P 9 50

figc COPI802CO 2fl 95

6gl COPI802O 35 00

" COP1816P 7 95

St UART/FIFO

65 AY5-1013

65 AY5-1014

18 57 40 I 23CRYSTALS

1 lift 4 50

2 MHl 4 50

4 MHi 4 25

5 MHj 4 25fOMHl 4 2518 MH: 3 9020 MM: 3 9032 MHi 3 9032768 II; 4 00

1 8432 MH? 4 503 5795 MHi 1 20

2 0100 MHi 1 952 097152 MHr 4 50

2 1576 MM 4 50

3 2768 MM? 4 505 068B MHi 4 505 185 Mill 4 505 7143 MM? 4 50(. ■■<>ii, Mil? 4 5014 3181B MH; 4 2518 432 Mm 4 5022 11B4MHT 4 50

KEYBOARD ENCODERS

AY5-2376 S12 50

AY5-36D0 17 95

AY5-9100 10 50

AY59200 16 50

74C922 5 50

74C923 5 50

H00165 5 6 95

AY5-9400 10 500 Connictan R5232

DB25P 3 62

0B2SS 5 20

Cover 1 67

0E9S I 95OA15POA15SComplete Set

Fully assembled 70 00

Enclosure Plasiie 14 95

Metal Enclosure 29 95

LEGS

Red T018 15

Green. Yellow T01S 20

Jumbo Red 20

Green. Orange. Yellow Jumbo 25

Clipllli LED Mounllng Cllpi B.S1 25(specify red ameer, green yellow, clearl

CONTINENTAL SPECIALTIES In nockCompete line ol breadboard lest equipMAX-iOOBdigll Fn0. Or. 1149 95

SPECIAL PRODUCTS

Swllchll Mom Pusnounon 27

3 pos slide 25

Encoder HD0I65-5 6 95

Pmtiontci iooa Logic

MT5.00S229 00

Eipander KnModel 150 Bus

Grabber Kit S369 00

Clock Cilindar Kll 123.95

2.5 MHj Friqutncr

Co unit r Kll 137.50

30 MHi FraquencY

Counter Kit 147.75

TRANSFORMERS

6V 300 ma 3 25

12 Von 300 ma

12 6VCT600ra_

12V 250 ma wall plug

12V CT 250 mi wall plug

24V CT 100 ma

10V I 2 imp wan plug

12V 6 amp

12V 500 mi

12V 1 amp ■

10.15 VAC 6

II Plug

jiug 9 75

8T098T108T138T20BT238T24BT25BT268T288T97BT98

3341

1 25

1 50 PH0M

3 00 17D2A

5 50 2708

3 10 271611

3 50 2716 5 Volt

3 20 8 2716 5 V

2732

2 75 27581 69 B741A1 89 8748

B74B-B

1 25 B755A

100 MOS MEMORY RAMNS2S23

55 2101-1 2 85 HB25123

1 05 2102-1 95 NB2S126

I 45 N82SI29

1 65 N82S131

4 95 NB2SI3G

3 75 N82S1373 75 DM85773 95 8223

55 0019 5055 0055 00

9 50

Hlckok3Vi Digit LED mul-limalif 89.95

Stopweleh Kll ZG.95

Auto Clock Kll 17.95Dlgllil Clock Kit 14.95

8K71BK Eprom Kll

{less PROMS) SB9 00Molhirtoird S39 00

Erlindir Board H5 00

RESISTORS W wail 5" =

10 per type 03

25 per type 025

tCNl per lyoe 015

1000 per type 012

350 piece pack

5 per type 6 75

•■! watt 5* per lype 05

Telavldao Terminal

2102AL-42102AN-2L2104A-4

DISPLAY LEDSMAN1 CA

MAN3 CC

MAN72 74 CfcCA

OL704 CC

DL707.OL707R CADL727.728 CA/CCDL747;750FND359FND500 507FKD503-S1OFND8008073 digit Subbi

TIL31I HeiMAN364QMAN46I0MAN4&40MAN4710MAN4740MAN6640MAN6710MAN6740

MA1DD2A. C. E

HA1012A

102P3 Irinitormar

MA1012A Tramlormir

CA,CC 600 1 95

CC 357 70

CCCA 500 I 35

CC CA 500 90

CCiCA BOO 2 20

BSH Controllsr $39.95

2B 2H4L300ns4 25

PROM Eraser

assembled. 25 PROM capacity $37.50(with timer $69.50). 6 PROM capacity OSHA/UL version $69.50 (with timer $94.50).

Z80 Microcomputer

16 bit I/O, 2 MHz clock, 2K RAM, ROM Bread-board space. Excellent for control. Bare Board$28.50. Full Kit $99.00. Monitor $20.00. PowerSupply Kit $35.00. Tiny Basic $30.00

S-100 Computer Boards

8K Static Godbout Econo IIA Kit 149.0016K Static Godbout Econo XIV Kit 269.0024K Static Godbout Econo XX-24 Kit 414.0032K Static Godbout Econo XX-32 Kit 537.0016K Dynamic RAM Kit 289.00

32K Dynamic RAM Kit 328.00

64K Dynamic RAM Kit 399.00

Video Interface Kit $139.00

80 IC Update Master Manual $39.00

Comp. IC data selector, 2700 pg. master referenceguide. Over 51,000 cross references. Free updateservice through 1980. Domestic postage $3.50.

Modem Kit $60.00

State of the art, orig., answer. No tuning neces-sary. 103 compatible 300 baud. Inexpensiveacoustic coupler plans included. Bd. only $17.00.LRC 7000 i Printer 5389.0040/20 column dot matrix impact, std. paper.Interface all personal computers.

64/40/32/20 version $405.00. Optional cablesavailable.

LRC 7000 printer interface cable for Super Elfwith software $26.00

NiCad Battery Fixer/Charger Kit

Opens shorted cells that won't hold a chargeand then charges them up, all in one kit w/fullparts and instructions. $7.25

Rockwell AIM 65 Computer

6502 based single board with full ASCII keyboardand 20 column thermal printer. 20 char, alphanu-meric display, ROM monitor, fully expandable.$375.00. 4K version $450.00. 4K Assembler$85.00, 8K Basic Interpreter $100.00.

Special small power supply for AIM65 assem. inframe $54.00. Complete AIM65 in thin briefcasewith power supply $499.00. Molded plasticenclosure to fit both AIM65 and power supply$47.50. Special Package Price: 4K AIM, 8K Basic,power supply, cabinet $599.00

AIM65/KIM/VIM/Super Elf 44 pin expansionboard; 3 female and 1 male bus. Board plus 3connectors $22.95.

60 Hz Crystal Time Base Kit $4.40

Converts digital clocks from AC line frequencyto crystal time base. Outstanding accuracy.

Video Modulator Kit $9.95

Convert TV set into a high quality monitor w/oaffecting usage. Comp. kit w/full instruc.

Multi-volt Computer Power Supply

8v 5 amp, ±18v .5 amp, 5v 1.5 amp, -5v.5 amp, 12v .5 amp, -12v option. ±5v, ±12vare regulated. Basic Kit $29.95. Kit with chassisand all hardware $43.95. Add $4.00 shipping. Kitof hardware $14.00. Woodgrain case $10.00.$1.50 shipping.

RCA Cosmac 1802 Super Elf Computer $106.95

Compare features before you decide to buy anyother computer. There is no other computer onthe market today that has all the desirable bene-fits of the Super Elf for so little money. The SuperElf is a small single board computer that doesmany big things. It is an excellent computer fortraining and for learning programming with itsmachine language and yet it Is easily expandedwith additional memory, Full Basic, ASCIIKeyboards, video character generation, etc.Before you buy another small computer, see if itincludes the following features: ROM monitor;State and Mode displays; Single step; Optionaladdress displays; Power Supply; Audio Amplifierand Speaker; Fully socketed for all IC's; Real costof in warranty repairs; Full documentation.The Super Ell includes a ROM monitor for pro-gram loading, editing and execution with SINGLESTEP for program debugging which is not in-cluded in others at the same price. With SINGLESTEP you can see the microprocessor chip opera-ting with the unique Quest address and data busdisplays before, during and after executing in-structions. Also, CPU mode and instruction cycleare decoded and displayed on 8 LED indicators.An RCA 1861 video graphics chip allows you toconnect to your own TV with an inexpensive videomodulator to do graphics and games. There is aspeaker system included for writing your ownmusic or using many music programs alreadywritten, The speaker amplifier may also be usedto drive relays for control purposes.

plus load, reset, run, wait, input, memory pro-tect, monitor select and single step. Large, onboard displays provide output and optional highand low address. There is a 44 pin standardconnector slot for PC cards and a 50 pin connec-tor slot for the Quest Super Expansion Board.Power supply and sockets for all IC's are in-cluded in the price plus a detailed 127 pg. instruc-tion manual which now includes over 40 pgs. ofsoftware info, including a series of lessons tohelp get you started and a music program andgraphics target game. Many schools and univer-sities are using the SuperElf as a course of study.OEM's use it for training and R&D.Remember, other computers only offer Super Elffeatures at additional cost or not at all. Comparebefore you buy. Super Elf Kit $106.95, Highaddress option $8.95, Low address option$9.95. Custom Cabinet with drilled and labelledplexiglass front panel $24.95. All metal Expan-sion Cabinet, painted and silk screened, withroom for 5 S-100 boards and power supply$57.00. NiCad Battery Memory Saver Kit $6.95.All kits and options also completely assembledand tested,

Questdata. a software publication for 1802 com-puter users is available by subscription for$12.00 per 12 issues. Single issues $1.50. Is-sues 1-12 bound $16.50.Tiny Basic Cassette $10.00, on ROM $38.00,original Elf kit board $14.95. 1BQ2 software;Moews Video Graphics $3.50. Games and Music$3.00, Chip 8 Interpreter $5.50.

A 24 key HEX keyboard includes 16 HEX keys

Super Expansion Board with Cassette Interface $89.95

This is truly an astounding value! This board hasbeen designed to allow you to decide how youwant it optioned. The Super Expansion Boardcomes with 4K of low power RAM fully address-able anywhere in 64K with built-in memory pro-tect and a cassette interlace. Provisions havebeen made for all other options on the sameboard and it fits neatly into the hardwood cabinetalongside the Super Elf. The board includes slotsfor up to 6K of EPROM (2708, 2758, 2716 or Tl27161 and is fully socketed. EPROM can be usedforthe monitor and Tiny Basic or other purposes.A IK Super ROM Monitor $19.95 is available asan on board option in 2708 EPROM which hasbeen preprogrammed with a program loader/editor and error checking multi file cassetteread/write software, (relocatable cassette file)another exclusive from Quest. It includes registersave and readout, block move capability andvideo graphics driver with blinking cursor. Break

Quest Super Basic V5.0

A new enhanced version of Super Basic nowavailable. Quest was the first companyworldwide to ship a full size Basic for 1802Systems. A complete function Super Basic byRon Cenker including floating point capabilitywith scientific notation (number range+ .17E38), 32 bit integer ±2 billion; multi dimarrays, string arrays; string manipulation; cas-sette I/O: save and load, basic, data and ma-

points can be used with the register save featureto isolate program bugs quickly, then follow withsingle step. If you have the Super ExpansionBoard and Super Monitor the monitor is up andrunning at the push of a button.Other on board options include Parallel Inputand Output Ports with full handshake. Theyallow easy connection of an ASCII keyboard to theinput port. RS 232 and 20 ma Current Loop forteletype or other device are on board and if youneed more memory there are two S-100 slots forstatic RAM or video boards. Also a 1K SuperMonitor version 2 with video driver for full capa-bility display with Tiny Basic and a video interfaceboard. Parallel I/O Ports $9.85, RS 232 $4.50,TTY 20 ma l/F $1.95, S-100 $4.50. A 50 pinconnector set with ribbon cable is available at$15.25 for easy connection between the SuperElf and the Super Expansion Board.Power Supply Kit for the complete system (seeMulti-volt Power Supply).

chine language programs; and over 75 state-ments, functions and operations.New improved faster version including re-number and essentially unlimited variables.Also, an exclusive user expandable commandlibrary.

Serial and Parallel I/O included.Super Basic on Cassette $55.00.

Gremlin Color Video Kit $69.95

32 x 16 alpha/numerics and graphics; up to 8colors with 6847 chip; 1K RAM at E000. Plugsinto Super EH 44 pin bus. No high res. graphics.On board RF Modulator Kit $4.95

1802 16K Dynamic RAM Kit $149.00

Expandable to 32K. Hidden refresh w/clocks up to 4MHz w/no wait states. Addl. 16K RAM $63.00Super Elf 44 pin expansion board; 3 female and 1male bus. Board plus 3 connectors $22.95Tiny Basic Extended on Cassette $15.00

(added commands Include Stringy, Array, Cas-sette I/O etc.)

S-100 4 Slot Expansion $ 9.95

Super Monitor VI.I Source Listing $15.00

Elf II Adapter Kit $24.95

Plugs into Elf II providing Super Elf 44 and 50 pinplus S-100 bus expansion. (With Super Ex-pansion). High and low address displays, stateand mode LED s optional $18.00.

Super Color S-100 Video Kit $129.95Expandable to 256 x 192 high resolution colorgraphics. 6847 with all display modes computercontrolled. Memory mapped. 1K RAM expanda-ble to 6K. S-100 bus 1802,8080,8085, Z80 etc.Editor Assembler $25.00

(Requires minimum of 4K for E/A plus usersource)

1802 Tiny Basic Source listing $19.00

Super Monitor V2.0/2.1 Source Listing $20.00

TERMS: $5.00 min. order U.S. Funds. Calil residents add 6% lax.

$10.00 min. BankAmericard and Master Charge accepted. $1.00 insurance optional.Postage: Add 5%. COD. $10.00 min. order.

FREE: Send lor your copy of our NEW 1980QUEST CATALOG. Include 48c stamp.

Circle 291 on Inquiry card.

BYTE January 1981 359

SYSTEMS IMPLEMENTATION LANGUAGES for6502, 6800, 6801. Macro cross-assemblers XASM6500 and XASM6800 runon 8080 or Z80 CP/M systems, andgenerate object code in CP/M formatfor 6502, 6800, etc The assemblersaccept algebraic source code as wellas CPU mfr's standard mnemonics.Macros for PROCEDURE, DO, REPEAT,EXIT, IF-THEN-ELSE, IF-REPEAT, andIF-EXIT support block-structuredcode. Also: support for modularconstruction of programs, recursivemacros, nested repeated assembly,nested conditional assembly, namesup to 255 significant chars. long,assembly-time relocation, cross-reference includes xref of detectederrors, complete set of arith.operators and signed and unsignedarith. relations in expressions,parity option with quoted chars-,auto, mode conversion for Page 0addressing, ERROR instruction forreporting application-dependenterrors, Ik descriptive errormessages, unused symbols flagged,symbol values shown in hex, decimal,and as ASCII chars., option ofdi rect conversational input. $150complete, $25 manual (appl- to laterpurchase). License needed beforeshipment. Succinct Systems, 1346River St., Santa Cruz, CA 95060.(408)426-4197 -

PASCAL SOFTWARE

Business Application Programs:

Accounts Receivable $795

Accounts Payable $795

General Ledger $795

Payroll/Job Costing $795

Property Management $995

Engineering Application ProgramsCustomized Installation on RequestSupplied on single-density, soft-sectored, 8" floppy disks; require48K RAM,

HELU CORPORATION

P.O. Box 596

AIEA, HI 96701

(808) 456-1189

Having trouble

learning to use

your computer?

"Reference manuals don't teach. Most BASICtexts don't cover specific personal computers.

T1S solves these problemswith step-by-step bookstailored for your machine.

For PET/CBM

Understanding Your PET/CBM S16.95

Vol 1: Basic Programming

PET Graphics S 6.95

For OSI CIP/C4P

Understanding Your C1P/C4P S 9.95

A Workbook ol BASIC Exercises

Money Back Guarantee VISA/MC accepted.

All prices include UPS or 1st Class postage.

TIS, Dept B

Box 921

Los Alamos, NM 87544

Circle 292 on Inquiry card.

Circle 293 on inquiry card.

Circle 294 on inquiry card.

PEX NEW!

interface converts

Your Typewriter

into Printer

• Finest print quality • low cost

• Easy installation • Quick delivery

• Fits IBM SELECTRIO typewriter with no modification.

■ For TRS-801, Apple5, or any parallel or RS232 port.

■ Write or phone for more information, todayi

,p

d

■ U.S. and worldwide sales -

EX

INTERNATIONAL INC.

16140 valerlo St.

Van Nuys, CA 91406 USATEL: 213/781-0020 TLX/TWX-. 910-495-1767

Sprint 68Microcomputer

Circle 295 on inquiry card.

CONTROL COMPUTERDEVELOPMENT SYSTEM

6800 MPU. serial I/O, 48K RAM, dual 8"drives, WIZRD multitasking DOS, editor,assembler, 12K BASIC, all (or $3995.

OPTIONS

C, PL/W, PASCAL, FORTRAN, EROM pro-grammer, analog I/O, parallel I/O, 488GPIB interface. CMOS RAM/battery, powerfail detect/power on reset

Wlnlek Corp.

WINTI2lM"*h.s,,.ee,

Circle 296 on inquiry card.

IBMCP/M-w-DECCompatibility with

reformaTTer

Exchange data files with most IBM andDEC equipment through REFORMATTER diskutilities. With REFORMATTER, you can read

and write IBM 3740 and DEC RT-il formatteddiskettes on your CP/M system. Programs fea-ture bi-directional data transfer and full direc-tory manipulation. AiSCIl/EBCDIC conversionprovided with CP/M<-«-IBM.

Each program $195.00 from stock. SpecifyCP/M-.-IBM or CP/M-«-DEC when ordering. '

Program Data Sheets and ApplicationGuide available from MicroTech Exports, Inc..467 Hamilton Ave.. Suite 2, Palo Alto. CA94301 □ Tel: 415/324-9114 □ TWX: 910-370-7457 MUH-AI.TOS D Dealer & OEMdiscounts available. ^^ £Q)

CP/M* is :i reg&tereil trademark of Digital Research.

Circle 297 on inquiry card.

/□5BGV

QfflClAl 5QFTHHRE

BUYERS GUIDEA guide to software for all majorhardware systems. Listings ofhardware operating systems andthe following software: Big 5,other business applications, gamesand miscellaneous programs. Inexcess of 1000 programs.

Send $6.95 to Official SoftwareBuyers Guide, P.O. Box 18278,Reno, Nevada 89511.

Name

Type of system used.

Address

City, State, Zip

Mailing Date: January 15,1981

SURPLUS ELECTRONICS

ASCII

ASCII

TRS-80* COMPATIBLE, IBMSELECTRIC® -BASED I/O TERMINAL

with ASCII conversion installed: $645.00

Many Other Items Available: Tape Drives;Cable; Cassette Drives; Wire; Power Supplies(5 volt 35 amp, others); Displays; Cabinets;Transformers; Heat Sinks; Printers; Com-ponents.

Send for Free Catalog

WORLDWIDE ELECTRONICS, INC.

130 Northeastern Blvd.

Nashua, N.H. 03062

Phone orders accepted using VISA or MC

Toll Free 1-800-258-1036

In NH 603-889-7661

•TRS-80 is a trademark ot the Radio Shack

Division of Tandy Corporation.

USR-330D Modem

Auto-Dial/Auto Answer S399

Connect your TRS-80, Apple, or any othercomputer to the phone lines.

• 0-300 Baud-Bell 103/113 compatible

• Serial-RS232

• Half/Full Duplex

• 1 year warranty

FCC CertifiedDirect connection tophone lines via RJ11Cstandard extensionphone jack

USR-330A Modem $339

Same as 330D

but Manual-Originate/Auto-Answer.

Radio Shack Model II Users -

We have software to connect you directlyto the phone lines.

U.S. ROBOTICS

203 IM. WABASHSUITE 17IBCHICAGO. ILL BOBDl

Circle 298 on inquiry card.

Circle 299 on inquiry card.

Circle 300 on inquiry card.

THE STAR MODEM

From Livermore Data Systems

RS232 MODEMIEEE 488 MODEMRS232 COnn-IEEE 488 CCITT

SALE $135

SALE $245

$170

$280

STAR Modem is the price performance leader with a full2 YEAR FACTORY WARRANTY.

WE CARRY THE BLACK APPLE.

_' Bell&Hdwell

MADE EXCLUSIVELY FOR BELL & HOWELL BY

'"tipple computer inc.

EBS Business System for PET/CBM $795

Extremely comprehensive package for small business.Fully integrated inventory and accounts receivable systemincluding invoices, packing slips, mail labels, statements,bank deposit slips, and 17 reports. Allows any of 10standard letters to be merged with customer record info oneither a selective or complete file basis. Demo disk andsystem description available for S3.00.

OZZ Data Base System for CBM 8032 $335

Flexible file handling and report writing package for suchapplications as: Inventory Control; Management Informa-tion; Mailing List; Scheduling; Medical Record Keeping;Accounting.

KM MM Pascal for PET $75

Subset of standard Pascal with true machine languagetranslator for faster execution. 16K with tape or disk.

EABL for PET (disk file based) $65

Editor. Assembler, Relocater. Linker to generate relocat-able obiect code.

fullF0RTH+ for PET/CBM $65

A lull-featured FORTH with extensions conforming to ForthInterest Group standards. Includes assembler, string process-ing capabilities, disk virtual memory multiple dimensionedarrays, floating point and integer processing.

MIPLOT Intelligent Plotterby Watanabe Instruments (Digiplot)

SPECIAL$1045

• Incorporates all intelligent functions reguired for pro-ducing graphs and drawings including 8 vector and 4character commands.

• Distance accuracy within 1%, repetition accuracywithin .01 inches, programmable step size .004 inches,internal interpolation in .002 steps.

• Solid and broken line types can be specified.

• Character generator for letters, numerals and symbols.Characters can be enlarged and rotated in four orienta-tions.

• Coordinate axes can be drawn by simply specifying thegraduation interval and number of repetitions.

• Self test mode automatically draws complete test pattern.

• Printer mode outputs character data in 16 sizes with 4orientations.

• Connection to any microcomputer using parallel 7-bitASCII code.

• Can use simple cable to parallel port, or special inter-face to IEEE or other.

• Modular control circuit and mechanical construction.

• Uses any hard fiber-tip pen.

• Uses 11x17 paper.

Includes power supply, I/O connector, 2 pens, 50 sheets ofpaper, and complete manual.

6502

7.45 10/6.95 50/6.55 100/6.15

6502A

8.40 10/7.95 50/7.35 100/6.90

6520 PIA

5.15 10/4.90 50/4.45 100/4.15

6522 VIA

6.45 10/6.10 50/5.75 100/5.45

6532

7.90 10/7.40 50/7.00 100/6.60

2114-L450

3.95 20/3.75 100/3.45

2114-1300

4.45 20/4.25 100/3.95

2716 EPROM

13.45 5/12.75 10/11.85

2732 EPROM {TMS2532) 29.50

4116-200 III RAH [NEC) 8 for 35.00

S-100 Wire Wrap $2.65 Solder Tail $2.15

commodore

CBM-PET SPECIALS

<<<, Up to S235 free<<^J/ merchandise with purchase of

X one of following CBM-PET items

CASSETTES - AGFA PE-611 PREMIUM

High output, low noise, 5 screw housing, labels.C-10 10/5.65 50/25.00 100/48.00

C-30 10/7.30 50/34.00 100/66.00

All other lengths available. Write for price list.

FREE

8032 32K - 80 Column CRT $1795 235

8016 16K - 80 Column CRT $1495 205

8050 Dual Disk Drive-1,020,000 Bytes $1795 235

A ATARI 800 $777All Atari Modules 20% OFFSPECIAL-purchase ATARI 800, receiveextra 8K memory FREE.EDUCATIONAL PLAN - buy 2 ATARIComputers, receive 1 ATARI 400 FREE!

DISKS

(write for quantity prices)

SCOTCH (3M) 8" 10/3,10 50/2.85 100/2.75

SCOTCH (3M) 5" 10/2.95 50/2.80 100/2.70

Maxell 5" 10/3.35 50/3.25 100/3.10

Maxell 8" Double Dens. 10/4.10 50/3.95 100/3.80

Verbatim 5" 10/2.40 50/2.35 100/2.30

(add .75 for plastic storage box)

SASF5" 10/2.60 20/2.50 100/2.40

BASF 8" 10/2.40 20/2.35 100/2.30

Diskette Storage Pages 10 for 3.95

Disk Library Cases 8" - 2.85 5"-2.15

CBM Modem - IEEE InterfaceCBM Voice Synthesizer8N Full size graphics keyboard16K Full Size Graphics or

Business Keyboard32K Full Size Graphics or

Business Keyboard2040 Dual Disk Drive - 343,000 bytes2022 Tractor Feed PrinterC2N External Cassette DeckUsed PETs (8, 16. and 32K)WRITE FOR SYSTEM PRICES

"EDUCATIONAL DISCOUNTS**

Buy 2 PET Computers, get 1 FREE

CBM Full Size Graphics Keyboard $ 74

WordPro III - 32K CBM, disk, punter $170

WordPro IV - 8032, disk, printer $255

$395 50$395 50$795 100

$995 150

$1295 205

$1295 205

$795 100

$95 12

CALL

VISICALC for PET (Personal Software)BPI General Ledger, A/P, A/R for PET

$170$270

Programmers Toolkit - PET ROM Utilities $36.90

PET Spacemaker Switch $24.90

Dust Cover for PET $6.90

IEEE-Parallel Printer Interface for PET $65.00

IEEE-RS232 Printer Interface for PET $149.00

EPSON MX-80 Printer $575

C. Itoh Daisy Wheel Printer $1575

Centronics 737 Proportional Spacing Printer $795

NEC Spinwriter - parallel $2450

XYMEC Hl-Q 1000 Intelligent Daisy Wheel S1975

Leedex Video 100 12" Monitor $129ZENITH DATA SYSTEMS

Zenith Z19 Terminal (factory asm.) $735

Zenith Z89 with 48K $2150

SYM-1 $209

SYM BAS-1 BASIC or RAE-1/2 Assembler S 85

KTM-2/80 Synertek Video Board $349

KIM-1 (add S34 for power supply) $159

Seawell Motherboard - 4K RAM $195

Seawell 16K Static RAM - KIM, SYM, AIM S320

KL-4M Four Voice Music Board and Visible MusicMonitor (4 Voice) tor PET $59.90

FLEXFILE Database-Report Writer by Michael RileyFlexible file handler for PET/CBM

MICRO-REVERSI for PET by Michael Riley $9.95Machine language version—you can't win at Level 5.

PAPER-MATE 60 Command PET Word Processor $29.95Full-featured version by Michael Riley

A P Products 15% OFFAPHobby-Blox 15% OFF

ALL BOOK and SOFTWARE PRICES DISCOUNTED

$12.75

$10.60$12.75$12.75S 9.90$10.45$10.45$ 9.45

The 8086 Book (Osborne)

Z8000 Assembly Language Programming

(Osborne)

PET Personal Computer Guide (Osborne)

PET and the IEEE-488 Bus (Osborne)

6502 Assembly Language (Osborne)

Programming the 6502 (Zaks)

6502 Applications Book (Zaks)

6502 Software Cookbook (Scelbil

115 E. Stump RoadMontgomeryville. PA 18936

215-699-5826

A B Computers

WRITE FOR CATALOG.

Add S1 25 per order for shipping We pay balance of UPS surface chargeson all prepaid orders Prices listed are on cash discount basis Regularprices slightly higher

Circle 301 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1981 361

FIFTY BUS SYSTEMS

32K 6800s from $1694.59

32K 6809s from $1844.69

Include: Chassis, CPU, 32K Static Ram, l/OsFully Expandable

2114L 300ns STATIC RAM CHIPS $5.90

FAfTORY PRIMP From the same shipment we use In ourrnuiuni mime professional qtialily boards.

Add $5.00 Handling on Orders Under $200.00

32K STATIC RAM BOARD

FOR THE SS50 AND SS50C BUS (SWTP etc.)

• SS50C Extended Addressing (can be disabled).

• 4 separate 8K blocks • Low power 2114L RAMS

• SockBled lor 32K • Write Protect

• Gold Bus Connectors

16K $328.12

24K $438.14

32K $548.15

Phone, write, or see your dealer for details and prices on ourbroad range of Boards and Systems for the SS50/SS5OCBUS including our UNIQUE BO x 24 VIDEO BOARD, and ourAC Power Control Products for all computers.

Girnix (5i

1337 W. 37th Place • Chicago, IL 60609(312)927-5510 • TWX 910-221-4055The Company that delivers.

Quality Electronic products since 1975.

GIMIX* and GHOST* are Registered Trademarks ol GIMIX INC.

