Byte Magazine Volume 06 Number 12 - Computer Games

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A new small computerthat won't limit you tomorrow

New Cromemco System One shown with ourhigh-capability terminal and printer.

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Expandability

Here's a low-priced computer that won't run outof memory capacity or expandability halfwaythrough your project.

Typically, computer usage tends to grow, requir-ing more capability, more memory, more storage.Without a lot of capability and expandability, yourcomputer can be obsolete from the start.

The new System One is a real building-blockmachine. It has capability and expandability by thecarload.

Look at these features:

■ Z80-A processor

■ 64K of RAM

■ 780K of disk storage

■ CRT and printer interfaces

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— color graphics

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— additional interfaces for telecommunica-tions, data acquisition, etc.

■ Small size

GENEROUS DISK STORAGE

The 780K of disk storage in the System OneModel CS-1 is much greater than what is typicallyavailable in small computers. But here, too, youhave a choice since a second version, ModelCS-1H, has a 5" Winchester drive that gives you5 megabytes of disk storage.

MULTI-USER, MULTI-TASKINGCAPABILITY

Believe it or not, this new computer even offersmulti-user capability when used with our advancedcromix* operating system option. Not only does thisoutstanding O/S support multiple users on this com-puter but does so with powerful features like multi-

ple directories, file protection and record level lock.cromix lets you run multiple jobs as well.

In addition to our highly-acclaimed CROMIX, thereis our cdos*. This is an enhanced CP/M+type systemdesigned for single-user applications, cp/m and awealth of CP/M-compatible software are alsoavailable for the new System One through third-party vendors.

COLOR GRAPHICS/WORD PROCESSING

This small computer even gives you the option ofoutstanding high-resolution color graphics with ourModel SDI interface and two-port RAM cards.

Then there's our tremendously wide range ofCromemco software including packages for wordprocessing, business, and much more, all usablewith the new System One.

ANTI-OBSOLESCENCE/LOW-PRICED

As you can see, the new One offers you a lot ofperformance. It's obviously designed with anti-obsolescence in mind.

What's more, it's priced at only $3,995. That'sconsiderably less than many machines with muchless capability. And it's not that much more thanmany machines that have little or nothing in theway of expandability.

Physically, the One is small — 7" high. And it's all-metal in construction. It's only 14Ya" wide, ideal fordesk top use. A rack mount option is also available.

CONTACT YOUR REP NOW

Get all the details on this important building-blockcomputer. Get in touch with your Cromemco repnow. He'll show you how the new System One cangrow with your task.

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kTM

a CromemcoIncorporated280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 • (415) 964-7400Tomorrow's computers today

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CROMIX*—Cromemco's outstandingUNIX — like operating system

cromix is just the kind of majordevelopment you've come to expectfrom Cromemco. After all, we'realready well-known for the mostrespected software in the microcom-puter field.

And now we've come up with the in-dustry's first UNix-lookalike formicrocomputers. It's a tried and provenoperating system. It's available on both5" and 8" diskettes for Cromemcosystems with 128K or more of memory.

Here are just some of the features youget in this powerful Cromemco system:

• Multi-user and multi-taskingcapability

• Hierarchical directories

• Completely compatible file,device, and interprocess I/O

• Extensive subsystem support

FILE SYSTEM

One of the important features of ourcromix is its file system comprised ofhierarchical directories. It's a tree struc-ture of three types of files: data files,

*CROMtX is a trademark of Cromemco, Inc.tUNIX is a trademark of Bell Telephone Laboratories

directories, and device files. File,device, and interprocess I/O are com-patible among these file types (input andoutput may be redirected inter-changeably from and to any source ordestination).

The tree structure allows differentdirectories to be maintained for differentusers or functions with no chance ofconflict.

PROTECTED FILES

Because of the hierarchical structureof the file system, cromix maintainsseparate ownership of every file anddirectory. All files can thus be protectedfrom access by other users of thesystem. In fact, each file is protected byfour separate access privileges in eachof the three user categories.

TREMENDOUS ADDRESS SPACE,FAST ACCESS

The flexible file system and general-ized disk structure of cromix give a diskaddress space in excess of one gigabyteper volume — file size is limited only byavailable disk capacity.

Speed of access to disk files has alsobeen optimized. Average access speedsfar surpass any yet implemented onmicrocomputers^

'C COMPILER AVAILABLE, TOO

Cromemco offers a wide range oflanguages that operate under cromix.These include a high-level commandprocess language and extensive sub-system support such as cobol, Fortraniv, ratfor, lisp, and 32K and 16K basics.

There is even our highly-acclaimed'C compiler which allows a program-mer fingertip access to cromix systemcalls.

THE STANDARD O-SFOR THE FUTURE

The power and breadth of its featuresmake cromix the standard for the nextgeneration of microcomputer operatingsystems.

And yet it is available for a surprisinglylow $595.

The thing to do is to get all thiscapability working for you now. Get intouch with your Cromemco rep today.

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Circle 112 on inquiry card.

Cromemco

^^^M 280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040

^^^^ Tomorrow's computers today

(415)964-7400

Volume 6, Number 12

In The

Features

30 The Colnless Arcade by Gregg Williams / Withmicrocomputer games, you can have your fun and your quarterstoo.

42 Build a Touch Tone Decoder for RemoteControl by Steve Ciarcia / Once you get your computer toanswer the telephone and decode tone signals, you can use it forremote control.

134 Color Computer from A to D, Make YourColor Computer "See" and "Feel" Better by William

Barden Jr / Hardware and software projects to tie your ColorComputer to the real world.

1 66 The Atari Tutorial, Part 4: Display-List

Interrupts by Chris Crawford / How to get the most out ofthe Atari 400 and 800's color-graphics features.

I 90 How to Build a Maze by David

Matuszek / Generate unique random mazes for puzzles andgames.

1 98 Toward a Structured 6809 AssemblyLanguage, Part 2: Implementing a StructuredAssembler by Gregory Walker / Implementing GOTO-iessstructure in an already existing language is easy withmacroinstructions.

229 MIKBUG and the TRS-80, Part I: A Cross-Assembler for the Motorola 6800 by Robert

Labenski / A TRS-80 cross-assembler package for those who aretired of hand-assembling code and loading it two bytes at a timeinto MIKBUG.

M66

452

Online Information Retrieval: Promise andProblems by Steven K Roberts / The public must beconvinced that online databases provide efficiency, economy, andconvenience.

474 Handl-Wrlter, A Video Note Pad for the

Physically Handicapped by Howard Batie / How to turnthe TRS-80 into a communications device for severelyhandicapped persons.

Reviews

24 Robotwar by Curtis Feigel

74 BYTE's Arcade: Olympic Decathlon by David A Kater;Missile Defense vs ABM by Robert Moskowitz; Gorgon by PeterV Callamaras; Commbat: A Tele-Game for Two by GeorgeStewart

I 08 alphaSyntauri Music Synthesizer by Steve Levine and BillMauchly

1 63 Battle of the Asteroids by Gregg Williams304 Pascal-80 by Rowland Archer486 Starfighter by Eric Grammer

Nucleus

258

What Makes Computer Games Fun? by

Thomas W Malone / Why the average outer-space game maybe more educational than many classroom drill-and-practiceprograms.

320

Computer Scrabble by Joseph J Roehrig / Giveyour computer a vocabulary and challenge it to a fascinatinggame of micro-Scrabble.

Generating Programs Automatically by

Jacob R Jacobs / Three utility programs help write the ApplesoftBASIC program for you.

366

BYTE's Cumulative Index prepared byMicrocomputer Information Services / Our six-yearcumulative index will put an end to your random searchesthrough past issues of BYTE for that specific article.

6 Editorial: New Games, New Directions

14 Letters

22, 132 BYTE's Bits132, 483 Book Reviews: AIM 65 Laboratory Manual and Study

Guide: Apple Machine Language252 Ask BYTE

278 System Notes: The Game of Left/Right302 BYTE Game Contest314 BYTELINES462 Event Queue

465 Books Received

466 Clubs and Newsletters

467 Software Received

469 Technical Forum: Apple XIO Control484 Languages Forum: APL Runs Circles489 What's New?

542 Unclassified Ads

543 Reader Service

544 BOMB, BOMB Results

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December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 3

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Editor in ChiefChristopher Morgan

Manaalna Editor

Mark Haas

Technical Editors

Gregg Williams, Senior Editor;Richard S Shuford; Curtis P Feigel;George Stewart; Arthur Little;Stanley Wszola; Charles Freiberg,New Products Editor; Steve Garcia;Mark Dahmke; Philip Lemmons,Consulting Editors; Jon Swanson,Draftsman

Copy Editors

Beverly Cronin, Chief; Faith Hanson;Warren Williamson; Anthony J Lockwood;Ann Graves; David R Anderson;Bob Reinert; Linda M Evers

Assistants

Faith Ferry; Debe Wheeler;Karen A Cilley; Susan Ferber;Marie Hennessy

Production

Nancy Estle, Director; Christine Destrempes,Asst Director; Jonathan M Graves, CreativeConsultant; Wai Chiu Li; Patrice Scribner;Damian Henriques; Jan MullenLinda J Sweeney; Sherry McCarthy,Chief Typographer; Debi Fredericks;Donna Sweeney; Valerie Horn

Advertising

Thomas Harvey, Director; Marion Carlson;Rob Hannings; Marilyn Williams;Deborah Porter; Vicki Reynolds;Cathy A R Drew; Jacqueline Earnshaw.Reader Service Coordinator

Circulation

Gregory Spitzfaden, Manager;Andrew Jackson, Asst Manager;Agnes E Perry; Barbara Varnum;Louise Menegus; Pinky Krulis;James Bingham, Dealer Sales;Deborah J Cadwell. Asst.

Controller's Office

Daniel Rodrigues, Controller;

Mary E Fluhr, Acct. & D/P Mgr; Karen Burgess;

Jeanne Cilley; Linda Fluhr; Vicki Bennett

Traffic

N Scott Gagnon; Michael Bacon;Scott Jackson

Publishers

Virginia Londoner; Gordon R Williamson;John E Hayes, Associate Publisher;Cheryl A Hurd; Michele P Verville, Publisher'sAssistants;

Officers of McGraw-Hill Publications Com-pany: Paul F McPherson, President; ExecutiveVice Presidents: James E Boddorf, Daniel AMcMillan, III, Gene W Simpson; Senior VicePresident-Editorial: Ralph R Schulz; VicePresidents: Kemp Anderson, Business SystemsDevelopment; Robert B Doll, Circulation; JamesE Hackett, Controller; Eric B Herr. Planning andDevelopment; H John Sweger. Jr., Marketing.

Officers of the Corporation: Harold WMcGraw Jr, Chairman and Chief ExecutiveOfficer; Joseph L Dionne, President and ChiefOperating Officer; Robert F Landes, Senior VicePresident and Secretary; Ralph J Webb,Treasurer.

In This Issue

Playing games may not be the most important task your computer does, but it suremakes for a lot of fun. As Robert Tinney's cover illustrates, computers play a central rolein our recreational activites. BYTE's writers have been working hard at playing games,and their articles and reviews will help you pick and choose from among the manycomputer games available. Senior editor Gregg Williams speculates on the shape ofgames to come in the editorial, "New Games, New Directions." Thomas W Maloneanalyzes the attraction of computer games in "What Makes Computer Games Fun?" Tolearn how you can turn your game ideas into cash, see the rules for the BYTE GameContest, page 302.

On a more serious note, the Atari Tutorial continues with Part 4, "Display-List Inter-rupts" and William Barden Jr presents the first installment of a new series on RadioShack computers, "Color Computer from A to D, Make your Color Computer 'See' and'Feel' Better." BYTE's six-year cumulative index will eliminate those random searches forthat specific article. See page 366. All this, plus our regular features.

BYTE is published monthly by BYTE Publications Inc, 70 Main St, Peterborough NH 03458. phone (603)924-9281, a wholly-owned subsidiary of McGraw-Hill, Inc. Address subscriptions, change of address, USPS Form3579, and fulfillment questions to BYTE Subscriptions. POB 590. Martinsville NJ 08836. Second class postage paidat Waseca, Minnesota 56093 - USPS Publication No. 528890 (ISSN 0360-5280). Canadian second class registra-tion number 9321. Subscriptions are S19 for one year, S 34 for two years, and S49 for three years in the USA andits possessions. In Canada and Mexico, S2I for one year, S38 for two years, S55 for three years. S43 for one yearair delivery to Europe. S35 surface delivery elsewhere. Air delivery to selected areas at additional rates upon re-quest. Single copy price is S2.50 in the USA and its possessions, S2.95 in Canada and Mexico, S4.00 in Europe,and S4.50 elsewhere. Foreign subscriptions and sales should be remitted in United States funds drawn on a USbank. Printed in United States of America.

Address all editorial correspondence to the editor at BYTE. POB 372, Hancock NH 03449. Unacceptablemanuscripts will be returned if accompanied by sufficient first class postage. Not responsible for lost manuscripts orphotos. Opinions expressed by the authors are not necessarily those of BYTE. Entire contents copyright © 1981by BYTE Publications Inc. All rights reserved. Where necessary, permission is granted by the copyright owner forlibraries and others registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC| to photocopy any article herein for thebase fee of S1.00 per copy of the article or item plus 25 cents per page. Payment should be sent directly to theCCC, 21 Congress St, Salem MA 01970. Copying done for other than personal or internal reference use withoutthe permission of McGraw-Hill is prohibited. Requests for special permission or bulk orders should be addressed tothe publisher.

BYTE8 is available in microform from University Microfilms International, 300 N Zeeb Rd, Dept PR, AnnArbor Ml 48106 USA or 18 Bedford Row, Dept PR. London WC1R 4EJ England.

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December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Editorial

New GamesNew Directions

by Gregg Williams, Senior Editor

An editor leads a hard life, believe it or not. For example, in preparing forthis issue, more than $1000 worth of game software passed across my deskbefore being returned to the manufacturers. This may sound like softwareheaven to you—it did to me at first. But even with this intriguing softwaretemporarily floating around the office and my own computer and games totempt me at home, I can't manage to spare an hour (let alone ten) playing thenewest adventure game.

Sometimes I'm not even sure I like games. But I know I like the idea—boardgames, card games, computer games, even books on game design. I thinkabout games a lot and subscribe to two games magazines. Occasionally, I fan-tasize about designing the ultimate game, one that would leave the wholeworld breathless (and, not coincidentally, make me very wealthy). Lookingfor some family resemblance to games I enjoy, I search the face of every newgame as if it were a person. The following sections depict a few of my findings.

New Machines, New Games

Games will take new directions with new machines. For sound and videographics, the Atari 400 and 800 computers are hard to beat. These twomachines have special hardware that accomplishes what most game program-mers have to do in software. This not only makes the game faster but alsomakes programming faster, simpler, and much easier.

Another exciting machine is the IBM Personal Computer. Although I'll bereviewing it in-depth next month, several features are of interest to gameplayers and programmers. First, the advanced disk BASIC has a number ofvery powerful commands for generating graphic images and music. You canstore drawing and music commands as standard Microsoft BASIC stringvariables (somewhat akin to the "shape tables" for specifying graphic imagesin the Apple II). Not only can the program manipulate these strings, but acommand string can refer to another string within its definition. The advancedBASIC also offers built-in commands for drawing and filling in rectangles,ellipses, circles, and pie wedges. Rectangular areas of graphics can be saved inarrays, then later returned to the screen with a single command. Light pensand joysticks are possible input devices, and advanced BASIC commandsallow a BASIC subroutine to be executed when certain real-time events occur(the computer then returns to the interrupted BASIC program). All this,coupled with the speed of an extended Microsoft BASIC running on a 16-bitmachine, makes the IBM Personal Computer an excellent gaming device. Sincethe BASIC is very fast by1 current standards, IBM Personal Computer ownerswill be able to write rather interesting graphics games without leaving BASIC I

Multiplayer Games

I think there's a large market for multiplayer games. Two-player games arefine, but it's really fun to get a group of people together for an exciting game. Irealized this while playing some two- and four-player video games on theAtari Video Computer System (the game cartridge system, not the microcom-puter). Even though the games were simple, it was a lot of fun to be playing agame with three other people.

New! Z Controller and Z Drives

Expect more from Percom. You won't be disappointed.

Percom's double-density Z Controller for the H-89 isnow available. Besides its many outstanding drivecontrol features, the Z Controller includes a bonusparallel port that lets you directly connect your com-puter to a standard, off-the-shelf Epson MX-80, Oki-data Microline 80 or other low-cost printer.

• Controls up to four single- or double-headed mini-disk drives.

• Handles 35-, 40-, 77- and 80-track drives, and other standardtrack densities. • Formatted data storage capacity of 80-track dis-kettes is over 368 Kbytes. Forty-track diskettes store over 184Kbytes. Capacities for other track densities are proportional. A Zsystem with four double-headed, 80-track drives provides almost3 megabytes of on-line data. • The Z Controller co-resides withyour H-89 disk drive controller. Your software can select either,and you don't have to move drives around when switching be-tween systems. • The Z Controller includes Percom's proven dig-ital data separator circuit and a dependable write-precompensationcircuit. Expect reliable disk operation for a long, long time under 'Z'control. • The Percom Z Controller is priced at only $249.95, com-plete with HDOS-compatible disk drivers on diskette, internal inter-connecting cable and comprehensive users manual.

System requirements - H-89 Computer with 24 Kbytes memo-ry (min), Replacement ROM Kit H-88-7 and HDOS 2.0.

Add-On Z Drives for H-89, H-8 Computers

• Forty- and eighty-track densities in either 1- or 2-drive modules.

• All drives are rated for single- and double-density operation. Witha Z Controller, an 80-track drive can store over 364 Kbytes (for-matted, one-side), a 40-track drive can store over 184 Kbytes.

• Some models permit "flippy" storage, letting you flip a disketteand store files on the second side. • Z drives are fully tested, includ-ing a 48-hour operating burn-in to prevent shipment of drives withlatent defects. • Assembled and tested one-drive units from only$399, two-drive units from only $795.

System requirements - H-89 or H-8 computer with 16-KbyteRAM, Heath first-drive floppy disk system, HDOS and drives inter-connecting cable. (Two-drive interconnecting cable optionallyavailable from Percom)

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Editorial.

Certainly one of the most engaging and innovativegames produced in the last year or so is Timothy Smith'sOlympic Decathlon, distributed by Microsoft ConsumerProducts (see page 74 of this issue). Not only are thegraphics overwhelming and the idea clever, but the in-volvement of up to eight people in Decathlon's tenathletic events makes it a great party game. Even thoughonly one or two people are actively participating at once,the game is interesting to watch, and everyone wants tosee how the new player affects the cumulative ratings.Olympic Decathlon is the first true party game formicrocomputers, but I'm certain it won't be the last.

Microcomputers and War Games

"War gaming," which usually calls to mind historicalsimulations with maps laid out on a hexagonal grid andplenty of cardboard playing pieces, is an area that is beg-ging for the assistance of microcomputers. Many of ushave tried war games and have balked at the hundreds ofcardboard counters, the long and often unclear rulebooks, and the tedious resolution of combat through dicerolls and large tables. With microcomputers we caneliminate (or at least lessen) these problems; they can alsodo things never before possible with conventional wargames.

Another advantage microcomputers can bring to wargaming is the ability to give each player only partial (oreven misleading) information about troop positions andother aspects of the game. (This is in contrast with thecomplete information conveyed by having the gameboard and pieces in full view, as is done in most wargames.) Microcomputer-based war games also provide afairly intelligent enemy for solitary play.

Microcomputers are beginning to be taken seriously bywar game producers. Several programs help ease themore tedious and time-consuming portions of existingwar games; these do not replace the map-and-cardboard-counters game but are used to make play easier andfaster. Avalon Hill, the company that started war gamingas we know it in the late 1950s, now offers a line ofmicrocomputer games, some of which have militarythemes. Although these can't be called war games assuch, Avalon Hill's entry into the microcomputer gamemarket is important, and I'm sure that the company willmake additional, more successful entries into the market.

Simulations Publications, Incorporated (SPI), whichpublishes the leading American war-gaming magazine,Strategy and Tactics, is also showing some interest inmicrocomputers. As this article is going to press, SPI isadvertising for a microcomputer programmer/war-gamester for their staff. Their magazine on game design,Moues, occasionally contains microcomputer gamereviews and speculations on the future of war gaming.(For people like me who can't get interested m historicalwar gaming, SPI also publishes Ares, a magazine thatdeals with science-fiction gaming. Like Strategy and Tac-

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Editorial.

tics, each bimonthly issue contains a complete game.SPI's address is 257 Park Ave S, New York NY 10010;Avalon Hill's address is 4517 Hartford Rd, Baltimore MD21214.)

A very interesting computer war game is ChrisCrawford's Eastern Front (1941), mentioned in this issue's'The Coinless Arcade," page 36. Apart from its excellentgraphics, the computer automatically takes care of allmovement and combat calculations—you just make yourmoves and await the consequences. Not only is this a lotmore fun (for me, at least), but it also brings war gamingcloser to the experiences of the generals who fought theoriginal battles.

Mixed-Media Games

Using microcomputers to assist in playing a conven-tional war game reminds me of a new kind of game that isbeginning to appear. The mixed-media game uses amicrocomputer (or a hand-held unit with a microproces-sor in it) to control or influence a board game of somesort.

Two new arrivals to the mixed-media format areMilton Bradley's Dark Tower and Mattel's Dungeons andDragons. In Dark Tower, the microcomputer is housed ina black plastic tower that dominates the center of theboard. It can be turned toward one player at a time togive exclusive information regarding the player's quest toretrieve a magic scepter. In Dungeons and Dragons, amicroprocessor housed beneath a chess-like game boardrandomly generates a maze and gives players audibleclues in their search for a dragon's treasure.

A third mixed-media game is of interest here becauseits microprocessor is in a unit that is closer to a full micro-computer. The Quest for the Rings is a board-and-car-tridge game used with Magnavox's Odyssey2 video gamesystem. The Odyssey2 system relies on interchangeablecartridges for video games but includes a touch-sensitivekeyboard in standard typewriter layout. Although I'veonly seen the packaged unit in a store, I get the impres-sion that most of the action takes place on the videodisplay, while the board, a map of an imaginary world, isused to chart the game's progress. This is an excitingdevelopment because it combines a conventional boardsetting with the real-time action of a video game, com-plete with sound, color graphics, and the manual dexteri-ty such a game requires.

In all these cases, the computer is more than simply agame aid—it is a unique part of the game that incor-porates otherwise-impossible elements. The computercan supply an unknown intelligence that guides the gameand can often adapt to players of varying skill, but it canalso provide color, sound, graphics, and interactionthrough novel forms of input and output (eg: light pen,joystick, music synthesizer, etc).

There's no doubt that mixed-media games possesstremendous potential. As microcomputer game manufac-

turers keep striving for something new to offer the mar-ket, I'm sure we'll have computer-based board games inthe next year or so. (Another reason these games will beattractive to manufacturers is that the necessary physicalcomponents of the game—board, playing pieces, rulebook—make software piracy less attractive to the poten-tial pirate).

What of the future? It's limited only by the imaginationof inventors. I'm sure you've thought of an augmentedvideo game that puts the player inside a "space capsule"and heightens the sensation of space flight by tilting orvibrating the capsule. An ambitious microcomputer hob-byist or club could build something like that. Laser video-discs or videotape recorders could add even morerealism. In games yet to come, you might be participatingin scenes like those of Star Wars or Dragonslayer—whoknows?

Such games are not far off. Rod Daynes of the Univer-sity of Nebraska's Videodisk Design/Production Groupis working on an adventure game that helps deaf childrenlearn basic coping skills. In one such game, a child isasked to solve a mystery. Through the use of multiple-choice questions superimposed on the video display, thechild is led through a decision tree of over 160 nodes.Each node is not merely a static picture—it's a movingimage with sound I

A Call for Imagination

As I look at the stunning video games and new micro-computers that have even more capabilities than previousmachines, I dream of the games we'll be playing two orthree years from now. But is bigger and more sophisti-cated the only new direction we have? A good graphicsgame takes several months to write, and the complexityof the required effort discourages many of us from tryingto write one. I've been working on an arcade-like gamefor several months now, and I feel that the satisfaction I'llget from seeing the game work is small compared to allthe months of drudgery I've put myself through. In fact, Ifeel more like a project manager than a hobbyist.

Because of this, I think it should be said that games donot have to be complicated to be fun. Many people enjoyadventure programs, and the best ones are still text-only.But the problem is this: it's always easier to implement anexisting idea than to create a new one.

This brings me to the BYTE Game Contest (see page302). Here is a chance for you to share your creativeefforts with the rest of our readers. Even if you have onlya little time to spend on programming, you may come upwith that simple but fun game that proves irresistible.Simple or sophisticated, the most important thing is "Beoriginal I" We can't wait to see what you're going to comeup with.B

10 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Letters

Benchmark Flawed

Ithaca Intersystems Inc is the vendor ofthe Pascal/Z compiler. We have just re-ceived a copy of the September 1981BYTE and are quite concerned with MrJim Gilbreath's article "A High-Level Lan-guage Benchmark" (see page 180). Sincewe have no basis for comparison of otherhigh-level languages, we do not disputeMr Gilbreath's results in benchmarkingthese, but we do wish to criticize histesting of Pascal implementations.

First, Mr Gilbreath could not have runthe Pascal program given in his articleunder Pascal/Z because it uses the non-standard FILLCHAR construct, which wedid not implement in Pascal/Z as it is notpart of either the Jensen and Wirth defini-tion of the language or of the proposed In-ternational Standards Organization stan-dard. We have seen this program before ina benchmark performed and publicized byMT Microsystems. We feel that the use ofthis program, when taken with the"special thanks" to Mike Lehman, theauthor of Pascal/MT+, cannot by anystretch of the imagination be viewed asobjective. If you are testing a high-levellanguage compiler against other imple-mentations of the same language, it seemsonly fair that the program tested undereach implementation is identical to thattested under the others.

Second, no information is given regard-ing testing conditions. Most compilers of-fer a number of checking features thathave varying defaults. Mr Gilbreath givesextremely little specific information re-garding the status of these options.

Third, no version numbers are given forany of the software except BD Systems' C.

Fourth, Mr Gilbreath fails to mentionthat not all of the implementations hetested were true compilers. Several werep-code versions that require an inter-preter. Additionally, the Pascal Micro-engine and Pascal 100 are machines thataccept p-code as their native "assemblylanguage."

Fifth, our company was not included inthe vendor address list on page 198,although most other software vendors(and all other microcomputer softwarevendors) mentioned in the article were.

We feel that one test does not constitutea benchmark. We have spent a great dealof time conducting our own benchmarkson our compiler and on MT Microsys-

14 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

terns' Pascal/MT+. The results provethat our product is far superior to MT + ,which we consider to be our closest com-petition. Copies of these reports areavailable to the public.

In conclusion, we would like to quotefrom a letter we received recently from MrPeter Grogono, author of Programmingin Pascal (Reading MA: Addison-Wesley,1978). He is a Pascal/Z user:

. . . / am very pleased with Pascal/Zand have used it extensively in my re-cent work. To the best of my knowl-edge, it is the highest quality Pascalcompiler available to users of micro-processors. . . .

We welcome questions from BYTE andits readers because we are very anxious todispel the negative effects of MrGilbreath's article.

Laurie Hanselman, Software Products

ManagerIthaca Intersystems Inc1650 Hanshaw Rd, POB 91Ithaca NY 14850

Jim Gilbreath Replies:

There has been a surprising amount ofinterest shown in the benchmark article. Ihave received at least 30 telephone callsand so many letters that it is beyond myability to respond to each individually. Sofar, all the letters but Ithaca Intersystems'have been complimentary and many havesupplied additional timing data on otherlanguages and computers, such as theCRAY-1 supercomputer, that I did nottest.

In the article, I was careful to point out(on page 198): ". . . to the software sup-pliers who are upset because I didn't usethe latest and greatest version, Iapologize: I had to use what was avail-able. " My article was not a commissionedassignment for BYTE. It was simply acomputer experimenter's report of his ex-periences collecting data in a "fun"projectfor presentation at the local computerclub. The data were collected over a nine-month period whenever an opportunitypresented itself. It was another sevenmonths before the article appeared inBYTE.

Much of the data was obtained in com-puter stores and in conference exhibitionenvironments before I ever thought ofwriting a magazine article. Pascal/Z was

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Letters '

tested using an early version in a com-puter store, and I am certain Ithaca Inter-systems now has a greatly superior model.As I recall, it was necessary to assemblethe entire library along with the compiledcode on that version. I was unable to runthe benchmark on a later version ofPascal/Z at Ithaca Intersystems' booth atthe Anaheim National Computer Confer-ence exhibit.

There were several slightly differentversions of the benchmark program in allof the languages, but only one was printedfor each case to save space. FILLCHARwas used in Pascal/MT+ because it wasthere and it corresponded to the ARY5ETfunction in the ZSPL language that wasused as the teaching tool. Other Pascalversions used a FOR statement. The dif-ference was not major (e.g., about 3 sec-onds for MT+).

This program has been used in bench-marks publicized by MT Microsystemsand also Digital Research, as MissHanselman indicated. But they copied it(with permission) from me, not the re-verse. The "special thanks" given to FrankMacLachlan, Mike Lehman, and PeteRidley referred to their encouragement tosubmit the data for publication followingthe computer society meeting and to theirhelp in obtaining some of the assembly-language timing data on processors suchas the 68000. I must respectfully disagreewith the contention regarding loss of ob-jectivity.

I regret that I cannot say what specificversion of Pascal/Z was used. It wastested well over a year ago, and I amguilty of forgetting to write down the ver-sion number. There are several other in-

stances where data are missing that couldhave been collected with more time avail-able on the system. It is indeed unfor-tunate that Pascal/Z's options default toON, because I used the products prettymuch as they "came out of the box."

I agree with Miss Hanselman's pointthat the Microengine and the Pascal 100are hardware interpreters. In response toIthaca Intersystems not being mentionedin the list of vendors, the list was addedby the BYTE editors, and I only suppliedthe addresses I was asked for. RegularBYTE advertisers, such as Ithaca Intersys-tems, were supplied by the editors.

I am sorry if my article has damagedIthaca Intersystems' market. That was notmy intent, but I did point out at the begin-ning and the end of the article that onebenchmark does not tell the whole story.

OH Drilling: Nyet

Readers of the September 1981 BYTEmay be interested in the following secretcommunication regarding artificial in-telligence.

General Petr Ivanovich IvashutinGlavnoe Razvedyvatelnoe UpravlenieDzerzinsky SquareMoskva

Comrade,

Important info about British NorthSea oil-drilling platforms. September1981 BYTE, page 262, reports that oneDonald Michie is working on artificialintelligence program "to diagnoseoperating problems on North Sea oilplatforms" (see "Knowledge-Based Ex-pert Systems Come of Age," pages 238-

281). Same BYTE issue reports on page200 (see "Science Fiction's IntelligentComputers," pages 200-214) about "anarticle in Scientific American thatdescribes 1iow to teach a matchbox toplay tic-tac-toe.'" Diligent searchreveals that mentioned article is Mar-tian Guarder's column "MentalmagicalGames" in the March 1962 ScientificAmerican, page 138. Note good thatcreator of matchbox tic-tac-toe is sameBritish genius Donald Michie ("Trialand Error," Penguin Science Survey1961, vol. 2) as is hopping aroundNorth Sea oil platforms. DonaldMichie easy to spot, is always carrying300 coded matchboxes filled with rat-tling colored beads.

Conclusions: British is not drillingfor oil in North Sea, but rather is play-ing huge tic-tac-toe game with oil-drilling platforms.

Yours,

Boris Goofitup

PS: Above correlation discovered byusing Knowledge-Based Expert Systemon Moskva Center supplied 1-bit par-allel processor. Please requisition"carry bit" circuit as I getting achingeyes watching for overflow bit.

This message was intercepted in earlySeptember on a Drake short-wave re-ceiver using a tracking variable-frequencydetector and a Fast Fourier Transformspeech desynthesizer.

Dr John E Shively404 Plymouth CourtBenicia CA 94510

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GBridge2.0 $21.95 NOW $19.50

G Ultima $39.95 NOW $34.50

G Home Money Minder $34.95 NOW $29.50

L Compu-Math Arithmetic $49.95 NOW $39.50

G Compu-Math Fractions $39.95 NOW $33.50

G Compu-Math Decimals $39.95 NOW $33.50

G Algebra 1 $39.95 NOW $33.50

G Spelling Bee $29.95 NOW $29.50

G The Prisoner $29.95 NOW $25.50

D Sargon II (chess) $34.95 NOW $29.50

C Pool 1.5 $34.95 NOW $29.50

D Spellguard for Apple $295.00 NOW $245.50

D Sup'R' Terminal 80 Col $375.00 NOW $309.50

Z Memorex 3401 Box of 10 $45.00 NOW $24.50

G Word Star $375.00 NOW $279.50

i.'.' Z-80Softcard With CP/M.. $399.00 NOW $299.50

G Robot Wars $39.95 NOW $34.90

Z 12" Hi-flcs Green Mon $285.00 NOW $236.00

G A.B.M $24.95 NOW $22.90

L Castle Wolfenstein $29.95 NOW $29.90

Q Mission Asteroids $19.95 NOW $17.50

G Mystery House $24.49 NOW $21.50

G Wizard and the Princess $32.95 NOW $29.50

G Cranston Manor $34.95 NOW $29.90

C. Pegasus II $29.95 NOW $29.50

Z Hhfles Football $39.95 NOW $34.50

Z Hi-Res Soccer $29.95 NOW $25.50

G Soft Pom Adventure $29.95 NOW $25.90

G Gobblers $24.95 NOW $19.50

0 Zork $39.95 NOW $33.50

GVisicalc3.3 $199.95 NOW $169.90

G Magic Wand BO Column $395.00 NOW $289.50

G Falcons $29.95 NOW $25.50

G Fastgammon $24.95 NOW $20.50

D International Grand Prix $29.95 NOW $25.50

Q Space Eggs $29.95 NOW $24.50

Q Orbitron $29.95 NOW $24.50

D Gamma Goblins $29.95 NOW $24.90

G Epoch $34.95 NOW $28.50

D Pulsar II $29.95 NOW $24.90

G Autobahn $29.95 NOW $24.50

G Sneakers $29.95 NOW $24.50

G Galactic Attack $29.95 NOW $25.90

G Magic Window Word Proc.... $99.95 NOW $84.50

G IFO Database Manager $120.00 NOW $99.50

GD-B Master $229.00 NOW $189.90

G The Warp Factor $39.95 NOW $33.50

G Right Simulator $33.50 NOW $29.90

G Pro Football Pt. Pred $26.95 NOW $22.50

D Win AT The Races $39.95 HOW $34.90

r Videoterm 80 Col Card $345.00 NOW $279.90

D Multiple Regression $29.95 NOW $25.90

• SEND FOR FREEPRICE LIST & CATALOG *

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• 518 E. ECHO CT.,

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PHONE ORDERS (714) 8864761

Letters.

Knowledge, Ethics, and Piracy

I was not moved to respond to ChrisMorgan's editorial on software piracy (see"How Can We Stop Software Piracy?"May 1981 BYTE, page 6), but having readthe wave of letters in the September 1981BYTE, I feel one point of view has beenmissed.

A few hundred years ago, before print-ing was invented, bands of monks pains-takingly copied manuscripts by hand topass knowledge and learning to others.These documents were closely guardedand available only to the rich."Education" existed only in thesemonasteries and for the elite.

After the invention of the printing presswith movable type, books became less ex-pensive and easier to duplicate. Learningfiltered down to the "middle classes."

Somewhere in our social developmentwe realized that the impoverished masseshad not received the benefits of learning,and the free lending library evolved.

The author of a novel gets paid by thepublisher, who happily sells to both thebookstore and the library. If I own a bookand a friend wants to borrow it, I lend itand, in so doing, deny the publisher asale. Society does not condemn either ofthese actions. But the authors of softwarewould have us believe these acts arefelonies when extended to their product.Our attitude toward literature is mature,but our feelings are "monastic" towardsoftware.

Of course, there is a distinction. Whena book is borrowed, the recipient has tem-porary use and returns the original. Nocopy is made. If it is a reference book, theuser may buy his or her own or copy afew pages. One is more likely to purchasepaperbacks than to make copies.

Extending this analogy then, what isneeded are plentiful, inexpensive librariesof software for the impoverished massesto borrow and return. Couple this with in-expensive originals, analogous to paper-backs, and the problem could be solved.

Martin Oakes2100 Oriole DrFreeport IL 61032

There have been many discussionsrecently in BYTE regarding the problem ofprogram theft. In many jurisdictions thistheft becomes a felony because of thevalue of the product stolen.

In the discussions regarding this prob-lem, the primary thrust seems to be tech-nological means to render theft extremelydifficult. But it seems to me that the pri-mary cause is of a social nature. For atleast two decades, the philosophy thatcrimes against property—i.e., crimes thatdo not physically harm people—are of noconsequence has been part of the changingsocial fabric of this and other nations.

The most effective solution to this prob-lem would be a demand that the educa-tional establishment return to the tradi-tional teaching of morals, ethics, andresponsibility that prevailed prior to theembracing of what is now proven to be afallacious theory. All crimes do hurt allpeople.

By concentrating only on technologicalsolutions to complex problems that in-volve social aspects of the world in whichwe live, we technologists do ourselves andthe general population a disservice.

Finally, it seems to me that BYTE mightwell emulate Quality magazine by invitingcommentary from social scientists as wasdone in its September 1981 issue.

Walter D Nichols, PresidentYES Computer Sciences Inc3090 Acushnet AveNew Bedford MA 02745

More Intelligent Computers

I'd like to comment on Donald Byrd'sarticle "Science Fiction's Intelligent Com-puters." (See the September 1981 BYTE,page 200.) I have been a science fictionfanatic for most of my life and am espe-cially interested in computer-relatedstories.

I credit my interest in computers andscience fiction to one story that Mr Byrdoverlooked, "The Moon Is a Harsh Mis-tress," by Robert Heinlein. This story ispossibly the earliest tale of its type.Heinlein is vague about the origin of theintelligence (named "Mycroft," afterSherlock Holmes' "Smarter Brother"), buthe is quite accurate about its capabilities.I'm surprised that Byrd did not mention it.

In Byrd's subsection called "TheAdolescence of P-l," he does not mentionthat Greg Burgess endows P-l with twovery human emotions: fear and hunger.Hunger is the "primary" emotion, beingthe quest for more and more storage. Thefear element is that P-l constantly looksto see if it has been detected. I wouldcredit these emotions as responsible for

18 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 288 on inquiry card.

", ■ '.

\>

MusicSystem™from Mountain Computer.

MusicSystem generates the sound of any musicalinstrument—real or imagined! Solo or sextet. Rock orclassical. Laid-back or loud. At home, the concert hall,or the classroom. MusicSystem sets new standards forcomputer generated music.

Works in your Apple®.Digital Synthesizer with 16 voices.- Stereo output.

• Polyphonic—multivoice chords and note sequences.

• Additive synthesis of instruments.

• Waveforms are fully programmable for each voiceto create instrument definitions and music dynamics.

• 35Khz sample rate.

• Frequency resolution is .5Hz steps.

• Graphical input of sheet music with a graphics printer.

• Complete software operating system.

• Graphical music editor using light pen (provided),game paddles, or keyboard.

• Pre-entered music provided for immediate playingand enjoyment.

• Thorough documentation and tutorial user's manual.

Drop by your Apple® Dealer and ask to hear "MountainMusic" for yourself.

NOW ONLY $8SSM

suggested retail

Mountain Computer

^ INCOSPOBATBD

300 El Pueblo, Scotts Valley, CA 95066TWX: 910 598-4504 (408)438-6650

The word "Mountain" in Mountain Computer and the logo are trademarks of Mountain

Computer Inc.

Apple is a Trademark ol Apple Computer, Inc.

Green phosphor screenHigh resolution (720h x 350v)

Combination monochrome adapterand parallel printer interface j^z^zJUpper/lower case80 characters x 25 lines

■

16 colors

256 characters in text2 graphics modesSimultaneous graphicsand text capability

2lA" integrated speaker \ -

V \Pfl

}3&

d "'■■Mb- X

RS232C interface

Up to 9600 bits per second

6' cord to system unit

Microprocessor-. j*i • controlled key boar.

^B

t<

fl

1:1

fJ!

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back0 function keys10-key numeric pad

V

M

System expansion

'*•'

-..3&**\.

:s.^'~^.:

2 optional internaldiskette drives

^■YT^

8088 microprocessor

„vr»"""

Parity checking

40KB in ROM

e;

160KB

per SW diskette

User memoryexpandable^> up to 256KB

Because we put whatyou want into it, you getwhat you want out of it.

We unwrapped our new package for you, bit by bit.

It's all here. And you're looking at it.

From the 8088 microprocessor that gives youthe speed and capacity to the RS232C serialcommunications interface that gives you the world.

All told, no other personal computer offers asmany advanced capabilities. Read all about them inthe Technical Reference Manual available at yourIBM Personal Computer dealer.

Software? Enhanced BASIC in ROM. IBMPersonal Computer DOS. Plus a documented set ofour device driver routines. For high level languages,exactly what you want.

But our software story is still being written.

Maybe by you.

If you're interested,start by writing to:IBM Personal ComputerSoftware, Dept.765,IBM Corporation,Armonk, New\brk10504. ===. =®

Circle 190 on inquiry card.

The IBM Personal Computer

Circle 340 on inquiry card.

Did you know

that with

the new

UCSD

P-SYSTEM

you can writeprograms In

(FORTRAN)

Pascal

BASIC

LISP

and run them on

ALTOS, APPLE,

COMMODORE,

CROMEMCO, DEC, IBM,

INTERTEC, PHILIPS,

OHIO SCIENTIFIC,

RADIO SHACK, TERAK,

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS,

VECTOR GRAPHIC,

XEROX, ZENITH,

and many more...

without change!

(Think about that next timeyou want a larger market)

we support systemssoftware and applica-tions ready-to-run on

APPLE, DEC LSI-lit,

RADIO SHACK MODEL ll§and ALTOS.

PCD SYSTEMSP.O. Box 143PennYan, NY 14527315-536-3734

tTM Digital Equipment§TM of Tandy Corp.

•tmu of California

Letters.

P-l's development of intelligence. Onething to note is that P-l was written inPL/I, and 800,000 lines of code (Byrd'sfigure) in PL/I can go a long way.

Some other works that contain in-telligent computers are the book ManPlus, by Fred Pohl, and the movies Col-ossus: The Forbin Project and DemonSeed.

All in all, Mr Byrd wrote an excellentarticle for an excellent magazine.

Dana W Cline4725 S Lowell #18Littleton CO 80123

No Mincing of Words

Thank you, BYTE and Christopher OKern, for a factual, straightforwardreview of the MINCE text editor. (See"MINCE, A Text Editor," September 1981BYTE, page 150.) In response to earliersuggestions from users, MINCE 2.6 nowruns the redisplay three to five times fasterthan the version that was reviewed andfound to be flawed in this respect.

Additionally, source code (in C) is nowincluded with MINCE. The price has beenchanged to $175.

Brian N Hess

Mark of the Unicorn

POB423

Arlington MA 02174

One Club Too Many

Somehow our organization has been er-roneously listed in BYTE as being a com-puter club. I'm not sure of how or whythis happened, but we get several calls andletters per month of inquiry.

Culpepper and Associates is a manage-ment-consulting organization that sup-ports vendors of large software products.While we publish a newsletter, Salt 'nPepper, it would not be of interest toBYTE readers and we provide no servicesthat the typical reader of BYTE would beinterested in.

Warren L Culpepper, PresidentCulpepper and Associates Inc4922 Heatherdale LnAtlanta GA 30360

Indexing Your BYTEs

As a professional small-computer user,I find BYTE magazine a source of variedtechnical and product information, as it isintended. Unfortunately, accessing a par-ticular article can be quite a chore when Ineed to refer to a large stack of BYTEs. Itwould certainly enhance the magazine if acumulative index extending back 48months were to be provided. An ideal ex-ample of this can be found in ConsumerReports magazine, published by Con-sumers Union, Mount Vernon, New York.

It would be helpful if a code could beadded to each article title indicating thecomputer and programming languagereferred to in the story. It would also begreat if the programs listed in BYTE wereavailable on tape or disk at a nominalcharge.

Gary Oppenheimer

79th Street Boat Basin, #39

New York NY 10024

We have received many requests similarto yours. As a result, we present acumulative index to BYTE in this issue.Unfortunately, producing tapes and disksin the myriad formats in use today is anexpensive proposition; however, we doencourage authors to attempt to providethis service for our readers. . . . CPFB

BYTE's Bits

National LeavesBubbles Behind

National Semiconductor Corporation iswithdrawing from the bubble-memorybusiness. According to Charles E Sporck,president and chief executive officer, themove comes because of a period of slowsemiconductor business activity. To keepspending in line with sales, and becausethe bubble-memory business is not pro-jected to reach previously anticipatedlevels, National is discontinuing produc-tion of bubble-memory devices. For-tunately for users of National devices,Motorola will make bubble-memory partsusing National's specifications.

Earlier this year, Rockwell Internation-al and Texas Instruments gave up on bub-ble memory, citing similar reasons. At thispoint, Intel Corporation and Motorolaare the sole American bubble-memorymanufacturers. ■

December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Peachtree Software says, Pardon us for being so

INDEHISCENT

Did you know that the peach, that delicious

and succulent fruit borne on a drupiferous

tree, is an indehiscent fruit?

In fact, the peach is classified

as being "fleshy indehiscent."

Perhaps that's why most

peaches seem to be blushing.

A oo many software users go all topieces. And it's easy to understandwhy. Even the most mature indi-viduals can come apart at the seams,trying to master the variety of dif-ferent instructional formats withoff-the-shelf software. PeachtreeSoftware's documentation and usermanuals are so simplified that it'sdownright indehiscent! With thesame easy-to-use fotmat packageafter package —you'll eat 'em uplike peaches and cream. And that,in turn, will do wonders for yournervous system.

Actually, there is nothing naughty or reveal-ing about being indehiscent. (Sorry, fellas.)It simply means that thepeach doesn't burst openwhen it is mature. And that'snice. It certainly makes har-vesting a lot less messy.

Payable, Inventory, Mailing List,Payroll, and Magic Wand.

I

w,

de variety of packages, allfrom the same Tree. The "onesource" advantage becomes increas-ingly important as you expand yoursystem. And the Tree is loaded witha great variety of time-tested busi-ness software. Here's just a sample.Magic Wand™-With this ex-tremely popular word processingsystem, a minimum of commandsperform basic functions. It's re-markably easy to use, and enhancedby Peachtree Software for reliabil-ity. Now you can add the MagicSpell™ "dictionary" with up to20,000 words, the first in a wholenew series of "Magic" packages.Sales Tracker™—is our mostcomprehensive product—a salesorder processing system that couldwell be the most sophisticated mi-crocomputer software ever de-veloped. It has the power of AN-

TheVery

Best"Off-The-Shelf

Software Is

"Off-The-Treer

SI/COBOL and floppy or hard disksupport. User-selectable optionsput the sales manager in completecontrol of his lifestream activities.Peachtree Series 5 is an all newgeneration of BASIC General Ac-counting packages, with GeneralLedger, Accounts Receivable, SalesInvoicing, Inventory Management,Accounts Payable and Payroll. It in-cludes such user-tequested featuresas:The capability to access and up-date, simultaneously, both the Ac-counts Receivable and Inventorydata files. Hard disk capacity. In-stallation guides. Expanded dataand report capability.The Peachtree Series 40 isadapted for the Apple II 's standard40-column screen and single-density 5!4-inch disk drive, usingthe SoftCard™ from Microsoft**.The series includes General Ledger,Accounts Receivable, Accounts

t takes time to grow a tree andwe've been in the business ever sincemicrocomputers started springingup in homes and businesses allacross America. So our software sys-tems are time-tested and user-feedback refined. You can't rush thedevelopment process. Only timeand experience make it possible.That's why Peachtree businesssoftware is the most reliable andcomprehensive available today.Weeds and bushes appear overnightin a new "field," but more and moresoftware users know —You can trustthe Tree!

Trust the Tree for UnsurpassedDocumentation, rated the verybest, every time, for simplicity, ac-curacy and completeness. ForFeature-packed Systems —ouryears of experience give us the ad-vantage, and we pass that advantageon to you with advanced featuresutilizing the latest hardwaretechnology. And you can be surethat all our Peachtree Softwarepackages are very carefully designedby our staff of 50 plus to be just asindehiscent as we can possibly make-them!

That's why there are over 20,000Peachtree Software packages in usetoday. To join them, see your near-est dealer or call 1-800-835-2246Ext. 3 5. In Kansas, call1-800-362-2421 Ext. 35.

The Very Best "Off-The-Shelf "Software Is'Off-The-Tree

PEACHTREE SOFTWARE, 3 Corporate Square. Suirc7()0, Atlanta, Georgia 3032') (404) 325-8533 Telex II: SIO-75 1-0273 PEACHTREE ATI..

Peachtree Software, Mafic Wand, and S.ilcs Tracker arc trademarks ofPeachtree Software, Incorporated.

**Microsoft is a trademark of Microsoft Consumer Products, Inc. 'Apple II is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

Circle 341 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1981

23

Software Review

Robotwar

Curtis Feigel, Technical Editor

"Welcome to the battlefield of the future!" seemed tome a rather ominous greeting. I had opened the Robot-war instruction manual expecting to educate myselfabout robots through experimentation. Instead, I wasreading about sometime after the year 2002 AD, when in-ternational conflicts are resolved through robot warriors.In addition to its gaming aspect, Robotwar providesthose interested in robotics with an off-the-shelf simula-tion for developing practical robot software when norobot actually exists.

Robotwar falls into the realm of multimachine games,where the computer is not an adversary but a vehicle fortwo or more humans to compete in a manner that wouldotherwise be impossible. (You certainly couldn't build anarmored computer on tracks and program it to fire ex-plosive shells for $39.95.)

Games for More Than One Person

In "Multimachine Games" (see the December 1980

Name

Language

Robotwar

Applesoft BASIC

Type

Computer

Programming game

Apple II with 48 K bytes of

memory and Applesoft

Manufacturer

ROM

Muse Software, Inc

330 N Charles St

Documentation

Baltimore MD 21201

75-page booklet

(301) 659-7212

Audience

Price

People interested in pro-

$39.95

gramming or robots

Format

5-inch floppy disk for both

Apple DOS 3.2 and DOS

3.3

BYTE, page 24), Ken Wasserman and Tim Stryker iden-tified three factors that make games fun:

• More than one human player is involved.

• Success in the game hinges on proper application ofavailable information.

• The major constraints are not the game rules but theplayer's fleetness of mind and hand.

Like football and some other popular sports, Robotwarembodies all three quite fully.

As many as five robots can be placed in the Robotwararena simultaneously; each robot is identical but for theprogram you provide. The arena is a 256 by 256 metersquare with impregnable walls; spectators view fromabove. The game's main menu (see photo 1) allows theuser to start a battle, schedule a series of matches, andedit and test a robot's program. While the robot is in thearena, its program is in complete control. There isnothing you can do but watch from above.

Perhaps the most remarkable aspect of this game isthat, unlike chess, playing against yourself can be fun. Asthe programmer, your robot creation (and a little bit ofyou) is in the arena and lives or dies as a result of youranalysis of the problems involved. One robot may fallprey to another, but it is the programmer who vicarious-ly feels the pain, even if one person programmed both.

Programming for War

The robots themselves can be imagined as consisting ofa square chassis with powered, tank-like treads. Thechassis is equipped with a gun that swivels 360 degreesand a narrow-beam radar unit that swivels to detect wallsand other robots. Of course, a computer is located some-where within the armored hull. Each of these componentshas a few interesting features that make programming therobot a challenge, and some trial-and-error work is in-volved.

Each robot's computer has 24 general-purpose storageregisters and 10 control registers (see table 1). The stor-age registers are referred to by letter of the alphabet and

24 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 267 on inquiry card.

ui' r*

ilium

la1

11 ^M

--■1 C.r'*i----» f-i'

nk -1

Turn your Apple into the world'smost versatile personal computer.

The SoftCard™ Solution. SoftCardturns your Apple into two computers.A Z-80 and a 6502. By adding a Z-80microprocessor and CP/M to yourApple, SoftCard turns your Apple intoa CP/M based machine. That meansyou can access the single largest bodyof microcomputer software in exist-ence. Two computers in one. And, theadvantages of both.

Plug and go. The SoftCard systemstarts with a Z-80 based circuit card.Just plug it into any slot (except 0) ofyour Apple. No modifications required.SoftCard supports most of your Appleperipherals, and, in 6502-mode, yourApple is still your Apple.

CP/M for your Apple. You get CP/Mon disk with the SoftCard package. It'sa powerful and simple-to-use operatingsystem. It supports more softwarethan any other microcomputer operat-ing system. And that's the key to theversatility of the SoftCard/Apple.

BASIC included. A powerful tool,BASIC-80 is included in the SoftCardpackage. Running under CP/M, ANSIStandard BASIC-80 is the mostpowerful microcomputer BASICavailable. It includes extensive disk I/Ostatements, error trapping, integervariables, 16-digit precision, exten-sive EDIT commands and string func-tions, high and low-res Apple graphics,PRINT USING, CHAIN and COM-MON, plus many additional com-mands. And, it's a BASIC you cancompile with Microsoft's BASICCompiler.

More languages. With SoftCard andCP/M, you can add Microsoft's ANSIStandard COBOL, and FORTRAN, or

Basic Compiler and Assembly Lan-guage Development System. All, morepowerful tools for your Apple.Seeing is believing. See the SoftCardin operation at your Microsoft or Appledealer. We think you'll agree that theSoftCard turns your Apple into theworld's most versatile personalcomputer.

Complete information? It's at yourdealer's now. Or, we'll send it to youand include a dealer list. Write us. Ca\\us. Or, circle the reader service cardnumber below.

SoftCard is a trademark of Microsoft. Apple II andApple II Plus are registered trademarks of AppleComputer. Z-80 is a registered trademark of Zilog,Inc. CP/M is a registered trademark of DigitalResearch. Inc.

CONSUMER^ PRODUCTS

Microsoft Consumer Products, 400 108th Ave. N.E.,Bellevue. WA 98004. (206) 454-1315

are employed in a manner similar to variables in BASICand other high-level languages. The control registers arereferred to by function name and either control some

HHAT 00 YOU MftHT TO 00 HOW?

1.

START ft ROBOT BATTLE

2.

ASSEMBLE OR TEST A ROBOT

3.

EDIT ROBOT SOURCE C00E

4.

SWITCH SOUND (HON OH)

5.

HAKE ROBOT STORAGE DISKS

6.

EXIT TO APPLESOFT BASIC

7.

SCHEOULE AH AUTOMATIC MATCH

8.

RUN A SCHEDULED MATCH

Photo 1: The game's main menu. Playing Robotwar isn't simplya matter of starting a battle. A robot's program must first bewritten, assembled, then tested and debugged before a series ofmatches can be scheduled. Some menu selections, such as "2"(exit to the assembler), respond with a submenu—the game ismostly menu-driven.

robot function or provide information from sensors.(There is also an indexing scheme that could make forsome very sophisticated programs.)

Motion is controlled by storing numbers in theSPEEDX and SPEEDY registers. These registers set therobot's speed in the east/west and north/south directionsrespectively and show the robot's current position withinthe arena. Maximum speed is obtained when the value255 or —255 is placed in the registers, with sign in-dicating direction. Of course, the robot has mass and in-ertia, so it's always necessary to allow for accelerationand deceleration times in your programming.

To fire the robot's gun, first store a degree value in theAIM register to swivel the gun. When a distance value issent to the SHOT register, the gun is fired, and the shellexplodes at the distance set. After a shot, the gun must beallowed to cool. When the temperature reading stored bythe gun mechanism in the SHOT register reaches zero,the gun is ready to fire again.

The radar unit sends out a narrow-beam pulse when adegree value is stored in the RADAR register. The valuereturned in the register indicates the distance to a detectedobject. If the value returned is positive, the object is awall. If it is negative, the object is a robot. By first detect-ing another robot with the radar and then transferring theposition and distance information to the AIM and SHOTregisters, your robot can intelligently seek out anddestroy other robots.

THE CAT'S-EYE VIEW

Get a lion's share of graphic capabilitiesat a price that will make you purr.

CAT digital graphic systems interface with S-100, PDP-11, LSI-11 and other hostcomputers to create incredibly detailed images. Look at the features that a CATcan deliver:

• Flash digitizer to grab your image from camera, broadcast or recording in aslittle as 1/60 of a second.

• Highest possible resolution—up to 484x512x8, 242x512x16 or 242x256x24.

• Dynamic color mapping to produce animation and other effects.

• Maximum color palette of 16.7 million hues, with dis-plays of 65,536 simultaneous colors or 256 levels of gray.

• Light-pen input and other useful options.

• Flexibility to fit your computer imaging needs within theCAT-100 through CAT-800 and CBX series. Call us for aCAT that suits your application ... and your budget.

MM DIGITAL GRAPHIC SYSTEMS, INC.

935 Industrial Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94303Call (415) 856-2500

26 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 123 on Inquiry card.

Circle 25 on inquiry card.

Take a look at our EPROM blasterfor your Apple" or TRS-80;

Apparat announces the mostversatile EPROM burner availabletoday for your TRS-80 model I andIII or Apple computer... theApparat PROM Blasting system(A.P.B.). Most EPROM burners willprogram only one type of EPROM.The A.P.B. system will program allcommonly used 24 pin EPROMs byusing special personality modulesthat adapt the unit to the EPROM.The following EPROMs areprogrammable: 2704, 2708, 2716,(3-volt) & (5-volt), 2732, 2508, 2516and 2532.

The versatility and power of theA.P.B. system means you're getting aPROM burning package withextensive capabilities. The price,$149.00, insures you're getting themost cost-effective PROM burner onthe market today.

With a unique combination ofpersonality modules and

■~mf J&

sophisticated software, A.P.B.will perform many operationsimpossible with conventionalPROM burners. Mere's a brieflist of some of A.P.B.'s capabilities:

• Verify ROM is erased

• Read ROM

• Copy ROM

• Copy between different ROM types

• Program ROM

• Partial programming and copies

• Verify programming

• Read or save ROM data on disk orcassette (Apple only)

• Program directly from computermemory

■ Examine and/or modify workingmemory

• Preset working memory

The A.P.B. system is the mostflexible PROM burner available. TheA.P.B. system package consists of aninterface card that plugs directly intoan expansion slot*, a complete set

of personality modules, software ondisk and a detailed instructionmanual. The software will run underMEWDOS/80, or TRSDOS™ for theTRS-80, and APPLE DOS™ or APEXfor the Apple.

If you're looking for a powerful,versatile and cost efficient EPROMburner, call APPARAT today. Dealerinquiries welcome.

(303) 741-1778

TRS-80 version requires the TRS-80 busextender (Cat. # 1-025) or a separateuser provided power supply and cable.

TR5-B0, and Apple are trademarks of Tandy Corp.and Apple Computer.

Apparat, Inc.

4401 So. Tamarac Parkway, Denver. CO 80237 (303) 741 -! 778

"O/Y GOIHG SUPPORT FOR MICROCOMPUTERS'

System Log

3-Va A/H. -

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DIAGNOSTICS

Diagnostics II is SuperSoft's expandedDiagnostic package.

Diagnostic II builds upon the highly acclaimed DiagnosticsI. It will test each of the five areas of your system:

Terminal

Memory

Printer

CPU

Disk

Every test is expanded.

Every test is "submit"-able. A "submit" file is includedin the package which "chains" together the programs inDiagnostics II, achieving an effective acceptance test. Alloutput can be directed to a log file for unattendedoperation, for example over night testing. Terminal test isnow generalized for most crt terminals. A quick-test hasbeen added for quick verification of the working of thesystem.

The memory test is the best one we have encountered. It hasnew features, including:

• default to the size of the CP/M Transient Program Area

• printout of a graphic memory map

• bank selection option

• burn in test

• memory speed test

Diagnostics-ll includes the only CPU test for 8080/8085/Z80.

A Spinwriter/Diablo/Qume test has been added, whichtests for the positioning and control features of the Spin-writer/Diablo/Qume as well as its ASCII printing features.(Serial Interface only)

And, as with all SuperSoft products, a complete online HELPsystem and user manual is included.

Price: $100.00 (manual only): $15.00

Requires: 32K CP/M Software available lor virtually all CP/M

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You can check on any damage to your robot via theDAMAGE register. This contains the percent damage therobot can yet sustain. Should this register reach zero,your robot explodes, disappearing from the arena. Thereis also a RANDOM register for accessing a random-num-ber generator.

Battle Language

Programs are written in Battle Language, an assembly-like language that supports only simple arithmetic opera-tions, the high-level branch constructs IF, GOTO, andGOSUB, and the assignment statement TO. Some sur-prisingly elegant code is possible with this abbreviatedset, especially if you use the indexing feature.

The instruction manual provides examples of basicroutines needed to control robots. Moving, monitoringdamage, scanning for enemy robots, and shooting are alltreated clearly and concisely. The complete source codefor Mover (see listing 1), a Muse-supplied demonstrationrobot that embodies one of the more sophisticated pre-programmed strategies, is also included.

The best way to learn Battle Language, however, is towrite a robot program yourself. To facilitate this, Museincludes a not-so-rudimentary, screen-oriented texteditor as one of the main-menu choices. It includes com-

Number Name

Type

1

A

Storage

2

B

Storage

3

C

Storage

4

D

Storage

5

E

Storage

6

F

Storage

7

G

Storage

8

H

Storage

9

1

Storage

10

J

Storage

11

K

Storage

12

L

Storage

13

M

Storage

14

N

Storage

15

O

Storage

16

P

Storage

17

Q

Storage

18

R

Storage

19

S

Storage

20

T

Storage

21

U

Storage

22

V

Storage

23

w

Storage

24

X

Current X position

25

Y

Current Y position

26

z

Storage

27

AIM

Control gun aim

28

SHOT

Fires the gun

29

RADAR

Pulse radar

30

DAMAGE

Monitor damage

31

SPEEDX

Control horizontal speed

32

SPEEDY

Control vertical speed

33

RANDOM

Random number generator

34

INDEX

Index to other registers

Table 1: Registers available to the programmer of a robot's

computer.

Twenty-four are

general-purpose storage regis-

ters, ten provide control functions of some kind.

28 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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plete cursor control and even moving of text "blocks."Once the source is complete, it can be assembled and puton the "test bench."

The test bench is a program feature that lets you ex-amine the operation of a robot program without actuallygoing to the battlefield; it's sort of a dynamic debugger.The program statements being executed are displayed onthe screen along with the values in various registers, andinstantaneous information on theoretical speed, position,

Photo 2: The Robotwar battlefield during combat.

and status of the robot is available. You can single-stepthrough the program, stop it altogether, and evensimulate attacks and radar acquisition of targets.

To my mind, the test bench is an important idea andwill probably prove most useful to people just learning toprogram. Although every beginning robot programmer(and most veteran ones) will make mistakes when pro-gramming a robot, it would be very discouraging formost to watch their prize creation blindly beating itselfagainst a wall. The test bench gives you the means to findbugs—makes it easy, in fact—and to correct them beforepitting your robot against others. The simplicity of BattleLanguage and the availability of the test bench make pro-gramming a less imposing task, especially for beginners,and suggest Robotwar's use as an instructional device inclassroom settings.

Gird Thy Loins

When a robot's source code is completed, assembled,and the object code is stored on disk, the programmerthen takes the role of spectator. Robotwar lets you selectyour robot's opponents from a set of adversaries that in-cludes robots programmed by Muse as well as those writ-ten by your friends or enemies. If you are a solitaryplayer, your robot may have no other opponents thanthose the program supplies. Any mix of up to five robotsand multiples of the same robot are allowed in the arena.

Preprogrammed robots that come with the game dem-

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onstrate some simple but increasingly effective strategiesthat can be tough to beat:

Target does nothing, but still wins once in a while

because more active robots tend to destroy each other

first.

Scanner sits in one spot and scans 360 degrees, looking

for an enemy; when one is found, Scanner "locks on" and

keeps firing until the enemy is destroyed.

Random is similar to Scanner but constantly moves in a

random pattern.

Mover is similar to Scanner but, if damaged, moves to a

new location.

Bottom remains in constant motion along the south wall

of the arena, always scans due north, and fires as it passes

an enemy.

In a recent ten-game match, Bottom won most often,followed by Mover, Random, Target, and Scanner.

When I first saw Bottom perform, I was perplexed.Eventually I realized it was using constant motion to scanthe whole arena while presenting a moving target to therest of the field. Its evasive action usually allowed it tosurvive the longest.

Bottom is a rather simplistic program. The robotblithely runs a back-and-forth course parallel to thearena's south waf but doesn't watch where it's going.Should another robot move into its path, the two will

collide repeatedly until one dies.

A Small Problem

The success of Bottom's elegantly simple strategy in-spired me to see if a few modifications could fix some ofits shortcomings and improve its performance. I createdTops, a version that mirrored Bottom's wall-hugging mo-tion but along the north wall instead. The major dif-ference was that Tops would pause to scan its path, and ifanother robot were too close to the north wall, Topswould halt and destroy it before continuing. I wasamazed at the performance: Tops lost every battle I

It seems there is a more subtle reason for Bottom'sbeing programmed to hug the south wall: all the prepro-grammed robots, including Bottom, are initialized facingnorth. Tops was a sitting 'droid. Worse yet, it kept run-ning into walls and would help destroy itself before ittraversed the arena five times. The solution to the firstproblem was, of course, to choose a different wall. Thesecond problem was more serious and points out a signif-icant problem with the game itself: the more sophis-ticated a robot's program is, the longer it takes to run andthe longer a robot takes to react to changing conditions(such as an approaching wall).

A common microcomputer might interpret hundredsof thousands of BASIC instructions in one second.Robotwar's robots seem to execute fewer than ten in onesecond. Your robot can run into something and inflict

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32 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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33

Listing 1: Sample source code for Mover. One of the more so-phisticated of the preprogrammed robots, Mover sweeps thearena with radar to find an enemy, "locks on" and fires until theenemy is destroyed, but is smart enough to take evasive action iffired upon.

250 TO RANDOM ; INITIALIZE RANDOM NUMBER

START

DAMAGE TO D

SCAN

IF DAMAGE # D GOTO MOVEAIM + 17 TO AIM

SPOT

AIM TO RADARIF RADAR > 0 GOTO SCAN0 - RADAR TO SHOTGOTO SPOT

MOVE

RANDOM TO HRANDOM TO V

MOVEX

H - X * 100 TO SPEEDXIF H - X > 10 GOTO MOVEXIF H - X < -10 GOTO MOVEX0 TO SPEEDX

MOVEY

V - Y * 100 TO SPEEDYIF V - Y > 10 GOTO MOVEYIF V - Y < -10 GOTO MOVEY0 TO SPEEDYGOTO START

SAVE CURRENT DAMAGE

TEST : MOVE IF DAMAGEDIF NOT, INCREMENT AIM

ALIGN RADAR TO AIMSCAN IF NO ENEMY FOUNDOR SHOOT SPOTTED ENEMYIS ENEMY STILL THERE

;PICK A RANDOM PLACE TO GO

TRAVEL TO NEW X LOCATION

TEST X POSITION

TEST X POSITION

STOP HORIZONTAL MOVEMENT

TRAVEL TO NEW Y LOCATION

TEST Y POSITION

TEST Y POSITION

STOP VERTICAL MOVEMENT

START SCANNING AGAIN

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Instruction Meaning

TO

+

IF

GOTOGOSUBENDSUB

Stores a value in a register.

Adds two values.

Subtracts two values.

Multiplies two values.

Divides one value by another.

Compares two values and alters program sequence.

Goes to a label in the program.

Executes a subroutine.

Returns from a subroutine.

Table 2: Commands in Battle Language. This simplistic pro-gramming language combines high-level branching con-structs with low-level access to robot functions. The smallnumber of instructions means that beginners don't have tomaster a difficult language just to play the game.

ypwn (?otnfiiete Siuviu. (a* &HttaKW<6 "pvtmAl

damage on itself while jumping to a subroutine. Sadly,this is going to discourage structured programming infavor of straight-line coding (GOSUBs take time).

Although not of the same magnitude, there is anotherproblem that I found vexing: the stalemate. Occasional-ly, two robots never detect each other or never score hitson one another. Because of timing relationships in thegame (program lengths, robot speed, and scanning inter-vals), robots may continually cycle through the properinstructions, performing flawlessly but never damagingeach other. For instance, Bottom and Scanner might fallinto a rut where Bottom never "blips" the radar at just theright time to see Scanner, while Scanner might see Bot-tom but always fires a few degrees off and is never able toscore a hit.

Peacetime Use

Fighting isn't this game's only function. I have triedsome interesting experiments without firing a shot. Myfavorite involves a robot I call D-Cell (for decelerate).

D-Cell is programmed to go as far as possible in onedirection, then turn left a random number of degrees andrepeat, decelerating or stopping to avoid oncoming ob-jects. This is quite a challenge, considering that severalD-Cells may be roaming around at various speeds on oddcourses.

The beauty of Battle Language lies in its simplicity, itshigh-level constructs with low-level access to robot func-tions. Unfortunately, Robotwar does not allow the userto choose a robot's position or to have it pick up objects.

Conclusions

• As a spectator sport, Robotwar is merely interesting.People who play it, however, may become obsessed.

• Battle Language is easy to learn and simple enough toallow neophytes to get adequate results in just a fewminutes. Enough possibilities exist to challenge a veteranprogrammer for hours.

• Robotwar's text editor and test bench are features thatdemonstrate this product's sophistication.

• Robotwar is more than just a game. It can be used as aneducational tool to teach the fundamentals of program-ming and process control. ■

34 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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A faceless stranger in the crowd presses a slip of paper into your hand and is gone. You are surprised, but only fora moment; after all, they had said that you would be contacted. You follow the confusing directions on the paper andfind yourself somewhere in an unfamiliar part of town. And there it is—the neon sign above the warehouse doorproclaims "The Coinless Arcade." Something deep inside you knows that it is true. You walk inside, and you see allthe games you've ever played and a few you never knew existed. Clusters of people, gathered together in friendlycompetition, surround most of the games. You walk up to a vacant machine, one of your favorites, reach into yourpocket, and pull out a quarter. You start to put it in the machine, but find no slot for it. Smiling, you replace thecoin in your pocket and press the flashing red button labeled START. The fun begins, and you know it is only thebeginning.

Strictly speaking, the Coinless Arcade does not exist. But, in a way, it does: inthe software available for many of today's microcomputers. We just came back <from the Coinless Arcade with photos of some of the newest and best computergames around. Take a stroll through our Coinless Arcade. We think you'll likewhat you see.

iff:

7/ "Roar!" "Yipel" This is the only(| dialogue between the two fightingdinosaurs that star in this two-playergame. The dinosaurs, maneuvered byplayers with joysticks, try to bite eachother on the back of the neck. A nicetouch is that the battle is not even to thedeath—when the score of one dinosaurgoes to zero, it retreats into the dis-tance. Dino Wars, by Robert Kilgus, for

the TRS-80 Color Computer, $39.95 (car-tridge), from Radio Shack, One TandyCenter, Fort Worth TX 76102.

The graphics and music of LeoChristopherson make Voyage ofthe Valkyrie a top-notch game. You com-mand the attack ship Valkyrie and mustsecure the island of Fugloy by findingand capturing the ten castles there.Norse place names and occasional

music from Wagner operas lend adistinctive style to this game. Voyage ofthe Valkyrie, for the TRS-80 Model I or III(shown here) or the Apple II or II Plus,$39.95 (disk), from Advanced OperatingSystems, 450 St. John Road, Suite 792,Michigan City IN 46360.

This original game is, in someways, the opposite of the popularStar Castle arcade game. You command

>enior Editor

the ship in the middle, and you try to lastas long as possible against kamikazeships that are battering your shields.You can shoot past your shields at theenemy ships, but they are very hard tohit. Space Warrior, by Marc Goodman,lor the Apple II or II Pius, $24.95 (disk),from Broderbund Software, 2 Vista WoodWay, San Rafael, CA 94901.

/^dI Apple Panic is one of the most'JT creative and novel games to beinvented for a microcomputer. The smallcreatures after you are "apples," andyou have only one way of stopping them.You must dig holes in the walkway youare on; when an "apple" falls into oneand is temporarily stuck there, you mustknock it through before it can get out ofthe hole and repair the walkway. Unlikeso many arcade games that can oftendefeat you in less than a minute, thisgame is slow paced and easy to play (al-though It is still challenging). ApplePanic, by Ben Serki, for the Apple II or IIPlus, $29.95 (disk), from BroderbundSoftware, 2 Vista Wood Way, SanRafael, CA 94901.

Kayos is an assault on thesenses. While a field of asteroidsdistracts your eyes and two colored air-

craft (middle) try to ram your ship (atbottom), your objective is to shoot thequickly moving red ship zooming acrossthe top of the screen. Kayos, for anyAtari 400/800, $34.95 (disk or cassette),from Computer Magic Ltd, 176 Main St,Port Washington NY 11050.

/Aj\ The classic game Galactic Empire\J has recently been translated forthe Atari 400 and 800 computers. In thisfree-form game of military strategy, youcommand the flagship Orion and mustuse your limited resources to conquerand hold the twenty inhabited planets ofthe known galaxy. Galactic Empire, byDouglas Carlston (Atari translation byDavid Simmons), for the Atari 400/800,$19.95 (cassette), from Adventure Inter-national, POB 3435, Longwood FL 32750.

.Horn Inc 37

Jf Olympic Decathlon is theil definitive game for thearmchair athlete. Actually,Olympic Decathlon is a series ofgames that lets up to eightpeople compete in the tenevents of the Decathlon. Timingand finger endurance are the

qualities that guarantee suc-cess. In the 110-meter hurdleevent (shown here), you have topress two paddle buttons in anexact sequence to make yourplayer "run"; he jumps whenyou hold down a button forlonger than an instant. Olympic

Decathlon, by Timothy Smith, forthe Apple II or II Plus, $29.95(disk), or the Radio ShackTRS-80, $29.95 (disk orcassette), from MicrosoftConsumer Products, 400 18thAve NE, Suite 200, Bellevue WA98004.

Earth is a battleground!

You must patrol the skies,shoot down strange creaturesthat materialize from thin air,and rescue humans that arebeing abducted by a mysteriousblue-winged creature. Thisgame, loosely based on theWilliams Defender coin-operatedgame, has the most breath-taking graphics I've seen todate! Gorgon, by Nasir Gebelli,for the Apple II or II Plus, $39.95(disk), from Sirius Software,2011 Arden Way #225A,Sacramento CA 95825.

Most microcomputergames that are versions ofexisting board or equipmentgames aren't worth the disksthey're printed on, but RasterBlaster does not fall into thatcategory! Ignore the totallyrealistic ball movement if youwant to, but the robot arms thatcan hold a ball in play for laterrelease are a feature that no

0

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existing pinball machine canmatch. Raster Blaster, by BillBudge, for the Apple II or IIPlus, $29.95 (disk), fromBudgeCo, 428 Pala Avenue,Piedmont CA 94611.

Ml Missile Command, one ofTT the most popular coin-operated arcade games to date,is now available in a cartridgefor the Atari 400 or 800computers. The trackball of thecoin-operated version has beenreplaced by an Atari joystick,and you have only one missilebase (not three), but the sights,sounds, and behavior of theoriginal game are still there.Missile Command, for the Atari400/800 computer, $39.95 (car-tridge), from Atari Inc. ConsumerDivision, 1195 Borregas Ave,Sunnyvale CA 94086.

This night-driving gamefeatures five Grand Prix-type racetracks, manual orautomatic conditions, sound,varying road conditions, andseveral other options. Thegraphics and human engineeringon this game are very good.International Grand Prix, byRichard Orban, for the Apple IIor II Plus, $30.00 (disk), fromRiverbank Software Inc, POB128, Smith's Landing Road,Denton MD 21629.

/So you like the Pac-Manarcade game? Then youronly decision is whichmicrocomputer look-alike tobuy—Snoggle (left) or Gobbler(right). Snoggle reproduces theplay of the original game better,but Gobbler has smoother andmore interesting graphics. Both

are for the Apple II. Snoggle, byJun Wada and Ken Iba, $32.95(disk), from Broderbund Soft-ware, Box 3266, Eugene OR97403. Gobbler, by OlafLubecke, $24.95 (disk), fromOn-Line Systems, 36575 MudgeRanch Road, Coarsegold CA93614.

Computer-game enthusi-asts have been "landing"spaceships on other planets foras long as computers have beenaround. Now you can try yourskill on the Commodore VIC withthe new Super Lander game. Ofcourse, the most dangerouslanding sites are the mostrewarding. VIC Super Lander, forthe Commodore VIC computer,$29.95 (cartridge), fromCommodore Business Machines,681 Moore Rd, King of Prussia,PA 19406.

Most arcade games giveyou three "lives." Whenyou use them up, the gamesend. Not so with Star Thief;destroyed ships are recreated atthe edge of the screen, and youkeep playing until various enemyships carry off all the "power-pods" in the center of thescreen. The game, basedloosely on the Ripoff coin-operated arcade game, can beplayed from either the keyboardor the game paddles and has atwo-player cooperativeversion—both of you against thecomputer. Star Thief, by JamesNitchals, for the Apple II or IIPlus, $29.95 (disk), from CavalierComputer, POB 2032, Del MarCA 92014.

JUN

E£ ;2 ^ .

194i

Ha

, 0 fift

in

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1

31 4 RUMANIAN INFANTRY CORPSMUSTER: S2 COMBAT STRENGTH: 92

/^ Eastern From (7947) /'sT/* possibly the first fun wargame for people who hate wargames. The playing screen isseveral times larger than thevideo-display window—but youcan see the entire map bysmoothly scrolling the windowacross it! Also, the mapchanges with the seasons, thegame has no charts or tables(the computer does all thecalculations automatically), and

there are no long waits for thecomputer to finish a move (itdoes its calculations while youare entering your moves).Eastern Front (1941), by ChrisCrawford, for the Atari 400 or800 computers, $26.95(cassette) or $29.95 (disk) plus$2.50 shipping and handling,from the Atari ProgramExchange, POB 427, 155 MoffettPark Dr, Sunnyvale CA 94086.

"From darkest dungeons todeepest space!" Thisextravagant claim is fulfilled bythe game Ultima, a graphics-oriented role-playing game. Thegame takes place in severallocations—outdoors (shownhere) and in space, a three-dimensional dungeon, and acastle. Ultima, by Lord British,for the Apple II or II Plus, $39.95(disk), from California PacificComputer Co, 1623 Fifth St,Davis CA 95616.

JjL Even though you're in thenSt Asylum, they are trying tokill you, and you have untilmorning to get out! Asylum is anadventure game (that is, apuzzle to be solved) withgraphics, full-sentencecommands, and a real-timeclock that gives you a deadlinefor getting out. Not only is it adevious game, it is a very goodbuy for the money. Asylum, byFrank Corr, Jr and WilliamDenman, Jr, for the Radio ShackTRS-80 Models I and III, $14.95(cassette), $19.95 (disk), fromMed Systems Software, POB2674, Chapel Hill NC 27514.

Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar

Build a Touch ToneDecoder for Remote Control

Steve Ciarcia

POB 582

Glastonbury CT 06033

I'm lucky. Every month I can chipaway at my mental list of unfulfilledfantasies through my Circuit Cellarproject for BYTE. The editorial staffthinks of these articles as "a selectedmixture of electronic theory andhardware presented as a practical ap-plication for personal-computing en-thusiasts." [That's what Steve thinkswe think. . . .RSS] Up to now I havecarefully avoided revealing my truemotivations.

This month, however, my "selectedmixture" turned into a long-termengineering project. Let me explain.

I have always wanted to be able totelephone the computerized home-control system in my house fromanywhere in the country, to find outwhat the conditions are like in andaround the house, be informed ofproblems or messages, and remotelycontrol lights and thermostat settings.

This idea is neither new norsomething found only in science fic-tion. Any computer presentlyequipped with an autoanswer modemcould conduct such a dialogue with aremote user terminal, transmittingand receiving ASCII (American Stan-

Touch Tone is a registered trademark of theBell System for its dual-tone, multiple-frequencysignaling system.

Some figures accompanying this article wereprovided through the courtesy of the Interna-tional Telephone & Telegraph Corporation andMostek Corporation.

dard Code for Information Inter-change) characters.

But I really don't want to carry anASCII terminal with me. For the sim-ple functions I propose, even carryinga small pocket terminal is quite abother. I don't need a full keyboardfor a few simple coded inputs, andwith a little innovative thinking I caneliminate the need for a messagedisplay at the remote end of the com-munication.

Innovative Thinking

The keypad on a Touch Tonetelephone receiver is a readilyavailable, convenient means oftransmitting data. (Only telephoneinstruments from the Bell System areproperly called Touch Tone; thegeneric term used by other telephonemanufacturers is dual-tone, multiple-frequency, or DTMF, signaling.)Where only rotary-dial telephonesare available, a battery-poweredDTMF keypad can be carried muchmore easily than any full-functionterminal. Decoding of DTMF signalsby my home-control computer,therefore, became one cornerstone ofmy remote-command arrangement.

The other cornerstone was to beoutput in the form of audibleresponses: words spoken over thetelephone line by a voice synthesizerdriven by the computer. Those whohave read my June and September1981 articles know I have been ex-perimenting with two voice-synthesis

integrated circuits: the Digitalkerfrom National Semiconductor andthe Votrax SC-01 from the VotraxDivision of Federal Screw Works. Us-ing these components, I designed theMicromouth and Sweet Talker speechinterfaces, respectively. Either ofthese, interfaced in an approved wayto the telephone line, could give methe voice-response capability I envi-sioned.

My first step was to decode theDTMF tones. As the title of this arti-cle indicates, I didn't get much fur-ther.

Pitfalls for the Unwary

There are many decoding schemes.Most work only at room temperaturewhen the tide is high and the moon isfull. Even though they might workunder ideal circumstances, the cir-cumstances encountered in transcon-tinental communication are often farfrom ideal. Decoding DTMF tonesreliably turned out to be a much moredifficult task than I imagined.

Budgeting a couple of days to buildthe DTMF decoder and set up thetelephone interface, I started by look-ing through other magazines for ap-propriate circuits. There were veryfew such circuits (this should havebeen a clue), and most of them usedtype-567 small-scale-integrationphase-locked-loop tone-decoderchips.

In a classic me-too approach, Iwired up seven LM567 tone decoders

42 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

and tested a quick-and-dirty circuit.Unsatisfied with its reliability, I add-ed a separate bandpass filter to the in-put of each LM567. This greatly im-proved the signal-to-noise ratio, butit used a hundred components. I putthis circuit aside and tried usingseparate bandpass filters with an in-tegrated DTMF tone-decoder chip.This reduced the component count by25 percent, but it was hardly the"quick-build" Circuit Cellar project Iwanted. I soon realized why I hadn'tseen many articles on personal ap-plications of DTMF decoding.

Telephoning my computer andhaving it respond with audible wordswill have to wait. We have to beginwith the subtopic of DTMF encodingand decoding.

Principles of DTMF

The next time you pick up thehandset of a Touch Tone or otherDTMF-dialing telephone receiver,press one of the keys and listen. Thesound you hear, aside from the dialtone, is not a single-frequency sinewave but a combination of two fre-quencies. The 12 keys are arranged infour rows and three columns, asshown in table 1 on page 45. All thekeys in a given row or column haveone tone in common. For example,pressing the digit "9" (row 3 and col-umn 3) produces an 852 Hz and a1477 Hz tone simultaneously.Similarly, pressing "4" (row 2 andcolumn 1) produces 770 Hz and 1209Hz tones simultaneously.

The full DTMF-encoding standarddefines four rows and four columnsfor a total of 16 two-tone combina-tions. Standard telephones use only12 of these combinations, but for thepurposes of this discussion we shallconsider all 16. Depending upon yourapplication, these extra codes may beuseful.

The eight frequencies associatedwith the rows and columns areseparated into two groups. The lowgroup, containing row information,has a range of 697 Hz to 941 Hz. Thehigh group, containing column infor-mation, covers 1209 Hz to 1633 Hz.

Copyright © 1981 by Steven A. Ciarcia.All rights reserved.

Photo la: A standard Touch Tone DTMF-encoding module used by the BellSystem. It can encode tone pairs for four rows and three columns of the fullDTMF matrix.

Photo lb: The back side of the Touch Tone module showing the transistorized in-ductance/capacitance oscillators and the mechanical levers and contacts.

December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 43

(la)

Rl R2 R3 R4

+ V

13

12

a 1

RrRr

+ v

A

RrRr

KEYBOARD LOGIC

OSC M

OUT

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IN

ROWCOUNTER

SINE-WAVECOUNTER

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KEYBOARD LOGIC

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I 10

MUTE OUT

116 TONE

OUTPUT

U TRANSMITTER

SWITCH

15 SINGLE-TONE

INHIBIT

CI C2 C3 C4

Figure la: Block diagram of the Mostek MK5087 DTMF (dual-tone, multiple-frequency) signal encoder.

(lb)

+ 9V

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4-BY-4 MATRIX KEYPAD

I

j-^ DTMF

"—^ TONE OUTPUT

Figure lb: Schematic diagram of a DTMF-encoding circuit that employs the MK.5087, a 4-by-4 matrix keypad, and a 3.579545 MHzcolor-burst crystal.

44 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

As you can see from table 1, there islittle bandwidth between frequencies.

A variety of methods are employedto generate and decode these tonecombinations. Generally, the level ofsophistication employed in these cir-cuits is governed by the application.Telephone companies strive forreliability and aren't particularly con-cerned with the size and weight of theresult. Apparently, the telephone-company engineers' primary concernis that the system should still work 20years from now and withstand anuclear attack. Thus, except in thevery latest equipment, discrete LC-(inductance/capacitance) tuned cir-cuits are usually found in telephone-company equipment.

Non-telephone-company commer-cial users of DTMF signaling take adifferent approach. Instead of LC-tuned circuits, they generally prefercrystal-controlled integrated-circui t-based systems. One system is notnecessarily better than the other, butthe large telephone companies havemore facilities for winding inductors.

In computer-control applications,the approach I recommend is tofollow in the footsteps of the com-mercial designers, using large-scale-integrated circuits where possible. Inthe case of encoding the row and col-umn signals, this route is obvious andthe cost is relatively low. DTMFdecoding, on the other hand, is fairlycomplicated and relatively expensive.Before choosing one of the cheaperapproaches, try to make a fairevaluation of the time involved inbuilding and troubleshooting such acircuit and weigh that against a slight-ly more expensive integrated circuitwith fewer potential problems.

DTMF Encoding

Telephone companies have tradi-tionally used transistor LC oscillatorsto encode the DTMF tone pairs. Thepractical alternative for the rest of usis use of an integrated tone-encodercomponent, such as the MM53125from National Semiconductor andthe MK5087 from Mostek. Referredto as integrated tone-dialer circuits,these chips divide a 3.579545 MHzreference frequency into the eightDTMF frequencies. The frequency

combinations are selected by a 12- or16-key matrix keypad connecteddirectly to the chip. The output is astair-step D/A (digital-to-analog) ap-proximation of the mixture of thehigh- and low-group tones. No fre-quency adjustment is necessary tomeet standard DTMF specifications,and the average circuit configurationrequires little more than the keypad,a crystal, and the integrated circuit.Figure 1 shows a block diagram of the

MK5087 and a typical DTMF-encoder circuit.

If you don't want to assemble aDTMF encoder, Radio Shack sells anencoder complete with a 12-keykeypad. Using an MM53125, theCEX-4000 tone-generating keypadmodule (catalog number 277-1010)presently costs $16.95. To use it, youalso need a 3.579545 MHz crystal(number 272-1310), which costs$1.99. Simply add a power supply

Photo 2: The Radio Shack DTMF-encoding keypad module (catalog number277-1010), which incorporates the National Semiconductor MM53125 tone-encoder chip.

High Group

Column 0 Column 1 Column 2 Column 31209 Hz 1336 Hz 1477 Hz 1633 Hz

LowGroup

Row 0, 697 HzRow 1, 770 HzRow 2, 852 HzRow 3, 941 Hz

©

©

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©©

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©©©©

Table 1: The dialing matrix of the DTMF (dual-tone, multiple-frequency) signalingsystem. The two-dimensional matrix allows 16 different combinations of tones torepresent 10 digits and 6 control signals. The low-group frequencies correspond tothe matrix row; the high-group frequencies correspond to the column. Column 3 isnot normally used in tone dialing, but it can be useful in remote-control applications.

December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 45

Number

Type

+ 5 V

GND

-12 V

+ 12 V

IC1

MC1458

4

8

IC2

MC1458

4

8

IC3

MC1458

4

8

IC4

MC1458

4

8

IC5

LM567

4

7

IC6

LM567

4

7

IC7

LM567

4

7

IC8

LM567

4

7

IC9

LM567

4

7

IC10

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4

7

IC11

LM567

4

7

IC12

74LS02

14

7

IC13

74LS02

14

7

IC14

74LS02

14

7

ANALOG INPUT

/VOrf.- ADJUST TRIM POTON EACH FILTERTO PEAK ATTONE-DECODERSET POINT.

and speaker to make it fully opera-tional.

DTMF Decoding

DTMF decoding is considerablymore complicated than DTMF en-coding. Only recently has the adventof the single-chip decoder/receiver,such as the ITT MSD3210, madereliable DTMF decoding easy toachieve. In fact, I didn't find outabout this hybrid component until

after attempting to build a number ofother circuits. If I had had this deviceinitially, I could have devoted moretime to the other parts of my remotehome-control arrangement. How-ever, since you might appreciate theMSD3210 and its kin more by seeingwhat you are missing, I will coversome of the other circuits I con-structed.

The circuits range in complexityfrom approximately 100 components

down to just two: a single integratedcircuit and a crystal.

Discrete-Filter DTMF Decoder

Whatever the circuit, the purposeof a DTMF receiver is to decode tonesthat indicate which key was pressedon the transmitter. The output fromthe decoder can be a logic pulse onone of 12 output lines, a 4-bit binarycode, or separate 2-bit row and 2-bitcolumn outputs. The latter two

46 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

IC5 LM567IN 697 Hz OUT

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Figure 2: Schematic diagram of a DTMF-decoding circuit that employs separate LM567 tone decoders with associated input filters fora total of approximately 100 components.

December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 47

methods combined with a "tone-detect" strobe signal are most fre-quently employed for connecting theDTMF receiver to a computer.

Most of the DTMF receiver circuitsproduced by hobbyists have incor-

porated seven type-567 tone-detectorchips, one for each of the four low-group frequencies and for three of thefour high-group frequencies (thefourth high-group frequency is notneeded in many applications). The

Photo 3: A Touch Tone DTMF receiver, used by the Bell System, consisting oftuned inductance/capacitance circuits and relays. This type of transistorizedanalog tone detector is quite accurate but very bulky.

Photo 4: The assembled prototype of the DTMF-decoding circuit shown in theschematic diagram of figure 2. This brute-force method requires about 100 com-ponents that take much patience to assemble and adjust.

LM567 is a phase-locked-loop fre-quency detector that can be adjustedto detect the presence of a particularfrequency even at very low signal-to-noise ratios. Detection errors arereduced with the addition of high-gain bandpass filters on each LM567input.

The usual technique is to connectthe seven or eight LM567 analog fre-quency detectors in parallel. Withone LM567 adjusted to each of thefrequencies in table 1, DTMFdecoding simply consists of determin-ing which pair of LM567s is detectingtones. While this circuit works fine inthe lab (or Circuit Cellar) under idealconditions, experience has shownthat the extraneous noise often pres-ent on telephone lines can cause con-siderable false detection.

Figure 2 illustrates a slightly better12-key analog DTMF receiver thatuses separate filters and LM567 tonedecoders. Each filter and tonedecoder combination is tuned for aspecific frequency. Three 74LS02quad two-input NOR gates, IC12through IC14, present a l-of-12-lineoutput. Stable operation of this cir-cuit requires the use of Mylar orpolycarbonate capacitors in eachfilter section and 1-percent-precisionresistors where noted.

Integrated Tone-Receiver Chips

The alternative approach to analogDTMF decoding is digital. The firstDTMF receiver I built that I trustedused a CMOS (complementary metal-

Lower

Upper

Detection

Detection

DTMF

Frequency Frequency

Frequency (Hz)

Limit (Hz)

Limit (Hz)

697

683

711

770

755

786

852

834

869

941

922

960

1209

1184

1233

1336

1309

1363

1477

1447

1507

1'633

1600

1666

Table 2: The standard DTMF frequen-

cies with the minimum and maximum

values accepted within the 2-percent

tolerance of

digital tone-decoding

devices such as

the Mostek MK5102.

48 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 363 on inquiry card.

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Actual Size, 5/s x 2% x 67/

169

95

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Circle 126 on inquiry card.

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. MP/M II,LINK-80, RMAC, LIB-80, and RDT are trademarks ol Digital Research," Copyright 1981 Digital Research

ID DJGITflL RESEARCH*

(3al

HIGH GROUP O-

r

AMPLIFIER

PERIODCOUNTERANDAVERAGER

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3.579545 MHz

OSCILLATOR

CIRCUITRY

DIVIDER

LOW GROUP O

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v+ O-

COINCIDENCE TIMERINTERDIGIT TIMER

I

CONTROL LOGIC ANDCODE CONVERTER

h

1

0

FORMATCONTROL

4 BITOUTPUT

STROBE

H

Figure 3a: Block diagram of the Mostek MK5102 DTMF decoder/receiver. This device accepts DTMF signal inputs in two frequencybands, one each for the high group and low group of tones. A digital method is used to count the frequency of the signal beingreceived.

oxide semiconductor) integratedtone-receiver chip, the MostekMK5102. The internal functions ofthis device are shown in figure 3a onpage 52; its input-filter requirementsare shown in figure 3b. Figure 3cshows a block diagram of a typical

DTMF-receiver circuit using theMK5102. It consists of three basiccomponents: group filters, limiters,and digital tone receiver.

In a digital DTMF-receiver circuit,the input is first separated throughfilters into the low-group frequencies

(3b)

697 Hi 941 Hz 1209 Hz 1633 Hz

OdB

r

-5dB

/l/l

-lOdB

11

-15dB

J

11j

-20dB-25dB

/ LOW-/ GROUP/ FILTER

1

1

1

\ 11 1

HIGH-GROUPFILTER

-30dB

-33dB

■■■/...

\l

v

i i i

i

^ '

soo

1000

2000

3000

FREQUENCY

(H

)

RELATIVE INPUT LEVEL VI FREQUENCY

Figure 3b: Input frequency-band requirements of the MK5102. As you can see, therequired bandpass slopes are stringently steep.

and the high-group frequencies. Theamplitude is then hard-limited tomatch the tone receiver's input cir-cuitry. The MK5102 detects theDTMF tone through a digital count-ing method. The zero crossings of theincoming waveforms are counted fornine periods and the results averagedover a longer period. (For thesecounting-type integrated tonereceivers to operate correctly, the in-put frequency must be exact within±2 percent, as shown in table 2.)When a valid DTMF-digit tone pairhas persisted for a minimum of 33milliseconds, the data are latched on-to the outputs, and the output strobegoes high. When the valid digit is nolonger received, the output strobegoes low.

Many experimenters have been leddown the garden path with regard tothese integrated tone-receiver chips.At $20 they appear to be a bargain.But the difficult part of implementingthis circuit is not decoding the tonepairs; the filters cause the problem.

52 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

(3c)

OTMF

ANALOG

INPUT

HIGH-GROUPFILTER

LIMITER

LOW-GROUPFILTER

LIMITER

HG IN

LG IN

INTEGRATED

TONE-RECEIVER

CHIP

Figure 3c: Block diagram of a typical DTMF-receiver circuit that uses an in-tegrated tone receiver like the MK5102 with high- and low-group filters andlimiters.

2-OF-8 OR) BINARY-CODEDOUTPUT

STROBE

HIH

3.579545 MHi CRYSTAL

As you can see in figure 3b, thebandpass requirements are excep-tionally tight. Many people buy thetone-receiver chip only to realize theycan't design filters.

Dusting off my disused filter-designtalents, I decided to see if this methodwas feasible at all. Figure 4 on page 54shows an outline of the bandpass-filter method I used. It consists of afifth-order high-pass filter in serieswith a fifth-order low-pass filter. Thecircuit was duplicated and tunedseparately to cover each of the twogroup ranges.

On the high-group side, for exam-ple, the high-pass section allows allfrequencies above 1150 Hz to passthrough. The output of this section inturn is fed to a low-pass filter with acutoff beginning at 1650 Hz.Theoretically, the combined circuitshould be a bandpass filter that passesonly the frequencies between 1150 Hzand 1650 Hz. Similarly, on the low-group side, the bandpass was selectedto be the range of 650 Hz to 1000 Hz.Figure 5 on pages 56 and 57 is aschematic diagram of a circuit thatembodies the design in the blockdiagram of figure 4.

Wiring and testing this circuit gaveme a much greater appreciation forLSI (large-scale integration) devices.While the circuit of figure 5 doeswork, the filters have a cutoff slope ofonly 30 dB per octave, which ismarginal. The MK5102 generally re-quires a band separation of 33 dB, but

it will receive correctly with separa-tion as poor as 22 dB if there is nonoise. Everything worked under Cir-cuit Cellar conditions, but I won'tguarantee anything on the telephoneline without further experimentation.A definite improvement could beobtained by using faster operationalamplifiers, such as LM318s, insteadof the LM741s and MC1458s usedhere. However, I merely wanted tosee if building such a circuit was feasi-ble, and I don't necessarily recom-

mend its use, especially consideringthe DTMF receivers I am about todescribe.

Hybrid Bandpass Filters

The answer to the previous prob-lem is to buy an off-the-shelf filterwith the exact requirements necessaryfor DTMF decoding. Of particularsignificance is a pair of hybrid band-pass filters from ITT (InternationalTelephone & Telegraph Corporation)North, Microsystems Division, calledText continued on page 58

Photo 5: Prototype of the DTMF-decoding circuit of figure 7. This much morecompact approach to DTMF decoding uses two ITT 8-pole hybrid bandpassfilters (for group separation) and the Mostek MK5102 DTMF decoder/receiver.The total cost of the parts is about $85.

December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 53

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54 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 426 on inquiry card.

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■ KEYBOARD ANDDISPLAY ENHANCER

The original Keyboard and DisplayEnhancer is still available for Revi-sion 0-6 Apples (on which the newEnhancer ][ will not fit). TheseApples have memory select socketsat chip locations D1. E1 S. F1. TheKeyboard and Display Enhancerallows entry and display of upper &lower case letters with fully func-tional shift keys. It does NOT haveuser definable keys nor a type aheadbuffer. The price is $129.00.

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HIGH-PASS FILTER

DTMF 0-1/lF

ANALOGINPUT

1N914

-W-

1N914

-w-

100K

CI

LM741

NOTE: ALL CAPACITORS ARE

MYLAR OR POLYCARBONATE

HIGH-PASS FILTER

Figure 5: .4 /i/fer ci'rcwif few'/f from separate high-pass and low-pass stages for the high and low tone groups. While this circuit can beused with the MK5102, hybrid bandpass filters such as the ITT 3044 and 3045 exhibit superior performance.

G3 G3 C3 G31

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56 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 460 on inquiry card.

LOW-PASS FILTER

•39K

56K-WV-

10K 10K 5i >-WV f Wl—f

;0.012/iF

m

0.012/xF

LI MITER

1N914

—w—

1N914

H4-

100K—VW—

■o

HIGH-GROUPOUTPUT

NOTE: ALL CAPACITORS ARE

MYLAR OR POLYCARBONATE

LOW-PASS FILTER

10K

LI MITER

1N914

—w—

1N914

H4-

100K-Vrt-

LOW-GROUPOUTPUT

Number

Type

-12 V

+ 12 V

IC1

LM741

4

7

IC2

MC1458

4

8

IC3

MC1458

4

8

IC4

MC1458

4

8

IC5

LM741

4

7

IC6

LM741

4

7

IC7

MC1458

4

8

IC8

MC1458

4

8

IC9

MC1458

4

8

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m

Circle 175 on inquiry card.

December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 57

Circle 134 on inquiry card.

68000 p? onthe S-100 Bus?

YES, AVAILABLE NOWFROM DUAL SYSTEMS!

D 8 mHz 68000 microprocessor.

□ 16-megabyte direct addressing.D 32-bit internal arithmetic.

D Minicomputer type instructions

including MULTIPLY.

□ FULL IEEE-696 S-100 compliance.

Runs with all 4 mHz S-100 boardsand automatically runs fasterwhen accessing Dual Systemsmemory boards, for FULL SPEEDOPERATION OF THE 68000.

D Powerful vectored interrupts.

7 Vectored interrupts, includingNMI, as well as alternate modehaving up to 256 interrupts.

□ On board monitor ROM for

immediate use.

D Connector for future additionof memory management unit formulti-user operating systems.

D Built to the highest industrialstandards with 200 hour burn-in.

CPU/68000 CPU board $1195

32K-byte 8/16-bit NONVOLATILERAM board, for secure storage ofprograms you are developing.Allows FULL SPEED CPU operation.CMEM-32K, per 32K-bytes .. $895

32K-byte 8/16-bit EPROM board,EPROM-32K $245

Serial I/O board, SIO-2 $285

All of the above with cabinet, powersupply and backplane $3685

OEM and Dealer pricing is available.

Sales representatives in most metropolitan areas.

system reliability/system integrity

DUAL SYSTEMSCONTROL CORPORATION

720 Channing Way, Berkeley, CA 94710(415)549-3854 • TWX 910 366-2035

Text continued from page 53:the 3044/3045 DTMF group filters.Each filter is contained in a 24-pindual-inline package and plugs into astandard integrated-circuit socket. In-ternally, each is an 8-pole bandpassfilter with specifications far exceedingthe minimum requirements of theMK5102. (A performance curve ofthe model 3044/3045 filters is shownin figure 6 on page 58.)

Or-10-20-30-40-50-60

-80

Using these filters, the entire DTMFreceiver can be constructed with only16 components, as shown in figure 7on page 62, a vast improvement overthe complex circuits of figures 2 and5.

The Ultimate Goal

I thought 16 components was theultimate until I discovered two new

Text continued on page 63

OdB ± l.OdB

±_Li t t t t ■ t t t i t

500

1000FREQUENCY (Hz)

1500

2000

Figure 6: Passband curves of the ITT 3044 and 3045 hybrid bandpass filters, designedspecially for DTMF applications.

Dual 2-bitrow/column

4-bit binary

column

row

Digit

D8

D4

D2

D1

D8

D4

D2

D1

1

• 0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

2

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

3

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

0

4

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

5

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

6

0

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

7

0

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

8

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

9

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

1

1

0

1

*

0

1

1

1

1

0

0

#

1

0

0

1

1

1

0

A

1

0

1

0

0

1

1

B

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

C

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

D

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

Table 3: The two output formats of integrated DTMF receivers showing digit cor-respondences. Either a 4-bit binary or a split 2-bit row/column output format maybe chosen. On the Mostek chips, the format is controlled through the FORMATCONTROL input pin; on the ITT devices, the pin having the same function islabeled H/B28.

58 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Start talkingbusiness

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CIS COBOL has been tested and approved for twoconsecutive years by the US General ServicesAdministration as conforming to the ANSI 74COBOL Standard. Apple II under CP/M is includedin CIS COBOL's 1981 GSA Certificate of Validation(at Low-Intermediate Federal Standard plusIndexed l-O and Level 2 Inter-ProgramCommunication).

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Circle 109 on inquiry card.

Circle 135 on Inquiry card.

The

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Pin

Name

Description

1

MON OUT

Provides signal that is one-tenth differential input

2

TP

Internal Test Point

3

vP

Positive Supply Voltage

4

Gl

Gain Adjust I

5

Gil

Gain Adjust II, resistor from Gl to Gil increases sensitivity (seetable 4b)

6

Gill

Gain Adjust III, resistor from Gil to Gill decreases sensitivity (seetable 4b)

7

vN

Negative Supply Voltage (ground)

8

NC

9

XOUT

Crystal Out, 3.579 MHz crystal connected from pin 9 to pin 10

10

XIN

Crystal In (Tie to VP if external oscillator is used)

11

XEN

Enable Internal Oscillator. Tie to VP if crystal is'used, tie to VN ifexternal oscillator is used.

12

ATB

Alternate Time Base. If XEN is high, ATB is clock output. If XENis low, ATB is clock input from other 3210.

13

DV

Data Valid. Indicates tone burst has been detected by going tohigh logic level. Will remain high until tone is removed or CLRDVis pulsed high.

14

CLRDV

Clear Data Valid. Pulsing this pin to a high logic level will resetDV.

15161718

D8D4D2D1

Digital outputs. These outputs provide a coded represen-tation of the signal received when DV is high. The code isselected by H/B28 (pin 19).

19

H/B28

Code Select. When tied to VP, the output on lines D8 through D1is hexadecimal; when tied to VN, the output is binary-coded 2 of8.

20

EN

Output Enable. When this pin is a logic high, the output codes onlines D8 through D1 are enabled. When this pin is a logic low,outputs D8 through D1 assume a high-impedance state.

21

IN1633

Inhibit 1633 Hz. When this pin is at a logic high, the 3210 willdetect only digits 0 through 9, #, and *. When at a logic low, the3210 will detect all 16 tone-pair combinations.

22

NC

23

RING

More negative of the two analog inputs

24

TIP

More positive of the two analog inputs

Table 4a: Description of the pin functions of the ITT MSD3210 integrated tonedecoder/receiver.

Gain Increase

Resistance GI-GII

Gain Decrease

Resistance GII-GIII

3.0 dB

100k

3.5 dB

1 megohm

5.3

50k

6.3

470k

7.1

33k

8.0

330k

9.3

22k

10.3

220k

11.6

15k

12.7

150k

14.3

10k

15.6

100k

Table 4b: Varying amounts of signal gain may be obtained from the adjustable-gainstage of the ITT MSD3210 by connecting different values of resistance, shown here,to the three gain-adjust input pins.

60 December 1981 © BYTE Publications lnc

FORTH

«<FOR/MAT»>™

SCREEN EDITOR

and

KV 33 Corporation

P.O. Box 27246 / Tucson, Arizona 85726

DATA ENTRY SYSTEM

An absolute must for theserious FORTH programmer..,

Current tab overvalue and CPlocation displayed atall times.

Deupdate commandincluded along withother utilities.

Works very well withmemory mappedvideo.

Maintains its own 64byte buffer that neverchanges location.Any text transferredto it via CTRL-Twillremain until systemshut-down or anotherCTRL-T transfer.

Message displayedwhen iNsert mode istoggled on viaCTRL-N.

A special formattedlist routine includedfor printer output.

CP is never allowedoutside of theFORTH screenboundary.

Less than two lines ofcode need to bechanged to work onmost any terminal.(Clear screen codeand the XY cursoraddressing.)

Screen formal for the standard CRT version.

List of commands: These commands are for the TeleVideo 912, butare very easily modified to match the characterset or special functions keys on any terminal.

DELCTRL-LCTRL-HCTRL-G

CTRL-J

CTRL-ECTRL-S

Delete — Delete character to left and move CP left one position.Right arrow —^ — CP advances one position to right.

Left arrow ^ CP advances one position to left.

Get character — Character at CP location is erased when all text on

line to right is moved left one position. The end of line character

location is blanked out.

Tab over to next tab location — The tab over count is stored as a

variable and can be changed to any number between 0 and 63.

CP will advance to next location each time command is given.

Down arrow — CP moves down one line and maintains same

column position.

Up arrow — CP moves up one line and maintains same column

position.

Erase line — Line occupied by CP will be completely erased.

Spread open — All lines below and including CP line move down

one line. . .last line is lost.

. .the editor

CTRL-T Transfer — Transfer the CP line to the editor buffer.

buffer contents will be overwritten.CTRL-R Read — Read a copy of the editor buffer into the line occupied by

CP. . .editor buffer contents remain unchanged.CTRL-D Delete and close —All lines below CP move up one line and last line

is erased to all spaces. . .original line is overwritten.CTRL-C Clear — All lines below and including line occupied by CP are

erased to all spaces. . .total screen is erased if CP is on first line.CTRL-B Beginning of line — CP moves to leftmost position on line.HOME Home — CP moves to top leftmost position of Forth screen.RETURN Return key — Do a carriage return line feed.CTRL-Z Zap to end of line — All text from CP to end of line is erased.

CTRL-F Find — Search screen starting at CP position for a string thatmatches the contents of the editor buffer. (This routine ispurchased separately.)

CTRL-N iNsert mode is toggled on or off — Character input at CP locationwill push text on current line to right one position.. .last characteron line will be lost. . .delete, valid character entry, control-G andcontrol-Narethe only commands recognized while in iNsert mode. . .control-G works the same. . .delete not only deletes thecharacter to the left, but also moves text from CP to end of line leftone position. . .control-N will toggle iNsert mode off.

CTRL-Q Quit editing and return to Forth.

Three listings included. The first listing is for use with a standardCRT terminal. The second and third listings are for use with aMemory Mapped Video (16x64 and 24x80).

The above example reflects a transfer of line 3 to the editor buffer viacontrol-T. The editor buffer contents can be read into any lineoccupied by Character-Pointer via control-R. This buffer neverchanges location and its contents are displayed at all times. It is veryhandy for relocating lines or moving lines from one screen toanother.

Please note the "NSERT/ON" message displayed at the upper rightto indicate that the iNsert mode has been toggled on via CTRL-N.This message is erased when iNsert mode is toggled off.

The TAB over count is stored as a variable so it can be changed atany time. The current value is always displayed to the right of TAB='.

CP location is maintained within the boundaries of the Forth screenat all times. Its value is always displayed to the right of 'CP='.

Memory requirements are well under 2K.

All code conforms to the Forth-79 Standard. Each line of code is fullyexplained and flow-charted (Forth style) for easy modification.

Bomb proof. . .all unused control codes are trapped.

Must be used with a CRT that has cursor addressing or with aMemory Mapped Video.

The FINDWD package is sold separately but space has beenreserved in the EDitor for future insertion. It will prove to be aninvaluable tool for finding a word or words in a screen or searching awide range of screens. It is fully documented and flow-charted. Wespent a tremendous amount of time on this routine and have cut thesearch time down to under a second per screen (for a screen that isalready in memory).

Send check or money order in the amount of $50.00, payable toKV33 Corporation, and receive complete source code, flow-charts,documentation, and instructions for bringing up on your system.

FINDWD package is $35.00. Must have the above screen editor tooperate.

Please include extra postage for overseas orders, shipping weight 10 oz.

> copyright 1981 KV33 Corporation • P.O. Box 27246 • Tucson, Arizona 85726 • (602) 889-5722

Circle 215 on inquiry card.

FIL TER

LIMITED

TONE RECEIVER

ANALOG

DTMF INPUT

FROM

TELEPHONE-LINE

INTERFACE

COUPLER

20

HIGH-GROUPFILTER

IN

OUT

IC1

ITT 3045

16

20

LOW-GROUPFILTER

OUT

IC2

ITT 3044

16

1N914

-w-

1N914

-w-

100K—VW—

IK

1N914

-w-

1N914

100K

—vw—

J

04

D3

IC4

MK5102N-5 02

Dl

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LG V-

OSC IN OSC OUT

+5V

10

-O 04-D>D3HZ>02

DIGITALOUTPUT

-O STROBE

<3

-??

HIH

3.579545 MHiCRYSTAL

Figure 7: Schematic diagram of a DTMF-receiver circuit that employs the ITT 3044 and 3045 hybrid bandpass filters and the MK5102decoder.

TIP-

RING ■

"N"

24

23

M0N OUT

1

VOLTAGEREG

DIAL-TONE-REJECT

FILTER

-•• VREF

Gi I Gi

l~"

ADJ

GAIN

STAGE

CMOS

LSI

DECODER

10

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XOUT

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'1

15

17

13

19

20

21

12

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IN 1633

XENATB

Figure 8: Block diagram of the ITT MSD3210 hybrid thick-film-technology DTMF decoder/receiver shown in photo 6 on page 68.

62 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 136 on inquiry card.

Number Type

+ 5 V GND

-12 V +12 V

IC1 ITT3045

18

13 5

IC2 ITT3044

18

13 5

IC3 MC1458

4 8

IC4 MK5102N-5

1 6

Power connections for

circuits shown

in figure 7.

+ 12VA

TELEPHONE-LINE

INTERFACE

COUPLER

23

21

/77

20

19

11

EN H/B28 XEN VpTIP Dl

D2RING D4

08ITT 3210

IN 1633 DV

CLRDV

VN

XIN

XOUT

18

Ol

17

-o

16

15

-o

-o.

OUTPUTS

13

-O STROBE

3.579546 MHzCRYSTAL

Figure 9: Schematic diagram of connections to the MSD3210 for use as a DTMFreceiver.

Text continued from page 58:integrated circuits from ITT, theMSD3210 and MSD3201. TheMSD3210 is a hybrid DTMF tonereceiver that uses thick-filmCMOS/LSI technology. The outputis a 4-bit code directly compatiblewith standard CMOS logic. Asshown in the block diagram of figure8 on page 62, the input signal isreceived on the telephone-line-compatible inputs called, forhistorical reasons, "tip" and "ring."(This compatibility does not,however, necessarily mean that youcan connect it directly to a telephoneline and still be in compliance withtelephone-company tariffs.) Each lineis protected for a voltage range from-200 to +200 volts, and the twoprovide a balanced differential inputimpedance of 600 k ohms.

The output of this rirst stage ispassed through a high-pass and dial-

tone-reject filter into an adjustablegain and attenuation stage. Next, theCMOS LSI decoder circuit providesbandsplitting, tone detection (by thedigital zero-crossing method), andtiming functions. The output code isselected by the H/B28 (hexadecimalor binary-coded 2-of-8 select) line.The code relationships are shown intable 3. When the DV (output strobe)line goes high, a tone pair is presenton the input lines and the output datalevels are valid. Table 4 on page 60describes the functions of all theMSD3210's pins. A complete DTMF-receiver circuit, as shown in figure 9on page 63, requires only two com-ponents.

While my personal choice for aDTMF receiver right now is theMSD3210, ITT also makes a truesingle-chip CMOS DTMF receiver (asopposed to a hybrid package)

Text continued on page 68

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December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 63

ANALOG IN

Figure 10: Block diagram and pinout specifications of the ITT MSD3201 CMOS DTMF-decoder/receiver chip shown in photo 7.Because of the inherent ease of manufacture of CMOS components, the price of the 3201 may be expected to fall.

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DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

64 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 263 on inquiry card.

TIMINGCIRCUITRY

DV STROBE

DATA STROBE

OUTPUTDECODER

CLR

D VF F

OUTPUTREGISTER

J f

DATA CLEAR

5

IN1633

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19

■CLRDV'

■ DV

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02

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XIN

XOUT

VNA12 ANALOG IN

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December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 65

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You get the features you need,like searching, a scratchpad buffer formoving and rearranging sections oftext, complete file handling onmultiple drives and iteration macros.For ease of use VEDIT has featuresyou won't find elsewhere, likeautomatic indenting for use withstructured languages such as Pascaland PL/I- You are less likely to makea mistake with VEDIT, but if you do,one key will 'Undo' the changes youmade to a screen line. And if yourun out of disk space with VEDIT, youcan easily recover by deleting old filesor even inserting another diskette.Take a hint from our customers whohave other editors and wordprocessors. They find VEDIT thefastest and most comfortable to use.

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Text continued from page 63:designated the MSD3201, the internalstructure of which is shown in theblock diagram of figure 10 on pages64 and 65. It uses a slightly differenttechnique to process the DTMFsignal. After the usual 60-Hz-rejectand bandsplitting filters, the 3201

uses eight bandpass filters to detectthe tones by analog means (rememberthe seven LM567s?), rather than thedigital method employed in the 3210.Other than that, its operation issimilar to the 3210's.

The MSD3201 is aimed at high-volume users. In common with any

DIAL TONEREJECTFILTER

ADJGAINSTAGE

ITT MSD

3 210

CMOS

LSI

DECODER

O

10XIN

o

9XOUT

Block Diagram ITT 3210

_jj |!_J 3.58 MHzil—Ji CRYSTAL

Photo 6: An even more compact DTMF receiver can be made using the ITTMSD3210 hybrid thick-film-technology DTMF decoder/receiver chip. A singledual-inline package and a crystal form the complete receiver, at a cost of about$70.

3201

Integrated DTMF Receiver

ption

3201 is a complete Dual Tone Multiple

icy (DTMF) receiver detecting a selectable

12 or 16 standard digits. No front-ending is needed. The only externally required>nts are an inexpensive 3.58-MHz television

Photo 7: Most future high-volume designs will use advanced devices such as thisITT MSD3201 single-chip CMOS DTMF decoder/receiver.

integrated circuit of this type, its pricewill drop in volume production.

Making the Connection

Before you decide to build one ofthese circuits, be aware of the restric-tions in attaching it to the telephoneline. Like a direct-connect modem orautomatic telephone-answeringdevice, any of these circuits must beconnected through an FCC- (FederalCommunications Commission) ap-proved line-protection transformer orcoupler. This line-interface device isinstalled to protect the telephonesystem from half-asleep ex-perimenters who might short 115volts AC onto the telephone lines.The coupler generally consists of a600-ohm matching transformer andsome overvoltage-protection com-ponents. If you plan on experiment-ing with the telephone lines, thetelephone company will install acoupler for a low monthly charge.

It is not absolutely necessary todirectly connect to the telephonelines. In his book Telephone Ac-cessories You Can Build (reference 2),Jules H. Gilder describes the construc-tion of an automatic answeringdevice using an acoustic-couplingmethod. A small microphone hearsthe telephone ringing and triggers asolenoid that lifts the handset off thecradle. A speaker and microphonefastened over the mouthpiece andearpiece of the handset provide a linkto the user's answering device. Forcasual use, this sort of kluge can beeffective.

Other Possible Approaches

I hope you can see the benefits ofusing the MSD3210 and 3201 DTMFreceivers because of the effort re-quired to construct your ownseparate-component filters. Ofcourse, I have a tendency to leantoward hardware solutions to anyproblem and avoid strenuous pro-gramming. If, however, you hold ablack belt in machine-language pro-gramming, you might try an all-software approach. Conceivably,you could write an FFT (fast-Fourier-transform) routine to detect theDTMF frequencies. Personally, I'drather do something else between ar-

68 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 435 on inquiry card.

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tides than wrack my brain while star-ing at a video display. I'll just buy afew more chips.

One place software might workwell is the DTMF-encoding function.I haven't tried that because I'vealways envisioned myself stepping in-to a phone booth in Butte, Montana,and "talking" to my computerthrough either the built-in TouchTone keypad or a small handheldDTMF encoder. Software-generatedtones might not be very portable. Ifyour application is less mobile, youmight try synthesizing the DTMFwaveforms with software timingloops or through a simple D/A con-version. An informative article byJohn Renbarger entitled "ATelephone-Dialing Microcomputer"that deals with D/A-conversionsignaling on a KIM-1 system waspublished in the June 1980 BYTE(page 140).

In Conclusion

Through a series of circuits rangingfrom a hundred components down totwo, I have attempted to demonstrate

both hobbyist and commercialdecoding techniques. The choice ofwhich one to build is generally a com-promise between assembly time andcomponent cost. If you have a lot ofspare time and an ample junk box,you might try building the100-component circuit. Designersworking on commercial applications,on the other hand, would definitelyopt for the latter. In my own case,wiring all those resistors andcapacitors together once was enough.I will stay with the ITT MSD3210 andgladly pay the difference.

Inasmuch as it may be a whilebefore I have an intelligent conversa-tion with my computer, andtechnology moves very fast, perhapsby the time I am ready to fully imple-ment remote interaction with mycomputer I will discard DTMF signal-ing in favor of voice recognition.

Next Month:

In case you're interested in tryingto generate DTMF waveforms byD/A conversion, we'll look at thebasic principles of digital-to-analog

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and analog-to-digital conversion. Ohyes, you may find it interesting forother applications, too. ■

References

1. Berlin, Howard M. Design of Phase-Locked Loop Circuits, with Experiments.Indianapolis: Howard W. Sams, 1978.

2. Gilder, Jules H. Telephone AccessoriesYou Can Build. Rochelle Park NJ: Hayden,1976.

3. Hilburn, John L. and David E. Johnson.Manual of Active Filter Design. New York:McGraw-Hill, 1973.

4. Lancaster, Don. Active Filter Cookbook.Indianapolis: Howard W. Sams, 1978.

5. Renbarger, John. "A Telephone-DialingMicrocomputer." BYTE, June 1980, page140.

Editor's Note: Steve often refers to previousCircuit Cellar articles as reference material forthe articles he presents each month. These ar-ticles are available in reprint books from BYTEBooks, 70 Main St, Peterborough NH 03458.Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar covers articles appear-ing in BYTE from September 1977 throughNovember 1978. Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar,Volume II presents articles from December1978 through June 1980.

The following items are availablefrom:

The MicroMint Inc.917 MidwayWoodmere NY 11598telephone (516) 374-6793

1. ITT MSD3210 Hybrid DTMF ToneReceiver $66

2. 3.579545 MHz crystal (for use withitem 1) $4

3. ITT MSD3201 CMOS DTMF ToneReceiver $95

4. ITT 3044/3045 Group Filters (onepair) $60.80

Items 1 and 2 will be shipped fromstock. For items 3 and 4, call to deter-mine availability.

Please include $1.50 for shipping andinsurance. New York residents pleaseinclude 7% sales tax. For orders to beshipped outside the United States,please add $6.

To receive a complete list of Oarcia Cir-cuit Cellar kits available from The Micro-Mint, circle 100 on the inquiry card.

70 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 84 on inquiry card.

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The most complete and up-to-date CP/M book you can find. Itwill make your first use of CP/Measy. If you already own CP/M, itwill help you modify your system.#44-6, $12.99 □

CBASIC "Users Guide

by Adam Osborne, Gordon Eubanksand Martin McNiff

Co-authored by Gordon Eu-banks, the creator of CBASIC,this is more than a self-teachingtextbook, it is the definitive ref-erence of the CBASIC language.

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Osborne's three business sys-tems are renowned for excel-lence in design and documenta-tion. Our books explain in de-tail how to use the programs.They contain complete programlistings, supporting technicaldocumentation, and specific in-formation on changing andinstalling the programs.

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You needn't know anythingabout assembly language to usethese books. Each one is astraightforward, self-teachingtextbook that is both precise andeasy to understand.

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^ INTERFACE

Interfacing to S-100 (IEEE696) Microcomputers

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Describes the S-100 Bus withunmatched precision. Coversmechanical and electrical design,logical and electrical relation-ships, bus interconnections, andmuch more. #37-3, $15.00 a

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Provides chapters on all aspectsof the General Purpose InterfaceBus. Includes lines, signals,specifications, and much more.

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Microprocessors forMeasurement and Control

by D.M. Auslander and P. SaguesLearn to design mechanical andprocess equipment using micro-processor based "real-time" com-puter systems. This book allowsreaders (even those unfamiliarwith machine or assembly lan-guage) to initiate projects.

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by Adam Osborne and Gerry KaneThe one source for complete,objective and accurate informa-

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A total reference book onvirtually every 16-Bit micropro-cessor, this book permits objec-tive evaluation and comparisonof these new devices.

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An Introduction toMicrocomputers:Volume 3 - Some RealSupport Devices

by Gerry Kane and Adam Osborne

Available with or without 3-ringbinder or updates. Each deviceis described in detail, includingan analysis of the best uses forthat device. Book - #18-7, $15.00 □

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68000 MicroprocessorHandbook

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This handbook offers more in-formation about the 68000 thanthe manufacturer's data sheets.

CRT Controller Handbook

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Describes five devices in thesame thorough detail you'll findin Volume 3. Contains 13 tablesand 149 separate illustrations.

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8089 I/O ProcessorHandbook

by Adam Osborne

A complete presentation of the8089. The 8289 Bus Arbiter isalso described with the samecareful attention to design andapplication.

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Book Title, Book #, Price

Osborne/McGraw-Hill Dept. B20630 Bancroft Way, Berkeley, CA 94710

Name

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Call Toll Free: 800-227-2895

in California (415) 548-2805

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Olympic Decathlon

David A Kater

POB 1868

La Mesa CA 92041

Photo Is The javelin throw (TRS-80 Model I version)

V^^/kay, you armchairathletes, Microsoft hasa program for you.Slide your easy chairover to the computerand prepare to competein an Olympic Decath-lon—10 events requir-ing speed, timing, andagility.

Game of the Year

When I first heard ofthis program, it sound-ed fairly bland. With itsdull name, I just knewit couldn't compare to"Super-Intergalactic-Cosmos-Blasters."

Luckily, I happenedto witness the presenta-tion of the CreativeComputing Game ofthe Year award at theWest Coast ComputerFaire. Guess which pro-gram took the honorsfor 1980? That's right:Olympic Decathlon, by

Tim Smith. At the pre-sentation Tim gave us a firsthand demonstration of hisingenious creation. When the presentation ended, Ibought a copy and raced home to try it on my computer.I wasn't disappointed; the program exceeds its promise.

Photo 2: The javelin throw (Apple II version).

Olympic Decathlonis a remarkable simula-tion of the two-dayevent at the OlympicGames. It includes the100-meter dash, longjump, shot put, highjump, and 400-meterdash on the first day.The second day fea-tures the 110-meterhurdles, discus throw,pole vault, javelinthrow, and 1500-meterrun. The winner of thiscombined event is con-sidered the world's bestathlete. After you par-ticipate in the computerversion of the decath-lon, you'll understandwhy.

Each event is dis-played in superb ani-mated graphics thatyou control via thekeyboard. The appro-priate keys necessaryfor each event are dis-played on the screen

before each trial. These instructions are sufficient toexplore each event, but you may wish to consult themanual for ways to approach some of themore difficult ones.

74 Deccmbtr 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Systems IE€x

a total business system.

JOB COSTING MENU

1. TRANSACTION ENTRY/DATE

2. JOB/TASK TABLE MAINTENANCE

3. JOB COST FILE MAINTENANCE

4. JOB COST REPORTING

5. EMPLOYEE TABLE MAINTENANCE

6. RETURN TO MASTER MENU

SELECT |1-6|?

SYSTEMS II EXMASTER MENU

1. INVENTORY 7. CHART OF ACCTS.

2. PAYABLES 8. VENDOR MAINT.

3. RECEIVABLES 9. CUST. MAINT.

4. PAYROLL 10. CHANGE DATE

5. LEDGER 11. SYS/BACKUP

6. JOURNAL 12.STOP PROCSSG.

13. OPTIONAL PROCSSG.L_ SELECT 11-13)7

DATABASE MENU

1. FILE MAINTENANCE

2. REPORTS/REPORT MAINT.

3. UTILITIES

4. RETURN TO SYSTEM MENU

SELECT (M|?

ACCOUNTS PAYABLES MENU

1. FILE MAINTENANCE

2. PAYMENT SELECTION

3. PRINT CHECKS AND REGISTER

4. MONTH END

5. RETURN TO MASTER MENU

SELECT |1-5|?

RECEIVABLES SYSTEM MENU

1. FILE MAINTENANCE

2. RECEIPT OF PAYMENTS

3. GENERATE BILLING"10NTH END

i. PAST DUE REPORT

6. APPLY MONTHLY INTEREST

7. RETURN TO MASTER MENU'^ SELECT [1-7)7

LEDGER SYSTEM MENU

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3. YEAR END PROCESS

4. RETURN TO MASTER MENU

SELECT (1-4)7

INVENTORY SYSTEM MENUTIME DATE

1. FILE MAINTENANCE

2. POINT OF SALES

3. REORDER REPORT

14. RETURN TO MASTER MENUi SELECT |1-4|?

r STATE

PAYROLL MENU

1. MISC/TAX TABLE MAINT.

2. TRANSACTION FILE

3. MISC. PAY/DEDUCTION FILE

4. EMPLOYEE MASTER FILE

5. CALCULATE/PRINT CHECKS

6. PRINT W2s

7. RETURN TO MASTER MENUSELECT (1-7|?

SYSTEMS II EX — EX for EXTENDEDPERFORMANCE. Westware brings you themost completely integrated and simplest touse business software for your AppleComputer. The SYSTEMS II EX is completewith an integrated Database. Yes! The DBIIDatabase can move your system's files intoDatabase format for customized reports orlabels.

Although the SYSTEMS II EX is a fullyintegrated system, you may purchase

individual modules and later add additionalmodules, such as Job Costing forcontractors. The power of our system is inthe KSAM Firmware card that plugs into theApple. This card permits high speedsearches and eliminates running sortroutines to get your files in order.

SYSTEMS II is available on 5'A" drives, andalso on the Corvus hard disk. A Corvusbased system will give you the power andcapacity that challenges larger computers.

COMING SOON — Cash flow analysis withgraphics, Database II with graphics, and Billof Materials for small manufacturers.

CURRENT OPTIONS AVAILABLE - JobCosting, Cycle Invoicing, Order entry, andLayaway.

All Checks, statements and invoices useNEBS forms.

Dealer and OEM inquiries invited.

Apple is a trademark of Apple Computers.

Systems!! €x

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Yes. please sendme your Systems IIDemo Package.

2% D Yes, I would like to sample your software. Pleasesend me the Systems II Demo Package. My checkfor $25 is enclosed.

2455 S.W. 4th Ave.Suite 2

Ontario, OR 97914(503) 881-1477

Name.

Title

Company Name.Address

City

State.

Zip.

., Afa danrp.

Name

Language

Olympic Decathlon

Z80 machine code (TRS-80);

6502 machine code (Apple)

Type

Game/simulation

Computer needed

16 K TRS-80 Model I, Level

Manufacturer

I or II—tape version; 32 K

Microsoft Consumer

TRS-80 Model I, one disk

Products

drive (two needed to do

400 108th Ave NE, Suite 200

backup); 48 K Apple II or

Bellevue WA 98004

Apple II Plus, one disk drive

(206) 454-1315

(two needed to do backup),

and two game controller

Price

paddles

$24.95

Documentation

Author

48 pages for TRS-80;

Timothy W Smith

39 pages for Apple

Format

Audience

5Vi-inch floppy disk or

Armchair athletes of

cassette (TRS-80 only)

all nations

The events require fast reflexes, good coordination,timing, and lots of practice. There is a practice mode foreach event so that you can polish your technique beforethe start.

Competition

Olympic Decathlon may be played alone or withothers. When you are ready to begin, the computer asksfor the number of competitors. Up to eight athletes maycompete in the TRS-80 version; as many as six in theApple version. Playing alone, you will strive to betteryour previous performances. When several people par-ticipate, the game develops an entirely differentcharacter. Scores take on new meaning as the com-petitors jockey for position in the standings. Head-to-head confrontations in the running events add to thedrama.

The Simulation

Smith has captured the flavor of the Olympic Gameson magnetic media. With a bit of imagination, you mayrelive those days on your hometown track, where you

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ECT's RM-10 is a rack mount 10 slot Card Cage withPower Supply, consisting of an ECT-100 rack mountCard Cage (19"W x 12.25"H x 8"D), the MB-10 MotherBoard (with ground plane and termination) all 10connectors and guides and the PS-15A Power Supply(15A @ 8V, 1.5A @ ± 16V).

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76 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 145 on inquiry card.

BROADEN YOUR HORIZONS

UVKON proudly announces

()PTIMUM.'" OPTIMUM is an easy 10use, total concept data managementprogram for ( P/M* and MP/M '" systems.Breaking through traditional DMSharriers, OPTIMUM provides large scaledata management capability to broadenyour computer horizons. Developed forindividual computer users and applica-tions builders, OPTIMUM supportsuser-defined forms and files, dictionaries,powerful repotting, storage efficiency,speed and unique cross referencing.Everything you want in data managementis now complete in one system.

USER-DEFINED

FORMS AND FILES

With OPTIMl /M, implementing anapplication is simple. The user definesscreen forms to fit the data and describeshow the data is to be stored. Once this iscomplete, data entry may begin. Inputediting, validation and cross-referencingduring data entry extend OPTIMUM'Srange. If the need exists. OPTIMUM canhandle complex or multiple screen formsfor the same file. Screen forms may bemodified and expanded as needed.

DICTIONARIES

()PTIMUM maintains a dictionary ofterms for each file. This dictionarycontains information on each dataelement in the file and describesoperations to be performed. Alterationsand additions to the dictionary may bemade as required.

MICRO-ENGLISH REPORTING

OPTIMUM MicroTNCl.ISH lets theuser request standard 01 custom reportsfrom the OPTIMUM files. Sophisticatedselecting and sorting capability giveMicio TNCL1SH all the power of a large-scale interactive inquiry processor. Adictionary based vocabulary keeps theuset interface simple.

OPTIMUM STORAGEEFFICIENCY AND SPEED

OPTIMUM stores all information in acompact variable-length format.OPTIMl !M files are designed forinteractive speed; a single file item maybe retrieved from among hundreds inan instant.

OPTIMUM DATACROSS-REFERENCINC

A unique feature of the OPTIMUMsystem allows a user to cross-referencedata elements. Once information isentered, it may be retrieved using keywords in the data.

From simple applications to complexsystems. OPTIMUM manages it all.Broaden your horizons using the totalconcept data management system withthe power of such industry forerunners asPrime Information, Honeywell Ultimateand Microdata Reality, (all or writeIIVTON today for more information onOPTIMUM. 1-000-.'i25-I637.

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can still hear the crowd buzzing about the last race. Nowit's your turn. Suddenly you are aware only of thestarter's voice as you toe the starting line.

ON YOUR MARK

SET

GO!

the vaulting box. Miss the box, and the vault is aborted.If the pole plant is successful, and your flying fingershave generated enough momentum, the figure will ridethe pole toward the crossbar—where he must pull up intoa handstand, just before hitting the bar. Finally, the polemust be released before it follows through the crossbar.Proper timing is rewarded with SUCCESSFUL VAULTl

As you frantically tap the keyboard, your animatedcounterpart streaks across the screen. As you near thefinish line, your fingers scream for relief, but you can'tgive up now; your brother-in-law is gaining. With a finalburst of energy, you cross the finish line and collapse intoyour chair, savoring a narrow victory.

The simulation of the actual events is uncanny. Each isunique and requires its own combination of timing, tech-nique, endurance, coordination, and speed. For example,the pole vault demands a healthy dose of all thesequalities. You begin with a running approach. As thegraphic figure nears the pit, the pole must be planted in

Authenticity

The rules in Olympic Decathlon are virtually identicalto the real event. For example, in the vaulting events youmay "pass" on the lower heights and save your energy forthe tougher ones. If you miss on three consecutive at-tempts, you are eliminated from that event.

The rules are enforced by an eagle-eye official. If hedetermines that you "purposely" knocked down thehurdles, you will be disqualified. He also keeps a watch-ful eye on the fault line in the javelin throw and longjump. And, of course, jumping the gun in a race is forbid-den.

YEAR ROUND SAVINGS plus ;|

1 A a Christmas Sonus!!

Energy Savings All Year Round!!

SciTronics Remote Controllers and Real Time Clocks are saving usersmoney all year round.

Energy bills are being cut by controlling heating, air conditioning,lighting, and security systems in homes, offices, stores, and factories.

You too can save money by simply using your existing computer anda SciTronics Remote Controller/Real Time Clock combination as an in-expensive energy management system (EMS). Now you have thechoice of controlling either the light duty BSR X-10 switches sold bySears and others, or the great variety of heavy duty industrial gradeswitches recently introduced by Leviton. With your own EMS you toocan be saving up to 30% on energy bills.

Your Christmas Bonus!!

Adding a SciTronics Remote Controller/Clock combination to yourcomputer can allow you to create highly unique Christmas displays. Youcan control sequencing of both indoor and outdoor lights and motorizeddisplays in ways only possible with computer control. Thus, your homeor business can be an exciting eyecatching showplace.

Contact your local computer dealer for details

and a demonstration or call SciTronics directly

about other energy saving products.

How Does It Work?

Your S-100, Apple II or TRS-80-I computer prompts the controller to transmit codedcontrol signals across existing AC power lines. The signals are received by compactremote switches, which replace existing outlets or wall switches. The switches inturn control the light or appliance plugged into them. No hard wiring is necessaryand up to 256 locations may be operated, in either manual or prescheduled real timeaccess modes, by a single controller.

SCJTrOniCS, Inc; 523 So. Clewell St.; P.O. Box 5344; Bethlehem, PA 18015; (215) 868-7220

78 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 375 on inquiry card.

I

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WL

^ AnnouroTheTableTop CompuThat Can't BeTopped.

■ ■

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iHHB

The

5000 SXwith:

Capacity: 5.5 MB Winchester Plus TwoMini Floppies

if you know our Series 5000 table topcomputer line, you know that good thingscome in small packages.

Now, with the introduction of the 5000SX, big things come in small packages.

One integrated package can contain twodouble sided, double track density floppiesplus a 5.5 megabyte Winchester drive.

Speed: Load 20K in Less Than a Second

Not only does our high performanceWinchester subsystem include errordetection with automatic error correction,its extreme speed is comparable to thatof large main frame hard disk systems.

A 20K program loads in less than onesecond, about 10 to 12 times as fast asa floppy.

We invite comparison with our com-petitors' Winchester implementation thenyou will see how a truly engineered solutionspeeds up your application programs.

Extras: You'U Be Glad You Have Them

The 5000 SX comes standard with lots ofextras, starting with a fully terminated S100mother board. Add to that 64K dynamicRAM modules, with parity, of course, andreceptacles for your CRT and Printer thatturn on with the main power switch.

Plus, convenient up front power resetswitch, incoming power line filter andmuch more.

Software:

Operating Systems: CP/M, MP/M,

TurtroDOS

Languages: BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL

Application Packages: FMS-80,

WORDSTAR, Accounting Plus, all

tailored to operate on the 5000 SX.

Quality: So Good, It's Warranted 2 Years

There isn't room on this page to evenscratch the surface of the IMS Inter-national story.

However, our 2-year warranty is a deadgiveaway that we produce rugged, topquality, professional equipment. We dothings right the first time so they don'tcome back to us.

The truth is, we have fewer returnswithin our 2-year warranty period thanother manufacturers have within their90-day warranty periods.

For full details and the location of yournearby IMS International dealer, call ustoday at (714) 978-6966. Or write:

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Program Reliability

The program has exceptionally good error handling.User response is strictly controlled to eliminate the accep-tance of unreasonable input. The TRS-80 version appearsto be crash-proof. Try as I might, I couldn't cause the pro-gram to crash or even become flustered. Apple II userscan avoid missing any turns by disabling the RESET key.

I found one minor logic error in the TRS-80 version.When several pairs of people are competing serially, the"false starts" are charged by lane rather than by in-dividual. By the time this review is published, Microsoftwill have corrected this problem. Otherwise, the programappears flawless.

Documentation

The program is accompanied by an instruction bookletcontaining background information about the program,the author, and Microsoft. The instructions cover run-ning the program, cassette-loading problems, backing upthe disk (you are allowed one backup), and tape or diskreplacement. Each event is discussed in detail, and hintson technique and strategy are included.

Hardware Requirements

Olympic Decathlon is available for the TRS-80 Model Iand Apple II computers. Each version took about 10months to complete.

The TRS-80 version is available on either cassette ordisk. The disk version requires 32 K bytes and one disk

drive. This version is an impressive example of thecreative animation attainable with low-resolutiongraphics (see photo 1).

The Apple version is available on disk only. It requires48 K bytes, one disk drive, and game paddles. The high-resolution color graphics are quite impressive (see photo2). The Apple version also plays the Olympic Anthemduring the opening and awards ceremonies.

Software Support

Microsoft is not playing games when it comes to sup-port after the sale. Tapes and disks are guaranteed towork. If the program fails to load properly, return it tothe dealer or to Microsoft for a free replacement. If itbecomes damaged during normal use, Microsoft willreplace it for $7.50. The disk version allows a singlebackup (requires two drives) to facilitate play while youawait your replacement disk.

Conclusions

Olympic Decathlon is a superior graphics game. Awell-written simulation that captures much of the flavorof the Olympic Games, it is challenging and entertaining.

While many game programs quickly find their way tothe "All Played Out" file, the interactive graphics, multi-player capability, and unique features of Olympic De-cathlon will keep it in your active program library for along time.B

Missile Defense vs ABM

Robert Moskowitz

22200 Tioga Place

Canoga Park CA 91304

All is quiet—perhaps too quiet. Then, without warn-ing, comes the attack! At first, a single incoming missilestreaks across the sky. Another follows. Then dozensupon dozens, in a crazy-quilt pattern of bomb trajectoriesand defensive streaks, darting and exploding in rapid fire.Killer warheads of every description veer relentlessly foryour cities: ordinary bombs, MIRVs that retarget them-selves and multiply without warning, and even "smart"bombs that can dodge your most accurate firing. With in-creasing speed, they rain down in waves, until your de-fenses are taxed to the limit—or more likely overtaxed—and your brain circuits sizzle like the cities just fried bynuclear fireballs.

But wait. Nobody is dead. This is fiction. The scenariotakes place thousands of times every day, at arcadesacross the country and now in thousands of homesequipped with Apple computers and color TVs. At thearcade, it is Atari's Missile Command—one of the mostpopular games around. At home, you can have two ver-sions of the game: Missile Defense(by On-Line Systems)and ABM (by Muse Software). All three play a tough,fast game with plenty of thrills, sound effects, andgraphics. This review hopes to differentiate the subtleties,the slight distinctions, and the all-important "feel" thatmake for a really rousing atomic warl

Two notes on these reviews: First, I relied on a panel of

80 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Data communications can open up a whole new world to you and your computer. A world of the future. Now.A world full of information resources, time-sharing computer systems, and electronic "bulletin boards." All youneed for admission to this world is your CP/M- based computer, a modem, and the proper software. That's where wecome in. We have the proper software. CROSSTALK,™ our smart terminal & file transfer program for CP/M, allowsyou to call into thousands of dial-up computer systems around the world, and communicate with them. REMOTE,our CP/M remote console program, allows you to operate your CP/M system from a remote terminal, giving yourcomputer added flexibility and usefulness.

CROSSTALK

• Allows your computer and modem to communicate with other computers, including other CROSSTALK systems,public-access "bulletin board" systems, main frame computers, subscription "Information utilities" such as THESOURCE,™ and much more.

• Simple, easy to use "plain English" command structure makes CROSSTALK easy to learn, yet provides a powerfultool for exchanging files, capturing data, and controlling modem parameters.

• Concurrent printer and video allows you to print data while viewing it on the CRT.

• Fully error-checked file transfers using 16 bitCRC protocol. Protocol transfers allow exchanging files which arelarger than the system's memory.

• Built in "DIR"command.

• Data capture allows saving received data onto your disk.

• Auto-dial, redial, and auto-answer (if supported by modem).

Available for the following modems: Hayes 80-103a

Hayes Smartmodem™

Hayes Micromodem 100™

PMMI Communications MM-103

Hayes Micromodem II™ for the Apple II®

Any RS-232 modem, including 1200 baud modems

REMOTE

• Allows remote use of your computer from a remote terminal location.

• May be called as a subroutine from BASIC, PASCAL, or any other program to allow answering under program control.

• Provides nulls if needed for printing terminals.

• Uses less than 1 k of memory space.

• Automatically selects proper baud rate.

• Available for S-100 modems (Hayes and PMMI) only.

For details, see your computer retailer, or contact us directly.

Microstul, Inc.1900 Leland Drive, Suite 12Marietta, Georgia 30067(404) 952-0267

Smartmodem■ and Micromodem™ are trademarks of Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc./Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computers, Inc.CROSSTALK is a trademark of Microstuf. Inc./CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research Inc.

DEALER INQUIRIES WELCOME.

Circle 269 on inquiry card.

ALTOS BUSINESS (

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The hardworking engines ofour system are the AltosACS8000-10, -12 and -14 com-puters. Any one of them cancost-effectively hook-up withfrom one to four stations, asyour needs demand. Their rapidaccess, 10, 20 or 40 MByteWinchester hard disks let you filefrom a 3,000 to 12,000 page load.

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Our get rolling business soft-ware package includes multi-usersystems software, Wordstar" forword processing and Microplan'"for business analysis. And whenyou need more, your local Altosrepresentative can route youthrough to hundreds of other busi-ness and accounting programs, tomeet virtually any requirement.Plus Altos also lets you com-municate with other computers,mainframes, and even allowsnetworking.

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thousands of professionals, insti-tutions and businesses who relyon Altos computer systems. Callour toll free number or writetoday for the Altos sales andservice depot nearest you.All aboard!

•Price approximate and may vary in your area. Daily leasebased on: $17,000 principal. 20% annual interest. 5-yearterm. Includes: Altos ACS8000-1O computer, letter qualityprinter, four Altos "smart" terminals and get-rollingsoftware. Does not include tax. installation, training andmaintenance. Offer expires February 28. 1982.

Wordstar is a trademark of MicroPro International Corp,Microplan is a trademark of Chang Laboratories, Inc.

© 1981 Altos Computer Systems

Packed withfresh ideasfor business

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

2360 Bering DriveSan Jose, California 95131

800-538-7872

(In Calif. 800-662-6265)

Circle 19 on inquiry card.

Photo 1: Muse's ABM game is progress.

Photo 2: On-Line Systems' Missile Defense game in progress.

judges, ages five to 19, to play the games extensively andgive me their opinions. Second, I took Missile Com-mand—the original arcade version of the game—as thebasis for comparison. For better or worse, our judges hadmuch more time on that game than either of the home-computer versions up for review. So it was natural to seewhich of the home-brew war games compares best withthe original.

The Scenario

All three games offer you a chance to control a missiledefense system during a savage enemy attack on yourcities. The game continues until all your cities have beendestroyed.

Missile Defense copies the original theme in greatdetail, giving you six nameless cities defended by threemissile bases. Incoming objects include single bombs,MIRV bombs that split and separately retargetthemselves, and "smart bombs" that move upward andhorizontally to avoid your defensive missiles. You mustbe very accurate to destroy a smart bomb and very fast tocounter a MIRV attack.

The attacks tend to come in waves, initially slow, thenfaster, splitting and swerving across the screen in acacophony of screeches, sizzles, and howling sound ef-fects. If a bomb penetrates and hits a city, the target iscleanly destroyed. Should a bomb hit a missile base, youlose it and any missile firepower that may have remainedthere.

When the waves end, the computer tabulates yourscore, awards bonus cities for every increment of 10,000points, and then restores your three fully loaded missile

bases for the next round. While the scores achieved withthis game are lower than those of the arcade version, thescoring system and pattern were judged to be similar, andour panel generally felt comfortable at the controls.

If you run out of missiles, the enemy becomes mercilessand usually decimates what is left of your cities. Ourjudges disliked this tendency and claimed that the ori-ginal Atari version generally has enough built-in mercyto leave at least one of your cities when it finds youtotally defenseless. Several times, the intelligence behindMissile Defense stunted the spirit of a good game by mer-cilessly obliterating three or more cities after we depletedour missile supply in the third or fourth round.

ABM has a slightly different scenario. Here you defendthe Eastern Seaboard, with its six familiar cities: Boston,New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, andRichmond. You have both high- and low-yield defensivemissiles, fired from five separate bases between the cities.You can choose to fire high- or low-yield, but the com-puter decides which base actually launches the missile.You have an unlimited number of defensive missiles tofire. Enemy weaponry includes single bombs and MIRVs,but no smart bombs.

The attacks come continuously, at progressively fasterand overwhelming rates. ABM gives a continuous read-out of your total shots and hits, but the final score onlyappears after all your cities have been eliminated. Scoringis low, with a record high of 7120. No matter how wellyou do, the computer never restores a single city duringthe game. There is no pause and no restoration of arma-ment until the game concludes. Judges preferred the ar-cade system, which pauses, scores, and restores citiesbefore resuming the game.

84 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 249 on inquiry card.

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If a bomb penetrates your defenses in ABM, it fireballson or near the ground, destroying everything within thefireball. This lends a swiss-cheese effect to your cities andallows you to lose half of Richmond or nine-tenths ofBoston, for example—an impossible occurrence in theoriginal version. If a missile base is bombed, you lose thatfirepower, although one active base is as effective as five.

ABM has a special demonstration mode. If you bootthe game disk and do nothing, it pauses, then beginsplaying itself. This is a fun introduction to the game, buthas little relevartce to the quality of play and was prob-ably included as a marketing device. Touch any key andABM goes into normal play.

Both games keep your eyes, ears, and hands busy. Butoverall, our judges like the arcade version the best; moreon this a little later. For now, let us examine the actionpiece by piece.

Mobility

Mobility is the prime factor in a high-scoring defensivesystem. The faster you can move your cross hairs to re-target your missiles, the better chance you have to repelthe enemy attack and the more missiles you can fire ifyour first shots miss.

The original game offers a special "rolling ball" (trackball) control to provide exceptionally fast mobility,which neither home game can match. Our test Apple isequipped with the standard paddle controls and, aftersome practice, our panel of experts was able to move thecross hairs about the playing screen with speed and accu-

racy. The paddle controls, however, require a large rangeof motion to go from, say, upper left to lower right on thescreen. Even the ABM adjustment program (more on thislater) could not reduce the range of motion enough to in*crease overall mobility. This paddle problem affected theplay in both versions of the game. Almost all the judgesguessed that joystick controls on the Apple would makeboth versions of the game even better.

ABM provides a blinking set of cross hairs that disap-pear for a short time immediately after you fire a missile.The launched missile heads for the spot your cross hairsoccupied when you hit the firing button, but the crosshairs turn invisible. You can still move them, but you donot know where they are. This limits your ability tolaunch a rapid-fire counterattack. Even worse, it actuallyconfused some of our panel. Habitues of the game invari-ably want to fire and retarget in almost the same motion.In that second or two of invisibility, the players lost trackof the cross hairs and lost more time looking for themwhen they reappeared. With a joystick, there would havebeen better feedback from the fingers to help retain asense of screen location. But the eyes have it in this game,and cross hairs that disappear are a serious liability—par-ticularly when the pace accelerates. In addition, thejudges felt the blinking cross hairs were harder to see thanthe steady ones you get in the original version.

Missile Defense offers a very stable cross-hair pattern,which remains visible throughout the game. Our judgesfound it simple to fire and instantly retarget for the nextincoming object with this version. As with ABM, the mis-sile streaks toward the point where your cross hairs were

A* a Glance

Name

Language

ABM

Applesoft and 6502 machine

language

Type

Arcade-style game

Computer

Apple II or Apple II Plus,

Manufacturer

with Applesoft in ROM or

Muse Software

Language Card, 32 K bytes

330 N Charles St

of memory, and one disk

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drive

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Documentation

Price

Printed" leaflet

$24.95

Audience

Author

Anyone who likes fast-

Silas Warner

action arcade games,

especially Atari's Missile

Format

Command

5Vi-inch floppy disk

_ ,Ata nianrp

Name

Language

Missile Defense

6502 machine language

Type

Computer

Arcade-style game

Apple II or Apple II Plus,

with 48 K bytes of memory

Manufacturer

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On-Line Systems

36575 Mudge Ranch Rd

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Documentation

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Price

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Anyone who likes fast-

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Dave Clark

Command

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86 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE December 1981 87

when you fired. Meanwhile, you can be halfway acrossthe sky, preparing for the next defensive shot.

ABM offers a unique adjustment program so you canset up the paddles (or joystick) to suit your muscular in-stincts. Our judges applauded this ingenious feature andused it to make each paddle control react as they wished.This way, you can change the way the cross hairs re-spond to a given paddle movement if it seems wrong.

Missile Defense offers the option of controlling thecross hairs from the paddles or from the keyboard. TheU-I-0-L-.-,-M-J pattern of keys triggers movement ineight directions, providing a kind of "keyboard joystick."The more often you hit one of these keys, the faster thecross hairs move in the specified direction. A touch of theK key immediately stops the cross hairs. Some of ourjudges preferred this arrangement to the paddle con-trols, claiming it offers a closer simulation to the originaltrack ball and that it facilitates one-hand operation of thecross hairs—a definite advantage in Missile Defense, aswe shall discuss.

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Defensive Missiles

ABM provides an unlimited defensive arsenal. You canfire for an eternity, and ABM will remain poised to pumpout more missiles on your command. (The original ver-sion strictly limits your firepower.) In ABM, you fire themissiles with the two paddle control buttons. One buttonfires missiles from the two bases equipped with 5-kilotonwarheads; the other button fires missiles from three otherbases, which are equipped with relatively tame 1-kilotonwarheads. The adjustment program lets you decidewhich finger will deal each blow. The larger warheadscreate larger fireballs than their smaller cousins and,therefore, have the potential to engulf more incoming ob-jects.

Despite the impressive fireballs, the need for accuracyis far greater with ABM than with the original. Some in-coming missiles seem to outrun the expanding fireballs,while others survive what looks like a solid hit. In theoriginal, you can detonate your missile in the track of theoncoming enemy. The explosion lingers long enough toerase the intruder. With ABM, you cannot "lead" the tar-get very much, and hitting behind the attacker is usuallyineffective.

Missile Defense limits your defensive arsenal. Yourmissiles are released from one of three pyramids on theground. Each time you shoot, the pyramid shrinks. Whenit disappears, that base is without missiles. Most of ourplayers saw this as more comparable to the original ver-sion and a feature that adds an extra degree of challengeto the play.