FINALLY. A SOFTWARE ALTERNATIVE FOR

OHIO SCIENTIFIC

SUBSYS IS A SOFTWARE PACKAGE DESIGNED TO TAKETHE PAIN OUT OF DEVELOPING SOFTWARE- WRITINGDOCUMENTATION- PRODUCING LETTERS, GENERATINGREPORTS. AND PREPARING MAILING LISTS. THESUBSYS PACKAGE IS A SERIES OF PROGRAMS DESIG-NED FOR USE WITH THE 65~D3 OPERATING SYSTEM.THE PACKAGE INCLUDES:

* COED - CHARACTER ORIENTED EDITOR

TINY - ASSEMBLES FROM MULTI-FILE SUURCE TODISK FILE OUTPUT (MORE THAN 3SK OBJECT IN48K SYSTEM. POSSIBLE)

* FORMAT ~ TEXT FORMATTER, WITH PAGE COUNT,

HEADINGS, TITLES. INDEX, OUTPUT ANY DEVICE" SHELL " SUISYS KERNEL WITH DELETE, CREATE,COPY, DIRECT, DISKPACKER, AND OTHER UTILI-TIES BUILT IN (INCLUDES: ASCII TO BASICTOKENS AND BACK AGAIN, LOWER CASE SHIFT-LOCK TO CAPS-LOCK ON VIDEO SYSTEMS, EXITTO BASIC, AUTO-RETURN TO SHELL AFTER EDIT.FORMAT, ASSEMBLE. OR EXECUTE).SUBSYS IS WRITTEN IN ASSEMBLY AND EMPLOYSDYNAMIC FILE ALLOCATION FOR EFFICIENCY. ALLSOFTWARE IS NUMBERED AND REGISTERED TO CUSTO-MERS. LIMITED WARRANTEE FOR 1 YEAR FROMPURCHASE. CIRCLE READER S SERVICE NUMBER FORINFORMATION. MANUALS AVAILABLE SEPARATELY.

Roland ProjectsBox 23764Rochester, N.Y.14692

A ATARI'

COMPLETE LINE OF ATARICOMPUTER PRODUCTS 20% OFF

Atari 800 with 16K $810

Atari 810 Disk Drive $525

Atari 815 Dual Disk Drive $1200

All Atari Software, including Star Raiders, SpaceInvaders, and Education Tapes. 20% olf.

WE ARE ATARI EXPERTS INBOTH HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

EXCLUSIVE BIT BUCKET SOFTWAREFOR ATARI:Utilities Disk with Disassembler,Character Generator. Basic Renumberer.

Cruncher Utility (requires 24K) $45

Brain Games Disk with Mastercode. Hex.

Memory, Mr, Simon S30

Action Games Disk $30

The Bit Bucket

Jtb-sS

Bf

168 North Beacon StreetP 0 Box 365

Newton Highlands, MA 02161Phone 1617) 783 3144

Circle 302 on inquiry card.

Circle 303 on inquiry card.

Circle 305 on inquiry card.

RIBBONCARTRIDGE

Ribbon cartridges for TDC printermechanisms used in the MPI 88T, 88G,Base 2's 800, Axiom's IMP 1, IMP II,DIP's 80 and 84. Prices start at 9.95with generous OEM discounts available.TDC, 203 East Main Street, RivertonWyoming 82501, (307)856-1111Telex-318041.

CROSS-ASSEMBLERS

WRITTEN IN Ajjgj FORTRAN IV

PACKAGE NO. MACHINES)

XASM6800 MC6800,02,08

XASM6805 MC680B.MC146806

XASM8809 MC6809

XA8M8086 8080,8086

XASM1802 CDP1802

XASM6602 8600 FAMILY

"Coming soon: 6800, 8086, 99006800 to 6809 Trans.

Full instruction set, all addressing modes. Free-format input,relocatable listing and object moduli: many user-selectableassembly options. 8-character labels, arithmetic expressions inoperands, long error messages, high execution speed.

Full-capability assemblers run on almost any system suppor-ting ANSI standard FORTRAN IV, 1966 or later, at a fraction ofthe cost of a separate development system.

FORTRAN SOURCE MEDIA PRICE

MAGNETIC TAPE PACKAGE $100.00

PUNCHED CARD PACKAGE S 75.00

MANUAULISTING ALONE S 30.00

Peckages include manual/listing, shipping in U.S.A. For cards,specify punch code. For tape, specify code, BPI, block size.

IPF"% 00k JRJ Intelligent Uuvicos of Mn■ |Vl P.O. Box 14538■a** ■ W I Minneapolis, MN 5541416121722-1702

r~ QUARTZ CRYSTALS ~*S

1 , 32IB B

5.2428 8

9.9336-8 20O00B 3B2886B 47.85 JS-B

46.8126-B 1

I 5390-B

5610-8

9.98408-B 20.49688 36.3836 B 425768-B

473768 8 < .

, ' I 00(1*

5 7143 B

o.aeeeo-B 22,iib4-b 37.8628 a 42.9258-8

478B38-B |

1 1.S437-A

5.8558

10.000-Q 22.625BB 383768 8 42.86288

4BA00 B , 1

1 , 1.8437 B

5.982 B

102458-fl 2635558 38.4448 8 43.0008 B

48.3006-8 |

| ' 2000 A

6.000 a

10 4068-6 265006-6 38 6258 U 43037B-B

48.6668-6 < .

.1 20971 A

5.144 B

I0.7755B 265706-6 383258 B 43974BB

48.7006 B (

' k 2.4576 A

6.15030-6

I05255B 27JM0-8 393I2BB 43.I85B8

485768-8 1

< 2.500-A

6.29780B

I083B6-B 27JW06-B 39.5038-8 43 259B-B

497006 8 ' ,

i ' 2.86578

6.400-8

HI 360 8 27 6506 B 39 6668 B 433338 8

497338B 1

. 1 2.9950-B

6.5536 B

11I55B 28 4006-8 39.7538 8 433708 6

496128 6 ,'

' 1 3.000-A

6.72530 6

M2I86B 28 6276-8 39.8768 B 434078-8

502505 B 1

i 3.067 B

6.758408

11.2890-8 28 7538 B 39.9628 B -134378 B

510556 B ',

. > 32006

5.9003 B

II.4776-B 298758-8 404448B 434448B

5131288 < '

' | 3.2768 A

7.0063 B

11.6566 B 29 9378-B 40 5328 8 4355SBB

5177788 . »

1 3 Mil II

7.0336-B

11.681E-B 3006488 406120 8 43.6298 B

SI.8506-8 * |

, ' 3.579 B

7.09168

124408 3036063 40.83366 4356686

52.8128 B 1

1 4.000 8

7.1836-8

143IB2-B 30.G258-B 40.8758-8 43.777B-B

56.7506-B ( '

( , 4.1843-B

7.2586 8

144308-8 31)87688 40888811 43.BI28-B

6Q.600B-B 1

| ' 4.3426-8

8.000-B

15.000 B 31.4378-8 409258B 435148-8

60.7506-B ' ,

8.0556 B

154408-8 31.75386 410008-8 435518B

66.75Q6B \

1 , 4.6103-8

B1416 B

155066 B 319000-8 41 1666 B 43.8888 B

70.4006-8 . >

1 4 6503 B

8.IB1SB

16300 B 32000 3 4137686 43.9258 B

750005 B |

, ' 4.8303-0

8.3303-8

163848-8 332006-8 4I.937B-B 44.0008 8

908338 B ' .

1 4,9152-B

8.4998 8

172248-B 33.6258 8 42.0008 B 44,0378 6

99.9668 B |

1 . 5.000 a

85756 B

172422-B 345558B 425836-B 44.3768-B

100 6668 B . >

1 5.0688 B

860568

ISODO-B 34.75388 426268 8 4477788

1014668-8 ' k

, > 5.1203 8

B9606 B

18.4320-6 34.9776-8 4270O6B 45125GB

1030666-B <

I 5.1850 B

B.9906B

194690-8 35.92566 4275388 4630Q6B

103 4666-8 t'

< . 5.1856 B

947708-8

19.7508-8 36.000 8 42.8148 B 467006 B

1049918 B 1

1 ALL A -

J299

all B -si.99 in on mow oiunni :■■. ' |

ADD S1.00 SHIPPING

CAL.

RES. ADD 6% SALES TAX

FREE OSCILLATOR SCHEMATICS

WITH ANY ORDER

| QUALITY COMPUTER PARTS 'i

1 j P.O.

BOX 743 / CHATSWORTH. CA 91311 I

Circle 306 on inquiry card.

Circle 307 on inquiry card.

Circle 308 on inquiry card.

WE HAVE

8039

MICROCOMPUTERSNEW PRIME PARTS

• TIMER APPLICATIONS

• CLOCKS

• SYSTEM CONTROLLERS

• KEYBOARD ENCODING

• 5 VOLT SUPPLY 6MHz

» ETC.

SEND CHECK FOR

IMMEDIATE DELIVERY

1-5 $19 6-25 $15

OVER 25 $10

MARSHALL PHILLIPS

U.S.I., DEPT37

10324 S. DOLFIELD ROAD

OWINGS MILLS, MD 21117

(301) 363-3000 TELEX: 8-7675

Take Your OS I to theFAIR -

with ourSOFTWARE

$$

Proven Programs that will make money for YouIf you have a C2-8PDF with Printer. We willprovide programs on disk, with Starter Kit andTips. Can be used anywhere there are people,.

Also we have User Programs for C2-8P, andCl-P, Available on cassetts, these includeExciting Video Games. Printed instructions.Programs are available as listings, for use onany OSI, or modified for other computers

Send 5.00 for Complete Catalog and SampleRuns. Deductable on your first order.

ALL PROGRAMS ARE ORIGINAL! NO COPIES.

|erceptionsUnlimited

Box 3-186ECB Anchorage, Ak. 99501

EVERY MONTH

BUY, SELL OR TRADE ALL TYPES OFCOMPUTER EQUIPMENT AND SOFT-WARE (pre-owned and new) among20,000 readers nationwide in BIG(11x14") pages. Classified ads areonly 10' per word and are indexed foreasy and fast location. Subscription:$10 a year/12 issues. Money backguarantee.

CamPUTBR SHOPPER

P.O. Box F-14

Titusville, FL 32780

(305)269-3211

MasterCharge or VISA orders only,

Call TOLL FREE 800-327-9920

Circle 309 on inquiry card.

Circle 310 on inquiry card.

Circle 311 on inquiry card.

The Supermarket for TRS-80Add-on Components

In stock now. Immediate delivery.

Vista CorCatalogWrite for Yoi

Today1401 Bochai

(and other computers, too) ^^

92705

The Vista V-80/800/8000Family Disk Drive System

• Fully compatible withTRS-80, Heath/Zenith

• 120 Day Warranty

• 40 Track Patch atNO CHARGE

V-80 Single drive system (102K) $ 395.00

V-80 Two drive system (204K) S 770.00

V-800 Single drive, B52 Drive (204K) $ 595.00

V-800-2 Double drive, B52 Drives (408K) .. $1175.00

V-8000 Single drive, B92 Drive (408K) .... S 775.00

V-8000-2 Double drive B92 Drives (816K) . S1450.00

The VISTA Model II

• Provides one, two orthree drives

• Adds up to 1.5 millionbytes of on-line storage

• 120 day warranty

• Does everthing RadioShack's expansionsystem will do...for less!

S 900.00 Single drive (non-expandable)$1000.00 Single drive

Expansion System$1550.00 Two drive Expansion System$2100.00 Three drive Expansion System$ 525.00 Additional drives alone

Vista's Add on Drives for Apple'

Speed . Capacity . PriceMore for Less

• 30 to 60% cheaper per byte

• From 20 to 400% more capacity

• Twice as fast

/ • Compatible with Pascal

• Warranty 120 days

40-Track80-Track160-TrackController

$365.00$595.00$825.00$150.00

Vista V300

Daisy wheelLetter quality

Base 2 Printer

Variable line spacing control0 to 64 dots in half dot increments100 cps — six densitiesStandard 96 character ASCIIUp to 10 character fonts

Vista Printer

5 x 7 dot matrix80 column (125 cps)

Printers

$1895.00

$575.00 (includes: 2-K Buffer,graphics high speed tractor feed)

$745.00

The VistaMUSICMACHINE 9

WITH 9 VOICES!

• NEW! Uses latest State of the Art LSI Technology.

• Requires only one slot for 9 voices!

• Uses three Ay3-8910's to produce nine voices(Other competitive models have only 3 voices).

• Simulates three ALF Boards.

• Plays music generated by the ALF Board.

• APPLE'" II compatible.

• ALF™ software required.

MPI B51

MPI B52

Siemens

Shugart

Add On Drives

40 Track, Double

Density-204K

Dual Head, Double

Density-408K

FDD 100-5 40 Track Double

Density 204K

FDD 100-8 8" Single

Sided Drive

801R Single Sided Drive

$275.00

$375.00

$275.00

$448.00$448.00

$129.95

Other Products

VISTA Verbatim diskettes (hard or soft sector) Certified

40 track

16K RAM upgrade kits, guaranteed for 120 days.

PRIME PRODUCT

NEW DOS +

LNW expansion bare board

H.C, Pennington book, TRS-80 Disk and Other

Mysteries

DDT Disco-Tech disk drive timer

$ 38.95

$ 59.95

$110.00

$66.95

$ 18.95

$ 19.95

The VISTA V-200 for Exidy

• Completely packaged system, tested and ready to plug in, includes:power supply, two 40 track drives, case, controller, all cabling andtotal CP/M™ documentation.

• Storage capacity from 400K to 1.2 meg.

• System software-VISTA CP/M Disk Operating System and BASIC-ECompiler recorded on 5-1/4" diskettes.

Price: Starting as low as $1199.00

■■■■I CALL TOLL-FREE 800-854-8017

i f f^S 'CT (For °rders °n|y)

k J L, J Tt I All request for catalogs must be by mail

m^

The Vista Computer Company 1401 Borchard Street • Santa Ana, California 92705 •

'TRS-80 is a registered trademark of Radio Shack"CPM is a registered trademark of Digital Research.

Circle 312 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1981 363

Now! From

SOFTWARE CONSVLTANTS1

OS-65D V3.2 DISASSEMBLY MANUAL

CROSS REFERENCE LISTINGS•50 P»g*. oi FULLY COMMENTEDDISASSEMBLY llwrnijr. Sid ArrwrmbW Inrmm

• 10 Pag« of CROSS REFERENCE LISTINGS.

I <« nif any variable or lnb*l Compkie. rompuipr-grnerarrd concordance

REF COMMAND - CROSS REFERENCE UTILITY

• HIGH SPEED, memorv rrerdcnl utilityavailable nn OS-65D and OS-6511

■ LISTS & SORTS all occurrence, ol a..ivarlabl*. line ■. 01 numrik constant

Dealer tnqutrl** Invited To order tend check lot J24 °5 lotDISASSEMBLY and SOT 95 lot REF COMMAND toSOFTWARE CONSULTANTS. 7053 ROSE TRAIL.MEMPHIS. TN 38134 USA.

Postpaid Allow 2-3 tubs Tn residents add 6% sates tax

COMPUTER

s a r p l a s

**************

POWER SUPPLIES: 110@220 vac. raulti

volt and multi amp ($20-$45).

VIDEO TERMINALS with KEYBOARDS

($S0-$180).

MUFFIN FANS $5.

FILTER CAPACITORS (large canistors)

$1 ea.

ALSO LARGE COMPUTER CABINETS

$30-$100.

40 wire ribbon cable 50T per foot

20 wire ribbon cable 25* per foot

RELAYS, CONNECTORS, FUSEHOLDERS, BREAKERS, HEAT SINKS,SWITCHES,..etc. also for sale.

CALL KIRT WYCKOFF at(216) 473-0866

DATA HARDWARE

701 #4 BETA DR.CLEVELAND OHIO 44143

**:£***$$$.**:£$**

DEALERS WELCOME

SflUE OLD SLUS

Address up to 60Kcontiguous user RAM

SOS Personality ReplacementModule moves SOLOS and VDMto F000

Replacement Module boardcomes complete with new SOLOSROMs, assembled and tested.Your old Personality module stillworks at C000. Plugging in SOSModule moves SOLOS to F000.Price: $129.

Check. VISA or MC

Add $3. tor shipping.

NY residents add 8% tax.

METRONCOMPUTERWAREINC.

552 West 114 Street

New York. NY. 10025

(212) 666-2400

Dept. B

Circle 313 on inquiry card.

Circle 314 on inquiry card.

Circle 315 on inquiry card.

COMPUTER REPAIR

FAST PROFESSIONAL SERVICE

ON ALL OHIO SCIENTIFIC

COMPUTERS AND PERIPHERALS.

PACE AGE TECHNOLOGY IS

A FULLY EQUIPPED OSI FACILITY.

MOST REPAIRS IN 48 HRS. OR LESS.

SHOP LABOR S25.00/HR SERVICE CALLS S35.00/HR.

HAVE PLANE AND CAN FLY TO YOU

Call Michael Pace

(404) 266-8582

PACE AGE TECHNOLOGY

3271 ROSWELL ROADATLANTA, GA. 30305

add lowercase

with our plug-in

Piggyback board

CERTROniCS

NOW! Add lowercase and optional secondcharacter sets to ALL MODELS* includingthe popular 101A & 779; 96 characterASCII; optional character sets (add$15.00) Include APL, TRS-80/H-19 Graph-ics, Scientific and Customer Defined.

•Except 730. 737 and 6000 Series

5x7 dot matrix — £ 95.00 (A&T)9x7 dot matrix — $135.00 (A&T)

Postage Paid on Prepaid OrderAll products waranleed 90 days

MasterCard. VISA. Check. MO. PO

Digital

Systems

Engineering

ng !

Reston. Virginia 22091(703) 620-2994

Circle 316 on inquiry card.

6809PASCAL

6809 Compiler package generates romable, re-entrant, position-independent object code. Exten-sion include; hex and string data types, assemblylanguage interfacing, standard string functions,and program chaining. Version 1 does not includerecords and pointers; these features will be avail-able in the full language Version 2 upgrade laterthis year. Minimum of 32 K byte system requiredwith either the MDOS or FLEX operating system.Write or call for data sheet and ordering informa-tion.

Compiler package includes compiler, relocatingassembler, linking loader, runtime package, in-teractive symbolic debugger, and manual

Pricing: Compiler package

for source of runtime adduser manual separately

5215.00$ 50.00$ 23 00

FLEX is a trademark of TSCMDOS is a trademark of Motorola

OmegaSoft

P.O. BOX 70265

Sunnyvale, CA 94086

(408) 733-6979

MISSPELLED WORDS?

WordScarch [tm| can find then, quickly amireliably. WordScarch Is tin- ideal companionfor your CP/M compatible editoi .it word pro-cessing system WordScarch completes thejt.li that these word processing tools startedWordScarch i> .. sophisticated interactiveihnt can be tailored to

•MM1'

,,l.t

abi

lary WordScarch allows foi an unlimited v<>cabulary size wUhani bring constrained bylanguage oi special sulwel Available user ays-

WordScarch is EASY in use Defaults canbe a-M't at any time ns eiihei a nertnanenl ortemporary condition thus avoiding ulmosl .illredundanl ur otherwise unnecessary key-strokes.WordScarch isavatlabteunwfo] Siys.UU from

HSSBDDE

I'll I!,.* S92293Miami Florida 33159INCORPORATED |305] 238- 1820

CI'M in.r registered trademark ol Digit.

Research.

All prices are FOB Miami and subjeel la

change withnul prio/ notice

Copyright |CI 1980 Key litis Iml

All rights reserved worldwide

GET THE COMPETITIVE EDGE IN REAL ESTATE APPRAISALS

'Fanny Mae'

THE WORD PROCESSOR FOR

FEDERAL MORTGAGE ADMINISTRATION

RESIDENTIAL APPRAISAL FORM

De.BIOperJ E.cmi.vuiy to- IM iNtLHTfcC SUPEMWAiNO f IE R SO ft WARE AVAILABLE

Oraer Your «BFf C

General Systems Consulting

V

AH.'JNf '[.^ ';,-G5

Circle 317 on inquiry card.

Circle 318 on inquiry card.

Circle 319 on inquiry card.

EXCITING MAILORDER DISCOUNTS

jappkT ][

i6K computer

Disk II with Controller $519 ... without $425Nearly Everything for Apple

$899

APPLE II 32K $999APPLE II 48K $1099

DOS 3.3with upgrade kit $48

APPLE IIACCESSORIES

Apple Joystick 47

ABT Numeric Input Keyboard 114

ALF Music Synthesizer 245

Brightpen Lightpen from Softape 32

Clear Cover for Apple Computer 25

CCS Programmable Timor Module 159

Dan Paymer Lower Case Kit 59

Hayes Micromdem ~ 335

Extender Board 27

Grophics Input Tablet 643

Inirol X 10 Remote Control System 239

Introl X 10 Controller Only 164

M&R SupR-Term 80 Column Board 325

Microsoft Z 80 Soft Card 299

Novation Cat Modem 159

Romwritar 149

Speechlink 2000V64 Word Vocabulary 215

SuperTalker Speech Synthesizer 239

Sup-R Mod RF TV Modulator 25

SVA 8" Disc Controller Card 329

Versa -Writer DigitUor, Drawing System... 209

WE SHIP FAST!

SOFTWARE

Advanture by Microsoft 27

Apple Bowl 14

Applebug Assembler/Dissassembler 69

Applebug Debugger 27

Apple Graph & Plot System 59

Applepost Mailing List System 44

Applesoft Utility Programs by Hayden ... 27

Applewriter Word Processor 59

Bill Budges Space Game Album 39

Bill Budges Trilogy of Games 29

The Cashier Retail Managment System.. 189CCA Data Management

by Personal Software 84

The Contributed Volumes 15

wimanuals 29

Desktop Plen by Personal Softwere 79

Dow Jones Portfolio Evaluator 44

Forth II by Programma Software 45

Fortran for use with Language System.. 159

Pascal Language System 395

Sargon II Chess Game cassette 27

Sargon II Chess Game-disk. 35

Shell Games 27

Space Invader-Cassette 18

Space Invader-disk. 25

Sub-Logic FS-1 Flight Simulator

Cassette 23

Sub Logic FS-1 Flight Simulator-disk 29

Sybex Apple 80 B080 Simulator 17

Visicalc by Personal Software 115

Business Package ■ 595

APPLE COMPUTERINTERFACE CARDS

Asynchronous Serial Interface *7710A. . . $145

Applesoft II Firmwere Card 149

CCS Arithmetic Processor Card #7811B. . 329

CCS Parallel Interface Card --7720A 155

Centronics Printer Interface Card 179

Apple ClockJCalandar Card

by Mountain Herdware 229

Communications Card & DB25 Cable.... 179

Integer Basic Firmware Card 149

Parallel Printer Interface Card 139

Prototyping Hobby Card 22

Romplus Card with keyboard filter 169

Romplus Card without keyboard filter., .. 159SSM AIO Serial/Parallel CO

Assembled & Tested 169

Serial Interface Card 139

Symtec Light Pen Card 214

PRINTERS,MONITORS, DISCS

Daisy Wheel Printerl 1795

Anadex DP8000 850

Anadex DP8000AP 850

Centronics without cable 819

Epeon TX80-B W/Graphics 799

MPI 8BT 650

NEC Spinwriter *5510 2695

Paper Tiger with Graphics 959

Silentyps with Interface Card 495

Leedex Video 100 12" B&W 129

Sanyo 9" B&W 155

Color Monitor 11" 349

Dyson disks (pkg 10) 50

Memorex Ipkg 101 40

Verbatim (pkg 10) 30

f^cippkz computer Y\IN STOCK,CALL FOR PRICES!

□- g'ftaapg j

*&m^ $747

•High resolution COLOR Graphics "Built-in RF TV modulator

• 1 OK Basic in ROM "High speed serial 10 port

• RAM expandable to 48K

•57 key full stroke keyboardIf Atari makes it, we sell it!

Atari 820 Printer $489

Atari 810 Disk Drive 569

Atari 410 Program Recorder 69

Atari 16K RAM Module 149

Atari 8K RAM Module 99

Atari Basic ROM 45

Basketball 30

Video Easel 30

Super Breakout 30

Music Composer 45

Computer Chess 30

Star Raiders 39

3D Tic-Tac-Toe 30

Joystick 19

"BEST PRINTER VALUE IN THE WORLD"Check our prices on THE ULTIMATE IN QUALITY

Epson Printers

APPLE & MOST OTHER COMPUTERS

NEW! MX80, 40, 80, 132 columns

list $645

TX 80 col. w/Graphics

list $799

Apple Controller & Card& Cable.

LIST $110

• Most reliable small printers ever sold!

• Uses standard printed paper.

• Dumps Apple screen graphics right on thepaper — with graphics option.

VISA*

TO ORDER: Phone orders invited using Visa, Mastercard, orbank wire transfers. Visa & MC credit card service chargeof 2%. Mail orders may send charge card number (includeexpiration date), cashiers check, money order, or personalcheck (allow 10 business days for personal checks to clear).Please include phone number. Include 3% shipping, hand-

ling, and insurance ($5.00 minimum) in USA. Shipmentswithin Calif, add 6% sales tax. Foreign orders include 1%handling-shipped freight collect. Foreign orders over $1000allow 3 weeks extra and include $25 license fee. Allequipment is in factory cartons with the manufacturerswarranty. Equipment is subject to price change and avail-ability.

"master charge]L -*- ''*

MAIL TO: 1251 BROADWAY EtCAJON CA, 9Z0ZI (714] 579*0330

AUTHORIZED

APPLE

SALES &

SERVICE

Li* LX*LjLj] jlyLf^jUl lUr^Qly'

Circle 320 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 19B1 365

I

8035 SYSTEMS

A compact modular set of PC Boards for im-plementing lest instruments, measurementand control systems, badge readers, datacommunications, data entry, games or home

security systems.

KIT A&T

CPU Board. 8035. 2716

1 K RAM. 40 I/O Lines ...

$99 $125

SIO Board. 3 8251 A. RS 232

Dr/Rec. 6 LEDs

99 125

PIO Board. 2 8255 PIOs.

Line Drivers

99 125

2 or 3 Slot Molher Boards .

50

Power Supply. 5V. 12V 8 -12V

55 65

Diagnostic EPROM and Listing

40

Bare Boards. Schematics andParts Lists each

$19.95

Boards are 4" ov 7", 80 pins. 156 centers edgeconnector Development Tools available onCPM

Make check payable to:

SKP Electronics

221 1 Caper Tree Dr .Tustm. CA 92680

17141832-1732California residents add 6°o sales laxPlease add S300 lor shipping and handling

Circle 321 on inquiry card.

STATISTICALSOFTWARE

The Winchendon Group an-nounces its powerful statisticalsystem which includes a data-base system, all BASIC trans-formations, simple statistics,stepwise regression, correla-tion, crosstabs, factor analysisand more.

Now available for the AppleII + *, 48k with DOS 3.2.1 *.$ 1 50, for the complete version.

Write for further information.

P.O. Box 10114Alexandria, Va. 22310

•Apple II + and DOS 3.2.1 are trademarks ofthe Apple Computer Company

Circle 324 on inquiry card.

LOW PRICES

Base 2 800 B $ 629.

Centronics 737 (parallel) $ 845.

Centronics 737 (serial) $ 888.

EPSON MX-80 (parallel) CALL SP

EPSON MX-80 (serial) CALL SP

EPSONTX-80 ..' CALLSP

Integral Data 445 * 715.

Integral Data 440G $ 945.

Integral Data 460G $1120.

MPI 88G $ 675.

Okidata Microline 80 $ 649.

Diablo 630 RO *2339.

NEC Spinwriter 5515 $2590.

Starwriter ■... CALL SP

American Express, Master Card 6 VISA accepted. Checks

- lutrc time to dear. CA add Tax. All add 3% for shipping. We

ny most all brands micros, terminals, printers, drives,

lory, software, disks, accessories, calculators, telephone

equipment and more. Send for our catalog.

Call 24 hours or mail older to:

SP ELECTRONICS

P.O. Box 8265Sacramento. CA 95818(916) 442-2323

NEED DISKETTES?

Call free (800)235-4137

BASF

MEMOREXVkDysan

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill BlvdSan Luis Obispo. CA93401 (InCal call(805| 543-1037|

Circle 322 on inquiry card.

ELECTRONICENGINEERS

Elect. Design Eng. 24-40K

Digital Design Eng. 25-35K

ANALOG Design Eng. 25-35K

Systems Design Eng. 28-36K

Elec. Design Eng. 25-40K

Instrumentation/Tests 25-40K

OUR clients are manufacturers of sophisticated elec-tronic microprocessor based equip-instrumentation.Salary commensurate with experience. Call or forwardresumes in strict confidence.

QU&

CORPORATEMANAGEMENTGROUP INC.

524 BOSTON POST ROAD • MILFOHD. CT. 06460(2031877-5651

Circle 325 on inquiry card.

MISSIL€S

Defend your cities from massive missileattacks — your survival hinges on yourdexterity and logic!!

RUNS ON APPLE II AND 11 +

• Superb, smooth hi-res color graphics (b & wtoo)

• Exciting high-speed action

Send check, m.o., or use VISA or Master

Card (send card no. and date card expires)

MISSILES: $25 on tape, $30 on disk

OTHELLO: $15 on tape, $20 on disk

KNOX DATA • (213) 781-4477

7100 Hayvenhurst Ave., Van Nuys, CA 91406DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

DISKETTES

90 DAY WARRANTY

SOFT

51A8

1016

SOFTHARD

JjJO^Oboxes

$260

of 10

ea. inboxesof 10

LIBRARYCASE

5 s2.508 $2.50

ea.ea.

Use VISA, MO Add $2. for C.O.D.Ship. & hdlg. $1. + $.50/lb.

AMIS, Box 15056

Long Beach, CA 90815

(213) 597-6839

Circle 323 on inquiry card.

BELOW DEALERS COST!

NorrhStar^

North Star Horizon

3200 - 2295.0032K QUAD-2600.00

Immediate Delivery

Application Soti-.aie

North Star Pascal NorthWord General Ledger

S16000 S335 00 ^ Sa2fj00

COD CASH IN ADVANCE-VISA/ MASTER CHARGE*

■ADD 4 PERCENT ON CHARGE ORDERS

CUSTOM BUSINESS COMPUTERS

103 ATLANTIC AVENUE. LYNBROOK, NEW YORK 11563»(5!6,B87-3340

Circle 326 on inquiry card.

A NEW WIRELESS AC REMOTE CONTROLINTERFACE for the Sears and BSR X-10 homecontrol system. Use your present TRS-80 Level

II, Apple II or S100 computer to provide com-plete home security through control of lights,appliances and motors with a few simple BASICcommands.

As featured in:■'COMPUTERIZE A HOME1' BYTE. January 1980

Busy Box - Assembled & testedFor TRS-80 .. $109.95ForSIDO .... 119.95For Apple II...114.95Realtime controlsoftware -TRS-80 19.95To order call (516) 374-6793or write: The MicroMtnt Inc.917 Midway,Woodmere.NY 11598

DEALER INQUIRIES

BUSY BOX

Circle 327 on inquiry card.

Circle 328 on inquiry card.

DIGITAL RESEARCH COMPUTERS

(214) 271-3538

32K S-100 EPROM CARDNEW!

Blank PC Board - $34

ASSEMBLED & TESTEDADD $30SPECIAL: 2716 EPROM's (450 NS) Are $14.95 EA. With Above Kit.

KIT FEATURES:

1. Uses +5V only 2716 (2Kx8) EPROM's.

2. Allows up to 32K of software on line!

3. IEEE S-100 Compatible.

4. Addressable as two independent 16Kblocks.

5. Cromemco extended or Northstar bankselect.

6. On board wait state circuitry if needed.

7. Any or all EPROM locations can bedisabled.

8. Double sided PC board, solder-masked.silk-screened.

9. Gold plated contact fingers.

10. Unselected EPROM's automaticallypowered down for low power.

11. Fully buffered and bypassed.

12. Easy and quick to assemble.

16K DYNAMIC RAM PARTIALS^\ INTEL 2108 8K X 1 RAMS /0° 8 FOR $9.95 32 FOR $35 °0 u

V FACTORY PRIME!

Huge special purchase of INTEL Dynamic RAM's. Theseare 2108-4, 300NS, 8K, Ceramic DIP. The 2108 is theINTEL 2116 (16K) tested for either upper or lower 8K only.These are factory prime. Full Spec. See INTEL 1978 Cat.for details or Memory Design Handbook for applicationdata. Both IMSAI and EXTENSYS did mfg. S-100 RAMboards using these devices. — P.S. These devices will notwork in the SD EPANDORAM™. Please specify upper orlower 8K. (S1626 or S1627). A super easy RAM to interfaceto a Z80, 16 PIN DIP.

FOR

4MHZ

pp»cE LOW POWER - 300NS 8 FOR

om 2114 RAM SALE! $37.so

4K STATIC RAM'S. MAJOR BRAND, NEW PARTS.

These are the most sought after 2114's, LOW POWER and 300NS FAST.

8 FOR $37.50

16K STATIC RAM KIT-S 100 BUSS

PRICE CUT!

$1999?1T

III II II 111 III 1,1 ■

111II1111II111 11

■ .■.■.■.■.■ ■■■ ■ ■!■»■■■ ■ ■

Its w:v'

11IIIHLI IM11111II11II111II111III

16K STATIC RAM SS-50 BUSS

PRICE CUT!

BLANK PC BOARD W/DATA-S33

LOW PROFILE SOCKET SET-S12

SUPPORT IC'S & CAPS-$19.95

KIT FEATURES:

1. Addressable as four separate 4K Blocks.

2. ON BOARD BANK SELECT circuitry. (Cro-memco Standard!). Allows up to 512K on line!

3. Uses 2114 (450NS) 4K Static Rams.

4. ON BOARD SELECTABLE WAIT STATES.

5. Double sided PC Board, with solder mask andsilk screened layout Gold plated contact fingers.6 All address and data lines fully buffered. ASSEMBLED & TESTED-ADD $35

7. Kit includes ALL parts and sockets.

8. PHANTOM is jumpered to PIN 67.

9. LOW POWER: under 1.5 amps TYPICAL fromthe+8 Volt Buss

10 Blank PC Board can be populated as anymultiple of 4K.

FOR SWTPC6800 BUSS!

KIT FEATURES:

OUR #1 SELLINGRAM BOARD!

1. Addressable on 16K Boundaries

2. Uses 2114 Static Ram

3. Fully Bypassed

4. Double sided PC Board. Solder maskand silk screened layout.

5. All Parts and Sockets included6 Low Power: Under 1.5 Amps Typical

BLANK PC BOARD—$30 COMPLETE SOCKET SET—$12

SUPPORT IC'S AND CAPS—$19.95

ASSEMBLED ANDTESTED - $35

^ STEREO! Jittfe

S-100 SOUND COMPUTER BOARD

COMPLETE KIT!$3495

(WITH DATA MANUAL)

At last, an s-100 Board that unleashes the full power of twounbelievableGeneral lnstrumentsAY3-8910NMOS computersound IC'S. Allows you under total computer control togenerate an infinite number of special sound effects forgames or any other program. Sounds can be called in BASIC,ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE, etc.KIT FEATURES:

* TWO Gl SOUND COMPUTER IC'S.

* FOUR PARALLEL I/O PORTS ON BOARD.

* USES ON BOARD AUDIO AMPS OR YOUR STEREO.

* ON BOARD PROTO TYPING AREA.

* ALL SOCKETS, PARTS AND HARDWARE ARE INCLUDED.

* PC BOARD IS SOLDERMASKED. SILK SCREENED. WITH GOLD CONTACTS.

* EASY. QUICK, AND FUN TO BUILD. WITH FULL INSTRUCTIONS.

* USES PROGRAMMED I/O FOR MAXIMUM SYSTEM FLEXIBILITY.Both Basic and Assembly Language Programming examples are included.

SOFTWARE:

SCL*" is now available! Our Sound Command Language makes writing Sound Effects programsa SNAP! SCL™ also includes routines for Register-Examine-Modify, Memory-Examine-Modify,and Play-Memory. SCL'" is available on CP/M' compatible diskette or 2708 or 2716. Diskette -$24.95 2708 - $19.95 2716 - $29.95. Diskette includes the source EPROM'S are ORG atE000H.

BLANK PC

BOARD W/DATA

$31

4K DYNAMIC RAM BLOWOUT!

SAME AS INTEL 2107B!

4K RAMS AT AN UNBELIEVABLE 50* EACH!!!

Prime, new, National Semi., 1979 date coded, full spec, parts. N.S.#MM5280-5N. Same as INTEL 2107B-4, T.I. TMS4060, NEC UPD411, etc.We bought a HUGE QTY. from a West Coast Distributor at trulyDISTRESS PRICES! One of the most popular and reliable RAM's evermade. These parts have been used by almost all Major Computer MainFrame Mfg. the world over! Arranged as 4K x 1, 270 NS Access Time, 22Pin Dip. These units DO NOT use multiplexed addressing, thus makingREFRESH and other timing very simple. See INTEL MEMORY DESIGNHANDBOOK for full application notes. The NAT. SEMI. MEMORY DATABOOK is available at most Radio Shack Stores. Prime units in originalfactory tubes!

o\P

#5280-5N 4096 BITS X 1 270 NS ACCESS

SfiV* 8 FOR *4-95 32 FOR $16

0 FACTORY CASE (450 PCS) — $180

Sockets Special: 22 Pin Low Profile (With Purchase of 5280's) 8 FOR $1.

COMPUTER PARTS SPECIALS

74LS175- .99 8035 Intel Single Chip CPU - 5.95

74LS240 - 1.79 Signetics 2901 4 Bit Slice - 6.95

74LS241 - 1.79 AMD 2903 4 Bit Super Slice - 12.50

74LS244 - 1.79 AMD 29705 Dual Port RAM - 8.9574LS373 - 1.99

NEW! G.I. COMPUTER SOUND CHIP

AY3-8910. As featured in July. 1979 BYTE! A fantastically powerful Sound & MusicGenerator. Perfect for use with any 8 Bit Microprocessor. Contains: 3 Tone Channels.Noise Generator, 3 Channels of Amplitude Control. 16 bit Envelope Period Control, 2-BBit Parallel I/O. 3 D to A Converters, plus much more! All in one 40 Pin DIP. Super easyinterface to the S-100 or other busses. $11.95 DRlCE CUT!

SPECIAL OFFER: jjjsjg each Add $3 for 60 page Data Manual.

Digital Research Computers

w (OF TEXAS) "

P.O. BOX 401565 ' GARLAND, TEXAS 75040 « (214) 271-3538

TERMS: Add $1.50 postage. We pay balance. Orders under $15 add 75Ghandling. No COD. We accept Visa and MasterCharge. Tex. Res. add 5%Tax. Foreign orders (except Canada) add 20% P & H. Orders over $50, add85t for insurance.

•TRADEMARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH.

Circle 211 on inquiry card.

NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DIGITAL RESEARCH OF CALIFORNIA, THE SUPPLIERS OF CPM SOFTWARE.

BYTE January 1981 367

TEST EQUIPMENT

<gftHITACHI

^p' Hitachi Denshi.Ltd.

Single and dual trace, 15 thru 100 MHz. All high sen-sitivity Hitachi oscilloscopes are built to demandingHitachi quality standards and are backed by a 2-yearwarranty. They're able to measure signals as low asImV/division (with X5 vertical magnifier). It's aspecification you won't find on any other 15 or 30 MHzscopes. Plus: Z-axis modulation, trace rotation, frontpanel X-Y operation for all scope models, and X10sweep magnification.. And, 30 thru 100 MHzoscilloscopes offer internal signal delay lines. For easeof operation, functionally-related controls are groupedinto three blocks on the color coded front panel. Nowhere's the clincher: For what you'd expect to pay more,you actually pay less. Check our scopes before youdecide. All scopes complete with probes.

Hitachi...The measure of quality.HITV302B

List $995.00

SALE $859.00

• TV sync-separater circuitHigh-sensivity 1mV/div(5MHz)

Sweep-time magnifier(10 times)Z-axis input(intensity modulation)Signal delay lineComplete with 2 probesCHI, CH2, DUAL, ADD,DIFF, VerticalDeflection ModesX-Y operationTrace Rotation

HITV152B DUAL TRACE 15MHZ (no delay)

list $735.00 SALE $650.00

30MHZ

DUAL TRACE

OSCILLOSCOPE

22X21

HIT-V202

20MHz DUAL TRACE

LIST PRICE: $850

OUR PRICE: $798.00

' Dynamic range 8 div.► TV sync-separator circuit

• Built-in signal delay line(V-352)

■ X-Y operation

• Sweep-time magnifier(10 times)

• Trace rotation system

• Fine-adjusting, click-position-ing function

HITV550B DUAL TRACE 50MHZVARIABLE DELAYED SWEEP S174S.00

HITV1050 DUAL TRACE 100MHZ

VARIABLE DELAYED SWEEP $2390.00

FOR DETAILED INFORMATION SEE OUR

60 PAGE DETACHABLE CATALOG IN NOV. BYTE

HIT-V352

35MHz DUAL TRACEWITH DELAY

LIST PRICE: $1150.00

OUR PRICE: $998.00

Economically priced 20MHzdual trace oscilloscopeSquare CRT with internalgraticule (Illuminated scale)High-accuracy voltage axis &time axis set at ± 3% (certi-fied at 10° to35"C)High-sensitivity 1mV/div.Low drift2 Year Warranty

I FLUKE |

®

LOW COST

model f|mfmf9£

D804A: U 1*1 PI. 9

• Nine functions:

1. dc voltage

2. ac voltage

3. dc current

4. ac current

5. resistance

6. diode test

7. conductance (1-R)

8. logic level and

continuity detect

9. temperature (K-type

thermocouple)

• Peak hold on voltageand current functions

• Selectable audibleindicator for continuityor level detection

• 31A-digit resolution

• 0.1% basic accuracy

• LCD display

• Overload protection■ Safety designed

test leads

FLU-D800AFLU-D802AFLU-D804A

1 ■• «ff ■» ll

♦ —

t&EM (IWWHTriWt

J

(Funct. 1-6).(Funot, 1-7).(Funct. 1-9).

FLU-D81 0 (RMS Bench 10A)

FLU-D811 (RMS Bench w/Batt.)..

FOR ACCESSORIES, SEE OUR 60 PAGEDETACHABLE CATALOG IN THE NOV. BYTE

S-,2500

s-| 7900

S229°°$25900$29900

— GSC - 2001 FUNCTION GENERATOR '■"

• Sine, Square, Triangle • Separate TTL Output • 1HZto .1 MHz- Vari-DC Offset • 100:1 Sweep (± 10V Input)

• High, Low Level 600 ohms Vari-Outputs.

LIST $186.00

SALE $165.00

GSC - 4001 DIGITAL PULSE GENERATOR h>

• Complement Output Pulse, Square Wave •Symetrical Square Wave* Variable Output 0.1 to 10V @50 ohms. • Drives 40 TTL Loads • Pulse Width, Spac-ing independently variable • Four Modes-Run, Trig-gered, Gated, One-Shot • Sync-Out Leads Main Output

LIST $235 00 SALE $210.00

_ GSC-6001 FREQUENCY COUNTER «.„

• 5Hz to 650MHz- 10MHz Crystal Oven timebase* Ex-ternal time base input • Selectable 0.1,1.0,10 Sec. gate

• Switchable low pass 50 KHz Filer • True TTL Com-patibility at input. — - . _ -.» — ,- — ,.

list $425 00 SALE $375.00

'Tet

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

16723 B ROSCOE BLVD. • SEPULVEDA, CA. 91343

Terms: Visa, MC, BAC, Check, Money Order, U.S. Funds Only. CA residents add 6% salesMinimum order $15.00 Prepaid U.S. orders less than $75.00 Include 5% shipping and handlingMINIMUM $2.50. Excess refunded. Just In case ... please Include your phone no. Prices subject tochange without notice. We will do our best to maintain prices thru January 1981.•SOCKET and CONNECTOR prices based on GOLD, not exceeding $700 per oz.

'Sale Prices are for prepaid orders only credit card orders will be charged appropriate freight

,^

Global Specialties Corporation

formerly Continental Specialties Corporation

LP-1 LOGIC PROBE—Hand-held logic probe providesinstant reading of logic levels for TTL, DTL. HTL or CMOS.Input Impedance: 100,000 Ohms. Min. DetectablePulse: 50 ns. Max. Input Signal (Frequency): 10 MHz.Pulse Detector (LED): High speed train or single event.Pulse Memory: Pulse or level transition detected and

stored, gsclpi LIST PRICE$5000 SALE $45.00

LP-2 LOGIC PROBE—Economy version of Model LP-1.Safer than a voltmeter. More accurate than a scope. InputImpedance: 300,000 Ohms. Min. Detectable Pulse: 300ns. Max. Input Signal (Frequency): 1.5 MHz. Pulse De-tector (LED): High speed train or single event. PulseMemory: none. GSCLP2 r* a i i— <*»i-»p r\r%

LIST PRICE $28.00 oALfc 5^5.00GSLP3 —High speed logic probe. Captures pulses asshort as 10 ns. Input impedance: 500,000 Ohms. Mini-mum Detectable Pulse: 6 ns. Max. Input Signal (Fre-quency): 60 MHz. Pulse Detector (LED): High speedtrain or single event. Pulse Memory: Pulse or level transi-tion detected and stored. GSCLP3

LIST PRICE $77.00 SALE $69.00

GSC DIGITAL PULSER

The ultimate in speed and ease of operation. Simply con-nect clip leads to positive and negative power, then touchDP-1's probe to a circuit node; automatic polarity sensordetects circuit's high or low condition. Depress the push-button and trigger an opposite polarity pulse into the cir-cuit. Fast, troubleshooting includes injecting signals at keypoints in TTL, DTL, CMOS or other popular circuits. Testwith single pulse or 100 pulses per second via built-in dualcontrol pushbutton button selects single shot or continu-ous modes. LED indicator monitors operating modes byflashing once for single pulse or continuously for a pulsetrain. Completely automatic, probe-size lab/field pulsegenerator for any family of digital circuits. Output: Tri-state. Polarity: Pulse-sensing auto-polarity. Sync andSource: 100 mA. Pulse Train: 100 pps. LED Indicator:Flashes for single pulse; stavs lit for pulse train.

GSCDPI S83.00 SALE $75.00 t^

Trace signals through all types of digital circuits. Unit clipsover any DIP IC up to 16 pins. Each of its 16 contactsconnects to a single-bit level detector that drives a high-intensity, numbered LED readout activated when the ap-plied voltage exceeds a fixed 2 V threshold. Log ic'T' turnsLED on; logic "0" keeps LED off. A power-seeking gatenetworks automatically locates supply leads and feedsthem to the LM-1's internal circuitry. Saves minutes, evenhours in design troubleshooting, debugging of equipment.Voltage Threshold: 2 V ±0.2-V. Input Impedance:100,000 Ohms. Input Voltage Range: 4-15 V max. acrossany two or more inputs. Current Drain: 200 mA at 10 V.Size: 4" I. x 2" w. x 1.75" d. when open. Weight: 3 ozs.

gsclmi $60.00 SALE $54.00

GSC LOGICAL ANALYSIS KITS

GSC Model LTC-1 Logical Analysis Kit-Complete withLP-1 logic Probe, DP-1 Logic Pulser, LM-1 Logic Monitor,wiring accessories, manuals and molded case. . $220.00

SALE $189.00

GSC Model LTC-2 Logical Analysis Kit—For high-speedand memory analysis. Same as Model LTC-1, except sub-stitutes LP-3 High-Speed Logic Probe {250.00

SALE $215.00

ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5633

DISK DRIVES, etc.

^.ShugartSA801R

SALI

SHU-SA8012 OR

S

MORE

Capacity

Unformatted

Per Disk

Per TrackIBM Format

Per Disk

Per TrackTransfer RateLatency (average)Access Time

Track to Track

Average

Setting TimeHead Load Time

Single Density

3.2 megabits41.7 kilobits

2.0 megabits26.6 kilobits250 kilobits/sec.83 ms

8 ms

260 ms

8 ms

35 ms

Double Density

6.4 megabits83.4 kilobits

n/an/a500 kilobits/sec.83 ms

8 ms

260 ms

8 ms

35 ms

CfcfNv:

SALE

mW^T ' S» if""1

|fcW California Computer Systems•■■SI CCS2422FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER „WITH CP/M VERSION 2.2 $375.00

IEE S-100 COMPATIBLE SINGLE/DOUBLE DENSITY5V<"/8" DISK DRIVESSINGLE/DOUBLE HEADEDASSEMBLED &TESTEDLIST $400.00

ferbatim

'■'«■■ ■■s-jl*- ■■■ i,jr« (he '.'(- v "'■"* ;

I'arl No. ^^"

Sectoring

Application

Box of 10

VflB-MD 525-01

Solt Sector

TRS-80 Apple

$29.95

VRB-MD 525-10

Hard 10 Sector

North Star

S29.95

VRB-MD 525-16

Hard 16 Sector

Micropolis

$29.95

VRB-MD 577-01

Solt Sector

77 Track Cert

$48.00

VRB-MD 577-16

Hard 16 Sector

77 Track Cert

$48.00

VRB-FD32-1000

Hard Sector

Shugart 801R

$37.00

VRB-FD34-1000

Sott Sector

IBM 3740

$37.00

MICRQEOLIS

/Z5 TRACK ADD-ONFOR THE TRS-80

LIST $545.00

MISCROPOLIS OVERSTOCK LIST

MCP-1053-2MCP-1043-2MCP-1041-2MCP-1042-1

MCP-1041-1

DESCRIPTION LIST

S-100 SUB-SYSTEMS

SALEPRICE

$1895.00$1145.00$1045.00$795.00$695.00

$995 00$695.00$639.00$625.00$595.00

630 KB DUAL315 KB SINGLE315 KB SINGLE, NO PS143 KB SINGLE143-KB SINGLE, NO PSCOMPLETE W/S-100 CONTROLLER, CABLES,MANUALS AND MICROPOLIS MDOS AND BASIC

ADDON DRIVES

630 KB DUAL $1395.00

315 KB SINGLE $645.00

315 KB SINGLE, NO PS $545.00

143 KB SINGLE $545.00143 KB SINGLE. NO PS

MCP-1033-2MCP-1023-2MCP-1021-2MCP-1H2-1MCP-1021-1

$445.00

$895.00495.00$475.00$375.00$360.00

REQUIRES ACCESSORY ADD-ON CABLES

TRS-80® DISK DRIVES

MCP-1027-1 35 TRACK SINGLE $545.00

MCP-1037-1 35 TRACK DUAL $1195.00

MCP-1027-2 77 TRACK SINGLE $645.00

MCP-1037-2 77 TRACK DUAL $1395.00

ACCESSORIES

PR1-34CEEE-2PR1-34CEEE-4

NEW DOS/80 TRS-80®35 thru 77TRACK OPERATINGSYSTEM

Two Drive Data CableFour Drive Data Cable

SUPPLIED35 TRACK

$149.00

$299.95$695.00$439.00$795.00

ON77 TRACK$159.00

$29.95$39.95

Thinker Tbys

DISK JOCKEY 1

FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER-SINGLE DENSITY

List Price SALE

THTDJ1K KIT $179.00

THT-DJ1A A&T $229.00 $219.00

DISK JOCKEY 2D

FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER-DOUBLE DENSITY

List Price SALE

THT-DJ2DK KIT $379.00

THT-DJ2DA A&T $429.00 $409.00

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

16723 B ROSCOE BLVD. • SEPULVEDA, CA. 91343

Terms: Visa, MC, BAC, Check, Money Order, U.S. Funds Only. CA residents add 6% salesMinimum order $15.00 Prepaid U.S. orders less than $75.00 include 5% shipping and handlingMINIMUM $2.50. Excess refunded. Just in case ... please include your phone no. Prices subject tochange without notice. We will do our best to maintain prices thru January 1981.'SOCKET and CONNECTOR prices based on GOLD, not exceeding $700 per oz.

'Sale Prices are (or prepaid orders only credit card orders will be charged appropriate freight

ThinkerTbys-

5£¥SB

€0

wpww

DISCUS/2D™DOUBLE DENSITY DISK SYSTEM

Why not go all the way to the professional/industrial stan-dard of 600K byte/side disk memory with your S-100system? The new DISCUS/2D™ full-size, double-densityfloppy disk system is actually less expensive than manymini-floppy systems.

And Thinker Toys™ hasn't just made full-size, double-density disk memory affordable...we've made it morefunctional.

Thinker Toys™ has developed BASIC-V,™ a virtual diskBASIC that lets you address all 600K bytes (expandable to1 megabyte) as if were main memory. The data format issoft-sectored and compatible with IBM's new System 34.And DISCUS/2D'" accepts both single-density and dou-ble-density disks for complete flexibility in data storage.

And DISCUS/2D'M is even more attractive because it'spriced and delivered as a truly complete system. It's com-plete with all hardware. It's complete with all necessarysoftware. And it's completely assembled, tested andwarranted.

Specifications:

•CP/M V2.2 standard

• Plug compatible with Shugart. Remex and Siemenssingle- or double-sided drives

• Double/single-density capability utilizing MFM and FMdata formats

• Western Digital 1791 LSI floppy disk controller chip

• Uses 2K of S-100 address space:

— 1K PROM with built-in disk drive and I/O utilitysubroutines incorporating memory mapped I/O

— 1K 2114-3L 300 ns access lime RAM for disk dataoffering and general purpose use

• Starting address of memory space is 340:000 (E000hex) for compatibility with other popular ROM basedsystems

• Phase-locked data separator and crystal controlleddisk data write precompensation capability to insure thehighest standards of data integrity in double densitymode.

• Compatible with all 2 MHz and 4 MHz systems whichconform with the proposed IEEE standard for theS-100 bus

• 1602 UART with crystal-controlled baud-rate generator

• Sixteen switch selectable baud rates from 50 to 19,200bits/second

■ TTY current loop and industry standard RS232C serialinterface

■ Power-on jump circuitry for automatic bootstrap loadingfrom the disk drive

• Power supply requirements: + 8V@1200ma; + 16V@150ma;-16V@70ma. List Price SALE

THT-D2DS Single Drive $1199.00 $998.00

THT-D2DD Double Drive $1994.00 S1649.00

THT-D22S Single Drive $1545.00 $1298.00

IHT-D22D Double Drive $2740.00 $2295.00

DISCUS 1 s-^

FULL-SIZE, SINGLE-DENSITY ( }DISK MEMORY SYSTEM \f/Specifications: Z

Data Specifications and Formats

• 250,000 byte capacity per standard 8" floppy diskette

• Soft-sectored IBM-compatible format: 77 tracks/26sectors per track/128 bytes per sector

• Includes Disk/ATE™ disk operating system with integralmonitor, assembler and text editor & BASIC-V advancedvirtual disk BASIC capable of addressing up to 1megabyte

• Software customized for SOL and Exidy available

• Patches for CP/M- included

• Optional CP/M- Microsoft BASIC, and FORTRANavailable. List Price Our Price

THT-D1S Single Drive $995.00 $950.00

THT-D1D Dual Drive $1790.00 $1595.00

DISCUS HD 26 MEGABYTES List Price SALE

THT-M26S Subsystem $4995.00 $4095.00

THT-M26A Add-on hard disk drive $4995.00 $3995.00

THT-M26HDC Hard disk controller $ 695.00

Shipping Weight: THT-M26S&A 50 lbs.

Shipping Weight: THT-M26HDC 3 lbs.

ORDER TOLL FREE 1-800-423-5633 ORDER TOLL FREE 1-800-423-5633

Circle 330 on inquiry card.

CaIiFornia DiqiTAl

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503

FREE PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE INCLUDED WITH THEPURCHASE OF EVERY BOX OF DISKETTES

I Anil of course, a plastic library cI with every box of diskette*. MMl>-CDSf01M10Jmi- specify computer or required s

'2495

mm ■- box

Ten boxes $22.75

iIlNIDISKETTES

One hundred boxes $21.50

Verbatim r.2S(0l)(l0» 2a.00 27

(JIJ Dysan 4;..0I) 1.1.Ill)

EIGHT INCH Scotch bo>angle stele/single den. 740-0 $3"Single st'Wdouble den. 741-0 4iSingle !iide/j2 sector 740-32 3;Double side/ double IJ. 7-13-0 G:SCOTCH brand bend cleaning hit.'rices available on request for: ta

10 lis. DySBn box 10 bx. MRJf box 11) bX

. 833. 3740/1 549. $47. 3060 j .".. * 3.. 43. 3740/Id 75. 73. 3090 37. 3S.

33. n.i. na.. 5S). no. iilUi V.K 48.;;'■!.:■'. .\!.\!A-CK<5KU) please specify 51/4 B'le. cartridge's, dfcskpacks, vului; n <lisi.etii:s.

TRS-80 ®APPLE II

16k memory (8)4116's

nstaUation is simple. Anyone who has i^Avcr changed a spark plug should be able •J--' j ,

j up-grade his microcomputer. 5-?

low can California Digital offer these 'J' ' "*"*- 'lemory up-grade sels at 25% below our competition?Imple. we buy in voluble, wholesale to dealers andell the balance directly lo owners of personal nilcro-ystems. These 16K dynamic memory circuits

■ prime find u

ar. NOW, befori

telephone and ord

Jalifornia Digital.

STATIC

ilL02 450n.S.21L02 2ri0nS.2114 VfxA 4.i02114 1R\4 300-1044 -IKxl 4504044 4Kxl 2501045 lKx-1 4501045 lKxt 25052 57 low pow.

l-:il

1.101.435. 058. 955.959.958. 959.95

nidii ionally guaranteed foryou change your mind,r vour up-grade niemotWd S3 for TRS80 jumpt32-99 100-5C -999

Ink

.991. 395.50

8. 505. 50

9. 508. 509.505.50

1. 255. 25

8. 005. 25

9. 008. 009.005. 00

. 90

4.80 4.60

2716 EPROM

I We have slashed price in an effort t.o reduce our overslocked inventory. These are single rive volt EPBOMamanufactured by one of the Worlds largest producersof semiconductors. All are first quality prime devices.sramic 4.">0nS.