Missile Defense also plays more like the original in itsaccuracy and firing pattern. This game fires its missilefrom the keyboard. Pressing the 1, 2, or 3 key fires a mis-sile from bases on the left, middle, or right of the screen.While this is a sure and accurate means of directing yourdefensive fire, it requires three hands (when using twopaddle controls) for rapid action. None of our judges wasable to manipulate both paddles and the missile-firingkeys conveniently with only two hands. However, allfelt that the game played with the missile-firing keys isclose to the original version. And, it must be admitted, ajoystick—which could be operated with one hand—would eliminate any problem along these lines.

Missile Defense has only one size warhead. But, again,this closely approximates the kill range of the originalversion's warheads. You can also 'lay down a pattern" ofexplosions with this game and watch the enemy driveinto it. The explosive dust clouds linger long enough totrap an oncoming projectile and take it out. This isanother factor that helps Missile Defense play very muchlike the original.

88 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Sound Effects

Both games have some interesting sound effects. ABMprovides a juicy sizzle when a missile or a bombdetonates. Missile Defense emits a tinkling sound when amissile or a bomb discharges. You also receive introduc-tory effects, a long, falling whistle when you lose, andfinally, a flashing red screen (duplicating the ending ofthe original Atari game).

Neither game produces the shooting sounds you getwhen you loose your own missiles in the original, and afi-cionados of the game claimed to miss the extra sound. Ifound both games noisy, active, and more than enoughto occupy the senses.

Graphics

ABM provides an interesting display of the six EastCoast cities. The colorful missile tracks break up andjump as they cross resolution lines on the TV screen, andthe fireballs are expanding white circles that engulf andeliminate everything in range.

Missile Defense has a nameless row of cities, also seem-ingly identical. The missiles come in smoothly, with verylittle break-up of their tracks on the screen. Smart bombsare shown as small plus signs. Explosions are detailedclouds of colored dots that grow, freeze, and evaporatewithin a few seconds.

Both games play in the Apple high-resolution graphicsmode, with exciting opening sequences. Neither gamematches the original; however, which uses different colorcombinations as the action gets more intense. All thingsconsidered, they play almost identically in terms of quali-ty, action, and color.

You may be interested in our judges' ratings. On a scaleof 0 to 100—with the original Missile Command as 100—Missile Defense rated 85 and ABM rated 75. Therelevance of these numbers is unclear, but remember youheard it here first.

Conclusions

Both games are exciting, demanding, frustrating,challenging, and great fun. The preference seems to de-pend on your playing history. If you have spent a lot oftime on the arcade original, you will probably preferMissile Defense. It looks, sounds, scores, and plays muchmore like the original than ABM. It is like bringing the ar-cade game into your own home.

If, like me, you have no experience on the arcadeoriginal, you may appreciate ABM's subtle differences:the unlimited shooting, the identification of the cities, thehigh- and low-yield weaponry, the continuous perfor-mance readouts, and the paddle adjustment program. ■

Gorgon

Peter V Callamaras

25 C Scott Circle

Bedford MA 01730

"Blue Three to Blue Leader—We have them in sight."

"Blue Leader to Blue Three—Watch out for SpaceMines."

"Blue Three to Blue Leader—We got them! But there'smore on the wa..."

"Blue Two to Blue Leader—They got Blue Three.They're all over the place! They grabbed one of our peo-ple and are carrying him off—I'm starting my attack runand..."

"Blue Leader to Blue Base—we lost two ships. I'm theonly one left. I'm breaking off and will commence the at-tack from the opposite direction."

Suddenly there is a blinding flash of piercing whitelight and a voice breaks in:

"Honey—do you realize it's almost three in the morn-ing?

Time passes quickly when you're playing Gorgon, anew arcade-style space game from Sirius Software. Thisis one of the typical high-quality, highly graphic gameswe have come to expect from the Sirius/Nasir team. Restassured that you Nasir Gebelli fans will not be disap-pointed by this one I

The premise behind Gorgon is fairly simple—the earthhas entered a time warp, and strange creatures calledGorgons appear at random to abduct helpless earthlings.You are a fighter pilot trying to blast the Gorgons withyour laser cannon before the kidnappings occur.

If you are too late, you can still shoot the Gorgon whois carrying off one of your people. But you must thencatch the falling human and lower him safely to theearth's surface. Hitting the earthling with your cannonfire or allowing him to hit the ground costs you 50 points;saving a captured earthling gains you 100 points.

90 December 1981 © BYTE Publication! Inc

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Photo 1: The game Gorgon in progress.

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Your Gorgon opponents come in four different forms,each worth different point totals. Only one type grabspeople, but the others release space mines that destroyyour fighter on contact. You get three fighters during agame.

The display for Gorgon seems complex at first, but yousoon become accustomed to it (see photo 1). The bottomfour-fifths of the screen shows a. side view of the earth'ssurface, which features undulating terrain and an occa-sional human. Above this is a situational sensor viewshowing your position relative to any Gorgons. Thus,you can leave the immediate battle area and do a bit ofreconnaissance. Later, you can reenter the battle zonefrom a more advantageous direction. Next to the sensorscreen is a display of your remaining ships (upper rightcorner). Below the terrestrial view is information on re-maining fuel, present score, and high score.

You don't expect this game to be too easy, and it isn't.The Gorgons materialize at random locations in the bat-tle area, and hesitation at shooting them presents severalproblems:

• The Gorgons destroy your fighter if they make contactwith your craft before you can blast them.

• The different creatures release two kinds of spacemines which destroy your ship on contact; you can'teasily shoot them down, but they temporarily disappearif you outrun them for a certain distance.

• The more time you take to destroy the Gorgons ormines, the more Gorgons appear—and you are rapidlyoverwhelmed and destroyed.

Fuel depletion can be remedied by the option thatallows you to refuel from an orbiting space station. Youmust maneuver past your sensor satellites, and yourlasers are deactivated. (The rationale is that you can'tdestroy the satellites because they give you informationon the Gorgons in the other half of the game.) If youshould collide with one of your sensor satellites, yourship is destroyed. This feature actually gives you a gamewithin a game.

Action is controlled from the keyboard. The game canbe played without paddles if none are available. Thegame requires coordinated use of both hands to pilot thefighter and fire the laser.

For a change, the choice of keys and their locationsdoesn't lead to the fatigue and finger cramps experiencedin some other games—notably, those programmed inJapan. The A and Z keys control the vertical fighterdirection and velocity, while the left and right arrow keyscontrol the horizontal direction and speed (hit a key andthe ship points in that direction; hit the same key and theship's speed increases). It takes time to become accus-tomed to using the keys continually to change direction

94 December 1981 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 12 on Inquiry card.

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and speed. But it isn't distracting. The space bar fires thelaser, so it doesn't matter if you are left- or right-handed.This key arrangement is very comfortable and gives youa place to rest your hands.

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During play, there are options allowing you to pauseduring the action, restart the game, or decide whetheryou want the sound effects on or off. (If you find yourselfstill battling Gorgons late at night, the silence option willreally be appreciated!)

Although Gorgon seems difficult at first, there's a com-pulsion to keep going (not the least of which is yourgradually increasing score). The psychological factorsthat separate a good game from a mediocre one havebeen successfully incorporated in Gorgon. This isn't aneasy game, but it's not difficult to start attaining betterscores. The more you play it, the better you like it. Youfind yourself trying different strategies and discoveringthe intricacy of such games. You can simply wait andshoot the Gorgons as they appear, but then they get be-hind you—so you keep moving. Then you try runningfrom the mines which suddenly surround you. Beforeyou know it, another fighter bites the cosmic dustl I leavedevising the "best" strategy—if there is one—to you.

The graphics match what we expect from the Sirius/Nasir team. The exploding fighters and laser fire are fan-tastic. When you finally get past the sensors and dock forfuel, you are rewarded with one of the best high-resolution graphics displays in the game I All movementin the game is smooth, and the playing pace never slows.Although the game is quite playable with either a black-and-white or color television set, color is the betterchoice.

After your three ships have been destroyed, the gameautomatically reloads from disk (an unusual and frustrat-ing feature for an Apple game). Since the game retainsyour highest score, you always have a new goal to ex-ceed. You can still play the game in the demonstrationmode, albeit with only one fighter.

If you are inclined to visit the local arcade to compareGorgon and its counterpart (Williams' coin-operated"Defender" game), I think you'll agree Gorgon is moreeasily assimilated. Your scores climb faster, and the gameis just more fun to play. This is a welcome change fromhome computer games that come close to the arcade ver-sion, only to leave you tossing away quarters to play "thereal thing."

Conclusions

At first, I expected to find Gorgon just another arcadegame converted for the Apple. But it's well programmedand much more enjoyable than the arcade version. Theinitial difficulty of getting used to the keyboard actionvanishes very quickly. (All too often, I find a good gamethat requires too much time to get comfortable with theaction or to get a reasonable score. I soon lose interestand regret having bought the game in the first place. Youwon't have that problem with Gorgon.)

98 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 196 on inquiry card.

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The Gorgons come faster as your score rises, untildestruction is imminent. If you play Gorgon longenough, however, you may discover a little quirk in theprogram which allows you to take over control of thegame and defeat the Gorgons. (I'll let you find that your-self.)

Refueling takes you into the second portion of thegame, which is perhaps as challenging as trying to shootGorgons. Though you quickly ascertain how tomaneuver past the sensor satellites, you find yourself get-ting fancy and, after losing several fighters, you revert tozapping the Gorgons.

Sirius was correct in making Gorgon a keyboard-con-trolled game. You aren't faced with the necessity of a joy-

stick or controllers, but can begin play at once. Thisgame may even help develop hand-eye coordination inyoungsters or physically handicapped players.

Although Sirius uses only premium disks, you can geta replacement for a flat $10 fee. This should relieve thoseworried about wearing out the disk through the constantreloading of the game.

The documentation is adequate and the overall qualityof the game is very high, in programming and payabili-ty. Since Sirius doesn't sell its products directly, you mayhave to get in line at your favorite dealer or send off anearly mail order. A good model for you future game pro-grammers to follow, Gorgon should provide many hoursof enjoyment. ■

Commbat: A Tele-Game for Two

George StewartTechnical Editor

Most computer games are solitary activities. Whetheryou're hunting Klingons, exploring an imaginary world,or racing down an endless loop, it's you versus the com-puter. That relationship can become a little dry; after all,what does a computer know about the thrill of victory orthe agony of defeat?

Commbat, a war game from Adventure International,offers a novel and exciting alternative to one-playergames. It's a "tele-game " which you and a friend playusing two computers linked by phone lines. The contest isone of strategy, tactics, and reflexes. Most important,your opponent is a human, not a computer; the com-puters serve merely to create an imaginary battlefield andto function as combat consoles.

The Scenario

You and your opponent have been commissioned toengage in single combat; the outcome will resolve adispute over mining rights to uranium deposits on aplanet in the Deneb galaxy. (It could just as well havebeen oil in the Middle East, but that wouldn't have of-fered as much escapist fantasy.) The battle area isvast—4096 square kilometers. Each of you has a base sta-tion and a military arsenal of eight tanks, four recon-naissance drones, three decoy bases, 200 mines, 250shells, 255 laser units, 200 rockets, and one ICBM.

To win Commbat, you must destroy your opponent's

base, and that's no easy task. When the game begins, youselect your base's position and your opponent selects his.Neither of you has any idea where the other's base is.Using tanks and reconnaissance drones, you've got topinpoint the enemy base. The problem is that you can'teasily distinguish decoys from the real thing; it takescareful observation and deductive reasoning to make thedetermination. The only practical way to destroy theenemy base is with your single ICBM. If you waste themissile on a decoy, your game prospects are grim.

While you're out searching for the enemy base, youropponent is doing likewise. This means you must takedefensive measures, too—like laying mines, setting updecoys, and positioning tanks at strategic pointsthroughout the battle area. All of these objectives becomeimmediate goals; destroying the opponent's base becomesa distant, ultimate goal. As in real war, there are manyminor victories and losses in the field as your tanksdestroy and are destroyed. A game may last anywherefrom 30 minutes to four hours.

How Good Is It?

The key to an enjoyable, interactive strategy game ishaving "tools" that work convincingly in the imaginaryworld. The more complex the tools and the more intricatethe natural laws of the imaginary world, the better. Bythis criterion, Commbat is a great success. Although ittakes a while to use them proficiently, the tools

100

December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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ACT • SEC (SID

TANK 2 5 26,112 BECY 1 5 19, 8BASE 1 8 16, 8

TANK CAP 4188

base m becoy

~ SHIEU 168 8 8

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♦ + BULLS 247 @ e

+ USER £85 39 8

DECOY 1 MW 4

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<D)ROP (S)ECOY 7 I 3

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I TANK 8 e 8 8JECT 8 8 8 8BASE 8 8 8 8TANK CAPBASE TAW BECOT

SHIELD 188

I HINES 288ROCKET 288SHELLS 258LASER 255—DECOY 8 BROKE •

Photo 1: The Commbat console display in the heat of battle.The left side of the screen is a map of sector 5, according to thebase computer's latest information. The "X" represents anexploded tank; "2" is your own tank; "D" is your own decoy;and the "+"s are your mines. In the upper right portion of thescreen is a message you are about to send to your opponent. Thethree rectangles in the center of the screen are windows on yourdecoy, tank, and base.

Photo 2: The Commbat console, showing the command andfunction summary available through the "help" command.

(weapons, in this case) are impressive from the start.And although the terrain is too vast to display on thescreen at once, it doesn't take long for you to form a men-tal map and to begin thinking of a real space somewherebeyond the confines of the combat console. In short, thegame is credible.

Take the console display for example (see photo 1). Ithas six components:

• a map display showing the latest information about anyof the 16 by 32 kilometer sectors (as sensed by one ofyour tanks or drones)

• three windows displaying the immediate areas aroundyour base, one of your decoys, and one of your tanks

• status indicators reporting on the location and condi-tion of your base station and all tanks and decoys

• a command line, where your typed commands aredisplayed, along with urgent reports from the field andmessages from your opponent.

Suppose you have a tank and a decoy in the same 7 by7 kilometer area. Looking out the tank window, you seethe tank (designated by a "T") in the center and a decoy("D") off to the left. But looking out the decoy windowgives the opposite picture, with the decoy in the centerand the tank to the right. Move the tank one space to the

left. In the tank window, the tank remains sta-tionary—since it is the reference point—and the decoyappears to move toward the tank. But in the decoy win-dow, the opposite takes place: the decoy remains in thecenter and the tank moves toward it. Motion is relative tothe observation point. It takes some getting used to onyour part, but this consistent modeling is what makesCommbat so intriguing.

Using Commbat is definitely a learning experience.When you first start playing, you'll probably employ justthe simplest tools. As you progress, you'll begin toappreciate the advanced capabilities. For example, usingthe "patch" command, you can advance two or more ofyour tanks and fire weapons in unison—creating amassive onslaught on your enemy's defense lines.

Another essential game element is its interactiveness.You and your opponent can move, fire weapons, andselect different tanks and decoys at any time. This makesthe game infinitely more challenging than the typical,wait-your-turn war game played on a board. Suppose,for example, that while you're typing in a command, younotice some enemy action through one of your three win-dows. You can cancel the command and make animmediate response to your opponent. You can evensend him a message at any time ("Let's quit for a while,""Aha!" or some distracting thought).

102 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Playing the Game

A typical game session goes like this. You telephone afriend who also has the Commbat program. The two ofyou agree on what RS-232C characteristics you'll use andset up your Model I or III TRS-80s accordingly: wordlength, parity, number of stop bits, and bits per second(this last is set whenever you start the program).

Each of you starts the Commbat program, maintainingvoice contact over the phone lines. Commbat will askyou for some start-up information, including whattransmission rate you want to use. With most modems,you'll be limited to 300 bits per second. Finally, the com-puter will tell you to press the Enter key to check thecommunications link. Both of you must do this at ap-proximately the same time and immediately put the twocomputers on line. When the computers are synchro-nized, you will be asked to select your base location.Then the actual combat begins.

Special Features

Commbat has several important convenience features.For example, there's a practice mode to get you ac-customed to moving your tanks around, deploying minesand decoys, and even firing weapons (if you don't minddestroying your own resources). You don't have to be online with another computer to use the practice mode.

Another important feature is the ability to save gameson tape or disk for later retrieval. You'll invest a lot oftime and thought in some Commbat games; the ability tosave a game precludes the need to throw it away if the

Name

Format

Commbat

Cassette "system" file

Mini-disk "command" file

Type

Two-player strategy game

Language

using telecommunications

Z80 machine code

Manufacturer

Computer

Adventure International, a

Radio Shack Model I or III,

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mand and function summary

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Author

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session is interrupted. To save a game, both combatantsmust enter secret passwords. For either to load the savedgame, both of them must enter their passwords. Thisprevents either player from cheating by improving hisposition in the other's absence.

Documentation

Commbat's manual is adequate. Most useful is a one-page reference sheet. In addition, the program offers a"help" command, which displays a command and func-tion summary at any time (see photo 2).

Suggestions for Improvement

I found Commbat's main fault not in the game itself,but in the procedure required for starting it. Both playersmust start the "check-commlink" sequence almostsimultaneously; otherwise, the program will "hang up,"and you'll both have to reset your computers. This pro-cedure can be a little tricky if you're using a singletelephone and an acoustic modem. Ideally, it wouldn'tmatter when you started the check-commlink se-quence—the first computer would simply wait until thesecond computer came on line. A programmer at Adven-ture International acknowledged that the present methodis a little awkward, but said that the program's authorhas yet to find a good solution.

Another complaint is that the keyboard response occa-sionally seems sluggish: you'll type in a command andpress Enter, only to realize that one or more of yourkeystrokes were missed. Of course, this always seems tohappen at the worst times, as when you're engaged inbattle with an enemy tank. The Adventure Internationalprogrammer pointed out that this keyboard-responseslowdown is an unavoidable limitation of the system dueto the great amount of data being sent back and forthacross the phone lines. (Both computers must keep com-plete data on both players, even though each player getsa much more one-sided view of things.)

The keyboard sluggishness isn't all that serious. Forone thing, it's experienced by both players and won'tgive either an advantage. As well, it's not hard to accept;after a while, you begin imagining that your weaponry isbecoming rusty or intermittent due to the stress of battle.Carry on!

Conclusions

Commbat opens an exciting new realm of multiplayercomputer games in which the players may be anywherethat phones are available. Shedding their role as im-passive opponents, the computers become active tools forcompetition between humans.

The imaginary world of Commbat is interesting and in-tricate, and it really does test one's strategy, tactics, andreflexes. ■

104 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Hardware Review

alphaSyntauri Music Synthesizer

Steve Levine and Bill Mauchly

c/o Audio Data Consultants

POB 224

Ambler PA 19002

Music and computers seem to go together naturally.Indeed, there appears to be some metaphysical link be-tween them. Musical minds take readily to programmingconcepts, and it's hard to find a coven of computer pro-grammers without at least one musician in its ranks. Theidea of making music with computers is almost as old asthe computer itself.

But the human interface is always a problem. How doyou translate the idea of making music into a computerprogram?

A musical score is much like a program; it's a list of in-structions with various branches and repeats. So the ob-vious solution is to give the musician a language todescribe the music. This may then be fed into the com-puter for the result. Until recently, using slow, batch-mode processing could mean waiting a day or more forthe sound to reach your ears. Even worse, the computerneeded to know exactly what was desired. But how wasthe poor musician to know in advance what he wanted tohear7 He's heard violins before, but what does a com-puter sound like?

The dawn of the microcomputer promised a new era incomputer music. Suddenly, the machine was yours aloneand when you said RUN, it ran. But both the hardwareand software of the first microcomputer music systemsignored the need for real-time feedback. Maybe the soft-ware allowed the score to be typed into a screen editor

About the Authors

Steve Levine is a microprocessor engineer whose interest incomputer music has run the gamut from controlling pipe organsto digital signal processing. He has coproduced the unique Com-puter Music Festivals in Philadelphia for four years. BillMauchly is a recording engineer and musician. Son of thefather-of-the-computer, John W Mauchly, his knowledge ofcomputers is genetic. Levine and Mauchly formed Audio DataConsultants in 1980 to collaborate on ideas in digital synthesisand signal processing. Research with the Fairlight CMI, coupledwith the production of the Symposium of Small Computers inthe Arts this November, has brought them in close communica-tion with many computer musicians.

rather than with a keypunch, but it still made you waituntil the computer was ready to play the music.

The Syntauri Corporation has changed all that. A five-octave music keyboard and a disk of software form theheart of the alphaSyntauri synthesizer. The softwareallows control of the sophisticated Mountain ComputerMusicSystem digital synthesizer hardware from thekeyboard, via an Apple II computer. (See "MountainComputer's MusicSystem," July 1981 BYTE, page 60.)The alphaSyntauri system allows music to be playeddirectly or to be recorded and played back. It allows thechanging, storing, and recalling of waveforms,envelopes, and tunings. Most important, because it isbased on the Apple II computer, it is possible to changeor add to the system software.

User interaction, which is the primary advantage ofmicrocomputer systems, has been extended to play—notjust write—music. Immediate feedback links the creationto the sensation of music. For the first time, the personalcomputer is an instrument, not a glorified music box.

This article reviews the capabilities of the alphaSyn-tauri synthesizer as a musical instrument and discussesthe hardware and software details of interest to bothmusicians and computerists.

The Syntauri Philosophy

The alphaSyntauri music synthesizer is a software-based system and the brainchild of Charlie Kellner. Asidefrom the Mountain Computer synthesizer boards, thesystem uses an interface card and a professional musickeyboard. But the system is more than just an Appleperipheral; it is a musical instrument in its own right. Itsprice and performance clearly place it beside commercialsynthesizers made by Moog, Oberheim, Arp, Yamaha,and Sequential Circuits. Its modular design with softwareflexibility makes it comparable to such digital syn-thesizers in the $20,000-$30,000 bracket as the SynclavierII and the Fairlight Computer Music Instrument. Ob-viously, these more expensive synthesizers can producesounds with higher quality than the alphaSyntauri music

108 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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ALPHASYNTAUR1KEYBOARD

VIDEODISPLAY

APPLE HCOMPUTER

CZJ

APPLEDISK DRIVES

Figure 1: This shows the hardware con-figuration and the interaction of thevarious system parts.

I

OSCILLATORHARDWARE

SPEAKERS

• AUDIOOUTPUT

KEYBOARD

KEYBOARD

PADDLES

SYNTHESIZER

REAL Tl

VIE

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1

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ALPHAPLUSMAIN PROGAM

DISK ST

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i

i

,

'

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-

3RAGE

1

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WAVEFORMS

PRESETS

NOTES

TABLES:

SCALE

VELOCITY

AMPLITUDE

FX

SUBROUTINES

1

1

i,

*

'

t

J_

ANALYZER

m

WAVE TH(SYNTHESIS)

SEQUENCER

VELOCITY

LOG HI

SCALE m

AUXILIARY PROGRAMS

Figure 2: The ALPHAPLUS program is the main program, with auxiliary programs providing or modifying data for ALPHAPLUS.

synthesizer. But even these "super-synthesizers" do notallow prying into the operating system. Unique in aworld of black boxes, the alphaSyntauri synthesizer is amusic system that a user may customize.

The advantage of software functions over hard-wiredfeatures is that they are so easily changed. First, themanufacturer can provide updates as new features aredeveloped; planned obsolescence is replaced with upwardexpandability. Second, the infernal musician, notoriousfor making his tools do things "they weren't meant todo," has a truly programmable instrument. ThealphaSyntauri synthesizer is ideally suited to those stub-born types who aren't always satisfied with the 12-tonescale, who insist on using the Dow-Jones average as awaveform, or who would like to jam against a sequenceof notes resembling the Maine coastline played in three-quarter time. Programmability is the single most impor-

tant advantage of the alphaSyntauri system over all otherkeyboard synthesizers.

Turn It On

The alphaSyntauri disk boots itself up, asks you ifeverything is plugged in the same as it was yesterday, andbrings the synthesizer up with a group of 10 presetsounds. Presets on the alphaSyntauri synthesizer arepreprogrammed instruments or sounds, similar in con-cept to organ presets. Only one is active at a time, andpressing the number keys (0-9) on the Apple allows selec-tion of different presets.

The preset's name is shown on the screen, along withthe envelope parameters which describe its dynamics.The music keyboard is then instantly alive with the soundof vibes, clavinet, clarinet, B3 organ, pickle, bump, orwhatever you have selected. Push another number, and

110 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 194 on inquiry card.

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Photo 1: The Envelope Control Screen is shown with a colordisplay of a C major chord. PDO and PD1 are live paddledisplays of the vibrato and FX controls.

Photo 2: WAVE III Additive Synthesis Wave Creation Pro-gram. When the program first comes up, it displays each of thestock waveforms available and, as they are plotted, the cor-responding sound is heard from the amplifier.

you get another sound. Simplicity and speed make thesystem easy to learn and elegant to use. For addedwonderment, a 12-color graphics display dances acrossthe video screen, following the notes of the keyboard.

Software

The alphaSyntauri software has one main program

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Can you use your computer better than others to solveproblems? Your ability might be worth money in thiscontest. Three elimination rounds of increasing diffi-culty will test your programming and problem-solvingskills in a variety of subjects. Cash prizes (first prize, atleast $200) will be awarded to contestants who finish inthe top 10%. A full projection of prizes will be availableafter the first round. You also will receive the solutionsand their rationale for all rounds entered, to completethe learning experience.

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that provides the personality of the keyboard in-strument—plus a library of programs for configuring,analyzing, and generating control parameters which canbe used by the program (see figure 2). The system weevaluated (a prerelease version of AlphaPlus) will havebeen released as an enhancement to Alpha III (the firstsoftware revision) by the time this article is printed.

The main program becomes the synthesizer's "controlpanel," with screen displays for parameters entered withthe Apple's alphanumeric keys. Pressing an "A", for ex-ample, makes the cursor jump to a field at the bottom ofthe screen, where AR = 210 might be displayed. This isthe Attack Rate, or the speed at which one of theenvelopes will rise to its maximum value every time a keyis depressed. The value may then be altered, either step-wise using the left or right arrow keys, or by typing anumber and hitting return. The result is similar to ad-justing an array of knobs; it's a little slow, but more ac-curate. From this control panel, all of the real-time func-tions—including music recording, playback, presetsloading, and editing—may be accomplished with a fewkeypresses.

The alphaSyntauri software controls the 16 oscillatorsof the Mountain Computer hardware by pairing twooscillators per voice to provide an eight-voice syn-thesizer. If all eight are already playing, then the firstvoice used is reassigned to the new note. Since all eightsound identical, it is impossible (and irrelevant) to tellwhich oscillator is assigned to which note.

Both of the two oscillators per voice are available asseparate outputs. Although this allows stereo effects, thecorrect use for most sound involves mixing togethermonophonically. The two oscillators use different wave-forms and different envelopes, but are activatedsimultaneously (see figure 3). This is essentially similar totwo separate eight-voice synthesizers hooked to the samekeyboard.

One of the oscillators is designated the Primary, whilethe other is called the Percussive. These names are actual-

112 December 1981 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 69 on inquiry card.

WHAT'S THE KEYTO BUYIHG A COMPUTER?

Look beyond the computer. Look at how the totalsystem- hardware, software, support, service-meets your needs, today and tomorrow. That's thekey. When you choose a computer source, youchoose a long term partner who must stand by youwith total support. And no one stands by you likeHeath/Zenith.

Software

Including word processing, business applications,versatile utility programs, and the Heath Users'Group library of over 500 low-cost programs forhome, work or play.

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For your own custom programs, Microsoft languagesare available in BASIC (compiler and interpreter),FORTRAN and COBOL.

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Support

Before and after the sale we work with you to con-figure the system that serves you best. We help youget your system up and running smoothly. Assist-ance is always just a phone call away.

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Friendly, experienced technicians are available,either over the phone or at any of the 56 HeathkitElectronic Centers nationwide.

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Photo 3: This is the result of using the WAVE III program. Thiswaveform shows the addition of the first, second, third, andfourth harmonic, with the respective amplitudes of 50, 40, 30,and 20 percent.

ly arbitrary, for it is certainly possible to put a very per-cussive envelope on the primary oscillator. At any rate,the parameters describing the two currently activeenvelopes are displayed at the bottom of the screen, whilea simple Control-W allows you to view the names of thewaveforms loaded into the primary and percussiveoscillators. Pressing the 7 gives a catalog of the disk sothat you can see what waveforms are available.

A number of useful waveforms come on the systemdisk. They include sine, triangle, square, and that oldstandby, sawtooth. Also, any arbitrary waveform maybe created through additive synthesis, to be discussedlater.

The primary and percussive waves are offset in fre-quency by a user-defined amount of 16 semitones pernote (ie.- 16 possible steps from C to C#). Selection of agreat enough offset produces the effect of two notes perone keypress. A more practical use, however, is to slight-ly offset the two oscillator frequencies to add a fullness orfatter sound. This works especially well for synthesizedpiano or organ sounds.

Envelopes

The envelope controls (determining the rise, duration,and fall of each note) are straightforward and easy to use(see figure 4). They are laid out logically, and one or twokeypresses will move the cursor to any parameter youwish to change. The letters A, D, and R, for example,select the Attack Rate, Decay Rate, and the Release Rate,respectively, for the primary wave. The letters P and Fselect Percussion Rate and Fall Rate, which are simplydifferent names for the attack and release of the per-cussive envelope. One more key press will drop youdown to the second line, where the levels are displayed. Ifyou press P, for example, you select Percussion Rate;whether or not you change it, pressing Return will dropyou to Percussion Volume.

A few other parameters at the bottom line affect specialenvelope controls. The percussion channel of the instru-

Photo 4: The ANALYZER III graphic display shows a rich pulsewave which was synthesized with another program, AUTO-PULSE, written by Steve Leonard. ANALYZER III is shownperforming an analysis on the wave, with a numerical outputfor each of the harmonics and their respective amplitudes.

ment can be turned off, leaving just the primary. Thissame parameter controls the velocity-sensitive envelope.When on, the velocity with which a key is struck willmodulate the attack rate and volume (for the primarywave). The quicker the key goes down, the faster theattack rate. A very nice, expressive quality results onceyou get comfortable with this control.

Another special feature in the envelope section lets youloop the primary wave envelope so that it is constantlyexecuting its attack and release curves. The result issimilar to tremolo; the amplitude is fluctuatingperiodically. The effect is useful for certain sounds, likeputting the vibe in Vibraphone.

The frequency control (FC) simply tunes bothwaveforms by quartertones in relation to some arbitraryzero point.

Vibrato

A last major control panel parameter is vibrato, whichis a controlled modulation of the frequency. The Apple IIgame paddles are used to control the amount or "depth"of vibrato (PD1) and the speed of change or rate (PDO).The vibrato is extremely effective in giving a morerealistic and dynamic sound to most instrument settings.

Presets

All of the parameters shown on the screen, togetherdescribing one preset, may be saved or recalled fromdisk. Although only one preset is active at any moment,10 different sounds are loaded in memory and ready to beselected. The entire configuration of 10 different presetsmay also be stored on disk as a Preset Master. A presetmaster has the advantage of storing the waveforms thatwere loaded into each preset. This creates a WaveformMaster on the disk. (Ideally, individual instrumentsshould also have an automatic waveform recall; but notin this version of the software.

The preset master feature is very important in a perfor-

114 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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FROM

SCALE TABLE

FM

(FREQUENCY MODULATION)

FC

(FREQUENCY CONTROL)

1/2 Hz OFFSET

PERCUSSIONENVELOPE

INPUT FROMSEVEN OTHERPERCUSSIONOSCILLATORS

PRIMARYENVELOPE

"N

INPUT FROMSEVEN OTHERPRIMARYOSCILLATORS

STEREO OUTPUT

Figure 3: The flow diagram is a model of the synthesis process for the development ofcomputer-generated music.

VOLUME

KEY DOWN

KEY UP

Figure 4: This example shows the various parameters and their relationships, whichdetermine the sound of a preset. The dual envelopes, produced when a key is pressed,control the amplitudes of the two oscillators. The parameters for the selected preset aredisplayed as integers from 0 to 255 (255 being the fastest or loudest). When key velocityis fast, AR and AVare increased. When the sustain pedal is depressed, DR replaces RR.

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116

December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

IFOR NEW USERS.CompuServe is in the holidaymode. If you subscribe to oursystem for the first time inNovember or December, we'll giveyou two free hours of CompuServeaccess time instead of one. That'sa $10 savings just to get started.So get thee to a Radio ShackStore"', get a demonstration, thenbuy the Videotex software packagefor most popular computers($29.95) or buy the system withoutsoftware for "dumb" terminals($19.95).

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Circle 79 on inquiry card.

mance situation, where a particular song may call for fivedifferent sounds in quick succession. A preset master forthat song might contain the required presets in numericalorder. All the performer must worry about then is 1, 2, 3,not preset #42, #13, or tibia 16'. Incidentally, when acomposition is recalled from disk (as will be described inthe next section), it selects the numbered preset that wasactive when it was made.

Recording Performances

Like any good computer music system, the alphaSyn-tauri synthesizer simplifies recording key closures andtheir associated timing information. This is not unlike ananalog synthesizer sequencer, except the music program-ming is accomplished by playing on the keyboard. Keyvelocity, pitch, and duration are saved in a memory buf-fer. Then, with the SAVE command, they are written toa disk file with the prefix Notes. With 48 K bytes ofmemory, you will be able to store up to 3285 note events.

The sequence of keystrokes to initiate recording is very

Ar a danrp

Name

Apple's DOS 3.3

alphaSyntauri Music

Synthesizer

Computer

Apple II or Apple 11+ with

Type

48 K bytes of programmable

Sound development system

memory, at least one disk

for performing and

drive, and Apple's DOS 3.3.

recording

Both Applesoft and Integer

BASIC are required

Manufacturer

Syntauri Corporation

Documentation

3506 Waverley St

Documentation includes a

Palo Alto CA 94306

tutorial manual, two quick

(415) 494-1017

reference guides, and a

technical manual

Price

$1500

Hardware Required

.

Mountain Computer

Hardware

(formerly Mountain Hard-

An interface card occupies a

ware) MusicSystem music

slot in the Apple II. The

synthesizer boards, a stereo

professional music keyboard

amplifier, and speakers are

and foot pedals connect to

required. (The operating

the card

system originally supplied

with the Mountain Com-

Software

puter hardware is not used)

An operating system is sup-

plied on disk. Several pro^

Comments

grams allow sounds and

The alphaSyntauri system

music to be developed,

can also be configured for

changed and recorded

use with the ALF Music

Synthesizer from ALF Pro-

Language

ducts Inc

The programs are written in

6502 assembly language,

Audience

Applesoft BASIC, and

Apple II owners who want

Integer BASIC. An assembly

to compose music, create

language listing is available

sounds, or do live perfor-

from Syntauri Corp

mances

Software Format

The disk supplied requires

simple. From the main menu, just press the space bar Rfor record (the remaining number of notes will bedisplayed on the screen) and then hit Return. This willreturn you to the main menu, where the instrument namewill be in reverse video to indicate you are in the recordmode. The program will wait for your first keystrokebefore starting to save the notes in memory.

Once you finish the sequence, hit the space bar andthen S (Save). You will then be asked to provide a filename for your performance. Hit Return for a saved per-formance.

An interesting recording sequence feature is Echo. Thisallows instant, continuous playback of the last recordedsequence. Many musicians find this useful for accom-paniment purposes, though a perfectly spliced sequenceis difficult to create. When you finish playing the seg-ment, hit the space bar and the sequence will play backwith a rest inserted between the last and first notesplayed. This rest will equal the time between the last noteplayed and the point at which you hit the space bar. For agood splice, it is necessary to hit the space bar just aheadof the next note's downbeat.

The Mountain Computer synthesizer generates an in-terrupt every eight milliseconds. Syntauri's alphaPlusoperating system uses every other interrupt for a watch-dog timer. This makes it easy to synchronize the key-board playback with another timebase for playing alongwith prerecorded music. Previous releases of the softwaredid not use this timebase and suffered severe slowdownwhen the keyboard was used during playback. The inter-rupt system virtually eliminates the problem. In summa-tion, the sequencing ability of the alphaSyntauri syn-thesizer is a deluxe feature.

Programmability

To now, we have examined the way the systembehaves as a conventional synthesizer, with functionsthat all operate in real time. If we drop out of the mainprogram, however, we may run programs which cancreate, modify, or analyze data used by the system. Thisdata is in binary disk files which contain tables or lists.These tables are used by the main program and includewaveforms, notes, tunings, and functions for mappingvelocity and amplitude values. The programs provided,and those created by the user to manipulate that data,provide the programmability that sets the alphaSyntaurisystem apart from all other synthesizers. Although de-tailed documentation on the architecture of the programsand a usage map of the Apple II memory aren't dis-tributed with the system, Syntauri is reasonably helpfulin assisting the knowledgeable user with customization.(The assembly-language source code is offered for anominal fee.)

Wave III

This is a slow, flexible Applesoft program whichgraphically displays the process of building waveformsvia additive synthesis. The procedure is simple: you arequeried for "Which waveform?" and then "Which har-

118 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 200 on inquiry card.

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Photo 5: Bill Mauchly's eight-track Linden Studio in Ambler, Pennsylvania. In the foreground is the Fairlight Computer MusicInstrument, the alphaSyntauri keyboard on top of the CMI, the monitor, an Apple II with Mountain Computer music synthesizerboards, the Fairlight ASCII keyboard, The Sound Workshop 12-channel mixing console, an Otari eight-track recorder, and variousoutboard equipment in the rack at lower right. The studio is a 100-year-old barn, and the research lab is located a short distanceaway. (Photo by Irene Mohler)

monic?" until you decide you're done. On each iteration,the resultant wave is played back at a constant pitch forevaluation. The waveforms available for addition andsubtraction are band-limited versions of the commonanalog wavetypes: sine, triangle, square, sawtooth, orany user-specified complex waveform. This program isthe most common and useful way of generatingwavetables. If Syntauri would rewrite Wave III inassembly language, it would be capable of instant displayand, therefore, be a more intuitive feedback loop be-tween the creation of waveforms and envelopes.

Analyzer III

Fourier analysis of a waveform is the reciprocal to ad-ditive synthesis of sine waves. The program takes as itsinput any wave and supplies the harmonic content up toany specified harmonic.

The most creative use for this program that we'veheard is by Cretones keyboardist Steve Leonard, whoneeded to simulate a Vox portable organ. He used anoscilloscope to get a picture of the waveform he wanted,

then wrote a BASIC program to draw a line segment ap-proximation of the wave and write it to a binary file.Next, he analyzed the wave with Analyzer III. Using theresultant harmonic specification, he resynthesized thewave with Wave III.

Why didn't he just use the line-segment version of thewaveform7 Steve knew, as the analysis confirmed, thatsome very high harmonics were present in his line-segment waveform. When a digital oscillator—like thatused in Mountain Computer hardware—tries to createfrequencies above half its sampling rate (above16,000 Hz, in this case), the frequencies fold over andshow up as lower, incorrect frequencies within the audiospectrum. This phenomenon is known as "aliasing." (Agood explanation of aliasing is given in the ComputerMusic journal, volume 2, #2 in "Introduction to theMathematics of Signal Processing," by F R Moore.) Thesestray aliases usually have little to do with the intendedsound and are objectionable. To reduce their presence,care must be taken to limit the strengths of high har-monics in a wavetable.

122 December 1981 © BYTE Publications lnc

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The other consideration is the fundamental frequencyat which the note will be played. A waveform for a bassinstrument can get away with richer, higher harmonics.Practically speaking, aliasing can be a useful effect in thesimulation of noise and complex nonharmonic tones.

Keyboard Architecture

The alphaSyntauri synthesizer keyboard is a standard,two-bus, 61-note, Pratt-Reed organ keyboard. Thiskeyboard assembly is found in many commercial musicalinstruments, such as Moog, Arp, and Crumar syn-thesizers. Syntauri has added CMOS circuitry, whichallows the Apple to scan each key's two vertically posi-tioned contacts (lower and upper) approximately onceevery 10 milliseconds for make or break conditions.

After the entire keyboard is scanned, this informationis compared with a memory map of the last scan and isupdated if different. A timer, maintained in the com-puter's memory, counts the number of scans betweenchanges, including the time between closing of the lowerand upper contacts of each key. This number (in thecounter when the key is fully down) is used as an index ina velocity table, which is in turn applied to the attack rateand the final attack volume. The table contains 32 entriesand allows the production of up to 32 different perceivedvelocities. By altering a value specified in the velocitysetup program, the inverse relationship of key velocity toloudness can be made more or less linear on a scale of 0 to7.99. In effect, this varies the keyboard response to

velocity from linear to logarithmic.

The keyboard's tuning is organized by a scale table,which is set up by the Scale program. Just, well-tempered, international, or any scale from 1 to 32 inter-vals/octave may be chosen. The standard scale is well-tempered and is 12 intervals/octave. (A very concisediscussion of the alphaSyntauri keyboard can be found ina paper presented by Charlie Kellner, Ellen Lapham, andLaurie Spiegel at the 67th convention of the AudioEngineering Society, New York City, November 1, 1980.Reprints are available from Syntauri Corp.)

One other setup program is Log III, which creates a logtable for producing attack, decay, and release envelopes.Two envelope log table types are available: linear and ex-ponential. Linear is best for nonpercussive sounds withslower attacks, such as strings and brass. Exponentialworks well for percussive sounds, like pianos and bells.

The FX Controls

What would a synthesizer be without some kind of per-formance effects? Syntauri and Laurie Spiegel devisedsome neat ways to modify the sound while playing; theseare dubbed FX. Hitting the space bar and the letter "F",you are asked which effect file is desired. The files are texttype and are prefixed with MOD.nnnnnn. (You don'thave to type Mod.) Hit Return and you have the newlyselected effect. The available FX are Timbre Scan, PitchSweep, and Pitch Bend.

The effects like vibrato use the game paddles for con-

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124 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 237 on inquiry card.

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A system diagnostic package

DIAGNOSTICSTesta:

• Memory • CPU (8080/8085/Z80) • Terminal • Disk • PrinterTo our knowledge the CPU test is the first of its kind anywhere. DiagnosticsI can help you find problems before they become serious. A good set ofdiagnostic routines are a must in any program library. Minimal re-quirements: 32K CP/M Supplied with complete user manual; $75.00 Manualalone; $15.00

DIAGNOSTICS II: The most comprehensive set of CP/M compatiblesystem check-out programs ever assembled. Includes all ofDiagnostics I. plus:

• Every test is "submit'-able

• A complete Spinwriter/Diablo/Qume test has been added(Serial Interface only)

■ Output may be logged to disk

• Expanded memory test

• Expanded terminal testExpanded disk test

Diagnostics II provides the next level in system maintenance.

Requires: 32K CP/M

Price: $100.00 Manual only: $15.00

SYSTEM MAINTENANCE

SUPER-M-LIST: A complete, easy to use mailing list programpackage. Allows for two names, two addresses, city, state, zip anda three digit code field for added flexibility. Super-M-List can sorton any field and produce mailing labels direct to printer or disk filelor later printing or use by other programs Super-M-List is theperfect companion to TFS. Handles 1981 Zip Codes!Requires: 48K CP/MSupplied with complete user manual: $7500 manual alone: $10.00

TFSText Formatting System: An extremely powerful formatterMore than 50 commands. Supports all major features including:

• left & right margin justification • user defined macros

• dynamic insertion from disk file • underlining and backspaceTFS lets you make multiple copies of any text. For example: Per-sonalized form letters complete with name, address & other inser-tions trom a disk file. Text is not limited to the size of RAM makingTFS perfect for reports or any big job. Text is entered using CP/Mslandard editor or most any CP/M compatible editor,Requires; 24K CP/M

Supplied with extensive user manual: $85.00 manual alone: $20.00Source to TFS in 8080 assembler (can be assembled using stan-dard CP/M assembler) plus user manual: $250.00.

TEXT PROCESSING

UTILITIES I: A collection of programs that you will find useful and

maybe even necessary in your daily work (we did!).

Includes:

GREP: Searches files for a specified string

SORT: In core sort of variable length records

CMP: Compare two fiies for equality

PRINT: Formatted listings to printer

PG: Lists files to CRT a page at a time

. . . plus more . .Requires: 24K CP/MSupplied with manual on discette: $60.00

UTILITIES II: Many new programs not available elsewhere. Includes these"file" utilities:

DIFF. Source comparitor

PR Powerful multicolumn output formatter

DC Desk calculator

RPL: Substitute strings in files

. . . plus moreRequires: 24K CP/M $60.00Supplied with manual on discette

UTILITIES

4

m

ANALIZA; An amazingly accuratesimulation of a session with apsychiatrist. Better than the famous"ELIZA" program Enlightening aswell as fun. An excellent example o(Artificial IntelligenceRequires 48K CP/M. CBASIC2Cost $35.00

/*■; , .]'. 1 ENTERTAINMENT | ;: ;. . ; jg

fc:s*::3s*;:

1^

Z8000.CROSSASSEMBLER:Supports:

full Z8000 syntax, segmented and

unsegmented mode, full 32-bit

arithmetic, hex output, listing output,

"downloader"

Requires 56K CP/M $500 00

1 year mamlenance $300 00

manual alone $ 50.00

l^gw

Z8OOOI00!

On line "Help" system provided with every program package.

SuperSoft

First in Software Technology

CPIM REGISTERED TRADEMARK DIGITAL RESEARCH

\ * ititiitntiitiitiitiitiitiif^ * A * EBBS

SSS FORTRAN: The SSS FORTRAN compiler is fast, efficient, and complete(lull 1966 ANSI slandard with extensions) The RATFOR compiler compiles intoFORTRAN allowing the user to write structured code while retaining ihebenelits of FORTRAN. The FORTRAN supports many advanced features notfound in less complete implementalions. including, complex arithmetic,character variables, and functions. Complete sequencial and random disk I/Oare supported SSS FORTRAN will compile up lo 600 lines per minute! Recur-sive subroutines with static variables are supported ROMabie " COM" filesmay be generated SSS RATFOR allows Ihe use of coniemporary loop controland structured programming techniques SSS RATFOR is similar lo FORTRAN77 in that il supports such things as

• REPEAT ...UNTIL • WHILE • IF...THEN...ELSESSS RATFOR is supplied with source code in FORTRAN and RATFOR.System Requirements & Prices:SSS FORTRAN requires a 32K CP/M system.SSS FORTRAN with RATFOR: $325.00SS FORTRAN alone: $250.00RATFOR alone: $100.00(RATFOR sold only with valid SSS FORTRAN license)

STACKWORK'S FORTH: A full, extended Forth interpreter/compiler producesCOMPACT, ROMABLE code. As fast as compiled FORTRAN, as easy to use as in-teractive BASIC.SELF COMPILING: Includes every line of source code necessary to recompile

itself.EXTENSIBLE: Add functions at will,Z80 or 8080 ASSEMBLER included.Single license. OEM licensing available.Please specify CPU type: Z80 or 8080Supplied with extensive user manual and tutorial: $175.00Documentation alone: $25.00

TINY' PASCAL II: We still call it Tiny' but it's bigger and better than ever! This isthe famous Chung-Yuen Tiny' Pascal with more features added. Features include:

• recursive procedures/functions • integer arithmetic • CASE

• FOR (loop) • sequential disk I/O * 1 dimensional arrays

• IF..THEN...ELSE • WHILE • PEAK & POKE

• READ & WRITE • REPEAT...UNTIL • moreTiny' Pascal is fast. Programs execute up to ten limes faster than similar BASICprograms. SOURCE TOO! We still distribute source, in Tiny" Pascal, on eachdiscette sold. You can even recompile the compiler, add features or just gain in-sight into compiler construction.

j Requires: 36K CP/M. Supplied with complete user manual and source on discette:$85.00. Manual alone: $10.00

TERM: A complete intercommunications package for linking your com-puter to other computers. Link either to other CP/M computers or to largetimesharing systems. TERM is comparable to other systems but costsless, delivers more and source is provided on discette! With TERM youcan send and receive ASCII and Hex files (COM too. with included conver-tion program) with any other real time communication between users onseparate systems as well as acting as timesharing terminal.

• Engage/disengage printer • error checking and auto retry

• terminal mode for timesharing between systems

• conversational mode • send files • receive filesRequires: 32K CP/M

Supplied with user manual and 8080 source code: $150.00Manual alone: $15.00

ENCODE/DECODE: A complete software security system for CP/MEncode/Decode is a sophisticated coding program package which trans-forms data stored on disk into coded text which is completely unrecog-nizable. Encode/Decode supports multiple security levels and passwordsA user defined combination (One billion possible) is used to code anddecode a file. Uses are unlimited Below are a few examples:

• databases • payroll files • programs • tax records

Encode/Decode is available in two versions

Encode/Decode I provides a level of security suitable for normal use.Encode/Decode II provides enhanced secuniy for the most demandingneedsEncode/Decode I: $50.00 Encode/Decode II: $100.00 manual alone $1500

^ SOFTWARE SECURITY f* ■ ^

CP/M Formats: 8" soft sectored, 5" Northstar, 5" Micropo-lis Mod II, Vector MZ, Superbrain DD/QDAll Orders and General Information:SUPERSOFT ASSOCIATESP.O. BOX 1628CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820(217) 359-2112

Technical Hot Line: (217) 359-2691(answered only when technician Is available)

Far East DistributionASR International

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105 JAPAN

SuperSoft's Masterpieceof the Mouth

troL Timbre Scan actually scans through all the wave-forms in the preset master, in a sequence whose rate andpitch are controlled by the paddles. Pitch Sweep modu-lates the frequency upward into aliasing at a depth con-trolled by one of the paddles. Pitch Bend allows fordynamic frequency changes through the movement of apaddle with one hand, while the other plays the key-board. All effects can also be used with vibrato.

Graphics

One of the most captivating features of the alphaSyn-tauri system is the "Close-Encounters" graphics that ac-company the music. A corresponding bar on the screenlights up for each key that is down. A captivating andentertaining effect results, especially when the sequenceris playing back some piece. At a trade show, a spectatorwas overhead saying to her friend, "I've never seen musicbeforel" While this is not a feature we would spend hun-

dreds of dollars to obtain, it is a great extra as a by-product of performance. When the question "What gooddoes that do?" arises, we mumble something about theability to visually inspect playing technique. (By watch-ing the blocks, it is quite easy to gauge the amount of roll-over between adjacent keys. Speaking candidly, though,the graphics are just attractive.)

The Manual

The alphaSyntauri manual is very much in the spirit ofthe Applesoft tutorial manual—friendly and jovial,though a little confusing. It works quite well as a tutorial;you can sit down with the instrument, read through themanual, and apply things that you learn. The explana-tions of synthesis theory are well illustrated. We foundthe "Quick Reference Guide" more useful when we had ageneral knowledge of the system. Neither document hasan index.

IF YOU ENJOY MUSIC, WHY JUST LISTEN?

You and your Apple could be makingbeautiful music together!join the thousands of Apple owners who aremaking music — without the years of practiceneeded for conventional instruments. You canquickly and easily enter a song from sheet music.Just follow the detailed examples and instructionsprovided

THE PRODUCT. ALF's economical 9-voice MusicCard MC1 is just $195, the gourmet 3-voice MusicCard MC16 is $245 (use 2 for 6 voices or 3 for 9).Both come with detailed manual, complete soft-ware, and cable for connection to your stereosystem.

THE SOFTWARE. We're convinced our product isby far the easiest to use and most versatile systemfor the Apple. You get many features not availablein other systems, plus a very large note capacity.And no customer has ever reported a "bug''or error.

THE HARDWARE. ALF strives for the best qualitypossible. No MC1 card has ever been returnedwith a manufacturing defect.THE COMPANY. ALF has been making computer-controlled synthesizers since 1975. We made thefirst music peripheral for the Apple — and it's stillone of the most popular.

Available through Apple dealers, or write formore information.

WANT TO DUPLICATE DISKS QUICKLY?

ALF's disk duplication service has been a majorsource of quality reproduction for Apple-compatible software houses since 1980. Now youcan use the same techniques for fast and accuratereproduction yourself, with ALF's Copy System.Why spend over $10,000 for a duplication systemwhen for just $595 you can connect the ALF CopySystem to your own Apple! Copying time is about37 to 17.3 seconds, depending on number of drivesused. That's over 1,600 disks in 8 hours from asingle system. Are you completely confident ofyour present copying methods? At ALF, accuratereproduction is more important than speed. TheALF Copy System is designed to produce perfectcopies every time.

Special hardware and software copies any stan-dard 13 or 16 sector Apple format disk. Hardwareplugs easily into computer — no permanentchanges required If you wish to do your own drivemaintenance, the manual tells how to use stan-dard Shugart procedures and accessories, and allnecessary software is included

Too busy to get into disk copying? You can stillcount on ALF's convenient copying service. Askabout our copy-resistant and "double boot"services too!

Write lor complete details.

NEED CONVENIENTFLOPPY DISK PROTECTION?

ALF's Floppy Boxes are specially designed to offergreat protection with more convenient use thanother methods. They're designed with two layersof corrugated cardboard with a special "cross-grain" construction for extra strength. The stan-dard square size holds 1-3 minifloppies for mailingor packing in products The larger rectangular sizeholds minifloppies plus a standard 5V; x 8Vjbooklet (8Vj x 11 folded in half). Available with anadhesive closure tab for use as a mailer (just sealwith tab, address other side, and mail) Softwarehouses: write for details on attractive, protectivepackaging for your products.

Small quantity price is 75<t for standard box.

Available singly at computer dealers, in largequantities from ALF (New dealer inquiriesinvited.) Aug 81

A L F PRODUCTS INC. 1448ESTES DENVER, CO 80215

126

December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 11 on inquiry card.

Circle 68 on inquiry card.

TflG

$1250*

Now less than half the price of any comparable terminal

Announcing a video graphics terminal with morefeatures than other popular, comparable models,but at half the cost. The VGR-IO ASCII-APL graphicsterminal, from COMDEC, has combined all themost-wanted features of other'popular graphicsterminals with several of its own to give you one ofthe best equipped raster graphics systems avail-able. You'll get high resolution, long life 640 x 380mono-chromatic graphics emulating directly the

graphics printer interface for razor sharp hard copy,all as standard features. You'll also get COMDEC's"plug in and run" technology which allows oper-ation of your sophisticated graphics programswith virtually any computer.

Contact us today and take advantage of thisintroductory price of $1250.00". The VGR-IO isbrought to you by Ha|kAMnCA iCOMDEC, a com- I ■ ■ MllwlllEl* inc

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Applications

We tried to put the alphaSyntauri through its pacesand discover what other people were doing with it. SteveLeonard, mentioned earlier, uses his onstage with a rockband and has developed a set of presets to replace a lot ofheavier, traditional professional keyboards. We put hisinstruments into action when the rock group Sister Sledgewas working at Linden Studio. No analog synthesizerswere available, so keyboard player Steve Gould receiveda mini-lesson in using the alphaSyntauri synthesizer.Within five minutes, he was playing independently. TheClose Encounters theme was heard many times thatnight.

On the academic side, Stanford University has a com-puter-assisted instruction project in the works. Thecurriculum, developed on its PDP-10 by Dr. WolfgangKuhn, is being adapted to the alphaSyntauri system toteach basic music theory. This should be very interesting,and I am sure many other universities will implement it.

Laurie Spiegel, a composer who uses the alphaSyntaurisystem in her work, has too extensive a background incomputer music composition and programming to citehere. But we feel that one of her contributions to thealphaSyntauri system is worth mentioning. Laurie hasone of the earliest Syntauri keyboard prototypes. Evenbefore there was really a developed product, she waswriting her own 6502 programs on her Apple (which isalso a prototype), to process and interact with the

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keyboard in interesting ways.

In a concert series, "Computer in Perfor-mance"—presented in New York City during1980—Laurie used a keyboard program she wrote inPascal. An effective PEEK and POKE permutationalgorithm, it used the keyboard to specify transposition.Melodic and harmonic materials were specified by soft-ware. There were several processes running whichspecified sets of pitches to be played. Laurie selectedwhich sets the program would be permuting, while thealphaSyntauri synthesizer specified the base pitch. Thepaddles were used to modify the timbre and effects, andthe result was musical and interesting.

A more recent program is a composition which shepatched into the alphaSyntauri system software. Goingto the recorder menu and typing "C" (for compose), shecan build lines of music based on written algorithmswhich are then patched into the main alphaSyntauriBASIC program. For example, a small FOR-NEXT loop isused to build an arpeggio. Her program asks for thenumber and spacing of the events in the sequence, alongwith a number of simultaneous notes. It will fill a notestable with a sequence based on the information suppliedand the little algorithm which was preprogrammed. Thisis simply one user's own experiment, not an officialrelease by Syntauri. (This little composing program isjust the tip of the iceberg for algorithmic composition.)

Complaints

Game paddles are a drag. They are imprecise, don'tstay where you put them, and waste processor time. Ireally wish the system had a couple of slide potentio-meters and a cheap analog-to-digital converter.

The manual has no index 1 (Syntauri says it's preparingone.) The system takes too long to boot up. (Syntauri'sworking on that, too.) Depending on your audio qualityrequirements, the Mountain Computer synthesizer hard-ware can be a bit noisy (8-bit digital-to-analog con-verters). But it is the best choice when you compare priceto performance.

Conclusions

• The software allows for system expansion. Innovativemusical ideas or new methods of analysis can be easily in-corporated into the operating system.

• The alphaSyntauri system uses a modular approach forthe hardware, allowing for future improvements andupgrading of the system. This means the system cangrow, not be outgrown.

• The software—while some may argue the advantagesof straight assembly language—is fast when it needs to beand slow and accessible where necessary.

• The real-time interaction with the composer is an im-portant improvement. This changes the synthesizer into atrue musical instrument.

• The price is obviously more than the average Apple IIowner can afford. For the serious musician, however, thealphaSyntauri's combination of quality sound, good per-formance, and price make it well worth the money. ■

128 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 416 on inquiry card.

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For the most demanding commercial, industrial, and scientific 8/16 bitapplications, CPU 6065/86 is the answer. See the board that's more than a bridgebetween two worlds at finer computer stores and systems integrators world-wide.

Prlcesi $425 assembled (both CPUs run at 6 MHz), $525 qualified under the Certified System Component high-reliability program (both CPUs run at 8MHz). Call415-562-0636fortheauthorizedCompuProsalescenternearyou, or for placing factory direct VISA® /Mastercard® orders. Pricesdonotinclude tax, shipping, or dealer support services (if applicable).

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THE SPECTRUM COLOR GRAPHICS SALE CONTIN-UES. With Spectrum's 6K of IEEE-compatible static RAM, fullduplex bidirectional I/O port for keyboard or joystickinterface, and 6847-based graphics generator that can displayall 64 ASCII characters, your S-100 computer can control thecolors of the rainbow. 10 modes of operation, from alpha-numerics/semigraphics in 8 colors to dense 256 x 192 fullgraphics. Regularly $399 A/T; but for orders postmarked be-fore 12/31/81, Spectrum is yours for $2991 There has neverbeen a better time to graduate from black and white to color.

1. DISK 1 DMA DISK CONTROLLER. Properly imple-mented DMA (with arbitration), plus CPU speed-independentdata transfer, results in high speed operation. IBM com-patible format; handles soft-sectored single or double-densi-ty.single or double-sided disks. Set up for 8" disks, can alsohandle 5.25" disks. With BIOS for CP/M-80. $495 A/T,$595 CSC. Coming soon. Disk 2, the fast DMA hard disk con-troller.

2. CP/M-80 or CP/M-86. Available only with Disk 1 pur-chase. Supplied on diskette with full documentation—readyfor load and go operation. CP/M-80 $175; CP/M-86 $300.

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RAM 20. With extended addressing or bank select. RAM20-8K: $210 A/T, $280 CSC. -16K: $285 A/T, $355CSC. -24K: $355 A/T, $425 CSC. -32K: $425 A/T, $495CSC.

RAMI 7. Ultra low power (1.6 Watts typical for64K). RAM 17-48K: $650 A/T, $750 CSC. -64K: $795A/T, $895 CSC.

RAM 16-64. Configure as 64K x 8 or 32K x 16. $895A/T, $995 CSC.

RAM 21. Configure as 128K x 8 or 64K by 16. $1695A/T, $1895 CSC.

8. M-DRIVE. As close as you can come to the solid-statedisk drive: M-DRIVE runs IEEE 696/5-100 RAM under CP/M2.2, so that the memory appears identical to a disk drive-butthere are no mechanical delays to slow you down. Requires 6MHz CPU 8085/88, Disk 1, and System Support 1. Packageincludes RAM and M-DRIVE software. Return CompuPro CP/Mdisk for modification and (if applicable) 5 MHz CPU 8085/88 for6 MHz upgrade. 128KM-DRIVE: $1590 A/T; 256K M-DRIVE:$3100 A/T.

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12. SUPERSIXTEEN SPECIAL PACKAGE. This speciallypriced package includes CPU 8085/88, Disk 1 DMA floppy diskcontroller, System Support 1, Interfacer 1, 128K of staticRAM, CP/M 2.2, CP/M-86, four cables (three interfacer cablesplus one disk coble), and complete documentation—all for$3,495. (For CSC boards, add $600 to the package price.)If you're ready for advanced computing, this is the package foryou.

Most CompuPro products ore available in Unkit form, Assembled/Tested(A/T) or qualified under the C5C high-reliability program (200 hour bum-in,more). Note: Unkits ore not intended for novices, os debugging moy be re-quired due to problems such as IC infant mortality. Factory service is availablefor Unkits ot o flat service charge.

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Book Reviews

AIM 65LaboratoryManual andStudy Guide

Leo J Scanlon

John Wiley and Sons Inc

Somerset NJ, 1981

179 pages, softcover

S7.95

Reviewed byBob Katz248 E 90 St #3BNew York NY 10028

The AIM 65 LaboratoryManual and Study Guide isdesigned to provide an inex-pensive but effective meansfor high schools, vocationalschools, and colleges to im-plement a microprocessorcomputer lab. It is a good in-troduction to machine-language software tech-niques.

The manual is designedonly for use with theRockwell AIM 65 computer;the monitor commands willnot work with other com-puters. However, studentswho master this manualshould be able to programfluently in 6502 machinelanguage and in a dialect of apopular 6502 assemblylanguage.

A vocational school thattrains computer servicetechnicians would beespecially interested in theAIM 65 course. People whorepair hardware must alsounderstand software on themachine-language level. Forexample, they should be ableto read and write bytes toand from a suspect outputport and make checks with alogic analyzer to see if thehardware is at fault.

In my experience, half ofall hardware problems aredue to bad connections. Aftereliminating these, only 20percent or so are related to

bad components. I believe,however, that more than 90percent of all service prob-lems are actually softwareproblems. Remember GIGO(garbage in, garbage out)7Practice work with the AIM65 should educate students inthe complexities—and thepitfalls—of software writing.They will certainly havemore sympathy for futureclients who call for repairs,only to discover that theproblem lies in the software.Most computer-repairschools have a digital logiccourse or lab in transistor-transistor logic and com-plementary metal-oxidesemiconductor devices, aBoolean algebra course, anda basic electronics course.Ultimately, a microprocessorcomputer lab would com-plete the program.

The AIM 65 is a single-board computer built byRockwell International and isa refinement and extension ofthe popular KIM computer,which was developed byMOS Technology (nowCommodore). But the AIMhas some "big-gun" featuresthat successfully emulatethose of larger systems togive computer students ataste of the "real world."

The AIM 65 includes anon-board, 20-column thermalprinter, a companion20-character light-emitting-diode display, a full-sizetypewriter keyboard, a very-interactive monitor and texteditor, 20 input/outputports, and up to 4 K bytes ofRAM on board. BASIC andthe two-pass assembler arealso ROM options. Anumber of cottage industrieshave sprouted to provide pe-ripheral support for the ubiq-uitous single-board com-puter; therefore, a schoolcould easily expand one ormore laboratory stations toinclude an RS-232 interface,64 K bytes (or more) of

memory, DOS (disk operat-ing system), and more.

Leo J Scanlon is documen-tation manager for RockwellInternational. Scanlon'swriting style is always clear,yet pleasantly conversationalin tone. In 6502 SoftwareDesign, Scanlon wrote in ananalytical manner for theserious reader who canhandle large amounts ofabstract material. I didmanage to learn the 6502language and concepts fromSoftware Design before pur-chasing or even using my firstcomputer. Most people,however, are uncomfortablewith learning in such anabstract manner.

AIM 65 takes anotherapproach. It was written forthose who need the feedbackthat comes from the tactileprocess of experimentingwith a computer while alsolearning about it. It is aneffective, modularized, step-by-step educational approachto using and programming a6502-based microcomputer.Students are encouraged towrite their own programs andlearn debugging techniques.Each experiment is well-organized, beginning with"object" and "pre-labpreparation" (reading) andending with "discussion" and"procedure."

Chapter headings include:Getting to Know the AIM 65;Addition Operations; Sub-traction and Logical Opera-tions; Program Sequencing;Debugging Programs;Multiplication Operations,with Shift and Rotate; Divi-sion Operations; Subroutinesand the Stack; UnorderedLists; Sorting UnorderedData; Code Conversion fromInput; Code Conversion forOutput; Input/Output; AMore Powerful I/O Device,the R6522 VIA; Interrupts; ATiming Program withDecimal Output; The Aim 65Assembler.

I've performed several ofthe experiments described byScanlon and can verify thatthis lab manual works quitewell as a self-study method. Irecommend it to any pur-chaser of the AIM 65 com-puter, and I feel it is the bestlearning tool available for thenovice machine-languageprogrammer. ■

BYTEs Bits

ConferenceProceedings

In January 1981, the Col-lege of Education at ArizonaState University hosted amicrocomputer conferencethat was designed to intro-duce educators and adminis-trators to the applications ofmicrocomputers in the class-room. The conference pro-ceedings are now available ina 340-page book that includesmore than 30 articles. Amongthe titles are "InstructionalTechniques for TeachingBASIC Programming to Ele-mentary Children," "UsingComputers with the Blindand Deaf Children," "Manag-ing Instruction with aMicro," 'The Challenge ofthe 1980's: Computer Liter-acy," and "Microcomputersin High School Physics."

The proceedings are avail-able for $10 from Dr GaryBitter, Arizona State Univer-sity, Payne B203, Tempe AZ85287. ■

132 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Color Computer from A to D

Make Your Color Computer "See"and "Feel" Better

The Radio Shack Color Computerhas an amazing amount of circuitrybuilt into it for the price. One of itsmost interesting features is the joy-stick interface, which allows you tocontrol the screen cursor position bythe use of two joysticks. Actually,this use of the joystick is one of themost mundane applications of thebuilt-in analog-to-digital (A/D) cir-cuitry. How would you like to use thejoystick inputs for reading in tem-perature, intensity of light in a room,or other real-world physical quan-tities? And do it with only a few addi-tional inexpensive components? How

First in a series

William Barden Jr

28122 Orsola

Mission Viejo CA 92692

would you like to have four channelsof data coming into the Color Com-puter, making it a data-acquisitionsystem for storing and processingreal-world data?

In this article I'll show you how toaccomplish all of these things. TheColor Computer hardware that han-dles the joystick inputs, the softwarethat drives the input electronics, and

This is the first article of a seriesdevoted to Radio Shack computers:TRS-80 Model I, Model III, and thenewest member of the Tandy family,the Color Computer. The emphasiswill be on using the Radio Shack sys-tems to interface to the real world. Insome cases, special-purpose hardwarethat connects to the computer input/output ports will be used; in othercases, no special hardware will be re-quired, because the computer systemsprovide everything necessary.

In general, a systems approach tothe problem of interfacing will be used.Too often the advocates of hardwareand software are separated by a widegulf. We've all seen implementations ina computer system where an applica-

tions problem is solved by interfacing acustom-designed device that uses 315integrated circuits; in this case, onesuspects the designer has a strong hard-ware background. Conversely, there'sthe implementation where everythingis "software-driven" in a 2000-instruc-tion, hand-coded, machine-languageprogram using a single computer in-put/output line; the designer here isobviously from the software clan. I'llattempt to take a middle road. Afterall, the important point is that a com-puter system can be used to accomplishsome pretty spectacular real-worldthings; I'll show how to do this in themost efficient fashion possible, using abalance of hardware and softwaretechniques.

the implementation of real-world in-puts will all be investigated. [Forbackground information on the ColorComputer's circuitry, see Tim Ahrenset ah, "What's Inside Radio Shack'sColor Computer?" March 1981BYTE, p. 90.]

Joystick Circuitry

First, a look at the hardware.Figure 1 shows a block diagram of theColor Computer joystick circuitry.Two joysticks, each having an X anda Y channel, connect to a data selec-tor that selects one of the four chan-nels. The output of the selected chan-nel goes to a comparator.

The second input to the compara-tor is a software-controlled referencevoltage. This voltage comes from adigital-to-analog converter (DAC)driven by six programmable datalines. (Yes, that's "digital-to-analog,"even though the subject of this articleis analog-to-digital. I'll explain whythe DAC is needed later on.) The datalines come from a peripheral interfaceadapter (PIA).

The output from the comparatorgoes to one input line of a secondPIA. A more detailed diagram of theelectronics is shown in figure 2. Partsplacement on this diagram corre-sponds to the functional blocks offigure 1. I'll refer to figure 2 in the fol-

134 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

TYPE'N TALK"

A«? "o SPEECH SYNTHESUE.

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The exciting text-to-speech synthesizerthat has every computer talking.

• Unlimited vocabulary

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Type-'N-Talk;" an important technologicaladvance from Votrax, enables your com-puter to talk to you simply and clearly —with an unlimited vocabulary. You canenjoy the many features of Type-'N-Talk,'"the new text-to-speech synthesizer, forjust $375.00.

You operate Type-'N-Talk'" by simply typ-ing English text and a talk command.Your typewritten words are automaticallytranslated into electronic speech by thesystem's microprocessor-based text-to-speech algorithm.

The endless uses ofspeech synthesis.

rype-'N-Talk'uadds a whole new world ofspeaking roles to your computer. You canprogram verbal reminders to prompt youhrough a complex routine and make yourcomputer announce events. In teaching,the computer with Type-'N-Talk'"canactually tell students when they're rightor wrong — even praise a correct answer.And of course, Type-'N-Talk"is great funfor computer games. Your games come to:ife with spoken threats of danger, re-minders, and praise. Now all computerscan speak. Make yours one of the first.

Text-to-speech is easy.

English text is automatically translatedinto electronically synthesized speechwith Type-'N-Talk!" ASCII code from/our computer's keyboard is fed toType-'N-Talk'through an RS 232C inter-lace to generate synthesized speech,fust enter English text and hear the verbal

response (electronic speech) through youraudio loud speaker. For example: simplytype the ASCII characters representing"h-e-1-l-o" to generate the spokenword "hello."

TYPE-'N-TALK "has its

own memory.

Type-'N-Talk^has its own built-in micro-processor and a 750 character buffer to holdthe words you've typed. Even the smallestcomputer can execute programs and speaksimultaneously. Type-'N-Talk'"doesn't haveto use your host computer's memory, or tie itup with time-consuming text translation.

Data switching capabilityallows for ONLINE usage.

Place Type-'N-Talk" between a computeror modem and a terminal. Type-'N-Talk"can speak all data sent to the terminalwhile online with a computer. Informationrandomly accessed from a data base canbe verbalized. Using the Type-'N-Talk'"data switching capability, the unit can be"de-selected" while data is sent to the ter-minal and vice-versa — permitting speechand visual data to be independently senton a single data channel.

Selectable features makeinterfacing versatile.

Type-'N-Talk "can be interfaced in severalways using special control characters.Connect it directly to a computer's serialinterface. Then a terminal, line printer, oradditional Type-'N-Talk'"units can beconnected to the first Type-'N-Talk)"eliminating the need for additionalRS-232C ports on your computer.Using unit assignment codes, multipleType-'N-Talk "units can be daisy-chained.Unit addressing codes allow independentcontrol of Type-'N-Talk™units andyour printer.

Look what you get for $375.00.TYPE-'N-TALK comes with:

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The Votrax Type-'N-Talk" is one of theeasiest-to-program speech synthesizers onthe market. It uses the least amount ofmemory and it gives you the most flexiblevocabulary available anywhere.

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E2E

LEFT JOYSTICK

RIGHT JOYSTICK

DATASELECTOR

COMPARATOR

COMPARATOROUTPUT

PIA

DATA, ADDRESS,

CONTROL

LINES

$FF20

DIGITALTO

ANALOGCONVERTER

DATA, ADDRESS,

CONTROL

LINES

$FF00

$FF03$FF01

SELECT LINE

SELECT LINE

Figure 1: Color Computer joystick circuitry, block diagram.

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lowing discussion and explain someof the parts for you software types.

Joysticks. The joysticks are simplyvariable resistors, or potentiometers,as shown in figure 3. Move the joy-stick control in the up-down directiononly, and the Y potentiometer wipermoves across the potentiometer,varying the resistance from 0 to100,000 ohms (Q). Move the joystickcontrol in the right-left directiononly, and the X potentiometer wipervaries the resistance from 0 to100,000 Q. Every position of the joy-stick can be translated into X and Ycoordinates, with resulting X and Ypositions and corresponding resis-tance values.

Because both potentiometers areconnected between +5 volts (V)—from the Color Computer—andground, the voltage output to the Xand Y channels varies between ap-proximately 0 V (up or left position)and +5 V (down or right position).A switch on each joystick connectsanother input pin (pin 4) to groundwhen it is pressed.

Data Selector. The MC14529 is ananalog switch. This device selectsone of four input channels and routesit to the output W. The signal is nototherwise processed as it passes to theLM339 comparator, so the voltage in-put from one of the channels is fedunchanged to the LM339 positive (+or noninverting) input.

The selection of the channel isdetermined by two select lines, SELland SEL2. These lines are outputsfrom the second 6821 PIA. I'll discussthe PIAs in a moment, but for now,simply note that you can select one ofthe four channels easily by changingSEL1/SEL2 to 00, 01, 10, or 11.

The Comparator. The LM339 is acommon device that compares twovoltage inputs. The inputs are twoDC levels which can vary from 0 V tosome positive voltage. The output iseither on or off. In this case, the twoinputs will vary from 0 to +5 V (ap-proximately), and the output will beeither 0 V (+ input greater than —input) or +5 V (+ input less than —input). The output, then, represents abinary 0 or 1 and reflects the com-parison of a joystick voltage and a se-cond input called CASSOUT.

138 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 49 on inquiry card.

SEL2

h5V

•lOOfl

LEFT

JOYSTICK

PLUG

RIGHT

JOYSTICK

PLUG

!>5 loyi-r

4 2 )y

<° 3 Or

r

TV TTKSJr

}1-

0.02

(77

ADDRESS$FF20

ADDRESS$FF00

ADDRESS

$FF03

$FF01

Figure 2: Detailed joystick circuitry (parts placement cor-responds to that in figure 1).

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December 1981 © BYTE Publications lnc 139

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140 BYTE December 1981

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American [0] Computers

919-889-4577 KIVETT DR. JAMESTOWN N.C. 27282 919-883-1105

Circle 21 on inquiry card.

CP/M Is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

BYTE December 1981 141

Digital-to-Analog Converter. Nowfor the seemingly out-of-place DAC.In short, it provides a mechanism for"guessing" the value of the currentlyselected joystick channel. You mightthink of it as a guess-my-number af-fair.

The six buffers of the MC14050Band the resistor network make up theDAC. The DAC takes the six lineslabeled PA7 through PA2 and con-verts the binary values of 000000through 111111 into correspondingvoltages of 0 to +5 V DC. Because 64separate values are represented overthis range (111111 is 63), the voltagesrepresented will be in steps of %t V(approximately)—0 V, %4 V, 10/64 V,15/64 V, ... up to »%4 V (5 V).

The method used for this conver-sion is a voltage-divider resistor net-work, where each resistor produces a

BUTTONSWITCH

weighted voltage. The output of eachMC14050B buffer is either 0 or +5 V(approximately). If the buffer outputis 0 V, the resistor associated with thebuffer can be considered to be atground; if the output is +5 V, theresistor can be considered to be at+ 5 V. The resulting resistor networkfor a typical configuration is shownin figure 4. The output voltage is thetotal voltage from ground to the out-put point. Table 1 shows approxi-mate output voltages for the range ofinput values.

The PI A. The PIA is Motorola's pe-ripheral interface adapter, basically a20-line device in which most lines canbe programmed as inputs or outputs.In the standard Color Computer con-figuration, PIA lines feeding the DACare assigned hexadecimal address$FF20; PIA lines selecting the channel

rr~i

100K /h

X POTENTIOMETER

V CHANNEL

DIN PLUGTO COLOR04 2p / COMPUTER

X CHANNEL

Figure 3: joystick electronics; the joysticks are relatively simple devices.

of the data selector are assigned hexa-decimal address $FF01; and the PIAline for JOYIN is assigned hexadeci-mal address $FF00. [Editor's note:Following 6809 conventions, all hexa-decimal values are prefixed with "$". ]Other lines are involved with thePIAs—lines to read the keyboard,lines to handle RS-232 communica-tion, and so forth—but the lines per-taining to the joystick inputs are theonly ones shown in figure 5.

Each set of lines is memory-mapped in the Color Computer; us-ing BASIC'S tools, a PEEK at 65280can be used to read the JOYIN bit,while a POKE to 65312 will output avalue to the DAC.

Joystick Software

From here on, the problem is "sim-ply a matter of programming." Thefirst task is to find the X/Y position ofeither joystick. The algorithm for do-ing this is fairly simple:

1. Select the joystick and X/Ychannel by sending data to theSEL1/SEL2 lines. To select the rightjoystick and X, for example, a 0 mustbe sent to bit 3 of decimal address65283 and a 1 output to bit 3 of deci-mal address 65281.

2. The input from the joystick isnow at the + input of the com-parator. Assuming you aren't playinga hot game of Space Invaders, that in-put should remain relatively constantfor some period of time, although innormal use it could be fluctuatingfrom 0 to +5 V in Vi second or less.

3. Send a value of binary 100000

DIGITAL. INPUT-

+ 5V

REPRESENTS101101=

*510

1

PA2

0

PA3

1

PA 4

1

PA 5

0

PA 6

1

PA 7

M>^

H>

—>

+ 5V r

7^>

ov

324K-wv

0V 162K—wv—

80.6K—Via—

N^ +5V 40.2K^—— VW,—

^ 20K

>

+ 5V 10K

—Wr

•100K

+ 5V

-324K S80.6 540.2 S10K J100K

-HZ> =

-O =

;20K ^lOOK

ANALOG OUTPUT

Figure 4: This diagram shows how a typical digital input is converted into an analog output.

142 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 314 on inquiry card.

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V

144 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

J

(decimal 32, or about +2.5 V) to theDAC by using a POKE 65312,128.

4. Look at the output of the com-parator by doing a PEEK (65280) andtesting bit 7 by performing a logicalAND with 128. If the output is a 0,the channel value is less than the out-put from the DAC. In this case, takehalf of the remaining range (binary010000, decimal 16, or about 1.38 V)and try again. If the output is a 1, thechannel value is greater than the out-put from the DAC. In this case, takehalf of the remaining range (binary110000, decimal 48, or 3.69 V) andtry again.

5. Repeat this process six times.Each time, take one-half the remain-ing range and try again. At the end ofthe six tries, take the value most re-cently output; it will be within slbi ofthe actual voltage produced by thejoystick.

Savvy readers will recognize thisalgorithm as our old friend the binarysearch. In this case, a binary searchhas been used to converge on the X orY input voltage by successive approx-imation. To prove that this methoddoes work, run the BASIC programshown in listing 1. This programzeroes in on the X channel of the rightjoystick. Move the joystick and theprogram will report back the new Xposition for each iteration.

BASIC Joystick Commands. TheJOYSTK command in Color BASICaccomplishes the same function as theprogram in listing 1. The format ofthe command is

JOYSTK (j)

where / is 0 for the right joystick X; 1for the right joystick Y; 2 for the leftjoystick X; and 3 for the left joystickY. JOYSTK(O) must be executed be-fore JOYSTK(l), (2), or (3) can be re-turned.

As with other BASIC operations,there is a limit to how fast JOYSTKcan be performed. Assuming youwant to read the X/Y coordinates ofone joystick (see listing 2), the speedof operation is about 23 X/Y readingsper second. This is not too bad butdoesn't allow such things as smoothplotting of points on the screen dur-ing rapid joystick movement, as inlisting 3.

Machine Language. The answer toa faster reading of the joysticks, asyou might suspect, is in 6809 machinelanguage. Two driver subroutines inColor BASIC are associated with thejoysticks: one to select the joystickchannel and one to read all four chan-nels into four page-zero locations.The Select-Joystick subroutine in Col-or BASIC is at location $A9A2; theRead-Joystick is at $A9E0. Listings 4and 5 show the disassembled code;I've added program commentary in aseparate text box (see page 160).

Other Uses for A/D Inputs

As the foregoing discussion hasdemonstrated, a built-in set of fourA/D channels resides in the ColorComputer—channels in which the in-put voltage may range from 0 to

MEMORYADDRESS

$FF20$FF00

$FF01$FF03

BYTE

7 6 5 4 3 2 10

D TO A OUTPUT

X X

X X X X X X X

■COMPARATOR OUTPUT (JOYIN)

X X X X XXX

c

LSB OF DATA SELECTOR

X X X X XXX

u

MSB OF DATA SELECTOR

Figure 5: The Color Computer's PIAs are memory-mapped. A single memory-mappedbyte has several functions on the bit level.

Circle 181 on inquiry card. >

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+5 V DC and in which data can besampled at rates of up to 2500 sam-ples per second for a single channel.There are many other uses for thesechannels.

Electrical Analogs. Many physicalquantities can be represented by anelectrical analog of voltage, resis-tance, or current. A thermistor, forexample, changes its resistance in ac-cordance with temperature. Certaintypes of crystals generate a voltagewhen stressed; thus, crystal micro-phones can produce an outputvoltage in step with sound input.Photoresistors change their resistancevalues when subjected to varyinglight intensities.

One problem with many types oftransducers like these is that they arenot linear. Equal changes in the phys-ical quantity do not produce equalchanges in the electrical propertyover a wide range. Manufacturersstrive to maintain linearity in the de-vices, and, as a result, the transducersbecome expensive. Using the ColorComputer A/D inputs, you can com-

pletely bypass linearity problemsbecause you can easily convert inputvalues to the corresponding physicalvalues by use of a conversion table.As a result, you can use many "gar-den variety" devices for transducers.

Another powerful aspect of theColor Computer is that you can domore than just read instantaneous in-put values. You can use the ColorComputer as a data-acquisition de-vice. Inputs can be sampled manytimes a second and then stored inmemory, on cassette, or on disk. Youcan retrieve the input data as often asrequired and process them in any wayyou wish.

Following are illustrations of twotypes of real-world inputs that use theA/D inputs of the Color Computer, alight detector and a thermometer.You may be amazed at how simplethis can be.

Standard Plug. As a first step,make a standard plug for the A/D in-puts. The standard joystick plug is a5-pin DIN male plug, which RadioShack sells in most stores. Be certain

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to get a "thin-walled" type; thethicker plastic type will not fit in thejack. Use any four-conductor wire, orfour single Wires, to connect to theDIN pins as shown in figure 6. Ifyou'd like, you can add a fifth wirefor the pushbutton switch, althoughits use is not detailed in this article.

Listing 1: A BASIC program that ac-complishes an A/D conversion on theright joystick's X-coordinate. The pro-gram reads the hardware directly for thesake of illustration; the BASIC languageoffers a single command (JOYSTK) to dothe same thing, as shown in listing 2.

90 REM SELECT RIGHT, X

100 A = PEEK(65283)

110 A = A AND 247

120 POKE65283.A

130 A = PEEK(65281)

140 A = A AND 247 OR 4

ISO POKE 65281,A

160 REM SETUP VALUE, DELTA

170 V = 128: D = 64

175 REM BINARY SEARCH HERE

180 POKE65312,V

190 A = PEEK(65280)

200 A = A AND 128

210 IF A = 0 THEN V = V - D ELSE

V = V + D

220 D = D/2

230 IF Do 1 THEN GOTO 180

235 REM NOW GET 6 LS BITS

240 V = V AND 252

250 V = V/4

260 PRINT V

270 GOTO 100

Listing 2: A typical use of BASIC com-mands to read the X- and Y-coordinates ofthe right joystick. Line 130 keeps track ofhow many times the joystick has beenread; this program obtains 23 X/Y read-ings per second.

100 REM TYPICAL JOYSTK PROGRAM

110 A = JOYSTK(O)

120 PRINT JOYSTK(0),JOYSTK(1)

130 1 = 1+1

140 GOTO 120

Listing 3: This BASIC program showsthat the JOYSTK command is too slow tokeep up with rapid joystick movements;you can't get a smooth plot on the screenunless you move the stick very slowly.

100 REM PROGRAM TO PLOT POINTS

FROM JOYSTICK110 PMODE 4,1: PCLS: SCREEN 1,0120 PSETaOYSTK(0)*4JOYSTK(l)*3)130 GOTO 120

146 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 345 on inquiry card.

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Is it possible to zap the power sup-ply by inadvertently connecting+ 5 V to ground? Not too likely, asthe +5 V lead is connected internallyvia a 100-0 resistor, with a resultantcurrent of only 50 millamperes (mA),so you may use the cable leads withimpunity.

Input

Input

Value Output

Value Output

0 0.230

32 2.53

1 0.302

33 2.61

2 0.373

34 2.68

3 0.444

35 2.75

4 0.517

36 2.82

5 0.588

37 2.89

6 0.659

38 2.96

7 0.731

39 3.04

8 0.805

40 3.11

9 0.876

41 3.18

10 0.947

42 3.25

11 1.01

43 3.32

12 1.09

44 3.40

13 1.16

45 3.47

14 1.23

46 3.54

15 1.30

47 3.61

16 1.38

48 3.69

17 1.45

49 3.76

18 1.52

50 3.83

19 1.59

51 3.90

20 1.67

52 3.98

21 1.74

53 4.05

22 1.81

54 4.12

23 1.88

55 4.19

24 1.95

56 4.26

25 2.03

57 4.34

26 2.10

58 4.41

27 2.17

59 4.48

28 2.24

60 4.55

29 2.31

61 4.62

30 2.38

62 4.69

31 2.46

63 4.76

Table 1: The Color Computer's D/A

circuit converts values from 0 to 63 in-

to voltages from 0.230 to 4.76 V. The

resultant voltage can then be compared

with the voltage level from one of the

joystick input channels. By a method

of successive approximation, software

can "measure" the voltage accurate to

within %4 V.

A Light Detector

The light-detector application usesjust two components attached to theright joystick X channel as shown infigure 7. The primary component is acadmium sulfide (CdS) photocell,which currently costs $1.29 in RadioShack stores. Its resistance is depen-dent upon the amount of light strik-ing it and varies from about 5megohms (Mfl) (5 million ohms) incomplete darkness (where it washard to read the ohmmeter) to about20 fi in direct sunlight. Some otherreadings are shown in table 2.

Obviously, this is quite a widerange. For this example, the normalhouse interior settings, out of directsunlight, were chosen for a programthat would determine when the roomwas adequately lighted—a range ofabout 500 to 5000 Q. The inputvoltage V to the 0 channel is given by:

V = R1/(R1 + Re,) X 5

where R„ is the resistance of thephotocell and Rl is the resistance ofthe second component (a V4- orV8-watt (W) carbon resistor, whichcosts about $.25 or less). For a mid-point R„ of 2750 Q, Rl should be2750 £2. The closest standard resis-tance value of 2200 A was used in theexample. Vary the resistance as re-quired for the light conditions you aretesting.

A potentiometer with the centerand one outer pin tied together (ac-tually a rheostat) could be substitutedfor the fixed resistor to allow this cir-cuit to be used for a variety of ap-plications. (Both the fixed resistorand the potentiometer are availablefrom Radio Shack and other elec-tronics parts stores.)

You read channel 0 using the

Condition

Reading (ohms)

Facing sun

20

Sunlit outdoors

30

Overcast outdoors

50

Shaded outdoors

100

Inside house, facing window

180

Inside house, facing interior

830

Artificially lighted (bright) room

2200

Interior of closet, swathed in old racoon coat

5 M

Table 2: Readings taken with the light detector. The unit

is more

light

sensitive than

the human eye, detecting differences where the human eye

sees

none

148 December 1961 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 63 on inquiry card.

Price

Performance

Reliability

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TELEX: 152 556 SEATAC

BASIC JOYSTK(O) command or bycalling the joystick assembly-lan-guage subroutine.

This light-detector circuit could beused for a number of things: an elec-tronic exposure meter for a dark-room, a light-level detector for artifi-cial lighting, the aiming of solarpanels (with an output to controlpanel positioning), or burglar alarms(a detectable drop in output occurs asa person walks past the sensor). Inmy tests, the CdS photocell was sensi-tive enough to detect differences inclothing color and the whiteness ofvarious types of paper. Many of thedifferences were not discernible bythe human eye.

A Thermometer

The thermometer application alsouses two components (shown infigure 8). One is a thermistor. A ther-mistor's resistance varies with am-bient temperature. A rather grosstype of thermistor, a replacementtelevision thermistor, was used forthis application. It has a resistance ofabout 120 fi at 25 degrees Celsius (°C)and about 1.8 Q at 65°C. A ther-mistor of this type has a slowresponse to temperature changes butis inexpensive ($2.20). Better-qualitythermistors, over a wide range ofresistance values, are available frommanufacturers' representatives andare priced from $6 to $10. Choose onewith a resistance in the 10-kilohm(kfi) range to reduce the effect of the100-fi resistor in series with the +5 Vpin.

A plot of the values obtained byreading JOYSTK(O) is shown in figure9. Even with this unsophisticatedthermistor, a temperature resolutionof 3 to 4 degrees at lower tempera-tures was achieved. (The effect of100 Q resistance was lesspronounced.) This particular ther-mistor took several seconds to res-pond to changes in temperature,though. It's easy to see that many in-teresting temperature applicationscould be implemented with this sim-ple circuit: measurement of liquidtemperature, fire detection, flowgauges (moving fluid cools the ther-mistor), a weather station, and thelike.

-RIBBON CABLE OR OTHER (NOT CRITICAL)

X CHANNEL (PIN1)Y CHANNEL (PIN 2)

GROUND LEAD (PIN 3)+ 5 VOLTS (PIN 5)

TO COLORCOMPUTERLEFT OR RIGHTJOYSTICK JACK

Figure 6: A five-pin "standard" plug, DIN-type, for connecting external devices to theColor Computer's joystick input jack.

//

CdS

PHOTOCELL

(RADIO SHACK #276-116)

* 2200 OHMRESISTOR

* ALTERNATIVE RESISTOR10K POTENTIOMETER

Figure 7: The light detector components and connections.

THERMISTOR

:GC#25-931-F

120il COLD(65°C)

GROUND

Figure 8: The thermometer detector components and connections.

150 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

MORROW PI

Leading edge technologyin hard disk systems.

Complete systems. MorrowDesigns hard disk subsystemsare delivered complete with harddisk, controller, cabinet, powersupply, fan, cables and CP/M"2.2 operating system.Widest range. Morrow Designsoffers the widest range of harddisk systems available from a sin-gle supplier. blK 8," 14." Five toover 100 megabytes of formattedhard disk storage. $2,995 to$17,980. Cost effective systemsthat work. And keep working.S-100 and more. Morrow Designshard disk systems are designedfor use with the CP/M operatingsystem. Available soft-ware packages allow oursystems to run on anyIEEE696/S-100 Standardsystem with no hard-ware modification.Plus, Cromemco*** NorthStar,** Vector Graphics,Godbout, Dynabyte,Exidy**** IMSAI, Micro-mation, Processor Tech-nology and CaliforniaComputer Systems.

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Experience. As of April, 1981,there were over fifteen hun-dred Morrow Designs hard disksystems successfully installed.In fact, over 200 independentsystems integrators now useour hard disks to solve theirmass storage problems.Performance answers. MorrowDesigns hard disk systems havebeen benchmarked against allother systems. None is fasterunder CP/M. Morrow Designshard disks operate at 10 timesthe speed of a floppy diskdrive. Transfer rates range from590,000 bytes to 900,000 bytesper second. That kind of perfor-mance can become addictive.Cost effective answers. CompareMorrow prices and performanceto anything presently availablefor S-100 systems. You'll findMorrow's price/megabyte/performance ratio to beunmatched. Leadership indisk systems technologyearned us leadership inprice/performance. Andthat may have earned usa call from you. Circle theReader Service Numberfor our full line data sheets.Can't wait? Call us at (415)And yes, OEM quantity prices areLOOK TO MORROW FOR ANSWERS.

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*CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research."Northslar is a trademark of North Star Computers, Inc.***Cromemco is a trademark of Cromemco, Inc.""Exidy is a trademark of Exidy Corporation,

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n

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Putting new ideas to work.

454035

30

JOYSTK(O)READING Z5

20

15

10

5

0

X

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180TEMPERATURE (°F)

Figure 9: Readings taken with the thermometer; notice that the device is almost linear in the 80-180°F range.

Other Applications

Don't hesitate to try other trans-ducers with the joystick inputs. Any-thing that can resolve physical quan-tities into resistance or voltage can bemeasured by the Color Computerjoystick inputs:

• A small DC motor, for example,might be used in reverse as a gen-erator. Driven by anemometer-typewind cups, the motor would generatea voltage proportional to wind speedwhich could be applied directlyacross pin 3 (ground) and pin 1 (X in-put). (Some amplification by a single

transistor might be necessary.)

• A solar cell can be used in a similarfashion. Tie its output directly to pins1 and 3 to read voltage generated bysunlight striking the cell.

• Used with a microphone and smallamplifier, the Color Computer couldalso act as a sound detector for

Solomon

Scries"

Software

The Wise Business Decision

...EASY to SellBecause It's...

EASY TO SET UP

The Solomon Series Is a family of applicationssoftware designed to run on a Z-80 processor with64K of memory and CPfM* 2.xx. It comes withutility programs which allow Solomon to work ondifferent terminals and printers. You can also con-trol what programs are located on which disketteor drive, allowing Solomon to be set up fordifferent floppy and hard disk configurations. AllSolomon systems utilize a single databasemanaged by the MDBS* database manager sothere Is only one data file.

EASY TO DEMONSTRATE

A Demonstration/Tutorial system Is available foreach Solomon package. This system Includes allthe screens and reports for that system plus adatabase with examples appropriate for demon-stration. The demonstration system Is availablefor a fraction of the cost of a full system keepingdealer startup costs down.

EASY TO CUSTOMIZE

Authorized Dealer Training Is provided whichdescribes the design of Solomon and how tomodify It. Authorized Dealers are provided with aDealer Technical Manual which explains the struc-ture of Solomon and describes records and dataItems used in the database. Solomon Is writtenIn the highly structured, efficient PUI-80*programming language. TLB offers its AuthorizedDealers a Source Code Subscription Service toprovide the source code needed for customization.

EASY TO INSTALL

Because Solomon software Is built around a singledatabase managed by MDBS , It Is easy toInstall. There Is only one system to learn, onemanual to use, one data file to backup. A Dem-onstration Tutorial system carries the operatorthrough all the processes Involved In Initializingthe database and operating the system on a dayby day basis.

EASY TO OPERATE

Solomon software Is easier to use because Itachieves a new level of Integration for micro com-puters. All modules are available through pass-word protected menu selections. Screens aredesigned to resemble forms familiar to the opera-tor. All input Is verified and updated as it Isentered - there are no reiected transaction reportsbecause Solomon will not accept invalid Input. Allreports are up-to-date and available as of the latesttransaction. Use of the MDBS database managereliminates file handling by the operator. Thereare no sorts to run or flies to post at month-end.Every screen and report is cross referenced to aneasy-to-use Reference Manual.

EASY TO SUPPORT

It Is easy to support your customer because TLBsupports you, with a Dealer Training Program, aDealer Technical Manual, Source Code Subscrip-tion, a Tutorial/Demonstration System, DealerBulletins, and telephone support. Solomon usesforms which are readily available through MooreBusiness Forms and NEBS. A query package Isavailable from MDBS which allows ad hoc reportsto be generated from the Solomon database.

EASY TO BUY

TLB understands the effort required to sell, Installand support an applications software system.Dealer discounts for Solomon Software andsupport materials reflect TLB's appreciation ofthat effort.

To learn more about this remarkable new familyof accounting software, call or write today.

SOLOMON I

GL, AP, AR, Invoicing, Fixed Assets, Payroll,Address Maintenance

SOLOMON II

GL, AP, AR, Invoicing, Fixed Assets, Payroll,Address Maintenance, Job Costing

1

I—I Yes, please send me a Solomon Brochure

I—I Yes, please send a dealer Information packet

I—I Yes, please send a Reference Manual for

Solomon (specify series number)

Check for $65.00 enclosed. (Ohio residentsadd sales tax.)

Name:

Title:

Company:Address: _City:

(State)

(zip)

Phone:

L

©

TLB ASSOCIATES, INC.1120 Commerce ParkwayP.O. Box 414Flndlay, Ohio 45840(419)424-0422

MDBS is a trademark of Micro Data Base Sytems. Inc.CP/M and PUI-80 are trademarks o! Digital Researcn. Inc.

1 t^^o^° ti%&

***** o

\sc

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24K Microsoft NBASIC In ROM with enhanced

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The NEC PC-800IA has all these features and muchmore. Expandtblllty you want, expandability you get.Through the use of the PC-8012A I/O unit, total systemRAM can be extended to 160K. The PC-8031 Dual DiskDrive puts 286K of floppy disk storage at your com-mand.

The NEC PC-800IA has so many things that are op-tions on otheT computers built right in that you maynever have to buy another accessory! The quality that theNEC name has come to stand for has been built-in. too.

Compare the competition, and then call ConsumerComputers for the NEC PC-8001.

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Graphics Tablet 619

Parallel Printer or Hi-Speed Serial I/F card 135

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Lazer Lower Case Plus + 55

Laser Keyboard Plus + 99

23 Key Numeric Keypad by Keboaid Co 120

Joystick II by Keyboard Co 45

6809 CPU Card (The Mill) by Stellatlon 319

AIO Serial & Parallel interface by SSM A&T 189

Music System (16 voices) 479

A/D + D/A Interface 289

Expansion Chassis (8 slots) 599

Inn, >l XX) Controller card 169

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Rom writer card 149

Symtec Hi-Res Light Pen 210

Sup-R-Fan ventilation system for Apple il 45

Sup R Terminal 80 column card by M&R 329

SVA ZVX4 Megabyter 8" Disk Controller 589

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Dow Jones Portfolio Evaluator 45

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Apple Plot 60

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Tax Preparer 99

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We stock ail Apple Special Delivery Software along withHUNDREDS of other games and utilities. Please call orwrite for a complete price list.

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Z-80 CPU board w/monitor ROM $269

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2-Port Serial /2-Port Parallel Interface 299

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Ordering information: Phone orders using VISA, MASTERCARD.AMERICAN EXPRESS. DINERS CLUB. CARTE BLANCHE, bankwire transfer, cashier's or certified check, money order, or personalcheck (allow ten days to clear). Unless prepaid with cash, please add5% for shipping, handling and insurance (minimum 5 00) Califor-nia residents add 6% sales tax. We accept CODs OEM's. Institutionsand conporalions please send for a writlen quotation All equipmentis subject to price change and availability without notice All equip-ment Is new and complete with manufacturer's warranty (usually 90days! Showroom prices may difler from mail order prices

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Circle 104 on inquiry card.

Listing 4: A disassembly of Color BASIC'S select-joystick subroutine in 6809 machine language.

Address

Object Coda

Source Code

A9A2

CE

FF01

LDU

#FF01

A9A5

8D

00

BSR

A9A7

A9A7

A6

C4

LDA

0,U

A9A9

84

Fl

ANDA

#F7

A9AB

57

ASRB

A9AC

24

02

BCC

A9B0

A9AE

8A

08

ORA

#08

A9B0

A7

CI

STA

U+ +

A9B2

39

RTS

ONCE

Comments

$FF01 TO UDO $A9A7 TWICEREAD $FF01 PIARESET SELECT BITSHIFT OUT BIT TO CGO IF SELECT BIT = 0SELECT BIT = 1

STORE IN $FF01 PIA, BUMP TO $FF03• RETURN

Listing 5: A disassembly of Color BASIC'S subroutine to read all four joystick channels in 6809 machine language.

Address

Object Code

Source Code

A9E0

8E

015E

LDX

#015E

A9E3

C6

03

LDB

#03

A9E5

86

0A

LDA

#0A

A9E7

ED

E3

STD

--S

A9E9

8D

B7

BSR

A9A2

A9EB

CC

4080

LDD

#4080

A9EE

A7

E2

STA

-S

A9F0

CA

02

ORB

#02

A9F2

F7

FF20

STB

FF20

A9F5

C8

02

EORB

#02

A9F7

B6

FF00

LDA

FF00

A9FA

2B

03

BMI

A9FF

A9FC

E0

E4

SUBB

0,S

A9FE

8C

EBE4

CMPX

#EBE4

AA01

A6

E0

LDA

S +

AA03

44

LSRA

AA04

81

01

CMPA

#01

AA06AA08AA09

265454

E6

BNE

LSRB

LSRB

A9EE

AA0A

El

IF

CMPB

-01,X

AA0C

27

04

BEQ

AA12

AA0E

6A

E4

DEC

0,S

AA10

26

D9

BNE

A9EB

AA12

E7

82

STB

-X

AA14

EC

El

LDD

S+ +

AA16

5A

DECB

AA17

2A

CC

BPL

A9E5

AA19

39

RTS

>>

Comments

POINT TO STORAGE + 1LOOP COUNT-3 TO 0► # OF RETRIES

SAVE # TIMES, RETRIESSELECT JOYSTICK 3-0—** $40-A,$80-B = DELTA, START ►SAVE

??RS-232 OUT

CURRENT TRY TO D/A

FLIP BIT?

GET JOYIN

GO IF 1

SUBTRACT DELTA

BYTES 2,3 = ADDB0,S

GET DELTA

FIND NEXT DELTA

TEST FOR END GO IF NOT DELTA OF 1

ALIGN FINAL VALUE TO 00XXXXXX

GET LAST VALUEGO IF EQUALNOT EQUAL—RETRY-TRY 10 TIMES

STORE VALUE IN STORAGEGET COUNTDECREMENT COUNT(#)-GO IF NOT 4 JOYSTICKS

RETURN

security systems.

• A spring-loaded, sliding potentio-meter (which costs a few dollars)could be used with a second resistorto provide an output for a scale toweigh anything from elephants toletters.

• The same device can be used to con-vert linear movement into a formreadable by the Color Computer.With two multi-turn potentiometers(under $10 each), a little bit of cord,and a few pulleys, it's not difficult toconstruct an X/Y plotter to enable

manual digitization of two-dimen-sional drawings or patterns.

• With a photocell, a simple lens (forexample, a partial microscope assem-bly), and some transistor amplifica-tion, it's possible to construct anautomatic digitizer that will convertshades of gray into digital form forscreen display.

• Remove the stops from a linear-taper potentiometer (not hard to do)and you have a resistor whose resis-tance value is an analog of compassheading or rotational position. Use

this with a second resistor as in thevoltage-divider circuit discussedabove (figures 7 and 8).

Well, I hope you're impressed withthe possible uses of the Color Com-puter's A/D circuitry. It's not thatdifficult to devise real-world "sen-sors," and it's fun to write the soft-ware that drives them. Once youhave started, you'll find that the pos-sibilities are endless. Just think whatRube Goldberg could have done witha Color Computer! ■

158 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 357 on inquiry card.

Now it can be Revealed

.:--

The business softwarthatsolves problem^your way.

So useful and

adaptable it's like

having an Award

Winning programmer

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What is GBS?

GBS is both a powerful, relational database management system . . . and, moreimportantly, a very powerful applicationsdevelopment tool. As such, it can deliver pro-grams that match your specific business require-ments . . . not just those of the average business.The final result is increased productivity now and inthe future.

Surprisingly Easy to Use

GBS has been honed and refined for two years, so it meets the

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Since you need know onry 15 instructions to utilize the full scope of GBSyou should be able, after studying our exceptional documentation for a fewhours, to develop your own business programs ... general ledger, inventorycontrol, order entry, job costing and more.

Relational Data Base

Management of business records is a must for profitability. GBS

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*CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research.

Commentary on the Machine- Language Subroutines

Select-Joystick. On entry to theselect-joystick subroutine, load the Bregister with the joystick channel num-ber 0-3. The user stack pointer registerU is first loaded with $FF01. A follow-ing BSR $A9A7 performs the subrou-tine code twice. A is first loaded withthe current configuration of the PIAbits at address $FF01. An AND with$F7 resets the select bits. The ASRBshifts the least-significant bit of the Bregister into the carry flag. If this bit isa 1, an OR with 8 sets the select bit.The STA U+ + stores SEL2 and incre-ments the user stack pointer by two sothat it holds $FF03. The RTS returns to$A9A7, where the same operation isrepeated for the second select bit in thePIA at address $FF03.

Read-Joystick. The main code forthe joysticks is at $A9E0 (see listing 5).This code is entered without param-eters and stores the values of channels0 through 3 into page-zero locations$15A, $15B, $15C, and $15D.

The X index register initially pointsto the address following the joystickvariable storage location. B is loadedwith a loop count of 3. The code from$A9E5 through $AA17 is the outerloop. For each of four passes, a chan-nel value is found and put into a joy-stick variable.

Outer loop: A is loaded with $0A(decimal 10). This is the number ofretries for the joystick value. If thesame value is not found a second time,up to 10 tries are made to find a match-

ing value. The number of times in Band the number of retries is stored inthe stack by the STD instruction. Acall, is then made to $A9A2 to select thecurrent joystick channel. This corre-sponds to the loop count of 3 to 0 in B.The code from $A9EB through $AA10is inner loop 1. It finds the value of thechannel. At the end of this loop($AA12), the value is stored in thevariable storage area by STB — X.This auto-decrement causes X to pointto the next lower value before the storeoccurs. Next, the count in B and thenumber of retries in A are retrieved bythe LDD, the count is decremented,and a BPL causes a loop back to $A9E5if the count is not equal to —1.

Inner loop 1: The code from $A9EBthrough $AA10 is the inner loop thatfinds the value for the current channel.Within this code is inner loop 2, from$A9EE through $AA06, which actuallydoes the binary search. The value $40is loaded into A and the value $80 intoB to start the search. Value $80 isbinary lOOOOOxx for the initial value of32, while value $40 contains binaryOlOOOOxjc for the "delta," the size of theremaining range.

At the end of the binary search at$AA08, the final PIA-format value isin B. This value is aligned to the rightby the two LSRBs to represent a binaryvalue of 0 through 63. It is then com-pared with the previous value. If theseare the same, a branch is made to$AA12 to store the value in the outer

loop. If the value is different, thenumber of retries is decremented, and,if the count is not equal to 0, anotherbinary search is done by a branch to$A9EB.

Inner loop 2: The code from $A9EEthrough $AA06 is the binary search tofind the channel value. A (the delta) issaved in the stack. The current value inB is then output to the DAC by STB$FF20. The output of the comparator isread by the LDA $FF00. If this value isequal to 1, the delta is added to the cur-rent value; if it is equal to 0, the delta issubtracted from the current value. Thenext value is then found by retrievingthe delta from the stack and shifting itright one bit position. If the result is 1,the smallest delta has been processed,and B holds the final value. If the nextdelta is not 1, a branch back to $A9EEgoes to the next iteration in the search.

This subroutine can be used forhigh-speed processing of the joystickposition from other assembly-languageprograms. Results are obtainedquickest when the joystick position isfixed and only one retry is necessaryfor comparison. A test program fromBASIC indicates that it takes about 1.5milliseconds for each set of fourvalues. To find only the X channel ofjoystick 0, call location $A9E5 withB = 0 and X pointing to $15A. In thiscase, the time should be about 400microseconds, although I haven'tverified this.

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160 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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162 BYTE Derambtr 1981

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ttle of the Asteroids

Gregg Williams, Senior Editor

1: Planetoids, from Adventure International; 2: Super Nova, from Big Five Software; 3: Apple-oids, fram Califor-nia Pacific Computer Co; A: The Asteroid Field, from Cavalier Computer; 5; Meteoroids in Space, from QualitySoftware; B; Bubbles, from Softape; "7: Planetoids, from Softape; B: Asteron, from Western MicnoOataEnterprises, Ltd.

If imitation is the sincerest form of flattery, then thepeople who designed Atari's coin-operated video gameAsteroids have a lot to be proud of. Asteroids is one ofthe most successful commercial games around (equaledor surpassed only by Midway's Space Invaders and anewer Atari game, Missile Command) and has its own se-quel (Asteroids Deluxe, also by Atari). Its popularity hasinspired numerous imitations for use with personal com-puters. With so many versions around, the only dilemmais which one to buy.

I gathered every Asteroids-like game I could find (allbut one were for the Apple II) and created a chart thatshows you which version does what. Some notes to keepin mind: all Apple disk versions boot on either DOS 3.2or 3.3 systems; unless noted in the table, versions withsound have no way of turning it off (important whenplaying late at night); all the games (except Apple-oids)

give a black-and-white-only display; all of the versionsare, in their own way, entertaining and well done; andnone of the games (except possibly The Asteroid Field)looks or works exactly like the arcade original. Also keepin mind that two of these Asteroids-like games (Apple-oids and Bubbles/Planetoids) give you an extra game inthe package price; this certainly influences how muchgame you get for your money. ■

See pages 164-165 for the comparison chart.

Asteroids is a trademark of Atari, Inc. The game isavailable in two coin-operated versions and cartridgesfor the Atari Video Computer System (game-cartridgesystem) and the Atari Personal Computer System (theAtari 400 and 800 microcomputers).

December 1981 © BYTE Publications lnc

163

ProductName

Manufacturer

Price

Computer Used

Levels of Play

Ships perGame

Methodof Firing

Planetoids

Adventure InternationalPOB 3435Longwood FL 32750

$19.95(disk),$14.95(cassettethat loadsto disk)

Apple II or II Pluswith 32 K bytes ofmemory and onedisk drive

three: easy(asteroids ex-plode eachother), regular,hard (asteroidsattracted toship)

four

any key

Super Nova

Big Five Software

POB 9078-185

Van Nuys CA 91409

$17.95(Model Idisk ver-sion),$15.95(Model l/lllcassetteversion)

Radio ShackTRS-80 Model I orIII (disk and 32 Kbytes of memoryfor disk version,16 K bytes ofmemory forcassette version)

one

three

P key

Apple-oids(part ofApple-oidsgame package)

California PacificComputer Co1623 Fifth StDavis CA 95616

$29.95

Apple II or II Pluswith 32 K bytes ofmemory and onedisk drive

one

three

0 through9 keys(identicalin func-tion)

The AsteroidField

Cavalier Computer

POB 2032

Del Mar CA 92014

$24.95

Apple II or II Pluswith 32 K bytes ofmemory and onedisk drive

two

Five (easylevel ofplay) orthree (ex-pert level)

several:

forward

arrow,

paddle

button 0

or 1; see

notes

Meteoroids inSpace

Quality Software6660 Reseda BlvdSuite 105Reseda CA 91335

$19.95

Apple II or II Pluswith 32 K bytes ofmemory and onedisk drive

one (butmany variationsinfluence diffi-culty)

five

autofire(bursts offire comeautomat-icallyfrom ship)or spacebar for

firing

Bubbles (partof Baker'sTrilogy)

Softape

10432 Burbank Blvd

North Hollywood CA 91601

$29.95 fora disk

containing

Bubbles,

Planetoids,

Apple II or II Pluswith 32 K bytes ofmemory and onedisk drive

one

three

paddlebutton 0

and a rac-ing gamecalledBurnout

Planetoids (partof Baker'sTrilogy)

Softape

10432 Burbank Blvd

North Hollywood CA 91601

$29.95 fora diskcontainingBubbles,Planetoids,and a rac-ing gamecalledBurnout

Apple II or II Pluswith 32 K bytes ofmemory and onedisk drive

one

three

ship firesautomati-cally dur-ing game(no playercontrolover firing

Asteron

Western MicroData

Enterprises Ltd.POB G33Postal Station GCalgary, Alberta T3A 2G1Canada

$29.95

Apple II or II Pluswith 48 K bytes ofmemory and onedisk drive

three

space bar

164

December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Hyper-

Method of

Method of

space

Number and

Turning

Moving

Avail-

Sound

Kind of

Overall

Ship

Ship

able?

Effects?

Enemy Ships

Notes

Impression

paddle 0

paddle button

no

yes

two kinds of

• See May 1981

• An interesting

0 causes

enemy ships

BYTE, page 116, for

Asteroids-like game.

movement

that shoot back

a full review.

until button

•Hard level

released

of play is toohard—ships getdestroyed as soonas they appear.

T and R keys,

0 key causes

yes

no

five kinds of

•See May 1981

•The best TRS-80

to rotate ship

movement

(space

enemy ships

BYTE, page 108, for

Asteroids-like game

one-eighth

until key

bar)

that shoot back

a full review.

I've seen.

turn clock-

released

(with varying

wise and

degrees of

counter-

intelli-

clockwise,

gence)

respectively

paddle 1

paddle button

yes (any

yes

two kinds of

•A nice feature is

•A good version of

1 causes

key ex-

enemy ships

that your ship

Asteroids (but the

movement

cept 0

that shoot back

rotates three com-

asteroids are shaped

until button

through 9)

(enemy ships

plete turns for the

like apples-

released

are coloredyellow)

full paddle move-ment; this preventsrotation problemswhen you are nearthe end of the pad-dle rotation.

strange!)

•Includes a Break-out-like game that isalso very good.

•A nice set ofgames for the price.

several: D

several: back

yes

yes (in-

two kinds of

• Game gives four

• Many options

and F keys,

arrow, paddle

(space

cluding an

enemy ships

options for ship con-

make this game very

paddle 0; see

button 1; see

bar);

acceler-

that shoot back

trol: one keyboard-

easy to play.

notes

notes

screen

ating

(size and shape

only option and

• Display is flicker-

flashes to

"thump-

same as in

three that use key-

free.

denote

thump"

coin-operated

board and/or

•Game play is

hyper-

sound as

game)

paddles.

closest to coin-

space

found in

•Sound effects

operated version of

jump—

Space In-

cannot be turned off.

all versions listed

a nice

vaders)

• Control-C inverts

here.

touch

playfield to blackon white.

• Easily the bestApple Asteroids-likegame I've seen.

P, RETURN

Z key or pad-

yes

yes (in-

one kind of

•An updated ver-

• A very good

keys (manual

dle button 0;

(asterisk

cluding an

ship that

sion of Asteroids in

Asteroids-like game

turn), arrow

ship can use

key)

acceler-

shoots back

Space (reviewed on

(although it is not

keys (auto-

"auto brake"

ating

(and is very ac-

page 116 of the May

exactly like the

matic turn), or

(moving ship

"thock-

curate)

1981 BYTE).

original).

paddle 0

does not

thock"

• Good placement

•Game has five

coast indefi-

sound as

of keys for key-

sets of options; dif-

nitely) or not

found inSpace In-vaders)

board version.

ferent combinationsgive several levels ofdifficulty.

paddle 0

none; hexa-gonal ship isfixed incenter ofscreen

no

yes

no enemy ships

• Bubbles bounceback from the topand bottom edgesof the screen.

•Smallest bubblesare very small butstill dangerous.

• An interestingvariation ofAsteroids.

paddle 0

paddle button

yes (any

yes

no enemy ships

•Planetoids are

•An interesting

0 causes

key)

pentagons that

variation of

movement

come in four sizes.

Asteroids.

that con-

•Game gives

tinues until

extra points for

an opposite

"docking" (running

thrust is

over) with "stars"

applied

that decrease in sizeand vanish.

paddle 0 or

button on paddle

yes (hit

yes; may

one kind of

• All figures on the

•A mediocre im-

Q,U,W,I.E,0,

0 (or C and

any num-

be turned

enemy ship

screen flicker

plementation; it is

R,P keys

M keys)

ber key)

on and off

that shoots

slightly.

awkward to use and

causes move-

with con-

back

• Player must hit S

has no interesting

ment that

trol-Q

key with each new

features to com-

continues un-

ship to start (or re-

pensate.

til an oppo-

start) game.

site thrust is

applied

December 1981 © BYTE Publications lnc 165

The Atari Tutorial

Part 4: Display-List Interrupts

Chris Crawford

1272 Borregas Ave

Sunnyvale CA 94086

The display-list interrupt is one ofthe most powerful features built intothe Atari personal computer system.It is also one of the least accessiblefeatures of the system, requiring ofthe programmer a firm understandingof assembly language as well as all ofthe other characteristics of themachine. Used alone, display-list in-terrupts provide no additionalcapabilities; they must be used in con-junction with the other features of thesystem, such as player-missilegraphics, character-set indirection, orcolor-register indirection. Withdisplay-list interrupts, the full powerof these features can be realized.

Display-list interrupts take advan-tage of the sequential nature of theraster-scan television display. Thetelevision draws the screen image in atime sequence, from the top of thescreen to the bottom. This drawingprocess takes about 13,000 micro-seconds and looks instantaneous tothe human eye. But that is a long timein comparison to the time scale thecomputer works in. The computerhas plenty of time to change theparameters of the screen display

This article appears in slightly differentform in De Re Atari, a book published byAtari Inc, and is reproduced with its ex-press permission.

while it is being drawn. Of course,the computer must make each changeeach time the screen is drawn, whichhappens 60 times per second. Also(and this is the tricky part), it mustchange the parameter in question atexactly the same moment each timethe screen is drawn. That is, the cycleof changing screen parameters mustbe synchronized to the screen-drawing cycle. One way to do thismight be to lock the 6502 micro-

With display-list

interrupts, many key

Atari registers can be

changed during the

drawing of a single

screen-display frame.

processor into a tight timing loopwith an execution frequency of exact-ly 60 hertz. This would make it verydifficult for the computer to doanything other than the screen-display computations. It would alsobe a tedious job. A much better wayis to interrupt the 6502 just before thetime has come to change the screenparameters. The 6502 responds to theinterrupt, changes the screenparameters, and returns to its normal

business. The interrupt to do thismust be precisely timed to occur atexactly the same point during thescreen-drawing process. This spe-cially timed interrupt is provided bythe ANTIC integrated circuit withinthe Atari 400/800; it is called adisplay-list interrupt (DLI).

The timing and execution of any in-terrupt process can be intricate; there-fore, I shall first describe the sequenceof events in a properly workingdisplay-list interrupt. The processbegins when the ANTIC chip en-counters a display-list instructionhaving its interrupt bit (bit D7) set.ANTIC waits until the last scan lineof the mode line it is currentlydisplaying. ANTIC then refers to itsNMIEN (nonmaskable interruptenable) register (hexadecimal locationD40E) to see if display-list interruptshave been enabled. If the enable bit(bit D7) is cleared (to a logic 0), AN-TIC ignores the interrupt and con-tinues its regular tasks. If the enablebit is set (to a logic 1), ANTIC "pullsdown" the NMI (nonmaskable inter-rupt) line on the 6502, signaling aninterrupt. ANTIC then goes back toits normal display activities. The 6502starts executing an interrupt-serviceroutine pointed to by the NMI vectorin the operating system. This routinefirst determines the cause of the inter-

166 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Introducingthe Sinclair ZX81

If you're ever going to buya personal computer, now is thetime to do it.

The new Sinclair ZX81 is themost powerful, yet easy-to-usecomputer ever offered for anywherenear the price: only $149.95* completelyassembled.

Don't let the price fool you. TheZX81 has just about everything youcould ask for in a personal computer.

A breakthroughin personal computers

The ZX81 is a major advance overthe original Sinclair ZX80-the world'slargest selling personal computer andthe first for under $200.

In fact, the ZX81's new 8K ExtendedBASIC offers features found only on com-puters costing two or three times as much.

Just look at what you get:

■ Continuous display, including movinggraphics

■ Multi-dimensional string and numericalarrays

'Plus shipping and handling. Price includes connectors(or TV and cassette. AC adaptor, and FREE manual

■ Mathematical and scientific functionsaccurate to 8 decimal places

■ Unique one-touch entry of key wordslike PRINT, RUN and LIST

■ Automatic syntax error detection andeasy editing

■ Randomize function useful for bothgames and serious applications

■ Built-in interface forZX Printer

■ 1K of memory expandable to 16K

The ZX81 is also very convenientto use. It hooks up to any television setto produce a clear 32-column by 24-linedisplay. And you can use a regularcassette recorder to store and recallprograms by name.

If you already own a ZX80

The 8K Extended BASICchip used in the ZX81 is availableas a plug-in replacement for yourZX80 for only $39.95, plus shippingand handling—complete with new key-board overlay and the ZX81 manual.So in just a few minutes, with nospecial skills or tools required, you canupgrade your ZX80 to have all thepowerful features of the ZX81. (You'Hhave everything except continuous dis-play, but you can still use the PAUSEand SCROLL commands to get movinggraphics.)

With the 8K BASIC chip, yourZX80 will also be equipped to use theZX Printer and Sinclair software.

Warranty and Service Program**

The Sinclair ZX81 is covered by a10-day money-back guarantee and alimited 90-day warranty that includes freeparts and labor through our nationalservice-by-mail facilities.

"Does not apply to ZX81 kits.

NEW SOFTWARE:Sinclair has

published pre-recorded pro-grams on cassettes for yourZX81, or ZX80 with 8K BASIC.We're constantly coming outwith new programs, so we'llsend you our latest softwarecatalog with your computer.

ZX PRINTER: The Sinclair ZXPrinter will work with your ZX81,or ZX80 with 8K BASIC. It willbe available in the near futureand will cost less than $100.

16K MEMORY MODULE:

Like any powerful, full fledgedcomputer, the ZX81 is expand-able. Sinclair's 16K memorymodule plugs right onto theback of your ZX81 (or ZX80,with or without 8K BASIC).Cost is $99.95, plus shippingand handling.

ZX81 MANUAL: The ZX81comes with a comprehensive164-page programming guideand operating manual de-signed for both beginners andexperienced computer users.A $10.95 value, it's yours freewith the ZX81.

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Sinclair Research is the world's larg-est manufacturer of personal computers.

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rupt. If the interrupt is indeed adisplay-list interrupt, control istransferred indirectly by means of the16-bit address contained in hexa-decimal locations 0200 and 0201 (lowbyte first) to a DLI-service routine.The DLI routine changes one or moreof the graphics registers controllingthe display. The 6502 then returnsfrom the interrupt routine to resumeits mainline program.

Creating a Display-List Interrupt

A number of steps are involved insetting up a display-list interrupt. The

first thing you must do is write theDLI routine itself. The routine muststart by pushing any 6502 registersthat will be altered onto the stack,because the operating systeminterrupt-poll routine itself saves noregisters. (The 6502 status register isautomatically pushed onto the stack.)The routine should be short and fast;it should change only those registersrelated to the display; and it shouldend by restoring any 6502 registerspushed onto the stack.

Next, you must place the DLI-service routine somewhere in

T

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memory. Page six (hexadecimal ad-dresses 600 to 6FF) is an ideal place.Set the vector at hexadecimal loca-tions 0200 and 0201 to point to yourroutine. Determine the vertical pointon the screen where you want the DLIto occur, and then go to the cor-responding display-list instructionand set bit D7 of the previous instruc-tion. Finally, enable the DLI by set-ting bit D7 of the NMIEN register athexadecimal location D40E. The DLIwill begin executing immediately.

As with any interrupt-serviceroutine, timing considerations can becritical. ANTIC does not send the in-terrupt to the 6502 immediately uponencountering an interrupt instruction;it delays doing this until the last scanline of the interrupting mode line.The 6502 and the interrupt-serviceroutine in the operating systemtogether consume 33 machine cycles.Thus, the first instruction of yourDLI-service routine will not bereached until 33 machine cycles haveelapsed in the last scan line of the in-terrupting mode line. Thirty-threemachine cycles corresponds to 66color clocks on the screen. Thus,your DLI-service routine will beginexecuting while the electron beam ispartway across the screen in the lastscan line of the interrupting modeline. For example, if such a DLIroutine changes a color register, theold color will be displayed on the lefthalf of the scan line and the new colorwill show up on the right half of thesame scan line. Because of uncertaintiming in the response of the 6502 toan interrupt, the border between thecolors will not be sharp, but willjiggle back and forth irritatingly.

The solution to this problem is pro-vided in the form of the WSYNC(wait for horizontal sync) register(hexadecimal address D40A). When-ever this register is addressed in anyway, the ANTIC chip pulls down theRDY line on the 6502. This effectivelyhalts the 6502 until the WSYNCregister is reset by the next horizontalsynch pulse. The result is that the6502 freezes until the electron beamreturns to the left edge of the screen.If you insert a STA WSYNC instruc-tion just before an instruction thatstores a value into a color register, thecolor being displayed will change

170 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 1: A simple Atari BASIC program to demonstrate display-list interrupts. This program changes the screen color from blueto pink and darkens the character set halfway down the video display. The complete BASIC program in listing la contains theassembly-language routine given in listing lb.

la

10 DLIST=PEEK(560)+256*PEEK(561):REM

20 POKE DLIST+15,130:REM

30 FOR l=0 TO 19:REM

40 READ A:POKE 1536+1,A:NEXT I

50 DATA 72,138,72,169,80,162,88

60 DATA 141,10,212,141,23,208

70 DATA 141,24,208,104,170,104,64

80 POKE 512,0:POKE 513,6:REM

90 POKE 54286,192:REM

find display list

insert interrupt Instruction

loop for poking DLI service routine

poke In Interrupt vectorenable DLI

ib

PHA

TXA

save accumuIator

PHA save X-reglster

LDA #$50 dark color for characters

LDX #$58 pink

STA WSYNC wait

STA C0LPF1 store color

STX C0LPF2 store color

PLA

PLA

restore registers

RTI

done

while the beam is off the left edge ofthe screen. The color transition willoccur one scan line lower, but it willbe neat and clean.

The proper way to use a display-list interrupt, then, is to set the DLIbit on the mode line before the modeline for which you want the action tooccur. The DLI-service routineshould first save the 6502 registersonto the stack and then load the 6502registers with -the new graphics valuesto be used. It should execute a STAWSYNC immediately before storingthe new values into the appropriateANTIC or CTIA registers. Finally, itshould restore the 6502 registers andreturn from the interrupt. This pro-cedure will guarantee that thegraphics registers are changed whilethe electronic beam is off the screenand that the new display parameterstake effect at the beginning of thedesired line.

The program in listing 1 is a verysimple DLI-service routine. It changesthe background color from blue topink. It also changes the color of thecharacters so that they show up asdark against the pink background.The upper half of the screen remains

172 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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blue even though the DLI routinekeeps stuffing pink into the colorregister. This is because the operatingsystem's vertical-blank-interruptroutine keeps stuffing blue into thecolor register during the vertical-blank period. The blue color comesfrom the operating system's shadowregister for that color register. Everyhardware color register is shadowedout to a RAM (random-accessread/write memory) location. Youmay already know about theseshadow registers at decimal locations708 through 712. For most purposes,you can change colors by pokingvalues into the shadow registers (seelast month's article for an explanationOf shadow registers). If you pokedirectly into the hardware registers,the operating system shadow processwill wipe out your poked color withiny60 second (ie: at the top of a newscreen display). For DLIs, however,you must store your new color valuesdirectly into the hardware registers.You cannot use a DLI to set the colorof the first displayed line of thescreen. The operating system takescare of that line for you (and the firstline is off the top of the screen,

Listing 2: Restoring the Atari attractmode to a display driven by display-listinterrupts. Only two 6502 assembly-language instructions have to be added tothe DLI routine. DRKMSK and COLRSHare page zero locations (hexadecimal 4Eand 4F) set up and updated by theoperating system during the vertical blankinterrupt. When the attract mode is not inforce, COLRSH takes a value of 00 andDRKMSK takes a value of hexadecimalFF. When attract mode is in force,COLRSH is given a new random valueevery four seconds and DRKMSK holds avalue of hexadecimal F6. Thus, COLRSHscrambles the color and DRKMSK lopsoff the high-order luminance bit.

LDA NEWCOL LDA NEWCOL

STA WSYNC EOR COLRSH

STA C0LPF2 AND DRKMSK

STA WSYNC

STA C0LPF2

anyway). Use DLIs to change colorsof lines below the first line.

By stuffing colors directly into thehardware registers, you create a newproblem: you defeat the automaticattract mode. Attract mode is afeature provided by the operatingsystem. After nine minutes without akeypress, the colors on the screenbegin to cycle through random huesat lowered luminances. This insuresthat a computer left unattended forseveral hours does not burn an imageinto the television screen.

It is easy to build attract mode intoa DLI routine by inserting only twolines of assembly code, as shown inlisting 2.

The implementation of attractmode in display-list interrupts exacer-bates an already difficult problem:the shortage of execution time duringa DLI. A description of DLI timingwill make the problem more obvious.

DLI Timing

DLI execution is broken into threephases. Phase 1 covers the periodfrom the beginning of the DLI to theSTA WSYNC instruction. Duringphase 1, the electron beam is drawingthe last scan line of the interruptingmode line. Phase 2 covers the periodfrom the STA WSYNC instruction tothe appearance of the beam on thetelevision screen. Phase 2 cor-responds to the horizontal blank; allgraphics changes should be made dur-ing this phase. Phase 3 covers theperiod from the appearance of thebeam on the screen to the end of theDLI-service routine. The timing ofphase 3 is not critical.

One horizontal scan line takes 114clock cycles of real time. A DLIreaches the 6502 on or around cyclenumber 15. The 6502 takes about 7cycles to respond to the interrupt.The operating-system routine to ser-vice the interrupt and turn controlover to the DLI-service routine takes11 machine cycles. Thus, the DLI-service routine does not gain controluntil about 33 clock cycles haveelapsed. Furthermore, the STAWSYNC instruction must begin bycycle number 103; this reduces thetime available in phase 1 by 11 cycles.Finally, ANTIC's DMA (directmemory access) will steal some of the

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remaining clock cycles from the 6502.Nine cycles will be lost to memory-refresh DMA. This leaves an absolutemaximum of 61 cycles available forphase 1. This maximum is achievedonly with blank-line mode lines.Character and map mode instructionswill result in the loss of one cycle foreach byte of display data. The worstcase arises with BASIC modes 0, 7,and 8, which require 40 bytes perline. Only 21 machine cycles areavailable to phase 1 in these modes.Thus, a phase 1 routine will havefrom 21 to 61 machine cycles ofexecution time available to it.

Phase 2, the critical phase, extendsover 24 clock cycles of real time. Aswith phase 1, some of these cycles arelost to cycle-stealing DMA. Player-missile graphics will cost 5 cycles ifthey are used. The display instructionwill cost 1 cycle. Two more cycleswill be stolen if the Load MemoryScan option in the display list is used.Finally, 1 or 2 cycles may be lost tomemory refresh or display-dataretrieval. Thus, from 14 to 23

usable machine cycles are available tophase 2.

The problems of DLI timing nowbecome obvious. To load, attract,and store a single color will consume14 cycles. Saving the 6502 A, X, andY registers onto the stack and thenloading, attracting, and saving threecolors into A, X, and Y registers willcost 47 cycles: most, if not all, ofphase 1. Obviously, the programmerwho wishes to use DLIs for extensivegraphics changes will expend mucheffort on the timing of the DLI. For-tunately, the beginning programmerneed not concern himself with exten-sive timing calculations. If onlysingle-color changes or simplegraphics operations are to be per-formed, cycle counting and speed op-timization are unnecessary. Theseconsiderations are only important forhigh-performance situations.

No simple options are available tothe programmer who needs to changemore than three color registers in asingle DLI. It might be possible toload, attract, and store a fourth color

early in phase 3, if that color is notdisplayed on the left edge of thescreen. Similarly, a color not showingup on the right side of the screencould be changed during phase 1.Another approach is to break oneoveractive DLI into two less am-bitious DLIs, each doing half thework of the original. The second DLIcould be provided by inserting asingle-scan-line blank instruction(with the DLI bit set) into the displaylist just below the main interruptingmode line. This will, of course, con-sume some screen space.

Another partial solution is to per-form the attract chores duringvertical-blank periods. To do this,two tables of colors must be kept inmemory. The first table containscolor values intended to be displayedby the DLI routines. The second tablecontains the attracted values of thesecolors. During vertical blank, a user-supplied interrupt-service routinefetches each color from the first table,attracts it, and stores the attractedcolor in the second table. The DLI

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Listing 3a: An assembly-language routine which is included in the multiple display-list-interrupt program shown in listing 3b.

PHA

TXA

PHA

INC COUNTR

LDX COUNTR

LDA COLTAB,X use page $FO for color table

STA WSYNC wait

STA COLBAKCPX #$4FBNE ENDDLILDA #$00STA COUNTRENDDLI FLATAXPLARTI

Iast Ii ne?

no, exit

yes, reset counter

restore accumulator

routine then retrieves values directlyfrom the second table without payingthe time penalty for attract.

Multiple Display-List Interrupts

It is often desirable to have anumber of DLIs occurring at severalvertical positions on the screen. Thisis an important way to add color to adisplay. Unfortunately, there is onlyone DLI vector; if multiple DLIs areto be used, then the vectoring to theappropriate DLI must be imple-mented in the DLI routine itself.There are several ways to do this. Ifthe DLI routine does the same processwith different values, then it can betable-driven. On each pass throughthe DLI routine, a counter is incre-

mented and used as an index to atable of values. A sample DLI routinefor doing this is given in listing 3.

Another way to implement multi-ple display-list interrupts is to use aDLI counter as a test for branchingthrough the DLI-service routines tothe proper DLI-service routine. Thisslows down the response of all theDLIs, particularly the ones at the endof the test sequence. A third methodis to have each DLI-service routinewrite the address of the next routineinto the DLI vector at hexadecimallocations 200 and 201. This should bedone during phase 3. It is the mostgeneral solution to the problem ofmultiple DLIs and has the additionaladvantage that vectoring logic is per-

180 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 3b: A simple Atari BASIC program to demonstrate multiple display-list interrupts. This program puts 80 different colors onthe video display. The complete BASIC program shown here contains the assembly-language routine given in listing 3a.

find display I 1st

give every mode line a DLI

BASIC mode 7 with DLI bit set

10 GRAPHICS 7

20 DLIST=PEEK(560)+256*PEEK(561):REM

30 FOR J=6 TO 84:REM

40 POKE DLIST+J,141:REM

50 NEXT J

60 FOR J=0 TO 30

70 READ A:POKE 1536+J,A:NEXTJ:REM poke In DLI service routine

80 DATA 72,138,72,238,32,6,175,32,6

90 DATA 189,0,240,141,10,212,141,26,208

100 DATA 224,79,208,5,169,0

110 DATA 141,32,6,104,170,104,64

120 POKE 512,0:P0KE 513,6:REM vector to DLI service routine

130 POKE 54286,192:REM enable DLI

formed after the time-critical portionof the DLI, not before.

Keyboard-Click Routine

The operating system keyboard-click routine interferes with the func-tion of the DLI. Whenever a key ispressed and acknowledged, the on-board speaker is clicked. The timingfor this click is provided by severalSTA WSYNC instructions. This canthrow off the timing of a DLI routineand cause the screen colors to jumpdownward by one scan line for a frac-tion of a second. There is no easysolution to this problem. One pos-sible remedy involves the VCOUNTregister (hexadecimal location D40B),a read-only register in ANTIC thattells what scan line ANTIC is display-ing. A DLI routine could examine thisregister to decide when to change acolor. Another solution is to disablethe operating system keyboard-service routine (a tedious job) andprovide your own keyboard routine.A third alternative is to accept no in-

puts from the keyboard. If keypressesare not acknowledged, the screenjiggle does not occur.

Kernels

The display-list interrupt wasdesigned to replace a more primitivesoftware/hardware technique called akernel. A kernel is a 6502 programloop that is precisely timed to thedisplay cycle of a television set. Bymonitoring the VCOUNT registerand consulting a table of screenchanges catalogued as a function ofVCOUNT values, the 6502 can arbi-trarily control all graphics values forthe entire screen. A high price is paidfor this power: the 6502 is notavailable for computations during thescreen-display period, which is about75 percent of the time. Furthermore,no computation may consume morethan the 4000 or so machine cyclesavailable during vertical-blank andoverscan periods. This restrictionmeans that kernels can only be usedwith programs requiring little com-

putation, such as certain skill andaction games. For example, theBasketball program for the Atari400/800 uses a kernel; the programrequires little computation but muchcolor. The multicolored players inthis game could not be done withdisplay-list interrupts because DLIsare keyed to playfield vertical posi-tions, not player positions.

It is possible to extend the kernelidea right into a single scan line andchange graphics registers on the fly.In this way, a single color register canpresent several colors on a single scanline. The horizontal position of thecolor change is determined by theamount of time that elapses beforethe change goes in. Thus, by carefullycounting machine cycles you can getmore graphics onto the screen. Unfor-tunately, this is extremely difficult toachieve in practice. With ANTIC per-forming DMA on the 6502, it is verydifficult to know exactly how manycycles have really elapsed; a simplecount of 6502 cycles is not adequate.

December 1981 © BVTE Publications Ire 181

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If ANTIC's DMA is turned off, the6502 can assume full control of thedisplay, but it must then perform allthe work that ANTIC normally does.For these reasons, horizontal kernelsare seldom worth the effort. If thetwo images to be displayed in dif-ferent colors are widely separated,however, say by 20 color clocks ormore, the separation should cover upthe timing uncertainties and renderthis technique feasible.

Using Display-List Interrupts

The tremendous value of graphicsindirection and all those modifiableregisters in the hardware nowbecomes obvious. With display-listinterrupts, every one of thoseregisters can be changed dynamically.You can put lots of color, graphics,and special effects onto the screen.The most obvious application of DLIsis to put more color onto the screen.Each color register can be changed asmany times as you have DLIs. Thisapplies to both playfield colorregisters and player color registers.Thus, you have up to nine colorregisters, each of which can displayup to 128 different colors. Of course,a normal program could not effec-tively use all of those colors. Toomany DLIs start slowing down thewhole program, and sometimes thescreen layout cannot accommodate allof them. In practice, displaying adozen colors is easy, two dozen re-quires careful planning, and morethan that requires a contrived situa-tion.

But DLIs can give more than color.They can also be used to extend thepower of player-missile graphics bychanging the horizontal position of aplayer. In this way, a player can berepositioned partway down thescreen. A single player can then haveseveral incarnations on the screen. Ifyou imagine a player as a vertical col-umn with images drawn on it, a DLIbecomes a pair of scissors with whichyou can snip the column and reposi-tion sections of it on the screen. Ofcourse, no two sections of the playercan be on the same horizontal line,and so two incarnations of the playercannot be on the same horizontalline. If your display needs allowgraphics objects that will never be on

182 December 1981 © BYTE Publications lnc

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the same horizontal line, a singleplayer can do the job.

Another way DLIs can be used inconjunction with players is to changetheir width or priority. This wouldmost often be used along with thepriority-masking trick described inpart 3 of this series last month.

DLIs can also be used to changecharacter sets partway down thescreen. This allows a program to usecharacter graphics in a large windowand regular text in a text window.Multiple character-set changes arepossible. A program might use onegraphics character set at the top of thescreen, another graphics character setin the middle of the screen, and a

regular text character set at the bot-tom. A "Rosetta Stone" programwould also be possible, showing dif-ferent text fonts on the same screen.The vertical reflect bit can be changedwith a DLI routine, allowing sometext to be right side up and other textto be upside down.

The proper use of the DLI requirescareful layout of the screen display.Designers must give close consider-ation to the vertical architecture oftheir displays. The raster-scan tele-vision system is not two-dimension-ally symmetric; it has far more ver-tical structure than horizontal struc-ture. This is because the pace forhorizontal screen drawing is about

200 times faster than the pace for ver-tical screen drawing. The Atari400/800 display system was designedspecifically for raster-scan television,and it mirrors the anisotropy of theraster-scan system. The Atari400/800 display is not a flat, blanksheet of paper on which you draw; itis a stack of thin strips, each of whichcan take different parameters. Theprogrammer who insists on designingan isotropic display wastes manyopportunities. You will achieveoptimal results when you organizethe information you wish to displayin a strong vertical structure. Thisallows the display-list interrupt to beused to its greatest potential. ■

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BYTE December 1981 187

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How to Build a Maze

David Matuszek

Department of Computer Science

8 Ayres Hall

University of Tennessee

Knoxville TN 37916

Mazes are fun to solve. With a littleimagination, mazes can be incorpor-ated into many different computergames. If you know how, it's a simplematter to use the computer to gener-ate random mazes.

A traditional maze has one startingpoint and one finishing point. In ad-dition, all locations inside the mazeare reachable from the start, andthere is one and only one path fromstart to finish. While it is easy to placedoorways and barriers randomly in-side a maze, it is more difficult tosatisfy the two latter constraints. Thisarticle describes a fairly simplemethod that efficiently produces a

random traditional maze.

The General Approach

We begin with a rectangular array.Each cell of the array is initially com-pletely "walled in," isolated from itsneighbors (see figure 1).

Secondly, we judiciously erasewalls inside the array until we arriveat a structure with the followingproperty: for any two cells of the ar-ray, there is only one path betweenthem. Thus, any cell can be reachedfrom any cell, but only by a singleunique path (see figure 2). Computer-science jargon refers to such a struc-ture as a spanning tree, and it is the

creation of this spanning tree that isthe tricky part of building a maze.

Finally, the border of the maze isbroken in two places to provide astart and a finish position. Since thereis a unique path between any twocells of the maze, there will be aunique path from start to finish.Hence, start and finish can be chosenin any convenient manner, say, atrandom locations on opposite sides ofthe maze (see figure 3).

Building the Spanning Tree

Starting with a fully "walled-up"array (see figure 1), pick a single cellin the array and call this cell the

Figure 1: The initial array from which themaze will be constructed.

Figure 2: One possible spanning tree forthe array in figure 1.

s

i_h

Q

Figure 3: The spanning tree from figure 2with possible entry and exit points added.

190 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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a b c d e

Figure 4: Initial steps involved in building a maze. The cell added at each step is marked with an asterisk. The next cell to be added tothe maze will be selected from the shaded frontier cells.

spanning tree. Then adds cells one ata time to the spanning tree until itfills the entire array.

At any point during this procedure,there will be three types of cells in thearray:

• those that are already in the span-ning tree

• those that are not in the spanningtree, but are immediately adjacent(horizontally or vertically) to somecell in the spanning tree (we call thesecells frontier cells)

• all the other cells

The algorithm follows:

1. Choose any cell of the array andcall it the spanning tree. The four cellsimmediately adjacent to it (fewer if itis on an edge or in a corner) thusbecome frontier cells.

2. Randomly choose a frontier celland connect it to one cell of the cur-rent spanning tree by erasing one bar-rier. If it is adjacent to more than onecell of the spanning tree (and it couldbe adjacent to as many as four!), ran-domly choose one of them to connect

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it to, and erase the appropriate bar-rier.

3. Check the cells adjacent to the celljust added to the spanning tree. Anysuch cells that are not part of thespanning tree and have not previous-ly been marked as frontier cells mustnow be marked as frontier cells.

4. If any frontier cells remain, goback to step 2.

5. Choose start and finish cells.

Figure 4 shows the first few steps inbuilding a maze. In each case the ar-ray is shown as it would be justbefore execution of step 2 of thealgorithm. Note that the newly addedcell (marked by an asterisk) in figure4e was adjacent to two cells in thespanning tree, yet it was connected toonly one of these (the one to its left)by randomly choosing and erasingone barrier.

If you're mathematically inclined,it is easy to show by induction thatthis process results in a>spanning tree.When the tree consists of a single cell,there is (vacuously) only one path be-tween any pair of cells. As each newcell is added, it forms no new pathsbetween cells already on the tree(since the tree is a dead end), andthere is; exactly one path from the newcell to any other cell (you can get outvia only one cell, and from that cellthere is only one path). Finally, theprocess ends when there are no morefrontier cells (cells adjacent to thespanning tree but not in it), and thiscan happen only when all cells havebeen absorbed into the spanning tree.

Implementation Details

You should store in each cell of the

192 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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5a

5b

5c

Figure 5: For an m by n maze to be dis-played on a computer graphics system, aresolution of at least 2m + 1 by 2n + lmust be available. The 4- by 4-maze arrayof figure 5a requires a graphics array of 9by 9. The initial cells of the 4 by 4 arrayare shown displayed using the 9 by 9resolution in figure 5b. The finished maze,with openings between the cells wherepaths exist, is shown in figure 5c.

array a number indicating: 1.whether it is in the spanning tree, inthe frontier, or in neither; and 2. if itis in the spanning tree, which of thecell's barriers have been erased. Onepossibility is to use—1 for frontiercells, positive numbers for cells,positive numbers for cells in the span-ning tree, and 0 for all other cells,any cell of the spanning tree is opento at least one other cell, I suggest thefollowing encoding: start with O ineach cell, add 1 if the barrier on theright is erased; add 2 if the barrierbelow is erased; add 4 if the barrieron the left is erased, and add 8 if thebarrier above is erased. The resultwill be a number from 1 to 15 thatspecifies exactly which combinationof barriers has been erased. (Decod-ing this number shouldn't be too hardif you work with binary numbers.)Note that when you erase a barrierbetween two cells you will have toadd the appropriate numbers to eachof them.

The minor exception mentionedabove is the initial cell of the span-ning tree, immediately after step 1 ofthe algorithm (see figure 4a). Since itis the first, it is not yet open to anyother cell. Give it the value 16 (or100, or 1984, if you prefer) so that itwill be positive, and subtract thisnumber out again in step 5.

Now that the array representationhas been settled, let's discuss efficientimplementation of the algorithm. Instep 2 a frontier cell was randomlychosen. To prevent bumbling aroundin the array, you must keep a list ofthose cells. This can be simply ac-complished by storing the indices ofthe n cells of the frontier (each ofwhich is specified by a row numberand a column number) in the first nlocations of two arrays, R (row num-bers) and C (column numbers). Afrontier cell can be quickly chosen byrandomly choosing a k less than orequal to n, and using the cell whoseindices are given by R(/c), C(/c).

Since the order of the n frontier celllocations in arrays R and C is not im-portant, the following code suffices toremove the chosen cell k:R(k) = R(n)C(fc) = C(n)n = n — 1

194 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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6a

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X X

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When this frontier cell is added tothe spanning tree, some of the cellsadjacent to it (those having a zerovalue) become new frontier cells,and their locations must be insertedinto the R and C arrays. Adjacentcells with value — 1 are already fron-tier cells and already have their loca-tions recorded in the R and C arrays;they must not be inserted again.

Finally, how large should arrays Rand C be? For an m by n array,analysis shows that in the worst case(2/3) mn locations will be required,but practical experience shows that3(m + n) is almost always enough.However, if you use the latter figurethere is a slight probability that theprogram will fail.

Concluding Remarks

While we have discussed building amaze, nothing has been said regard-ing how to display it. That dependsentirely on your particular hardwareand software; the answers are dif-ferent for the display screen of aCommodore PET than for that of anApple II, and different again for acharacter printer.

To display a maze on a screen withgraphics capabilities, the followingscheme is appropriate. For an m by nmaze, you need to be able to displayat least 2m+ 1 points vertically and2n + l points horizontally—the"cells" will be those points at the in-tersection of even-numbered rowswith even-numbered columns (seefigures 5a through 5c). Maze buildingon the screen proceeds exactly as infigures 1 through 3, except that thewalls are necessarily thicker.

To print a maze out, the same gen-eral scheme is used with, say, "X"characters for walls and blanks forpaths (see figure 6). Of course, youcan't erase an X once it is printed, soit will be necessary to build the entiremaze internally before printing it.Then you can decipher and print themaze one row at a time.

As a final note, if you are an afi-cionado of hexagonal grids, the mazealgorithm is easily modified for otherthan rectangular grids. Implementa-tion may be a bit messy—but then,implementation is always messy. ■

196 December 1981 © BYTE PublicaBons Inc

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*B 003 BACKOFF

*B 005 SCREEN

*B 002 TCPUTIL

*B 004 SDTIME.O

*A 007 ADIGCLK

*A 011 SET TIME

*I 009 IDIGCLK

*A 007 TIME

*A 003 SLOTFINDER

*A 014 DEMO

07/07 16:3706/08 09:0706/08 09:0806/17 16:1306/17 16:1307/24 17:3206/17 16:1306/17 16:1305/19 08:0506/08 09:0805/19 08:0506/08 09:0807/07 16:5606/17 16:14

Toward a Structured 6809Assembly Language

Part 2: Implementing a Structured Assembler

Assembly-language programmerscan have their cake and eat it too.They need not be shut out of theworld of structured programming inorder to make the most efficient useof a particular computer. Part 1 ofthis article showed a set of structuredcontrol statements that can be addedto the 6809 assembly language. Nowthe magician will pull back the cur-tain to show how it was all done: Iwill present the actual code for theMC6809 structured macros and ex-plain their operation.

However, I will not stop there. Asseveral areas of programming-lan-guage design and implementationcome together to produce a struc-tured assembly language, it is tempt-ing to look beyond the present andtry to visualize where these tech-niques might lead. This article willconclude with some speculation onjust how "high-level" an assemblylanguage might become.

It is not necessary to buy a newassembler in order to use these struc-tured contol statements. Any as-sembler that allows user-definedmacroinstructions will allow the im-plementation of structured controlstatements. Before going into a de-tailed presentation of the MotorolaMC 6809 macroassembler, I wouldlike to discuss macros in general forthose readers who may not befamiliar with them.

Listing and figure caption numbers con-tinued from Part 1.

198 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Gregory Walker

Motorola Inc M2880

3501 Ed Bluestein Blvd

Austin TX 78721

What Is a Macro?

Macros, like subroutines, are away of assigning a single name to acomplex sequence of operations.While subroutines are found in vir-tually all programming languages,macros are much less widely used.Macros and subroutines have manysimilarities and one major difference.First we will look at the similarities.

In assembly language, macros andsubroutines are similar in appearanceand in the way they are used. Eachmust be defined before it is used (ie:its name must be associated with thesequence of instructions that performits operation). Then, whenever thatsequence of operations is needed in aprogram, the subroutine or macro iscalled.

With a subroutine, the instructionsthat define its operation exist onlyonce, and a "call" instruction trans-fers control to that subroutine fromevery place its operation is needed. Amacro is different in that the instruc-tions that define its operation areinserted directly into a programwherever they are needed. Thus, anobvious difference between a subrou-tine and a macro is that a subroutinereduces program size because its in-structions exist in memory only once,while a macro takes more memorybecause its instructions are stored

once for each time the macro is used.A macro is also faster because thesubroutine CALL and RETURN in-structions are not needed.

The above difference is technicallycorrect, but it misses the truly signifi-cant difference between subroutinesand macros: a macro is expanded attranslation time, while a subroutine isexpanded at execution time. By"expanded," I mean the operation ofreplacing a single name with the com-plex sequence of instructions that de-fines its operation. An exampleshould clarify this distinction.

Suppose I want to be able to shiftany of the microprocessor's threeindex registers to the right. Using sub-routines, I will need three separatesubroutines, one for each register.These subroutines are given in listing10. Here each subroutine has an im-plicit parameter—the register to beshifted right. Having written thesesubroutines, I can now use them byinserting a call instruction into tta.program by using the form:

or:

LBSR SHRTXLBSR SHRTY

At translation time, each subrou-tine will be translated from assemblyinstructions into the equivalentmachine instructions and placed at aparticular location in memory.Similarly, the LBSR SHRTX will betranslated to the machine instructionthat branches to the location whereSHRTX starts in memory. In essence,

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Listing 10: Subroutines for 16-bit right-shift operation.

* SHIFT X-REGISTER RIGHT ONE BIT.*

SHRTX EXG X, D

LSRA

RORB

EXG D, X

RTS#

* SHIFT Y-REGISTER RIGHT ONE BIT.

SHRTY EXG Y,D

LSRA

RORS

EXG D.V

RTS#» SHIFT U-REGISTER RIGHT ONE BIT.

SHRTU EXG U, DLSRARORB

EXG D, URTS

Listing 11: Assembly-language macro to shift a 16-bit register value one bit to theright.

#

* Shift a 16-bit register right one bit.

SHRT MACR

EXG \0, D

LSRA

RORB

EXG D, \0

ENDM

Text continued from page 198:there has been no expansion yet,because the subroutine call still refersto the subroutine by a single name (ie:its starting location).

During execution, the computerwill step through the program, per-forming each instruction in turn.When it comes to the machine codefor LBSR SHRTX, control will trans-fer to the beginning of the SHRTXsubroutine, and the computer willperform the instructions that defineSHRTX. At the end of the subroutine,execution will return to the instruc-tions following the subroutine call.

This explanation will seem like oldhat to anyone who has written a sub-routine, but the details are necessaryin order to show that the subroutinehas been expanded at execution time.Only when the subroutine call is ex-.ecuted does the call, in effect, expandinto the operations that define it.

With the subroutine case firmly inmind, you may have already guessedhow macros are expanded at transla-tion time. Listing 11 shows the shift-right operation written as a macro forthe MC6809. In this case, one macrosuffices to provide the shift-right op-eration for all three registers.

The \ 0 in listing 11 represents amacro parameter that is replaced witha register name when the macro is ex-panded. The \ 0 refers to the first pa-rameter in the macro call line;wherever the \ 0 appears in themacro, the first parameter will besubstituted in its place. (The substitu-tion is purely a text manipulation.The characters that make up the firstparameter in the macro call are sub-stituted for the \ 0 characters in themacro body.) A macro call is writtenby simply placing the macro name asan assembly operation with the pa-rameters in the operand field of thesame line. Listing 12 shows examplesof calls to the SHRT macro and theactual instructions generated by themacro expansion.