IUItr/vV.oUtProducts UVSHE

UV EPROM ERASER

With purchase ofFORTY

2716 EPROM's

*/V value

■I

I^H^B

VISA

m

NEW

from

Shugart

Technology

SURPLUS

SssSss

MegabyteHard Disk Drive

Packaged in the same physical size as the industry stan-dard 5 1/4" minifloppy disk drive. The micro-Winches-ter stores thirty times as much data (6.38 megabytesunformatted), accesses data twice as fast (170 milli-seconds) ant! transfers data twenty times faster (5.0megabits per second. )

The ST506 is factory sealed to protect the media fromenvironmental contaminates. Requires only DC voltage.Dual California Digital 5 1/4" enclosure,STfiOG drive and power supply.

Shugart Associates SA400 removablemedia disk drive lor above package, add:S-100 ^ Apple controller scheduled forspring release.

H500*300

^=3- Shugart Associates

_ j*-~

801/ R Disk Drive 15 lbs

Shugart H01/H with CP206 power supply, muffin exhaust ran, com-

plete in dual enclosure with all 'lie accessary li.Tnessini; cables, f 7H5

Documentation included. :ir. |)uun<ls. MSD-180I

Same as above but with iwo Shoffar) U01H disk d'-ives. $1195

SO conductor with edge card connector

BSR

SYSTEM

X-10

isiiiu' System »io devices.

RSR Timer eight channel SGa.OO

Appliance Module 500 W. S13.8S

Lamp .Module 300 Watts n.yfiNEW full control wall switch 14.80

TI-BIO$1495

List $1895

RIBBON CABLE CONNECTORS17/34 5"dlsk 4.»a 1.1 . 3.BS20/40 TRS-80 5.SS ft.OS

iia Digital is premium grade.

...,, _ Irst five pounds $2.00; each additional add $.40Foreign orders 10% shipping. Excess will be refunded.California residents add 6% sales tax. COD's discouraged.Open accounts extended to state supported educational institu-tions and companies with a "Strong Dun & Bradstreet. "Warehouse: 15608 Inglewood Blvd. Visitors by appointment.

IBM 2980

SELECTRIC

BANKTERMINAL

*250

..V -TOW

«* tin

riiu ium 23U0 terminal was deslmie-u to be located at each tellebr.mcli brink. Information entered into the terminal would tostaithe customers account at the computer. A record of the tr.uisaeposted into I he customers passbook and simul ineously recordeduous 40 column paper roll located within the terminal. L'SLUEach unit is supplier! with prim hall, ribbon and documentation.

immm .Ss w

Same anil with ASCII encoder. Add SU.QiAlga available Maiei-swlteh NEW bexodecim.il keyboard. Glass reed, TTL $48. 111.

$139.50

PORTABLE DATA ENTRVSySTEM

ystems. The operator eaten tin inventory control number, merchandise on,'aiid and the unit price. Alter .ill eetrttoeot data ties been entered, the main waro-louse is telephoned, the handset is placed m the acoustic coupler an all the rc-orded information la transmitted back the master computer,inch system includes: Cassette drive unit; Removable hex keyboard with LEUdisplay; Five Gould "D" NtCads with charger] Acoustical coupler and DBB5 cable.

Regulated $095

Power Supply

5 VOLT 5AMP

is power supply was removed From working equipuculaiion outputs Hvc volts it ■• conservative flvihobby applications, 5PC-PS1 n pounds.

59 Sankyo MagneticCard Transport

lu.le.1. New suiplus.

tt 1 rill I MODULATOR

V

fV

]'&)

It^-quircs I.-.-5V. N.-» s-jrpl i». SK.*-R1 II

□ATA INPUT^%jv TERMINAL

WESTER^ UNIOIM

ENCLOSURE

These enclosures were manufac-tured for Western Union by Uni-versal Technology. The rn.ictpurpose of the product tst RHll .i

ideally suited fur ,ln S-1U0 mother-board with ihlolded power supply.Removable hood and pU-ninlus

10 1/3" x6 7/«: Slilppinw wniulit B lbs

$24.95^

T0L1 FREE ORDER LINE

800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

(213)679-9001

CaIiFornia DiqiTAl

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance. California 90503

mr —

Introducing the

ANACOM 1

DOT MATRIX PRINTER

Mfg. suggested list S1350California Digital Introductory Price

Full 136 Charactersfor the price of 80

Dtl R ABILITY. ..is the key component o( the ncAnaeom 150. No bells no whistles, no problemsjust consistent high qualltv output.

This nine wire dot matrix printer features a ballistguaranteed for Ihree millionit (16) Lnteeraied circuits add

lypft print mithe reliabilit

it rolled lofiie Keeking bi-di reclionalacorn to prim up to speeds of 150and. i:iG columns wide.

If you are in the market for n "Quality Engineered1dot matrix printer, please consider the Anaeom 150before purchasing a less reliable machine.

Available cither RS-2!i2 aerial t'GOO baud. PRA-laflSor Cenlronic parallel PKA-l:>(H'. Field exchange.UPS shipping weight 10 pounds.

====== 3101

DISPLAYTERMINAL

This mudularly constructed CRT terminal has beerengineered with the user in mind. The video displaimodules swivels and tilts to pravide the operator w'ia comfortahle viewing posture.

Standard ho by 24 tint- screen format with a asth lito display machine staius and aid in the diajjnostiill the event of a system malfunction.

Hut most of all. built Into every 3101 terminal is thequalitv that vou have learned to expect from the IBMCorporation. VDT-3101

IBM direct price #1295

CALIFORNIA DIGITAL

discount price

Si IOC immediate

1199 deliver

0B0@@@BS@fflSni l-'x'-' Q@fi'T,r^,iGopppb- r_\ Q0 dpi. i

j '""" V-^

lME\A/

fromINTEGRAL DATA

Paper Tiger

-m- $1150

GRAPHICS

tally and vertically t

The AGO Paper Tiger uses a dot matrix c

placement of the dots overlap both horiz<

spondence oaallty printing.

The printer's nine-wire print head uses staggered needle rows to create the vei

cally overlapping dots. The head is driven bi-directionally under micropro-

SMMQt control by a stepper motor driven mechanism.

l'wo K " buffer allows the primer to accept the entire content of a 1,920 charac

RT screen. With graphics Suggested retail price $1,335 27 lbs. FRG-460G

IVECSpinwriter551DP/

HEWLETT PACKARD

2650

HPS5

ett Packard 8P-S5 is a com-* cost portable computerThis self contained package

includes CPU, keyboard, printer.

CHI- display and cassette tape drive.

8YS-HF83 30 lbs,

[■In- word processing quality Sptnwrlter prints at speeds upio S3 char-acters per second. The Model 5510 P/S is supplied Wttli both paralleland KS-232 seri.il inier'r.ciny. *isu included ts 'b.- tractor teed n.ech.uiism. Atrnu with print thin ■lilt- ,itd ribbon. PRN-dalBPS 70 lbs.Keyboard (KSR) .Mode! 5320 p/S available S2»fla. PRN-5S2* l*S 7fi lbs.

.TEC V-300

■Word Processing

Daisy Wheel Printer

♦1595

y a reasonably priced letter quality printer. .. Hi-directional printing at

iraotara per second. Full 136 prim positions wide. Proportional spacing

■horizontal. 1MB" vertical.

Standard Diablo brand tnterchangable daisy print wheels.

I0BS CPU microprocessor controlled. Interfaces via Centronics parallel

ctor. Shipping 58 lbs. PRV-300.

TELETYPE MODEL 4 3

4320 KEYBOARD MODELS

TTL serial output AAA $ 995

RS232 serial AAK 1050

Friction 80 column AAE 1100

Friction 80 RS232 AAL 1195

Bell 103 Modem AAB 1495

rED

EPSON

MX-80 '495

CEnTRonics730 $595737 $750

Both the Centronics 730 and the 737 a;

Standard office letterhead or pin feed

lor higher resolution the 737 Implemi

matrix prim head. Parallel Interfacing. Add 365 for

RS232. PRC-730P (S). PRC-737F <S) 17 lbs.

AMPEX

DIALOGUE 80CRT TERMINAL

'995

New from the Ampex Corporation. The Dialogue U0 features removable keyboard,rilsplayablu two pages (four optional) dual program keys. Indf Inteneity protectedfields and status line. Transmits data eithur block, line or character mode,Excellent value. VDT-DB0 shipping 47 lbs.

Applied Dgital Data Systems Inc

REGENT 2f> S85Q

character by 24 tine twelve inchreen. IB key numeric-entry cluster,■verse vide... Displav.iblc controla.-aclers. \ HI -B2S ship. bO lbs.

AGE REHI 1111

REGENT 30 ¥1)30

ion.il features. Special functionHigh resolution graphics. 25th

rior quallu keyboard. VDT-R30

REG

^^^^^^^

IllholM.

Situs

Eleven

VGT-R40

BMC

VIDEOMONITOR

$259

en phosphor with IS MJUt band-

mposit video Input make the BMCKG-12C tui Ideal monitor for anyone requiringa high resolution 12" display.High impact plastic enclosure assures that the BMC monitor is a ruggedtake anywhere instrument, lor added protection the unit la equipped witha removable smoked non-glare plexlglas screen. VDM-BMC 18 lba.

direct connect

Your Choice

MODEM $169

Direct connect modems eliminate loss of information due to Ihe carbon conipressiassociated with acoustic modems. Choose ellher of these two ureal units.The Universal Data Systems 103LP is switch selectable between answer and orimate modes, lullv Hell 10.1 computable. Directly connects to the new modulartelephone Jack. 1UU"-, powered from the telephone line. No need to locate modemjroxin itv to A.C.puwer recepticie. MOIJ-103LP 2 pounds.

Circle 331 on Inquiry card

'

VISA

1

f?

archilng: I-

Jitlisc soldirsl five po

jy Californunds $2.00;

a m

each

ital is

additi

premiumon ill add $

Brad■10

jn or

Icrs 10% si

ipping. Ex

^ess

vill be

refunded.

rnia

'esidents ac

d G% sales

tax.

COD

s discour;

ged.

accou

nls cxtende

d to state s

jppor

Led ed

ncational i

nstil

ind c

impames wi

th a "Stron

g IXir

& br

adstreet. '

ousc

15608 Inol

.■wood Blvd.

Vi

silors

by appoint

ment

ACCESSORIES FOR THE

COMPUTER

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMSArithmetic Processor 7811 fl/C $319

Asynchronous serial interface 7710 129

Centronics Interface card 7728 95

12K PROM Module 7114 68

Calender/Clock, Hal. back-up 7421 99

Parallel Interface 7720A 99

Programable Timer 77-10A 99

Analog/Digital converter 7470A 99MICROSOFT PRODUCTS

Apple to Z-80 CPU card 379D. C. HAVES PRODUCTS

Micromodem for Apple 319COMPUTER STOP PRODUCTS

Double Vision / 80 Column Video 250INTERACTIVE STRUCTURES

16 Channel A/D card AlO/2 275

MOUNTAIN COMPUTER PRODUCTSIntro X-10 system for HSR $2;

Intro X-10 card only ll

16 channel AD/DA 0 bit 3:

Apple Clock battery back-up 21

Supertalker SD200ROM Plus with filterROM Writer/ProgrammerAPPLE BRAND PRODUCTSApple Language cardFloppy disk with controllerFloppy disk without controllerApple paraUel InterfaceSSM MICROCOMPUTERDual serial parallel interface AlOSORRENTO VALLEY ASSOCIATES8" floppy controller (Pascal)

165

S-100 BOARDS

Assembled • Tested • Burned-in

MEASUREMENT SYSTEMSDynamic memory DMB-8400 S770

Dynamic memory DMB-3200 700

GODBOUT/COMPUPRODual 8088/8085 1C bit CPU 375

Z-80 CPU 24 bit address 4 MHz 239Static RAM 32K (Alpha Micro) 57S

Spectrum color graphics board 329

Interfacer II I/O board 199

SEATTLE COMPUTER PRODUCTS8086 16 bit CPU 2 card set/8G dos 5BBCALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMSS-100 Mainframe 2200A 32S

Disk controller/2. 2 CPM 2422 329

Z-80 CPU 4M1I7. DMA 2B10A 2,r.O

DIGITAL RESEARCH

32K 2716 EPHOM board 99

EPROMS for above 2716 16 req. 13

TELETEK

MORROW / THINK ER TOYS

Muliiboard "NEW" Daisy wheel port.

real time clock, power on jump.

program interrupt cont'l 3P/3S $275 |

Switchboard interface 4P/2S

Disk Jockey I disk controUer

Disk Jockey II double density

SD SALES

PROM-100 programmer

Video display board 8024

Versafloppy 3740 controller

MULLEN PRODUCTS

Extender board/Logic probe (kit)

Relay Opto/control board

D. C. HAYES PRODUCTS

Micromodem S-100 FCC register

ARTEC ELECTRONICS

Wire Wrap proto board WW/10C

General Purpose proto GP /100

CALIFORNIA DIGITAL

80B6 CPU 4K on board static RAM 450 |

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTERFLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER

The FDC-1 features the Z-flO CPU

;Uon8 «*th the NEC 7G5 floppy disk

controller. The hoard supports hathsingle or double density S 1/4 or S"disk drives. Two serial (45-8800 bd)and two parallel ports add to the flex-ibility of this single- board computer.Other standard features are realtimeclock, reset jump to monitor, vucloreinterrupts and potential for BOHtrolling a Winchester hard disk druWith the addition of an external 2.'i volt power supplv the Telelekboard becomes Capable of progrlnfag 2716 El'ROMS. I.IIOI- DO

$695

S-100 Mother Board $35

OuietBuss

8803-1818 slotIMSAI

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

(800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

213679-9001

<*

COMPUTERSYSTEMS| INC.

15620 South Inglewood Avenuel.awndale, California 90260(213) 970-0952

WE ACCEPT MASTER CHARGEVISA & AMERICAN EXPRESS

Place Orders Toll Free 1-800-421-5150

(Continental U.S. Only — Except Calif.)

Retail Store Open 10:00 A.M. to 6:00 P.M.

Daily Except Sunday

QT CATALOG NOW AVAILABLE

THE GREAT Q.T. BOARD SET SALE

6 SLOT MOTHER BOARD KIT FREE WITH EACH BOARD SET PURCHASED

Q.T. BD SET #1 (KIT)

FOR

S.D. BD SET #1 (KIT)

FOR SERIOUS

Z+80CPU (Rev I)

STARTERS

SBC-100

HOBBYISTS

Expandable + with 32K

Our

Expandoram I with 32K RAM

Our

Monitor For Serial Terminal

S $525.00

Versafloppy I

Monitor For Serial Terminal

NormalRetail

$950.00

P°rice $425.00

BIOS for 8" or SV*" Drives

Q.T.

Price

$850.00

Q.T. BD SET #2 (KIT)

FOR

S.D. BD SET #2 (KIT) FOR SMALL BUSINESSES

Z+CPU (Rev I)

HOBBYISTS

SBC-200 & SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS

Expandable + with 64K

Our

Expandoram II with 32K RAM

Our

FDCII Dbl Den Controller A&T

NDor™?' $1050.00

Retail T

Versaf loppy II

Normal

$1150.00

Monitor For Serial Terminal

Monitor For Serial Terminal

Retail

Q.T.

BIOS for Disk Drives

Q.T.

Price $850.00

Price

$1000.00

>

QT MEMORY EXPANSION KITS

for

TRS-80* APPLE •EXIDY

4116 200 ns 8 for $35.00

2716 (5V-450 ns) $13.50

2716 (5&12V-450 ns)... $13.50

2732 (5V) $55.00

2114L 300 ns 8 for $40.00

100 - $4.25 ea.

>

KASETTE LIBRARY

Part No.

CAS-10-8

Blue/Grey/Beige/Black8" Diskette Holder .... $4.50 or 3/S10.00CAS-10-5

Blue/Grey/Beige/Black

5 Diskette Holder .... $4.25 or 3/$10.00

V

PRINTERS

DP-9501 - Anadex

9x11 dot matrix, 220 column. 200 cps &

graphics

ADX-9501 Standard DP-9501 . $1475.00ADX-9501Gwith graphics & 2K $1525.00

Centronics

CEN-730-1 730-1A $695.00

CEN-737-1 737-1 $899.00

LP-80 - Matchless

9x7 matrix, 132 column, 125cps.bi-directional

MAT-MS204 $695.00

PAPER TIGER - Integral Data

132 column, parallel & serial. 150 cps. graphics

IDS-440 IDS-440 $950.00

IDS-440GIDS-440w/graphics. $1050.00SPINWRITER - NEC

65 cps. bi-directional, letter quality with tractor/

serial or par.

NEC-5510 with 2K butler $2600.00

NOVATION CAT

300 baud, auto answer/originate acousticmodem

NOV-CAT $149.00

SPECIAL

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER

4 MHz Z80A CPU, dbl den Controller(5%" or 8" simultaneously), CP/M*compatible, on-bd EPROM/RAM/ROM, two serial & two parallel ports,real time elk, std 2K monitor & diskroutine on ROM, one year warranty.SPECIAL PRICE THIS MONTH

TLT-FDC-1 (A&T only) $795.00

DOUBLE DENSITY CONTROLLERControls up to 4 mini or 4 maxi drivessimultaneously, IBM diskette format,works with sgl or dbl sided drives, 1KRAM data buffer, works with any CPUregardless of clock speed, CP/M® 2.2furnished for 5'/«"or 8", Oasis compat-ible.

TLT-FDC II (A&T only)

$325.00

QT MINI-SYSTEMS

• (4 MHz) Z80A CPU • Dbl Den Controller

• Two serial & two parallel ports • Realtime clock • 2K Monitor on ROM • 48KMemory board • Mainframe with 6 slotmother board • DOS on 5%" diskw/manuals.

QT Mini-System l( 'A Megabyte).$2195.00Two B-51 sgl sided/sgl den drives

QT Mini-System II (1 Megabyte) $2495.00Includes two B-52 dbl sided/dbl den

drives

(Just add terminal & compute)

>

CONNECTORS

<

RS232 Set $7.50

1 Male DB-25, 1 Female DB-25, 1 Cover

DB25P $3.25

DB25S $4.25

Cover $1.50

S-100 (IMSAI STYLE) $2.50 ea.

Gold Solder Tail 10 for $2.25

V

PARTS

MICROPROCESSORS

Z80 (2MHz) ... $10.95Z80A (4MHz) . . $12.95

6502 $11.25

6800 $12.50

6802 $18.00

8035 $20.00

8080A $ 3.50

808SA $20.00

8086-4 $60.00

8088 $60.00

8748 $60.00

TMS 9900 JL . . $29.95

8080A SUPPORT

8212 $ 3.50

8214 $ 4.50

8216 $ 2.95

8224 $ 4.00

8228 $ 6.00

8238 $ 6.00

8243 $ S.00

8251 $ 7.00

8253 $19.00

8253-5 $20.25

8255 $ 6.25

8257 $17.95

8257-5 $19.00

8259 $19.95

8275 $69.95

8279 $17.50

8279-5 $18.00

8295 $16.50

KEYBOARD CHIPS

AY5-2376 $13.75

AY5-3600 $13.75

BAUD RATEGENERATORS

MC14411 ... $11.001.8432 XTAL ...$ 4.95

DISK CONTROLLER

1771B01 $24.95

>

1791A01(CER) $37.95

EPROMS ^

1702A $ 4.95

2708 $ 6.25

2516 (5V) $18.00

2716 (5V) $13.50

2716 (5 & 12V) $13.50

2758 $19.95

2532 $55.00

2732 $55.00

USRTS2350 $ 7.95

MISCELLANEOUSOTHER COMPONENTS

N8T20 $ 3.25

N8T26 $ 2.50

N8T97 $ 2.00

N8T98 $ 2.00

1488 $ 1.25

1489 $ 1.25

D3205 $ 3.00

D3242 $10.15

D3245 $ 5.60

P3404 $ 6.75

TMS5501 $19.00

DM8131 $ 3.00

UARTS

TR1602B $ 4.50

AY5-1013A $ 4.50

CHARACTERGENERATORS

2513 $10.95

UP CASE (5&12V)2513 $10.95

LWR CASE (5&12V)2513 $ 9.75

UP CASE (5V)2513 $10.95

LWR CASE (5V)

6800 PRODUCTS

6802P $18.00

6821P $ 5.25

6840P $18.25

6845P $22.00

6850P $ 4.80

6860P $11.55

6875P $ 7.40

TELEVIDEO

912C $699.00

920C $799.00

• Typewriter keyboard • Microprocessorcontrols • Upper/lower case • Adjust-able baud rates (75-9600 baud)* Specialfunction keysSecond page memory option... $25.00

<

372 BYTE January 1981

Circle 332 on Inquiry card.

DISKETTES

VEH-525-01 Solt sector $27.95

VER-525-10 10 sector $27.95

VER-525-16 16 sector $27.95

Sv." dbl srCeO dbl den. dox ol 10

VER-550-01 Soft sector $39.95

8" sgi sided, sgl den. Don ol 10

VER-34-1000 Solt sector $33.95

8" sgl sided dbl den bo* ol 10

VER-34-8000 Sod sector $55.95

8' dbl sided, dbl den. box ol 10

VER-34-4000 Solt sector $57.95

HARD HOLES

out valuable software from spindle damage

FSI-HHD Pkg ol 50 lor 8" $15.00

FSI-HDA 8" Applicator $ 5.25

FSI-HHM Pkg ol 50 lor 5V $10.75

FSI-HMA 5V Applicator $ 5.00

QT MAINFRAMES

Malnlrame - Cat Comp Sys

12 slol b-100 mainframe wiin 20 amp power supply

CCS-2200AT A&T $349.95

QT 8" Disk Malnlrame

QTC-MF<DD6 with 30 amp p.s $625.00

s .' Disk Mantrames wiin 18A

QTC-MF-MD12 (12 slot M/B) $500.00

OTC-MF 'MD6 16 slot M/B) $450.00

QTC-MF MD w/0 M/B $400.00

Mainframe - T.E.I.

TEI-MCS-112 (12 slol M/B) $575.00

TEI-MCS-122 (22 slol M/B) $695.00

DISK DRIVES

QT DISK PACKAGE

Dbl Den Controller A&T iwo 8' dbl den drives CP'M 2 2 cabinet powersupply & cables $1395.00

DUAL 8" DRIVES

Dbl Den Drives in Cabinet Only

2 sgl sided (801R) $ 989.00

2 dbl tided (QUME) $1409.00

8" DISK DRIVES

Highly reliable lloppy disk drives sgl sided, dbl den

SHU-801R $ 425.00

Special Sale Price 2 for $800.00

Oume Daiatrak B dbl sided, dbl density

QME-BDS (851R compatible) $ 599.00

Pkg of two $ 549.00 ea.

5V." DRIVESMPI-B51 MPI B-51 $ 275.00

Sgl Sided Sgl Obi Oen

Exact Replacement lor SA-400MPI-B52 MPI B-52 $ 395.00

Obi Sided Dbl Oen

M.PI-B91 MPI B-91 $ 395.00

Sgl Sided Obi Den 77 Tracks

PER-FD200 PERTEC FD-200 $ 250.00

Sgl Sided Sgi'Dbl Oen

V

J

^QT MOTHERBOARDS^

QT Silence Plus

6 Slot (5." J. 8V)

QTC-6 Slol K kit

QTC-6 Slot AT A&T

12 Slot (9 . « Bf |

QTC-12 Slot BB Bare board

QTC-12 Slot K kit

QTC-12 Slot AT A&T

lasioi \\Vh . a - .

QTC-18 Slot BB Bare board

QTC-18 Slot K kit

QTC-18 Slot AT A&T

$ 49.95$ 99.95

QT APPLE CORNER

MEX-16A2 Apple Expansion Kit $37.00

Buy 4 Sell lor MS 00

DISK DRIVE for APPLE

5'.'-" disk drive wnb controller far your Apple

APL-5DC with controller $535.00

APL-5D w/out controller $450.00

8" DRIVES for APPLE

Controller, two 8" drives, cabinet & cable $1450.00

QT APPLE DISK IIDbl sided, dbl den. two 8" QUME drives with controller,pwr supply, cabinet, cabling, documentation & one boxdiskettes $2195.00

QT APPLE DISK III

Same as Above - no controller $1695.00

Al/O - S.S.M.

Parallel S serial interlace lor your Apple

SSM-AIO K Kit $159.00

SSM-AIO AT A&T $199.00

APPLE CLOCK - QT Syatem

Real time clock w/bailery back-up

QTC-CCA-AT A&T $125.00

SUPERTALKER - Mln Hardware

Soeech recognilron/syntnesizer wrspcakcr & mike

MHW-STLK A&T $275.00

Z-80 CARD for APPLE

2-80 CPU card with CP/M lor your Apple

MST-Z80 A&T $289.00

MICROMODEM - D.C. Hayes

Auto answer dial modem card lor Apple or S-100

DCH-MM2 Apple modem $349.95

DCH-MM100 S-100 modem $375.00

V

TEXTOOL

V.

ZIP* DIP II SOCKETS

16 PIN ZIP* DIP II $ 5.50

24 PIN ZIP* DIP II $ 7.50

40 PIN ZIP* DIP II $10.25

•ZERO INSERTION PRESSURE

BARE BOARDS AVAILABLEON MANY PRODUCTS

Double Density - Cat Comp Sys

5%" or 8" disk controller with free CP/M 2.2

CCS-2422A A&T $374.95

S8C-100-SD Systems

2.5 MHz Z80 CPU with serial & parallel I/O ports

SDS-S8C100K Kit $269.95

SDS-SBC100AT A&T $339.95

SBC-200 - SD Systems

4 MHz Z80 CPU with serial & parallel I/O ports

SDS-SBC200K Kit $299.95

SDS-SBC200AT A&T $375.00

CB2 - S.S.M.

2 or 4 MHz switchable Z80 CPU with RAM, ROM & I/O

SSM-CB2K Kit $239.95

SSM-CB2AT A&T $299.95

2810 Z-80 CPU - Cal Comp Sys

2 or 4 MHz ZB0A CPU w/serial I/O port

CCS-2810 A&T $275.00

ExpandoRAM I - SD Systems

2.5 MHz RAM board expandable from 16K to 64K

SDS-RAM16K 16K kit $245.00

SDS-RAM16AT 16K A&T $295.00

SDS-RAM32K 32K kit $275.00

SDS-RAM32AT 32K A&T $325.00

SDS-RAM48K 48K kit $305.00

SDS-RAM48AT 48K A&T $355.00

SDS-RAM64K 64K kit $335.00

SDS-RAM64AT 64K A&T $385.00

ExpandoRAM II - SD Systems

4 MHz RAM board expandable from 16K to 256K

SDS-RAM216K 16K kit $249.95

SDS-RAM216AT 16K A&T $299.95

S-100 PRODUCTS

SDS-RAM232K 32K kit $289.95

SDS-RAM232AT 32K A&T $339.95

SDS-RAM248K 48K kit $324.95

SDS-RAM248AT 48K A&T $374.95

SDS-RAM264K 64K kit $359.95

SDS-RAM264AT 64K A&T $409.95

16K Static RAM - Cal Comp Sys

2 or 4 MHz 16K static RAM - a real memory bargain

CCS-2016B 16K 2 MHz A&T $279.00

CCS-2016BCK 16K 4 MHz A&T $309.00

PB-1 - S.S.M.

2708. 2716 EPROM board with built-in programmer

SSM-PB1K kit $159.95

SSM-PB1AT A&T $239.95

PROM-100 - SD Systems

2708. 2716. 2732. 2758 & 2516 EPROM programmer

SDS-PROM-100K kit $175.00

SDS-PROM-100AT A&T $225.00

I/0-4 - S.S.M.

2 serial I/O ports plus 2 parallel I/O ports

SSM-I04K kit $179.95

SSM-I04AT A&T $259.95

SSM-I04BB Bare board $ 35.00

SB1-S.S.M.

15 Hz to 25K Hz music synthesizer for S-100

SSM-SB1K kit $239.95

SSM-SB1AT A&T $299.95

S-100 Extender - Cal Comp Sys

Puts problem boards within easy reach

CCS-2520A A&T $ 24.95

WE ACCEPT M/CVISA & AM EXP

Versafloppy I - SD Systems

Versatile floppy disk controller for 8" or 5V."

SDS-VFIK kit $219.95

SDS-VFIAT A&T $269.95

Versafloppy II - SD Systems

New double density controller for both 8" & 5V."

SDS-VF2K kit $309.95

SDS-VF2AT A&T $369.95

VDB-8024 - SD Systems

80 x 24 I/O mapped video board with keyboard I/O

SDS-VDBK kit $339.95

SDS-VDBAT A&T $399.95

VB3 - S.S.M.

80 x 24 x 48 memory mapped with graphics

SSM-VB3-4mhzK kit, 4 MHz $399.95

SSM-VB3-4mhzAT A&T, 4 MHz $464.95

SSM-VB3-4mhzUPG 80 x 48 upgrade, 4 MHz

$ 89 00VIDEO BOARD -Ithaca Audio

64 x 16 assembled & tested S-100 video board

IIS-VBDAT A&T $99.95

T1 Active TerminatorSSM-T1K kit $ 34.00

SSM-T1AT A&T $ 64.00

VB2 I/O Mapped Video Interface

SSM-VB2K kit $160.00

SSM-VB2AT A&T $210.00

XB1 Extender Board

SSM-XBTK kit (with Connector) $ 22.00

SSM-XB1AT A&T $ 30.00

Z-80 STARTER KIT - SD Systems

Z-80 computer with RAM, ROM, I/O & keyboard

SDS-Z80K kit $319.95

SDS-Z80AT A&T $399.95,

<T

COMPUTERSYSTEMS

J ~

15620 South Inglewood Avenuel.awndale. California 90260(213) 970-0952

PLACE ORDERS TOLL FREE

1-800-421-5150

(CONTINENTAL U.S. ONLY)

(EXCEPT CALIFORNIA)

Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.CP/M and MP/M are trademarks of Digital Research.TRS-80 is a trademark of Radio Shack.

Circle 332 on inquiry card.

TERMS OF SALE: Cash, checks, money orders,credit cards accepted. Also COD. orders under$100.00. Minimum order $10.00. California resi-dents add 6% sales tax. Minimum shipping andhandling charge $2.50. Prices subject to changewithout notice. International sales in Americandollars only.

BYTE January 1981 373

WE'RE GIV

We're not selling it. The JADE Catalog is the best, and the best thingsin life are free. We will send you our new 1981 edition describing over4000 microcomputer parts, components, boards, systems, accessories,

S-100 Boards

64K RAM Board - Cal Comp Sys

4 MHz, bank selectable, IEEE standardMEM-64565A A&T $449.95

Memory Bank - Jade

4 MHz, IEEE S-100, bank selectable, 8 or 16 bit

MEM-99730K Kit, no RAM $219.95

MEM-16730K 16K kit $249.95

MEM-16730A 16K A & T $299.95

MEM-32731K 32K kit $289.95

MEM-32731A 32K A&T $339.95

MEM-48732K 48K kit $324.95

MEM-48732A 48K A&T $374.95

MEM-64733K 64K kit $359.95

MEM-64733A 64K A&T $409.95

MEM-99730B Bare board $55.00

ExpandoRAM II - SD Systems

4 MHz RAM board expandable from 16K to 256K

MEM-16630A 16K kit $289.95

MEM-16630A 16K Jade A&T $339.95

MEM-32631K 32K kit $329.95

MEM-32631A 32K Jade A & T $379.95

MEM-48632K 48K kit $369.95

MEM-48631A 48K Jade A&T $419.95

MEM-64633K 64K kit $409.95

MEM-64633A 64K Jade A&T $459.95

32K STATIC RAM - Jade

2 or 4 MHz expandable static RAM board uses 2114L's

MEM-16151K 16K4MHzkit $169.95

MEM-16151A J6K 4 MHz A & T ... $224.95

MEM-32151K 32K 4 MHz kit $299.95

MEM-32151A 32K 4 MHz A&T ... $349.95

16K STATIC RAM - Cal Comp Sys

2 or 4 MHz 16K static RAM ■ a real memory bargainMEM-16160A 16K 2 MHz A&T ... $279.00MEM-16162A 16K 4 MHz A & T ... $309.00MEM-16160B Bare board $29.95

THE BIG Z* - Jade

2 or 4 MHz switchable Z-80* CPU with serial I/O

CPU-30201K Kit $145.00

CPU-30201A A&T $199.00

CPU-30200B Bare board $35.00

SBC-100 - SD Systems

2.5 MHz Z-80* CPU with serial & parallel I/O ports

CPC-30100K Kit $299.95

CPC-30100A Jade A&T $369.95

SBC-200 - SD Systems

4 MHz Z-80* CPU with serial & parallel I/O ports

CPC-30200K Kit $339.95

CPC-30200A Jade A&T $499.95

CB2 - S.S.M.

2 or 4 MHz switchable Z80* CPU with RAM, ROM, & I/O

CPU-30300K Kit $239.95

CPC-30300A A&T $299.95

2810 Z-80* CPU - Cal Comp Sys

2/4 MHz Z-80A* CPU w)serial I/O portCPU-30400A A&T $275.00

DOUBLE-D - Jade

Double density controller with the inside track

IOD-1200K Kit $299.95

IOD-1200A 8" A&T $389.95

IOD-1205A 5Vi" A & T $389.95

IOD-1200B Bare board $65.00

DOUBLE DENSITY - Cal Comp Sys

S'/<" or 8" disk controller with free CP/M 2.2IOD-1300A A&T $374.95

VERSAFLOPPY II - SD Systems

New double density controller for both 8" & 5'A"

IOD-1160K Kit $379.95

IOD-1160A Jade A & T $439.95

S.P.I.C. - Jade

Our new I/O card with 2 SlO's, 4 CTC's, and 1 PIOIOI-1045K 2 CTC's, 1 SIO, 1 PIO .. $199.00

IOI-1045A A&T $259.00

IOI-1046K 4 CTC's, 2 SIO's, 1 PIO $259.00

IOI-1046A A&T $319.00

IOI-1045B Bare board w/ manual ... $59.95IOI-1045D Manual only $20.00

I/0-4 - S.S.M.

2 serial I/O ports plus 2 parallel I/O ports

IOI-1010K Kit $179.95

1OI-1010A A&T $259.95

IOI-1010B Bare board $35.00

100K DAY CLOCK - Mtn Hardware

Crystal controlled S-100 clock with NiCad backupIOK-1400A A&T $329.95

SB1 - S.S.M.

15 Hz to 25K Hz music synthesizer for S-100

IOS-1005K Kit $239.95

IOS-1005A A&T $299.95

TB-4 - Mullen

Extremely versatile extender board with logic probe

TSX-180K Kit $55.00

TSX-180A A&T $75.00

S-100 EXTENDER - Cal Comp Sys

Puts problem boards within easy reachTSX-160A A&T $24.95

VIDEO BOARD - Jade

64 x 16 assembled & tested S-100 video board

IOV-1050B Bare board $25.00

IOV-1050K Kit $99.95

IOV-1050A A & T sale price $139.95

VDB-8024 - SD Systems

80 x 24 I/O mapped video board with keyboard I/O

IOV-1020K Kit $399.95

IOV-1020A Jade A&T $459.95

VB3 - S.S.M.

80 x 24 or 80 x 48 memory mapped with graphics

IOV-1095K Kit, 4 MHz $399.95

IOV-1095A A&T, 4 MHz $464.95

IOV-1096K 80 x 48 upgrade, 4 MHz . $89.00

PB-1 - S.S.M.

2708. 2716 EPROM board with built-in programmer

MEM-99510K Kit $159.95

MEM-99510A A&T $239.95

PROM-100 - SD Systems

2708, 2716, 2732, 2758, & 2516 EPROM programmer

MEM-99520K Kit $219.95

MEM-99520A Jade A&T $269.95

Single Board Computers

AIM-65 - Rockwell

6502 computer with printer, display, & keyboard

CPK-50165 IK AIM $374.95

CPK-50465 4KAIM $449.95

SFK-74600008E 8K BASIC ROM ... $99.95SFK-64600004E 4K assembler ROM $84.95

PSX-030A Power supply $64.95

ENX-000002 Enclosure $49.95

4K AIM, 8K BASIC, power supply, & enclosureSpecial package price $625.00

Z-80* STARTER KIT - SD Systems

Z-80* computer with RAM, ROM, I/O, & keyboard

CPS-30010K Kit $369.95

CPS-30010A Jade A&T $459.95

Motherboards

ISO-BUS - Jade

Silent, simple, and on sale - a better motherboard6 Slot (5'/V x 8%")

MBS-061B Bare board $19.95

MBS-061K Kit $39.95

MBS-061A A&T $49.95

12 Slot (9:«" x 8%")

MBS-121B Bare board $29.95

MBS-121K Kit $69.95

MBS-121A A&T $89.95

18 Slot (14'//' x 8V»")

MBS-181B Bare board $49.95

MBS-181K Kit $99.95

MBS-181A A&T $139.95

Mainframes

MAINFRAME - Cal Comp Sys

12 slot S-100 mainframe with 20 amp power supply

ENC-112105 Kit $309.95

ENC-112106 A & T $349.95

DISK MAINFRAME - NNC

Dual 8" drive cutouts with 8 slot motherboardENS-112320 with 30 amp p.s $699.95

Video Monitors

9" B & W MONITOR - A.P.F.

High Quality, high resolution video monitorVDM-750900 9" monitor $149.95

13" COLOR MONITOR - Zenith

The hi res color you 've been promising yourselfVDC-201301 $449.00

12" GREEN SCREEN - NEC

20 MHz, P31 phosphor video monitor with audioVDM-651200 12" monitor $249.95

SUP'R'MOD II - M & R Assoc

Color or B & W TV interface recommended for AppleIOR-5050A A&T $29.95

ING rr AWAY

peripherals, and software. All you have to do is ask for it. Just circleour inquiry number on the reader service card in the rear of thismagazine and we will send you the best. It's free and it's easy.

Accessories for Apple

16K MEMORY UPGRADE

Add 16K of RAM to your TRS-80. Apple, or Exidy

MEX-16100K TRS-80 kit $39.95

MEX-16101K Apple kit $39.95

MEX-16102K Exidy kit $39.95

DISK DRIVE for APPLE

5'/i" dish drive with controller for your Apple

MSM-12310C with controller $475.00

MSM-123101 w/out controller $375.00

8" DRIVES for APPLE

Controller, DOS, two 8" driues, cabinet, & cableSpecial package price $1475.00

AIO - S.S.M.

Parallel & serial interface for your Apple

IOI-2050K Kit $159.00

IOI-2050A A&T $199.00

PRINTER INTERFACE - Cal Comp

Sys

Centronics type I/O card ml firmwareIOI-2041A A&T $99.95

APPLE CLOCK - Cal Comp Sys

Real time clock w/battery back-upIOK-2100A A&T $119.95

SUPERTALKER - Mtn Hardware

Speech recognition/synthesizer wfspeaker & mikeIOS-2015A A&T $275.00

Z-80* CARD for APPLE

Z-80* CPU card with CP/Mfor your AppleCPX-30800A A&T ' $279.95

MICROMODEM - D.C. Hayes

Auto answer/dial modem card for Apple or S-100

IOM-2010A Apple modem $349.95

IOM-1100A S-100 modem $375.00

Micronet Modem - Micromate

Direct connect w/ all Micromodem 11 featuresIOM-2020A Best Apple modem .... $275.00

EPROM ERASERS

Speclronics hi intensity industrial eraser

XME-3100 Without timer $69.95

XME-3101 With timer $94.50

L.S. Engineering UV eraser for up to 48 EPROMsXME-3200 A&T $39.95

8" Disk Drive Sale

JADE's new dual disk sub-assemblies include:Handsome metal cabinet with proportionallybalanced air flow system, rugged dual drive powersupply, cooling fan, cable kit, lighted powerswitch, approved fuse assembly, line cord, Never-Mar rubber feet, and all necessary hardware tomount 2-8" disk drives - it's all American made,guaranteed for six monthes, and it's in stock!Dual 8" Sub-Assembly Cabinet

END-000421 Cabinet kit $225.00

END-000420 Bare cabinet $59.95

Single sided, double density disk drive sub-systemEND-000423 Kit w/2 8" drives .... $995.00END-000424 A & T w/2 8" drives $1195.00

Double sided, double density disk drive sub-systemEND-000426 kit w/2 8" drives .... $1495.00END-000427 A & T w/2 8" drives $1695.00

8" DISK DRIVES

Highly reliable double density floppy disk driuesShugart 801K single sided, double density

MSF-10801R SA-801R $425.00

Special Sale Price 2 for $790.00

Siemens FDD100-8D2 single sided, double density

MSF-201120 6 mo warranty $395.00

Special sale price 2 for $750.00

Qume Datatrak H double sided, double densityMSF-750080 SA-851R compatible .. $625.00Special sale price 2 for $1198.00

JADE DISK PACKAGE

Double-D controller hit, two 8" double density driues

CP/M2.2, cabinet,.power supply, & cables

Special package price $1395.00

DISKETTES - Jade

Bargain prices on magnificent magnetic mediahW single sided, single density, box of 10

MMD-5110103 Soft sector $27.95

MMD-5111003 10 sector $27.95

MMD-5111603 16 sector $27.95

5'/i" double sided, double density, box of 10

MMD-5220103 Soft sector $39.95

8" single sided, single density, box of 10

MMD-8110103 Soft sector $33.95

8" single sided, double density, box of 10

MMD-8120103 Soft sector $39.95

8" double sided, double density, box of 10MMD-8220103 Soft sector $57.95

NOVATION CAT

300 baud, auto answer originate acoustic modemIOM-5200A Special sale price $139.00

D-CAT 300 baud, direct connect modemIOM-5201A Special sale price $179.00

• Z-80, Z-80A, and the letter Z are recognized trademarksof Zilog, Inc. *CP/M is a registered trademark of DigitalResearch Corp. *CBA9IG is a trademark of CompilerSystems, Inc.

Printers

SPINWRITER - NEC

65 cps, bi-directional, letter quality with tractorPRD-55510 with 16K buffer $2595.00

BASE 2 - Impact Printer

132 cps, bi-directional, tractor feed, & graphicsPRM-13100 $649.00

DP-9501 - Anadex

9x11 dot matrix, 220 column, 200 cps, & graphicsPRM-10501 Standard DP-9501 .... $1395.00PRM-10511 with graphics & 2K .. $1450.00

MICROPROCESSORS

Z-80 10.95

Z-80A 12.95

6502 11.50

6800 11.95

6802 17.95

6809 39.95

8035 24.00

8080A 6.59

8085 15.95

8748 59.95

Z-80 SUPPORT

3881 PIO 9.50

3881-4 P10-4MHZ . 14.50

3882 CTC 950

3882-4 CTC-4MHz 14.95

3883 SIO 29.50

3884 SIO 49.50

6800SUPPORT

6821P 5.95

6828P 11.95

6834P 22.50

6840P 18.75

6850P 4.80

6852P 5.79

6875L 7.40

68488P 25.00

BAUD RATEGENERATORS

MC14411 10.00

1.843 MHz xtal 4.95

UARTS

AY5-1013A 525

AY3-1014A 825

TR1602B 525

TMS6011 5.95

IM6402 9.00

PROMS

2708 450ns 825

10 for $59.00

2716 72,5i) 12.95

2716 5o 12.95

10 for $99.00

2532 ou 39.95

2732 on 39.95

2758 So 19.95

RAMS

21L02 2 MHz 125

21L02A 4 MHz 1.50

2114L 2MHz 3.75

2114LA 4 MHz 3.95

2147 70ns 39.95

4116 4.95

4161 64Kxl 175.00

5257 2 MHz a75

5257A 4 MHz 7.25

MK4118 18.95

SUPPORT

DEVICES

8212 4.95

8214 4.65

8216 2.95

8224 3.25

8224-4 10.95

8226 3.85

8228 4.95

8238 4.95

8243 aOO

8250 14.95

8251 650

8253 13.95

8255 6.50

8257 19.95

8259 17.95

8275 49.95

8279 15.95

PLACE ORDERS TOLL FREE

Continental U.S. Inside California800-421-5500 800-262-1710

For Technical Inquiries or Customer Service call

213-973-7707

Computer Products

4901 W. Rosecrans, Hawthorne, Ca 90250TERMS OF SALE: Cash, cheeks, credit cards, cPurchase Orders from qualified firms and institutionsMinimum order $15.00, California residents add 6% taxMinimum shipping and handling charge $2.50 Priciand availability subject to change without notice.

"It

Circle 333 on inquiry card.

7400

5N7400NSN7A01NSN7402NSN7403NSN74CMNSN7405NSN7406NSN7407NSN7408NSN7409NSN7410NSN74I1NSN7412N

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SN7414N

SN7416M

SN7417N

SN7420N

SN7421N

SN7422N

SN7423N

SN7425N

SN7426N

SN7427N

SN7429N

SN7430N

SN7432N

SN7437N

SN7438N

SN7439N

SN7440N

SN7441N

SN7442N

SN7443N

SN7444N

SN7445N

SN7446N

SN7447N

SN7448N

SN7450N

SN7451N

SN7453N

SN7454N

SN7459N

SN7460N

SN7470N

SN7472N

SN7473N

SN7474N

SN7475N

SN7476N

SN7479N

SN7480N

SN7481N

SN74B2N

SN7483N

SN7485N

SN74B6N

SN7489N

SN7490N

SN7491N

SN7492N

SN7493N

SN7494N

SN7495N

SN7496N

SN7497N

SN74I00N

SN74107N

SN74109N

SN74H6N

SN74121N

SN74122N

SN74123NSN74135NSN74126NSN74128NSN74132NSN74136NSN74I39NSN74141NSN74142NSN74143NSN74I44NSN74145N5N74147NSN74I48NSN74150NSN74151NSN741S2NSN74153NSN74154CJSN74155NSN74156NSN74157NSN74I58NSN74160NSN74161NSN74162NSN74163NSN74164NSN74165NSN74I66NSN74I67NSN74J70NSN74172NSN74173NSN74174NSN74175NSN74176NSN74177NSN74179NSN/4180NSN741B1NSN74182NSN74184NSN74185NSN74186NSN74I88NSNM190NSN74191NSN74192NSN74193NSN74194NSN74195NSN74I96NSN74197NSN74198NSN74199NSN74221NSN74251NSN74273NSN74279NSN74283NSN74284NSN74285NSN74390NSN74298NSN74365NSN74366NSN74367NSN74368N5N74390NSN74393NSN74490N

CD4000CD400ICD4002CD4006CD40O7CD4008CD4009CD4010C04011CD4012CD4Q13CD40I4CD4015CD4016CD4017CD4018CD40 * 9CD4020CD4021CO4022CD4023CD4024CD4025CD4027CD4028CD4029CD4030CD4031CD4032CDJ034CD4035CD4037CD4040CD40J1CD4042CD4043CD4044CD4046CD4047CD4048C04049CD4050CD4051CD4052CD4053CD4055CD4056CD4059CD406DCD4066CD4069CD4070CD4071CO4072CD4073CD4075CD4076CD4077CD4078CD4081CD4002CD40B5CD4Q89

3 952 95

9 95

CD4093

CD4094

CD4098

CD4099

MC14408

MCI 4409

MC144I0

MCI 4412

MC14415

MC14419

CD4501

CD-I 502

C04503

C04505

CD4506

CD4507

CD4508

CD4510

CD4S11

CD4512

CD4S15

CD4516

CD4S1B

CD4520

CD4555

C04556

CD4566

74CO0

74C02

74C04

74C08

74CI0

74C14

74C20

74C30

74C32

74C42

74C48

74C73

74C74

74CB5

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74C93

74C95

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74C54

74C157

74C160

74C161

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74C173

74C174

74C175

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74C193

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74LS164N

74LS165N

74LS166N

74LS1B8N

74LS169N

74LS170N

74LS173N

MLS174N

74LS175N

74LS181N

74LSI90N

74LS191N

741S192N

74LS193N

74LS194N

74LS195N

74LS196N

74LS197N

74LS221N

74LS240N

74LS241N

74LS242N

74LS243N

74LS244N

74LS245N

74LS247N

74LS248N

74LS249N

74LS251N

74LS253N

74LS257N

74LS258N

74LS259N

74LS260N

74LS261N

74LS266N

74LS273N

74LS275N

74LS279N

74LS283N

74LS290N

74LS293N

74LS295N

74LS298N

74LS324N

74LS347N

74LS346N

74LS352N

74LS353N

74LS363N

74LS365N

74LS366N

74LS367N

MLS36BN

74LS373N

74LS374N

74LS375N

74LS377N

74LS385N

74LS38BN

74LS390N

74LS393N

/4LS395N

74LS399N

74LS424N

74LS668N

74LS670N

81LS95N

81LS96N

B1LS97N

81LS98N

LINEAR

595

1.49

2.95

325

1 49

2 75

1 49

1.25

78H0578M0678M.G.LM105HLM108AHLM300HLM301CN/HLM304HLM305HLM306HLM307CN/HLM308CN/HLM309KLM310CN 1

LM311D/CN/HLM312H 1

LM317TLM318CN/H 149LM319N/H 125LM320K-XX'LM320T-XX-LM320H-XX-LM323KLM324NLM339NLM340K-XX-LM340T-XX- 1.25LM340H-XX* 1,25LM344H 1 95

LM348N 1 85

LM358CN 9B

LM360N 1 49

LM372N 1 95

LM376N 3 75

LW377N 3 75

LM3aOCN/N 1 25LM381N 179

LM383T 1 95

LM386N 1 49

LM387N 1 49

LM390N 1 95

NE531V(T 3 75

NE555V 39

NE556N 98

NE561T 19.95

NE562B 7 95

NE565N/H 1.25NE566H/V 1 75

NE567WH 1 50

NE592N 2 75

LM702H 2.99

LM709N/M 29

LM710N/H 98

LM711N/H 39

LM715N 195

LM723N/H 75

LM733N/H 98

LM739N 1 15

LM741CN/H .33LM74ICN-14 19LM747N/H .79

LM748N/H 39

LW760CN 2 95

LW1310N 1.90

LM1414N

LW1458CN/N

MC1488N

MC1489N

LM1496N

LM155BN

LM1800N

LMI820N

LM1850N

LM1889N

LM2111N

LM2900N

LM2901N

LM2917N

CA3013T

CA3018T

CA3021T

CA3023T

CA3035T

CA3039T

CA3046T

LM30S3N

CA3059N

CA3060N

CA3062N

LM3065N

CA3080N

CA3081N

CA3082N

CA3083N

CA30B5N

CA3089N

CA3096N

CA3097N

CA3130T

CA3140T

CA3146N

CA3160T

CA3190N

CA3401N

MC3423N

MC3460N

SG3524N

CA3800N

LM3900N

LM3905N

LM3909N

HC4131N

RC4136N

RC4151N

RC4194

RC4195

ULN200!

ULN2003

SN75450N

SN75451N

SN75452N

SN75453N

SN75454N

SN75491N

SN75492N

SN75493N

SN75494N

RETAIL STORES OPEN MON-SAT1310 "B" E. Edinger STORE 674 El Camino Real

AEMVNCED

COMPUTERPRODUCTS

BD

ECKMAN

jital Multimeters

11)11 ■

AMI

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£$S

CWM a MdM ■■ me 1ECM 310 hai ll aw.t

lealuies 7tuncnons ?9 rjrqei piusQ35?t Vflc

accuracy

ine TECH 300 lus i Oi-'i Vtk atwJcy anfl all

the Hxnt Iralwes Du> mllujl iral.iOh^s"1

conlnjily luncton m me lOampcjrrenl unges

TECH 300 Diuil.nl Mullimeler S10O

TECH 310 Dnjil.nl Mullirneler S130

VC-201 Vinyl Ciirrymg Case S10

DC-20J Uflu.cCiirrvinljCaso. S24

HV-211 HK)hVnllat|e Probe S35

RP-221 flPPiotW... . S35

CI-231 AC Cuirunl Clamp S42

DL-241 DshKfl TMI Lead Kit S10

TL-242 Sparc Tust Leads S6

HI"'MUSIC MACHINE 9s

■*■ WITH 9 VOICES!

• NEW Uswiales! Slate Mine M iSi Ictrinoiogy * Stoutso»ycne siol !o 9 «>ces • Uses Irite AY3-8910s 10 vnoxt«M "ttces • Plays musK: qcrwralW li> ttaAlF Boanl • ALFsslrwarcrawed • APPifr" HmmwliWc

(SStHBlfll *H!1 IIS([[I

$129.95

FLOPPY DISK DRIVES

MPI B51-5V. 40 (racks 27900

Shugart SA40O-5V 35 tracks 29500

Shuyar! 800/801R 8" 475.00

I Shugart Compatible Model

FDO-120-8DPERSCI Model 277 DualWANGO/SIEMENS 5'.- DriveMPI B52 5V DualWANG07SIEMENS 263 Dual 5'.WANGO/SIEMENS 62

429 001195 00290 0034800

395 00290 00

[CONTINENTAL SPECIALTIES

Model IM-3 40-channel Logic Monitor 58500Muriel LM-1 Logic Monuoi 6000

Model LM-Z Logic Monilof 14700

MAX-100 100 MM.' PinMiilr h(!<]Lifncy Cotinier

14900Model LP-1 Digital Logic Piobe 5000

Model LP-2 Economy Logic Piobe 28 OG

Model LP-3 High Speed Logic Piobe 77 00

Model LPK-1 Logic Probe Kit 21 95

Model LTC-I. LTC-2 Logical Analysis Kit's 220/250

Proto Clips

16-PmClip PC-1624-Ppn Clip PC-2440'Pm Clip PC-40

Proto Boards

1695 PB-104 54.00

18 00 PB-203 97 00

21 00 PB-203A 14900

2500 PB-203A-KH 129.0043 00

SEMICONDUCTORS

^SPEAK!^DIGITALKER"

Speech Synthesis System

The DIGITALKER isa speech synlhesis systemconsishng ol mulhple N^channel MOS inte-grated circuits. It contains a speech processorchip |SPC) and speech ROM and when usedwith oiternal tiller, amplifier, and speaker,produces a syslem iv I ntlujenerales high qualityspeech including the natural inlleclion andemphasis of the original speech. Male, lomaie.and children's voices can be synthesized.

• Completely mdepondoni system, noi

requiring a processor controller

• Designed lo be easily interlaced to most

popular micro processors.

• 256 possible addressable expressions

• Male, lemale. and children's voices

• Natural inflection and emphasis ol original

speech

• Addresses 12flk ol ROM directly

• Communicates with sialic or clocked

dynamic ROMs

• TTL compalible

• MlCROBUS'" compatible

DIGITALKER"" DTI 000. S«1t containedboard that - with juat a tpeakar and apower aupply - can rattle off any desiredcombination of 144 words, e^nc (V)

DIGITALKER'" DTI050.ChipsetforbuildingDlgltalker Into your own evaluation design.

National $79.0O

SemlconductDf

« Apple II. 16K

or Apple II. Plus $990

, DISK SYSTEM SPECIAL

" Apple II Plus w/48K Supermod Video ModulalorDisk II w/Controller Integer Based ROM Card.Reg-$2,220.00, ACP Price $1819.00 SAVE $401.00

a

Hi-Speed Serial I/OCentronics Punier I/OApple soil II FumwaieApple ClKkinuoi X-10 System

InirDl X-IO ConlrollerAll Musi: Synlhestfci16 Ch Analog Input2 Ch Analog Oulpul13-Key KeypadVisi-Calc

26900(79.95269952599524995164 951199512500

S3-1-IU06750034995

DSGS Diqi-Secloi

Apple Grapnics TabletDC Hayes Mcdem IIDiskii wCiwreUtt *0os33

Dish II

Pascal Lang Sysiern

Parallel Printer Card

Cratii'Munications CardBusiness Software PkgCorvus 10 Megadyie Dtive

462500

■IfKllHi165 00189 00625 00

I'Uttijc! ROM CardPrulo CaidMSR ModiilalotSanyo Cassellcm Upgiade KirDesktop Plan5' Floppy ConlrollerHeunsucs Speechiat)Romulus +SupeitaKerCashier

S18900

2195299554^554 959B0O3500017900169002790025000

NEW APPLE PRODUCTS

e -APPLE FAN- - Cures (hernial prottems

macttnes designed specifically for Apple S49 %

• "BIT 3" - New 80 > 24 Video Board Inr Apple Completely

compaiible nMl Pascal S32995

• "BAR WAND" IliWi'ti I'.ii.k.nil HI [>S 31)00 Bar CoCfe

interfaced lo Apple .... . S199DQ

• 'SEC APPLE AyD" - B Clwnnel WD Interlace complelely

assembled and tested S99.50

• -VISTA APPLE 80 TRACK DISK DfliVE" Floppy Add-on lor

Apple 5'A-80 TPI S45900

• 'APPLE FORTRAN" . S17500

• "APPLE CflVPTEXI" la dala encrypuon and

secuiily S44900

• LYHX APPLE MODEM new modem for direct

access S28900

• '82/A2" Graphics Interface Card By Base 2 S15995

• B Disk Drras lor Apple. Controller. 00S. Two 8"

diws cabirei and cable S145000

• MiCHOMOOEM" - DC Hayes S3I995

• "DiGISECTOR Cmwls video input lo Heftes

graphics 5349 95

• ViSiCat Keypads Numccnc keypad win space, ESC.