The instructions that define themacro are inserted into the programwherever there is a macro call. Ad-mittedly they take up more memorythan a single branch-to-subroutine in-struction, but that property is far lessimportant than the power you gainby being able to substitute specificvalues for the macro parameters dur-ing translation. In this case, we havedefined a similar operation on three

204 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

T/Makerll:it does a number on VisiCalc!

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— Actual —

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1978

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1980

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1981

1982 *

1985

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51.891

65.123

24.04

53,112

159.34

80,782

100,206

191,262

ItemB

45.671

46.128

49.088

3.67

46,962

140.89

50,891

52,761

58,791

Total

87,994

98,019

114,211

13.93

100,075

300.22

131,673

152,966

250,053

% Item

48.10

52.94

57.02

8.88

52.69

158.1

61.35

65.51

76.49

% Item

51.90

47.06

42.98

-9.00

47.31

141.9

38.65

34.49

23.51

Total

100.00

100.00

100.00

—

100.00

300.0

100.00

100.00

100.00

*Two intervening years not shown.

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BYTE December 1981

205

Listing 12: Expansion of macroinstructions.

Cal1 Expansion

LDX

CAT

LDX

CAT

SHRT

X

EXG

X, D

STX

CAT

LSRARDRD

EXG

D, X

STX

CAT

LDY

DOG

LDY

DOG

SHRT

Y

EXG

Y. D

STY

DOG

LSRARORD

EXG

D, Y

STY

DOG

Listing 13: Format for Motorola MC6809 macroassembler directives.

1) Conditional assembly based on character string comparison.

IFC ^'character str ing>, <c harac ter string>(Statements generated if character stringsare the same, else skip to ENDC. )

ENDC

2) Conditional assembly based on comparison of a numeric expression

with zero.

IFEQ -^numeric expression>

(Statements generated if expression is equal

to zero* else skip to ENDC. )

ENDC

3) Assign a new value to a label.<label> SET <value>

different registers by writing only onemacro—one-third as much program-ming as was required by the subrou-tine approach.

In addition to parameter substitu-tion, many macroassemblers providethe ability to perform conditional as-sembly (similar to branching aroundinstructions with a conditionalbranch instruction, except that condi-tional assembly occurs during trans-lation of the program). A test is madeat translation time, and two differentsequences of instructions are pro-duced, depending on the outcome ofthe test.

Assemblers also use labels to asso-ciate a name with a particular value.Labels are usually used to assign awritten name to a particular memorylocation. In a more general sense,though, they can also be used astranslation-time variables for storingnumeric values. Listing 13 shows thecapabilities of the Motorola MC6809macroassembler used in the struc-tured macros.

Implementation Details

Listing 14 shows the macro defini-

206 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

tions that add structured statementsto the 6809 assembly language. Thefirst seven macros, PUSH, POP,BACK1, RELOP, RELTST, RELCC,and REGTST, provide primitive op-erations that are used by the struc-tured macros.

PUSH, POP, and BACKl imple-ment a translation-time stack, whichis needed if the structures are to benested one inside another. Two paral-lel stacks, each ten levels deep, are setup using the labels Si through S10and Ll through L10. The symbols SIthrough S10 store the locations ofbranch instructions that are generatedby the structures. For each branch in-struction, the corresponding Llthrough L10 symbol will store a valueof 1 or 0, 1 indicating a long branchand 0 indicating a short branch.

The label STKTOP contains avalue from 0 to 10 that indicateswhich pair of S and L labels is at thetop of the stack. The PUSH macroputs a pair of values on the top of thestack by incrementing the value ofSTKTOP. It then stores the values tobe pushed into the labels thatSTKTOP references.

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The full standard ASCII 96 character set, with de-scenders and underlining of all upper and lower caseletters, is printed bi-directionally, with up to 5 crispcopies, at speeds up to 200 CPS. Models DP-9500 andDP-9501 offer 132/158/176 and 132/165/198/220 columnsrespectively. Print densities are switch- or data-sourceselectable from 10 to 16.7 characters/inch. All char-acters can be printed double-width under communi-cations command.

Features Plus

As standard, each model features forms width adjust-ment from 1.75 to 15.6 inches, shortest-distancesensing, full self-test, 700 character FIFO buffer (withan additional 2048 characters, optional), and a quick-change, 6 million character life ribbon.

Quality Plus

Beyond the built-in performance of the grafixPLUSseries printers, the engineered-in quality and supportare equally important. The result? Approval of both ULand FCC, Class A; operating noise levels under 65dbA;and a nationwide service organization second to none.

To see for yourself why the grafixPLUS printers offermore pluses foryourprinting dollar, contact us today.

Interface Plus

Standard in all models ate the three ASCII compatibleinterfaces (Parallel, RS-232-C, and Current Loop). AlsoStandard is a sophisticated communications interfacelo control Vortical Spacing, Form Length and Width,Skip-Over Perforation, Auto Line Feed, X-On/OII, and

the plus in printers

Made in

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Listing 14: Structured macro definitions.

PAGE

* STRUCTURED MACROS FOR ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING THE MC6B09

* COPYRIGHT <C> 1980 BY GREGORY WALKER FDR MOTOROLA, INC.

EXBUG EQU $F000STKTOP SET 0ISLONG SET 0

DEFAULT 16-BIT ADDRESS

STACK INITIALLY EMPTY

BRANCHES DEFAULT TO SHORT OFFSET

#

* PUSH —

» THIS MACRO SIMULATES A 10-LEVEL STACK USING TEN SYMBOLS

* WHOSE VALUES ARE REDEFINED TO BE THE VALUES ON THE STACK. THE

* SYMBOL "STKTOP" CONTAINS A NUMBER FROM 0 TO 10 WHICH INDICATES

* THE SYMBOL (SI TO S10) THAT CONTAINS THE VALUE ON THE TOP OF THE

* STACK. A VALUE OF ZERO FOR STKTOP INDICATES THAT THE STACK IS

* EMPTY.*

PUSH MftCR

STKTOP SET STKTOP+1IFEQ STKTOP-1

51 SET \0

LI SET ISLONGENDCIFEQ STKTOP-2

52 SET \0L2 SET ISLONG

ENDC

IFEQ STKTOP-3

53 SET \0

L3 SET ISLONGENDCIFEQ STKTOP-4

54 SET \0

L4 SET ISLONGENDCIFEQ STKTOP-5

55 SET \0

L5 SET ISLONGENDCIFEQ STKTOP-6

56 SET \0

L6 SET ISLONGENDCIFEQ STKTOP-7

57 SET NO

L7 SET ISLONGENDCIFEQ STKTOP-S

58 SET \0

L8 SET ISLONGENDCIFEQ STKTOP-9

59 SET \0

L9 SET ISLONG

ENDC

IFEQ STKTOP-10S10 SET \0L10 SET ISLONG

ENDC

IFGT STKTOP-10

FAIL •»* SYMBOL STACK OVERFLOW **

ENDC

ENDM

#

* POP —

* THE POP MACRO REMOVES THE TOPMOST ELEMENT FROM THE

* SIMULATED STACK.

POP MACR

IFLE STKTOP

FAIL ** SYMBOL STACK UNDERFLOW »*

ENDC

IFGT STKTOPSTKTOP SET STKTOP-1

ENDC

ENDM

IF STACK IS EMPTY, THEN ERROR

IF STACK NOT EMPTY, DECREASESTACK POINTER BY ONE.

#

* BACK1 ——

* THIS MACRO SETS THE ASSEMBLER'S LOCATION COUNTER TO

Listing 14 continued on page 210

The BACKl macro resolves for-ward references within a matchedpair of structured macros. It uses thevalue on the top of the stack as theaddress of an unresolved branch in-struction. The L value from the stackis given to the symbol ISLONG to in-dicate whether the branch to be gen-erated is long or short. In addition,the ORG (origin) statement causes thebranch offset to be generated at theproper location. BACKl does notchange the stack.

The three macros RELOP, RELTST,and RELCC process the relational op-erators for the IF, IFTST, and IFCCmacros, respectively. The RELOPmacro is also used by the WHILE andUNTIL macros. RELOP, RELTST,and RELCC operate similarly: theygenerate a conditional branch instruc-tion that corresponds to the parti-cular relational operator used in themacro. If the branch is a backwardreference, the branch is made to thevalue on the top of the stack. If thebranch is a forward reference, adummy branch is generated. Thelocation and size (long or short) ofthis dummy branch instruction arepushed onto the stack for later resolu-tion.

The REGTST macro is used by allof the structures to test for validMC6809 registers. As with the othermacros, if an error is detected, anerror message is printed out using theFAIL directive.

Given the above primitive opera-tions, the structured macros them-selves can be written by examiningthe equivalent machine code thateach macro must generate. Thesestructured macros are general inform and should move easily to as-semblers for other computers. Theprimitive operations will have to beredefined, depending on the macrofacilities available on a particular as-sembler, and the calculation ofbranch offsets must be changed to theuse of absolute addresses if the targetcomputer does not provide relativebranch instructions.

In summary, only three capabilitiessuch as the following are needed in anassembler to allow the creation of aset of structured macros:

Text continued on page 224

208 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

dBASE II

Written in assembly language (no host language

required) dBASE can handle up to 65,000

records ol 32 fields and 1000 bytes each Reads

existing ASCII tiles Can be run interactively or

can beprogrammed to produce reports

List Price $700 00

Microhouse Price: $628.00/$50.00

WORDSTAR-

New version 3 0 features horizontal scrolling and

column moves

List Price $495.00

Microhouse Price: $319.OO/S40.0O

SPELLSTAR"

New option for WordStar. Compares words inyour text to its 20,000 word compresseddictionary. Then returns to WordStar torcorrection of errors Expandable dictionary.Requires WordStar Version 3.0 {If you haveanother version, call for details on updates.)List Price $250 00Microhouse Price: $165.00

SPELLSTAR • for APPLE

List Price: $170 00

Microhouse Price: $145.00/$25.00

MAILMERGE"

Option for WordStar. (Requires current version of

WordStar Cantor details)

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WORDSTAR TRAINING MANUAL

Provides sixteen sequential lessons on theoperation of WordStar'" and options.List Price: $20 00Microhouse Price: $18.00

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disk format.

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WORDSTAR" for Apple.

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SUPERSORT" for APPLE

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APPLESOFT" COMPILER

List Price: $200.00Microhouse Price: $167.50

MAILMERGE" for APPLE

List Price: $125 00

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TCS/Atlanta

INTERACTIVE ACCOUNTING SYSTEM lor smallbusinesses. Ver. 5.0. Each package can be usedalone or post automatically to the General Ledger.Price listed is per package. General Ledger,Accounts Receivable, Accounts Payable, andPayroll packages available. Call for details onnew Order Entry & Inventory packages. ALSOAVAILABLE FOR APPLE II. Requires Basic 80vers. 5.x

List Price: $530 00Microhouse Price: S75.00/$25.00

ALL FOUR TCS PACKAGES

(compiled) Each module $79.

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TELEVIDEO 950

List Price: $1195.00Microhouse Price: $975.00

TELEVIDEO 910 TERMINAL

List Price $699 00Microhouse Price: $595.00

ANADEX DP9000

List Price: $1343.75Microhouse Price: $1330.00

ANADEX DP9001

List Price $1343 75Microhouse Price: $1330.00

ANADEX DP9500

List Price $1650.00Microhouse Price: $1350.00

ANADEX DP9501

List Price: $165000Microhouse Price: $1350.00

NEC PC-8023A

Bidirectional logic-seeking dot matrix printer. 100characters per second. 7x9 matrix for Englishcharacters, 8x8 matrix for graphics and dotgraphics. Fixed or proportional spacing.Descenders on lower case letters. Parallel only.List Price: $795.00Microhouse Price: $695.00

C ITOH STARWRITER I

Letter-quality printer uses Diablo plasticprintwheels and ribbons. 25 cps bidirectional,logic-seeking. Parallel interlace.List Price: $1895 00Microhouse Price: $1431.00

C ITOH STARWRITER I

Serial Version

List Price: $1960.00

Microhouse Price: $1502.00

DIABLO 630

Letter-quality printer uses plastic and metalprintwheels. 40 cps, bidirectional, logic-seeking.Optional tractor: $225.List Price: $2810.00Microhouse Price: $2099.00

MORROW DISCUS 2D

8 inch single-sided double-density floppy diskdrive subsystem.Includes CP/M* and MBASIC.List Price: $1095 00Microhouse Price: $925.00MORROW HARD DISK SUBSYSTEM10 Megabyte. Includes S-100 controller card.CP/M', and enclosure.List Price: $3695 00Microhouse Price: $3059.00

SCITRONICS REALTIME CLOCK

For Apple II. Crystal controlled (.002% accuracy)with lithium battery on board to guard againstpower interruption.List Price $109 00Microhouse Price: $98.10

NOVATION AUTO CAT MODEM

List Price. $249.00Microhouse Price: $222.00

NOVATION D CAT MODEM

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MICROSOFT APPLE SOFTCARD

Regular Microhouse price $305.00 Save when

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List Price: $349.00

Microhouse Price: $290.00

Software & Manual/Manual Only

PRICES AND SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO

CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research

APPLE are registered trademarks of Apple Computers

Inc.

WORDSTAR, DATASTAR, MAILMERGE,

SPELLSTAR. and SUPERSORT are registered

trademarks of MicroPro International.

SHIPPING: Add $5 per manual or software package.Add $2.50 for COD orders. Call for shipping chargeson other items. Pennsylvania residents add 6 per centsales tax.

P.O. Box 498Bethlehem, PA 18016(215)868-8219

Software:

A GOOD/!

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Hardware.

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Big saleonK's!

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New JAWS-IB

The Ultrabyte Memory Board

Due to the tremendous success of our JAWS I, wewere able to make a special purchase of first-qualitycomponents at below-cost prices for JAWS-IB. Andwe are sharing our cost saving with you. But don't besurprised if the next time you see this ad the priceshave gone up substantially. Better yet, order now,and get the best memory on the market at the bestprice on the market.

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► I Oil AY M0NEV-BACK TRIAL Ity a fully wired ^i

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Please send the items checked below:JAWS-IB kit:

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D 32K $199.95*

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JAWS-IB in 16K blocks up to 64K. $59.95'Alt prices plus S2 postage and insurance ($4.00 Canada).Conneclicul residents odd soles tax.

Total enclosed: $

D Personal Check O Money Order or Cashier's Check

□ VISA □ Master Card (Bank No. )

_ Exp. Date .

SignaturePrintName

Address _

City

Stale

.Zip.

I5t

NETRONICS R&D Ltd.

333 Litchfield Road, New Milford, CT 06776

Listing 14 continued:

* THE VALUE ON THE TOP OF THE STACK. A FORWARD REFERENCE IS

* RESOLVED BY FILLING IN THE BRANCH OFFSET AT THE STACKED

* LOCATION. THE SYMBOL "BACKLNG" IS SET TO INDICATE WHETHER A

* LONG OR SHORT OFFSET IS TO BE GENERATED.

* THE CONTENTS OF THE STACK ARE NOT CHANGED BY THIS

* MACRO.*

BACK1 MACR

IFEG STKTOP-1

ORG SIBCKLNG SET LI

ENDC

IFEQ STKTOP-2

ORG S2BCKLNG SET L2

ENDC

IFEQ STKTOP-3

ORG S3BCKLNG SET L3

ENDC

IFEG STKTOP-4

ORG S4BCKLNG SET L4

ENDC

IFEQ STKTOP-5

ORG S5BCKLNG SET L5

ENDC

IFEQ STKTOP-6

ORG S6BCKLNG SET L6

ENDC

IFEQ STKTOP-7

ORG S7BCKLNG SET L7

ENDC

IFEQ STKTOP-B

ORG SBBCKLNG SET L8

ENDC

IFEQ STKTOP-9

ORG S9BCKLNG SET L9

ENDC

IFEQ STKTOP-IO

ORG SIOBCKLNG SET S10

ENDC

IFLE STKTOP

FAIL »» REFERENCE WAS MADE TO EMPTY SYMBOL STACK #*

ENDC

IFGT STKTOP-7

FAIL ** STACK TOP POINTER EXCEEDS STACK »*

ENDC

ENDM

#

* RELOP —

» THIS MACRO CREATES A RELATIVE BRANCH INSTRUCTION

* FOR THE 'IF', 'WHILE', AND 'UNTIL' MACROS BASED ON THE

* RELATIONAL OPERATOR PASSED TO IT AS ITS FIRST ARGUMENT.

* THE SYMBOL "ISLONG" DETERMINES WHETHER A LONG OR SHORT BRANCH» IS GENERATED. A SHORT BRANCH IS GENERATED IF "ISLONG" EQUALS

* ZERO, ELSE A LONG BRANCH IS GENERATED.#

RELOP MACRIFC \0, EQ

IFEQ ISLONG

BNE *

ENDC

IFEQ ISLONG-1

LBNE EXBUG

ENDCENDCIFC NO.NE

IFEQ ISLONG

BEQ »

ENDC

IFEQ ISLONG-1LBEQ EXBUGENDCENDC

IFC \0, LEIFEQ ISLONGBGT *ENDC

IFEQ ISLONG-1LBGT EXBUGENDC

Listing 14 continued on page 212

210 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Please call(213)7060333.

Our Epson pricesare so low,

we're not allowedto print them.

EPSON MX-80 $CALL

80 cps/9x9 matrix/Lower case withtrue descenders/Bi-directional &Logic seeking/Adjustable tractor/Expanded printing/Block graphics/Forms control/Compressed printing/Double-strike printing/Correspon-dence quality/Emphasized printingmode/Standard parallel interface

EPSON MX-80 F/T $CALL

Same features as the MX-80 plus Fric-tion Feed. Adjustable removable trac-tor is standard for ease of handlingforms and single sheets.

EPSON MX-100 F/T $CALL

Same features as the MX-80 & MX-80FA but on 151/2 inch carriage for print-ing 132 columns with standard 10 cpifont or 232 columns in the com-pressed character font. The MX-100 iscomplete with Dot ResolutionGraphics

Circle 15 on inquiry card.

EPSON INTERFACES & OPTIONS

TRS-80MODELI.III CABLE $ 30 SERIAL INTERFACE (2K BUFFER) S 149

TRS-80 MODEL I Keyboard Interface . . . .$ 95 SERIAL CABLE Male to Male $ 30

TRS-80 MODEL II CABLE $ 30 DOT RESOLUTION GRAPHICS $ 90

APPLE INTERFACE & CABLE $ 100 REPLACEMENT RIBBON $ 13

IEEE 488 INTERFACE $ 60 REPLACEMENT PRINT HEAD (Quiet lype) $ 40

SERIAL INTERFACE $ 70 EPSON SERVICE MANUAL $ 40

We built a reputation on ourprices and your satisfaction.

We guarantee everything we sell for 30 days. If anythingis wrong, just return the item and we'll make it tight.And, of course, we'll pay the shipping charges.

We accept Visa and Master Card on all orders. CODaccepted up to $300.00.

Please add S2.00 lor standard UPS shipping andhandling on orders under 50 pounds, delivered in thecontinental U.S. Call us for shipping charges on itemsthat weigh more than 50 pounds. Foreign, FP0 and APOorders please add 15% for shipping. California res-idents add 6% sales tax.

31245 LA BAYA DRIVE, WESTLAKE VILLAGE, CALIFORNIA 91362

BYTE December 1981

211

Now with added words! #

ELECTRIC MOUTH

From $99.95 kit

for SI00, Elf II, Apple

TRS-80, Level II*Now — teach your computer to talk,increasing interaction between youand your machine.

That's riRhl: ihe ELECTRIC MOUTH actually lets your computer talk! Installedand on-line in just minutes, it's ready for spoken-language use in office, busi-ness, industrial and commercial applications, and in games, special projects,RAD. education, security devices— there's no end to Ihe ELECTRIC MOUTH'susefulness. Look at these features:

• Supplied with 1-13 letters/words/phonemes/numbcrs. capable of producinghundreds of words and phrases.

• Expandable on-board up to thousands of words and phrases with additionalspssdvROMs (see new speech ROM described below),

• Four models, that plug directly into SlOO. Apple. Elf II and TRS-80 Level IIcomputers,

• Cet ELECTRIC MOUTH to talk with either Basic or machine language (veryeasy to use. complete instructions with examples included).

• Uses National Semiconductor's "Digilalker.

• Includes on-board audio amplifier and speaker, with provisions for externalspeakers.

• Installs in just minutes.

Principle of Operation: The ELECTRIC MOUTH stores the digital equivalentsof words in ROMs. When words, phrases and phonemes are desired, theysimply are called for by your program and then synthesized into speech. TheELECTRIC MOUTH system requires none of your valuable memory space ex-cept for a few addresses if used in memory mapped mode. In most cases, outputpons (user selectable) are used.

SPOKEN MATERIAL INCLUDED (Vox I)

one

eighteen

at '

two

nineteen

cancel

down is

of

second d u

three

twenty

case

equal it

off

set e v

four

thirty

cent

error kilo

on

space f w

five

forty

400hertz lone

Teel left

speed g x

BIX

fifty

BOhertz tone

flow less

seven

sixty

20ms silence

fuel lesser

parenthesis start [ z

eight

seventy

40ms silence

gallon limit

percent

stop jthan k

nine

eighty

BOmi

silence

go low

please

ten

ninety

180ms silence

the 1

eleven

hundred

320ms silence

great mark

point

time m

thou so ml

centi

greater meter

pound

try n

thirteen

million

chec!

fourteen

zero

high mill]

rate

volt p

fifteen

again

control

higher minus

re

sixteen

ampereand

danger

hour minute

ready

a r

seventeen

degree

in near

right

b s

ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY NOW AVAILABLE (VOX IN

abort

complete

fifth

light

put

station

continue

fire

quarter

switch

adjust

first

lock

range

system

alarm

correc

door

longer

reached

'.emperalure

crease

fourth

more

test

"de"

forwan

move

ask

deposi

from

next

reverse

assistance

dial

no

red

attention

door

get

normal

bluebrakebutton

east

going

north

repeal

emergency

greenhale

notice

replace

buycallcalled

enter

heal

open

safe

entry"er"

help

operator

warning

caution

■w

hurts

water

celsiua

evacuate

hold

send

wesl

change

fail

hot

service

wind

circuit

failure

incorrect pressure

slow

cigar

fahrenheit

intrude

yes

close

fast

key

pull

smoke

faster

level

push

south

'flfifiisfered Trademarks

Continental U.S.A. Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut i

TO ORDERCall Toll Free: 800-243-7428

' To Order From Connecticut, or For Technical !J Assistance, call (203) 354-9375

NETRONICS R&D LTD.

333 Litchfield Road,New MIlford.CT 06776 ,Depr BI2 !

IISN

; Please send the items checked below:

■ „

■ □ SlOO'Electric Mouth" kit w/VoxI $ 99.95 i

J □ EllII "Electric Mouth" kit w/VoxI S 99.95 ]

■ □ Apple "Electric Mouth" kit w/Vox I S119.95 I

« D TRS-80 Level II "Electric Mouth" kit w/Vox 1 $119.95 !

I D VOX II (Second Word Set) S 39.95 !

' Add S20.00 tor wired tested units Instead of kits. VOXIlpostagea insurant |

■ SI 00. .ill olhi-rs $300 postans and Insurance. Cdnn. res. .idd snips MX. I

I Total Enclosed $ '

■ I*D Personal Check D Cashier's Check/Money Order!

• D Visa □ Master Charge (Bank No. ) j

JAcct.No. Exp. Date |

• SignatureI Print; Name

! Address

;Clty_■ Stale

.Hp_

Listing 14 continued:

ENDC

IFC \0, LT

IFEQ ISLONGBGE «ENDC

IFEQ ISLONG-1LBGE EXBUGENDCENDC

IFC \0, GEIFEQ ISLONGBLT *ENDC

IFEQ ISLONG-1LBLT EXBUGENDCENDC

IFC \0. GTIFEQ ISLONGBLE *ENDC

IFEQ ISLONG-1LBLE EXBUGENDCENDC

IFNC \0, EQIFNC \0, NEIFNC \0, LTIFNC \0, LEIFNC \0, GEIFNC \0, GT

FAIL ** INVALID RELATIONAL OPERATOR — \0 «*ENDCENDCENDCENDCENDCENDCENDM

* RELTST —

* THE 'RELTST' MACRO TESTS THE VALIDITY OF THE

* RELATIONAL OPERATOR USED WITH AN 'IFTST' MACRO AND

* GENERATES THE PROPER RELATIVE BRANCH INSTRUCTION

RELTST MACR

IFC \0,EQ

IFEQ ISLONG

BNE *

ENDC

IFEQ ISLONG-1

LBNE EXBUG

ENDC

ENDC

IFC \0, NE

IFEQ ISLONG

BEQ *

ENDC

IFEQ ISLONG-1

LBEQ EXBUG

ENDC

ENDC

IFC \0,GE

IFEQ ISLONG

BLT *

ENDC

IFEQ ISLONG-1

LBLT EXBUG

ENDC

ENDC

IFC \0, LT

IFEQ ISLONG

BGE *

ENDC

IFEQ ISLONG-1

LBGE EXBUG

ENDC

ENDC

IFNC \0, EQ

IFNC \0,NE

IFNC \0, GE

IFNC \0, LT

FAIL *» \0 IS AN INVALID RELATIONAL OPERATOR FOR

ENDC

ENDC

ENDC

ENDC

ENDM

'IFTST' #«

Listing 14 continued on page 214

212 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 264 on inquiry card.

m

CPM

WINCHESTERHARD DISK

4 MhzOPERATION

• 90 DAY WARRANTY

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MOD Hi PLUS/140

We have taken the basic 16KModel 111 expanded the memoryto 4BK and added our MTI DoubleDensity, Dual Disk Drive System.System Is fully compatible withRadio Shack DOS and peripherals.

MOD Ml/240

Same as the MOD ill PLUS/140

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MOD 111/280

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$1998.

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Our largest business computersystem. 5.7 megabytes ofstorage. Includes a 5 megabyteWinchester hard disk drive and80 track dual head disk driveused as back up and for con-ventional floppy disk operation.$5399.

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Maumee, OH .... . (419) 893-4288

Dallas,TX (214) 247-6679

Cheyenne, WY. . . . (307) 632-9132

Mexicali, BC (714) 357-4717

OVERSEAS

Australia 3877-6946

Belgium 1663-2452

Rep. of South Africa .. 2145-1047

MICROCOMPUTER TECHNOLOGY INC.

3304 W. MACARTHUR, SANTA ANA, CA 92704(714) 979-9923 »1EI.EX 6780401 TABIRIN

Call or write for free brochure:

U.S. PRICES, F.O.B. SANTA ANA

CALIFORNIA AND MAY VARY BY AREA.

Circle 148 on inquiry card.

CHOOSE...

Choose an Apple Desk

A compact Bi-Level desk ideal for the Apple com-puter system. This 42" x 29Vb" desk comes with ashelf to hold two Apple disk drives. The top shelf foryour TV or monitor and manuals can also have anoptional paper slot to accomodate a printer. It isshown here with the optional Corvis shelf which willhold one Corvis disk drive. The Corvis shelf is avail-able on the 52" x 29'/2" version of the Apple desk.

Choose a Micro Desk

^W

The Universal Micro desk accommodates the S-100type microcomputers. The desk is available in foursizes: 17.75 inch, 19.06 inch, and 20.75 inch wideopenings with 24 inch front-to-rear mounting space.The fourth size is a 20.75 inch wide opening with a26.50 inch front-to-rear mounting space.

Choose a Mini Rack

wk

Mini racks and mini micro racks have standard vent-ing, cable cut outs and adjustable RETMA rails.Choose a stand alone bay or a 48", 60", or 72" deskmodel in a variety of colors and wood tones. Acustom rack is available for the Cromemco.

Choose a Printer Stand

The Universal printer stand fits the:

Centronics 700'sDec LA 34NEC SpinwriterLear Siegler 300's

Diablo 1600's & 2300'sT.I. 810 & 820Okidata SlimlineAnadex 9500's

Delivery in days on over 200 styles and colors instock. Dealer inquiries invited.

ELECTRONIC 5<dSTEM5FURNITURE

COMRflNy

17129 S. Kingsview AvenueCarson, California 90746Telephone: (213)538-9601

Listing 14 continued:

#

* RELCC —

» THE 'RELCC MACRO TESTS THE VALIDITY OF THE RELATIONAL

* OPERATOR FOR AN 'IFCC MACRO AND GENERATES THE PROPER RELATIVE

* BRANCH INSTRUCTION.#

RELCC MACRRELERR SET 0IFC \0, EQ

IFEQ ISLONG

BNE #

ENDC

IFEQ ISLONG-1

LBNE EXBUG

ENDCENDCIFC \0, NE

IFEQ ISLONG

BEQ *

ENDC

IFEQ ISLONG-1

LBEQ EXBUG

ENDCENDCIFC \0,LE

IFEQ ISLONG

BGT *

ENDC

IFEQ ISLONG-1

LBGT EXBUG

ENDCENDCIFC \0, LT

IFEQ ISLONG

BGE *

ENDC

IFEQ ISLONG-1

LBGE EXBUG

ENDCENDCIFC \0, GE

IFEQ ISLONG

BLT *

ENDC

ISLONG-EXBUG

IFEQ

LBLT

ENDCENDCIFC \0, GT

IFEQ ISLONG

BLE #

ENDC

ISLONG-EXBUG

IFEQ

LBLE

ENDCENDCIFC \0, CC

IFEQ ISLONG

BCS *

ENDC

IFEQ ISLONG-

LBCS EXBUG

ENDCENDCIFC \0, CS

IFEQ ISLONG

BCC #

ENDC

ISLONG-1EXBUG

IFEQ

LBCC

ENDCENDCIFC \0, VC

IFEQ ISLONG

BVS *

ENDC

IFEQ ISLONG-1

LBVS EXBUG

ENDCENDCIFC \0,VS

IFEQ ISLONG

BVC »

ENDC

ISLONG-1EXBUG

IFEQ

LBVC

ENDCENDCIFNC \0,

EQ

Listing 14 continued on page 218

214 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 182 on inquiry card.

Right for the time. Finallysomeone invented an RS-232Ccompatible calendar/clock system,complete with 6-digit display...and selling for only $249. Hayesdid it!

Introducing the Hayes StackChronograph, the newest additionto the Hayes Stack microcomputercomponent series. It allows yourcomputer to accurately record allof your system activities by dateand time... down to the second.Thanks to a battery back-up sys-tem, you never have to reset thetime when your computer is off,and it will keep on ticking even whenthere's a power failure. A write-protect switch prevents accidental

Microcomputer Component Systems

changing of day, date or time.

Right for the job. The HayesStack Chronograph is ideal for anyhome or business application re-quiring accurate timekeeping. Useit for timing everything from lights,burglar alarms, or sprinkler systems... to sending mail electronically(with the Hayes Stack auto-dialSmartmodem and your computer)... logging and recording reportsor time-sharing access time...

and batching all your messagesto send at night, when rates arelowest. Chronograph helps doit all.

And Chronograph stacksup. Keep your computer systemup-to-date with the Hayes stack-ables, including the RS-232C com-patible Smartmodem, the mostsophisticated 300-baud originate/answer modem you can buy. Andyet, it's probably the easiest touse too.

The Hayes Stack Chronographand Smartmodem are availablewherever fine computer products aresold. It's -time. Andit's now.

The Hayes Stack Chronograph.There's no better time.

Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc. 5835 Peachtree Corners East, Norcross, Georgia 30092 404/449-8791

Hayes Stack is a trademark of Hayes Microcomputer Producls. Inc. © Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc.

When You Have To Face A Deadline...

Ince Its Introduction, Paacal/MT + * has been used to produce thousands ofprofessional solutions to Industrial, business and systems level applicationproblems. In addition to Implementing the complete ISO STANDARD,Pascal/MT + 'S contains a host of powerful features and facilities which makeprogram construction a snaplPascal/MT + • Is a total programming system including our native machine code com-piler, linker, Pascal-level debugger, disassembler, run-time subroutine library and the ex-clusive SpeedProgrammlng'"1 Package.

With the advent of 16-bit machines and Increasing customers demands, you can nolonger afford to write programs in anything but a professionally constructed and profes-sionally supported package like PascallMT + ". MT MicroSYSTEMS has demonstrated itscommitment to keeping your programs and programmers productive with our recent in-troduction of Pascal/MT + 86 and Pasoal/MT + 68K lor the 8086 and 68000. WhilePascal/MT + ■ provides the capability to write non-portable programs when the need arises,true portability between radically different machines is a reality while still translating

Into efficient, optimized native machine code.

Our Pascal/MT + ' compilers and SpeedProgrammlng Package are available on a widevariety of processors and operating systems, with more to come! We are continually work-ing to provide Innovative solutions to the ever present problem of translating your ideas intosoftware solutions.The Pascal/MT + ° SystemCompiler:

Generates ROMable Native Code • Complete ISO Standard (superset of Jensen & Wirth).Powerful Extensions Include:

Modular Compilation, Direct production of binary relocatable modules • Dynamic strings• Chaining • Powerful Overlay system • Address and Size returning functions • Bit manipu-lation (test, set, clear, shifts) • Byte manipulation (high, low, swap) • Imbedded assemblylanguage • Easy linkage to external assembly language • Full NEW and DISPOSE pro-cedures • Direct access to I/O ports • Fast floating point, both software and AMD 9511 •Accurate 18 digit BCD (fixed point, 14,4) • Include files • Hex literal numbers • and more.,.

... Arm Yourself With Pascal/MT+

®

300000

Linker:

Combines relocatable modules Into executable tiles • Can generate Hex format for usewith PROM programming.Interactive Symbolic Debugger:

Variable display • High-level breakpoints by procedure/function name • Tracing/singlestep by Pascal statement • Procedure/function entry and exit trace available.Disassembler:

Combines a relocatable module with its listing file to produce interleaved Pascal and ap-proximate assembly language code.The SpeedProgrammlng Package"":

The SpeedProgrammlng Package is an integrated set of tools which allows you to createPascal/MT+' programs, check them for correct syntax and undefined identifiers, formatthem to display flow of control, and do this all within the editing environment before youever invoke the compiler. Programmers like SpeedProgrammlng because it frees them fromthe time consuming chore of repeated compilations to correct simple syntactic and typingerrors. Managers find that SpeedProgrammlng improves productivity, thereby reducingdevelopment costs. SpeedProgrammlng combined with our field tested Pascal/MT+ 'package gives you a comfortable, powerful, Interactive programming environment in whichto create your professional quality software. Your products demand production qualitytools. Order Pascal/MT+ * with SpeedProgrammlng today!Screen Editor:

User configurable • Standard random cursor movement, file access, search and replace,insert, delete, exchange, etc. • Structured language editing features such as automatic in-dent, line adjustment, reading from and writing to a file, block text Insertion and duplication.• Requires: 24 x 80 CRT (or larger), ASCII Keyboard (7 bit data), random cursor addressing.Interactive Syntax Scanner:

Finds syntax errors In text being edited • Enters SPEED, puts cursor at error, prints errortext.Variable Checker:

Catches undefined and mis-spelled variables before the compiler is Invoked.

On-line Reformatted

Beautify programs in seconds • Clearly shows structure and program flow.Source Code Management Tools:

Automatic Modification Log and Backup utility program.

PRICING: 'Read carefully, some systems do not include the SpeedProgrammlng Packagebut do Include the compiler, linker, disassembler, debugger and other utilities.

AVAILABLE NOWI

•808078085/ZBO without SpeedProgrammlng Price $360.00

66K or larger CP/M-80 or Heath/Zenith HDOS808078085/Z80 complete Including SpeedProgrammlng Price $475.00

56K or larger CP/M-80 (not available for HDOS)8080/8085/Z80 for special MP/M environments Contact Factory

•8086/8088without SpeedProgrammlng Price$600.00

CP/M-86 or MP/M-86, requires 116K program area

808678088 complete Including SpeedProgrammlng Price $800.00

•8086/8088 without SpeedProgrammlng for RMX-86 Price $1500.00

All 8086/8088 packages include 9511 and 8087 support andprogram to convert MT object files into Intel .OBJ 8086 files.

COMING SOON:

68000 Cross Compiler System Price (to be announced)

68000 Resident System with and without SpeedProgrammlng.... Price (to be announced)

Available on 8" (3740) Single Density Disks. Contact Distributors For Other Formats.

CPM/, MP/M are trademarks of Digital Research, Inc.

Heath, Zenith and HDOS are trademarks of Zenith Data Systems.

FOR: 8080/8085/Z80/8086/68000

Payment Terms:

Cash, Check, UPS, C.O.D.Mastercard, VISA,

/ MT Micro SYSTEMS \

1562 Kings Cross DriveCardiff, California 92007 (714) 755-1366*

'We re moving io bigger quarters Call ibis number andyou'll be (old our new telephone number

Pricing:

8080/Z80 - $475.00Others Call

Circle 293 on Inquiry card.

Circle 90 on Inquiry card.

Make Your DreamsCome True WithComputer Shopper

Now you can expand your system orget a new one at prices you had neverdreamed possible by taking advantageof the thousands of bargains eachmonth in COMPUTER SHOPPER.

COMPUTER SHOPPER is THEpublication for buying, selling andtrading new and used micro and mini-computer equipment and software.

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New subscribers are entitled to a FREE20 word classified ad to use for soft-ware or used equipment (a $2.00 value)plus a FREE ISSUE (13 months for theprice of 12) all for the low subscriptionprice of ONLY $10.00.SAVE OVER 50% OFF the single copyprice of $1.50, Add it up:

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Offer expires 1-31-82

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Listing 14 continued:

IFNC \0. NEIFNC \0,LTIFNC \0, LEIFNC \0, GEIFNC \0, GTRELERR SET 1 ERROR FLAG FOR NEXT SET OF TESTS

ENDCENDCENDCENDCENDCENDC

IFNE RELERRRELERR SET 0IFNC \0, CCIFNC \0, VCIFNC \0, CSIFNC \0, VS

FAIL #* INVALID RELATIONAL OPERATOR — \0 **ENDCENDCENDCENDCENDCENDM

#

* REGTST —

* THIS MACRO TESTS THE VALIDITY OF THE REGISTER« NAME PASSED AS ITS FIRST ARGUMENT. IF THE NAME WAS NOT

» A VALID REGISTER, 'REGTST' WILL FAIL WITH AN ERROR MESSAGE.

REGTST MACRIFNC \0,AIFNC \0, BIFNC \0, DIFNC \0, XIFNC \0, YIFNC \0, UIFNC \0, S

FAIL ** \0 IS NOT A 6809 REGISTER **ENDCENDCENDCENDCENDCENDCENDCENDM

■H-

* IF —

» THE 'IF' MACRO WILL CAUSE THE STATEMENTS FOLLOWING

* IT TO BE EXECUTED UP TO THE FIRST 'ELSE' OR 'ENDIF' IF THE

* CONDITIONAL EXPRESSION IS TRUE. ITS SYNTAX IS:#

* IF <REGISTER NAME>, -^RELATIONAL OPERATOR?--, --CADDRESS EXPRESSION>

EQ', 'NE', 'LE', 'LT',

THE VALID RELATIONAL OPERATORS ARE'GE', AND 'GT'.

IF MACR

IFNE NARG-3IFNC \3,LFAIL ** 'IF'ENDC

ENDC

IFC \3,LISLONG SET 1

ENDC

REGTST \0

CMP SO \2

REL.OP \1

PUSH *-l-ISLONGISLONG SET 0

ENDM

TEST FOR VALID MACRO CALL.MACRO REQUIRES 3 ARGUMENTS **

TEST FOR A VALID REGISTERGENERATE CMP INSTRUCTIONGENERATE RELATIVE BRANCH ON CONDITIONPUSH LOCATION OF FORWARD REFERENCE OFFSETONTO STACK

ELSE —

THE 'ELSE' MACRO BEGINS THE STATEMENTS THAT WILL

BE EXECUTED IF THE CONDITIONAL EXPRESSION OF THE PRECEDING

'IF' MACRO WAS NOT TRUE.

ELSE MACR

IFC \0, LISLONG SET 1

ENDC

IFEQ ISLONG

BRA *

218 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

GENERATE BRANCH AROUND STATEMENTS FOLLOWINGTHE "ELSE"GENERATE A SHORT BRANCH

Listing 14 continued on page 220

Circle 170 on inquiry card. >

FUTRA COMPANY

P.O. BOX 4380 - DEPT. B-12

Torrance, CA 90501

»13) 328-8951 TWX 910 349-6211

□II Free Order Line Outside of Calif.-Please read

; of press time we were in the process of obtaining a toll free0 number and TWX line. To obtain our latest prices please dial0 421-5006. If you have any trouble reaching us dial 800ectory assistance at 800 555-1212 and ask for FUTRA3MPANY. Western Union informed us that there may be aange in our TWX number.

a

HEWLETTPACKARD

ILL FOR PRICING

HP-83 HP-85 HP-125NOW AVAILABLE2903A HP+85/83 16K Memory Module $255.00

Firmware Enhancements:

82936A

82936A ROM Draw

15001 Mass Stor.

Plotter/Print

In/Output

Matrix

Adv.Prog.

15002150031500415005

$42135$135$274$135$126

Interfaces:

82937A HP-IB82939A Serial (female)82939 opt 001 (male)Same 002 (crrnt 1p)82940A GPI082941A BCD

15007 Assembly $127.50 82949A Printer Int.HP APPLICATION PACKS $ CALL

$339$339$339$339$421$420$269

7225aphics Plotter$2089.95

HP 82902MDisk Drive$1275.00

K0NAN

Hfa

Stop the floppy shuffle!

New Konan 5".Winchester

Hard Disk Drive

Low introductory Pricing

To$„2f9«°r.0-, I I $129.00

Z-80 Sofl Card 16K Ram Card

Wl* CP/M Limited Stock

en your Apple II computer to a larger world. With the Z-80 Soft-rd and 16K RAM Card you can now run CP/M compatible software,land your memory for specific application, act as a firmware cardI much more. If you add any boards to your Apple this year thesei the ones.

VIDEX 80 x 24 VIDE0TERMAND KEYBOARD ENHANCER

SCALLVideoterm

SCALLKeyboard Enhancer

ALS "Smartern" 80 column card $295.00

aintain optimum software compatibility industry wide. By adding thedeoterm 80 x 24 videoboard and keyboard enhancer your Apple actsmilar to CRT Terminals on larger systems. Combine this with theicrosoft Softcard and you've got some system.

COMPUTER SUPPLIES:

M Scotch 5" Diskettes (10) 3M Scotch 8" Diskettes (10)

744-0 5" SS/SD soft sect. $26 .7400 8" SS/SD $32

'44-10 5" SS/SO 10 sect. $26 «741-0 8" SS/DD $36

'44-16 5" SS/SD 16 sect. $26 «743-0 8" DS/DD $44

'440 5" Head Clean.Kit $29 .7400 8" Head Clean Kit $30

ISC.

iilentype Paper (roll)i" Vinyl disk sleeves

$4.50$6.95

•Vinyl Disk Sleeves

$6.95

APPLE COMPUTERS

APPLE II "PIUS"

16K48K

CALL

S

APPLE III128K $3255.00

What can we say except that they're super systemsand the prices are a steal.Apple II

Disk II w/cont.

• Disk II 2nd

• Applesoft Firmware

• Centronix Printer Int.

• Communications Card

• High speed Serial Int.

• Pascal Language Syst.

• Integer firmware

• Parallel Printer Int.

CALLCALLS149$179$179$155$379$149$149

• Hand Controllers

• Vinyl Carrier

• Joystick II

• Graphics Tablet

• Silentype Printer

Apple in

• Information Analyst

Softwre Pkg

• Disk II for AIM

• Silentype Printer III

$ 27$ 33$ 45$665$325

$345$495$292

ADD ON PRODUCTS

California Computer Systems:

• 12K PROM/ROM Brd

• Centronics Cable

• Calendar Clock

• Programmable Timer

• A/D Converter

• GPIB IEEE 488

$78$30$99$95$95CALL

Mountain Computer Inc.

• Apple Clock $210

• Supertalker $255

• Romplus $131

• Romwriter $152

• Romwriter $152

• X10 Controller $172

• X10 System $270

• CPS Multi-function CALL

Other

• SSM AIO $159

• SSMA488 CALL

• ABT Keypad $115

• ABT Soft Key $145

• Novation Cat Modem $155

• Novation D-Cat Modem $155

• Novation Apple Cat $319

• Asynchronous Serial

• Synchronous Serial

• Parallel Interface

• Centronics Interface

• Arithmetic Proc/Disk

• Arithmetic Proc/ROM

• Music System

• A/D + D/A

• Keyboard Filter

• Keyboard Filter

• Copy Rom

• I/O Cable Assembly

• Expansion Chassis

• Card Reader

• ABTBarwand

• TKC Joystick II

• TKC Keypad II

• TKC Game Paddles

• ThunderClockHayes Micromodem I

$135$149$ 99$111$325$345

$465

$299

$48

$48

$48

$47

$649

$1085

$175 I$ 45$149$ 27$120$303

Hayes Micromodem 100 CALL

ADD ON SOFTWARE

Apple Computers:

• Apple Post

• Shell Games

• Apple Bowl

• DOS 3.3 Update

• Apple Writer

• DOS Tool Kit

Personal Software:

• Visicalc 3.3

• Desk Top/Plan II

• CCA Data Mgt.

$44

$28$23$57$65$65

$159$165$84

* Stellar Invaders■ Apple Ploti Adventure> AP Music Theory' Tax Planner

> Visiterm

> Visiplot

> Visidex

■ VisiTrend/Visiplot

Microsoft: (requires Z80 SoflCard & CP/M)

• Basic Compiler $296 • COBAL Language

• Assembly Language $94 • Fortran Language

$23$57$33$47$114

$125$147$159$229

$562.50$149.00

Peachtree/40: (requires Z-80 SoflCard & 16K RAM Card)

• General Ledger $195 • Payroll $195

• Accounts Rec $195 • Inventory $195

• Accounts Payables $195 • Mail List $195

Misc: (48K All or AII+)

• Stoneware 'DB Master' $179

• BPI General Ledger $315

• BPI Inventory Control $315

• BPI Payroll $315

• BPI Job Cost Sys. $315

Software Publishing Corp.

"PFS" $ 87.50

"PFS: Report" $ 87.50

MicroFocus "COBOL" $743.00

MicroPro Wordstar $229.00

CPM Software Packages - 8" Diskettes

• Peachtree CPM • Accounting Plus

• MicroPro

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEM

The CCS 2210 is a low cost S100, Z80 computer systemwith 64K of memory, disk controller, parallel/serial I/O andCPM operating system.

SCALL

Separate Components

• 2200A Mainframe

CALL

• 24221 Disk Cntrlr.

CALL

• 2810A CPU

FOR

• 2718 Par/Ser I/O

FOR

• 2065 64K RAM

PRICE

PRICE

ZENITH MONITOR

12" GREEN

DATA MONITOR

$119.00

Reduce eyestrain with the monitor from the people who say "Thequality goes In before the name goes on." Excellent for AppleII, Apple III and others.

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Call for Lowest Price Possible

VECTOR

ALTOS

ZENITH

XEROX

Don't buy anything until you've checked with us.

VIDEO TERMINALS & VIDEO MONITORS

Sanyo:

• 12" Green Monitor

• 12" B&W Monitor

• 13" Color Monitor

• 9" B&W Monitor

• 9" Green Monitor

AMDEK:

• 12" B&W Monitor

• 12" Green Monitor

CALL

FOR

PRICE

NEC:

• 12" Green Monitor

• 12" Color (RGB)

• 12" Color Monitor

CALLFOR

VIDEO TERMINALS:

• ADDS viewpoint CRT D

• Soroc 130 HUlit

• Televideo

EPSON PRINTERSMX-100

Your price $759.00

Probably the best buy in a printer this year. Compare features withany other and compare price (especially ours). 4 character sizes allmay be placed into letter quality enhanced mode. Friction and remov-able tractor, 9 by 9 to 18 by 18 dot Matrix, logic seeking, and muchmore. Not to mention DOT PL0TTING7GRAFTRAX option built rightin. WOW! What a printer!

' MX 80 FT Printer

i MX 80 Printer

• MX 70 Printer

i MX 80 Ribbons

CALLCALLCALL$14

• MX Ser. Interface Opt

• Epson Apple Par.Int.

• Epson Par. Cable

• MX-80 or 80/ft Graf-

traxROM

$65$69$20

$78

ADDITIONAL PRINTERS

NEC

PC 80233510

DIABLO

630

XEROX

D80

ANNADEX

9500950196009001

CHECK OUR LOW PRICES!

TERMS: Shipping: add 3% for product shipped within continentalUSA via UPS surface (minimum $3.00). If the Order placed isprepaid with U.S. funds In the form of check or money order,a Total Charge of $3.00 for shipping is all you pay within thecontinental USA via UPS surface. Allow 14 working days forpersonal and company checks to clear. Credit card chargeslimited to $1000. No COD's. FPO, APO or orders outsidecontinental USA call or write for shipping charges or add 10% topurchase price (any difference will be refunded). Californiaresidents add 6% sales tax. All offers subject to change orwithdrawal without notice.

Circle 337 on inquiry card.

BIGGEST

DiSCOUIltS Ever On

TRS-8CT

m ■"!« fmWf

Computers,

Accessories &

The Following

NEW Items

Hewlett-Packard®

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Magnavox®

Odyssey2Home Video System

Magnavox®

Magnavision®

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• FREE SHIPPING in 48

continental contigiousStates

• NO SALES TAX collectedon out-of-state orders.

• FREE Discount Price Listavailable.

TOLL FREE ORDER NUMBER

800/531-7466

Texas & Principle Number

512/581-2766

Fort Worth No. 817/625-6333

Telex Number 767339

Pan AmericanElectronics

Sales and Main Office

Dept. 12 • 1117 Conway Ave.

Mission, Texas 78572

NEW Fort Worth Branch

Dept. 12 • 2912 N. Main St.

Fort Worth, Texas 76106

TRS80isaTra

^nd^olp

Listing 14 continued:ENDCIFEQ ISLONG-1

LBRA EXBUGENDCMCRTMP SET *BACK1

IFEQ BCKLNOIFGT <MCRTMP-#-l1-128FAIL ** LONG 'IF' IS REQUIRED **ENDC

GENERATE A LONG BRANCH.

FILL IN FORWARD REF. OFFSET IN THE BRANCHGENERATED BY AN "IF", "IFTST", OR "IFCC"

GENERATE A SHORT OFFSET

GENERATE A LONG OFFSET

FCB MCRTMP-*-lENDC

IFEQ BCKLNG-1FDB MCRTMP~*-2ENDC

ORG MCRTMPPOP

PUSH *-l-ISLONGISLONG SET 0ENDM

REMOVE POINTER TO "IF" OFFSET FROM STACKPUSH LOCATION OF FORWARD REF. OFFSETFORMED BY THIS MACRO.

ENDIF —

THE 'ENDIF' MACRO IS THE TERMINATING STATEMENT FOR THESTATEMENTS CONTROLLED BY THE PRECEDING 'IF' OR 'ELSE' MACRO.

FILL IN FORWARD REF. OFFSET FROM AN "IF" OR "ELSE"

ENDIF MACRMCRTMP SET *

BACK1

IFEQ BCKLNG

IFGT <MCRTMP-»-l1-128

FAIL ** LONG 'ELSE' REQUIRED *#

ENDC

FCB MCRTMP-*-l GENERATE A SHORT OFFSET

ENDC

IFEQ BCKLNG-1

FDB MCRTMP-*-2 GENERATE A LONG OFFSET.

ENDC

ORG MCRTMP

POP REMOVE POINTER TO FORWARD REFERENCE FROM STACK.

ENDM###*#####tt ##-&#*-&#•&-a-•&•&-&*•■«■##■&-)*■■«•#$--&-B--H--H-■«-■&■& *fr #■&####*•-& ###■&■&*$■ #■«■*■##-tut-■&■«•## *■*■•&*#

* IFTST —

» THE 'IFTST' MACRO OPERATES LIKE AN 'IF' MACRO EXCEPT

* THAT IT GENERATES A 'TST' INSTRUCTION INSTEAD OF A 'CMP'.

* THE SYNTAX IS:#

* IFTST {REGISTER OR ADDRESS EXPRESSIONS{RELATIONAL OP>,0

tt

* THE VALID RELATIONAL OPERATORS FOR USE WITH 'IFTST' ARE: 'EG',

* 'NE', 'LT'i AND 'GE'#

IFTST MACR

IFC S3,LISLONG SET 1

ENDC

IFC \2, LISLONG SET 1

ENDC

IFC SO, A

TSTA

ENDC

IFC \0, B

TSTB

ENDC

IFNC \0, AIFNC \0, BTST SOENDC

ENDC

RELTST SI

PUSH *-l-ISLONGISLONG SET 0

ENDM

GENERATE "TST" OF ACC.

GENERATE "TST" OF ACC. B

GENERATE "TST" OF A MEMORY BYTE

GENERATE RELATIVE BRANCH (FORWARD REF. )PUSH LOCATION OF FORWARD REFERENCE.

IFCC —

THE 'IFCC MACRO FUNCTIONS LIKE AN 'IF' MACRO, EXCEPTIT ONLY GENERATES A 'BRANCH ON CONDITION' INSTRUCTION DIRECTLY.THIS IS USEFUL BECAUSE IT ALLOWS THE ASSEMBLER TO GENERATE THELABEL FOR THE BRANCH INSTEAD OF FORCING THAT BURDEN ON THEOVER-WORKED PROGRAMMER. THE SYNTAX IS:

IFCC

{RELATIONAL OPERATOR>

THE VALID REALTIONAL OPERATORS ARE:'LE'i AND 'LT'.

'EQ', 'NE', 'GE', 'GT',

Listing 14 continued on page 222

220 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

***** ************************** *********************

4MHZ, DOUBLE DENSITY,COLOR&B/WGRAPHICS. .THE LNW80 COMPUTER

COMPARE THE FEATURES AND PERFORMANCE

When you've compared the features of an LNW80 Computer, you'll quicklyunderstand why the LNW80 is the ultimate TRS80 software compatible system.LNW RESEARCH offers the most complete microcomputer system at an outstand-ing low price.

We back up our product with an unconventional 6 month warranty and a 10days full refund policy, less shipping charges.

LNW80 Computer $1,450.00

LNW80 Computer w/B&W Monitor & one 5" Drive $1,915.00

All orders must be prepaid, CA residents please include 6% sales tax.Contact us for shipping charges

* TRS80 Product of Tandy Corporation.

** PMC Product of Personal Microcomputer, Inc.

FEATURES

LNW80

PMC-80**

TRS-80*

MODEL III

PROCESSOR

4.0 MHZ

1,8 MHZ

2.0 MHZ

LEVEL II BASIC INTERP.

YES

YES

LEVEL IIIBASIC

TRS80 MODEL 1 LEVEL II COMPATIBLE .

YES

YES

NO

48K BYTES RAM

YES

YES

YES

CASSETTE BAUD RATE

500/1000

500

500/1500

FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER

SINGLE/DOUBLE

SINGLE

SINGLE/DOUBLE

SERIAL RS232 PORT

YES

YES

YES

PRINTER PORT

YES

YES

YES

REAL TIME CLOCK

YES

YES

YES

24 X 80 CHARACTERS

YES

NO

NO

VIDEO MONITOR

YES

YES

YES

UPPER AND LOWER CASE

YES

OPTIONAL

YES

REVERSE VIDEO

YES

NO

NO

KEYBOARD

63 KEY

53 KEY

53 KEY

NUMERIC KEY PAD

YES

NO

YES

8/W GRAPHICS, 128 X 48

YES

YES

YES

HI-RESOLUTION 8/W GRAPHICS,

480 X 192

YES

NO

NO

HI-RESOLUTION COLOR GRAPHICS128 X 192 IN 8 COLORS

(NTSC),

YES

NO

NO

HI-RESOLUTION COLOR GRAPHICS384 X 192 IN 8 COLORS

(RGB),

OPTIONAL

NO

NO

WARRANTY

6 MONTHS

90 DAYS

90 DAYS

TOTAL SYSTEM PRICE

$1,915.00

$1,840.00

$2,187.00

LESS MONITOR AND DISK DRIVE

$1,450.00

$1,375.00

—

LNW80

• BARE PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD & MANUAL $89.95

LNDoubler&DOS PLUS 3.3D

Assembled and Tested w/DOS PLUS 3.3D $175.00

The LNW80 - A high-speed color computer totally compatible withthe TRS-80*. The LNW80 gives you the edge in satisfying yourcomputation needs in business, scientific and personal computa-tion. With performance of 4 MHz, Z80A CPU, you'll achieve per-formance of over twice the processing speed of a TRS-80*. Thismeans you'll get the performance that is comparable to the mostexpensive microcomputer with the compatibility to the world'smost popular computer (TRS-80*)' resulting in the widest soft-ware base.

FEATURES:

TRS-80 Model 1 Level II Software Compatible

High Resolution Graphics

. RGB Output - 384 x 192 in 8 Colors

. NTSC Video or RF MOD - 128 x 192 in 8 Colors

. Black and White - 480 x 192

4 MHz CPU

500/1000 Baud Cassette

Upper and Lower Case

16K Bytes RAM, 12K Bytes ROM

Solder Masked and Silkscreened

LNW SYSTEM EXPANSION

■ BARE PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD

AND MANUAL $69.95

WITH GOLD CONNECTORS $84.95

The System Expansion will allow you to expand your LNW80, TRS-80*,or PMC-80** to a complete computer system that is still totallysoftware compatible with the TRS-80* Model 1 Level II.

FEATURES:

32K Bytes Memory

5" Floppy Controller

Serial RS232 20ma I/O

Parallel Printer

Real Time Clock

Screen Printer Bus

On Board Power Supply

Solder Masked and Silkscreened

LNW RESEARCH

CORPORATION

2620 WALNUT ST.TUSTIN CA. 92680

Double-density disk storage for the LNW Research's "System Expan-sion" or the Tandy's "Expansion Interface". The LNDoubler™ istotally software compatible with any double density softwaregenerated for the Percom's Doubler***. The LNDoublerTH providesthe following outstanding features.

. Store up to 350K bytes on a single 5" disk

. Single and double density data separation

. Precision write precompensation circuit

. Software switch between single and double density

. Easy plug in installation requiring no etch cuts, jumpers

or soldering

. 35, 40, 77, 80 track 5" disk operation

. 120 day parts and labor Warranty

*** Doubler is a product of Percom Data Company, Inc.

DOS PLUS 3.3D

Micro Systems software's double density disk operating system.This operating system contains all the outstanding features ofa well developed DOS, with ease in useability.

KEYBOARD

LNW80 KEYBOARD KIT $84.95

The Keyboard Kit contains a 63 key plus a 10 key, P.C. board, andremaining components.

CASE

LNW80 CASE $84.95

The streamline design of this metal case will house the LNW80,LWN System Expansion, LNW80 Keyboard, power supply and fan,LNDoublerTM, or LNW Data Separator. This kit includes all thehardware to mount all of the above. Add $12.00 for shipping

PARTS AVAILABLE FROM LNW RESERARCH. 4116 - 200ns RAM

6 chip set $26.00

8 chip set $33.50

16 chip set $64.00

24 chip set $94.00

32 chip set $124.00

LNW80 "Start up parts set"LNW80 "Video parts set"LNW80 TransformerLNW80 Keyboard cable

LNW80-1 $82.00

LNW80-2 $31.00

LNW80-3 $18.00

LNW80-4 $16.00

40 Pin computer to expansion cable $15.00

System Expansion Transformer $19.00

Floppy Controller (FD1771) and UART (TR1602) . . . $30.00

ORDERS & IN F0. NO. 714 - 544 - 5744SERVICE NO. 714-641-8850

Circle 224 on inquiry card.

VISA MASTER CHARGEACCEPTED

UNLESS NOTED

ADD $3 FOR SHIPPING

/HeJ

Hello.This is the APPLEtalking. The messageis: Don't byte yourAPPLE. Use COGNIVOXto speak to it!

I am now listeningfor your reply . . .

Let's face it. Voice I/O is a fascinating and efficient way tocommunicate with computers. And now, thanks toVOICETEK, Voice I/O peripherals are easily available,easy to use and very affordable.

If you own an APPLE II computer, COGNIVOX modelV10-1003 will enable your computer to understand yourspoken commands and talk back with clear, natural soun-ding voice.

COGNIVOX can be trained to recognize up to 32 words orshort phrases chosen by the user. To train COGNIVOX torecognize a new word, you simply repeat the word threetimes under the prompting of the system.

COGNIVOX will also talk with a vocabulary of 32 wordsor phrases chosen by the user. This vocabulary is indepen-dent of the recognition vocabulary, so a dialog with thecomputer is possible. The speech output is natural soundingsince it is a digital recording of the user voice using a datacompression algorithm.

For applications requiring more than 32 words, you canhave two or more vocabularies of 32 words and switch backand forth between them. Vocabularies can also be stored ondisk.

COGNIVOX V10-1003 comes complete with microphone,power supply, software on cassette and extensive manual,ready to plug in and use. It plugs into the paddle connectorand thus it leaves the valuable expansion slots free for otherperipherals.

Software provided with the unit includes demonstrationprograms and two voice operated, talking video games! It isalso very easy to incorporate voice in your own programs. Asingle statement from BASIC is all that is needed to eitherrecognize or say a word.

COGNIVOX can be used as an educational tool, a data en-try device when hands and/or eyes are busy, an aid to thehandicapped, a foreign language translator, a sound effectsgenerator, an intelligent telephone answering maching, atalking calculator. Using an IEEE 488 interface card youcan control by voice instruments, plotters, test systems. Andall these devices can talk back to you, telling you theirreadings, alarm conditions, even their name.

COGNIVOX V10-1003 costs $249 plus $5 shipping (CA res.add 6% tax). Software on diskette (DOS 3.3) with extrafeatures to save vocabularies on disk, $19. Order by mail orcall us at (805) 685-1854, 9AM to 5PM PST, M-F andcharge it on your MASTERCHARGE or VISA. Foreignorders welcome, add 10% for air mail shipping and handl-ing. COGNIVOX is backed by a 120 day limited warrantyagainst manufacturing defects.

VOICETEK

P.O. Box 388, Goleta, CA 93116

Listing 14 continued:

TEST FOR VALID MACRO CALL

IFCC MACR

IFNE NARG-1IFNC \1,L

FAIL ** ONLY ONE ARGUMENT (A RELATIONAL OPERATOR) ALLOWED **ENDC

ENDC

IFC VI,LISLONG SET 1 TEST FOR SHORT OR LONG BRANCH.

ENDC

RELCC \0 GENERATE CONDITIONAL BRANCH (FORWARD REF. )

PUSH *-l-ISLDNG PUSH LOCATION OF FORWARD BRANCH.ISLONG SET 0

ENDM**»»*#***»**»»#*»*#**#**«•**#***#•»*##**»********#*«■**«•#«■##*«■*****#«****#

* WHILE —

* THE 'WHILE' MACRO EXECUTES THE STATEMENTS FOLLOWING

* IT UP TO THE 'ENDWH' AS LONG AS ITS CONDITIONAL EXPRESSION IS

* TRUE. THE SNTAX IS:#

* WHILE -^REGISTER NAME>,^RELATIONAL OPERATORS <ADDRESS EXPRESSION>

WHILE MACRIFNE NARG-3IFNC \3, L

TEST FOR VALID MACRO CALL.

FAIL ** 'WHILE' REQUIRES 3 ARGUMENTS **ENDC

ENDC

IFC \3. LISLONG SET 1

ENDC

PUSH *

REGTST \0

CMPXO \2

RELOP \1

PUSH *-l-ISLONGISLONG SET O

ENDM

TEST FOR LONG BRANCH INDICATOR.

PUSH POINTER TO TOP OF LOOP.

TEST FOR VALID REGISTER.

GENERATE CMP INSTRUCTION

GENERATE CONDITIONAL BRANCH OUT OF LOOP (FORWARD)

PUSH LOCATION OF FORWARD REFERENCE.

ENDWH —

THIS MACRO TERMINATES THE STATEMENTS WITHIN A 'WHILE'

LOOP.

ENDWH MACR

IFC \0, LFAIL ** THE 'LONG'' SHOULD BE PLACED ON THE 'WHILE' **

ENDCMCRTMP SET *

BACK1 GENERATE OFFSET IN FORWARD REFERENCE OF "WHILE

IFEQ BCKLNGIFGT -((MCRTMP+2)-*-l)-128FAIL ** LONG 'WHILE' IS REQUIRED »*ENDC

FCB (MCRTMP+2)-*-l GENERATE A SHORT OFFSET

ENDC

IFEQ BCKLNG-1

FDB <MCRTMP+3)-*-2

ENDC

POP

BACK1V A EQU *

ORG MCRTMP

IFEQ BCKLNG

BRA V A

ENDC

IFEQ BCKLNG-1

LBRA V A

ENDC

POP

ENDM

#

* REPEAT —

* THE STATEMENTS BETWEEN A 'REPEAT' AND AN 'UNTIL' MACRO

* ARE REPEATED UNTIL THE CONDITIONAL EXPRESSION BECOMES TRUE.#

REPEAT MACRIFC \0,L

FAIL ** PLACE 'LONG' ON THE 'UNTIL' **ENDC

PUSH * PUSH POINTER TO TOP OF THE LOOP.

ENDM

GENERATE A LONG OFFSET

REMOVE POINTER TO FORWARD REFERENCE FROM STACK.GET POINTER TO TOP OF LOOP.

CREATE BRANCH BACK TO TOP OF LOOP.GENERATE A SHORT BRANCH.

GENERATE A LONG BRANCH.

Listing 14 continued on page 224

222 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Look what's happened to

HIPL0T

TM

It's grown into a complete

family of quality low cost digital plotters

with one, six and eight pen models available

In just a few short years, the HIPL0Thas become the most popular digitalplotter among small systems users. Witha record like that, what can we do for anencore? WE'VE INTRODUCED ACOMPLETE LINE OF HIPL0TS... witha model suited for just about every plot-ting application.

The HIPL0T DMP Series is a newfamily of digital plotters with both"standard" and "intelligent" modelsavailable with surface areas ofWi"X.ll" (DIN A4) and 11"X17"(DIN A3). For the user needing a basicreliable plotter, we have the "old stan-dard" DMP-2 (&Vz" X11") and the "newstandard" DMP-5 (11"X17"). For thoseneeding a little more capability, thereare the DMP-3 (8y2"Xll") and theDMP-6 (11 "X17")—both microprocess-or controlled and providing easy remotepositioning of the X and Y axes(perfect for the OEM). Forthose who want this in-

TM HI PLOT and DM/PL are Trademarksof Houston Instrument

* Registered Trademark of CentronicsData Corp.

Yes, they are UL listed!'

telligence plus the convenience of frontpanel electronic controls, we've provid-ed the DMP-4 (8V2"X11") and theDMP-7(11"X17").

The "standard" plotters come com-plete with a RS-232-C and a parallel in-terface. The "intelligent" DMP plottersaccept data from either an RS-232-C orCentronics® data source. For the "stan-dard" plotters, software is availablefrom our ever expanding "MicrographicUsers Group". The "intelligent"HIPLOTs use our exclusive DM/PL™language which minimizes plot softwareto a fraction of that normally associatedwith digital plotting.

And that's only part of the story.Now you can enjoy the advantages ofmulti-pen plotting capabilities with allsix HIPL0T models. The DMP-2, 3, and4 are available in a 6-pen format

Houston instrument

— there's an 8-pen option for theDMP-5, 6, and 7. So you can now havemulti- color graphics under programcontrol at an affordable HIPL0T price.

With the new DMP Series, high quali-ty digital plotting can now be a part ofyour system. It just doesn't make senseto be without this valuable tool whenthere is a DMP plotter with the plot size,speed and capabilities that are exactlytailored to your specific needs ... andyour budget.

Prices for the DMP Series start at only$1085'. Multi-pen plotters start at a low$1480'.

For complete information, contact

Houston Instrument, 8500 Cameron

Rd., Austin, Texas 78753. J512)835-0900.

For rush literature requests, outside Texas,

call toll free, 1-800-531-5205. For technical

information ask for operator #5. In Europe,

contact Houston Instrument,

Rochesterlaan, 6 8240 Gistel,

Belgium. Phone 059/277445.

GRAPHICS DIVISION OF

BAUSCH LOMB

"DMP 2, 3 and A UL listed■ DMP 5, 6 and 7 UL listing pending* U.S. Domestic Price only.

Circle 186 to have representative call Circle 185 for literature

Text continued from page 208:

• ability to define macros with sub-stitutable parameters

• conditional assembly directives

• ability to change the value of alabel

Most macroassemblers provide thesethree capabilities, and it is surprisingthat structured statements are notmore widely used. In fact, structuredstatements may be added to an as-sembler that has no built-in macrofacility by writing a preprocessor pro-gram to expand the structured macrostatements. I will discuss this in moredetail later.

Evaluation

A possible objection to the use ofstructured macros is that they in-crease translation time for a program.However, they may also save time bymaking it easier to read, debug, andmaintain an assembly-language pro-gram. A decrease in errors, and theability to locate these errors morequickly, will mean fewer necessarytranslation: and an overall decreasein time spent.

Listing 14 continued:

UNTIL —

THE 'UNTIL' MACRO TERMINATES A 'REPEAT' LOOP. IT HASTHE SYNTAX:

UNTIL <REGISTER NAME>, <RELATIONAL OPERATORS <ADDRESS EXPRESSION::

UNTIL MACRIFNE NARG-3

IFNC \3,L

FAIL *# 'UNTIL' REQUIRES 3 ARGUMENTS **

ENDCENDC

IFC \3, LISLONG SET 1

ENDCMCRTMP SET *

BACK1V A EQU *ORG MCRTMPPOP

REGTST \0CMP\0 \2RELOP \1ORG #-l-ISLONGIFEQ ISLONG

IFGT -<V A-*-l>-128

FAIL ** LONG 'UNTIL' IS REQUIRED **

ENDC

FCB V A-B--1ENDC

IFEQ ISLONG-1FDB V A-#-2ENDCISLONG SET 0ENDM

TEST FOR VALID MACRO CALL.

TEST FOR LONG BRANCH INDICATOR.

RETRIEVE POINTER TO TOP OF THE LOOP.

REMOVE POINTER FROM STACK.

GENERATE COMPARE INSTRUCTION.

GENERATE RELATIVE BRANCH TO TOP OF LOOP.

FILL IN OFFSET OF BRANCH TO LOOP TOP.

GENERATE A SHORT OFFSET.

GENERATE A LONG OFFSET.

It is difficult to express the degree tive, and it must be experienced,

to which these structured macros ease Macros have been heavily used for

assembly-language programming, over ten months on a major program-

The improvement is mainly subjec- ming project, the MC6839 floating-

50 MHz DIGITAL MEMORY OSCILLOSCOPEIN A PERSONAL COMPUTER

TWO CHANNEL DIGITAL MEMORYOSCILLOSCOPE. The Model 85provides two signal input chan-nels on one board and the timebase system on a separateboard. Both vertical channelshave a full 50 MHz bandwidth.Digitization is performed by high-speed sample and hold circuitryand an eight bit A/D converter toensure high resolution and ac-curacy.

FULLY PROGRAMMABLE. Auto-mated measurements werenever simpler. Programmablefeatures such as vertical attenua-tion, time base, trigger level,AC/DC input and more, make theModel 85 a true laboratory andfactory quality instrument.

APPLE II* and APPLE II PLUS* COM-PATIBLE. The Model 85 DigitalMemory Oscilloscope plugsdirectly into the Apple II peripheralslots. Easily installed-just plug inthe vertical and horizontal boards,attach probe connectors, loadthe software, and you are readyto make precision measurements.

DIGITAL STORAGE. All the conven-ient features of digital storage:refresh display for easy viewing,precision measurements, un-limited storage time, signal pro-cessing, waveform storage ondisk, and hard copy output. Nowwith the Model 85 Oscilloscopeand personal computer combin-ation, you can create your ownsophisticated signal analysissystem.

Northwest Instrument Systems, Inc.

RO, Box 1309 • (503) 279-1434Beaverton, Oregon 97075

NWIS

A NEW PERFORMANCE STANDARD.

The Model 85 Digital MemoryOscilloscope establishes a newperformance standard in instru-ment systems. Furthermore, pricedat less than $1,000, it representsoutstanding value. For more infor-mation on the Model 85, send fora copy of our product brochure

"Trademark of Apple Computer Inc.

—■

,,_

, ,

.

m

180

w

IV *curi

C

or"

♦ 44

32

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NORTHWEST INSTRUMENT

SYSTEMS, INC.MODEL 85 OSCILLOSCOPE

224 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 307 on inquiry card.

Circle 412 on inquiry card.

The Performance

Xon-Glare Green Screen

——— Tilt and Swivel

1 Protected Fields

8 x 10 CharacterResolution

Visual Attributes

• Code Compatible

with 912/920 and

910/950 IkleVideo

Products

RS232C Printer Port

— 25th Status/User Line

Time of Day

Character Sets

(Spanish, German,

French, English)

NEW925

Model 925

Now you can have it all withTeleVideo's new 925. Code compatiblewith our 910 and 950 terminals, the925, with its 6502 microprocessor-based control board can emulate our912/920 models while operating atspeeds up to 19.2K baud. This allowsyou to grow within theTeleVideofamily of terminals, from the conver-sational to the smart.

The 925, a modular designed unitthat uses the same power supply,monitor, and keyboard as the rest ofTeleVideo's family, has built-in provenreliability and quality from begin-ning to end.TeleVideo's P31 non-glare, tiltable, green screen anddetached selectric style keyboardmake the 925 a comfortable, lowStress terminal to use.

Thei> offer you options; we giveyou standard features like RS232printer port, X-on/X-off control, 22function keys, user line, 25th statusline with setup mode, local duplexedit modes, and many more.

Nationwide service is availablefrom General Electric CompanyInstrumentation and CommunicationEquipment Service Centers.

ContactTeleVideo today forinformation on the PerformanceLeader, the 925!

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alue Leaders

CALIFORNIA Santa Ana (714) S57-G09S • Sunn wait- (408) 745-7760 • MASSACHUSETTS Boston (617) 668-6891NEW YORK/NEWJERSEV Morris Plains (201) 267-8805 • TEXAS Dallas (214) 980-9978

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You can save buying wholesale with our buying service.As your agent we will buy computer equipment on thewholesale market for you. Our fee is one fourth of what we saveyou off the list price. We have access to over 500 manufac-turers. Call for present wholesale market conditions. Examples oftotal prices being paid by our clients (including our fee) are:

For latest wholesale prices and to order Call Toll Free800-227-2288. In California call 415-376-9020.Assembly, integration and testing also available fromour service department.

ASK ABOUT OUR LEASING PROGRAM.

Mastercharge at 3% handling fee. Prices subject to change withoutnotice. Minimum fee $100. 15% cancellation fee.

VISA*

master charge

COMPUTERS

Alpha Micro 1030 $ 12,047.00

Dynabyte 5200-B2

4,896.00

Alpha Micro 1051

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Dynabyte 5615-A1

8,396.00

Alpha Micro AM-1011

9,313.00

Ithaca C.B. 128KSS/OD

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Altos 8000-10

6.397.00

Ithaca Sys. 2AW/Panel

2,941.00

Altos 8000-15

3,585.00

NEC 8001A

1,014.00

Altos 8000-2

2,629.00

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Apple 2 + 48K

1,208.00

NEC8031A

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Archives Model I

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North Star 64KDD

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Archives Model II

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North Star Advantage

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Archives Model III

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Televideo System I

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7,308.00

SOFTWARE

DBase II

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Wordstar

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Spellguard

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Basic Compiler

277.00

Datastar

230.00

Fortran 80-CPM

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Visi Calc

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PRINTERS

Anadex 9000

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NEC 5510

2,345.00

Anadex 9501

1,278.00

NEC 5520 KSR

2,645.00

CItoh25P

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2,345.00

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Diablo 630

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Epson MX80 in stock

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Diablo 1640

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Oume Sprint 9-35

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Malibu 1650

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Malibu 200

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NEC 3510

1,980.00

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8,075.00

Houston Instrument DMP-7

1,528.00

Anderson Jacobsen 1256

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LoboDual8"DS/DD

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DEC VT100

1,495.00

Lobo Dual Mini Drives

855.00

Hayes Mcromodem Apple

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THE PURCHASING AGENT

1635 School St., Suitet 101, Moraga, CA 94556

point ROM (read-only memory) andthey have proved indispensible for re-ducing the complexity of that pro-gram to manageable proportions.

Extensions

An old adage states that no pro-gram is ever complete, and it is truethat several other structured macroscould be easily added to the existingset. Four straightforward additionswould be to create TST and CC formsof the WHILE and UNTIL macros. AFOR loop, such as that in Pascal,would be useful, but would present asubstantially more formidable imple-mentation problem. At present, theequivalent of a FOR loop can becreated out of a WHILE...ENDWHstructure.

Macros in Other Languages

While facilities for subroutines arealmost universally available, facilitiesfor using macros are available in rela-tively few languages. Assembly lan-guages are an exceptional case in thatmost assemblers provide at least arudimentary mechanism for definingand using macros. As a result, thepower and generality of macros arenot widely appreciated.

Two notable exceptions lift macroprogramming out of the realm of as-sembly language. One is a book byBrian W Kernighan and P J Plaguer,entitled Software Tools (Addison-Wesley, 1976). Macros are used toadd structured control statements toFORTRAN, which has resulted in anew language called RATFOR (Ra-tional FORTRAN). Software Toolsuses RATFOR to present a series ofincreasingly complex programs thatculminate in a macroassembler pro-gram. This macroassembler takes aRATFOR program as input andcreates an equivalent FORTRAN pro-gram, which may then be translatedand executed as usual. RATFOR is anexcellent example of a high-level lan-guage made more structured throughthe use of macros.

The second exception is the Cprogramming language, which uses asimple macroassembler as the firststep in translating C programs.Macro expansion constitutes the firstI step in translating a computer pro-

226 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 354 on Inquiry card.

You may be holdingthe most important Software

you could ever own...in the Palm of Your Hands

TITLE: "THE PROGRAM WRITER/REPORTER®"

Enables ANYONE to write complete, running, debugged BASIC LANGUAGE Pro- A. No, the resulting programs will be sophisticated and extremely fast operating,

grams in 35 to 40 minutes with NO PRIOR PROGRAMMING KNOWLEDGE OR For example, should you create a mailing list or inventory program, the time for any

ABILITY. record to be retrieved and displayed from a full disc would take a maximum of

IF you are one of the many who bought a microcomputer in the belief that with 1 second,

just a little studying you could write your own programs, you now know that you Q. Must the programs produced conform to a pre-determined format and file

can't. length?

IF you, as a businesman, thought you could have stock software modified at a A. No, you determine format and file size to fit your requirements. You may have as

reasonable cost with reasonable results, you know that's not possible either. many as 300 fields or as few as 1.

IF you are a hobbyist getting tired of the untold hours it takes to write a program, Q. Can I develop my own business programs?

only to find it takes more hours to debug than to write. A. For the most part, yes.

IF you are a skilled programmer you don't have to be reminded of the repetitious Q. What are the limitations? What programs can I produce with THE PROGRAM

time spent on each new application. WRITER/REPORTER"' ?

IF you have left your micro-computer sitting somewhere gathering dust... meet A. Your own ingenuity and hardware limitations. 100's of different programs.

THE PROGRAM WRITER/REPORTER® . TECHNICAL ASPECTS

THE PROGRAM WRITER/REPORTER* is not just another data base generator. The Reporter Package - makes reports your way

THE PROGRAM WRITER/REPORTER*, at your direction, makes complete run- Record access by a hashing algorithm guaranteeing fast record retrieval

ning programs that are thoroughly documented, easy to modify at any time by YOU! Duplicate keys permitted

THE PROGRAM WRITER/REPORTER" cuts programming time up to 90% for a Record deletion automatically supported,

skilled programmer. Record access and file maintenance is user transparent.

THE PROGRAM WRITER/REPORTER® will make anyone a skilled programmer in Minimal disc overhead since there is no special assembly language routine call-

30 to 35 minutes! ed. No "Basic" overhead.

THE PROGRAM WRITER/REPORTER* does the work! You can answer the simple Programs produced can be transported between 6800,6502,8080, Z80 8085,8086

direct questions and THE PROGRAM WRITER/REPORTER* CREATES... AND ALL and Z8000 based systems.

IN BASIC LANGUAGE. Can be used with Micro-Soft Basic and CP/M systems.

Q. After THE PROGRAM WRITER/REPORTER* has produced a program, can it be Complete file maintenance including up-date of any record in any field, delete

modified? and add new records even with duplicate key.A. Yes, the resulting program is modular, fully documented and readily accessible

for alterations or deletions. i \

Q. Does the program created use so much disc space that there is very little space / \ — — -

left for the record storage? I \ \/A f\\ 0\/LjC

A. No, the code produced is extremely compact despite complete documentation. SSS^^ wr»l ILVar V V^ O

H requesledTHE PROGRAM WRITER/REPORTER" will even "pack" or compress SSSSS

information. You may even delete the "remarks" making it even more space — ^^^—— 800-255-5119

efficient.

O Must I be expert or even conversant with Basic Language?

A. No, all questions to and answers from the operator require no computer

language knowledge, simple every day English will do. , .

Q. What about math ability? VlUI

A. If you can count your fingers and toes, you'll have no problems. i / .• ■

q. Will the programs which i produce with the program writer/reporter® IniOrtliatlOn MO 7899 Maslin Dr. Overland Park KS 66204

be bulky, slow or amateurish?Circle 428 on Inquiry card.

gram, and in C, as well as RATFOR,the macroassembler consists of a sep-arate program that is run before themain translator program. So if youpossess a macro preprocessing pro-gram, you need never program in alanguage that lacks structured controlstatements.

I cannot leave the subject of macroswithout including one final commentabout the generality of their useful-ness. Macros, acting as they do attranslation time, are really transfor-mations of written text, and that textneed not be a computer program. Forexample, a set of macros could beused to expand into standard head-ings and endings for writing businesscorrespondence.

A Step in the Right Direction

The title of this article was chosento imply a sense of progress not yetcompleted. The structured assembly-language statements presented hereare only the first step in spreading thebenefits of structured programmingto languages that are currently notwell structured. Control structures

are easy to implement and can beadded to even the most primitive pro-gramming language, but there areother aspects of structured program-ming that have yet to be explored inconnection with assembly language. Iwill briefly examine two of theseaspects: data structuring and subrou-tine structuring.

High-level languages such as Pascaland C provide atomic data types,such as numbers and characters,which can be built up into datastructures. A data structure is a com-plex combination of data types re-ferred to by a common name, thesubparts of which can be accessed in aconsistent manner. An array is justsuch a data structure having everyelement of the same data type.

The most general form of a datastructure contains any number of ele-ments of differing types (called a"record" in Pascal and a "structure"in C). Is it possible to add similar datastructures to an assembly language inthe same way that control structureswere added? At present, the answerappears to be no.

What kind of indexing programdo you want?!

\Ai\J W ■-- <-~m the use

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One advantage offered by high-level languages over assembly lan-guages is the association of a specifictype to each data element. Part of thereason modern compilers are morecomplicated than assemblers stemsfrom the type-checking that occurs aseach use of a data item is beingtranslated. Type-checking is too com-plex to be performed by a macroas-sembler; it could be added to an as-sembly language only by performingan extensive rewrite of the assemblerprogram.

The languages PL/M, from Intel,and MPL, from Motorola, representattempts at marrying data structuresand other high-level concepts to as-sembly-language programming, but Iam not sufficiently familiar with themto evaluate their effectiveness.

Subroutine structuring partakes ofparticular aspects of both structuredcontrol and structured data, but it issuch an important (and complex)aspect of computer languages that itdeserves separate consideration. Sub-routine control structuring consists ofnothing more than the run-time ex-pansion examined earlier. Subrou-tines appear in a program much as theother control structures: they aremade up of structuring statementsthat bracket a block of assembly-lan-guage statements, and that block ofstatements may itself contain nestedsubroutine calls.

However, more than control ispassed to a subroutine. Data in theform of subroutine parameters is alsotransferred. In standard BASIC, allthe data used in a subroutine is global(ie: it exists both inside and outsidethe subroutine). Languages likePascal and C allow subroutines tohave parameters and data that arelocal to the subroutine and exist incomputer memory only while the sub-routine is being executed.

' The MC6809 and MC68000 micro-processors both contain machine in-structions that aid in passing param-eters to subroutines and in creatingdata local to a subroutine. The devel-opment of methods that win extendassembly languages in order to ex-press these subroutine structures pro-mises to be a fruitful area for furtherwork.H

228 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 324 on inquiry card.

MIKBUG and the TRS-80

Part 1: A Cross-Assemblerfor the Motorola 6800

Robert Labenski

145 Steele Rd

West Hartford CT 06119

I've always appreciated my TRS-80 Model I, largelybecause it's so easy to use. Recently, however, this ap-preciation heightened considerably when I bought theMotorola 6800 evaluation kit (MEK 6800 Dl). That'swhen I realized I had become spoiled by the sophistica-tion and ease of use of the Radio Shack machine.

The Dl comes with a minimum of programming sup-port: a machine-language monitor called MIKBUG. Itdoes a good job as a monitor, but after two years of usinga disk-based editor/assembler, who wants to hand-as-semble object code and load it 2 bytes at a time7

This prompted me to write a full programming systemfor the Dl kit. The programs run on the TRS-80, which isconnected to the Dl as a terminal. As far as the Dl is con-cerned, the TRS-80 is nothing more than an I/O (in-put/output) terminal; little does the Dl know that theTRS-80 is also serving as a cross-assembler with filecapabilities, a downloader, and a debugger!

To use this programming system, you need:

• the Motorola MEK 6800 Dl, or any other 6800-basedsystem running MIKBUG

• a TRS-80 Model I with 48 K bytes of programmablememory, one disk drive, and an RS-232C interface

• connecting cables from the TRS-80 to the Dl via theirRS-232C channels

You don't need the disk drive if you rewrite all the fileI/O sections for tape instead of disk.

I've divided this article into two parts. Part 1 describesthe editor and cross-assembler—the program that inputsyour 6800 source code and outputs 6800 object code.Both source and object code are saved on disk. Part 2, innext month's BYTE, describes the downloader (the pro-gram that transfers the 6800 object code into the correctmemory locations in the Dl system) and the debugger, afunction that allows your TRS-80 to act like an enhancedDl terminal.

The Editor and Cross-Assembler

The editor and cross-assembler program is written inTRS-80 Disk BASIC (see listing 1).

When I write programs that have several commandsassociated with them, I program a help screen. Figure 1(on page 242) is a copy of this screen. It contains all thecommands needed to make the program usable.

When the prompt, "READY*", is displayed, thefollowing general-purpose commands may be used:

HF

RC

S

Display the help screen of figure 1.Request for file I/O. You are asked whetheryou wish to save or load and what files youwish to use.

Clear the system and restart the assembler.Assemble the source code stored in the system.Display the symbol table used to resolve ad-dresses encountered during an assembly.

Text continued on page 242

December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 229

Listing 1: The editor and cross-assembler program written in TRS-80 Disk BASIC.

1001 1 §

120139140150160170

1S0

190

210229

'0

2506070280290

300

310326330

MINI 6S00 COMPILER FOR THE TRS-80ROBERT LABENSKI NEST HARTFORD COHN

CLEAR 12000OIMS$(208)OIMNQ$<100)DIHOP$<100>DINBR$<16)0IM08$<2O0)DIMhD<200>DINLA$<1H0)DIMLN<100)DIMhR(100)

■DEFINT A-Z'SOURCE DATA

'OPERATIONS N/IMPLIED OPERANDS

' FULL OPCODES• BRANCH INSTRUCTIONS

' OBJECT'ADDRESS

' SOURCE LABELS LC=IHDEX' LINE # OF LABELS' LINES NEEDING ADDRESS RESOLUTION AC=INDE>

1200

GOTO OF CTRL

Lh

GOSUB1550 :GO TO

RESTORE'COMPILE

LC=0 •' AC-0 •' CD-B

IF OT THEN 340 ELSE

CD=0:FOR X=1T0LEN(A$):Y

IF Y<=57 AND Y>=48 THEN

IF Y>64 THEN Y=Y-55

CD= 16tC0+Y ■• HEX T • RE TURN

F0RA=8T01 OB •• READ N0$< A ) ■■ IF N0$( A

FOR A=0TO10OiREADOP$(A)'IF0P$(A)

FOR. A=0 TO 15: READ BR$(Ah'NEXT

1 : GOT0310

ASC(MID$(A$,

y=Y~4o

>"END"THEN NEXT"EHD"THENNEXT

Listing 1 continued on page 234

Peachtree Software''Word Processing Is A

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A.

is if by magic, word processing fromPeachtree Software transforms your busi-ness' most time-consuming typing proj-ects into computerized ease.

You'll be amazed how easily MagicWand glides you through "cut and paste"tasks. The system includes a full-screentext editor and extraordinary memorycapabilities. You can save all or part ofyour output on a disk —even print one filewhile editing another. The user's manual,written in simple, non-technical English,includes a step-by-step instructional pro-gram. And Magic Spell™, one of a whole new series of"Magic" packages, will add to your productivity. It checks

your spelling against an internaltionary" of up to 20,000 words.

'die-

On

"nee you've used any PeachtreeSoftware Package, you'll find it amaz-ingly simple to add others. Our easy-to-use manuals enable you to quickly makethe transition from word processing toour general accounring programs.

Peachtree Software reflects years ofdevelopment, refinement and user test-ing. That's why there are more than20,000 Peachtree Software packages inuse. To get yours, see your nearest dealer or call,800-835-2245, ext.35 (in Kansas, 800-362-2421, ext. 35).

The Very Best "Off-The-Shelf "Software IsW-The-Tree:

PEACHTREE SOFTWARE, 3 Corporate Square, Suite- 700, Atlanta, Georgia 30329 (404) 325-8533Telex II: 810-751-0273 PEACHTREE AIL.

Peachtree Stilt ware, Magic Waml. Maitic Spell, and Stiles Trackers are trademarks of Peachtree Software, Incorporated.

230 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 342 on inquiry card.

libu may be in a position to justify anairplane and not even know it. -^

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If you answered yes to any ofthe above questions, you'll have notrouble justifying a Beechcraft com-pany airplane. To your accountants.Your board of directors. Or your stockholders. Because a Beechcraftmeans more efficient, more pro-ductive travel.

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Our free ManagementGuide to Business Aviationshows that virtually anysize company can, andhas, used a Beechcraft toincrease profitability and/orproductivity. The size of yourcompany isn't nearly as important asthe size of your ambition. The Guidelays it all out in black and white, netdollars and capital recovery. And themore you travel, the more sense itmakes.

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If you answeredyes to any of the quizquestions, write us atBeech Aircraft Corpo-ration, Dept.MNB,Wichita, KS 67201. We'll send you allyou need to start thinking. If youanswered yes to all the questions, maybeyou should call collect. 316-681-8219.AskforDel Chitwood. byt 1201

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HEATH/ZENITIA GIANT STEP FORWARI

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All-in-One Computer

The heart of the system is the Heath/Zenith 89 Computer,a complete, stand-alone unit with professional keyboard,smart video terminal and 51A-inch disk drive. It's easy to usefor people having little or no experience-yet it can alsorun extended languages like BASIC, COBOL, FORTRANand Pascal.

The 89 comes with 48K bytes RAM, expandable to 64K.It has two Z80 microprocessors, one for computer functions,one for terminal functions. And three serial I/O ports forinterface with printers and modem.

The video display features a 12-inch diagonal, high-resolution CRT that's easy on the eyes. It displays up to2,000 characters at a time, 24 lines (plus 25th status line)by 80 characters, with full cursor control. Also 33 blockgraphic characters for charts and graphs.

The heavy-duty keyboard follows standard typewriter formatfor easy operator training. All terminal functions are pro-grammable from keyboard or I/O ports.

The 51/4-inch floppy diskette stores 100K bytes of infor-mation and interfaces on line with the Heath/Zenith 67Hard Disk System.

Winchester Disk System

The 67 Disk System features one hard disk and one8-inch, soft-sectored floppy for total on-line storage of.10.782 megabytes (formatted). That's a huge data base.

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The 67 features write-protect switches for both drives toprevent accidental erasure of information. The averageaccess time of the hard disk drive is 70 milliseconds.

High-speed printer

The Heath/Zenith 25 Printer is a heavy-duty, high-speed,dot matrix printer that gives you sharp, clear printouts. Itprints over 150 characters per second with whisper-quietsmoothness.

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It uses standard edge-punched papers and features aconvenient cartridge ribbon for easy, no-mess replacement.

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The Heath/Zenith System offers you a choice of operatingsystems, including popular CP/M.

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For your custom programs. Microsoft languages are avail-able in BASIC (compiler and interpreter), FORTRAN andCOBOL. Or learn to write and run your own programs withspecial self-study programming courses for Assembly,BASIC, Pascal or COBOL.

Free demonstration awaits you atyour Heathkit Electronic Center

Pick the store nearest you from the list at right. And stopin today for a demonstration of the new Heath/Zenith System.If you can't get to a store, send $1.00 for the new ZenithData Systems Catalog of assembled commercial computersand also receive free the latest Heathkit Catalog. Write toHeath Co., Dept. 334-844, Benton Harbor, Ml 49022.

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Listing 1 continued:

349 OK=l'MftIN COMPILE LOOP

350 FOR ft=9T0N-l

360 IF LEFT$<S$<ft); !)="*" 0B$(ft)=""■ftD(ft>=CD'GOTO 450370 -IF MIO$<S$(ft>, 7.. 1 )<>••&" THEN 4063S0 ftD(ft)=CO

399 QB$<ft)="" :FOR B-8T03B' ft$=NID$(S$( ft .>..£?, 1 > > IF ft$="&" THEN 456 ELSE Y=ftSC(ft$):v=0:ft$="" .-GOSUBS50 ^ 08$< ft >=0B$< ft )+ft$; C£i=CD+l i NEXT

400 ft$=NID$<S$(ft>, 7.-4) = IF LEN(ft$>=3 ft$=--ft$+" "

410 IF ft$="ORG " THEN ft$=HID$(S$(ft >.. 15, 4 ) ■ 0B$< ft )="" GOSUB270 'GOTO 459

420 IF LEFT$<S$(ft)/4)<>" " THEN Lft$( LC)=LEFT$( S$( ft .>, 4 ) ■ LN< LC )=ft ■ LC^LC-1

439 IF LEFT$(ft$,l>="B" GOTO 710

449 IF LEN(S$(ft>)<15 GOSUB 539 ELSE GOSUB 699459 NEXT ft

469 IF SW=l? THEN 529479 FOR h=0 TO ftC-1

450 FOR B=9T0LC-1 ■ IF RIGHT$< 0B$( ftR( ft > ).■ 4 ><>Lftt(B ) THEN NEXT

499 IF MIO$(S$(ftR(ft>), 7.. 1 >="B"THEN X=fiD<AR('A>)■ Y=fiD<LH(B>>■• P)D< 160>=Y-<X+2>•• C=189 ■ GOSUB940 ■ 0B$( ftR( ft ) )=LEFT$< 0B$< ftR( ft ) ).. 2 HRIGHT$<h$.- 2 ) ■ G0T0519590 C=LN(B ) • GOSUB940 ■■ 0B$( ftR( ft ) )=LEFT$(0B$( ftR( ft ) )., 2>+ "B"+ft*510 NEXT ft

529 RETURN

530 'IMPLIED OPERftNDS

540 IF NID$(S$<ft>..7,l)="$" 9Bt(ft>=RIGHT$<S$<ft>,LEN<S$<ft>>-7:

ftB( ft )-CD •' CD=CB+(

LEN(S$(ft.

. y i .•• ■:• •

RETURN

550 FOR B=0 TO 180

560 IF LEFT$(N0$(B:^4)="END" THEN OB$<ft)="tERR$" 'RETURN

570 IF LEFT$(NQ$(B>..4)=ft$ THEN 0B$< ft >=RIGHT$<N0$< B h 2 ) ■■ ftOi ft >=CB ■ CB=CD+1 •■ RETURN

5S0 NEXT

5$d 'ft$=RIGHT$< S$< ft >> LEN< S$< ft >-S >

600 ' OTHER OPS Listing 1 continued on page 236

Computers may simplify your business,but it isn't always simple to choose one

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234 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

■-♦•4,, -^

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Listing 1 continued:

618 RD<R)=CO

628 FOR B=8T0188

63d IF LEFT${0P$<B).>4)="END" THEN 0B$( ft )="tERRt!' 'RETURN

640 IF LEFT$(0P$(B>,4)OR$ THEN NEXT

658 IF MI0$(S$(R), 15,2>="X, " THEN 0B$(R )=!1IQ$<QF$<B >, 18, 2> + <1ID$<S$<ft ).■ 17, 2) ■ CD=

CD+2-RETURN

660 IF NID$(S$(R), 15, 1 )="#" THEN 0B$( ft >=MID$( 0P$( B ), 6, 2 > ■• QB$(fi )=0B$< f))+NID$( S$

(ft), 16,2 > •• CB=CQ+2 ■■ B$=LEFT$( 0B$( R >.- 2 ) •• IF B$0"SC"ftNDB$<>"CE"ftNDB$0"SE" THEN FE

TURN ELSE CD=CD + 1 ■■ 0B$( ft )=0B$( ft )+RIGHJ$< S$( R >, 2 >• RETURN

670 IF MIO$(S$(h), 15,1)=" " THEN 0B$<ft)="tERRt" •■ RETURN

680 IF MID$(S$<R>, 15, 1 )="$" THENR$=MID$(S$(R>, 16,4) ELSE R$=MID$( S$( R >, 15, 4 > ■■ RR

<RO=R:RC=RC+l :SH=1 :R$=h$+STRING$<4-<LEN(R$>), " " )

698 IF LEN<R$)=4 THEN 0B$(h)=MID$(0P$(B>, 12, 2> ■ 0B$(R>=0B$<R)+R$■■ CD=CB+3■• RETURN

708 0B$(R)=MID$(0P$(B),S,2):0B$(R)=8B$(R>+R$■CD=CD+2■RETURN

718 'BRANCH INSTRUCTIONS

728 FOR B=8T015:IF LEFT$(R$, 3)=LEFT$(BR$(B),3>THEN 748 ELSE NEXT

738 QB$(R)="tERRt" --GOTO 458

740 0B$< R >=RIGHT$( BR$< B ), 2 ) •" RD< R )=CD < C0=CD+2 ■ RR( HC )=R • RC=RC+1

750 R$=MID$<S$(R>, 15, 4 > : 0B*< R >=QB$< R >+R$+STRING$>: 4-LEN< R$ >, " " >:SN=1 'GOTO 458

768 OK=0 •• LC=0 ■• RC=8 'SOURCE COLLECTION I , IKK

776 IF LEN(R$)>1 THEN 810

7S8 PRINT N:TRB(lB)i >LINEINPUTS$<N)

790 IF SS(N)="" RETURN

SO0 N=N+1'GOTO780

810 R=UhL(RIGHT$(r$,LEN(h$>-1)) < IF R>N THEN 780

S20 PRINT RjTRB(ld).: 'LINEINPUTRi-

S30- IF R$="" RETURN

840 FOR B=N+i TO h STEF-1-IF B=0 THEN S50 ELSE S$(B)=S$(B-1 ) ■■ NEXT

Listing 1 continued on page 238

BREAKTHROUGH!

View and edit manyfiles simultane-ously.

Draw diagrams aseasily as typingtext.

Cut text from onewindow and pasteit into another.

AutomaticHorizontal andVertical scrolling.

Create your owncommands foryour applications.

Automaticmemory manage-ment of large files.

Compare, contrast,review or analyze.

A MULTI-WINDOW TEXT EDITOR FOR UNDER $200.

Imagine this kind of productivity: Your 4 favorite files rightbefore your eyes on the screen of your CRT.

Divide the screen of your CRT into any combination ofhorizontal and vertical windows, each with its ownworkspace. Or, windows can share a workspace—so youcan edit different parts of the same file.

You get true on-screen editing, plus the ability to add ordelete any of 10 windows, at any time, anywhere on thescreen.

Using CP/M compatible files and simple, easy to remembercommands, THE ELECTRIC BLACKBOARD" hasfunctions to satisfy the needs of the most demandingprofessional computer scientist. Yet THE ELECTRICBLACKBOARD" can be used just as productivly by thenovice within minutes. A step-by-step Learning Guide,

designed for the novice, will guide you gently through thelearning process.

Unleash the extraordinary power and flexibility of THEELECTRIC BLACKBOARD™ on your Z80-based micro-computer today.

Requires 48k CP/M or CDOS, Z80 processor.and CRT with cursoraddressing. Distributed on SSSD 8" diskette. Includes referencemanual, learning guide, and quick reference card. Price: $198,manuals only: $30.

Call or write for more information:

SANTA CRUZ SOFTWARE SERVICES

1711 Quail Hollow Road, Ben Lomond, CA 95005(408)336-2170

CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research CDOS is a trademark of CromemcoZ80 is a trademark of Zilog

236 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 373 on inquiry card.

EXCITING NEWS FOR TRS-80" MODEL III USERS!

Standard & Poor's unique software and

data system—STOCKPAK— can help you

manage your investments like

a Wall Street Professional! Now for

TRS-80 Model I and Model III users too!

STOCKPAK not only delivers a "stand-alone" Port-folio Management System but also gives you the soft-ware for Standard & Poors monthly Common StockData Service (available to TRS-80 owners on a sub-scription basis). With STOCKPAK and the Data Ser-vice you command one of the most powerful andversatile investment tools available.

Here's How STOCKPAK Will Help You:

A 900 COMPANY DATA BASE SERVICE

Monthly Data Service subscribers receive a diskettecontaining 30 vital financial items on 900 of the mostwidely traded stocks (S&P "500" and 400 NYSE, ASEand OTC issues). Accompanying this monthly disketteis an Investor's Newsletter highlighting important fi-nancial news and investment strategies, with sugges-tions for maximizing the usefulness of the system.

STOCKPAK SELECTION SYSTEM

The heart of STOCKPAK is a powerful, analyticalstock selection tool which enables investors to choosestocks which meet their investment criteria. For exam-ple, you may wish to select only those oil and gas stockswith price/earnings ratios of less than 7 and yields of 6%or more. Once a group of stocks has been selected, youcan store it as a separate data file for continuing use.

REPORT WRITER

You can define the report formats you would like tosee on those stocks meeting your investment objec-tives. Hundreds of calculations and ratios that youdefine can be sorted, averaged or totalled, and dis-played on video screen or optional printer.

rr^ TBS-BO

« POOR'SSTOCKPAK

PORTFOLIOMAfyAOEMEftJT

si*

\

^^^^^™

iJasgA^sfrs^l

PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Now you can effectively evaluate and manage yourown stock portfolio of up to 100 securities with as manyas 30 transactions for each. You can record "buy" and"sell" transactions, price and dividend information andstock splits for instant retrieval, for record keeping andtax purposes. You can measure actual performance orcreate hypothetical situations to help you make "buy"or "sell" decisions.

HOW TO ORDER STOCKPAK

STOCKPAK is designed exclusively for TRS-80users with 32K business systems with two mini-diskdrives. You can obtain the basic software and sampleData Base, plus a comprehensive User's Manual fromyour local Radio Shack Store for only $49.95. TheSTOCKPAK Monthly Data Updating Service can beordered directly from Standard & Poor's for $200 an-nually, or from the order form provided in the basicpackage you purchase from Radio Shack.

s/i

Standard & Poor's Corporation

25 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10004 (212) 248-3993/3374

Circle 391 on inquiry card.

Listing 1 continued:

858 S$<A)=A$--A=A+1'N*N+1-G0T0 828

•SOURCE DUMP L LXX , LXX-XX

IF LEN(A$>=1 h=0\B=N-1

IF LEN(A$»2 A=UAL(RIGHT$<LEFT$( f)$, 4 .>, 3> > > B=A

IF LEH(A$»3 B=UhL<RIGHT$< A$, 3>>

IF B>N 'B-N-l

IF A>N :ft=H-l

IF OK THENFORC-ATOB■■ GOSUB940 'PRINT C;TAB(€)A$*

RETURN

FORC=A TOB ■■ PR INT C, S$< C > > NEX T > RE TURN

868870880890

960910920EXT9309409509609709S09901 000

1010

1020103010401050106O107010S0109011OO1110112011301140

OBi

TtiB<22)S$(C):N

Y=AD< C > •• H= IN T( )■■■■■256 >«G0SUB970

r-< X*256 > >sl 6 .> > GO SUB 970Y-( INK Y---'l 6 >tl 6 ) )THEN A$-A$+CHR$(X+55> ELSE A$*A$+R1GHT$<STR$(M

i$(C>"S$<C+l>'NEXT

X=INT<X=INT(IF X>9RETURN

OK-0:LC=0■AC=0'SOURCE DELETE DHHB=VAL<RIGHT$<A$*LEN(A$>-1>>IF B>N RETURNFOR C=B TO N-lN=N-1iRETURN

'SYMBOL PRINT

IF OK THEN 1060

FOR A-0 TO LC-1

NEXT:RETURN

' FILE I/O SUBCMS 1=L0AD S=SAUE

INPUT "SUBCOMMAND L=LOAD S=SAUE

IF <B$<>"S">$(B$<>"L"> THENRETURN

INPUT " FILE SPEC'S ".; A$

IF B$="S" THEN 1170

OPEN "I"..l, A$ •• INPUT#1, OK, N

FOR h=0 TON-1 ■■ INPU T# 1, S$( A .>, 0B$( A >, AD< A > ■■ NEXT

ELSE RETURN< C=LMA > •• GOSUB

940 :PRINT LA$CA.

■B$

MA.

:R$:

Listing 1 continued on page 240

At last, a full S-100 system

has been put together on a

single board with the

introduction of the Super

Net/I and the Super Net/ll .

the space and money

savers. The Super Net/I

has eliminated the need

for four boards in

existing S-100

systems.

Additionally,

Super Net/I and

Super Net/ll run

with cp/m;',

MP/M" and

CP/Net \ A most

revolutionary

innovafion for all

OEMs, distributors,

and system

houses.

At Last...The S-100Revolution

& ADVANCEDMICRO DIGITAL

CORPORATION/,

FEATURES:

• S-100 IEEE

64K of bank select memory

(16K banks)

- Z-80 CPU at 4 MHZ (no wait)

• Floppy disk controller for

8-inch or 5 Vi-inch drives

• Two serial (RS-232C)

and two parallel I/O ports

Asynchronous (Super Net/I)

or synchronous (Super Net/ll)

operations ... A feature that is

used in network systems

"i One year warranty (includes

parts and labor)

For further information call or write:

ADVANCED

MICRO DIGITAL

CORPORATION

7201 Garden Grove Blvd.,

Suite E,

Garden Grove, CA 92641

(714) 891-4004

Telex: 678-401 TAB IRIN

238 December 1981 © BYTE PublicaBons Inc

Circle 9 on inquiry card.

Circle 448 on inquiry card.

isting 1 continued:

150 CLOSE:RETURN

169 PRINT"THERE IS NO SOURCE"■RETURN

170 IF N=@ THEN 1160 ELSE OPEN "0", 1, A$•PRINT#1,OK.ISO FOR A-8 TO N-l :PRINT#l..CHR$<34>.;S$<fH>.;CHR$<34>.h)j :NEXT

i 90 B$="" < CL OSE ■• RE TURN

200 'COMMAND CONTROL

210 LINEINPUT"REhDY1: "jA$ ■■ B$=LEFT$(A$, 1 )

Ni

CHR$(34.

0B$( A X; CHR$< 34 .)'; AD

2202302402502602702S02903003103203303403503603703S0390

B$="L"B$="I"B$="D"B$="R"

£;$- "Q"B$="F"

B$="S"B$="H"GOTO 1200'IMPLIEDDATA ABA

IF

IFIFIFIFIFIFIF

GOSUB S60GOSUB 760GOSUB 990THEN 130

GOSUBGOSUBGOSUBGOSUB

240

10801040

1550

DATA DEC A

DATA PULh

DATA ASLA

DATA SBR

DATA DEX

DATA NOP

DATA DAR6 .■ TPA 07400 DATA LSRA

DATA END

'OTHER OPERANDS

OPERANDS1B..CLRA4A.. DECS32..FULB48..ASLB10.. TAB09sDES02,RTI19..CLC

4F5A

16343B

CLRBINCAROLAASRRTBAINK ORTS0CCLI

5F., COMA 43.. COMB4C INCB 5C PSHA49., ROLB 59..R0RA47..ASRB 5717.. TSTR 4D.. TSTS 5D8.. INS 31.. TKS 35..39.. SHI 3F..HAI 3EDE..CLU OAsSEC

36..PSHB 3746..R0RB 56

TS

0D.< SET

UF.. SEU

OB.. TAP

44..LSRB 54

410420430440

IMHED,DIRECT,INDEX,EXTENT

4504604704S0490

500

510520530540

DATA ADDA 8B9BABBB.. ADDS CBDBEBFB, ADC ADATA ANDA S494R4B4, RNDB C4D4E4F4.. BITADATA CLR 6F7F..INC 6C7C, DEC-DATA CM PA 8191A1B1..CMPB C1D1E1F1, EORADATA LDAA 8696A6B6., LDAB C6D6E6F6, OR A ADATA SUB A 8D90A0B0, SUBB CDDOEOFO.. SBCADATA TST 6D7D..JMP 6E7E..JSRDATA CPX 8C9CACBCLDX CEDEEEFE.. LDS-DATA STX DFEFFF..STS 9FAFBF..DATA STAA 97A7B7..STAB D7E7F7DATA END

8999A9E:9.-S595A5S5,

6A7A889S'A8B8j8A9AAABA,8292A2B2,

ADBD,8E9EAEBE

ADCBBITS

EORBORABSBCS

C9D9E9F9C5D5E5F5

CSDSE8F8CABAEAFAC2D2E2F2

'BRANCH INSTRUCTIONS

DATA BRA20, BCC24, BCS25.. BE9.26.. BUC28.. BFL2A.. BSR8D.. BUS29550 'OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS560 CLS:pRINTTAB<20>"**t MININ PAGE FILE

570 PRINT"INSERT

PR I NT"DELETE

PRINT"LIST

PR I NT"COMPILE

FRINT"* MOST

BNE

BGE2C BGT2E.. BHI22, BLE2F.. BLS23.. BL T2D, SMI16S00 COMPILER *#*"»PRINT"HELP H THIS INSTRUCTI

5S0590

600

610620630F,4fi650660670680690

700

710720730

SAUE.--LOAD"I < ADD TO EXISTINGDXX ( LINE NUMBER)L (ALL TEXT IN BUFFER)C SYMBOL PRINT S

OF THE INSTRUCTION SET I

TEXT) IXX (ADD BEFORE LINE#)"RESTART.--CLEAR R"LXX (LINE #) LXXX-XXX (RANGE)

INCLUDED#1A )"$1A )"X..1A )'

PRINT"IMMED ADDRESSING #XX ( ADDA

PR INT"DIRECT ADDRESSING $XX ( ADDA

PR I NT"INDEXED ADDRESSING X;XX ( ADDA

FRI NT"EXTENDED ADDRESSING $XXXX (

PRINT"IMPLIED NO OPERAND

PR I NT "OTHER ( ORG XXXX) LITERALS ($XX HEX)

PRINT"* SOURCE IS POSTIONAL ENTER AS FOLLOUS

ADDA $XXXX.

t

PRINT"LABEL(<4CH

'ABEND PROCESSING

ON ERROR GOTO 1720 'RETURN

PRINT "ERROR IN "..ERL,"HAS

RESUME 1200

$TAB* OPERATION

$TAB$

:x& ascii.

OPERAND"

(ERRs2)+l

240 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Give your systemsome NEC, and watchits performance soar.

NEC's crisp, clear, high-performance JCI202 NEC's classic green monitor, (JBI20I), one ofRGB color monitor, an industry standard. Also microcomputing's performance legends. Easavailable: the JC1201 composite video version, on the eye, and the checkbook.

I

HB

1

ma^^^^^

i1

b=- J

1! a X <J 3 68 71 U 58 IK 116 lie i-a Ui HI HM» Pntfott (?) / M& Jf*'

^H^HHfl

' [ MFC | PC-8023A-C |

WL ■ ■• -■■■-■j

tten Fr?ss PEftfN,

Vw entry tl I llq start at the fcesinnin? type I),

1. How TEflCH K0SK5 J

:::.: ■--: :;=;■: =

3.fHo« to CREfiTE i feuasnt

-. ■- ■: ?!'■:• K WS'J LP-;" JffHT

16. Hw to tlEPLn*

17. Hm to VEHIFV

18. Hm to set POmrESs

19. Hon to HOVE29. Hm to cm

21. How to 2*

22. Htu to CUTPUT

23. Hm to kSir

The impressive new NEC dot matrix printer. Parallel interface, 100 cps, 2K buffer, pin or frictionfeed. Stunning performance and versatility In the hottest new peripheral of tfie year.

You don't need an all-NEC system to benefit from NEC components.Owners of Apple"", Radio Shack"", Atari"", IBM"", and many other microcomputerswill find their equipment to be perfectly compatible with NEC's famous monitors,as well as our highly-featured new PC-8023A dot matrix printer.Ask your dealer for a demonstration.

Productivity

at your fingertips

NEC.

NEC Home Electronics USAPersonal Computer Division

1401 Estes Avenue

Elk Grove Village IL 60007

Don't make yourcomputer old

before its time

Now there's Palantir™ — Word Processing and AccountingSoftware for Today's Computers

You've just gotten a brand new computer. Don't tie it downwith old software. Two-year-old software will make it runlike a two-year-old computer.

The microcomputer industry is the fastest growing, mostexciting industry in the world. Today's printers, terminals anddisk drives can do things no one even dreamed of two yearsago.

But a computer is just a dumb piece of metal until softwaregives it life, and, unfortunately, microcomputer software hasnot kept up with the hardware.

Until now.

There's a commonly held belief that you should not buy newsoftware because it hasn't been tested. We say, "Hogwash!"

At one time those complaints might have been valid, but thesoftware industry has come of age. We do our testing beforewe release a product, not afterwards.

More importantly, we've learned that quality cannot be

tested into a product; it must be bu/7f in from the beginningby people who know what they are doing.

And we do.

We formed Designer Software because we believed that thequality hardware of today demanded software of equalquality. It took a lot of time, sweat, money, care, experienceand talent to make that belief a reality.

We set high standards, but our team of CPA's, systemsanalysts, programmers, writers, artists and marketers thatcreated Palantir™ Word Processing and Accounting haveexceeded all of our expectations.

Palantir™ is the most professional packaged software everto be offered to the CP/M® market.

We don't expect to convince you of that with just one ad, andwe won't try. But if you're in the market for business software,we hope we've convinced you to find out more aboutPalantir™ — today's software for today's computers.

Designer Software

lliirill

For more information and the name of a dealer near you, please write, call,telex or use The Source. Dealer, distributor and OEM inquiries invited.

3400 Montrose Blvd. • Suite 718 • Houston, Texas 77006(713)520-8221 • Telex 790510 • Source TCU671

Designer Software and Polonl.r

nrlema.ks of Polan'ir, In,

Circle 122 on inquiry card.

$$$ MINI 68SQ COMPILER £&$

HELP H

THIS INSTRUCTION PAGE FILE F ShVE--"lO

7 kjQCpi

I ( ADD TO EXISTING TEXT) IXX (ADD BEFORE

HP' r7r

0'■•■,'•■' '' ' INF NNNSFR ? RES'ThRT-''i 'LEhR R

L 1 £> i

/ (ALL TEX!T IN B'N.FFER -' '■ XX -L ?NE $ ) LNX~XX

COMPILE

C SYMBOL PRINT S

# ws7 a

F THE INSTRUCTION SET IS INCLUDED t

.WED ;-:?

DRESSING #XX < ADDA #i« .>

DIRECI h

JUktSoiNb $XX '■ huUh $1h >

INDEXED

ADDRESSING X>XX C ADDA X/lft )

EXTENDED

ADDRESSING $XXXX ( ADDA $XXXX)

IMPLIED

NO OPERAND

0THER (

ORG XXXX) Literals >:$XX HEM) (&XX& ASCII)

$ SOURCE

IS POSTIONAL ENTER AS FOLLOMS t

LASELX<4

rj-i ■> tTQBt I'Pf^'CjTiriN iTqF;f QPrpfiND

READYt

UHU

TNFi

KH!

Figure 1: A help screen with all the commands needed to make the program usable.

where aaaa is an ASCII string of up to 30 characters. Theonly pseudo-op implemented is the ability to force the

Text continued from page 229:

The rest of the commands deal with the 6800 source data.As you enter the source code, a line counter is in-cremented. All references are based on these linenumbers:

L List on the screen all the source text. If it has

been assembled, the object is also displayed.

Lxx Display a single line.

Lxx — yy Display a range of lines.

Dxx Delete a single line. The source is renumbered.

lxx Insert before line xx. This is a multiple insert

that can be terminated by pressing ENTER onan empty line.

I Insert at the end of the source code. Again, this

is a multiple insert that is terminated by press-ing ENTER on an empty line.

I have taken some liberties in designing my coding con-ventions. To be consistent, they are also displayed on theHELP screen. First, the operands are a single string. Forexample, use STAA, not STA A, to store accumulator A.This concatenated operation code and operand works forall instructions. It helps to find the correct op codequicker in the tables as I've created them. Literals arecreated as $xxxx for 2 bytes of hexadecimal and &««««&,

assembly to specific addresses with ORG xxxx, where xx-xx is the address in hexadecimal where the assembly is tooriginate. Any number of ORG statements can be used ina single program.

Source input is done in the insert mode. Once in thismode, the TAB key plays an important role. An inputline consists of up to three fields separated by tabs: label(4 or fewer characters), operation, and operand; no com-ments are allowed in these lines. Comments are enteredby typing an asterisk in position one.

Figure 2 shows a sample session with the cross-assembler. I loaded a preassembled 6800 program calledECHO/M68 from disk. Then I listed all of it. From left toright, the contents are: line number, hexadecimal loadaddress, assembled object code, label, operation, andoperand. I assembled and then displayed the symboltable. Note that the source and object code areautomatically saved on disk for use with the downloadfunction. The S command lists the statement number andhexadecimal address of each label requiring addressresolution. Next, I used the I command to enter a newline at the end of the current source program. The linenumbers are generated by the program. I pressed ENTER

Text continued on page 250

GAME DESIGNERS

CINEMATRONICS, a leader in the coin-operated video game industry, is expanding its game design staff. We are seekingindividuals with the special talent for game design, exceptional creativity, and superior assembly language programmingskills.

CINEMATRONICS offers competitive salaries, paid sick and vacation time, medical coverage, pension and profit sharing.

If you're looking for an excellent opportunity with a rapidly growing, employee conscious company, please forward yourresume to Sandra Baca, Director of Personnel:

CINEMATRONICS, INC.

1841 Friendship Drive, El Cajon, CA 92020

An Equal Opportunity Employer

242 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 61 on inquiry card.

Cromemco

introduces

System One.

In the crowded and confusing marketplace ofmicrocomputers for business, AmericanComputers & Engineers holds the distinction ofbeing Cromemco's largest dealership network.This privilege enables us to offer unequalled serviceto our customers. Years of experience have provenAC&E a leader in the field of computer applications.Dealers and end-users alike are invited to take advan-tage of our extensive stock and reasonable prices.Immediate shipment is available on all Cromemcocomputer systems, peripherals, cards, and software.Cromemco, in its long-standing tradition of leadershipin innovation, has now brought the state of the art inmicrocomputer technology to its next triumph.System One is the ultimate in compact, generalapplication micros:

• Dual 5V4" diskettes • 5 megabyte

• S-100 bus hard-disk option

• 8-slot card cage • All-metal construction

• Single/multi user • Lightweight & portable

For more information on Cromemco microcomputer

systems, contact American Computers & Engineers.

Specialists in solutions for business, industry and

education.

Los Angeles: Headquarters: 2001 So. Barrington Ave.,

Los Angeles, CA 90025 • (213) 477-6751

Berkeley: 2855 Telegraph Ave., Berkeley, CA 94705

(415) 849-0177

Newport Beach: 4141 MacArthur Blvd., Newport Beach,

CA 92660 •(714)851-8700

Canada: 6715 Eighth St., North East Calgary, Alberta

T2E7H7 • (403) 275-5871

France: 55 Rue de Rivoli, 75001 Paris, France

Tel. 236-94-95

AIVIERICAMCOMPUTERSS. ENGINEERS

Maxi-performanceon minis and micros.

Circle 22 on inquiry card.

SUBCOMMAND L-LOAD S-:SftUE ? L~ILE SPEC'S ? ECHQs!168READY* L

'SSEMBL

6

096

t DEM

0 PR OCRft

M FOR TRS-80 CROS.

1

0 0 0

-•

096

$*** ■

SIMPLE E

3

003

$ 1ST

TIME DRINT OIRCTIONS

4

666

FE6027

MR IT

LDX

CRLF

5

003

BOE07E

JSR

$E97E

§

006

FE882D

LDX

ftTXT

7

009

BDE07E

JSR

$E07E

8

09 C

FE0027

LDX

CRLF

0

00F

SDE07E

JSR

$E07E

10

012

FE002D

LDX

ftTXT

1 1

01S

* REftO INPUT

FOR ECHO

12

915

BDE1AC

REftD

JSR

$ElftC

13

01 S

S19D

CMPft

#00

14

61A

2395

BLS

END

15

91C

ft 7 66

STftft

X, 00

16

01E

03

I NX

1?

01F

20F4

BRft

REftD

IS

021

S604

END

LOftft

#04

19

023

ft 700

S Tftft

>;'.. OO

20

025

2009

BRft

MR IT

21

929

$ LIT.

ERftL FOR

' LINE FEED ftHO CR

0 *3

927

0029

CRLF

$0,029

'■-' "7

029

000ft

$6 00 ft

24

02B

0094

$0004

25

020

002F

ft TXT

$002F

26

64ft

$TEXT

BUFFER

O "7

92F

45434S4F1

>656524F47524140265459504520414E

&ECHO PROGRAM TYPE AND ENTER&04ft 64 $04

REftD)

'.£

c

REftD)

''$'

s

MR IT

4

999

READ

12

915

END

IS

921

CRLF

iC lZ.

927

ftTXT

25

620

REftD)

'$

T

29* ADDED TO END OF PROGRAM

39

READY* L

6 $ DEMO PROGRAM FOR TRS-80 CROSS ASSEMBLER

1 $

2 $$$$ SIMPLE ECHO FROGRftM tttt

3 £ 1ST TIME PRINT OIRCTIONS

4 MRIT LDX CRLF

5 JSR $E07E

6 LDX ftTXT

7 JSR $E07E

8 LDX CRLF

Figure 2: Sample session with the 6800 cross-assembler program. Figure 2 continued on page 246

244 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Take your pick of the litter.

When you're ready to let your computer out andintroduce it to the rest of the world, one of the Catfamily of Modems is the way to do it.

Take your pick. You can't go wrong. They're allpurebreds—from Novation, the recognized worldleader in personal communications.

Cat Acoustic Modem

Fast, accurate, reliable originate/answer modem-with built-in diagnostics. Just add your computerand phone. Then dial up the world. $189**

Super Mike

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'Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc. Cat is a trademark of Novation, Inc. which does not make Apple computers"Suggested retail price ***BSR is a trademark of BSR Corporation

Circle 308 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1981 245

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MX80 - $469APPLE GRAPHICS PARALLEL INTERFACE

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246 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Text continued from page 242:

at the end of each line and relisted the source code. Theobject code is not listed since I have modified the sourcecode. Finally, I deleted the added line and listed the endof the text to see if it was gone.

The cross-assembler I developed is not instantaneous,but it really outshines my hand-assembly abilities. Itdoesn't have full checking or diagnostic capabilitybecause of the added time it would take to assemble usingBASIC. It does, however, offer a two-pass capability.That is, you can use and reference labels that force twopasses through the source to resolve and build the correctobject code. Features such as relative branches are alsoavailable.

Program Organization

To help those who might like to modify or enhance theeditor/cross-assembler program, here is a summary ofthe program's organization:

420 Handle ORG statements.

430-450 Select op-code routines.

470-530 Second pass to resolve addresses.

540-600 Process implied operands.

610-710 Process everything except branches.

720-760 Process branch instructions.770-860 Source collection.870-990 Source listing.1000-1040 Delete command.1050-1080 Symbol print.1090-1200 File I/O for save/load.1210-1310 BASIC command loop. You may add addi-tional commands in this section.1320-1400 Implied operand table.1410-1510 Other op-code table.1520-1530 Branch op-code table.1540-1680 Help command processing.1690-1700 Abend trap.

140-230 All the array and variable uses are noted in the

remarks. The key ones are S$ (source), OB$ (object code

for the source), and AD (assembled address of the

source).

250-340 At the first assembly, the op-code dimensions

are loaded so the first assembly will take a little longer.

350-760 The main assembly loop.

370 Handle comments.

380-400 Handle ASCII literals.

That's it. You now have a workable TRS-80 cross-assembler for the Motorola 6800.

In part 2, I will complete the package by presenting aZ80 I/O linkage program and a BASIC controlling pro-gram. When used, you have all the MIKBUG commandsplus ten breakpoints, a 16-byte hexadecimal display, aGOTO address command, and a LOAD of any assem-bled program from the TRS-80 disk through MIKBUG tothe 6800 memory. ■

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250 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 449 on inquiry card.

Circle 50 on inquiry card.

More performance than you everimagined — for $1995. If you're con-sidering a DEC® terminal, C. Itohnow has two reliable alternatives thatcould easily change your mind.

Take our 132-column CIT 101,for example. Unlike DEC's VT100®it includes full AVO performance — asstandard equipment. You also get a96 ASCII character set, plus 128 spe-cial characters. Characters mayappear single-width and double-width, double-height. Reverse video,blinking, half-intensity and under-score may be used in up to 16combinations. The cursor may beunderline or block, blinking or non-blinking, or invisible to the viewer— all under computer control. There's

raster graphics too. And 19.2K Baudasynchronous communications.Human engineered features includea non-glare screen and detachedselectric-type keyboard. Of course, ifall you need is 80-column capabilityhave we got a terminal for you.

The $1195 80-column terminalthat performs like a 132. It's C. Itoh'sCIT 80, the DEC VT52® emulatorthat's packed with features many big-ticket terminals don't offer. Thingslike smooth scrolling, soft setupmode, line drawing graphics andunidirectional RS 232-C printer port.A 19.2K Baud main port featuresX/ON-X/OFF protocol as well as fulland half-duplex in conversationmode. Video attributes include

blinking, underline, half intensity-even reverse video. You get CIT 101-type human engineered features too.Plus socketed firmware for maximumOEM flexibility

Both terminals are backed byour 90-day warranty, fully field sup-ported and ready for immediateshipment. So if you're thinking ofgetting a DEC terminal, considerthe alternatives: CIT 80 and CIT 101.

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Quic-N-Easi is the revolutionary screen-format-oriented application developmentsystem that thinks in terms of transactions,records and fields. The same way businessthinks. Quic-N-Easi expects an applicationto include custom formatted key entry. Itlets you set up the character, field, andrecord validity checks business wants bymerely filling in the blanks. It automaticallysignals in real time when errors occurand "explains" what is wrong in plainEnglish messages you select for eachcustom application.

Much Faster than BASIC

Quic-N-Easi programming is much fasterthan BASIC because the standard busi-ness applications (key input, file handling,and output reporting) are handled viapre-programmed parameter driven sub-routines. To produce finished professionallooking custom business programs, youmerely:

Draw the business formats directlyon the CRT in minutes.

Fill in the blanks for field attributes,validations, tables, etc.

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By eliminating the coding drudgery ofwriting screen, field, file, and formatprograms in BASIC, programmers arefree to concentrate on the unique businessaspects of each custom application. Noprofessional programmer can afford todevelop one more business applicationwithout Quic-N-Easi. The savings are sosignificant with Quic-N-Easi, it can actuallypay for itself in only one week.

Gives You Much More than aScreen Builder . . . the OnlyComplete Business DevelopmentSystem for Microcomputers

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ORDER NOW—Don't WasteOne More Day Coding BASIC

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Minimum System Requirements

48K • CP/M • Z80 • Floppy Disc

Other Disk Formats • 8" Single DensityVector Graphics • Micropolis Model 2

Customized Versions • TRS80 Mod II,TRS80 Mod III, APPLE, OSBORNE,INTERTEC, VECTOR , ZENITH

Apple. CP/M, Inlertec, Micropolis, and TRS80 aretrademarks of Apple Computer, Digital Research, IntertecData Systems, Micropolis Corp., and Tandy Corp.

Circle 392 on inquiry card.

TM

Ask BYTE

Conducted by Steve Ciarcia

Mystery Card

Dear Steve,

I've seen a small circuitboard for the Radio ShackTRS-80 Model I that aug-ments the computer's diskcapabilities. To use it, theFD1771 floppy-disk-con-troller integrated circuit isremoved from the computerand installed on this mysteri-ous card. The card is thenconnected to the empty 1771socket via a ribbon cable andDIP (dual inline package)plug.

Unfortunately, I don'tknow any more about theboard, but I'm hoping it willlet me use 8-inch floppy diskson my TRS-80. Can you sup-ply more information?Raul G EfronRosario, Santa Fe, Argentina

To my knowledge, theonly company that makes an8-inch floppy-disk-controllerfor the TRS-80 Model I isLobo Drives International. Itsaddress is 354 S FairviewAve, Goleta CA 93117, (805)683-1576.

Your mystery board iscalled the Doubler and ismade by Percom Data Com-pany, 211 N Kirby, GarlandTX 75042, (800) 527-1592; inTexas (214) 272-3421. It ac-tually is a device that adds adouble-density FD1791 disk-controller chip to the FD1771chip in the Tandy ExpansionInterface. It allows you torun either single- or double-density drives, which lets youstore up to four times moredata on a floppy disk. TheDoubler board takes theplace of the 1771, and thesingle-density disk-controllerchip plugs into the Doublerboard. To date, it costs about$220 in the US and can bepurchased through autho-rized distributors of Percomequipment. . . . Steve

Control Programfor Microcomputers

Dear Steve,

What is CP/M? I try tokeep up on current tech-nology, but this buzzwordhas got me. Has BYTE everreviewed CP/M7 If so, pleasetell me when so I can in-vestigate.Stephen GentryEvansville IN

CP/M (Control Programfor Microcomputers) is anoperating system originallydesigned to run on Intel's8080 microprocessor (it alsoruns on Intel's 8085 andZilog's 7,80). It was writtenand is supported by DigitalResearch, POB 579, PacificGrove CA 93950, (408)649-3896.

CP/M uses the IBM 3740"soft-sector" floppy-disk for-mat and, usually, 8-inch diskdrives. Many types of pro-grams are supported onCP/M, including compilersand interpreters for languagessuch as BASIC and FOR-TRAN. Also, WordStar andMagic Wand (two word pro-cessors) and many otherhigh-level pieces of softwareare available for the small-business-oriented user.

A comprehensive series ofarticles on CP/M's structureand format was written byJake Epstein in S-100 Micro-systems magazine (a bi-monthly publication of Cre-ative Computing, 39 EHanover Ave, Morris PlainsNJ 07950). This magazine isdedicated to S-100 systems,and the predominant operat-ing system among S-100 usersis CP/M.

If after you've learned a lit-tle bit more about CP/M youwant to have a list of itsfeatures, I recommend thatyou get the CP/M SummaryGuide, by Bruce Brigham. It

can be ordered through Ro-setta Stone, POB 35, EastGlastonbury CT 06025. Itcosts $7.95 postpaid in theUS. . . . Steve

Lining Up Problems

Dear Steve,

Our store purchased aTRS-80 Model II. Our futureplans call for a remote ter-minal located about 50 feetaway from the computer. Weare wondering what prob-lems we may have with sucha line and what precaution-ary steps might be taken.Should we use the RS-232Cport on the Model II, or isthere a better way to connecta remote terminal?Lonnie HartzellDixon IL

The RS-232C standard isspecified to operate between50 and 9600 bps (bits per sec-ond) for up to 50 feet, so youshould not have any prob-lem. If you are running atlower data rates (perhaps1200 bps), you can separatethe computer and the peri-pheral by as much as 500 feetand expect perfectly reliableoperation. (At least that hasbeen my experience.) Unlessthe cable is wrapped aroundan arc welder, you shouldhave no problems at all. . . .Steve

Upgrading Kits

Dear Steve,

I would like to increase myTRS-80's memory capacitywithout spending any moremoney than necessary, and Idon't want to blow it up inthe process.

I have a Model III with16 K bytes of memory, which

isn't enough for some of myprogramming applications. Italso limits the length of myScripsit documents. I wouldlike to add the maximummemory the Model III canhold (48 K bytes). RadioShack sells 16 K-byte mem-ory kits for $119 plus installa-tion, while various mail-order suppliers advertising inBYTE list similar upgrade kitsfor around $29.

What is the difference be-tween these memory upgradekits? Is the installation dif-ficult or within the capabili-ties of someone who is not acomputer technician—likeme7

Ralph W Karcher JrBroadalbin NY

Theoretically, any 4116-type memory rated for 200 nsaccess time should work inyour TRS-80 Model III. Ifyou carefully disassembleyour Model III, you shouldbe able to add them yourself.The sockets are already pro-vided, and no jumpers are re-quired.

While quality varies insome of the lower-priced up-grade kits, the prices of primememory components havebeen dropping so fast thatyou can find many goodvalues. Before you place anorder make sure that thechips are guaranteed for200 ns operation and that thesupplier will not substituteany other speed. . . . Steve

D/A Converters

Dear Steve,

I'm currently in the processof writing music/sound gen-eration routines for my AppleII Plus. I need a D/A (digital-to-analog) converter to putinto one of the expansionslots. Do you know of a sim-

December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 253

Ask BYTE.

APPLE nPARALLEL {PORT

10K

/77

o

AMPLIFIERAUXILIARYi 0.05/xF INPUT

x*>

10K

10K

10 K

10 K

10 K

10K

Figure 1

pie, low-cost (under $30)design? I have considered us-ing various D/A integratedcircuits, but a simple bufferedresistor ladder would suffice.(The output will eventuallygo through my stereo ampli-fier.)

David R TribbleArlington TX

You can build a D/A con-verter (DAC) for about ahalf-dollar if you can livewith some minor inac-curacies. Since you are plan-ning on using a stereoamplifier, a DAC designedfor relative (rather than ab-solute) accuracy should befine.

It doesn't require verymuch to design a DAC: a fewresistors and an 8-bit latch.First, you need to purchase orbuild a parallel port for yourApple II. Then, take the 8output bits and run themthrough an R/2R resistor lad-der as shown in figure 1.

The DAC in the figure issuitable for music andspeech-synthesis applica-tions, but it isn't exactly"laboratory grade." This par-ticular type of inexpensiveDAC is used in the popularOrchestra-80 music syn-thesizer for the TRS-80(manufactured by the Soft-ware Affair, Suite 1, 473Sapena Court, Santa ClaraCA 95051). My January 1982"Circuit Cellar" will covermore accurate D/A con-verters. . . . Steve

Missing Relays

Dear Steve,

In your article "Comput-erize a Home," you presentedthree possible techniques forinterfacing a BSR X-10 homecontroller to a computer.(See the January 1980 BYTE,page 28.) I'm using a RadioShack Plug T«I Power, whichcannot receive ultrasonicsignals, although I wouldhave preferred a method thatcould. You indicated in the

article that relays could beused to bundle the — 20-voltcontrol signals, instead of thekeyboard, but it is unclear tome just exactly how this isdone.

William } PennaFort Wayne IN

The relays can be attachedto the X-10 unit in two ways.One would be to directly sim-ulate the operation of CMOS(complementary metal-oxidesemiconductor) multiplexersin a matrix pattern whereyou would close the appro-priate relay in place of press-ing a switch. If you lookclosely at a diagram of theunit, you can see that abouthalf the relays could beeliminated by directly closinga particular relay to short thetwo appropriate pins togeth-er. If you don't want to have16 separate receivers, butperhaps only eight, youcould use fewer relays still.

As you mentioned, theRadio Shack Plug 'N Powerdoes not have an ultrasonicreceiver. I wrote an article forRadio Electronics magazinein September 1980 that gavecomplete schematics of boththe command console andvarious receivers. The differ-ence between the RadioShack unit and the Sears con-troller is that Sears' machinecontains the circuitry forultrasonic input. This can beadded to the Radio Shackunit, or you can create thecoded signal (as I did in myBYTE article).

To do this, you would putthe coded signal through anoptoisolator and inject itdirectly into pin 7 of the28-pin integrated circuit inthe command console. In ef-fect, this would be equivalentto receiving signals via theultrasonic link. The unit willthen function similar to theSears controller.

OSI (Ohio Scientific) uses asimilar method in its systemthat incorporates the BSRcontroller. Be careful to makesure that you optically isolate

254 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 179 on inquiry card.

Circle 183 on inquiry card.

With the Hayes direct-connectMicromodem II™your Apple II cancommunicate by phone with theoutside world. You can access in-formation networks like ,_

The Source for a varietyof business and personalapplications, exchangeprograms with friends T* cranywhere in North

America, aneven use youApple II whenyou're awayfrom your homeor office.

Dependable. TheMicromodem II is so dependableit comes with a two-year limited

ect warranty. That's another reason

3 II can why it's the largest selling direct-h the connect modem for Apple IIssin- computers.

, Programmable.

v~,-~.~^.». Automatic dialing

and answering?. Of course! We in-

mjcrog^^fy^r elude programs on^S^'s'jp3™ diskthatdialphonei numbers for you,j messages while you'reI T away, and much more!Complete. You ^vget everything j Xyou need to com- I ▼_; municate with other Bell VJLidable 103 compatible modems at 110nited or 300 baud. The serial interface

is built-in, and we even include ourFCC-approved Microcoupler™that plugs directly into any modu-lar telephone jack in the U.S.—you don't even need the phone!

S-100, too. The HayesMicromodem 100 gives S-100microcomputers all the advan-tages of our Micromodem II!

Put the outside world insideyour computer with a data com-munications system from Hayes.Available at computer stores na-tionwide—callI l^>\//-\o or write for theidyVv) location near-* est you. And

don't settle for anything lessthan Hayes.

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The Hayes Micromodem IIopens up your Apple Uto the outside world.

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Micromodem II, Micromodem 100 and Microcoupler are trademarks of Hayes Microcomputer Products Inc.

'TM Apple Computer Inc. Micromodem II can also be used with the Bella Howell computer. ©1981 Hayes Microcomputer Products Inc.

Ask BYTE.

the command console fromthe computer, even thoughyou are running it on 5 V.The command console has noisolation transformer and isfloating at 115 V. The opto-isolator will provide you withthe proper level shift to runon the —20 V supply withinthe command console. Also,Radio Shack now makes a$39 computer-to-AC line BSRX-10 transmitter. . . . Steve

More on Burn-Outs

Dear Steve,

I have some additional in-formation on the BSR mod-ule "burn-out" problem dis-cussed in "Ask BYTE" (seethe April 1981 BYTE, page330).

First, it is important toidentify whether it is an ap-pliance module or a lampmodule that is burning out. Ashort across an appliance

module will more likely burnout the house fuse than themodule. Because of this, theappliance module should beused in high-exposure areaslike outdoor lights. There is afuse in the appliance module,but its job is to protect theline and sensor circuit fromeach other and is, in my opin-ion, very unlikely to blow.

The fuse in the lamp mod-ule is in the line that feeds theload that the module is con-trolling. As such, it tends toburn out before the module'striac in the situation you werediscussing. This has been myexperience. I returned twolamp modules before I gotfrustrated and took one apartto find the fuse. I compared aburnt-out module with agood one, and I found thefuse. It's a sub-hair-sizedpiece of wire that vaporizeswith no trace when it blows. Ireplaced this with a singlestrand of copper wire from

zip cord (a single strand fromthe bundle that makes up oneof the conductors). I thinkthis is too big, but it works.I'll have to wait and see if thetriac burns out the next timethe lamp falls over and blowsout the bulb. I don't think itwill.

Another point not men-tioned in your article is thatBSR will repair the fuse for aflat $4 if you ship the dam-aged module to the company.A high price to replace a fuse,but much cheaper than buy-ing a new module.

One other point: I had er-

ratic operation of some mod-ules from certain controlunits at various times of theday until I installed a 0.1 /tFcapacitor across the 220 Vhouse feed. This completelysolved the erratic operationand also totally eliminatedoutside interference from CBradios, etc. (BSR suggestedthis, and it works extremelywell.)

T Gerald DyarWest Hartford CT

Thanks for the informa-tion. . . . SteveB

In "Ask BYTE," Steve Garcia answers questions on any area ofmicrocomputing. The most representative questions receivedeach month will be answered and published. Do you have a nag-ging problem? Send your inquiry to:

Ask BYTE

c/o Steve Ciarcia

POB 582

Glastonbury CT 06033If you are a subscriber to The Source, send your questions byelectronic mail or chat with Steve |TCE3I7) directly. Due to thehigh volume of inquiries, personal replies cannot be given. Besure to include "Ask BYTE" in the address.

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What MakesComputer Games Fun?

Rumor has it that when the SpaceInvaders game was first introduced inJapan the Japanese treasury ran outof the coin that was used to operatethe game. True or not, the phenom-enal popularity of various computergames is obvious to anyone who haswandered through a shopping mall,an airport lounge, or a toy store inthe last few years.

Why are these games so captivat-ing? And how can the same thingsthat make computer games captivat-ing be used to make learning withcomputers more interesting and en-joyable? To help answer these ques-tions, I systematically studied morethan 100 people playing computergames, looking primarily at whatmade the games fun. Then I devel-oped a set of guidelines for designinghighly motivating educational com-puter programs.

Though I focused on makingeducational activities more fun, theseguidelines can also be used in design-

Acknowledgments

This article is based on the author's PhDdissertation submitted to the Stanford Univer-sity Department of Psychology. Parts of the ar-ticle were previously included in the pro-ceedings of the Association for ComputingMachinery Symposium on Small and PersonalComputer Systems (Palo Alto, California,September 19, 1980) and in references 3 and 4.

Thomas W Malone

Cognitive and Instructional Sciences Group

Xerox Palo Alto Research Center

3333 Coyote Hill Road

Palo Alto CA 94304

ing noneducational computer gamesor in making other computer pro-grams more fun to use. All of thework I discuss in this article isdescribed in more detail elsewhere(references 3 and 4).

Survey of Preferences

As a first step toward finding whatmakes computer games fun, I inter-viewed 65 students—from kinder-garten through eighth grade—abouttheir computer-game preferences. Allthe children had been playing withcomputer games in a weekly class forat least two months and some formore than two years. The computerclass teachers provided a list of the 25games they judged most popularamong the students. Then I askedeach child to rate how well he or sheliked each game, on a three-pointscale.

Table 1 lists all the games in orderof their average rating by childrenwho had played them. One of themost interesting questions we can askabout these results is what featuresthe popular games share that aremissing in the unpopular games. Toanswer this I rated each game using anumber of criteria that seemed likelyto affect their motivational value.Table 2 shows the correlations be-tween these game features and theaverage ratings the games received

from the children.

The most important factor deter-mining popularity in this sample waswhether or not the game had a goal.For example, the top three games allhad obvious goals (getting a highscore in Petball, trapping the otherperson's snake in Snake2, and de-stroying all the bricks in Breakout),while the bottom two games had noclear goals (conversing with a simu-lated psychiatrist in Eliza or filling inblanks in a story in Gold). Scoring,audio effects, and randomness alsohad high correlations with gamepopularity. The children liked graph-ic games and significantly dislikedword games.

Even though these results are inter-esting, it is impossible to draw strongconclusions from this kind of correla-tional study. Among other things, theresults depend entirely on the sampleof games I used. The other twostudies I describe focus on a singlegame and systematically vary its fea-tures in a series of slightly differentversions of the game; this allows us tomake some stronger conclusions.

Breakout—The first game I studiedin detail was Breakout. Figure 1shows a typical screen display in theoriginal Breakout game. The playeruses a knob to control the position ofthe paddle on the left side of the

258 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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AverageGame Rating

Description

Petball 2.8

Simulated pinball with sound

Snake2 2.6

Two players control motion and shooting of snakes

Breakout 2.6

Player controls paddle to hit ball that breaks through a wall, piece by piece

Dungeon 2.6

Player explores a cave, like Dungeons and Dragons

Chase S 2.6

Two players chase each other across an obstacle course, with sound effects

StarTrek 2.5

Navigate through space and shoot Klingon ships

Don't Fall 2.5

Guess words like Hangman but, instead of a person being hung, a person or robot advances to a

cliffGuess who committed a murder by questioning witnesses who may lie

Panther 2.4

Mission 2.4

Bomb submarines without getting your ship sunk

Chaser 2.4

Capture a moving square with perpendicular lines

Chase 2.4

Like Chase S but without sound

Horses 2.4

Bet on horses that race along track

Sink Ship 2.3

Bomb a ship from an airplane

Snake 2.3

Like Snake2 but snakes can't shoot

Lemonade 2.3

Run a lemonade stand: buy supplies, advertise, etc

Escape 2.2

Escape from moving robots

Star Wars 2.2

Shoot Darth Vader's ship on screen

Maze Craze 2.2

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Hangman 2.1

Guess letters of a word before man is hung

Adventure 2.0

Explore cave with dragons, etc

Draw 2.0

Make any design on the screen

Stars 2.0

Guess a number. Clues given by number of stars

Snoopy 1.9

Shoot Red Baron by subtracting Snoopy's position on number line from Red Baron's position

Eliza 1.8

Converse with simulated psychiatrist

Gold 1.5

Fill in blanks in story about Goldilocks

Table 1: 25 computer games,2 = like; 3 = like a lot).

listed according to preference. Sixty-five students were asked to rate the games (1 = don't like;

Correlation with

Feature

Average Preference

Goal

0.65**

Computer keeps a score

0.56**

Audio effects

0.51**

Randomness involved in game

0.48**

Speed of answers counts

0.36*

Visual effects

0.34

Competition

0.31

Variable difficulty level

0.17

Cooperation

0.02

Fantasy

0.06

Kind of game:

Graphic game

0.38*

Math game

-0.20

Word game

-0.38*

Statistical significance levels:

*p<0.05

**p<0.01

Table 2: Features influencing game preference

listed according to importance.

The 25 games listed in table 1 were analyzed in

terms of these features, and the

results were correlated with the game preferences from table 1.

screen. The paddle is used to bouncethe ball against the wall of bricks onthe right side of the screen. Each timethe ball bounces off the wall, itknocks one brick out and adds to thescore. The ultimate goal of the gameis to knock out all the bricks.

My survey and other casual obser-vations indicate that this is one of themost popular contemporary com-puter games. What is the "secret" ofits success? Many devotees of Break-out and similar games mention theirscore—usually their highest one—when talking about the game. Is thechallenge of getting a record-highscore the principal attraction? Is it thevisual stimulation of watching thebricks break out7 Or is it simply theenjoyment of the sensorimotor skillinvolved in putting the paddle infront of the ball? There are, of course,many other features of Breakout, butthese three—the score, the breaking

260 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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out of the bricks, and the ball bounc-ing off the paddle—seem to capturethe essence of the game.

To examine which of these threefeatures was most important to thegame's appeal, I constructed six dif-ferent versions of the game, varyingeach of the three features in all sensi-ble combinations. For example, insome versions the ball bounced backand forth between the wall and thepaddle but no bricks ever broke outof the wall. In other versions the ballnever bounced off the paddle; it wassimply "caught" when the paddle wasplaced in front of it. Also, only halfof the versions had a score.

I asked 10 college undergraduatesto play all the versions and then ratehow well they liked each one. Thefactor that made the most significantdifference in their ratings waswhether or not the bricks werebroken out. It is unclear from thisstudy what aspects of the bricksbreaking out are most important, butthe list of features in table 2 suggests anumber of important possibilities. Apartially destroyed wall of brickspresents a visually compelling goal,while acting as a graphic score-keeping device which tells how closethe player is to that goal. It thus pro-vides a goal, a visual effect, and scor-ing at the same time. In fact, thewall's structure suggests many goalsat different levels: knocking out abrick in the third row, destroying thefirst row completely, etc.

The results also showed that theversions without scores or bricks

breaking out were significantly lessappealing than the other versions. Inother words, the versions in whichthere was no clear goal—other than avague "keep the ball going as long asyou can"—were significantly less funthan the others. Without a clear goal,it was not really a game at all.

I believe a similar combination ofmultiple-level goals and visual effectsis important in the success of a num-ber of other games, like Space In-vaders, Snake2, and Petball.

Darts—The second game I studiedin detail was called Darts, designed toteach elementary students about frac-tions (see reference 2). In the version Iused, three balloons appear at ran-dom places on a number line on thescreen and players try to guess theirpositions (see figure 2). They guess bytyping in mixed numbers (wholenumbers and/or fractions), and aftereach guess an arrow shoots across thescreen to the specified position. If theguess is right, the arrow pops the bal-loon; if wrong, the arrow remains onthe screen. The player gets to keepshooting until all the balloons arepopped. Circus music is played at thebeginning of the game; if all threeballoons in a round are popped infour tries or less, a short song isplayed after the round.

To discover what features contri-bute most to the appeal of this game,I constructed eight different versionsof the game by removing, one at a

SCORE 12

3 BALLS LEFT

Figure 1: A typical display from theBreakout game, which is popular becauseit provides a clearly defined challenge(breaking through the wall by bouncingthe ball against the bricks) and providesvisual and auditory stimulation.

Figure 2: A display from the Darts game,a program to teach fractions. The object isto break each balloon by typing in themixed number corresponding to theballoon's position on the number line.This is an example of an intrinsic fantasybecause the skill with fractions dependsupon the fantasy of pinpointing theballoons on the line and vice versa.

262 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 184 on inquiry card.

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time, features that were presumablymotivational. For example, some ver-sions of the game had rectangles in-stead of balloons marking the place tobe guessed on the number line andshort lines instead of arrows markingthe incorrect guesses. The features Iremoved in this way included the fan-tasy of arrows popping balloons, themusic, the scorekeeping, and severaldifferent kinds of feedback.

I assigned 10 different fifth-gradestudents to each of the eight versionsand then allowed them to play withtheir version of Darts or with a ver-sion of Hangman that was the samefor all students. My primary measureof the appeal of different versions washow long the students played theirversion of Darts in comparison toHangman. This measure was alsohighly correlated with how wellstudents said they liked the game atthe end.

Although important in

creating interesting

educational programs,

fantasies must be

carefully chosen to

appeal to the target

audience.

The results of this experimentshowed a significant difference be-tween what boys and girls liked aboutthe game. Judging from time spent onvarious versions of the game, boysliked the fantasy of arrows poppingballoons; girls apparently disliked it.I do not think the implication is thatboys should be given one kind of fan-tasy and girls another. Instead, Ithink it would be better to let eachperson choose whichever fantasyseems most appealing at the time.Still, understanding sex differenceslike this may help avoid uninten-tionally designing programs that forinstance appeal more to boys thangirls. I think the most significant im-plication of this experiment is that,although they are important increating interesting educational pro-grams, fantasies must be carefullychosen to appeal to the target au-

264 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 265 on inquiry card.

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266 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Challenge

GoalD Does the activity have a clear goal? If not, is it easy for the students to determine

goals of appropriate difficulty for themselves?□ Are the goals personally meaningful?

□

D

Uncertain outcome

Does the program have a variable difficulty level?

□ Determined by the student

□ Determined automatically, depending on the student's skill

□ Determined by the opponent's skillDoes the activity have multiple goal levels?

□ Scorekeeping

D Speeded responsesDoes the program include randomness?Does the program include hidden information selectively revealed?

Fantasy

□ Does the program include an emotionally appealing fantasy?

□ Is the fantasy intrinsically related to the skill learned in the activity?

□ Does the fantasy provide a useful metaphor?

Curiosity

Sensory curiosity: audio and visual effects

□ as decoration

□ to enhance fantasy

□ as a reward

□ as a representation system

Cognitive curiosity

□ Does the program include surprises?

D Does the program include constructive feedback?

Table 3: A checklist for designing enjoyable educational programs.

dience. Otherwise, they may actuallymake the environment less interestingthan it would have been withoutthem.

Guidelines

How can we use these results tomake educational programs more funfor students? I think the character-istics that make instructional en-vironments interesting can fit natural-ly into one of three categories:

• challenge

• fantasy

• curiosity

A checklist of these characteristics isshown in table 3.

Challenge—For an activity to bechallenging, it should have a goalwhose outcome is uncertain. In mysurvey, the feature I found mosthighly correlated with game populari-ty was the presence of an obviousgoal. In the Breakout study, studentsrated the versions of the game withno obvious goal as significantly less

enjoyable than those with a cleargoal. Thus simple games, to bechallenging, should probably have asingle fixed goal. More complex en-vironments (like graphics editors orcomputer programming languages)should be designed so that users caneasily generate goals of appropriatedifficulty. For example, in the LOGOsystem (see reference 5), students canprogram a moving "turtle" to drawdesigns on a computer screen or onthe floor. The attractiveness of thisenvironment is the ease with whichchildren think of things they wouldlike a moving turtle to do. But unlessbeginners have some help evaluatingthe difficulty of possible projects,they might often choose tasks that arediscouragingly difficult.

Good goals are also personallymeaningful. For example, the best areoften practical or fantasy goals (likereaching the moon in a rocket ordrawing a picture of a flower) ratherthan simply goals of using a skill (likesolving arithmetic problems).