- and - keys lor VisiCflt compalidlily 516900

• DOS 3 3 Upgiade Kits 23- moreslorage in 16-secta

lormai S65 00

• Maintain Hardware Musk: Board best yet -

16 channels S55000

• Conlroller I I Revision Ki[ 2Q\ overall processing

Speed increase and Supports standard printers Reduceddisk handling Additional error checkingImproved manual Vender lile expanded

• Pascal Revision Kit Adds executive and

chaining capabilities lo Pascal enwonmeni

• Mounia.0 Hardware Expansion chassis 8 IKM

tor Apple Hardware rj software selectableIncludes power supply

• Smart Term Apple 80 ■ 7i Video Card

• Symte» X-10

• Apple Sifeniype wnn Apple Intelligent interlace

$145 00565 00

Aval 5con

Avail SoonAval Soon

Card

S5J90G

• NEW California Cnmpuiei Systems APPLE Clock.Only S124 9S

• NEW Z-BO Scttcarfl fa APPLE CPM ?2 i M BASIC50 S32500

• NEW CaMorna Micicprcducts Keypad lorAPPLE S17500

NEW APPLE SOFTWARE

1 CriEHSTMKE - Apple II version of Star Raiders Iran i "Bilk BirratT - llitte Simulation of Western Guntigti!

Alan en disk S34 95 and Skeel Shooting SanwauBwi as Nasn S799S

2 RTRS!Kli*lirtal*Mr|ili-lli-Hes.TrendLmeaetc SI099S 5 "*»»•• Tn PHM FiclilV S749S

3 "Sir CraluC - Apple II version ol Ihe nurnOer one arcade E Hi»-D0S IM mf S64 95

game. "Galaxy" S2995 1 NEWI Apple Z-BO CP/M Soliware Call lor Puce

A ATARI 800 & 400

Personal Computer System

ATARI 800 $825.00 ATARI 400 $449.00

ATARI 800 Includes: Computer Console, BASIC Lang. Cartridge, EducationSystem Master Cartridge, BASIC Language Programming Manual. 800 Operator'sManual w/Notebook, 16K RAM Module. Power Supply, TV Switch Box.

hrtlXnli iiiii'ii ;,iir Chun I'-i/iri

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SS 004200

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3 5 CO Oriuilit

BCD BW» Ol

3500 Oi»F*

3SO0 Acuiut)

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SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER SELECTION GUIDE

PRUCESSOB ACP PRICE

650? 16900

650? 23900

ZBO 40900

ENCLOSUREAdd 2995Add 39 95

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ZBO 23900

6502 37S00

180? 19900

ACP'S COMPUTER PRODUCTS & GADGETS

You won't believe

yourearbones.,

THEBONE FONE

t

k *

rrffi $g5

• SKIERS

• JOGGERS

• SKATERS

• CYCLERSYou must hearit and feel itto believe it!

AM/FM stereosurrounds andfills your bodywith soundNo earplugsYou wear iC

95

QUARTZ LCD WATCH

WITH SNOOZE ALARMThe looks and functions ol theexpensive models at anavoidable price.

NEW!

6 FUNCTIONS

• HOURS • MON1

• MINUTES • DATE

• SECONDS • DAY

An Outstanding ACP ValueONLY $21.95

LCD CALENDARCLOCK GEARSHIFT KNOB

Time and Date DigitalDisplay with Backlightfor Night Use.

$26.95

STORE 1310 "B" E. Edinger

#1 Santa Ana, CA 92705

Showrooms, Retail, Warehouse

#2 Tustin, CA 92680

Specializing In Systems

P.O. Box 17329 Irvine, Calif. 92713

Direct Order Lines: (714) 558-8813

(800) 854-8230 or (800) 854-8241

FOR INTERNATIONAL ORDERS:1310 E. Edlngar (714) 953-0604Santa Ana, CA92705 TWX: 910-595-1565

376 BYTE January 1981

Circle 334 on inquiry card.

LADvANCED"—~COMPUTERfPRODUCTS

wmmma

ATTENTION VIDEO HOBBYISTS!!!

* BOX BUILDERS

* USE AS REMOTE TUNER/TIMER

* FULL SCHEMATICS AVAILABLE

* FOR ONLY S5.90! - FREE VWPURCHASE

NEW, UNUSED COMPONENTS

From The RCA V0T-20I Videocamlle Recortcr

... ...: ■ . , A -

S59.95

dMAWI ■■■■■. . ............

118.98

$ 2.49

535531 $123.34

S74.95

Please Call For Volume Discounts

RAM BOARDS SPECIAL

6K Allan Mils Dynamic RAM Boards

i ft Toslod Si 19 95 Untested S95 00

16K

LOW COST FLOPPYDISK SUBSYSTEM

Oi'.k Opp'Jl.n-l S,-,l..m A^i-mr.iMl A I.-.ic'.l

Walnul Wood Sales SL8B.00

.CHECK OUR liom DISK PRICING ON THIS PAGE.

SAVE S300D0 ISI79900 VALUE)

WATANABE MIPLOT

IMS STATIC RAM BOARDS

250 ns. 450 ns.

8K Sialic S209.00 S1B9.00

16K Sialic S449.00 S399.00

32K Slalir S729.00 S629 00

CENTRONICS PRINTER

New lew pr.ee

Model 737S complete printrase«eryihincj Chie features

,ve SD SYSTEMS BOARDS

S^ TAKE 10% OFF! kit k

'-.(-. ■ ■.■■•■ i-il C ■■■; .'SBC 200 Srnqie Board Compul280 S'«r-.>t Sy-.lr-mVDB 8024 VrOuii DiSOWy Board

. i am

SDIOOComc/.- . .-. - :

SOSOOCompn'.- S, ••- A . .1

i S265 0O S 349 00

6800 MICROMODULE " PRICE LIST

MODEL NO DESCRIPTION PRICE

.,,-...;,. >A Sin-.il.-> Bu.V(! Nticr. .c n-i|)ut.;i S496 00

9609 Advanced Single 6d Comn (6809i 595 00

9601 '6 Slot Mother Board 17500

9602 Card Cage 75 00

9603 8 Slot Mother Board 10000

9604 Power Supply 275 00

9605 DC input Power Supply 325 00

9610 UM'ty P'oto Board 3900

9611 Antf ProcMetnory Mtidule 495 00

9612 Buttered UMity Prolo Board 49 009616 32K EPROM/RAM Module 250.0096i7 EPSOM Programming Head 25000

9620 16 Channel Parallel I/O Module 295 00

9622 Serial-Parallel I/O Module 325 00

%?<■ 16K Static RAM Module 470ns 3(I500

9629 32K Slat.c RAM 450n-i 695 009629A j;>K Sialic RAM 200"i 895.00

9630 Card Extender 66 0096.10 MuHtpte Programmable rimer 395009650 flCM.wn.iDui St-r.al I/O Mod 396 00

9636 Intelligent Tape Controller 56000

12 12 i 0 Module 27600

Coniai.t Closure Module 350 00

96/02

$49.95 TRS-80/APPLE $49.95

MEMORY EXPANSION KITS,

4116's, 16K (200/250 ns.)

8 pes for S49.95

w/instructions & jumpers

Call Fof Volume Pricing

* Special: TRSSO Schematic S 4 95

* Expansion Interface Schematic . S 4.95

* Expansion Interface Connector... 7,95

EXPANDORAM II MEMORY KITS

ank Selectable * Uses 4116 200 ns.* Write Protect nVJ* Power 8VDC. ±16VDC

* Phantom ne*

£«1C6S

r Up tO 4 MHZ

Expando 64 Kit (4116) Assem. & Tested Add S50.16K S269.00 48K S435.00

32K S349.00 64K S505.00

«fipj

PERSCI MODEL 299B

DISKETTE DRIVE

3.2 Mbytes capacity

(unformatted), max. seek

time 100MS.

ACP Price S2.199.00

UV "EprorrV' Eraser

Model UVs-11E S69.95

Holds 4 Eprom's at a tune

Backed by 45yeai \

expenence

Model S-52T... S265.00

Professional Industrial Model

EMAKO-20.. Peg $77?.oo $599.00

UNBELIEVABLE!!125 Caps. 60 Ipm - VerticalFormal Unit ■ 96 Charac-ters - Upper/Lowe' Case -

...S799.00

VISTA V-300 PRINTER S

25 CPS, Full CharacterDaisy Wheel. 136 Column

Model

No. FP1500

S1 995.00

BASE II PRINTER

• 115/230 VAC 50Oi 60 Hi

• 72. 80 96 120 Oi132Criar/L.ne

• Sett-Tesi Switch

WITH ALL OPTIONS

I EG S699O0

S 599.00

reen Bu"ei 11920 Char i S50 00

Paper Advance S Grannies 50 00

50 00

Z-80/Z-80A/S080 CPU BOARD

• Z-80 KH

• Z-BO Bare PC Board

• For 4MHi Sueed AddS'5

8080A Kit

8080A Assembled

S 99.95S14995

S-100 MOTHERBOARD SPECIAL

8 slot expandable w/9 conn.

reg S69.95 NOW S52 95

ACOUSTIC MODEM

'D' CAT MODEM NOW AVAILABLE $ 199,00

MONITORS

CM5M2CX S325t

:■■■-■,':■ ■■ ■; ■■■ ~. : ■?? MM; OEM Mow

■;

n

DATA BOOKS • COMPUTER BOOKS

INTEL Data Book

INTEL MCS 65 Manual

5ALE • OSBORNE BOOKS •

Iniro 10 Micro* Vol 0Intro to Micros Vol I60(SOA Prrxjramminn

6(100 I1;,*]rammingZHO Programming.

Sal*

12 SO12 50

SALE • SYBEX COMPUTER BOOKS • SALE

FIRST TO OFFER PRIME PRODUCTS TO THE HOBBYIST AT FAIR PRICESl

1. Proven Quality Factory tested products only,

2. Guaranteed Satisfaction

3. Over $1,000,000.00 Inventory

1981 CATALOG AVAILABLE SOON.

Send S2.00 for your copy of the most complete catalog of computer products.A must for the serious computer user.

MICROPROCESSORS

Z8001 16 bit 10ZB002 '6 r>.ITa

ZBO

ZBOA

F-6 136501

.' :,u

CD 1602

6080A

B080A-4MH*

SALE 0085 .

8008-1

2901

2901A

290111-bii Supi

TMS 9900JL

CP16O0

IMtilOO 2995

6800 11.75

B800&2.Q MHi 19.95

6802P 17 95

■5995699537 95

6755

87486809

8086 69 95

ADVANCED SUPPORT

AM96M Anth,Processor t76.oo

9512 Amh processof 175.00

9513 U.Hv liming 79 9S

Z-80 SUPPORT CHIPS

ZHO-PIO 2.5 MH;

ZBOA'PIO 4.0 MH;

,'HO'CIC 2 5 MHiZ80A-CIC260-DMA

ZflOA-DMAZ 80-510/0

Zil'lA-SIO/O 4 0 MHZ

ZiiO-StO/1 2 5 MHi

Z80A-5IO/1 4 0MH;

Z80-SIO/2 2 5 MHi

ZHO-SIO 2 4 0 MHi

4 0 MHi2 5 MHi4 0 MHi2 5 MHi

.8 75

12 9587512 9529 95

39 4035 9539 4035 95

39 40

8080/8085 SUPPORT

8212 8 bit l/o62U Pr.oi.1/ Inl6216 Bui Drive-8224 Oor-V Gen8224-4 MMHj)8226 Bus Driver8126 Bu', Driver8226 Syi Control8236 Syi Com8251 P'og I/O

825.) Im Time,8255 Proq I/O8257 Prorj DMA

24 9564 9534 953 952 755 252 75

2 959 75

3 952 955 50

5 50

6 9512 95

65016 95

STATIC RAMS

21U32 4S0ftS /cM-£

21L02 250r>', y^ttfl

2112-1 \J&

I 130 t 25

93

| 1 59 1 55

3 75 3 65

3 55

2 95 2 85

2101-1

2.90 2 70

2 55

2l14L-250ns (4045l

6 50 5 95

2114L-450nS. [4045|

5 50 5 25

4.75

4044 250 ns

8 95 750

690

4044 450ns.

5 95 5 95

4.75

EMM4200A

9 75 8 75

7 95

EMM4402

7 95 7 25

625

AMD9140/41

1095 1025

9.25

AMD9130/31

1 2 95 11 95

10 25

1101

1 95 1 75

1 25

P2125/93425 WSnS.1

9.95 8 35

825

6518 IK • 1 CMOS

7 95 7 95

7 25

2147 LowPowfr4KSlal.

1995 189E

16.95

93415. .

9 95 8 95

8.50

TMS4046

11 95 1095

10 50

DYNAMIC RAMS

416/41 16 16KM6 Pin)

0 75

Set ol B41ffB

49 95

4115HKI16Pm|

6.95

4050 4K < 1 (18 Pin|

4.95

4060 4K ■ 1 (22 Pml

4.95

4096 4K» 1 (16P.n| .

3 95

2104 4Kx 1 (16 Pin)

4 75

4027 4K* 1 |16 Pin)

4 95

5261 195 CAK "03

5262 1 95 W**r\ a008L

1 95

5270 4.95 RAMS 6605

7.95

5280 JMffiVcQ QC660"5290 12 45 SI 59.95 6002

4 951 50

SOCKETS

«Pms

Lo-Pro Soldc

| Wire Wop 3 Level

Tin

Gold

8

1519

3236

59

16

20

38

62

ia

24

59

84

20

29

69

99

22

24

79

l 10

.'-1

36

85

1 20

28

43

1 10

1 49

36

5660

'69

ZERO INSERTION FORCE

ffiPifl S5 60 24P,n S7

50 40 P.n

S'0 25

FLOPPY DISK I/O

A/D CONVERTERS

3700 8 bit B.nary (361

8701 lObit Binary 22 Oi

8703 6 Pit TS 13 519400 Vol'to Fren Cont 7 21

8750 3') Dii)H BCD 13 9!1408L6 6bi1 39!

1408L8 8bit 5 9!

DACOlDloA &g:

0AC08 9 9!

OAC 100 15 9!

TV CHIPS/SOUND

AV3EJ500-1 6 Garnet, B W

AY38Si5Colot Convener

AY3B603-1 Roadrace GaniL-AY38606'! W.peuuT GartwAY38607-1 Shooting Ga"<;ryAY38910 Sound GenerakiiSN764 77 Tl Sound GflnerBlO

M&R Modulator 29 9!

WAVEFORM GEN.

803B Function Gen 3 9!

MC4024VCO 2 9!

LM566VCO 1 9!XR2206 Fi.nc.lion Generator 5 2!

SHIFT REGISTERS

MM500H Dual25 5<

MMS056N Dual 256 2 9!

MM5O60NOuai 128 2 9!

2510ADual 100 1 9!

2847 Quad 80 4*1:

334) Dual 80 4 913361 40. 9 FIFO

3357 Quad 809403 16.4 FiF(9408 10 Bil Seen

695

6800 SUPPORT CHIPS

681Q 128 . 8 Ram

5 95

6 50995

1695

39 9549 955 955.951095

CH2tJ Pnoriiylnl68.14-1 512 . 8 Ep'Oin6845-HD4fi505 CRT Conl6(147 Colo- CRT6850 AClA

8853 Si.'n.ii Adapiai(i860 Moilnmfitit:1 Modulator6871A t OMHi OSC6875

SHIFT REGISTER SALE

2503V 1.49 2525 1 492504V I 49 2527 1 492507V 1 49 2528 1 49

6502 SUPPORT CHIPS

6520 PIA 7 50

6522 Mult 1 1 95

p.-. Vi.>.i.T5:ii.,,[M,-)ii;; 21 95

6532 19 95

2708450 ns

2708-6 650 ns

1702A

2732

2716-5V

2716-5V 12V

2758-5V

5203AO

5204 AO

IM5610

SALE 8223 32 I 8

rVIKi

0L7M

OL707

FH0157

FND501

FN[>503 i50tli

FNKS.'.iliJi

Fwrsoa

FN0S30FKDS50

iNt-SfiJifilu.i.-!J[3C7,pllili■'P-.;rj.' ,')4i.HP50B2 7300-.'--■:. 731

PL305Pi»8111X9

1IL31IMAN2AMAH10AXAN30GI

WN3D52WN3C63

XAWOH

XAN3051XAIil052KAN3053

KAN30M

KAN30S1

'ANil:«:i

AAN3l'iU4

LED READOUTS

357 FW

': ■■:■■

500 «M

:,iu h^

■.tl: Rh

500 Gr

Ccmr CatXrW

Comm CaCKtt ifl

Ctuvri Camoae

Csmm Ano«

Camrn AncOe |+t I

Comm CattoK

5UU Orange Comm CarnMe

800 Red Comm Cathuoe

Comm AncW

CTS DIPSWITCHES

CTS206-2 1 75 CTS206-7 1 75

CTS206-4 1 75 CTS206-8 1 95

CTS206-5 1 75 CTS206-9 1 95

CTS206-6 ' 75 CTS206-1Q 1 95

CONNECTORS (GOLD)

22 44 WW ST KIM 295

43/86W/W ST MOT 650

50/100 S-100 Connecto' .-- .-. -i '--

50,100 S-1 CO Connefio' si 3 95

. 7 he.fl4 x 7 Sgi Qist RKOComm Anoflt

eou Red

600 FW

600 DM

; ■■■-:

300 FKM Cumm AnMe Hflni 0

300 Grrx-'i Comm Aorxta Rigm OP

300 Gieeri Comm Anooe Lei OP

300 Gre«n Overflow CA IBD Of

300 G'Mn Comm CiirnBe H.gm DP

NOTE: WE PROGRAM PROMS

CHARACTER GEN.

,':,i:i ADM.1 (5VI Lower 1495

MCM6571 11 78

MCM(>5/IA 11 75

MCM6574 14 50

MCM6575 14 50

UARTS/BAUD RATE

IC SPECIAL PURCHASE

I r I J5011 JFCT Analog Mum 8 bit

icm 7045 PfBCtaioi SiopWaich

CM /LHU'OMOSl EDGl.j[:>v.er f

MC144 t IF: f. Dm' A.DConven.ICL 8211 Voltage ReferenceLM 1850N Ground Fault ICLM 290ON Quad Ampin.efi.M2FH7NF.eg to Volt ConvAY-3-3550 4'.diyil DMMAY-5-3507 40MH; DVM

MfM -I'ltli M :-.t,-i Smoke D fi

;/S0H J2 . fi PpfjmilM 56001G1 15M6CHarmi»l MostelULN jiJO.IA ,-channel Driver

210IAL-4

MCM 14505 64 bit Statu: RamMOC 1003 (4N28) Opio CouplerSPX33 Opio Coupler7520/25 50 LM 387

1466 1489 2't 99 lm 130MK5014Cal£ 3 199 LM45574S89 3M 99 RC. 4irti

LM323K

MCK

COM 502.'COM 50J1DAC'OO

NAKED PC

Z-80 CPU (llnacaiB080A CPU8K Sialic RAM (Logo;16K Static RAMi21l<32K Stair. RAM (211-8K Eprom 127081 24 95

l/o." Eprom Board 300C

2/Q£i.:.'7'i. Ec'Cinu'!t'in--al 34 95.?70a::>71GE|]'<..rinWMCl 3000Realtime Clocl- 34 95

ACPPppjirjBr: |3MConn i 27 95

Vc-fto- 8800 ProlQ 22 20

Veclor 8803 11 slol MH 29 96

ACP E.tfnaer .-.-'Conn 1895

video Interface 1SSM1 31 95

Parallel Interface :SSMi 31 95

VlSlolMiillu-'Bo.irfJWMCi :12 9'.'.uSIi'lMnim.'ia-^ruEVVMCl 29.95iiSiorlJiirhi'Pie.nanOa

>J4 ."■1.1 ■-249529 9529 95

e-Tect

..■ Ho.nri

CALL

MC Floppy PCB

COMPUTER SPECIALS

jxsco'

VJH^'

Aniji- II P'uv. w/16K 1PET 2001-16NEvid-, Sorci.re.vy/l6KCrominncoSyslll 6Honion I yy,32KPascal Microentjme IiPSI !620Diabi?RO :Anadei dp 8000

Centronics. MicroS-1Soroc 10 120

Toitflype Model 43 1HiPto' Pioiler 1

HiPioi Digitiie.

Aran 800Atan 400

Tl 99/4

Leede« 12 Monito-

Centronics 737TiencomMOOTrencom T-200Sanyo 9" MonitorSanyo 15" MonitorMol 22 MHi Mcn.lo'

220 I6'»

295 249

296 219

VERBATIMDISKETTES

100% CERTIFIED ERROR-FREE!

SOCKET SPECIALS

. .'„ n-.i,:I6/1B A3HDS5ALETR1472B .

7 95

8 98

9 95

• 40 imus ooueiE siohq double oExsm l'i

KEYBOARD ENCODERS

VOLUME DEALER PRICING AVAILABLEWE ALSO STOCK OYSAN-CALL

RETAIL STORES OPEN MON-SATSTORE 1310 "B" E. Edlnger STORE 674 El Camlno Real

"1 Santa Ana, CA 92705

Showrooms, Retail, Warehouse

2 Tustln, CA 92680

Specializing in Systems

P.O. Box 17329 Irvine, Calif. 92713

Direct Order Lines: (714) 558-8813

(800) 854-8230 or (800) 854-8241

FOR INTERNATIONAL ORDERS:1310 E. Edlnger (714) 953-0604Santa Ana, CA92705 TWX:9ir>b95-15e5

Circle 334 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1981 377

5N7400N5N7401NSN74Q2NSN7403NSN7404NSN74Q5NSN7406NSN7407NSN7408NSN7409NSN7410N5N7411NSN7412NSN7413NSN7414NSN7416NSN7417NSN7420NSN7421NSN7422NSN7423NSN7425NSN7426NSN7427NSN7429NSN7430NSN7432NSN7437NSN7438NSN7439N5N7440NSN7441NSN7442NSN7443NSN7444NSN7445N5N7446NSN7447NSN7448NSN7450NSN7451NSN7453NSN74S4NSN7459ASN746QNSN7470N

74LS0074LSQ174LS0274LS0374LS0474LS0574LS0874LS0974LS1074LS1174LS1274LS1374LS1474LS1574LS2074LS2174LS2274LS2674LS2774LS2874LS3074LS3274 LS3374LS3774LS3874LS4074LS4274LS4774LS4874LS4974LS5174LS5474LS5574LS7374LS7474LS7574L57674LS7874LS8374LS8574LS8674LS90

74SO074S0274S0374S0474S0574S0874S0974S1074S1174S1574S2074S2274S3074S3274S4074S517456474S6574S7474SB674511274 SI 1374S114• LIM

7400

SN7472N

SN7473N

SN7474N

SN7475N

SN7476N

SN7479N

SN7480N

5N7482N

5N7483N

SN748SN

SN7486N

5N7489N

SN7490N

SN7491N

SN7492N

SN7493N

SN7494N

SN7495N

SN7496N

SN7497N

SN7410QN

SN 74107 N

SN74109N

5N74U6N

SN74121N

SN74122N

SIN 74123 N

SN 74125 N

SN74126N

SN74132N

SN74136N

SN74141N

5N74142N

SN74143N

SN74144N

SN 74145 N

SN74147N

5N74148N

SN74150N

SN74151N

5N74152N

SN 74153 N

SN74154N

SN74155N

74LS

74LS9274LS9374LS9574LS9674LS10774LS10974LS11274LS11374 LSI 1474LS12274LS12374L512S74LS12674LS13274LS13374LS13674LS13874LS13974LS15174LS15374LS15474LS15574LS15674LS15774LS15874LS16074LS16174LS16274LS16374LS16474LS1G574LS16874LS16974 LSI 7074 LSI 7374LS17474 LSI 7574LS18174LS19074LS191

74LS19274LS19374 LS19474LS19574LS19774LS22174LS24074LS24174LS24274LS24374LS24474LS24574LS24774LS24874LS24974 L 525174LS2S374LS25774LS25874LS26074LS26674LS27374LS27974LS28374L529074L529374LS29874LS35274LS35374LS36574LS36674LS36774LS36874 LS37374L537474LS37574LS38674LS39374LS39974 L 567081LS9S81LS97

74S

74S13374S13474S13574S13674S13874S13974 S14074S15174S15374S15774 S15874S17474 S17574 S18874 S19474 S19574 S19674S24074S24174S24274S243ITED AVAILABILITY

74S244

74S251

.55

74S253

.69

74S257

1.19

74S2S8

1.75

74S260

1.35

74S280

1.35

74S267*

1.15

745288*

1.35

74S373

1.35

74S374

1.35

74S3S7*

1.3S

74S471*

1.59

745472*

1.59

74S473*

4.95

74S474*

1.95

74S47S*

1.95

745570*

3.95

74S571*

2.95

74S572*

2.95

74S573*

3.25

745940

3.25

74S94!

ON T

HESE P

2.492.492.49

3.251.451.451.351.35

3.495.9S

19.9519.9519.9521.9521.95

19.9519.953.15

CA3013HCA3023HCA3039HCA3046NCA3059NCA3060NCA3080H

2. IS3.251.351.303.253.25

CA-LINEAR

CA3081NCA3082NCA3083NCA3086N

2.002.001.E0

CA3089NCA3096NCA3130HCA3140HCA3160HCA3401NCA3500N

CD4000CD4001CD4002CD4006CD4007CD4009CD4010CD401ICD4012CD4013CD4014CD4015CO4016CD4017CO4018CD4019CD4020CD4021CD4Q22C D4023CD4024CD4025CD4026CD4027CD4028CD4029CD4030CD4035CD4Q40

LCD4

CD-CMOS

CD4041CD4042CD4043CD4044CO4046CD4047CD4048CD4049CD4050CD4051CD4052CDJ053CD4056CD4059CD4060CD4066CD4068CD4069CD407QCD4071CD4072CD4073CD4075CD4076CD4081

CD4082CD4093C D4098CD4506CD4507CD4S08CD4510CD4511CD4514CD4515CD4516CD4518CD4519CD4520CD4526CD4S28CD4529CD4543CD4562CD4566CD4S83CD4723CD4724MC14409MC14410MC14411MC 14412MC 14419MC14433

1.9514.9514.9514.9511.95

4.9513.9S

JE6O8 PROGRAMMER

2708 EPROM PROGRAMMER

■ luptlit! 0iml>v HFgiitcri: S LEO'ilor Hi. Key enmu, 10lED'iIZ° 2'tor Addr.u ntjiittriiul B LED'ilnr Dili M-n.or, n.giittr. The 0 m MmorRcgntii dupUn lh( tonttnt or ihi ilAMi Irani Iht EPROM Chip.

EDHttl Sochel Pimi Bond is«rahlv, Iht Tutn type Pnwtr ramiicmttiti: '"VAC. BBHf, SUV.s Color-coontinttcd dnignir't tin with lighr [Iniiinmnchl brown. Silt: W"H» ITTNiilSCD.

JE608K KIT $399.95

JE608A Assembled and tested $499.95

DISCRETE LEDS

XC556R .200" red

XC556G .200" green

XC556Y .200" yellow

XC556C .200" clear

XC22R .200" red

XC22G .200" green

XC22Y .200" yellow

MV10B .170" red

5/S14/S14/$l4/$l5/$l4/$l4/$l4/S1

MV50 .085" redXC209R .!25" redXC209G .125" greenXC209Y .125" yellowXC526R .185" redXC526G .185" greenXCS26Y .185" yellowXC526C .185" clear

6/S15/$l4/$l4/$l5/$l4/$l4/$l4/$l

XC111R .190" red 5/$l

XC1UG .190" green 4/$l

XCU1Y .190" yellow 4/J1

XC111C .190" clear 4/J1

INFRA-RED LED

i/«"xV4Mxl/l6" flat

IRL — 5/$l

C.A. -

Type

MAN 1MAN 2MAN 3MAN 52MAN 54MAN 71MAN 72MAN 74MAN 82MAN 84MAN 3620MAN 3630MAN 3640MAN 4610MAN 6610MAN 6630MAN 6640MAN 6650MAN 6660MAN 6710MAN 6750MAN 67B0DL704DL707DL728

Common Anode

Polarity |

C.A.—red5x7 D.M.-redC.C.-redC.A.—greenC.C.— greenC.A.—redC.A.—redC.C.-redC.A.—yellowCC—yellowC.A.—orangeC.A.—orange ± 1C.C.—orangeC.A.—orangeC.A.—orange—DD .C. A.— orange ± 1C.C.—orange—DD .C.C.—orange ± 1C.A.—orangeC.A.—red—DDC.C.—red ± 1C.C.-redC.C.—redC.A.—redC.C.-red

DISPLAY LEDS

CC. — Common Cathode

Price

2.954.95

TVF

DL741

DL746

DL747

DL750

DL33B

FND358

FND359

FND503

FND507

HDSP-3401

HDSP-3403

5082-7613

5082-7620

5082-7623

5082-7730

5082-7731

5082-7750

5082-7751

5082-7760

5082-7300

5082-7302

5082-7304

4N?R

LIT-1

MOC3010

Polarity

C.A.—red

C.A.—red ± 1

C.A.—red

C.C.-red

CC—red

C.C. ± 1

C.C.

C.C. (FND500)

C.A. (FND510)

C.A.—red

C.C.-red

C.C,R.H.D.-red

C.A..L.H.D.— yel.

CC,R.H.D.—yel. .300

C.A..L.H.D.— red .300

C.A.,R.H.D.-red .300

C.A..L.H.O.—red .430

C.A.,R.H.D.-red .430

C.C,R.H.D.-red .430

4x7sgl.dig. RHD .600

4x7 sgl. dig. LHD .600

Overnge. char. (±1) .600

Photo XslstorOoto-lsol.

Photo Xsistor Opto-lsol.

Optically Isol.TriacDrivei

Ht.600

.600

.357

.300

POTENTIOMETERS wmmmm

$1.35 each |g|gM*

$2.95 each

2 Watt @ 70°C ± 10%7/8" Slotted ShaftLinear Taper

Meets Mil-R-94

RV4NAY SD - 102ARV4NAY SD - 502ARV4NAY SD - 103ARV4NAY SD - 253ARV4NAY SD -503ARV4NAY SD - 104ARV4NAY SD - 105A

IK5K

10 K25K50K100KlMeg

LOW PROFILE(TIN) SOCKETS

SOLDERTAIL {GOLD)STANDARD

3/4 Watt @ 70°C

15 turn pot. Linear

taper. Printed cir-

Part No. Pai

830P- 50ohrr

830P-100ohrr.

B30P-500ohrr

830P-1K

830P-2K

830P- 5K830P-10KB30P-20K830P-50K

Part No.

B30P-100K83OP-20OK830P-500K830P-lMeg

SOLDERTAIL

STANDARD {TIN)

14 pin ST16 pin ST18 pin ST24 pin ST28 pin ST36 pin ST40 pin ST

Iff

8 pin WW

10 pin WW14 pin WW16 pin WW18 pin WW20 pin WW22 pin WW24 pin WW28 pin WW36 pin WW40 pin WW

WIRE WRAP SOCKETS{GOLD) LEVEL #3

1/4 WATT RESISTOR ASSORTMENTS -5%

ASST

1

5ea.

10 Ohn

27 Ohn

1 12 Ohn33 Ohn

1 15 Ohnl 39 Ohn

l 18 Ohn

i 47 Ohn

l 22 Ohm56 Ohm

50 pes.

$1.95

ASST

2

5ea.

68 Ohn180 Ohn

i 82 Ohn220 Ohn

l 100 Ohni270 Ohn

i 120 Ohn

330 Ohi

ISO Ohm390 Ohm

50 pes.

$1.95

ASST

3

5ea.

470 Ohn1.2K

560 Chn1,5K

i680 Ohn1.8K

8?U Ohr2.2K

IK2.7K

130 pes.

$1.95

ASST

4

5ea.

3.3K

8.2K

3.9K

10 K

4.7K12K

5.6 K15K

6.BK18K

50 pes.

$1.95

ASST

5

5ea.

22KS6K

27 K

6GK

33 K82K

39K

100K

47 K120 K

50 pes.

$1.95

ASST

6

Sea.

1S0K390 K

180 K470 K

220K560 K

270 K680 K

330 K820 K

50 pes.

$1.95

ASST

7

5ea.

1M2.7M

1.2M3.3M

1.5M3.9M

1.8M4.7M

2.2M5.6M

50 pes.

$1.95

ASST. 8R

Includes Resistor Assts. 1-7 (350 pes.)

$10.95 ea.

$10.00 Min. Order - U.S. Funds OnlyCalif. Residents Add 6% Sales TaxPostage —Add 5%plusS1 Insurance

ameco

Spec Sheets - 25rf

Send 414 Postage for your

FREE 1981 JAMECO CATALOG

PHONEORDERS

WELCOME(415)592-8097

MAIL ORDER ELECTRONICS - WORLDWIDE

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE

Part No.

7045IPI

7W5EV/Kit-

7106CPL

7106EV/KU*

7107CPL

7107EV/Kit*

7116CPL

7117CPL

72011DR

72051PG

7205EV/Kit*

7206CJPE

7206CEV/Kit*

7207 AIPD

7207AEV/Klt*

72081PI

72091 PA

72351PG

7215EV/KII*

7216AIJI

7216CIJI

7216DIPI

72171JI

7218CUI

72241 PL

7226 AIJL

7226AEV/KH*

7240IJE

7242IJA

7250IJE

7260IJE

75651 PA

75561 PD

7611BC PA

7612BCPA

7621 BC PA

7631CCPE

7641CCPD

7642CCPD

7660CPA

8069CCQ

8211CPA

8212CPA

* INTE

Function

CMOS Precision Timer

Stopwatch Chip, XTL

3'/i Digit A/D (LCD Drive)

IC, Circuit Board, Display

3Vj Di9» A/D (LED Drive)

IC, Circuit Board, Display

3V; Digit A/D LCD DIs. HLD.

3V; Digit A/D LED Dis. HLD.

Low Battery Volt Indicator

CMOS LED Stopwatch/Timer

Stopwatch Chip, XTL

Tone Generator

Tone Generator Chip, XTL

Oscillator Controller

Freq. Counter Chip, XTL

Seven Decade Counter

Clock Generator

4 Func. CMOS Stopwatch CKT

4 Func. Stopwatch Chip, XTL8-Digit Univ. Counter C.A.8-Dlgit Freq. Counter C.A.8-Dlgit Freq. Counter C.C.4-Dlgit LED Up/Down Counter8-Digit Univ. LED DriveLCD 4"A Digit Up Counter DRI8-Digit Univ. Counter

5 Function Counter Chip, XTLCMOS Bin Prog. Timer/CounterCMOS Dlvlde-fcy-256 RC TimerCMOS BCD Prog. Timer/CounteCMOS BCD Prog. Tlmer/CounteCMOS5SS Timer (8 pin)CMOS 556 Timer (14 pin)CMOS Op Amp Comparator 5f\CMOS Op Amp Ext. Cmvr.CMOS Dual Op Amp CompCMOS Trl Op Amp Comp.CMOS Quad Op Amp C

>v

Price

14.9522.9516.9534.9515.952B.9518.95

6.5011.1017.953.9513.9519.9532.0026.9521.9512.9510.9511.2531.9574.954.952.056.005.251.452.205MV 2.255MV 2.955MV 3.9510MV 5.3510MV 7.50

CMOS Quad Op Amp Comp. 10MV 7.50Voltage Converter 2.9550ppm Band—GAP Volt Ref. Diode 2.50Volt Ref/lndlcator 2.50Volt Ref/lndlcator 2.50RSIL'S EVALUATION KITS

74C00

.39

74C

74C195

74C02

.39

74C221

1.95

74C04

.39

74C240

2.25

74C08

.39

74C106

.75

74C244

2.25

74C10

.39

74C107

1.89

74 C 373

2.49

74C14

.75

74C1S1

2.95

74C374

2.59

74C20

.39

74 C154

3.95

74C901

.89

74C30

.39

74 C157

2.25

74C903

1.15

74C42

1.39

74 C160

1.69

74C911

10.95

74C48

1.95

74 C161

1.60

74C73

.79

74C162

1.49

74C915

1.69

74C74

.79

74C163

1.69

74C917

10.95

74C85

1.95

74C164

1.59

74C922

5.49

74C86

.99

74C173

1.39

74C923

5.75

74C89

6.95

74C174

1.39

74C925

7.50

74C90

1.29

74 C175

1.39

74C926

7.50

74C93

1.29

74C192

1.69

80C95

.79

74C95

1.59

74C193

1.69

80C97

.79

1.95

2.49

LH0002CN 6.85LM10CLH 4.50LM11CLH 4.75LH0070-OH 6.05TL071CP .79

TL072CP 1.39TL074CN 2.49LH0082CD 35.80TL082CP 1.19TL084CN 2.19LH0094CD 36.80LM300H .99

LM301CN .35LM302HLM304HLM305HLM307CNLM308CNLM309HLM309KLM310CNLM311HLM312HLM317MPLM317T 1.75

LM317K 3.95

LM318CN 1.95LM319N 1.95

LM320K-5 1.35LM320K-12 1.35LM320K-15 1.35LM320T-5 1.25LM320T-12LM320T-35LM323K-SLM324NLM329D2LM3311NLM334ZLM3352LM336ZLM337TLM337MPLM338KLM339NLM340K-S 1.35LM340K-12 1.35LM340K-15 1.35

5.95

6.95

LINEAR

LM340T-5

LM340T-12

LM340T-15

LM341P-5

LM341P-12

LM341P-15

LM342P-5

LM342P-12

LM342P-15

LM34BN

LM350K

LF351N

LF353N

LF355N

LF356N

LM358N

LM359N

LM370N

LM373N

LM377N

LM380N

LM381N

LM382N

LM384N

LM386N-3

LM387N

LM389N

LM392N

LF398N

LM399H

TL494CN

TL496CP

NES10A

NE529A

NE531H

NE536H

NE540H

NE544N

NE550A

NE555V

LM556N

NE564N

LM565N

LM566CN

LM567V

NE570N 4.95

LM702H .79

LM703CN .89

LM709N .29

LM710N .79

LM7111N .79

LM723N .69

LM733N 1.00

LM739N 1.19

LM741CN .35

MC1741SCG 3.00

LM747N .79

LM748N .59

LM1014N

LM1310N

LM1458CN

LM1488N

LM1489N

LM1496N

LM1556V

LM180ON

LM1B77N-9 3.25

LM1889N 3.20

LM1B96N

LM20O2T

LM2877P

LM2878P

LM2896P-1

LM3189N

LM39O0N

LM3905CN 1.25

LM3909N

LM3914N

LM3915N

LM3916N

RC4136N

RC4151NB

RC4194TK 5.95

RC4195TK 6.49

KB4428 4.25

KB4429 5.95

LM4500A

ICL8038B

LM13O80N

LM13600N

75138N

75450 N

75451CN

2.75

1.251.251.95

2.95

2.052.252.252.9S

3.953.953.951.253.95

4.95

CAPACITOR CORNER

Vak10 pf22 pt47 pf

100 pf220 pf470 pf

50 VOLT CERAMIC DISC CAPACITORS

1-9 10-99 100+

.06 .05.06 .05

Value

1-9

10-99

100+

OOlyF

.08

.06

.05

0047U F

.08

.06

.05

OluF

.08

.06

,05

022MF

.09

.07

1)6

047uF

.09

.07

.08

.15 .12

.10

100 VOLT MYLAR FILM CAPACITORS-OOlmf .12 .10 .07 | .022mf .13 .11 .08

-0022mf .12 .10 .07 ,047ml .21 .17 .13

.0047mf .12 .10 .07 .lrnf .27 .23 .17

,01mf .12 .10 .07 I .22mf .33 .27 .22

+20% DIPPED TANTALUMS (Solid) CAPACITORS

-I/35V. 15/35V.22/35V.33/35V.47/35V.68/35V1.0/35V

.34 .29

.34

.29

1.5/35V2.2/35V3.3/25V4.7/25V6.8/25V15/25V22/6 V

.37 .29

.45

.34

MINI. ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS

.4 7/50 V

1.0/50V

3.3/50V

4.7/25V

10/25V

10/50V

22/25V

22/50V

47/25V

47/50V

IQ0/25V

100/50V

220/25V

220/50V

470/25V

1000/16V

220O/16V

Axial Lead

.18 .15 .11

.54 .49 .45

-47/25V.47/50V1.0/16V1.0/25V1.0/50V4.7/16V4.7/25V4.7/S0V10/16 V10/25V10/50V47/50V100/16V100/25V100/50V220/16V470/25V

Radial Lead

.16 .14 .13

.25 .23 .21

378 BYTE January 1981

Circle 335 on inquiry card.

/aiSIZciock Modules

12VDC

AUTOMOTIVE/

INSTRUMENT

CLOCK

APPLICATIONS:

• tn-dash autoclocks■ After-market auto/

RV clocks

• Aircraft-marine elks

Features: Bright 0.3" green display- Internal crystal time-base. ±0.5 sec./day accur. Auto,display brightness controllogic. Display color filterable to blue, blue-green, green &yellow. Complete—just add switcher, and lens.

MA1003 Module $16.95

MA1023 .7" Low Cost Digital LED Clock Module 8.95

MAI 026 .7" Dig. LED Alarm Clock/Thermometer 18.95

MA503G .3" Low Cost Digital LED Clock/Timer 6.95

MA1002 .5" LED Display Dig. Clock & Xformer 9.95

23 National Semiconductor

, RAM SALE

f

MM5290N-4 <mk4ii6/upd416| . . $4.95 each

16K DYNAMIC RAM (250NS)

(8 EACH S39.95) (100 EACH S450.00/lot)

MM5290J-2 (MK4H6/UPD416) . . $6.95 each

16K DYNAMIC RAM I150NS)

(8 EACH $49.95) (100 EACH S550.00/lotl

MM5298J-3A $3.25 each

8K DYNAMIC RAM (LOW HALF OF MM5290J) 200NS(8 EACH $23,951 (100 EACH $250.00/lotl

MM2114-3 $5.95 each

4K STATIC RAM (300NS)

(8 EACH $43.95) (100 EACH S450.00/lot)

MM2114L-3 $6.25 each

4K STATIC RAM (LOW POWER 300NS)(8 EACH $44.95) (100 EACH S475.00/lotl

EPROM Erasing Lamp

• Erases 2708, 2716, 1702A, 5203Q, 5204O, etc.

• Erases up to 4 chips within 20 minutes.

• Maintains constant exposure distance of one inch.

• Special conductive foam liner eliminates static build-up.

• Built-in safety lock to prevent UV exposure.

• Compaci - only 7-5/8" x 2-7/8" x 2"

• Complete with holding tray for 4 chips.

UVS-11E $79.50

Jumbo 6-Digit Clock Kit

• Four .630"ht. and two .300"ht.common anode displays

• Uses MM5314 clock chip

• Switches for hours, minutes and hold functions

• Hours easily viewable to 30 feet

• Simulated walnut case

• 115VAC operation

• 12 or 24 hour operation

■ Includes all components, case and wall transformer

• Size:6%" x 3-1/8" x 1V

JE747 $29.95

6-Digit Clock Kit

• Bright .300 hi. comm. cath-oda display

• Uses MM5314 clock chip

• Switches for hours, minutesend hold modes

• Hrs. easily viewable to 20 ft.

• Simulated walnut case

• 115 VAC operation

• 12 or 24 hr. operation

• Incl. all components, case &wall transformer

• Sue: 6V/' x 3-1/8" x 151"

JE701 $19.95

Regulated Power Supply

Uses LM309K. Heat sink 'x«_ .--_

provided. PC board con- —struction. Provides a solid1 amp @ 5 volts. Can supply upto z5V, --9V and ±12V withJE205 Adapter. Includes compo-nents, hardware and instructions.Size: 3'/i" x 5" x 2"H

JE200 $14.95

ADAPTER BOARD-Adapts to JE200-±5V, +9V and ±12V

DC/DC converter with +5V input. Toriodal hi-speed switching XFMR. Short circuit protection.PC board construction. Piggy-back to JE 200board. Size: 3'/." x 2" x 9716"H

^JE205

$12.95

MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS

DPB216DP8J2«DP8CT

DPS 303DP83WDP8307DPB308

System Controller/Bui DSystem ConlrollerI/O Expjnaer for « SerinAsynchronous Comm. ElProg. Comm. I/O (USAR

Prog. Perloheral I/O [PPIjProg. DMA Control

Prog. CRT Conlroller

8-Blt Bl-OlcB-Btl Bl-Dlr.

• lace I9.9S

6800/6800 SUPPORT DEVICES -

MC6800 MPU

MC6B02CP MPU with Clock *na RAM

MCS8I0API 128x8 Static RAM

MCGSJI Perlnnorni Inioi. AdiDI (MC6S201

MCGS2S Priority Inlerruot Controller

MCM30LE lOM-S-BIl ROM (MCUAU-8)

Synch

>. AO«

1C6880A

J-SlJle Bus. Trans. (MCST26)

MICROPROCESSOR CHIPS —

ZSO </80C) CPU (MKJMDN) (2MH;)

ZMA (J80-1) CPU (f.'.K3aS0N-4) {*MHi|CDPloOZ CPU

MM

MPU

OM2901ADC CPU-4-BitSMc

(Co-

w/Clock [6SK Bytes fJ

INSM3SN-6 WPU-t'BH (6MH:|

INS8039N-6 CPU-Sal CnlDS-Bit([?8t)yl

IN56W0N-6 CPU (S6 Bytes RAM]

INSSQ10N CPU-6* Bytes RAM

INS8073N CPU w/Bislc Micro Interor

P808S CPU

INSS900 CPU-ISB.t

TMS9900JL MPU—16-Bit

1M500H1MS03H1MM6H1M510H

Dual S0-B

Dyru

O-Bit Stat

MMS0I3MM5HBH

MM SOWN

256-Bit Dynamic1<»4-H<t Dynamic/;

Octal 80-BitOctal 10-Bil

HWA] I024-BI1 Dynamic

It Stat>-Bll Sla

2528V2SMV

2532N3341PC

.M3Q8AMLM3MZ

LMJ35Z

UFJSSM

Dual 256-Bit SialicDual 250-Bit SialicDual 240-Bit SialicQuaOBO-Bil Sialic

-DATA ACQUISITION-

DAC0806LCNB-BI! D/A Coi

DATA

AOC0SWCCNAUCDflUCCNDACLMJLCNDAC10MLCN

ACQUISITION (CONTINUED) —

S-Bll A/D Converlar (B-Cn. Mulll.)8-0*1 A/D Converter (le-Cn. Mulli.)10-BH D/A Conv. Micro. Comp. |0.OS%)10-Blt D/A Conv. Micro. Comp. (0.20V.)10-BK D/A Convener (0.05V. Lin.)10-Blt D/A Converter (0.20V. Lin.J12-BIID/A Convener (0.20% Lin.)8-Channei MultiplexerJDK BAUD UART

RAM'S

256x1 Static

t Static 300ns Low Power

MM526IMM 5262MM52S0/2107MMSM0J-!(4I16J

MM5MBJ-3A

«5Ut

it 70tt*

TMS27IS

2ll6lntcl(25l6)TI

2732lntei:2S3J)TI

B2S23174S1B8)

BJS11S

B2S123(MS28)1

Dynamic Fully Oecodca2Kxl Dynamic*096xl DynamicI6K Dynamic 150ns (UPCM1S)BK Dyn. 200ns (lower •/! o< MM5290J)18x4 StaticIK Dynamic lfrpln4K Static1024X4 Static

-PROMS/EPROMS

BK EPROM

I6K EPROM (-5V. »SV. *IJV,

I6K EPROM (Single -5V)

32K EPROM

BK EPROM («0nsJ (Single *Wi

HUB PROM

32x8 PROM (ODen Collector)

8UPM0)

2513(3021) Cnaiacter Generator (Lower Case

2S16N Cnaracter Generator

MMS23Q". 20SB-BH Read Only Memory

NMOS READ ONLY MEMORIES-

MCM66710P 128x9x7 ASCII SniftoQ W/Greek

MCM667J0P 12Bx9x; Main Symcol t Pictures

DSO025CNOS0026CNIN51.71N-IINSM51NMM5SI67NMM58I74NCOP402N

COP402MN

■ SPECIAL FUNCTION

Dual MOS Clock Driver (SM2)Dual MOS Clock Driver (5MZ)

Microprocessor Real Time ClockMicroprocessor Compatible ClockMicrocontroller wltn 64-Dlglt RAManu Direct LED Drh

H G4-OI

i LED l:

32-Seg.VAC Fluor. Driver (20-pln pkg.)

ELEPHONE/KEYBiDARD CHIPS

Push Button Telephone Dialer

A V-5-9500AV-5-2176HD01U-S74C922

DESIGNERS' SERIESBlank Desk-Top Electronic Enclosures

• High strength epoxy moldedend pieces in mocha brownfinish.

• Sliding rear/bottom panel forservice and component ac-cessibility.

• Top/bottom panels.080 thhalum. Alodine type 1200finish (gold tint color) forbest paint adhesion aftermodification.

• Vented top and bottompanels for cooling efficiency.

• Rigid construction providesunlimited applications.

CONSTRUCTION:

The "DTE" Blank Desk Top Electronic Enclosuresare designed to blend and complementtoday's modern computer equipment and can be used In both industrial and home. Theend pieces are precisian molded with an internal slot (all around! to accept both top andbottom panels. The panels are then fastened to %" thick tabs inside the end pieces toprovide maximum rigidity to the enclosure. For ease of equipment servicing, the rear/bottom panel slides back on slotted tracks while the rest of the enclosure remains in-tact. Different panel widths may be used while maintaining a common profile outline.The molded end pieces can also be painted to match any panel color scheme.

EnclosureModel No.

PanelWidth

PRICE

DTE-8

8.00"

S29.95

DTE-11

10.65"

$32.95

DTE-14

14.00"

$34.95

S10.00 Miri. Order - U.S. Funds OnlyCalif. Residents Add 6% Sales TaxPostage —Add 5% plus SI Insurance

Spec Sheets - 25rf

Send 41d Postage for your

FREE 1981 JAMECO CATALOG

J a

PHONE

ORDERS

WELCOME

(415) 592-8097

MAIL ORDER ELECTRONICS - WORLDWIDE

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002

PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE

JOYSTICKS

JS-5K 5K Linear Taper Pots S5.25

JS-100K 100K Linear Taper Pots S4.95

JVC-40 40K (2) Video Controller in case . . . S5.95

AC and DC Wall Transformers

Pan No.

AC 250AC 500AC 1000DV9200DC 900

Input

Output

Price

117V/60H2117V/60HZ117V/60HZ117V/60H*120V/60H2

12 VAC 250mA12 VAC 500mA12 VAC 1 amp9 VDC 200mA9 \/DC 500mA

S3.95S4.95S5.95S3.25$3.95

CONNECTORS

DB25P D-Subminiature Plug S2.95

DB25S D-Subminiature Socket ..... S3.50

D851226 Cover foi DB25P/S SI.75

22/44SE P.C. Edge (22/44 Pin) S2.95

UG88/U BNCPlug S1.79

UG89/U BNCJack S3.79

UG175/U UHF Adapter S .49

S0239 UHF Panel Recp S1.29

PL258 UHF Adapter S1.60

PL259 UHF Plug S1.60

UG260/U BNC Plug S1.79

UG1094/U BNC Bulkhead Recp S1.29

TRS-8016K Conversion Kit

Expand your 4K TRS-80 System to 16K.Kit comes complete with:

* 8 ea. MM5290 (UPD416/4116I 16K Dyn. Rams (*NS)

* Documentation for Conversion

TRS-16K2 -150NS $49.95

TRS-16K4 -250NS $39.95

JE610 ASCIIEncoded Keyboard Kit

The JE610 ASCII Keyboard Kit con be interfaced intomost any computer system. The kit comes completewith on industrial grade keyboard switch assembly162-keys), IC's, sockots, connector, electronic compo-nents and a double-sided printed wiring board. Thekeyboard assembly requires +5V 0 150mA and -12V(5> 10 mA for operation. Features: 60 keys generate the126 characters, upper and lower case ASCII set. Fullybuffered. Two user-define keys provided for customapplications. Caps lock for upper-case-only alpha charac-ters. Utilizes o 2376 (40-pin) encoder read-only memorychip. Outputs directly compatible with TTL/DTL orMOS logic arrays. Easy interfacing with a 16-pin dip or18-pin edge connector. Size: 3>S"H x 14'A"W x 8K"D

JE610/DTE-AK (as pictured above). . $124.95

trrtn is-* 62-Key Keyboard, PC Board, >. -jq qcJE610 Kit & Components (no case) $ 79.95

K62 62-Key Keyboard (Keyboard only) . . .$ 34.95

DTE-AK (case only -3fc»Hxll"Wx8V,"D)$ 49.95

JE600Hexadecimal Encoder Kit

FULL8-BH B MB! \

LATCHED OUTPUT ^B lBBk \

19-KEY KEYBOARD ^^ ' ^^^^ \

The JE6DO Encoder Keyboard Kit provides two separatehexadecimal digits produced from sequential key entriesto allow diroct programming for 8-bit microprocessoror 8-bit memory circuits. Three additional keys are pro-vided for user operations with one having a bistableoutput available. The outputs are latched and monitoredwith 9 LED roodouis. Also included isa key entry strobe.Features: Full 8-bit latched Output for microprocessorusa. Three user-define keys with one being bistableoperation. Dobounce circuit provided for all 19 keys.9 LED readouts to verify entries. Easy interfacing withstandard 16-pin IC connector. Only +5VDC requiredlor operation. Size: 3'//'H x 8VW x 8Ji"D

JE600/DTE-HK (as pictured above).... $99.95

iccnn ./■:+ W-Kcy Hexaaec. Keyboard, *,-,-. Qr-

JbOUU l\lt PC Board ACmpnts. (no case) . .IfcOH.yo

K19 19-Key Keyboard (Keyboard only) .... $14.95

DTE-HK (case only—3V2"Hx8V*"Wx8V4"D) $44.95i

Circle 335 on inquiry card.

BYTE January 1981 379

ibTB-jarnes^Treet, 5yracusen\nr ijzuj ijI9J<izz-<fk>/ iwasiih*i-uwi

Circle 337 on Inquiry card.

Unclassified Ads

UNCLASSIFIED POLICY: Readers who are soliciting or giving advice, or who haveequipment to buy, sell or swap should send in a clearly typed notice to that effect. To beconsidered for publication, an advertisement must be clearly noncommercial, typed doublespaced on plain white paper, contain 75 words or less, and include complete name andaddress information.

These notices are free of charge and will be printed one time only on a space availablebasis. Notices can be accepted from individuals or bona fide computer users clubs only. Wecan engage in no correspondence on these and your confirmation of placement is ap-pearance in an issue of BYTE.

Please note that it may take three or four months for an ad to appear in the magazine.

FOR SALE: Southwest Technical Products Corp PR-40—40 character/line on 4-inch paper tape, 64 characterASCII; $200. Heathkit oscilloscope IO-4560—5 MHz trig-gered sweep; $75. Holden Caine, 1 Windsor PI, MelvilleNY 11746,(516)692-9512.

FOR SALE: Programmer's toolkit for old read-onlymemory PET. Perfect condition, with manual. Plugs ontoright of PET. Commands: auto-automatic line number-ing. Renumber-renumbers program. Find-lists occur-rences of command or text in program. Help-after error,list line; error is in reverse field. Append-merge savedprograms. Other commands: trace, step, delete, dump.Costs about $100. Make me an offer. David Magill, 2001Carling Ave, Apt 1709, Ottawa Ontario, K2A 3W5Canada, (613) 722-3566.

FOR SALE: TI-59 programmable calculator with PC-100Cprinter cradle; both in excellent condition. Includesextra paper for printer, all manuals, and my own libraryof programs. $380 or best offer; I pay shipping. MikeSmith, 908 Murray Hill Rd, Binghamton NY 13903.

FOR SALE IN CANADA: 8 K and 16 K static-memoryboard for H-8 computer, both assembled and tested.Give me your offer. P Liem, 15 Ardell Grv, Nepean On-tario, K2G 4G5 Canada.

FOR SALE: Partially completed Heath Company digitalcomputer with related tools. Additional information pro-vided on request. Sale necessary to settle estate. RobertL Kennedy, Attorney at Law, POB 222, Colfax LA 71417.

FOR SALE: Xitan/TDL microcomputer disk system, soft-ware, and extras. 64 K memory, Xitan disk BASIC, INFO2000 dual 8-inch floppy-disk drive (made by PerSci),CP/M operating system, twelve floppy disks, sorting andtelecommunications software packages, spare 32 Kmemory board, equipment covers, and all documenta-tion; $1500. V Roningen, 4707 9th St S, Arlington VA22204, (703) 521-1451.

FOR SALE: Like-new 16 K Heathkit H-89 computer withH-77 floppy-disk drive, H-885 cassette interface, andHDOS. Used three months. $1800. Charles Leet, Jr, Box517, Jetmore KS 67854, (316) 357-6531.

FOR SALE: 4116-type dynamic programmable memoriesfrom several manufacturers. Each 16 K circuit has beenheat-tested and is guaranteed good. Speed is unknown.Price is $4 each postpaid. Steve Mariey, 425 N Hickory#305, Escondido CA 92025, (714) 489-8293.

FOR TRADE: Two LS1-11 processor boards, two 4Kmemory boards, and a serial-line unit. Will trade forH780H power supply, front panel for PDP-11/03/LSI-11,and H909C enclosure box. Robert McCown, 180 Farm St,Millls MA 02054.