If a person is either certain to reachthe goal of an environment or certain

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not to reach it, the environment is un-likely to be challenging. There areseveral ways of ensuring that peopleof varying abilities (and the same per-son over time) will be challenged by aprogram. The first is simply to have avariable difficulty level, which canbe:

• determined automatically (as inmany drill-and-practice programs)

• chosen by the person (perhaps withego-involving labels like cadet orcommander)

• determined by the opponent's skill(as in chess and checkers)

Competition may be motivating sim-ply because it provides a challenge atan appropriate difficulty level.

A more subtle way of making theoutcome uncertain puts multiple goallevels in the same environment. Forexample, in the Darts game the first-level goal is simply to pop all theballoons. But players who are certainto reach this goal can still be chal-lenged by the goal of popping all theballoons in as few tries as possible.Many motivating environments,from games like chess to activities likecomputer programming, have thischaracteristic: different people in thesame general environment can pickvery different goal levels.

Two features of computer gamesthat help provide different goal levelsare scorekeeping and speededresponses. Someone who can alreadyreach the basic goal of an environ-ment can still be challenged by tryingto do it faster or better. Thesefeatures are especially useful in in-structional situations like drill-and-practice where the purpose is to im-prove previously learned skills. Athird way of providing uncertainty isthrough hidden information that isselectively revealed (as in Hangman)or by randomness (as in all gamblinggames and many simulations).

Goals and challenges are captivat-ing because they engage a person'sself-esteem. Success in a computergame—like success in any challengingactivity—can make people feel betterabout themselves. The opposite sideof this principle is, of course, thatfailure in a challenging activity can

lower a person's self-esteem and, if itis severe enough, decrease theperson's desire to repeat the activity.One implication of this principle issimply that instructional gamesshould have a variable difficultylevel. Another implication is that per-formance feedback should be pre-sented in a way that minimizes thepossibility of damage to one's self-esteem. Comments like "You needmore practice, dummy!" usually haveno place in an educational environ-ment.

This analysis of challenge il-luminates an important distinctionbetween toys and tools. Toys can bedefined as systems used for their ownsake, with no external goals (com-puter games, puzzles, etc). Tools canbe defined as systems used to achieveexternal goals (text editors; program-ming languages, etc). With respect tochallenge, the requirements for goodtoys and good tools are mostly op-posite. Since a good tool is designedto achieve goals that are already pre-sent in the external task, it does notneed to provide a goal. Furthermore,since the outcome of the external goal(such as writing a good letter or get-ting a program to work) is alreadyuncertain, the tool itself should bereliable, efficient, and usually "invisi-ble."

In a sense, a good game is supposedto be difficult to play: that increasesits challenge; but a tool should be aseasy as possible to use. This distinc-tion helps explain why some users ofcomplex computer systems may takea perverse pleasure in mastering toolsthat are extremely difficult to use. Tothe extent that these users are treatingthe systems as toys rather than tools,the difficulty increases the challengeand therefore the pleasure of usingthem.

Fantasy—One relatively easy wayto increase the fun of learning is totake an existing curriculum and over-lay it with a game in which the playerprogresses toward some fantasy goal(as in Baseball) or avoids some fan-tasy catastrophe (as in Hangman),depending only on whether theplayer's answers are right or wrong.These are examples of extrinsic fan-

268 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Some Educational Games

Game Description

Adventure The player explores a vast underground system of caves

with dragons, etc, trying to find treasures. The cave is filledwith knife-throwing dwarves and other dangers.

Baseball Players advance around a baseball diamond by picking

correctly spelled words from sets of alternatives.

Darts (See text)

Hangman The player tries to guess a word, letter by letter. After

each incorrect letter guessed, one more body part of a man beinghung is drawn. The player loses if the whole body is drawn.

Hammurabi Player acts as king of ancient Babylonia and decides eachyear how much wheat to plant, how much to store, and howmuch to save. There are occasional plagues, rat infestations, etc.The number of people who are born, starve, etc each year isreported.

Hurkle The player tries to guess where an animal called a

"Hurkle" is hiding in a Cartesian coordinate grid. Feedback afterincorrect guesses tells which direction to move.

Lemonade The player runs a lemonade stand, buying supplies,

advertising, etc. There are random fluctuations in weather,number of customers, etc. Each day's expenses, sales, and pro-fits are computed.

Snoopy Snoopy and the Red Baron appear at different positions

on a signed number line. Player says how far Snoopy shouldshoot to hit the Red Baron (as a signed integer).

Academic Knowledge Used

reading,writing

spelling

number lines, fractions, estimationspelling, vocabulary

elementary economics

Cartesian coordinates, map directions

elementary economics

subtraction, number lines, negativenumbers

Extrinsic fantasies in which a fantasy goal is approachedA train on a track is approaching a city

A rocket is passing the other planets of the solar system on its way to earthA complicated building is being built, piece by pieceA fleet of space invaders is being destroyed, one by one

Extrinsic fantasies in which a fantasy catastrophe is avoided

A person is hung, one body part at a time

A person advances toward the edge of a cliff, one step at a time

A time bomb is ticking toward an explosion

Table 4: Samples of extrinsic fantasies that could be used to add enjoyment to manyeducational programs. (Extrinsic fantasies are those in which the fantasy depends onusing the skill but not vice versa.)

tastes, in which the fantasy dependson the use of the skill but not vice ver-sa.

Other factors, such as answeringspeed, can also affect intrinsic fan-tasies. For example, the Speedwaygame (in which students' race carsmove along a racetrack depending onhow fast they answer arithmeticproblems) is an extrinsic fantasy.Since the use of the skill does not de-pend on the fantasy, the same fantasycould be used with completely dif-ferent kinds of problems. For exam-

ple, Baseball and Hangman fantasiescould just as well be used for arithme-tic problems as for spelling problems:players could be "hung" or advancedaround a baseball diamond depend-ing on whether the arithmetic prob-lems are worked correctly. Table 4lists a few possible extrinsic fantasies.Conversely, intrinsic fantasies notonly depend on the skill, but the skillalso relies on the fantasy. This usual-ly means that problems are presentedin terms of fantasy-world elements,and players receive a natural con-

structive feedback. For example, inDarts the skill of estimating distancesis applied to the fantasy world ofballoons on a number line andplayers can see graphically whethertheir answers are too high or too lowand, if so, by how much.

Other intrinsic fantasies in mathgames include the search for a hiddenanimal on a Cartesian grid in theHurkle game and Snoopy shooting atthe Red Baron on a number line in theSnoopy game. The Adventure game,in which a vast underground cavernsystem is explored in response to theplayer's commands, can be con-sidered an intrinsic fantasy for theskills of reading (the cave descrip-tions) and writing (the commands).

I think intrinsic fantasies are moreinteresting and instructional than ex-trinsic fantasies. One advantage of in-trinsic fantasies is that they often in-dicate how the skill could be used toaccomplish some real-world goal (asin a business-simulation game likeLemonade). More importantly, in-trinsic fantasies can provide meta-

270 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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phors or analogies that help a learnerapply old knowledge in understand-ing new things. For example, in theDarts game learners are able to usetheir old knowledge about some ob-jects being higher or lower thanothers to learn about the relative sizesof fractions. Finally, by provokingvivid images related to the materialbeing learned, intrinsic fantasies mayhelp the learner remember thematerial.

Computer-game fantasies almostcertainly derive some of their appealfrom the emotional needs they helpsatisfy. Of course, it is difficult toknow what emotional needs peoplehave and how these needs might bepartially met by computer games. Butit is clear that different people finddifferent fantasies appealing. If in-structional designers can create manydifferent fantasies for different peo-ple, their activities are likely to havemuch broader appeal. For example, itis easy to imagine a math game inwhich different students see the sameproblems but can choose the accom-panying fantasy according to in-dividual preference. Instructional de-signers might also create en-vironments into which students canproject their own fantasies. For in-stance, students could name im-aginary participants in a computergame.

Curiosity—The final character-istic of intrinsically motivating in-structional environments is that theystimulate and satisfy curiosity. En-vironments can evoke a learner'scuriosity by providing an optimallevel of informational complexity (seereferences 1 and 6). In other words,the environments should be neithertoo complicated nor too simple withrespect to the learner's existingknowledge. They should be noveland surprising but not completely in-comprehensible. In general, an op-timally complex environment will beone where the learner knows enoughto have expectations about what willhappen, but where these expectationsare sometimes unmet.

Sensory curiosity involves theattention-attracting value of changesin the light, sound, or other sensorystimuli of an environment. Colorfully

illustrated textbooks and tactileteaching devices (like those used inMontessori schools) take advantageof sensory curiosity. Computers pre-sent even more possibilities for music,animation, and other audio andvisual effects. These effects can beused:

• as decoration (like the circus musicat the beginning of Darts)

• to enhance fantasy

• as a reward

• as a representation system that maybe more effective than words or num-bers (like the graphic representationsof fractions in Darts and the differenttones used to signal bounces andmisses of the ball in Breakout).

An instructional program can alsoprovoke curiosity by presenting aparadox or revealing an incomplete-ness in the learner's existing beliefs.To engage learners' curiosity, thefeedback from a program shouldsometimes be surprising. It shouldalso be constructive in helping thelearners remove the misconceptionsthat caused them to be surprised in-itially.

For example, some Darts gameplayers may have the misconceptionthat increasing the denominator of afraction increases the fraction. Theseplayers will be surprised when theytry to shoot an arrow higher than thelast one, only to see it go lower. Butthey will then have enough informa-tion to correct their misconception.Whether they actually do learn fromthis constructive feedback is anothervery interesting question. Designingprograms that provide usable con-structive feedback for many differentmisconceptions is a difficult but im-portant task.

Another way to sustaincuriosity—and facilitate learning—isto provide a sequence of increasinglycomplex tasks. Each one introduces acomplication that may surprise thelearner, but all are within thelearner's ability to grasp. Providingthis kind of constructive feedbackand progressive complexity often re-quires a very detailed educationalanalysis of the skills being learned. Itmay also require an on-line model of

272 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE December 1981

273

the learner's knowledge so the pro-gram can automatically adapt to thelearner's current abilities.

Other Factors—In concentratingon what computer games can tell usabout how to design interestingeducational programs, I have omittedtwo other important ways of makinglearning fun. First, since the mainway of knowing what people like isby what they choose, I have takenfor granted that self-motivatedlearners have a great deal of choiceabout their own goals. This element

of being able to choose can itself bevery important in making learningfun, with or without computers.

Second, I have concentrated onfeatures that can be present in alllearning environments—even thosewith only one person. The involve-ment of other people, both coopera-tively and competitively, can also bean important way of making comput-er-based learning more fun.

Applications

One use of the checklist in table 3 isto suggest additions to existing or

SORCERER SOFTWARE

SUPER ASTEROIDS by Apollo

'A new era in real time graphic arcadegames'.

Never has there been such a captivating and superbly writtenarcade game for the Sorcerer. Styled after the well known andvery popular ASTEROID DELUXE arcade game, SUPER ASTER-OIDS is destined to become the most popular piece of demonstra-tion software used by dealers and users alike. Perhaps it is theoutstanding use of fine line graphics or the silky smoothmovement. Maybe it is the breathtaking speed, dazzlingexplosions, gripping sound effects or simply the challenge ofavoiding those fire balls from that persistent flying saucer thatinsidiously follows you across the screen. Whatever it is, wewarn you NOT to purchase this game for fear that you may jointhe ranks of hundreds of other ASTEROID Addicts who, squareand bleary eyed at 3 am, just MUST have ONE more go at tryingto beat that High Score.

The object is to guide a small space ship across the screenavoiding but shooting asteroids as they glide past. When anasteroid is hit, it will break up into many smaller pieces. Byrepeatedly hitting the pieces they will soon disintegrate anddisappear. If you crash your ship into an asteroid it will breakinto pieces and splinter across the screen in a shower of sparks!However, if you manage to stay in one piece, chances are you'llsoon be pursued by a flying saucer that shoots balls of fire! Bestthat you treat him with care, else you may make his friendsVERY aggressive.

Apollo has used a novel but ingenius method of continuallyreprogramming graphics characters and has obtained stunningresults! All movement is done pixel by pixel but without speedloss. Numbers of asteroids, directions, speeds and such like areall totally unpredictable. If you can show us a piece of softwarethat has finer, smoother and faster graphics than SUPER ASTER-OIDS, we guarantee to refund your money in full!

Cassette $29.95

ZAP80 'Secret CodeDisassembler', by Ian Robinson

This is far from your average run-of-the-mill disassembler! Otherthan being a mere 4K long, able to disassemble at the speed oflight and packed with options, ZAP80 will display before yourvery eyes all those unknown instructions ZILOG never talkabout! Ian has been doing extensive research into the actions ofthe Z80 processor when confronted with the 700 or so undocu-mented (and so called 'illegal'} code sequences. Over 100 ofthese are VERY useful! Did you know you have extra 8 bitregisters and a complete set of instructions to manipulate them?Did you know about extra rotate instructions?

ZAP80 will disassemble ANY code sequence. Nothing is illegal! Itwill allow you to program with codes that no other disassemblercan decipher! Think about that....

ZAP80 comes with documentation and explanation of all newmnemonics used. Three versions are supplied that reside in low,mid and high memory. Options include ASCII output, screenpause and customised printer control.

Whether you are a serious programmer, a beginner or simplycurious, ZAP80 is a piece of software you must have. Come andplay a REAL adventure game!

Cassette $24.95

HOW TO ORDER:

ALL PRICES ARE IN AUSTRALIAN DOLLARS.

One Australian dollar equals 1.16 American and 1.4Canadian. All programs come standard on cassettebut some may be requested on either Micropolis IIQuad density or VISTA 5'A" diskettes for an addi-tional cost of $5.00 per diskette. Note that morethan one program will fit on a diskette. Programsavailable or diskette include CIRCUS, GALAXIANS,GROTNIK WARS and ZAP80.$2 discount if this form is used. (Photostat willsuffice).

PROGRAM

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planned computer games. Almost nocomputer games include all the fea-tures just mentioned, and it is usuallypossible to determine ways in whichany given game could incorporatemore of them. For example, at leastone-fifth of the games in table 1 haveno way of varying the difficulty leveland could probably be improved byadding this.

Here are more examples of how thechecklist can be applied in designingeducational computer programs.

A Typical Arithmetic Drill-and-Practice Program—In most of theseprograms, the difficulty level ofarithmetic exercises is automaticallyadjusted according to how well thestudent does, and the percent of prob-lems correct is printed at the end ofeach lesson. At first glance thisautomatic difficulty-level adjustmentappears to be a good way of main-taining the program's challenge. Butaccording to the previously describedprinciples, a goal is the first necessaryelement of a challenging environ-ment. The only thing resembling agoal in this program is the percentcorrect printed at the end of eachlesson, and some students do try toget "hundred percents." But this goalis not made particularly obvious orcompelling, and, given the automaticdifficulty adjustment, it is fairly rarefor students to get all their problemscorrect. In fact, since the difficultyadjustment is hidden from thestudents, the goal of getting all theproblems correct may seem inex-plicably receding as students ap-proach it.

Aside from major curriculum revi-sions involving intrinsic fantasies andcuriosity-driven learning, 1 thinkthere are still a number of ways thatextrinsic fantasies can be combinedwith goals and performance feedbackto make this program more interest-ing. One simple way is to select an ex-trinsic fantasy like those listed intable 4 or better yet, let the studentspick their own fantasies from a list.

Ideally, this fantasy can berepresented graphically and will re-main on the screen throughout alesson as correct and incorrectanswers affect a student's progress in

274 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 401 on Inquiry card.

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Other spelling programs function primarily asspelling checkers, merely pointing out wordswith suspect spelling. It's left up to you to deter-mine the correct spelling and then type it in.

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Circle 221 on inquiry card.

the fantasy world. It would be nice touse sound effects for right and wronganswers. Reaching the final goal orcatastrophe in the fantasy worldshould be accompanied by moreelaborate sound and graphics.

In addition to the first two levels ofgoals within a lesson (getting in-dividual right answers and reachingthe fantasy goal), the automatic dif-ficulty adjustment can provide ahigher-level goal of making progressin the curriculum. If the extrinsic fan-tasy includes multiple goal levels, thestudent's movement to a higher dif-

ficulty level can be accompanied byeven more fanfare in the fantasyworld. Obviously, the details of thesechanges still have to be worked out.But this short description shows howthe preceding principles can be usedto suggest changes to existing pro-grams.

A Simple Program to TeachChildren How to Tell Time—In thisexample I will suggest how to in-crease the interest of a proposed com-puter system for teaching the rela-tionship between three different nota-

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tional systems for time: clock face,digital display, and English words.The original proposal for this system(from Laura Gould) was to have thethree different representational sys-tems displayed on the screen at thesame time so that when the studentchanged any one representation, theother two also changed.

One insight from the abovechecklist is that there is no obviousgoal for students working with thisprogram. A goal is nicely providedthrough an analogy with the Dartsgame. In this new game, a time isrepresented in one system —say clock face—and the student triesto guess the time in one of the othersystems—say digital display. Each in-correct guess is displayed on the clockface, just as the incorrect guesses inDarts are displayed on the numberline. This game might be even moreinteresting if it included an intrinsicfantasy about setting alarm clocksand being early or late for school.

Other Educational Applications-More generally, a game can suggestanalogous games in subjects very dif-ferent from the original one. For ex-ample, a guessing-game structure canbe used to invent games to teachmany different kinds of knowledge:

• To teach an ordered list, use aguessing game that gives high/lowfeedback. For example, to teach thelist of US Presidents in order use agame in which the players try to guessa secret President. After each guess,they are told whether their guess isbefore or after the secret Presidentand perhaps how close it is. Such agame can be used to teach either thecontents of a list (US Presidents, stepsin a procedure, etc) or the orderingrelationship ("less than" and "greaterthan" in a number-guessing game).

• To teach the correspondence be-tween two representation systems,use a guessing game that gives hints inone system and asks players to guessin the other. For example, the Dartsgame is designed to teach the relation-ship between numbers represented ona number line and in mixed-numberformat. I just described a similargame to help teach children how to

276 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

tell time. Such a game can also beused to teach correspondences likeforeign language vocabulary, Carte-sian coordinates for points on a plane(Hurkle), or spelling of words(Hangman).

• To teach the characteristics of itemsin a set, use a guessing game in whichplayers try to guess a target item byasking questions about its character-istics (like "twenty questions"). Forexample, medical students could tryto guess the disease a simulated pa-tient had by asking questions aboutsymptoms and laboratory test results.Geography students could try toguess a target country by asking ques-tions about its climate, economy, andso on.

This technique of using structuralanalogies with old games seems to bea powerful way of inventing educa-tional games in new subject areas.

Computer Programming—In somesenses, computer programming is oneof the best computer games of all. Inthe "computer programming game,"there are obvious goals and more areeasily generated. The "player" getsfrequent performance feedback (feed-back that is often tantalizingly mis-leading about the nearness of thegoal). The game can be played atmany different difficulty levels, andmany goal levels are available, both

References

1. Berlyne, D E. Structure and Direction inThinking. New York: John Wiley & Sons,Inc, 1965.

2. Dugdale, S and D Kibbey. Fractions Cur-riculum of the PLATO Elementary SchoolMathematics Project. Urbana Illinois:Computer-based Education ResearchLaboratory Technical Report. University ofIllinois, October 1975.

3. Malone, T W. What Makes Things Fun toLearn? A Study of Intrinsically MotivatingComputer Games, Technical ReportNumber CIS-7 (SSL-80-11). Palo Alto,California: Xerox Palo Alio ResearchCenter, 1980.

4. Malone, T W. "Toward a Theory of Intrin-sically Motivating Instruction." CognitiveScience (5, number 4, in press), 1981.

5. Papert, S. Mindstorms: Children, Com-puters, and Powerful Ideas. New York:Basic Books, 1980.

6. Piaget, J. Play, Dreams, and Imitation inChildhood. New York: Norton, 1951.

in terms of the finished product(whether it works, how fast it works,how much space it requires, etc) andthe process of reaching it (how long ittakes to program, etc). Self-esteemis crucially involved in this game, andoccasional emotional or fantasyaspects are likely involved in con-trolling so completely, yet often so in-effectively, the behavior of thisresponse entity. Finally, the processof debugging a program is perhapsunmatched in its ability to raise ex-pectations about how the programwill work, only to have the expecta-

tions surprisingly disappointed.

Conclusion

With computer costs decreasingdramatically, their spread into homesand classrooms appears inevitable.But it is not so certain that these neweducational applications will use theunique capabilities of computers tomake learning more efficient, moreinteresting, and more enjoyable. Ithink the guidelines I have presentedhere can help in creating instructionalcomputer programs that fascinate aswell as educate their users. ■

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December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 277

System Notes

The Game of Left/Right

Truck Smith

1520 Fairgreen

Fullerton CA 92633

One of the more fascinating states of consciousness aperson can be in is the trance. There are phrase-basedtrances, contemplation trances, and trances based on notthinking at all. There are Hindu, Buddhist, and Christiantrances. Modern science has added two: the TV tranceand the TV-game trance.

I first noticed the TV-game trance when the quality ofmy concentration changed while I was playing a game ofPong in a bar. Though still intensely aware of the game, Ibecame cognizant of my surroundings—friends talking,

Score

Box Position Background

Bar Colors

0-2

centered black only

3-5

centered black or grey

6-8

centered black or grey

change at 6

9-11

left or right black or grey

12-14

left or right left and right*

change at 12

15-17

left or right left and right*

18-20

one corner left and right*

change at 18

21-23

one corner corners'*"

24-26

one corner corners"*"

change at 24

27 +

one corner corners*"

change every time

*Each side of the screen can be either black

sr grey, independent

of the other.

+ Each

corner of the screen can independently be either black or

grey.

Table 1: Program complications. As the

game of Left/Right

progresses, the box position, the background color, and the

bar co

lors complicate the game. More cc

implications can be

added by changing the shape of the box

or having it move

across

the screen.

278 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

the jukebox playing, a discussion at the bar—yet thisstate did not interfere with the game.

Since then, I have watched other TV-game players andobserved a similar phenomenon; the best seem to enter atrance where they play but don't pay attention to thedetails of the game.

Unfortunately, the person who studies thisphenomenon, either in himself or others, will find thatTV games come in packages difficult to modify. Since thegame's parameters cannot be changed, the experimentercannot investigate the experience's limitations.

Here, I present a computer game that invokes thetrance-like behavior and is easily modified for furtherstudy. Best of all, the game is fun to play. Written inApple II Integer BASIC, the game should not be too diffi-cult to implement on other computers with a minimum ofequipment.

The Game

You sit in front of a color TV set, a push-button switchin either hand. On the TV screen is a colored box and twocolored bars are at the bottom. The bars line the left andright sides of the screen. The box and the left bar are thesame color. You push the button in your left hand andscore your first point in the game of Left/Right.

As you play, the background occasionally changes togrey. When this happens, you ignore the button for thebar whose color matches the box and press the otherbutton. The game continues.

The box begins to appear in different positions on the

Text continued on page 292Tables, figures and listingscontinued on pages 282-290

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: : ; : :

"la:

:l:

jl

!

.»».'

/HKADSDfT

Circle 268 on Inquiry card.

Our incredible low pricesjust got 2% lower.

Have a merry computerand a happy software.

"lake an additional 2% off our listed prices, until December 24.

16 K RAM KITS 13.95

Set of 8 NEC 4116 200 nsGUARANTEED ONE FULL YEAR.

DISKETTES

ALPHA DISKS® 21.95

SINGLE SIDED, CERT.DOUBLE DENSITY40 TRACKS, WITH HUB-RING, BOX OF 10,GUARANTEED ONE FULL YEAR.

VERBATIM DATALIFE

MD 525-01,10,16 26.50

MD 550-01,10,16 44.50

MD 577-01, 10, 16 34.80

MD 577-01, 10, 16 45.60

FD 32 OR 34-9000 36.00

FD 32 OR 34-8000 45.60

FD 34-4001 48.60

DISKETTE STORAGE

5 Vi" PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE 2.50

8" PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE 3.50

PLASTIC STORAGE BINDER W/lnserts 9.95

PROTECTOR 5% " 21.95

PROTECTOR 8" 24.95

INTEGRATEDCOMPUTER SYSTEMS

NORTHSTAR CALL

ALTOS CALL

ZENITH 289 CALL

CALIF. COMPUTER SYSTEMS CALL

MORROW DESIGNS CALL

280 BYTE December 1981

PRINTERS

ANADEXDP9500 1295,00

ANADEXDP9501 1295.00

CENTRONICS 739 765.00

C-ITOH 25 CPS PARALLEL 1440.00

C-ITOH 25 CPS SERIAL 1495.00

C-ITOH 45 CPS PARALLEL 1770.00

C-ITOH 40 CPS SERIAL 1870.00

C-ITOH TRACTOR OPTION 195.00

EPSON MX-80 SCALL

EPSON MX-80 F/T SCALL

EPSON MX-100 GRAPHIC SCALL

EPSON GRAPHICS ROM 90.00

IDS-445G PAPER TIGER . 779.00

IDS-460G PAPER TIGER 945.00

IDS-560G PAPER TIGER 1195.00

NEC SPINWRITER 3510 Ser.RO 2195.00

NEC SPINWRITER 3530 Par.RO 2195.00

NEC SPINWRITER 7710 Ser.RO 2645.00NEC SPINWRITER 7730 Par.RO .2645.00

NEC SPINWRITER 7700 D Sellum 2795.00

NEC SPINWRITER 3500 Sellum 2295.00

OKIDATAMICROLINE80 . .389.00

OKIDATAMICROLINE82A 549.00

OKIDATAMICROLINE83A 849.00

OKIDATAMICROLINE84 1199.00

QUME9/45 2149.00

MALIBU 200 DUAL MODE 2695.00

CORVUS

FOR S-100, APPLE OR TRS-80MOD l,ll

Controller, Case/P.S, Operating System,A&T.

5 Megabytes 3245.00

10 Megabytes 4645.00

20 Megabytes 5545.00

MIRROR BACK-UP 725.00

APPLE SOFTWARE

MAGIC WINDOW Word Processor .89.00

MAGIC WAND 275.00

WORDSTAR 259.00

MAILMERGE(Req.WORDSTAR) .90.00

SPELLSTAR(Req.WORDSTAR) 169.00

DATASTAR 199.00

EXPEDITER II Applesoft Compiler , 89.00

PFS: PERSONAL FILING SYSTEM 79.00

PFS: REPORT GENERATOR 79.00

ASCII EXPRESS Terminal Program 59.95

Z-TERMCP/M® Comm.Software 89.95

MICROSOFT FORTRAN 165.00

MICROSOFT COBOL 550.00

DB MASTER 3.0 ... 179.00

VISICALC3.3 169.00

VISIPLOT 149.00

VISIDEX 169.00

CCA DATA BASE MANAGER 99.00

A-STAT COMP. STATISTICS PKG. 119.00

APPLE HARDWARE

VERSA WRITER DIGITIZER 249.00

ABT APPLE KEYPAD 119.00

MICROSOFT Z-80SOFTCARD 299.00

MICROSOFT RAMCARD 170.00

VIDEX 80x24 VIDEO CARD 299.00

VIDEX KEYBOARD ENHANCER 99.00

M&R SUPERTERM 80 x 24 Video Bd.315.00

NEC 12" GREEN MONITOR 199.00

SANYO 12" MONITOR(B&W) 249.00

SANYO 12" MONITOR(Green) 269.00

SANYO 13" COLOR MONITOR ...469.00SSM AIO BOARD (INTERFACE)A&T 165.00SSMAIO BOARD flNTERFACEKIT 135.00ZENITH 13" HI-RES.Green MON. .139.00

Circle 16 on inquiry card.

MOUNTAIN HARDWARE

CP/M SOFTWARE

TRS-80 MOD I HARDWARE

CPS MULTIFUNCTION BOARD 209.00

SUPERTALKERSD200 259.00

ROMPLUSW/KEYBOARD FILTER 179.00ROMPLUSW/O KEYBOARD FILTER 130.00KEYBOARD FILTER ROM . . 49.00

COPYROM 49.00

MUSIC SYSTEM 459.00

ROMWRITER 149.00

APPLE CLOCK 252.00

A/D + D/A 299.00

EXPANSION CHASSIS 625.00

CALIF. COMPUTER SYSTEMS

S-100 BOARDS

2200A MAINFRAME 359.00

2032A 32K STATIC RAM ...599.00

2065C64K DYNAMIC RAM 499.00

2422 FLOPPY DISK CONT.& CP/M® 339.002710 FOUR SERIAL I/O . 249.00

2718 2 SERIAL/2 PARALLEL I/O 269.00

2720 FOUR PARALLEL I/O 199.00

2810Z-80CPU 249.00

APPLE BOARDS

7710A Asynchronous Ser. Interface . 139.007712A Synchronous Ser. Interface 149.00

7424A CALENDER CLOCK 99.00

7728ACENTRONICS Printer Interface99.00

APPLE GAME SOFTWARE

COMPUTER QUARTERBACK 32.95

THE WARP FACTOR 32.95

CARTELS AND CUTTHROATS . 32.95

TORPEDO FIRE 49.95

THE SHATTERED ALLIANCE 49.95

COMPUTER BASEBALL 32.95

POOL 1.5 29.95

ULTIMA -....33.95

RASTER BLASTER 24.95

FLIGHT SIMULATOR 27.95

INTERNATIONAL GRAND PRIX . .25.95COSMO MISSION . 24.95

SARGONII 28.95

SHUFFLE BOARD 29.95

TAWALA'S LAST REDOUBT 24.95

GALAXY WARS 20.95

ALIEN RAIN (AKAGALAXIAN) 20.95

SNOGGLE(REQ. JOYSTICK) 27.95

ALIEN TYPHOON 20.95

APPLE PANIC . 24.95

SPACE WARRIOR 20.95

PHANTOMS FIVE 24.95

VISTA COMPUTER CO.

APPLE 40 Tk.Drive A40 (163K Bytes) 389.00APPLE 80 Tk.Drive A80 (326K Bytes) 549.00APPLE 160Tk.Dr.A160(652K Bytes) 799.00

APPLE 80COLUMN CARD 329.00

APPLE 8 Inch Disk Drive Controller 549.00

MICROSOFT BASIC-80 299.00

MICROSOFT BASIC COMPILER 319.00

MICROSOFT FORTRAN-80 369.00

PEACHTREE SYSTEMS CALL

MAGIC WANDfRequires CP/M" ) 275.00WORDSTAR(RequiresCP/M® ) . . . .325.00MAILMERGE(Requires WORDSTAR) 110.00SPELLSTAR(Requires WORDSTAR) 199.00

CALCSTAR 239.00

DATASTAR 249.00

SPELLGUARD 239.00

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research.

MODEMS

NOVATION CAT ACOUSTIC MODEM 145.00NOVATION D-CAT Direct Connect 155.00NOVATION AUTO-CAT AUTO ANS. 219.00NOVATION APPLE-CAT 349.00

UDS 103 LP DIRECT CONNECT 175.00

UDS103 JLP AUTO ANSWER 209.00

D.C.HAYES MICROMODEM ll(Apple)299.00D.C.HAYES 100 MODEM(S-100) 325.00D.C.HAYES Smart Modem(RS 232) 249.00LEXICON LX-11 MODEM 109.00

SUPPLIES

AVERY TABULABLES

1,000 3 Vz x 15/16 8.49

3,000 3V2 X 15/16 14.95

5,000 31/2 x 15/16 19.95

PAPER (Prices F.O.B. S.P.)

91/2 X 11 181b. white 3000 ct 29.00

14 7/8 x 11 181b. white 3000 ct. 39.00

PERCOM DATA SEPARATOR . 27.00

PERCOMDOUBLERII . . .159.00

DOUBLE ZAP II/80 45.95

TANDON 80TRACK DISK DRIVE . 429.00TANDON 40 TRACK DISK DRIVE 299.00LNWDOUBLERW/DOSPLUS3.3D 159.00

TRS-80 SOFTWARE

NEWDOS/80 2.0MODI 139.00

LAZY WRITER MOD I 125.00

PROSOFT NEWSCRIPT MOD I,III 99.00

SPECIAL DELIVERY MOD I,III . 119.00X-TRA SPECIAL DELIVERY MOD I,111 199.00

TRACKCESS MOD I 24.95

OMNITERMSMARTTERM.MODI.III 89.95MICROSOFT BASIC COMP.For Mod 1165.00

MORROW DESIGNS

FLOPPY DISK SYSTEMS

Controller, P.S., Microsoft Basic,CP/M® , A&T

DISCUS 2D(Single Drive—500K) 869.00DISCUS 2D(Dual-Drive—1 MEG) 1499.00DISCUS 2 + 2(Single Drive—1 MEG)1099.00DISCUS 2 + 2(Dual Drive—2 MEG) 1999.00

HARD DISK SYSTEMS

Controller, P.S., Microsoft Basic,CP/M® , A&T

DISCUS M10(10 Megabytes) . . 3099.00DISCUS M26 (26 Megabytes) 3949.00

We stock a complete line of computer covers, printer rib-bons, print wheels & NEC thimbles—CALL US FOR YOURNEEDS.

We built a reputation on our prices and your satisfaction.

We guarantee everything we sell lor 30 days. II anything iswrong, jusl return the ilem and we'll make il righl. And. olcourse, we'll pay the shipping charges.

We accept Visa and Master Card on all orders. COD ordersaccepted up lo $300.00.

Please add $2.00 lor standard UPS shipping andhandlingon orders under 50 pounds, delivered in [he continental U.S.Call us lor shipping charges on items lhal weigh more than 50pounds. Foreign. FPO and APO orders please add 15% lorshipping. California residents add 6% sales tax.

The prices quoted are only valid lor slock on hand and allprices are subject lo change without nolice.

Circle 16 on inquiry card.

(213)7060333

31245 LA BAYA DRIVE, WESTLAKE VILLAGE, CALIFORNIA 91362

BYTE December 1981 281

System Notes

1000-1730INITIALIZE

1900-1997SET UP FORNEW GAME

2000-2550CREATESITUATIONAND DRAWSCREEN

2560-2600PRINT TIME

YES

2650-2660

PRINT"TIME OUT"

2720-2730

PRINT"WRONG"

YES

2800-2850SCORE POINT

2740-2790PRINT SCOREFOR GAME

Figure 1: Flowchart of the game of Left/Right. More details have been included for the portion of the program that determineswhether the correct switch has been pushed. Line numbers refer to the program in listing 1.

6809 SYSTEMS (^ 6809 SYSTEMS Q 6809 SYSTEMS (^ 6809 SYSTEMS

Featuring the GIMIX maintrame with 30 amp C.V. terro-resonant power supply; fifteen 50 pin and eight 30 pin slot Mother Board:

2 Mhz CPU with time of day clock & battery back-up, 1K RAM, 6840 programmable timer, provisions for 9511A or 9512 For lurlher informal™, pricing ana brochures, contact

Arithmetic processors, and 4 PROM/ROM/RAM sockets that can hold up to 32KB of monitor or user software. -_^ ^^■■^^■■m. M

VARIETY: you can have 32KB, b6KB, 128KB and up of static RAM. You can use 5" and/or 8" disk drives, single or double /77\ I^^mI jK mC

density, single or double sided, and single or double tracking with GIMIX disk controllers You have a wide choice of serial or I J ■■111 il^^^W

parallel I/O cards. ^CT \ Tl" ComP»n^ <*•• *■»■

EXPANDABILITY: You can add memory, l/Os, Video or Graphics cards, Arithmetic processors, additional drive capacity, and other ^**» Ouaiiiy Electronic products since ms.

hardware now or in the future to this SS50 bus structured system from GIMIX or other SS50 bus compatible manufacturers. 1337 WEST 37th PLACE, CHICAQO, IL 60609

SOFTWARE VERSATILITY: GIMIX systems can use TSC's FLEX or UNIFLEX and MICROWARE'S OS-9 operating systems. A wide (312) 927-5510 • TWX 910-221-4055

variety of software and languages is available for these systems.

QUALITY: All boards are assembled, burned-in, and tested and feature GOLD PLATED BUS CONNECTORS. Only top quality com

ponents are used and all boards are fully buffered for maximum system expansion. All boards come complete with bus connectors

and all necessary instruction and documentation. Flex and Unillex are trademarks ol Technical Systems

GIMIX designs, manufactures and tests, in-house, their complete line of products. Complete systems are available to fit your Consultants inc. 0S9 is a trademark ol Microware inc. See

needs. Please contact the factory if you have any special requirements. Ineir ads lor 0,ne' GIMIX compatible sotiware.

GIMIX' and GHOST" are regislered trademarksot GIMIX Inc.

For GIMIX compatible software see Technical Systems Consultants ad page 193

282 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 174 on inquiry card.

Circle 166 on inquiry card.

FORD VANS CARRY THEMOST WEIGHT WITH BUSINESSMEN

Tough Ford vans offer payloadsup to 2K2 tons... And Ford vanshave out-front design, generousmove-around room, body-on-frame construction andexclusive Twin-I-Beam frontsuspension. More Ford vans areon the road today than anyother make!* Ask your FordDealer about Ford's ExtendedService Plan

mmmr^-

EXCELLENTVAN MILEAGE

ESTIMATEDRANGE

1043 (722)

EST. EPA

HWY»* EST.

MPG**Std. 4.9L (300 CID)Six with optionaloverdrive trans.

Big cargo space,

with Ford's engine-forwarddesign and big payloads,up to 5005 lbs,

Std. 4.9L (300 CID) Std 221-gal. tank plusSix with optional optlonal18-gal. aux tankoverdrive trans on 136 wb. Total 40.1 gal.

"Compare these estimates with others. Your

mileage and range may differ depending onspeed, distance and weather. Actual highwaymileage and range will probably be less thanestimated. California estimates lower. Rangesuperiority due to larger gas tank size ratherthan better fuel economy.•Based on R. L. Polk & Co. cumulativeregistrations as of July, 1980.

FORD ECONOLINE

FORD DIVISION Cffiyfid

Circle 250 on inquiry card.

Mil stocks 'em allfor faster delivery.

Alk about our "QED "diicounti.VISA and MasterCard orders accepted.

MTI

VIDEO TERMINALS Price

VT100 DECscope_ $ 1595

VT132 DECtcope 1995

ADM 3A (dumb terminal) 595

ADM 5 (dumb with visual attributes) . 645

ADM 31 (two page buffer) 1095

ADM 32 (ergonomic ADM 31) *

ADM 42 (eight page buffer avail.) *

Tl 940 (two page buffer) 1795

Tl "Insight Series 10" personal term. .. 695

Hezeltine Executive 80 Model 20 1495

Hezeltine Executive 80 Model 30 1715

1410 (Hazeltine dumb terminal) 825

1420 (dumb terminels) 895

1421 (Consul 580 & ADM 3A comp.) . 850

1500 (dumb terminal) 1045

1510 (buffered) 1145

1520 (buffered, printer port) 1395

1552 (VT52 compatible) 1250

HazBltine Esprit 695

GRAPHICS TERMINALS

VT100 with graphics pkg 3250

VT 125 (DEC graphics) 3280

ADM 3A with graphics pkg 1795

ADM 5 with graphics pkg 1845

300 BAUD TELEPRINTERS

LA34-DA DECwriter IV 995

LA34-AA DECwriter IV 1095

LA36 DECwriter II 1095

Teletype 4310AAG 1045

Teletype 4320AAK 1195

Diablo 630 RO 2295

Diablo 1640 KSR 2775

Diablo 1650 KSR 2835

Tl 743 (portable) 1190

Tl 745 (port/built-in coupler) 1485

Tl 763 (port/bubble memory) 2545

Tl 765 lport/bubble/b.i. coupler) 2595

Tl "Insight Series 10/1" pers. term.... 695

600 BAUD TELEPRINTERS

Epson MX-80 645

Tl 825 KSR impact 1570

Tl 825 KSR pkg 1795

Tl 840 RO impact 895

Tl 840 KSR impact 1145

Tl 840 KSR pkg 1635

1200 BAUD TELEPRINTERS

Epson MX-100 995

LA 120 RA (receive only) 2095

LA 120 AA (forms package) 2295

Tl 783 (portable) 1645

Tl 785 (port/built-in coupler) 2270

Tl 787 (port/internal modem) 2595

Tl 810 RO impact 1545

Tl 810 RO pkg 1795

Tl 820 RO impact 1850

Tl 820 RO pkg 2025

Tl 820 KSR impact 2025

Tl 820 KSR pkg 2195

Lear Siegler 310 ballistic 1945

2400 BAUD

Dataproducts M200 (2400 baud) 2910

DATAPRODUCTS LINE PRINTERS

B300 (300 LPM band) 5260

B600 (600 LPM band) 6776

B900 (900 LPM band) 10220

BP1500 11500 LPM band) 19700

2230 (300 LPM drum) 8148

2260 (600 LPM drum) 9979

2290 (900 LPM drum) 13098

ACOUSTIC COUPLERS

A/J A242-A (300 baud orig) 242

A/J 247 1300 baud orig) 315

A/J 1234 (Vadic compatible) 795

Vadic VA 3413 1300/1200 orig) 845

Vadic VA 3434 (1200 baud orig) 845

MODEMS

GDC 103A3 (300 baud Bell) 395

GDC 202S/T (1200 baud Bell) 565

GDC 212-A (300/1200 beud Bell) 810

A/J 1256 (Vadic compatible) 825

V A 103 ( 300 baud modemphone) .... 235

VA 3451 (orig/ans triple modem) 885

VA 3455 (1200 beud orig/ans) 770

CASSETTE STORAGE SYSTEMS

Tachtran 816 (ttore/forward) 1050

Techtran 817 (store/for/speed up) 1295

Techtran 818 (editing) 1795

Techtran 822 (dual) 2295

FLOPPY DISK SYSTEMS

Techtran 950 (store/forward) 1396

Techtran 951 (editing) 1996

•Please call for quote

mti

Distributors, New York, New Jersey and Ohio.

NewYork:

516/482-3500,212/895-7177.518/449-5959

Outside N. Y.S.: 800/645-8016

New Jersey. 201/227-5552

V Ohio: 216/464-6688

284 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

System Notes.

Case

SwitchPressed

Background

SwitchHand

MatchingBar Side

Response is

O(black)000

0(left)

01 (right)

1

0(left)1 (right)

0

1

correctwrongwrongcorrect

5(grey)555

wrongcorrectcorrectwrong

9

0

0

0

wrong

10

0

0

1

correct

11

0

1

0

correct

12

I 0

1

1

wrong

13

I 5

0

0

correct

14

I 5

0

1

wrong

15

I 5

1

0

wrong

16

I 5

1

1

correct

If switch 0 is pressed, use: BG(KPOS) = 0 AND LR = LSW

ORBG(KPOS)*0 AND LR*LSW

If switch 1 is pressed, use: BG(KPOS) = 0 AND LR^LSW

ORBG(KPOS)*0 AND LR = LSW

Table 2: Truth table for the logic behind the BASIC expressions in lines 2680 and2710 of listing 1. For example, if switch 0 is pressed when in the right hand, andbackground is grey (meaning use the opposite hand), and the matching bar is on theleft (case 7), then this is the correct response.

Listing 1: The game of Left/Right. The program consists primarily of two nestedloops: line 1900 marks the beginning of a new game, while line 2000 is the start of anew play. The program is written in Apple II Integer BASIC and should not be toodifficult to implement on other machines. See table 3 for definitions of some of theBASIC commands peculiar to the Apple.

REM

LEFT/RIGHT

TRUCK SMITH 3/9^88

998

991 REM

992 REM999 REM

1888 REM _INITIALIZE

1818 DIM BS<4>#C(8>

1828 C< 1 >=1

1838 C(2>=2

1848 C<3>=4

1858 C(4>=9

1868 C<5>=13

1878 C«6>=3

1888 C';7";'=15

1898 CX8>=11

1188 SW8=-16287

1118 SH1=-16286

1128 TIHE=588

1138 HS=0

1439 REM

1498 REM PRINT INSTRUCTIONS

1588 TEXT

1518 CALL -936

1528 TAB 15

1538 PRINT "LEFT/RIGHT"

■1738

Listing 1 continued on page 286

Best prices anywhere !Now a Toil-Free "800"

COMPUTERS

NORTHSTARHORIZON II

HRZ-2-32DD,List $3695 CALL

HRZ-2-64DD, List $4195

HRZ-2-Q32, List $3995

HRZ-2Q64, Lisi $4495

NEW.. .NORTH STAR ADVANTAGE. CALL

DYIMABYTE

List Less 30%

ALTOS

PLEASE CALL FOR PRICES

SUPERBRAIN

ByINTERTEC

64KDD $2695

64K QD $2995

DSS-10MEG $3195

INTERTUBE $725

Emulator $725

CROMEMCO

CS2, List $4695.CS3, List $7995.

our price$3549our price $6349

datasystems

Z-89.... List

$2895

OUR PRICE

$2139

Intersystems CALL FOR PRICES

TERMINALS

TeleVideo

Televideo 910

$579

912C

$659

920C

.. $729

950

$945

SOROC

Soroc IQ120 $689

10.130 $579

IQ135 $719

IQ135w/g $789

IQ140 $1049

HAZELTINE

1420 CALL

1500 $789

1510 CALL

HAZELTINE ESPIRIT

ZENITH Z19 $719

Most items in stock lor immediate delivery Factory sealed cartons.w/tull factory warranty NYS residents add appropriate sales taxPrices do not include shipping. VISA and Master Charge add 3%C.0.0. orders require 25% deposit Prices subject to change withoutnotice

PRINTERS

m

CENTRONICS

739-1 $749

739-3 $799

704-11 parallel $1569

709-9 $1519

TI810

810 Basic $1289

810 Full Option $1599

820 RO Basic $1545

820 KSR Basic $1739

NEC 7510 $2395

7530 ■ $2395

Diablo 630 $2049

PaperTiger 445G $739

460 $799

460G $839

560G $1099

Epson CALL FOR PRICES

DISKSYSTEMS

MORROW

Discus 2D $849

Dual Discus 2D $1389

2 + 2 $1199

M-26 $3599

M-10 $2999

COMPUTERS WHOLESALE

P.O. Box 144 Camillus, N.Y. 13031

Circle 95 on inquiry card.

In N.Y. call 31S - 472-2582

Circle 294 on inquiry card.

SORT

EASIER

QUICKER

BETTER

WITH

MAGSORT

Now there is MAGSORT '", the first fullfeatured Sort/Select/Merge program spe-cifically designed to take the pain outof sorting.

EASIER

Interfacing MAGSORT to your CBASIC,Microsoft BASIC, Pascal/MT+, PL/1-80, orFortran-80 programs is a snap. Two simplestatements do it all. No dedicated memory,relocation, or special interfacing is required- not even in CBASIC.

And running MAGSORT stand alone isjust as simple. The easy-to-use utility pro-gram asks all the questions so you don'thave to remember a dictionary fullof commands.

QUICKER

MAGSORT is written in 8080/Z80assembler and uses a unique proprietarytechnique that allows the entire user mem-ory space to be utilized for buffering. Thisprovides the fastest possible sorting andoptimizes MAGSORT for large files.

BETTER

MAGSORT is better than super! Itsunmatched features make it the sort fortoday's sophisticated systems.

At $250, MAGSORT may cost a littlemore than some other sorts, but it quicklypays for itself with convenience, speedand versatility. And, like all MAG softwareproducts, MAGSORT includes our free oneyear support service.

ruiAG

Micro Applications Group Dept. 10120201 Sherman Way, Suite 205Canoga Park, CA 91306

Please send more information aboutMAGSORT today. □

I would like to know more about yourother programs too. D

Name .

. Title .

Address

City.

. State .

-Zip

CBASIC is a trademark ul Compiler Systems Pascal/Ml + is atrademark al MT Microsystems PL/I-BQ is .1 trademark ofDigital Research Fortran-80 is a trademark ol Micrusoll

System Notes.

1540

1556156915701588

1590

1S00

161016201630164016501660167016801690

1700

1710172017301999

1900

191019151920193019401950I9601970198019961995199619971999

20002010

2019202020302048205820602878207920802898

2100

2110211121122114211921202130213921402150

PRINl

PRINT "THE OBJECT OF THIS SOME IS TO SEE IF"

PRINT "VOLS KNOW V0UR LEFT FROM V0UR RI8HT."

PRINT

PRINT "THE COMPUTER WILL DRAW fl COLORED BOH"

PRINT "AND* AT THE BOTTOM OF THE SCREEN, THO"

PRINT "COLORED BARS. VOL! MUST DETERMINE"

PRINT "WHETHER THE LEFT OR RI8HT HAND BAR"

PRINT "HATCHES THE BOX'S COLOR AND PUSH THE"

PRINT "CORRESPONDIN6 BUTTON. HOHEUER, IF THE"

PRINT "BACKGROUND AROUND THE BOX IS BREY, VOU"

PRINT "MUST PUSH THE OTHER BUTTON."

PRINT

PRINT "THE ROUND CONTINUES UNTIL VOU HAKE A"

PRINT "MISTAKE OR THE TIMER RUNS OUT."

PRINT

PRINT "THE TIMER STARTS AT 588. IT DOES NOT"

PRINT "RUN WHILE THE COMPUTER IS DRAWINS."

PRINT

PRINT

REM ———

REM INITIALIZE FOR NEW PLAVER -1997

9C=0

THE 10

PRINT "WHEN VOU ARE READY"

PRINT "PRESS THE BUTTON IN VOUR LEFT HAND"

IF PEEK CSW8>>127 {HEN 1970

IF PEEK (SW1»127 THEN 1990

GOTO_194a

LSH=0

60T0 1995

LSW=1

8R

CALL -936

T=TIME

REM

REM CHOOSE MATCHINS COLOR -2818LR= RND C2>

REM

REM CHOOSE POSITION -2878

HP0S= RND <2>

X=5+HPOS*20

UP0S= RND C2>

V=i+UPQS*19

KPGS=HP0S*2+UP0S+1

REM

REM CHOOSE BACKGROUND -2118FOR 1=1 TO 4BGCI>= RND C2>*5NEXT I

REM

REM CHOOSE COLOR PAIR -2114LC= RND <7>+i

REM

REM SIMPLIFY -2338IF SC>26 THEN 2348

REM

REM SIMPLIFY COLOR -2168

IF SC HOD 6=8 THEN LK= RND <3>*2+l

Listing 1 continued on page 290

286 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Incorporated

hjcacccuuy

aruiausiceA/

a new generation

in data base

management technology

not limited

to relational, tabular,flat-tile structures

not limited

to hierarchical structures

not limited

to CODASYL networkstructures

The structures above are mere subsets of the capabilities of MDBS III.Far beyond these, MDBS III provides valuable innovations available in no other system!

Unprecedented POWER! FLEXIBILITY! PORTABILITY!

For serious application development, MDBS III offers major advantages in these seven key areas:

Available for Minis and Micros

Availability for numerous 8 and 16-bitmicros, as well as for minis, providesstandardized approach to data handling.

Allows extensive portability of applicationsystems.. .from the Z-80 to the PDP-11.

Extraordinary data structuring

Unmatched flexibility for relating records toeach other with ease.

Automatic data compression where desired.

Up to 255 record types per schema.

High-level query language

Automatically generates desired report ordata file with a single statement.

Language is English-like, non-procedural,and has report writing capabilities.

Extensive performance control

Gives application designer extensivecontrol over record placement... includesautomatic clustering and CALC features.

For highest performance, a streamlinedDML.. .over 20 host language interfacesavailable.

All processing is data-dictionary driven.

Data security and integrity

User passwords and optional dataencryption.

Comprehensive access code facility forautomatic security enforcement.

Automatic range checking.

Setting standards of excellence for data basesoftware.. .worldwide.

/MicroData HnscSystems, inc.

Box 248

Lafayette, Indiana 47902

317-448-1616/TWX 810-342-1881

Dealer/distributor/OEM inquiries invited.

True multi-user capabilities

Supports multiple concurrent users of thesame data base.

Supports both active and passive locking.

Automatic transaction logging

Automatically logs all transactions after lastback-up.

Selective restoration of data base in event of acrash.

Allows surveillance of user activities.

For the full story about the finestapplication development tool existingin the mini-micro world....call, write,or TWX us today!

□ Yes, please send me a copy of the MDBS III brochure.

□ Please send me the complete MDBS II manual set includingmanuals for MDBS III, RTL, QRS, and DMU plus tutorialmaterials. Check for $85.00 enclosed. (Indiana residents pleaseadd $3.40 for Indiana tax.)

Name

(Pi

print)

Title

CompanyAddress _

City _Phone

(State)

(Zip)

MAIL TO: Micro Data Base Systems, Inc.P.O. Box 248-BLafayette, IN 47902

Circle 255 on inquiry card.

gift of the futurtj- ■from BYTE Books

Siapcia's Oipcwit (Jellap

Inversions: A Catalog ofCalligraphic Cartwheels

by Scott Kim

Illusion...calligraphy...visualmagic — Scott Kim's new bookdelights the eye and enchantsthe mind. Filled with intriguingdesigns, words that read thesame right side up and upsidedown, words within words, andunexpected symmetries, thesecompositions create a fresh wayto look at the beauty of alpha-bets, mathematics and design.

ISBN 0-07-034546-5128 pages; softcover8.95

Digital Harmony

On the Complementary ofMusic and Visual Art

by John Whitney

Here we have a major new workthat explores a special union ofmusic and computer graphicsand defines a new frontier be-tween sight and sound, integrat-ing the two to create a new artform. Digital Harmony laysthe foundation for an audio-visual art made possible by com-puters. It is a must for all thoseinterested in art, music, video,film, computers, education, arti-ficial intelligence, psychology,and futurology.

ISBN 07-070015-X240 pages; hardcover21.95

BASIC ScientificSubroutines, Vols. Iand II

Valuable programs forprofessional and hobbyist

by Fred R. Ruckdeschel

Designed for the engineer, scien-tist, experimenter, and student,this series presents a completescientific subroutine package fea-turing routines written in bothstandard Microsoft and NorthStar BASIC.

• Volume I covers plotting, com-plex variables, vector and matrixoperation, random number gen-eration, and series approxima-tions.

• Volume II includes least-squares approximation, specialpolynomial functions, approxi-mating techniques, optimization,roots of functions, interpolation,differentiation, and integration.

Volume I

ISBN 0-07-054201-5

336 pages; hardcover

19.95

Volume II

ISBN 0-07-054202-3

800 pages; hardcover

23.95

Threaded InterpretiveLanguages

How to implement FORTH onyourZ80

by Ronald Loeliger

This book develops an interac-tive, extensible language withspecific routines for the ZilogZ80 microprocessor. With thecore interpreter, assembler, anddata type defining words coveredin the text, it is possible to de-sign and implement programsfor almost any application andequivalent routines for differentprocessors.

ISBN 0-07-038360-X272 pages; hardcover18.95

The Brains of Men andMachines

Human models for computerdesign

by Ernest W. Kent

In this rare book, the ever-in-creasing relationship betweenman and machine is freshly ex-amined — a relationship, Kentconcludes, that is being restudiedin the light of man's own neuro-logical self-image. The Brainsof Men and Machines "dis-sects" the brain to provide newinsights into computer designand artificial intelligence.

ISBN 0-07-034123-0304 pages; hardcover15.95

MicrocomputerStructures

Digital electronics, logic designand computer architecture

by Henry D'Angelo

Microcomputer Structuresintroduces computer users withlittle or no background in digitalhardware to the basic structuresused in microcomputer designand interfacing. As a resourceand textbook, this book will as-sist programmers and systemanalysts, engineers and scien-tists, managers and students. In-structor's Manual is alsoavailable.

ISBN 0-07-015294-2

394 pages; hardcover

18.95

Instructor's Manual

ISBN 0-07-015298-5

101 pages; softcover

8.95

Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar,Vols. I and II

Practial uses for homecomputers

by Steve Ciarcia

Imaginative and practical,Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar intwo volumes details a variety ofmicrocomputer projects. You'llfind them to be a collection ofthe best articles from the popu-lar series in BYTE magazine.

• Volume I includes D/A conver-sion, programming EPROMs, ACremote controlled appliances,digitized speech, touch inputvideo display.

• Volume II covers projects suchas building a computer-con-trolled home security system,computerizing appliances, trans-mitting digital information overa beam of light, input/output ex-pansion for the TRS-80.

Volume I

ISBN 0-07-010960-5

125 pages; softcover

8.00

Volume II

ISBN 0-07-010963-X

224 pages; softcover

12.95

Circle 469 on inquiry card.

Build Your Own Z80Computer

Design Guidelines andApplication Notes

by Steve Ciarcia

For the engineer, computertechnician, student, and anyoneinterested in building a com-puter rather than buying one,this practical guide shows how tobuild a working computer basedon the Zilog Z80 microprocessor.Each computer subsystem is ful-ly explained and supported byproven design and testing infor-mation.

ISBN 0-07-010962-1330 pages; softcover15.95

Beyond Games: SystemsSoftware for Your 6502Personal Computer

Creating programs for theApple, Atari, Challenger andPET computers

by Kenneth Skier

At last, a complete programmingguidebook. A self-containedcourse in structured program-ming and top-down design, thisbook presents a powerful set oftools for building an extendedmonitor, disassembler, hexadeci-mal dump routine and texteditor programs.

ISBN 0-07-057860-5440 pages; softcover14.95

Beginner's Guide forthe UCSD PascalSystem

The most popular Pascal ver-sion explained by its creator

by Kenneth L. BowlesWritten by the originator of theUCSD Pascal System, this infor-mative book is an orientationguide to the System. For thenovice, this book steps throughthe System, bringing the user toa sophisticated level of expertise.Once familiar with the System,the reader will find the Guide aninvaluable reference tool forcreating advanced applications.

ISBN 0-07-006745-7204 pages; softcover11.95

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Add 75c per book to cover shipping costs:

'.'il^Total

ORDER TOLL FREE 800/258-5420

sail

JZ

MODEMS

All Modems connect to anyRS232 Computer or Terminal!

1200 Baud and 300 Baud-Bell 212A

Style. Penril 300/1200 $779

Originate/answer/auto-answer. Full duplex.RS232. Phone line connection via standardphone jack. 1 yr. warranty.Auto-dial option $350

300 Baud Phone Link $179

Originate/answer.Sleek,low profile. 15ozs. Half/full duplex. Self test. RS232. Light displays forOn Carrier. Test, Send&Receive Data. 1 yr.warranty.

300 Baud. USR-330D $339

Originate/answer/auto-answer. Phone lineconnection via standard jack. 1 yr. warranty.

300 Baud. USR-330A $399

Same as USR-330D PLUS Auto-Dial. Call forquote and technical information on higherspeed modems and miltiplexors.

Printing Terminals

The new generation of printing terminalsfrom General Electric.30/60CPS.GETerminet2030 .... $929

110/300/60/1200 Baud. User selectable linesper inch and chars, per inch. True descendersand underlining. Up to 217 cols, per line. Top ofform, vert, and hor. tabs. Friction feed std.,tractor feed opt. Answerback. 1 yr. warranty onparts. Nationwide servicing. Extremely com-pact. 15 in. paper. Only 22 lbs. Built in text editorwith 16k text editor optional. SUPERIOR TO DECLA34AA at lower cost.120/150 CPS.

GE Terminet 2120 $1,699

Housed in same compact package as the 2030with all the features of the 2030 PLUS 150 char,per. sec. print rate.Letter Quality. NEC 7720

KSR with keyboard $2,695

55 CPS. RS232 and Centronics parallel. Inter-changeable print thimbles for a wide variety ofperfect, letter quality output.

CRT's

Televideo (Lear Seigler, Hazeltine

and ADDS equivalent) $584 M^ „__

24 x 80. RS232. Numeric keypad. Non-glare , ■ Ittlf

screen. Printer Port. Function keys. '

Televideo 950 $959

Green, Non-glare screen. RS232. Detachablekeyboard. Advanced editing with wraparound.Smooth scrolling. 15 baud rates. Protectedfields. Underlining. Split screen. Fully program-mable function keys. 15 graphics characters.Self test. 25th status line. Buffered printer port.14 x 10 high resolution character display. Tilta-ble screen. Nationwide service from GeneralElectric.

Televideo 912C... $759

Televideo 920C....S792Visual Technology-Visual 100

(DEC VT100 Emulator) $1,399

All the features of the DEC VT100 INCLUDINGAdvanced Video Features and Non-glarescreen. ' .

Printers

OKIDATA Mircroline 82A. 120 CPS.

80/132 Columns per line $529

User selectable char. Sizes. Top-of-form bi-direc-tional. Short line seeking print techniques forgreater throughput. RS232 & Centronics parrellelinterfaces.

Letter Quality, NEC 7710 RO... $2,395Same features as the 7720KSR listed above butwithout keyboard.

Letter Quality, NEC 3510 RO... $1,499Like the 7710 RO but 30 CPS.

VISA/MASTERCARD Accepted. Corporation and In-stitution purchase orders accepted. Leasing ratesavailable on request. All equipment is shipped with a10-day money back guarantee. We otter full service,on-site maintenance plans on all equipment. All equip-ment in stock.

U.S. ROBOTICS inc.

1 >l )3 N WABASH RALES (313) 3-4B-b65n

SLJITE I7IB GENERAL OFFICES !3I3) 34S-5S5I

CHICAGO, ILL 60S01 SERVICE 1313)733-0497

346-5651733-0497

System Notes,

21692169217921802190219922002210*220

2230224022502260227022802290

2300

23102320

2330233923402350236023702380239024002410242024302440245024592460247024802490250025092510252025302540

LC=LK

REH

REM SIHPLIFV POSITION -2190

IF SCX18 THEN V=9

IF SCO THEN X=15

REH

REH SIHPLIFV BACKGROUND -2330

IF SC>2 THEN 2260

FOR 1=1 TO 4

BG<I>=0

NEXT I

60T0 2340

IF SOU THEN

FOR 1=2 TO 4

BG<I>=BG<1>

NEXT I

GOTO 2348

IF SO20 THEN

B6<:2>=BG<1>

BG<4>=66<3>

REH

2310

2340

REH DRAW SCREEN -2550

REH DRAW BACKGROUND -2450

FOR 1=0 TO 19

COLOR=BGC1>

ULIN 0,18 AT 19-1

C0L0R=BG<:2>

ULIN 19,37 AT 19-1

C0L0R=BG(3>

ULIN 0,18 AT 20+1

C0L0R=BG<4)

ULIN 19,37 AT 20+1

NEXT I

REH

REH DRAW BARS -2500COLOR=C<LC>HLIN 5,16 AT 39COLOR=tXLC+l>HLIN 25,36 AT 39

REH

REH DRAW BOX -2550COLOR=C(LC+LR)FOR 1=0 TO 16HLIN X,X+11 AT V+INEXT I

2559 REH

256a25802590260026102620263026402650266026692670 REH

REH WAIT -2660

UTAB 22

TAB 30

PRINT Ti" "

IF PEEK >CSW0J>>127 THEN 2670

IF PEEK CSW1»127 THEN 2700

T=T-1

IF T>0 THEN 2560

PRINT "THE CLOCK RAN OUT"

GOTO 2740

REH

SWITCH 0 -2690

Listing 1 continued on page 292

290 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 417 on Inquiry card.

CQMPLITRQNICS

C.

EVERYTHING FOR YOUR TRS-80* • ATARI* • APPLE* • PET*

TRS-80 is a trademark of the Radio Shack Division of Tandy Corp. - 'ATARI is a trademark of Atari Inc. - 'Apple is a trademark of Apple Corp. - 'Pet is a trademark of Commodore

BUSINESS PAC 100

Software

100 Ready-To-RunBusiness Programs

(ON CASSETTE OR DISKETTE) Includes 110 Page Users Manual 5 Cassettes (Or Diskettes)

Inventory Control Payroll Bookkeeping System Stock Calculations

Checkbook Maintenance Accounts Receivable....Accounts Payable

USINESS 100 PROGRAM LIST

1 RCILE78 Interest Apportionment by Rule of the 78s

2 ANNUI Annuity computation program

3 DATE Time between dates

4 DAYYEAR Day of year a particular date falls on

5 LEASE1NT Interest rate on lease

6 BREAKEVM Breakeven analysis

7 DEPRSL StraightJine depreciation

8 DEPRSY Sum of the digits depreciation

9 DEPRDB Declining balance depreciation

10 DEPRDDB Double declining balance depreciation

I I TAXDEP Cash flow vs. depreciation tables

12 CHECK2 Prints NEBS checks along with daily register

13 CHECKBKI Checkbook maintenance program

14 MORTGAGE/A Mortgage amortization table

15 MULTMON Computes time needed for money to double, triple,

16 SALVAGE Determines salvage value of an investment

1 7 RRVARIN Rate of return on investment with variable inflows

18 RRCONST Rate of return on investment with constant inflows

19 EFFECT Effective interest rate of a loan

20 FVAL Future value of an investment (compound interest)

21 PVAL Present value of a future amount

22 LOAMPAY Amount of payment on a loan

23 REGWTTH Equal withdrawals from investment to leave 0 over

24 SIMPDISK Simple discount analysis

25 DATEVAL Equivalent & nonequivalent dated values for oblig.

26 ANNUDEF Present value of deferred annuities

27 MARKUP % Markup analysis for items

28 SINKFUND Sinking fund amortization program

29 BONDVAL Value of a bond

30 DEPLETE Depletion analysis

31 BLACKSH Black Scholes options analysis

32 STOCVAL1 Expected return on stock via discounts dividends

33 WARVAL Value of a wan-ant

34 BONDVAL2 Value of a bond

35 EPSEST Estimate of future earnings per share for company

36 BETAALPH Computes alpha and beta variables for stock

37 SHARPE1 Portfolio selection model-i.e. what stocks to hold

38 OPTWRITE Option writing computations

39 RTVAL Value of a right

40 EXPVAL Expected value analysis

41 BAYES Bayesian decisions

42 VALPRINF Value of perfect information

43 VALADINF Value of additional information

44 UTILITY Derives utility function

45 SIMPLEX Linear programming solution by simplex method

46 TRAMS Transportation method for linear programming

47 EOQ Economic order quantity inventory model

48 QCIECJE1 Single server queueing (waiting line) model

49 CVP Cost-volume-profit analysis

50 CONDPROF Conditional profit tables

51 OPTLOSS Opportunity loss tables

52 FQUOQ Fixed quantity economic order quantity model

NAME DESCRIPTION

53 FQEOWSH As above but with shortages permitted

54 FQEOQPB As above but with quantity price breaks

55 QUEUECB Cost-benefit waiting line analysis

56 NCFAMAL Met cash-flow analysis for simple investment

57 PROF1ND Profitability index of a project

58 CAP! Cap. Asset Pr. Model analysis of project

Circle 177 on Inquiry card.

59 WACC Weighted average cost of capital

60 COMPBAL True rate on loan with compensating bal. required

61 DISCBAL True rate on discounted loan

62 MERGAMAL Merger analysis computations

63 FIMRAT Financial ratios for a finn

64 MPV Met present value of project

65 PRIMDLAS Laspeyres price index

66 PRIMDPA Paasche price index

67 SEASIMD Constructs seasonal quantity indices for company

68 TIMETR Time series analysis linear trend

69 TIMEMOV Time series analysis moving average trend

70 FUPRINF Future price estimation with inflation

71 MAILPAC Mailing list system

72 LETWR1 Letter writing system-links with MAILPAC

73 SORT3 Sorts list of names

74 LABEL I Shipping label maker

75 LABEL2 Maine label maker

76 BUSBUD DOME business bookkeeping system

77 TIMECLCK Computes weeks total hours from timeclock info.

78 ACCTPAY In memory accounts payable system-storage permitted

79 INVOICE Generate invoice on screen and print on printer

80 INVENT2 In memory inventoiy control system

81 TELDIR Computerized telephone directory

82 T1MUSAM Time use analysis

83 ASSIGN Use of assignment algorithm for optimal job assign.

84 ACCTREC In memory accounts receivable system-storage ok

85 TERMSPAY Compares 3 methods of repayment of loans

86 PAYNET Computes gross pay required for given net

87 SELLPR Computes selling price for given after tax amount

88 ARBCOMP Arbitrage computations

89 DEPRSF Sinking fund depreciation

90 UPSZONE Finds UPS zones from zip code

91 ENVELOPE Types envelope including return address

92 AUl"OEXP Automobile expense analysis

93 INSF1LE Insurance policy file

94 PAYROLL2 In memoiy payroll system

95 DILANAL Dilution analysis

96 LOANAFFD Loan amount a borrower can afford

97 RENTPRCH Purchase price for rental property

98 SALELEAS Sale-leaseback analysis

99 RRCONVBD Investor's rate of return on convertable bond100 PORTVAL9 Stock market portfolio storage-valuation program

D CASSETTE VERSIOND DISKETTE VERSIOND TRS-80* MODEL II VERSION

$99.95

$99.95

$149.95

ADD $3.00 FOR SHIPPING IN UPS AREASADD $4.00 FOR C.O.D. OR NON-UPS AREASADD $5.00 OUTSIDE U.S.A. CANADA & MEXICO

<800>«%%

•CGMPuirRQNICS

h^ATVCfvlATOtti. APR_JCLATCjrjS «»./*-£ "

50 N. PASCACK ROADSPRING VALLEY, NEW YORK 10977

HOUROA ORDERC* LINE

(914) 425-1535

System Notes.

268926902699270027102719272027302739274©275027602770278027902799288628102820283028402850

IF (B6CKPO5>=0 AND LR=LSH) OR <BG<KPOS>#0 AND LR#LSH> THEN 2800bOTO 2720

REH

REH SWITCH 1 -2720

IF CB6CKPOS>=0 AND LR#LSW> OR <BG<KPDS>#0 AND LR=LSW> THEH 2800

REM

REM WRONG -2730

PRINT "SORRV - WRONG BUTTON"

REM

REH DELAY -2790

IF HS<SC THEN HS=SC

PRINT "YOUR SCORE ";SC;" HIGH SCORE "jHS;" TIME "iT

FOR 1=1 TO 400

NEXT I

GOTO 1900

REH

REH RIGHT -2850

SC=SC+1

UTflB 22

TAB 10

PRINT SCi" "

GOTO 2000

Text continued from page 278:

screen; the bars at the bottom change color. Suddenly,you are confronted with a screen that is half grey and halfblack. The box is on the screen's black side, so you ten-tatively press the button for the bar that matches the box.Correct again; the game continues.

In this version of the game, play ensues until you makea mistake or until the time runs out (about 30 seconds).Your score is the number of correct answers. The highestscore yet attained is 42 points.

When your turn is finished, you hand the push buttonsto the next player. Mixing them up makes no difference,since the program automatically determines which switchis in your left hand.

I dreamed up the game and wrote the original programfor my Apple II in one weekend. I tried it and then intro-duced it to my wife, who promptly topped my best score.

I immediately reprogrammed the game to make itharder. I added the grey background, cut the screen firstin half and then in quarters, and changed the bars' colorsafter every point. My wife's continued winning streakhighlighted the futility of further changes.

I can no longer demonstrate the program because myscores are too low to exhibit all of its features. My wifehas assumed the task of demonstration.

The game is easily learned, but not readily mastered.The rules are more easily demonstrated than described.Concentration and quick reactions to a complex set ofstimuli are needed for a high score.

The Trance

To p/ay the game well, you must turn a conscious,well-considered response into a subconscious one. Youmust then avoid thinking about the individual responses.

292 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

The phenomenon of perseveration, and the level of logicinvolved in the correct decision, add to the difficulty.

Perseveration is the tendency to continue with thesame response, regardless of the display. If the programgives you five 'lefts" in succession, your tendency is toreact with a left for the next response. This forces yourcontinued attention to the game; it is my hunch that thisis an important factor in invoking the trance state.

The level of logic insures that the responses are notsimple. The first level occurs in the matching process; thesecond occurs in the reversal of handedness requiredwhen the background is grey. The logic could be deep-ened still a third level, through random changes in thebox's shape (to a cross, for instance) to require yetanother reversal of handedness.

The trance state originates in the combined effects ofthese phenomena. The need for decisions makes constantattention essential, and the decisions are too complicatedto be left to natural reactions. An interesting experimentwould have the level of logic continue to deepen until atrance was no longer invoked. (It may be impossible,either with this game or in general.) I will discuss this andother possible modifications after discussing the programitself.

The Program

The original version of the program evolved naturallyom mv erven situation:

from my given situation:

•I had an apple II, which could draw all sorts of coloredpictures on my TV screen.

•The Apple II comes with two push-button switches.•I knew I wanted to write a real-time computer game.

Text continued on page 298Tables and listings continue on pages 294-296

THE ORIGINAL MAGAZINE FOROWNERS OF THE TRS-80™* MICROCOMPUTER

* TRS-80" IS A TRADEMARK OF TANDY CORP.

SOFTWARE

FOR TRS-80"

OWNERS

H

CQMPUTRQNICS

MONTHLY|| NEWSMAGAZINEFOR TRS-80"

c.

OWNERS

MONTHLY NEWSMAGAZINE

Practical Support For Model I, II & III

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSBUSINESS

GAMBLING • GAMESEDUCATIONPERSONAL FINANCEBEGINNERS CORNERNEW PRODUCTSSOFTWARE EXCHANGEMARKET PLACEQUESTIONS AND ANSWERSPROGRAM PRINTOUTS AND MORE

NOW IN OUR 4th YEAR

PROGRAMS AND ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN RECENT ISSUESINCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:

• FINCALC • A COMPLETE FINANCIAL APPLICATIONS PACKAGE

• INFORMATION SYSTEM REVIEW

• STATISTICAL COMBINATIONS

• PASCAL'S TRIANGLE

• ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE FOR BEGINNERS

• DISK FILES

• MOD-III REVIEW

• KEYBOARD THUNDER AND LIGHTING EXPLAINED

• DOS COMMANDS IN LEVEL II

• PROBABILITY CURVE GENERATOR

• CALCULATOR SIMULATIONS

• THE MEGABYTE GAP

• STOCKS AND BONDS

• BUDGET ANALYSIS (FOR BUSINESS AND HOME)

• NEWDOS/80 REVIEW

• DUTCHING • THE HORSE SYSTEM THAT CAN'T LOSE

• A SIMULATED GOLF GAME

• CONTINUOUS FORM SOURCES

• TAX/SAVER REVIEW AND MORE

0tS^

•k ^ vk FINCALC

•* -^O^ -*-\0^ >»Sui»^JL*S^£»lt^uS^J A Complete Financial Analysis Package Used

■* osC^ To Calculate Markup, Margin, Annuities, Compound Interest, Nominal

S*^ O^ And Effective Rates, Sinking Funds, Mortgage Calculations, Future Value,

_^r^]M" Savings and Insurance, Percentage Difference Between Two Numbers,

•* Amortization Schedule and More

SEND FOR OUR NEW 64 PAGE SOFTWARE CATALOG (INCLUDING LISTINGS OF HUNDREDS OF TRS-80'" PROGRAMS AVAILABLE ONCASSETTE AND DISKETTE). $2.00 OR FREE WITH EACH SUBSCRIPTIONS OR SAMPLE ISSUE

* All programs are supplied on cassette (add $3 for Diskette Version - add $5 for modified Mod-II Version).

iCQmPJTRQMCS

iwaTvewvrcAi. apcvejvtons se«=»vce"

50 N. PASCACK ROADSPRING VALLEY, NEW YORK 10977

ONE YEAR SUBSCRIPTION $24

TWO YEAR SUBSCRIPTION $48

SAMPLE OF LATEST ISSUE $ 4

START MY SUBSCRIPTION WITH ISSUE

(#1 - July 1978 • #12 • June 1979 • #24 - July 1980 ■NEW SUBSCRIPTION RENEWAL

NEW TOLL-FREE

ORDER LINE

(OUTSIDE OF N.Y. STATE)

(800) 431-2818

HOUR24 ORDERLINE

(914) 425-1535

#30 - January 1981)

CREDIT CARD NUMBER.SIGNATURE

_EXP. DATE_

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ADDRESS.

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*** ADD $12/YEAR (CANADA, MEXICO) - ADD $24/YEAR AIR MAIL - OUTSIDE OF U.S.A., CANADA & MEXICO ***

Circle 176 on inquiry card. BYTE December 1981 293

System Notes.

Listing 2: Variable cross-references to the program in listing 1.

B6- 1810 2100 2230 2230 2280 2320 2320 2330 2330 2370 2330 2410 2430 2680 2680

2710 271a

C- 1010 1020 1030 1043 1050 1063 1070 1080 1030 2470 2430 2520

HPOS- 2030 2040 2070

HS- 1130 2750 2750 2760

I- 2030 2100 2110 2220 2230 2240 2270 2280 2233 2360 2380 2400 2420 2440 24502530 2543 2550 2770 2780

KPOS- 2070 2680 2688 2718 2710

LC- 2114 2i60 2470 2433 2520

LK*- 2158 2163

LR- 2810 2520 2680 2880 2710 2710

LSW- 1378 1330 2680 2688 2718 2710

SO 1910 2138 2150 2188 2133 2213 2268 2318 2758 2750 2760 2818 2818 2848

SH8- 1100 1343 2610

BW1- 1118 1350 2628

T- 1337 2680 2630 2630 2640 2768

TIME- 1128 1337

yPOS- 2350 2060 2070

K- 2040 2133 2540 2540

V- 2060 2180 2548

wabasK

When it conies to

Flexible Disks, nobody

does it better than

Wabash.

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#741 1 side/dbl dens 35.80

#743 2 sides/dbl dens 43.60

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C.O.R. Systems Inc.Controlled Data Recording Systems. Inc.7667 Vickers St.. San Diego. CA 92111

Circle 333 on Inquiry card.

Circle 230 on Inquiry card.

Circle 55 on Inquiry card.

ATTENTION

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Our extensive testing has provedthat the Bytewriter-1 interfacesproblem-free to the TRS-80, theApple II and the Atari 400 and 800.

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TRS-80 is a trademark of Radio Shack, Div.

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of Atari, Inc.MX-80 is a trademark of

Epson America, Inc.

Jlrcle 272 on Inquiry card

FEATURES

BYTEWRITER-1

EPSON MX-804

Print speed

60 lines per minute

46 lines per minute

Paper feed

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Ribbon

fepectancy

Dimensions

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System Notes

Graphics Commands

GR — Clears screen and sets low-resolution graphics mode; a 40 by 40 array of "bricks," with four lines of text at the bottom of the screen.Coordinates run from the upper left-hand corner: 0,0 is the upper left-hand corner; 0,39 the lower \e1Wnand corner;39,0 upper right; and 39,39 lower right.

-1

CALL - 936 — Clears text area of screen.

VLIN A,B AT C — Draws a vertical line of bricks from A to B at the column specified by C.HLIN A,B AT C — Same as VLIN, but draws a horizontal line.

COLOR = I — Sets color used for plotting until next COLOR = I is encountered. Values for I are as follows:

1 red 9 orange

blue

purple

green

1113

15

pink

yellow

white

Other Commands

VTAB N — Vertical tab to row N on the screen before printing.

TAB N — Horizontal tab to column N on the screen. This is a command, not a function, as in most BASICS.

PEEK(- 16287) — Ascertains if switch 0 has been pushed. If it has, the value returned is greater than 127; otherwise, it is less.

PEEK(- 16286) — Same as PEEK(- 16287), but for switch 1.

RND(N) — Returns a random integer between 0 and N -1.

Apple II Integer BASIC variable names may be of any length.

Table 3: An explanation of some of the Apple Integer BASIC commands which may not be available on other microcomputers-useful when implementing the game of Left/Right on another machine.

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296 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 102 on Inquiry card.

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SVA has delivered 2000 cards and systems on timewith the applications and assistance to suppotf them!

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BYTE December 1981

297

System Notes

I was playing with a program that moved boxes aroundon the screen when I got the idea for the Left/Right game.

Writing the program was fairly simple; most of mytime went into the display design, the choice of variousparameters, and, of course, the complications.

As I added complications for the player, the programgrew more complicated—to the point where I rewrote itentirely for this article. Writing the program for the com-plicated case and then simplifying for low scores is actu-ally easier. Table 1 shows the complications built into theprogram. As you can see, there is a symmetry to the com-plications, with a new one added roughly every thirdplay. The symmetry would be more complete if the barschanged color only when the score equaled 6 modulo 9;but that did not produce color changes often enough tosatisfy my intuitive sense of play.

Choosing colors to use was a project in itself. As longas the score is less than 27, the colors come in reasonablepairs (red/blue, green/orange, yellow/purple). After 27,not only is a new pair of colors added (pink/white), butthe old colors can appear in new and harder pairs.

Listing 1 is the Apple II Integer BASIC program ofLeft/Right. Lines 1000 to 1730 initialize a few variablesand print the instructions, while line 1900 begins the pro-gram proper. From 1900 to 1997, I set the score to zero,

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determine which switch is in the player's left hand, andclear the screen.

Lines 2000 to 2114 set up the general (complicated)case, choosing which bar the box will match, where thebox will be, what quarters of the background will begrey, and what colors will be used. Lines 2120 to 2330simplify the situation for low scorers like me. Thesimplifications are made according to table 1 (page 278.)

From line 2340 to 2550,1 draw the screen: background,bars, and box. Then, from line 2560 to the end, I wait forthe player to push either switch, determine whether it isright or wrong, and add one to the score or end the game.

Since the logic gets confusing at the program's end, Ihave provided a flowchart of the program in figure 1,with an emphasis on the last lines. Other than at the end,the program is basically two nested loops; the outer loopbegins at line 1900 with each new game, and the innerloop starts at line 2000 for each play.

Table 2 is a truth table for the logic behind the expres-sions in lines 2680 and 2710, which test for correctness ofplayer response. For those of you implementing this gameon a machine other than an Apple, I have summarizedthe Apple graphic and other special commands in table 3.

Additions

Several possible changes suggest themselves. You canchange the timing, eliminate it entirely, or time eachpoint. You can increase the number of colors or dividethe screen up into more areas. You can use shapes otherthan a box, or letters and words, with or without addinganother level to the logic as I just discussed. Lacking acomputer with color capability, you can base the gameon shapes rather than colored bars.

A challenging modification for the player and the pro-grammer would have the box move. To press the appro-priate switch, a player would have to remember wherethe box started.

To increase the time limit for each player, modify line1120. To eliminate the timing entirely, delete line 2630.To time each point, move line 1997 to 2570.

The number of colors may be increased by changing thedimension of C in line 1010 and increasing the argumentsto the RND function in lines 2114 and 2150. Note thatline 2150 is deliberately constructed to use fewer colorsthan are available. Also, since lines 2114 and 2150 choosethe color pair, the maximum value allowed for LC is oneless than the number of array elements. A particularlyfiendish modification would use the various shades ofblue which are available on the Apple as possible ele-ments of color pairs. The box is drawn in lines 2510 to2550; to change its shape, modify this code.

Summary

A fun game, it has been a party favorite. It's a greatdemonstration. Watching an experienced player (like mywife) run up a high score is just part of the fun. ■

298 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 330 on Inquiry card.

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BYTE December 1981

299

Atari is hot Ste

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5V«" DISKETTES

10/S59.00

Part*

Sides/Density Sectoring

Price

MEM 3401

1/Single Soft

10/S25 00

Parts

Sides/Densily Sectoring

Price

MEM 3403

1/Single Hard 10

10/S25.00

MD1

1/Single Soft

10/S39.00

MEM 3405

1/Single Hard 16

10/S25.00

MD2D

2/Double Soft

1O/S6500

MH1

1/Single Hard 16

10/S39.00

8" DISKETTES

MH2D

2/Double Hard 16

10/565.00

Parts

Sides/Density Sectoring

Price

8" DISKETTES

MEM 3060MEM 3101

1/Single Soft2/Single Soft

10/S35.0010/S45.00

Parts

Sides/Density Sectoring

Price

MEM 3090

1/Double Soft

10/S45.00

FD1-128

1/Single Soft

10/S45.00

MEM 3102

2/Double Soft

10/S55.00

FH1-32

1/Single Soft 32

10/S45.00

OYSAN

FD2-XD

2/Double Soft

10/565.00

5V." DISKETTES

SRW

Part #

Sides/Densily Sectoring

Price

MEDIA STORAGE CASES

D-0130

1/Single Soft

10/S45.00

Parts

Size

Price

0-0226

1/Double Soft

10/S46.00

SRW-5

5W

$2.50 ea.

D-0235

2/Double Soft

10/S55.00

SRW-8

8"

S3.25 ea

MICROBYTE Z-80A/

MICROBYTE 4-PORT

I/O CPU BOARD

I/O BOARD

• A complete single board ZBOA CPU withserial/parallel interface

• Fully compatible with the proposed IEEE S-100 Bus Standard

• Z80A CPU (4MHz version of the Z80)

$329.00Assemb|ed & Tested

Oplional Monitor Program S30.00

MICROBYTE 64K DYNAMICRAM BOARD

• Fully S-100 bus compatible

• 64K x 8 bit dynamic RAM

• Low power:•8VDC @ 700 mA•16VDC @ 100 mA-16VDC @ 25 mA

• Built-in capacity with LED indicator andvector interrupt

• Quad RS-232C serial ports. One 20 mAcurrent loop port

• Fully IEEE S-100 Bus compatible

• Asynchronous Communications withZ80A-DART(TM) or synchronous commu-nications with Z80A-SI0/0(TM)

• Full set of modem control signals,including Rl (Ring Indicator)

• Easily configurable to any type of terminalinterface

2265.00 Assembled 8. TestedCables Available (Optional)

MICROBYTE FLOPPY DISKCONTROLLER

• DMA to within 16 Mbyte of memory

• State-of-the-art NEC765 LSI Controller-

• IEEE S-100 compatible

• DMA arbitration allows use of multipleboards within a system

EXPANDORAM

16K

$240.00

2 MHz DYNAMIC

32K

$258.00

RAM BOARD

48K

$276.00

KITS

64K

$294.00

EXPANDORAM II

16K

$250.00

4 MHz DYNAMIC

32K

$268.00

RAM BOARD

48K

$286.00

KITS

64K

S3O4.0O

SBC-100 KIT 2.5 MHz/Z80 CPU with Serial I/OPorts & SBC 100 Monitor of your choice at

no charge $299.00

SBC-200 KIT 4 MHZ/Z80A CPU with Serial &Parallel I/O Ports & SBC 200 Monitor of your

choice at no charge $325.00

VERSAFLDPPYI KIT Disk Controller for 5V." or 8"Drives. Single or Double Sided/Single or Double

Density. S-100 Compatible $250.00

VERSAFLDPPY II KIT Disk Controller for 5V<" or 8"Drives, Single or Double Sided/Single or Double

Density, S-100 Compatible $300.00

PROM 100 KIT S-100/EPROM PROGRAMMER for

2708, 2716, 2732 & (Tl) 2516 $190.00

ALL BOARDS ARE AVAILABLE ASSEMBLED &TESTED. CALL FOR PRICES.

Printers

Okidata Dot Matrix Printer

82A — 80 column printer

Throughput @ 80 characters per line: 76 lines

per minute

Print Speed: 120 CPS

83A —136 column printer

Throughput @ 136 characters per line: 47 lines

per minute

Print Speed: 120 CPS

Centronics & RS232C interfaces standard on both

models

The Epson MX-80

80 Column Dot Matrix PrinterPRINTING CHARACTERISTICS

Character set: full 90-character ASCII with

descenders.

Graphics characters: 64 block characters

INTERFACES

Standard: Centronics-style 8-bit parallel

Optional: Apple, TRS-80, RS 232

NEW

MX80 FT/Friction Feed

MX-100/132 Column

CALL FOR PRICE & DELIVERY

SEP

AEI-1 W/Cable S69.95

• Standard Interface

• Compatible with Epson & Okidata printers

• On-board firmware (2708)

• Optional cables: $25.00

• AEC-2/Atari to Epson printer

• TREC-2/TRS-80 to Epson/Okidata printer

• RSC-1/RS232 (male to male)

Serial Interlace SEI-1 $55.00

• Asynchronous 300.1200. 2400 or 9600 BPS

• Compatible with Epson printers

• 75 to 9600 BPS

Manufacturer/Model S Price

Anacom-150 $ 995.00

Anadex-9501 $1295.00

Diablo-630R0 $2300.00

C.ltohStarwriter 45 $1925.00

Texas lnstruments-810 $1650.00

Modems

Manufacturer Model S

Novation CAT

Novation d-CAT

Novation Auto-Cat

Price$ 149.00S 160.00$ 229.00

Lexicon

Lex-11

$ 139.00

Livermore

UV-Star20M

$ 149.00

UDS

UDS 103

$ 189.00

UDS

UDS 202

$295.00

Monitors

Manufacturer

Model«

Price

Amdek

100/12" B&W

$ 139.00

Amdek

100-80

$ 169.00

Amdek

10DG/12" Grn.

S 169.00

Amdek

Color-1 13"

$ 375.00

APF

TVM-10/10" B&W

$ 149.00

Hitachi

VM 910/9" B&W

$ 210.00

Hitachi

VM 129/12" B&W

S 340.00

Sanyo

DM 5012/12" B&W

$ 270.00

Sanyo

DM 5112ex/12" Grn.

S 290.00

Sanyo

DM C6013/13" Color

S 475.00

Zenith

ZVM-121/12"Grn.

S 129.00

Terminals

Manufacturer

Model«

Price

Ampex

Dialogue 80

S 899.00

Soroc

10120

$ 750.00

Soroc

1Q140

S1250.00

Teievideo

TVI910

5 650.00

Televideo

TVI912C

$ 725.00

Teievideo

TVI950C

S 950.00

Components

4116s (200 nS)

Apple, TRS-80,

Heath

.. .8/S18.00

16-49

. $2.15 each

50-99

. S2.05 each

100 up

.$1.95 each

21I4L-2/200 nS

Low-Power 1K

x 4 Static RAM

1-16 $2.95 each

17-49 $2.85 each

50-99 $2.75 each

100 up $2.65 each

Components

74LS240... S1.25 each 74LS373...

$1.25 each

74LS241... $1.10 each 74LS374 ...

$1.25 each

74LS244... $1.25each 8T245

$1.50 each

2708/450 nS

1K x 8 EPROM

$3.50 each

or 8/$26.00

2716/5 Volt

2K x 8 EPROM

. $5.50 each

Support Chips

8080A-CPU....

S 2.50 Z80A-SI0 ..

... $22.00

Z80A-CPU ...

S 8.95 8255AC5 ..

... $ 6.95

Z80A-CTC ...

S 8.95 8257AC5 ..

... $15.00

Z80A-DART ..

$13.95

Regulators

320T5.

. $ .80 320T12 ....

.... $ .80

340T5

. S .70 340T12 ....

... $ .75

Connectors

1-9 10-24

25 up

DB25P

$2.25 $2.15

$2.00

DB25S

$3.25 $3.10

S2.90

DB25C

$ .95 S .85

$ .75

100 Pin IMSAI

Gold/S-100 Soldertail ConnectorsS2.60 each or 10/S2.40 each

Capacitors

.1 @>12 Volt Ceramic 8C each or 100/S7.00

DIP Sockets — Low ProfileTin Soldertail

Description14 pin tin st16 pin tin st18 pin tin st

20 pin tin st24 pin tin st28 pin tin st40 pin tin st

1-9

$ .15

$ .16

10-49 50-99

$ .13 $ .12

$ .14

S .19 $ .18$ .25 S .23

$ .26$ .32$ .42

$ .24$ .30

$ .40

$ .13S .16S .21$ .22$ .29$ .38

100 up

$ .11$ .12$ .14$ .20$ .20$ .27$ .34

ASAP offers a 30-day buyer protection policy: full money-back guarantee if nottotally satisfied.

Ordering Information: Name, address, phone, ship by: UPS or Mail. Shippingcharge: add $2.50 up to 1 lb. for UPS blue; add $1.50 for U.S. Mail (U.S. only)($25.00 minimum order). Call for larger shipments.Terms: We accept cash, check, money orders, Visa & Master Charge (U.S.Funds only). Tax: 6% Calif. Res., COD's and terms available on approval (schoolPO's accepted).

$499.00 Assembled & Tested $329.00 Assembled & Tested

asaii

computer ■products, inc.

1198 E. Willow St., Signal Hill, CA 90806

Toll free outside California:

(800) 421-7701

Inside California:

(213) 595-6431(714)891-2663

Circle 33 on inquiry card.

•••••••••••••••••••••••••^••••••*

1

e

**

CO**

¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥

¥

¥

¥

302 December 1981 © BYTE Publication* Inc

Prizes Prizes Prizes

First prize: $ 500Second prize: $250

Third, fourth, and fifth prizes: A bound copy of BYTE Volume 1, which covers

September 1975 through December 1976

Sixth, seventh, and eighth prizes: Publication of your game in BYTE

All prize-winning programs will be published In BYTE

Admit it. When you were desperately trying to justify the purchase of your personal toy . . . uh . . . com-puter, you had absolutely NO idea that it could be used for endless hours of game playing. Instead, youwere dazzled by the possibilities for using it in applications that are on the very frontier of computerengineering. Your sights were set daringly high: "Let's see, balancing my checkbook, uh . . . phone list(there was something else . . . ) turn on the lights when I'm away on business (but what about mowingthe grass?), uh . . . (oh, yes) and a computerized phone list .... Uh, there was something else, but I forgetwhat it was. . . . "

Two years later, you're still balancing your checkbook by hand and you don't have that computerizedphone list just yet. But you do have 35 disks of something in your software library—and they aren't multiplelinear regression analysis packages, either.

It's okay. Your secret is safe with us. We like games, too. In fact, we're looking for games to publish. Weknow that the countless hours you spend programming is for serious stuff, but if you know anybody who'sinto games, you might mention we're running a contest.

*********************************

The Format

The Gaines • •

' All games should be presented in article form for possiblepublication in BYTE. (Send a stamped, self-addressed, legal-size envelope for a copy of our author guide.) Submit yourgame in the magnetic format listed below, along withwhatever documentation is necessary, a clear listing, andan introductory narrative telling us about the game andhow it works. Floppy disks should be sent sandwiched be-tween two pieces of cardboard. Be sure to keep a copy ofany software you send us [just in case it does get damagedin transit).

The Computers

Prepare your game for one of the following computers, inthe format indicated. (We apologize if your computer is noton this list, but we are limited to those to which we have ac-cess.) Games must be submitted in the appropriate form.

Apple II, Atari 800, CommodorePET/CBM, IBM Personal Com-puter. Radio Shack TRS-80Models I or III

Commodore VIC, Radio ShackTRS-80 Color Computer

Radio Shack TRS-80 Model II

CP/M with "plain vanilla" ter-minal (ie: no special features)

5-inch disk only

cassette tape

TRSDOS 8-inch diskstandard 8-inch disk

What kind of games are we looking for? Graphic arcade-style games (of course); text-only simulations, role-playinggames, and adventures; strategy games; abstract games; ac-tion games; historical games. Anything that's funl And agame needn't occupy 48 K bytes of memory to be fun—it'sthe concept that countsl (For an example of a simple gamethat's fun, look at "The Game of Left/Right" for the Apple IIon page 278 of this issue.)

Use your creativity to devise something new, rather thanimplementing something that already exists. We aren't in-terested in implementations of existing board or videogames—we want original games onlyl

We'd be very interested in seeing a two-computer game.In it, two people run the same game on two computers,which are connected by an RS-232C link (or, for the Apple,possibly a 3-bit duplex connection through the game port).For an example of what's possible using two computers,see the review of Commbat on page 100 of this issue.

The Deadline ••••••

Entries must be sent to:

BYTE Game Contest

POB 372Hancock NH 03449

and must be postmarked by March 31, 1982. The resultswill be published in the August 1982 issue of BYTE.

***

*

*

**

****

The Fine Print •••••••••••••••••

•This contest will be judged by the BYTE editorial staff. The games will be evaluated for their payability. The judges'decision is final.

•Game submissions cannot be returned unless they are accompanied by a return envelope with sufficient postage onit.

•This contest is open to anyone except employees or immediate family of McGraw-Hill and its subsidiaries. Voidwhere prohibited by law.

•Prize winners will exchange first serial rights (ie: the right for BYTE to publish their article first). In all cases, the authorretains all commercial rights to the software written, and BYTE readers cannot distribute and/or sell the softwarewithout the author's permission. All eight prize winners will receive the standard payment for a BYTE article (at S50 perpublished magazine page).

•Only one entry is permitted per contestant.

•To repeat a rule stated earlier, cassette tapes will be accepted only for the Commodore ViC and the Radio ShackTRS-80 Color Computers. All other entries must be in the floppy-disk format specified above.

***

*****+*

*

The Bottom Line

We think this contest is arranged so that anybody with a good idea has a chance to win. We won't be dazzled by J^-

fantastic graphics alone, but we will be influenced by how enjoyable a game is. We look forward to seeing your best ef- yi

fort and hope you'll have fun in the process.

Ar********************************

December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 303

Software Review

Pascal-80

Rowland Archer

Flint Ridge Apartment 59

Hillsborough NC 27278

Even though several versions of Pascal have beenavailable for the TRS-80 Model I computer for some timenow, none of them quite succeeds in terms of com-pleteness and compatibility with the TRS-80 system.

For example, Radio Shack's own Tiny Pascal is educa-tional and inexpensive, but it is an extremely limited sub-set of Pascal. It provides integer data types, one-dimen-sional arrays, and Pascal control structures, but none ofthe type-definition facilities that make Pascal a uniquelanguage. It also provides no means of storing or retriev-ing data from tape or disk, eliminating it as a contenderfor most serious uses.

FMG Corporation's version of UCSD (University ofCalifornia, San Diego) Pascal for the TRS-80 is morecomplete, but it suffers from a force fit to the Model I ma-chine. FMG told me it is essentially a vehicle for teachingPascal due to the small user-program space available (ac-cording to FMG, about 250 lines).

Having witnessed several partially successful attemptsto put a Pascal system on the TRS-80, I began to think itjust wasn't practical. After all, the Apple II version ofUCSD Pascal requires a memory expansion to 64 K bytesand a modification to the disk operating system to sup-port higher-density disk storage. Knowledgeable peopleclaimed that the TRS-80 Model I, with its 48 K bytes ofmemory and single-density floppy-disk system, was notbig enough to support Pascal.

It was thus with considerable excitement that I readTSE-Hardside's advertisement for Pascal-80 by PhelpsGates. I have used Mr Gates's excellent APL interpreter(also distributed by TSE-Hardside) for nearly a year, andit is notable for its completeness, compactness, andfreedom from bugs. APL is another example of a lan-guage that many experts claimed could never be put on aTRS-80. If anyone could devise a good Pascal system forthe TRS-80, it was Phelps Gates. I am happy to report hehas done just that.

It is worth saying a few words about Gates himself, ashe has an intriguing combination of professional in-terests. Churning out interpreters and compilers is only a

sideline for him. In real life, he is an associate professor atthe University of North Carolina—in the classics depart-ment! His choice of avocation becomes less surprisingwhen you learn he specializes in linguistics, which helpsexplain his expertise in computer languages. That he,rather than a computer professional, has put togethergood, complete versions of APL and Pascal for theTRS-80 should be a lesson to all of us. The supposed ex-perts probably never tried because they "knew" itcouldn't be done.

System Overview

Pascal-80 is a stand-alone system written in Z80 ma-chine code and distributed on a TRSDOS disk (Model Ior III format). The original disk may be copied with theTRSDOS BACKUP utility. I have run Pascal-80 underNEWDOS 40 to make use of my 40-track drives. So far, Ihave had no problems doing so. However, I have notbeen able to get Pascal-80 to run under NEWDOS 80 orLDOS.

Af a Clanrp

Name

Format

Pascal-80

5-inch floppy disk, TRS-80

Model I or III TRSDOS

Type

format

TRS-80 Pascal compiler

Computer

Author

TRS-80 Model I or III with

Phelps Gates

at least 32 K bytes of

memory; at least one disk

Distributor

drive

TSE-Hardside

6 South St

Documentation

Milford NH 03055

14-page instruction booklet

(800) 258-1790

Audience

Price

Programmers in need of a

Disk plus instruction

Pascal compiler for the

booklet, $99.95

TRS-80 Model I or III

304 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

IMPOSSIBLE!

NO, JUST INCREDIBLE

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Dealer Inquiries Invited

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If you've considered upgrading your Apple II to 64Kyou probably have also considered the price. Almost allof our competitions boards are selling for around $200.We are announcing incredible news for Apple owners byoffering our 16K RamBoard for only $129.95.SOFTWARE COMPATIBILITY...HO PROBLEM.

Let's face it... all RAM boards give you one thing; 16Kmore of Raiidom Access Memory. They're all alike inhow they in; tall, what they are compatible with arid howthey operate. The RamBoard is compatible with ail Ap-ple II languages and software. The RamBoard enhancesthe Apple II by allowing larger languages, data bases,and programs. It greatly Improves the capabilities ofCP/M, PASCAL, FORTRAN, COBOL, and programs likeVisiCalc, VlniFile, and any large business or scientificprogram applications.

COMPARE THE COMPETITION.The RamBoard offers all that you need to enjoy 64K ofuser ram in your Apple II at an affordable price. The Con-Camp RamBoard is constructed with high quality com-ponents and utilizes hi-speed dynamic RAM, (200ns). Itcomes complete with installation and operation instruc-tions, and to make good news better Is covered by a OneYear Warranty,

HOW 18 THE TIME TO BUY.They won't be available from your local dealer at this in-troductory price (suggested retail $149.95). So before it'simpossible order your RamBoard today. To order or formmore information please call or write.

ConComp IndustriesB33B Center Dr.La Mesa, Calif. 82041(714) 484-8718

ConComp

Apple II is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc.VisiCalc is a trademark of Personal Software.Pascal Is a trademark of U.C.S.D. Regents.CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research.

-industries

Circle 101 on inquiry card.

To start Pascal-80, you simply type in the programname under TRSDOS READY. The program starts bydisplaying the menu; table 1 lists the options available.

The entire system resides in memory at once—editor,compiler, and p-code interpreter. This makes Pascal-80convenient and interactive, much like Disk BASIC. Youcan move quickly between editing, compiling, and run-ning a program without the need to save intermediateforms of the program on disk. The major difference be-

EDIT the program in memory or create a new program from

scratch.

KILL (erase) the program currently in memory.

SAVE the program in memory to a named disk file.

LOAD a previously saved program from disk to memory.

APPEND from a disk file to the program in memory.

COMPILE the program in memory, producing p-code that can berun or saved in a disk file. The program text remains inmemory.

WRITE the p-code produced by the compiler into a nameddisk file.

EXECUTE a p-code file directly from disk, overwriting the com-piler to gain extra memory for run-time.

RUN the program in memory, compiling it first if necessary.

QUIT Pascal-80 and return to the TRSDOS command inter-

preter.

Table 1: Options available with the Pascal-80 monitor.

tween running Disk BASIC and Pascal-80 is that withPascal-80 you must compile a program before running it.(And there is no "immediate mode" allowing eva\ua\.\onof instructions like PRINT 3/7 without embedding theminside a program. I know of no Pascal system that sup-ports such a mode.)

For those of you unfamiliar with compilers, p-code,and run-time packages, here's a little background. Thecompiler takes your original source code, created usingan editor, and translates it into an intermediate formcalled p-code. The p-code is then interpreted into ma-chine language by the run-time package or p-code inter-preter. For further information on this process, see thethree-part article, "A 'Tiny' Pascal Compiler," starting inthe September 1978 BYTE.

The compiler is very fast. TSE-Hardside claims that itconverts 1000 lines of Pascal code per minute to ex-ecutable p-code; my timings indicate this is very conser-vative. I get closer to 2000 lines per minute when thesource is listed to the screen as it is compiled. When I turnoff the source-listing option, I obtain compilation speedsof around 3000 lines per minute. These figures are veryimpressive; for comparison, Tiny Pascal, which handlesonly a small subset of the language, compiles about 100lines per minute.

Naturally, there is a trade-off for the convenience andspeed of having everything reside in memory at once.You are limited to compiling programs that can fit inmemory all at one time. However, Pascal-80 conserves

Obie Ditto Kanobbie,

Inventor of the

Light Sword,

Says:

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WITHOUT

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FALL 1981

ENGINEERING

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(BEGINNING ON

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NOVEMBER ISSUE OF BYTE)

OR SEND $1.00FOR YOUR COPY, TODAY)

PRIORITY

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9161 DEERING AVE. CHATSWORTH, CA 91311// Obie Ditto Kanobbie Can Depend On Us. So Can You

"THIS IS DIGITALKEROUT 127,0

This is all it takes to say this or 143 other expressions with MICRO-MOUTH*. No software drivers or subroutines to load. MICRO-MOUTH*, the latest Circuit Celler product can be used as anemergency annunicator, as an aid lor the handicapped, for processcontrol and to add dimensions to computer games.Sample phrases that can be programmed are:"THETIME IS 4 HOURS 23 MINUTES. . . (BEEP)""THE SPEED IS 100 METERS A SECOND . . .SLOW DOWN"Thousands of expressions can be added by changing the ROM chips.MICR0M0UTH* is plug compatible with APPLE II and TRS-80*.Directions included for S100. H8 and parallel port operation.As featured in BYTE. June, 1981

Complete Kit: APPLE II S120.00

TRS-80 Model I .$150.00Assembled and tested:

APPLE II $150.00

TRS-80 Model I w/power

supply and cable $170.00

TRS-80 Model III $200.00

•MICR0M0UTH ts a Irademark of Micromint Inc■0IGITALKER is a trademark ofNational Samiconduclor Corp.

MICR0MINT INC.

917 MidwayWoodmere, N.Y. 11598Dealer Inquiries Invited

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306 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 349 on inquiry card.

memory by using a space-compression technique: consec-utive blanks are counted and stored as a single byte withthe high-order bit turned on.

This technique provides ample space for user pro-grams. In a TRS-80 with 48 K bytes of memory, there areabout 23,600 bytes for user programs. With strings ofblanks compressed to a single byte, the average Pascal-80program line is about 20 bytes long. There is space for1180 such lines of code. The actual number depends onthe style of the individual programmer. The estimate of20 bytes per line is conservative as most Pascal programscontain many lines with nothing but BEGIN or END onthem.

Systems that provide a separate editor, compiler, andrun-time module require only components actually in useto be resident in memory, providing more space for userprograms. On the other hand, however, such systems aremore cumbersome to use because you must access thedisk drives frequently to load each component of the sys-tem as it is needed, usually saving the output of eachphase in a separate disk file.

I like the interactive quality of Pascal-80 and wouldn'twant to sacrifice that for the extra capacity of a systemthat uses a separate editor, compiler, and run-time mod-ule. However, there are times when extra program spacecomes in handy, and a simple enhancement to the com-piler would provide some: a command inserted into aPascal source program to direct the compiler to start

compiling source code from a disk file. This compilercommand is usually called an INCLUDE facility. Itallows the compilation of programs even though thesource code is larger than memory. It also allows you tocreate a library of useful Pascal routines that can be IN-CLUDEd in programs as needed, rather than being typedor chained from disk using an editor.

General Procedure for Use

Here is a summary of the steps involved in creating,compiling, and running a Pascal-80 program:

1. Type PASCAL from the TRSDOS READY prompt toload the Pascal system and enter the monitor mode.The options available are shown in table 1.

2. Type E to enter the editor, which allows you to type inthe source text for your Pascal program. When youfinish typing in the text, exit from the editor by typingBreak M, which returns you to the monitor mode.

3. Type C to compile your program. The starting time ofthe compilation appears on your screen followed bythe text of the program itself as it is compiled, unlessyou have selected the NOLIST option. If your pro-gram contains an error that prevents it from compilingproperly, compilation is halted immediately. Whenyou type E to reenter the editor to correct the mistake,the editor's cursor is positioned at the point of theerror, all set for you to correct it. This is a nice touch.

SAVE $600.00On TRS-80 48K Model III

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Completely compatible with TRSDOS™ the Kit IIIsingle drive assemble includes: One 40 track 5'A "double density Tandom disk drive, power supply,floppy disk control card, mounting hardware,applicable cables and _______ __._. «„

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TRS-B0 and TRS DOS are Trade Marks of Tandy Corporation Belleville, IL 62223

I Enclosed is $_

(Certified check or money order only) [~J Please ship COD

Circle 285 on inquiry card.

December 1981 © BYTE Publications lnc 307

and the procedures NEW and

variables and the pro-

13 Variant records.

[3 The WITH statement.

[3 Pointer variablesDISPOSE.

(3 File window or "buffer'cedures PUT and GET.

[3 The data attribute PACKED is not needed, since allstructures are already packed on byte boundaries. Thismeans that Pascal-80 is automatically as space-efficient aspossible in storing data, without the need for PACKing andUNPACKing data.

13 The procedure PAGE is not included. You can useWRITE(LP,CHR(12)) to send an ASCII form-feed characterto the line printer.

I3 Structures of FILEs, such as ARRAY of FILE, are notpermitted.

K/ Procedures and functions may not be passed as pa-rameters to other procedures or functions.

[3 The total size of an expression passed as a valueparameter may not exceed 510 bytes (but this is not a limita-tion for VAR parameters).

[3 Sets may have no more than 256 members. If theelements of a set are numeric, they must be in the range of0 to 255.

Table 2: Standard Pascal features that are not implementedin Pascal-80.

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4. Once you have compiled your program with noerrors, type R to run it. If you find an error duringyour program's execution, go back into the editorfrom the monitor mode, correct the error, and start thecompile-and-run cycle again.

5. From the monitor mode, you can perform variouskinds of program storage and retrieval: save the cur-rent source program, save the current compiled pro-gram, load a source program, or load and execute apreviously compiled program from disk. This latteroption has a special benefit—it gives you about 10 Kextra bytes of free memory for use at run-time. Sincethe program has already been compiled, the compilerportion of Pascal is not needed. So when you choosethis option, your program overwrites the Pascal com-piler, giving you the extra memory.

Editor

The Pascal-80 system includes a simple full-screeneditor. It allows you to move a blinking cursor around onthe screen and type over any text to change it. Changesthat appear on the screen are not actually made to thetext until you press the Enter key with the cursor posi-tioned on that line. This is confusing at first because it iseasy to make changes to one line and then use the up-arrow or down-arrow key to move to another line, with-out pressing Enter to make the changes take effect.

Another bothersome aspect of this editor is the lack ofcharacter delete and insert commands. This requires youto retype most of a line that needs something inserted ordeleted. There is a line insertion and deletion command,however. There is also a command to scroll backward orforward one page at a time in the text buffer.

It is handy to have this editor available during programdebugging; it allows you to move quickly between edit-ing, compiling, and running the program being tested. Inmy opinion, however, it is just too simple to serve as theprimary editor for creation and heavy maintenance oflarge source files.

I have a suggestion to remedy this limitation: use a full-featured editor such as Radio Shack's Scripsit for pro-gram creation and major editing; use the Pascal-80 editorsolely for interactive development. You can't do this withthe present release of Pascal-80 because the source code issaved on disk in a compressed format that cannot be readin by a general-purpose editor. However, it shouldn't betoo difficult for author Gates to add an ASCII (AmericanStandard Code for Information Interchange) option tothe SAVE and LOAD commands. It would be similar tothe "A" option now available with Disk BASIC'S SAVEcommand. That simple change would make a world ofdifference for Pascal programmers.

Compiler

Pascal-80 follows the description of Pascal given in theexcellent tutorial by Peter Grogono, Programming inPascal (Reading MA: Addison-Wesley, 1978). The com-piler is based on the original language as designed byNiklaus Wirth. However, Pascal-80 does not implement

308 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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309

the full Pascal language. The limitations and restrictionsare listed in table 2. On the positive side, Pascal-80 pro-vides a number of extensions to the original language.These are listed in table 3.

The standard Pascal functions are provided: ABS,ARCTAN, COS, EOF, EOLN, EXP, LN, ODD, ORD,PRED, ROUND, SIN, SQR, SQRT, SUCC, andTRUNC. They are calculated with 14-digit precision.Functions to access the Z80 ports (like BASIC'S INP andOUT functions) are not provided. Also, there is no ran-dom-number generator.

Although all the TRS-80 graphics characters can beprinted through use of the CHR function, there are noequivalents to BASIC'S SET, RESET, and POINT func-tions for dealing with a single graphics pixel. There is alsonothing like BASIC'S PRINT @ statement that positions

0 Arrays of characters may be printed with a single statement(ie: WRITE(STRING) will write out the ARRAY of CHARcalled STRING).

0 In addition to type REAL, with 14-digit precision, Pascal-80adds REAL6, with 6-digit precision. REAL6 saves spacewhen declaring large arrays. It doesn't save much time,however, since all calculations are carried out internallywith 14-digit precision. REAL6 variables that are not mem-bers of an array or record may not be passed to a proce-dure or function as value parameters.

0 The files INPUT and OUTPUT need not be included in thePROGRAM statement, and the program name is also op-tional. The file LP is predefined to be the line printer.

0 The CASE statement is extended to include an ELSE clausethat is executed if none of the cases is satisfied. If no caseis satisfied and there is no ELSE clause, control fallsthrough to the next statement with no error condition raised.

0 Output formatting is provided with the syntax WRITE(ex-pression : fieldwidth : digits). This says to write the value ofexpression in a field of fieldwidth columns with digitsnumber of digits after the decimal point. A field width of - 1results in scientific notation; a field width of 0 results in thedefault format, also used if no format parameters arespecified (eg: WRITE(express/on)). The default format is toprint the number with a leading blank, and as many digitsafter the decimal point as necessary, up to 14 significantdigits.

0 Built-in functions and procedures:

CHR(n) returns the character, type CHAR, whose ASCIIvalue is n.

CLS clears the screen.

POKE(address,va/ue) places a 1-byte value from 0 to 255 in-to the memory location address.

INKEY is like the BASIC INKEY$ function; it returns a CHAR-type value corresponding to the key pressed. If no key is be-ing pressed, it returns CHR(O).

CALL(address,va/ue) places a 1-byte value from 0 to 255 inthe A register and calls a Z80 subroutine at address. Thecontents of the Z80's A register after the call are returnedas type INTEGER.

MEM returns the number of bytes of free memory.

PEEK(address) returns the contents of address.

FP(expression) returns the fraction part, or mantissa, of aREAL number.

EX(expression) returns the exponent of a REAL number.Table 3: Enhancements and special features of Pascal-80.

the cursor on the screen. Pascal procedures can be writtento handle all these, but they really should be built intoany language implemented for the TRS-80.

READ and WRITE statements are provided to performsequential input and output to disk files. The statementSEEK(expression,filename) allows random file access bypositioning to the record whose number is given by ex-pression. You can thus SEEK a particular record, andthen READ and/or WRITE that record, performing anupdate in place on the file. This powerful extension over-comes an oft-voiced objection to many implementationsof Pascal disk input /output: they do not provide randomfile access.

I do have a few complaints and suggestions for im-provements to the system.

There is a restriction on SEEK that may cause problemsfor some applications; you cannot SEEK past the65,535th byte of a file. In many applications, files largerthan 64 K bytes are common. Considering the spaceavailable on the double-density Model III disks, and thegeneral trend toward increasing disk-storage space onmicrocomputers, I believe this SEEK limit should beremedied in a future release of Pascal-80.

One serious limitation of Pascal-80's disk-file interfaceis that file names are determined at compile-time. That is,you must specify the actual file name in your programwhen you edit it. Once compiled, that file name cannotbe changed without reediting the program and compilingagain. This means you cannot write a general-purposeprogram to work on any file, getting the specific filename from the user when the program is run.

Use of the PEEK, POKE, and CALL functions/proce-dures is made difficult by two things:

• Pascal-80's use of memory is undocumented; no mem-ory-map is provided.

• No way is provided to reserve memory for user ma-chine-language programs or data. There is nothing equiv-alent to BASIC'S MEMORY SIZE? question. Instead,Pascal-80 uses all memory available.

These factors make it almost impossible to integrate user-written machine-language routines into the Pascal-80 en-vironment. Regrettably, this rules out the use of nonstan-dard printers that require special driver routines loadedin high memory.

If I may editorialize a bit, it seems it is time to stan-dardize the protocol to be followed when reservingTRS-80 high memory for user-defined machine-languageprograms. One of the smoothest things about operationof "second-generation" TRS-80 operating systems such asLDOS, NEWDOS/80, etc, is the way they handle this.The memory location hexadecimal 4049, referred to inthe literature as HIGH$ and HIMEM, contains the ad-dress of the highest byte in memory available for use byany program. Memory starting at the next byte past thisaddress is reserved. Any program that needs to use highmemory should allocate it downward from the addresspointed to by HIMEM, and then reset HIMEM to point

310 Deotmber 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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below the block of memory it just allocated for itself.Programs such as Pascal-80 should check HIMEM whenthey start, and not use any memory above the currentvalue of HIMEM. If all programs followed this protocol,life would be much easier for the user—there would be noneed to worry about conflicts in memory usage betweendifferent machine-language drivers, or to remember whatthe highest available memory location is in order to sup-ply it to a program such as BASIC every time it is run. Ihope a future release of Pascal-80 will follow this pro-tocol.

Performance

As far as the performance of Pascal-80 programs isconcerned, I made some very rough timings and foundthat for a short, simple looping-type program using IN-TEGER variables, Pascal-80 is four to five times fasterthan an equivalent BASIC program. This advantageshould increase for larger programs because BASIC takeslonger to find the destination of a GOTO, GOSUB, etc,as program size grows, and it takes longer to look up avariable as the number of program variables increases.With Pascal-80, such things are resolved at compile-timerather than run-time; thus, the time taken at run-time isindependent of program size.

Programs involving extensive floating-point computa-tions are potentially faster in BASIC than in Pascal-80.This is due to the latter's exclusive use of double-precisionarithmetic. If all you need is single-precision arithmetic

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Run-time errors result in clear, English error messagesthat specify the hexadecimal offset of the p-code instruc-tion that caused the error. The offsets corresponding tothe beginning of each line of Pascal-80 source code ap-pear in the listing created during compilation. Thismethod enabled me to pinpoint easily the source of everyrun-time error encountered. A run-time error terminatesprogram execution. There is no provision for programtrapping of run-time errors, as the ON ERROR statementof BASIC allows.

Documentation and Support

Pascal-80 comes with a small booklet that adequatelydescribes how to use the editor, monitor, and compiler,explains the limitations and extensions Pascal-80 makesto standard Pascal, and lists the error messages generatedby the compiler and the run-time system. No comprehen-sive description of the language implemented byPascal-80 is provided. Examples are few and are directedtoward pointing out differences between Pascal-80 andstandard Pascal, rather than toward teaching about thelanguage.

The manual does not purport to be a beginner's guideor even a reference manual, and you will definitely need atextbook such as Grogono's to use this system. I had notrouble figuring out the system, but I am an experiencedprogrammer; this manual would be rough going for anovice. I have seen much worse documentation than this;but I have also seen much better for products costingmuch less.

I believe the microcomputer software market hasmatured sufficiently that there is no longer any excuse forincomplete, difficult-to-read documentation. For a pro-gram costing almost $100, I expect much more than a14-page leaflet. It would pay for TSE-Hardside to investin a professionally written manual for a major productlike a Pascal compiler.

Conclusions

If my criticisms seem harsh, let me emphatically statethat I am very excited about having a nearly complete im-plementation of Pascal for the TRS-80. Pascal-80 is bettersuited to the TRS-80 than any Pascal system I have seenso far. It is extremely fast, and it provides niceties like 64significant characters in variable names, 14-digit preci-sion on all transcendental functions, and the sheerelegance of Pascal's defined-type mechanism.

From my conversations with Gates, it is apparent heintended to provide a teaching tool people could use tolearn Pascal programming as an alternative to BASIC. Hehas certainly done this and more. Pascal-80 is suitable formany things now being done in BASIC. In fact, it isbecause Pascal-80 does so much more than just provide ateaching tool that I hope he will consider implementingthe minor enhancements I have suggested. It would benice to be able to use Pascal-80 for all program develop-ment on the TRS-80, instead of being forced to useBASIC for some things.■

312 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTELINES

News and Speculation About Personal Computing

Conducted by Sol Llbes

Looking Back On1981: Looking back on theyear, I have been struck bythree developments. Thefirst is that probably morenew microcomputers wereintroduced in 1981 than inall the previous years com-bined. Second, that this wasthe year in which the "big-gies" (eg: IBM, Xerox, etc)finally realized they couldno longer ignore the person-al-computing market andjumped into the fray. Third,in 1981 the Japanese beganexporting personal comput-ers to the US.

IBM, whose earnings forthe first half of the year rose5.3% (one-third the inflationrate), saw minicomputermakers like DEC (DigitalEquipment Corporation) in-crease their earnings over35%. Personal-computermakers like Apple had an in-crease of more than 200%.In the course of the last 10years, IBM has seen its shareof the market decrease frommore than 50% to less than25%. If this trend were tocontinue, IBM would be-come a minor entity in thecomputer market within fiveyears.

Thus, IBM had no choicebut to enter the personal-computer marketplace. Byhesitating on minicomput-ers, IBM left the field wideopen for DEC. This has re-sulted in DEC garnering $3.2billion in minicomputersales and IBM having only asmall slice of the minicom-puter market. In the micro-computer market, Apple, forexample, will probably showabout $350 million sales thisyear and possibly $600 mil-lion next year. The questionis: Has IBM again waited toolong?

No one doubts that theIBM Personal Computer is aterrific product. Although itoffers no innovative fea-tures, it does have a newprice/performance ratiofrom a company with thestrongest marketing organ-ization in the world. The Per-sonal Computer is being sup-ported by $12.5 million thatIBM will spend on televisionand print advertising. With-out a doubt, IBM did a con-siderable amount of marketresearch in deciding whichway to attack the personal-computing market.

Several microcomputersare already on the marketwith features virtually iden-tical to the Personal Com-puter's— some even havemore power—but none atthe IBM price or with its ser-vice support. It is rumoredthat more than 40,000 Per-sonal Computers were or-dered on the day it was un-veiled. Now, the questionsare:

• How much business willIBM snatch away from Ap-ple, Tandy, Commodore,and Atari?

• How will Apple and theothers respond?

• How will the Japanesecompete with IBM?

IBM's Personal Computermarks a distinct shift in thecompany's traditional wayof doing business, which was"we make it and sell it our-selves." Actually this policychange started to take effectsome time ago, but IBM triesnot to talk about it. Earlylast year, for example, it in-troduced a video-display ter-minal that could be usedwith non-IBM equipment—afirst—and discovered that

sales for this unit were sogreat that delivery now re-quires 4 to 6 months' leadtime. Only two weeks beforethe Personal Computer wasreleased, IBM quietly an-nounced the System/23,which uses the 8086 micro-processor (big brother to the8088 used in the PersonalComputer). The System/23really begins where the Per-sonal Computer ends, withfull-size floppy disks, multi-users, etc. In effect, it pro-vides upward compatibilityfor users starting out withthe IBM Personal Computerwho find its small disk-stor-age space and limited I/O(input/output) optionsrestricting.

Another startling changein IBM policy is its sellingthe system through comput-er stores (currently there arecontracts with Computer-Land and Sears Roebuck).IBM has also announced dis-counts for educational usersand other quantity buyers.IBM's most surprising policyshift is in encouraging soft-ware development by out-siders. IBM intends to mar-ket the software and payroyalties to the authors.Probably nine out of ten ofthe 40,000 computersordered on Day-One werefrom software developers.(What a way to sell comput-ers!) After all, the profits forIBM are really in hardwaresales and not in software.Osborne is proving this bypractically giving away soft-ware with its computer.Also, it is impossible for amanufacturer to protect it-self against software com-petition. IBM learned thiswhen Digital Research in-troduced a version of CP/Mfor the Displaywriter (which

also uses an 8086 micropro-cessor).

The last question is howwill the microcomputermakers in the US and Japanrespond to the IBM entry?Rumors are circulating thatApple is about to introducetwo new computers: its long-awaited 16-bit system, usingthe Motorola 68000, packedwith 128 K bytes of pro-grammable memory, andavailable in both desktopand suitcase versions, and alow-cost version of the Ap-ple II using 16 K-bit memorychips that later can be re-placed by 64 K-bit chipswhen these are availablein quantity. The Japaneseare thought to be developing8088- and 8086-based per-sonal computers that will be"plug-compatible" withCP/M software developedfor the IBM Personal Com-puter. Several Japanesecompanies have signedlicenses for CP/M-86 andhave been negotiating withPeachtree Software (supplierof the IBM accounting pack-age), SofTech Microsystems(supplier of the IBM Pascalpackage), Microsoft (sup-plier of IBM BASIC), and Per-sonal Software (supplier ofIBM VisiCalc). It is apparentthat in 1982 personal-com-puter buyers will be able tochoose among many dif-ferent computers that runthe same operating systemsand applications software.

B^lsk-Drlve Happen-ings: Seagate Technol-ogy—a Shugart Associatesspin-off and the first com-pany to ship quantities of514-inch Winchester harddisks—has announced thatsales totaled almost $10

314 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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million, with nearly $2 mil-lion in profits, in its first yearof operation. Meanwhile,Shugart Associates isrumored to be redesigningits popular SA200 5-inchfloppy-disk drive. It will becalled the SA210, will bemade in Japan by Matsu-shita, and will sell for lessthan $90 in quantity.

In other action, AmlynCorporation, San jose, Cali-fornia, has introduced a5-inch floppy-disk drive witha selector mechanism thatselects any of five 5-inchfloppy disks (under comput-er control). This will provideup to 8 megabytes of datastorage. Micropolis, whichrecently increased its 5-inchfloppy-disk drive to 2 mega-bytes of storage, has dis-closed that it is working on a4-megabyte 5-inch drive forintroduction at next year'sNational Computer Confer-ence. Tecstor, HuntingtonBeach, California, has re-vealed that it is developing a640-megabyte, Winchester14-inch disk drive, thelargest yet.

I rue Three-Dlmen-slonal Computer-DisplayDebuts: Cenisco ComputerCorporation, Costa Mesa,California, is now shippingvideo systems that displaytrue three-dimensional im-ages. The computer presentspictures of successivelydeeper layers of space-fillingimage via a moving mirror.This is done rapidly enoughto create a single flicker-freeimage. Priced at $100,000each, the units are expectedto be useful in seismic-dataanalysis, oil exploration,computer-aided design,medical imaging, and earth-quake prediction.

Imandom Rumors: Thisspring Fujitsu Ltd, now a sec-ond source for the 8086 and8088 microprocessors, is ex-pected to announce a word

processor and personal com-puter using these chips. ...Tandy is said to be workingon a system based on the68000 to be released anyday. It's also stepping upsoftware production and isattempting to release be-tween four and 12 new soft-ware packages a month.Following in the footsteps ofIBM, it is actively solicitingsoftware from outside devel-opers. Tandy's biggest soft-ware push is in producingbusiness software for theModels II and III. Tandymay offer CP/M for thesemachines. A VisiCalc-likeproduct is also rumored forthe low-cost Color Comput-er.... Xerox is reported to beworking on a Z80-basedcomputer that is less expen-sive than its current Model820. It has been dubbed theInchworm (the code namefor the 820 was the Worm,for Wonderful Office Re-source Machine). It is ex-pected to sell for under$1000, have 16 K bytes ofprogrammable memory,64 K bytes of read-onlymemory, an 80 by 25 dis-play, RS-232C printer andmodem ports, and CP/M-compatibility. ... Wang isputting the final touches onits CP/M-compatible person-al computer. ... DEC isrumored to be prepared toannounce its TC personalcomputer, built around anLSI-11. ... A major Japanesecompany has invested over$100 million in CMOSresearch. Look for resultingmajor advances in memorytechnology in a year of so.... Also from Japan comesword of a new computer ter-minal with many of thefeatures of the Xerox Star,but at a substantially reduc-ed price. ... Meanwhile, an-ticipate IBM jumping ontothe UNIX bandwagon, withversions for the Series 1 and4300 computers. The soft-ware is being developed byan independent software

house. ... Vadic may beclose to introducing a4800 bps modem for voice-grade telephone lines. Theprice range will probably bein the $2-3000 neighbor-hood. Rockwell Interna-tional and Racal Corpora-tion are also said to be work-ing on 4800 and 9600 bpsmodems for voice-gradelines.... Hitachi is expectedto start shipping large-volume quantities of the68000 microprocessor atsubstantially reduced prices... . Rumors persist thatMotorola has 13 MHz ver-sions of the 68000 running inits lab and that Intel has14 MHz versions of its 8086running. ...

IM.

lew Loglc-Clrcult Re-search: IBM is researchingnew types of logic circuitsthat could have far-reachingeffects on the size, cost, andperformance of future com-puters. Among the new cir-cuits is a device called "low-voltage inverter" (LVI) logic.It is twice as fast as emitter-coupled logic (ECL), which isthe fastest logic type in cur-rent use, and has the samesize and power consumptionas TTL (transistor-transistorlogic), which is used in mostmini- and microcomputers.With propagation delays of300 picoseconds, LVI prom-ises to be a new price/perfor-mance breakthrough.

Cornell University'sMicrofabrication Laboratoryin Ithaca, New York, and theNaval Research Laboratoryin San Diego have both dis-closed that they are re-searching the use of elec-troactive polymers for mole-cular electronic-switchingdevices. Enzymes would beused to perform logic opera-tions. Due to the fact thatenzymes are organic mole-cules, genetic engineeringand recombinant-DNA tech-nology would be used tosubassemble these organic

molecules. The result wouldbe the miniaturization oflogic circuitry by two ordersof magnitude beyond thecurrent limits of opticallithography and beyond any-thing achievable with elec-tron-beam or X-ray litho-graphy. Although still in veryearly stages, this technologyholds promise for use in fu-ture computers.

Js-50 Status Report: Al-though smaller than theS-100-bus-based microcom-puter market, the SS-50'smarket is flourishing. TheSS-50 bus was introduced inlate 1975 for 6800-based sys-tems. Today, the most popu-lar microprocessor used onthe SS-50 bus is the powerful6809, although other proces-sor cards, such as the Z80,are also available.

Four hardware vendorsdominate the SS-50 market-place: Southwest TechnicalProducts Corporation(SwTPC), San Antonio, Texas(the creator of the bus);Gimix, Chicago, Illinois; Per-com Data, Garland, Texas;and Smoke Signal Broad-casting, Westlake Village,California. By contrast, theS-100 market is shared bymore than 70 suppliers. It isknown that several SS-50makers are working on im-plementing the 68000 for theSS-50 bus structure.

Three operating systemsreign over the SS-50 market:FLEX, a single-user operatingsystem, and UniFLEX, a multi-user system, both from Tech-nical System Consultants,West Lafayette, Indiana;andOS-9 from Microware, DesMoines, Iowa. FLEX operateson the 6800, while UniFLEXand OS-9 operate on the6809. UniFLEX and OS-9 pro-vide some UNIX-like fea-tures and support multipleusers. Two magazines alsocater to SS-50 users.

Even though the 6800 and6809 processors are avail-

316 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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©1981 Microcomputer Applications

MICROSTAT™ Release 2.0

ac[x " Just some of the new features of Microstat Rel. 2.0 in-clude: new programs for moments about the mean, skewness,kurtosis and stepwise multiple regression, longer file names, fastersort routine, the ability to declare each data file's numeric precisionand drive location plus an expanded user's manual with new appendi-ces for the equations and file structures used in Microstat. Alsoincluded is a Data Management Subsystem for file maintenance (edit,list, destroy, augment, sort, rank-order, move and merge) plus trans-formations (add, subtract, multiply, divide, reciprocal, log, natural logand antilog, exponentiation and linear) that allow you to create newvariables from existing variables.

After file creation with DMS, programs for analysis include: Descrip-tive statistics, Hypothesis testing (mean and proportion), ANOVA(one-way, two-way, and random blocks), Scatterplots, Frequencydistributions. Correlation analysis. Simple, Multiple and StepwiseMultiple Regression (including files larger than available memory),Time series, 11 Nonparametric tests, 8 Probability distributions,Crosstabs and Chi-square, Combinations, Permutations and Factor-ials (up to one million factorial). All program output is neatly fnrmattedfor easy use.

The price for Microstat Rel. 2.0 is $295.00 and the user's manual isavailable for $25.00 (credited towards purchase) and includes sampleprintouts with file lables that reference standard statistical texts andjournals so you can compare the results from Microstat to thoseproduced on much larger systems. Compare Microstat to any otherpackage on the market and we think you'll agree that Microstat is thebest at any price.

I Interchange)

l(nterchange) is a general purpose file maintenance program for usewith the CP/M™ operating system. Since it is a single programwritten in optimized Z-80™ code, it is much faster and easier to usethan other file maintenance programs. Features include: DIR as usualplus listing all files excluding those with a specified character(s), ERAas usual plus exclusive erases. Also, a "Q" switch can be used to queryeach erase, a "W" allows erases of R/'O files without query (normallyyou are queried), and an "R" switch if system files are to be included,LIST permits listings and uses TAB, WIDTH, LINES and WRAP forcontrol, COPY as usual plus exclusive copies and supports the "Q","W" and "R" switches plus an "E" switch for query on existing files,STAT with ambiguous, unambiguous and exclusive listings and produ-ces an alphabetized listing with file length, total directory entries andspace used and unused, START-END allows for copying contiguousdata files, and RENAME as usual plus ambiguous renames. Othercommands include: QT, DATE, TIME and SETIT (for the QT clockboard) plus CLEAR, RESET, HELP and TYPE. Disk copies can even becontinued after a disk full condition by simply inserting a new disk. Allof this in one program without ever having to leave l(nterchange) andwait until you see the speed improvement . . .The price for l(nterchange) is $59.95 and the manual is available for$10.00 (credited towards purchase). I(nterchange) is recommendedfor 32K or larger systems using CP/M™ 2.0 or later. It will not run onan 8080 CPU and only User 0 is supported.

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able for other bus systems,the SS-50 bus has becomethe de facto standard for6800- and 6809-based per-sonal computers.

WP/M MUMPS Avail-able From UCD: For the

past two years, the Universi-ty of California, Davis(UCD) has been distributingcopies of the ANSI (Ameri-can National Standards In-stitute) Standard MUMPSrunning under the CP/Moperating system. Thissounds reminiscent of theearly days of UCSD Pascal,when the University of Cali-fornia, San Diego, furnishedPascal (including sourcecode) to several clubs withcopying privileges for $200.The clubs then allowed theirmembers to copy Pascal foras little as $5, which is howUCSD Pascal got its original,wide distribution.

MUMPS is an exceptional-ly powerful language fordatabase systems and stringhandling. UCD is offering an8-inch CP/M disk containingMUMPS (object code) andseveral utility and applica-tion programs for $33. For$93, you can get the diskand a year's service (ie: up-dates, new applications, newreleases, and a newsletter).Also, for another $33 youcan get the MUMPS sourcecode. For more information,contact Dr Richard FWalters, Department ofCommunity Health, Univer-

sity of California, Davis CA95616, or you can contactthe MUMPS User Group,POB 37247, Washington DC20013.

It

l andom News Bits:

Telesoftware has finally re-leased its Ada compilerpackage for 68000-basedsystems. Implementing mostof the features of standardAda, it will sell for more than$5000. ... An Ada subset,called "Janus," that runsunder CP/M is available for$250 from PR Software,Madison, Wisconsin. . . .Digital Acoustics, SantaAna, California, is expectedto introduce an under-$800Motorola 68000 processoradd-on kit for the PET/CBMpersonal computer. An Ap-ple II 68000 upgrade is beingdesigned. . . . Xerox willcarry the Atari personalcomputer in its 25 computerstores. . . . The price for64 K-byte memory chips hasdropped sharply to under $9,in medium-sized quantities.You can expect to see thembeing widely used in per-sonal computers soon. . . .

MAIL: I receive a largenumber of letters each monthas a result of this column. If youwrite to me and wish aresponse, please include a self-addressed, stamped envelope.

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318 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Computer Scrabble

Joseph J Roehrig

7 Wildwood Dr

Dix Hills NY 11746

Scrabble is probably the bestknown and most frequently playedword game available. Many bookshave been written about playingScrabble. Unlike chess, however,very little, if anything, can be foundon playing this popular game againsta computer.

Scrabble has a board containing225 squares, 61 of which have specialscoring characteristics (double-letteror -word and triple-letter or -word).One hundred flat squares containingall 26 letters of the alphabet plusblank "wildcards" are the playingpieces. The piece-movement regula-tions can be described in three or fourpages of text, plus the largest dic-tionary you can find.

I have several programs that playthe game of Scrabble on a microcom-puter. But because of the game's com-plexities, certain constraints must beplaced on a microcomputer version.After much experimentation, the con-straint I found to work best is to havethe computer make up only two- orthree-letter words and to maximizethe scoring potential of these words.Without this or other selected con-straints, the time spent calculating amove and the memory-and file-spacerequirements would most likely ex-ceed the capabilties of a micropro-cessor. A program can be developedusing words of four or more letterswith response time similar to that ofmy model, but that type of programcould not address itself to every such

word in existence nor could it max-imize the selection and placement ofwords. The program described in thisarticle is capable of handling everytwo- and three-letter word conceiv-able and it maximizes the placementof the selected word.

For ease of conversion, the pro-grams are in BASIC. The machine re-quirements are:

• a TRS-80 Model I or III with 32 Kbytes of programmable memory or

• an Intel 8080 microprocessor-basedcomputer or equivalent with 32 Kbytes of programmable memory

• North Star disk system

• a terminal

Very little information

about playing Scrabble

on a computer has

been published.

The Programs and Files

This discussion describes the NorthStar version of the SCRABBLE pro-gram. My disk housing the Scrabblesystem contains the North Star diskoperating system (DOS), NorthStar BASIC (a version of the BASIClanguage), eight BASIC programs,and three data files.

The eight program files are:

S—a program that links all of theBASIC programs into one package.To use the package only S is loadedby using the BASIC language com-

mand LOAD S. After it is loaded, Scalls for all of the programs you re-quest. (See listing 1.)FILE—creates a blank random-accessdata file for the computer's vocabu-lary. A random-access file can beread selectively by specifying a par-ticular address, rather than sequen-tially. The file created is calledWORDS. (See listing 2.)INPUT—adds or deletes words to fileWORDS. (See listing 3.)DICT—allows you to input an in-teger number that the computer turnsinto a word. (See listing 4.)LDICT—lists the computer's currentvocabulary by reading WORDS. (Seelisting 5.)

SCRABBLE—the main program thatplays the game. This program re-quires 33 K bytes of memory. (Seelisting 6.)

SHORT—a slow version of SCRAB-BLE that fits into 32 K bytes ofmemory. (See listing 7.)REPORT—prints a summary of thelast game played. (See listing 8.)

The information contained in thethree data files is:

WORDS—the computer's vocabu-lary.

REC—a move-by-move summary ofthe last game played using the pro-gram SCRABBLE.

GAME—the status of the game boardthe last time program SCRABBLEwas run. This saves games for later.

320 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 1: North Star BASIC program, called S, that provides the main menu of theScrabble system, linking together the seven programs in listings 2 through 8.

'J INPUT "READY ? " >Z*\I " "

io !-welcome: to the SCRABBLE SIMULATION MODEL"

20 !"YOU HAVE THE FOLLOWING SEVEN OPTIONS!»\I" "

30 !■ 0 END THE SIMULATION"

40 !" 1 CREATE A FILE FOR THE COMPUTER'S VOCABULARY"

50 !" 2 INPUT OR DELETE WORDS TO OR FROM THE COMPUTER'S VOCABULARY"

.50 ! " 3 LIST THE ENTIRE VOCABULARY"

70 !" 4 CONVERT A PROGRAM CODE NUMBER INTO A WORD"

80 !■ 5 PLAY A GAME OF SCRABBLE AGAINST THE COMPUTER"

90 !" A GET A SUMMARY REPORT OF THE GAME JUST PLAYED"

100 ! " "\INPUT"YOUR SELECTION ? " » A\IFA<1 THENENDMFA>ATHEN:I.O\GOTO:l 10

101 CHAIN'FILE"

102 CHAIN"INPUT"

103 CHAIN"EDICT"

104 CHAIN'DICT"

105 CHAIN"SCRABBLE"

106 CHAIN"REPORT"

110 0NAG0T0101»102»103,104.105.106

Running the Programs

The start of a sample run is shownin listing 9. Once S is loaded, thecomputer will ask:

Ready ?

Each time this prompt appears, a car-riage return will erase the terminal'sscreen and continue execution of theScrabble package.

Next, the seven possible optioncodes are printed on the terminalscreen:

0—end the simulation1—create a file WORDS for the com-puter's vocabulary2—input to file WORDS3—list the current vocabulary con-tained in file WORDS4—convert a number to a computerword

5—play a game of Scrabble6—get a summary report of the lastgame played

Listing 9 shows options 2 and 4 be-ing selected. For option 2, an un-

Listing 2: The simple program FILEcreates a blank random-access file, calledWORDS, in which the computer's Scrabblevocabulary will be stored.

10 0PE«#0»"WORDS"

15 B=0

20 F0RA=0T019682

30 WRITE»0,SB

40 NEXT

50 !"FILE CREATED"

40 CHAIN'S"

limited number of two- and three-letter words can be added to ordeleted from the computer's vocabu-lary. A carriage return ends the pro-cess. You can enter any word or non-word you choose.

Option 4 converts a number into aword. Each letter is assigned a valuefrom 1 to 26 (ie: a is 1, b is 2, etc). Thefirst letter of each word is multipliedby 729, the second letter by 27, andthe third by 1. Therefore, AFB is:

(729 X 1) + (27 X 6) + 2 = 893

CPU'S &

8080A

SUF

3.75

'PORT CHIPS

8226 2.758228 - 4.508251 - 5.508255 - 6.95

7400 - 17

7401 17

7402 - 17

TTLIC SERIES

7474 .40 74165

7475 - 40 74166

7476 40 74170

60

70

1 60

C/MOS &

8085A - 7.50AMD 2901 - 8.958212 - 2.25

4001 20 4027 - .40 407/

4002 20 4028 - 65 4081

3b 74C 74 6020 74C76 70

8214 - 3.60

8259 - 6.95

7403 - 17

7480 45

74173

7b

4006 65 4029 75 4082

20 74C83 1 30

8216 2.90

8257IAM9517J- 7 95

7404 .24

7483 50

74174

65

4007 27 4030 - 36 4093

60 74C85 1 40

8221 3 25MMS307 9.95

Z60ACPU 6.75Z80AS10 12-958275 - 16.95

7405 - 24

7406 33

7485 65

7486 42

7417574176

SO75

4008 66 4034 - 2 25 4099

4009 45 4036 75 4501

4010 45 4040 - 65 4510

'5 74C86 6095 74C90 9065 74C93 96

RAM's

7407 .35

7490 45

74177

75

4011 20 4042 66 4blt

65 J4C15I 1 75

2114L3 2 754116-3 2 504116-2 3 5021L02 3 90

ROM's

2708 3952716 • 5V 7 502732 16 95

7408 - 27

7409 .24741U 17

7491 45

7492 45

7493 45

741807418174182

751 9045

4012 20 4043 65 4514

4013 30 4044 55 4515

4014 56 4046 90 4516

4015 56 4047 - 90 4518

40 74C157 1 7560 74C160 1 2075 74C161 1 1625 74C163 1 15

2532 16.96

7411 .22

7494 60

74190

70

4016 30

049 40 4520

70 74C165 125

MK4027 3 3^50

82S23 - 1.95

7413 42

7495 .60

74191

76

4017 60 4UOO 40 4DM

4018 50 4061 BO 74COO

7b MCI 73 130

MK4096 11 2 95TMS4045-2S i SOM54050M 3 962101 1 2 45MM5270 3 45

825115 49682S123 2 25B2S126 1 9582S129 ! 95

7414 507416 .3374?/ - .377420 17

7496 6074107 35

74121 35

74122 39

74192741937419474195

70798545

4019 45 4052 75 74C02

4020 70 4063 '5 74C08

4021 5b 4065 50 74C10

4022 80 4069 20 74CI4

4023 20 40/1 25 74C20

27 74C1/& 1 2030 74C192 13023 74C901 5020 74C914 1 7527 74C926 6 50

MK4008P I 95

82S130 1 95

7425 30

74123 42

74196

76

072 20 74C32

45

IM7001 4 965101E 2 952111AL 2 45

UART's

AY5-1013 3.75

82SI31 2 2582S181 6.953628A 3 6.95AM921BC 2.9582565I74188AI 1 25M8868A 8.95

7426 33742/ 307430 177432 277437 27

74125 45

74126 4574145 7574148 1 2574150 1 10

7419774273742797436574367

75

85.606565

4026 25 4076 65 74C73

75

CRYSTALS

74LS SERIES |

TR5602B 3,95

COM2017 3.75

74151 50

74368

65

$3.45 ea.

'4LS00 17 741.593

33 MLS 196 8555 74LS197 B5

PT1482B 3.25

INTERFACE

A Y3 8500 1 1.95AY3-87O0 2.25

7440 177442 45

74153 4075154 1 10

7439075324

902 25

2.000 MM;3 000 MHz

74LS02 22 MLS10S

& DRIVERS

SHIFT

7445 70

74156 50

75492

1 05

3 57 MHz

74LS04 22 74LS113

4b 74LS241 89

1771 19 951488 90

REGISTERS

7446 75

7447 65

74167 5074160 .85

8T318T32

2062 75

4.000MH;,5.000 MHz

/4L505 22 74LS114'41.S0U 20 MLS123-

55 74L5242 B959 ;^| ^54^ gg

1489 1 10

MM 1402 1 75

7450 17

74161 65

8T98

1.20

6.000MHz

mill

MM1403 1.75MM 1404 1.75MM5013 2.50MM5016 2.50MM5055 - 2.50

7472 35

7473 35

74162 .60

74163 60

74164 60

931296019602

607575

6.144 MH/8.000MHz10.000 MH218.000MHz

7ALS10 20 MLS125/4LSM 22 74LS12674LS12 22 74LS132/4LS13 4b 74LSI36

« 74LS245 1 5046 74LS247 7550 74LS248 1 1046 74LS251 55

3T380 2 00

MM5056 2.50

LINEAF. CIRCUITS

1B.432MH/

'4LS14 40 74LSI38

4B 74L5253 55

8531M 2 '5MM5321 9 50MMS369 2 50

MM5057 2.50MM5058 2.50MM5060 2.50

20000MHz

74LS15 36 74L5I39'4LS20 IB 741S151"MIS21 IB 74LS153/4LS22 25 74LS15674LS26 36 74L.S166

48 74LS267 5540 74LS25K .5540 74LS273 , l560 74LS2/9 4810 74LS2U1I 1 BO48 74LS283 7548 74LS290 72

LM201 75LM301 748741CV .2574111 35

LM348 90

0 LM368 50

LMJ61 1 75

LM377 1 60

709 25

710 457I1CH

LMI808

«

RS232

14 PIN HEADERS .

3/$1.00

16 PIN HEADERS .24 PIN HEADERS..

40

75

1456 801458 50

LM380 i 25LM382 80LM383 2 50

CA758CA301B

1 96751 96

CONNEC.

74LS27 2B 74LS15774LS28 4b 74LSI58

40PINHEAOERS 1.10

50PIN EDGEBOARD CONN 3.95

4136 853900 4bLM307 30

LM3B6 80LM387 1 25LM393 1 00

CA30/BCA3140

851 501 60

DB25Pmale

74LS30 IB 74LS16074LS32 36 74LS1B1

70 74L1.293 3858 74L5365 b2

26PINEDGEBOARDCONN 2.50

LM308 7bLM324 6b

LM553 2 26LM555 46

CA3086

95225

$2.75

74LS37 30 74LS16274LS38 30 74LSI63

70 74LS366 b2

58 74LS367 52

74I.S368 52

50 PIN RIGHT ANGLE CONN 3.95

L M339 6b

LM556 B6

LM2IW1

74LS40 4(1 MIS164

20PIN RIGHT ANGLECONN 2.25

LB53 125Lf-3bb 1 26

56b 36566 1 40

8038CC

N5696A1L062 LI'

3.901 50

DB25S

74LS42 44 MI.516874LS47 66 74LS169

1,25 74L8373 1 2b1 7& 74LS3/4 1 26

TANTALUM

CAPACITORS

LF366 135LM31I 50

667 B5

1L064CN

150

female

74LS51 20 74LSI7D74LS&4 20 74LS173MLS73 3b 74LSI74Ml 5 74 35 74LS175

' 5° 74L537V 1 2b

47UF35V 5/S1.00

10UF35V - $ .4022UF10V - $ 30

LM31B - 1 00

3.75

45 74L.S390 9640 74L5J93 98

.68UF35V 5/S1.00

15UF 16V 3/S1.00

REG: :

74LS75 35 74LS1B1

1 K '4L5670 1 60

1UF35V 5/S1.00

30UF6V 5/$1.00

LM317T

51.50 'BL05

S 45

HOODS

MLS76 4b 74LS19074LS83 /b 74LS19TMLS85 8b 74LSI92MLSB6 40 74LSI93

?2 BILS97 1 10

2.2UF20V 5/$1.003.3UF20V 4/S1.00

33UF20V $ .6047UF20V $ .85

L.M337

79HGKC 5Val723

S2.50 UM305U5A S6 95 340K 12. 15or24VS 50 3401 5, 6. 8. 9 12

$ .75SI 50

1.25

6560

4.7UF35V 4/$1.00

120UF6V $ .75200UF20V $1.75

32015. 12 or 15V $ .90 15,

8 Of 24V

$ 65

74LS90 39 74L5194

1 10

6.8UF35V 3/$1.00

7HM06

S 35 LASH

12- 12V3AS3.95

74LS92 - 45 74LS195

90

POSTAGE ADD

10% FOR ORDERS UNDER $20.00

TERMS

FOB C*

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cND CHECK SEND $25

FOR OUR CATALOG

RATES ADD 5% FOR ORDERS BETWEEN $20.00 AND $50.00

OR MONtY UCOD PURCHA

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FO

=! ORDERS ONLY

In listing 10, option code 3 wasselected, and the current vocabularyof 725 words is displayed. This listhas been compiled from various dic-tionaries and books dealing with keyScrabble words.

Playing the Game

Option 5 is selected to play a gameof Scrabble. (Listing 11 gives an il-lustration.) You can select one of 10versions. Version 1 is the most effec-tive opponent and also the slowest tocalculate a move, while 10 is the leastcompetitive but the fastest.

The computer numbers the squareson the Scrabble board from 1 to 225.All your moves must be entered byreferring to these numbers. On theterminal display, the program cannumber each square or omit the num-bers once you become familiar withthe system.

You can continue the last gameplayed, start a new game, or even ar-range the game board as desired. Thecomputer or the user can go first. In

322 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

ii

THE BETTER BOARD

SB-80 Single Board Computer

pp

Z-80-A64K RAM

Fully Assembled and Tested

Size:

16"x13"

Same as 2 8" floppy

drives. Requires:

+5V

1.5 Amp

-5V

1.0 Amp

+12V

1.5 Amp

% $82500

The SB-80 single computer board along with 1or 2 8inch disk drives, apower supply, an enclosure, and a CRT give you a complete computersystem that can be used for either business or personal use and willstill allow for upgrade options (up to 4 floppy drives, 5 to 40 meg harddisk, or 24 x 80 character video)

CONSTRUCTION

• Computer is fabricated onasingleprinted circuit board.

• Sockets for all integrated circuits

• 50 pin connector allows access tosystem for future expansion.

PROCESSOR

• Z80A with 4 MHZ system clockwith no wait states.

MEMORY

• 64K of 200ns dynamic RAM isstandard.4116 IC's.

• Parity protection is standard. Amemory error places the systemin a permanent wait state andlights on LED indicator.

ROM

• 256 bytes bootstrap ROM.2 SERIAL I/O s

• Z80A-SIO/O dual channel chip.

• Two complete bidirectional serialports with RS232 buffering. Fullyprogrammable for Asynch. Bi-synch. andSDLC.

• Programmable dual baud rategenerator on board Selectablebaud rates up to 19.2kb. Provi-sions for modem supplied clocks.

• Interrupts or polling under pro-gram control.

2 PARALLEL l/0's

• Z80A-PIOchip.

• Two complete TTL eight-bit bidi-rectional ports with extra hand-shake lines. Interrupts or pollingunder program control.

• Printer support through one paral-lel port.

COUNTER/TIMERS

• Z80A-CTCchip.

• Four separate counter/timersunder program controlCounters can count externalevents and can interrupt or bepolled.

Timers are programmed to inter-rupt or signal an external deviceafter a desired time interval.

FLOPPY DISk CONTROLLER

• Uses Western Digital 1793 con-troller chip which supports soft-sectored formats under programcontrol.

• Standard IBM - CP/M single den-sity formatsordouble density for600K bytes per side. Density isselected by way of software con-trol runs CP/M 2.2'

EXPANSION

50 pin connector bus allows foifuture expansion capabilities

OPTIONAL

Character video board .80 x 24 foruse with black and white monitorusing a stand-alone keyboard.S215.00.OPTIONAL

Winchester Host Adaptor board forShugart SA-1000 or Corvus HardDisk. Includes cables.S315.00.

OPTIONAL

Stand-alone keyboard and cableplugs into computer board for 80 x24 video optionS190.00.

CP/M* 2.2 & BIOS

CP/M- 2 2 & BIOS modified by S & M systemsto run on single board is available for

$200.00

HOW TO ORDER

Phone ordeis using American Express. Visa. MasterCharge. Bank wiie tiansferCashier's or Certified check. Money Order, or Personal check (allow 10 days toclear). Please add 5% for shipping, handling and insurance minimum S500.00Conn, residents add 7.5% sales tax. All equipment is subject to price changes anda*iatab\Utv without notice. All equipment is new and comes complete withmanufacturers warranty. Showroom prices may differ from mail-order adver-tisement

SB-80

The

Price

Is Nice.

Introductory offer... $ OA O C

Basic system with: 600K bytes lHLUi• 1.2 megabytes $2990. • 2.4 megabytes $3490.

Single Board Technology

A Z80A CPU combined with the CP/M® operating system opensnew vistas to software availability for eight-bit micros. FORTRAN,COBOL, BASIC, APL, PL/1 and Pascal are available now to accom-modate today's scientific, educational, sophisticated smallbusiness and personal system users.

• 4MHzZ80ACPU •

• CP/M 2 operating system •

• 64K 200ns main memory •

• 8-inch dual floppy drives •

• 50-pin expansion connector

2-serial ports2-parallel ports4-counter/timersHard disk optionsavailable

CPU-DISK DRIVE CABINETMetal cabinet with proportionately balanced anflow-convection cooling. AC power cord connector,lighted power switch: Fuse assembly: 0L65 Dualdrive power supply (Will also power single boaidCPU). All hardware included to mount 2 8" diskdrives. Includes space area to mount any singleboard computer. Fully assembled and tested.

SB- Cabinet Kit$445.00

SB- Bare Cabinet $135.00

SS/DD DISK DRIVE SYSTEM

SB Assembled tested with 2 8" drives S1185 00

DD/DD DISK DRfVE SYSTEM

SB Asembled tested with 2 8" drives... S1650.00

8" FLOPPY DISK DRIVES.

Single Sided/Double Density DoubleSided/DoubleDensity

Shugart 800/801R S395 00 2/S770 00

Shugart850/851R S590.00 2/S1140.00

PRINTERS

Okidata Microline82A Bidirectional

Friction/Pin Feed 9 x 9 Pin Head S595.00

Okidata Mrcroline83A 120 cps:

IC's

Bidirectional 9 x 9 Pin Head

S795.00

82A Tractor

S75.00

C.ltoh Starwriter (Parallel)

25 cps: Daisywheel

S1550.00

C.ltoh Starwriter (Parallel)

45 cps: Daisywheel

S1850.00

C.ltoh Starwriter Tractor

S190.00

TERMINALS

Televideo 910

S625 00

912C

S725.00

920C

S770.00

ADDS Viewpoint

S620 00

16K Static RAM 4116200ns

S2.30 ea. 16/S32 00

Z80A CPU

S6.00

Z80A CTC

S6.00

Z80A PI0

S6.00

Z80ASIO/0

S19.00

' CP/M is a trademark of Digilal Research Corp" 1 lo4piecerioines1icU S puce

(203) 288-2524 • Telex: 956014

Circle 67 on inquiry card.

Colonial Data Services Corp.

105 Sanford Street Hamden, Conn. 06514

Circle 87 on inquiry card.

SITTINGPRETTY

You can use just about any desk for acomputer terminal stand. But withCF&A, you're sitting pretty. Our fullrange of desks, workstations, and ter-minal stands are designed to accom-modate a variety of computer equip-ment. Choose from our Classic Seriesdesks, DR Series desks and enclo-sures, specialty items like our Apple IIdesk, or a universal printer stand.You'll be sitting pretty with attractivecolor selections, durable construc-tion, versatile configurations, usefuloptions, competitive prices, quickdelivery, and personal service. It's ourway of doing business.

CF*A

Computer Furniture and

Accessories, Inc.

1441 West 132nd Street

Gardens, CA 90249

(213) 327-7710

Listing 3: The program INPUT adds words to or deletes them from the dictionary fileWORDS.

OPEN-IO i " WORDS ■Fa)=729\FC2)«=27\F(3)=l\Z«l

INPUT-ENTER DELETE TO DELETE WORDS OR ANYTHING TO ADD

IFZ*=■DELETE"THENZ«0\G0T020

I "BAD INPUT, MUST BE ALL ALPHA"

A*<lr3j»"

INPUT'NEW WORD ? "»A*<1»3)

IF A * (1. 3) -■■" " T H E N C H AIN " S "

B»0

FGRA=1T03

C*=A*<A»A>

OASCCCSi)

IFC=32THEN60

IFC<650R»90THEN18

C=C-64

D=Df(C*FCA))

NEXT

MR I TE#OXD > iSZ» NOENDMARK

G0T020

Listing 4: Program DICT translates a given integer as interpreted by the Scrabble pro-gram (see text) into the equivalent English word.

5 !"INPUT 0 TO END"

10 INPUT-DIVE TEST NUMBER ? "»A

15 IFA=OTHENCHAIN"S"

20 IFA>0ANDA<196S2THEN40

30 !A»" IS AN INVALID NUMBER. THE RANGE IS 0

TO 19682

"\GOT010

40 B= INT (A/729)\C=A-C729#B> \D= INT <C,'27)\E=C-

27* D)

-

50 IFB>OTHEN60\B*=" "\G0T070

60 B»«=CHR*(B+64>

70 IFD>OTHEN80\C*=" "\G0T090

80 C*=CHR*(D+64>

90 IFE>OTHEN100\D*=- "\D0T0110

100 D*=CMR*(E+64)

110 !B*rC*»D*

120 G0T010

Listing 5: LDICT lists the computer's current Scrabble vocabulary by reading the fileWORDS.

101214

16

18

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

105

110

120

200

210

220

DPEM*0."WORDS"

!"THE CURRENT LIST

OF THE COMPUTER

VOCABULARY FOLLOWS

FORA =0T026\D»A IA4\IFD<63THEND=32\A»==CI IR$ ( D )F0RB=0T02<5\D»8+i4\IFD<65THEND=32\B*=CHR* < D)F0RC=0t026\D«C+A4\IFD<65THEND=32\C*=CHR*CD>

E=(729*A>+(27*B)+CREAD#OZEiXFIFF=0THEN200B-G+l

h = h+iifik21then110

H==l\! ' "

IFHOITHEN! " " I

IA*>B*iC»»

NEXT\NEXT\NEXT

!""\!-THE CURRENT VOCABULARY OF THE COMPUTER

CHAIN'S"

listing 11, the computer goes first andhas the letters I,Z,I,Q,J,P,U, bymeans of your input. The computerspells ZIP and asks you to supplymore letters.

You are now ready to enter yourmove. The first information re-quested is the squares the move willoccupy. A selection of 0,0 lets thecomputer move next, and a negativeinput, like — 1, 0, ends the game. Youplace a word on the game board byselecting valid square numbers.Because the computer only movesafter 0,0, you control how manywords are spelled between computer

moves. Consequently, any number ofplayers can be involved in a computerScrabble game.

In listing 11, the player connectsthe word SPEARED to the computer'sword ZIP by moving into squares 99through 189. The connection is madeby the "P" in square 114.

Listing 12 shows SPEARED addedto the game board, and listing 13 is asummary of the completed game. Thesummary shows the move numbers,the square where the move began, theword spelled, and the time in secondsneeded to calculate the move if theText continued on page 338

324 DKember 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

LOGO COMPUTER SYSTEMS INC.

A NEW COMPANY OFFERING A

POWERFUL NEW DIRECTION IN

MICROCOMPUTER PROGRAMMING

Today the world of microcomputer programming is opening up to people who never thoughtthey would be able to program a computer. The microcomputer is fast becoming an integralpart of the home, school and business environment.

The need arises for a programming language which is easy to use, yet highly sophisticated.That language is Logo. The Logo language was created after years of extensive research, ledby Doctor Seymour Papert at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Working with Logo,brings to children, as well as adults, the opportunity to learn more about themselves and theworld around them. Exploring rich and challenging new microworlds is what Logo isallabout.At Logo Computer Systems Inc., we are proud of the fact that we have been involved in theLogo design and development since its inception. We are dedicated to providing the most qual-ified computer language support available.

logo

computer i^/systems inc.

150 Montarville Blvd. 368 Congress St.

Suite 200 Boston, Mass.

Boucherville, Quebec U.S.A. 02210Canada J4B 6N1

(514) 641-0966 (617) 451-2646

Circle 226 on inquiry card. BYTE December 1981 325

Circle 368 on inquiry card.

S-100 Boards from S. C. Digital

64K DYNAMIC RAM

'Uniselect: 2'

features: Modal 64KUS

• 16 or 24 bit addressing. • 8 bit data. • Bank Select bySW settable Port, Bits in Two blocks. • Two 32KB (or128KB) addressing. • Transparent refresh with delay lines,giving unlimited DMA, immune to Wait States, halts, resets.

• Fast access time - 220nsec from Smemr or Psync high, willrun with Z80, Z8000 to 4mhz, 8080, 8085, 8088, 8086 to5mhz without wait states. • Provision to expand to 256KBusing 64K by 1 chips.

32K Static Ram 'Uniselect: 3'

features: Model 32KUS

• Fully Static using 2k by 8 NM0S chips. • 16 or 24 bitaddress. * 8/16 bit wide data. * Bank Select by port andbit in 32K block. • Two 16K block addressing with windowcapability in 2k increments. • EPROM can be mixed withRAM. * Fast access - 250nsec from address valid -will runwith Z80, Z8000 to 4mhz, 8080, 8085, 8088, 8086 or68000 to 8mhz without Wait States. • Provision for BatteryBackup using NMOS or CMOS.

I/O, Memory Interface 'Interface: 1'

features: Model 3SPC

• 3 serials using UART, RS-232C or 20ma current loop. •1 Parallel I/O with hand shakes. • 4k Ram, 4k EPROM (notsupplied). • Built in Kansas City Audio Cassette interface. •Baud rate generator from 19.2kbaud to 110 baud.

2K Z80 Monitor Program

available for M:3SPC

features: many routines including breaker points,

record and play back .

RAM.

cassetteetc. Comes in 2 EPROMs and 1K

Z80 CPU Board Model CPUI-Z80

features: • 2 or 4mhz clock. • Jump on Reset • 2K ofEPROM (not supplied). • 8 levels of prioritized vectoredinterrupts.

16K Static Ram 'Uniselect: 1'features: Model 16KUS

• Fully static using 2114L-2, 200nsec chips. • BankSelect by port and bit. * 8 bit data, 16 bit address.

All boards conform to IEEE696/S100 specifications, fullysocketed, screened legends, masks. Gold contacts. GuaranteedOne Full year.

Model

Utt

Out Plice

64KUS

will) 64KB

A6T

S520

S473

32KUS

Willi 32KB

AST

S435

S399

32KUS-1B

wirh 16KB

A8T

S295

S269

32KUS-N

no mem chips

A6T

S165

SI49

3SPC

with cassette

A6T

S249

S229

3SPC-KC

with cassette

Kil

SI59

CPUI-Z80

with interrupt

A6T

S239

S219

cpui-zso-k

no interrupt

Kil

SI49

1BKUS

200 niee chips

AST

S210

SI 96

16KUS-K

200 nsec chips

Kil

SI75

2K Monilni

with IK Rem

S 56

Delivery is within 3 working days. MC, Visa or COD ordersaccepted. Illinois residents add 5Va% sales tax.

O.E.M. & DEALER PRICING AVAILABLE

S.C. DIGITAL

P.O. Box 906, Aurora, Illinois 60507Phone: (312) 897-7749

Listing 6: This is the main North Star BASIC program that plays the game of Scrabble.It requires 33 K of memory.

1 I 8 I

1 I'THIS PROGRAM WAS WRITTEN BY*. 1AB<40), ".MR DATA RESEARCH"

2 >TAB(40>»"BQX ?4,\(TAB(40>»"MJnDLI VII I ruil • NEW YORK IM'v'V

3 I'WRITE FOR INFORWA 1'JUN TO OBTAIN COPIES ON DtSKETTI OR FOR I

4 I'OTHER FINE PROGRAMS ARti AH AIL ABU "

5 ["THERE ARE UN VERSIONS 01 ("HIS GAMI WHICH ni) III! FOLLOWING!

6 i'UER WORDS CHECKED MAX llnl ■

/ • " - - ' •! iiKA | till',) .n Nil <61'A> .H H/44M

& 1X31 ■■.'.»;; I 3K!,t !!,■;;",-/.:, I »C»" SEC"\NI \l\' "■ •.' "'

9 INI'UI "WJIAI VERSION U tOO " VERSION I tS BfcSI AND 10 WORS1 ?JO R.' INI <R.')\|H-/ KlRR.' L0THEN8W? IN \i '. R/ I •}'•/',)m Mmi.*c i i 35) > h(.'io>.i ' •> iC.'.f. S) >t(2?!»).ri (_v,). \ ■ w , / \ < isj .iI 2 I DRA 1ro.'l'V.Kl ADPtA>\NEXT\FGRA 1 ID »4\R| AOPi(A)\NEX113 0PEN*O» " WORDS *YQPI NI I ■ "Rl ("Mill NI.'. 'GAMI "

i-i iNi'iir" rn-'i v n you min i uahi numbers on mi board v "

15 CNPUT'TYPI it B II YOU WAN I Ml CIONHNUfc I.A31 GAMI PLAYEJ

I/. II Kl ■ ■ IIIINK!

17 II K'l (1,1) 'Y' rHENta\G0SUBSS00\GOTG22

Kl INflll ■ IVr'l fl.': fl villi WISH Ml '.II GAMi BOARD T '.KiMlh

20 EFK*< I - 11 'r- Nil NG03UB83QQ

YES II 1 Ml COMPUTER GOES I IK'lil v "fK*MFM '•Y« llll NliH',UHt:000

ARE THE COMPUTER'S LETTERS '•' "»L*<1»7)V0**L*tArA)\l <A> =ASC(D*) MMIKfi!, OIHE Nl (A) I

22 INI-III " iyih:

26 IFK»(1.1)

JO INIIJI "UHA I

31 FORA

OMiUMIIi-'OOO

Nl XI vlillllllO

32 I "ILLEGAL MUVI . IKY AI.AJN"

10 I "\l "\i 'NEQATIVt Kl AND FROM ENDS GAMI '\'"0 W AND FROM" i

44 I" ALLOWS THE COMPUTER 10 MOVE'V"

45 INPUT'THE BOX IRUM ANH 10 (II- HIE' I AH I MOVE OR 0.0 FOR MY TURN '■' *rAl'A2

46 IEA1 tTHENSOM **\! 'THANK Yllll FOR THI GAME'

47 !"FREE MEMORY EQUALS'fFREECA)1M IIU 9\URITE*lrUStK«»U8

19 CHAIN'S"

SO ILrtl OTHENIOO

60 INPUT WHAT WORM DID YOU SPELL ? '.In*

61 [FA? AI+10THEN80

62 i:-I EN(K»)VA«A2 -Al M MM.: A1HEN32

63 Y9«C

64 Cnl\FORA=Al rOA2\B»A*5\B*<B~4rB>> * *\B*<B-2»B-2><=K*<C»C)VB*'*K*<e.>C)

65 C»C+1\D-ASC(D*)-64\B(A>«D\NEXT\GOSUB8600

66 K*-'KtE*********

.'.fl WRITE#lfAl»K*(lr7) rUO

69 SOSUBe600\IFY?<3THEN72\FORY8*AI rOA2\IFFl(Y8)«>'10THENFl(YS)"'ll

70 IFFJ(Y8)«QTHENF1(Y8> :1\NEXT72 GQSUB1000\GQT040

80 r>LEN(Kt)\A=<(A2-Al )/l5) + l\IFC< ATHENS!'

81 Y9=C

G2 C=l\FQRA»AlT0A2STEP13\B=A«5\B*<B-4rB)j * ' \B»(B-2f B-:>)^K*(Cr C)\DS=K$<CtC>

84 CwC+I\DbA3C(D*)-64\B(A)»D\NEXTMFY?<3THEN8A\F0RYS«'A2TOA3STEP15

85 II:'Fl<Y8>:=0THENFUY8)--=i0\IFFl<YH)-="lTHENF1 <Y8)~U\NEXI

86 GUSUB8600

a/ k»^k*+'#******'

88 WRITE*lrAliK$<l*7>>U0

90 OOSUB1000\SOT040

100 0aSUB98S7\U4»U1 MJ3«U2\U6*U3

105 FORA*OTG7\C*A*B\F,OR*'»0Ta7\D"'C+B\IFA<>BTHENii0

107 C(0«D)=0\GOTOU5

110 C(0f[i> = <L(A)*729) + (L(B)*27>

115 NEXTNNEXT

120 F0RA«OT07NC«A*8\F0R»*0T07\n»C-fB\IFA<>BTHENi30

123 CAi rD)«O\GOT0135

L30 C<1*D)»(L<A)*27)+L(B)

135 NEXTSNEXT

140 F0RA=0T07\C-=A«a\FaRB=0T07\D-=C+B\IFA<'>B1HEN150

14S C(2»D)=0\GOT01S5

150 C (2 f D)«C L < A) * 729 > +L ( B)

155 NEXT\NEXT

160 ' "THE COMPUTER IS SORTING IT'S l.E ITERS" WO-=0

200 ERRSET 400»VBtV9

201 F0RA'=OT014BTEPV7,vB«A»lS\FORC'=lTOt5STEPV7\D=C+B\F!BBCD)

202 IFFKD>-1DRF1 tID==l 1THEN300205 rFB(ID=0THEN300\y=0

210 IFC<3THEN235

215 IFB(D-1 )0RB<D-2)0RB([iM.)>0THEN235

219 IFD :iTHEN235

220 IF03ANDB < I'-3) >0 THEN235

225 F0RE=«0TO63STEPR7VG*F+C(0»E)\IFG»OTHEN23O\READ*0XS»aH

228 IFH=0THEN230\S1^LI-2\S2=D-1\S3-1NT(G/729)\S4-INM (G~<729*83))/27)

229 8I1SUB3000

230 NEXT

235 F=B(D)*729

237 IF013THEN265

238 IFD-KlTHEN210\IFB<ll-l)>0THEN265240 lFB<D+l)0RB<D+2)>0THEN26S

245 1FC <13ANDB(Irt3) 0IHEN265

250 FORE=OT063STEPR/\G=FfC(lfE)\lIG^0rHEN26O\READtOXG.8H

255 rFH=0THEN260\Sl=D+l\S2=D+2\S4-Q-CINT(Q/729)*729)

257 S3=INTC34/27)\S4=84-(27*S3)\G0SUB3O00

260 NEXT

263 r B<D)*27

268 tPC==10RC«15THEN3GO

269 IFD-2<iTHEN270\IFB(B-2)>OTHEN3O0

270 IFBtDM)0RB(D-MDRB(n-2)>0iHEN300272 IF02ANDB (D -2) >0THEN300

274 IFC :.14ANDB(M+2) OTHEN300

276 FDRE=0T063S1EPR7\G^F+C<2.E)\rFG^01HEN290\READ*0ZG»XH

278 IFH=0THEN290\Sl = D-l\S2=BMAS3 = INr<G/7?9)

280 S4«G-(S3#729>\34«S4-<INT(S4/27>#27)\G0SUB3000

290 NEXT

300 ERRSET 300.V&rY9\NEXT\NEXI

400 I RRSET S00»V8tV9

401 FDRA=0T014STEPV7\B»A*1S\F0RC=] T01SBTEPV7Mi=C+BNF'=B<D)

402 If-F] (lr> = .I0(lRE1 < V > - J 1THENSO0

403 CFF»OTHEN300\V»04 tO fl A C2THEN433

111, ll BID 15)ORB<D~30)ORB<0+13) 0THEN43S

419 LED- 46TIIEN435

420' U A 2ANHEKII- 45)>0THEN43S

42S t nh,L-=OrG63Sr'EPR7\Li = F+C(0»E)\lKU=-OIHLN430NREAIi#OZGr 8H

428 IFH=OTHEN430\S1*D-30\S2=D-1S\S3=INT<G/729)\84«INT(<G -<729#53) )/27)

429 QOSUB5000

430 NEXT

435 I "IKD;*729

437 IFA: 12THEN465

438 IFD-15<1THEN440MFB<D-1S)>OTHEN46S4 40 tFBEDHS>ORB<Df30)>OTHEN46S

Listing 6 continued on page 328

SOFTWARE PROFESSIONALS

Whatever yourspecialization insoftware, there's an

expanding pathat Kearlott.

From high technology to commercial applica-tions, opportunities at Kearfott span the soft-ware spectrum. Regardless of the area thatintrigues you, you'll be working in one of themost sophisticated DP complexes, using themost advanced IBM Software.

The focus at our Data Center is on break-through systems expanding a global network.To this end, we've assembled an elite group ofsoftware professionals. Our growth dictatesthe demand for more. We have a battery ofcomputers that include the 3033, AMDAHLV/6, 43XX series, and more, with comple-menting front end processors. In support ofthis hardware, we run a multitude of softwareincluding MVS/SE-2 (going MVS/SP),VM/SP, VS1, IMS DB/DC, CICS, TSO/SPF,WYLBUR, ACF/NCP, ACF/VTAM, and more.

In Engineering applications, realtime softwaredesigns operate airborne computers in Kear-fott avionics systems-from aircraft navigationto missile guidance. You could also bedesigning for programs comparable in com-plexity to Kearfott's inertial measurementunits on the Space Shuttle and guidance con-trol on Trident submarines. Assignments mayinclude simulation on our 3033.

In business applications, we run the MISgamut-accounting, finance, inventory, man-ufacturing, payroll and a whole lot more.

In the Data Center, we support all the hard-ware, operating systems and language com-pilers that Kearfott applications professionalsneed. Prior experience installing System Soft-ware qualifies you for our consideration.

Whatever your area of software expertise, youshould have an appropriate degree and atleast a 3-year record indicating potential toachieve higher professional levels. Send yourresume to: Carol Batte, Singer Company,Kearfott Division, 1150 McBride Avenue,Little Falls, N.J. 07424.

Kearfott

a division of The SI N C E R Company

An equal opportunity employer, m/fwho creates opportunities.

Circle 457 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1981 327

Circle 366 on inquiry card.

NEW

for

the

SEC

PC-8000 Series

* AND MORE

and

from Renaissance Technology

The Wedge

• Fully emulates all features of the- NEC

PC-8012A module

• NEC PC-8001A Sl/O (terminal mode)

channel is brought out to a DB 25 con-nector

• Additional ports for 40 bits of digital I/O

and analog input including 2 Atari-typejoystick ports; built-in 3 voice synthe-sizer with amplifier

• 32K RAM card included; also capable of

handling another 32K RAM = 96K ofRAM

• 16 levels of interrupt capability

• NEC PC-8012A bus structure is imple-

mented.

• Attaches easily to the bottom of the N EC

PC-8001A.

Ren Tec Wedge $595.00

RS-232-C Interlace Card

for NECPC-8012Aor

Ren Tec Wedge 179.00

32K Memory Board

forNECPC-8012Aor

Ren Tec Wedge 199.00

RGB Color Converter

forNECPC-8001A

(40 column only) 99.00

NEC Dot Matrix Printer 795.00

• 100 CPS

• Bidirectional printing

• Friction and tractor feed

• Parallel interface

• Single-ribbon cartridge

NEC Monitors

• 12" Green Screen 285.00

• 12" RGB Color 1095.00

• 12" Composite Video 430.00

* more

ATARI 10-Key Accounting Pad . . . 124.95Olympia Letter-Quality Printer

• Ren Tec ES Series Interfaceconverts typewriter to letter-quality printer

• for Apple. Atari, Commodore. NEC,Osborne 1. TRS 80 and others

Ren Tec Interface forES 100/101 295.00

DEALER INQUIRIES WELCOME

RENAISSANCETECHNOLOGY^CORPORATION

3347 VINCENT ROAD

PLEASANT HILL, CA 94523

(415) 930-7707

Listing 6 continued:

468469470

474476

480490

SSO

600

1FA :i2ANBB(B+454>0THEN465

F0Fi-E^0T063STEPR7\G=F+C(l»E>\IFG = 0THEN460\READI0ZGp JH

mi:OTHKN460\Sl = EiU5\S2 = [< + 30\54-'G-UNT(G/71,V>*729>

S3=IMT(S4/27)\S4=S4-<27*S3)\G0SUB5000

NEXT

F=B<D>*27

IFA=-00RiV-14THEN500

IFB-30 CI rHEN470\IFEKD-30K0THEN500

IFB(D+15)0REKD-15)0RE<<Ei + 30) 0THEN500

IFB<30THEN500

IFA>1ANBB<B-301>OTHEN500

IFA<t3ANBBtD+30)>OWEN500

F0RE»0T063BTEFM?7\8*F+C(:2»E)VIFG*0THEN49<>\REAB#©%BrSH

ll-H-0)III.N490\S>! Ii-ILASIMH IS\S3»INT(6/729)

[i4-G-<S3*729)VJ4=S4-<INT<54/27)*27)W)SUB5000

Nl.XT

ERRSET 500»Y8rY?\NEXT\NEXT

GOSUB9857\GGSHB8400

UK 1 r7) -■##****# *\r)t( I , 1 )-CHK*(64ffl3)\(lS(2r2)-L:Hk$(64+M4)

URIEEILfHl»Q*(1»7)VU7

ll-Hi >0THEN530

['THE COMPUTER GANNUT MfJUE. rHEREFORE* IT IS CHANGING ALL OF'

!'ITS LETTERS'

GGT030

tFM3=0THENH3*-32\IFM4=0THENr14«*-32

B«H1*5\B*(B-4»B) »* "\B»CB-

e»M2*5\B*<B-4 » B) = • *\B*I B

BOSUBiOOO

B(Mi>=M3\B(M2)^M4

'•THE COMKJTFR PLACED 'tCHR*(H3 + 64)

1'THE CUMF'UTER PLACED >»CHR*(t14-H>4)

!• CALCULATION TIME'.U7.* SECONDS

l'FM^'OTHENBCMl) "0\IFM4<0THENB<M2)=O

K1«0M12«0\M3«Q\M4*0

BD8UB8600

BQT030

B-2)»CHR*(M3+64)B-2)=CHR*(H4+<54)

ON BOX"

UN DUX'

1000

F0RA»1TQ24\J ' *\NEXT

1001

! B*<000.1 -0075) t' /'

1010

! B9><O07Ap0150> t ' /'

1020

lB«<0151rO225>iV

1030

iB*<0226»0300) . "/ '

1040

!B*<0301f0375>» V

1050

!B*<O376t0450)iV

1040

IB*<04SI»0S2S)i•/•

1070

IB$(0526>OA06)jV

10S0

!B*<0601f0675), V

1090

!Bt<0676»0750) t V"

1100

|B*<0751tG82S)r V

1110

!B*<6826f0900).V

1120

!B*<0901r0975)f V

1130

i Fit ( 0976 i 1 050 >, W

1140

IBt<105ttlt25)»'/*

1141

GOTO1150

1142

F0RA»0T01 4\F0RE(=1 T015\C=< 15* A) FR\!B(C>»\NFXT\! ' "\NI-XT

1150

RETURN

2000

FGRA = lT01121STEP5\B*(AFrt)--- VSNFXT

2005

IFR0=9rHENRETUK'N

2010

F0RA«lTa225\E»INT(A/iO0y\F»A-<10O#E)\H=TNT(f/l 0>\n «F-(10*tO

2012

ti=(A-l )*5\D-=n + 2

2014

IFE-0THEM2020

2016

E=E+4S

2018

B$(DrD)oCHR*(E3

2019

BtCB+1»B+J>-'0*

2020

H=H+1

2030

IFB=OTHEN2050

2040

B = Pi 48

2045

B$CD»D)=CHR*(B3

2050

D«B4'1\C*C+4BSB**D»D)»CHR*(C»

2060

NFXTNRETURN

3000

S5=K<EO\S5=Pl <S5>\T1=0\T2^0\T3=0

3001

IFS3. OANDF(Sl) QTH£NR£T4JRN\ TF04 OANHFCSl) OTHI'NRFTIJRN

3002

F0RA1=1 r02\A2'Sl\A3=S3MFAJ 1 mi-N3i>l0

3005

A2=S2\A3=S4

3010

IFA3--0THEN3300

3015

T = 0\FflRA5=A2-15T0A2-45STL"P-15

3018

IFAS 1 rHEMEXIF3030

3020

IFB(A5)=0THENEXI13030

3025

T=T+1\NEXT

3030

IFI 2THENEX1 T3999

3033

11 0\l QRA3Wl2+13T0A2M3STEPia

3040

II AS 223THI Nl XJ r3053

(01',

II &(A5) 01HI NEXJT3033

•. I 5 A2\GOT03200

3092

3100.5200

3202

320 13206

.121033003320(9V9

hoooaooi

300250035010

301 25013SO IS30175020002550,10503150355040504550505055506050 A 2

11 IlilNNI XIII U 'Mill Nl XI 13999[I III I 21111 Nl"XI I 3999

II I III 0THIN3300

III 2 1 H£N3070\TJ A2- 30M2 A 2II I tAWDG Orill N30/:A(i(MU30HO

II 0\T2»A2-15\T3 A3SGI.I l in;'00

III IANDU I1MIN3090\I] fil'-tliN. 12 A2M3 A2 M TAIIO 1IJ32001MI 1" n II N30V2M 1 A2M2 A2f15\l3 A2 I 30\GU IU3200

Jill IANHI 01MIN3I00M1 0\I2 A2M 3 A2 f 15\GG I (J3200|*UJ HAUL AN FRR11K IN 1IIL PRUGKAM*VEND

I -<729#D(TI ) >+<27*B< 12) ) UK 13)

II A2-T1 rHI NF lit 72?*A3)IFA2 r2HII:NI n<27*A3>II A2 r3THENl 1IA3

K'lAUIOXI r&HM'l II 0 1 HI "H3300 \V--()\kl IIJKNNlXT\G0SUB6O00\RE1UKNREtURN

I (A2) IMv'l.rillvil

S5=»B<B>\SS«»Pl(St()\Tl 0\T2 0M3 0

IFS3>0ANDF(SD 0THENRETURNMFS4 OANIH ( HI )>01 HL'NK'E 1 UkN,1 ORA 1 - I 102\A2»S] \A3^S3\1F Al ^1 I HEN501 0A2=S2\A3«S4IFA3-0IHrN5300

A/. = lNr< (A2-I )/15)\A7=-A2-(A6*15)\A6 -A/RV- I

T«0\F0RAS="A2-lTnA2-3STER-lA7«A7-J MFA7 I IIIINI-XI 10030£FB<A5)»0THENEXIT3030I 1 I l\NCXTIFI 2THENEXIT5999R9=2

U=0\FnRA5=A2+ITUA2+3\A6=A6+lIFA6>15THENEXn 5055IFB(A5>»0THENEXI1 5055U=U+1\NEXTIFIJ;. 2THENEXIT5999IFU+T>2THENEXIT3999IFEHJ-0THEN5300

Listing 6 continued on page 330

HP-83 A $1595

HP 85/83 16K

MEMORY MODULE 239.00

HP 5'/4 DUAL MASTER

DISC DRIVE 2025.00

HP 5V4 SINGLE MASTER

DISC DRIVE 1319.00

HP 8 DUAL MASTER

DISC DRIVE 5525.00

HP 8 SINGLE MASTER

DISC DRIVE 4035.00

HP 2631B OPT885

IMPACT PRINTER 2195.00

HP 85/83 GRAPHICS

PLOTTER 1959.00

HP PERSONALITY MODULE

FOR 7225BW/HP 85/83 605.00

HP PLOTTER PERSONALITY

MODULE 605.00

HP 85/83 ROM

DRAWER 35.00

HP MASS STORAGE ROM 115.00

HP PLOTTER/PRINTER

ROM 115.00

HP INPUT-OUTPUT

ROM 229.00

HP HP-IB INTERFACE 355.00

HP RS-232 INTERFACE M 355.00

HP RS-232 INTERFACE F 355.00

HP GPIO INTERFACE 445.00

HP BCD INTERFACE 445.00

HP PRINTER INTERFACE 229.00

E3

HEWLETTPACKARD

HP-125 $3089

COMPUTER SYSTEM

HP 125 DUAL MINI

DISC DRIVE

HP 125 9895A DUAL 8"

DISC DRIVE

HP 125 2631B

SERIAL PRINTER

HP 125 2601A DAISYWHEEL

PRINTER

HP 125 7225 ONE PEN

PLOTTER

HPVISICALC125

HP-GPIO INTERFACE

(PARALLEL)

HP BCD INTERFACE (SERIAL)HP PRINTER INTERFACE

(CENTRONICS TYPE)

2025.00

5525.00

3155.00

3640.00

1979.00. 145.00

.445.00.445.00

. 229.00

HP-41C

HP-41CV

HP 41C CALCULATOR 189.00

HP 41CV CALCULATOR 249.00

HP 41 MEMORY MODULE 30.00

HP 41 QUAD MEMORY MODULE 83.95HP 41 RECHARGEABLE

BATTERY PACK 25.95

HP 41 CARD READER 167.95

HP 41 PRINTER 289.50

HP 41 STANDARD APP MODULE 28.00

HP 41 STATISTICS 28.00

HP 41 MATH PAC 28.00

HP 41 SURVEYING PAC 28.00

HP 41 REAL ESTATE PAC 39.00

HP 41 STRUCTURAL

ANALYSIS PAC 39.00

HP 11C CALCULATORNEW $115.00

HP 12C CALCULATORNEW $127.50

HP 67 CALCULATOR 298.95

HP 97 CALCULATOR 578.95

Go Professional

With a Calculator

From Hewlett-Packard

HP 32E CALCULATOR 47.95

HP 33C CALCULATOR 74.95

HP 34C CALCULATOR 117.95

HP 37E CALCULATOR 62.95

HP38C CALCULATOR 118.95

and a Toil-Free number 800-448-5259

iiiurnesaiimimra—>,

ATARI 400" 16K . $359.

Computers\ for people."

ATARI 800 16K $749.

ATARI 820 40 PRINTER 229.00

ATARI 822 THERMAL PRINTER ..379.00

ATARI 825 PRINTER 569.00

ATARI 830 ACOUSTIC MODEM . . . 159.00ATARI 16K

RAM MEMORY MODULE 79.00

ATARI 410

PROGRAM RECORDER 69.00

ATARI 810 DISK DRIVE 439.00

ATARI 815 DUAL DISK DRIVE . . . 1275.00ATARI PADDLE

CONTROLLER PAIR 18.95

ATARI JOYSTICK

CONTROLLER PAIR 18.95

ATARI BASIC CARTRIDGE ROM . . 53.95ATARI STAR RAIDERS

W/JOYSTICK CONTROL 35.95

ATARI MISSILE COMMAND

W/JOYSTICK CONTROL 35.95

ATARI ASTEROIDS 35.95

Prices do not include shipping by UPS. AII prices and offers subject to change without notice.

APPLE II 48K ....$1259.APPLE III 128K... $3990.

APPLE DISK AND CONTROLLER 525.00

APPLE ADD ON DISC 465.00

APPLE SUPERMOD 30.00

APPLE CLOCK AND

CALENDAR CARD 169.00

APPLE GRAPHICS TABLET 675.00

Personal^•ompatcr^^ff*ystems

609 Butternut StreetSyracuse, New York 13208In N.Y. calh(315) 475-6800

Circle 343 on inquiry card.

Circle 160 on inquiry card.

If you are looking for more than a 9 to 5 job for therest of your life, the time to act is now. The computerindustry needs capable consultants more than everYour rewards as a consultant can be high: freedom,more satisfying work and doubled or tripled income

The manual HOW TO BECOME A SUCCESSFULCOMPUTER CONSULTANT provides comprehen-sive background information and step-by-stepdirections for those interested in exploring thislucrative field Written by Leslie Nelson one of thebest experts on computer entrepreneurship, thisfact-fitted 150-page handbook covers virtually allaspects of becoming a professional computerconsultant

From the contents.

• Basics of consulting • How much consultantsare making • Established consultingmarkets • How to get started • Itemized start-upcosts • Are you qualified9 • How to find your firstjobs • Consulting skills in greatest demand • Toolsof the trade • Five ways to take advantage of yourmicrocomputer • The top 12 sources ofinformation needed by consultants • Begmningona part time basis • The Marketing Kit • Shouldyou advertise9 • How to get listed in consultant'sdirectories • The six best ways to getreferrals • How much to charge • When do you needa contract9 Sample proposals • Jobs that youshould decline • Future markets • Three ways toreal big money • Avoiding the legalpitfalls • Should you join consultant'sassociations? • How others did it: real life casehistories4th edition. Dec 1981 $28

ESSEX PUBLISHING Co.

285 Bloomfield Ave., Caldwell. NJ 07006

Dept. 2

Please send HOW TO BECOME A SUCCESSFULCOMPUTER CONSULTANT at S28 {US currency)For UPS shipping (USA only) add $1. NJ residentsadd 5% sales tax□ Check enclosed □ VfSA Q MC □ AmExp

Name

City

Zip.

Card n

Signature.

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For faster shipment on credit card orders call (201)783-6940

Listing 6 continued:

50A5 IF r<>2THEN5O7O\Tl»A2-2\T2=A2-l\.T3»'A2\0rJTa52OO5070 iftmanik; «0THEN5073\GDTa5080

SO75 T1a0\T2"A2-l\T3=A2\G0T05200

5000 ITT.trtNBU 1THIN5090\n A2-l\T2»A2\T3»A2+i\8rJTO5rO0

5090 IFU« 2THEN5092\T1^A2YF2 A.M1\M AIM 30\nn 1 nijl'OO

5092 IFIh.IANPT ©THEWS 1 00\ I I 0\T2=-A?\T3 A2I I \U) 105200

5100 I'WF HAVE AN ERROR CN Till- PROnRftrt'AFND

5200 T-(7P9*r<CTl ) >+<27*B<T2) > 1H( M)

5202 IFA2^T1 THFNT~T+(779*rt3)

3204 IFA2=T2THENT»T+(27irA3)

5206 TFA?-T3TH( NT = 14 A3

5210 READ*0XT»8H\IFH OTHFN5300W ONRFTURN

5300 NEXINGuFillBAOOOMVI! TURN

5999 F(A2) ' LSRETURN

6000 T( t )- Tt\T(2)=T2Vr(3)=T3\y?*=0\y*06005 IFT1+T2+T3=0THENA100

6010 Ff>RZ=-lT03\V3-T(Z)

6020 TFUfl-OTHtNA050

6030 IFV8-. -A2THI NA040\Zl=F'<A2)\nnTr)AO5O

6040 ys^H(U9)\U<?-U9+pi < UR)

6050 NFXT

6055 IFT1+T2+T3-A2-0THEN6100

6060 GN71 +1Rnrf'IA070 , 60 70,AO/0,AOROrAOF?0

.-.0/0 W9 U9I U'l <A3>*/1 >\U VtVVMiUlUAlOO

AORO UV (V9+FI(A3))*(/l-2)\U UfV9

6100 U9 85

ft |0!i [I S3 OTMI NAI 40

Alio I3NR<S1 > t innrnAii'o.AK'o.Ai.'o.Ai.io.Ai.io6120 U9 U9t<.|>t(S3)*<F*fSl> + t))Ae0tOAH061 30 V9 K>-'S\ 1 ('• OA140 II 54 OIMI NAI /O

A 142 C1NP(S

I ill IMA 1 '.O • A I 50 » A I' iO , A 1 60 . A I A0

A1SO V9 V?+(PWS4>*(P(B21 + 1 MVII0T0A170

61A0 U*? bU9+P1 (lit )

A170 IFPC51) 3AMKK.J OTItt NU9 U9*2

617', IKI'fSD ' 3AW';i ^MtlNUV UV#2

Aino IFF<S1> jahi.'m omiN'jv yv*3

A185 IFF('i2)-4ANPS4 0NUNV9 V9*3

6190 y-vtV9

6200 II "0 '.'UIIHkl IIIKN

6210 MO U\M1-81\M2 s:'\M3 =K3\r)4 S4\RI 1 URN

8000 INI'LIT "WHAT Al-.'f- THT COMPUTER'S I FTTFR

9002

8004

8005

' , I * ( 1 i 7 )FOR A 1 T07MH l*(A»A)\L(A) ANf ( B* )-A4\ 1FL < A >-= 0THENL< A ) ^1\N£XTUJ0VGOSUB9HG?\LI1 UlVilS J?\UA 11/

f nu-A-orn/vf nun oin/\nn aiminuovo

JJOIO FORC OTll/MI V. AOKT B1HI NHOHO

S020 n (i efl)*729)+<t (to*:v) + i to

(3030 READfOZBf 8H\TFH 0 (IIMMiOltO

iio-io si I (A)VS2 i ao\s3 i u:>

Q050 S4 1-1 CR1 HP1 (A?)+P1(83)

BOAO n U S4THI NHOno

8070 V B4\Ft"'Si\F21=S2\F3=S3

£1080 NEXTC

3090 NIXTB

:'1 00 NEXTA

8103 B0SUB9857\G0SUB84O0\F4B112

SltO IFFlOOTHENStSO

81201'THE COMPUTER CANNOT MOVF. THEREFOREf IT TS CNANlilNIi All OF'

81301'ITS LETTERS'

8140 RFTURN

8150 B<ll2)^Fl\B(113)=F2ttB<1M>*F3

81 AO P*(556r560>=' *VB*(55B»558>=>CHRt(F1 fA4)

8170 Bt(5Al»565)=* '\B»<SA3»563)-CHRt(F2+A4)

HI 80 Ptt(5A6r5 70)-' "\B*(5&8»568) I'll II'' J (\ 1IVI)

niGl 2»«B*<S5Bt550)+B*<563»563) MM. (5A!I-:,All) I■• X#* * ■

81B2 WRTTEtl .l-4,7*< t r 7) ,IJ7

8190 TFF1-.01HFNP*(55H,r,5Fi)»' 'VHOSUB1000\RETURN

8300 F0RA«0TD14

B310 ! "GTUE THE FIFTEEN LETTERS FOR LTNF-.A+J

8320 !' 12345A7S9012345'

8330 I' «««*««»««.*»»*•

8340 INPUfZK 1.15)

8350 C»A*15\FQRB»1 T015\C=C + 1

£3360 D»C*5NB**D-4»D)e* p\IF7t (P» TO - • • THFNF1370

8365 Ki=7tfB.Fi)\Fi(C)-ASCfK1)-A4\FH.(Ii-2rIi-:?) M

8370 NEXTNNFXT

H380 RETURN

r.AOO 117=0

8403 IFUl r>U4THFNU7-3AOO

IM10 UR=U2-ll5\TFUn 0THKN8420

HI 12 U7=U7+<IIFI*A0)\finiaa430

8-120 U7=U7+(U8*A0)

8430 U7=U7+U3-UA\RFTIIRN

8500 READ*2Z0r*B(l ). 8P< 2). XH( 3)» U<M ) . XF'(5) . XT)(A ). RB( 7) , 8B(8) . XFK9)

B510 READ*2.8B< 10) , 8B( 11 ) r 8H< t :') . XFK 1 3 ) . Xt<< 1 4 ) . XH( 1 ',)

R520 FDRA=l5Tn210STFF'l5

8530 r%£IAri*2.8BCA+l ) . XP (A + 2 ) . XB< A+3 ) . XB ( A + 1) . 8B f AH 5 ) . 88 < A + A ) r XB(rt f 7 ) ,

8510 READ*2»XB(A+9)fXBCA+JO).XB ( A ( 11 >.XB(AF12).8H(A113).SB(M14),8B<

RS33 NEXT

8360 F0RB=1T0225

8565 IFBCB>=0THFN8!.80

8570 psB*5\8»(I*-4*B>»*

05BO NEXTNGaSUBlOOO

8590 RETURN

8600 WRITE t?Z0. SB ( I ) t XP ( 2 ) » XF< ( 3 ) r XB( 4 ) . XB <'.,) . SB t A ) . XB < 7 ) t XB( 8 ) t >B(9 )

8A10 WRITEI?.XB(10)»8P<11)»8B(12).XB(13).XP(M>.XB(15)

8620 F0RA=1ST0210STEP15

8630 WRITEI2»8B<A11).8B(A+2)rXP(Afll.XB'A + 'l).XB(A + 5).XB(A + 6>.SB(A+7),8B(A + B)

8640 URirri:'fXB(AFy).XB(A+I0).8B(ft+ll).8B(A+12).SB(Atl3>»8PtAtl4).8P(A+15)

0650 NEXTNRFTIJRN

9001 HA I A 4.0, Or I ,0»0,r 0.4.0.0.0- I ,0-0,4

9002 IiAIA 0. i.0.0 .0.2. 0.0,0. :'- 0.0. n, \,'\

9003 DATA 0.0*3.0.0.0.I.0.1 .0.0.0.3 .0.0

9004 BAIA 1.0r0.3rO.0-Of1.0.0,0.3,0.0.1

9005 BATrt 0r0,0r0,3.0r0r0.0r0rIrO.O-O-O

900A PA FA 0,2.0.0,0,2.0.0r0f2.0.0.0,2.0

9007 BATrt OrO, I rO.0.0. 1 .Or 1 rO.0,0, 1 rO,0

■?00a BAIA 4.0,0, 1 .0,0.0-3,0,OrOr 1 rO.O. 4

9009 BAIA 0,0,1,0,0.0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0.0

9010 BATrt 0,2r0,0,0r2,0.0»0,2r0,0r0,:',0

9011 BATA O.OrOrOr3,OTOrOrO,Or3.0rO.O,0

9012 BAIA 1,0.0,3.0r0.0*tr0,0,0.3r0,0,1

9013 BrtTA OrOr.l.OrOrO- 1 rO, 1 ,0r0r0r3r0.0"OH BATA Or3,0r0r0,2,0,0,0,2rO.0.0. 3-09015 BATA 1,0,0, I ,0,0r<),4 .O.O.Oi 1 .0,0,49020 BATA I , 3, 3 - 2, 1 - 4. 2-•) . I ,H,r., 1 , 390.". BAIA I , I • .1. 10, I , 1 rl , 1 ,4, l*B, 1- 10

9357 FHR1I 0T07M Kill:-1NP (160 FIPNNFX1MJ1 - I 0*11< 7 )+U ( 6 )

98S8 U2=10*U(S)+U(1 >\U3 10*U(2)HU(3)\RC TURN

READY

■\f;=B<B) f A4\Bt( (i-2r[i-:?)=CHRt(C)

330 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 442 on inquiry card.

$ 2898smb$339810 mb

HARDDISK

YOU'VE BEENWAITING FOR

A mini floppy size hard disk plus controller withmore ...

• MORE STORAGE

• MORE SPEED

• MORE VALUE

• MORE SUPPORT

S100 users ... the XCOMP subsystem is now avail-able with 5 and 10 megabytes of storage. Comparethe price and features with any other 51A-inch —or even 8-inch system, and you'll agree thatXCOMP's value is unbeatable.

OUTPERFORMS OTHER HARD DISKS

Floppy disk and larger, more expensive hard disksare no match for this powerful little system. Moredata is available on every seek: 64K on 10MB and32K on 5MB. Faster seek time too — an average of70MS. It provides solid performance anywherewith only 20 watts of power. Data is protected inthe sealed enclosure, and the landing zone forheads provides another margin of safety. The op-tional power board ($130.00) plugs directly into theS100 bus and provides power for the drive.

FAST CONTROLLER

The XCOMP controller is the key to this system'shigh efficiency operation. Speed-up features in-clude interleave without table lookup, block-deblock with controller buffer, and read look-ahead. OEMs worldwide have already proven theoutstanding performance of the XCOMP con-troller.

MORE SOFTWARE

Included with the system is software for testing,formatting, I/O drivers for CP/M® , plus an auto-matic CP/M driver attach program. Support soft-ware and drivers for MP/M® and Oasis® are alsoavailable. The sophisticated formatting programassigns alternate sectors for any weak sectors de-tected during formatting, assuring the lowest pos-sible error rate — at least ten times better thanfloppies.

WARRANTY

The system has a full one-year warranty on partsand workmanship.

ALSO AVAILABLE FROM XCOMP

• General Purpose controllers (8 bit interface),with easy interface to microprocessor-basedsystems.

• GP controller adapter that plugs directly intomost Z80 computers.

• ST/R GP controller for the 5MB and 10MB driveabove, with ST506 type interface.

• SG/R GP controller for SA1000 interface.

• SM/R GP controller for storage module drives.

• ST/S, SG/S, and SM/S, same as above, for theS100 bus.

Quantity discounts available. Distributor, Dealer,

I^ and OEM inquiries invited.^^ See your local Dealer, or call:^^ XCOMP, Inc.

« 7566 Trade Street

^■^ San Diego, CA 92121

XCOA/IP Tel: (714)271-8730^m!*"^^lw" Telex: 182786

Oasis is a trademark of PhaseOne Systems. CPJM and MP/M aretrademarks of Digital Research.

Circle 189 on inquiry card.

THE MOST

POWERFUL

SMALLBUSINESS

CDNPUTER

IN THE

WORLD

The IBC ENSIGN business computer wasdesigned from the ground up to run MP/M, multi-user OASIS, MVT-FAMOS, and other multi-userZ-80 operating systems faster than any othercomputer in the world.Consider these features:

• Up to A6 users

• Up to 768K byte memory

• Up to 150M bytes/disk drive

• 17M byte tape cartridge

• 46M byte 9 track tape

• 6 MHz Z-80B CPU

But it takes more than a lot of I/O ports,memory, and disk storage to make a super multi-user computer. The ENSIGN has what it takes.

MULTIPE MICROPROCESSORS: The ENSIGN hastwo separate Z-80's and 32K byte memory bufferto handle all I/O between CRT's and printers atbaud rates up to 19,200 baud.

A third Z-80 handles all disk and tape I/O.Commands from the main CPU are totallysupervised by the disk slave Z-80.

And the main CPU is the new 6 MHz Z-80Brunning at full speed with 120 nsec memory.

PERIPHERALS: The ENSIGN supports the tapeand Winchester disk family from Kennedy Co.These drives, tape cartridges, and 9 track tapedrives are the premier of the industry. Yet pricesare low on the ENSIGN.

SOFTWARE: If you are running MP/M. OASIS, orMVT-FAMOS you will run better on an ENSIGN.And if you're not already tied to one of thesesystems you may want to try IBC-SUPERDOS.SUPERDOS is very powerful and very very fast.

For dealership information contact:

^T€%^ / |ntegrated

^Lmm^^f Business

^* Computers

21592 Marilln Street

Ch.itsworth. CA 91311 • Call (213) 882-9007

Listing 7: SHORT, a slower version of the program SCRABBLE (listing 6), needs only32 K of memory to run.

INI ( lOMO/A)

.i.'OMiir.nic'oo"

or iff wi ^a> i \m xi*

ID ANN I KflM "

FTOR MY I URN

Ksu'irDMi* h*(r:.i:i

2>> k*tctt:)\tit :K*<c.r:>

I.OAIl SHORT

READY

j. 151

1 i"THIS PROGRAM UAS WRITTEN BY"-TADC40J»"J

2 'TAB(401» 'liOX /4"\ ' TAB (40) t "MII'I'I I U 11 I AG

3 I"WRITE FDR INFORMATION (IT OBTAIN CdCI!'. DM 11 f!: I. I 111

4 !*OTHER FINE PROQRAMS ARfe AUAUABH '

5 I'THEfH ARI if N Ul'RSTGNS mi mi?; RAMI ijiii/ii ]in nti n

6 ' "Ul k WORDS flll-CM Ii MAX I I Ml "

7 I " *r.a -\l ORA I MHO- It I MI i 64/A)^

8 t%31 ■ A - % I 31 SrBi "/." r%SIrt'< ' St C'VNI >. I \ ' " *"> »*"

9 INPUT'WHAT VERSION (I 10) ■' Ul ki-i I ON I IS 1.1 SI AND I"

10 R7 [NT(R7)\IFR7 I0RR7 tOTHtNaSV7 I NI ( (!■:.■' ( 4 ) '■., )

i j niMB*(11:•'.).nc40>.i i ') ,i:(:,r/..n.i'(:':1:,) .11 r.v, >r jo>i4

12 i ORA 1 1 ():•'.". 1 \ki AttptA>\Ni y j\i DRA 1 in.vAM ADP1 (.A)\nfxt

L3 OP) NtOr'WfJRBS'XOPl Nttt'RE i"Mll I NI :. "KAMI "

14 INCH I ' IYII V H YUU DON'T UANI NUMRERH ON THI BOARD

15 INIlll-irtl YES If YOU UAN ( III IMIJIINIII I AST HAMl I'I.'

16 IF Y.-l • ' INI NIB

1 .■ ti k*( iii> 'y- rHENtnsGniituBaso-o\R'OTo.ar

la lNPUT'TYH YES II YOU WISH 10 81 I GAMt BOARD ■ '.Kl

20 rFKX It 1) *Y' 1HI N60SUB8300

22, INI'lll ■ I Yl-I YES II llll COMPUTER MM V. I IkSl ■■ •.K'f.MII

2(6 n K$( I'M -YTIIINlJOiilllittOOO

50 INPUT "UNA T ARI nil COMPUTER'S LETTCRfi V -.ii<|./>

i1 I I'kA I fU/SIn M.(A.A)M(A) ASO(Dt) A4\ II I

*:.' '"MllllAI MIIYt . IkY AHA IN*

40 I w'\i'"M'NESATIVE 1*0 AND FROM ENDS HAMl

■M !■ AIL0W8 Mil COMPUTER 10 MOVE'V "

45 IMI'lll'IHI- HHX I-RUM AND I CI (If IMF LAST MOVE OR 0.0

46 1FA1 LTHENSON" "\l "THANK YOU FOR IMF GAMt.'

47 I'fMI MFMURY EQUALS* fFREEC A)40 Hit 9\URI IF II vllfl.kfc.tlfl4';' CHAIN'S'30 IFAJ 01 HI Ml00,')() rNI'IM'UHAI UORI'i DID YOU SPEU T "»K*

61 IFA2 AlI10THEN80

62 !.: I EN<K*>\A«A2"Al*l\IFCOATH£N32

/.4 i:-|\IOUrt Al rOA:.l\H^A*!ABt(Ii 4f B) ■ *\B*(B ?fB 2)

A5 C IM!\D ASIXDt) -A4\B(A) [l\NrXT\UOSIIBElA0O

66 (\*=-K*+"****#** '

AB URlTtlt! »A1 rkt( 1 .7) illO

.'.« QQSUB8600

/O 6QSUB1Q00\G0T040

80 C-l I NtKt)\A«-( (A2-A1 ) /I i'i) 11 MFC ' AI HEN..U1

82 c i\FDk'A ai toa;^;tf:pi5\b= a*:;\b4(b- 4fB)^" •\b*(b-

84 C-=C+l\D»ASC(Dt)-64\B(A)»D\NEXl

85 GOfiUBGAOO

86 Kt K*f****#***•

H8 UKITEtl.Alrh*(1»7>»U0

90 B08UB1000\80Ta40

100 B0SUB9857\U4-Ui\U5«U2MI4»"U3

105 FORA=0TO7\C»A*8\F0RB"OTQ7\D«=C+B\irA<>BTHENl 10

C(OfD)«0\OOT01lS

i: (0 r D) ■■■■■ U.. (A >*729) + (L (B )#27*

NEXTNNEXT

F0RA«0T07\C»A*8\F0RB-0T07\D«C+BMFAOBTHEN130

C(lrD)=0\G0T0135

EClfB)B(L(A)*27)+L.(B)

NEXT\NEXT

F0RA«0TO7\C-A*8\F0RB-0T07\0«C+BMFA<>BTHENlS0

C(2»D)»0SG0T0155

C(2»D)-(LtA)*729)+l £B)

NtxrxNEXT

I"THE COMPUTER IS SORTING IT'S LETTERS•\VO*G

ERR8ET 400-U8.V9

FORA-0T0143TEPU7\B»A#15\FORC-lTO15STEPy7\D-C+B\F«B(D)

rFTO**0THEN205

IFB(D*«0THEN300SV*0

FFC<3TMEN235

IFB(D-l)l)RB(D"-2)0RB(D+l)>0THEN235

IFD<4THEN23S

rFO3ANnB<B-3)>0THENaat8

n:]RF>0T063SrEPR7\n™F+C(0.E)\lF0«'0THEN230\RE-An+0XG.»H

1FH'0THEN230\G1-D-2\S2-'D-1\S3'-[NT(G/729)\S4'-INT( (G~C 729*83 > )/27)

I3OSUB3OO0

NEXT

F*B<D)*729

IF013THEN26S

IFD-KlTHEN240\IFB(D-l)>0THEN26a

1 KB(n+1)ORB(B+2)>0THEN265

tFC<i3ANnB<B+3)>0THEN26a

n:)RF>0T063STEF'R7\G'™F-fC(lrE)\IFG™0THEN260\REAti*0XHiXH

IFH-0rHEN260\Gl-ri+l\S2"B+2\S4«'0-< INT(0/729)*729)

B3"INr(94/27)\84-S4-(27*S3>\QD9UB3000

NEXT

F 'B(D>*27

rFC"10RO15THEN300

rFD-2<iTHEN270\IFB(D-^»OTHEN300

1FB(D+I)ORB< D-1>ORB(D-2> >OTHEN300

[FC>2AN»B(D-2)>0THEN300

IFC<14ANDB(D F2)>OTHEN300

F0RE«0T063BFEPR/\G-F FC(2,E)\IFG=0THEN290\REAB#0XG►8H

IFH<*0THEN29O\Sl'=D-l\S2»D+l\S3«INT<G/729)

S4»G~(S3*729)\S4w84-(INT(S4/27)*27)\GOSUB3000

NEXT

ERRSET 300.yf).U9\NEXTNNEXT

ERRSET *J00»UG»U9

I 0RA*»OTai48TEPV7\B*A*lS\F0RC»»lT01SSTEPV7\B«C+B\F«B<B)

r.FTO=0THEN4O5

IFF"OTHEN500\V»0

tFA<2THEN435

tFB(B-lS)0RB<D-3O)ORB<B+l5)>OTHEN435

rFrj<46THEN435

tFA>2ANDB(B-4S)>0THEN433

I 0RE=0T063STEPR7\G=F+C(0»E)MFG=0THEN430\READ*0ZGflHIFH»0THEN430\SiwD-30\S2«D-lS\S3««INT(6/729)\84'«INT(<G (729*'S31 >/27)liiiriUBfiooo

NI XI

F -B(ti)*729

II A 12THEN46S

II Ii- 1SK1THEN440\IFBCD-1*3»OTHEN46S

I F H < IH I S)ORB (II f 30) >0THEN46S

HA L2ANDB<D+4S) 0THEN46S

I 0RE=OTQ63STEPR7VG«F+C(lfE)\IFG«0THEN46O\READ*0XG»SH

rFH^0THEN4A0\Bl- D+lS\S2«D+30\S4'=Q-< INT<B/729>*729)

B3aINI(84/27>\S4"84-(27#S3)\p0SUBS000

NEXT

I B(D>*27

H AOHRA MTHENSOO

L07110

125130135140

1551602002012022015210

2i a

21922022a220229230

23:.

237

23B24024 S

2rso

398257

260

26 a

268£69

270272274276278280290300400401

410415419

-130435437

457160

Listing 7 continued on page 334

Th[lollo*mohjvf legisierfiltrjiKnurk-, / BO , /I'OOMP'W• OASIS PMASI Oh( SrSUMS Mvl (AMOS MVT MICR

/BO /I'.OG-MP'M OIGIIAl HtSIARI

Teach your littleApple big-timeelectronic mail.

Newark

Los Angeles

For the first time, you can

move just about anything in

your Apple II™ computer to

any other Apple™ anywhere

in the world. Micro-Courier™

allows you to electronically

mail charts, graphs, corre-spondence, VisiCalc® reports

and entire programs. Youspend far less time on the phone. And, in a matter of moments, you transmit materialthe Post Office takes days to deliver.

Unlike traditional electronic mail, Micro-Courier doesn't require expensive centralcomputers or special phone lines. Using standard lines, you benefit in two importantways. First, you communicate outside your company, not just within it. And second, yourealize tremendous savings on late-night rates. Micro-Courier takes advantage of themautomatically, without anyone in attendance.

What's more, Micro-Courier will ex-change data with time-sharing systems andlarger computers. Even if you don't own anApple, Micro-Courier is the best reason inyears to go out and get one. Call our toll-freenumber today. And make your little Appleheard 'round the world.

MOOCCM

We make little computers talk big.

Micro-Courier is distributed by AppleComputer. Call 800-547-5995, ext.188for the dealer nearest you.

L —— -- — — - ———J

Dealer inquiries invited.

Microcom, Inc., 89 State Street, Boston, MA 02109. (617) 367-6362

Apple and Apple II are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. VisiCalc is a trademark of Persona] Software, Inc.

Circle 253 on inquiry card.

Circle 36 on inquiry card.

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MUSYS SINGLE BOARDCOMPUTER Z80A Processor, 64 KDynamic RAM, Console SerialPort, S-100 Parallel InterfaceBootstrap PROM $1295

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Easy to use, CP/M compatible,extends power of your micro tomainframe database capabilities.Money back guarantee $595

QUME DISK DRIVES

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drives $575

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Also available with

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available for S-100, Apple, &TRS-80 CALL

ADDS VIEWPOINT CRT . . $599

TELEVIDEO 910 CRT $650

IBM 3101 CRT

Model 10 $1295

Model 20 $1495

PRINTERS:

ANADEX DP 9500/9501 .. $1299DP 9000/9001 . . . $1249

EPSON MX 80 $ 519

MX 100 $ 795

QUME SPRINT 9 NEW!

Graphics Equipment...

MICROANGELO GRAPHICSSubsystem From Scion .. $2229

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Call or Write Today lor FREE CATALOG

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(212)376-5978

Listing 7 continued:

169 TFH-30- 1rHEN470VtFH<n -30>>0THFN500

470 IFB(D+IS)ORB(D-15)ORB(D+30) :OTHEN500

472 IFA>lANIiEKD~30)>OTHEN500

174 IFA<13ANDB<D+3O)>0THENS00

476 FGRE^0Tn63STEPR7\G=F+C(2fE)\IFG=0THEN49O\REArit0ZGf 8H

478 IFH^0THFN490\Sl^n-15\S2=Tl+15\S3=INT(G/729)

480 S4»G-(S3*729)\B4«S4~(INT<S4/27)*27>\G08UBS000

490 NEXT

500 ERRSET 500rV8rV9\NEXT\NEXT

SOS G0SUB9837\G0SUB8400

307 n$<l»7)-'*******'\t:H( Lil)i CHR*(d4+M3}NCIft<2»:<.>> OIR*CA4+M4>

309 WRITE*1»M1tQ*(1f7)fU7

■510 [FM1O0THEN5S0

515

rHEREFORI

inane;

2>~CIIRt<M3l64)-2»B-2»-nHR*<M4+64)

on mix*iin BOX'

i 020

1 030

106010701080

10901100

11101120

•\NFX r

520 I'THE COMPUTER CANNOT HOW.

1525 ! "ITS LETTERS'

540 OOT03O

350 IFM3'=0THENM3w~32\IFM4*,0THENM4

555 B«m«5VB*(B-4»B>«=' *\B*<B~

■.560 8« M2*H\B* (B-4 . TO-" 'SB* < ft-

570 B0SU81000

590 FKM1 >-M3\BCM2) M4

600 I'THE COMPUTER PLACED " .CHK*(M3I 64 ) »

610 I'THE COMPUTER PLACED '»CHR*(M4f64)i

615 i' CALCULATIUN TIME'»U7i' SEEJONWi"

616 IFM3 OIHENEKMl) 0\ TEM4 0 Till NEK M2 ) 0620 M10\M2 0\M3 0\M4~0625 B0SUB86G0630 QOTOSO

1000 FORA=lT024\i"'\NEXlLOOl »B*<0001>0075>»V"EOtO IB*<0076»01503r"/'

lB*(01Slr022S)iVIB*<0226f0300)i"/'IB4(0301r037S)i"/•!8S(0376r0430)*"/"IBCC0431r032S)*'/'iLi*C0526»0600)» "/■!B$<0601,0675),Vi fit t 0676 , 0750) . VIB*<0?5Ir082S)»"/''B*{0626»0900)»V|89(0901*0973)>'/'1130 ifi$(0976f 10150) t '/'

1140 !Bt<1051*1125)fV

1141 BOTnilSO

1142 FORA»OTO14\F0RB=»lT0i5\C»»( 13#A)+B\!B*C) . \NEXT\!1150 RETURN

2000 F0RA = lT0U21STEP5\B*<ArA) -=,/*\NEXT

2005 IFR0=9THENRETURN

2010 FGRA-lT0225\E=INT(A/100)\F^A-<100*E)\B - INT<F/10)\C=F~(1

2012 D=<A-l)*5\Ei = Ir+2

2014 IFE=OTHEN2020

2016 E=E+46

201H B*tDfD)»CHR*<E)

2019 B*<D+lfD+l)=,0'

2020 D*C+1

2030 IFB-OTHEN2050

2040 B=B+48

2045 Bt(ri.D?=CHR*(B)

2050 Ei = D+l\C-C+48\B«<EwD>=CHR*(C)

2060 NEXT\RETURN

3000 S5=BUi)\S5=Pl(S5)\Tl=0\T2^0\T3=0

3001 IFS3>0ANDF<Sl)>0THENRETURN\IFS4:0ANEiF(Sl):0EHENRETURN

3002 FORAlolT02\A2=S1\A3=S3\IFA1=1THEN30103005 A2=S2\A3=S4

3010 IFA3=0EHEN3300

3015 T»0\F0RAS=rt2-15T0A2-458TEIa-13

3018 IFA3<1THENEX1T3030

3020 IFB(A5)=0THENEXIT3030

3025 T^THNNEXT

3030 IFT 2THENEXIT3999

3035 U=0\F0RA5-A2 + 15TC)A2 + 45STEF15

.3040 IFA5 225THENEXIT3055

3045 IFBCA5>=0EHFNEXIT3055

3050 U«U+1\NEXT

.3055 1FU>2THENEXIT3999

3060 IFUH>2THENEXIT 3999

3062 IFT+U=:0THEN3300

3065 EFT<>2THEN3070\T1«A2-30\T2«A2-15\T3»A2\BOT03200

3070 IFT^lANDG=OTHEN3O75\G0Ta3080

30 75 T1=0\T2=A2-15\T3=A2\GQT03200

30S0 IFT< 1ANDUC 1THEN3090\T1=A2-15\T2=A2VE3=A2+ 15X00103200

3090 IFU-:>2TWEN3092\Tl^A2\T2=A2+15\T:3=A2+3O\G6TfJ32OO

3092 IFU 1ANDT< 0THEN3100XT1=0\T2=A2\T3=A2+15\G6TG3200

3100 I"ME HAOE AN ERROR IN THE PRGGRAM'XEND

3200 T=(729*B(T1))+(27*B(T2)>+BCT3>

3202 rFA2»TlTHENT»T+<729*A3)

3204 IFA2 T2THENT=T+<27*A3)

3206 IFA2=T3THENT=T+A3

3210 REAEMOZTrKH\ IFHO 0THEN3300\V=0\RETURN

3300 NEXT\G0SUB6000\RETURN

3320 RETURN

3999 F(A2)»1\RETURN

5000 S5=BCD>\S5=P1<S5)\T1=0\T2=0\T3«0

5001 IFS3>0AN0F<Sl)>OTHENRETURN\IFS4>0ANDF<Sl)>0THENRETURN

5002 F0RA1=1T02\A2=S1\A3=S3\IFA1=1THEN50105005 A2=52\A3=S4

5010 IFA3-0THEN5300

5012 A6=INE< (A2-l)/15)\A7=A2-<A6*15)\A6=rA7

5013 h'9=l

5015 T-0\FGRA5=A2-1T0A2-3STEP-15017 A7^A7~1\IFA7<1THFNEXET50305020 TFB<A5>=0THENEXIT50305025 T*T+l\NEXr

5030 JFT>2THENEXIT5999

5031 R9«2

5035 U 0\FE)RA5=A2+lTrjA2+3\A6 = A6+l

5040 IFA6.15THENEXIT 5055

5045 rFEi(A5)=0THENEX:T 5055

5050 U=UI1\NEXT

5055 TFL): 2EHENEXIE5999

5060 LFIJfT>2THENF.XIT5999

rr r+tl»0THENS300

IFT :>;_'THEN5070\T1=A2-2\T2=A2-1\T3=A2\G6T052005070 IFT=LANDG=OTHEN5075\60T050805075 tl=0\T2«A2-l\T3«A2\GOT05200

5080 IFT MANDU-:>1THEN5090\T1 "A2-1\T2=A2\T3=A2f 1NG0T052005090 IFU" 2THEN5092\T1=A2\T2=A2+1\T3=A2+30\G0T052005092 IFU<>lANBTO0THEN5100\Tl='0\T2«A2\T3»'A2+l\S0T0S2005100 !"UE HAVE AN ERROR IN THE PR6GRAM"\ENP5200 T-<729*Et<Tl)) + <27*Ei<T2>>+B(T3)5202 IFA2=--riTHENT=T+(729*A3>

50625065

Listing 7 continued on page 336

334 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

THE FORMULA™ allows the computer professional tofocus on the most important part of business: the needsof the client. Customized systems for any business appli-cation can be created in a fraction of the time required byconventional methods.

o^

Interactive data entry, file updating, andmaintenance routines are automaticallygenerated from a definition of the fields.

Reports can be created through a uniquefull screen editor simply by typing a sampleformat.

Menus and job streams are defined througha preprogrammed parameter-driven pro-cedure.

Fast response time is insured becauseeach routine can be interpreted directly bythe computer and data management iscontrolled by an efficient ISAM algorithm.

THE FORMULA™ is a complete system language whichbrings the process of developing applications closer tothe user's description of his needs. That's THE FORMULA™for success.

Disk and manual, $595. Manual only, $60.

THE FORMULA™ will run on any 8080 or Z80 computerwith CP/M,* 48K RAM, 300K total disk storage, and a CRT.

DMA • WE SPEAK YOUR LANGUAGE.

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THE FORMULA™ For Success can help you buildsystems. Now, the General Accounting System,created with THE FORMULA™ is available at noextra charge.

The General Accounting System includes:

• General Ledger: Journals, Trial Balance,

Income Statement, Balance Sheet, etc.

• Accounts Payable: A/P Journals, Checks,

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Receivables, Customer Statements,Customer Activity Report, etc.

In addition, two new optional packages have been developed for use with THE FORMULA™:

Professional Time Management $80 Label Option Pak $80

Manager's Billing Report, Employee Name Inversion, Multiple Up Labels,

Production Report, Client Invoices, etc. Customized Label Size and Format, etc.

Circle 132 on inquiry card.

DYNAMIC MICROPROCESSOR ASSOCIATES • 545 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10017 • (212) 687-7115

We ship prepaid and COD orders. Shipping & handling charges extra: $5 UPS areas; $7 non-UPS areas, Mexico. Canada; $10 + elsewhere. MasterCharge and VISA accepted.

New York State residents add appropriate sales tax. *CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research.

Circle 295 on inquiry card.

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TWX/TELEX 710-428-6345

Listing 7 continued;

520-1 IFA2=T2THENT«T+<27»A3)

5206 IFA2=T3THENT=T+A3

5210 READ#0XT»JUH\IFH<>0THENS300'W°O\RETURN

5300 HEXT\GOSU860OO\RETURN

5999 F<A2>=<1\RETURN

6000 T<l)»Tl\T(2)»T2Vr<3>«T3\V9«0\Y*O6005 IFT1+T2+T3B'0THEN610Q

6010 KH*/--1TU3\V8=T(Z)6020 IFV8*0THEN6&50

6030 IFV8OA2THEN6O40\Zl«F<A2>\GflT0A0506040 VR-n<VS>W9^U94Pl<V8)6050 NEXT

6055 IFT1+T2+T3HV2™OTHEN6100£060 DNZ1+IGGT8607016070*6070*6080>6OB06070 V?=V9+(Pl(fl3>*Zl)\V-V+V9SG0r061006080 vV=<y9fPl(A3))*(Zl-2)\y=M+U96100 Y9=S56105 XFS3°0THEN61406110 UNPiHI I+1G0T06120*6120*6120*6130»6130

6120 V9 V9t tri <t;.i)*ci'<sn i .1 > >\<.jnrt)6i-io

6130 y9=U9+Pl (S3)

6140 rFS4»0TMFN617Q

6112 I INF' (82)+3 (30TO6150. A150 * A150.61 60,6160

6150 V9«V94<PKS4>*(P(S2>'fl))\aPTa6170

6160 U9*y9+Pl(S4)

6170 IIF(Sl) 3AND33>OTHENV9 W9*2

6175 If P(S2) 3ANBS4 0rHfc'Ny9--y9*2

6180 1FPCSDMANDS3 ONICNU9 y9*3

6185 IFP$82)'4AN0S4 0rHFNU9■■ V9*3

6190 y Vi'.'9

6200 IF Y0 J-VTHENRE TURN

6210 y0=y\H1 St\M2"S2\M3 S3\H4 S4\RI l"URN

(1000 TWUT'UHAT ARE THE COMPUTER'S LETTERS '•' ■*I1.(I*/)

B002 FORA lTri7M.it LKA*A)\L(A>=ASC(tJ») 64UFI (A> 0THENMA) IWXI

8004 y»0M30B4JB9S57\U4«Ul\U5*U2\U6-*U3

8005 UlRiY-Orn/M 0RB= OT07\J,FB=ATHEN8O908010 FOROOTWMFC^AQROBTHENeOBO8020 D i(t.(A>*729) ML<B)*27)+t (C>

8030 READ40XD*gH\lFH»OTH£N808O

8010 SI L (A)\S2 L (B)\S3 L<C)

8050 S4= FKSi )+Fl CS2>+P1 (S3)

8060 IFy>fi4THEN8080

HO'O U H4\F1 «S1\F2"S2\F3*S3

8080 NEXTG

8090 NEXTB

8100 MIXTA

;:IO:j L"iHfiUH9857\GOSUB8400\F4=112

8110 IIr L ' 0THEN8150

8120-'THE COMPUTER CANNOT MOVE. THEREFORE* IT IS CHANG IN 8 AN 01'

8130' "ITS I LITERS'

fl!40 RE TURN

.1150 B<1 12):-F1\B(113)=F2\B(114>=F3

8160 B*(556.560)«' ■SB*(558*558)«CHR«(F1 +64)

8170 B*<561.565) =' '\B$t563*563)*CHRi(F2+64)

8180 Dt(566^570)=, *\B*(568»S60)»CHR«(F3164)

8181 Z*»B*(558*538)+B*(563i563>+B*C56at568)+"#****

8182 URTTE#1,F4.Z*(1*7)*U7

8190 rFFl=OTHENB*(558*558)=** '\B08UM000\RETIJRN

8300 F1.1RA«0T014

8310 I"HIVE THE FIFTEEN LETTERS FOR LZNE'fA+l

8320 '• 123436787012345*

8330 !• w«w«-««wo»*»a»«

8340 IN|-'UT/»(1*15)

8350 C»A#i5\FQRB*lT015\C'»t:+l

8360 D -■C*5\B»(D-4»n)s' B\ZFZ0(B>B>"> 'THENB370

8365 K»«Z«{BfB)\B(C)*A8C<K*)-64\B«<D-2*D-2)«K*

8370 NEXTSNEXT

8380 RETURN

8400 U7»0

8405 1FUK..-U4THENU7-3600

8410 UB"»U2~U5\IFUB>0THlNfMI*0

8412 U7«U7+(US*60)\QOTOB430

8420 U7'U7+(UB«A0)

8430 U7-U7+U3-U6\RETURN

H500 READ#2X0»SB(1), KB(2).IB(3)»IB(4). SB(B). IB(6)t88 < 7).IB(8)* IB(9)

8510 REAB*2*!B(10)ilB(ll)>SB(12)iIB(13)f!B(14)rtB(15)

8520 F0RA=15T0210STEP15

8530 READ*2iIB<A+l>rIB<A+2)pIB(A+3)iSfi<A+4)*IB(A+3)»IB<A+6)*IB<A+7)

(3540 READ*2.SB<A+9)*SB<ArlO).ID(A + l:!)*IB<A+12)»IB(A + 13). SB(A+J.4)rSB

8550 NEXT

9560 F0RB=lTa225

8565 IFB<B)»OTHENSSB0

8570 D«B*3\B*<D-4»0>»' ,\C=-BCB)+64\B»(D-2*n-2>«(::HR*(C)

8580 NEXT\GOBUB1000

8590 RETURN

8600 URITEtaXQ.ID(1).SB < 2)* SB < 3)* SB(4 ) * IB(B)* IB(6),SB< 7)-XD <8 ) rSB(9

8610 URITE*2iIB(i0>rlB<ll>*lBU2) *SB<13)*8B<14),SBC 15)

8620 FORA=15ia210STEP15

8630 URITE*2itB(A+l)rSB(A+2)iIB(A+3)fSB(A+4)*SB(A+5)*IB(A+6)*IB(A+7

8640 URITE#2plB(A + 9)rSB(A + 10)rIB<A+li)»IB(A+12)pSB(A+13)»SB<A + 14)*-I

8650 NEXT\RETURN

700J DATA 4.0*0*3*0.0.0.4*0*0*0.1,0*0*4

9002 IiATA 0.3.0*0.0.2.0*0*0*2.0.0,0*3,0

9003 DATA 0*0*3*0.0.0.1.0,1*0*0*0,3*0*0

9004 DATA 1*0*0.3*0*0*0*1*0*0*0*3*0.0*1

9005 DATA 0*0.0*0*3*0*0.0*0.0*3.0.0.0.0

9006 DATA 0.2.0*0.0*2*0*0*0*2.0*0*0*2»0

9007 DATA 0*0*1.0*0.0*1*0*1*0*0*0*1.0*0

9008 DATA 4*0.0*1*0*0*0*3.0.0*0.1*0*0*4

9009 DATA 0*0*1.0.0*0*1*0.1*0*0*0*1*0*0901.0 IiATA 0,2.0*0*0*2*0*0.0*2*0*0*0*2*0

9011 IIATA 0*0.0*0.3*0*0*0*0*0*3.0*0*0*0

9012 BATA 1*0.0*3,0.0*0*1*0*0*0.3*0*0*1

9013 BATA 0*0*3*0.0*0* 1 *()* 1 »0*0*0*3*0*0901.4 DATA 0*3.0*0*0.2*0*0.0*2.0*0*0*3*09015 DATA 4*0*0*1.0*0*0*4.0*0*0.1,0*0*49020 DATA 1.3*3.2.1.4.2.4*1*8*5.1,39025 DATA 1,1.3*10.1.1*1.1.4*4.8,4.10

9857 F8RU-0T87\LI(U)-INF(168+U)\NEXT\U1-10*U(7)+U(A)

9858 U2=10*UC5)+U<1)\U3-]0*U(2)+U(3)\ftETURNREADY

SB(A+8)

CA+15)

)*SB(A+B)

fiCA+15)

336 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

TURN ON YOUR COMPUTERWITH A ^ MEMORY

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c

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Multibus is a trademark of the Intel Corp. LSI 11 is a trademark of Digital Equipment Corp. EXORciser is a trademark of Motorola.Circle 60 on inquiry card. B^E December 1981 337

Text continued from page 324:

move was performed by the com-puter.

In the sample game, the level 1game was used, so the computerplayed slowly. As the game pro-gressed, the possible number ofmoves increased. The computerneeded 23 minutes and 46 seconds tocalculate its final move. Fear not,listing 14 shows a replay of the sam-ple game using computer Scrabblelevel 6. Using this version, all moveswere made in approximately 60 sec-onds.

In listing 15, the final Scrabbleboard resulting from the sample gameis displayed. This board was pro-duced using the "continue last game"option and was generated withoutsquare numbers—giving more clarityto the display.

In listing 16, the inputs to preset agame board are shown. In listing 17,you can see what happens when thecomputer cannot find a legal move —it asks for new letters. Listing 18 is aTRS-80 Level II BASIC version of theSCRABBLE program.

The Scrabble simulation is veryhelpful in solving end-game prob-lems. Since it specializes in placingtwo letters on the game board, youcan use the simulation to find thehighest-scoring positions for your lastfew letters.

Listing 8: REPORT prints a summary of the most recent game played; data are storedin a file called REC.

1.1 a i

0 0PEN»1» "REC"

5 '"MOVE BOX LETTERS TIME"

0 READtl»A>Z*C1. f7)>I)

o :i:fa<othen:i.oo

0 C=CH

0 !;i4T»C.A»" • <2:K1>7) t'/.&l,B

0 GOTO20

00 i ■• ■ \ I ■■ -\ I -TIME OF 1 MADE BY HUMAN PLAYER.

10 !"TIMED MOVES WERE MADE BY COMPUTER"

20 CHAIN'S"

EADY

Listing 9: Sample printout of the beginning of a session with a Scrabble system.

LOAD EREADY

RUN

WELCOME TO THE SCRABBLE SIMULATION MODELYOU HAVE THE FOLLOWING SEVEN OPTIONS:

VOCABULARY

0 END THE SIMULATION

1 CREATE A FILE FOR THE COMPUTER'S VOCABULARY

2 INPUT OR DELETE WORDS TO OR FROM THE COMPUTER'

3 LIST THE ENTIRE VOCABULARY

1 CONVERT A PROGRAM CODE NUMBER INTO A WORD

3 PLAY A GAME OF SCRABBLE AGAINST THE COMPUTER

6 GET A SUMMARY REPORT OF THE GAME JUST PLAYED

YOUR SELECTION ? 2

ENTER DELETE TO DELETE WORDS OR ANYTHING TO ADD ? ADDNEW WORD T ZIPNEW WORD ?

READY ?

WELCOME TO THE SCRABBLE SIMULATION MODELYOU HAVE THE FOLLOWING SEVEN OPTIONS!

0 END THE SIMULATION

1 CREATE A FILE FOR THE COMPUTER'S VOCABULARY

2 INPUT OR DELETE WORDS TO OR FROM THE COMPUTER'S VOCABULARY

3 LIST THE ENTIRE VOCABULARY

1 CONVERT A PROGRAM CODE NUMBER INTO A WORD

5 PLAY A GAME OF SCRABBLE AGAINST THE COMPUTER

6 GET A SUMMARY REPORT OF THE GAME JUST PLAYED

The Future of Computer Scrabble

To date, the best level of the gameplays a little slow, and a broadervocabulary is needed. The slowness

Text continued on page 346

YOUR SELECTION ? 4

INPUT O TO END

GIVE TEST NUMBER f 89

AFB

GIVE TEST NUMBER ? 0

READY ?

C>

oa

qExo

LU (J

DIGITAL HARMONY by John Whitney

Lays the foundation for the whole new field ofaudio-visual art made possible by microcomputers.Whitney, a pioneer of the special effects technologyused in STAR WARS and 2001: A SPACE ODYSSEY, explainsthe special union of computer graphics and music,illustrations and descriptions of Whitney's computer,peripherals, and-film techniques.ISBN 07-070015-X, 240 pp., hardcover S21.95

inversions: A Catalogue of calligraphicCartwheels by scott Kim

Filled with intriguing designs, words that read thesame right-side up and upside down, words withinwords, and unexpected symmetries, these composi-tions create a fresh way to look at thealphabet, invertible writing appeals toeveryone who loves beauty in mathematicsand design.ISBN 0-07-034546-5, 128 pp., SOftCOVer $8.95

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70 Main St.

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03458

NH

h

I

Order bv mail or phone. Call toll free 800-258-5420.

Please send: DIGITAL HARMONY S21.95

INVERSIONS S8.95

Add 75C per book to cover postage and handling.

D Check enclosed in the amount of S

D VISA a Mastercard

Card #NameStreetCity

Expires,

State

.Zip

Circle 468 on Inquiry card.

338 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 320 on inquiry card.

TM

does it again!

The NEC™ 8023 matrix printer outperforms every

printer in its price range! Unbelievable? Do a

comparison and see for yourself...

FEATURES:

• High Resolution Graphics:144 x 160 dots/inch

• Proportional Spacing

• Lower Case Descenders

• 9 x N Dot Matrix

• 8 Character Sizes

• 5 Unique Alphabets

• Greek Character Set

• Graphic Symbols

• 100CPS Print Speed

• Bidirectional, Logic SeekingPrinting

• Adjustable Tractors

• Single Sheet Friction Feed

• Paper Empty Sensor

• Vertical & Horizontal Tabbing

• Bidirectional Paper Feed

• Bold & Underlined Print

Yes, once again NEC hasengineered a superior printer asit did with the NEC Spinwriter™The 8023 Matrix Printer is backedby the NEC warranty andcomplete support organization.To place an order, call OrangeMicro or visit one of the OrangeMicro Printer Stores.

IJOrange Micro

inc.

3150 E. La Palma

Suite G

Anaheim, CA 92806

(714) 630-3322 • (213) 501-3486 • (800) 854-8275

TOLL FREE

c 1981 Orange Micro, Inc.

Listing 10: Selecting option 3 from the main menu (which runs the program in listing 5) gives the user a list of the computer's currentvocabulary of two- and three-letter words.

THE CURRENT LIST OF THE COMPUTEFi' S VOCABULARY FOLLOWS!

AA

AD

AE

AH

AI

AM

AN

AR

AS

AT

AX

AY

BA

BE

BY

BE

DO

EH

EL

EM

EN

ER

EX

FA

GO

HA

HE

HI

HO

ID

IF

IN

10

IS

IT

J A

JO

KA

LA

LI

LO

MA

ME

MI

MU

MY

NA

NO

NU

OD

OF

OH

ON

OR

OS

OX

PA

PE

PI

RE

SI

SO

TI

TO

UP

US

UT

WE

WO

XI

YE

ABA

ABY

ACE

ACT

ADD

ADZ

AFT

AGA

AGE

AGO

AHA

AIB

AIL

AIM

AIN

AIR

AIT

ALA

ALB

ALE

ALL

ALP

AMA

AMI

AMU

ANA

AND

ANE

ANI

ANT

ANY

APE

APT

ARK

ARM

ART

ASH

ASK

ASP

ASS

ATE

AUK

AVA

AVE

AUA

AWL

AWN

AXE

AYE

AYS

AZO

BAA

BAB

BAH

BAN

BAR

BAT

BAY

BED

BEE

BEL

BEN

BET

BEY

BIB

BID

BIG

BIN

BIS

BIT

BOA

BOG

BOO

BOT

BOW

BOX

BOY

BRA

BUG

BUM

BUR

BUS

BUT

BYE

CAB

CAD

CAM

CAN

CAP

CAR

CAT

CAY

CEE

CHI

COB

COB

COG

CON

COO

COP

COS

COT

COX

COZ

CRY

CUB

CUB

CUE

CUR

CUT

BAB

BAG

BAK

BAP

BAW

BAY

DEE

BEN

BEV

DEW

BEY

DIE

DIG

DIM

DIN

DIP

BOC

BOE

DOG

BOL

BON

BOR

BRY

BUB

DUG

DUE

BUN

DUO

DUP

DYE

EAR

EAT

EAU

EBB

ECU

EDH

EEL

EFF

EFT

EGG

EGO

EKE

ELB

ELK

ELL

EME

EMU

END

EON

EPI

ERA

ERG

ERN

ERR

ETA

ETH

EWE

EYE

FAB

FAG

FAN

FAR

FAS

FAT

FAX

FED

FEE

FEN

FET

FEU

FEW

FEY

FEZ

FIB

FIB

FIE

FIG

FIN

FIR

FIT

FIX

FIZ

FLY

FOB

FOE

FOG

FOH

FON

FOP

FOR

FOX

FOY

FRO

FRY

FUB

FUN

FUR

GAB

GAB

GAE

GAG

GAL

GAP

GAR

GAS

GAY

GEB

GEE

GEM

GET

GEY

GIB

GID

GIE

GIG

GIN

GIP

GNU

GOA

GOB

GOB

GOO

GOT

GUN

GUT

GUY

GYP

HAD

HAE

HAG

HAJ

HAM

HAS

HAT

HAW

HAY

HEM

HER

HET

HEW

HEX

HID

HIE

HIP

HIS

HIT

HOB

HOD

HOE

HOG

HOI

HOO

HOP

HOT

HOW

HOY

HUB

HUE

HUH

HUM

HUT

ICE

ILK

ILL

IMP

INK

ION

IRK

ISM

ITS

JAB

JAG

JAM

JAP

JAR

JAW

JAY

JEE

JET

JEIJ

JEW

JIB

JIG

JOB

JOE

JOG

JOT

JOUI

JOY

JUG

JUS

JUT

KAB

KAE

KAS

KAY

KEA

KEF-

KEN

KEP

KEX

KEY

KIB

KIP

KIT

KOP

KOR

KOS

LAB

LAC

LAP

LAR

LAS

LAW

LAX

LAY

LEA

LED

LEE

LET

LEU

LEV

LEX

LIB

LIE

LIP

LIT

LOB

LOG

LOO

LOP

LOT

LOW

LOX

LUM

LUX

MAB

MAE

MAG

MAN

MAP

MAR

MAS

MAT

MAU

MAY

MEL

MET

MHO

MIB

MIB

MIG

MIL

MIR

MIX

MOA

MOB

MOL

MOM

MON

MOO

MOT

MOW

MUD

MUN

MUT

NAB

NAE

NAG

NAP

NAY

NEB

NET

NEW

NIB

NIL

NIP

NIT

NIX

NOB

NOB

NOG

NOH

NOM

NOO

NOT

NOW

NTH

NUB

NUT

OAF

OAK

OAR

OAT

OBI

ODD

ODE

OFF

OHO

Oil

OIL

OKA

OLB

ONE

OOT

OPE

ORA

ORB

ORE

ORT

OSE

OUI

OUR

OUT

OVA

OWE

OWL

OWN

PAD

PAL

PAM

PAN

PAP

PAR

PAS

PAT

PAW

PAX

PAY

PEA

PEE

PEG

PEN

PER

PET

PHI

PIE

PIG

PIN

PIP

PIT

PIU

PIX

PLY

POB

POI

POP

POT

POX

PRO

PRY

PS I

PUB

PUG

PUN

PUP

PUR

PUS

PUT

PYE

PYX

QUA

QUO

RAD

RAG

RAJ

RAM

RAN

RAP

RAT

RAX

RAY

RED

REF

RE I

REM

REP

REV

REX

RIB

RIG

RIM

RIN

RIP

ROB

ROT

RUE

RUN

RUT

RYE

SAB

SAC

SAB

SAG

SAL

SAP

SAT

SAW

SAX

SAY

SEA

SEC

SEE

SEN

SET

SEW

SEX

SIB

SIN

SIR

SIT

SIX

SKI

SKY

SOB

SOD

SOL

SON

SOP

BUT

SOU

SOW

SOX

SOY

SPA

SPY

SUB

SUM

SUN

SUP

SYN

TAB

TAE

TAG

TAM

TAN

TAP

TAR

TAT

TAU

TAX

TEA

TEE

TEG

TEN

THE

THO

TIC

TIE

TIL

TIN

TIP

TIT

TOD

TOE

TOM

TON

TOO

TOP

TOR

TOT

TOW

TOY

TRY

TUB

TUG

TUN

TUP

TUX

TWA

TWO

UDO

UGH

UIT

UMP

UPS

URN

VAN

VAS

VAT

VAU

VAV

VAW

VEE

VET

VEX

VIA

VIE

VIN

VIS

VOE

VON

VOX

VUG

WAD

WAD

UAE

WAG

WAP

WAR

WAS

WAT

WAX

WAY

WEB

WEE

WEN

UHA

WHO

WHY

WIN

WIS

WIZ

WOE

WON

WOO

WOP

WOT

WRY

WYE

YAK

YAM

YAP

YAW

YEA

YEN

YEP

YES

YET

YEW

YIN

YIP

YOB

YON

YOU

YOW

YUK

ZAP

ZAX

ZED

ZEE

ZIP

ZOA

ZOO

THE

CURRENT

VOCABULARY OF THE COMPUTEFi

[S 725 WORDS

DISKETTES

as low as

$9175

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MAJOR BRANDS AT LOW PRICES

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National Data

51'4 Soft SectoredSingle SidedSingle Density

5'-4 " Hard Sectored

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24.25

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25.95

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26.60

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TO ORDER OR FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

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Apple II - 48K

..... $1080

Apple Disk w/Controller ....

$475

Apple Disk Add-on

$375

5Va Diskettes

$25/10

. , $1750

Epson MX-80

$465

Epson MX-100. .

...... $750

NECPC-8001A

SI 000

13" RGB Monitor

$850

S-100 64K Static

£550

Qume DT-8

$510

ADDS Viewpoint

$565

Discount on SD, CCS, AQ and monAll Items neyv, guaranteed.

Mail; P.O. Box Q, Sherman Oaks, CA 91423

Store: 15618 S. Ingkwood Ave., Lawndale, CA 90260

800-421-5151 213-970-1476

340 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 296 on inquiry card.

Circle 464 on inquiry card.

Qume DataTrakFloppy Disk Drives

The DataTrak" 5

double-sided double-density drive usesstate-of-the-art technology to give you superior data integrity through im-proved disk life, data reliability, and drive serviceability using 5Vi"media.

Qume's independent head load yields wear characteristics far superior tocompetitive drives. This superior wear performance produces savings on bothdiskette usage and drive maintenance.

Improved data reliability, resulting from superior amplitude and bit shaftcharacteristics, optimizes operator efficiency and reduces processing time forend-users.

And Data Trak's unique modular design means simplified field servicing foryou and your customers.

Design Features

Expanded storage capacity • Two-sided, double-density

Proven head carriage assembly • Ceramic head with tunnel erase • Dual-headflex mounting arrangement • Superior head load dynamics

Precise lead screw actuator • Fast access time — 12 ms track-to-track • Lowfriction and minimum wear • Low power dissipation

Additional features • Industry standard 5W media format • ISO standard writeprotect • Door lock out for media protection • Requires DC voltage only •Daisy Chain up to 4 drives • Heads load on command independent of loadingmedia

Product Specifications

Performance Specifications • Capacity: Unformatted: 437.5K or 500K bytes; QumeFormatted: 286.7K or327.7K bytes • Recording Density: 5456 BPI • Track Den-

Distributedby:

SISSIII

computer ■products, inc.

sity: 48 TPI • Cylinders: 35 or 40 • Tracks: 70 or 80 • RecordingMethod: FM or MFM • Rotational Speed: 300 RPM • Transfer Rate:250K bits/second • Latency (avg.): 100 ms • Access Time: Track-to-track 12 ms; Settling 15 ms • Head Load Time: 50 ms

1116 liata iraK O double-sided double-density drive usesstate-of-the-art technology to give you superior data integrity through im-proved disk life, data reliability, and drive serviceability.

Qume's innovative approach to controlling head load dynamics yields wearcharacteristics far superior to competitive drives. In independent evaluation,Data Trak 8 is setting industry standards for tap test performance. This superiorwear performance produces savings on both diskette usage and drivemaintenance.

Improved data reliability, resulting from superior amplitude and bit shiftcharacteristics, optimizes operator efficiency and reduces processing time forend-users.

And Data Trak's unique modular design means simplified field servicing foryou and your customers.

Design Features

Expanded storage capacity • Two-sided, double-density

Fully IBM compatible • IBM 3740 and System 32 drives • IBM 3600 and 4964drives • IBM System 34 drives

Proven head carriage assembly • Ceramic head with tunnel erase • Dual-headflex mounting arrangement • Superior head load dynamics

Fast, precise steel belt drive • Fast access time — 3 ms track-to-track • Lowfriction and minimum wear • Low power dissipation

Additional features • ISO standard write protect • Programmable door lock •Negative DC voltage not required • Daisy Chain up to 4 drives • Side-by-sidemounting in standard 19" RETMA rack • Compatible with ShugartSA850/SA851

&Sh9

**""■*' ■7,":::'-' ■ ' * V.^f;"-.' ■

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^j

.:... - -,

_.

•

i -Y^rLjftft'igfrrrtfftA^ifiiT^rtiTii¥ i -

Product Specifications

Performance Specifications • Capacity: Unformatted: 1.6 Mbytes/disk;IBM Format: 1.2 Mbytes/disk • Recording Density: 6816 BPI • TrackDensity: 48 TPI • Cylinders: 77 • Tracks: 154 • Recording Method:MFM • Rotational Speed: 360 RPM • Transfer Rate: 500Kbits/sec-ond • Latency (avg.): 83 ms • Access Time: Track-to-track 3 ms;Settling 15 ms; Average 91 ms • Head Load Time: 35 ms • Disk:Diskette 2D or equivalent

;is;iii

computer ■products, inc.

1198 E. Willow, Signal Hill, CA 90806Call Toll Free (800) 421-7701

AUTHORIZED DISTRIBUTOR FOR QUMECALL FOR PRICE AND DELIVERY

(213) 595-6431 or (714) 891-2663 In California

Circle 34 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1981

341

Circle 85 on inquiry card.

If you're looking for

the best pricesin the U.S.A. on

MICROCOMPUTERS

We have consistently offered the TRS-80 lineat savings up to 20%. You can save up to$1500 by buying from Computer Discount ofAmerica.

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ATARI

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We have the full line of ATARI personalcomputers and systems.

Our savings are as big on expansion inter-faces, printers, diskettes, Apple Computers,0KIDATA Microline, C-ITOH Starwriter,Lexicon Modems — everything for yourcomputer.

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Listing 11: Sample game shows the computer going first and spelling the word ZIP,followed by the user spelling SPEARED.

THIS PROGRAM UIAS WRITTEN BY

J.JR DATA RESEARCH

BOX 71

MIDDLE VILLAGE. NEW YORK 11379

WRITE FOR INFORMATION TO OBTAIN COPIES ON DISKETTE OR FOR TRS 80'S.

OTHER FINE PROGRAMS ARE AVAILABLE

THERE ARE TEN VERSIONS OF THIS GAME WHICH DO THE FOLLOWING'.

VER WORDS CHECKED MAX TIME

1

1.00000%

1080

SEC

2

.500002

510

SEC

3

>328132

360

SEC

4

.25000%

270

SEC

5

.18730%

216

SEC

6

.15625%

180

SEC

7

.14063%

151

SEC

8

.12500%

135

SEC-

9

.10738%

120

SEC

10

.09375%

108

SEC

WHAT VERSION (1-10) ? VERSION 1 IS BEST AND 10 WORSTTYPE 9 IF YOU DON'T WANT NUMBERS ON THE BOARD t 0TYPE YES IF YOU WANT TO CONTINUE LAST GAME PLAYED ?TYPE YES IF YCIU WISH TO SET GAME BOARD ?TYPE YES IF THE COMPUTER GOES FIRST ? YESWHAT ARE THE COMPUTER'S LETTERS ? IZIQJPIJ

/ 1

/ 2

/ 3

/ 1

/ 5

/ 6

/

7

/ 8

/ 9

/ 10

/ 11

/ 12

/ .13

/ 14

/ 15

/

/ 16

/ 17

7 18

/ 17

7 20

/ 21

/

22

/ 23

/ 21

/ 25

/ 26

/ 27

/ 28

/ 27

/ 30

/

/ 31

/ 32

/ 33

/ 31

/ 35

/ 36

/

37

/ 38

/ 39

/ 10

/ 11

/ 42

/ 43

/ 14

/ 45

/

/ 16

/ 17

/ 18

/ 19

7 50

/ 51

/

52

/ 53

/ 51

/ 55

/ 56

/ 57

/ 58

/ 59

/ 60

/

/ 61

/ 62

7 63

/ 61

/ 65

/ 66

/

67

/ 68

/ 67

/ 70

/ 7:1.

/ 72

/ 73

/ 7A

/ 75

/

/ 76

7 77

/ 78

/ 79

/ 80

/ 81

/

82

/ 83

/ 81

/ 85

/ 86

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/ 87

/ 90

/

/ 91

/ 92

/ 93

/ 91

/ 95

/ 96

/

97

/ 98

/ 77

/100

/101

/102

/103

/104

/105

/

7106

/107

/108

7109

/no

/111

Z

I

P

/115

/116

/117

/1I8

/117

/120

/

/121

/122

7123

/124

7125

/126

A

27

/128

/129

/130

/131

/132

/133

/134

/135

/

/136

7137

/138

7139

/HO

/HI

/112

/113

/111

/115

/116

/117

/148

/147

/ISO

/

/151

/152

/153

/151

/15S

/156

A

57

/158

/159

/160

/161

/162

/163

/164

/16S

/

/166

7167

/168

A169

/170

/171

/172

/173

/171

/175

/176

/177

/178

/179

/180

/

/181

7182

7183

/181

/185

/186

/187

/188

/187

/170

/191

/192

/193

At 91

,'175

/

7196

7197

/198

/199

/200

/201

/:

!02

/203

/201

/205

/206

/207

/208

/209

/210

/

7211

/212

7213

7211

/215

/216

/217

/218

/217

/220

/221

/222

/223

/221

/225

/

WHAT

ARE

riHE COMPUTER'S LETTERS

?

[JQUXAE

NEGATIVE TO AND FROM ENDS GAME

0 TO AND FROM ALLOWS THE COMPUTER TO MOVE

THE BOX FROM AND TO OF THE LAST MOVE OR 0.0 FOR MY TURN ? 99,187WHAT WORD DID YOU SPELL T SPEARED

Listing 12: The word SPEARED has been added to the Scrabble board. The computer isnow ready for the next move.

/ 1

/ 2

/ 3

/ 4

/ 5

/ 6

/ 7

/ 8

/

9

/ 10

/ 11

/ 12

/ 13

/ 14

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/

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/

24

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/

/ 31

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/

39

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/

/ 46

/ 47

/ 18

/ 47

/ 50

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/ 53

/

54

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/

/ 61

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/

69

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/

/ 76

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/ 81

/ 82

/ 83

/

84

/ 85

/ 86

/ 87

/ 88

/ 87

/ 90

/

/ 91

/ 92

/ 93

/ 94

/ 75

/ 76

/ 77

/ 98

S

/100

/101

/102

/103

/104

/105

/

/106

/107

/108

/107

/no

/111

2

I

P

/115

/116

/117

/118

/119

/120

/

/121

/122

/123

/124

/125

/126

/127

/128

E

/130

/131

/132

/133

/134

/135

/

/136

/137

/138

/137

/HO

/141

/142

/143

A

/145

/146

/147

/148

/149

/150

/

/151

/152

/153

/154

/155

/156

/157

/158

R

/160

/161

/162

/163

/164

/l 65

/

/166

/167

/168

/167

/170

/171

/172

/173

E

/175

/176

/177

/178

/179

/1B0

/

/181

/182

/183

/184

/185

/186

/187

/188

D

/190

/191

/192

/173

/174

/175

/

/196

/197

/178

/177

/200

/201

/202

/203

/:

J04

/205

/206

/207

/208

/209

/210

/

/211

/212

/213

/211

/215

/216

/217

/218

/219

/220

/221

7222

/223

/224

/225

/

NEGATIVE TO AND FROM ENDS GAME

0 TO AND FROM ALLOWS THE COMPUTER TO MOVE

THE BOX FROM AND TO OF THE LAST MOVE OR 0,0 FOR MY TURN ?

Help someone read and

write better with these free guides

from International Paper.

How to wrrte clearly

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We believe in the power of the printed word.

©1981 International Paper CompanyDecember 1981 © BYTE Publications lnc 343

Circle 270 on inquiry card.

1981

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State Systems: Information on IndividualState Tax Systems is availableupon request.

Transparent Overlays: Transparent Over-lay sets are available.

All levels operate under most CP/M*formats including Apple*.Compiled Microsoft Basic.

Consider the advantages this

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"CP/M is a TM of Digital Research"Apple is a TM o( Apple Computer. Inc

Listing 13: Summary of a completedScrabble game played at level 1.

MOVE BOX LETTERS TIME

arsis

~:~- :;:~::::;:::

1

1 :t 2

ZIP****

43

2

99

SPEARED

0

3

189

DRIVING

0

4

154

FACTOR*

0

5

169

IX*****

525

6

25

TOMATO*

0

7

166

YOGI***

0

8

23

LITTLE*

0

9

137

OU*****

7/5

:10

52

BROMIDE

0

11

118

BABEHIT

0

12

126

LOCKOUT

0

13

143

HJ*****

1160

14

52

BAR****

0

IS

76

GRINDER

0

16

17

MODERN*

0

17

210

YP*****

1426

IS

59

SEEN***

0

19

213

SEAT***

0

20

90

RAILS**

0

Listing 14: Summary of a completedScrabble game played at level 6. The com-puter's final move of the game shown inlisting 13 took 23 minutes and 46 sec-onds. At level 6, the average move tookthe computer less than 60 seconds.

MOVE BOX LETTERS TIME

TIME OF 1 MADE BY HUMAN PLAYER.TIMED MOVES HERE MADE BY COMPUTER

= K=

^s=s=

^^="=s::=:s: ;,

-.■~ = ~ =

1

112

ZIP****

42

2

99

SPEARED

0

3

189

DRIVING

0

4

154

FACTOR*

0

5

165

JA*****

81

6

25

TOMATO*

0

7

136

YOGI***

0

8

23

LITTLE*

0

9

172

IE*****

66

10

52

BROMIDE

0

11

118

BASEHIT

0

12

122

LOCKOUT

0

13

176

FX*****

61

14

52

BAR****

0

15

76

GRINDER

0

16

17

M0BERN*

0

17

131

au*****

59

18

59

SEEN***

0

19

88

SEA****

0

20

212

TAIL***

0

21

185

AI*****

51

22

32

ONLY***

0

TIME OF 1 MADE BY HUMAN PLAYER,TIMED MOVES UERE MADE BY COMPUTER

REABY

Listing 15: Final board layout resulting from the sample game given in listing 13. Select-ing the system option that displays the letters without the square numbers makes thisdisplay easier to read.

TYPE 9 II YOU DON'! WANT NUMBERS ON THE BOARD ? 9TYPE YES IF YOU WANT 10 CONTINUE LAST GAME PLAYED

/

M

/

7

7

/

/

L

I

T

T

L

E

7

/

/

/

0

/

7

/

7

/

7

/

0

/

7

,'

/

7

/

/

D

/

7

/

/

B

R

0

M

I

D

i:

S

7

/

/

13

ER

/

/

I

N

/

D

7

E

AR

77

7/

AT

7/

/7

/

EE

/

R

7

/

N

/

7

/

7

/

/

s

0

/

7

/

N

A

7

7

/

/

7

/

/

Z

I

p

7

/

7

B

/

I

/

c

'

a

//

//

//

L0

//

/

H

EA

/

J

/7

/7

AS

//

L

y

/

u

/

F

A

C

T

0

R

7

/

7

E

/

/

/

Y

0

B

I

/

K

/

/

E

/

7

7

H

/

/

1

/

/

/

X

/

0

/

7

D

R

I

V

I

N

G

/

/

/

/

/

/

s

E

/

A

UT

/

/

/

/

/7

7/

/7

7

7

T

/

7

Y

p

77

TYPE

YES

IF

THE COMPUTER

GOES

FIRS

T ?

WHAT

ARE

THE

COMPUTER

S

_E'

rTE

w;

f

NEGATIVE TO AND FROM ENDS GAME

0 TO AND FROM ALLOWS THE COMPUTER TO MOVE

THE BOX FROM AND TO OF THE LAST MOVE OR OiO FOR MY TURN

THANK YOU FOR THE GAMEFREE MEMORY EQUALS 1140

344 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

iTM

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DEALER & AUTHOR INQUIRIES INVITED

Ordering Information: Check. Money Order (payable to MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS). VISA or MasterCard accepted. No COD's or unpaid PO's. California residents add 6V?%sa\es\ax. Shipping costs in US included in price. Foreign orders, pay in US funds on US bank, include for handling and shipping by Air: $5.00 for each item under $25,00,$10.00 for each item between $25.00 and $99.00, and $20.00 tor each item over $100.00. Minimum order $10.00. All prices and products subject lo change or withdrawalwithout notice. Single system and/or single user license agreement required on some products. 'REGISTERED TRADEMARKS

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Circle 290 on inquiry card.

Circle 29 on inquiry card.

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346 December 19B1 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 16: The Scrabble system has provisions for presetting a game board.

TYPE 9 IF YOU DON'T WANT NUMBERS ON THE BOARD '? 9TYPE YES IF YOU UANT TO CONTINUE LAST GAME PLAYED ?TYPE YES IF YOU UISH TO SET GAME BOARD ? YESGIVE THE FIFTEEN LETTERS FOR LINE 1123456789012345

?A

GIVE THE FIFTEEN LETTERS FOR LINE 2123456789012345

GIVE THE FIFTEEN LETTERS FOR LINE 3123456789012345

? C

GIVE THE FIFTEEN LETTERS FOR LINE 4123456789012345

? D

GIVE THE FIFTEEN LETTERS FOR LINE 5123456789012345

GIVE THE FIFTEEN LETTERS FOR LINE 6123456789012345

GIVE THE FIFTEEN LETTERS FOR LINE 7123456789012345

GIVE THE FIFTEEN LETTERS FOR LINE 8123456789012345

GIVE THE FIFTEEN LETTERS FOR LINE 9123456789012345

GIVE THE FIFTEEN LETTERS FOR LINE 10123456789012345

GIVE THE FIFTEEN LETTERS FOR LINE 11123456789012345

GIVE THE FIFTEEN LETTERS FOR LINE 12123456789012345

GIVE THE FIFTEEN LETTERS FOR LINE 13123456789012345

GIVE THE FIFTEEN LETTERS FOR LINE 1412345678901.2345

GIVE THE FIFTEEN LETTERS FOR LINE II123456789012345

Listing 17 and listing 18 are onpages 348-351

Text continued from page 338:

can easily be corrected by changingthe coding into machine language.With the increased speed of a ma-chine-language program, four-letterwords could be added. However,your memory requirements would in-crease due to the additional wordsand their size. As mentioned earlier,all words are numbers to the com-puter program. Therefore, the high-est-value letter combination currentlybeing evaluated is 19,682 (ie:26(729 + 27 +1)). This numbervalue can be stored in 8-byte words.Adding a fourth letter would be add-ing 26 X 19,683, raising the new high

value to 531,440, which, of course,would place a greater burden on yourmemory requirements.

Improved computerized Scrabblewill require a faster host computerwith more memory capacity (internaland external). This requirement canbe met by today's giant computersand, I hope, the microcomputers ofthe 1980s. ■

The North Star programs and the TRS-80version of Scrabble are available on disk for$10 from ]]R Data, POB 74, Middle Village NY12379, (516) 643-1931. The TRS-80 disk ver-sion also contains a machine-language version.

Circle 120 on inquiry card.

OUR SECOND GENERATION DP-NET

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The S-4500 DP-NET system will sup-port from one to ten users, and provideeach with their own 7?$0 CPU and §4Kof ram memory. Each user will alsohave access to 40 megabytes of harddisk storage, 17.2 megabytes of filemanaged tape backup, and floppydisk.

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simply reading in the entire recordfile you wish to protect, the DP-NET'DISK SELECTIVE LOCKOUT' guar-antees complete data integrity. TheDP-NET also allows the use of today'spopular micro applications languages(i.e., Cbasic®, Mbasic®, Cobol®, etc.),without having to compensate for theproblems inherant to these languagesin the multi-user environment, whileaintaining CPM compatibility.

INTERACTIVE FAMILY OF SYSTEMS

The S-4500 is but one of many DP-NET configurations utilizing parallel and/or serialcommunication links. Delta Products also manufacturers a wide range of conven-tional single and multi-user systems operating under CP/M and MP/M. Single andmulti-user systems can be upgraded to DP-NET's, because their basic componentsare utilized in our network systems. We have intentionally developed an interactivefamily of systems that are completely configurable and compatible, never limitingthe ability to adapt to a modification in the application. Delta Products systems areavailable thru a worldwide network of selec-tive distributors and dealers. Call for thename and number of the one nearest to you.

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Listing 17: When the Scrabble system cannot find a legal move, it requests a new set ofletter "tiles" from the user.

TYPE YES IF THE COMPUTER GOES FIRST ?WHAT ARE THE COMPUTER'S LETTERS ? GGGGGGG

NEGATIVE TO AND FROM ENDS GAME

0 TO AND FROM ALLOWS THE COMPUTER TO MOVE

THE BOX FROM AND TO OF THE LAST MOVE OR 0.0 FOR MY TURN ? OrOTHE COMPUTER IS SORTING IT'S LETTERS

THE COMPUTER CANNOT MOVE. THEREFORE. IT IS CHANGING ALL. OF

ITS LETTERS

WHAT ARE THE COMPUTER'S LETTERS ? AEIOURE

NEGATIVE TO AND FROM ENDS GAME

0 TO AND FROM ALLOWS THE COMPUTER TO MOVE

THE BOX FROM AND TO OF THE LAST MOVE OR OrO FOR MY TURN 7 194.224WHAT WORD DID YOU SPELL ? END

//////////////0 /

NEGATIVE TO AND FROM ENDS GAME

O TO AND FROM ALLOWS THE COMPUTER TO MOVE

THE BOX FROM AND TO OF THE LAST MOVE OR 0.0 FOR MY TURN ? -8.

THANK YOU FOR THE GAMEFREE MEMORY EOUALS 755

Listing 18: A TRS-80 level II BASIC version of the program SCRABBLE. This programdoes not require disk drives or utility programs because the vocabulary is contained indata statements (lines 102-238).

to ITriNT T-N

:h> iitm rvacflB

75 DIM KM<6.

:•'.' CLSl tNPUT

10 I118.1^1 1866

IS I DftJ=A4 H13

10 FURJ1-1818

so Ftiro-i ra*i55 daia -3>-

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130 DATA 2596132 DATA 7756

131 DATA 2968136 DATA 3175138 DATA 31£!8140 DATA 376

. IL.O(26>f mim 3.20.3) .KT<A.4>fKFC6)

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(AST UK SI.OU'IZtlTASl^O: II Zt^'FAGl'THENFASTM

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.-1.1.-7.-1.i.2.-1.i,2,3

17.-21.71.-12.-21.21.12.-21.21.12.63

KEADKI-C.I) I NEXT

74.28.I 4.56

FilD'JI '■ I T02tR£ALIIsM(J.Jl ) INEXUI .J

.-1.1.1.2.-42.-21.-21.21.71.47

FORJJ I T031READKUCJ. Jl ) 1 KW< J + 3, Jl )---MJ< J. Jl) JNEX 1 Jl , J

1.729.I.77.77.J,779431READJ.V0CABCJ) 1NFX 1IFIIK.I^ 444 11)740: FCE.ADJ1 I IUUCAB1J)=Jl+10000INEX11»32.35.36.40.41.45.46.47.51.52.55.59»79.i 13113.117.1111.119.153. 1:.9.16.1.201,71 7.771 .275.731219,257, 258, 76:.', 763, 771 , 7115, 298. 375 .333.339.352360, 377,376, 379,7.93, 399, 109, 4 I 1 ,41 3.4 I 9, 423, 474433, 4 37, 44 I , 49 I , 577, 578, 549, 555, 5113, 586, 587, 676 , 6366110.784.808.815.830.841.863,911,919,923.933,946,976911!,, 986, 990. 997, 1054, 1055, 1 05:1. 1 065. 1 069 . 10H1 . 1089

1108.I 1U.1117,I 1 IV.,1177,1132,1166,1181,1776,1728

1250,1253,1258,1261 , 1274, 1307,1374, I 3711, I 351

1364,1382,1409,1473, 1 4 46,1 486,1 -189,1493,1 499

1505,1510, 1597,15911,1605, 1 607, 1 A 1.1, 1 618, 1 703

1708,1715,1770,1771 , 1864,11:70,1878,1887., l!!i)6

1 888,1945, 7037, 2038, 70 43, 204 4, 20 45,71 3:! ,7716

2227,7728.7730.7737,7734.7739.2377,74 I 7,7594

7599,7606,260/,2608,261 I»2612,7616,7618, 76911

2758,7/59,2772,7774,7945,2950,795 4,7959,7966

3056,3065,3073,3074,3076,3164 , 3 I 66, 3177,3173

3321, 3326,3328, 3333, 3335,333V, 347.',.34!)!,. I4 86.3497,3 498,3 499,3596,3690,3697,369 3, 170.1 ,374 7

3792.3813.3827.3841.3849,3947.3973.3980.3981 Listing 18 continued on page 350

348 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Bare board, manual & 6 hard-to-get parts. 99.00PET interface kit. Connects the 32K RAM boardtoiUKjj^Siy^ET^^^^^^^^^^MK^OO

AIM Professional Enclosure...$175.00

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Listing 18 continued:

142144146

148

160162164166168170172174176178180182184186188190192194196198200

.40B6.4132,4138,4141.4408*4415*4419,442<,4530,4532,4534.453:,4637,4641,4643,4723:.4797.4803,4804.487515135,5137,5142,5146:52SB»5263»5348»5355i0»5512»5523»5I,5866,5869,5872,5£■5990,5991,6079,6080:,6244,6246,6252,6253:,6412,6419,6647,6896:,7120,7319,7324,7330:,7446,7448,7535,7=,7864,7876,7877,8048:,8170,8178,81/9,8266,8778,8791,8793,8794 i,8903,8904,8905,8907.,9168,9169,9173,9176,9518,9520,9522,9523.,9722,9724,9727»9738i,9897,9902,9905,46,364,451,461,465,469.,634,754,775,793,968 .1166,1187,1190,1233i

238300302304306308310312314316318

328330340

364366

368370372

380390400410-4154164174184204254.10440

470480

4 90492

,1441,1453.

,1704,170=

,1806,1813.

,1931,2013.

,2238,22-

,3153,311

270,3273:,3694,3703:,3901,390:,4108,411',4276,4277:540,4609:,4716,4720:,4843,4989:5091,5149:5676,5760:,6197,6282,6799,6801,6984,6998i,7278,7447:,8383,848:,9094,9211,9999,9999:,9999,9999:

:next

,0.0,1

1511,15201707,17091817,18192073,20782247,22493159,31623279,32813709,38023903,39874114,41184279.42804612,46144722,47294990,49985154,51615809,60796286,62956810,68127008,70248263,82658484,86349360,93749999,99999999

4619,4621

4781,4784

4885,4943

5148,5149

5351,5353

5684,5690

5879,5882

6091.6094

6257,6260

6897,6928

7333,7335

7697,7700

8051,8065

8278,8282

8798,8799

8995,8996

9177,9328

9524,9527

9744,9883

,64,235,238

473,613,615

973,980,982

263,1318,1360

1522,1530,1561

1710,1711,1714

1889,1912,1914

2085,2089,2093

2250,2251,2344

3163,3165,3169,3173

3367,3372,3378

3880,3881,3882

3989,3991,4000

4157,4173,4258

4281,4284,4308

4620,4621,4623

4801,4811,4826

4999,5000,5001

5163,5171,5202

6084,6085,6086

6300,6448,6457

6813,6814,6818

7029,7036,7177

8268,8275,8361

8644,8651,8653

,0,2,

,1.0,0,0,2,0

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DATA 4001,4017,4027,4064,40B6,4132,4138.4145,4149,4186

DATA 4193,4271,4325,4405

DATA 4513.4514,4523,452'

DATA 4622,4624,4631,463:

DATA 4786,4787,4793,4795

DATA 4955,4959,5132,5134

DATA 5155,5242,5243,5251

DATA 5160,5162,5502,5509

DATA 5695,5794,5863,5864

DATA 5884,5980,5985,5987

DATA 6095,6239,6241,624:

DATA 6262,6401,6404,6407

DATA 6950,6980,7058,7087

DATA 7340,7342,7430,7441

DATA 7702,7715,7718,7720

DATA 8071,8155,8160,8168

DATA 8440,8442,8443,8777

DATA 8800,8884,8887,8888

DATA 9007,9011,9155,9160

GAIA 9339,9508,9509

DATA 9529,9624,9632,9708

DATA 9884,9894,9895,9896

DATA 240,249,258,343,361

DATA 618,619,624,626,631

DATA 998,1047.1048,1103,

DATA 1372.1422,1423,1426

DATA 1568,1670,1695,1703

DATA 1715,1716,1800,1804

DATA 1921,1923.1927,1928

DATA 2165,2175,2186,2233

DATA 2363,2961,296!

DATA 3174,3261,3263,3266

DATA 3379,3381.3529,3547

DATA 3885,3890,3894,3898

DATA 4006,4009,4010,4096

DATA 4260,4268,4270

DATA 4420.4431.4432,4434

DATA 4625,4627,4628,4631

DATA 4828,4835,4837,4839

DATA 5003,5005,5008,5010

DATA 5216.5432,5506,5572

DATA 6087,6038,6178,6193

DATA 6467,6612.6796.6798

DATA 6819.6904,6907,6916

DATA 7186,71B7.7188,7192

DATA 8374,8376,8379.8380

DATA 8803,8997,9005,9093

DATA 9999,9999.9999.9999

DATA 9999.9999.9999,9999

F0RJ=1T0225:READ ISBV(J)

DATA 4,0.0,1,0,0,0,4,0.0

DATA 0,3,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,2

DATA 0,0,3.0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,3.0,0

DATA 1,0,0.3,0,0,0,1.0,0 -

DATA 0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0

DATA 0,2,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,2

DATA 0,0,1,0,0,0,1.0,1,0

DATA 4,0,0,1,0,0,0.3,0,0

DATA 0,0,1,0,0.0,1,0,1,0

DATA 0.2,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,2

DATA 0,0,0,0,3,0,0.0,0,0

DATA 1,0,0.3,0,0,0,1.0.0

DATA 0.0.3,0,0,0.1,0,1,0

DATA 0,3,0,0.0,2.0.0,0,2

DATA 4,0,0,1,0,0,0.4,0.0

forj=ito26:read ilv<j):next

DATA 1,3,3,2,1,4,2,4,I,8»5,1,3

DATA 1, 1 .3,10,1, I ,1.,] ,4,4,8,4, 10

CLSIINPUT'HOW MANY K SYSTFM 16,32.48",N

N-INT(N/16)-1:iFN>2QRN<0THEN350

POKE16421 ,2:POKEl6422,01P0KF16423.127+ (N*6 4>

FQRV0*325i2+<16384*N>T0325844(16384#N)

READNi: r.FNl«127THENNl»Nl+<64*N)

V2=:yo:iFV2>32767THENU2-U2-65536

P0KE02.N1INEXT

LATA 229.197,245,58,72, 1.27,254, 1 ,40

DATA 32,62,1,50,72,127.211,232,219,233

DATA 230,248,246,4,50,71,127,211,231

DATA 219,233,230.7,33.63,127,6,0,79,9

DATA 126,211,233.241,193,225,219.234

DATA 203,119,40,250.]21,211.233.254

DATA 13,32,4,14.10,24,239,201,34,68

DATA 85,102,119.170,204,238,0.0

GOSUP?000:GnT0400

PRINT0B7R, 'ILLEGAL M0UE" , : PF.TNT15942 , ■

PRINTP870, "MOVE FROM.TO' . : PRI N n<'?4'.', ■

PRINTP942, * ' ; : INPUT J1,J2JfFPEEKCl

IFJ1=-99THENG0SUH9R00

IFJ1=-99THKN400

IFJ1>=OTHEN420

PRINT-GAME ENDED FREE MEMORY EC1UALS '.MFM-IFNII

IFJ1-0THEN5OO

IFJ1>J2THEN400

ISiTi-ikl =1 :PRINT@878» "WHAT WORD " , IPRINT0942, ' >

PRINT@942r' ",: INPUT IU*: IFPEEK(15423)O191THENG05UEi9000

JH-1 :1F J2:-J1+1 0THEN480

J.J -L FNUW*) : J4 .K-'-Ult 1 : 1FJ3 O-J4THEN390

J3-i:FDRJ-.J[in..)2iUEPJ8:J5-lNT((J-l)/15):J6=J-<15*J5):J7=N+(21*J5)+J6

J3=s 1 53571 ( 64* J5> + C 3*J6 )

POKE.15,32 I POKEJ5+2,32

u$ =mihi(.iu*,J3,i ) :j3-=J3+i:j6=asc(u$) :fokejs+i,J6

IflDARDC J7J=J6~64*NEXT

GDI 1)400

..I:)-1:,:J3^LE;N(IU*):J4=<(J2-J1)715)+1:IFJ30J4THEN390

8DT04S4

PRINT<?a7B» 'ILLEGAL 7 ■, :PRINT0942,'LETTER MAX ',

ruRj-iiniooojNExr

PRINTS878»'TRS LETTERS "11PRINTB942** ■:PRINT@942," 'fllNFUTIWS

J^LEN(lUt) ;iF.J>7THEN490

PIUNTtfJ. IO,TIME$f

F0Rdl«=lTOJrU*='MIB4<IU*»Jl»l) : L ( Jl >-ASC(US )-64 :next

J1 = 0:FL)KJ2=1T06

,l3=L<J2):J4.--L<J2fl>:iFILV<J3>> = ILV(J4>THEN550

,.ii-j4:i. (J2+1)=J3:l<J2>=J4

NI XT:IFJ1>GTHEN535

JPIi;TART>0THEN60O1START-1

forji=--itoj:forj2=itoj:forj3=itoj

IFJl^J2GRJl=J30RJ2=J3rHEN590IW=<729*L(J1))+(L(J2)*27)+L<J3)

GCISUB9100:i,FIU = 0THEN590

FHRJ4=158261815834:POKEJ4,32:NEXT

POKE15827,L(J1 ) +64 ! POKE 15830, L ( J2) + 64: POKE 15833. LC J3M-64

■ :for.ji> i TitioooiNFxr

191THI NGIISUKVOOO

Listing 18 continued:

574 IB0rtrdKa:,0> = LtJl):iB0AR[i<221)=L(J2):iEinARD(222)-L(J3)

',-,75 PR]M7P?3H»TTME*»

574 PRINT0622*'LAST MOVE TRS 80" f :PRINT0686» "SPFLT ' iCHR* (L< Jl )+64 ) JCHRIKU J2MA4) SCHR

inuniioo

590 NEXTJ3-J2»Ji:PRINTeS7R,'TRS 80 UANTS■f:PRINT0"42.*NEU LETTERS"I:FORJl = lT02O0OJNEXTJ

600 IFJMTHEN700

A10 FORI 1 =6 710.361 STEFFI :F0RI2=0TD1411 = 11 + 12:IFIBOARD(I)=0THEH690

A15 rFIBaARD(I-2)>OORIBaARD<I-l»ODRIB0ARD<I+l ): 0THEN690

A20 :FIB0ARB(t-20)>00RIB0ARB( 1+20>>0THENA90

623 IU--=(L(l>*27> + IB0fU<H<n:G0SUB9100:iFIU==0THENA90

630 IBOrtRD(I-l)=LCl) !L9=I-1EGOSUB9700

636 L1hINT('<L9«J)/1S>:L9='L9-(15#L1)

A38 J=153f,8H3*L9) KAItLl.) IPOKEJ*L(l)-f64iF0KEJ+l r32

639 PRINT023B»TIHE»» '

A40 PRINTff622i "LAST MOVE TRS 80" > :Z*«CHR* (L ( 1 ) -(-64 )+DHR* t IBOARIK I ) +A4 )

A42 PRINr0686»"SPELT " ?Z*JJBOTQ400

690 NEXT12fIl :PRIWrPA22» ' TRS SO DDES NOT • ; : FRINT06B6 t ' MAKE A HOWE* II80T0400

700 REM CHECK BOARD

705 LO^O

710 FDRIl--=A7Tn361STEP2i:FnRI2=OT01i:i = ri + I2:rFIBCirtRri(I)=OTHEN900

720 I0=<INT((Il-67)/21)*15)+I2+l

730 J3»IB0ARD(I)

735 REM CHECK SIX POSSIBLE MOVES

740 F0RK*1T06'IFNDfJAREKKr 10) 0THEN875

750 G0SUH9300:IFIU=0THEN875

755 K2=2i:IFK: 3THENK2=I

760 REM CHECK FOR CONFLICTS

770 FORJl«lT0JIFORJ2=tTOJJIFJ1=J2THFN850

7H0 IU=<L<J1)*KU(K»1)>+<L<J?)*KU(K»2>)+(J3*KW(N»3>)

790 finSUB9100:iFlU^0THENa50

000 M2- I+KM(K. 1 ) !rM = L< .11 > :GOSUP9100

810 ifiu=0then850

020 m5=k7:ma=kb:mi=m2:m3=M'1

030 m2=i+km(k»2)im4»lcj2)!b0sub9400

010 ifiw-0then850

015 m7=k7imh k8ig0sub9a00

050 NEXTJ2»J1

855 IFEASr = 0THEN£!75

8A9 II I 0 0IHEN950

f3."i NEXTK

900 HEX I I?.I I

910 iri 0 0IHFN95O

920 rRJNrP870.TRS 80 UANTS•f:PRINTP912f"NEU LEITERS ' i !FURJ=11U2500:NEXT!GOT 0400

750 EBOARDfLl»^L3:iBDARB(L2)=L4

952 IFLA 3THENL6^LA~3

954 ON LA GOTO 955r95A.957

955 Z1=CHRt<L3+A1)+CMRS(L4 FA4)+CHR*<L5+64>ID0T095895A Zt=CHR*<L3+44)+CHR*<L5+64)+CHR*(L4+64) :GlirCl9*J8957 Zt=CHRt(L5 + 64)tCHR-KL3 + 64)+C:HRt(L 4IA4)

950 PRINT8622* •LAST MOVE TRS 80' t IPRINTPAOA. "SPELT " i 24 f .'PRINIP23G. 1 IMEt! ' 'J

959 PRINTP750-L0J* POINTS';

9A0 L9=Li:G0SUr'9700:Ll=INT< (L9-1 )/15) U 9=L9-< 15*1. 1 >

9A2 J=1535B+<3*L9) + <A4*LD:POKEJ.L3(A4:rOM J^ lr32

964 L9 = L2:GaSUB9700:L2=INT< (L9-D/15) II 9="l 7- < 15*1.2)

9oA J=1535a+(3*L9) + (A4*L2)I POKEJ,L4 + A4I POKEJ+1 - 32

96B G0TO4OO

9000 r.LS:H=AA:F0RNl=0T01i:N2^N+(21XNI > !N3 15*N1

9020 F0RN5=1 T015 !N6= IB0ARIKN2I-N5) 1 II"N6 -0THEN9050

9030 N6=(Nl*.t5> tNS:N7-TNr(NA/100) : HA NA - ( 1 00*N7 >

9040 PRINT USING'tffJNAf :nOTU9060

9050 PRINT* 'fCHR*(64+NA>(" ■;

9060 NEXTilFN) -]THENP0KEI5423.191

90A5 IFN1 C-14THENPRINT"

7060 NEXT IRE TURN

9100 F0RN»20T0740STEP20

9105 IFIU=IVOCAf*<N)THEN 9250

9110 IFIU ,U0CAHtN>THEN9200

9115 MEXTIGOTO 9275

9200 N=N-19

9205 N1=N+18

9210 FOR N2 = NTONi:iFIU=IV0CAB(N2)THrN9:.'50

9220 NEXT:G0T09275

7250 iu=i:n=aa:return

9275 iu=o:n=aa:return

9300 rem see if board is open for type of move

9310 k9=i+kt<k"»2) : ifiboard ( k9 ) 0then93^0

9320 k9=i+kt(kr3)i ifiboardck9)<■01hen9350

9325 k9»j+kt(k»1) : ifiboard (k9)>othen9350

9330 k9=i+kt<k»4):ifib0arikk9):07hem9350

9340 iu=1ireturn

9350 iu=o:nboard(k»io)=i:return

9400 rem check cross words

9405 K3=K2-K2-K2-K2:K4=M2 + K2+K2 + K2:KA=-1 IK7=0

9410 F0RK5=K3T0K4STEFK2:KA = KA + 1:IFJBI)ARIi(K5> 1ANHK5 H2THFN941S

9412 IFIB0ARIKK5) ClAMOKK M2THEN9140

9414 G0T09420

9415 K7=0:G0T094309420 K7=K7+<2CKA)9430 NEXT

9440 FORK5=lTOA:iFK7=KF(K5)THEN94A0

9450 next:nboarikk.io)=i:iu=oireturn

9460 ON K5 GOTO 9470f9480»9510t954(?f 9560 f 9580

9470 K7«0JK8»0UU=i:RETURN

7480 K7=IBGARD(M2-K2):IU=£27*K7)+M4IG0SMB9100

9490 KB=0!RETURN

9510 K7=IB0AR[i(M2+K2) : IU^K7+(27*M4 ) !G0SUB9100

9520 K8=0:RETURN

9540 K7*IB0ARD<H2-K2) !K8»IB0ARD(M2+K2) : IU^(7?9*K7) ( (27*M4) IKfl

9550 GDSUP9100:RETURN

9560 K7=IB0ARD(M2~K2-K2)IK8=IBOARPtM2-K2>

9570 IU=(729*K7>+(27*K8>+M4inOSU8?i00:RETURN

9580 K7^IB0ARn<M2+K2) IK8"IBOARD(M2+K2f-K2)

9590 IU*<729*M4)+(27*K7)+KS:G0SUB9100:RETURN

9A00 L9*MJ :0!ISUHV700:N.' I !N4=J :GOBUBV750INi«=N2IN3»N4

9610 L?-M2ieOSUB9700:N2^1!N4=1:G0SUB9750:N1=ILVtM3)*N1:N2=ILV(M4)*N2

9620 LOO! 1EM5»M6 = 0 1111. N9640

</6M) L8' ( ILV(M5) f I! V(MA) INI )*N3

9640 [FM7+M8 01H1N9660

9650 Ltl'I.BK 11 V(M7)t IL V(M8)+N2)*N4

9660 LH ■ I8f ((ILV(.J3) INI tN2)*(N3*N4) )

7600 UN) I 0rHF.NV690

9685 M\ 1URN

9690 16 K!L5-J3U.0 LO ! L l^Ml ." L2^M2 : L3=M3 : L4 = M4 I RETURN

9700 L9 1 V Ai:i.8-INr(L9/21> :L9^L9-(L8*21 ) : L9= ( 15*LB )+L9-2

'•>710 RETURN

'750 L9^ISBVU.9) ! 1EL9-0THENRF.TURN

9760 ON IV Glim V76'2»9764r9766.97689762 N2'2*RETURN

9761 N2*3IRETURN9746 N1 -.'IRI IIH-fl9760 N4-3:t:f UII;M

9800 I M53A0:ri)KI 1-0T014 :L4-64*L1 :F0RL2=0T063:LPRINTCHR* t PEEK<L+L4+L2) > f9010 NEXTtLPRlNT* *INEXT:RETURN

*<l.( J U 164)BOTH400

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ATLANTIC-LITTLE, BROWN

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December 1981 © BYTE Publications Lie 351

Generating ProgramsAutomatically

Let Your Apple II Do the Programming

Wouldn't it be great if your com-puter could write programs? Or if itcould write those portions of yourprograms that you find most tedious?With the three utility programsdescribed in this article, you simplyanswer a few questions interactively,and the computer automaticallygenerates the Applesoft BASIC pro-gram for you.

The three programs are written inApplesoft BASIC, but they can beeasily modified to run in, andgenerate programs for, another ver-sion of BASIC. The utility programsgenerate BASIC programs for thesethree sections:

• Data entry section: the area whererepetitive prompting, input, andrange checking are performed.

• Data output section: the part of

Jacob R Jacobs

1903 Fordham Way

Mountain View CA 94040

your program that requires a carefuldetermination of the tabs for printingheadings and for printing the data incolumns where the first or lastcharacter or decimal point lines up.• Instruction section: most programsbegin with instructions on how to usethem, or provide some introductorytext. You must be careful that the textdoesn't wrap on the screen in the mid-dle of words. It is also time consum-ing to center headings.

To create a program using theseutilities, simply run the utility pro-gram and answer the questions.When you are finished, the utility willgenerate a BASIC program and storeit in a text file. To use the text file,just EXEC it into your program.

Listing la shows a sample dialog

Listing 1: Products of the CREATE INPUT program. Listing la shows the sample dialog(the user's inputs are indicated in lowercase), while listing lb shows the programgenerated in response to CREATE INPUT's queries.

la

HOW MANY VARIABLES? 3

DIMENSION OF ARRAYS? 20

NAME OF VARIABLE 1 ($ FOR STRING)

?item$

PROMPT LINE FOR ITEM:

?enter product description

NAME OF VARIABLE 2 ($ FOR STRING)

?pr

PROMPT LINE FOR PR:

?unit price

DO YOU WANT A RANGE CHECK (Y/N)? y

MINIMUM ACCEPTABLE VALUE? 0 .

MAXIMUM ACCEPTABLE VALUE? 10000

NAME OF VARIABLE 3 ($ FOR STRING)

?qn

PROMPT LINE FOR QN:

?quantity

DO YOU WANT A RANGE CHECK (Y/N)? y

MINIMUM ACCEPTABLE VALUE? 1

MAXIMUM ACCEPTABLE VALUE? 144

VAR. INDEX FOR TERMINATION? 1

WHAT IS THE TERMINATING VALUE? end

STARTING PROGRAM LINE? 1000

INCREMENT FOR PROGRAM? 10

for the input program. Assume thatyou want to enter a product name,price, and quantity, and then printout a formatted invoice that showsquantity, product name, price, ex-tended price, and total. These utilitieswill help you write the program, butthey won't do the entire job. Youmust fill in the middle, and modifythe automatically generated pro-grams where necessary.

First, run the CREATE INPUT pro-gram. After it has finished, a BASICprogram will be generated anddisplayed on the screen. You will beasked if you want to save this pro-gram on the disk, and if so, underwhat name. Listing lb shows the pro-gram that results from this dialog.

You are also asked to indicate thenumber of variables you are using, inthis case three: ITEM$, PR, and QN.You are then asked to provide thedimensions of the arrays that thesevariables will require. In this examplewe will have not more than 20 itemson an invoice. Note that you areasked if you want range checks fornumeric data only, not for string datasuch as ITEM$.

lb

1000 DIM ITEM$(20),PR(20),QN(20)

1010 1=1

1020 PRINT "ENTRY ";I

1030 INPUT "ENTER PRODUCT DESCRIPTION

";ITEM$(I)

1040 IF ITEM$(I)="END" GOTO 1100

1050 INPUT "UNIT PRICE ";PR(I)

1060 IF PR(I)<0 OR PR(I)>10000 GOTO 10

50

1070 INPUT "QUANTITY ";QN(I)

1080 IF QH(I)<1 OR QN(I)>144 GOTO 1070

1090 1=1+1

: GOTO 1020

352 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 54 on inquiry card.

Listing 2: Sample dialog from the CREATE OUTPUT program.

HOW MANY VARIABLES? 4

HAKE OF VARIABLE 1 ($ FOR STRING)

? QII

WIDTH OF FIELD? 4

DECIMAL DIGITS? 0

HEADING 1? QUAN

HEADING 2?

HEADING 3?

NAME OF VARIABLE 2 ($ FOR STRING)

? ITEM$

WIDTH OF FIELD? 12

HEADING 1? PRODUCT

HEADING 2? DESCRIPTION

HEADING 3?

NAME OF VARIABLE 3 ($ FOR STRING)? PR

WIDTH OF FIELD? 8DECIMAL DIGITS? 2HEADING 1? UNITHEADING 2? PRICE

HEADING 3?

NAME OF VARIABLE 4 ($ FOR STRING)

? EP

WIDTH OF FIELD? 10

DECIMAL DIGITS? 2

HEADING 1? EXTENDED

HEADING 2? PRICE

HEADING 3?

STARTING PROGRAM LINE? 3000INCREMENT FOR PROGRAM? 10SPACE BETWEEN COLUMNS? 1

Listing 3: Sample dialog from the CREATE INSTR program.

APPROXIMATELY HOW MANY LINES? 20

TYPE 'COUTROL-Q1 TO QUIT

ANSWER QUESTIONS WITH 'Y' OR 'N'

TYPE LINE 1

INVOICE PROGRAMTYPE LINE 2

TYPE LINE 3

THIS PROGRAM WILL PRINT AH INVOICE OR

TYPE LINE 4

PURCHASE ORDER FOR UP TO 20 ITEMS.

TYPE LINE 5

WHEN PROMPTED TYPE PRODUCT DESCRIPTION,

TYPE LIME 6

UNIT PRICE AND QUANTITY. TYPE 'END'

TYPE LINE 7

FOR PRODUCT DESCRIPTION WHEN DONE.

TYPE LINE 8

INVOICE PROGRAM

THIS PROGRAM WILL PRINT AH INVOICE ORPURCHASE ORDER FOR UP TO 20 ITEMS.WHEN PROMPTED TYPE PRODUCT DESCRIPTION,UNIT PRICE AND QUANTITY. TYPE 'END'FOR PRODUCT DESCRIPTION WHEN DONE.

DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE A LINE? Y •WHAT LINE? 1

INVOICE PROGRAM

IS THIS THE RIGHT LINE? YTYPE LINE 1

INVOICE PROGRAM

INVOICE PROGRAM

THIS PROGRAM WILL PRINT AN INVOICE ORPURCHASE ORDER FOR UP TO 20 ITEMS.WHEN PROMPTED TYPE PRODUCT DESCRIPTION,UNIT PRICE AND QUANTITY. TYPE 'END'FOR PRODUCT DESCRIPTION WHEN DONE.

DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE A LINE? NSTARTING PROGRAM LINE? 10

INCREMENT FOR PROGRAM? 10

10?TAB(13);"INVOICE PROGRAM"

20?

30?"THIS PROGRAM WILL PRINT AN INVOICE OR"40?"PURCHASE ORDER FOR UP TO 20 ITEMS."50?"WHEN PROMPTED TYPE PRODUCT DESCRIPTION,60?"UNIT PRICE AND QUANTITY. TYPE 'END'"70?"FOR PRODUCT DESCRIPTION WHEN DONE."

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December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 353

Listing 4: The completed invoice recording program. Lines 5, 1100, 2000 through 2040,and 4000 through 4040, were added by the programmer. Lines 2500 through 2530 weregenerated by CREA TEINSTR, as were lines 10 through 70 and line 4050. All other lineswere generated automatically.

5 HOME10 PRINT TAB(13);"INVOICE PROGRAM"20 PRINT30 PRINT "THIS PROGRAM WILL PRINT AN

INVOICE OR"HO PRINT "PURCHASE ORDER FOR UP TO 2

0 ITEMS."50 PRINT "WHEN PROMPTED TYPE PRODUCT

DESCRIPTION,"60 PRINT "UNIT PRICE AND QUANTITY.

TYPE 'END'"70 PRINT "FOR PRODUCT DESCRIPTION WH

EN DONE."80 PRINT1000 DIM ITEM$(20),PR(20) ,011(20)1010 1=1

1020 PRINT "ENTRY ";I1030 INPUT "ENTER PRODUCT DESCRIPTION

";ITEM$(I)1010 IF ITEM$(I)="END" GOTO 11001050 INPUT "UNIT PRICE ";PR(I)1060 IF PR(I)<0 OR PR(I)>10000 GOTO 10

501070 INPUT "QUANTITY "jQB(I)1080 IF QN(I)<1 OR QN(I)>144 GOTO 10701090 1=1+1

: GOTO 10201100 M=I-12000 TT=02010 FOR IJ = 1 TO M2020 EP(H) = QN(N)i!PR(N)2030 TT=TT+EP(N)2040 NEXT N

2500 PRINT TAB(H);"INVOICE FOR"2510 PRINT TAB(14);"ACME COMPANY"2520 PRINT TAB(14);"1234 MAIN STREET"2530 PRINT TAB(14);"ANYWHERE, USA"3000 PRINT

3010 PRINT TAB(2);"QUAN";3020 PRINT TAB(9)["PRODUCT";3030 PRINT TAB(22);"UNIT";3040 PRINT TAB(30);"EXTENDED";3050 PRINT

In order to terminate the data-entryloop, you are asked to give the indexof the variable on which to terminate.In this case you answer 1 (ie: the firstvariable, ITEMS). The terminatingvalue is END, since you have no itemcalled END. Finally, you are askedfor the starting program line and in-crement. Since you will be pullingthese program segments from textfiles by using the EXEC feature, youmust be sure that the program rangesdo not overlap.

You must write the substance of theprogram yourself. In line 1040 there isa GOTO target that does not exist.This will be the first line of your ownprogram. It will set M = I — 1; M nowcontains the number of items in theinvoice. Here is the program youmight add:

354 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

3060 PRINT TAE(4);"";3070 PRINT TABU); "DESCRIPTION";3080 PRINT TAB(21);"PRICE";3090 PRINT TAB(3D;"PRICE";3100 PRINT

3110 PRINT TAB(2);" ";

3120 PRINT TAB(7);" ";

3130 PRINT TAB(21);" " ;

3140 PRINT TAB( 30);" ";

3150 PRINT3160 FOR 1=1 TO M3170 A=QN(I)3180 VfnH

: D5S = 03190 GOSUB 600003200 PRINT TAB(6-LEN(A$));A$;3210 A$=ITEM$(I)3220 PRINT TAB(19-LEU(A$));A$;3230 A=PR(I)3240 WJ=8

: D?, = 23250 GOSUB 600003260 PRINT TAB(28-LEN(A$));A$;3270 A=EP(I)3280 WU=10

: DS=23290 GOSUB 600003300 PRINT TAB(39-LEN(A$));A$;3310 PRINT3320 NEXT I4000 A=TT4010 GOSUB 600004020 PRINT4030 PRINT " T0TAL";TAB(39-LE!!(A$));A

$4040 PRINT4050 PRINT "PLEASE REMIT WITHIN 30 DAY

S. THANK YOU"5000 END60000 A=INT(A*10"DS+.5)/(10"D?)60010 A$=STR$(A)60020 RETURN

2000 TT =02010 FOR N = 1 to M2020 EP(N) = QN(N)*PR(N)2030 TT = TT + EP(N)2040 NEXT N

TT is the running total. Next you runthe CREATE OUTPUT program.This program calls a smallsubroutine, which is to be located atline 60000:

60000 A = INT(A*10tD% + .5)/(10lD%)60010 AS = STR$(A)60020 RETURN

This subroutine converts the numericvariable A to a string variable A$.W% and D% are the width andnumber of decimal places, respective-ly. W% is not used in this version of

the subroutine.

The CREATE OUTPUT programasks for the names of the variablesyou are using. In this case, you wouldanswer: QN, ITEMS, PR, EP, sinceyou want the data printed in a dif-ferent order than it was input. Youare asked to provide three lines ofheading for each column. The head-ing widths cannot be larger thanthose specified in the WIDTH OFFIELD? question. The completedialog is shown in listing 2. Note thatyou can also specify the space be-tween columns.

The last program creates screensfull of instructions for you. It is asimple-minded text editor thatgenerates print statements with theproper tabs. After you type in the text(without the line numbers and PRINTsymbol), you have a chance tochange any lines that need correction.Since lines are not numbered, youhave to guess which line number is inerror. The program confirms the lineby printing it before you are asked toreplace it. No line or character inser-tions or deletions are permitted, butyou can always edit the completedBASIC program by adding ordeleting lines.

Listing 3 shows the dialog forcreating the instructions for your in-voice program. Listing 4 shows thecompleted program, including thesubroutine at 60000. Lines 4000through 4040 had to be added to printthe total. Listing 5 is a sample run ofthe invoice program. The CREATE IN-STRUCTIONS program has alsobeen used to create the companyheading (ACME COMPANY) on theinvoice. Only some of the linenumbers of the generated programhad to be changed. The example inlisting 3 does not show the creation ofthe invoice heading.

All of the programs work in essen-tially the same way. The variablePLC (Program Location Counter, aterm borrowed from assembers) isused to keep track of the statementnumber assigned to each created pro-gram step. In the INPUT and OUT-PUT programs, each line is placed inthe variable L$(J), where J is the Jthline. Let's decompose statement 360in the CREATE INPUT program.

Text continued on page 362

*K*Jfi ^ ^^

^ 4 k ^

3 \\ m B^

0 1 '1

I . ',

1 n

/ M

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RACET NECDOS does more for your PC-8001 than any otherDOS. It's faster, more efficient and easier to use. It's upwardcompatible with the disk operating system supplied by NEC. It'sloaded with extra features to let you stretch the limits of yoursystem. It's only $175, and what's more, BASIC-based TRS-80"software can be converted to RACET NECDOS via a set ofconvert programs.

Greater speed without sacrificing RAM - RACET NECDOS isover 2V-: times faster for random file reading and writing, up to2.3 times faster for sequential I/O ... and 15 times faster forloading screens. But RACET NECDOS takes up no more RAMspace than the factory supplied DOS. Many disk I/O functionshave been relocated in the disk drive computer. And machinelanguage files can be saved and loaded from diskette, furtherminimizing RAM usage.

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Circle 362 on inquiry card for information on PC8000 products Circle361on inquiry card for information on TRS80 products

Bill

LEGAL NOTICE

US POSTAL SERVICE

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT

AND CIRCULATION

(Required by 39 U.S.C. 3685)

1. Title of publication: BYTE.

2. Date of filing: September 8. 1981.

3. Frequency of issue: Monthly.

3A. Number of issues published annually: 12.3B. Annual Subscription Price: $19.00.

4. Complete mailing address of known office ofpublication: 70 Main Street, Peterborough, N.H. 03458.

5. Complete mailing address of the headquartersor general business offices of the publishers: 1221Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY. 10020.

6. Full names and complete mailing address ofpublisher, editor, and managinag editor: Publisher,Virginia Londoner, 70 Main Street, Peterborough. N.H.03458; Editor, Christopher P. Morgan. 70 Main Street,Peterborough, N.H. 03458; Managing Editor, MarkHaas. 70 Main Street, Peterborough, N.H. 03458.

7. Owner: The owner is McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1221Avenue of the Americas. New York. N.Y. 10020.Stockholders holding 1 percent or more of stock are:Donald C. McGraw, Jr.; Harold W. McGraw. Jr.; John LMcGraw; William H. McGraw; June M. McBroom;Elizabeth McGravs Webster; all of 1221 Avenue of theAmericas, New York, N.Y. 10020; Public EmployeesRetirement Board of Ohio. 277 East Town Street, Colum-bus. Ohio 43215.

8. Known bondholders, mortgagees, and othersecurity holders owning or holding 1 percent ormore of total amount of bonds, mortgages or othersecurities: None.

9. Not applicable.

10. Extent and nature of circulation:

Actual

Average

No. Copies

No. Copies

of Single

Each Issue

Issue

During

Published

'

Preceding

Nearest to

12 Months

Filing Date

A

Total No. Copies

205,958

241.500

B.

Paid Circulation1. Sales throughdealers and carriers,street vendors and

counter sales

33.743

56.845

2. Mail Subscription

160.889

179.405

C.

Total Paid Circula-

tion

194.632

236.250

D

Free distribution bymail, carrier or othermeans samples,complimentary, and

other free copies

5.084

3,121

E.

Total distribution

199.716

239,321

F.

Copies not

distributed

1. Office use, left

over, unaccounted,

spoiled after printing

3.896

2.179

2. Return from news

agents

2.346

None to date

G

Total

205.958

241.500

11. I certify that the statements made by meabove are correct and complete.BYTEVirginia Londoner, Publisher

Listing 5: Sample run of the invoice program of listing 4.INVOICE PROGRAM

THIS PROGRAM HILL PRINT AH INVOICE ORPURCHASE ORDER FOR UP TO 20 ITEMS.WHEN PROMPTED TYPE PRODUCT DESCRIPTION,UNIT PRICE AND QUANTITY. TYPE ■END'FOR PRODUCT DESCRIPTION WHEN DONE.

ENTRY 1

ENTER PRODUCT DESCRIPTION DOG

UNIT PRICE 19.95

QUANTITY 5

ENTRY 2

ENTER PRODUCT DESCRIPTION CAT

UNIT PRICE 12.95

QUANTITY 1

ENTRY 3

ENTER PRODUCT DESCRIPTION ELEPHANT

UNIT PRICE 999.75

QUANTITY 3

ENTRY 4

ENTER PRODUCT DESCRIPTION END

INVOICE FOR

ACME COMPANY1234 MAIN STREETANYWHERE, USA

QUAN PRODUCT

DESCRIPTION

DOG

CAT

ELEPHANT

UNITPRICE

19.95

12.95

999.75

EXTENDEDPRICE

99.75

12.95

2999.25

TOTAL 3111.95

PLEASE REMIT WITHIN 30 DAYS. THANK YOU

Listing 6: The program-generating utilities, CREATE INPUT, CREATE OUTPUT, andCREATE IN5TR.