FOR SALE: Heath ETA-3400 trainer accessory with full4 K programmable memory. $175 or best offer. DavidHaas, 9 Marget Ann Ln, Suffern NY 10901, (914) 357-3447.

FOR SALE: I/O: OSI 8-slot chassis with fully populated500 processor (read-only memory BASIC) 540 video withgraphics; 430 with parallel, serial, dual D/A; fullysocketed 24 K programmable-memory board with 2 K in-stalled; video monitor; GRI keyboard; cassette recorder;graphics and music demonstration software; $800.Stephen P Smith, 106 E Clearview Ave, State College PA16801.

FOR SALE: Apple serial I/O interface by ElectronicSystems. Have three brand-new boards. Will sell withsoftware and RS-232 connector; $52.1 pay shipping. DanPote, 3105 Falkland, Carrollton TX 75007, (214) 492-2027after 6:30 PM or on weekends.

FOR SALE: TRS-80, Model 1, Level 2, 16 K with expan-sion interface (RS-232C installed) plus Editor,Assembler, Micro Music, and blackjack programs. Ex-cellent condition; $800 firm. RS-232C original carton;$55. Jerry Coyle, 11 Town Way, Hull MA 02045, (617)925-1282.

MICROSTATNOW AVAILABLE FOR CP/M

MICROSTAT, the most powerful statistics package availablefor microcomputers, is completely file-oriented with a power-ful Data Management Subsystem (DMS) that allows you toedit, delete, augment, sort, rank-order, lag and transform (11transformations, including linear, exponential and log) existingdata into new data. After a file is created with DMS, Microstatprovides statistical analysis in the following general areas:Descriptive Statistics (mean, sample, and population S.D.,variance, etc.), Frequency Distributions (grouped or individ-ual). Hypothesis Testing (mean or proportion), Correlation andRegression Analysis (with support statistics). Non-parametricTests (Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Wilcoxon, etc.). Probability Dis-tributions (8 of them), Crosstabs and Chi-square, ANOVA(oneand two way). Factorials, Combinations and Permutations, plusother unique and useful features.

MICROSTAT requires 48K, Microsoft Basic 80 with CP/Mand is sent on a single-density 8" Disk. It is also available on5" diskettes for North Star DOS and Basic (32K and twodrives recommended), specify which when ordering. Theprice for Microstat is $250.00. The user's manual is $15.00and includes sample data and printouts. We have otherbusiness and educational software, call or write:

H ECOSOFT

P.O. Box 68602Indianapolis, IN 46268^ (317)283-8883

master charge

ITERBANI

V

382

CP/M is a registered trade mark of Digital Research.

Circle 345 on inquiry card.

January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

READ AMERICA'SNUMBER 1 NON-SELLER.

Consumer II Information ■I Catalog

V- ■*»

Not for sale in anybookstore! Not avail-able at any price!The new ConsumerInformation Catalog!

It's the free bookletthat lists over 200helpful Federal pub-lications; more thanhalf, free. On topicslike home repairs.Money management

Nutrition. Informa-I tion that could help\you to a better wayi of life.

To get your freecopy just write:

CONSUMER

INFORMATION

CENTER,

DEPT E

'PUEBLO, COLORADO

81009

F

IrwlV General Services Administration

FOR SALE: Changing systems, have LA 36 DECwriter.Two years old; in excellent condition. Will take best of-fer. Robert A Leverone, 279 Cambridge St, BurlingtonMA 01803.

FOR SALE: IMSAI cabinet and power supply for twominidiskette (5.25-inch) drives. Sturdy, with amplepower. Have purchased a North Star Horizon. $800 orbest offer. Ronald Subler, 25 First Parish Rd, ScituateMA 02066, (617)545-6578.

FOR SALE: Heathkit ET-3400 assembled microproces-sor trainer in excellent working condition. All additionalcomponents and manuals in good order. Asking $205 or$155 for trainer only. Also, new Base 2 Model MST im-pact printer with graphics for $650. Apple parallel inter-face available. Will ship via UPS. Jeff Sumey, 5 Nell St,Hopwood PA 15445, (412)437-3021 evenings.

FOR SALE: Comprint 912 printer with TRS-80 interface.Works great. Price $425. Steven Wexler, 1634 Buck HillDr, Huntingdon Valley PA 19006, (205) 947-8236.

WANTED: SwTPC 6800 processor with MPA2 board.Depending on condition, will pay 70% of new cost. BobHanna, 7601 Wordham Dr, Austin TX 78749, (512)441-9700 days.

WANTED: TRS-80 Level II programs to swap. Utilities,languages, games, and business. Send list, name, andaddress. Dennis Leong, 5910 N Washtenaw, Chicago IL60659.

FOR SALE: I have upgraded my TRS-80 to 16 K and wantto sell my old 4 K chip set. Used only twenty hours andis in prime condition. Will take best offer. (MCM 6604AC)Also, would like to swap Level II programs to increaselibrary. Paper listing only. Will take cassette or listing.Mark Cruse, 3609 Stanolind, Midland TX 79703, (915)694-4868.

FOR SALE: Ohio Scientific CIP with the 610 expanderboard installed. Features Microsoft 8 K BASIC in read-only memory, 16 K user memory easily expandable to32 K by plugging in more memory, and minifloppy con-troller read-only memory with double-sided option.Original carton, documentation, and many programs in-cluded. Sell all for $600 plus $10 shipping. Charles FAllen, 9 Annabelle St, Carnegie PA 15106, (412) 276-8265.

FOR SALE: 12 V Reed relays; $0.50 each. All brand new,same as Electrol R4248-2. Also, a Power-One D24-4.8,24 V power supply. M6800 software to trade. Send SASEwith any offers. T Preston, 9274 Marinus Dr, Fenton Ml48430.

FOR SALE: IMSAI 8080, Tarbell floppy interface for twoPerSci Model 70, IMSAI MIO, Processor Tech VDM-1,8 K and 16 K programmable memory boards, Cromem-co TUART, and more. All operational. Make offer or sendSASE for detailed list. Tom Tai, POB 142, Eagleville PA19408.

FOR SALE: Axiom 801 printer with six rolls of paper.Cable for hookup to PET or CBM computer. $280. Also,CAT modem and SOURCE program on disk and cassettefor CBM. $150. Both for $400. Kurt Hesselden, 2201 E11th, Farmington NM 87401, (505)327-7682.

FOR SALE: Two 8085 microprocessor chips, fifteen 8155static programmable memory chips, three 2716 eprom,and one 8212 I/O port. New/never used. Will not split upset. Cost $500. Will sell for $450 or best offer. Ted Poe,28C Coolbrook Ct, East Amherst NY 14051.

FOR SALE: Shugart SA800; $375. SA900; $225. Pertec8-inch floppy drive and 8-inch standard media; $225.Memorex 630 plug-compatible to IBM 2311 but has self-contained power supplies and uses modern voice coil-type positioning, 7.5 megabytes single density, andremovable media; $500. Frank Bennett, 1242 Cotton-wood St, Broomfield CO 80020, (303) 466-2621.

FOR SALE: 32 K ARTIC static programmable memoryboard for the S-100 bus, fully populated with 250 ns 4044chips. Used, but in excellent working condition; $400.Cromemco BYTESAVER programmable read-onlymemory board. Programs 2704/2708s and has space forup to 8 K of programmable read-only memory. Used lessthan two hours and in excellent condition; $100. A ECaudel, 8003 Benaroya Ln, Apt C3, Huntsville AL 35802,(205) 883-7425 evenings.

FOR SALE: Integral Data Systems IDS-125 printer withprinter control option. Needs mechanical adjustment.Over $800 new. Asking $400 or reasonable offer. BillKrantz, 108 Hawthorne Dr, North Wales PA 19454, (215)368-3697 evenings.

FOR SALE: Magnetic-tape Selectric typewriter (dual-tape model); $1200. Tapes; $4. Also, 80-track minifloppywith hardware switch to 35/40 track for TRS-80 Model I;$650. Arnold Vagts, 3713 S Parton St, Santa Ana CA92707,(714) 549-7021.

WANTED: Texas Instruments SR-52 programmablecalculator. Must be in excellent condition. Paul H White,1539 Malcolm Ave, Los Angeles CA 90024, (213) 650-4001days.

FOR SALE: Memorex 651 floppy-disk drive (new), thirtyblank disks, controller board (old); $300. EVK 200 6800development kit: 1 K programmable memory, 1/2 Kerasable-programmable read-only memory, and read-only memory monitor; $170. Gordon Wilson, 819 SanLucas Ave, Mtn View CA 94043.

FOR SALE: Hazeltine 1520 intelligent terminal. Features110 thru 19.2 K bps, cursor movement keys and numerickeypad, antiglare screen, full uppercase and lowercaseASCII character set, 80 by 24 dual-intensity readout,switch-selectable reverse video, and local screenediting. Almost new; with owner's manual. Asking$1150, will ship immediately UPS (insured) on receipt ofcertified check. Jeffrey J Nonken, 8 E Washington St,West Chester PA 19380, (215) 431-3513.

BOMB

litor Box

Author(s)

BYTE'

Article #

s Onaoina Mor

Page Article

1

18 An Introduction to Atari Graphics

Crawford andWinner

2

34 The Panasonic and Quasar Hand-HeldComputers: Beginning a New Genera-

tion of Consumer Computers

Williams andMeyer

3

48 Electromagnetic Interference

Ciarcla

4

72 The NEC PC-8001: A New Japanese

Personal Computer

Keith and Kocher

5

94 The Sinclair Research ZX80

McCallum

6

118 The HP-41C: A Literate Calculator?

Hayes

7

148 Generating Bar Code In the Hewlett-

Packard Format

McNeal

8

208 The Newest Sargon—2.5

Martellaro

9

216 The SwTPC 6809 Microcomputer

System

Harmon

10

226 The Picture-Perfect Apple

Roybal

11

238 Micrograph, Part 3: Software and

Operation

Booch

12

318 Whose BASIC Does What?

Li

FOR SALE: Lear-Siegler ADM3A+ terminal, latestmodel, one-month old. $800. P Gleeson, 3470 19th St,San Francisco CA 94110, (415) 864-1967.

FOR SALE: Rockwell AIM-65, 1 K programmablememory with assembler read-only memory. Used onlytwo hours. In factory box with all manuals. $350. Switch-ing power supply, + 5 V at 10 A, + 24 V at 3 A, ± 12 Vat1 A. $150. Bruce Warren, Box 784, Freeport TX 77541,(713) 233-3700 home, (713) 238-2547 office.

FOR SALE: 18-month-old Radio Shack TRS-80 Model ILevel 2 computer in excellent condition; 32 K memory;expansion interface; 150 LPM Quick Printer; five roils ofpaper; Data Dubber; light pen; two 6-plug isolator boxes;all manuals and a library of over fifty cassette programs.Original value over $2200; asking $1200. Michael Clark,5967 Sullivan Trl, Nazareth PA 18064, (215) 759-6873.

FOR SALE: TI-25 and TI-30 calculators. Both in excellentcondition. Will include documentation, batteries (TI-25only), and the book Great International Math on Keys (TI-30only) on request. Will sell any of the above separately.$40 for all of the above; best offer for separate units.May swap for TI-59 or TRS-80 (Level II) software. JoeSewell, 6776 Sheridan Rd, Melbourne Village, MelbourneFL 32901.

FOR SALE: Ticker-tape Teletype. Full alphanumeric,five-level code. Excellent condition. Both transmit andreceive work fine. 60 mA loop. $145. Chuck Gee, 1890SW 3rd, Corvallis OR 97330, (503) 754-9422.

WANTED: Correspondents or exchange of Biotech Elec-tronics (defunct) CGS-808B graphics software. Ownersof firmware pack 2. Have firmware pack 1 source onCPM. Share with present group of four. Larry Snyder,S78 W17675 Canfield Dr, Muskego Wl 53150, (414)679-9706.

FOR SALE: ELF II with 4 K programmable memory,Giant board, ASCII keyboard, and documentation. Ask-ing $400 or best offer. Kim Dixon, Box 33. KenvilleManitoba, R0L 0Z0 Canada, (204) 734-2411.

FOR SALE: Cromemco Z-2, 4FDC disk controller, plus a32 K Dynabyte memory card. All are in perfect workingcondition. Runs at 4 MHz. Documentation is included,

but no software. Asking $1600. Bill Dyche,Windemere Dr, Donelson TN 37214.

2812

October Winners:Sorting and Ciarcia

"Sorting with BinaryTrees," by Bill Walker wonfirst place in the BOMB forthe October 1980 issue ofBYTE, and Steve Ciarcia's"Make Liquid-Crystal Dis-plays Work for You" camein second. Dr Walker's arti-cle, which is 2.1 standardscores above the mean,will net him an award of$100, while Steve Ciarcia'sarticle, 0.85 standardscores above the mean,wins a $50 prize.

Other popular articles inthis issue include "The6502 Gets Microprogram-mable Instructions," byDennette Harrod, "Sym-bolic Math using BASIC,"by David Stoutemyer, and"Machine Problem Solving,Part 2," by Peter Frey.

January 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 383

■

Reader Service

Inquiry No.

Page No.

75 Aardvark Software 124

147 Aardvark Software 231301 AB Computers 361225 ABM Products 299

69 Ackerman Digital Sys Inc 116

37 Action Computer Enterpr inc 65260 Adaptive Data & Energy Sys 319334 Advanced Comp Prod 376, 377

96 Alphacom Inc 151

265 Alpha Omega Comp Sys 319

168 Am Comp & Telecom Corp 259

195 Am Micro Prod Inc 283

106 American Square Comp 169

323 AMIS 366

29 Anadex 57278 Ancrona 354136 Apparat Inc 215

9 Apple Computer 13

• Apple West Inc 9510 Aristo/Polks 14

151 Artec Electronics 235

81 ASAP 131

104 AshtonTate 165

90 Atlantis Computized Serv 142

• ATV Research 364

114 Automated Equip Inc 179

50 Automated Simulations 88

78 base 2 inc 127280 Beckian 356

• John Bell Engineering 351109 Beta Comp Devices 174

• Beta Comp Devices 356305 Bit Bucket, The 362245 BIZCOMP310

210 Bower-Stewart & Assoc 292

• BYTE Back Issues 256, 257

• BYTE Books C III

• BYTE Books 173, 247' BYTE Subscriber 305

• BYTE WATS 303

221 C & S Electronics 297

16 Calif Comp Systems 20, 21

331 Calif Digital 370, 371

284 Cawthon Scientific Grp 358

228 Calif Data Corp 300

158 Central Data 245

193 CFR Assoc Inc 283

20 Chase Manhattan Bank 28

76 Chrislin Industries 125149 Chrislin Industries 233

89 Clev Cons Comp & Compnts 346

40 CompuMart 74, 75

133 CompuServe 213

240 Computer Age Inc 307

263 Computer City 319

197 Computer Disc of Am 285185 Computer Exchange 278

• Computer Factory, The 20525 Comp Furniture & Access 50

148 Computer Marketing Corp 232

• Comp Prof Book Club 192, 193

• Computer Room, The 272311 Computer Shopper 362320 Computer Specialties 365

30 Computer Tech Assoc 5856 Computer Warehouse 9953 Computers R Us 92, 93

181 Computers Wholesale 276

182 Computerware 277160 Computex 248177 Computique 269

235 Compuview Products Inc 303

257 Concord Comp Components 345

• Conentropy 358

162 Cornsoft Group, The 250

325 Corporate Mangmt Grp Inc 366

79 Corvus Systems 129282 CPU Shop, The 357108 CPU Int'l 172

1 Cromemco 1, 2

326 Custom Business Comp 366231 Cyberia Inc 301

' Cybernetics Inc 299

• Data Discount Center 246314 Data Hardware 364

298 Data Source Enterprises 360

164 Datasafe Products 252

55 Datasouth Computer Corp 97

239 Datasouth Computer Corp 306

38 Decision Master 67173 DG Electronics 265

59 Digicomp Research 102

198 Digital Graphic Systems 285126 Digital Marketing 201

62 Digital Pathways 107

120 Digital Research 189

211 Digital Research Corp 367316 Digital Systems Eng 364

171 Disc Software Group, The 262

' Disk Supply Co 194

200 Distributed Comp Sys 287

222 DMA 297

153 Dual Systems Control Corp 240

196 Dymarc Industries Inc 285139 Dynacomp Inc 219

345 Ecosoft 382

Inquiry No.

Page No.

150

17921201169107189250143102179175614218821224272191224319302125232119154223939425346293

54

279

20

86

87

307

52

217

63

26

27

186

140

71

156

101

295

4

5

333

335

146

287

269

318

328

65

237

20233

19928618021345

289281230315110144270

5812392

14511147121130

Edmund Scientific 234

Efficient Mngmt Sys 293

80 US Journal/Exatron Inc 273

Electronic Control Tech 30

Electronic Specialists 287

Electronic Sys Furniture Co 260

Epson America 171

Escon 281

Essex Publishing 314

Euro Micro'81, 223

Exatron Inc 161

Exatron lnc/80 US Journal 273

Executive Business Sys 267

Factory Direct 10

Fair Com 222

Faragher & Assoc 280

Farnsworth Comp Center 293

John Fluke Mfg Co 46, 47

Fordham 350

Forethought Products 282

Frederick Computer Prod 298

General Systems Consulting 364

Gimlx 362

Godbout Electronics 198, 199

Mark Gordon Computers 302

H & E Computronics 186, 187

H & E Computronics 241

Hanley Engineering 298

Hardslde 146

Hardside 147

Hayden Book Co Inc 309

Heath Company 81

Helu Corp 360

Hemenway Assoc 211

High Technology Inc 96

Hobbyworld Electronics Inc 355

Home Banking System 28

Houston Instruments 137

Houston Instruments 137

IDM 362

Info Unltd Software 91

Inmac 295

Insoft Corp 109

Integral Data Sys 51

Integral Data Sys 53

Integrand 279

Intelligence Systems Ltd 220

Intelligent Control Sys 120

International Micro Systems 243

Intertec Data Systems 159

Ipex Int'l Inc 360

Ithaca Intersystems 8

Ithaca Intersystems 9

Jade Computer Prod 374, 375

Jameco Electronics 378, 379

JDR MICRODEVICES INC 230

Jepsan Group K Inc 358

JR Inventory Control 348

Kemco LTD 155

Key Bits Inc 364

Knox Data 366

Konan Corp 111

Laboratory Microsystems 305

Lifeboat 140, 141. 288

LNW Research 287

Lobo Drives Int'l 61

McGraw-Hill Magazines 316

McMillian Book Clubs 224, 225

Macrotronics Inc 286

Macrotronics Inc 358

Mark of the Unicorn 281

Marymac Industries Inc 293

MBC Systems Inc 80

Meas Sys & Controls 29, 167

Mega Systems Inc 358

Meta Technologies Corp 335

Metaresearch Inc 301

Metron Computerware Inc 364

Micro Age Computer Store 175

Micro Business Systems 228

Micro Business World 349

Micro Computer Discount 313

Micro Focus 101

Micro Management Sys 197

Micro Mikes 145

Micro Mint, The 268, 366

Micro Pro International 229

Micro Works, The 176

Micro World 83

MicroAce 195

MicroAmerica Distributing 207

Inquiry No.

Page No.

277 MicroCompEquip 354

• Microcomputer Disc Co 313

134 Microcomputer Tech Inc 214

135 Microcomputer Tech Inc 21584 MicroDaSys 135

174 Micromail 266

72 MICRO-SCI 121

236 Microsette 304

68 Microsoft 115

51 Microsoft (Cons Prod Div) 89

234 MicroTax Software 311

297 MicroTech Exports 360

49 MicroTek Inc 87

122 Microware 196

233 Midas 303

271 Mikos 350

12 Miller Microcomputer Serv 16183 Mini Computer Suppliers 277157 Mini Micro Mart 244

336 Mini Micro Mart 380

337 Mini Micro Mart 381

41 Minnesota Software 76

66 Morrow Designs 113

15 Mountain Computer Inc 19

249 Mountain Computer Inc 313

100 mpi 157

115 MT Microsystems 180, 181

155 MTI Inc 242

128 NEECO206

129 NEECO207

118 Nestar Systems Inc 185

• Netronics 84, 86, 255

255 Noesis Computing Co 333

91 North Star 143

266 Northwest Comp Serv Inc 319

• NRI Schools 177244 OAC 139

339 Ohio Scientific Instr C IV

67 CK Machine & Tool 114216 Olympic Sales Co 295

248 Omega Micro Computers 312

32 Omega Research 60

137 Omega Sales Co 217

317 OmegaSoft 364

187 Omikron 279

• onComputing 209

241 Optimal Technology 307

103 Orange Micro 163

285 G Osborne Co 358

141 Osborne/McGraw-Hill 221

• Owens Associates 144, 226, 227283 P & S Electronics 358

' Pace Age Technology 364

290 Pacific Exchanges 358322 Pacific Exchanges 366

267 Page Digital 347

276 Pan American Elec 353

3 PCD Systems Inc 6

310 Perceptions Unlimited 362

11 Percom Data 15

13 Percom Data 17

14 Percom Data 17105 Percom Data 17

112 Percom Data 17264 Peripherals Plus 319

34 Personal Computer Sys 62

152 Personal Micro Comp 236, 237

22 Personal Software 31

• Phase One Systems 191254 Pickles & Trout 329194 pk systems inc 283

113 Potomac Micro Magic 17895 Power One Inc 150

• Priority One 275

330 Priority One 317, 368, 369

31 Professional Business Sftw 59

48 Professional Software Inc 85

247 QT Computer Sys 312

332 QT Computer Sys 372, 373

308 Quality Computer Parts 362

77 Quality Software 126

165 Quasar Data Products 253

291 Quest 359

99 Quiet Designs 154

8 R & B Computer Systems 12

83 Racet Computes 134

204 Radio Shack 69

192 Rainbow Computing 282

127 RCA 203

• EP Reardon Assoc 329208 RKS Enterprises 291

Inquiry No.

Page No.

138 RNB Enterprises 218

80 Rochester Data 130

303 Roland Projects 362

209 S & M Systems 291

226 S-100lnc299229 SC Digital 301

207 Scientific Eng Labs 291

2 Scion Corp 5

218 SciTronics Inc 295

167 Scottsdale Systems 258

74 Seattle Computer 123

36 Shepardson Microsystems 64

57 Michael Shrayer Software 100

• Shugart 7

' Sinclair Research 119

161 Sirius Systems 249

321 SKP Electr 366

262 Skyles Electr Works 319

219 Small Business Appl 296252 Small Business Appl 318166 Snapp Inc 254

172 Softech Microsystems 263

313 Software Consultants 364

246 SOFTWARE Inc 311

• Solid State Sales 27470 Sorcim 117

205 Sorrento Valley Assoc 290338 Southwest Tech Prod Corp C II327 SP Electronics 366

131 Spectrum Software 210

7 SSM11

170 Strategic Simulations 261

117 Street Electronics 184

97 SubLOGIC 152

292 Succinct Systems 360

243 Summagraphics 308

268 Sunny Int'l 348

64 SuperSoftHO

82 SuperSoft 133

178 SuperSoft 271

251 SuperSoft 315

42 Sybex 77

• Synchro Sound 108, 279124 Synergetic Comp Prod 182

85 Synergetic Solutions 136

258 Systek Inc 319

116 Tarbell Electronics 183

242 TASA 307

306 TDC/Two Day 362

44 Tech Sys Consultants (TSC) 79

163 Tec Mar Inc 251

61 Televideo 105

39 Terak Corp 70, 71

238 Texas Comp Sys 305

28 Texas Instruments 55

98 Texas Instruments 153288 Texcom Eng Assoc 358

35 3M Company 63

184 Thunderware 277

215 Mitchell ETimin Eng Co 294

• Robert Tinney Graphics 239

18 TIP Inc 25294 TIS 360

206 TNW Corp 290

261 Toolsmith, The 319

220 TransNET Corp 297

309 Universal Security Inst 362

256 US Micro Sales 343

203 US Robotics 288

214 US Robotics 294

300 US Robotics 360

88 VANDATA 138

190 Vector Electronics 281

60 Vector Graphics 103

259 Videx 319

19 Vista Computer Co 27312 Vista Computer Co 363

227 Voicetek 300275 Wameco 352

23 White Computer Sys 33

• Whitesmith's Ltd 149

43 CJ Wigglesworth 78

324 Winchendon Group, The 366

296 Wintek Corp 360

73 Winterhalter & Assoc 122

299 Worldwide Electronics 360

274 WW Component Supply Inc 352

17 Zobex 23

To get further information on the products advertised in BYTE, fill out the reader service card withyour name and address. Then circle the appropriate numbers for the advertisers you select from thelist. Add a 15<ent stamp to the card, then drop it in the mail. Not only do you gain information, butour advertisers are encouraged to use the marketplace provided by BYTE. This helps us bring you a big-ger BYTE. The index is provided as an additional service by the publisher, who assumes no liability forerrors or omissions. * Correspond directly with company.

384 January 1961 © BYTE Publications Inc

The

Brains of Men

and Machines

by Ernest W. Kent

When the "Brains of Men andMachines" series of articles originallyappeared in BYTE magazine, the re-sponse was immediate and enthusiastic.Now Ernest W. Kent has expanded hisideas about the brain into a full-lengthbook.

As researchers begin to unravel themysteries of the brain's chemical, elec-trical, and synaptic circuitry, their find-ings are becoming immediately ap-plicable to advances in robotic behaviorand computer design. The Brains ofMen and Machines "dissects" thebrain to provide new insights into com-puter design and artificial intelligence.

It is one of the rare books that tran-scends disciplinary boundaries. In it theever increasing relationship betweenman and machine is freshly examined —a relationship, Professor Kent con-cludes, that is today being reexaminedin the light of man's own neurologicalself-image.

Hardcover 304 pages

Emma r 70 Main SLHLIIInftl Peterborough, NH 03458

B1

ISBN *0-07-034123-0

Price $15.95

Please remit in U.S. funds or draw on a U.S. Bank

Please send i3

_ copies of

The Brains of Men and Machines

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□ Check enclosed in the amount of $

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Add 75c per book to coverpostage and handling.

Available in October

Ohio Scientific:

The leader in

Winchester

based micro-computers.

Ohio Scientific produced the first large capacityfixed media hard disk (Winchester) basedmicrocomputers in 1977. Since then we haveshipped more of these systems than the rest ofthe microcomputer industry combined.

Family Features

All standard C3 features including:

• 3-processor CPU with 6502, Z80 and 6800

• .7MIPS6502A

• 48K static RAM

• Dual 8" floppies

• Free standing rack for direct expansion capabilities

• 17-slot OSI 48 line BUS architecture for large systemexpansion

• Directly accepts up to 8 users with currently availablememory boards, more with higher density boards in thefuture

• Directly expandable for use as Network data bases

• Slide-mounted subassemblies, removable side panels andlocking rear door for easy expansions and service.

C3-A

The floppy only rack based C3 for users who anticipateexpansion to hard disk, multi-user and/or networking in thefuture. Under $7000.

C3-B

The world's most powerful microcomputer (when GTequipped). Features the highly advanced and extensivelyfield proven OKIDATA 3306 Winchester disk.

Features

• System boots from floppies or hard disk on power up

• 74 megabytes end user workspace under OS-65U, 80megabytes unformatted

• Ultra-high performance disk74 millisec worst case access38 millisec average

10 millisec access on cylinder (215K user workspace)8 megabits per second transfer rate

• Simple on/off disk operation with elaborate internalprotection from improper temperature, line voltage andcontroller failures

• Features spindle brake and designated head landing areasfor much longer operational life than the newer low-costWinchesters

• Highly advanced OS-65U operating system:Multiple level pass word securityMultiple operating systems on disk

Ultra-high speed "FIND" command for high speed stringsearches (Associative Access)

Upward compatible with multi-user and network systemswith full file, peripheral and communications arbitrationbetween users

• Available factory configured for up to 8 users and networkdata base operation

• Expandable to CP/M operation by adding 4K (CM-2memory) Under $14,000

C3-C

A medium performance Winchester disk based system

which provides the ideal cost/performance ratio in typical

small business applications. The C3-C uses the Shugart

SA4008 29 megabyte Winchester disk.

Performance specifications, hardware configuration and

software is identical to the C3-B with the following

exceptions:

• 23 megabytes of end user workspace under OS-65U

• 29 megabytes unformatted capacity

• Medium performance Winchester240 millisec worst case access87 millisec average access

10 millisec access on cylinder (110K user workspace)

• Simple on/off disk ODeration Under $11,000

Ohio Scientific has a new OEM program that is easy tostart with, and provides generous discounts for quantitypurchases.

For literature and the name of your localdealer, CALL 1-800-321-6850 TOLL FREE.

1333 SOUTH CHILLICOTHE ROADAURORA, OH 44202 • [216] 831 -5600

Circle 339 on inquiry card.