CREATE INPUT

10 INPUT "HOW MANY VARIABLES? ";N

20 INPUT "DIMENSION OF ARRAYS? ";M

30 FOR 1=1 TO N: M0DE(I)=0: NEXT

10 FOR 1=1 TO N

50 PRINT "NAME OF VARIABLE »;I;" ($ FOR STRING)"

60 INPUT V$(I)

70 IF RIGHT$(V$(I),1)=»$" THEN M0DE(I)=3

80 PRINT "PROMPT LINE FOR ";V$(I);": "

90 INPUT P$(I)100 IF M0DE(I}=3 GOTO 160

110 INPUT "DO YOU WANT A RANGE CHECK (Y/N)? ";Z$120 IF Z$<>"Y" THEN H0DE(I)=1

: GOTO 160130 INPUT "MINIMUM ACCEPTABLE VALUE? ";LV$(I)140 INPUT "MAXIMUM ACCEPTABLE VALUE? »;HV$(I)150 M0DE(I)=2160 NEXT I

170 INPUT "VAR. INDEX FOR TERMINATION? ";T180 INPUT "WHAT IS THE TERMINATING VALUE? ";TV$190 INPUT "STARTING PROGRAM LINE? ";FR200 INPUT "INCREMENT FOR PROGRAM? ";INC210 DIM L$(5+3*N)220 PLC=FR

: J=1230 L$(J)=STR$(PLC)+" DIM "240 FOR 1=1 TO N

Listing 6 continued on page 358

356 December 1981 ® BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 6 continued:

250 L$(J)=L$(J)+V$(I)+"("+STR$(M)+")f"

260 NEXT I

270 L$(J)=LEFT$(L$(J),LEN(L$(J))-1)

280 GOSUB 620

290 L$(J)=STR$(PLC)+" 1=1"

300 GOSUB 620

310 L00P=PLC

320 L$(J)=STR$(PLC)+» ?"+CHR$(34)+"ENTRY "+CHli$(3Jt)+"; I"

330 GOSUB 620

340 FOR 1=1 TO N

350 ER=PLC

360 L$(J)=STR$(PLC)+" INPUT "+CHR$(34)+P$(I)+" "+CHR$(3t)+", "+V$(I)+"(I)n

370 GOSUB 620

380 IF IOT GOTO 440

390 DN=J

400 Q$='"'

410 IF M0DE(I)=3 THEN Q$=CHR$(34)

420 L$(J)=STR$(PLC)+" IF "+V$(I)+"(I)="+Q$+TV$+Q$+» GOTO "

430 GOSUB 620

440 IF M0DE(I)<>2 GOTO 470

450 L$(J)=STR$(PLC)+" IF "+V$(I)+»(I)<"+LV$(I)+" OR "+V$(D+"(I)>"+HV$(I)+" G

0T0 "+STR$(ER)460 GOSUB 620470 NEXT I

480 L$(J)=STR$(PLC)+" 1=1+1:GOTO "+STR$(LO0P)

490 GOSUB 620

500 L$(DH)=L$(D10)+STR$(PLC)

510 PRINT: PRINT

520 FOR K=1 TO J: PRINT L$(K): NEXT

530 INPUT "DO YOU WANT TO SAVE ON DISK?";Z$

540 IF Z$<>"Y" THEN END

550 INPUT "TEXT FILE NAME? ";F$

560 D$=CHR$(4)

570 PRINT D$;"0PEH";F$

580 PRINT D$;"WHITE";F$

590 FOR K=1 TO J: PRINT L$(K): NEXT K

600 PRINT D$;"CL0SE";F$

610 END

620 PLC=PLC+INC: J=J+1: RETURN

CREATE OUTPUT

10 INPUT "HOW MANY VARIABLES? ";N

20 FOR 1=1 TO N: HODE(I)=0: NEXT

30 FOR 1=1 TO II

40 PRINT "NAME OF VARIABLE ";I;" ($ FOR STRING)"

50 INPUT V$(I)

60 IF RIGI1T$(V$(I),1) = "$" THEN M0DE(I)=3

70 INPUT "WIDTH OF FIELD? ";W?(D

80 IF M0DE(I)=3 THEN 100

90 INPUT "DECIMAL DIGITS? ";D<p(I)100 INPUT "HEADING 1? ";P1$(I)110 IF LEN(P1$(I))>W?(I) GOTO 100120 INPUT "HEADING 2? ";P2$(I)130 IF LEH(P2$(I))>WS(I) GOTO 120140 INPUT "HEADING 3? ";P3$(D150 IF LEN(P3$(I))>W?(I) GOTO 140160 NEXT I

170 INPUT "STARTING PROGRAM LINE? ";FR180 INPUT "INCREMENT FOR PROGRAM? "jINC190 INPUT "SPACE BETWEEN COLUMNS? ";SP200 DIM 14(100)210 PLC=FR

: J = 1220 L$(J)=STR$(PLC)+" ?"230 GOSUB 2120240 T=0 Listing 6 continued on page 360

.» BELIEVE IT!

State-of-the-art Single-Board computer now available!Can be used in S-100 (Master, Slave, Multi or Single user)or Stand-Alone configurations.

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The S-100 version of this product can act as aMaster processor. Slave processor, or Intelli-gent peripheral controller. Intra-processor com-munication Is achieved through the use of effi-cient, high speed buss transfers using specialhardware/software techniques.

We also have what we think Is one of the bestImplementations of a CP/M BIOS available offthe shelf. The BIOS has the following features:

• All Devices INTERRUPT DRIVEN

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• Real-Time Clock

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Multi-level User Password Support

• Menu Driven Utilities for Format,Disk Copy, etc.

• Unique Configuration Utility Programfor Setting Baud Rates, Changing StepTime, Changing Passwords, etc.

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HAROWUtESOFTWORE

Dealer Inquiries Invited

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Marketing Division

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Circle 378 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1981 359

Circle 459 on inquiry card.

This littlebaby willshake up thecomputerindustry.

Actual board size: 5%in.x8%in. (14.6cmx22.1cm)

PROTEUS-the very first 16-bitsingle board microcomputer.

PROTEUS leads the way into a newgeneration of smaller, faster computers.

PROTEUS, from Innovative ElectronicsTechnology, features a 16-bit modularprocessing unit designed to mount on theside of a 5% " mini Winchester hard disk.It contains a Z8001 segmented CPU with16K of ROM, 128K of dynamic RAM foruser memory, 8K of static RAM forsystem memory, two serial ports and afloating-point processor.

Additional memory management boardscan expand capacity to 48 Megabytes permodule! And, our innovative designallows up to 256 PROTEUS boards to belinked to provide simultaneous access to512 users without any degradation inspeed!

The computer market will never be thesame again.

For additional information andspecifications, write:

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Tel: [6D4] 430-5166

Telex: 04-0356551 IOTAVCR

Listing 6 continued:

250 FOR 1=1 TO M

260 T=T+WS(I-1)+SP

270 L$(J)=STR$(PLC)+"

? TAB("+STR$(INT(T+(W£(I)-LEN(P1$(I)))/2+1))+»);"+CHR$(

3D+P1$(I)+CHR$(31)+";"

280 GOSUD 2120

290 NEXT I

300 L$(J)=STR$(PLC)+"

?"

310 GOSUB 2120

320 T=0

330 FOR 1=1 TO M

310 T=T+'.!?(I-1)+SP

350 L$(J)=STR$(PLC)+"

? TAB( "+STR$(INT(T+(W?(I)-LE1J( P2$(I)) )/2+1))+"); "+CHR$(

3l)+P2$(I)+CHR$(3D+";"

360 GOSUB 2120

370 NEXT I

380 L$(J)=STR$(PLC)+»

?"

390 GOSUB 2120

100 T=0

110 FOR 1=1 TO H

120 T=T+WS(I-1)+SP

130 L$(J)=STR$(PLC)+"

? TAB("+STR$(IMT(T+(W?(I)-LEi;(P3$(I)))/2+1))+»);"+CHR$(

3D+P3$(I)+CHR$(31)+";"

110 GOSUB 2120

150 NEXT I

160 L$(J)=STR$(PLC)+"

?"

170 GOSUB 2120

180 L$(J)=STR$(PLC)+"

FOR I = 1 TO M"

190 GOSUB 2120

195 T=0

500 FOR 1=1 TO H

510 IF l'i0DE(I)=3 THEN

L$(J)=STR$(PLC)+" A$="+V$(I)+"(I)"

: GOSUB 2120

: GOTO 585

520 L$(J)=STR$(PLC)+"

A="+V$(I)+"(I)"

525 GOSUB 2120

550 L$(J)=STR$(PLC)+"

WS£ = "+STR$(W2(I))+": Df;="+STR$(D?(I))

560 GOSUB 2120

570 L$(J)=STR$(PLC)+"

GOSUB 60000"

580 GOSUB 2120

585 T=T+W$(I-1)+SP

590 L$(J)=STR$(PLC)+"

? TAE("+STR$(INT(T+W2(I)+1))+"-LEN(A$)); A$;"

595 GOSUB 2120

600 NEXT I

620 L$(J)=STR$(PLC)+"

?"

630 GOSUB 2120

610 L$(J)=STR$(PLC)+"

NEXT I"

650 GOSUB 2120

2010 PRINT

: PRINT

2020 FOR K=1 TO J

: PRINT L$(K)

: iJEXT

2030 INPUT "DO YOU WANT TO SAVE OH DISK?";Z$

2010 IF Z$<>"Y" THEN END

2050 INPUT "TEXT FILE

NAME? ";F$

2060 D$=CHR$(1)

2070 PRINT D$;"OPEN";F$

2080 PRINT D$;"WRITE";

n

2090 FOR K=1 TO J

: PRINT L$(K)

: NEXT K

2100 PRINT D$;"CLOSE";

F$

2110 END

2120 PLC=PLC+INC

: J=J+1

: RETURN

CREATEINSTR

10 HOME

20 INPUT "APPROXIMATELY

30 DIM S$(IMT(I*1.5))

10 D$=CHR$(1)

50 EQ$=CHR$(3D

60 CR$=C!IR$(13)

70 BS$=CHR$(8)

00 QQ$=CI1R$(17)

HOW I!A1JY LINES? ";I

Listing 6 continued on page 362

NEWDOS/80 Version 2.0The Support Keeps Coming,

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• Dynamically merge in basic(also allows merging of nonASC II format flies)

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• Automaticrepeat function key• Routing forperipheral handling

• Enhanced disassembler

• Command chaining

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• Fast sort function in basic

These new features, addedto the existing capabilities ofMEWDOS/80, makes it one of themost powerful additions you canmake to your system. AndApparat's commitment to supportassures that you've purchased asuperior product, both today andtomorrow. At just $149.00 it couldbe the best investment you willmake for your TRS-80.

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le 26 on inquiry can

Listing 6 continued:

90 UAK$=CHP.$(21)100 PRINT "TYPE 'CONTROL-Q' TO QUIT"110 PRINT "ANSWER QUESTIONS WITH 'Y' OR <IV«120 LN=1130 REM140 PRINT

150 PRINT "TYPE LINE ";LN160 GOSUB 640

170 IF CH$OQQ$ THEN GOTO 140180 HLsLS-1190 PRINT

: PRINT200 FOR 1=1 TO NL210 PRINT S$(I)220 NEXT I230 PRINT

240 INPUT "DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE A LINE? ";Z$250 IF Z$<>"Y" GOTO 360260 INPUT "WHAT LINE? ";LN270 IF LN>NL OR LN<1 GOTO 260280 PRINT S$(LK)290 PRINT

300 INPUT "IS THIS THE RIGHT LINE? ";Z$310 IF Z$<>"Y" GOTO 260320 S$(LN)=""330 PRINT "TYPE LINE ";LN340 GOSUB 640350 GOTO 190

360 INPUT "STARTING PROGRAM LINE? ";PLC370 INPUT "INCREMENT FOR PROGRAM? ";IUC380 FOR 1=1 TO NL390 L=LEN(S$(I))400 FOR J=1 TO L410 IF L=0 THEN S$(I)=STR$(PLC)+"?"

: GOTO 480420 IF LEFT$(S$(I),1)<>" " GOTO 450430 S$(I)=RIGHT$(S$(I),LEM(S$(I))-1)440 NEXT J450 S1$="TAB("

: S2$=");n

: SJ$=STR$(J)460 IF J=1 THEN S1$='»"

: S2$=""

: SJ$=""470 S$(I)=STR$(PLC)+n?»+S1$+SJ$+S2$+EQ$+S$(I)+EQ$

480 PLC=PLC+INC

490 NEXT I

500 FOR 1=1 TO NL

510 PRINT S$(I)

520 NEXT I

530 PRINT

540 INPUT "DO YOU WANT TO SAVE ON DISK? ";Z$

550 IF Z$<>"Y" THEN END

560 INPUT "TEXT FILE NAME ";F$

570 PRINT D$;"OPEN";F$

580 PRINT D$;"WRITE";F$

590 FOR 1=1 TO NL

600 PRINT S$(I)

610 NEXT I

620 PRINT D$;"CLOSE";F$

630 END

640 GET CH$

650 IF CH$OCR$ AND CH$OBS$ AND CH$OQQ$ AMD CH$ONAK$ THEN PRINT CH$;

: S*.(LN)=S$(LN)+CH$

: GOTO 640660 IF CH$=BS$ AND LEN(S$(LN))<=1 THEN S$(LN) = ""

: HTAB 1

: GOTO 640670 IF CH$=BS$ THEN PRINT CH$;

: S$(LN)=LEFT$(S$(LN),LEN(S$(LK))-D

: GOTO 640680 IF CH$=HAK$ THEN CH$="?n

: GOTO 6506 90 IF CH$=CR$ THEN LN=LN+1

: RETURN700 IF CH$=QQ$ THEN RETURN710 STOP

Text continued from page 354:

L$(J) is the concatenation of a number

of substrings:

STR$(PLC)" INPUT "CHR$(34)P$(I)

CHR$(34)

via)

"a)-

These substrings form INPUTstatements, such as line 1050 in listing1:

1050 INPUT "UNIT PRICE "; PR(I)

STR$(PLC) generates the currentstatement number, 1050; '.' INPUT "generates the INPUT token;CHR$(34) is the quote mark, " ;P$(I)is the string for the prompt string ofthe Ith variable, in this case UNITPRICE; and " " adds a space afterPRICE. The trailing quote is thenadded. Next, a semicolon is placed inthe string. Finally, the variable namefor the Ith variable is inserted, fol-lowed by the subscript index, (I).Remember that the I in V$(I) is com-pletely different from the I in "(I)":the first I is the index for the Ithvariable in the CREATE INPUT pro-gram; the second I is the index for theIth item in the invoice program.

The first step in creating your ownautomatic program generators is todecide which parts of your programscan be generated automatically. Sec-tions that are easily parameterized areprime candidates. Next, you must beable to write the program yourself.Once you do this, break the programdown into those parts that are generaland those that are to be customized.Create an interactive entry program(using the programs shown in listing6) to define the customized parts.Then, following the examples givenhere, write the statements that createthe strings for each program state-ment. These three utilities allow youto write programs for yourself orfriends, clients or customers, in verylittle time. Using these techniques, theinvoice program takes about tenminutes to write. Which is all tosay—let your computer do the pro-gramming! ■

362

December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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364 BYTE December 1981

NEC Green 12 inch MonitorJB 1201 $179

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BYTE December 1981 365

BYTE CUMULATIVE INDEX

September 1975 — December 1981

"Can you tell me when you ran the article on the Hewlett-Packard computer? I think it was about two yearsago."

"What issue of BYTE had Steve Wozniak's description of Sweet 16? I don't remember the exact title, but it ap-peared at least three years ago."

"Have you ever reviewed the Heath H-14 printer?"

Questions, questions, questions! Well, what do you expect in the age of information? If you've got it, you canbe sure there's someone out there looking for it. The real question, then, becomes "How can I find it?"

This month, as a service to our readers, BYTE presents a comprehensive, cumulative index that covers everyissue of the magazine, up to and including the one you're holding in your hand. Among the information repre-sented is every article and product review that has appeared in the pages of BYTE for the past 75 issues.

All entries in the index are arranged by subject descriptors, and an article may be listed under several descrip-tors. Any article for which a correction was published has an asterisk after its title. The correction can be foundunder the heading "BYTE Corrections." The figure below shows a typical index entry and describes what the dif-ferent parts mean.

We would like to thank Joseph H Ward Jr, president of Microcomputer Information Services, and his staff forthe tremendous effort they put into preparing this index. For those who require information beyond what is pre-sented here, MIS publishes Microcomputer Index, which covers 20 microcomputer-oriented magazines and in-cludes abstracts for each entry. Microcomputer Index will also be going online early next year (1982) .as part ofLockheed's Dialog system. For those who need information fast, it will feature all the search capabilities of thatsystem. For more information on the Microcomputer Index, you can reach MIS by calling (408) 241-8381.

Index Entry:

(Descriptor Term Title Author)

PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTION Programmable character generator, part 2: software. Weinstein, Larry.

art 3'6 Jun78 p14-22 * * * Graphics / Character Generator(Kind of Material Volume/Issue Date Pages Other Descriptors)

Key to Abbreviations

art article

br book review

col column

hv hardware review

let letter

sr software review

* see BYTE Corrections

*** marker symbol for

other descriptors

L1 program listing in BASIC

L2 program listing in machine language

L3 program listing in assembly language

L4 program listing in FORTRAN

L5 program listing in COBOL

L6 program listing in Pascal

L7 program listing in FORTH

L8 program listing in C programming language

L9 other programming language

366

December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

PMS-80

Organizes yourOrganization

MS-80, a data base management system, offersthe user a quick and easy way to organize and

efficiently manipulate data so sound decisions a

can be made on facts displayed.

FMS-80'

is the

most po\

ful stan(

alone Dl

program

available;

the micro

computed

industry.

Completmenu diand writ!in assemlanguageit offersthese features:

• User definable

File Definitions <,«

Screen Displays '. \

Reports (with §;

math and fieldbreak analysis)Selection Criteria i(on arty or allfields)

Menus (that ap-plications programscan be selected from)

• Instantaneous data query onindexed records.

• Mathematical manipulation *of numeric data fields usingthe report generator or theprogramming language EFM(Extended File Maintenance)

• Easy to use video "how to"training tapes are available.

• Manipulation of up to 19 differ-ent data files (using EFM)at one time and display-ing this information the screen, i

rating reports, generating other data files or on-line updating of input files that already existFMS-80 is able to call other programs like sub-routines in EFM

FMS-80 is able to read data files that otherprograms have generatedNo restrictions to record size other than avail-able RAM memory spaceOperates under CP/Mf MP/M* or CDOS"

FMS-80 allows the flexibility to quickly create

programs thatallow data to beentered in a' ;|, form that

-tt) * a secretary

7* recognizesandgeneratesreportsthat themanager requires.

If you're continuously asked to

do applications programs and

don't have time to do it in

BASIC, consider FMS-80.

For additional

information contact

Systems Plus,

, 1120 San Antonio Road,

Palo Alto, CA

94303. Phone

415/969/7047

Systems Plus

•"TMof DJR Associates

0oTM of Cromemco, Sunnyvale, CA

°TM of Digital Reset '

Circle 406 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1981

367

1802

1802 op codes. Melton, Henry, art 4:6 Jun79

pl46-147 *** Programming InstructionAddition and subtraction: the 1802 versus the

Z80. Merrin, Stephen, col 6:3 Mar81

p224-228 *** Binary / Z-80 / Mathematics2650

Mini-disassembler for the 2650. Teja/Gonnella.

art L3 4:5 May79 p233-237 ***

Disassemb terMy experiences with the 2650 (Signetics 2650

microprocessor). Moran, Brian, art 2:11

Nov77 p66-67 *** Microprocessor / Children6501

Son of Motorola (or, the S20 CPU chip). Fylstra,

Daniel, -art L3 1:3 Nov75 p56-62 ***

Microprocessor / 6800 / Programming Instruction6502

6502 gets microprogrammable instructions.

Harrod, Dennette. art L3 5:10 0ct80

p282-285 *** Hardware Modification /

Programming Instruction6502 loop control. Campbell, Gordon, col L3

5:9 Sep80 p322 *** Programming Instruction6502 op code table. Fugitt, Lemuel, col 2:3

Mar77 p36 *** Programming Instruction6502 personal system design: Kompuutar. Brader,

David, art L3 2:11 Nov77 p94-141 ***

Hardware Construction / Design / Microcomputer

SystemAdding an interrupt driven real time clock.

Sneed, James, art L3 2:11 Nov77 p72-74

*** Clock / Hardware ConstructionApple X10 control. Arczynski, Wayne, col L3

6:12 DecSl p469-472 *** Control / Home /

Apple IIAudio processing with a microprocessor. 0'Haver,

Tom. art L3 3:6 Jun78 P166-173 ***

Digital Audio / Sound Effects / Audio

ProcessingBuild a super simple floppy-disk interface, part

2: software. Nicholson/Camp, art L3 6:6

JunSl p302-340 *** Floppy Disk Drive /

Interface / Operating SystemsCorrect order of operations can shorten code:

pointer decrementation. Hooper, Philip, col

L3 5:3 MarSO p242-244 *** Programming

InstructionEasy-to-use A/D converter. Daggit, Robert, art

L3 6:6 JunSl p378-383 *** Analog/Digital

Circuit / Hardware ConstructionFast, ancient method for multiplication. Nyberg,

Jostein. col L3 6:10 0ct81 p376-377 ***

Mathematics / Programming InstructionFaster BASIC for the Ohio Scientific. Sauter,

John, col LI 6:5 May81 p236-242 ***

Programming Instruction / 0SI / BASICIndirect addressing for the 6502. Skier,

Kenneth, art L3 5:1 Jan80 pll8-120 ***

Programming InstructionLittle bit on interrupts. Wier, Robert, art

2:12 Dec77 pll8-129 *** Programming

Instruction / 8080 / 6800Making 6502 indirect subroutine calls efficient.

Hooper/Fallgatter. col L3 5:9 Sep80

p98-100 *** Programming InstructionMore music for the 6502. 0'Haver, T.C. art L3

3:6 Jun78 pl40-141 *** Music / KIMNavigation with Mini-0: part 3, software.

Salter, Richard, art L3 2:4 Apr77 plOO-109*** interface / Hardware Construction /

NavigationRecursive procedures for the 6502 microprocessor.Dennis, Phillip, col L3 6:10 0ct81

p467-469 *** Programming Instruction / Apple

IISWEET 16: the 6502 dream machine (Apple pseudo

machine interpreter)*. Wozniak, Stephen, art

L3 2:11 Nov77 pl50-159 *** Apple II /

Interpreter / Programming InstructionSimple implementation of multitasking. Brown,

Wendell, art L3 6:10 0ct81 pl76-192 ***

Multi-tasking / Programming InstructionUsing interrupts on the Apple II system. White,

George, art L3 6:5 May81 p280-294 ***

Programming Instruction / Apple IIXF and X7 instructions of the MOS Technology

6502. Gordon, H.T. col 2:12 Dec77 p72 ***Programming Instruction

6516

Compare new processors carefully. Kemp, David.

col 4:5 May79 p213-216 *** Microprocessor

/ 68096800

6800 Selectric 10 printer program. Guzzon,

Fulvio. art L3 2:6 Jun77 pl40-142 ***

Printer / Utility Program / IBM6800 disassembler. Lentz, Bob. art L3 4:6

May79 pl04-108 *** Disassembler / SWTPC6800 program relocator*. Carpenter, Andrew, col

L3 2:11 Nov77 pl97 *** Utility ProgramDEMONS: a symbolic debugging monitor. Halsema,

A.I. art L3 6:5 MaySl p326-358 ***

Debugging / Monitor / DisassemblerDo you need the real time?. Trollope, Gregory.

art L3 2:11 Nov77 p!66-169 *** Clock /

MIKBUG / Hardware ModificationImplementing the Tiny Assembler. Emmerichs,

Jack, art L3 2:5 May77 p84-96 ***

Assembler / Bar CodesIntroduction to code tightening / Mining the skip

chain for extra bytes... Gass, Geoffrey, col

L3 5:2 Feb80 p!46-148 *** Program

Optimization / Assembly LanguageJack and the machine debug...or reading the

traces of a wild program. Grappel/Hemenway.

art 2:12 0ec77 p91+ *** Debugging / MIKBUG

/ Utility Program

6800 (CONTINUED)

MIKBUG roadmap...*. Rathkey, John, art L3 2:2

Feb77 p96-99 *** MIKBUG / MonitorMemory pattern sensitivity test. Kinzer, Don.art L3 3:10 0ct78 pl2-16 *** Memory /TestSerendipitous circles (circle drawing programwith suprises). Anderson/Galway. arL L3 2:8Aug77 p70-75 *** Art / GraphicsSpeeding up MIKBUG 10 routines. Moore, T.W. col3:6 Jun78 pl32-134 *** MIKBUG / HardwareModification / Input/OutputText loader routi ne. Berenbon, Howard, col L3

4:9 Sep79 pl29 *** Uti1ity-ProgramThompson lister (for 6800 programs). Thompson,Noel, col L3 1:14 0ct7b p99 *** MIKBUG /Utility Program / Printer

Fast Fourier comes back (correction for "Fast

Fourier for the 6800"). Roxburgh, Alastair.

col L3 6:5 May81 p458-461 *** Fourier

Transforms / 8080 / BYTE CorrectionsLittle bit on interrupts. Wier, Robert, art

2:12 Dec77 pi 18-129 *** Programming

Instruction / 8080 / 6502Odd tones (Machine language puzzler - 6800 and

8080). Strangio, C col L3 4:3 Mar79 p92

*** Puzzles / 8080Pseudorandom number generator*. Grieser, Daniel,col L3 2:11 Nov77 p218 *** Random

Numbers / 8080

CONTROLComputer-controlled light dimmer, part 2:

implementation. Gibson, John, art L3 5:2

Feb80 p72-80 *** Control / Hardware

ConstructionFloppy disk interface*. Allen, David, art L3

3:1 Jan78 p58-76 *** Floppy Disk Drive /

Interface / Disk ControllersGive your micro some muscles*. Grappel, Robert.

art 2:3 Mar77 p9-ll+ *** Control

DESIGNDesign of an M6800 LISP interpreter. Taft, S.

Tucker, art L3 4:8 Aug79 pl32-152 ***

Interpreter / LISP / DesignHow to multiply in a wet climate, part 1: use and

basis for a design. 8ryant/Swasdee. art L3

3:4 Apr78 p28-35+ *** Mathematics / Design

/ MicroprocessorTime-sharing/multi-user subsystem for

microprocessors. Kinzer, Don. art L3 5:6

Jun80 pl22-134 *** Timesharing / Multi-user

Systems / Design

GAMESEighteen with a die: a learning game player.Yost, Russell, art L3 5:1 JanSO p212-229*** Games / Artificial Intelligence / Strategy

Landing module simulation with random surface.Houng, S,J. art L3 5:3 Mar80 pUO-159 ***Simulation / Games / Arcade

HARDWARE CONSTRUCTIONAdd a kluge harp to your computer*. Helmers,Carl, art L3 1:2 0ct75 pl4-18 *** Music/ Hardware Construction

Build a 6800 system with this kit. Kay, Garyart 1:4 Dec75 p72-76 *** HardwareConstruction / SWTPC / Microcomputer System

Build this video display terminal. Anderson,Alfred, art L3 1:15 Nov76 pl06-118 ***Terminal / Hardware Construction / VideoDisplay

Building an M6800 microcomputer*. Abbott, Bob.art 1:10 Jun76 p40-46 *** MicrocomputerSystem / Hardware Construction / MIKBUG

COMPLEAT tape cassette interface. Hemenway,Jack, art L3 1:7 Mar76 plO-16 ***Interface / Tape Cassette / HardwareConstruction

Computer-based laboratory timer. Gibson, John,art L3 6:6 JunSl pllO-144 *** Clock /Hardware Construction / Science

Computer-controlled light dimmer, part 2:implementation. Gibson, John, art L3 5:2Feb80 p72-80 *** Control / HardwareConstruction

Does anybody know what time it is?. Grappel,Robert, art L3 2:11 Nov77 p68-70 ***Clock / Interface / Hardware Construction

Enterprising display device (GT-6144 graphicsdisplay generator). Deres, Joe. art L3 1:15Nov76 p42-54 *** Graphics / HardwareConstruction / SWTPC

Using interrupts for real time clocks*. Smith,M.F. art L3 2:11 Nov77 p50-53 *** Clock/ Hardware Construction / ProgrammingInstruction

HARDWARE REVIEW

Astral 2000. hr 1:15 Nov76 pl32-134 ***Hardware Review / Microcomputer System

Systems of note (M6800 from Celdat DesignAssociates), hr 1:10 Jun76 p!06-108 ***Hardware Review I Microcomputer System

INTERFACE

COMPLEAT tape cassette interface. Hemenway,Jack, art L3 1:7 Mar76 plO-16 ***Interface / Tape Cassette / HardwareConstruction

Does anybody know what time it is?. Grappel,Robert, art L3 2:11 Nov77 p68-70 ***Clock / Interface / Hardware Construction

6800 (CONTINUED)

Floppy disk interface*. Allen, David, art L33:1 Jan78 p58-7b *** Floppy Disk Drive /Interface / Disk ControllersSoftware controlled 12U0 bps audio tape

interface. Helmers, Carl, art L3 2:1 Apr77P40-49 *** Interface / Tape Cassette /UtiIity Program

KATHEWVUCS8 bit fractional multiplication. Chayut, Ira-

col L3 1:13 Sep7b pl24 *** Programming

Instruction / MathematicsDecisions, decisions (t or - signs for numbers).

Gass, Geoffrey, col L3 5:5 May80 pl90 ***Programming Instruction / MathematicsEasy way to calculate sines and cosines.

Grappel, Robert, art L3 4:4 Apr79 pl70-171*** Mathematics / Programming InstructionFast Fourier for the 6800. Lord, Richard, art

L3 4:2 Feb79 pl08-119 *** Fourier

Transforms / MathematicsHow to multiply in a wet climate, part 1: use and

basis for a design. Bryant/Swasdee. art L3

3:4 Apr78 p28-35+ *** Mathematics / Design

/ Microprocessor

PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTION6800 anti wipeout procedure (SWI instruction).

Worstell, Charles, col L3 1:16 Dec76 pl32

*** Programming Instruction8 bit fractional multiplication. Chayut, Ira.

col L3 1:13 Sep76 pl24 *** Programming

Instruction / MathematicsASCII string program. Comer, William, col L3

4:10 0ct79 p246-248 *** ASCII / Programming

InstructionAdd this 6800 M0RSER to your amateur radio

station. Grappel/Hemenway. art L3 1:14

0ct76 p30-35 *** Programming Instruction /

Ham RadioAssembling programs by hand. Helmers, Carl, artL3 1:7 Mar76 p52-61 *** Assembly Language

/ Programming InstructionBASIC timing delay (for 6800 computers}*. Worth,

Gregory, col L3 2:7 Jul77 pl66 ***

Programming InstructionBeware compromising the stack pointer. Pittman,

Tom. col 3:6 Jun78 pl36-137 ***

Programming Instruction / ClockBuild an intercomputer data link. Wingfield,

Mike, art L3 6:4 Apr81 p252-288 ***

Telecommunications / Programming Instruction /

NetworksCondensed reference chart for the 6800.

Borrmann, Robert, art 2:7 Jul77 p42-43 ***Programming InstructionDecisions, decisions ( + or - signs for numbers).

Gass, Geoffrey, col L3 5:5 May80 pl90 ***Programming Instruction / MathematicsDesigning the "Tiny Assembler": defining the

problem*. Emmerichs, Jack, art L3 2:4

Apr77 p60-67 *** Assembler / Programming

InstructionEasy to use hashing function. Kinzer, Don. art

L3 4:10 0ct79 p200-204 *** Hashing /

Programming InstructionEasy way to calculate sines and cosines.

Grappel, Robert, art L3 4:4 Apr79 pl70-171*** Mathematics / Programming InstructionExpanding the Tiny Assembler. Emmerichs, Jack.

art L3 2:9 Sep77 p44-49 *** Assembler /

SWTPC / Programming InstructionFilling 6800 op code holes. Jones, RoDert. col

4:3 Mar79 pl34-185 *** Programming

InstructionFooling with the stack pointer. Pittman, Tom.

col L3 3:7 Jul78 pll5-116 *** Programming

InstructionHand assembling M6800 relative addresses. Boaz,

Ray. art 3:4 Apr78 p46 *** Programming

Instruction / Assembly LanguageIf only Sam Morse could see us now*. Sewell,

Wayne, art L3 1:14 0ct76 p42-49 *** Ham

Radio / Programming Instruction / SWTPCLittle bit on interrupts. Wier, Robert, art

2:12 Dec77 pllS-129 *** Programming

Instruction / 8080 / 6502More on skip chains. Williamsen, Mark, col L3

5:9 Sep80 p318-320 *** Program Optimization

/ Programming InstructionMorse code trainer*. Bernstein, Mark, art L3

4:12 Dec79 p247-249 *** Ham Radio /

Programming InstructionMotorola 6800 instruction set: two programming

points of view. Jessop, Paul, art 3:1 Jan78p84-85 *** Programming InstructionRandomize your programming. Grappel, Robert.

art L3 1:13 Sep76 p36-38 *** Random

Numbers / Programming InstructionRelocatability and the long branch. Borrmann,

Robert, art L3 2:10 Oct77 p26-29 ***

Programming InstructionSon of Motorola (or, the $20 CPU chip). Fylstra,

Daniel, art L3 1:3 Nov75 p56-62 ***

Microprocessor / Programming Instruction / 6501SwTPC 6800 display routine / 6800 register

display. Hayes, Mike, col L3 4:5 May79

p220-222 *** Programming Instruction / SWTPC

Undocumented M6800 instructions. Wheeler, Gerry.

col 2:12 Dec77 p46-47 *** Programmi ng

InstructionUsing interrupts for real time clocks*. Smith,

M.F. art L3 2:11 Nov77 p50-53 *** Clock

/ Hardware Construction / Programming

Instruction

m-80, W30E.L I

MIKBUG and the TRS-80, part 1: a cross-assemblerfor the Motorola 6300. Labenski, Robert, artLI 6:12 DecSl p229-250 *** MIKBUG / TRS-80Model 1 / Assembler

368 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

(LISP) 1.7 & 2.0

Introducing

LISP. The language

that can think for itself.

With SmartWare, your micro-computer possesses intelligence. Solvesproblems like never before. Actually can learnfrom its mistakes. And educates itself in muchthe same way your brain operates. It's a newconcept in the way information is handled inmicrocomputers.

We appropriately called our version of LISP,SmartWare. Because it's as limitless as thehuman imagination, mind, memory.

An advanced, high-level language, LISP wasfirst developed for use in artificial intelligence onlarge computers. And now, LISP is available fromDatasoft for use on the Apple II and Atari Computers.

Store multiple programs in memory. It cantake it. Program other languages into LISP. It'sno problem. Because LISP offers greater capacityand power. And, it's a faster, more streamlinedlanguage. For example, just 2 lines in LISP couldequal hours of BASIC programming.

The fact: Relational data base capabilities.User and program definability. Pattern-directed

invocation

language. Uses

syntax and data

structures upon which esoteric applications

may be implemented. Remembers data

along with "relationships affecting it." Offers

REAL power to micros.

At MIT, they say LISP is the language of

the future.

At datasoft, we say, why wait. Ask your local

computer dealer for SmartWare. Right now! And

turn your computer on to thinking.

SmarfWkflelbpp

T.M.

o

~%=zy COMPUTER SOFTWARE19519 Business Center Dr.. Northridge, CA 91324

Circle 118 on inquiry card. (213)701-5161

InterLISP/65 for ATARI 48K systems 149.95 & APP-L-1SP 1.7 for Apple II 48K systems 121.^.

Halsema, A.1.* Microprocessor

Howelt/Serge.

Kemp, David.Microprocessor

68000

Preview of the Motorola 68000.

art 4:8 Aug79 pl70-174 *

/ Hardware Review6809

6309 commentaries (two comments).

col 4:8 Aug79 pl28-130 ***Compare new processors carefully.

col 4:5 May?9 p213-216

/ 6616Designing the logic of the system - processor

board description, part 2. Helmers, Carl, col4:10 0ct79 p6-14 *** Microcomputer System

/ Design / HomebrewM6809 is silicon. Ritter/Soney. col 4:5 May79

p30-31 *** Test / DesignMicroprocessor for the revolution: the 6809, part

I: design philosophy. Ritter/Boney. art L3

4:1 Jan79 pl4-42 *** Design /

MicroprocessorMicroprocessor for the revolution: the 6809, part

2: instruction set... Ritter/Boney. art 4:2

Feb79 p32-42 *** Microprocessor / DesignMicroprocessor for the revolution: the 6809, part

3: final thoughts. Ritter/Boney. art 4:3

Mar79 p46-52 *** Microprocessor / Design /

ManufacturingModifying the SwTPC computer (for 6809

operation). Weaver, Thomas, art 6:2 Feb81

p332-334 *** SWTPC / Hardware ModificationMultiprocessing with Motorola's MC6809E. Scales,

Hunter, art L3 6:7 Jul81 pl36-156 ***

Multiprocessing / DesignOn beginning a new project...(local controller of

music peripherals). Helmers, Carl, col 4:6

Jun79 p6+ *** Control / MusicRationale of yet another homebrew system.

Helmers, Carl, col 4:9 Sep79 p6-9+ ***

Design / Microcomputer System / HomebrewSwTPC 6809 Microcomputer System. Harmon, Tom.

hr 6:1 Jan81 p216-222 *** Hardware Review

/ SWTPC / Hardware ConstructionToward a structured 6809 assembly language, part

1: an introduction.... Walker, Gregory, art

L3 6:11 Nov81 p370-382 *** Programming

Instruction / Structured ProgrammingToward a structured 6809 assembly language, part

2: ... assembler. Walker, Gregory, art L3

6:12 DecSl pl98-228 *** Programming

Instruction / Structured Programming / AssemblerWhat's inside Radio Shack's color computer?*.

Ahrens/et al. art 6:3 Mar81 p90-130 ***

TRS-80 Color / Programming Instruction / Design8008

8008: microprocessor update. Baker. Robert, hr

L3 2:4 Apr77 pll0-lll+ *** Hardware Review

/ MicroprocessorAdd a stack to your 8008*. Chamberlin, Hal. artL3 1:2 0ct75 p52-55 *** Hardware

Construction / Programming InstructionComputers are ridiculously simple!. Wadsworth,

Nat. art 1:3 Nov75 p20-33 *** Computer

InstructionGolf handicapping. Haller, George, art L3 1:5

Jan76 p46-47 *** Athletics / SCELBIIntel 8008 table of octal op codes and "old"

mnemonics, col 1:2 0ct75 p84-85 ***

Programming InstructionMachine language programming for the "8008" (CPU

instruction set). Wadsworth, Nat. art 1:11

Jul76 p30-37 *** Programming Instruction /

Machine LanguageMachine language programming for the "8008"

(fundamental skills). Wadsworth, Nat. art L31:13 Sep76 p84-91 *** Programming

Instruction / Machine LanguageMachine language programming for the "8008"

(initial steps). Wadsworth, Nat. art 1:12

Aug76 p40-42 *** Programming Instruction /

Machine LanguageMonitor 8h - your own pseudo instructions. Nico,

Wi 1 lard, art 1:3 Nov75 p64-65 *** MonitorMorse code station data handler*. Filgate,

Bruce, art L3 1:14 0ct76 p52-70 *** Ham

Radio / Programming InstructionN0VAL assembler for the 8008 microprocessor.

Helmers, Peter, art L2 1:2 Oct75 p64-67

*** Assembler / Data GeneralRGS OOBA microcomputer kit. Hogenson, James, hr1:1 Sep75 pl6-19 *** Hardware Review /

Microcomputer System / Hardware ConstructionShooting stars. Hico, Willard. art L3 1:9

May76 p42-49 *** Games / SCELBITaking advantage of memory address space.

Luscher, James, art 1:5 Jan76 p60-63 ***

Programming Instruction / MemoryThere's more to blinking lights than meets theeye. Helmers, Carl, art L3 1:5 Jan76

p52-54 *** Control / Hardware ConstructionWhich microprocessor for you?. Chamberlin, Hal.

art 1:1 Sep75 plO-14 *** Microprocessor /

8080 / IMP-168080

5 byte hexadecimal to ASCII converter. Doshi,

Ashwi n. col L3 4:6 Jun79 p208 ***

Conversions / ASCII / Hexadecimal8080 bug in the stack: programming puzzle.

Dolan, Bruce, col L3 2:4 Apr77 pl61 ***

Puzzles8080 high level language project of Peter Skye,

continued. Skye, Peter, col 2:5 May77

p68-70 *** Languages / CompilerAMSAT 8080 standard debug monitor: AMS80 version

2. Allen/Kasser. art L3 1:13 Sep76

pl08-l22 *** Monitor / DebuggingAdded attraction (machine language puzzle).

Strangio, C. col 4:5 May79 p209 ***Puzzles

8080 (CONTINUED)

Binary-to-BCD converter for the 8080. Brockman,

D.M. col L3 6:0 AugSl p413-419 ***

Conversions / Binary / Binary Coiled DecimalHow to do a number of conversions*. Brown,

James, art L3 1:13 Sep76 p50-60 ***

Conversions / Binary / HexadecimalMemory meanderings (8080 machine language

puzzle)*. Strangio, C. col L3 4:1 Jan79

p52 *** PuzzlesMemory test program. Caperello, Frank, col L3

4:8 Aug79 p215-217 *** Memory / Test / IMSAISingle stepping the 8080 processor*. Sharp,

Charles, col L3 4:1 Jan79 pi 79-180 ***

Monitor / DebuggingTiny Pascal compiler, part 3: P-code to 8080

conversion. Chung/Yuen, art L6 3:11 Nov78

pl82-192 *** Pascal / Compiler / ConversionsTiny Pascal in 8080 assembly language (Nybbles

Library). Louis, G. co1 4:7 Jul79 pl74

*** Pascal / CompilerVector graphics for raster displays. Beetem,

John, art L3 5:10 0ct80 p286-293 ***

Graphics / Video DisplayWhich microprocessor for you?. Chamberlin, Hal.

art 1:1 5ep75 plO-14 *** Microprocessor /

8008 / IMP-16

6800

Fast Fourier comes back (correction for "Fast

Fourier for the 6800"). Roxburgh, Alastair.

col L3 6:5 MaySl p458-461 *** Fourier

Transforms / 6800 / BYTE CorrectionsLittle bit on interrupts. Wier, Robert, art

2:12 Dec77 pll8-129 *** Programming

Instruction / 6800 / 6502Odd tones (Machine language puzzler - 6800 and

8080). Strangio, C. col L3 4:3 Mar79 p92

*** Puzzles / 6800Pseudorandom number generator*. Grieser, Daniel,col L3 2:11 Nov77 p218 *** Random

Numbers / 6800

CONTROLAdd some control to your computer: an output porttutorial. Barbier, Ken. art L3 4:9 Sep79pl96-200 *** Control / Hardware ConstructionInterface a floppy-disk drive to an 8O80A-basedcomputer. Hoeppner, John, art L3 5:5 May80p72-102 *** Disk Controllers / Interface /Minidisk Drive

GAMESCreating a fantasy world on the 8080. Nicholson,

Robert, art 5:7 Jul80 p210-214 *** Games

/ FantasyNumber guessing game. Laudenslager, Keith, col

L3 2:12 Dec77 pl48 *** Games / MathematicsWriting animated computer games*. Estep, Tony.

art L3 4:11 Nov79 pl52-170 *** Animation

/ Games / Programming Instruction

HARDWARE CONSTRUCTION

Add some control to your computer: an output porttutorial. Barbier, Ken. art L3 4:9 Sep79pl96-200 *** Control / Hardware Construction

Build the beer budget graphics interface.Nelson, Peter, art L3 1:15 Nov76 p26-29*** Graphics / Interface / HardwareConstruction

Build this mathematical function unit, part 2:software. Guthrie, R. Scott, art L3 1:140ct76 p74-80 *** Mathematics / ProgrammingInstruction / Hardware Construction

Digital Group 8080A (Try this computer on forsize). Ciarcia, Steve, art 2:3 Mar77pll4-121+ *** Hardware Construction /Microcomputer System / Hardware Review

Get on at the right address (changing the "wakeup" address of the 8080) . Holman, Frank, art3:3 Mar78 pl85 *** Hardware Construction

Memory mapped 10. Ciarcia, Steve, col L3 2:11Nov77 plO-16 *** Hardware Construction /Memory / Input/Output

Progam those 2708s!. Glaser, Robert, art L35:4 Apr80 pl98-210 *** EPROM / HardwareConstruction / Programming Instruction

HARDWARE REVIEW

Digital Group 8080A (Try this computer on forsize). Ciarcia, Steve, art 2:3 Mar77pll4-121+ *** Hardware Construction /Microcomputer System / Hardware Review

MSC 8080+ microcomputer as a personal system.Barbier, Ken. hr 1:13 Sep76 p44-49 ***Hardware Review / Microcomputer System

INTERFACEBuild the beer budget graphics interface.Nelson, Peter, art L3 1:15 Nov76 p26-29*** Graphics / Interface / HardwareConstructionInterface a floppy-disk drive to an 8080A-basedcomputer. Hoeppner, John, art L3 5:5 May80

p72-102 *** Disk Controllers / Interface /Minidisk DriveInterface your computer to a printing calculator.Astmann, Robert, art L3 3:12 Dec78 p94-99*** Interface / Calculator / Printer

MATHEMATICS

Build this mathematical function unit, part 2:software. Guthrie, R. Scott, art L3 1:140ct76 p74-80 *** Mathematics / ProgrammingInstruction / Hardware Construction

Integer math package for the 8080. Carbrey,Bruce, art L3 6:5 May81 p204-226 ***Mathematics / Programming Instruction

8080 (CONTINUED)

Novel 8 bit multiplication. Glaeser,

Chr istopher. co1 L3 2:7 Jul77 pl42 **■Programming Instruction / Mathematics

Number guessing game. Laudenslager, Keith, colL3 2:12 Dec77 pl48 *** Games / Mathematics

PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTION8080 free memory search. Hand, William, col L34:6 Jun79 p20/-208 *** Programmi ng

Instruction / Memory8080 microprocessor op code table. Bafcer,

Robert, art 1:6 Feb76 p84 *** Programming

Instruction / Assembly Language8080 programming notes. Krystosek/McCarty. art

L3 2:5 May77 pl36-138 *** Programming

Instruction8080 simulator. Chung, Kin-man. art L3 2:10

Oct77 p70-77 *** Simulation / Programming

InstructionAdd some BARC to your 3080. Howerton, Charles.

art L3 2:2 Feb77 pl32-139 *** Programming

Instruction / Utility ProgramAssembly language switching (8080 programming).

Chayut, Ira. col L3 4:8 Aug79 p212-213

*** Programming InstructionBuild this mathematical function unit, part 2:

software. Guthrie, R. Scott, art L3 1:14

0ct76 p74-80 *** Mathematics / Programming

Instruction / Hardware ConstructionCan your computer tell time?. Hogenson, James.

art L3 1:4 Dec75 p82-37 *** Clock /

Programming InstructionCritique of self-modifying code. Newcomer,

Joseph, col L3 2:6 Jun77 pll2-115 ***

Programming Instruction / Utility ProgramExplore an 8030 with Educator-8080*. Howerton,

Charles, art L3 1:11 Jul76 p22-29 ***

Computer Instruction / Education / Programming

InstructionIndirect 1/0 addressing on the 8080. Zarucki,

Paul, col L3 6:8 AugSl p402-403 ***

Input/Output / Programming InstructionInteger math package for the 8080. Carbrey,

Bruce, art L3 6:5 MaySl p204-226 ***

Mathematics / Programming InstructionIntel 8080 microprocessor instruction set.

Clist, R.S. col 4:7 Jul79 p222-224 ***

Programming InstructionIntel 8080 op code table. Dittrich, Fred, art

1:5 Jan76 p50-51 *** Programming

InstructionLine combinations (prints combinations of

letters). Soderstrom, Randy, col L3 3:5

May78 pl68-169 *** Programming InstructionLittle bit on interrupts. Wier, Robert, art

2:12 Dec77 pll8-129 *** Programming

Instruction / 6800 / 6502Machine code relocator for the 8080. Zolman,

Leor. art L3 2:7 Jul77 P92-95 ***

Utility Program / Programming InstructionMaking hash with tables. Dollhoff. Terry, art

L3 2:1 Jan77 pl8-30 *** Hashing /

Programming InstructionNovel 8 bit multiplication. Glaeser,

Christopher, col L3 2:7 Ju177 pl42 ***

Programming Instruction / MathematicsOperation codes of the 8080, 3085, and Z80

processors. Harrell, D. Martin, art 5:3

Mar80 pl94-207 *** Programming Instruction /

8085 / Z-80Optimization: a case study. Noyce, William, artL3 3:4 Apr78 p40-45 *** Program

Optimization / Programming InstructionPassword protection for your computer.

Kreindler, R. Jordan, art L3 4:3 Mar79

pl94-195 *** Security / Programming

Instruction / Z-80Progam those 2708s!. Glaser, Robert, art L3

5:4 Apr80 pl98-210 *** EPROM / Hardware

Construction / Programming InstructionRelative addressing for the 8080. Gaskell,

James. art L3 2:12 Dec77 pl62-163 ***

Programming InstructionRelocating 8080 system software. Lipham, John.

art L3 5:1 Jan80 pl80-192 *** Uti1i ty

Program / Programming InstructionSimultaneous input and output for your 8080.

Maurer, W.D. art L3 4:5 May79 pl64-172

*** Input/Output / Programming InstructionSoftware addressing modes for the 8080.

Sozinovic, Dragan. col L3 6:3 Mar81

p236-240 *** Programming Instruction /Software for the economy floppy disk. Welles,

Kenneth, art L3 2:6 Jun77 p88-97 ***

Floppy Disk Drive / Programming Instruction /

Input/OutputStack it up. Allen, Charlton, art L3 4:11

Nov79 pl40-148 *** Computer Instruction /

Programming InstructionTIMOUT (8080 time delay routine). Strangio, C.

col L3 3:11 Nov 78 p74 *** Programming

InstructionTrapping technique for the 8080. Schulein, John,art L3 2:8 Aug77 pl58-161 *** Debugging

/ Programming InstructionWriting animated computer games*. Estep, Tony.

art L3 4:11 Nov79 pl52-170 *** Animation

/ Games / Programming InstructionZ80 op codes for an 8080 assembler*. Powers,

William, art 5:6 Jun80 p64-84 *** Z-80 /

Assembler / Programming Instruction8085

Construction of a fourth-generation video

terminal, part 1. Wierenga, Theron. art L3

5:8 Aug80 p210-224 *** Terminal / Hardware

Construction

370 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Computer Exchange

Apple 11 +

save APPLE III

CALL

SAVE

* 16K $ 1049

* 48K S1099

* 64K S1258Disk II W/3.3DOS $ 499

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Ail are 1981 models with Apple RAM 64K unit is 48Kunit with Microsoft 16K RAM board. 64K unitsinclude Applesoft and Integer BASIC'S when usedwith DISK II. The Apple II no longer comes with gamepaddles. Paddles are extra - CALL

for

Apple II/II +

HARDWARE

Disk II and 3.3 ControllerDisk II onlyif Corvus

5 Meg Hard Disk10 Meg Hard Disk20 Meg Hard DiskMirror

Other Corvus accessoriesif Micro-Sci 5" Drives for Apple II:A70. 286K, 5" DriveA40, 160K, 5" DriveController CardMONITORS:

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MISCELLANEOUS:

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Clock/CalendarOrange Micro GrapplerSSM AIO Serial/Para. Interface

Repair Department(503)772-4401

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Apple Pilot $119 27%

Apple Plot $ 49 30%

Apple Writer $ 59 21%

DOS 3.3 $ 49 20%

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Dow Jones News & Quotes $ 69 28%

Dow Jones Portfolio Eval. $ 45 10%

Language/Pascal System $379 25%

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A full professional quality integrated GL, AIR,A/P, Payroll package. Hotline support availableSend lor tree sample printouts. Requires Z80and I6K RAM card.

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Above prices for mail orders only. Our store show-room is 259 Barnett Rd., Unit 2, Medford, OR. Storeprices, which include software service, differ frommail order prices. No mail order sales at store. CALLORDER DESK.

ORDERING INFORMATION:

Minimum order $100. Money Orders, Cashier Checksor Bank Wire welcomed. Visa and MC orders add3%. Personal or company checks are accepted(allow 20 days to clear). Add 3% tor shipping,handling and insurance; UPS ground is standard.6% total for UPS Blue or 10% total for foreign ordersor US Parcel Post. Include your telephone number.No COD's. Prices are subject to change withoutnotice. Order desk hours are 8 to5 PST , 10 to 3Saturdays.

REFERENCES:

Custom Computer has been an Apple dealer since1978. Our bank reference is First Interstate Bank(503) 776-5620. We belong to the Ch .mber ofCommerce. (503)772-6293.

tdppkz computer" Sales and Service

We are an authorized dealer and repair center andwill repair all Apple equipment regardless of whereyou purchased it, in or out of warranty. Normally ourturn-around time on repairs is 24 hours, Call beforesending equipment.

Technical Hotline

(503)772-3803

(CUSTOMERS ONLY-PLEASEHAVE INVOICE* ORPACKING SLIP #)4 \ Oregon Order Desk(503) 772-3803

NO SALES TAX

Computer Exchange

National Sales Dept. of CUSTOM COMPUTER ^P 925

Dept259 Barnett Rd., Unit 3, Medford, OR. 97501

Circle 86 on inquiry card.

8085 (CONTINUED)

Construction of a fourth-generation video

terminal, part 2. Wierenga, Theron. art L3

5:9 SepOO pl26-160 *** Terminal / Hardware

ConstructionOperation codes of the 8080, ''OSS, and Z80

processors. Harrell, 0. Martin, art 5:3

Mar80 pl94-207 *** Programming Instruction /

8080 / Z-808086

Intel 8086 (and the SDK-86 system design kit).

Ciarcia, Steve, col 4:11 HOv79 pl4-24 ***

Microprocessor / Hardware Review

soaa

8088 processor for the S-100 bus, part 1.

Cantrell, Thomas, art 5:9 Sep80 p46-64 ***S-10Q Bus / Hardware Review / Interface8088 processor for the S-100 bus, part 2.

Cantrell, Thomas, art L3 5:10 0ct80 p62-88*** S-100 Bus / Hardware Construction /

Interface8088 processor for the S-100 bus, part 3.

Cantrell, Thomas, art L3 5:11 Nov80

p340-360 *** S-100 Bus / MonitorEase into 16-bit computing, part 2: examining a

small multi-user system. Ciarcia, Steve, col

L3 5:4 AprSO p40-58 *** Multi-user Systems

/ Hardware Construction / Multi-taskingEase into 16-bit computing: get 16-bit

performance from an 8-bit computer. Ciarcia,

Steve, col L3 5:3 MarSO pl7-i2 ***

Microprocessor / Hardware Review8255

Interfacing the S-100 bus with the Intel 8255.

Condra. David, art 4:10 Oct79 pl24-136 ***S-100 Bus / Interface / Hardware Construction9900

Interrupt-driven real-time clock for the TMS

9900. Morris, Thomas, art L3 5:9 SepSO

p282-302 *** Clock / Hardware ConstructionMap of the TMS-9900 instruction space. Melton,

Henry, art 4:3 Mar79 pl4-22 ***

Microprocessor / Programming Instruction /TMS-9900 monitor. Jones/Jones, col 4:5 May79

pl28 *** MonitorTexas Instruments TMS9900. Baker, Robert, art

1:8 Apr76 p64-70 *** Hardware Review /

Microprocessor /ACCOUNTING

BASIC floppy-disk accounting system. Roehrig,

Joseph, art Ll 5:9 SepSO p328-335 ***

Business / North Star / Floppy Disk DriveFinancial analysis program*. Lehman, John, art

Ll 5:2 Feb80 pl92-201 *** Financial

Statements / Financial AnalysisMicrocomputers and the IRS. Kingman, James, col6:9 Sep81 p426-427 *** Taxes / Business /

LawPower of VisiCalc. Ramsdell, Robert, sr 5:11

NovSO pl90-192 *** Software Review /

BusinessSmall business accounting system. Lehman, John.

art 1:10 Jun76 p8-12 *** Business / TaxesACOUSTIC COUPLER

8uild-it-yourself modem for under $50*. Ciarcia,

Steve, col 5:8 Aug80 p22-38 *** Modem /

Hardware ConstructionAIM

AIM-65 16-bit hexadecimal to decimal conversion.

Young, R.A. col L3 6:8 AugSl p413 ***

Conversions / HexadecimalOn the use of Fourier Transforms to explore

biological rhythms. Owens, A.J. col Ll 6:4

Apr81 p314-326 *** Biorhythm / Fourier

TransformsALGORITHM

"My Dear Aunt Sally" algorithm*. Grappel,

Robert, art 1:6 Feb76 pl8-25 ***

Programming Instruction / DefinitionsGraphics text editor for music, part 2:

algorithms. Nelson, Randolph, art 5:5 May80pl04-U8 *** Text Editor / MusicKhachiyan's algorithm, part 1: a new solution to

linear programming...*. 8erresford/et al. art5:8 Aug80 pl98-208 *** Mathematics /

Linear ProgrammingKhachiyan's algorithm, part 2: problems with the

algorithm. Berresford/et al. art Ll 5:9

Sep80 p242-255 *** Linear Programming /

Mathematics / TRS-80 Model ILife algorithms (Game of Life). Niemiec, Mark.

art L9 4:1 Jan79 p90-97 *** Games / Life

/ MathematicsSimple algorithms for calculating elementary

functions. Rheinstein, John, art Ll 2:8

Aug77 pl42-145 *** Mathematics / Programming

InstructionSimple maze traversal alogrithms. Allen/Allen.

art 4:6 Jun79 p36-44 *** Robots /

Artificial Intelligence / Programming

InstructionSolving problems involving variable terrain, part

I: a general algorithm . Jones, Scott, art

5:2 Feb80 p5S-68 *** Simulation / TopologyStandard data encryption algorithm, part 1: an

overview. Meushaw, Robert, art 4:3 Mar79

p66-74 *** Crypto logyStandard data encryption algorithm, part 2:

implementing the algorithm. Meushaw, Robert.

art L3 4:4 Apr79 pll0-130 *** Cryptology

/ KIMVariable-duty-cycle algorithm. Stryker, Timothy,col Ll 6:10 0ct81 p391-393 ***

Programming Instruction

ARRL Convention / Visit to Mits / Visit to SWTPC-Helmers, Carl, art 1:14 0ct76 pl07-109*** Shows / Manufacturing / SWTPC

ALTAIR (CONTINUED)

Albuquerque happenings (World Altair Computer

Convention), art 1:10 Jun76 p36-3/ ***

ConferenceAltair (S-100) bus forum: PCC 77. McCallum,

John, col 3:3 Mar78 pl48-151 ***

Standards / S-100 BusAre they real? (a visit to Sphere, SWTPC and

Mits). Green, Wayne, col 1:2 Oct75 p61 +

*** Manufacturing / Sphere / SWTPCAssembling an Altair 8800. Zarrella, John, art

1:4 Dec75 p78-80 *** Hardware ConstructionBeating North Star - MITS incompatabi1ity.

Miller, Alan, col L3 3:7 Jul78 pll9 ***

Programming Instruction / North StarCapital of New Mexico is Santa Fe. White,

Loring. col Ll 3:3 Mar78 pl70-171 ***

Education / Social ScienceDiddle (Altair 8800 game to stop a pattern of

moving lights). Skoglund, Stan, art L3 2:12Oec77 pl68-169 *** GamesFlights of fancy with the Enterprise (Star Trek

game). Price, David, art Ll 2:3 Mar77

pl06-113 *** Games / StrategyFrom the publisher (lack of plugs on the Altair

computer). Green, Wayne, col 1:3 Nov75 p5+*** Design / StandardsGRAPH: a system for television graphics, part 1.

Webster/Young, art 3:5 May78 p62-77 ***

Video Display / Interface / Hardware

ConstructionHigh school computer system. Lett, Christopher.

art 1:10 Jun76 p28-30 *** Education /

Secondary Education10 strobes for the Altair 8800. Schulein, John.

art 1:8 Apr76 p79 *** Hardware

ConstructionImpossible dream cassette interface. Lomax,

Daniel, art L3 2:2 Feb77 p82-85 ***

Interface / Tape CassetteJITTER {blinking lights on an Altair)*. Speer,

Gordon, col L3 1:10 Jun76 p94 ***

ControlMERLIN video interface adds a visual dimension to

your Altair or IMSAI. hr 1:15 Nov76 p62-64

*** Hardware Review / Video Display /

InterfaceMITS computer caravan, art 1:5 Jan76 p73 ***

MarketingMicrocomputers in the chemistry laboratory.

DeSieno, Robert, col 6:2 FebSl p274-278

*** Higher Education / ScienceNew Altair 680. Vice, James, art 1:6 Feb76

p42-45 *** Hardware Review / Microcomputer

SystemPick up BASIC by PROM bootstraps. Kreitner, Jim.art L3 2:1 Jan77 p50-51 *** Utility

Program / PROM / Hardware ConstructionProcessor Technology VDM-1. Anderson, D. hr L31:16 Dec76 p36-39 *** Hardware Review /

Video Display / IMSAIPut your computer to work (cassette controller).

Roch, Bill, hr 6:2 Feb81 pl02-l03 ***

Hardware Review / Tape Cassette / InterfaceRecognition for Heuristics Speechlab. Parfitt,

Rick, hr 2:9 Sep77 p50 *** Hardware

Review / Speech RecognitionS2L.:.an Altair (S-100) to LSI-11 bus adaptor.

Bondy, Jonathan, col 3:9 Sep78 pl02-H2

*** S-100 Bus / Standards / LSI-11SCORTOS: implementation of a music language.

Taylor, Hal. art 2:9 Sep77 pl2-21+ ***

Music / LanguagesSets: tutoring in BASIC. Schreiber, Linda, col

Ll 5:3 Mar80 p244-245 *** Mathematics /

Computer Assisted Instruction / ChildrenSpace game. White, Loring. art Ll 4:10 0ct79

pl96-199 *** Games / ArcadeStrike a MATCH (matching up penpals)*. Hansford,

Phillip, art L3 1:10 Jun76 p48-51 ***

Programming Instruction / Assembly LanguageSystems of note (Roger Amidon's Spider and

Altair). Helmers, Carl, col 1:12 Aug76

p88-89 *** Microcomputer SystemTwo computer music system {Altair 8800/Intellec

8/MOD 80). Lederer/et al. art 3:3 Mar78

p8-12+ *** Music / LanguagesTwo letters on extending the Altair S-100 Bus.

Naess/McCallum. col 3:8 Aug78 pl2 ***

S-100 Bus / StandardsALTOS

Altos ACS8000 single-board computer. Dahmke,

Mark, hr 5:11 Nov80 pl58-170 *** Hardware

ReviewANALOG/DIGITAL CIRCUIT

A/D and D/A conversion - an inexpensive approach.Mikel, Roger, art 6:2 FebSl p312-316 ***

Digital/Analog Circuit / Hardware ConstructionApple analog-to-digital conversion in 27

microseconds. Seeds/Levison. art L3 6:10

0ct81 p458-461 *** Apple II / Hardware

Construction / AstronomyColor computer from A to D: make your color

computer "see" and "feel"... Barden, William.

art Ll 6:12 Dec81 pl34-160 *** TRS-80

Color / Interface / JoystickControlling small DC motors with analog signals.

Sweer/et al. art 2:8 Aug77 pl8-24 ***

Control / Plotter / SimulationDesigning multichannel analog interfaces. Kraul,

Douglas, art L3 2:6 Jun77 plS-23 ***

Interface / DesignEasy-to-use A/D converter. Daggit, Robert, art

L3 6:6 Jun81 p378-383 *** Hardware

Construction / 6502Energy measurement with the Apple II. Murray,

William, col Ll 6:7 Jul81 p294-299 ***

Energy / Apple 11

ANALOG/DIGITAL CIRCUIT (CONTINUED)

Getting inputs from joysticks and slide pots.

Helmers, Carl, art L3 1:6 Feb76 p86-88

*** Joystick / Hardware ConstructionI've got you in my scanner! (computer controlled

light scanner). Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll 3:11Nov78 p76-89 *** Security / Home / Hardware

ConstructionIn defense of analog?. Sodamann, F.D. col 3:10

0ct78 p65 ***Interfacing with an analog world - part 1. Carr,

Joseph, art 2:5 May77 p56-60 ***

Interface / DesignInterfacing with an analog world - part 2. Carr,

Joseph, art 2:6 Jun77 p54-59+ ***

Digital/Analog Circuit / DesignLow-speed analog-to-digital converter for the

Apple II. Hallgren, Richard, art L3 4:9

Sep79 p70-78 *** Interface / Hardware

Construction / Apple IIMind over matter: add biofeedback input for your

computer. Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll 4:6 Jun79p49-58 *** Control / Health / Hardware

ConstructionPADDLES: interfacing with modular breadboards.

Combs/Field, art 6:4 Apr81 p348-357 ***

Digital/Analog Circuit / Interface / Hardware

ConstructionPot position digitizing idea. Schulein, John.

art 1:7 Mar76 p79 *** Hardware ConstructionSimple digital filter. Grappel, Robert, art L3

3:2 Feb78 pl68-171 *** DesignSonic anemometry for the hobbyist. Dvorak, Neil,art L3 4:7 Jul 79 pl20-132 *** Hardware

Construction / WeatherTalk to me! Add a voice to your computer for $35.Ciarcia, Steve, col L3 3:6 Jun78 pl42-151*** Voice Synthesis / Hardware ConstructionANIMATION

Animation in computer-assisted instruction:

replication of DNA. Eckert, Richard, col Ll

6:7 JulSl p358-366 *** Computer Assisted

Instruction / Science / TRS-80 Model IRepresenting three-dimensional objects in your

computer. Blum, Richard, art Ll 4:5 May79

pl4-29 *** Three-Dimensional GraphicsWriting animated computer games*. Estep, Tony.

art L3 4:11 Nov79 pl52-170 *** Games /

Programming Instruction / 8080APL

APL and graphics. Kellerman, Eduardo. art L9

3:9 Sep78 p40-53 *** Graphics / Programming

InstructionAPL and the greatest common divisor / APL aids

instructors. CI axton/Evans, col L9 4:5

May79 p206-207 *** Higher EducationAPL character generator. Langner, John, art L25:9 Sep80 pll6-124 *** Character Generator

/ Hardware ConstructionAPL character sets (loading APL character sets).

Billwiller, Charles, col 2:7 Jul77 pl50 ***APL interpreter for microcomputers, part 1*.

Wimble, Michael, art 2:8 Aug77 p50-65 ***

Interpreter / ContestsAPL interpreter for microcomputers, part 2:

evaluation expression. Wimble, Mike, art 2:9Sep77 pl26-155 *** Programming InstructionAPL interpreter for microcomputers, part 3:

mathematical processing*. Wimble, Mike, art

2:10 0ct77 p64-68+ *** Interpreter /

MathematicsAPL interpreter: further thoughts*. Brightman,

Tom. col 3:6 Jun78 pl22-123 ***

InterpreterAPL makes life easy (and vice versa). Evans,

Selby. col L9 5:10 0ct80 pl92-193 ***

Games / LifeAPL runs circles. Nicholson, Philip, col L9

6:12 DecSl p484-485 *** Programming

InstructionAPL update (difference between operators and

functions). Anthony, E.H. col 2:8 Aug77

pi7+ *** Programming InstructionAPL/S: an alternative. Brown, Robert, col L9

4:12 Dec79 p88-99 *** Games / Programming

InstructionComments on APL character generators. Naess,

Olav. col 3:2 Feb78 pl34-135 ***Comments on APL's characteristics. Howland,

John, col 3:5 May78 pl43-144 ***Continuing comments on APL. Stryker, Timothy.

col 3:12 Dec78 pl80-182 ***GRAPLing with APL. Leler, William, col 2:11

Nov77 p220-222 *** LanguagesGrappling with GRAPL: some choice comments.

Koenig, Andrew, col 3:5 May78 pl65-167 ***Here's APL in action (lunar lander program).

Keefe, David, art L9 2:8 Aug77 p44-47 ***Games / StrategyQuestioning APL / APL optimization / An APL bigot

speaks, col 2:11 Nov77 pl94-197 ***Serendipitous circles explored. Kellerman,

Eduardo. art 3:4 Apr78 pl78-183 *** ArtThree versions of APL. Williams, Gregg, sr 6:4

AprSl pl88-208 *** Software ReviewUnderstanding APL. Iverson, Kenneth, art L9

2:8 Aug77 p36-40 *** Programming InstructionVirtual memory and VSAM for micros. Oahmke,

Mark, col 2:11 Nov77 p224 *** Memory /

Information Storage / Virtual MemoryWhat is APL?*. Arnold, Mark, art 1:15 Nov76

p20-24+ *** Programming Instruction /

LanguagesWhy people get hooked on APL. Atwood, Allen.

art 2:8 Aug77 pl08-113 *** Programming

InstructionWinners of the Great APL Contest (APL

interpreter). Kaniss/DiChristofaro. col 4:6

Jun79 pl94-196 *** Contests

372 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

.. .FROM ONE OPERATING SYSTEM TO ANOTHER!A VITAL WAV TO PROTECT YOUR SOFTWAREINVESTMENT FOR THE FUTURE!!

The KM/COBOL language runs on more different Oper-ating Systems and more different-sized computers thanany other similar language. For starters, it runs on NCRand TI minicomputers and, in the micro field, on theCP/M2, MP/MS, TRSDOS3, OASIS4, MOASIS4, and UNIX(ONYX version) Operating Systems.. .to mention onlya few.

Until now, serious business software of the scope andflexibility seen in the minicomputer world has not beenavailable on micros. RM/COBOL now allows transfer ofsuch software with a minimum of fuss.

We have participated in such a mini-to-micro transferof a major set of general business software.. .using RM/COBOL as the transfer mechanism, of course. Running onliterally thousands of minicomputers, these refined,enhanced, and proven software packages cover A/R, A/P,G/L, P/R, Order Entry (with Invoicing and InventoryControl) as well as Sales Analysis. The packages define anew level of achievement for features and flexibility inmicro applications software and offer top quality at areasonable price.

For immediate information, call 714-848-1922 foryourcomplete product descriptions.

.. .PLUS ALL THE OLD, FAMILIAR FAVORITES thatwe continue to offer, such as:

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_1__

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EL

THAT'S NOT WHAT I MEANTWHEN I TOLD YOU TO DUMPTHE PROGRAM

pjjsll

8041 NEWMAN AVE, SUITE 208HUNTINGTON BEACH, CA 92647

APPLE I

Maze (maze generator for the Apple I). Bishop,

Robert, col LI 3:10 0ct78 pl36-138 ***

Graphics / GamesAPPLE II

Apple Pascal cross-reference. Woodhead, Robert.

col L6 6:10 0ct81 p419-429 *** Pascal /

Utility ProgramApple kaleidoscope. Bishop, Robert, col L3

4:7 Jul79 p52-53 *** Color GraphicsApple name-address. Stotts, Gary, col Ll 6:4

AprSl p32-34 **+ Hail ListComputing inflation with the consumer price

index. Haldeman, Joe. col Ll 6:7 Jul81

p30Q-302 *** Consumer Information / InflationEnergy measurement with the Apple II. Murray,

William, col Ll 6:7 JulSl p294-299 ***

Energy / Analog/Digital CircuitEra of off-the-shelf personal computers has

arrived. Helmers, Carl, col L6 5:1 JanSO

p6-10+ *** History / Microcomputer System /

PascalGenerating programs automatically. Jacobs,

Jacob, art Ll 6:12 Dec81 p352-362 ***

Uti1ity ProgramHydrocarbon molecule constructor. Matthews,

Randall, art Ll 5:3 Mar80 pl56-166 ***

Science / EducationKinetic string art for the Apple. Cesa, Louis.

col 5:11 Nov8Q p62-63 *** Co'or Graphics /

High Resolution Graphics / ArtList Pager (Apple II utility). Lovett, Allan.

col Ll 6:10 0ct81 pl22 *** UtiIity

Program / PrinterLogo for personal computers. Nelson, Harold.

art L9 6:6 Jun81 p36-44 *** TI 99/4 / LogoMore colors for your Apple. Watson/Wozniak. artLl 4:6 Jun79 p60-68 *** Color Graphics /

High Resolution Graphics / Hardware

ModificationMusic making (square-wave music and

software-driven D/A synthesis), col 6:7

Jul81 p84 *** Music / Digital/Analog CircuitNybble on the Apple: Helmers, Carl, col 2:4

Apr77 plO *** Color GraphicsOne step forward - three steps backup; computing

in the US space program . Stakem, Patrick.

art 6:9 Sep81 pll2-144 *** Test / Space

ProgramPascal library unit for the Micromodem II.

Woteki, Thomas, art L6 6:2 Feb81 pl06-136

*** Modem / PascalPicture-perfect Apple. Roybal, Phil, art 6:1

JanSl p226-235 *** High Resolution Graphics

/ PrinterThree-dimensional graphics for the Apple II.

Sokol, Dan. art Ll 5:11 NovSO pl48-154

*** High Resolution Graphics /

Three-Dimensional Graphics /Time your tape. O'Flaherty, John, col Ll 5:9

Sep80 p66-74 *** Tape CassetteVoice for the Apple without extra hardware.

Payne, Robert, art L3 6:11 Nov81 p499-501

*** Digital Audio / Voice SynthesisWhite-noise generator for the Apple II.

O'Flaherty, John, col L2 5:4 Apr80 p68

*** Sound Effects

CONTROLApple XlO control. Arczynski, Wayne, col L3

6:12 DecSl p469-472 *** Control / Home /

6502Computer-controlled viewing of the 1980 eclipse.

Helmers, Carl, col L6 5:5 MayBO p6+ ***

Control / Photography / AstronomyHunting the computerized eclipse. Helmers, Carl.col L6 5:3 MarSO p6-12> *** Control /

Photography / Astronomy

DESIGNComputer-aided drafting with Apple Pascal.

Sokol, Dan. art L6 6:7 Jul81 p388-429 ***Design / Electronic Circuits / Pascal

GAMESAsteroids in Space and Planetoids. Holt, Oliver,sr 6:5 May81 pll6-120 *** Software Review/ Games / ArcadeBattle of the asteroids. Williams, Gregg, sr6:12 Dec81 pl63-165 *** Software Review /Arcade / GamesComputer Bismark. Ansoff, Peter, sr 5:1?

DecSO p282-286 *** Software Review / Games /SimulationDungeon Campaign. Williams, Gregg, sr 5:12Dec80 p74 *** Software Review / Games /StrategyGame of left/right. Smith, Truck, art Ll 6:12Dec81 p278-298 *** Games / ProgrammingInstructionGorgon. Callamaras, Peter, sr 6:12 DecSl

p90-100 *** Software Review / Games / ArcadeLost Dutchman's Gold*. Liddil/Li. art Ll 5:12

DecSO p268-280 *** Games / StrategyMissile Defense vs ABM. Moskowitz, Robert, sr6:12 Dec81 p80-90 *** Software Review /Games / ArcadeOdyssey: The Compleat Apventure. Nelson, Harold.sr 5:12 DecOO p90-92 *** Software Review '/ Games / StrategyOlympic SecathAon. Kater, David, sr 6:12Dec81 p74-78 *** Arcade / Games / SoftwareReviewPrisoner. Liddil, Bob. sr 6:9 SepUl p386-387

*** Software Review / Gaines / StrategyReversal: Othello for the Apple II. Freidman,Mark, sr 6:11 Nov81 p76-80 *** SoftwareReview / Othello / Games

APPLE II (CONTINUED)

Robotwar. Feigel, Curtis, sr 6:12 DecSl

p24-34 *** Software Review / Games /

Programming InstructionStellar Trek. Nelson, Harold, sr 5:12 Dec80

p7S-82 *** Software Review / Games / ArcadeTranquility Base. Moore, Robin, sr 6:5 May81

pll2-114 *** Software Review / Games / Arcade

HARDWARE CONSTRUCTION

Apple analog-to-digital conversion in 27

microseconds. Seeds/Levison. art L3 6:10OctSl p458-461 *** Analog/Digital Circuit /Hardware Construction / Astronomy

Apple audio processing. Cross, Mark, art L35:4 AprSO p212-218 *** Voice Synthesis /Hardware Construction / Audio Processing

Build a low-cost speech-synthesizer interface.Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll 6:6 Jun31 p46-68*** Voice Synthesis / Hardware Construction /TRS-80 Model I

Cross-pollinating the Apple II (serial

interface). Campbel1, Richard, art L3 4:4Apr79 p20-25 *** Interface / SerialInput/Output I Hardware Construction

Low-speed analog-to-digital converter for theApple II. Hallgren, Richard, art L3 4:9Sep79 p70-78 *** Analog/Digital Circuit /Interface / Hardware Construction

HARDWARE REVIEWApple to Byte: one user's review of the Apple II.Helmers, Carl, hr L3 3:3 Mar78 pl8-46

*** Hardware Review / Microcomputer SystemMicrosoft Softcard. Pelczarski, Mark, hr 6:11

Nov81 pl52-162 *** Hardware Review / Z-80 /

CP/MMountain Computer's MusicSystem. Moore, Robin.

hr L3 6:7 JulSl p60-92 *** Hardware

Review / MusicVidex keyboard and display enhancer. Pelczarski,

Mark, hr L6 6:7 JulSl p354-356 ***

Hardware Review / Video Display / KeyboardalphaSyntauri Music Synthesizer. Levine/Mauchly.hr 6:12 Dec81 pl08-128 *** Hardware

Review / Music

INTERFACE

Cross-pollinating the Apple II (serial

interface). Campbell, Richard, art L3 4:4Apr79 p20-25 *** Interface / SerialInput/Output / Hardware Construction

Digital plotting with the Apple II computer.Hallgren, Richard, art Ll 6:5 MaySlp296-314 *** Plotting / Interface / Plotter

Low-speed analog-to-digital converter for theApple II. Hallgren, Richard, art L3 4:9Sep79 p70-78 *** Analog/Digital Circuit /Interface / Hardware Construction

MATHEMATICSImpossible dream: computing e to 116,000 places

with a personal computer . Wozniak, Stephen.

art L3 6:6 Jun81 p392-407 *** MathematicsUnlimited precision division. Raskin, Jef. art

Ll 4:2 Feb79 pl54-156 «** Mathematics /

Programming Instruction / BASIC

PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTIONBits and bytes in Pascal: and other binary

wonders. Casseres, David, art L6 6:10

0ct81 p448-457 *** Pascal / Documentation /

Programming InstructionGame of left/right. Smith, Truck, art Ll 6:12Dec81 p278-298 *** Games / Programming

InstructionMicromodem support in Apple Pascal. Robinson,

Scott, art L6 6:7 JulSl p308-324 ***

Modem / Pascal / Programming InstructionNotes on absolute location interfaces to Apple

Pascal. Sokol, Daniel, col L6 5:9 Sep80

p324-325 *** Pascal / Programming InstructionRecursive procedures for the 6502 microprocessor.Dennis, Phillip, col L3 6:10 Octfil

p467-469 *** 6502 / Programming InstructionRobotwar. Feigel, Curtis, sr 6:12 DecSl

p24-34 *** Software Review / Games /

Programming InstructionSWEET 16: the 6502 dream machine (Apple pseudo

machine interpreter)*. Wozniak, Stephen, art

L3 2:11 Nov77 pl50-159 *** Interpreter /

6502 / Programming InstructionShape table conversion for the Apple II.

Partyka, Dave, col Ll 4:11 Nov79 p63 ***

High Resolution Graphics / Programming

Instruction / ConversionsTree searching, part 1: basic techniques.

Williams, Gregg, art Ll 6:9 Sep81 p7?-106

*** Artificial Intelligence / Programming

Instruction / PuzzlesUnlimited precision division. Raskin, Jef. art

Ll 4:2 Feb79 pl54-156 *** Mathematics /

Programming Instruction / BASICUsing interrupts on the Apple II system. White,

George, art L3 6:5 MaySl p280-294 ***

Programming Instruction / 6502Using page two with Apple Pascal turtle graphics.Wallace, Bruce, col L6 6:5 MaySl pl22

*** Programming Instruction / Graphics /

Pascal

SOFTWARE REVIEWApple II file-management systems. Blochowiak,Ken. sr 6:11 Nov31 p274-300 *** SoftwareReview / Data Base ManagementAsteroids in Space and Planetoids. Holt, Oliver,sr 6:5 May81 pll6-120 *** Software Review/ Games / Arcade

APPLE II (CONTINUED)

Battle of the asteroids. Williams, Gregg, sr

6:12 Dec81 pl63-165 *** Software Review /

Arcade / GamesComputer Bismark. Ansoff, Peter, sr 5:12

DecSO p282-286 *** Software Review / Games /

SimulationDungeon Campaign. Williams, Gregg, sr 5:12

DecSO p74 *** Software Review / Games /

StrategyFour word processors for the Apple II.

Carlson/Haber. sr 6:6 Jun81 pl76-204 ***

Software Review / Word ProcessingGorgon. Callamaras, Peter, sr 6:12 0ec81

p90-100 *** Software Review / Games / ArcadeMissile Defense vs A8M. Moskowitz, Robert, sr

6:12 DecSl p80-90 *** Software Review /

Games / ArcadeOdyssey: The Compleat Apventure. Nelson, Harold,sr 5:12 Dec80 p90-92 *** Software Review

/ Games / StrategyOlympic Decathlon. Kater, David, sr 6:12

Dec81 p74-78 *** Arcade / Games / Software

ReviewPrisoner. Liddil, Bob. sr 6:9 Sep81 p386-387

*** Software Review / Games / StrategyReversal: Othello for the Apple II. Freidman,

Mark. sr 6:11 NovSl p76-80 *** Software

Review / Othello / GamesRobotwar. Feigel, Curtis, sr 6:12 DecSl

p24-34 *** Software Review / Games /

Programming InstructionSargon II: an improved chess-playing program for

the Apple II. Martellaro, John, sr 5:12

DecSO pll4-118 *** Software Review / ChessStellar Trek. Nelson, Harold, sr 5:12 Dec80

p78-82 *** Software Review / Games / ArcadeTranquility Base. Moore, Robin, sr 6:5 MayBl

pi 12-114 *** Software Review / Games / Arcade

TRS-80 MODEL I

Build a low-cost speech-synthesizer interface.

Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll 6:6 JunSl p46-68

*** Voice Synthesis / Hardware Construction /

TRS-80 Model IElectromagnetic interference. Ciarcia, Steve.

col 6:1 Jan81 p48-68 *** Radio-frequency

Interference / TRS-80 Model I / AtariSome more on performance evaluation*. Helmers,

Carl, col Ll 5:7 Jul30 p216-219 ***

Benchmark Testing / TRS-80 Model IAPPLE III

Apple III- Morgan, Chris, hr L3 5:7 Jul80

p50-54 *** Hardware Review / Microcomputer

SystemARCADE

Asteroids in Space and Planetoids. Holt, Oliver,sr 6:5 May81 pll6-120 *** Software Review

/ Games I Apple IIBattle of the asteroids. Williams, Gregg, sr

6:12 Dec81 pl63-165 *** Software Review /

Games / Apple IIBig Five software (Attack Force, Cosmic Fighter,

and Galaxy Invasion). Williams, Gregg, sr

6:9 Sep81 p384-386 *** Software Review /

Games / TRS-80 Model ICoinless arcade: more arcade fun. Williams,

Gregg, col 6:12 DecSl p36-41 *** Software

Review / GamesDancing Demon from Radio Shack. Cooper/Kolya.

sr 6:5 May81 pl48-150 *** Software Review

/ Games / TRS-80 Model IGorgon. Callamaras, Peter, sr 6:12 Dec81

P90-100 *** Software Review / Games / Apple IIHow to implement Space War (or using your

oscilloscope as a telescope). Kruglinski,

Dave, art L3 2:10 0ct77 p86-lll ***

Games / Programming Instruction / GraphicsLanding module simulation with random surface.

Houng, S,J. art L3 5:3 Mar80 pl30-139 ***Simulation / Games / 6800Missile Defense vs A8M. Moskowitz, Robert, sr

6:12 Dec81 p80-90 *** Software Review /

Games / Apple IIOlympic Decathlon. Kater, David, sr 6:12

Dec81 p74-78 *** Games / Software Review /

Apple IISpace game. White, Loring. art Ll 4:10 0ct79

pl96-199 *** Games / AltairStar Raiders. Williams, Gregg, sr 6:5 MaySl

pl06-10S *** Software Review / Games / AtariStarfighter. Grammer, Eric, sr 6:12 Dec81

P486-487 *** Software Review / Games / TRS-80

Model IStellar Trek. Nelson, Harold, sr 5:12 DecSO

p78-82 *** Software Review / Games / Apple IISuper Nova. Liddil, Sob. sr 6:5 May81

pl08-UO *** Software Review / Games / TRS-80

Model ITranquility Base. Moore, Robin, sr 6:5 May.81

pll2-114 *** Software Review / Games / Apple

ART

Computer art (About the cover - color graphics

done on a GRASS system). Defanti/Tetz. col

2:10 0ct77 p22-25 *** High Resolution

Graphics / PDP-11Cybernetic crayon: a low cost approach to...color

graphics. Dwyer/Sweer. art L3 1:16 Dec 76

p24-29+ *** Color Graphics / Programming

Instruction / IMSAIGood grief! ("Snoopy" as seen on a PDP-8/S).

Brockman, Dave, col 1:11 Jul76 p74 ***

Graphics / PDP-8It's more fun than crayons. Rosner, Richard.

art 1:15 Nov76 p6-9 *** Graphics /

Children

374 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Remember the

$500 Docket calculator?

The same thing just happened to computer software.

Everyone remembers whenpocket calculators first came out.They were so impressive and futur-istic, people were happy to pay$500 for one. But it didn't take theelectronics industry long to offer asmaller, more fully-featured calcula-tor for only $25.

Demand and Supply.

As more and more individualsand businesses turn to small com-puters for their various needs, thesmall computer industry will turnout more and more computer soft-ware. This increased volume natu-rally lowers the cost per unit. Andthe rapid growth of the CP/M® com-patMe computers has meant evengreater sales volume for these pop-ular and valuable softwarepackages.

Here is what All Systems offers:

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research.VisAccount is a trademark of CSCA. All Systems

Wordstar 3.0®

$199

Quite simply, the best word processing pro-gram for the small computer. Price shown isfor the Apple system, $249 for all others.

SuperCalc™ $199

The state of the art in electronic worksheetprograms, with features and enhancementsthat previous programs just did not have.

*VisAccount™ $199

The greatest software buy in the country. It isa fully-integrated accounting package with aGeneral Ledger, Accounts Receivable/OrderEntry. Accounts Payable/Purchase Order,Payroll, Inventory, Fixed Assets, and even aMailing List program—all for one price.

Data Manager $ 199

A powerful ana professional data base man-agement program that's wonderfully simple tooperate. Features include: data base building,lists, comparative analysis (by generating his-tory & performance reports), various filemaintenance, fast assembly language (sort/merge), fast data retrieval, record selection,report writing and forms handling.*Both VisAccount and Data Manager comewith a 45-day conditional money back guaran-tee. We know of no other software com-pany with the confidence to provide asimilar guarantee.

Wordstar is a registered trademark of Micro Pro Internalis a division of Computer Services Corporation of America

All Systems offers these programsfor the following computers:

Apple II Heath/Zenith

Radio Shack Models I, Superbrain

II & III North Star

Osborne I IBM

Hewlett Packard 125

Most CP/M Compatible Computers

How To Order

To find the dealer nearest you, or toorder, call toll free

800-22 l-2486f

In New York or for further informa-tion, call 212-685-0090. You mayuse your Visa, MasterCard,American Express, or (for an

additional charge) order C.O.D.Or you may send a check ormoney order to:

AH Systems

332 East 30th St., New York, NY. 10016

onal. SuperCalc is a trademark of Sorcim, Inc.124 hours, 7 days a week.

Circle 73 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1981

375

ART (CONTINUED)

Kinetic string art for the Apple. Cesa, Louis.

col 5:11 NovSO p62-63 *** Color Graphics /

High Resolution Graphics / Apple IIMathematics of computer art. Schmucker, Kurt.

art 4;7 Ju179 pl05-116 *** MathematicsPersonal computing: new prospects for art and

science. Helmers, Carl, col 3:4 Apr78 p6+

*** Science / Computers and SocietySerendipitous circles (circle drawing program

with suprises)'. Anderson/Galway. art L3 2:8Aug77 p70-75 *** Graphics / 6800Serendipitous circles explored. Kellerman,

Eduardo. art 3:4 Apr78 pl78-183 *** APLSome example plots. Oameron, David, col Ll

5:2 Feb80 pl40-144 *** Plotting / CromemcoToolbox: a Smalltalk illustration system.

Bowman/Flegal, art 6:8 Aug81 p369-376 ***

Smalltalk / GraphicsWinners in the BYTE first computer art contest.

col 1:16 Dec76 p70 *** ContestsARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Artificial Intelligence. Roberts, Steven, art

6:9 SepSl pl64-178 ***Artificial intelligence and entropy. Kiehn, R.M.

art 4:6 Jun79 pl52-154 ***Artificial intelligence, an evolutionary idea

(part 1: an overview). Wimble, Michael, art

2:5 May77 p26-32 *** SimulationArtificial intelligence, an evolutionary idea,

part 2: implementation. Wimble, Michael, art

2:6 0un77 plOO-107 *** SimulationArtificial intelligence: what is it?. Rosenbaum,

Richard, art 2:4 Apr77 p50-56 ***

Definitions8rains of men and machines, part 1: biological

models for robotics. Kent, Ernest, art 3:1

Jan78 pll-Z2+ *** RobotsBrains of men and machines, part 2: how the brain

controls outputs. Kent, Ernest, art 3:2

Feb78 p84-90+ *** RobotsBrains of men and machines, part 3: how the brain

analyzes input. Kent, Ernest, art 3:3 Mar78p74-83+ *** RobotsBrains of men and machines, part 4: machinery of

emotion and choice. Kent, Ernest, art 3:4

Apr78 p66-89 *** RobotsCompleat robotics experimenter. Helmers, Carl.

col 2:11 Nov77 p6+ *** RobotsCould a computer take over?. Rush, Ed. art 1:6

Feb76 p76-83 *** RobotsCreating a chess player: an essay on human and

computer chess skill*. Frey/Atkin. art 3:10

0ct78 pl82-191 *** ChessFrankenstein emulation. Murray, Joe. art 1:8

Apr76 p50-54 *** RobotsImproved maze program. Lyons, David, col L3

5:1 Jan80 pl53-154 ***Knowledge-based expert systems come of age.

Duda/Gaschnig. art Ll 6:9 Sep81 p238-281

*** Knowledge-based Expert SystemsMicrocomputers in education: a concept-oriented

approach. Wolfe, George, col 6:6 Jun81

pl46-160 *** Education / Computer Assisted

InstructionNatural language processing and small systems.

Tennant, Harry, art 3:6 Jun78 p38-54 ***

Languages / Natural Language ConstructionNatural-language processing: the field in

perspective. Hendrix/Sacerdoti. art L9 6:9

SepSl p304-352 *** Natural Language

Construction / LinguisticsOdds and beginnings (artificial intelligence,

shows, Japanese market). Morgan, Chris, col

6:9 SepSl p6-10 *** Shows / Foreign

CompetitionOn finite state machines and their uses. Owens,

Gerald, col 2:9 Sep77 pl84-185 ***Science fiction's intelligent computers. Byrd,

Donald, art 6:9 Sep81 p200-214 ***

FictionWhat computers cannot do. Lewis, T.G. art 5:1

JanBO plOO-112 *** Robots

6800

Eighteen with a die: a learning game player.Yost, Russell, art L3 5:1 Jan80 p212-229*** Games / 6800 / Strategy

APPLE IITree search ing, part 1: basic techniques.

Williams, Gregg, art Ll 6:9 Sep81 p72-106*** Programming Instruction / Apple II /Puzzles

CONTROLNature of robots, part 1: defining behavior.Powers, William, art Ll 4:6 Jun79 pl32-144*** Robots / Control / Design

DESIGNDesigning a robot from nature, part 1: biological

considerations. Filo, Andrew, art 4:2 Feb79pl2-29 *** Robots / DesignModel of the brain for robot control, part 1:

defining notation. Albus, James, art 4:6

Jun79 plO-34 *** Robots / DesignModel of the brain for robot control, part 2: a

neurological model. Albus, James, art 4:7

Jul79 p54-95 *** Robots / DesignModel of the brain for robot control, part 3: a

comparison... Albus, James, art 4:3 Aug79

p66-80 *** Robots / DesignModel of the brain for robot control, part 4:

mechanisms of choice. Albus, James, art 4:9

Sep79 pl30-148 *** Robots / DesignNature of robots, part 1: defining behavior.

Powers, William, art Ll 4:6 Jun79 pl32-144*** Robots / Control / Design

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (CONTINUED)

On building a light-seeking robot mechanism.Allen/Rossetti. art 3:3 Aug78 p24-42 ***Robots / Design

GAMESEighteen with a die: a learning game player.

Yost, Russell, art L3 5:1 JanSO p212-229

*** Games / 6800 / StrategyHexpawn: a beginning project in artificial

intelligence. Wier, Robert, art 1:3 Nov75

p36-40 *** Games / Programming InstructionMachine problem solving, part 3: the alpha-beta

procedure*. Frey, Peter, art Ll 5:11 NovSOp244-264 *** Games / TRS-80 Model ISimulating human decision-making on a personal

computer. Frey, Peter, art 5:7 JuISO

P&6-72 *** Games / Othello / Programming

Instruction

PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTION

Hexpawn: a beginning project in artificialintelligence. Wier, Robert, art 1:3 Nov75p36-40 *** Games / Programming Instruction

My computer runs mazes. Stanfield, David, artL2 4:6 Jun79 p86-99 *** ProgrammingInstruction / HIKBUG

Simple maze traversal alogrithms. Allen/Allen,art 4:6 Jun79 p36-44 *** Robots /Programming Instruction / Algorithm

Simulating human decision-making on a personalcomputer. Frey, Peter, art 5:7 Jul80p56-72 *** Games / Othello / ProgrammingInstruction

Tree searching, part 1: basic techniques.

Williams, Gregg, art Ll 6:9 Sep81 p72-106*** Programming Instruction / Apple II /Puzzles

Tree searching, part 2: heuristic techniques.Williams, Gregg, art Ll 6:10 OctSlpl95-212 *** Programming Instruction

TRS-80 MODEL IMachine problem solving, part 1: trial-and-error,

a mechanical plan.... Frey, Peter, art Ll

5:9 Sep80 pl02-112 *** Puzzles / TRS-80

Model IMachine problem solving, part 3: the alpha-beta

procedure*. Frey, Peter, art Ll 5:11 NovSOp244-264 *** Games / TRS-80 Model IASCII

5 byte hexadecimal to ASCII converter. Doshi,

Ashwin. col L3 4:6 Jun79 p208 ***

Conversions / Hexadecimal / 8080ASCII string program. Comer, William, col L3

4:10 0ct79 p246-248 *** Programming

Instruction / 6800Alpha lock for your ASCII keyboard. Conboy,

Terry, art 5:1 JanBO pl56-158 ***

Keyboard / Hardware ModificationBuild a serial ASCII word generator. Finger,

Ronald, art 1:9 May76 p50-53 ***

Interface / Hardware Construction / Test

EquipmentComplete ASCII (codes given in binary, octal, hex

and decimal). Ciemiewicz, David, col 3:2

Feb78 pl9 *** StandardsDeciphering mystery keyboards. Helmers, Carl.

art 1:1 Sep75 p62-69 *** KeyboardDon't waste memory space (one way to squeeze fat

out of text strings). Baker, Robert, art

1:16 Dec76 p58-59 *** Information Storage /

Programming Instruction / MemoryHow to save BYTES (a proposed character set).

Mclntire, Thomas, art 1:6 Feb76 p46-47 ***MemoryNew ASCII standards (notice), col 2:5 May77

p117 *** StandardsUsing a keyboard ROM*. Brehm, Bob. art 2:5

May77 p76-82 *** Keyboard / ROM / ConversionsWhat is a character?*. Peshka, Manfred, art

1:4 Dec75 p30-38 *** Binary Coded Decimal /

Baudot Code / StandardsASK BYTE

4116 pointers / TRS-80 ports / TRS-80 tape

formats / BSR X-10. Ciarcia, Steve, col 6:4

Apr81 p328-331 ***69 lines and 160 character display /

Cross-assembler for the TMS-1000. Ciarcia,

Steve, col 6:8 Aug81 p388-389 ***Altair bus / Terminology / British TV displays.

col 2:6 Jun77 p60+ ***Atari memory and RS-232 / SWTPC memory problem /

Robot remote control. Ciarcia, Steve, col

6:9 SepSl p360-362 ***BSR X-10 / EKG monitor / LED graphics / DVM /

Recommended texts. Ciarcia, Steve, col 5:11

Nov80 p266-274 ***BSR X-10 controller / 16-bit systems. Ciarcia,

Steve, col 5:7 JulBO p230-231 ***Bus-signal lines / Power supply / EMG + TRS-80 /

SDK-86 / Control. Ciarcia, Steve, col 6:1

Jan81 p282-290 ***Chess group / APL ROMs / BASIC questions, col

Ll 2:9 Sep77 p97-98+ ***Computer-controlled wood stove / Uninterruptible

power supply / BSR X-10 . Ciarcia,'Steve, col5:9 Sep30 pl72-176 ***Data Storage / Engineering systems, col 1:16

Dec76 p56-57 ***Data entry / Backup power / Bank switching /

Computer retail store. Ciarcia, Steve, col

6:6 JunSl p342-346 ***Digital anemometer / Joystick interface /

Periodical guide / $50 computer. Ciarcia,

Steve, co1 5:12 DecBO p318-320 ***Double-siding diskettes / Minimum lab test

equipment / Ranging sensor. Ciarcia, Steve.

col 6:9 SepSl p360 ***

ASK BYTE (CONTINUED)

Help! I want robots. Blondefield, Dean, let

2:1 Jan77 pl40 ***How do you store 5,00U patient records?, col

1:11 Ju176 p95 *** Information Storage /

Business / Data StructuresIBM Selectric interface / Cyclops TV camera /

Where to start?. Ciarcia, Steve, col 6:8

Aug81 p389-390 ***LED Display / Notching diskettes / RF modulator /

Lowercase / Beep tone. Ciarcia, Steve, col

6:5 MaySl p3B4-392 ***Liquid-crystal displays / Computerize a home /

Music with the AY-3-8910. Ciarcia, Steve, col5:8 AugSG p234-244 ***Mail-order TRS~80$ / TRS-30 EPROM / Big Trak toy

/ Logic analyzer board. Ciarcia, Steve, col

6:10 OctSl p316-320 ***Mass storage / 10,000,000,000 bits / Stock market

/ Conversions, col 2:10 Dct77 pl34-186 ***Memory requirements for languages /

Computer-controlled tank / Modems. Ciarcia,

Steve, col 6:8 Aug31 p388 •**Modem modification / Communications / BSR X-10 /

Character descension. Ciarcia, Steve, col

6:3 Mar31 p254-260 *** / /More characters on the TRS-80 color / Circuit to

compare frequencies. Ciarcia, Steve, col 6:6JunSl p346 ***Percom doubter / What is CP/M? / TRS-80 Model .II

and a remote terminal. Ciarcia, Steve, col

6:12 DecSl p252 ***Program conversion / Linear equations / Moral

void, col 2:5 May77 pl48-150 ***Remote keyboard circuit / LED displays /

Uninterruptible power / 2114. Ciarcia, Steve.

col 5:6 JunSO p86 ***Robot questions, col 2:4 Apr77 p59+ ***S-100 Bus / 8008 multiplication, col 2:7 Ju177

p41 ***Sensing alarms / Biofeedback probes / Remote data

entry. Ciarcia, Steve, col 6:2 Feb81

p280-282 ***Slow memory signals / 30 MHz vs 50 MHz

oscilloscope / Modem modification . Ciarcia,

Steve, col 6:7 Jul81 p214-218 ***Switching interfaces / Wire wrapping noise /

TRS-80 Model III expansion. Ciarcia, Steve.

col 6:11 NovSl p364-367 ***TRS-80 Model III memory upgrade / D/A converters

/ BSR X-10. Ciarcia, Steve, col 6:12 DecSl

p252-256 ***TRS-80 and VTR screen titles / EPROM programmers

/ printer interface. Ciarcia, Steve, col 6:7JulSl p210-214 ***TRS-80 power problems /Mail order computers /

Modem / Optical fibers. Ciarcia, Steve, col

6:2 FebSl p282-286 ***TRS-80 tape loading / Compucolor II and the S-100

bus. Ciarcia, Steve, col 6:7 Ju131

p2ia-220 ***TRS-80 voice recognition / Atari game ROMs /

Voice-response systems. Ciarcia, Steve, col

Ll 6:11 Nov81 p367-368 ***TTL to drive LEDs? / Refreshing from memory, col

3:2 Feb78 pl26-127 ***TV interface questions, let 2:2 Feb77 p32

*** / /Terminal expense / TRS-80 keyboard bounce and

memory upgrade / COMM-80. Ciarcia, Steve, col5:10 0ct80 p306-311 ***Transistor and 1C specifications, col 3:6

Jun78 pl05 ***ASSEMBLER

Add macro expansion to your microcomputer, part

1. Brown, Oavid. art L3 5:10 OctSOpl54-170 *** Assembly Language / ProgrammingInstruction

Add macro expansion to your microcomputer, part

2. Brown, David, art 5:11 NovSO p361-371*** Design / Programming Instruction

Aids for hand assembling programs. Pfeiffer,

Erich, art L3 4:5 May79 p238-244 ***

Assembly Language / Programming Aids / KIMAtari Assembler/Editor. Pelczarski, Mark, sr

6:7 JulSl pl74-176 *** Software Review /

AtariDesigning the "Tiny Assembler": defining the

problem*. Emmerichs, Jack, art L3 2:4

Apr77 p60-67 *** Programming Instruction /

6800Expanding the Tiny Assembler, Emmerichs, Jack.

art L3 2:9 Sep77 p44-49 *** 6800 / SWTPC

/ Programming InstructionImplementing the Tiny Assembler. Emmerichs,

Jack, art L3 2:5 May77 p84-96 *** 6300 /

Bar CodesMIKBUG and the TRS-80, part 1: a cross-assembler

for the Motorola 6800. Labenski, Robert, art

Ll 6:12 DecSl p229-250 *** MIKBUG / TRS-80

Model I / 6800Microsoft Editor/Assembler Plus. Carlson, Keith,sr 6:8 Aug81 p398-400 *** Software Review

/ TRS-80 Model IMisosys Software's DISKMOD: put Radio Shack's

Editor/Assembler on disk. Hughes, Steve, sr

6:9 SepBl pl46-148 *** Software Review /

Utility Program / TRS-80 Model INDVAL assembler for the 8008 microprocessor.

Helmers, Peter, art L2 1:2 Oct75 p64-67

*** 3008 / Data GeneralRelocating assemblers and linking loaders.

Bochardt, Ottmar. col L3 5:9 Sep80

pi94-202 *** Programming InstructionSimplify your homemade assembler. Jewell,

Gregory, art L3 1:9 May76 p74-79 ***

Programming Instruction / Assembly LanguageTo err is human (automated correction).

McGregor, Roger. arL 5:3 Mar80 p230-231

*** Assembly1 Language

376 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

MICROPROCESSOR CONTROLLED EPROM PROGRAMMER

PROGRAMS - TESTS - COPIES - VERIFIES

□ 2716 □ 2516

□ 2732 □ 2732A

The K2578 EPROM Programmer is a microprocessor based stand-alone unit complete with power supply, housing and test socket. Theunit comes standard with 16Kbit RAM (2K byte), and is expandable to32Kbit (4K byte). It has a crystal controlled clock and requires nopersonality modules.CONTROLS

• 24 Key pad includes hexadecimal keyboard and function keys.

• 12 address LED's

• 4 function LED's (error, program, OK and size).

• 2 hexadecimal displays.FUNCTIONS

• Blank Test, Blank Error, Verify Test, Verify Error and Reset.

• Program with automatic blank and verify test.

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BYTE December 1981 377

ASSEMBLER (CONTINUED)

Toward a structured 6809 assembly language, part

2: ... assembler. Walker, Gregory, art L3

6:12 DecSl pl96-228 *** 6809 / Programing

Instruction / Structured ProgrammingWrite your own assembler*. Fylstra, Dan. art

L3 1:1 Sep75 p50-58 *** Programming

InstructionI'AQ op codes for an 8080 assembler". Powers,

William, art 5:6 JunSO p64-84 *** Z-80 /

8080 / Programming InstructionASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

8080 microprocessor op code table. Baker,

Robert, art 1:6 Feb76 p84 *** 808U /

Programming InstructionAdd macro expansion to your microcomputer, part

L. Brown, David, art L3 5:10 OctSO

pl54-WO *** Assembler / Programming

InstructionAids for hand assembling programs. Pfeiffer,

Erich, art L3 4:5 May/9 p238-244 ***

Programming Aids / KIM / AssemblerAssembling programs by hand. He liners, Carl, artL3 1:7 Mar76 p52-61 *** Programming

Instruction / 6800BASIC to assembly language linkage. Fitzgerald,

Pat. col L3 3:7 Jul78 pll2-114 ***

Programming Instruction / BASIC / PDP-11Design an on line debugger. Wier/Brown. art

1:8 Apr76 p56-62 *** Debugging /

Programming InstructionHand assembling M6800 relative addresses. Boaz,

Ray. art 3:4 Apr78 p46 *** Programming

Instruction / 6800Introduction to code tightening / Mining the skip

chain for extra bytes... Gass, Geoffrey, col

L3 5:2 FebSO pl46-148 *** Program

Optimization / 6800MICROS: using BASIC to learn assembly language.

Pickett, Robert, art Ll 5:7 Jul80 p236-248*** Programming Instruction / SimulationMaintaining a single exit point. Inselberg,

Armond. col L3 5:5 May80 pl54 ***

Programming InstructionQuiz on exclusive-OR. Lai, Edmund, col 5:10

OctOO p278-279 *** Programming InstructionSC/MP instruction set summary. Burton, Walter.

col 6:1 Jan81 p90 *** SC/MP / Programming

InstructionShould the DO loop become an assembly-language

construct?. Williams, Glenn, art 6:10 OctSlp413-418 *** Microprocessor / Programming

DesignSimplify your homemade assembler. Jewell,

Gregory, art L3 1:9 May76 p74-79 ***

Assembler / Programming InstructionSome notes on modular assembly programming.

Lewis, James, art L3 4:12 Dec79 p222-226

*** Programming Instruction / Sound Effects /

TRS-80 Model IStrike a MATCH (matching up penpals)*. Hansford,

Phillip, art L3 1:10 Jun76 p48-51 ***

Programming Instruction / AltairSubroutine parameters. Maurer, W.D. art 4:7

Jut79 p226-230 *** Programming InstructionTo err is human (automated correction).

McGregor, Roger, art 5:3 MarSO p230-231

*** AssemblerToward a structured 6809 assembly language, part

1: an introduction Walker, Gregory, art

L3 6:11 Nov81 p370-382 *** 6809 /

Programming Instruction / Structured ProgrammingTwenty-four ways to write a loop: Dr. Maurer

takes you through a loop. Maurer, W.D. art

Ll 4:12 Oec79 p241-246 *** Programming

Instruction / BASICASSOCIATIONS

Join the club (computer associations and

societies). Helmers, Carl, col 1:6 Feb76

p4-8+ *** ClubsReactions to previous comments (a computer

language development society) . Janes, Leigh.

col 3:2 Feb78 pl59 *** Languages

ASTRONOMY

Apple analog-to-digital conversion in 27

microseconds. Seeds/Levi son. art L3 6:10

OctSl p458-461 *** Analog/Digital Circuit /

Apple II / Hardware ConstructionCompjter-controlled viewing of the 1980 eclipse.

Helmers, Carl, col L6 5:5 May80 p6* ***

Control / Photography / Apple IIComputers and eclipses. Helmers, Carl, col 4:7Ju179 pS-14 *** Science / Control /

PhotographyConstellation I: an astronomy program. Berenbon,

Howard, col Ll 6:3 Mar81 p333-335 ***

Education / TRS-80 Model I / SWTPCHunting the computerized eclipse. Helmers, Carl,col L6 5:3 Mar80 p6-12+ *** Control /

Photography / Apple IISimulated view of the galaxy. Dahmke, Mark, artL4 4:4 Apr79 p66-80 *** Simulation /

ScienceWhat time does the sun rise and set?. Barkstrom,

Bruce, art Ll 6:7 Jul81 p94-114 ***

EnergyATARI

Atari Assembler/Editor. Pelczarski, Mark, sr

6:7 Juiai pl74-176 *** Software Review /

AssemblerAtari tutorial, part 1; the display list.

Crawford, Chris, art 6:9 SepBl p284-300

*** Design / Video Display / GraphicsAtari tutorial, part 2: graphics indirection.

Crawford, Chris, art Ll 6:10 0ct81 p70-84

*** Graphics / Color Graphics / Programming

Instruction

ATARI (CONTINUED)

Atari tutorial, part 3: player-missile graphics.

Crawford, Chris, art Ll 6:11 NovSl

p312-338 *** Graphics / Programming

InstructionAtari tutorial, part 4: display-list interrupts.

Crawford, Chris, art Ll 6:12 Dec81

pl66-136 *** Programming Instruction /

Graphics / Video DisplayAtari's Telelink I. Flint, Glen, sr 6:10

OctSl p86-90 *** Software Review / Utility

Program / TerminalElectromagnetic interference. Ciarcia, Steve.

col 6:1 JanSl p48-68 *** Radio-frequency

Interference / TRS-80 Model 1 /Apple IIIntroduction to Atari graphics. Crawford/Winner,art Ll 6:1 JanSl pl3-32 *** Graphics /

Color GraphicsRAMCRAM memory module for the Atari. Pelczarski,

Mark, hr 6:6 Jun81 p24-26 *** Hardware

Review / MemoryStar Raiders. Williams, Gregg, sr 6:5 MaySl

pl06-108 *** Software Review / Games / ArcadeATHLETICS

Golf handicapping. Haller, George, art L3 1:5

Jan76 p46-47 ««* SCELBI / BOOBNational micropastime. Roehrig, Joseph, art Ll4:11 Nov79 pll3-136 *** Simulation /

Statistics / North StarAUDIO PROCESSING

Apple audio processing. Cross, Mark, art L3

5:4 Apr80 p212-218 *** Voice Synthesis /

Hardware Construction / Apple IIAudio processing with a microprocessor. O'Haver,

Tom. art L3 3:6 Jun78 pl66-l/3 ***

Digital Audio / Sound Effects / 6502Faster audio processing with a microprocessor*.

Dally, William, art L3 4:12 Dec/9 p54-76

*** Digital Audio / Design / Sound EffectsAUT0M081LE

Analyze your car's gas economy with your

computer. Bauernschub, John, art Ll 2:10

0ct77 pl66-167 *** SWTPC / EnergyGasuse (program to keep track of automobile

expenses). Firth, Mike, col Ll 5:2 Feb80

p82-84 *** EnergyKalman mileage predictor-monitor. Lobdill,

Jerry, art L2 6:7 Jul81 p230-243 ***

Energy / Calculator / MathematicsSimulation of motion, part 2: an automobile

suspension. Smith, Stephen, art Ll 2:12

Dec77 pll2-116 *** Simulation / Mathematics

/ ScienceBAR CODES

Another PAPERBYTES test, col 2:3 Mar77

pl30-135 *** PAPERBYTESAnother format / Bar codes and other topics, col

2:7 Ju177 pl28 *** PAPERBYTESBar codes, revisited.... Helmers, Carl, col

5:4 Apr80 p6-10 *** Bibliography / InterfaceBuild a bar-code scanner inexpensively, Bennett,

Bradley, art 6:11 NovSl p62-72 ***

Hardware ConstructionComparison of bar code encoding schemes.

Moseley, Robin, col 4:4 Apr79 p50-52 ***Dr Welles' economy floppy disk drivers: machine

readable object code. Welles, Kenneth, art

L2 2:7 Jul77 pl56-157 *** Floppy Disk

Drive / Programming InstructionGenerating bar code in the Hewlett-Packard

format*. McNeal, Thomas, art Ll 6:1 Jan81

pl48-178 *** Hewlett-Packard / Calculator /

ConversionsHP-41C: a literate calculator?. Hayes, Brian.

hr 6:1 Jan81 pllS-138 *** Hardware Review

/ CalculatorImplementing the Tiny Assembler. Einmerichs,

Jack, art L3 2:5 May/7 p84-96 ***

Assembler / 6800Low cost light wand amplifier*. Moseley, Robin.

art 3:5 May78 p92-95 *** Hardware

Construction / Light WandMicro-Scan Corp bar code scanner. Merkowitz,

Frederick, hr 3:10 0ct78 pl66-167 ***

Hardware ReviewNovel bar code reader. Farnel1/Seeds. art 3:10

0ct78 pl62-l65 *** PAPERBYTES / DesignPAPERBYTE bar codes with Integral Data Systems

printers. Louis, G. col L6 6:6 May81

p228-232 *** Printer / PAPERBYTES /PAPERBYTES forum (Reader's tests / Backlighted

scanning / Criticism), col 2:4 Apr// pl62

*** PAPERBYTESPAPERBYTES forum (multiple sync characters /

machine readable Braille), col 2:3 Mar77

pl3+ *** PAPERBYTESProposal for a kitchen inventory system, or don't

byte the wand that Shuford, Richard, col

3:12 Dec78 pl84-185 *** Inventory / Home /

Light WandSamples of machine readable printed software.

Banks/Sanderson, art 1:16 Dec76 pl2-17 ***Information Storage / Standards / PAPERBYTESSignal processing for optical bar code scanning.

Merkowitz, Frederick, art 1:16 Dec/6 p/7-84*** Fiber-optics / Hardware ConstructionSoftware for reading bar codes. Regli, Keith.

art 1:16 Dec/6 pl8-20 *** Programming

InstructionUPC bar codes with the Centronics /3Z. Anderson,

John, col Ll 6:5 MaySl p22B+ *** Printer

/ TRS-80 Model IBASIC

Amended BASIC (possible changes to BASIC). Bass,

Robert. co1 4:4 Apr/9 p238-239 ***

LanguagesBASIC cross-reference table generator.

Englander/Englander. col Ll 4:4 Apr/9

pl90-192 *** Utility Program / IMSAI

BASIC (CONTINUED)

BASIC sorts. Pittet, Rene, col Ll 3:4 Apr78

p!48 *** Sorting / SWTPCBASIC text editor. Ruckdeschel, Fred, art Ll

4:6 Jun79 pl56-164 *** Text Editor / North

Star / IMSAICome from...continued (comments on improving the

BASIC language). Clark, R. Lawrence, col 4:9Sep79 p!64 *** LanguagesData abstractions and program correctness (BASIC

vs. Pascal). McCoy, Earl, coi L6 4:9 Sep/9pl66-l/l *** Languages / PascalDataline (converts object code to BASIC data

statements). Hunt, Dan iel. col Ll 6:3

MarSl p216-222 *** Conversions / Utility

Program / SOLIs Pascal the next BASIC?. Helmers, Carl, col

2:12 Dec// p6-S+ *** Pascal / LanguagesMeasuring program size. Dobrowolski, Stefan.

col 3:2 Feb73 pl67 *** MemoryPascal versus BASIC: round 2 includes FORTRAN.

Andrews, Lawrence, col L4 4:4 Apr/9 p239

*** Languages / Pascal / FORTRANTesting memory in BASIC. Adams, Russell, art

Ll 3:10 Oct73 p58-60 *** Memory / TestWhat this country needs is a good S-bit high

level language. Helmers, Carl, col 1:4

Oec75 pS-10 *** Languages / PL/M

APPLE IIUnlimited precision division. Raskin, Jef,. artLl 4:2 Feb79 pl54-15b *** Mathematics /Programming Instruction / Apple II

GAMESBASIC, computer languages, and computer

adventures. Pournelle, Jerry, col 5:12

0ec80 p222-238 *** Languages / Games /

Software ReviewPascal versus BASIC: an exercise. Schwartz,

Allan, art L6 3:8 Aug78 pl68-176 ***

Pascal / Games / LanguagesTic-Tac-Toe in BASIC*. Stoddard, Mike, col Ll

3:12 Dec73 pl/4-175 *** Games / Strategy

MATHEMATICS

BASIC factorials. Miller, Alan, col Ll 4:6

Jun79 p206 *** MathematicsComplex number subroutines. Harlow, William.

col Ll 5:11 NovSO pll6-118 ***

Mathematics / Utility ProgramDynamic simulation in BASIC- Houng, S.J. col

Ll 6:10 OctSl p394-399 *** Simulation /

MathematicsElements of statistical computation. Forsythe,

Alan, art Ll 4:1 Jan79 pl82-184 ***

Statistics / Programming Instruction /

MathematicsSymbolic math using BASIC. Stoutemyer, Oavid.

art Ll 5:10 0ct80 p232-246 ***

MathematicsUnlimited precision division. Raskin, Jef. art

Ll 4:2 Feb79 pl54-156 . *** Mathematics/

Programming Instruction / Apple II

PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTIONBASIC bit twiddling. Owens, Ralph, col Ll 4:7

Jul79 pl92 *** Programming InstructionBASIC formatted output (PRINT USING subroutines).Roch, William, art Ll 5:2 FebSO pl/6-186

*** Utility Program / Programming InstructionBASIC to assembly language linkage. Fitzgerald,

Pat. col L3 3:7 Ju178 pll2-114 ***

Programming Instruction / Assembly Language /

PDP-11BASICally BASIC (an informal introduction to

BASIC). Baker, Robert, art Ll 2:7 Jul77

p96-115 *** Programming Instruction /

LanguagesBug in BASIC. Maurer, W.D. col Ll 6:1 JanSl

pl88-196 *** Test / Programming InstructionChange your GOTOs to FOR...NEXT loops. Carew,

David, col Ll 6:1 JanSl p334 ***

Programming InstructionChanging a BASIC FOR...NEXT loop into a

REPEAT...UNTIL loop. Maiorana, James, col Ll6:9 Sep81 pl62 *** Programming instructionComputerized mailing list. Doyle, Thomas, art

Ll 4:1 Jan79 p84-89 *** Mail List /

Programming InstructionDay of the week and elasped time programs.

Agocs, W.B. col Ll 4:9 Sep/9 pl26-129 ***Calendar / Programming InstructionElements of statistical computation. Forsythe,

Alan, art Ll 4:1 Jan79 pl32-134 ***

Statistics / Programming Instruction /

MathematicsFaster BASIC for the Ohio Scientific. Sauter,

John, col Ll 6:5 MaySl p236-242 ***

Programming Instruction / OSI / 6502Files on parade, part 2: using files. Klein,

Mark, art Ll 4:3 Mar7y p32-41 ***

Information Storage / Programming Instruction /

Data StructuresGood cents (formatting dollars and cents without

PRINT USING). Childress, James, let Ll 6:2

FebSl pi50 *** Programming InstructionImplementing dynamic data structures with BASIC

files. Carter, Ted. art Ll 5:2 FebSO

p92-102 *** Information Storage / Data

Structures / Programming InstructionSimilarity comparator for strings. O'Haver, T.C.col Ll 4:9 Sep79 p58-60 *** Programming

Instruction / OSISome words about program structure. Hearn,

Albert, art Ll 3:9 Sep78 p68-76 ***

Programming Instruction / Structured

Programming

378 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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SAVINGS: Account management system for up to 20 separate Savingsaccounts. Organizes, files and displays deposits, withdrawals and interestearned for each account S14.95

CREDIT CARD: Get Control of your credit cards with this program. Organizes,stores and displays purchases, payments and service charges for up to 20separate cards or bank loans S14.95

UNIVERSAL COMPUTING MACHINE: $49.95 ®

A user programmable computing system structured around a 50 row x 50column table. User defines row and column names and equations forming aunique computing machine. Table elements can be multiplied, divided,subtracted or added to any other element. Hundreds of unique computingmachines can be defined, used, stored, and recalled, for later use. Excellentfor sales forecasts, budgets, inventory lists, income statements, productionplanning, project cost estimates-in short for any planning, analysis orreporting problem that can by solved with a table.

COLOR CALENDAR: $29.95®

Got a busy calendar? Organize it with Color Calendar. Whether it'sbirthdays, appointments, business meetings or a regular office schedule,this program is the perfect way to schedule your activities.The calendar display is a beautiful HI-RES color graphics calendar of theselected month with each scheduled day highlighted in color. Using theftoty schedule, you can review any day of the month and schedule an eventor activity in any one of 20 time slots from 8:00 A.M. to 5:30 P.M.

BUSINESS SOFTWARE: Entire Series $159.95 ® ©

MICR0ACC0UNTANT: The ideal accounting system for small businesses.

Based on classic T-accounts and double-entry booking, this efficient

program provides a journal for recording posting and reviewing up to 1,000

transactions per month to any one of 300 accounts. The program produces

CRT and printer reports covering:

TRANSACTION JOURNAL BALANCE SHEET

ACCOUNT LEDGERS INCOME AND EXPENSE STATEMENT

Includes a short primer on Financial Accounting. (48K) S49.95

UNIVERSAL BUSINESS MACHINE: This program is designed to SIMPLIFY andSAVE TIME for the serious businessman who must periodically Analyze,Plan and Estimate. The program was created using our Universal ComputingMachine and it is programmed to provide the following planning andforecasting tools.

CASH FLOW ANALYSIS SALES FORECASTER

PR0F0RMA PROFIT & LOSS SOURCE AND USE OF FUNDS

PR0F0RMA BALANCE SHEET JOB COST ESTIMATOR

REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT INVENTORY ANALYSIS

Price, including a copy of the Universal Computing Machine .... S89.95

BUSINESS CHECK REGISTER AND BUDGET: Our Check Register and Budgetprograms expanded to include up to 50 budgetable items and up to 400checks per month. Includes bank statement reconciling and automaticcheck search (48K) S49.95

ELECTRONICS SERIES VOL I & II: Entire Series $259.95

LOGIC SIMULATOR: SAVE TIME AND MONEY. Simulate your digital logiccircuits before you build them. CMOS. TTL. or whatever, if it's digital logic,this program can handle it. The program is an interactive, menu driven,full-fledged logic simulator capable of simulating the bit-time response of alogic network to user-specified input patterns. It will handle up to 1000gates, including NANDS. NORS. INVERTERS. FLIP-FLOPS. SHIFT REGISTERS.COUNTERS and user-defined MACROS, up to 40 user-defined random, orbinary input patterns. Accepts network descriptions from keyboard or fromLOGIC DESIGNER for simulation S159.95 ®©

LOGIC DESIGNER: Interactive HI-RES graphics program for designing digitallogic systems. Draw directly on the screen up to 10 different gate types,including NAND. NOR. INVERTER. EX-OR.T-FLOP. JK-FLOP.D-FLOP, RS-FLOP.4BITCOUNTER and N-BIT SHIFT REGISTER. User interconnects gates using linegraphics commands. Network descriptions for LOGIC SIMULATOR generatedsimultaneously with the CRT diagram being drawn $159.95fT)

MANUAL AND DEMO DISK: Instruction Manual and demo disk illustratingcapabilities of both program (s) $29.95 (T)(f)

ELECTRONIC SERIES VOL III & IV: Entire Series $259.95

CIRCUIT SIMULATOR: Tired of trial & error circuit design? Simulate & debugyour designs before you build them! With CIRCUIT SIMULATOR you build amodel of your circuit using RESISTORS. CAPACITORS. INDUCTORS. TRANSISTORS.DIODES. VOLTAGE and CURRENT SOURCES and simulate the waveform responseto inputs such as PULSES. SINUSOIDS. SAWTOOTHS. etc.. all fully programmable.The output is displayed as an OSCILLOSCOPE-STYLE PLOT of the selectedwaveforms (Apple only) or as a printed table of voltage vs time. Handles up to200 notes and up to 20 sources. Requires 48 RAM S159.95 (T) (r)

CIRCUIT DESIGNER: Interactive HI-RES graphics program for designing electroniccircuits. Draw directly on the screen up to 10 different component types,including those referenced above. Components interconnect list for CIRCUITSIMULATOR generated automatically. Requires S159.95

MATHEMATICS SERIES: Entire Series $49.95

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS I: This menu driven program performs LINEARREGRESSION analysis, determines the mean, standard deviation and plotsthe frequency distribution of user-supplied data sets. Printer, Disk. I/Oroutines $19.95

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS: HI-RES 2-Dimensional plot of any function. Automaticscaling. At your option, the program will plot the function, plot theINTEGRAL, plot the DERIVATIVE, determine the ROOTS. MAXIMA, MINIMA.INTEGRAL VALUE $19.95

MATRIX: A general purpose, menu driven program for determining theINVERSE and DETERMINANTof any matrix, as well as the SOLUTION to any setof SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS $19.95

3-D SURFACE PLOTTER: Explore the ELEGANCE and BEAUTY of MATHEMATICSby creating HI-RES PLOTS of 3-dimensional surfaces from any 3-variableequation. Disk save and recall routines for plots. Menu driven to varysurface parameters. Hidden line or transparent plotting $19.95

ACTION ADVENTURE GAMES: Entire Series $29.95 ®

RED BARON: Can you outfly the RED BARON? This fast action game simulatesa machine-gun DOGFIGHT between your WORLD WAR I BI-PLANE and thebaron's. You can LOOP. DIVE. BANK or CLIMB-and so can the BARON. In HI-RESgraphics plus sound $14.95

BATTLE OF MIDWAY: You are in command of the U.S.S. HORNETS' DIVE-BOMBER squadron. Your targets are the Aircraft carriers, Akagi, Soryu andKaga. You must fly your way through ZEROS and AA FIRE to make yourDIVE-BOMB run. In HI-RES graphics plus sound $14.95

SUB ATTACK: It's April 1943. The enemy convoy is headed for the CONTROLSEA. Your sub, the MORAY, has just sighted the CARRIERS and BATTLESHIPS'Easy pickings. But watch out for the DESTROYERS - they're fast and deadly.In HI-RES graphics plus sound S14.95

FREE CATALOG-AII programs are supplied on disk and run on Apple II w/Disk& Applesoft ROM Card & TRS-80 Level II and require 32K RAM unlessotherwise noted. Detailed instructions included. Orders shipped within 5days. Card users include card number. Add $1.50 postage and handlingwith each order. California residents add 6'/?% sales tax. Foreign orders add$5.00 postage and handling.

^^ SPECTRUM SOFTWARE

^/ / 142 Carlow, P.O. Box 2084

y/^^^ Sunnyvale, CA 94087

FOR PHONE ORDERS: (408) 738-4387DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED.

Circle 389 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1981 379

BASIC (CONTINUED)

String comparator for Horizon. Lindberg,

Richard, col LI 5:2 Feb80 p86 ***

Programming Instruction / North StarTable of subroutines. Meek, Peter, col LI

4:10 Oct79 p248 *** Programming InstructionTwenty-four ways to write a loop: Or. Maurer

takes you through a loop. Maurer, W.D. art

Ll 4:12 Dec79 p241-246 *** Programming

Instruction / Assembly LanguageUnlimited precision division. Raskin, Jef. art

Ll 4:2 Feb79 pl54-156 *** Mathematics /

Programming Instruction / Apple IIVariable type converter for numerical quantities.Moskowitz, Mike, col Ll 6:2 FebSl

p271-272 *** Conversions / Programming

Instruction / Hewlett-PackardWarnier-Orr diagrams: some further thoughts.

Wedemeyer, G.T. col Ll 3:5 May78 pl45-148

*** Structured Programming / Programming

Instruction

SOFTWARE REVIEW

BASIC, computer languages, and computeradventures. Pournelle, Jerry, col 5:12Dec80 p222-238 *** Languages / Games /Software Review

Extended color BASIC for the TRS-80 ColorComputer*. Miastkowski, Stan, sr Ll 5:5May81 p36-45 *** Software Review / TRS-80Color / Languages

Infinite BASIC and Infinite Business. Mitchell,Scott, sr 6:2 FebSl p96-102 *** SoftwareReview / Utility Program / TRS-80 Model I

SCELBAL (Scientific ELementary BAsic Language).Wadsworth/Arnold. art 1:10 Jun76 p82-86*** Languages / Software Review

Whose BASIC does what?*. Li, Teri. art 6:1Jan81 p318-327 *** Software Review /Conversions

TRS-80 MODEL IInfinite BASIC and Infinite Business. Mitchell,

Scott. sr 6:2 Feb81 p96-102 *** Software

Review / Utility Program / TRS-80 Model IBAUDOT CODE

Guide to Baudot machines: part 1, description of

available devices. McNatt, Michael, art 2:4

Apr77 pl2-17+ *** PrinterGuide to Baudot machines: part 2, interfacing

techniques. McNatt, Michael, art 2:5 May77

P98-104 *** Printer / InterfaceGuide to Baudot machines: part 3, a teleprinter

test circuit. McNatt, Michael, art 2:6

Jun77 pl54-157 *** Printer / Test /

InterfaceWhat is a character?*. Peshka, Manfred, art

1:4 Dec75 p30-38 *** Binary Coded Decimal /

ASCII / StandardsBENCHMARK TESTING

BASIC, Pascal, or Tiny-c?: a simple benchmarking

comparison. Hughes, Phil, col L8 6:10

0ct81 p372-375 *** LanguagesBenchmarks, standards, etc. Helmers, Carl, art

1:3 Nov75 p90-92 *** Consumer Information /

StandardsFavorite benchmarks and other programs. Wilcox,

David, col 6:5 May81 p378 ***High-level language benchmark. Gilbreath, Jim.

art L9 6:9 Sep81 pl80-198 *** LanguagesSome more on performance evaluation*. Helmers,

Carl, col Ll 5:7 JulSO p216-219 ***

TRS-80 Model I / Apple IIState of the art ( as seen in Nov75). Helmers,

Carl. art 1:3 Nov75 p6-7+ ***

Microprocessor / RAM / ROMTRS-80 performance evaluation by program timing*.Lewis, James, art L3 5:3 Mar80 p84-94

*** TRS-80 Model I / IBMThree microcomputer LISPs. Levitan/Bonar. sr

L9 6:9 Sep81 p388-412 *** Software Review

/ LISP / Z-80BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bar codes, revisited.... Helmers, Carl, col

5:4 Apr80 p6-10 *** Bar Codes / InterfaceBuild a super simple floppy-disk interface, part

1*. Nicholson/Camp, art 6:5 May81 p360-376*** Floppy Oisk Drive / Interface / Hardware

ConstructionComputers In learning environments: an imperative

for the 1980s. Braun, Ludwig. col 5:7 JulSOp6-10+ *** Computer Assisted Instruction /

EducationPermutation bibliography. Kellerman, Eduardo.

col 4:8 Aug79 pl26-127 *** MathematicsVarieties of threaded code for language

Implementation*. RUter/Walker. art L6 5:9

Sep80 p206-227 *** Languages / Interpreter /

Threaded CodesWhat 1s FORTH?: a tutorial introduction*. James,

John, art L7 5:8 Aug80 plOO-126 ***

FORTH / Programming InstructionBICYCLE

Gear-ratio calculation for bicycle derallleurs.

Lehman, John, col Ll 5:3 Mar80 p68-70 ***ScienceBINARY

Addition and subtraction: the 1802 versus the

Z80. Merrin, Stephen, col 6:3 Mar81

P224-228 **" 1802 / Z-80 / MathematicsB1nary-to-BCD converter for the B080. Brockman,

D.M. col L3 6:8 Aug81 p418-419 ***

Conversions / Binary Coded Decimal / 8080Fast, multlbyte binary to blnary-coded-declmal

conversion routine. McQuade, Michael, art L35:2 Feb80 pl06-114 *** Conversions

BINARY (CONTINUED)

How to do a number of conversions*. Brown,

James, art L3 1:13 Sep?6 pSO-60 ***

Conversions / Hexadecimal / 8080Introduction to numbers. Simmons, Webb, art

2:7 Jul77 p82-87 *** Computer Instruction /

MathematicsNovice's eye on computer arithmetic. Ledder,

Wayne, art 3:1 Jan78 pl50-159 ***

Mathematics / Computer InstructionPiano's reproductive system (anatomy of a Duo-Art

player piano). Morgan, Chris, art 2:9 Sep77pl22-125 *** MusicProposed standard for publishing binary data in

machine readable form. Banks/Sanderson, art

1:15 Nov76 plO-14 *** Standards /

Publishing / Software PublishingBINARY CODED DECIMAL

Beware of interrupts (binary-coded-decimal

conversion). Feldman, Dave, col 5:9 Sep80

p320 *** ConversionsBinary-to-BCO converter for the 3080. Brockman,

D.M. col 13 6:8 Aug81 p418-419 ***

ConversionsFast, multibyte binary to binary-coded-decimal

conversion routine. McQuade, Michael, art L35:2 FebSO pl06-114 *** Conversions /

BinaryWhat is a character?*. Peshka, Manfred, art

1:4 Dec75 p30-38 *** ASCII / Baudot Code /

StandardsBIORHYTHM

Biorhythm for computers*. Fox/Fox. art Ll 1:8

Apr76 p20-23 ***Is pseudoscience done by computer

pseudo-computer-science? (biorhythms).

Helmers, Carl, col 4:11 Nov79 p6-10 ***On the use of Fourier Transforms to explore

biological rhythms. Owens, A.J. col Ll 6:4

Apr81 p314-326 *** AIM / Fourier Transforms8UBBLE MEMORY

Bubble memories: a short tutorial. Halsema, A.I.art 4:6 Jun79 pl66-167 *** Computer

InstructionThis elephant never forgets (bubble memories from

TI). Helmers, Carl, col 2:7 Jul 77 p6+ ***Predictions /BUSINESS

BASIC floppy-disk accounting system. Roehrig,

Joseph, art Ll 5:9 SepSO p328-335 ***

Accounting / North Star / Floppy Disk DriveBridging the 10-percent gap. Brady, Paul, art

6:10 0ct81 p264-274 *** North Star / Office

AutomationComputer generated reminder message. Pass, E.M.

art Ll 5:1 JanBO pl60-172 *** Calendar /

SWTPCHow do you store 5,000 patient records?, col

1:11 0ul76 p95 *** Information Storage /

Ask BYTE / Data StructuresHow to write an application program. Jenkins,

Wi11iam. col L2 2:10 Oct77 pl8-20+ ***

CalculatorIRS and the computer entrepreneur. Hughes,

Elizabeth, art 3:1 Jan78 p27-35+ ***

Taxes / Federal GovernmentIntellectual ethics and software: an inquiry into

the nature of ideas... . Helmers, Carl, col' 5:9 Sep80 p6-10 *** Ethics / Higher

EducationLabel and file program. Carpenter, Andrew, col

Ll 4:4 Apr79 p222-223 *** Utility Program

/ SWTPCMicrocomputers and the IRS. Kingman, James, col6:9 Sep81 p426-427 *** Taxes / Accounting

/ LawPascal versus COBOL: where Pascal gets down to

business. Bowles, Ken. art L6 3:8 Aug78

P122-132 *** Pascal / COBOLPower of VisiCalc. Ramsdell, Robert, sr 5:11

Nov80 pl90-192 *** Software Review /

AccountingSimple approach to data smoothing.

Ruckdeschel/Krinsky. art Ll 6:3 MarSl

P262-298 *** Statistics / North StarSmall business accounting system. Lehman, John.

art 1:10 Jun76 p8-12 *** Accounting / TaxesUser-oriented descriptions of Smalltalk systems.

Reenskaug, Trygve. art L9 6:8 Aug81

pl48-166 *** Smalltalk / Programming

InstructionBYTE CORRECTIONS

APL Interpreter for microcomputers / Using a

keyboard ROM. Dickey, Fred, col 2:11 Nov77

P37+ ***APL interpreter for microcomputers, col 2:12

0ec77 pl51 ***Add a kluge harp... / Life line 2 / Write your

own assembler, col L3 1:3 Nov75 p78-79 ***Add a stack to your 8008 / Serial interface, col

1:4 Dec75 plO ***Alpha-beta pruning. Gropper, John, col 5:2

FebSO p208 ***Articulate automata. Gagnon, Richard, col 6:5

MayBl p232 ***BASIC timing delay (Avoid self-modifying code).

K1n2er, Don. col 3:4 Apr7B pl55 ***Biorhythm for computers* / Controlling external

devices... col 1:11 Jul76 plOO ***Build a low-cost EPROM eraser / Calculating

filter capacitor values col 5:7 JulSO

p228 ***Build a super simple floppy-disk Interface, part

1. col 6:9 Sep81 pLIO ***Build an oscilloscope graphics Interface / What

is a character?, col 1:5 Jan76 p77 ***Bulld-lt-yourself modem for $50. col 5:11

NovSO pll2 ***

8YTE CORRECTIONS (CONTINUED)

Bu1ld-it-yourself modem for under S50. cq\ 5;10

0ct80 p332 ***Building an M6800 microcomputer / Pseudorandomnumber generator*, col L2 3:2 Feb78 p93

Cassette transports for the "Roll Your Own"hobbyist, col 2:6 Jun77 pl60-162 ***

Commodore VIC 20 microcomputer / KNIGHT: aknight's tour problem col 6:7 Ju161

pll3 ***Communicate on a light beam / Tic-Tac-Toe /

Cryptography.,.field, part 2 . col Ll 4:8

Aug79 pl94 ***Computer-controlled light dimmer /

Hewlett-Packard's...HP-85. col 5:6 Jun80

p!82-183 ***Computer-controlled light dimmer / What is

FORTH?, col 5:11 Nov80 p322 ***Computerized wine cellars, col 4:7 Ju179 pl56

Creating a chess player: an essay... / HP-67 and

HP-97; Hewlett-Packard... col L2 3:12 0ec78pl63 ***Data paths / Taking advantage of memory address

space, col 1:9 May76 p56 ***Designing the Tiny Assembler, col 2:7 Ju177

p57 ***Errors in MIKBUG roadmap / Give your micro some

muscles, col 2:5 May77 pl28 ***Escher's nationality (BYTE cover FebSO). Koss,

Neal. col 5:5 MaySO p236 ***Extended color BASIC for the TRS-80 computer.

col 6:9 Sep81 pUO ***Fast Fourier transforms on your home computer.

col Ll 4:5 May79 p205 ***Faster BASIC for the Ohio Scientific, col L3

6:9 SepSl pllO ***Faster audio processing with a microprocessor.

Werner, Bob. col 5:4 Apr80 p220 ***Fifteen: a game of strategy / Calculator airborne

navigation, col Ll 5:12 DecSO p294-296 ***Fifteen: a game of strategy. Rheinstein, John.

col Ll 5:9 SepBO p268 ***Financial analysis program / Varieties of

threaded code col 5:10 OctSO p302-304

+*#

Floating point arithmetic, col 4:2 Feb79 p65

Floppy disk interface / Inexpensive joystick

Interface. col 3:3 Mar78 p46 ***Functional approximations / I've got you in my

scanner. Ruckdeschel, F.R. col 4:1 Jan79

P53 ***GRAPH: a system for television graphics (part 2)

/ APL interpreter col 3:8 Aug78 p62 ***

General interpolating graphics package for the

TRS-80. Jackisch, Philip, col Ll 6:7 JulBlpU8 ***Good cents (reformatting dollars and cents), col

Ll 5:1 JanSO pl99 ***History of computers: the IBM 704 / Commander in

chief, col L2 4:4 Apr79 p201 ***How to do a number of conversions / Biorhythm /

Morse code station.... col L3 1:15 Nov76

P90 ***If Sam Morse could see us now / Controlling

external devices.... col L3 1:16 Dec76 p54***

Improved lunar lander algorithm / NIMBLE: the

ultimate NIM. col 3:4 Apr78 p64 ***Interfacing the IBM Selectric keyboard printer.

col 2:10 Oct77 pl74 ***Jeu de NIM / Blackjack bug / Sweet auto line.

col L2 2:9 Sep77 pl72-173 ***Khachiyan's algorithm, part 1. col Ll 5:9

Sep80 p313 ***Let your fingers do the talking: add a noncontact

touch scanner col 3:10 0ct78 pl51 ***

Linear circuit analysis. Graham, D.M. col 4:1

Jan79 p53 ***Logk probes-hardware bug chasers / My dear aunt

sally, col 1:8 Apr76 p74 ***Low cost light wand amplifier, col 3:9 Sep78

P54 ***Machine problem solving, col Ll 6:5 May81

p252 ***Make your next peripheral... / Do it yourself

weather predictions, col 2:3 Mar77 pl37 ***Marsport, here I come / History of computers: the

IBM 650. col L2 4:8 Aug79 pl94 ***Memory meanderings (machine language puzzler).

col 4:4 Apr79 p53 ***Morse code trainer / Computerize a home, col

5:4 Apr80 p66 ***My Dear Aunt Sally / SR-52: another world's

smallest, col 1:10 Jun76 pl04 ***Pirate's Adventure / Lost Dutchman's Gold, col

Ll 6:4 AprSl p302 ***Plot is incomplete... / Serial interface /

Explore an 8080 col 1:15 Nov76 p90-91

***

Plot: north by northwest, col Ll 6:9 Sep81

p3B3 ***Programming strategies In the game of Reversl.

Maggs, Peter, col Ll 5:3 Mar80 pl80 ***Programming strategies in the game of Reversl.

col Ll 5:2 FebSO pl63 ***Pseudorandom number generator / Short history of

computing, col 3:11 Nov78 pl46-147 ***RS-232 levels / BASIC Star Trek trainer, col Ll

2:1 Jan77 p97-99 ***SWEET 16: the 6502 dream machine, col L3 3:2

Feb78 p93 ***SWEETS for KIM / $19 music interface / How to get

your Tarbell going, col 3:11 Nov78 pl46 ***Self-refreshing LED graphics display, col 4:12

Dec79 p!02 ***

380 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

UPMANSHIP.

We opened our doors with twobasic goals:

To distribute as many softwarepackages to as many dealersas possible.

And to make money doing so.

Our success on both counts is theresult of hard work, a positive busi-ness attitude and a recognition thatyou, as a retailer, have a right to betreated fairly and honestly by yourdistributor.

We're 1-up for threegood reasons:

1. We always offer a wide selectionof the latest and best microcom-puter software packages availableanywhere. (Why should you haveto hunt for what you need?)

2. Our dealer discounts start withquantities of 1. (Remember allthose times you just wanted oneor two to see how they'd sell?)

3. We don't play The BackOrderGame. (If we can't ship your orderwithin 48 hours we'll let you know,instead of hanging you out to dry.)

If there's anything else we can dofor you, just let us know. Becausewe're 1-up and we intend to staythat way.

Software Distributors, 9929Jefferson Blvd., Culver City,CA 90230. Telex 4990032 BVHL,ATT: SOFT

For our dealer info package,call (213) 668-0238 today.

SOFTWAREDISTRIBUTORS

We won't leave you holding the bag.

Circle 382 on inquiry card.

BYTE CORRECTIONS (CONTINUED)

Serial interface / TV color graphics, col 1:7

Mar76 p8S ***Simulation of motion (part 3) / Where to get

bargains in used...equipment, gol 3:5 May78

pl55 ***Single stepping the 3080. col L3 4:4 Apr79

pi92 ***Some more notes on performance evaluation, col

Ll 5:12 Dec30 p296 ***Some more on performance evaluation. Berman,

Martin, col Ll 5:11 NovSO p292 ***Some musings on Boolean algebra / Robot

simulation on microcomputers- col 3:7 Ju178

pll6 ***Stepping motor primer, part 1 / Polyphony made

easy, col 4:4 Apr79 p!92 ***Strike a MATCH / jrTTER / Build the BIT BOFFER /

PROM information, col 1:12 Aug76 p76 ***Structured programming with Warnier-Orr diagrams,

part 2: coding, col 3:4 Apr78 p64 ***TRS-80 ROM / Dutchman's gold, col 6:1 Jan81

p292:296 ***Take a course in microprogamming / Floppy disk

interface / 6800 relocator. col 3:6 Jun78

p94 ***Three types of pseudorandom sequences / Marsport,

here I come, col L2 4:10 Oct79 p209 ***Tic-Tac-Toe in BASIC / Zapper / Cassette

interface switching box. col Ll 4:2 Feb79

p43,65 ***Using interrupts for real time clocks / Program

your next EROM in BASIC, col L3 3:4 Apr78

p62 ***Using interrupts for real time clocks, col 3:3

Mar78 p46 ***What is M*\.l (correction). D'Agostino, Carmen.

let 2:2 Feb77 pll9 ***What's inside Radio Shack's color computer?, col

6:6 Jun81 p376 ***Whose BASIC does what? / Generating bar code... /Is this...necessary?, col Ll 6:8 AugBl

p392 «**Writing animated computer games. Urrila, 0111.

col L3 5:6 JunSO pl83-184 ***Z80 op codes for an 8080 assembler / TRS-80

performance evaluation, col Ll 5:9 Sep80

pl6-18 ***

6800

Fast Fourier comes back (correction for "FastFourier for the 6800"). Roxburgh, Alastair.col L3 6:5 May81 p458-461 *** FourierTransforms / 8080 / 6800

8080Fast Fourier comes back (correction for "FastFourier for the 6800"). Roxburgh, Alastair.col L3 6:5 May81 p458-461 *** FourierTransforms / 8080 / 6800

DESIGNComment and correction for Mouse ("Mouse: alanguage for microcomputers"). Lane, Tom. colL6 5:6 JunSO p238-240 *** Languages /

Design / InterpreterBYTE SURVEY

On using a personal computer for practical

purposes. Helmers, Carl, col 3:10 0ct78

p6+ *** publishingSurveying the field (BYTE reader survey).

Helmers, Carl, col 2:5 May77 p6-9+ ***

Publishing / MarketingWho reads BYTE?. Helmers, Carl, col 5:10

0ct80 p6-14 *** PublishingC PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

BDS C compiler. Kern, Christopher, sr 6:6

Jun81 p356-362 *** Software Review /

CompilerC: a language for microprocessors?. Madden, J.

Gregory, art 2:10 Oct 77 pl30-138 ***

Languages / Programming InstructionComparison of C and Pascal, col 6:6 Jun81

p353 *** Languages / PascalLIST - a source-listing program for the C

language. Taylor, Jeff, col L8 6:6 Jun81

P234-246 *** Utility ProgramPrintf for the C function library. Kern,

Christopher, col L8 6:5 May81 p430-434

*** Programming InstructionSelf-reproducing programs. Burger/et al. col

L8 5:8 Aug80 p72-74 *** LISPUser's look at Tiny-c. Kern, Christopher, art

L8 4:12 Dec79 pl96-206 *** Software ReviewCALCULATOR

Calculator airborne navigation*. Kuhns, L.J.

col L2 4:11 Nov79 p245-246 *** Flying /

NavigationChessboard journey on the Tl-59 programmable

calculator. Gilpin, Michael, col L9 6:5

May81 pl98-202 *** ChessConverting pitch to frequency. Katz, Robert.

col L2 6:2 Feb81 p92-94 *** Music /

ConversionsDigital circuit simulation. Felkins, S. Leon.

col L2 4:4 Apr79 pl72-174 *** Simulation

/ Electronic CircuitsGenerating bar code in the Hewlett-Packard

format*. McNeal, Thomas, art Ll 6:1 JanSl

pl48-173 *** Bar Codes / Hewlett-Packard /

ConversionsHow to write an application program. Jenkins,

William, col L2 2:10 0ct77 pl8-20+ ***

Business /Marsport, here I come: the three-dimensionalcelestial...simulation...*. Hinrichs, Delmer.

art L2 4:4 Apr79 p84-108 *** Simulation /

Science

CALCULATOR (CONTINUED)

Periodic chart at your fingertips} using theTl-59. Marquardl, Bruce, col L2 5:3 MarSOp208-210 *** Science

6080

Interface your computer to a printing calculator.Astmann, Robert, art L3 3:12 Dec78 p94-99*** Interface / 8080 / Printer

GAMES

Binary guessing game: calculator pattern

recognition. Zimmermann/Blodgett. art L2

4:4 Apr79 p236-237 *** GamesCommander in chief: a game for the TI-58

programmable calculator. Kollar, Larry, col

L2 3:12 nec78 pl92-193 *** GamesDarth Vader's force battle for the Tl-59.

Jackson, Clete. col L2 5:10 0ct8U p50-54

*** GamesDigits (Tl SR-52 game). Snyder, Hal. col L2

4:5 May79 pl32-183 *** GamesHP-67 and HP-97: Hewlett-Packard's personal

computers*. Pearce, Craig, art Ll 3:6

Jun78 pll2-U7 *** Games / Hardware Review /Hunt the wumpus with your HP-41C. Librach, Hank.

col L2 6:3 Mar81 p230-232 *** Games /Jeu de NIM, Peut Etre? (NIM for the SR-52)*.

Chance, Alain, col L2 2:7 Jul77 p90-91

*** Games / Programming InstructionPocket computer?. Carbrey, Bruce, hr L2 5:12

Dec80 p244-262 *** Hardware Review / GamesRace car for the SR-52. Bertsch, John, col L

4:3 Mar79 p26-30 *** GamesSR-52 card blackjack*. Garvey, Michael, col L22:6 Jun77 pl50-153 *** Games / Strategy /Shooting stars for the SR-52 and PC-100 printer

(Desk top wonders). Pearce, Craig, col L2

1:16 Dec76 p92-93 *** Games /Some random games (Guess the number / Dice

program). Adams, C.K. col L2 4:1 Jan79

pl70-173 *** Games

HARDWARE REVIEWH-P 65: world's smallest computer system.

Nelson, Richard, art 1:4 Dec75 p70-71 ***

Hardware Review /HP-41C: a literate calculator?. Hayes, Brian.

hr L2 6:1 Jan81 pll8-138 *** Hardware

Review / Bar Codes /HP-67 and HP-97: Hewlett-Packard's personal

computers*. Pearce, Craig, art Ll 3:6

Jun78 pll2-117 *** Games / Hardware Review /Pocket computer?. Carbrey, Bruce, hr L2 5:12

DecSO p244-262 *** Hardware Review / GamesPower of the HP-67 programmable calculator, part

1. Arp, Robert, art 4:3 Mar79 pl96-204*** Hardware Review /

SR-52: another world's smallest*. Flippin, J.Bradley, art 1:8 Apr76 p36-41 ***Hardware Review /

INTERFACE

Calculator keyboard input for the microcomputer.Hoegerl, Joseph, art L3 2:2 Feb77 pl04-107

*** Input/Output / Keyboard / InterfaceInterface your computer to a printing calculator.

Astmann, Robert, art L3 3:12 Dec78 p94-99

*** Interface / 8080 / Printer

MATHEMATICSAnalysis of polynomial functions with the Tl-59

calculator, part 2. Chance, Pierre, art 5:1

JanBO pl30-136 *** MathematicsExtended multiplication with the Tl-58.

Manwaring, Michael, col L2 4:11 Nov79

p244-245 *** MathematicsKalman mileage predictor-monitor. Lobdill,

Jerry, art L2 6:7 JulSl p230-248 ***

Energy / Automobile / MathematicsPower of the HP-67 programmable calculator, part

2. Arp, Robert, art L2 4:4 Apr79 pl76-188*** Mathematics / Programming Instruction /

Prime numbers on the HP-19C. Asian, Wilfred.

col L2 5:10 0ct80 p54-58 *** MathematicsTI has faster solutions (speed in solving

simultaneous equations). Larson, Marvin, col

4:8 Aug79 pl28 *** Mathematics

PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTIONBuried gold in the SR-52. Penn, CI if. art L3

1:16 Dec76 p30-34 *** Programming

Instruction /Cryptography in the field, part 2: using the

pocket calculator*. Costas, John, art L2

4:4 Apr79 pl44-165 *** Cryptology /

Programming Instruction /Jeu de NIM, Peut Etre? (NIM for the SR-52)*.'

Chance, Alain, col L2 2:7 Jul77 p90-91

*** Games / Programming InstructionPower of the HP-67 programmable calculator, part

2. Arp, Robert, art L2 4:4 Apr79 pl76-188*** Mathematics / Programming Instruction /Self-modifying code for the TI-58/59. Green,

Ted. col L3 6:1 JanSl pl42-144 ***

Programming Instruction /CALENDAR

Computer generated reminder message. Pass, E.M.

art Ll 5:1 Jan30 pl60-172 *** Business /

SWTPCComputing time between dates. Condon, Paul, colLl 5:6 JunSO p202 *** Programming

InstructionCutting the Gregorian knot (handling dates in a

computer). Pulier, Myron, col Ll 5:3 MarSOpl88-193 *** Programming InstructionDay of the week and elasped time programs.

Agocs, W.B. col Ll 4:9 Sep79 pl26-129 ***Programming Instruction / BASIC

CARD READER

Eclectic card reader. Schaeffer, Anthony, art

4:2 Feb79 p70-74 *** Hardware Construction

/ Input/OutputCHARACTER GENERATOR

APL character generator. Langner, John, art L25:9 SepSO pll6-124 *** APL / Hardware

ConstructionProgrammable character generator, part 1:

hardware. Weinstein, Larry, art 3:5 May78

p79-90 *** Video Display / Interface /

Hardware ConstructionProgrammable character generator, part 2:

software. Weinstein, Larry, art 3:6 Jun78

pl4-22 *** Graphics / Programming InstructionTheatrical lighting graphics package. Hemsath/et

al. art L3 3:6 Jun78 pl53-156 ***

Graphics / ControlCHESS

Alpha-beta pruning*. Maurer, W.Q. art 4:11

Nov79 p34-96 *** Programming Instruct ionAntique mechanical computers, part 3: the Torres

Chess Automaton. Williams, James, art 3:9

Sep73 p82-92 *** History / RobotsChess 4.7 versus David Levy: The computer beats a

chess master. Douglas, J.R. art 3:12 0ec78

p84-90 *** Contests / PeopleChessboard journey on the Tl-59 programmable

calculator. Gilpin, Michael, col L9 6:5

May81 pl98-202 *** CalculatorComputer chess tutorial. Whaland, Norman, art

3:10 Oct78 pl68-181 *** Programming

InstructionCreating a chess player, part 2: Chess 0.5.

Frey/Atkin. art L6 3:11 Nov78 pl62-181

*** Programming Instruction / PascalCreating a chess player, part 3: Chess 0.5

(continued). Atkin/Frey. art L6 3:12 Dec78pl40-157 *** Programming Instruction /

PascalCreating a chess player, part 4; strategy in

computer chess. Frey/Atkin. art 4:1 Jan79

pl26-145 *** Programming InstructionCreating a chess player: &n essay on human and

computer chess skill*. Frey/Atkin. art 3:10

0ct78 p!82-191 *** Artificial IntelligenceExchange evaluator for computer chess.

Spracklen/Spracklen. art L3 3:11 Nov78

pl6-28 *** Programming Instruction / Z-80First steps in computer chess programming.

Spracklen/Sprack1 en. art L3 3:10 0ct78

p86-98 *** Programming Instruction / Z-80Grandmaster Walter Brown versus Chess 4.6.

Douglas, John, art 4:1 Jan79 pllO-115 ***

Contests / PeopleInterface a chessboard to your KIM-1. Teeters,

Jeff, art L3 4:9 Sep79 p34-54 ***

Interface / KIM / Hardware ConstructionKNIGHT: a knight's tour problem in MMSFORTH*.

Frei, Ulrich. col L7 6:2 FebSl p325 ***

FORTH / Puzzles / TRS-80 Model IMicrochess 1.5 versus Dark Horse. Jennings,

Peter, art 3:3 Mar78 pl66-167 *** ContestsResponses to "Solving the Eight Queens Problem".

col Ll 4:2 Feb79 pl32-148 *** PuzzlesSargon 2.5 (Newest Sargon-2.5). Martetlaro,

John, sr 6:1 Jan81 p208-212 *** Software

ReviewSargon II: an improved chess-playing program for

the Apple II. Martellaro, John, sr 5:12

Dec80 pll4-118 *** Software Review / Apple

IISecond world computer chess championships.

Jennings, Peter, art 3:1 Jan78 pl08-118

*** ContestsSolving the eight queens problem. Smith, Terry.

art Ll 3:10 0ct78 pl22-126 *** PuzzlesCHILDREN

Is the Smalltalk-80 system for children?.

Goldberg/Ross, art 6:8 Aug81 p348-368 ***

Smalltalk / Programming Instruction / HistoryIt's more fun than crayons. Rosner, Richard.

art 1:15 Nov76 p6-9 *** Graphics / ArtMy experiences with the 2650 (Signetics 2650

microprocessor). Moran, Brian, art 2:11

Nov77 p66-67 *** Microprocessor / 2650New cultures from new technologies. Papert,

Seymour, col 5:9 Sep80 p230-240 ***

Education / Future / Computers and SocietySets: tutoring in BASIC. Schreiber, Linda, col

Ll 5:3 Mar80 p244-245 *** Mathematics /

Computer Assisted Instruction / AltairCLOCK

Adding an interrupt driven real time clock.

Sneed, James, art L3 2:11 Nov77 p72-74

*** Hardware Construction / 6502Anyone know the real time?. Ciarcia, Steve, colLl 4:8 Aug79 p50-59 *** Hardware

ConstructionAsynchronitis (clock communication problems and

fixes). Bancroft, C. art 1:2 0ct75 p68-69

*** InterfaceBeware compromising the stack pointer. Pittman,

Tom. co) 3:6 Jun78 pl36-137 ***

Programming Instruction / 6800Can your computer tell time?. Hogenson, James.

art L3 1:4 Dec75 p82-87 *** Programming

Instruction / 8080Computer-based laboratory timer. Gibson, John.

art L3 6:6 JunSl pUO-144 *** Hardware

Construction / 6800 / ScienceDo you need the real time?. Trollope, Gregory.

art L3 2:11 Nov77 pl66-169 *** MIKBUG /

6800 / Hardware ModificationDoes anybody know what time it is?. Grappel,

Robert, art L3 2:11 Nov77 p68-70 ***

Interface / 6800 / Hardware Construction

382

December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

COMPUTER STOP

2545 W. 237 St. Torrance, CA. 90505

frppkz computer

Sales and Service

APPLE HARDWARE

Parallel Printer Interface Card 160

Communications Card 165

High Speed Serial Interface 160

Pascal Language System 425

Centronics Printer Interface 185

Applesoft Firmware Card 160

Integer Firmware Card 160

Disk ][ with Controller DOS 3.3 529

Disk ][ only 475

OTHER HARDWARE

TYMAC interface for EPSON printers 139

SEAGATE ST 506 5%" 5-megabyte Winchester Disk

with Cabinet and Power Supply 1500

5% 5 megabyte Winchester with Controller and

Apple interface and software 2600

Apparrat Inc. Prom Programmer

2708. 2716. 2732 135

CPS Mulifunction Card 195

Apple Cat Modem 299

Micromodem ][ 295

Double Vision 80 x 24 Interface Z45

OmniVision 80 x 24 with Lower Case descenders . .295

16K Ram Card 145

Microworks DS-65 Digisector 339

SVA8 inch Disk Controller Single Density 360

SVA8 inch Disk Controller Double Density 460

Sup-R-Mod 30

CCS Asynchronous Serial Interface 129

Corvus 10 Meg. Hard Disk 4395

Corvus Constellation 695

Corvus 20 MEG Hard Disk 5600

MISCELLANEOUS SUPPLIES

16K RAM Chips — Set of 8 (200-250 NS) 19

Verbatum Datalife Diskette(Box of 10) 30

Dysan Diskettes (Box of 10) 45

Apple Diskettes(Box of 10) 45

Verbatim Diskette Box (Holds 50 Disks) 21

Silentype Paper (Box of 10 rolls) 40

PRINTERS

Apple Silentype with Inteface 395

IDS 460 with Graphics 1049

IDS 560 with Graphics 10) 1199

NEC Spinwriter(RO, Serial) 2650

Epson MX-80 495

Epson MX-80 FT 625

Epson MX-100 750

MON. — SAT. 10-6TOLL FREE ORDER DESK

800-421-1947 s

TECHNICAL INFO (213) 371-8500371-4010ORDER STATUS (213) 539-7670■*■-] (213) 539-7670 PST

/ TELEX: 678401 TAB IRIN

APPLE ][ Plus

16K $1075

48K ...$1 149

Disk][Drive.. $529

with Controller & Dos. 3.3

PASCAL SYSTEM

$425

Z-80 Softcard

$299

MONITORS/DISPLAYS

Zenith 12" Screen Phosphor 119

KG-12C Green Phos. Monitor 275

NEC 12" Green Phosphor. Monitor 225

NEC 1201 Color Monitor-Composite Video 475

NEC 1202 Color Monitor-RGB 995

SOFTWARE

PFS-Personal Filing System 89

PFS-Reporter 89

Super B.I.T.S. (1200 baud via modem, 9600 baud.

direct connect 65

Visifile 195

Visidex 169

Visiterm 129

Visiplot 149

Visitrend/Visiplot 215

Datadex 150

Super Text 135

Pascal Tutor (by Denver Software) 125

Financial Partner (by Denver Software) 175

Dow Jones News & Quoter Reporter 85

Dos Tool Kit 65

Apple Writer 65

BPI Business Software 335 each

DBASE II (needs Z-80/cpm) 495

The best data base system on the market. We use it

for every thing — order entry, inventory control.

accts receivables, check register etc. etc.

Easywriter Professional System 195

DB Master Data Management 175

Visicalc Dos 3.3 159

Data Factory DMS 120

Apple Plot 55

Apple Pilot 120

Dow Jones Portfolio Evaluator 45

Wordstar 280

ORDERING INFORMATION: Phone orders invited using VISA, MASTERCARD or bank wire transfers. VISA & MC credit card service charge ot 2%. American Exp. 5%

Mail order may send charge card number (include expiration date), cashier's check, money order or personal check (allow 10 business days to clear.) Please include a telephonenumber with all orders. Foreign orders (excluding Military PO's) add 10% for shipping. All funds must be in U.S. dollars (letters of credit permitted). Shipping, Handling and in-surance in U.S. add 3% (minimum $4.00). California residents add 6% sales tax. Our low margins prohibit us to send COD or on purchase orders or open account (please send forwritten quotation). AH equipment is subject to price change and availability. Equipment is new and complete with the manufacturer warranty. We do not guarantee merchantibilityof products sold. Ail returned equipment is subject to a 15% restocking fee. We ship most orders within 2 days.

RETAIL STORE PRICES MAY DIFFER FROM MAIL ORDER PRICES.WEAREAMEMBEROFTHE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. PLEASE SEND ORDERS TO:

COMPUTER STOP, 2545 W. 237 St., TORRANCE, CA 90505

Slore Address:

16811 Hawthorne Blvd.Lawndale. CA 90260 ,

Circle 92 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1981

383

CLOCK (CONTINUED)

Interrupt-driven real-time clock for the TMS

9900. Morris, Thomas, art L3 5:9 SepBO

p282-302 *** 9900 / Hardware ConstructionKIMER: a KIM-1 timer. Baker, Robert, art L3

3:7 Jul78 pl2 *** KIM / Programming

InstructionSouping up your SwTPC 6800. Hughes, Steve, art

3:10 0ct78 pl44-146 *** Hardware

Modification / SWTPCStretch that 6800 clock. Henshaw, Jerry, art

1:16 Dec76 p42-46 *** Interface / SWTPC /

Hardware ConstructionTurn your KIM into a metronome. Kellerman,

David! col L3 4:8 Aug79 p213-214 ***

Sound Effects / KIMUsing interrupts for real time clocks*. Smith,

M.F. art L3 2:11 Nov77 p5Q-53 ***

Hardware Construction / 6800 / Programming

InstructionCLUBS

Club computer network. Kasser, Joe. art 5;5

May80 p202-212 *** Networks / Ham RadioClubs and newsletters directory (123 clubs listed

in 1977). Rehling, Floyd, col 2:1 Jan77

P119-130 *** NewslettersClubs and newsletters directory (1979). Hanson,

Laura, col 4:10 Oct79 p210-240 ***

NewslettersClubs and newsletters directory. Freiberg,

Charley, col 6:4 Apr81 pl58-184 ***

NewslettersClubs and newsletters directory. Hanson, Laura.

col 3:9 Sep78 pl24-144 *** NewslettersComputer hobbyist club survey. Caulkins, David.

art 2:1 Jan77 pll6-118 ***Join the club (computer associations and

societies). Helmers, Carl, col 1:6 Feb76

p4-8+ *** AssociationsMeeting activities for computer clubs. Douds,

Charles, art 1:14 0ct76 pll8-125 ***Some notes on clubs (Homebrew Computer Club,

SCCS). Helmers, Carl, col 1:12 Aug76 p4+

COBOL

Pascal versus COBOL: where Pascal gets down to

business. Bowles, Ken. art L6 3:8 Aug78

pl22-132 *** Pascal / BusinessCOLOR DISPLAY

Colorful future of personal computing. Helmers,

Carl, col 2:10 Oct77 p6+ *** Video

Oisplay / Color Graphics / High Resolution

GraphicsCOLOR GRAPHICS

About the cover (color graphics on the TV

Dazzler). Helmers, Carl, art 1:10 Jun76

p6-7 *** Cromemco / Hardware Review / High

Resolution GraphicsAnimated slot machine in color. Hoffer, W.C.

col Ll 5:4 Apr80 p60-65 *** Games /

CompucolorApple kaleidoscope. Bishop, Robert, col L3

4:7 Jul79 p52-53 *** Apple IIAtari tutorial, part 2: graphics indirection.

Crawford, Chris, art Ll 6:10 0ct81 p70-84

*** Atari / Graphics / Programming InstructionColor displays on black and white televsion sets.Bain, Steve, art 2:2 Feb77 p44-48+ ***

Video Display / InterfaceColorful future of personal computing. Helmers,

Carl, col 2:10 Oct77 p6+ *** Video

Display / High Resolution Graphics / Color

DisplayCompucolor 8051 (Color graphics on the Compucolor

8051). Dwyer/Critchfield. art 3:5 May78

p32-39 *** Hardware Review / Compucolor /

Microcomputer SystemCybernetic crayon: a low cost approach to...color

graphics. Dwyer/Sweer. art L3 1:16 Dec76

p24-29+ *** Programming Instruction / IMSAI /

ArtFuture of computer graphics. Brown/Levine. art

5:11 Nov80 p22-28 *** Graphics / Future /

Three-Dimensional GraphicsGraphic color slides, part 1. Grogono, Alan.

art Ll 5:11 Nov80 pl26-144 *** Compucolor

/ PlottingGraphic color slides, part 2. Grogono, Alan.

art Ll 5:12 Dec80 p96-112 *** Compucolor

/ PlottingIntroduction to Atari graphics. Crawford/Winner.art Ll 6:1 JanSl pl8-32 *** / Color

GraphicsKinetic string art for the Apple. Cesa, Louis.

col 5:11 Nov80 p62-63 *** High Resolution

Graphics / Art / Apple IILanguage control structures for easy electronic

visualization. DeFanti, Thomas, art 5:11

Nov80 p90-106 *** Languages / High

Resolution GraphicsMaking color slides with an Intecolor

microcomputer. Grogono, Alan, art 5:1 Jan80p20-24 *** Photography / IntecolorMicrograph, part 1: ...an instruction set for a

raster-scan display. Booch, E. Grady, art L35:11 Nov80 p64-82+ *** High Resolution

Graphics / Design / Video Display GeneratorMicrograph, part 2: video-display processor.

Booch, E. Grady, art L3 5:12 Dec80

pl20-138+ *** High Resolution Graphics /

Hardware Construction / Video DisplayMicrograph, part 3: software and operation.

Booch, E. Grady, art L3 6:1 Jan81 p238-280*** High Resolution Graphics / Programming

InstructionMore colors for your Apple. Watson/Wozniak. artLl 4:6 Jun79 p60-68 *** High Resolution

Graphics / Hardware Modification / Apple II

COLOR GRAPHICS (CONTINUED)

Nybble on the Apple. Helmers, Carl, coj 2:4

Apr77 plO *** Apple IIPhotograph is also hard copy. Egbert, Dwight.

art 3:5 May78 plO-14 *** High Resolution

Graphics / PhotographyRaster scan graphics suggestion. Adams, Tello-

col 3:5 May78 p44 *** High Resolution

GraphicsSeventh annual SIGGRAPH conference.

Livingston/Dahmke. art 5:11 Nov80 pl72-176

*** Conference / GraphicsSimplified theory of video graphics, part 2.

Watson, Allen, art 5:12 DecBO pl42-156 ***Video Display / DesignTV color graphics*. Lancaster, Don. art L:6

Feb76 p62-69 *** Video Display / DesignCOMPILER

8080 high level language project of Peter Skye,

continued. Skye, Peter, col 2:5 May77

p68-70 *** Languages / 8080Approach to high level languages for small

systems. Stavely, Donald, col 2:4 Apr77

pl28-131 *** Interpreter / LanguagesBDS C compiler. Kern, Christopher, sr 6:6

JunSl p356-362 *** Software Review / C

Programming LanguageCase for a "compiler interpreter". Rodman,

Richard, col 3:2 Feb78 p30-33 ***

InterpreterChanges to FLOPTRAN-IV. Watson, George, col Ll

6:7 JulBl pl34 *** PET / LanguagesCompilation and Pascal on the new

microprocessors. Forsyth/Howard, art L3 3:8Aug78 p50-61 *** Pascal / MicroprocessorConcerning PASCAL: a homebrew compiler project.

Smith, Stephen, col 3:4 Apr78 pl50-151 ***Pascal / HomebrewFLOPTRAN-IV: a tiny compiler. Zimmermann, Mark.

art Ll 5:10 0ct80 pl96-228 *** PET /

LanguagesFORTH extensibility or how to write a compiler in

25 words or less. Harris, Kim. art L7 5:8

Aug80 pl64-184 *** FORTH / Programming

InstructionHigh level language for 8 bit machines.

Williams/Conley. art 3:7 Jul78 pl52-161

*** Languages / Interpreter / DesignHombrew Pascal compiler. Stein, Herbert, col

3:8 Aug78 p46-47 *** Pascal / HomebrewPascal-80. Archer, Rowland, sr 6:12 Dec81

p304-312 *** Software Review / Pascal /

TRS-80 Model IProcessing algebraic expressions part 2. Maurer,

W. Douglas, art 1:7 Mar76 p62-67 ***

Programming Instruction / MathematicsProposed Pascal compiler. Yuen/Chung, col 3:8

Aug78 pll7+ *** PascalSmalltalk-80 virtual machine. Krasner, Glenn.

art 6:8 Aug81 p3O0-32O *** Smalltalk /

Interpreter / DesignTiny Pascal compiler, part 1: the P-code

interpreter. Chung/Yuen, art L6 3:9 Sep78

p58-65+ *** Pascal / Programming InstructionTiny Pascal compiler, part 2: the P-compiler.

Chung/Yuen, art Ll 3:10 0ct78 p34-52 ***

PascalTiny Pascal compiler, part 3: P-code to 8080

conversion. Chung/Yuen, art L6 3:11 Nov78

P182-192 *** Pascal / Conversions / 8080Tiny Pascal in 8080 assembly language (Nybbles

Library). Louis, G. col 4:7 Jul79 pl74

*** Pascal / 8080COMPUCOLOR

Animated slot machine in color. Hoffer, W.C.

col Ll 5:4 Apr80 p60-65 *** Games / Color

GraphicsCompucolor 8051 (Color graphics on the Compucolor

8051). Dwyer/Critchfield. art 3:5 May78

p32-39 *** Hardware Review / Color Graphics /

Microcomputer SystemGraphic color slides, part 1. Grogono, Alan.

art Ll 5:11 Nov80 pl26-144 *** Color

Graphics / PlottingGraphic color slides, part 2. Grogono, Alan.

art Ll 5:12 DecSO p96-112 *** Color

Graphics / PlottingMathematical modeling: a BASIC program to

simulate real-world systems. Hicks, Randall.

art Ll 6:6 Jun81 p72-86 *** Mathematics /

Simulation / ScienceCOMPUSERVE

Electronic home banking (You can bank on it).

col 6:1 Jan81 plO *** Home / Money /

TRS-80 Model ICOMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTION

Animation in computer-assisted instruction:

replication of DMA. Eckert, Richard, col Ll

6:7 Jul81 p358-366 *** Animation / Science

/ TRS-80 Model IBooks as an antidote to the CAI blues, or take a

publisher to lunch. Dwyer, Tom. col 5:7

JulSO p74-84 *** Publishing / Education /

Software PublishingComputer assisted instruction on a microcomputer.Davidson/et al. art 3:11 Nov78 p90-94 ***PILOT / Higher EducationComputers in learning environments: an imperative

for the 1980s. Braun, Ludwig. col 5:7 Jul80p6-10+ *** Education / BibliographyGetting problem-solving advice from a computer.

Garson, James, col 6:5 May81 pl86-196 ***

Higher EducationInteractive control of a videocassette recorder

with a personal computer . Hallgren, Richard.

art L3 5:7 Jul80 pll6-134 *** Control /

Interface / Higher Education

COMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTION (CONTINUED)Microcomputer in the undergraduate science

curriculum. Hubin, W.N. art 5:7 Jul80

pl74-196 *** Science / Higher EducationMicrocomputers in education: a concept-oriented

approach. Wolfe, George, col 6:6 Jun31

pl46-160 *** Education / Artificial

IntelligencePILOT/P: implementing a high-level language in a

hurry. Mundie, David, art L6 5:7 Jul80

pl54-170 *** PILOT / PascalPersonal computer - last chance for CAI.

Frenzel, Lou. col 5:7 JulSO p86-96 ***

Definitions / EducationSets: tutoring in BASIC- Schreiber, Linda, col

Ll 5:3 MarSO p244-245 *** Mathematics /

Children / AltairTeaching with a microcomputer, Gerhold, George.

art 3:12 Dec78 pl24-126 *** Education /

Higher EducationThirty days to a faster input (touch typing

tutor). Armstrong, Arthur, art Ll 4:12

Dec79 p250-251 *** KeyboardCOMPUTER BULLETIN BOARD SYSTEMS

Hobbyist computerized bulletin board.

Christensen/Suess. art 3:11 Nov78 pl50-157

***

COMPUTER INSTRUCTION

Bubble memories: a short tutorial. Halsema, A.I.

art 4:6 Jun79 pl66-167 *** Bubble Memory

College microcomputer facility. Foster/Southern.

art 3:4 Apr78 p90-96 *** Microprocessor /

Higher EducationComputers are ridiculously simple!. Wadsworth,

Nat. art 1:3 Nov75 p20-33 *** 8008Flip flops exposed. Browning, William, art 1:4

Dec75 p58-61 *** Integrated CircuitsGive your micro a megabyte (virtual memory

techniques). Grappel, Robert, art 2:7 Jii 177p78-81 *** Memory / Information Storage /

Virtual MemoryIns and outs of volatile memories. Lancaster,

Don. art 1:3 Nov75 pl2-17 *** Memory /

RAMIntroduction to microprogramming. Quek, S.M.

art 2:6 Jun77 pi16-120 *** Machine LanguageMagic of computer languages. Nelson, Theodor.

art 1:8 Apr76 p24-27 *** Languages /

DefinitionsMicroprocessor course. Fohl, Mark, art 2:8

Aug77 p26-28+ *** Microprocessor / Education

/ Higher EducationMultiprogramming simplified. Lahasky, Irwin.

art 2:12 Dec77 pl40-142 ***

MultiprocessingNotes on teaching with microcomputers. Norton,

William, art 3:6 Jun78 pl38-139 *** KIM /

Higher EducationRead only memories in microcomputer memory

address space. Eichbauer, Dale, art 1:9

May76 p24-26 *** ROM / PROMRead only memory technology. Lancaster, Don.

art 1:4 Dec/5 p64-69 *** ROMTake a course (in microprogramming)*. Mac

Mi 11 an, Richard, art 3:3 Mar78 pl68-169 ***Universal turing machine. Millen, Jonathan, art

1:16 Dec76 pll4-119 *** Turing MachinesWe interrupt this program.... Small, Gary, col

6:6 JunSl p!62-166 *** MicroprocessorWhat is an interrupt?. Atkins, R. Travis, art

4:3 Mar79 p230-236 *** Input/Output /

Microprocessor

8080

Explore an 8080 with Educator-8080*. Howerton,Charles, art L3 1:11 Jul76 p22-29 ***Education / 8080 / Programming Instruction

Stack it up. Allen, Charlton, art L3 4:11Nov79 pl40-148 *** 8080 / ProgrammingInstruction

DESIGNBuilding a computer from scratch. Jones, Hilary,art 2:11 Nov77 p80-92 *** Hardware

Construction / Design / Microcomputer SystemDesigning a universal Turing Machine: a software

approach. Munnecke, Thomas, art L3 3:12

Dec73 p26-30 *** Design / Turing MachinesDirt-cheap bootstrap: more notes on bringing up a

microcomputer. Woodhull, Albert, art L3 5:3Mar80 pl42-152 *** Microcomputer System /

DesignIntroduction to microprogramming. Cline, Ben.

art 4:4 Apr79 p210-217 *** DesignProgramming the implementation. Crayne, Charles,art 1:8 Apr76 pl6-18 *** Design / SCELBIThis circuit multiplies. Hall, Tom. art 2:7

Jul77 p36-39 *** Mathematics / DesignWatts inside a power supply. Liming, Gary, art

2:1 Jan77 p42-48 *** Power Supply / DesignWho's afraid of dynamic memories?. Hauck, Lane.

art 3:7 Ju178 p42-46+ *** Memory / Design

/ RAM

HARDWARE CONSTRUCTIONBuild your own Turing machine. Willis, James.

art L3 6:4 AprSl pl22-146 *** Hardware

Construction / Definitions / Turing MachinesBuilding a computer from scratch. Jones, Hilary,art 2:11 Nov77 p80-92 *** Hardware

Construction / Design / Microcomputer SystemCoincident current ferrite core memories. Jones,

James, art 1:11 Jul76 p6-16 *** Memory /

Hardware ConstructionTutorial training computer. Winkel, David, col

2:1 Jan77 p76-77 *** Education / Hardware

Construction

384 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

wa\*

WTai

m II

r HI

1 I

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COMPUTER 1HSTRUCT10N (CONTINUED)

HARDWARE REVIEW

Heath microprocessor training system. Hubin,W.N. hr 3:11 Nov78 pl58-159 *** HardwareReview / Microprocessor / Heath

INTERFACE

Notes on parallel output interfaces in memoryaddress space. Helmers, Carl, art 1:3 Nov75p52-55 *** Parallel Input/Output / Interface

MATHEMATICSComments on floating point representation.

Baker; R.A. col 2:9 Sep77 pl85 ***

MathematicsFloating point arithmetic*. Hashizume, Burt.

art 2:11 Nov77 p76-78+ *** Mathematics /

FORTRANIntroduction to numbers. Simmons, Webb, art

2:7 Jul77 p82-87 *** Mathematics / BinaryNovice's eye on computer arithmetic. Ledder,

Wayne, art 3:1 Jan78 pl50-159 ***

Mathematics / BinaryOverview of long division. Gass, Geoffrey, art

4:8 Aug79 p220-224 *** MathematicsSources of numerical error. Buskirk, Daniel.

art 4:4 Apr79 p46-49 *** MathematicsThis circuit multiplies. Hall, Tom. art 2:7

Jul77 p36-39 *** Mathematics / DesignWhat's in a floating point package?. Linker,

Sheldon, art 2:5 May77 p62-66 ***

Mathematics / Programming Instruction

PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTIONExplore an 8080 with Educator-8080*. Howerton,

Charles, art L3 1:11 Jul76 p22-29 ***

Education / 8080 / Programming InstructionIntroduction to addressing methods. Zarrella,

John, art 1:10 Jun76 p76-80 ***

Programming Instruction / Machine LanguageProcessing logical expressions (Bauer-Samelson

algorithm extension). Maurer, W. Douglas, art2:8 Aug77 pl30-135 *** ProgrammingInstruction / Machine LanguageStack it up. Allen, Charlton, art L3 4:11

Nov79 pl40-148 *** 8080 / ProgrammingInstructionStacks in microprocessors. Radhakrishnan/Bhat.

art 4:6 Jun79 pl68-174 *** Microprocessor

/ Programming InstructionWhat's in a floating point package?. Linker,

Sheldon, art 2:5 May77 p62-66 ***

Mathematics / Programming InstructionCOMPUTER LITERACY

Comments on the acquisition of knowledge.

Helmers, Carl, col 2:8 Aug77 p5+ ***Computer illiteracy - a national crisis and a

solution for it. Luehrmann, Arthur, col 5:7

Jul80 p98-102 *** EducationHomebrewery vs the software priesthood.

Wilber/Fylstra. art 1:14 Oct76 p90-94 ***

Software Piracy / HomebrewCOMPUTERS AND SOCIETY

New cultures from new technologies. Papert,

Seymour, col 5:9 Sep80 p230-240 ***

Education / Future / ChildrenPersonal computing: new prospects for art and

science. Helmers, Carl, col 3:4 Apr78 p6+

*** Art / ScienceSome laws of personal computing. Lewis, T.G.

art 4:10 0ct79 pl86-191 *** HistoryWhat is this phenomenon personal computing?.

Helmers, Carl, col 3:1 Jan78 p6+ ***

PublishingCONFERENCE

Albuquerque happenings (World Altair Computer

Convention), art 1:10 Jun76 p36-37 ***

AltairMinicomputer fair: tiny and personal. Piele,

Donald, art 2:11 Nov77 p26-29 ***

Contests / Secondary Education / Higher

EducationSeventh annual SIGGRAPH conference.

Livingston/Dahmke. art 5:11 Nov80 pl72-176

*** Graphics / Color GraphicsSoftware protection in the United Kingdom.

Hayman, Martin, art 6:10 0ct81 pl26-139

*** Copyright / Law / Software PiracyCONSUMER INFORMATION

Benchmarks, standards, etc. Helmers, Carl, art

1:3 Nov75 p90-92 *** Standards / Benchmark

TestingBudget building on a bare board. Parker, Dan.

art 4:10 Oct79 p206-2O8 *** Hardware

ConstructionComputing inflation with the consumer price

index. Haldeman, Joe. col Ll 6:7 Jul81

p30O-302 *** Inflation / Apple 1[How to choose a microprocessor. Frenzel, Lou.

art 3:7 Jul78 pl24-150 *** Microprocessor

/ Hardware ReviewSystems approach to a personal microprocessor.

Suding, Robert, art 1:10 Jun76 p32-34 ***

MicroprocessorWhere to get bargains in used computer

equipment*. Libes, Sol. art 2:12 Dec77

pl54-155 *** RetailingWorld Power Systems: a report. Morgan, Chris.

CO 1 4:7 Ju179 pl93 *** Cr imen Source. Boudinot, R.D. art 1:9 May76

pl8-23 *** Retailing / ManufacturingCONTESTS

APL interpreter for microcomputers, part 1*.

M/itble, Michael, art 2:8 Aug77 p50-65 ***

APL / InterpreterBYTE game contest, col 6:12 Dec81 p302-303

*** Games

CONTESTS (CONTINUED)

Chess 4.7 versus David Levy: The computer beats a

chess master. Douglas, J.R. art 3:12 Dec78

p84-90 *** Chess / PeopleGrandmaster Walter Brown versus Chess 4.6.

Douglas, John, art 4:1 Jan?9 pllO-115 ***

Chess / PeopleMicrochess 1.5 versus Dark Horse. Jennings,

Peter, art 3:3 Mar78 pl66-167 *** ChessMinicomputer fair: tiny and personal. Piele,

Donald, art 2:11 Nov77 p26-29 ***

Conference / Secondary Education / Higher

EducationSanta Cruz Open: Othello tournament for

computers. Frey, Peter, art 6:7 Ju181

p26-37 *** Othello / GamesSecond world computer chess championships. .

Jennings, Peter, art 3:1 Jan78 pl08-118

*** ChessWinners in the BYTE first computer art contest.

col 1:16 Dec76 p70 *** ArtWinners of the Great APL Contest (APL

interpreter). Kaniss/DiChristofaro. col 4:6

Jun79 pl94-196 *** APL

CONTROL

Classroom demonstration: controlling a system

with a microcomputer. Hill, Garnet, art L3

3:11 Nov78 pU2-118 *** Science / Higher

EducationComputers and eclipses. Helmers, Carl, col 4:7Jul79 p8-14 *** Astronomy / Science /

PhotographyControlling small DC motors with analog signals.

Sweer/etal. art 2:8 Aug77 pl8-24 ***

Plotter / Analog/Digital Circuit / SimulationDon't forget the hardware...(control in the

home). Helmers, Carl, col 4:5 May79 p6+

*** HomeHeating and cooling management system. Hall,

Tom. art 6:2 Feb81 p326-331 *** Energy /

HomeHow to computerize your model railroad. Brown,

David, art 2:7 Jul 77 pl2-21 *** LSI-11JITTER (blinking lights on an Altair)*. Speer,

Gordon, col L3 1:10 Jun76 p94 *** AltairMicrocomputer and the pipe organ. Raskin, Jef.

art 3:3 Mar78 p56-68 *** MusicMicrocomputer as a laboratory instrument.

Cosgrove, Daniel, art L3 6:11 Nov81

p84-95+ *** Science / Higher EducationModel railroad switch control circuit. De

Monstoy, Herman, let 1:2 0ct75 p87 ***Nature of robots, part 2: simulated control

system. Powers, William, art Ll 4:7 Jul79

pl34-152 *** Robots / Simulation / North StarOn beginning a new project...(local controller of

music peripherals). Helmers, Carl, col 4:6

Jun79 p6+ *** 6809 / MusicShadow, Buck Rogers, and the home computer (home

applications). Gardner, Richard, art 1:2

Oct75 p58-60 *** Home / Predictions / FutureTaking the first step (stepper motors). Bober,'

Robert, art L3 3:2 Feb78 p35-38+ ***Theatrical lighting graphics package. Hemsath/et

al. art L3 3:6 Jun78 pl53-156 ***

Graphics / Character Generator

6800Computer-controlled light dimmer, part 2:

implementation. Gibson, John, art L3 5:2

Feb80 p72-80 *** 6800 / Hardware

ConstructionGive your micro some muscles*. Grappel, Robert.

art 2:3 Mar77 p9-ll+ *** 6800

8080

Add some control to your computer: an output porttutorial. Barbier, Ken. art L3 4:9 Sep79pl96-200 *** Hardware Construction / 8080

APPLE II

Apple X10 control. Arczynski, Wayne, col6:12 Dec81 p469-472 *** Home / Apple6502

Computer-controlled viewing of the 1980 eelHelmers, Carl, col L6 5:5 May80 p6+Photography / Astronomy / Apple II

Hunting the computerized eclipse. Helmers

L3II /

col" L6 5:3 Mar80 p6-12+/ Astronomy / Apple II

_F Carl.

Photography

DESIGNComputer-controlled light dimmer, part 1:

design*. Gibson, John, art L3 5:1 Jan80

p56-72 *** DesignComputer-controlled wood stove. Ciarcia, Steve.

col 5:2 FebSO p32-56 *** Energy / Home /

DesignControlling the real world. Olson, Hank, art

3:3 Mar78 pl74-177 *** DesignInterfacing pneumatic player pianos. Helmers,

Carl, art 2:9 Sep77 pU2-120+ ***

Interface / Music / DesignNature of robots, part 1: defining behavior.

Powers, William, art Ll 4:6 Jun79 pl32-144*** Robots / Design / Artificial IntelligenceNonlinearities in illumination. Terry,

Christopher, col 6:2 Feb81 pl88-194 ***

DesignStepping motor primer, part 1: theory of

operation*. Giacomo, Paul, art 4:2 Feb79

p90-105 *** DesignStepping motor primer, part 2: interfacing and

other considerations. Giacomo, Paul, art 4:3Mar79 pl42-149 *** Interface / Design

HARDWARE CONSTRUCTION

Add some control to your computer: an output porttutorial. Barbier, Ken. art L3 4:9 Sep79pl96-200 *** Hardware Construction / 8080

CONTROL (CONTINUED)

Build a Z8-based control computer with BASIC,

part 1. Ciarcia, Steve, col 6:7 0ul81

p38-47 *** Microcomputer System / Hardware

Construction / Z8Build a Z8-based control computer with BASIC,

part 2. Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll 6:8 Aug81

p50-72 *** Microcomputer System / Hardware

Construction / 18Build a computer controlled security system for

your home. CiarcWSunderland. col 4;1

Jan79 p56-71 *** Security / Home / Hardware

ConstructionBuild a computer controlled security system for

your home: part 2. Ciarcia, Steve, col L2

4:2 Feb79 pl62-179 *** Security / Home /

Hardware ConstructionBuild a computer controlled security system for

your home: part 3. Ciarcia, Steve, col L3

4:3 Mar79 pl50-167 *** Security / Home /

Hardware ConstructionBuild a simple video switch. Hallgren, Richard.

col 6:3 MarSl p234 *** Video Display /

Hardware ConstructionBuild a touch tone decoder for remote control.

Ciarcia, Steve, col 6:12 DecSl p42-70 ***

Hardware Construction / Home /

Te1ecommu n i c a t i on sCassette interface switching box for the TRS-80*.Anderson, Craig, art 3:11 Nov78 pl60-161

*** Tape Cassette / TRS-80 Model I /, Hardware

ConstructionComputer-controlled light dimmer, part 2:

implementation. Gibson, John, art L3 5:2

Feb80 p72-80 *** 6800 / Hardware

ConstructionComputer-controlled tank. Ciarcia, Steve, col

Ll 6:2 Feb81 p44-64 *** Toys / Hardware

ConstructionControl the world! (or at least a few analog

points). Ciarcia, Steve, art Ll 2:9 Sep77

p30-43+ *** Digital/Analog Circuit / Hardware

ConstructionControlling DC motors. Walton, Robert, art L3

3:7 Ju178 p72-80 *** Hardware Cons true t ionControlling external devices with hobbyist

computers*. Bosen, Robert, art 1:8 Apr76

p42-45 *** Hardware Construction / InterfaceDC motor controls: build a motorized platform.

Ciarcia, Steve, col 6:5 MayBl p66-98 ***

Hardware ConstructionDo it yourself weather predictions*. Firth,

Michael. art 1:16 Dec76 p62-69 ***

Hardware Construction / WeatherFurnace watchdog. Wierenga, Theron. art Ll

5:1 Jan80 p74-90 *** Energy / Home /

Hardware ConstructionHandheld remote control for your computerized

home. Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll 5:7 Jul80

p22-42 *** Home / Hardware Construction /

Input/OutputHome in on the range!. Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll

5:11 NovSO p32-58 *** Hardware Construction

/ Interface / TRS-80 Model IMicroprocessor based analog/digital conversion.

Frank, Roger, art L3 1:9 May76 p70-73 ***

Digital/Analog Circuit / Hardware Construction

Mind over matter: add biofeedback input for your

computer. Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll 4:6 Jun79p49-58 *** Health / Analog/Digital Circuit /

Hardware ConstructionRace-car monitoring program. Johnson, Jeff, colL6 5:6 Jun80 pl96-202 *** Hardware

ConstructionTelephone-dialing microcomputer. Renbarger,

John, art L3 5:6 JunSO pl40-17O ***

Telecommunications / KIM / Hardware

ConstructionThere's more to blinking lights than meets the

eye. Helmers, Carl, art L3 1:5 Jan76

p52-54 *** Hardware Construction / 8008Tune in and turn on!, part 1: a computerized

wireless AC control system. Ciarcia, Steve.

col Ll 3:4 Apr78 pll4-125 *** Hardware

Construction / HomeTune in and turn on, part 2: an AC wireless

remote control system. Ciarcia, Steve, col

3:5 May78 p97-102 *** Hardware Construction

/ Home

INTERFACEComputerize a home (BSR X-10 and a TRS-80)*.

Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll 5:1 Jan80 p28-54

*** Security / Home / InterfaceControlling external devices with hobbyist

computers*. Bosen, Robert, art 1:8 Apr76

p42-45 *** Hardware Construction / InterfaceHome in on the range!. Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll

5:11 Nov80 p32-58 *** Hardware Construction

/ Interface / TRS-80 Model IInteractive control of a videocassette recorder

with a personal computer . Hallgren, Richard.

art L3 5:7 JulSO pll6-134 *** Computer

Assisted Instruction / Interface / Higher EducatioInterfacing pneumatic player pianos. Helmers,

Carl, art 2:9 Sep77 pll2-120+ ***

Interface / Music / DesignStepping motor primer, part 2: interfacing and

other considerations. Giacomo, Paul, art 4:3Mar79 pl42-149 *** Interface / DesignTrain control display using the LSI-11

microcomputer. Hart, Jack, art 2:7 Jul77

p44-50 *** Interface / LSI-11

TRS-80 MQOEL ICassette interface switching box for the TRS-80*.Anderson, Craig, art 3:11 Nov78 pl60-161*** Tape Cassette / TRS-80 Model I / HardwareConstruction

386 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Apple en CASTELLANO

id Tercer Medio presenta su

sistema administrativo

(T.M.A.) para Apple

Disenado de acuerdo con los principios contables aceptados en todos los pai'ses de habla hispana.

APLICACIONES COMERCIALES Y CIENTIFICAS

CONTABILIDADGENERAL

Diario GeneralResumen del DiarioConsulta parcial al DiarioMayor GeneralBalance de ComprobacionBalance GeneralGanancias y PerdidasCatalogos de CuentasConsultas por pantalla

CUENTASPOR COBRAR

Catalogo de CuentasListado de TransaccionesAntiguedad de SaldosSaldos por VeneerRelacion de CobranzasRelacion de PagosEstado de CuentasConsultas varias por pantalla

INVENTARIO Y FACTURACION

CONTROL DE BANCOS

PERT/CPM

CUENTAS A PAGAR

CONTROL DE COSTO DE OBRAS

kVENTAJAS DEL SISTEMA T.M.A.

• Son completamentes conversacionaies.

• El chequeo de la informacidn es instantaneo.

• Los reportes impresos o por pantalla guardanlos formatos generalmente aceptados.

• Estan pensados para adaptarse a cualquier empresa.

• Toda la informacion esta instantaneamente disponible

• Precision Expandida.

• Numeros de hasta + 999.999.999.99

Circle 413 on inquiry card.

"J

Tercer Medio

Sistema de Informacion C.A.

APARTADO DE CORREOS 62533CARACAS 1060 - A - VENEZUELATELEX: 27.876 - CPB TH - VE.TELEFONOS: 283.60.88 - 284.74:68

Apple es marca registrada por APPLE COMPUTER INC.

CONTROL (CONTINUED)

Home in on the range!. Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll5:II NovSO p32-53 *** Hardware Construction/ Interface / TRS-80 Model ICONTROL STRUCTURES

Building control structures in the Small talk-80system. Deutsch, L. Peter, art L9 6:8Aug31 p322-346 *** Smalltalk / Design /Programming InstructionCONVERSIONS

5 byte hexadecimal to ASCII converter. Doshi,Ashwin. col L3 4:6 Jun79 p20B *** ASCII

/ Hexadecimal / 3080AIM-65 16-bit hexadecimal to decimal conversion.

Young, R.A. col L3 6:8 Aug81 p413 ***

Hexadecimal / AIMAlpha locking in software (uppercase to lowercase

conversion). Lewis, U.S. col L3 S:5 MaySG

pl52-154 *** Z-80 / Programming InstructionAlpha-Beta tree search converted to assembler.

Gale, Stephen, col L3 6:8 AugSl p408-412

*** Games / TRS-80 Model I / StrategyBeware of interrupts (binary-coded-decimal

conversion). Feldinan, Dave, col 5:9 SepSO

p320 *** Binary Coded DecimalBinary-to-BCD converter for the 8080. Brockman,

D.M. col L3 6:8 AugSl p413-419 ***

Binary / Binary Coded Decimal / 8080Converting North Star's deletion characters.

Miller, Alan, col L3 3:10 0ct78 pl41 ***

North StarConverting pitch to frequency. Katz, Robert.

col L2 6:2 FebSl p92-94 *** Mjsic /

CalculatorDC to DC converter. Picco, Michael, art 5:5

MaySO p20 *** Power Supply / DesignUataline {converts object code to BASIC data

statements). Hunt, Daniel, col Ll 6:3

Mar81 p216-222 *** BASIC / Utility Program /

SOLFast, multibyte binary to binary-coded-decimal

conversion routine. McQuade, Michael, art L35:2 FebBO pl06-114 *** Binary Coded

Decimal / BinaryGenerating bar code in the Hewlett-Packard

format*. McNeal, Thomas, art Ll 6:1 Jan81

pl48-178 *** Bar Codes / Hewlett-Packard /

CalculatorHow to do a number of conversions*. Brown,

Junes, art L3 1:13 Sep76 p50-60 ***

Binary / Hexadecimal / 8080Lowercase-to-uppercase converter. Degler, Roger,col L3 5:9 SepSO p326-327 *** Design /

Lowercase ModificationNo power for your interfaces? Build a 5 W DC to

DC converter. Ciarcia, Steve, col 3:10

0ct78 p22-31 *** Hardware Construction /

Piwer SupplyOn converting 60 Hz VDM-ls to 50 Hz line current.Mowchanuk, Timothy, coI 3:6 Jun78 pl30

*** Power SupplyShape table conversion for the Apple II.

Partyka, Dave, col Ll 4:11 Nov79 p63 ***

High Resolution Graphics / Programming

Instruction / Apple IISimple base conversions for tne TRS-80. Curran,

James, col Ll 5:11 Nov80 pl45 ***

Hexadecimal / TRS-80 Model I /Those calculating Romans (Roman numeral

calculator). Oishman, Laurence, col Ll 3:6

Jun78 pl09-lll *** Mathematics / North StarTiny Pascal compiler, part 3: P-code to 8080

conversion. Chung/Yuen, art L6 3:11 Nov78

p!32-l92 *** Pascal / Compiler / 8080Using a keyboard ROM*. Brehm, Bob. art 2:5

May77 p76-82 *** Keyboard / ROM / ASCIIVariable type converter for numerical quantities.Moskowitz, Mike, col Ll 6:2 FebSl

p271-272 *** Programming Instruction /

Hewlett-Packard / BASICWhose BASIC does what?*. Li, Teri. art 6:1

Jan81 p318-327 *** BASIC / Software ReviewCOPYRIGHT

Are you an author?. Mooers, Calvin, art 1:13

Sep76 pl6-22 *** Software Publishing /

Software Piracy / SecurityHow can we stop software piracy?. Morgan, Chris.col 6:5 MaySl p6-10 *** Software Piracy /

SecurityLegal protection for computer hardware and

software. Becker, Stephen, art 6:5 May31

pl40-146 *** Patent / LawSoftware protection in the United Kingdom.

Hayman, Martin, art 6:10 0ct81 pl26-139

*** Law / Software Piracy / ConferenceWashington tackles the software problem. Kern,

Christopher, art 6:5 MaySl pl2B-138 ***

Law / PatentCOSMAC

COSMAC VIP, the RCA fun machine. Weisbecker,

Joseph, hr 2:8 Aug77 p3Q-32+ *** Hardware

ReviewCOSMAC doodler. Duntemann, Jeff, art L2 5:5

MayBO p214-224 *** Graphics / Memory /

Hardware ConstructionEasy programming system (hexadecimal interpretive

programming system). Weisbecker, Joseph, art

L9 3:12 0ec78 plOB-122 *** Programming

Instruction / HexadecimalIPS, an unorthodox high level language. Meinzer,

Karl, art L9 4:1 Jan79 pl46-159 ***

Languages / DesignTurn your COSMAC VIP into a frequency counter.

Modla, -Andrew, art L3 6:2 FebSl p318-323

*** Frequency Counter / Utility ProgramCP/M

AOM-3 emulator for the Hazeltine 1500.

Shoemaker, Charles, col L3 6:4 AprBl

p304-308 *** Terminal / Utility Program

CP/M (CONTINUED)

Answer/Oriyinate modem. Parsons, Ronald, art

L3 5:6 JunBO p24-40 *** Modem / Hardware

ConstructionCP/M: a family of 8- and 16-bit operating

systems. Kildall, Gary. 6:6 JunSl

p216-232 *** Operating SystemsIns and outs of CP/M. Larson, James, art L3

fa:6 JunBl p2b8-300 *** Programming

Instruction /MINCE: a text editor. Kern, Christopher, sr

6:9 5ep31 pl50-16J -** Software Review /

Text EditorMicrosoft Softcard. Pelczarski, Mark, hr 6:11

Nov81 pl52-162 *** Hardware Review / Z-80 /

Apple IIReformatter for CP/M ami IBM floppy disks.

Lehman, John, sr 6:4 Apr31 p94-9o ***

Software Review / Utility Program / IBMWordsmith (CP/M or North Star word processor).

Dahmke, Mark, sr 6:5 MayBl p254-258 ***

Software Review / Word Processing / North StarCP1600

General Instrument CP1600. Baker, Robert, art

1:7 Mar76 p46-51 *** Microprocessor /

Hardware Rev iewCREATIVITY

On the importance of casting abstractions in

concrete. Helmers, Carl, col 4:12 Dec79

p6-8 ***CRIME

World Power Systems: a report. Morgan, Chris.

col 4:7 Ju179 p!93 *** Consumer InformationCROMEMCO

$5.25 interface to the BSR X-10 home control

system. Trimble, Alan, col L3 5:9 SepSO

p314-316 *** Home / Control / InterfaceAbout the cover (color graphics on the TV

Dazzler). Helmers, Carl, art 1:10 Jun76

p6-7 *** Color Graphics / Hardware Review /

High Resolution GraphicsFix for the Dazzler. Baltrush, Michael, col

4:4 Apr79 p247-248 *** Hardware ModificationMy TRS-80 talks to my Cromemco Z-2. Hallen, Rod.art L3 5:6 JunBO p8B-94 *** TRS-80 Model

I / Serial Input/Output / RS-232Proposed graphics software standard, part 2.

Jones, Vincent, col L3 4:12 Dec79 p82-85+

*** Graphics / StandardsSome example plots. Dameron, David, col Ll

5:2 Feb80 pl40-144 *** Plotting / ArtCRYPTOLOGY

Cryptography in the field, part 1: an overview.

Costas, John, art 4:3 Mar79 p56-64 ***Cryptography in the field, part 2: using the

pocket calculator*. Costas, John, art L2

4:4 Apr/9 pl44-165 *** Calculator /

Programming Instruction /Machine problem solving, part 2: directed search

using cryptarithmetic. Frey, Peter, art Ll

5:10 OctSO p266-272 *** Puzzles / TRS-80

Model IStandard data encryption algorithm, part 1: an

overview. Meushaw, Robert, art 4:3 Mar?9

p66-74 *** AlgorithmStandard data encryption algorithm, part 2:

implementing the algorithm. Meushaw, Robert.

art L3 4:4 Apr79 pllO-130 *** KIM /

AlgorithmCYBER 170

Linking a Pascal Microengine to a Cyber 170.

Sedlet/Dust. art L6 6:11 Nov81 p472-489

*** Interface / Pascal / Pascal MicroengineDATA BASE MANAGEMENT

Apple II file-management systems. Blochowiak,

Ken. sr 6:11 Nov81 p274-300 *** Software

Review / Apple LlData-base management systems: powerful newcomers

to microcomputers. Gagle/Koehler. art Ll

6:11 NovSl p97-122 *** Programming Design /

Programming Instruction / North StarDatahandler from Miller Microcomputer Services.

Richardson, Allyn. sr 6:11 Nov81 pl38-150

*** Software Review / FORTH / TRS-80 Model IFundamentals of relational data organization.

Neely/Stewart. art 6:11 NovSl p48-60 ***

Data Structures / Information StorageInformation-retrieval system. Elmore/Agarwal.

art 5:10 0ct80 pll4-150 *** Information

Storage / Programming Instruction / Data

StructuresPDQ: a data manager for beginners. Swanson,

Paul, art Ll 6:11 NovBl p236-262 ***

Inventory / Programming Instruction / TRS-80

Mode] IIISurvey of data-base management systems for

microcomputers. Barley/Driscoll. art 6:11

Nov81 p2QS-234 *** Software ReviewWriting with a data-base management system.

Brent, Edward, art 6:11 NovBl plS-34 ***

Writing / Word ProcessingDATA GENERAL

BASIC Star Trek trainer*. Herd, Gerald, art Ll1:13 Sep76 p40-42 *** Games / ProgrammingInstructionNOVAL assembler for the 8008 microprocessor.

Helmers, Peter, art L2 1:2 Oct75 p64-67

*** Assembler / B008DATA STRUCTURES

Building data structures in the Smalltalk-80

system. Althoff, James, art L9 6:8 AugSl

p230-273 *** Smalltalk / ProgrammingInstruction / Information StorageCan we agree on standards?. Morgan, Chris, col

6:11 NovSl p6-8 *** Standards. / Information

StorageDIF: a format for data exchange between

applications programs. Kalish/Mayer. art Ll

6:11 Nov81 pl74-2Q6 *** Standards /Information Storage

DATA STRUCTURES (CONTINUED)

Files on parade, part 1: types of files. Klein,Mark, art 4:2 Feb79 pl86-l92 ***

Information Storage / Programming InstructionFiles on parade, part 2: using files. Klein,Mark, art Ll 4:3 Mar79 p32-41 ***

Information Storage / Programming Instruction /BASICFundamentals of relational data organization.

Neely/Stewart. art 6:11 NovBl p48-60 ***

Information Storage / Data Base ManagementFundamentals of sequential file processing.

Smith, Wayne, art 2:10 Oct77 pll4-127 ***

Information Storage / Programming Instruction /

Tape CassetteHow do you store 5,000 patient records?, col

1:11 Ju176 p95 *** Information Storage /

Ask BYTE / BusinessImplementing dynamic data structures with BASIC

files. Carter, Ted. art Ll 5:2 Feb80

p92-102 *** Information Storage / Programming

Instruction / BASICInformal ion-retrieval system. Elmore/Agarwal.

art 5:10 OctSO pll4-150 *** Information

Storage / Programming Instruction / Data Base

ManagementIntroduction to data compression. Corbin,

Harold, art L3 6:4 AprSl p218-250 "*

Information Storage / Programming InstructionIntroduction to tables. Butterfield, James, art3:4 Apr78 plS-21 *** Programming

Instruction / Information StoragePERT organization: a technique for evaluating

schedules. Maurer, W. Douglas, art 6:10

OctSl p40/-412 *** MathematicsPartitioned data sets. Halsema, A.I. art 3:12

Dec78 pl68-173 *** Floppy Disk Drive /

Information Storage / Programming InstructionTypes and uses of direct access storage. MiU,

Curt, art 2:1 Jan77 p60-65 *** Hard Disk

Drive / Floppy Disk Drive / Information StorageUnderstanding ISAM. Gates, Reginald, art 5:6

Jun80 plOB-llS *** Information Storage /

Programming Instruction / Floppy Disk DriveDATA TRANSMISSION

Communicate on a light beam*. Ciarcia, Steve.

col 4:5 May79 p32-49 *** Fiber-optics /

Hardware ConstructionCommunicating in two directions. Titchener,

Mark, art 5:6 Jun80 p96-106 *** Design /

NetworksData paths*. Liming, Gary, art 1:6 Feb76

p32-40 *** RS-232 / Definitions /

TelecommunicationsDigicast system: receiving data and information

over your FM radio. Halsema, A.I. art 4:1

Jan79 plOO-102 *** Online SystemsHamming error correcting code. Wimble, Michael.

art 4:2 Feb79 pl80-182 *** Parity Checking

/ Hamming Codes / Error CheckingHow to pick up a dropped bit. Maurer, W.

Douglas, art 2:7 Jul 77 p72-76 *** Tape

Cassette / Parity Checking / Error CheckingMultiuser data network: communicating over VHF

radio. Bruninga, Robert, art 3:11 Nov78

pl20-130 *** Networks / Multi-user Systems /

Ham RadioSky's the limit: use ham radio bands for

intercomputer communication. Kasser, Joe. art3:11 Nov73 p43-61 *** Networks / Ham RadioTransmission of digital data over twisted pair

lines. Beebe, Edward, col 3:11 Nov73

pl36-137 *** RS-232DEBUGGING

AMSAT 8080 standard debug monitor: AMS80 version

2. Allen/Kasser. art L3 1:13 Sep76

pl08-122 *** Monitor / 8080BOSS: a debugging utility for the TRS-80 Model I.Mitchell, Scott, sr 6:8 Aug31 p401 ***

Software Review / Utility Program / TRS-80

Model IComments on live board removal and insertion.

Stough, S.A. col 2:11 Nov77 pl70 ***

MaintenanceDEMONS: a symbolic debugging monitor. Halsema,

A.I. art L3 6:5 May31 p326-358 ***

Monitor / 6800 / DisassemblerDesign an on line debugger. Wier/Brown. art

1:3 Apr76 p56-62 *** Assembly Language /

Programming InstructionHandy pulser. Chrisp, Bob. art 4:9 Sep79

pl60-161 *** Test Equipment / Hardware

ConstructionIs this a valid hot board placement procedure?.

col 2:7 Jul77 pl50 *** MaintenanceJack and the machine debug...or reading the

traces of a wild program. Grappel/Hemenway.

art 2:12 Dec77 p91+ *** 6800 / MIKBUG /

Utility ProgramLogic probes - hardware bug chasers*. Burr,

Alex, art 1:4 Dec75 p20-24 *** Test

Equipment / Logic ProbeProgramming entomology (debugging programs).

McGath, Gary, art 3:2 Feb78 pl62-166 ***

Programming Instruction / DocumentationSingle stepping the 8080 processor*. Sharp,

Charles, col L3 4:1 Jan79 pl79-180 ***

Monitor / 8080Super STEP (TRS-80 utility). Robbins, Stanley.

sr 6:5 MaySl p248-252 *** Software Review

/ TRS-80 Model I / Utility ProgramTrapping technique for the 8080. Schulein, John.art L3 2:8 Aug77 pl58-161 ***

Programming Instruction / 8080DEFINITIONS

"My Dear Aunt Sally" algorithm*. Grappel,

Robert, art 1:6 Feb76 pl8-25 ***

Programming Instruction / Algorithm

388 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

If you own or use a micro-computer, then chances are thatfrom time to time, you've wished that someone could simplifyprogramming.

Because as useful as micro-computers are, they can only everbe as good as the programs they run.

Well then, how does this sound?

No more program-coding. No more debugging. And no moretime wasting.

Arguably more comprehensive and advanced than anything elseof its kind, The Last One is a computer program that writes computerprograms. Programs that work first time, every time.

By asking you questions in plain English about what you wantyour program to do, The Last One uses your answers to generate aready-to-use program in BASIC.

What's more, with The Last One, you can change or modifyyour program as often as you wish. Without effort, fuss or anyadditional cost. So as your requirements change, your programscan too.

And if, because of the difficulties and costs of buying, writingand customising software, you've put off purchasing a computersystem up to now, you need delay no longer.

Available now.

The Last One costs $600 plus local taxes where applicable and isnow available from better computer stores.

For further information, write to D.J. 'AT Systems Ltd.,Two Century Plaza, Suite 480,2049 Century Park East,Los Angeles,CA 90067.Tel: (213) 203 0851.

THEMSTONE

Circle 131 on inquiry card.

DEFINITIONS (CONTINUED)

Artificial intelligence: what is it?. Rosenbaum,

Richard, art 2:4 Apr77 p50-56 ***

Artificial IntelligenceBuild your own Turing machine. Willis, James.

art L3 6:4 AprSl pl22-146 *** Hardware

Construction / Computer Instruction / Turing

MachinesData paths*. Liming, Gary, art 1:6 Feb76

p32-40 *** RS-232 / Telecommunications / Data

TransmissionFORTH glossary. Williams, Gregg, art 5:3

Aug80 pl86-196 *** FORTHFORTH standards team. Ragsdale, William, art

5:10 0ct80 p274-277 *** FORTH / StandardsK or k (abbreviations and symbols). Peshka,

Manfred, art 1:5 Jan76 p64-66 *** WritingLISP notes (definitions). Allen, John, art 4:8

Aug79 p62 *** LISPMagic of computer languages. Nelson, Theodor.

art 1:8 Apr76 p24-27 *** Languages /

Computer InstruetionMagnetic recording for computers. Manly,

William, art 1:7 Mar76 pl8-28 ***

Information Storage / Tape Cassette / DiskettesMicrocomputer glossary. Price, David, art 2:4

Apr77 pl24-126 ***Origins of the word "byte". Buchholtz, W. let

2:2 Feb77 pl44 *** History / IBMPersonal computer - last chance for CAI.

Frenzel, Lou. col 5:7 Jul80 p86-96 ***

Computer Assisted Instruction / EducationSerial storage media: an introduction and

glossary. Murphy, Brian, art 2:2 Feb77

p50-53 *** Information Storage / Tape

CassetteSmalltalk glossary. Williams, Gregg, col 6:8

Aug81 p48 *** SmalltalkDESIGN

Advanced real-time music synthesis techniques.

Chamberlin, Hal. art L3 5:4 Apr80 p70-94+

*** Music / Digital/Analog CircuitAnother plotter to toy with. Lucas, Peter, col

4:2 Feb79 p66-68 *** PlotterAtari tutorial, part 1: the display list.

Crawford, Chris, art 6:9 Sep81 p284-300

*** Atari / Video Display / GraphicsCalculating filter capacitor values for computer

power supplies*. Thomas, John, art 5:4

Apr80 pll8-122 *** Power SupplyCloser look at the Tl Speak & Spell. Vernon,

Peter, art 6:4 Apr81 pl50-154 *** Voice

SynthesisCloser look at the TRS-80 Color Computer. Baker,

Woody, col Ll 6:10 0ct81 p334-340 ***

TRS-80 ColorComment and correction for Mouse ("Mouse: alanguage for microcomputers"). Lane, Tom. colL6 5:6 Jun80 p238-240 *** Languages /Interpreter / BYTE CorrectionsCommunicating In two directions. Tltchener,

Mark, art 5:6 JunSO p96-106 *** Data

Transmission / NetworksComputer Information arrangement. Holladay,

David, art 2:10 0ct77 pl56-159 ***

Information Storage / Tape CassetteCurrent state of robotics. Helmers, Carl, col

4:2 Feb79 p6-7+ *** RobotsDC to DC converter. P1cco, Michael, art 5:5

May80 p20 *** Power Supply / ConversionsDesign principles behind Smalltalk. Ingalls,

Daniel, art 6:8 AugSl p286-298 ***

Smalltalk / Object-Oriented LanguagesDesigning a command language. Van den Bout, G.A.art L9 4:6 Jun79 pl76-187 *** LanguagesDesigning a robot from nature, part 1: biological

considerations. Fllo, Andrew, art 4:2 Feb79

pl2-29 *** Robots / Artificial Intelligence

Designing a universal Turing Machine: a software

approach. Munnecke, Thomas, art L3 3:12

0ec78 p26-30 *** Computer Instruction /

Turing MachinesDesigning the logic of the system - processor

board description, part 2. Helmers, Carl, col4:10 Oct79 p6-14 *** Microcomputer System

/ 6809 / HomebrewDesigning with double sided printed circuit

boards. Lamkins, David, art 4:3 Mar79

p94-102 *** Electronic CircuitsDigital cassette subsystem: part 2, digital data

formats.... Rampil/Breimeir. art 2:3 Mar77

p38-48 *** Tape Cassette / Information

Storage / Digital AudioDigital storage of images. Williams, Thomas.

art 5:11 Nov80 p220-238 *** Image

Processing / Information Storage / GraphicsDirt-cheap bootstrap: more notes on bringing up a

microcomputer. Woodhull, Albert, art L3 5:3Mar80 pl42-152 *** Computer Instruction /

Microcomputer SystemDouble sided notes (on double sided printed

circuit boards). Titus, Jonathan, cal 4:6

Jun79 pl93 *** Electronic CircuitsEditorializing with your computer (text editor).

McGath, Gary, art 2:8 Aug77 p81-85 ***

Text EditorError checking and correcting for your computer.

Walker, Gregory, art 5:5 May80 p250-276

*** Hamming Codes / Parity Checking / Error

CheckingExtremely low-cost computer voice response

system. Anderson, James, art L3 6:2 Feb81

P36-43 *** Voice SynthesisFaster audio processing with a microprocessor*.

Dally, William, art L3 4:12 Duc79 pS4-76

*** Digital Audio / Sound Effects / Audio

Processing

DESIGN (CONTINUED)

Floppy disk tutorial. Rampil, Ira. art 2:12

0ec77 p24-45 *** Floppy Disk Drive /

Information Storage / IBMFriends, humans, and countryrobots: lend me your

ears (computer speech). Rice, D. Lloyd, art

1:12 Aug/6 pl6-24 *** Voice Synthesis /From the publisher (lack of plugs on the Altair

computer). Green, Wayne, col 1:3 Nov75 p5+*** Altair / StandardsGetting to know your monitor. Dalpiaz, Ron. art5:11 Nov80 p206-217 *** Video Display /

MaintenanceGive an ear to your computer (a speech

recognition primer). Georgiou, Bill, art 3:6Jun78 p56-91 *** Speech RecognitionGraphics text editor for music, part 1: structure

of the editor. Nelson, Randolph, art 5:4

Apr80 pl24-138 *** Text Editor / Music /

GraphicsHigh level language for 8 bit machines.

Williams/Con ley. art 3:7 Jul 78 pi52-161

*** Languages / Interpreter / CompilerHow to define an OS which does not need a wizard.Jones, James, col 4:4 Apr79 p245-246 ***

Operating SystemsIPS, an unorthodox high level language. Meinzer,

Karl, col L9 4:1 Jan79 pl46-159 ***

Languages / COSMACIntelligent memory block: adding processors to

enhance performance. Castleman, Kenneth, art

3:3 Mar78 pl86-192 *** MultiprocessingInterfacing with an analog world - part 2. Carr,

Joseph, art 2:6 Jun77 p54-59+ ***

Analog/Digital Circuit / Digital/Analog CircuitIntroduction to microprogramming. Cline, Ben.

art 4:4 Apr79 p210-217 *** Compu ter

InstructionIntroduction to multiprogramming. Dahmke, Mark.

art 4:9 Sep79 p20-32 *** Multi-user

Systems / MultiprogrammingLISP applications in Boolean logic.

Weyhrauch/Graves. art L9 4:8 Aug79

p206-211 *** LISP / Electronic CircuitsLinear circuit analysis. Anderson, Leonard, art3:10 0ct78 plOO-118 *** Electronic

CircuitsLowercase-to-uppercase converter. Degler, Roger,col L3 5:9 Sep80 p326-327 ***

Conversions / Lowercase ModificationM6809 is silicon. Ritter/Boney. col 4:5 May79

p30-31 *** 6809 / TestMake liquid-crystal displays work for you.

Ciarcia, Steve, col 5:10 0ct80 p24-38 ***

LCD DisplayMicrocomputer timesharing: a review of the

techniques,...further reading . Johnson,

Kenneth, art 4:4 Apr79 p224-234 ***

Timesharing / Multi-user SystemsMicrograph, part 1: ...an instruction set for a

raster-scan display. Booch, E. Grady, art L35:11 NovSO p64-82+ *** Color Graphics /

High Resolution Graphics / Video Display GeneratorMicroprocessor for the revolution: the 6809, part

1: design philosophy. Ritter/Boney. art L3

4:1 Jan79 pl4-42 *** Microprocessor / 6809Microprocessor for the revolution: the 6809, part

2: instruction set... Ritter/Boney. art 4:2

Feb79 p32-42 *** Microprocessor / 6809Microprocessor for the revolution: the 6809, part

3; final thoughts. Ritter/Boney. art 4:3

Mar79 p46-52 *** Microprocessor / 6809 /

ManufacturingModel of the brain for robot control, part 1:

defining notation. Albus, James, art 4:6

Jun79 plO-34 *** Robots / Artificial

IntelligenceModel of the brain for robot control, part 2: a

neurological model. Albus, James, art 4:7

Jul79 p54-95 *** Robots / Artificial

IntelligenceModel of the brain for robot control, part 3: a

comparison... Albus, James, art 4:3 Aug79

p66-80 *** Robots / Artificial IntelligenceModel of the brain for robot control, part 4:

mechanisms of choice. Albus, James, art 4:9

Sep79 pl30-148 *** Robots / Artificial

IntelligenceMore on inexpensive plotters. Carmichael,

Michael, col 2:10 0ct77 p58-59 ***

Plotting / PlotterMouse: a language for microcomputers. Grogono,

Peter, art L6 4:7 Jul79 pl98-220 ***

Languages / InterpreterMultiprocessing with Motorola's MC6809E. Scales,

Hunter, art L3 6:7 Jul81 pl36-156 ***

Multiprocessing / 6809Nature of robots, part 3: a closer look at human

behavior. Powers, William, art Ll 4:8

Aug79 p94-U6 *** Robots / Simulation /

North StarNature of robots, part 4: looking for controlled

variables. Powers, William, art Ll 4:9

Sep79 p96-112 *** Robots / Simulation /

North StarNewt: a mobile, cognitive robot. Hollls, Ralph.

art 2:6 Jun77 p30-45 *** RobotsNote on advances In technology (amorphous

semiconductors). Robinson, Paul, col 3:1

Jan78 pl65 *** MemoryNovel bar code reader, Farnel1/Seeds. art 3:10

0ct78 pl62-165 *** Bar Codes / PAPER8YTESOn building & light-seeking robot mechanism.

Allen/Rossettt. art 3:8 Aug78 p24-42 ***

Robots / Artificial IntelligenceOn impressing multiple condition. Fought, David.col 3:12 Dec78 pl76-178 *** Languages

DESIGN (CONTINUED)

Pattern-directed invocation langauges. Kornfeld,

Wi111am. art 4:8 Aug79 p34-48 ***

Languages / LISPPlot continues. Walter, Leslie, art 5:1 JanSO

pl38-144 *** PlotterPower-line protection circuit. Schneider, Neil.

art 5:3 MarSO pl26 *** Power SupplyProgramming the implementation. Crayne, Charles,art 1:8 Apr76 pl6-18 *** Computer

Instruction / SCELBIProtection circuits. Newswanger/Schafer. col

5:9 SepSO p96-98 *** Power Supply /Rationale of yet another homebrew system.

Helmers, Carl, col 4:9 Sep79 p6-9+ ***

6809 / Microcomputer System / HomebrewSearch for vector graphics. Gilberg, Mitchell.

col 4:3 Mar79 pl82 *** GraphicsSimple digital filter. Grappel, Robert, art L33:2 Feb78 pl68-171 *** Analog/Digital

CircuitSimplified theory of video graphics, part 1.

Watson, Allen, art 5:11 Nov80 pl30-139 ***Video Display / GraphicsSimplified theory of video graphics, part 2.

Watson, Allen, art 5:12 Dec80 p!42-156 ***Video Display / Color GraphicsSmalltalk-80 virtual machine. Krasner, Glenn.

art 6:8 Aug81 p300-320 *** Smalltalk /

Compiler / InterpreterSmart memory, part 1. Smith, Randy, art- 4:4

Apr79 p54-62 *** Memory / Information StorageSmart memory, part 2. Smith, Randy, art 4:5

May79 pl50-160 *** MemorySome musings on hardware design. Ellis, Clayton,art 4:9 Sep79 p62-69 *** Integrated

CircuitsSome plotting comments. Roberts, T.P. col 3:2

Feb73 pl72-175 *** Plotting / PlotterSpeech recognition for a personal computer

system. Boddie, James- art Ll 2:7 Jul77

p64-71 *** Speech RecognitionSpikes: pesky voltage transients and how to

minimize their effects. McCain, John, art

2:11 Nov77 p54-56 *** Power SupplyTTL loading considerations. Tomalesky, Greg.

art 2:2 Feb77 pl22-124 *** TTL GatesTV color graphics*. Lancaster, Don. art 1:6

Feb76 p62-69 *** Video Display / Color

GraphicsTick...Tick...Tick...Boooom (safety problems with

small TV sets). Jazembski, W.B. col 3:4

Apr78 pl54-155 *** Video DispUy / ?<wer

SupplyTimesharing: squeezing the most from your micro.

Linker, Sheldon, art 4:6 Jun79 p228-233

*** Timesharing / Multi-user SystemsToward a common pseudocode for expression of

programs. Wingerter, Richard, col 3:6 Jun78pl25-127 *** LanguagesUltra-low-cost network for personal computers.

Clements/Oaugherty. art 6:10 0ct81 p50-66

*** Networks / Multi-user Systems /

Programming DesignUsing finite state machines. Cortesi, David.

col 4:10 0ct79 p70-72 *** LanguagesWatts inside a power supply. Liming, Gary, art

2:1 Jan77 p42-48 *** Power Supply /

Computer InstructionWhat's in a video display terminal?. Walters,

Oon. art 1:7 Mar76 p78-79 *** Video

Display / TerminalWho's afraid of dynamic memories?. Hauck, Lane.

art 3:7 Jul78 p42-46+ *** Memory /

Computer Instruction / RAMZ-80 in parallel (parallel processing). Loewer,

Bob. art 3:7 Jul78 p60-63+ *** Z-80 /

Microcomputer System

6800Design of an M6B00 LISP interpreter. Taft, S.

Tucker, art L3 4:8 Aug79 pl32-152 ***

Interpreter / LISP / 6800How to multiply in a wet climate, part 1: use and

basis for a design. Bryant/Swasdee. art L3

3:4 Apr78 p28-35+ *** Mathematics / 6800 /

MicroprocessorTime-sharing/multi-user subsystem for

microprocessors. Kinzer, Don. art L3 5:6

JunSO pl22-134 *** Timesharing / Multi-user

Systems / 6800

APPLE IIComputer-aided drafting with Apple Pascal.Sokol, Dan. art L6 6:7 Jul81 p388-429 ***Electronic Circuits / Apple II / Pascal

CONTROL

Building control structures in the Smalltalk-80

system. Deutsch, L. Peter, art L9 6:8

AugSl p322-346 *** Smalltalk / Programming

Instruction / Control StructuresComputer-controlled light dimmer, part 1:

design*. Gibson, John, art L3 5:1 Jan80

056-72 *** ControlComputer-controlled wood stove. Ciarcia, Steve.

col 5:2 Feb80 p32-56 *** Energy / Control

/ HomeControlling the real world. Olson, Han\. art

3:3 Mar78 pl74-177 *** ControlInterfacing pneumatic player pianos, Helmers,

Carl, art 2:9 Sep77 pll2-120+ ***

Interface / Control / MusicMinifloppy Interface. Alfen, David, art 3:2

Feb73 pU4-12S *** Minidisk Drive /

Interface / Disk ControllersNature of robots., cart 1: defining behavior.

Powers. William, art Ll 4;6 Jun79 pl32-144*** Robots / Control / Artificial

Intelligence

390 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

LETTER PERFECT

ATARI 400/800

WORD PROCESSING

APPLE II & 11+

EASY TO USE — Letter Perfect is a single load easy to use program. It is a menu driven, character orientated processorwith the user in mind. FAST machine language operation, ability to send control codes within the body of the program,mnemonics that make sense, and a full printed page of buffer space for text editing are but a few features. Screen Formatallows you to preview printed text. Indented margins are allowed. Data Base Merge with DATA PERFECT by LJK, formletters, accounting files and mailing labels only with MAIL MERGE/UTILITY by LJK. FEATURES - Proportional/Incremental spacing * Right Justification * File Merging * Block movement * Headers * Footers * Print Multiple Copies *Auto Page Numbering * Scroll forward/backward * Search and Replaces * Full cursor control * Underlining * Boldface *Superscripts * Subscripts * Auto page numbering * Insert character/line * Delete character/line * Centering * Horizontaltabs/changeable * Multifunction format line (line spacing — left margin — page width — lines/page — change fonts — top/bot margin adjust) MUCH MORE! $149.95

ATARI VERSION 2.0 #2001

Compatible with Atari DOS. Uses proportional font, right justified with Atari 825'/Centronics* 737, 739 printers. UsesEPSON MX* Series * Graftrax/italicized font. Can mix type fonts on same page; mix boldface and enhanced font in sameline with justification. Can be used with 16K Atari/400.

"Compared to the price of many other word processors, this package is a steal. It does everything the advertisementclaims and more. On top of this the software is very easy to use." A.N.A.L.O.G. MAGAZINE

APPLE VERSION 5.0 #1001

DOS 3.3 compatible — Use 40 or 80 column interchangeably (Smarterm — ALS; Videoterm-Videx; Full View 80 — Bit 3Inc.; Vision 80 — Vista; Sup-R-Term — M&R Ent.) Reconfigurable at any time for different video, printer, or interface.USE HAYES MICROMODEM ll*LCA necessary if no 80 column board, need at least 24 K of memory. Files saved aseither Text or Binary. Shift key modification allowed. Data Base Merge compatible with DATA PERFECT* by LJK.

"For $150, Letter Perfect offers the type of software that can provide quality word processing on inexpensive micro-computer systems at a competitive price." INFOWORLD

DATA PERFECT

T.M. LJK

APPLE & ATARI

DATA BASE MANAGEMENT

$99.95

Complete Data Base System. User orientated for easy and fast operation. 100% Assembly language. Easy to use. You maycreate your own screen mask for your needs. Searches and Sorts allowed. Configurable to use with any of the 80 columnboards of Letter Perfect word processing, or use 40 column Apple video. Lower case supported in 40 column video.Utility enables user to convert standard files to Data Perfect format. Complete report generation capability. Much More!

T.M. LJK $29.95

APPLE & ATARI

EDIT 6502

This is a coresident — two pass ASSEMBLER, DIS-ASSEMBLER, TEXT EDITOR, and MACHINE LANGU-AGE MONITOR. Editing is both character and lineoriented. Disassemblies create editable source files withability to use predefined labels. Complete control with 41commands, 5 disassembly modes, 24 monitor commandsincluding step, trace, and read/write disk. Twenty pseudoopcodes, allows linked assemblies, software stacking(single and multiple page) plus complete printer control,i.e. paganation, titles and tab setting. User can movesource, object and symbol table anywhere in memory.Feel as if you never left the environment of BASIC. Useany of the 80 column boards as supported by LETTERPERFECT, Lower Case optional with LCG.

LJK DISK UTILITY APPLE $29.95

This menu driven program allows the user to manipulate avariety of different file types. Binary, Text, and Sourcefiles may be easily converted into each other. The pro-gram may be used with APPLESOFT*, VISCALC*, andother programs. These program files may be readilyadapted for multiple use including editing with LETTERPERFECT word processings.

MAIL MERGE/UTILITY

This menu driven program combined with LETTERPERFECT allows user to generate form letters and printmailing labels. With the Atari, you may CONVERTATARI DOS FILES, or Visicalc files compatible forediting with LETTER PERFECT. Utility creates DataBase files for Letter Perfect.

LOWER CASE CHARACTERGENERATOR

$34.95

•«r*fuvwxyz< I >~

9=;<«>?tA8CgEFGabcdcffhijklMo

Lower Case Character Generator for the Rev. 7, Apple IIor II+ computers. When installed, this Eprom will generatelower case characters to the video screen. Lower casecharacters set has two dot true descenders. Installationinstruction included. Manual includes listing of softwarefor full support and complete instructions for shift keymodification. Compatible with LETTER PERFECT.

LJK ENTERPRISES INC.P.O. Box 10827St. Louis, MO 63129(314) 846-6124

DEALER

INQUIRES

INVITED

•Trademarks of: Apple Computer — Atari Computer — Epson America — Hayes Microcomputers — PersonalSoftware — Videx — Bit 3 Inc. — M&R Ent. — Advanced Logic Systems — Vista Computers

Circle 223 on inquiry card.

DESIGN (CONTINUED)

Hon]inearities in illumination. Terry,

Christopher, col 6:2 FebBl p188-191 ***

ControlSingle chip video controller. Haas, Bob. art

4:5 May79 p52-75 *** Video Controller /

Integrated Circuits / Hardware ReviewStepping motor primer, part 1; theory of

operation*. Giacomo, Paul, art 4:2 Feb79

p90-105 *** ControlStepping motor primer, part 2: interfacing and

other considerations. Giacomo, Paul. art 4:3Mar79 pl42-149 *** Control / Interface

GAMESApproaching game program design. Stuck, H.L.

art 4:2 Feb?9 pl20-126 *** Games /

Programming InstructionCharacter variation in role-playing games.

Freeman, Jon. art 5:12 Dec80 pl86-190 ***

Games / Strategy

HARDWARE CONSTRUCTIONAnother plotter to toy with, revisited: design

and construction details. Newcomb, Robert.

art L3 5:2 Feb80 p202-207 *** Plotter /

Hardware Construction / KIMBuilding a computer from scratch. Jones, Hilary,art 2:11 Nov77 p80-92 *** Hardware

Construction / Computer Instruction /

Microcomputer SystemComputer music: a design tutorial. Orlofsky,

Thomas, art L3 6:3 Mar81 p317-332 ***

Music / Hardware Construction / Z-80Designing a robot from nature, part 2:

constructing the eye. Filo, Andrew, art 4:3

Mar79 pll4-U3 *** Robots / Hardware

ConstructionImplementing an LSI frequency counter. Lynne,

Perry, art L3 2:11 Nov77 pl46-149 ***

Frequency Counter / Hardware ConstructionLEDs light up your logic. Gray, E.W. art 1:6

Feb76 p54-57 *** Hardware ConstructionModular construction, or why not do it yurself7.

Walters, Don. art 1:2 0ct75 p46-47 ***

Hardware ConstructionPhoto essay: physical hardware of a new computer

backplane. Helmers, Carl, art 4:7 Jul79

pl94-197 *** Hardware Construction /

Microcomputer SystemPhotographic notes'on prototype construction.

Helmers, Carl, art 1:4' Dec75 p94-96 ***

Hardware ConstructionRecording with current instead of voltage. Hein,

David, col 6:2 FebSl pl38-140 *** Tape

Cassette / Hardware ConstructionSwitching power supplies: an introduction.

Ciarda, Steve, col 6:11 Nov81 p36-45 ***

Power Supply / Hardware Construction

HARDWARE REVIEW

Single chip video controller. Haas, Sob. art4:5 May79 p52-75 *** Video Controller /Integrated Circuits / Hardware Review

INTERFACE

Designing multichannel analog interfaces. Kraul,

Douglas, art L3 2:6 Jun77 pl8-23 ***

Interface / Analog/Digital CircuitHow to get your Tarbell going {cassette

interface)*- Welnsteln, Larry, art L3 3:7

Jul78 pl62-171 *** Tape Cassette / InterfaceInterfacing pneumatic player pianos. Helmers,

Carl, art 2:9 Sep77 pll2-120+ ***

Interface / Control / MusicInterfacing with an analog world - part 1. Carr,

Joseph, art 2:5 May77 p56-60 ***

Interface / Analog/Digital CircuitMinifloppy interface. Allen, David, art 3:2

Feb78 plU-125 *** Minidisk Drive /

Interface / Disk ControllersStepping motor primer, part 2: interfacing and

other considerations. Giacomo, Paul, art 4:3

Mar79 pl42-149 *** Control / InterfaceWaterloo RF modulator. Banks, Walter, art 3:1

Jan78 p94 *** Video Display / Interface

MATHEMATICSClockless multiplication and division circuits.

Weed, Mike, art 3:12 Dec78 pl28-136 ***

Mathematics / MicroprocessorHow to multiply in a wet climate, part 1: use and

basis for a design. Bryant/Swasdee. art L3

3:4 Apr78 p28-35+ *** Mathematics / 6800 /

MicroprocessorNumerical methods in data analysis. Nguyen,

Toan. art L4 6:5 May81 p435-446 ***

Mathematics / FORTRANSome musings on Boolean algebra*.

Bunce/Schwartz. art 3:2 Feb78 p25-29 ***

Mathematics / TTL GatesThis circuit multiplies. Hall, Tom. art 2:7

Jul77 p36-39 *** Computer Instruction /

Mathematics

PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTIONAdd macro expansion to your microcomputer, part

2. Brown, David, art 5:11 Nov80 p361-371

*** Assembler / Programming InstructionApproaching game program design. Stuck, H.L.

art 4:2 Feb79 pl20-126 *** Games /

Programming InstructionBuilding control structures in the Smalltalk-80

system. Deutsch, L. Peter, art L9 6:8

Aug81 p322-346 *** Smalltalk / Programming

Instruction / Control StructuresSmalltalk-80 system. Xerox Learning Group, art

6:8 Aug81 p36-48 *** Smalltalk /

Programming Instruction

DESIGN (CONTINUED)

Structured programming with Warnier-Orr diagrams,

part 1: design. Higyins, David, art 2:12

Dec77 pHM-110 *** Structured Programming /

Programming InstructionWhat's inside Radio Shack's color computer?*.

Ahrens/et al. art 6:3 MarUl P90-130 ***

TRS-80 Color / 68U9 / Programming InstructionDIGITAL AUDIO

Audio processing with a microprocessor. O'Haver,

Tom. art L3 3:6 Jun78 pl66-173 *** Sound

Effects / 6502 / Audio ProcessingDigital cassette subsystem: part 1, digital

recording background Rampi 1/BreimL-ir. art

2:2 Feb77 p24-31 *** Tape CassetteDigital cassette subsystem: part 2, digital data

formats.... Rampi1/Breimeir. art 2:3 Mar77

p38-48 *** Tape Cassette / Information

Storage / DesignFaster audio processing with a microprocessor*.

Dally, William, art L3 4:12 Dec?9 p54-76

*** Design / Sound Effects / Audio ProcessingVoice for the Apple without extra hardware.

Payne, Robert, art L3 6:11 NovSl p499-501

*** Voice Synthesis / Apple IIDIGITAL/ANALOG CIRCUIT

A/D and D/A conversion - an inexpensive approach.Mikel, Roger, art 6:2 Feb81 p3L2-316 ***

Analog/Digital Circuit / Hardware ConstructionAdvanced real-time music synthesis techniques.

Chamberlin, Hal. art L3 5:4 AprBO p70-94+

*** Music / DesignControl the world! (or at least a few analog

points). Ciarcia, Steve, art Ll 2:9 Sep77

p30-43+ *** Control / Hardware ConstructionInterfacing with an analog world - part 2. Carr,

Joseph, art 2:6 Jun77 p54-59+ ***

Analog/Digital Circuit / DesignMicroprocessor based analog/digital conversion.

Frank, Roger, art L3 1:9 May76 p70-73 ***Control / Hardware ConstructionMusic making (square-wave music and

software-driven D/A synthesis), col 6:7

JulSl p84 *** Music / Apple IIPADDLES: interfacing with modular breadboards.

Combs/Field, art 6:4 Apr81 p348-357 ***

Analog/Digital Circuit / Interface / Hardware

ConstructionDISASSEMBLER

6800 disassembler. Lentz, Bob. art L3 4:5

May79 pl04-108 *** 6800 / SWTPCDEMONS: a symbolic debugging monitor. Halsema,

A.I. art L3 6:5 May81 p326-35B ***

Debugging / Monitor / 6800Mini-disassembler for the 2650. Teja/Gonnella.

art L3 4:5 May79 p233-237 *** 2650DISK CONTROLLERS

Build the Disk-80: memory expansion and

floppy-disk control (TRS-80). Ciarcia, Steve.

col 6:3 Mar81 p36-52 *** Hardware

Construction / Minidisk Drive / TRS-80 Model IFloppy disk interface*. Allen, David, art L3

3:1 Jan78 p58-76 *** Floppy Disk Drive /

Interface / 6800Improve TRS-80 disk operation: add an external

data separator. Kline, Ken, col 6:5 May81

pl02-104 *** TRS-80 Model I / Hardware

Modification / Minidisk DriveInterface a floppy-disk drive to an 8080A-based

computer. Hoeppner, John, art L3 5:5 May80p72-102 *** Interface / 8080 / Minidisk

DriveMinifloppy interface. Allen, David, art 3:2

Feb78 plH-125 *** Minidisk Drive /

Interface / DesignPercom's Doubler. Kelly, Mahlon. hr 6:7 Jul81p344-352 *** Hardware Review / TRS-80 Model

I / Minidisk DriveRelocatable bootstrap for the Tarbell disk

controller. Smith, Hector, col L3 6:4

Apr81 pl48 *** Operating SystemsDISKETTES

Magnetic recording for computers. Manly,

William, art 1:7 Mar76 pl8-28 ***

Information Storage / Tape Cassette /

DefinitionsDOCUMENTATION

Beach ball software (documentation and

applications). Helmers, Carl, col 1:5 Jan76p9-10 ***Bits and bytes in Pascal: and other binary

wonders. Casseres, David, art 16 6:10

OctSl p448-457 *** Pascal / Programming

Instruction / Apple 11Concerning user's manuals. Coburn, H. Edgar.

col 4:6 Jun79 pl90-192 ***Introduction to BNF (Backus Normal Form).

Maurer, W.D. art 4:1 Jan79 pll6-125 ***

LanguagesProgramming entomology (debugging programs).

McGath, Gary, art 3:2 Feb78 p!62-166 ***

Debugging / Programming InstructionWhat is good documentation?. Howard, Jim. art

6:3 Mar81 pl32-150 *** WritingEAR0M

Add nonvolatile memory to your computer.

Ciarcia, Steve, col 4:12 Dec79 p36-53 ***

Memory / Hardware ConstructionEDUCATION

Books as an antidote to the CAI blues, or take a

publisher to lunch. Owyer, Tom. col 5:7

Jul80 p74-84 *** Computer Assisted

Instruction / Publishing / Software PublishingCapital of New Mexico is Santa Fe. White,

Loring. col Ll 3:3 Mar78 pl70-171 ***

Altair / Social ScienceComputer illiteracy - a national crisis and a

solution for It. Luehrmann, Arthur, col 5:7

JulSO p98-102 *** Computer Literacy

EDUCATION (CONTINUED)

Computers in learning environments: an imperative

for the 1980s. Braun, Ludwig. col 5:7 JulSOp6-10+ *** Computer Assisted Instruction /

Sib 1 iographyConstellation I: an astronomy program. Berenbon,

Howard, cot Ll 6:3 Mar81 p333-335 ***

Astronomy / TRS-80 Model I / SWTPCCourseware magazine. Holden, Elaine, sr 6:11

NovSl pl66-172 *** Software Review /

Pub I ishingExplore an 8080 with Educator-8080*. Howerton,

Charles, art L3 1:11 Jul 76 p2?-29 ***

Computer Instruction / 3080 / Programing

InstructionHigh school computer system. Lett, Christopher.

art 1:10 Jun76 p28-30 *** Altair /

Secondary EducationHydrocarbon molecule constructor. Matthews,

Randall, art Ll 5:3 MarSO pl56-166 ***

Science / Apple 11LISP based systems for education. Laubsch/et al.

art 4:8 Aug79 plB-24 *** LISP / LogoMicrocomputers in education: a concept-oriented

approach. Wolfe, George, col 6:6 JunBl

pl46-160 *** Computer Assisted Instruction /

Art i f i c i a 1 Intel 1igenceMicroprocessor course. Fohl, Mark, art 2:3

Aug77 p26-23+ *** Microprocessor / Computer

Instruction / Higher EducationMulti-micro learning environments (Solo/NET/works

Project). Dwyer, Thomas, col 6:1 JanSl

pl04-116 *** Multi-user Systems / Games /

SimulationMultiple-machine loader for classroom computers.

Hallgren, Richard, col 5:10 0ct80 p90-94

*** Interface / Multi-user SystemsNew cultures from new technologies. Papert,

Seymour, col 5:9 SepSO p230-240 ***

Future / Computers and Society / ChildrenPersonal computer - last chance for CAI.

Frenzel, Lou. col 5:7 JulSO p86-96 ***

Computer Assisted Instruction / DefinitionsTeaching with a microcomputer. Gerhold, George.

art 3:12 Dec78 pl24-126 *** Computer

Assisted Instruction / Higher EducationTutorial training computer. Winkel, David, col

2:1 Jan77 p76-77 *** Computer Instruction /

Hardware ConstructionmuSIMP/muMATH-79 symbolic math system. Williams,

Gregg, sr 5:11 NovSO p324-338 ***

Software Review / Mathematics / Utility ProgramELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

Computer-aided drafting with Apple Pascal.

Sokol. Dan. art L6 6:7 Jul81 P38B-429 ***Design / Apple II / PascalDesigning with double sided printed circuit

boards. Larrikins, David, art 4:3 Mar79

p94-102 *** DesignDigital circuit simulation, Felklns, S. Leon.

col L2 4:4 Apr79 pl72-174 *** Simulation

/ Calculator /Double sided notes (on double sided printed

circuit boards). Titus, Jonathan, col 4:6

Jun79 pl93 *** DesignLISP applications in Boolean logic.

Weyhrauch/Graves. art L9 4:8 Aug79

p206-211 **+ LISP / DesignLinear circuit analysis. Anderson, Leonard, art

3:10 Oct78 pl00-118 *** DesignMake your own printed circuits. Hogenson, James.. art 1:11 Jul76 p58-63 *** Hardware

Construction / ManufacturingWhat's an I^L (I squared L)?. Steeden, Terry.

art 1:12 Aug76 p84-86 *** TTL GatesELECTRONIC MAIL

Grass roots electronic post office. Helmers,

Carl, col 5:6 JunBO p6-10 ***Interpersonalized media: what's news?. Levin,

James, art 5:6 Jun80 p214-228 ***

Electronic News / NetworksPersonal computer network (transfer of messages

and files), col 2:9 Sep77 p59-61 ***

NetworksELECTRONIC NEWS

Interpersonalized media: what's news?. Levin,

James, art 5:6 Jun80 p214-228 ***

Electronic Mail / NetworksELEMENTARY EDUCATION

Simple math lessons (math test). Lloyd, Robert.

col Ll 2:11 Nov77 p60 *** Mathematics /

Tiny BASICWhat makes computer games fun?. Malone, Thomas.

art 6:12 Dec81 p258-277 *** Games /

Software ReviewENERGY

Analyze your car's gas economy with your

computer. Bauernschub, John, art Ll 2:10

0ct77 pl66-167 *** Automobile / SWTPCComputer simulation of a solar-energy system.

Doan, Daniel, art Ll 6:7 JulSl pl58-172

*** SimulationComputer-controlled wood stove. Ciarcia, Steve.

col 5:2 FebSO p32-5o *** Control / Home /

DesignEnergy conservation with a microcomputer.

Jackson/Callahan, art Ll 6:7 JulSl

pl78-208 *** Home / PETEnergy measurement with the Apple II. Murray,

William, col Ll 6:7 JulSl p294-299 ***

Analog/Digital Circuit / Apple IIEnergy-saving cost/benefit analysis.

Hetherington, R. col Ll 6:2 Feb81 p266-270*** HomeEvaluate your home's energy efficiency: conserve

energy with your.... Beasley, Kimball, art

Ll 6:10 OctSl p250-260 *** Home / TRS-80

Model I

392 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

A

ATARI

Computersfor people;

800„$749

410 Recorder $59.00

810 Disc Drive $444.00

822 Prmler $359.00

825 Prinler $629.00

830 Modem $159.00

820 Prinler $269.00

850 Interlace $159.00

New DOS 2 System $21.00

CX70 Light Pen $64.00

CX30 Paddle $18.00

CX40 Joy Stick $18.00

CX853 16K RAM $89.00

Microtek 16K RAM $75.00

Microtek 32K RAM $169.00

400,„$329

ATARI SOFTWARE

CX404 Word Processor $119 00

CX404 PILOT $68.00

CX413 Microsoft Basic $68 00

CX4101 Invitation To Programing I $17 00

CX4102 Kingdom $1300

CX4103Slalistics $17.00

CX4104 Miahng List $17 00

CX4105 Blackiack $13 00

CX4106 Invitation to Programing 2 $20.00

CX4107 Biorylhm $13.00

CX4108 Hangman $13 00

CX4 109 Graph II $17.00

CX4110 Touch Typing $20.00

CX4111 SPACE INVADERS $17 00

CX4112 Slates & Capitals $13 00

CX4114 European Countries & Capitals $13.00

CX4115 Mortgage & Loan Analysis $13 00

CX4116 Personal Fitness Program $59 00

CX4117 Invitation To Programing 3 $20 00

CX4118-20 Conversalional Languages (ea.) $45.00

CX4121 Energy Czar $13.00

CXL4001 Educational Master $21.00

CX6001 17 Talk & Teach Series (ea.) $23 00

CX8106 Bond Analysis $20.00

CX8107 Slock Analysis $20.00

CX8101 Slock Charting $20 00

CXL4002 Basic Computing Language $46.00

CXL4003 Assembler Editor $46 00

CXL4004 Basketball $24.00

CXL4005 Video Easel $24.00

CXL4006 Super Breakout $30.00

CXL4007 Music Composer $45.00

CXL4009 Chess $30.00

CXL4010 3D Tic-Tac-Toe $24.00

CLS4011 STAR RAIDERS $39,00

CXL4012 MISSLE COMMAND $32.00

CXL4013 ASTEROIDS $32.00

CXL4015 TeleLink $20.00

Visicalc $149 00

Lelter Perlecl IWord Processor) $109.00

Source $89.00

(scommodore

CBM8032$1149

4016 $799.00

4032 $999.99

8096 $1795.00

CBM4022 Prinler $629.00

Tally 8024 $1699.00

CBM C2N Cassette Drive $69.00

CBM4040 Dual Disk Drive $1039.00

CBM8050 Dual Disk Drive $1349.00

SOFTWARE

WordPro3 Plus $229.00

WordPro4 Plus $329 00

Commodore Tax Package $399.00

Visicalc $149.00

BPI General Ledger $329.00

OZZ Information System $329.00

Dow Jones Portfolio $129.00

Pascal $239.00

Legal Time Accounting $449.00

Word Cralt 80 $289.00

Create-A-Base $249.00

Power $89.00

Sockel-2-Me $20.00

Jinsam , $Call

MAGIC S Call

VIC 20 $259

Vic-TV Modual $19.00

Vic Cassette $69 00

Vic 6 Pack Program $44.00

VIC1530 Commodore Datassetle $69.00

VIC1540 Disk Drive $499.00

VIC1515 VIC Graphic Prinler $399.00

VIC1210 3K Memory Expander $32.00

VIC1110 8K Memory Expander $53.00

VIC1011 RS232C Terminal Interface $43.00

VIC1112 VIC IEEE-488 Interlace $86.00

VIC1211 VIC 20 Super Expander $53.00

VIC1212 Programmers Aid Cartridge $45.00

VIC1213VICMON Machine Language Monitor . $45.00

VIC1901 VIC AVENGERS $23.00

VIC1904 SUPERSLOT $23.00

VIC1906 SUPER ALIEN $19.00

VIC1907 SUPER LANDER $23.00

VIC1908 DRAW POKER $23.00

VIC1909 MIDNIGHT DRIVE $23.00

VT106A Recreation Pack A $44.00

VT107A Home Calculation Pack A $44 00

VT164 Programmable Character/Gramegraphics .. $12.OoVT232 VICTerm I Terminal Emulator $9.00

HEWLETTPACKARD

HP*85$2595

NEW! HP-125 $3295.00

HP'83 $1795.00

HP"85 16K Memory Module $249.00

5% " Dual Master Disc Drive $2129.00

Graphics Plotter (7225B) $2079.00

Call for HP Software Prices 8. Information.

^

Texas Instruments

TI-99/4 $399

PHC 004 TI-99/4 Home Computer $399.00

PHP 1600 Telephone Coupler $169.00

PHP 1700 RS-232 Accessories Interface $169.00

PHP 1800 Disk Drive Controller $239.00

PHP 1850 Disk Memory Drive $389.00

PHP 2200 Memory Expansion I32K RAM) . . $239.00

PHA 2100 R.F. Modulator $43.00

PHP 1100 Wired Remote Controllers(Pair) $31.00

PHM 3006 Home Financial Decisions $26.00

PHM 3013 Personal Record Keeping $43.00

PHD 5001 Mailing List $60.00

PHD 5021 Checkbook Manager $18.00

PHM 3008 Video Chess $60.00

PHM 3010 Physical Filness $26.00

PHM 3009 Football $26.00

PHM 3018 Video Games I $26.00

PHM 3024 Indoor Soccer $26.00

PHM 3025 Mind Challengers $22.00

PHM 3031 The Attack $35.00

PHM 3032 Blasto $22.00

PHM 3033 Blackjack and Poker $22.00

PHM 3034 Hustle $22.00

PHM.3036 Zero Zap $18.00

PHM 3037 Hangman $18.00

PHM 3038 Connect Four $18 00

PHM 3039 Yahtzee $22.00

PHM 3017 Terminal Emulator I $39.00

PHM 3026 Extended Basic $88.00

PHM 3035 Terminal Emulator II $45.00

DISCS

Sycom Blank Disk (10) $29.00

Maxell MD I $36.00

Maxell MD II (10) $46.00

PRINTERS

Epson MX 70Epson MX-80Epson MX-80 FTDiablo 630

TEC 1500 Slarwriter 25cps $1495.00

TEC 1500 Starwriter 45cps $1795 00

Call for Prices

No Risk, No Deposit On Phone Orders, COD or Credit Card,Shipped Same Day You Call *

* on all in stock units tQf\f\\ O^O-QOCA

IN PA, CALL (717) 327-9575 [OvV/ ZvV~0#Jv

COMPUTER MAIL ORDER

501 E. THIRD ST., WILLIANISPORT, PA 17701

OVER 40 YEARS EXPERIENCEIN SOPHISITICATED ELECTRONICS

To Order:

Phone orders invited I80D number is far order deskonly) Or send check or money order and receivefree shipping Pennsylvania residents add 6%sales tax Add 3°o for Visa or M C Eguipmentis sub-iect to pnce change and availability withoutnotice Please call between 11 AM & 6 PM

Circle 88 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1981

393

ENERGY (CONTINUED)

Furnace watchdog. Wierenga, Theron. arl Ll

5:1 JanSO p74-90 *** Control / Home /

Hardware ConstructionGasuse (program to keep track of automobile

expenses). Firth, Mike, col Ll 5:2 FebSU

p82-34 *** AutomobileHarvesting the sun's energy. Mobus, George, artLl 6:7 JulSl p48-58 *** Simulation /

PDP-11Heating and cooling management system. Hall,

Tom. art. 6:2 FebSl p326-331 *** Control /

HomeInfamous traveling-salesman problem: a practical

approach. Parry/Pfeffer. art Ll 6:7 Jul81

p252-290 *** Mathematics / Puzzles / SWTPCKalman mileage predictor-monitor. Lobdill,

Jerry, art L2 6:7 JulSl p230-248 ***

Automobile / Calculator / MathematicsPower helps analyze electric bills. Wolfe,

Karen, art Ll 4:10 Oct79 p48-54 *** Home

/ North StarWhat time does the sun rise and set?. Barkstrom,

Bruce, art Ll 6:7 JulSl p94-114 ***

AstronomyEPROM

Build a low-cost EPROM eraser*. Goiter, L.B.

art 5:4 AprSO p234-238 *** Hardware

ConstructionBuild an intelligent EPROM programmer. Ciarcia,

Steve, col Ll 6:10 Octal p36-48 ***

Hardware Construction / Z8Build the "Coffee Can Special" EROM eraser.

Burbey, Lawrence, art 2:1 Jan77 p91 ***

Hardware ConstructionProgam those 2708s!. Glaser, Robert, art L3

5:4 Apr80 pl98-210 *** Hardware

Construction / Programming Instruction / 8080Program your next EROM in BASIC*. Ciarcia,Steve, col Ll 3:3 Mar78 p84-93 ***Hardware Construction / Programming InstructionProgramming in the dark (programming 2708s).

Sainio, Jeffrey, col 5:9 Sep80 p321 ***

Programming InstructionZapper: a computer driven EROM programmer*.

Gable, G.H. art L3 3:12 0ec78 pl00-106

*** Hardware Construction / ProgrammingInstructionERROR CHECKING

Error checking and correcting for your computer.

Walker, Gregory, art 5:5 May80 p250-276

*** Design / Hamming Codes / Parity CheckingHamming error correcting code. Wimble, Michael.

art 4:2 Feb79 pl80-182 *** Data

Transmission / Parity Checking / Hamming CodesHow to pick up a dropped bit. Maurer, W.

Doug las. art 2:7 Ju177 p72-76 *** Data

Transmission / Tape Cassette / Parity CheckingETHERNET

Local-area networks: possibilities for personal

computers. Saal, Harry, art 6:10 0ct81

P92-112 *** Networks / Multi-user Systems /

StandardsXerox Alto computer. Wadlow, Thomas, art 6:9

Sep81 p58-68 *** Microcomputer System /

Networks / Xerox AltoETHICS

Intellectual ethics and software: an inquiry into

the nature of ideas... . Helmers, Carl, col

6:9 Sep80 p6-10 *** Higher Education /

BusinessFANTASY

Creating a fantasy world on the 8080. Nicholson,

Robert, art 5:7 Jul80 p210-214 *** Games

/ 8080Zork and the future of computerized fantasy

simulations. Lebling, P. David, art 5:12

DecSO pl72-182 *** Games / Simulation /

Programming InstructionFEDERAL GOVERNMENT

Computers and amateur radio. Gipe, Michael, art

1:3 Nov75 p42-45 *** Ham RadioFCC regulation of personal and home-computing

devices: new rules Mann, Terry, art 5:9

Sep80 pl80-190 *** Radio-frequency

InterferenceIRS and the computer entrepreneur. Hughes,

Elizabeth, art 3:1 Jan78 p27-35+ ***

Taxes / BusinessFIBER-OPTICS

Communicate on a light beam*. Ciarcia, Steve.

col 4:5 May79 p32-49 *** Data Transmission

/ Hardware ConstructionSignal processing for optical bar code scanning.

Merkowitz, Frederick, art 1:16 Dec76 p77-84*** Bar Codes / Hardware ConstructionFICTION

Computers of Star Trek. Schmucker/Tarr. art

2:12 Dec77 pl2-14+ *** FutureGOTOlocks and the three sorts. Hadley, Gwen.

art 4:1 Jan79 pl74-175 ***How I was born 300 years ahead of my time.

Helmers, Carl, col 2:4 Apr77 p6+ ***

FutureJack and the machine talk (or, the making of an

assembler). Grappel/Hemenway. art 1:12

Aug76 p52-63 ***LISP vs FORTRAN: a fantasy. Rocheleau/Clay. col

6:6 Jun81 p30-34 *** LanguagesMother chip. Willard, Lawrence, art 3:12

Dec78 pl86-191 ***Panasonic and Quasar hand-held computers.

Wi11iams/Meyer. hr 6:1 Jan81 p34-45 ***

Hardware Review / Hand-held ComputerScience fiction's intelligent computers. Byrd,

Donald, art 6:9 Sep81 p200-214 ***

Artificial Intelligence

FICTION (CONTINUED)

Why aren't there any Altairs on Arcturus II?.

Melton, Henry, art 2:4 Apr77 p94-97 ***

FutureFINANCIAL ANALYSIS

F inane ia 1 analysis program*. Lehman, John, art

Ll b:2 Feb80 pl92-201 *** Financial

Statements / AccountingFINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Financial analysis program*. Lehman, John, art

Ll 5:2 Feb80 pl92-201 *** Accounting /

Financial AnalysisFLOPPY DISK DRIVE

BASIC floppy-disk accounting system. Roehrig,

Joseph, art Ll 5:9 Sep80 p328-335 ***

Accounting / Business / North StarBuild a super simple floppy-disk interface, part

1*. Nicholson/Camp, art 6:5 May81 p360-376*** Interface / Hardware Construction /

BibliographyBuild a super simple floppy-disk interface, part

2: software- Nicholson/Camp, art L3 6:6

Jun81 p302-340 *** Interface / Operating

Systems / 6502Build this economy floppy disk interface.

Welles, Kenneth, art L3 2:2 Feb77 p34-43

*** Interface / Hardware ConstructionComparing floppy-disk drives by software

simulation. Nendza, Dennis, art Ll 5:5

May80 pl30-140 *** Minidisk Drive / Test /

Hardware ReviewDr Welles' economy floppy disk drivers: machine

readable object code. Welles, Kenneth, art

L2 2:7 Jul 77 pl56-157 *** Programming

Instruction / Bar CodesFloppy disk interface*. Allen, David, art L3

3:1 Jan78 p58-76 *** Interface / 6800 /

Disk ControllersFloppy disk tutorial. Rampil, Ira. art 2:12

Dec77 p24-45 *** Design / Information

Storage / IBMIBM compatible disk drives. Harman, Jefferson.

art 4:10 0ct79 plOO-106 *** IBM / StandardsInterfacing the Sykes OEM floppy disk kit to a

personal computer (SWTPC) . Hughes, Phil, artL3 3:3 Mar78 pl78-184 *** Interface /

Hardware Construction / SWTPCOmikron TRS-80 boards, NEWD0S+, and sundry other

matters. Pournelle, Jerry, col 5:7 Ju180

pl98-208 *** TRS-80 Model I / Operating

SystemsPartitioned data sets. Halsema, A.I. art 3:12

Dec78 pl68-173 *** Information Storage /

Programming Instruction / Data StructuresPicking up the pieces {rebuilding a bit map of

used sectors on a disk). 8aker, Alfred, art

L3 4:10 0ct79 p76-86 *** Minidisk Drive /

Utility ProgramSoftware for the economy floppy disk. Welles,

Kenneth, art L3 2:6 Jun77 p88-97 ***

Programming Instruction / Input/Output / 8080Types and uses of direct access storage. Hill,

Curt, art 2:1 Jan77 p60-65 *** Hard Disk

Drive / Information Storage / Data StructuresUnderstanding ISAM. Gates, Reginald, art 5:6

JunSO plOS-lia *** Information Storage /

Programming Instruction / Data StructuresFLOWCHART

Structured programming and structured flowcharts.Williams, Gregg, art Ll 6:3 Mar81 p20-34

*** Structured Programming / TRS-80 Model IFLYING

Calculator airborne navigation*. Kuhns, L.J.

col L2 4:11 Nov79 p245~246 *** Calculator

/ NavigationComputer assisted flight planning. Purdin,

Titus, col 4:3 Mar79 p206-211 ***Headwind progress made (response to "Computer

assisted flight planning") . Fien*3, Bruce.

col 4:7 Jul79 p225 ***FOOD

Computerized wine cellar*. Jolliffe, Rodney.

col 4:2 Feb79 pl28-130 *** SOLFOREIGN COMPETITION

Japanese computer invasion. Miastkowski, Stan.

art 6:8 Aug81 p200-220 *** Marketing /

ManufacturingOdds and beginnings (artificial intelligence,

shows, Japanese market). Morgan, Chris, col

6:9 Sep81 p6-10 *** Artificial Intelligence

/ ShowsFOREIGN LANGUAGE

French-English / English-French Dictionary.

Levit, Fred, col Ll 5:1 JanSO p206-208 ***FORTH

BREAKF0RTH into FORTH. Miller/Miller, art L7

5:8 Aug80 pl50-163 *** Games / TRS-80 Model

I / Programming InstructionCoding sheet for FORTH. Bumgarner, John, col

L7 6:3 Mar81 pl55-162 *** Programing AidsDatahandler from Miller Microcomputer Services.

Richardson, Aliyn. sr 6:11 Nov81 pl38-150

*** Software Review / Data Base Management /

TRS-80 Model IEvolution of FORTH, an unusual language. Moore,

Charles, art L7 5:8 Aug80 p76-92 ***

Languages / HistoryFORTH extensibility or how to write a compiler in

25 words or less. Harris, Kim. art L7 5:8

Aug80 pl64-184 *** Compiler / Programming

InstructionFORTH glossary. Williams, Gregg, art 5:8

AugSO pl86-196 *** DefinitionsFORTH standards team. Ragsdale, William, art

5:10 OctSO p274-277 *** Standards /

DefinitionsKNIGHT: a knight's tour problem in MMSF0RTH*.

Frei, Ulrich. col L7 6:2 Feb81 p325 ***

Puzzles / TRS-80 Model I / Chess

FORTH (CONTINUED)

PS - a FORTH-like threaded language, part I.Motalygo, Valo. art 6:10 Octal p462-466*** Languages / Threaded CodesPS - a FORTH-like threaded language, part 2.Motalygo, Valo. art 5:11 Nov81 p400-403*** Languages / Threaded CodesSelected FORTH vendors, col 5:3 Aug80 p98

*** Software ReviewStacking strings in FORTH. Cassady, John, artL7 6:2 Feb31 pl52-162 *** ProgrammingInstructionThreads of a FORTH tapestry. Williams, Gregg,col 5:8 AugSO p6-10+ *** Threaded CodesWhat is FORTH?: a tutorial introduction*. James,John, art L7 5:8 Aug80 plOO-126 ***Programming Instruction / QibliographyFORTRAN

FORTRAN and its generalizations- Maurer, W.Douglas, art 3:12 Dec78 pl94-200 ***Programming InstructionFloating point arithmetic*. Hashizume, Burt.art 2:11 Nov77 p76-78+ *** Mathematics /Computer InstructionNumerical methods in data analysis. Nguyen,Toan. art L4 6:5 May31 p435-446 ***Mathematics / DesignPascal versus BASIC: round 2 includes FORTRAN.Andrews, Lawrence, col L4 4:4 Apr79 p239*** Languages / Pascal / BASICRadio Shack FORTRAN package. Daneliuk, Titn. srL4 6:10 0ct81 p385-390 *** Software Review/ TRS-80 Model IFOURIER TRANSFORMS

Approximation makes a magnitude of difference.Leedom, Bob. col 4:6 Jun79 pl88-189 ***MathematicsBeginner's guide to spectral analysis, part 1:tiny timesharing music. Zimmermann, Mark, artLl 6:2 Feb81 p68-90 *** Music / PET /MathematicsBeginner's guide to spectral analysis, part 2.Zimmermann, Mark, art L3 6:3 Mar81pl66-198 *** PET / Image Processing /HolographyFast Fourier comes back (correction for "FastFourier for the 6800"). Roxburgh, Alastair.col L3 6:5 May81 p458-461 *** 8080 / 6800/ BYTE CorrectionsFast Fourier for the 6800. Lord, Richard, artL3 4:2 Feb79 pl08-119 *** 6800 /MathematicsFast Fourier transforms on your home computer*.Stanley/Peterson, art Ll 3:12 Dec78 pl4-25*** MathematicsFrequency analysis of data using a microcomputer.Ruckdeshel, F.R. art Ll 4:12 Dec79 plO-35*** Mathematics / North Star / FrequencyAnalysisNumerical analysis for the TRS-80 pocketcomputer. Salem, Mike, col Ll 6:1 Jan81pl82-184 *** Mathematics / Hand-held Computer/ TRS-80 Pocket ComputerOn the use of Fourier Transforms to explorebiological rhythms. Owens, A.J. col Ll 6:4Apr81 p314-326 *** Biorhythm / AIMWalsh functions: a digital Fourier series.Jacoby, Benjamin, art 2:9 Sep77 pl90-198*** MathematicsFREQUENCY ANALYSIS

Frequency analysis of data using a microcomputer.Ruckdeshel, F.R. art Ll 4:12 Dec79 plO-35*** Fourier Transforms / Mathematics / NorthStarFREQUENCY COUNTER

Implementing an LSI frequency counter. Lynne,Perry, art L3 2:11 Nov77 pl46-149 ***Design / Hardware ConstructionTurn your COSMAC VIP into a frequency counter.Modla, Andrew, art L3 6:2 FebSl p318-323*** COSMAC / Utility ProgramFURNITURE

Home for your computer. Dawes, Joseph, art 4:6Jun79 p70-72 ***FUTURE

Catalog of liberating home computer concepts.

Lau, Ted. art 2:5 May77 pl7-24+ *** HomeComputers of Star Trek. Schmucker/Tarr. art

2:12 Dec77 pl2-14+ *** FictionExcerpts from future history. Burgeson, John.art 1:14 0ct76 pU6-117 *** PredictionsFuture of computer graphics. Brown/Levine. art5:11 Nov80 p22-28 *** Graphics / ColorGraphics / Three-Dimensional GraphicsFuture trends in personal computing. Morgan,Chris, col 6:4 Apr81 p6-10 *** VideoDisplay I Minidisk Drive / Osborne IHow I was born 300 years ahead of my time.Helmers, Carl, col 2:4 Apr77 p6+ ***FictionNew cultures from new technologies. Papert,Seymour, col 5:9 Sep80 p230-240 ***Education / Computers and Society / Children

Predictions, predictions Libes, Sol. col

6:1 Jan81 p204 *** PredictionsShadow, Buck Rogers, and the home computer (homeapplications). Gardner, Richard, art 1:2Oct75 p58-60 *** Home / Control /PredictionsWhy aren't there any Altairs on Arcturus II?.Melton, Henry, art 2:4 Apr77 p94-97 ***FictionGAMES

APL makes life easy (and vice versa). Evans,Selby. col L9 5:10 0ct80 pl92-193 ***APL / LifeAnimated slot machine in color. Hoffer, W.C.col Ll 5:4 Apr80 p60-65 *** Co lorGraphics / Compucolor

394 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 372 on inquiry card.

Small, Dark andHandsome

rhino xm

HIGH-TECH ROBOT ■ FOR EDUCATION, RESEARCH & INDUSTRY

The Rhino* XR-1 high tech robot,

though small in size, is built with thesame operating technology as largeindustrial robots. And it features anRS232C interface (using 3 wires)making it compatible with theprogramming capabilities of anycomputer from the small PET®,Apple II®, or TRS-SO® to the bigIBM's. The Rhino® XR-1 is availablefor immediate delivery. Write formore information on your companyletterhead to the address below.

Features:

• Digital Choppers on All Axes

• Powerful DC Servo Gear Motors

• Controller Card with Intel 8748 CPU

• Eight Motor Control Capability(Rhino* XR-1 has 6 motors)

• Operators Manual and Tool Kit

• Rigid %" Aluminum Space FrameConstruction

• "Built-in" Functional Self-TestProgram

Options:

• Custom Hand

• Computer Controlled Carousel,Conveyor, or Lateral Slide Base

Specs:

• Reach: 22.5" Maximum, 32" High

• Grasp: 2 lbs.—open 3"

• Lift: 2 lbs. at extension

Price:

$2,400.00 (F.O.B. Champaign, IL,Delivered via UPS in Continental USA)Illinois residents add 5% sales tax

Includes everything you need to runyour Rhino® XR-1 (Except yourcomputer)

Me reserve the right to alter price andspecifications without notice.

Sandhu Machine Design,308 S. State, Champaign,(217)352-8485

Inc. Sales Dept.IL. 61820

'Apple and Apple II are registered trademarks of Apple Computer Inc." TRS-80 is a registered trademark of Tandy Corporation.'PET Is a registered trademark of Commodore Corporation.

GAMES (CONTINUED)

BASIC game: GOBANG (large Tic-Tac-Toe game).Allwork, John, col Ll 4:11 Nov79 p56-62*** SWTPC / StrategyBYTE game contest, col 6:12 0ec81 p302-303

*** ContestsSinary guessing game: calculator patternrecognition. Zimmermann/Ulodgett. art L24;4 Apr79 p236-237 *** Calculator /Black friday (PDP-10 stock market game in BASIC).Baker, Robert, art Ll 2:1 Jan77 p56-58*** Stock MarketCommander in chief: a game for the TI-58programmable calculator. Kollar, Larry, colL2 3:12 Dec78 pl92-193 *** Calculator /Oarth Vader's force battle for the TI-59.Jackson, Clete. col L2 5:10 OctSO p50-54*** CalculatorDiddle (Altair 8800 game to stop a pattern ofmoving lights). Skoglund, Stan, art L3 2:12Dec77 pl68-169 *** AltairDigits (TI SR-52 game). Snyder, Hal. co! L2

4:5 May79 pl82-183 *** Calculator /Fifteen: a game of strategy (or Tic-Tac-Toerevisited)*. Rheinstein, John, art Ll 5:6Jun80 p230-234 *** StrategyFlights of fancy with the Enterprise {Star Trekgame). Price, David, art Ll 2:3 Mar77nl06-113 *** Altair / StrategyGreat race and micro disk files: horse racesimulations. Roehrig, Joseph, art Ll 5:4Apr80 pl42-177 *** Horse Racing / Simulation/ North StarHere's APL in action (lunar lander program).Keefe, David, art L9 2:3 Aug77 p44-47 ***APL / StrategyHunt the wumpus with your HP-41C. Librach, Hank,col L2 6:3 Mar81 p230-232 *** CalculatorJACPOT (slot machine simulation in BASIC).Hastings, Edwin, art Ll 3:8 Aug78 pl66-167*** PDP-11KIM goes to the moon (game). Butterfleld, Jim.

art L3 2:4 Apr77 p8-9+ *** KIMMastermind (1n RT-11 BASIC). M1ll1gan, W. Lloyd,art Ll 2:10 0ct77 pl68-171 *** StrategyMaze (maze generator for the Apple I). Bishop,Robert, col Ll 3:10 0ct78 pl36-138 ***Graphics / Apple IMonster Combat. Chapel, Lee. col Ll 5:12

DecSO p288-292 *** KIM / StrategyMulti-micro learning environments (Solo/NET/worksProject). Dwyer, Thomas, col 6:1 Jan81pl04-116 *** Education / Multi-user Systems /SimulationNIMBLE: the ultimate MM?*. Dollner, Irwin, art

Ll 2:11 Nov77 pl72-178 *** StrategyOthello, a new ancient game. Duda, Richard, artLl 2:10 0ct77 p60-62 *** Othello /StrategyPascal versus BASIC: an exercise. Schwartz,Allan, art L6 3:8 Aug78 pl68-176 ***Pascal / BASIC / LanguagesQuest (Adventure type game). Chaffee, Roger,art Ll 4:7 Jul79 pl76-186 *** PET /Strategydace car for the SR-52. Bertsch, John, col L

4:3 Mar79 p26-30 *** Calculator /SR-52 card blackjack*. Garvey, Michael, col L22:6 Jun77 pl50-153 *** Calculator /Strategy /Santa Cruz Open: Othello tournament forcomputers. Frey, Peter, art 6:7 Jul81p26-37 *** Othello / ContestsShooting stars for the SR-52 and PC-100 printer(Desk top wonders). Pearce, Craig, col L21:16 Dec76 p92-93 *** CalculatorShooting stars. Nico, Willard. art L3 1:9

May76 p42-49 *** SCELBI / 8008Simulation of motion, part 1: an improved lunarlander algorithm*. Smith, Stephen, art Ll2:11 Nov77 pl8-22+ *** Simulation / ScienceSome random games (Guess the number / Diceprogram). Adams, C.K. col L2 4:1 Jan79pl70-173 *** Calculator /Space game. White, Loring. art Ll 4:10 0ct79

pl96-199 *** Altair / ArcadeSpacecraft simulator. Sivak, Gary, art Ll4:11 Nov79 pl04-lll *** Simulation /StrategySuper TIC (three-dimensional Tic-Tac-Toe).

Roehrig, J. art Ll 5:3 Mar80 p232-238 ***North Star / StrategyTic-Tac-Toe in BASIC*. Stoddard, Mike, col Ll3:12 Dec78 pl74-175 *** Strategy / BASIC

6800Eighteen with a die: a learning game player.Yost, Russell, art L3 5:1 JanSO p212-229*** Artificial Intelligence / 6800 / StrategyLanding module simulation with random surface.Houng, S,J. art L3 5:3 Mar80 pl30-139 ***Simulation / 6800 / Arcade

8080Creating a fantasy world on the 8080. Nicholson,

Robert, art 5:7 Jul80 p210-214 ***

Fantasy / 8080Number guessing game. Laudenslager, Keith, col

L3 2:12 0ec77 pl48 *** Mathematics / 8080Writing animated computer games*. Estep, Tony.

art L3 4-.11 Nov79 pl52-170 *** Animation

/ Programming Instruction / 8080

APPLE II

Asteroids In Space and Planetoids. Holt, Oliver,sr 6:5 May81 pll6-120 *** Software Review/ Apple II / Arcade

GAMES (CONTINUED)

Battle of the asteroids. Williams, Gregg, sr

6:12 DecSl pl63-165 *** Software Review /

Arcade / Apple IIComputer Bismark. Ansoff, Peter, sr 5:12

DecSO p232-286 *** Software Review /

Simulation / Apple 11Dungeon Campaign. Williams, Gregg, sr 5:12

DecBO p74 *** Software Review / Apple 11 /

StrategyGame of left/right. Smith, Truck, art Ll 6:12Dec81 p27S-298 *** Programming Instruction

/ Apple IIGorgon. Callamaras, Peter, sr 6:12 0ec81

p90-100 *** Software Review / Arcade / Apple

IILost Dutchman's Gold*. Liddil/Li. art Ll 5:12

Dec80 p268-280 *** Apple II / StrategyMissile Defense vs ABM. Moskowitz, Robert, sr

6:12 Dec81 p80-90 *** Software Review /

Arcade / Apple IIOdyssey: The Compleat Apventure. Nelson, Harold,sr 5:12 Dec80 p90-92 *** Software Review

/ Apple II / StrategyOlympic Decathlon. Kater, David, sr 6:12

Dec81 p74-78 *** Arcade / Software Review /

Apple IIPrisoner. Liddil, Bob. sr 6:9 Sep31 p386-387

*** Software Review / Strategy / Apple IIReversal: Othello for the Apple II. Freidman,

Mark. sr 6:11 Nov81 p76-30 *** Software

Review / Othello / Apple IIRobotwar. Feigel, Curtis, sr 6:12 OecSl

p24-34 *** Software Review / Apple II /

Programming InstructionStellar Trek. Nelson, Harold, sr 5:12 DecSO

p78-82 *** Software Review / Apple II / ArcadeTranquility Base. Moore, Robin, sr 6:5 May81

P112-114 *** Software Review / Apple II /

Arcade

DESIGNApproaching game program design. Stuck, H.L.

art 4:2 Feb79 pl20-126 *** Design /

Programming InstructionCharacter variation In role-playing games.

Freeman, Jon. art 5:12 Dec80 p!86-190 ***

Design / Strategy

HARDWARE CONSTRUCTIONLife line 4; Integrating graphics control

commands. Helmers, Carl, art 1:5 Jan76

p32-41 *** Graphics / Hardware Construction /

LifeToy store begins at home. Ciarcia, Steve, col

Ll 4:4 Apr79 plO-18 *** Music / Hardware

Construction

HARDWARE REVIEWHP-67 and HP-97: Hewlett-Packard's personal

computers*. Pearce, Craig, art Ll 3:6

Jun78 pll2-117 *•* Calculator / Hardware

Review /New software, new hardware computer languages,

and games. Pournelle, Jerry, col 6:11 Nov81p449-457 *** Languages / Software Review /

Hardware ReviewPocket computer?. Carbrey, Bruce, hr 5:12

Dec80 p244-262 *** Hardware Review /

Calculator

INTERFACE

Multimachine games. Wasserman/5tryker. art Ll5:12 DecRO p24-40 *** Interface / PET

MATHEMATICSLife (Game of Life). Englander, William, col

Ll 3:12 Dec78 p76-82 *** Mathematics /

Strategy / LifeLife after death. Macaluso, Pat. art Ll 6:7

Jul81 p326-333 *** Mathematics / TRS-80

Model I / LifeLife algorithms (Game of Life). Niemiec, Mark.

art L9 4:1 Jan79 p90-97 *** Life /

Mathematics / AlgorithmLife can be easy (8080 version of the Game of

Life). Soderstrom, Randy, art L3 4:4 Apr79pl66-169 *** Mathematics / Strategy / LifeLife with your computer (Game of Life).

Milliun/et al. art 3:12 Dec78 p45-50 ***

Mathematics / Strategy / LifeNumber guessing game. Laudenslager, Keith, col

L3 2:12 Dec77 pl48 *** Mathematics / 8080One-dimensional life (Game of Life). Millen,

Jonathan, art 3:12 Dec78 p68-74 ***

Mathematics / Strategy / LifeSolving soma cubes and polyomino puzzles using a

microcomputer. Macdonald, Douglas, art L3

4:11 Nov79 p26-52 *** Puzzles / Mathematics

/ PETSome facts of life (Game of Life). Buckingham,

David, art 3:12 Dec78 p54-66 ***

Mathematics / Strategy / LifeSpacewar 1n Tiny BASIC: navigating through

Integer BASIC. Seard, David, art Ll 4:5

May79 pllO-115 *** Tiny BASIC / Mathematics

/ Programming Instruction

PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTIONAPL/S: an alternative. Brown, Robert, col L9

4:12 Dec79 p88-99 *** APL / Programming

InstructionApproaching game program design. Stuck, H.L.

art 4:2 Feb79 pl20-126 *** Design /

Programming InstructionBASIC Star Trek trainer*. Herd, Gerald, art Ll1:13 Sep76 p40-42 *** Programming

Instruction / Data General

GAMES (CONTINUED)

[JREAKFORTH into FORTH. Miller/Miller, art L7

5:3 AugSO pl50-163 *** FORTH / TRS-80 Model

I / Programming InstructionComputer models for board games. Yost, Russell.

art 2:1 Jan77 p73-81 *** Programming

InstructionGame of left/right. Smith, Truck, art Ll 6:12DecBl p278-298 *** Programming Instruction

/ Apple IIHexpawn: a beginning project \n artificial

intelligence. Wier, Robert, art 1:3 Nov75

p36-40 *** Artificial Intelligence /

Programming InstructionHow to build a maze. Matuszek, David, art 6:12DecSl pl9Q-196 *** Puzzles / Programming

InstructionHow to implement Space War (or using your

oscilloscope as a telescope). Kruglinski,

Dave, art L3 2:10 Oct77 p86-lll ***

Programming Instruction / Graphics / ArcadeJeu ^e NIM, Peut Etre? (NIM for the SR-52)*.

Chance, Alain, col L2 2:7 Jul77 p90-9i

*** Programming Instruction / Calculator /Life line 2*. Helmers, Carl, art 1:2 0ct7b

p34-42 *** Programming Instruction / LifeLife line 3. Helmers, Carl, art 1:4 Dec75

p48-55 *** Programming InstructionLife line. Helmers, Carl, art 1:1 Sep75

p72-80 *** Programming Instruction / LifeProgramming strategies in the game of Reversi*.

Maggs, Peter, art Ll 4;11 Nov79 p66-79

*** Programming Instruction / SOL / StrategyProgramming the game of Go. Millen, Jonathan.

art 6:4 Apr81 plQ2-120 *** Programming

Instruction / KIM / StrategyRobotwar. Feigel, Curtis, sr 6:12 DecSl

p24-34 *** Software Review / Apple II /

Programming InstructionSimulating human decision-making on a personal

computer. Frey, Peter, art 5:7 Ju180

p56-72 *** Othello / Artificial Intelligence

/ Programming InstructionSpacewar In T1ny BASIC: navigating through

Integer BASIC. Beard, David, art Ll 4:5

May79 pllO-115 *** T1ny BASIC / Mathematics

/ Programming InstructionStructured program design. Higglns, David, art

Ll 2:10 0ct77 p!46-151 *** Structured

Programming / Programming InstructionT1c-Tac-Toe: a programming exercise*. Hinrlchs,

Delmer. art Ll 4:5 May79 pl96-203 ***

Programming Instruction / StrategyTic-tac-tactics. Miller, John, col 4:10 0ct79

pl75 *** Programming InstructionWriting animated computer games*. Estep, Tony.

art L3 4:11 Nov79 pl52-170 *** Animation

/ Programming Instruction / 8080Zork and the future of computerized fantasy

simulations. LebUng, P. David, art 5:12

DecSO pl72-182 *** Simulation / Programming

Instruction / Fantasy

SOFTWARE REVIEW

Asteroids in Space and Planetoids. Holt, Oliver,sr 6:5 MaySl pll6-120 *** Software Review

/ Apple II / ArcadeBASIC, computer languages, and computer

adventures. Pournelle, Jerry, col 5:12

Dec80 p222-238 *** Languages / BASIC /

Software ReviewBattle of the asteroids. Williams, Gregg, sr

6:12 DecBl pl63-165 *** Software Review /

Arcade / Apple IIBig Five software (Attack Force, Cosmic Fighter,

and Galaxy Invasion). Williams, Gregg, sr

6:9 Sep81 p384-386 *** Software Review /

Arcade / TRS-80 Model ICoinless arcade: more arcade fun. Williams,

Gregg, col 6:12 DecSl p36-41 *** Software

Review / Arcade /Commbat: a tele-game for two. Stewart, George.

sr 6:12 DecSl pl00-104 *** Software Review

/ Strategy / TRS-80 Model IComputer Bismark. Ansoff, Peter, sr 5:12

DecSO p282-286 *** Software Review /

Simulation / Apple IIDancing Demon from Radio Shack. Cooper/Kolya.

sr 6:5 MaySl pl48-150 *** Software Review

/ TRS-80 Model 1 / ArcadeDungeon Campaign. Williams, Gregg, sr 5:12

OecSO p74 *** Software Review / Apple II /

StrategyGorgon. Callamaras, Peter, sr 6:12 DecSl

p90-100 *** Software Review / Arcade / Apple

IIInteractive Fiction: Six Micro Stories. Liddil,

Bob. sr 6:9 Sep81 p436 *** Software

Review / Simulation / TRS-80 Model IMicrosoft Adventure. Liddil, Bob. sr 5:12

Dec80 p264-266 *** Software Review / TRS-80

Model I / StrategyMissile Defense vs ABM. Moskowitz, Robert, sr

6:12 DecSl p80-90 *** Software Review /

Arcade / Apple IIMorloc's Tower. Williams, Gregg, sr 5:12

DecSO p34-86 *** Software Review / TRS-80

Model I / StrategyNew games, new directions. Williams, Gregg, col

6:12 Dec81 p6-10 *** Software ReviewNew software, new hardware computer languages,

and games. Pournelle, Jerry, col 6:11 NovSlp449-457 *** Languages / Software Review /

Hardware ReviewOdyssey: The Compleat Apventure. Nelson, Harold,sr 5:12 DecSO p90-92 *** Software Review

/ Apple II / Strategy

396 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 321 on inquiry card.

IntroducingThe Grappler:

The only interface that makes computergraphics easy as Apple pie.

Orange Micro offers the only universalparallel interface card that simplifieshigh resolution graphics for Apple"''computers. No longer does the user

to dump screen graphics —its all doneby trie Grappler's exclusive E-PROMchip. There are versions to accommo-date the Anadex, Epson MX-100, MX-80*and MX-70. IDS Paper Tigers, Centronics739, and NEC 8023, C Itoh Prowriter,and future graphics printers. The Grap-pler'" accepts 18 simple software com-mands accessible through the keyboardor user program, making it the mostintelligent Apple Interface available.Order The Grappler" through OrangeMicro direct, or authorized dealers.

♦Required Graftrax-80

Dealer inquiries welcome to:Waybern Corporation(714) 554-4520CompuCable Corporation

FEATURES-User Benefits

SELECT R4GE-Choice of Hi-Resolution

Graphics pagel or page 2.

INVERSE GRAPHICS-Provides reverse

black.

EMPHASIZED GRAPHICS-M\ows highdensity graphics on certain printers.DOUBLE SIZE PICTURE- Doubles thegraphic screen representation vertically& horizontally.

90° ROTATION- Rotates the screen pic-ture 90.°

CENTER GRAPHICS-AccompUshedthrough setting left margin thereby center-ing the graph.

CHART RECORDER /WODE-Successivehorizontal pictures are combined continu-ously simulating a chart recorder.

ACTUAL APPLE IIPRINTOUT USINGGRAPPLER' ANDEPSON MX-100.

BLOCK GRAPHICS-For printers withblock graphics (e.g. Epson MX-80, OkidataM80), the high order bit can be controlled.BELL — For printers with a bell, bell charac-

MARGINS-Set left and right margins.SKIP-OVER-PERF-Se\ page length; printerwill automatically skip 6 lines between eachpage.

VARIABLE LINE LENGTH-For user pro-gram listings, sets line length and wrapsaround with breakpoint at nearest blank.TEXT SCREEN DUMP-lhe text from auser report or page of program listing canbe dumped directly from the screen.WORKS WITH PASCAL & CPM

The

Grappler

WOrange micro

BRA

(714) 635-7330

3150 E. La Palma, Suite G, Anaheim, CA 92806(800) 854-8275 TOLL FREE

(714) 630-3322 ca.ak, hi

c 1981 Orange Micro, Inc.

GAMES (CONTINUED)

Olympic Decathlon. Kater, David, sr 6:12

DecBl p74-78 *** Arcade / Software Review /

Apple IIOn the road to adventure. Liddil, Bob. art

5:12 Dec80 pl58-170 »** Software Review /

StrategyPrisoner. Liddil, Bob. sr 6:9 Sep81 p386-387

*** Software Review / Strategy / Apple IIReversal: Othello for the Apple II. Freidman,

Mark, sr 6:11 NovSl p76-80 *** Software

Review / Othello / Apple IIRobotwar. Feigel, Curtis, sr 6:12 DecSl

p24-34 *** Software Review / Apple II /

Programming InstructionStar Raiders. Williams, Gregg, sr 6:5 May81

pl06-108 *** Software Review / Atari / ArcadeStarfighter. Grammer, Eric, sr 6:12 Dec81P486-487 *** Software Review / Arcade /

TRS-80 Model IStartrek 4.0 and Startrek 3.5. Mitchell, Scott.

sr 6:6 JunBl p352-354 *** Software Review

/ TRS-80 Model I / StrategyStellar Trek. Nelson, Harold, sr 5:12 Dec80

p78-82 *** Software Review / Apple II / Arcadeiuper Nova. Liddil, Bob. sr 6:5 MaySl

pl08-110 *** Software Review / TRS-80 Model I

/ ArcadeTranquility Base. Moore, Robin, sr 6:5 MaySl

pll2-114 *** Software Review / Apple II /

ArcadeWhat makes computer games fun?. Malone, Thomas.

art 6:12 Dec81 p258-277 *** Software

Review / Elementary EducationZork, the great underground empire (TRS-80).

Liddil, Bob. sr 6:2 Feb81 p262-264 ***

Software Review / TRS-80 Model I / Strategy

TRS-80 MODEL IAlpha-Beta tree search converted to assembler.

Gale, Stephen, col L3 6:8 Aug81 p408-412

*** Conversions / TRS-80 Model I / StrategyBREAKFORTH into FORTH. Miller/Miller, art L7

5:8 Aug80 pl50-163 *** FORTH / TRS-80 Model1 / Programming InstructionBig Five software (Attack Force, Cosmic Fighter,

and Galaxy Invasion). Williams, Gregg, sr

6:9 Sep81 p384-386 *** Software Review /

Arcade / TRS-80 Model ICommbat: a tele-game for two. Stewart, George.

sr 6:12 Dec81 plOO-104 *** Software Review

/ Strategy / TRS-80 Model IComputer scrabble. Roehrig, Joseph, art LI

6:12 Dec81 p320-351 *** Strategy / North

Star / TRS-80 Model IComputing the I CHING with a TRS-80. Dethlefsen,

Edwin, art LI 5:4 AprSO p96-102 ***

TRS-80 Model IDancing Demon from Radio Shack. Cooper/Kolya.

sr 6:5 May81 pl48-150 *** Software Review

/ TRS-80 Model I / ArcadeInteractive Fiction: Six Micro Stories. Liddil,

Bob. sr 6:9 Sep81 p436 *** Software

Review / Simulation / TRS-80 Model ILife after death. Macaluso, Pat. art LI 6:7

Juldl p326-333 *** Mathematics / TRS-80

Model I / LifeMachine problem solving, part 3: the alpha-beta

procedure*. Frey, Peter, art LI 5:11 NovSOp244-264 *** Artificial Intelligence /

TRS-80 Model IMicrosoft Adventure. Liddil, Bob. sr 5:12

0ec80 p264-266 *** Software Review / TRS-80

Mode! I / StrategyMorloc's Tower. Williams, Gregg, sr 5:12

Dec80 p84-86 *** Software Review / TRS-80

Model I / StrategyPirate's Adventure*. Adams, Scott, art Ll

5:12 DecSO pl92-212 *** TRS-80 Model I /

StrategyStarfighter. Grammer, Eric, sr 6:12 Dec81

p366-368 *** Software Review / Arcade /

TRS-80 Model IStartrek 4.0 and Startrek 3.5. Mitchell, Scott.

sr 6:6 JunSl p352-354 *** Software Review

/ TRS-80 Model 1 / StrategySuper Nova. Liddil, Bob. sr 6:5 MayBl

pl08-110 *** Software Review / TRS-80 Model I

/ ArcadeZork, the great underground empire (TRS-80).

Liddil, Bob. sr 6:2 Feb81 p262-264 ***

Software Review / TRS-80 Model I / StrategyGENEALOGY

Tracing your own roots. Merrill, Stan, art Ll

4:10 0ct79 p22-46 ***GRAPH THEORY

First look at graph theory applications.

Ashbrook/Zinn. art Ll 5:2 FebSO pl8-28

*** SorcererGRAPHICS

Add this graphics display to your system.

Buschbach, Thomas, art 1:15 Nov76 p32-39

*** Hardware Construction / High Resolution

GraphicsAtari tutorial, part 2: graphics indirection.

Crawford, Chris, art Ll 6:10 0ct81 p70-34

*** Atari / Color Graphics / Programming

InstructionComputer generated maps, part 1. Johnston,

William, art Ll 4:5 May79 pl0-12+ ***

Social Science / Three-Dimensional Graphics /

MathematicsComputer generated maps, part 2. Johnston,

William, art Ll 4:6 Jun79 plOO-123 ***

Three-Oimensional Graphics / Social Science /

MathematicsFuture of computer graphics. Srown/Levine. art

5:11 NovSO p22-28 *** Color Graphics /

Future / Three-Dimensional Graphics

GRAPHICS (CONTINUED)

GRAPH: a system for television graphics, part 2

(8080 code)*. Webster/Young, art L3 3:6

Jun78 pl58-165 *** Video DisplayGood grief! ("Snoopy" as seen on a PDP-8/S).

Brockman, Dave, col 1:11 Jul76 p74 ***

Art / PDP-8Graphic input of weather data. Smith, Stephen.

art Ll 4:7 Jul79 pl6-30 *** Input/Output

/ Science / WeatherGraphic manipulations using matrices.

Hungerford, Joel, art Ll 3:9 Sep78

pl56-165 *** Programming Instruction /

Three-Dimensional GraphicsGraphics in depth: 3-D adds a new dimension to

your display. Walters/Harris, art Ll 3:5

May78 pl6-18+ *** Programming Instruction /

Three-Dimensional GraphicsIntroduction to Atari graphics. Crawford/Winner,art Ll 6:1 Jan81 pl8-32 *** Atari /

Color GraphicsIt's more fun than crayons. Rosner, Richard.

art 1:15 Nov76 p6-9 *** Children / ArtProposed graphics software standard, part 1.

Jones, Vincent, col 4:11 Nov79 pl96-218

*** StandardsProposed graphics software standard, part 2.

Jones, Vincent, col L3 4:12 Dec79 p82-85+

*** Standards / CromemcoRotation algorithm (graphic designs). Bates,

Samue1. CO 1 Ll 6:1 Jan81 p328-333 ***

Plotting / Hewlett-PackardSeventh annual SIGGRAPH conference.

Livingston/Dahmke. art 5:11 Nov80 pl72-176

*** Conference / Color GraphicsSome graphics background information. Rampil,

Ira. art 1:15 Nov75 p56-59 *** Hardware

Review / High Resolution GraphicsThree-dimensional computer graphics, part 1.

Crow, Franklin, art L6 6:3 Mar81 p54-82

*** High Resolution Graphics /

Three-Dimensional GraphicsThree-dimensional computer graphics, part 2:

software. Crow, Franklin, art L6 6:4 Apr81p290-302 *** Three-Dimensional Graphics /Toolbox: a Smalltalk illustration system.

Bowman/Flegal. art 6:8 Aug81 p369-376 ***

Smalltalk / ArtTwo short graphics programs for the OSI C-1P.

Leahy, John, col Ll 6:10 Oct81 p354 ***

OSIWorld of computer graphics. Loddlng/Nickson.

col 5:11 Nov80 p6-14 *** Three-Dimensional

Graphics

6800

Enterprising display device (GT-6144 graphicsdisplay generator). Deres, Joe. art L3> 1:15Nov76 p42-54 *** Hardware Construction /6800 / SWTPCSerendipitous circles (circle drawing programwith suprises). Anderson/Galway. art L3 2:8Aug77 p70-75 *** Art / 6800

8080Build the beer budget graphics interface.

Nelson, Peter, art L3 1:15 Nov76 p26-29

*** Interface / Hardware Construction / 8080Vector graphics for raster displays. Beetem,

John, art L3 5:10 0ct80 p286-293 ***

Video Display / 8080

APPLE IIUsing page two with Apple Pascal turtle graphics.Wallace, Bruce, col L6 6:5 May81 pl22*** Programming Instruction / Pascal / AppleII

CONTROLTheatrical lighting graphics package. Hemsath/etal. art L3 3:6 Jun78 pl53-156 ***Control / Character Generator

DESIGN

Atari tutorial, part 1: the display list.Crawford, Chris, art 6:9 Sep81 p284-300*** Atari / Design / Video Display

Digital storage of images. Williams, Thomas,art 5:11 Nov80 p220-238 *** ImageProcessing / Information Storage / Design

Graphics text editor for music, part 1: structureof the editor. Nelson, Randolph, art 5:4AprSO pl24-138 *** Text Editor / Music /Design

Search for vector graphics. Gilberg, Mitchell.col 4:3 Mar79 pl82 *** Design

Simplified theory of video graphics, part 1.Watson, Allen, art 5:11 NovBO pl80-189 ***Video Display / Design

GAMES

How to implement Space War (or using youroscilloscope as a telescope). Kruglinski,Dave, art L3 2:10 Oct77 p86-lll ***Games / Programming Instruction / Arcade

Life line 4: integrating graphics controlcommands. Helmers, Carl, art 1:5 Jan76p32-41 *** Games / Hardware Construction /Life

Maze (maze generator for the Apple I). Bishop,Robert, col Ll 3:10 Oct78 pl36-138 ***Games / Apple I

HARDWARE CONSTRUCTIONAdd this graphics display to your system.Buschbach, Thomas, art 1:15 Nov76 p32-39*** Hardware Construction / High Resolution

Graphics

GRAPHICS (CONTINUED)

Build an oscilloscope graphics interface*.

Hogenson, James, art L3 1:2 0ct75 p70-80

*** Hardware Construction / Video Display /

InterfaceBuild the beer budget graphics interface.

Nelson, Peter, art L3 1:15 Nov76 p26-29

*** Interface / Hardware Construction / 8080COSMAC doodler. Duntemann, Jeff, art L2 5:5

May80 p214-224 *** COSMAC / Memory /

Hardware ConstructionDigital feedback loop (graphic displays).

Loomis, Sumner, let 1:3 Nov75 p46-47 ***

Video Display / Interface / Hardware

ConstructionEnterprising display device (GT-6144 graphics

display generator). Deres, Joe. art L3 1:15Nov76 p42-54 *** Hardware Construction /

6800 / SWTPCLet there be light pens. Loomis, Sumner, art

1:5 Jan76 p26-30 *** Light Pen / Hardware

ConstructionLife line 4: integrating graphics control

commands. Helmers, Carl, art 1:5 Jan76

p32-41 *** Games / Hardware Construction /

LifeMake your next peripheral a real eye opener*.

Ciarcia, Steve, art L3 1:15 Nov76 p78-89+

*** Hardware ConstructionSelf-refreshing LEO graphics display*. Ciarcie,

Steve, col Ll 4:10 0ct79 p58-69 ***

Hardware Construction / LED Display

HARDWARE REVIEW

Some graphics background information. Rampil,Ira. art 1:15 Nov76 p56-59 *** HardwareReview / High Resolution Graphics

INTERFACE

Build an oscilloscope graphics interface*.Hogenson, James, art L3 1:2 0ct75 p70-B0*** Hardware Construction / Video Display /Interface

Build the beer budget graphics interface.Nelson, Peter, art L3 1:15 Nov76 p26-29*** Interface / Hardware Construction / 8080

Digital feedback loop (graphic displays).Loomis, Sumner, let 1:3 Nov75 p46-47 ***Video Display / Interface / HardwareConstruction

MATHEMATICSComputer generated maps, part 1. Johnston,■ William, art Ll 4:5 May79 pl0-12+ ***

Social Science / Three-Dimensional Graphics /

MathematicsComputer generated maps, part 2. Johnston,

William, art Ll 4:6 Jun79 plOO-123 ***

Three-Dimensional Graphics / Social Science /

MathematicsGeneral interpolating graphics package for the

TRS-80*. Cohen/Crowe, art Ll 5:11 Nov80

p296-310 *** TRS-80 Model I / Mathematics /

PlottingMathematics of computer graphics. Posdamer/et

al. art 3:9 Sep78 p22-39 *** Mathematics

PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTIONAtari tutorial, part 2: graphics indirection.

Crawford, Chris- art Ll 6:10 0ct81 p70-84

*** Atari / Color Graphics / Programming

InstructionAtari tutorial, part 3: player-missile graphics.

Crawford, Chris, art Ll 6:11 NovSl

p312-338 *** Atari / Programming InstructionAtari tutorial, part 4: display-list interrupts.

Crawford, Chris, art Ll 6:12 DecSl

pl66-186 *** Atari / Programming Instruction

/ Video DisplayExploring TRS-80 graphics. Yeager, George, art

L2 4:8 Aug79 p82-84 *** TRS-80 Model 1 )

Programming Instruction / Z-80Fast line-drawing technique. Higgins, Mike, colLl 6:8 Aug81 p414-416 *** Programming

InstructionGraphic manipulations using matrices.

Hungerford, Joel, art Ll 3:9 Sep78

pl56-165 *** Programming Instruction /

Three-Dimensional GraphicsGraphics fundamentals. Sandifur, Kathleen, art

L9 6:10 0ct81 p284-300 *** Programming

Instruction / Hewlett-PackardGraphics in depth: 3-D adds a new dimension to

your display. Walters/Harris, art Ll 3:5

May78 pl6-18+ *** Programming Instruction /

Three-Dimensional GraphicsHow to implement Space War (or using your

oscilloscope as a telescope). Kruglinski,

Dave, art L3 2:10 Oct77 p86-lll ***

Games / Programming Instruction / ArcadeProgrammable character generator, part 2:

software. Weinstein, Larry, art 3:6 Jun78

pl4-22 *** Programming Instruction /

Character GeneratorSmalltalk graphics kernel. Ingalls, Daniel, artL9 6:8 Aug81 P168-194 *** Smalltalk /

Programming InstructionSpeeding up TRS-80 graphics. Bobo/Knoderer. artLl 6:5 MaySl pl71-184 *** Programming

Instruction / TRS-80 Model IUsing page two with Apple Pascal turtle graphics.Wallace, Bruce, col L6 6:5 May81 pl22

*** Programming Instruction / Pascal / Apple

II

TRS-80 MODEL 1

Exploring TRS-80 graphics. Yeager, George, artL2 4:8 Aug79 p82-84 *** TRS-80 Model I /Programming Instruction / Z-80

398 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

64K Static RAM

available now from stock

Ultra Fast - 100 nsec. chips

Fast access allows memory managementmanipulation without wait states.

8/16 - 8 or 16-bits wide

Dynamically switches data path width perIEEE Standard.

Low Power

Typical power consumption less than 2 ampsfor active board. Less for power downboards.

Extended Addressing

24-bit IEEE addressing allows 16-megabyterange. Single shunt changes to 16-bitaddressing.

Fully Static

No clocks, no refresh required for easy DMAuse.

Special Features

Any 4K block can be disabled. Or, can disableeverything above or below any 4K boundary.Available in 16K increments for OEM quantities.

100 nsec. Chips - Qty. 1-3

OEM & Dealer prices also available.

{ _A|J I ^ it ill ^ (J Jk^^ji Il^jJ

££ L "" , mf km £j& jyf Jfei §M jes

tfiwj fmS jmi'i' '~ "H' ■ ■£ EmET a&3r JfiH /

■ . — —j

■i-'J."

TO ORDER:

May be ordered through your local computer store orfactory direct. Personal checks, CODs, VISA and MCaccepted from within USA. 10-day return privilege onfactory orders. Shipping paid by SCP on prepaid USAand Canadian orders. All boards fully assembled,guaranteed one year.

Circle 377 on inquiry card.

W^lZjf-. jgg

&CDMPOT1R

1114 Industry Dr. Seattle WA 98188Information Hotline: 206/575-1830

Send more information: (

Name

Company

Address

City

.State.

.Zk

GRAPHICS (CONTINUED)

General interpolating graphics package for theTRS-80*. Cohen/Crowe, art Ll 5:11 NovSOp296-310 *** TRS-80 Model I / Mathematics /PlottingSpeeding up TRS-80 graphics. Bobo/Knoderer. artLl 6:5 May81 pl71-184 *** ProgrammingInstruction / TRS-80 Model IHAM RADIO

Add this 6800 MORSER to your amateur radiostation. Grappel/Hemenway. art L3 1:140ct76 p30-35 *** Programming Instruction /6800Club computer network. Kasser, Joe- art 5:5

May80 p202-212 *** Clubs / NetworksComputer...versus...hand sent morse code.Hickey, William, art 1:14 0ct76 pl2-14+*** Hardware ConstructionComputers and amateur radio. Gipe, Michael, art

1:3 Nov75 p42-45 *** Federal GovernmentEfficient storage of morse character codes.Krakauer, Lawrence, art L3 1:14 Oct76p36-38 *** Programming Instruction / MemoryHam's application dreams. Hosking, W.J. art

1:14 Oct76 p26-29 *** Hardware ConstructionIf only Sam Morse could see us now*. Sewell,Wayne, art L3 1:14 0ct76 p42-49 ***Programming Instruction / 6800 / SWTPCMorse code station data handler*. Filgate,Bruce, art L3 1:14 0ct76 p52-70 ***Programming Instruction / 8008Morse code trainer*. Bernstein, Mark, art L34:12 Dec79 p247-249 *** 6800 / ProgrammingInstructionMultiuser data network: communicating over VHP"radio. Bruninga, Robert, art 3:11 Nov78pl20-130 *** Networks / Multi-user Systems /Data TransmissionPersonal computers 1n a distributedcommunications network. Steinwedel, Jeff, art3:2 Feb78 p80-82+ *** NetworksSky's the limit: use ham radio bands for

intercomputer communication. Kasser, Joe. art3:11 Nov78 p48-61 *** Networks / DataTransmissionHAMMING CODES

Error checking and correcting for your computer.Walker, Gregory, art 5:5 May80 p250-276*** Design / Parity Checking / Error CheckingHamming error correcting code. Wimble, Michael,art 4:2 Feb79 pl80-182 *** DataTransmission / Parity Checking / Error CheckingHAND-HELD COMPUTER

Hand-Held computer / Byte changes. Morgan,

Chris, col 6:1 Jan81 p6-10 *** PublishingNumerical analysis for the TRS-80 pocketcomputer. Salem, Mike, col Ll 6:1 Jan81pl82-184 *** Mathematics / Fourier Transforms/ TRS-80 Pocket ComputerPanasonic and Quasar hand-held computers.Williams/Meyer, hr 6:1 Jan81 p34-45 ***Hardware Review / FictionHANDICAPPED

Computer speech: an update. Dahmke, Mark, col

6:2 Feb81 p6-12 *** Voice SynthesisHandi-writer: a video note pad for the physicallyhandicapped. Batie, Howard, art Ll 6:12DecSl p474-482 *** Video Display / TRS-80Model I / InterfaceHARD DISK DRIVE

Big disks must be managed properly. Rovira,

Charles, col 3:6 Jun78 pl28-129 ***Directory of hard-disk manufacturers, col 5:8

AugSO pl46 *** Manufacturing /Hard-disk explosion: high-powered mass storagefor your personal computer. Manuel, Tom. art5:8 Aug80 p58-70+ *** Hardware ReviewLook at Shugart's new fixed disk drive. Morgan,Chris, art 3:6 Jun7S pl74-176 ***Manufacturing /Types and uses of direct access storage. Hill,Curt, art 2:1 Jan77 p60-65 *** FloppyDisk Drive / Information Storage / DataStructuresHARDWARE CONSTRUCTION

8 digit hexadecimal readout. Burns, R.R. art2:8 Aug77 pll4-116 *** Hexadecimal / LEDDisplayA/D and D/A conversion - an inexpensive approach.Mikel, Roger, art 6:2 Feb81 p312-316 ***Analog/Digital Circuit / Digital/Analog CircuitAMSAT-GOLEM-80 (S-100 bus microcomputer project).Kasser, Joe. art 4:9 Sep79 pl82-195 ***Microcomputer System / S-100 BusAPL character generator. Langner, John, art L25:9 Sep80 pll6-124 *** APL / CharacterGeneratorAargh! (or, how to automate PROM burning withoutEML). Helmers, Peter, art 1:3 Apr76 p34-35*** PROMAdd a $3 light pen to your video display.Webster/Young, art L3 3:2 Feb78 p52-58*** Light PenAdd a stack to your 8008*. Chamberlin, Hal. artL3 1:2 0ct75 p52-55 *** ProgrammingInstruction / 8008Add cursor control to your TVT II. McGahee,Thomas, art 2:7 Ju177 pl22-123 *** VideoDisplay / KeyboardAcid nonvolatile memory to your computer.

Ciarcia, Steve, col 4:12 Dec79 p36-53 ***Memory / EAROMAdd this graphics display to your system.8uschbach, Thomas, art 1:15 Nov76 p32-39*** High Resolution Graphics / GraphicsAdding an interrupt driven real time clock.Sneed, James, art L3 2:11 Nov// p72-74*** Clock / 6502

HARDWARE CONSTRUCTION (CONTINUED)

Answer/Originate modem. Parsons, Ronald, art

L3 5:6 Jun80 p24-40 *** Modem / CP/MAnyone know the real time?. Ciarcia, Steve, col

Ll 4:8 Aug79 p50-59 *** ClockAssembling a Sphere. Anderson, Bruce, art 1:11

Ju176 pl8-20 *** Microcomputer System /

Sphere / Kit BuildingAssembling an Altair 8800. Zarrella, John, art

1:4 Dec75 p78-80 *** AltairAssembling the ADM-3A. Franson, Paul, art 4:2

Feb79 p76-82 *** Terminal / Kit BuildingAudible interrupts for humans. Douds, Charles.

art 2:2 Feb77 p54-58 *** Sound EffectsAudible logic test probe. Woodward, James, art

4:1 Jan79 pl86-187 *** Test Equipment /

Logic ProbeBudget building on a bare board. Parker, Dan.

art 4:10 0ct79 p206-208 *** Consumer

InformationBuild a TTL pulse catcher. Walde, William, art

1:6 Feb76 p58-60 *** Test EquipmentBuild a TV readout device for your

microprocessor. Suding, Robert, art L3 1:12Aug76 p66-73 *** Video DisplayBuild a bar-code scanner inexpensively. Bennett,

Bradley, art 6:11 Nov81 p62-72 *** Bar

CodesBuild a keyboard function decoder. Ciarcia,

Steve, col 3:7 Jul78 p98-103 *** Keyboard

/ Input/OutputBuild a low-cost EPROM eraser*. Goiter, L.B.

art 5:4 Apr80 p234-238 *** EPROMBuild a low-cost logic analyzer. Ciarcia, Steve,col Ll 6:4 Apr81 p36-44 *** Test

EquipmentBuild a low-cost, remote data-entry terminal.

Ciarcia, Steve, col 5:9 Sep80 p26-42 ***

Terminal / HomeBuild a noise-based random number generator.

Mayhugh, Terry, col 6:5 May81 p452-456 ***Random NumbersBuild a null modem. Haar, Robert, col 6:2

FebSl p!98-200 *** ModemBuild a simple digital oscilloscope. DeCaro,

Frank, art 4:11 Nov79 p222-226 *** Test

EquipmentBuild a television display. Gantt, C.W. art

1:10 0un76 pl6-21 *** Video DisplayBuild an intelligent EPROM programmer. Ciarcia,

Steve, col Ll 6:10 0ct81 p36-48 ***

EPROM / Z8Build an octal/hexadecimal output display.

Ciarcia, Steve, col 3:12 Dec78 p32-39 ***

Hexadecimal / Input/OutputBuild the "Coffee Can Special" EROM eraser.

Burbey, Lawrence, art 2:1 Jan77 p91 ***

EPROMBuild your own Turing machine. Willis, James.

art L3 6:4 Apr81 pl22-146 *** Definitions

/ Computer Instruction / Turing MachinesBuild-it-yourself modem for under $50*. Ciarcia,

Steve, col 5:8 AugSO p22-38 *** Modem /

Acoustic CouplerBuilt-in logic tester. Christner, Kurt, art

2:1 Jan77 p82-83 *** Test EquipmentCOSMAC doodler. Duntemann, Jeff, art L2 5:5

May80 p214-224 *** Graphics / COSMAC / MemoryCatch bytes with a comparator. MacDonald, Doug.

col 6:7 Jul81 p368-370 *** Test EquipmentCoincident current ferrite core memories. Jones,

James, art 1:11 Ju176 p6-16 *** Memory /

Computer InstructionComments on a prototyping bus / Some comments on

the universal bus. Simmons/Faiman. col 2:3

Mar77 pl02-104 *** StandardsCommunicate on a light beam*. Ciarcia, Steve.

col 4:5 May79 p32-49 *** Fiber-optics /

Data TransmissionComputer...versus...hand sent morse code.

Hickey, William, art 1:14 Oct76 pl2-14+

*** Ham RadioConstruction of a fourth-generation video

terminal, part 1. Wierenga, Theron. art L3

5:8 Aug80 p210-224 *** Terminal / 8085Construction of a fourth-generation video

terminal, part 2. Wierenga, Theron. art L3

5:9 SepSO pl26-160 *** Terminal / 8085Dressing up front panels (press on letters).

Walters, Don. art 1:6 Feb76 p60 ***Ease into 16-bit computing, part 2: examining a

small multi-user system. Ciarcia, Steve, col

L3 5:4 Apr80 p40-58 *** Multi-user Systems

/ 8038 / Multi-taskingEasy-to-use A/D converter. Daggit, Robert, art

L3 6:6 JunSl p37S-383 *** Analog/Digital

Circuit / 6502Eclectic card reader. Schaeffer, Anthony, art

4:2 Feb79 p70-74 *** Input/Output / Card

ReaderFlameless IC recycling trick. Bondy/Droms. art

1:13 Sep76 pl04 *** Integrated CircuitsGet your system together (putting equipment in a

cabinet). Whitney, John, art 2:12 Dec77

P34 ***Getting inputs from joysticks and slide pots.

Helmers, Carl, art L3 1:6 Feb76 p86-88

*** Joystick / Analog/Digital CircuitHam's application dreams. Hosking, W.J. art

1:14 0ct76 p26-29 *** Ham RadioHandy pulser. Chrisp, Bob. art 4:9 Sep79

pl60-161 *** Test Equipment / DebuggingHobby unwrap. Stirling, Ralph, col 4:5 May79

p218-219 *** Wire WrapHobbyist robot arm. Baxter/Daly, art 4:2

Feb79 p84-H8 *** RobotsHow to build a memory with one layer printed

circuits (static RAM). Lancaster, Don. art

1:8 Apr76 p28-32 *** Memory

HARDWARE CONSTRUCTION (CONTINUED)

How to build an inexpensive cassette level

indicator. Chepko, Milan, col 6:9 SepBl

p435 *** Tape CassetteI've got you in my scanner! (computer controlled

light scanner). Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll 3:11Nov78 p76-89 *** Security / Home /

Analog/Digital Circuit10 strobes for the Altair 8800. Schulein, John.

art 1:8 Apr76 p79 *** AltairInexpensive optical paper-tape reader. Harron,

Brian, art 4:9 Sep79 pll8-121 *** Paper

Tape ReaderInterrupt-driven real-time clock for the TMS

9900. Morris, Thomas, art L3 5:9 SepSO

p282-302 *** Clock / 9900Let there be light pens- Loomis, Sumner, art

1:5 Jan76 p26-30 *** Light Pen / GraphicsLet your fingers do the talking: add a noncontact

touch scanner.... Ciarcia, Steve- col Ll

3:8 Aug78 pl56-165 *** Input/Output / Video

DisplayLine-failure indicator. Olson, Hank, col 5:11

Nov80 p86-88 *** Power Supply / Test

EquipmentLow cost light wand amplifier*. Moseley, Robin.

art 3:5 May78 p92-95 *** Bar Codes / Light

WandMake your next peripheral a real eye opener*.

Ciarcia, Steve, art L3 1:15 Nov76 p78-89+

*** GraphicsMake your own printed circuits. Hogenson, James.art 1:11 Jul76 p58-63 *** Manufacturing /

Electronic CircuitsMicrograph, part 2: video-display processor.

Booch, E. Grady, art L3 5:12 Dec80

pl20-138+ *** Color Graphics / High

Resolution Graphics / Video DisplayMore information on PROMs*. Smith, Roger, art

L3 1:9 May76 p28-34 *** PROM / Programming

InstructionMultiplex your digital LED displays. Hogenson,

James, art 2:3 Mar77 pl22-128 ***

Input/Output / LED DisplayNew dress for KIM (mounting a KIM in a

briefcase). Atkins, R. Travis, art 2:9

Sep77 p26-27 *** KIMNo power for your interfaces? Build a 5 W DC to

DC converter. Ciarcia, Steve, col 3:10

0ct78 p22-31 *** Power Supply / ConversionsNote to novice kit builders.... col 2:12 Dec77pl92 *** Integrated Circuits / Kit BuildingNotes on bringing up a microcomputer. Libes,

Sol. art 3:1 Jan78 pl62-164 ***

Microcomputer SystemOctal front panel. DeMonstoy, Herman, art 1:9

May76 p38-40 *** Input/Output / KeyboardOn a test equipment diet? Try an 8 channel DVM■ cocktail!. Ciarcia, Steve, col L3 2:12

Dec77 p76-80+ *** Test EquipmentOne-sided view of wire wrap sockets. Rampil,

Ira;, art 2:9 Sep77 p54-55 *** Wire WrapPenny pinching address state analyzer. Ciarcia,

Steve, col 3:2 Feb78 p6-12 *** Test

Equipment / MemoryPersonal computer on a student's budget.

Johnston, J.C. art 5:7 Jul80 pl38-146 ***

Microcomputer System / Kit BuildingPhotographic notes on wire wrapping. Helmers,

Carl, art 1:5 Jan76 p56-59 *** Wire WrapPick up BASIC by PROM bootstraps. Kreitner, Jim.art L3 2:1 Jan77 p50-51 *** Utility

Program / PROM / AltairPot position digitizing idea. Schulein, John.

art 1:7 Mar76 p79 *** Analog/Digital

CircuitPowerless IC test clip. Errico/Baker. art 1:4

Dec75 p26-27 *** Test Equipment / Integrated

CircuitsProgram your next EROM in BASIC*. Ciarcia,

Steve, col Ll 3:3 Mar78 p84-93 *** EPROM

/ Programming InstructionPrograninable IC tester. Thorson, Mark, art 3:6Jun78 p28-35 *** Test Equipment /

Integrated CircuitsProposal for a universal prototyping bus

structure. Washburn, David, col 1:16 Dec76

pl28-130 *** StandardsRecycling used ICs. Mikkelsen, Carl, art 1:1

Sep75 p20-21 *** Integrated CircuitsSave money using mini wire wrap. Thompson,

Roger, art 1:8 Apr76 p80-81 *** Wire WrapSecret of unraveling wire wrap boards. Lerseth,

Richard, art 1:4 Dec75 pl7 *** Wire WrapSelf-refreshing LED graphics display*. Ciarcia,

Steve, col Ll 4:10 Oct79 p58-69 ***

Graphics / LED DisplaySignal processing for optical bar code scanning.

Merkowitz, Freder ick. art 1: 16 Dec76 p77-84*** Bar Codes / Fiber-opticsSimple approaches to computer music synthesis.

Schneider, Thomas, art 2:10 0ct77 pl40-144

*** MusicSoldering techniques. Trimmer, William, art

4:9 Sep79 p84-88 *** Kit BuildingSonic anemometry for the hobbyist. Dvorak, Neil,art L3 4:7 Ju]79 pl20-132 ***

Analog/Digital Circuit / WeatherSound off (creating music and sound effects).

Ciarcia, Steve, col L3 4:7 Jul79 p34-51

*** Sound EffectsTV oscilloscope (building a display and using it

as a test instrument). Sarbier, Ken. art 2:7Ju 177 p52-57 *** Video Display / Test

EquipmentTalk to a turtle: build a computer controlled

robot. Gupton, James, art 4:6 Jun79 p74-84*** Robots

400 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Microline 84.

Introducing the Microline 84. Thenewest addition to the remarkable Micro-line family of printers from Okidata.

The Microline 84 prints bidirectionallyat 200 cps and has 72 x 72 dot-addressableand block graphics. A full 96-characterASCII II set and condensed printing. Tractorand friction feeds. Parallel Centronics-compatible or RS232 interfaces. With allthat as standard, you get a full year's war-ranty on the print head and 4000 to 5000hours MTBF. And print quality that's crispand clear in both text and graphicsapplications.

The Microline 84 gives you thethroughput and reliability you need. Onceagain, quality printing from the companythat stands apart from the rest. Okidata.

Interested? Contact us at III GaitherDrive, Mount Laurel, NJ. 08054,609-235-2600 for more information on the remark-able Microline 84. Also available throughauthorized Okidata distributors.

Circle 311 on inquiry card.

Making small printers for people wiio tnihfc big.

Okidata is a subsidiary of Oki Electric industry Con

HARDWARE CONSTRUCTION (CONTINUED)

Talk to me! Add a voice to your computer for $35.Ciarcla, Steve, col L3 3:6 Jun78 p142-151*** Voice Synthesis / Analog/Digital Circuit

/Tip for using wiring pencils. Burhans, R.W. art

1:15 Nov76 p40 *** Wire WrapTune in with some chips (programmable music tone

generator). Sierad, Ted. art L2 2:9 Sep77

p84-94 *** Music / Sound EffectsTutorial training computer. Winkel, David, col

2:1 Jan77 p76-77 *** Computer Instruction /

EducationVersatile read only memory programmer. Helmers,

Peter, art 1:3 Nov75 p66-71 *** PROM /

Programming InstructionWhat's involved in kit building?. Frenzel,

Louis, art 2:3 Mar77 p50-60 *** Kit

BuildingWire-wrapping and proto-system techniques.

Mangieri, Adolph. art 6:5 MaySl pl52-170

*** Wire WrapZapper: a computer driven EROM programmer*.

Gable, G.H. art L3 3:12 0ec78 plOO-105

*** EPROM / Programming Instruction

6800

Add a kluge harp to your computer*. Helmers,

Carl, art L3 1:2 0ct75 pl4-18 *** Music

/ 6800Build a 6800 system with this kit. Kay, Gary.

art 1:4 Dec75 p72-75 *** SWTPC / 6800 /

Microcomputer SystemBuild this video display terminal. Anderson,

Alfred, art L3 1:15 Nov76 pl06-118 ***

Terminal / Video Display / 6800Building an M6800 microcomputer*. Abbott, Bob.

art 1:10 Jun76 p40-46 *** 6800 /

Microcomputer System / MIKBUGCOMPLEAT tape cassette Interface. Hemenway,

Jack, art L3 1:7 Mar76 pl0-16 ***

Interface / Tape Cassette / 6800Computer-based laboratory timer. Gibson, John.

art L3 6:6 Jun81 pllO-144 *** Clock /

6800 / ScienceComputer-controlled light dimmer, part 2:

implementation. Gibson, John, art L3 5:2

FebSO p72-80 *** Control / 6800Does anybody know what time it 1s?. Grappel,

Robert, art L3 2:11 Nov77 p68-70 ***

Clock / Interface / 6800Enterprising display device (GT-6144 graphics

display generator). Deres, Joe. art L3 1:15Nov76 p42-54 *** Graphics / 6800 / SWTPCUsing interrupts for real time clocks*. Smith,

M.F. art L3 2:11 Nov77 p50-53 *** Clock

/ 6800 / Programming Instruction

Add some control to your computer: an output port

tutorial. Sarbler, Ken. art L3 4:9 Sep79

pl96-200 *** Control / 8080Build the beer budget graphics Interface.

Nelson, Peter, art L3 1:15 Nov76 p26-29

*** Graphics / Interface / 8080Build this mathematical function unit, part 2:

software. Guthrie, R. Scott, art L3 1:14

0ct76 p74-80 *** Mathematics / Programming

Instruction / 8080Digital Group 8080A (Try this computer on for

size). Ciarcla, Steve, art 2:3 Mar77

pU4-121+ *** Microcomputer System / Hardware

Review / 8080Get on at the right address (changing the "wake

up" address of the 8080) . Holman, Frank, art3:3 Mar78 pl85 *** 8080Memory mapped 10. Ciarcla, Steve, col L3 2:11Nov77 plO-16 *** Memory / 8080 /

Input/OutputProgam those 2708s!. Glaser, Robert, art L3

5:4 Apr80 pl98-210 *** EPROM / Programming

Instruction / 8080

APPLE II

Apple analog-to-digital conversion in 27microseconds. Seeds/Levison. art L3 6:10Octal p458-461 *** Analog/Digital Circuit /Apple II / Astronomy

Apple audio processing. Cross, Mark, art L35:4 AprSO p212-218 *** Voice Synthesis /Apple II / Audio Processing

Build a low-cost speech-synthesizer interface.Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll 6:6 Jun81 p46-68*** Apple II / Voice Synthesis / TRS-80 ModelI

Cross-pollinating the Apple II (serial

interface). Campbell, Richard, art L3 4:4Apr79 p20-25 *** Interface / SerialInput/Output / Apple 11

Low-speed analog-to-digital converter for theApple II. Hallgren, Richard, art L3 4:9Sep79 p70-78 *** Analog/Digital Circuit /Interface / Apple II

CONTROLAdd some control to your computer: an output port

tutorial. Barbier, Ken. art L3 4:9 Sep79

pl96-200 *** Control / 8080Build a IB-based control computer with BASIC,

part 1. Ciarcla, Steve, col 6:7 JulSl

p38-47 *** Microcomputer System / Control /

Z88u11d a Z8-based control computer with BASIC,

part 2. Ciarcla, Steve, col Ll 6:8 ' Aug81

p50-72 *** Control / Microcomputer System /

Z8Build a computer controlled security system for

your home. Cfarcla/Sunderland. col 4:1

Jan79 p56-71 *** Security / Home / Control

HARDWARE CONSTRUCTION (CONTINUED)

Build a computer controlled security system for

your home: part 2. Ciarcia, Steve, col L2

4:2 Feb79 pl62-179 *** Security / Home /

ControlBuild a computer controlled security system for

your home: part 3. Ciarcia, Steve, col L3

4:3 Mar79 'plBO-167 *** Security / Home /

ControlBuild a simple video switch. Hallgren, Richard.

col 6:3 Mar81 p234 *** Video Display /

ControlBuild a touch tone decoder for remote control.

Ciarcia, Steve, col 6:12 Dec81 p42-70 ***

Control / Home / TelecommunicationsBuild tne Disk-80: memory expansion and

floppy-disk control (TRS-80). Ciarcia, Steve.

col 6:3 Mar81 p36-52 *** Disk Controllers

/ Minidisk Drive / TRS-80 Model ICassette interface switching box for the TRS-80*.Anderson, Craig, art 3:11 Nov78 pl60-161

*** Tape Cassette / Control / TRS-80 Model IComputer-controlled light dimmer, part 2:

implementation. Gibson, John, art L3 5:2

FebSO p72-80 *** Control / 6800Computer-controlled tank. Ciarcia, Steve, col

Ll 6:2 Feb81 p44-64 *** Control / ToysControl the world! (or at least a few analog

points). Ciarcia, Steve, art Ll 2:9 Sep77

p30-43+ *** Control / Digital/Analog CircuitControlling DC motors. Walton, Robert, art L3

3:7 Jul78 p72-80 *** ControlControlling external devices with hobbyist

computers*. Bosen, Robert, art 1:8 Apr76

p42_45 *** Control / InterfaceDC motor controls: build a motorized platform.

Ciarcia, Steve, col 6:5 May81 p66-98 ***

ControlDo 1t yourself weather predictions*. Firth,

Michael, art 1:16 Dec76 p62-69 ***

Control / WeatherFurnace watchdog. Wlerenga, Theron. art Ll

5:1 Jan80 p74-90 *** Energy / Control / HomeHandheld remote control for your computerized

home. Ciarcla, Steve, col Ll 5:7 JulSO

p22-42 *** Control / Home / Input/OutputHome 1n on the range I. Ciarcla, Steve, col Ll

5:11 NovSO p32-58 *** Control / Interface /

TRS-80 Model IMicroprocessor based analog/digital conversion.

Frank, Roger, art L3 1:9 May76 p70-73 ***Control / Digital/Analog CircuitM1nd over matter: add biofeedback Input for your

computer. Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll 4:6 Jun79p49-58 *** Control / Health / Analog/Digital

CircuitRace-car monitoring program. Johnson, Jeff, col

L6 5:6 JunSO pl96-202 *** ControlTelephone-d1al1ng mlcrocomputer. Renbarger,

John, art L3 5:6 JunSO pl40-170 ***

Control / Telecommunications / KIMThere's more to blinking lights than meets the

eye. Helmers, Carl, art L3 1:5 Jan76

p52-54 *** Control / 8008Tune In and turn onl, part 1: a computerized

wireless AC control system. Ciarcla, Steve.

col Ll 3:4 Apr78 pll4-125 *** Control /

HomeTune 1n and turn on, part 2: an AC wireless

remote control system. Ciarcia, Steve, col

3:5 May78 p97-102 *** Control / Home

DESIGN6502 personal system design: Kompuutar. Brader,

David, art L3 2:11 Nov77 p94-141 ***

Design / 6502 / Microcomputer SystemAnother plotter to toy with, revisited: design

and construction details. Newcomb, Robert.

art L3 5:2 Feb80 p202-207 *** Plotter /

KIM / DesignBuilding a computer from scratch. Jones, Hilary,art 2:11 Nov77 p80-92 *** Design /

Computer Instruction / Microcomputer SystemComputer music: a design tutorial. Orlofsky,

Thomas, art L3 6:3 Mar81 p317-332 ***

Music / Z-80 / DesignDesigning a robot from nature, part 2:

constructing the eye. F1lo, Andrew, art 4:3

Mar79 pll4-123 *** Robots / DesignImplementing an LSI frequency counter. Lynne,

Perry, art L3 2:11 Nov77 pl46-149 ***

Frequency Counter / DesignLEDs light up your logic. Gray, E.W. art 1:6

Feb76 p54-57 *** DesignModular construction, or why not do it yurself?.

Walters, Don. art 1:2 Oct75 p46-47 ***

DesignPhoto essay: physical hardware of a new computer

backplane. Helmers, Carl, art 4:7 Jul79

pl94-197 *** Microcomputer System / DesignPhotographic notes on prototype construction.

Helmers, Carl, art 1:4 0ec75 p94-96 ***

DesignRecording with current instead of voltage. Hein,

David, col 6:2 Feb81 pl3S-140 *** Tape

Cassette / DesignSwitching power supplies: an introduction.

Ciarcla, Steve, col 6:11 Nov81 p36-45 ***

Power Supply / Design

GAMESLife line 4; integrating graphics controlcommands. Helmers, Carl, art 1:5 Jan76p32-41 *** Games / Graphics / LifeToy store begins at home. Ciarcla, Steve, colLl 4:4 Apr79 plO-18 *** Music / Games

HARDWARE REVIEWAssembling the H9 video terminal. Steeden,Terry, art 3:10 0ct78 pl30-135 ***Terminal / Heath / Hardware Review

HARDWARE CONSTRUCTION (CONTINUED)

CT-1024 kit. Hogenson, James, hr 1:5 Jan76

p92-95 *** Hardware Review / Terminal / Video

DisplayDigital Group 8080A (Try this computer on for

size). Ciarcia, Steve, art 2:3 Mar77

pll4-121+ *** Microcomputer System / Hardware

Review / 3080RGS OUBA microcomputer kit. Hogenson, James, hr1:1 Sep75 pl6-19 *** Hardware Review /

Microcomputer System / 8008SwTPC 6809 Microcomputer System. Harmon, Tom.

hr L3 6:1 Jan81 p216-222 *** Hardware

Review / SWTPC / 6809

INTERFACE

S19 music interface (and some music theory for

computer nuts)*. Struve, Bill, art L2 2:12

Dec77 p48-69+ *** Interface / Music / KIM8088 processor for the S-100 bus, part 2.

Cantrell, Thomas, art L3 5:10 0ct80 p62-88*** 8088 / S-100 3us / InterfaceBuild a serial ASCII word generator. Finger,

Ronald, art 1:9 May76 p50-53 ***

Interface / ASCII / Test EquipmentBuild a super simple floppy-disk interface, part

1*. Nicholson/Camp, art 6:5 MaySl p360-376*** Floppy Disk Drive / Interface /

BibliographyBuild a versatile keyboard interface for the

S-100. Richards, David, art L3 6:10 0ct81

p400-406 *** Keyboard / S-100 Bus / InterfaceBuild an oscilloscope graphics interface*.

Hogenson, James, art L3 1:2 0ct75 p70-80

*** Video Display / Interface / GraphicsBuild the BIT BOFFER*. Lancaster, Don. art 1:7Mar76 p30-39 *** Interface / Tape CassetteBuild the beer budget graphics interface.

Nelson, Peter, art L3 1:15 Nov76 p26-29

*** Graphics / Interface / 8080Build this economy floppy disk interface.

Welles, Kenneth, art L3 2:2 Feb77 p34-43

*** Interface / Floppy Disk DriveBuilding the AC-30 cassette interface. Liming,

Gary, art 1:16 Dec76 pllO-lll ***

Interface / Tape Cassette / SWTPCCOMPLEAT tape cassette interface. Hemenway,

Jack, art L3 1:7 Mar76 plO-16 ***

Interface / Tape Cassette / 6800Controlling external devices with hobbyist

computers*. Bosen, Robert, art 1:8 Apr76

p42-45 *** Control / InterfaceCross-pollinating the Apple II (serial

Interface}. Campbell, Richard, art L3 4:4

Apr79 p20-25 *** Interface / Serial

Input/Output / Apple IIDigital feedback loop (graphic displays).

Loomis, Sumner, let 1:3 Nov75 p46-47 ***

Video Display / Graphics / InterfaceDigital minicassette controller. Kahn, James.

art 6:4 Apr81 p66-92 *** Tape Cassette /

InterfaceDoes anybody know what time It 1s?. Grappel,

Robert, art L3 2:11 Nov77 p68-70 ***

Clock / Interface / 6800Expanded digital voltmeter (Add more zing to the

cocktail). Ciarcla, Steve, col L3 3:1

Jan78 p37-54 *** Test Equipment / Interface

/ Z-80GRAPH: a system for television graphics, part 1.

Webster/Young, art 3:5 May/8 p62-77 ***

Video Display / Interface / AltalrHome 1n on the range!. Ciarcla, Steve, col Ll

5:11 NovSO p32-58 *** Control / Interface /

TRS-80 Model IInexpensive joystick interface*. Buschbach,

Thomas, art L3 2:3 Mar77 p88-93 ***

Joystick / InterfaceInterface a chessboard to your KIM-1. Teeters,

Jeff, art L3 4:9 Sep79 p34-54 *** Chess

/ Interface / KIMInterfacing the 60 mA current loop. King,

Walter, art 1:12 Aug76 p96-97 ***

Interface / PrinterInterfacing the IBM Selectric keyboard printer

(teaching KIM to type)*. Fylstra, Dan. art

L3 2:6 Jun77 p46-52+ *** Printer /

Interface / IBMInterfacing the S-100 bus with the Intel 8255.

Condra, David, art 4:10 Oct79 pl24-136 ***S-100 Bus / 8255 / InterfaceInterfacing the Sykes OEM floppy disk kit to a

personal computer (SWTPC) . Hughes, Phil, artL3 3:3 Mar78 pl78-184 *** Floppy Disk

Drive / Interface / SWTPCJoystick interfaces. Ciarcia, Steve, col L3

4:9 Sep79 plO-18 *** Joystick / InterfaceLow-speed analog-to-digital converter for the

Apple II. Hallgren, Richard, art L3 4:9

Sep79 p70-78 *** Analog/Digital Circuit /

Interface / Apple IINavigation with Mlnl-Q: part 3, software.

Salter, Richard, art L3 2:4 Apr77 plOO-109*** Interface / 6502 / NavigationPADDLES: interfacing with modular breadboards.

Combs/Field, art 6:4 Apr81 p348-357 ***

Digital/Analog Circuit / Analog/Digital Circuit

/ InterfacePenny pincher's Joystick interface. Wexler,

Steven, art L3 5:9 Sep80 p86-90 ***

Joystick / Interface / KIMPolyphony made easy*. Roberts, Steven, art 4:1

Jan79 pl04-109 *** Music / InterfaceProgrammable character generator, part 1:

hardware. Weinsteln, Larry, art 3:5 May78

p79-90 *** Video Display / Interface /

Character Generator

402 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

16 Bit 8086 Multi-User Microcomputer System

iTM

$7595

FOUR

USER

SYSTEM

THE

• it

TEC 86M

ONLY

$1899

PERUSER

1/2 MEGABYTEOF MEMORY

TWO 8 INCH D.D.FLOPPY DISKS

STANDARD FEATURES

16 BIT 8086 CPU - Processor performance is the most critical element in a Multi-User System. Speed, power and the increased

throughput of our 16 Bit 8086 CPU are just a few of the reasons why our TEC 86M Multi-User Systems really perform.1/2 MEGABYTE OF MEMORY - The second most important factor which affects system performance is available user memory. Our 1/2

Megabyte, four user system gives each user well over 100K Bytes of memory, eliminating program size compromises which

lead to poor Multi-User system performance.MP/M-86™ COMPATIBILITY - The TEC 86M includes a ROM Boot for MP/M-86™ and is designed to provide optimal support for

MP/M-86™. The MP/M-86™ Operating System is available separately from Tecmar for $600. See Software Options listed

below for important MP/M-86™ features.FULLY INTERRUPT DRIVEN - The TEC 86M provides terminal and disk I/O interrupts to MP/M-86™, allowing for maximum system

performance in Multi-User operation.TWO 8 INCH DOUBLE DENSITY FLOPPY DISK DRIVES - The two Double Density floppy disks total 1.2 Megabytes of storage. Options include

double sided floppy disk drives and Winchester drives.FOUR SERIAL USER PORTS - Four serial user ports are provided. Each port can be independently set for speeds from 50 to 19200 Baud.MULTIPLE PARALLEL PORTS - Parallel ports are provided for operating printers as well as other parallel devices.EASILY EXPANDABLE - The modular design of the Tec 86 and Tec 86M assures you of continued system expandibility. All options are

easily field installable. Available options include: Memory 64K and 256K, additional users, double sided floppy disks,

Winchester 31 Megabyte hard disk, terminals, and printers.ATTRACTIVE DESKTOP ENCLOSURE - Tecmar Single and Multi-User systems come in your choice of an attractive desk top enclosure with

wood grained side panels to blend nicely into your office surroundings, or an industrial quality cabinet for more hostile

environments. Rack mount enclosures are available as options.ONE YEAR WARRANTY - Tecmar Systems are fully assembled and thoroughly tested. All Tecmar Components carry a full One Year

Warranty.

SOFTWARE OPTIONS

MP/M-86™ - Multi-User interrupt driven Operating System for the 16 Bit 8086 TEC 86M Microcomputer System. FILE PASSWORDPROTECTION - Access to user files can be restricted to require proper passwords prior to access. CONCURRENT FILE ACCESS -Filesmay be accessed by multiple users, each reading and/or writing the same file, with protection provided at both the file and the recordlevel. FILE TIME AND DATE STAMPING - Files contain creation, and modification Times and Dates for ease and accuracy in determiningthe latest or most useful file versions. PRINT SPOOLER - Files may be submitted to the System Spool file for printing. This frees theuser terminal to continue operation during the independent printing function.

LANGUAGES - BASIC-86™ FORTRAN-86™ PASCAL-86™ CBASIC/86™ CIS-COBOL™ PASCAL/M86™ FORTH

*NOT INCLUDING MP/M-86 and User Terminals.

OTHER FINE SIOO and APPLE PRODUCTS AVAILABLE, INCLUDING:

ANALOG to DIGITAL CONVERTERS (12,14,16 bit accuracy; 30,40,100,125 KHz Conversion rates; 16 to 256 Channels; programmablegain; timer/counters). DIGITAL to ANALOG CONVERTERS (12 bit accuracy, 3 microsecond conversion rate). 8086 CPU Board, I/O Boards64K/256K Memory Boards, Real-time Video Digitizer and Display. Complete Systems also available for Data Acquisition, VideoDigitization, and General Purpose Applications.

REQUEST OUR CATALOG FOR COMPLETE LISTING, AND SPECIFICATIONS ON THE ENTIRE TECMAR PRODUCT LINE.

EC HR

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED TECMAR INC

23600 Mercantile Rd. • Cleveland, OH 44122 (216)464-7410

0VJHS ■■ #/«« in npturi Installs il D«ml lisarts be. BJSt 18. fWIM ind MSUL-8G in lefuttted Indmiiks ll Miimil! hi. nsuum is I itpslud Install il SKIM CBASIC/86 is i misliist Install ll timjilsi Sjstms lit. OS COBOL is I ntistrt tndiwk ll Minim 1st.

CANADA: Our Ontario Distributor is OCTANT COMPUTER SERVICES INC., 146 Front Street West, Suite 485, Toronto, Ontario M5J 2L7 (416) 598-1046

Circle 409 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1981

403

HARDWARE CONSTRUCTION (COHTIHUED)

Quad terminal interface. Alpert, Stephen, art

5:2 FebSO pll6-125 *** Interface / Terminal

/ PDP-11Remote terminal (Come upstairs and be

respectable). Ciarcia, Steve, art 2:5 May77p50-54 *** Terminal / Interface / Serial

Input/OutputSerialize those bits from your mystery keyboard.

Haller, George, art 1:9 May75 p36-37 ***

Interface / Serial Input/Output / Parallel

Input/OutputSimplified Omega receiver details. Burhans,

Ralph, art 2:3 Mar77 p70-80 *** Interface

/ NavigationStretch that 5800 clock. Henshaw, Oerry. art

1:16 Oec76 p42-46 *** Clock / Interface /

SWTPCTelephone dialing by computer. Joyce, Edward.

art 5:1 Jan80 pl22-128 *** Interface /

Telecommunications / TerminalUse your television set as a video monitor.

Loos, Timothy, art 4:2 Feb79 p46-54 ***

Video Display / InterfaceWhy wait? Build a FAST cassette interface.

Suding, Robert, art L3 1:11 Jul76 p46-53

*** Tape Cassette / Interface

MATHEMATICS

Build this mathematical function unit, part 1:hardware. Guthrie, R. Scott, art 1:13 Sep76p26-33 *** Mathematics

Build this mathematical function unit, part 2:software. Guthrie, R. Scott, art 13 1:140ct76 p74-80 *** Mathematics / ProgrammingInstruction / 8080

How to multiply in a wet climate, part 2: designdetails. Bryant/Swasdee. art L3 3:5 May78pl04-114 *** Mathematics / SWTPC /Microprocessor

TRS-80 MODEL IBuild a low-cost speech-synthesizer interface.

Ciarcia, Steve, col LI 6:6 JunSl p46-68

*** Apple II / Voice Synthesis / TRS-80 Model

IBuild an unlimited-vocabulary speech synthesizer.Ciarcia, Steve, col LI 6:9 Sep81 p38-50

*** Voice Synthesis / TRS-80 Model IIIBuild the Disk-80: memory expansion and

floppy-disk control (TRS-80). Ciarcia, Steve.

col 6:3 Mar81 p36-52 *** Disk Controllers

/ Minidisk Drive / TRS-80 Model ICassette interface switching box for the TRS-80*.Anderson, Craig, art 3:11 Nov78 pl60-161

*** Tape Cassette / Control / TRS-80 Model IComputerized testing. Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll

5:12 Dec80 p44-70 *** Test Equipment /

TRS-80 Model IHome in on the range!. Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll

5:11 Nov80 p32-58 *** Control / Interface /

TRS-80 Model II/O expansion for the Radio Shack TRS-80

(principles of parallel ports). Ciarcia,

Steve, col 5:5 May80 p22-40 *** Parallel

Input/Output / TRS-80 Model II/O expansion for the TRS-80, part 2: serial

ports. Ciarcia, Steve, col 5:6 Jun80

p42-62 *** Serial Input/Output / TRS-80 Model

IHARDWARE MODIFICATION

6502 gets microprogrammable instructions.

Harrod, Dennette. art L3 5:10 0ct80

p282-285 *** 6502 / Programming InstructionAdd dual trace and delayed sweep to your

oscilloscope. Stetson, Robert, col 6:9

Sep81 p428-431 *** Test EquipmentAlpha lock for your ASCII keyboard. Conboy,

Terry, art 5:1 Jan80 pl56-158 ***

Keyboard / ASCIIAudio meter for your TRS-80. Miller, David, col5:2 Feb80 pl72-174 *** Tape Cassette /

TRS-80 Model ICassette lives on: an alternative to floppy-disk

mass storage. Cook, Emory, art 5:5 May80

pl2-18 *** Tape Cassette / Maintenance /

Information StorageChallenger writes on Comprint. Carlson, Edward.

col L3 6:4 Apr81 p310-312 *** Printer /

Interface / OSIDo you need the real time?. Trollope, Gregory.

art L3 2:11 Nov77 pl66-169 *** Clock /

MIKBUG / 6800Fix for the Dazzler. Baltrush, Michael, col

4:4 Apr79 p247-248 *** CromemcoForcing the Z80 starting address. Soderstrom,

Randy, col 6:2 Feb81 p288 *** Z-80Giving KIM some fancy jewels (remote display

board). Grater, Robert, art 2:7 Jul77

pl26-127 *** KIM / Input/Output / LED DisplayImprove TRS-80 disk operation: add an external

data separator. Kline, Ken. col 6:5 May81

pl02-104 *** Disk Controllers / TRS-80 Model

1 / Minidisk DriveKeyboard modification. Macomber, George, art

1:6 Feb76 pl6 *** KeyboardMaking an H9 understand lower case. Frye,

George, col 3:9 Sep78 pl47 *** Heath /

Lowercase ModificationModifying the SwTPC computer (for 6809

operation). Weaver, Thomas, art 6:2 Feb81

p332-334 *** SWTPC / 6809More colors for your Apple. Watson/Wozniak. artU 4:6 Jun79 p60-68 *** Color Graphics /

High Resolution Graphics / Apple IIMounting a paper tape reader. Bryant, Jack, art3:1 Jan78 pl61 *** Paper Tape Reader

HARDWARE MODIFICATION (CONTINUED)

Plugging the KIM-2 gap. Motley, M. Garth, col

3:9 Sep73 pl23 *** Memory / KIMRadio Shack's modifications to the TRS-80*. Li,

Terry, col 5:10 0ct30 pl32-184 *** TRS-80

Model I / ROMSeparate your sync (how to modify a TV monitor).

Rosen, David, art 2:1 Jan77 p92-93 ***

Video DisplaySimpler digital cassette tape interface.

Burhans, Ralph, art 3:10 0ct78 pl42-143

*** Tape Cassette / InterfaceSouping up your SwTPC 6800. Hughes, Steve, art

3:10 Oct78 pl44-l<!6 *** Clock / SWTPCSpeeding up MIKBUG 10 routines. Moure, T.W. col3:6 Jun78 pl32-134 *** MIKBUG / 6800 /

Input/OutputSwitching ROMs in the Fairchild F3 evaluation

kit. Polonchak, John, art 2:11 Nov77 pl60

*** ROMTrue confessions: how I relate to KIM. Gupta,

Yogesh. art 1:12 Aug76 p44-43 *** KIMHARDWARE REVIEW

8008: microprocessor update. Baker, Robert, hr

2:4 Apr77 pllO-Ul+ *** 8008 /

MicroprocessorAbout the cover (color graphics on the TV

Dazzler). Helmers, Carl, art 1:10 Jun76

p6-7 *** Color Graphics / Cromemco / High

Resolution GraphicsAltos ACS8000 single-board computer. Dahmke,

Mark, hr 5:11 Nov80 pl58-170 *** AltosAxiom EX800 Printer; a user's report. Bosen,

R.J. hr Ll 3:7 Jul78 p28-29 *** PrinterBig board: a Z80 system in kit form. Thompson,

David, hr 6:9 Sep81 p52-56 *** Kit

Building / Z-80 / Microcomputer SystemBuilding the Heath H8 computer. Poduska, Paul.

art Ll 4:3 Mar79 pl2-13+ *** Heath / Kit

Building / Microcomputer SystemCOSMAC VIP, the RCA fun machine. Weisbecker,

Joseph, hr 2:8 Aug77 p30-32+ *** COSMAC /Cassette transports for the "Roll Your Own"

hobbyist*. Freeman, William, art 2:3 Mar77

p26-32 *** Tape CassetteCherry pro keyboard. Parker, Dan. art 4:11

Nov79 p232-234 *** KeyboardChip off the olde PDP 8/E: the Intersil IM6100

part 1. Nelson, Robert, art 1:9 May76

p60-68 *** Microprocessor / IM6100 / PDP-8Chip off the olde PDP 8/E: the Intersil IM61Q0

part 2. Nelson, Robert, art 1:10 Jun76

p58-62 *** Microprocessor / IM6100 / PDP-8Circuit for Z-80s. Suding, Robert, art 1:13

Sep76 p62-71 *** Microprocessor / Z-80Commodore VIC 20 microcomputer: a low-cost, high

performance...computer* . Williams, Gregg, hr6:5 May81 p46-64 *** VIC-20Comparing floppy-disk drives by software

simulation. Nendza, Dennis, art Ll 5:5

May80 pl30-140 *** Floppy Disk Drive /

Minidisk Drive / TestCompucolor 8051 (Color graphics on the Compucolor

8051). Owyer/Critchfield. art 3:5 May78

p32-39 *** Compucolor / Color Graphics /

Microcomputer SystemDate with KIM. Simpson, Richard, art 1:9

May76 p8-12 *** KIM / Microcomputer SystemEase into 16-bit computing: get 16-bit

performance from an 8-bit computer. Ciarcia,

Steve, col L3 5:3 Mar80 pl7-32 *** 8088

/ MicroprocessorEpson MX-80 and MX-70 printers. Cohan, Kevin.

hr 6:5 May81 p22-34 *** PrinterF8 system (microprocessor update).' Baker,

Robert, hr 2:2 Feb77 p88-95 ***

MicroprocessorGeneral Instrument CP1600. Baker, Robert, art

1:7 Mar76 p46-51 *** Microprocessor /

CP1600H-P 65: world's smallest computer system.

Nelson, Richard, art 1:4 Dec75 p70-71 ***

CalculatorHP-41C: a literate calculator?. Hayes, Brian.

hr 6:1 Jan81 pll8-138 *** Calculator / Bar

Codes /Hard-disk explosion: high-powered mass storage

for your personal computer. Manuel, Tom. art

5:8 Aug80 p58-70+ *** Hard Disk DriveHeath H-14 printer. Rehm, Bradford, hr 6:2

FebSl p253-260 *** Printer / HeathHeath H-89 computer. Dahmke, Mark, hr Ll 5:8

Aug80 p46-56 *** HeathHeath microprocessor training system. Hubin,

W.N. hr 3:11 Nov78 pl58-159 *** Computer

Instruction / Microprocessor / HeathHewlett-Packard's new personal computer: the

HP-85*. Morgan, Christopher, hr L3 5:3

Mar80 p60-66 *** HP-85 / Microcomputer

SystemHow to choose a microprocessor. Frenzel, Lou.

art 3:7 Jul 78 pl24-150 *** Microprocessor

/ Consumer InformationIBM personal computer: first impressions.

Lerrmons, Phil, hr 6:10 Octal p26-34 ***

Microcomputer System / IBM Personal ComputerIntegral Data's Paper Tiger 460. Willner,

Eliakim. hr 6:10 0ct81 p378-382 ***

PrinterIntel 8086 (and the SDK-86 system design kit).

Ciarcia, Steve, col 4:11 Nov79 pl4-24 ***

8086 / MicroprocessorKeep PACE with the times. Baker, Robert, art

1:14 0ct76 p82-86 *** MicroprocessorMatrox ALT-256 video board (product description).Ruple, Gary, hr 3:5 May78 p24-30 ***

Video Display / High Resolution Graphics /

S-100 Bus

HARDWARE REVIEW (CONTINUED)

Mauro Proac plotter. Dahmke, Mark, hr 6:10

Octal p383-384 *** PlotterMicro-Scan Corp bar code scanner. Merkowitz,

Frederick, hr 3:10 0ct78 pl66-167 *** Bar

CodesMicroAce computer. Searls, Delmar. hr 6:4

AprSl p46-62 *** MicroAceMicroAngelo video display. Dahmke, Mark, hr

5:11 NovSO pl96-202 *** Video Display /

High Resolution Graphics / S-100 BusNEC PC-8001: a new Japanese personal computer.

Keith/Kocher. hr 6:1 Jan31 p72-83 ***

PC-8001New Altair 680. Vice, James, art 1:6 Feb76

p42-45 *** Altair / Microcomputer SystemNew mini-microcomputer system: the Digital

Equipment Corporation LSI -11. Baker, Robert.

art 1:5 Jan76 pl2-24 *** LSI-11 /

Microcomputer SystemNoval 760 (System description: The Noval 760).

Hauck/Nash. hr 2:9 Sep77 plQ2-108 ***

Microcomputer SystemOSI (model 300 computer training board - product

description). Baker, Robert, col 2:1 Jan77

p94-95 *** OSIPET 2001 (User's report: the PET 2001). Fylstra,

Dan. hr 3:3 Mar78 pll4-127 *** PET /

Microcomputer SystemPanasonic and Quasar hand-held computers.

Wi11i ams/Meyer. hr 6:1 Jan81 p34-45 ***

Hand-held Computer / FictionPower of the HP-67 programmable calculator, part

1. Arp, Robert, art 4:3 Mar79 pl96-204

*** CalculatorPreview of the Z-8000. Rampil, Ira. art 4:3

Mar79 p80-91 *** Z-8000 / MicroprocessorProcessor Technology VDM-1. Anderson, D. hr L31:16 Dec76 p36-39 *** Video Display /

Altair / IMSAIPut the "do everything" chip in your next design

(TMS-5501). Baker, Robert, art 1:11 Jul76

p40-44 *** Microprocessor / TMS-5501RAMCRAM memory module for the Atari. Pelczarski,

Mark, hr 6:6 JunSl p24-26 *** Memory /

AtariRadio Shack's Daisy Wheel Printer II. Kolya,

Yvon. hr 6:2 Feb81 p30-34 *** Printer /Recognition for Heuristics Speechlab. Parfitt,

Rick, hr 2:9 Sep77 p50 *** Speech

Recognition / AltairSC/MP fills a gap. Baker, Robert, art 1:13

Sep76 p76-79 *** SC/MP / MicroprocessorSOL-20 (User's report: the SOL-20). Barbour,

Dennis, hr 3:4 Apr78 pl26-130 *** SOL /

Microcomputer SystemSR-52: another world's smallest*. Flippin, J.

Bradley, art 1:8 Apr76 p36-41 ***

CalculatorSWTPC PR-40 alphanumeric printer (review). Kay,

Gary, hr 2:3 Mar77 pl8-24 *** Printer /

SWTPCSinclair Research ZX80. McCallum, John, hr 6:1

Jan81 p94-102 *** Sinclair ZX80Some graphics background information. Rampil,

Ira. art 1:15 Nov76 p56-59 *** Graphics /

High Resolution GraphicsSuperboard II: a surprising single board computer

from OSI. Morgan, Christopher, col 4:5

May79 p50-51 *** OSISynertek systems KTM-2 terminal-on-a-board.

Nowes, Phil, hr 5:10 0ct80 p.12-48 ***

TerminalTDL system monitor board: a writer's view. Rehm,

Bradford, hr 3:4 Apr78 plO-16 ***

Microcomputer SystemTeleterminal Fly Reader paper tape reader (Come

fly with KIM). Simpson, Rick, hr 2:6 Jun77

p76-80 *** Information Storage / Paper Tape

ReaderTexas Instruments TMS9900. Baker, Robert, art

3:8 Apr76 p64-70 *** 9900 / Microprocessor

Time has come to talk. Atmar, Wirt, art 1:12

Aug76 p26-33 *** Voice Synthesis /User's reaction to the SOL-10 computer. Bumpous,

Robert, hr 3:1 Jan78 p86-93 *** SOL /

Microcomputer SystemUser's report on the Intercept ^)r. Lahore,

Henry, art 2:12 Dec77 pl86-190 ***

Microcomputer SystemWelcome, IBM, to personal computing, hr 1:4

Dec75 p90 *** IBMZilog Z80. Hashizume, Burt, hr 1:12 Aug76

p34-38 *** Microprocessor / Z-80 /

6800Astral 2000. hr 1:15 Nov76 pl32-134 ***

Microcomputer System / 6800Preview of the Motorola 68000. Halsema, A.l.

art 4:8 Aug79 pl70-174 *** 68000 /

MicroprocessorSystems of note (M6800 from Celdat Design

Assoc iates). hr 1:10 Jun76 pl06-108 ***

6800 / Microcomputer System

8080Digital Group 8080A (Try this computer on for

size). Ciarcia, Steve, art 2:3 Mar77

p!14-121+ *** Hardware Construction /

Microcomputer System / 8080MSC 8080+ microcomputer as a personal system.

Barbier, Ken. hr 1:13 Sep76 p44-49 ***

Microcomputer System / 8080

APPLE IIApple II (system description). Wozniak, Stephen.art 2:5 May77 p34-43 *** Apple II /Microcomputer System

404 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Stocking Stuffers

FROM HAYDEN!

New! KLONDIKE 2000

(Trackman) Gold is hidden in the desolatecaves of a mine in tiie Martian desert. Youdiscover the secret to gaining the loyalty ofhostile robots guarding the gold. But youmust fight conniving opponents and carryyour gold out of the mine. Suspense!Excitement! Treachery!* 10209, Apple II Disk, $24.95

New! TRS-80 GALAXY OF

GAMES (Dilley, Savolaine andWilkerson) A real bargain - and hours offun, too! HANGMAN - The most famousword game - you'll get hung up on it!ONE-ARM-BANDIT - A home version ofthe casino slot machine. SKUNK - Anexciting dice game! You get "skunked"when you roll no points! JACKS - A cardgame in which small is great! Trade highcards for low ones and win! *09903,TRS-80 Models I and III, $14.95

• •••*•■

ORDER TODAY!

Hayden Book Co., Inc.

50 Essex St. Rochelle Park, NJ 07662

Please send me the software checked. Residents ofNJ and CA must add sales tax. Name of individualordering must be filled in. Offer good in US only.Payment must accompany orders from P.O. Boxnumbers. Prices subject to change without notice

G Enclosed is my check or money order

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Available at yourlocal computer store!

New! MIND THRUST (Sackson

and Wazaney) Match wits with thecomputer! Be the first to complete a chainacross the board. Switch sides at any timeand control your opponent's pieces as hecontrols yours. *07403, TRS-80 LevelII, $16.95

Coming Soon! AtariVersion! REVERSAL

(Spracklens) One of our most populargames! This version of the 200-year-oldgame Reversi features 27 levels of playand high resolution color graphics. Writtenby the authors of SARGON II!#07004, Apple II tape#07012, ATARI tape (soon to beavailable) each tape, $29.95#07009, Apple II Disk, $34.95

Coming Soon! ALIBI

(Trackman) You must interrogate sleazy,intelligent, treacherous and deceitfulsuspects to solve dreadful murders. Casesbecome more difficult and the number ofsuspects increases as you become moreskillful! The best detective game for micro-computers.#10909, Apple II Disk, $19.95

Coming Soon! STAR

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For Orders, Inquiries and Technical Support, Call Toll Free

800-631-0856

50 Essex Street, Rochelle Park, NJ 07662 BOOlf COHIfKMiy, lilC.

Circle 180 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1981 405

HARDWARE REVIEW (CONTINUED)

Apple III. Morgan, Chris, hr Ll 5:7 Jul80

p50-54 *** Apple III / Microcomputer System

Apple to Byte: one user's review of the Apple II.

Helmers, Carl, hr 3:3 Har7B pl8-46 ***

Apple II / Microcomputer SystemMicrosoft Softcard. Pelczarski, Mark, hr 6:11

Nov81 pl52-162 *** Z-80 / Apple II / CP/MMountain Computer's MusicSystem. Moore, Robin.

hr 6:7 Jul81 p60-92 *** Music / Apple IIVidex keyboard and display enhancer. Pelczarski,

Mark, hr 6:7 Jul81 p354-356 *** Video

Display / Apple II / KeyboardalphaSyntauri Music Synthesizer. Levine/Mauchly.hr 6:12 Dec81 pl08-128 *** Music / Apple

II

CONTROLIntel 8275 CRT controller. Tennant, Chris, art

4:5 May79 pl30-148 *** Video ControllerPercom's Doubler. Kelly, Mahlon. hr 6:7 Jul81p344-352 *** Disk Controllers / TRS-80 ModelI / Minidisk DriveSingle chip video controller. Haas, Bob. art4:5 May79 p52-75 *** Video Controller /Integrated Circuits / Design

DESIGNSingle chip video controller. Haas, Bob. art4:5 May79 p52-75 *** Video Controller /Integrated Circuits / Design

GAMES

HP-67 and HP-97: Hewlett-Packard's personalcomputers*. Pearce, Craig, art Ll 3:6Jun78 pll2-117 *** Calculator / Games

New software, new hardware computer languages,and games. Pournelle, Jerry, col 6:11 Nov81p449-457 *** Languages / Software Review /Games

Pocket computer?. Carbrey, Bruce, hr 5:12Dec80 p244-262 *** Calculator / Games

HARDWARE CONSTRUCTION

Assembling the H9 video terminal. Steeden,

Terry, art 3:10 0ct78 pl30-135 ***

Terminal / Heath / Hardware ConstructionCT-1024 kit. Hogenson, James, hr 1:5 Jan76

p92-95 *** Terminal / Hardware Construction /

Video DisplayDigital Group 8080A (Try this computer on for

size), Ciarcia, Steve, art 2:3 Mar77

pll4-121+ *** Hardware Construction /

Microcomputer System / 8080RGS 008A microcomputer kit. Hogenson, James, hr1:1 Sep75 pl6-19 *** Microcomputer System

/ Hardware Construction / 8008SwTPC 6809 Microcomputer System. Harmon, Tom.

hr 6:1 JanSl p216-222 *** SWTPC / 6809 /

Hardware Construction

INTERFACE8088 processor for the S-100 bus, part 1.

Cantrell, Thomas, art 5:9 Sep80 p46-64 ***8088 / S-100 Bus / InterfaceConvert your TV set to a video monitor. Fylstra,

Dan. art 3:5 May78 p22+ *** Video Display

/ InterfaceMERLIN video interface adds a visual dimension to

your Altair or IMSAI. hr 1:15 Nov76 p62-64

*** Video Display / Interface / AltairOhio Scientific CA-15 universal telephone

interface. Williams, Gregg, hr Ll 5:8

Aug80 p40-44 *** Interface / OSI /

TelecommunicationsPut your computer to work (cassette controller).

Roch, Bill, hr 6:2 Feb31 pl02-103 ***

Tape Cassette / Interface / AltairUsing the PolyMorphics video interface.

Wenzlaff, Wayne, art 2:12 Dec77 pl30-132

*** Video Display / Interface

MATHEMATICSNumber crunching processor (NSC MM57109).Nelson, Peter, art L3 3:3 Aug78 p64-74*** Microprocessor / Mathematics

SOFTWARE REVIEW

New software, new hardware computer languages,and games. Pournelle, Jerry, col 5:11 NovBlp449-457 *** Languages / Software Review /Games

TRS-80 MODEL IExatron Stringy Floppy data-storage system.

Carlson, Keith, hr 6:11 Nov81 pl26-130 ***Information Storage / TRS-80 Model I / Stringy

FloppyMicro Matrix Photopoint Light Pen (TRS-80).

Gray, Stephen, hr 6:3 Mar81 p84-88 ***

Light Pen / TRS-80 Model IPercom's Doubler. Kelly, Mahlon. hr 6:7 JulSlp344-352 *** Disk Controllers / TRS-B0 Model

I / Minidisk DriveRadio Shack TRS-80: an owner's report. Fylstra,

Dan. hr 3:4 Apr78 p49-60 *** TRS-80 Model

I / Microcomputer SystemTRS-80 speaks: using BASIC to drive a speech

synthesizer. Gargagliano/Fons. art Ll 4:10

0ct79 pll3-122 *** Voice Synthesis / TRS-80

Model 1TRS-80: Radio Shack's new entry into the personal

computer market. Morgan, Chris, col 2:11

Nov77 p46 *** TRS-80 Model ITnree new computers from Radio Shack (Model III,

Color and Pocket). Miastkowski, Stan, hr

5:10 0ct80 pl72-180 *** TRS-80 Model III /

TRS-80 Color / TRS-80 Pocket Computer

HASHING

Easy to use hashing function. Kinzer, Don. art

L3 4:10 0ct79 p200-204 *** 6800 /

Programming InstructionMaking hash with tables. Dollhoff, Terry, art

L3 2:1 Jan77 pl8-30 *** Programming

Instruction / 8080HEALTH

Mind over matter: add biofeedback input for your

computer. Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll 4:6 Jun79p49-58 *** Control / Analog/Digital Circuit

/ Hardware ConstructionHEATH

Assembling the H9 video terminal. Steeden,

Terry, art 3:10 0ct78 pl30-135 ***

Terminal / Hardware Construction / Hardware

ReviewBuilding the Heath H8 computer. Poduska, Paul.

art Ll 4:3 Mar79 pl2-13+ *** Kit Building

/ Hardware Review / Microcomputer SystemHeath H-14 printer. Rehm, Bradford, hr Ll 6:2Feb81 p253-260 *** Hardware Review /

PrinterHeath H-89 computer. Dahmke, Mark, hr Ll 5:8

Aug80 p46-56 *** Hardware ReviewHeath microprocessor training system. Hubin,

W.N. hr 3:11 Nov78 pl58-159 *** Hardware

Review / Computer Instruction / MicroprocessorMaking an H9 understand lower case. Frye,

George, col 3:9 Sep78 pl47 *** Hardware

Modification / Lowercase ModificationPAM/8: a new approach to front panel design.

Letwin, Gordon, art 3:10 0ct78 p70-84 ***

Monitor / Software Review / LED DisplayHEWLETT-PACKARD

Generating bar code in the Hewlett-Packard

format*. McNeal, Thomas, art Ll 6:1 Jan81

pl4B-178 *** Bar Codes / Calculator /

ConversionsGraphics fundamentals. Sandifur, Kathleen, art

L9 6:10 Octal p284-300 *** Graphics /

Programming InstructionMinimizing curve-plotting calculation. Bowker,

Timothy, art L9 4:12 Dec79 pl34-142 ***

Plotting / Programming InstructionNon1terat1ve digital solution of linear transfer

functions. Flnlay, Bryan, art Ll 4:12

Dec79 pl44-166 *** Mathematics / SimulationRotation algorithm (graphic designs). Bates,

Samuel, col Ll 6:1 Jan81 p328-333 ***

Graphics / PlottingVariable type converter for numerical quantities.

Moskowltz, M1ke. col Ll 6:2 Feb81■ p271-272 *** Conversions / Programming

Instruction / BASICHEXADECIMAL

5 byte hexadecimal to ASCII converter. Doshi,

Ashwln. col L3 4:6 Jun79 p208 ***

Conversions /ASCII / 80808 digit hexadecimal readout. Burns, R.R. art

2:8 Aug77 pll4-116 *** Hardware

Construction / LED DisplayAIM-65 16-bit hexadecimal to decimal conversion.

Young, R.A. col L3 6:8 Aug81 p413 ***

Conversions / AIMBuild an octal/hexadecimal output display.

C1arc1a, Steve, col 3:12 Dec78 p32-39 ***

Hardware Construction / Input/OutputEasy programming system (hexadecimal Interpretive

programming system). Weisbecker, Joseph, art

L9 3:12 Dec78 pl08-122 *** Programming

Instruction / COSMACHow to do a number of conversions*. Brown,

James, art L3 1:13 Sep76 p50-60 ***

Conversions / Binary / 8080Peek at poke (pokes hexadecimal values into

memory). Parrls, M. col Ll 4:6 Jun79

P212-213 *** Utility Program / TRS-80 Model ISimple base conversions for the TRS-80. Curran,

James, col Ll 5:11 NovSO pl45 ***

Conversions / TRS-80 Model IHIGH RESOLUTION GRAPHICS

About the cover (color graphics on the TV

Oazzler). Helmers, Carl, art 1:10 0un76

p6-7 *** Color Graphics / Cromemco / Hardware

ReviewAdd this graphics display to your system.

Buschbach, Thomas, art 1:15 Nov76 p32-39

*** Hardware Construction / GraphicsColorful future of personal computing. Helmers,

Carl. col 2:10 Oc t77 p6+ *** Video

Display / Color Graphics / Color DisplayComputer art (About the cover - color graphics

done on a GRASS system). Defanti/Tetz. col

2:10 Oct77 p22-25 *** Art / PDP-11Kinetic string art for the Apple. Cesa, Louis.

col 5:11 Nov80 p62-63 *** Color Graphics /

Art / Apple IILanguage control structures for easy electronic

visualization. DeFanti, Thomas, art 5:11

NovSO p90-106 *** Languages / Color GraphicsMatrox ALT-256 video board (product description).Ruple, Gary, hr 3:5 May78 p24-30 ***

Hardware Review / Video Display / S-100 BusMicroAngelo video display. Dahmke, Mark, hr Ll5:11 Nov80 pl96-202 *** Hardware Review /

Video Display / S-100 BusMicrograph, part 1: ...an instruction set for a

raster-scan display. Booch, E. Grady, art L35:11 NovSO p64-82+ *** Color Graphics /

Design / Video Display GeneratorMicrograph, part 2: video-display processor.

Dooch, E. Grady, art L3 5:12 Dec80

p!20-138+ *** Color Graphics / Hardware

Construction / Video DisplayMicrograph, part 3: software and operation.

Booch, E. Grady, art L3 6:1 Jan81 p238-280*** Color Graphics / Programming Instruction

HIGH RESOLUTION GRAPHICS (CONTINUED)

More colors for your Apple. Watson/Wozniak. artLl 4:6 Jun79 p60-6B *** Color Graphics /

Hardware Modification / Apple IIPhotograph is also hard copy. Egbert, Dwight.

art 3:5 May78 pl0-14 *** Color Graphics /

PhotographyPicture-perfect Apple. Roybal, Phil, art 6:1

Jan81 p226-235 *** Printer / Apple IIRaster scan graphics suggestion. Adams, Tello.

col 3:5 May78 p44 *** Color GraphicsShape table conversion for the P$>p"\e 11.

Partyka, Dave, col Ll 4:11 Nov79 p63 ***

Programming Instruction / Apple II /

ConversionsSome graphics background information. Rampil,

Ira. art 1:15 Nov76 p56-59 *** / High

Resolution GraphicsThree-dimensional computer graphics, part 1.

Crow, Franklin, art L6 6:3 Mar81 p54-82

*** Graphics / Three-Dimensional GraphicsThree-dimensional graphics for the Apple II.

Sokol, Dan. art Ll 5:11 Nov80 pl48-154

*** Apple II / Three-Dimensional GraphicsHIGHER EDUCATION

APL and the greatest common divisor / APL aids

instructors. Claxton/Evans. col L9 4:5

May79 p206-207 *** APLClassroom demonstration: controlling a system

with a microcomputer. Hill, Garnet, art L3

3:11 Nov78 pU2-118 *** Control / ScienceCollege microcomputer facility. Foster/Southern.art 3:4 Apr78 p90-96 *** Computer

Instruction / MicroprocessorComputer assisted instruction on a microcomputer.Davidson/et al. art 3:11 Nov78 p90-94 ***Computer Assisted Instruction / PILOTGetting problem-solving advice from a computer.

Garson, James, col 6:5 MayBl pl86-196 ***

Computer Assisted InstructionIntellectual ethics and software: an Inquiry Into

the nature of Ideas... . Helmers, Carl, col

5:9 Sep80 p6-10 *** Ethics / BusinessInteractive control of a vldeocassette recorder

with a personal computer . Hallgren, Richard.

art L3 5:7 JulSO pll6-134 *** Control /

Computer Assisted Instruction / InterfaceMicrocomputer as a laboratory Instrument.

Cosgrove, Daniel, art L3 6:11 NovSl

p84-95+ *** Science / ControlMicrocomputer in the undergraduate science

curriculum. Hubin, W.N. art 5:7 JulSO

pl74-196 *** Computer Assisted Instruction /

ScienceMicrocomputers 1n the chemistry laboratory.

DeSleno, Robert, col 6:2 FebSl p274-278

*** Science / AltairMicroprocessor course. Fohl, Mark, art 2:8

Aug77 p26-28+ *** Microprocessor / Computer

Instruction / EducationMinicomputer fair: tiny and personal. Plele,

Donald, art 2:11 Nov77 p26-29 ***

Conference / Contests / Secondary EducationNotes on teaching with microcomputers. Norton,

W1111am. art 3:6 0un78 pl38-139 ***

Computer Instruction / KIMTeaching with a microcomputer. Gerhold, George.

art 3:12 Dec78 pl24-126 *** Computer

Assisted Instruction / EducationView from the lectern: what's wrong with

technical writing today?. Barnum, Carol, col

6:11 Nov81 p409-412 *** WritingHISTORY

Antique mechanical computers, part 1: early

automata. Williams, James, art 3:7 Jul79

p48-58 ***Antique mechanical computers, part 2: 18th and

19th century...marvels. Williams, James, art

3:8 Aug78 p96-107 *** RobotsAntique mechanical computers, part 3: the Torres

Chess Automaton. Williams, James, art 3:9

Sep78 p82-92 *** Robots / ChessEmperor's old clothes (lecture by the 1980 ACM

Turing Award winner). Hoare, Charles, art

6:9 Sep81 p414-425 *** PeopleEra of off-the-shelf personal computers has

arrived. Helmers, Carl, col L6 5:1 Jan80

p6-10+ *** Microcomputer System / Apple II /

PascalEvolution of FORTH, an unusual language. Moore,

Charles, art L7 5:8 AugSO p76-92 ***

FORTH / LanguagesFirst ten years of amateur computing. Libes,

Sol. art 3:7 Jul78 p64-71 ***History of computers: the IBM 650*. Reid-Green,

Keith, art 4:3 Mar79 p238-240 *** IBMHistory of computers: the IBM 704*. Reid-Green,

Keith, art 4:1 Jan79 pl90-192 *** IBMHistory of computing: the IBM 7070. Reid-Green,

Keith, art 4:6 Jun79 pl48-150 *** IBMHow BYTE started. Green, Wayne, col 1:1 Sep75

p9+ *** PublishingIs the Smalltalk-80 system for children?.

Goldberg/Ross, art 6:8 Aug81 p348-36B ***

Smalltalk / Programming Instruction / ChildrenOrigins of the word "byte". Buchholtz, W. let

2:2 Feb77- pl44 *** Definitions / ISMOther early computers. Lane, G.B. col 4:5

May79 p211-212 ***Personal computing: an idea whose time has

finally come!. Isaacson, Portia, col 2:2

Feb77 p4+ ***Philadelphia's 179 year old android. Penniman,

Charles, art 3:8 Aug78 p90-94 *** RobotsReflections on entry into our third year.

Helmers, Carl, col 2:9 Sep77 p6+ ***

Publishing

406 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 339 on inquiry card.

FREE PREMIUM!1982 subscribers willreceive the specialMATH1 package ofPC programs. Youqualify to receivethis valuable freegift if you checkeither box 2 or 3below! Don't delay!Get started learninghow to enjoy yourpocket computer to-day. Use this handysubscription card!

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Convert your IBMSelectric /Electronicinto a letterquality printer forunder $600

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BYTE December 1981

407

HISTORY (CONTINUED)

Sampling of techniques for computer performance

of music. Chamberlin, Hal. art L3 2:9

Sep77 p62-83 *** Music / KIH / Programming

InstructionShort history of computing*. Reid-Green, Keith.

art 3:7 Jul78 p84-94 ***Some laws of personal computing. Lewis, T.G.

art 4:10 Oct79 pl86-191 *** Computers and

SocietyWhat is BYTE? - (the first) editorial. Helmers,

Carl, col 1:1 Sep75 p4-6 *** PublishingHOLOGRAPHY

Beginner's guide to spectral analysis, part 2.

Zimnermann, Mark, art L3 6:3 Mar81

pl66-198 *** Fourier Transforms / PET / Image

ProcessingHOME

$5.25 interface to the BSR X-10 home control

system. Trimble, Alan, col L3 5:9 Sep80

p314-316 *** Control / Interface / CromemcoApple X10 control. Arczynski, Wayne, col L3

6:12 Dec81 p469-472 *** Control / Apple II

/ 6502Build a computer controlled security system for

your home. Ciarcia/Sunderland. col 4:1

Jan79 p56-71 *** Security / Control /

Hardware ConstructionBuild a computer controlled security system for

your home: part 2. Ciarcia, Steve, col L2

4:2 Feb79 pl62-179 *** Security / HardwareConstruction / ControlBuild a computer controlled security system for

your home: part 3. Ciarcia, Steve, col L34:3 Mar79 pl50-167 *** Security / Control /

Hardware ConstructionBuild a low-cost, remote data-entry terminal.

Ciarcia, Steve, col 5:9 Sep80 p26-42 ***

Hardware Construction / TerminalBuild a touch tone decoder for remote control.

Ciarcia, Steve, col 6:12 DecSl p42-70 ***

Control / Hardware Construction /

TelecommunicationsCatalog of liberating home computer concepts.

Lau, Ted. art 2:5 May77 pl7-24+ *** FutureCheckbook balancer. Hallen, Rod. col Ll 3:11

Nov78 p66 *** Money / SOLCheckbook balancing routine. White, Loring. col

Ll 4:6 Jun79 p208-210 *** MoneyComputer-controlled wood stove. Ciarcia, Steve.

col 5:2 Feb80 p32-56 *** Energy / Control

/ DesignComputerize a home (BSR X-10 and a TRS-80)*.

Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll 5:1 Jan80 p28-54

*** Security / Control / InterfaceDon't forget the hardware...(control in the

home). Helmers, Carl, col 4:5 May79 p6+

*** ControlElectronic home banking (You can bank on it).

col 6:1 Jan81 plO *** Money / TRS-80 Model

I / CompuServeEnergy conservation with a microcomputer.

Jackson/Callahan, art Ll 6:7 Jul81

P178-208 *** Energy / PETEnergy-saving cost/benefit analysis.

Hetherington, R. col Ll 6:2 FebSl p266-270*** EnergyEvaluate your home's energy efficiency: conserve

energy with your.... Beasley, Kimball, art

Ll 6:10 0ct81 p250-260 *** Energy / TRS-80

Model IFurnace watchdog. Wierenga, Theron. art Ll

5:1 Jan80 p74-90 *** Energy / Control /

Hardware ConstructionHandheld remote control for your computerized

home. Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll 5:7 Jul80

p22-42 *** Control / Hardware Construction /

Input/OutputHeating and cooling management system. Hall,

Tom. art 6:2 Feb81 p326-331 *** Energy /

ControlI've got you in my scanner! (computer controlled

light scanner). Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll 3:11Nov78 p76-89 *** Security / Analog/Digital

Circuit / Hardware ConstructionPascal checkbook balancing program. Helmers,

Carl, col L6 5:1 JanBO pl74-175 ***

MoneyPower helps analyze electric bills. Wolfe,

Karen, art Ll 4:10 0ct79 p48-54 ***

Energy / North StarProposal for a kitchen inventory system, or don't

byte the wand that Shuford, Richard, col

3:12 Dec78 pl84-185 *** Inventory / Bar

Codes / Light WandShadow, Buck Rogers, and the home computer (home

applications). Gardner, Richard, art 1:2

0ct75 p58-60 *** Control / Predictions /

FutureTotal kitchen information system. Lau, Ted. art1:5 Jan76 p42-45 *** Programming

Instruction / Information StorageTrends in applications. Helmers, Carl, col 1:9

May76 p4-6+ *** PredictionsTune in and turn on!, part 1: a computerized

wireless AC control system. Ciarcia, Steve.

col Ll 3:4 Apr78 pll4-125 *** Control /

Hardware ConstructionTune in and turn on, part 2: an AC wireless

remote control system. Ciarcia, Steve, col

3:5 May78 p97-102 *** Control / Hardware

ConstructionHOMEBREW

Concerning PASCAL: a homebrew compiler project.

Smith, Stephen, col 3:4 Apr78 pl50-151 ***Pascal / CompilerDesigning the logic of the system - processor

board description, part 2. Helmers, Carl, col4:10 Oct79 p6-14 *** Microcomputer System

/ Design / 6809

HOMEBREW (CONTINUED)

Hombrew Pascal compiler. Stein, Herbert, col

3:8 Aug78 p46-47 *** Pascal / CompilerHomebrewery vs the software priesthood.

Wilber/Fylstra. art 1:14 Oct76 p90-94 ***

Computer Literacy / Software PiracyRationale of yet another homebrew system.

Helmers, Carl, col 4:9 Sep79 p6-9+ ***

Design / 6809 / Microcomputer SystemHORSE RACING

Great race and micro disk files: horse race

simulations. Roehrig, Joseph, art Ll 5:4

Apr80 pl42-177 *** Simulation / Games /

North StarHP-85

Hewlett-Packard's new personal computer: the

HP-85*. Morgan, Christopher, hr Ll 5:3

Mar80 p60-66 *** Hardware Review /

Microcomputer SystemHUMOR

Chips found floating down silicon slough.

Trumbull, Roy. art 1:6 Feb76 p41 ***Early indications of technology in Roman military

arts or Plexitus. Barnes, E.E. art 2:4

Apr77 p78-80 ***Establishing the CHU dynasty (computer hobbyist

uniform). Gray, Stephen, art 2:4 Apr77

p70-74 ***Having a "Private Affair" with your computer.

Ciarcia, Steve, art 2:4 Apr77 pl8-31 ***MicroShakespeare revisted or Kilobard. Kalnik,

Andrew, col 6:4 Apr81 p98-100 *** PuzzlesMicroShakespeare. Kalnik, Andrew, col 5:4

Apr80 pl04-108 ***Twelve computerized days of Christmas.

Li/Cooper, col 5:12 Dec80 p94 ***IBM

6800 Selectric 10 printer program. Guzzon,

Fulvio. art L3 2:6 Jun77 pl40-142 ***

Printer / Utility Program / 6800Floppy disk tutorial. Rampil, Ira. art 2:12

Dec77 p24-45 *** Floppy Disk Drive / Design

/ Information StorageHistory of computers: the IBM 650*. Reid-Green,

Keith, art 4:3 Mar79 p238-240 *** HistoryHistory of computers: the IBM 704*. Reid-Green,

Keith, art 4:1 Jan79 pl90-192 *** HistoryHistory of computing: the IBM 7070. Reid-Green,

Keith, art 4:6 Jun79 pl48-150 *** HistoryIBM compatible disk drives. Harman, Jefferson.

art 4:10 0ct79 plOO-106 *** Floppy Disk

Drive / StandardsIBM's personal computer. Morgan, Chris, col

6:7 JulBl p6-10 *** Microcomputer SystemInterfacing the IBM Selectric keyboard printer

(teaching KIM to type)*. Fylstra, Dan. art

L3 2:6 Jun77 p46-52+ *** Printer /

Interface / Hardware ConstructionOrigins of the word "byte". Buchholtz, W. let

2:2 Feb77 pl44 *** Definitions / HistoryReformatter for CP/M and IBM floppy disks.

Lehman, John, sr 6:4 Apr81 p94-96 ***

Software Review / Utility Program / CP/MTRS-80 performance evaluation by program timing*.Lewis, James, art L3 5:3 Mar80 p84-94

*** Benchmark Testing / TRS-80 Model IWelcome, IBM, to personal computing, hr 1:4

Dec75 p9D *** Hardware ReviewIBM PERSONAL COMPUTER

IBM personal computer: first Impressions.

Letmions, Phil, hr 6:10 0ct81 p26-34 ***

Hardware Review / Microcomputer SystemIM6100

Chip off the olde PDP B/E: the Intersil IM6100

part 1. Nelson, Robert, art 1:9 May76

p60-68 *** Microprocessor / PDP-8 / Hardware

ReviewChip off the olde PDP 8/E: the Intersil IM6100

part 2. Nelson, Robert, art 1:10 Jun76

p58-62 *** Microprocessor / PDP-8 / Hardware

ReviewIMAGE PROCESSING

Beginner's guide to spectral analysis, part 2.

Zimmermann, Mark, art L3 6:3 Mar81

pl66-198 *** Fourier Transforms / PET /

HolographyDigital storage of images. Williams, Thomas.

art 5:11 NovSO p220-238 *** Information

Storage / Graphics / DesignImage processing with a printer. Calkins, Clark,art L3 6:2 Feb81 p220-248 *** PrinterIMP-16

Which microprocessor for you?. Chamberlin, Hal.

art 1:1 Sep75 plO-14 *** Microprocessor /

8080 / 8008IMSAI

J3ASIC cross-reference table generator.

Englander/Englander, col Ll 4:4 Apr79

pl90-192 *** Utility Program / BASICBASIC text editor. Ruckdeschel, Fred, art Ll

4:6 Jun79 pl56-164 *** Text Editor / North

Star / BASICCybernetic crayon: a low cost approach to...color

graphics. Dwyer/Sweer. art L3 1:16 Dec76

p24-29+ *** Color Graphics / Programming

Instruction / ArtMemory test program. Caperello, Frank, col L3

4:8 Aug79 p215-217 *** Memory / Test / 8080

Processor Technology VUM-1. Anderson, D. hr L3

1:16 Dec76 p36-39 *** Hardware Review /

Video Display / AltairSYS ^...your own executive commands. Nico,

Millard, art 2:1 Jan77 p66-70 *** Monitor

/ Programming InstructionSweet auto line (automatic line numbering)*.

Nico. Willard, art L3 2:2 Feb77 pl2-20

*** Utility Program

INDEXING

BYTE cumulative index: September 1975 - December

1981. col 6:12 DecBl p370+ *** Publishing

/ Information SourcesINFLATION

Computing inflation with the consumer price

index. Haldeman, Joe. col Ll 6:7 Jul81

p300-302 *** Consumer Information / Apple IIINFORMATION SOURCES

BYTE cumulative index: September 1975 - December

1981. col 6:12 Dec81 p370+ *** Publishing

/ IndexingINFORMATION STORAGE

Can we agree on standards?. Morgan, Chris, col

6:11 Nov81 p6-8 *** Standards / Data

StructuresCassette lives on: an alternative to f(oppy-disk

mass storage. Cook, Emory, art 5:5 MayQO

p12-18 *** Tape Cassette / Hardware

Modification / MaintenanceDIF: a format for data exchange between

applications programs. Kalish/Mayer. art Ll

6:11 Nov81 pl74-206 *** Standards / Data

StructuresDigital data on cassette recorders. Mauch,

Harold, art 1:7 Mar76 p40-45 *** Tape

CassetteFundamentals of relational data organization.

Neely/Stewart. art 6:11 Nov81 p48-60 ***

Data Structures / Data Base ManagementGive your micro a megabyte (virtual memory

techniques). Grappel, Robert, art 2:7 Jul77p78-81 *** Memory / Computer Instruction /

Virtual MemoryHorror story (erased data tapes). Warren, Jim.

art 1:5 Jan76 p31 *** MaintenanceHow do you store 5,000 patient records?, col

1:11 Ju176 p95 *** Ask BYTE / Business /

Data StructuresInformation unlimited: the Dialog Information

Retrieval Service. Miastkowski, Stan, art

6:6 Jun81 p88-108 *** Online Systems /

Online InformationLambdino storage management system (a dialect of

LISP). Prini/Rudalics. art 4:8 Aug79

p26-32 *** LISPMagnetic recording for computers. Manly,

William, art 1:7 Mar76 pl8-28 *** Tape

Cassette / Diskettes / DefinitionsMagnetic recording technology. Helmers, Carl.

col 1:7 Mar76 p6-8+ *** Tape Cassette /

MemorySamples of machine readable printed software.

Banks/Sanderson, art 1:16 Dec76 pl2-17 ***Bar Codes / Standards / PAPERBYTESSerial storage media: an introduction and

glossary. Murphy, Brian, art 2:2 Feb77

p50-53 *** Tape Cassette / DefinitionsTypes and uses of direct access storage. Hill,

Curt, art 2:1 Jan77 p60-65 *** Hard Disk

Drive / Floppy Disk Drive / Data StructuresVirtual memory and VSAM for micros. Dahmke,

Mark, col 2:11 Nov77 p224 *** APL /

Memory / Virtual MemoryWhat do you do with a video disk?. Buchanan,

Martin, art 1:12 Aug76 p6-8+ *** Video

Disk

DESIGNComputer Information arrangement. Holladay,

David, art 2:10 0ct77 pl56-159 *** Design

/ Tape CassetteDigital cassette subsystem: part 2, digital data

formats Rampil/Breimeir. art 2:3 Mar 77

p38-48 *** Tape Cassette / Design / Digital

AudioDigital storage of images. Williams, Thomas.

art 5:11 Nov80 p220-238 *** Image

Processing / Graphics / DesignFloppy disk tutorial. Rampil, Ira. art 2:12

Dec77 p24-45 *** Floppy Disk Drive / Design

/ IBMSmart memory, part 1. Smith, Randy, art 4:4

Apr79 p54-62 *** Memory / Design

HARDWARE REVIEWExatron Stringy Floppy data-storage system.Carlson, Keith, hr 6:11 NovSl pl26-130 ***Hardware Review / TRS-80 Model I / StringyFloppyTeleterminal Fly Reader paper tape reader (Comefly with KIM). Simpson, Rick, hr 2:6 Jun77p76-80 *** Hardware Review / Paper TapeReader

PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTIONDon't waste memory space (one way to squeeze fat

out of text strings). Baker, Robert, art

1:16 Dec76 p58-59 *** Programming

Instruction / ASCII / MemoryFiles on parade, part 1: types of files. Klein,

Mark, art 4:2 Feb79 pl86-192 ***

Programming Instruction / Data StructuresFiles on parade, part 2: using files. Klein,

Mark, art Ll 4:3 Mar79 p32-41 ***

Programming Instruction / BASIC / Data

StructuresFundamentals of sequential file processing.

Smith, Wayne, art 2:10 Oct77 pll4-127 ***

Programming Instruction / Tape Cassette / Data

StructuresGive your computer an ear for names. Munnecke,

Tom. art Ll 5:5 May80 pl96-200 ***

Programming Instruction / PETImplementing dynamic data structures with BASIC

files. Carter, Ted. art Ll 5:2 Feb80

p92-102 *** Data Structures / Programming

Instruction / BASIC

408 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 452 on inquiry card.

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BYTE December 1981

409

INFORMATION STORAGE (CONTINUED)

Information-retrieval system. Elmore/Agarwal.

art 5:10 0ct80 pll4-150 *** Programming

Instruction / Data Base Management / Data

StructuresIntroduction to data compression. Corbin,

Harold, art L3 6:4 Apr81 p218-250 ***

Programming Instruction / Data StructuresIntroduction to tables. Butterfield, James, art3:4 Apr78 pl8-21 *** Programming

Instruction / Data StructuresPartitioned data sets. Halsema, A.I. art 3:12

Dec78 pl68-173 *** Floppy Disk Drive /

Programming Instruction / Data StructuresPascal and the great race. Mundie, David, col

L6 5:9 Sep80 p94 *** Pascal / Programming

InstructionText compression. Peterson, James, art Ll

4:12 Dec79 pl06-118 *** Programmi ng

InstructionTotal kitchen information system. Lau, Ted. art1:5 Jan76 p42-45 *** Home / Programming

InstructionUnderstanding ISAM. Gates, Reginald, art 5:6

Jun80 plOB-118 *** Programming Instruction /

Floppy Disk Drive / Data StructuresVariables whose values are strings. Maurer, W.D.art 4:10 0ct79 p90-97 *** Programmi ng

Instruction

TRS-80 MODEL IExatron Stringy Floppy data-storage system.

Carlson, Keith, hr 6:11 Nov81 pl26-130 ***Hardware Review / TRS-80 Model I / Stringy

FloppyINPUT/OUTPUT

Build a keyboard function decoder. Ciarcia,

Steve, col 3:7 Jul78 p98-103 *** Keyboard

/ Hardware ConstructionBuild an octal/hexadecimal output display.

Ciarcia, Steve, col 3:12 Dec78 p32-39 ***

Hardware Construction / HexadecimalCalculator keyboard input for the microcomputer.

Hoegerl, Joseph, art L3 2:2 Feb77 pl04-107*** Keyboard / Interface / CalculatorDigital alphanumeric display. Chester, Daniel.

art 4:4 Apr79 p218-220 *** Terminal / LEO

DisplayEclectic card reader. Schaeffer, Anthony, art

4:2 Feb79 p70-74 *** Hardware Construction

/ Card ReaderGiving KIM some fancy jewels (remote display

board). Grater, Robert, art 2:7 Jul77

pl26-127 *** Hardware Modification / KIM /

LED DisplayGraphic input of weather data. Smith, Stephen.

art Ll 4:7 Jul79 pl6-30 *** Graphics /

Science / WeatherHandheld remote control for your computerized

home. Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll 5:7 JulSO

p22-42 *** Control / Home / Hardware

ConstructionIndirect I/O addressing on the 8080. Zarucki,

Paul, col L3 6:8 AugBl p402-403 *** 8080

/ Programming InstructionKeyboard Input software for the Z80. Newcom,

Kerry, col L3 4:11 Nov79 pl92-193 ***

Keyboard / Z-80 / Programming InstructionLet your fingers do the talking (scanner

applications)*. Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll 3:9

Sep78 p94-100 *** Video Display /

Programming InstructionLet your fingers do the talking: add a noncontact

touch scanner.... Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll

3:8 Aug78 pl56-165 *** Hardware

Construction / Video DisplayMemory mapped 10. Ciarcia, Steve, col L3 2:11

Nov77 pl0-16 *** Hardware Construction /

Memory / 8080Multiplex your digital LED displays. Hogenson,

James, art 2:3 Mar77 pl22-128 ***

Hardware Construction / LED DisplayOctal front panel. DeMonstoy, Herman, art 1:9

May76 p38-40 *** Keyboard / Hardware

ConstructionSimultaneous input and output for your 8080.

Maurer, W.D. art L3 4:5 May79 pl64-172

*** 8080 / Programming InstructionSoftware for the economy floppy disk. Welles,

Kenneth, art L3 2:6 Jun77 p88-97 ***

Floppy Disk Drive / Programming Instruction /

8080Speeding up MIKBUG 10 routines. Moore, T.W. col

3:6 Jun78 pl32-134 *** MIKBUG / Hardware

Modification / 6800What is an interrupt?. Atkins, R. Travis, art

4:3 Mar79 p230-236 *** Computer Instruction

/ MicroprocessorINTECOLOR

Making color slides with an Intecolor

microcomputer. Grogono, Alan, art 5:1 Jan80

p20-24 *** Color Graphics / PhotographyINTEGRATED CIRCUITS

Flameless IC recycling trick. Bondy/Droms. art

1:13 Sep76 pl04 *** Hardware ConstructionFlip flops exposed. Browning, William, art 1:4

Dec75 p58-61 *** Computer InstructionLook what you can do...with an edge as a cue

(non-standard uses of ICs). Tenny, Ralph, art

2:8 Aug77 plZO-126 *** TTL GatesNote to novice kit builders col 2:12 Dec77

pl92 *** Hardware Construction / Kit BuildingPowerless IC test clip. Errlco/Baker. art 1:4

Dec75 p26-27 *** Test Equipment / Hardware

ConstructionProgrammable IC tester. Thorson, Mark, art 3:6

Jun78 p28-35 *** Test Equipment / Hardware

Construction

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (CONTINUED)

Recycling used ICs. Mikkelsen, Carl, art 1:1

Sep75 p20-21 *** Hardware ConstructionSingle chip video controller. Haas, Bob. art

4:5 May79 p52-75 *** Video Controller /

Hardware Review / DesignSome musings on hardware design. Ellis, Clayton,art 4:9 Sep79 p62-69 *** DesignINTERFACE

Asynchronitis (clock communication problems and

fixes). Bancroft, C art 1:2 Oct75 p68-69

*** ClockBar codes, revisited.... Helmers, Carl, col

5:4 Apr80 p6-10 *** Bar Codes /

BibliographyBuild a super simple floppy-disk interface, part

2: software. Nicholson/Camp, art L3 6:6

Jun81 p302-340 *** Floppy Disk Drive /

Operating Systems / 6502Calculator keyboard input for the microcomputer.

Hoegerl, Joseph, art L3 2:2 Feb77 pl04-107*** Input/Output / Keyboard / CalculatorChallenger writes on Comprint. Carlson, Edward.

col L3 6:4 AprSl p310-312 *** Printer /

OSI / Hardware ModificationColor computer from A to D: make your color

computer "see" and "feel"... Barden, William.

art Ll 6:12 Dec81 pl34-160 *** TRS-80

Color / Analog/Digital Circuit / JoystickColor displays on black and white televsion sets.Bain, Steve, art 2:2 Feb77 p44-48+ ***

Video Display / Color GraphicsComments on the RF entry method for video

monitors. Wiseman, Victor, col 3:12 Dec78

p202-204 *** Video Display / SOLDesigner's eye view of the AC-30. Kay, Gary.

art 1:16 0ec76 p98-108 *** Tape Cassette /

SWTPCDissecting the TI Speak and Spell. Rigsby,

Michael, art 5:9 Sep80 p76-84 *** Voice

SynthesisGuide to 8audot machines: part 2, interfacing

techniques. McNatt, Michael, art 2:5 May77

p98-104 *** Printer / Baudot CodeGuide to Baudot machines: part 3, a teleprinter

test circuit. McNatt, Michael, art 2:6

Jun77 pl54-157 *** Printer / Test / Baudot

CodeHow to drive a teletype without a UART. Jewell,

Gregory, art 2:1 Jan77 p32 *** Printer /

Serial Input/Output / Parallel Input/OutputImpossible dream cassette interface. Lomax,

Daniel, art L3 2:2 Feb77 p82-85 *** Tape

Cassette / AltairImproved cassette interface circuit. Mauch,

Harold, let 1:8 Apr76 p8-10 *** Tape

CassetteInterface an ASCII keyboard to a 60 mA TTY loop.

Cotton, Jay. art 1:8 Apr76 p46-47 ***

Printer / KeyboardInterfacing TTL to a 20 mA current loop. Hsiao,

H.S. col 4:2 Feb79 pl50 *** Printer /

RS-232 / TTL GatesInterfacing the PET to a line printer. Govind,

P.K. art Ll 4:11 Nov79 p98-102 ***

Printer / PETLinking a Pascal Microengine to a Cyber 170.

Sedlet/Dust. art L6 6:11 NovSl p472-489

*** Pascal / Pascal Microengine / Cyber 170More on the SWTPC 6800 system. Kay, Gary, art

1:6 Feb76 p50-53 *** SWTPC / Serial

Input/Output / Parallel Input/OutputMultiple-machine loader for classroom computers.

Hallgren, Richard, col 5:10 0ct80 p90-94

*** Education / Multi-user SystemsNotes on parallel output interfaces in memory

address space. Helmers, Carl, art 1:3 Nov75p52-55 *** Parallel Input/Output / Computer

InstructionSaturation recording's not all that hard. Allen,

Dav id. art 2:1 Jan77 p34-41 *** Tape

CassetteSave software: use a UART for serial 10.

McGahee, Thomas, art L3 2:12 Oec77

pl64-166 *** Parallel Input/Output / Serial

.Input/OutputSerial interface*. Lancaster, Don. art 1:1

Sep75 p22-37 *** Serial Input/Output / UART

/ Parallel Input/OutputSimpler digital cassette tape interface.

Burhans, Ralph, art 3:10 0ct78 pl42-143

*** Tape Cassette / Hardware ModificationTelevison interface. Lancaster, Don. art 1:2

0ct75 p20-32 *** Video DisplayToward a parallel interface standard. Helmers,

Carl, col 1:10 Jun76 p4+ *** Standards /

Parallel Input/Output

6800COMPLEAT tape cassette interface. Hemenway,

Jack, art L3 1:7 Mar76 plO-16 *** Tape

Cassette / Hardware Construction / 6800Does anybody know what time it is?. Grappel,

Robert, art L3 2:11 Nov77 p68-70 ***

Clock / 6800 / Hardware ConstructionFloppy disk interface*. Allen, David, art L3

3:1 Jan78 p58-76 *** Floppy Disk Drive /

6800 / Disk ControllersSoftware controlled 1200 bps audio tape

interface. Helmers, Carl, art L3 2:4 Apr77p40-49 *** Tape Cassette / Utility Program /

6800

Build the beer budget graphics interface.Nelson, Peter, art L3 1:15 Nov76 p26-29*** Graphics / Hardware Construction / 8080

INTERFACE (CONTINUED)

Interface a floppy-disk drive to an 8080A-basedcomputer. Hoeppner, John, art L3 5:5 May80p72-102 *** Disk Controllers / 8080 /Minidisk DriveInterface your computer to a printing calculator.Astmann, Robert, art L3 3:12 Dec78 p94-99*** 3080 / Calculator / Printer

APPLE II

Cross-pollinating the Apple II (serial

interface). Campbell, Richard, art L3 4:4Apr79 p20-25 *** Serial Input/Output /Hardware Construction / Apple II

Digital plotting with the Apple II computer.Hallgren, Richard, art Ll 6:5 May81p296-314 *** Plotting / Apple II / Plotter

Low-speed analog-to-digital converter for theApple II. Hallgren, Richard, art L3 4:9Sep79 p70-78 *** Analog/Digital Circuit /Hardware Construction / Apple II

CONTROL$5.25 interface to the BSR X-10 home control

system. Trimble, Alan, col L3 5:9 Sep80

p314-316 *** Home / Control / CromemcoComputerize a home (BSR X-10 and a TRS-80)*.

Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll 5:1 Jan80 p28-54

*** Security / Home / ControlControlling external devices with hobbyist

computers*. Bosen, Robert, art 1:8 Apr76

p42-45 *** Control / Hardware ConstructionFloppy disk interface*. Allen, David, art L3

3:1 Jan78 p58-76 *** Floppy BWk QrWe /

6800 / Disk ControllersHome in on the range!. Cfarcia, Steve, col Ll

5:11 NovSO p32-58 *** Control / Hardware

Construction / TRS-80 Model IInteractive control of a videocassette recorder

with a personal computer . Hallgren, Richard.

art L3 5:7 JulSO pll6-134 *** Control /

Computer Assisted Instruction / Higher EducationInterface a floppy-disk drive to an 8O80A-based

computer. Hoeppner, John, art L3 5:5 MayBOp72-102 *** Disk Controllers / 8080 /

Minidisk DriveInterfacing pneumatic player pianos. Helmers,

Carl, art 2:9 Sep77 pll2-120+ *** Control

/ Music / DesignMinifloppy Interface. Allen, David, art 3:2

Feb78 pll4-125 *** Minidisk Drive / Disk

Controllers / DesignStepping motor primer, part 2: interfacing and

other considerations. Giacomo, Paul, art 4:3Mar79 pl42-149 *** Control / DesignTrain control display using the LSI-11

microcomputer. Hart, Jack, art 2:7 Jul77

p44-50 *** Control / LSI-11

DESIGNDesigning multichannel analog interfaces. Kraul,

Douglas, art L3 2:6 Jun77 pl8-23 ***

Analog/Digital Circuit / DesignHow to get your Tarbell going (cassette

interface)*. Weinsteln, Larry, art L3 3:7

Jul78 pl62-171 *** Tape Cassette / DesignInterfacing pneumatic player pianos. Helmers,

Carl, art 2:9 Sep77 pll2-120+ *** Control

/ Music / DesignInterfacing with an analog world - part 1. Carr,

Joseph, art 2:5 May77 p56-60 ***

Analog/Digital Circuit / DesignMinifloppy interface. Allen, David, art 3:2

Feb78 pll4-125 *** Minidisk Drive / Disk

Controllers / DesignStepping motor primer, part 2: interfacing and

other considerations. Giacomo, Paul, art 4:3Mar79 pl42-149 *** Control / DesignWaterloo RF modulator. Banks, Walter, art 3:1

Jan78 p94 *** Video Display / Design

GAMESMultimachine games. Wasserman/Stryker. art Ll5:12 Dec80 p24-40 *** Games / PET

HARDWARE CONSTRUCTION

$19 music interface (and some music theory forcomputer nuts)*. Struve, Bill, art L2 2:12Dec77 p48-69+ *** Music / HardwareConstruction / KIM

8088 processor for the S-100 bus, part 2.

Cantrell, Thomas, art L3 5:10 0ct80 p62-B8*** 8088 / S-100 Bus / Hardware Construction

Build a serial ASCII word generator. Finger,Ronald, art 1:9 May76 p50-53 *** ASCII /Hardware Construction / Test Equipment

Build a super simple floppy-disk interface, part1*. Nicholson/Camp, art 6:5 May81 p360-376*** Floppy Disk Drive / Hardware Construction/ Bibliography

Build a versatile keyboard interface for theS-100. Richards, David, art L3 6:10 0ct81p400-406 *** Keyboard / S-100 Bus / HardwareConstruction

Build an oscilloscope graphics interface*.Hogenson, James, art L3 1:2 0ct75 p70-80*** Hardware Construction / Video Display /Graphics

Build the BIT BOFFER*. Lancaster, Don. art 1:7Mar76 p30-39 *** Tape Cassette / HardwareConstruction

Build the beer budget graphics interface.Nelson, Peter, art L3 1:15 Nov76 p26-29*** Graphics / Hardware Construction / 8080

Build this economy floppy disk interface.Welles, Kenneth, art L3 2:2 Feb77 p34-43*** Floppy Disk Drive / Hardware Construction

410 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 316 on inquiry card.

4«f*<

4 #j

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BYTE December 1981

411

INTERFACE (CONTINUED)

Building the AC-30 cassette interface. Liming,Gary, art 1:16 Dec76 pllO-111 ***

Hardware Construction / Tape Cassette / SWTPCCOMPLEAT tape cassette interface. Hemenway,

Jack, art L3 1:7 Mar76 plO-16 *** Tape

Cassette / Hardware Construction / 6800Controlling external devices with hobbyist

computers*. Bosen, Robert, art 1:8 Apr76

p42-45 *** Control / Hardware ConstructionCross-pollinating the Apple II (serial

interface}. Campbell, Richard, art L3 4:4

Apr79 p20-25 *** Serial Input/Output /

Hardware Construction / Apple IIDigital feedback loop (graphic displays).

Loomis, Sumner, let 1:3 Nov75 p46-47 ***

Video Display / Graphics / Hardware

ConstructionDigital minicassette controller. Kahn, James.

art 6:4 Apr81 p66-92 *** Tape Cassette /

Hardware ConstructionDoes anybody know what time it 1s?. Grappel,

Robert, art L3 2:11 Nov77 p68-70 ***

Clock / 6800 / Hardware ConstructionExpanded digital voltmeter (Add more zing to the

cocktail). Ciarcia, Steve, col L3 3:1

Jan78 p37-54 *** Test Equipment / Hardware

Construction / Z-80GRAPH: a system for television graphics, part 1.

Webster/Young, art 3:5 May7S p62-77 ***

Video Display / Hardware Construction / AltairHome in on the range!. Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll

5:11 NovSO p32-58 *** Control / Hardware

Construction / TRS-80 Model IInexpensive joystick interface*. Buschbach,

Thomas, art L3 2:3 Mar77 p88-93 ***

Joystick / Hardware ConstructionInterface a chessboard to your KIM-1. Teeters,

Jeff, art L3 4:9 Sep79 p34-54 *** Chess

/ KIM / Hardware ConstructionInterfacing the 60 mA current loop. King,

Walter, art 1:12 Aug76 p96-97 *** Printer

/ Hardware ConstructionInterfacing the IBM Selectric keyboard printer

(teaching KIM to type)*. Fylstra, Dan. art

L3 2:6 Jun77 p46-52+ *** Printer / IBM /

Hardware ConstructionInterfacing the S-100 bus with the Intel 8255.

Condra, David, art 4:10 0ct79 pl24-136 ***S-100 Bus / 8255 / Hardware ConstructionInterfacing the Sykes OEM floppy disk kit to a

personal computer (SWTPC) . Hughes, Phil, artL3 3:3 Mar78 pl78-184 *** Floppy Disk

Drive / Hardware Construction / SWTPCJoystick interfaces. Ciarcia, Steve, col L3

4:9 Sep79 pl0-18 *** Joystick / Hardware

ConstructionLow-speed analog-to-digital converter for the

Apple II. Hallgren, Richard, art L3 4:9

Sep79 p70-78 *** Analog/Digital Circuit /

Hardware Construction / Apple IINavigation with Mini-0: part 3, software.

Salter, Richard, art L3 2:4 Apr77 pl00-109*** Hardware Construction / 6502 / NavigationPADDLES: interfacing with modular breadboards.

Combs/Field, art 6:4 Apr81 p348-357 ***

Digital/Analog Circuit / Analog/Digital Circuit

/ Hardware ConstructionPenny pincher's joystick interface. Wexler,

Steven. art L3 5:9 Sep80 p86-90 ***

Joystick / KIM / Hardware ConstructionPolyphony made easy*. Roberts, Steven, art 4:1Jan79 pl04-109 *** Music / Hardware

ConstructionProgrammable character generator, part 1:

hardware. Weinstein, Larry, art 3:5 May78

p79-90 *** Video Display / Hardware

Construction / Character GeneratorQuad terminal interface. Alpert, Stephen, art

5:2 Feb80 pll6-125 *** Terminal / Hardware

Construction / PDP-11Remote terminal (Come upstairs and be

respectable). Ciarcia, Steve, art 2:5 May77p50-54 *** Terminal / Hardware Construction

/ Serial .Input/OutputSerialize those bits from your mystery keyboard.

Haller, George, art 1:9 May76 p36-37 ***

Serial Input/Output / Parallel Input/Output /

Hardware ConstructionSimplified Omega receiver details. Burhans,

Ralph, art 2:3 Mar77 p70-80 *** Hardware

Construction / NavigationStretch that 6800 clock. Henshaw, Jerry, art

1:16 Dec76 p42-46 *** Clock / SWTPC /

Hardware ConstructionTelephone dialing by computer. Joyce, Edward.

art 5:1 Jan80 pl22-123 ***

Telecommunications / Hardware Construction /

TerminalUse your television set as a video monitor.

Loos, Timothy, art 4:2 Feb79 p46-54 ***

Video Display / Hardware ConstructionWhy wait? Build a FAST cassette interface.

Suding, Robert, art L3 1:11 Jul76 p46-53

*** Tape Cassette / Hardware Construction

HARDWARE REVIEW8088 processor for the S-100 bus, part 1.

Cantrell, Thomas, art 5:9 Sep80 p46-64 ***8088 / S-100 Bus / Hardware ReviewConvert your TV set to a video monitor. Fylstra,

Dan. art 3:5 May73 p22+ *** Video Display

/ Hardware ReviewMERLIN video interface adds a visual dimension to

your Altair or IMSAI. hr 1:15 Nov76 p62-64

*** Hardware Review / Video Display / AltairOhio Scientific CA-15 universal telephone

interface. Williams, Gregg, hr L3 5:8

Aug80 p40-44 *** Hardware Review / OSI /

Telecommunications

INTERFACE (CONTINUED)

Put your computer to work (cassette controller).Roch, Bill, hr L3 6:2 FebSl pl02-103 ***Hardware Review / Tape Cassette / Altair

Using the PolyMorphics video interface.Wenzlaff, Wayne, art 2:12 Dec77 pl30-132*** Video Display / Hardware Review

TRS-80 MODEL IHandi-writer: a video note pad for the physically

handicapped. 8atie, Howard, art Ll 6:12

Dec81 p474-482 *** Handicapped / Video

Display / TRS-80 Model IHome in on the rangel. Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll

5:11 Nov80 p32-58 *** Control / Hardware

Construction / TRS-80 Model IINTERNATIONAL MICROCOMPUTING

BYTE goes international (Australian and Japanese

editions). Helmers, Carl, col 2:3 Mar77

P14+ *** PublishingSurplus electronics in Tokyo and Manila. Hayes,

Michael, art 1:11 Jul76 p54-55 ***

RetailingINTERPRETER

APL interpreter for microcomputers, part 1*.

Wimble, Michael, art 2:8 Aug77 p50-65 ***

APL / ContestsAPL interpreter for microcomputers, part 3:

mathematical processing*. Wimble, Mike, art

2:10 Oct77 p64-68+ *** APL / MathematicsAPL interpreter: further thoughts*. Brightman,

Tom. col 3:6 Jun78 pl22-123 *** APLApproach to high level languages for small

systems. Stavely, Donald, col 2:4 Apr77

pl28-131 *** Compiler / LanguagesCase for a "compiler interpreter". Rodman,

Richard, col 3:2 Feb78 p30-33 ***

CompilerComment and correction for Mouse ("Mouse: a

language for microcomputers"). Lane, Tom. colL6 5:6 Jun80 p238-240 *** Languages /

Design / BYTE CorrectionsComments on "A high level language for 8 bit

machines". Newton, Glen, col 4:6 Jun79

p216-219 *** LanguagesDefining LIL, a little interpretive language.

Cluff, Jack, col 2:10 Oct77 p30+- ***

LanguagesDesign of an M6800 LISP interpreter. Taft, S.

Tucker, art L3 4:8 Aug79 pl32-152 ***

LISP / Design / 6800High level language for 8 bit machines.

Williams/Conley. art 3:7 Jul78 pl52-161

*** Languages / Compiler / DesignMouse: a language for microcomputers. Grogono,

Peter, art L6 4:7 Jul79 pl98-220 ***

Languages / DesignSWEET 16: the 6502 dream machine (Apple pseudo

machine interpreter)*. Wozniak, Stephen, art

L3 2:11 Nov77 pl50-159 *** Apple II / 6502

/ Programming InstructionSmalltalk-80 virtual machine. Krasner, Glenn.

art 6:8 Aug81 p300-320 *** Smalltalk /

Compiler / DesignVarieties of threaded code for language

implementation*. Ritter/Walker. art L6 5:9

Sep80 p206-227 *** Languages / Threaded

Codes / BibliographyINVENTORY

PDQ: a data manager for beginners. Swanson,

Paul, art Ll 6:11 Nov81 p236-262 ***

Data Base Management / Programming Instruction

/ TRS-80 Model IIIProposal for a kitchen inventory system, or don't

byte the wand that Shuford, Richard, col

3:12 Dec78 pl84-185 *** Home / Bar Codes /

Light WandJOYSTICK

Color computer from A to D: make your color

computer "see" and "feel"... Barden, William.

art Ll 6:12 DecSl pl34-160 *** TRS-80

Color / Interface / Analog/Digital CircuitGetting inputs from joysticks and slide pots.

Helmers, Carl, art L3 1:6 Feb76 p86-88

*** Analog/Digital Circuit / Hardware

ConstructionInexpensive joystick interface*. Buschbach,

Thomas, art L3 2:3 Mar77 p88-93 ***

Interface / Hardware ConstructionJoystick interfaces. Ciarcia, Steve, col L3

4:9 Sep79 pl0-18 *** Interface / Hardware

ConstructionPenny pincher's joystick interface. Wexler,

Steven, art L3 5:9 Sep80 p86-90 ***

Interface / KIM / Hardware ConstructionKEYBOARD

Add cursor control to your TVT II. McGahee,

Thomas, art 2:7 Jul77 pl22-123 ***

Hardware Construction / Video DisplayAlpha lock for your ASCII keyboard. Conboy,

Terry, art 5:1 JanSO p!56-l53 *** ASCII /

Hardware ModificationBuild a keyboard function decoder. Ciarcia,

Steve, col 3:7 Jul78 p98-103 *** Hardware

Construction / Input/OutputBuild a versatile keyboard interface for the

S-100. Richards, David, art L3 6:10 Octal

p400-406 *** S-100 Bus / Hardware

Construction / InterfaceCalculator keyboard input for the microcomputer.

Hoegerl, Joseph, art L3 2:2 Feb77 pl04-107*** Input/Output / Interface / CalculatorCherry pro keyboard, Parker, Dan. art 4:11

Nov79 p232-234 *** Hardware ReviewDeciphering mystery keyboards. Helmers, Carl.

art 1:1 Sep75 p62-69 *** ASCI IInterface an ASCII keyboard to a 60 mA TTY loop.

Cotton, Jay. art 1:8 Apr76 p46-47 ***

Interface / Printer

KEYBOARD (CONTINUED)

Keyboard input software for the Z8Q. Newcom,

Kerry, col L3 4:11 Nov79 pl92-193 ***

Input/Output / Z-80 / Programming InstructionKeyboard modification. Macomber, George, art

1:6 Feb76 pl6 *** Hardware ModificationOctal front panel. DeMonstoy, Herman, art 1:9

May76 p38-40 *** Input/Output / Hardware

ConstructionQuick test of keyboards. Walters, Don. art 1:2

0ct75 p43 *** TestThirty days to a faster Input (touch typing

tutor). Armstrong, Arthur, art Ll 4:12

Dec79 p250-251 *** Computer Assisted

InstructionUsing a keyboard ROM*. Brehm, Bob. art 2:5

May77 p76-82 *** ROM / ASCII / ConversionsVidex keyboard and display enhancer. Pelczarski,

Mark, hr 6:7 0ul81 p354-356 *** Hardware

Review / Video Display / Apple IIKIM

$19 music interface (and some music theory for

computer nuts)*. Struve, Bill, art L2 2:12

Dec77 p48-69+ *** Interface / Music /

Hardware ConstructionAids for hand assembling programs- Pfeiffer,

Erich, art L3 4:5 May79 p238-244 ***

Assembly Language / Programming Aids /

AssemblerAnother plotter to toy with, revisited: design

and construction details. Newcomb, Robert.

art L3 5:2 Feb80 p202-207 *** Plotter /

Hardware Construction / DesignDate with KIM. Simpson, Richard, art 1:9

May76 p8-12 *** Hardware Review /

Microcomputer SystemFormatted program output for the KIM-1. Ezard,

Lawrence, col L3 5:5 May80 pl90~194 ***

Utility ProgramGiving KIM some fancy jewels (remote display

board). Grater, Robert, art 2:7 Jul77

pl26-127 *** Hardware Modification /

Input/Output / LED OisplayInterface a chessboard to your KIM-1. Teeters,

Jeff, art L3 4:9 Sep79 p34-54 *** Chess

/ Interface / Hardware ConstructionKIM goes to the moon (game). Butterfield, Jim.

art L3 2:4 Apr77 p8-9+ *** GamesKIM-1 multiplication and division. Couchman,

James, col L3 5:3 Mar80 p212-216 ***

MathematicsKIMDOS: using your KIM-1 with a Percom

floppy-disk drive. Swank, Joel, art L3 5:5

May80 p44-50+ *** Operating Systems /

Minidisk DriveKIMER: a KIM-1 timer. Baker, Robert, art L3

3:7 Jul78 pl2 *** Clock / Programming

InstructionMonster Combat. Chapel, Lee. col Ll 5:12

Dec80 p288-292 *** Games / StrategyMore music for the 6502. O'Haver, T.C. art L3

3:6 Jun78 pl40-141 *** Music / 6502New dress for KIM (mounting a KIM in a

briefcase). Atkins, R. Travis, art 2:9

Sep77 p26-27 *** Hardware ConstructionNotes on teaching with microcomputers. Norton,

Wi 11i am. art 3:6 Jun78 pl38-139 ***

Computer Instruction / Higher EducationPenny pincher's joystick interface. Wexler,

Steven, art L3 5:9 Sep80 p86-90 ***

Joystick / Interface / Hardware ConstructionPlugging the KIM-2 gap. Notley, M. Garth, col

3:9 Sep78 pl23 *** Hardware Modification /

MemoryProgramming the game of Go. Millen, Jonathan.

art 6:4 AprSl pl02-120 *** Games /

Programming Instruction / StrategySWEETS for KIM: a low calorie text editor*.

Fylstra, Dan. art L3 3:2 Feb78 p62-77 ***Text EditorSampling of techniques for computer performance

of music. Chamberlin, Hal. art L3 2:9

Sep77 p62-83 *** Music / History /

Programming InstructionStandard data encryption algorithm, part 2:

implementing the algorithm. Meushaw, Robert.

art L3 4:4 Apr79 pllO-130 *** Crypto logy

/ AlgorithmTelephone-dialing microcomputer. Renbarger,

John, art L3 5:6 Jun80 pl40-170 ***

Control / Telecommunications / Hardware

ConstructionTrue confessions: how 1 relate to KIM. Gupta,

Yogesh. art 1:12 Aug76 p44-48 ***

Hardware ModificationTurn your KIM into a metronome. Kellerman,

David, col L3 4:8 Aug79 p213-214 ***

Clock / Sound EffectsWhat have you found? (undefined op codes).

MacLean, Dave, col 3:10 0ct78 p57 ***

Programming InstructionKIT BUILDING

Assembling a Sphere. Anderson, Bruce, art 1:11Ju176 pl8-20 *** Hardware Construction /

Microcomputer System / SphereAssembling the ADM-3A. Franson, Paul, art 4:2

Feb79 p76-82 *** Terminal / Hardware

ConstructionBig board: a Z80 system in kit form. Thompson,

David, hr 6:9 Sep81 p52-56 *** Hardware

Review / Z-80 / Microcomputer SystemBuilding the Heath H8 computer. Poduska, Paul.

art Ll 4:3 Mar79 pl2-13+ *** Heath /

Hardware Review / Microcomputer SystemNote to novice kit builders.... col 2:12 Dec77pl92 *** Hardware Construction / Integrated

Circuits

412 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 227 on inquiry card.

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Circle 301 on inquiry card. byte December i98i 413

KIT BUILDING (CONTINUED)

Personal computer on a student's budget.Johnston, J.C. art 5:7 JulBO pl38-146 ***Microcomputer System / Hardware ConstructionSoldering techniques. Trimmer, William, art

4:9 Sep79 p84-88 *** Hardware ConstructionWhat's involved in kit building?. Frenzel,Louis, art 2:3 Har77 p50-60 *** HardwareConstructionKNOWLEDGE-BASED EXPERT SYSTEMS

Knowledge-based expert systems come of age.Duda/Gaschnig. art Ll 6:9 Sep81 p238-281*** Artificial IntelligenceLANGUAGES

About the cover (Pascal's Triangle). Helmers,Carl, art 3:8 Aug78 pl6-18 *** PascalAmended BASIC {possible changes to BASIC). Bass,Robert, col 4:4 Apr79 p238-239 *** BASICAnd its interest SNOBOLs. Silverston, Stefan.

col 4:10 0ct79 pl74 *** SNOBOLApproach to high level languages for smallsystems. Stavely, Donald, col 2:4 Apr77pl28-131 *** Compiler / InterpreterBASIC, Pascal, or Tiny~c?: a simple benchmarkingcomparison. Hughes, Phil, col L8 6:10Octal p372-375 *** Benchmark TestingCalling attention to HPL (a Hewlett-Packardlanguage). Robb, Gerald, col 3:12 0ec78pl82 ***Case statements and related topics. Grogono,

Peter, col 4:10 0ct79 pl78-182 *** PascalChanges to FLOPTRAN-IV. Watson, George, col Ll

6:7 JulSl pl34 *** Compiler / PETCome from...continued (comments on improving theBASIC language). Clark, R. Lawrence, col 4:9Sep79 p!64 *** BASICComments on "A high level language for 8 bitmachines". Newton, Glen, col 4:6 Jun79P216-219 *** InterpreterComments on PASCAL, learning how to program, andsmall systems. Ford, Gary, col 3:5 May78pl36-142 *** PascalComments on Peter Skye's language proposal.Kenton, Jeffrey, col 2:11 Nov77 pl91-192***

Comments on the TDL relocatable loader format.

Pittman, Tom. col 2:11 Nov77 p204-205 ***

StandardsComparison of C and Pascal, col 6:6 Jun81

p358 *** C Programming Language / PascalComparison of some high-level languages. Morris,

Robert, art 5:2 Feb80 pl28-139 ***Data abstractions and program correctness {BASIC

vs. Pascal). McCoy, Earl, col L6 4:9 Sep79P166-171 *** BASIC / PascalDefining LIL, a little interpretive language,

Cluff, Jack, col 2:10 0ct77 p30+ ***

InterpreterDefining a language: PL/B. Wilson, David, col

L9 3:11 Nov78 plOO-109 ***Don't overlook LISP. Allen, John, col 4:3

Mar79 p6+ *** LISPEvolution of FORTH, an unusual language. Moore,

Charles, art L7 5:8 Aug80 p76-92 ***

FORTH / HistoryFLOPTRAN-IV: a tiny compiler. Zimmermann, Mark.

art Ll 5:10 0ct80 pl96-228 *** Compiler /

PETGRAPLing with APL. Leler, William, col 2:11

Nov77 p220-222 *** APLHigh-level language benchmark. Gilbreath, Jim.

art L9 6:9 Sep81 pl80-198 *** Benchmark

TestingImportance of choice of languages. MacCallum,

I.R. col 3:6 Jun78 pl24-125 ***Introducing the Smalltalk-80 system. Goldberg,

Adele. art 6:8 Aug81 pl4-26 *** SmalltalkIntroduction to BNF (Backus Normal Form).

Maurer, W.D. art 4:1 Jan79 pll6-125 ***

DocumentationIs Pascal the next BASIC?. Helmers, Carl, col

2:12 Oec77 p6-8+ *** Pascal / BASICLISP vs FORTRAN: a fantasy. Rocheleau/Clay. col

6:6 Jun81 p30-34 *** FictionLanguage control structures for easy electronic

visualization. DeFanti, Thomas, art 5:11

Nov80 p90-106 *** Color Graphics / High

Resolution GraphicsLanguage development: a proposal. Taylor, Glen.

col 2:11 Nov77 pI90-191 ***Look at LISP. McGath, Gary, art 19 2:12

Dec77 pl56-161 *** LISPMagic of computer languages. Nelson, Theodor.

art 1:8 Apr76 p24-27 *** Computer

Instruction / DefinitionsMore on multiple conditions. Lawrence, Scott.

col 4:9 Sep?9 pl65 ***Natural language processing and small systems.

Tennant, Harry, art 3:6 Jun78 p38-54 ***

Natural Language Construction / Artificial

IntelligenceNew literacy: programming languages as languages.Handel, Jon. art Ll 6:3 Mar81 p300-307

Notes on floating point and critique of PL/Skye.Alpert, Stephen, col 2:11 Nov77 pl92-194

Object-oriented software systems. Robson, Oavid.art 6:8 Aug81 p74-86 *** Object-Oriented

LanguagesOn consumers' languages and standardization of

human interfaces. Mikes, Peter, col 3:4

Apr78 pl49-150 *** StandardsPS - a FORTH-like threaded language, part 1.

Motalygo, Valo. art 6:10 Oct31 p462-466

*** FORTH / Threaded CodesPS - a FORTH-like threaded language, part 2.

Motalygo, Valo. art 6:11 Nov81 p400-408

*** Threaded Codes / FORTH

LANGUAGES (CONTINUED)

Pascal critique and a comment. O'Loughlin, J.

col 3:12 Dec78 pl79-180 *** PascalPascal versus BASIC: round 2 includes FORTRAN.

Andrews, Lawrence, col L4 4:4 Apr79 p239

*** Pascal / BASIC / FORTRANReactions to previous comments (a computer

language development society) . Janes, Leigh.

col 3:2 Feb78 pl59 *** AssociationsResponse to "A proposed microprocessor software

standard". Ogdin, Carol, col 2:11 Nov77

pl98-199 *** StandardsReturning to the Tower of Babel, or...some notes

about LISP, languages Helmers, Carl, col

4:8 Aug79 p6+ *** LISPSCORTOS: implementation of a music language.

Taylor, Hal. art 2:9 Sep77 pl2-21+ ***

Music / AltairSNOBOL commentary. Sachs, Jonathan, col 4:11

Nov79 p248 *** SNOBOLSNOBOL conquers all?. Burns, Bruce, col 4:6

Jun79 p220-221 *** SNOBOLSmalltalk: a language for the 1980s. Morgan,

Chris, col 6:8 Aug81 p6-10 *** SmalltalkSome contrary opinion (on Pascal). Robertson,

Peter. col 4:4 Apr79 p243-245 *** Pasca1Standard for writing standards. Wallace, David.

col 3:2 Feb78 pl75-176 *** StandardsStandardization of high level languages: some

questions. Greene, E.M. col 3:5 May78

pl63-165 *** StandardsTechnical Design Labs relocatable object module

format. Colvin, Neil, col 2:11 Nov77

pl99-204 *** StandardsTowers of Hanoi in BASIC09. Ritter, Terry, col

Ll 5:10 0ct80 p279 *** PuzzlesTwo computer music system (Altair 8800/Intellec

8/MOD 80). Lederer/et al. art 3:3 Mar78

P8-12+ *** Music / AltairUCSD PASCAL: a (nearly) machine independent

software system. Bowles, Kenneth, col 3:5

May78 p46+ *** Pascal / StandardsVarieties of threaded code for language

implementation*. Ritter/Walker. art L6 5:9

SepSO p206-227 *** Interpreter / Threaded

Codes / BibliographyWADUZITDO: how to write a language in 256 words

or less. Kheriaty, Larry, art L3 3:9 Sep78pl66-175 ***What this country needs is a good 8-bit high

level language. Helmers, Carl, col 1:4

Dec75 p5-10 *** BASIC / PL/M

DESIGNComment and correction for Mouse ("Mouse: alanguage for microcomputers"). Lane, Tom. colL6 5:6 Jun80 p238-240 *** Design /Interpreter / BYTE CorrectionsDesigning a command language. Van den Bout, G.A.

art L9 4:6 Jun79 pl76-187 *** DesignHigh level language for 8 bit machines.Williams/Conley. art 3:7 Jul78 pl52-161*** Interpreter / Compiler / DesignIPS, an unorthodox high level language. Meinzer,Karl, col L9 4:1 Jan79 pl46-159 ***Design / COSMACMouse: a language for microcomputers. Grogono,Peter, art L6 4:7 Jul79 pl98-220 ***Design / InterpreterOn expressing multiple condition. Faught, David.

col 3:12 Dec78 pl76-178 *** DesignPROLOG: a step toward the ultimate computer

language. Ferguson, Ron. art L9 6:11 Nov81p384-399 *** Programming Design / RobotsPattern-directed invocation langauges. Kornfeld,Wi11iam. art 4:8 Aug79 p34-48 *** Design/ LISPToward a common pseudocode for expression ofprograms. Wingerter, Richard, col 3:6 Jun78pl25-127 *** DesignUsing finite state machines. Cortesi, David,col 4:10 Oct79 p70-72 *** Design

GAMESBASIC, computer languages, and computer

adventures. Pournelle, Jerry, col 5:12

Dec80 p222-238 *** BASIC / Games / Software

ReviewNew software, new hardware computer languages,

and games. Pournelle, Jerry, col 6:11 Nov81p449-457 *** Software Review / Hardware.^

Review / GamesPascal versus BASIC: an exercise. Schwartz,

Allan, art L6 3:8 Aug78 pl68-176 ***

Pascal / Games / BASIC

HARDWARE REVIEWNew software, new hardware computer languages,and games. Pournelle, Jerry, col 6:11 NovSlp449-457 *** Software Review / HardwareReview / Games

PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTIONBASlCally BASIC (an informal introduction toBASIC). Baker, Robert, art Ll 2:7 Jul77p96-115 *** Programming Instruction / BASICC: a language for microprocessors?. Madden, J.Gregory, art 2:10 Oct77 pl30-138 *** CProgramming Language / Programming InstructionWhat is APL?*. Arnold, Mark, art 1:15 Nov76p20-24+ *** APL / Programming Instruction

SOFTWARE REVIEW

BASIC, computer languages, and computeradventures. Pournelle, Jerry, col 5:12DecSO p222-238 *** BASIC / Games / Software

Review

LANGUAGES (CONTINUED)

Exposure to MUMPS (programming language).

Sherertz, David, art 4:1 Jan79 p74-82 ***

Software ReviewExtended color BASIC for the TRS-80 Color

Computer*. Miastkowski, Stan, sr Ll 6:5

MaySl p36-45 *** Software Review / TRS-80

Color / BASICNew software, new hardware computer languages,

and games. Pournelle, Jerry, col 6:11 Nov81p449-457 *** Software Review / Hardware

Review / GamesSCELBAL (Scientific ELementary BAsic Language).

Wadsworth/Arnold. art 1:10 Jun76 p82-86

*** BASIC / Software ReviewTiny BASIC (a review of Tom Pittman's Tiny

BASIC). Rosner, Richard, sr Ll 2:4 Apr77

p34-38 *** Software Review / Tiny BASICLAW

Legal protection for computer hardware and

software. Becker, Stephen, art 6:5 May81

pl40-146 *** Copyright / PatentMicrocomputers and the IRS. Kingman, James, col6:9 SepBl p426-427 *** Taxes / Accounting

/ BusinessSoftware protection in the United Kingdom.

Hayman, Martin, art 6:10 0ct81 pl26-139

*** Copyright / Software Piracy / ConferenceWashington tackles the software problem. Kern,

Christopher, art 6:5 May81 pl28-138 ***

Copyright / PatentLCD DISPLAY

Make liquid-crystal displays work for you.

Ciarcia, Steve, col 5:10 0ct80 p24-38 ***

DesignLED DISPLAY

8 digit hexadecimal readout. Burns, R.R. art

2:8 Aug77 pll4-116 *** Hardware

Construction / HexadecimalDigital alphanumeric display. Chester, Daniel.

art 4:4 Apr79 p218-220 *** Input/Output /

TerminalGiving KIM some fancy jewels {remote display

board). Grater, Robert, art 2:7 Jul77

P126-127 *** Hardware Modification / KIM /

Input/OutputMultiplex your digital LED displays. Hogenson,

James, art 2:3 Mar77 pl22-128 ***

Hardware Construction / Input/OutputPAM/8: a new approach to front panel design.

Letwin, Gordon, art 3:10 0ct78 p70-S4 ***

Heath I Monitor / Software ReviewSelf-refreshing LED graphics display*. Ciarcia,

Steve, col Ll 4:10 0ct79 p58-69 ***

Graphics / Hardware ConstructionLIFE

APL makes life easy (and vice versa). Evans,

Selby. col L9 5:10 0ct80 pl92-193 ***

APL / GamesLife (Game of Life). Englander, William, col

Ll 3:12 0ec78 p76-82 *** Games /

Mathematics / StrategyLife after death. Macaluso, Pat. art Ll 6:7

Jul81 p326-333 *** Games / Mathematics /

TRS-80 Model ILife algorithms (Game of Life). Niemiec, Mark.

art L9 4:1 Jan79 p90-97 *** Games /

Mathematics / AlgorithmLife can be easy (8080 version of the Game of

Life). Soderstrom, Randy, art L3 4:4 Apr79pl66-169 *** Games / Mathematics / StrategyLife line 2*. Helmers, Carl, art 1:2 0ct75

p34-42 *** Games / Programming InstructionLife line 4: integrating graphics control

commands. Helmers, Carl, art 1:5 Jan76

p32-41 *** Games / Graphics / Hardware

ConstructionLife line. Helmers, Carl, art 1:1 Sep75

p72-80 *** Games / Programming InstructionLife with your computer (Game of Life).

Milliun/et al. art 3:12 0ec78 p45-50 ***

Games / Mathematics / StrategyOne-dimensional life (Game of Life). Millen,

Jonathan, art 3:12 Dec78 p68-74 *** Games

/ Mathematics / StrategySome facts of life (Game of Life). Buckingham,

David, art 3:12 Dec78 p54-66 *** Games /

Mathematics / StrategyLIGHT PEN

Add a S3 light pen to your video display.

Webster/Young, art L3 3:2 Feb78 p52-58

*** Hardware ConstructionLet there be light pens. Loomis, Sumner, art

1:5 Jan76 p26-30 *** Hardware Construction

/ GraphicsMicro Matrix Photopoint Light Pen (TRS-80).

Gray, Stephen, hr L3 6:3 MarSl p84-88 ***Hardware Review / TRS-80 Model ILIGHT WAND

Low cost light wand amplifier*. Moseley, Robin.

art 3:5 May78 p92-95 *** Bar Codes /

Hardware ConstructionProposal for a kitchen inventory system, or don't

byte the wand that Shuford, Richard, col

3:12 Dec78 pl84-185 *** Inventory / Home /

Bar CodesLINEAR PROGRAMMING

Khachiyan's algorithm, part 1: a new solution to

linear prograrnning...*. Berresford/et al. art5:8 AugSO pl98-208 *** Mathematics /

AlgorithmKhachiyan's algorithm, part 2: problems with the

algorithm. Berresford/et al. art Ll 5:9

SepSO p242-255 *** Mathematics / Algorithm /

TRS-80 Model ILINGUISTICS

Natural-language processing: the field in

perspective. Hendrix/Sacerdoti. art L9 6:9

Sep81 p304-352 *** Natural Language

Construction / Artificial Intelligence

414 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 298 on inquiry card.

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Circle 422 on inquiry card.

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BYTE December 1981

415

LISP

Design of an M6800 LISP interpreter. Taft, S.

Tucker, art L3 4:8 Aug79 pl32-152 ***

Interpreter / Design / 6800Don't overlook LISP. Allen, John, col 4:3

Mar79 p6+ *** LanguagesLISP applications in Boolean logic.

Weyhrauch/Graves. art L9 4:8 Aug79

p206-2U *** Electronic Circuits / DesignLISP based symbolic math systems. Stoutemyer,

David, art 4:8 Aug79 pl76-192 ***

MathematicsLISP based systems for education. Laubsch/et al.

art 4:8 Aug79 pl8-24 *** Education / LogoLISP notes (definitions). Allen, John, art 4:8

Aug79 p62 *** DefinitionsLambdino storage management system (a dialect of

LISP). Prini/Rudalics. art 4:8 Aug79

p26-32 *** Information StorageLook at LISP. McGath, Gary, art L9 2:12

Dec77 pl56-161 *** LanguagesMathematician's view of LISP. Pratt, Vaughan.

art 4:8 Aug79 pl62-168 *** MathematicsOverview of LISP. Allen, John, 'art L9 4:3

Aug79 plQ-16+ *** Programming InstructionPattern-directed invocation langauges. Kornfeld,

Wi11iam. art 4:8 Aug79 p34-48 ***

Languages / DesignReturning to the Tower of Babel, or...some notes

about LISP, languages Helmers, Carl, col

4:8 Aug 79 p6+ *** LanguagesSelf-reproducing programs. Burger/et al. col

L8 5:8 Aug80 p72-74 *** C Programming

LanguageSymbolic differentiation a la LISP. Nicol,

Ronald, art L9 6:9 Sep81 p216-234 ***

Mathematics / Programming Instruction / TRS-80

Model IThree microcomputer LISPs. Levitan/Bonar. sr

L9 6:9 Sep81 p388-412 *** Software Review

/ Z-80 / Benchmark TestingTrees (on the virtues of LISP). Steele, Guy.

col 4:10 Oct79 pl92-194 *** PoetryLOGIC PROBE

Audible logic test probe. Woodward, James, art

4:1 Jan79 p!86-187 *** Test Equipment /

Hardware ConstructionLogic probes - hardware bug chasers*. Burr,

Alex, art 1:4 Dec75 p20-24 *** Test

Equipment / DebuggingLOGO

LISP based systems for education. Laubsch/et al.art 4:8 Aug79 pl8-24 *** LISP / EducationLogo for personal computers. Nelson, Harold.

art L9 6:6 JunSl p36-44 *** TI 99/4 /

Apple IILOWERCASE MODIFICATION

Adding lowercase display to the A0M-3A. Walker,

A.W. col 4:3 Mar79 pl90-193 *** TerminalLowercase-to-uppercase converter. Degler, Roger.col L3 5:9 Sep80 p326-327 ***

Conversions / DesignMaking an H9 understand lower case. Frye,

George, col 3:9 Sep78 pl47 *** Hardware

Modification / HeathLSI-11

How to computerize your model railroad. Brown,

David, art 2:7 Jul77 pl2-21 *** ControlNew mini-microcomputer system: the Digital

Equipment Corporation LSI-11. Baker, Robert.

art 1:5 Jan76 pl2-24 *** Microcomputer

System / Hardware Review /S2L: an Altair (S-100) to LSI-11 bus adaptor.

Bondy, Jonathan, col 3:9 Sep78 pl02-112

*** S-100 Bus / Standards / AltairTrain control display using the LSI-11

microcomputer. Hart, Jack, art 2:7 Jul77

p44-50 *** Control / InterfaceMACHINE LANGUAGE

Introduction to addressing methods. Zarrella,

John. art 1:10 Jun76 p76-80 ***

Programming Instruction / Computer InstructionIntroduction to microprogramming. Quek, S.M.

art 2:6 Jun77 pU6-120 *** Computer

InstructionMachine language programming for the "8008" (CPU

instruction set). Wadsworth, Nat. art 1:11

Jul76 p30-37 *** Programming Instruction /

8008Machine language programming for the "8008"

(fundamental skills). Wadsworth, Nat. art L31:13 Sep76 p84-91 *** Programming

Instruction / 8008Machine language programming for the "8008"

(initial steps). Wadsworth, Nat. art 1:12

Aug76 p40-42 *** Programming Instruction /

8008Memory manipulator: eliminate hex-a-phobia.

Witt, Louis, col Ll 6:10 OctSl p356-364

*** TRS-80 Model I / Utility ProgramProcessing logical expressions {Bauer-Samelson

algorithm extension). Maurer, W. Douglas, art2:8 Aug77 pl30-135 *** Programming

Instruction / Computer InstructionMAIL LIST

Apple name-address. Stotts, Gary, col Ll 6:4

Apr81 p32-34 *** Apple IIComputerized mailing list. Doyle, Thomas, art

Ll 4:1 Jan79 p84-89 *** Programming

Instruction / BASICDirect impact of the computer (using a line

printer in place of a stamp) . Shuford,

Richard, col Ll 5:3 Mar80 pl86-187 ***

Utility ProgramiVeerf in search of a product (mailist program).

Helmers, Carl, col 1:2 Oct75 p6 ***

MAINTENANCE

Cassette lives on: an alternative to floppy-disk

mass storage. Cook, Emory, art 5:5 MaySO

pl2-18 *** Tape Cassette / Hardware

Modification / Information StorageComments on live board removal and insertion.

Stough, S.A. col 2:11 Nov77 pl70 ***

DebuggingGetting to know your monitor. Dalpiaz, Ron. art5:11 Nov80 p206-217 *** Video Display /

DesignHorror story (erased data tapes). Warren, Jim.

art 1:5 Jan76 p31 *** Information StorageIs this a valid hot board placement procedure?.

col 2:7 Jul77 pl50 *** DebuggingOn the importance of backups (includes a Pascal

utility to recover files). Helmers, Carl, colL6 4:4 Apr79 p6+ *** Pascal / Utility

ProgramMANUFACTURING

ARRL Convention / Visit to Mits / Visit to SWTPC.Helmers, Carl, art 1:14 0ct76 pl07-109

*** Shows / Altair / SWTPCAre they real? (a visit to Sphere, SWTPC and

Mits). Green, Wayne, col 1:2 Oct75 p61+

*** Altair / Sphere / SWTPCCaught by surprise {lack of "big" firms in

personal computing). Helmers, Carl, col 1:16Dec76 p6-9+ *** Marketing / RetailingDirectory of hard-disk manufacturers, col 5:8

Aug80 pl46 *** Hard Disk DriveJapanese computer invasion. Miastkowski, Stan.

art 6:8 Aug81 p200-220 *** Fore ign

Competition / MarketingLook at Shugart's new fixed' disk drive. Morgan,

Chris, art 3:6 Jun78 pl74-176 *** Hard

Disk DriveMake your own printed circuits, Hogenson, James.art 1:11 Jul76 p58-63 *** Hardware

Construction / Electronic CircuitsMicroprocessor for the revolution: the 6809, part

3: final thoughts. Ritter/Boney. art 4:3

Mar79 p46-52 *** Microprocessor / Design /

6809Trend toward hassle free products. Helmers,

Carl, col 1:11 Jul 76 p4+ *** MarketingView from the silicon valley (new companies).

Warren, Jim. art 1:6 Feb76 p74-75 ***n Source. Boudinot, R.0. art 1:9 May76

pl8-23 *** Consumer Information / RetailingMARKETING

Caught by surprise (lack of "big" firms in

personal computing). Helmers, Carl, col 1:16Dec76 p6-9+ *** Manufacturing / RetailingJapanese computer invasion. Miastkowski, Stan.

art 6:8 AugSl p200-220 *** Foreign

Competition / ManufacturingMITS computer caravan, art 1:5 Jan76 p73 ***

AltairReviewing the microcomputer revolution. Faber,

Ed. col 6:11 Nov81 pl34-136 *** RetailingSphere rolls into town, art 1:5 Jan76 p80

*** SphereSurveying the field (BYTE reader survey).

Helmers, Carl, col 2:5 May77 p6-9+ ***

Publishing / BYTE SurveyTrend toward hassle free products. Helmers,

Carl, col 1:11 Jul76 p4+ ***

ManufacturingMATHEMATICS

APL interpreter for microcomputers, part 3:

mathematical processing*. Wimble, Mike, art

2:10 Oct77 p64-68+ *** APL / InterpreterAdding new transcendentals to limited BASICS.

Sempronio, Vince. col 2:9 Sep77 p6l+ ***

Tiny BASICAddition and subtraction: the 1802 versus the

Zao. Merrin, Stephen, col 6:3 Mar81

p224-228 *** Binary / 1802 / Z-80Algebraic identities are not numerical

identities. Forsythe, Alan, col 5:2 Feb80

pl74 *** StatisticsAnalysis of polynomial functions with the TI-59

calculator, part 2. Chance, Pierre, art 5:1

Jan80 pl30-136 *** CalculatorApproximation makes a magnitude of difference.

Leedom, Bob. col 4:6 Jun79 pl88-189 ***

Fourier TransformsBASIC factorials. Miller, Alan, col Ll 4:6

Jun79 p206 *** BASICBeginner's guide to spectral analysis, part 1:

tiny timesharing music. Zimmermann, Mark, artLl 6:2 Feb81 p68-90 *** Music / Fourier

Transforms / PETComments on floating point representation.

Baker, R.A. col 2:9 Sep77 pl85 ***

Computer InstructionComplex number subroutines. Harlow, William.

col Ll 5:11 Nov80 pll6-118 *** Utility

Program / BASICComputer generated maps, part 1. Johnston,

William, art Ll 4:5 May79 pl0-12+ ***

Graphics / Social Science / Three-Dimensional

GraphicsComputer generated maps, part 2. Johnston,

Wi11i am. art Ll 4:6 Jun79 plOO-123 ***

Graphics / Three-Dimensional Graphics / Social

ScienceCurve fitting with your computer. Ruckdeschel,

Fred, art Ll 4:10 0ct79 pl50-160 ***

StatisticsDynamic simulation in BASIC. Houng, S.J. col

Ll 6:10 OctSl p394-399 *** Simulation /

BASICExtended multiplication with the TI-58.

Manwaring, Michael, col L2 4:11 Nov79

P244-245 *** Calculator

MATHEMATICS (CONTINUED)

Fast Fourier transforms on your home computer*.

Stanley/Peterson, art Ll 3:12 Dec78 pL4-25*** Fourier TransformsFloating point arithmetic*. Hashizume, Burt.

art 2:11 Nov77 p76-78+ *** Compu ter

Instruction / FORTRANFormatting dollars and cents. Palenik, Les. colLl 3:10 0ct78 p68 *** Utility Program /

PETFrequency analysis of data using a microcomputer.Ruckdeshel, F.R. art Ll 4:12 Dec79 plO-35*** Fourier Transforms / North Star /

Frequency AnalysisFunctional approximations. Ruckdeschel, Fred.

art Ll 3:11 Nov78 p34-46 ***How far - which way? (navigation program).

Pittet, Rene, art Ll 2:7 Jul77 pllS-119

*** SWTPC / NavigationInfamous traveling-salesman problem: a practical

approach. Parry/Pfeffer. art Ll 6:7 Ju)81

p252-290 *** Puzzles / Energy / SWTPCIntroduction to numbers. Simmons, Webb, art

2:7 Jul77 p82-87 *** Computer Instruction /

BinaryInverse trig functions. Miller, Alan, col Ll

4:3 Mar79 p92 ***KIM-1 multiplication and division. Couchman,

James, col L3 5:3 MarSO p212-216 *** KIMKalman mileage predictor-monitor. Lobdill,

Jerry, art L2 6:7 Jul81 p23Q-243 ***

Energy / Automobile / CalculatorKhachiyan's algorithm, part 1: a new solution to

linear programming...*. Berresford/et al. art5:8 Aug80 pl98-208 *** Algorithm / Linear

ProgrammingLISP based symbolic math systems. Stoutemyer,

David, art 4:8 Aug79 pi 76-192 *** LISPMathematical modeling: a BASIC program to

simulate real-world systems. Hicks, Randall.

art Ll 6:6 JunSl p72-86 *** Simulation /

Compucolor / ScienceMathematician's view of LISP. Pratt, Vaughan.

art 4:8 Aug79 pl62-168 *** LISPMathematics of computer art. Schmucker, Kurt.

art 4:7 Jul79 pl05-116 *** ArtMathematics of computer graphics. Posdamer/et

al. art 3:9 Sep78 p22-39 *** GraphicsNoniterative digital solution of linear transfer

functions. Finlay, Bryan, art Ll 4:12

Dec79 pl44-166 *** Hewlett-Packard /

SimulationNovice's eye on computer arithmetic. Ledder,

Wayne, art 3:1 Jan78 pl50-159 ***

Computer Instruction / Binary *

Numerical analysis for the TRS-80 pocket

computer. Salem, Mike, col Ll 6:1 JanSl

pl82-184 *** Fourier Transforms / Hand-held

Computer / TRS-80 Pocket ComputerOverview of long division. Gass, Geoffrey, art

4:8 Aug79 p220-224 *** Computer InstructionPERT organization: a technique for evaluating

schedules. Maurer, W. Douglas, art 6:10

OctSl p407-412 *** Data StructuresPermutation bibliography. Kellerman, Eduardo.

col 4:8 Aug79 pl26-127 *** BibliographyPrime numbers on the HP-19C. Asian, Wilfred.

col L2 5:10 0ct80 p54-58 *** CalculatorPuzzling rotation. Barbier, Ken. col Ll 4:5

May79 p216 *** PuzzlesResponse to "Unlimited Precision Division".

Zimmerman, Mark, col 4:5 May79 p210 ***Sets: tutoring in BASIC. Schreiber, Linda, col

Ll 5:3 Mar80 p244-245 *** Computer

Assisted Instruction / Children / AltairSimple math lessons (math test). Lloyd, Robert.

col Ll 2:11 Nov77 p60 *** Tiny BASIC /

Elementary EducationSimplifying the curve-plotting calculation by

geometric means. Nawrocki, A. David, col 5:5May80 pl52 *** PlottingSimulation of motion, part 2: an automobile

suspension. Smith, Stephen, art Ll 2:12

Dec77 pll2-116 *** Simulation / Automobile /

ScienceSources of numerical error. Buskirk, Daniel.

art 4:4 Apr79 p46-49 *** ComputerInstructionSymbolic math using BASIC. Stoutemyer, David.

art Ll 5:10 0ct80 p232-246 *** BASICTI has faster solutions (speed in solving

simultaneous equations). Larson, Marvin, col

4:8 Aug79 pl28 *** CalculatorThose calculating Romans (Roman numeral

calculator). Dishman, Laurence, col Ll 3:6

Jun78 pl09-lll *** Conversions / North StarThree types of pseudorandom sequences*. Honess,

C. Brian, art Ll 4:6 Jun79 p234-246 ***

Random NumbersWalsh functions: a digital Fourier series.

Jacoby, Benjamin, art 2:9 Sep77 pl90-198

*** Fourier Transforms

68008 bit fractional multiplication. Chayut, Ira.

col L3 1:13 Sep 76 pl24 *** Programming

Instruction / 6800Decisions, decisions (+ or - signs for numbers).

Gass, Geoffrey, col L3 5:5 May80 pl90 ***6800 / Programming InstructionEasy way to calculate sines and cosines.

Grappel, Robert, art L3 4:4 Apr79 pl70-171*** Programming Instruction / 6800Fast Fourier for the 6800. Lord, Richard, art

L3 4:2 Feb79 pl08-119 *** Fourier

Transforms / 6800How to multiply in a wet climate, part 1: use and

basis for a design. Bryant/Swasdee. art L3

3:4 Apr78 p28-35> *** Design / 6800 /

Microprocessor

416 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

FOR MANUFACTURERS

MCS-2

CapacityPlanning

InventoryControl

JobCosting

Material

Requirements

Planning

GeneralLedger

BillotMaterial

AccountsReceivable

OrderEntry

AccountsPayable

Micro Manufacturing Systems has been develop-ing and supplying manufacturing software directly tomanufacturers for several years and is now offeringits MCS-2 system to dealers and OEM's.

MCS-2 is the most comprehensive manufactur-ing control system designed for the CPM basedmicro computer. MCS-2 consists of nine separatemodules which can be purchased as a complete sys-tem or individually as required.

For more information contact:

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• Feed-Horn Receiver • 750 Ohm to 300 Ohm Adapter

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Here's (ho low cosl way lo learn the fundamentals of com-puting, the nil-important basics you'll need more andmore as you advance in computer skills. For just $129.95you get Ihe advanced-design Explorer/85 motherboard,with all the features you need to learn how to write anduse programs. And it can grow inlo a jy9lem that is amatch for any personal computer on Ihe market. Look elthese features: 8085 Control Processing Unit, Ihemicroprocessor "hearl" of Ihe Explorer/85, (loin themillions who will buy and use the 6080/8085 this yearalone!)... Four fl-bilp/iwnnn (i-bif input/output port1; fromwhich you can input and output your programs, as well ascontrol exterior switches, relays, lights, elc. . a cassetteinterface that lets you store and reload programs you'velearned to write ... deluxe 2,000 hyle operatingsystem/monitor makes ii easy lo learn computing inseveral importanl ways: • II allows simpler, faster writ-ing and entering of programs • It permits access by youto all parts of the system so you can check on Ihe alalus ofany point in the program • It allows tracing each pro-gram step by step, with provision for displaying all Ihecontents of the CPU (registers, flags, elc.) • ,,. and itdoes much more!

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D Level A computer kit (Terminal Version) ... $129.93plus $3 P&I.*

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TEXT EDITOR/ASSEMBLER — The editor/assembleris a software tool (a program) designed lo simplify the taskof wriling programs. As your programs become longerand more complex. Iho assembler can save you manyhours of programming lime. This software includes aneditor program lhal enlers the programs you write, makeschanges, and saves Ihe programs on cassettes. The assem-bler performs Ihe clerical task of translating symboliccode inlo Ihe computer-readable object code. The editor/nssnmbler program is available eilher in cassette or aROM version.

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Continental Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut: ■

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S^^ETRONICSResearch&DevelopmentLtd.:3§?"™33.3. LjLtchfield_Road, New MiljFord, CT 06776

Circle 74 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1981

417

MATHEMATICS (CONTINUED)

Build this mathematical function unit, part 2:

software. Guthrie, R. Scott, art L3 1:14

0ct76 p74-80 *** Programming Instruction /

Hardware Construction / 8080Integer math package for the 8080. Carbrey,

Bruce, art L3 6:5 May81 p204-226 ***

8080 / Programming InstructionNovel 8 bit multiplication. Glaeser,

Christopher, col L3 2:7 Jul77 pl42 ***

Programming Instruction / 8080Number guessing game. Laudenslager, Keith, col

L3 2:12 0ec77 pl48 *** Games / 8080

APPLE IIImpossible dream: computing e to 116,000 places

with a personal computer . Wozniak, Stephen.

art L3 6:6 JunSl p392-407 *** Apple IIUnlimited precision division. Raskin, Jef. art

Ll 4:2 Feb79 pl54-156 *** Programming

Instruction / Apple II / BASIC

DESIGNClockless multiplication and division circuits.

Weed, Mike, art 3:12 Dec78 pl28-136 ***

Microprocessor / DesignHow to multiply in a wet climate, part 1: use and

basis for a design. Bryant/Swasdee. art L3

3:4 Apr78 p28-35+ *** Design / 6800 /

MicroprocessorInformation hiding in Pascal: packages and

pointers. Feldman, Michael, art L6 6:11

Nov81 p493-498 *** Pascal / Programming

DesignNumerical methods in data analysis. Nguyen,

Toan. art L4 6:5 May81 p435-446 ***

FORTRAN / DesignSome musings on Boolean algebra*.

Bunce/Schwartz. art 3:2 Feb78 p25-29 ***

Design / TTL GatesThis circuit multiplies. Hall, Tom. art 2:7

Jul77 p36-39 *** Computer Instruction /

Design

GAMESLife (Game of Life). Englander, William, col

Ll 3:12 Dec78 p76-82 *** Games / Strategy

/LifeLife after death. Macaluso, Pat. art Ll 6:7

Jul81 p326-333 *** Games / TRS-80 Model I /

LifeLife algorithms (Game of Life). Niemiec, Mark.

art L9 4:1 Jan79 p90-97 *** Games / Life

/ AlgorithmLife can be easy (8080 version of the Game of

Life). Soderstrom, Randy, art L3 4:4 Apr79pl66-169 *** Games / Strategy / LifeLife with your computer (Game of Life).

M1l11un/et al. art 3:12 Dec78 p45-50 ***

Games / Strategy / LifeNumber guessing game. Laudenslager, Keith, col

L3 2:12 Dec77 pl48 *** Games / 8080One-dimensional life (Game of Life). Millen,

Jonathan. art 3:12 Dec78 p68-74 *** Games

/ Strategy / Life 'Solving soma cubes and polyomlno puzzles using a

microcomputer. Macdonald, Douglas, art L3

4:11 Nov79 p26-52 *** Puzzles / Games / PETSome facts of life (Game of Life). Buckingham,

David, art 3:12 Dec78 p54-66 *** Games /

Strategy / LifeSpacewar in Tiny BASIC: navigating through

Integer BASIC. Beard, David, art Ll 4:5

May79 pllO-115 *** Tiny BASIC / Games /

Programming Instruction

HARDWARE CONSTRUCTION

Build this mathematical function unit, part 1:hardware. Guthrie, R. Scott, art 1:13 Sep76p26-33 *** Hardware Construction

Build this mathematical function unit, part 2:software. Guthrie, R. Scott, art L3 1:140ct76 p74-80 *** Programming Instruction /Hardware Construction / 8080

How to multipjy in a wet climate, part 2: designdetails. 8ryant/Swasdee. art L3 3:5 May78pi04-114 *** Hardware Construction / SWTPC /Microprocessor

HARDWARE REVIEWNumber crunching processor (NSC MM57109).Nelson, Peter, art L3 3:8 Aug78 p64-74*** Microprocessor / Hardware Review

PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTION

Analysis of polynomial functions with the TI-59calculator, part 1. Chance, Pierre, art L24:12 Dec79 pl20-133 *** Calculator /Programming Instruction

Build this mathematical function unit, part 2:software. Guthrie, R. Scott, art L3 1:140ct76 p74-80 *** Programming Instruction /Hardware Construction / 8080

Computing the determinant of a matrix. Flynn,Brian, col Ll 6:3 Mar81 pl52-154 ***Programming Instruction / TRS-80 Model I

Decisions, decisions (+ or - signs for numbers).Gass, Geoffrey, col L3 5:5 May80 pl90 ***6800 / Programming Instruction

Easy way to calculate sines and cosines.

Grappel, Robert, art L3 4:4 Apr79 pl70-171*** Programming Instruction / 6800

Elements of statistical computation. Forsythe,Alan, art Ll 4:1 Jan79 pl82-184 ***Statistics / Programming Instruction / BASIC

MATHEMATICS (CONTINUED)

Fast, ancient method for multiplication. Nyberg,

Jostein. col L3 6:10 0ct81 p376-377 ***

6502 / Programming InstructionInteger math package for the 8080. Carbrey,

Bruce, art L3 6:5 May81 p204-226 ***

8080 / Programming InstructionMath in the real world. Boney, Joel, art L9

3:9 Sep78 pll4-119 *** Programming

Instruction / MicroprocessorNovel 8 bit multiplication. Glaeser,

Christopher, col L3 2:7 Jul77 pl42 ***

Programming Instruction / 8080Power of the HP-67 programmable calculator, part

2. Arp, Robert, art L2 4:4 Apr79 pl76-188*** Calculator / Programming Instruction /Processing algebraic expressions part 2. Maurer,

W. Douglas, art 1:7 Mar76 p62-67 ***

Compiler / Programming InstructionProcessing algebraic expressions. Maurer, W.

Douglas, art 1:6 Feb76 p26-30 ***

Programming InstructionRecurrence in numerical analysis. Davidson,

James, art Ll 6:4 AprSl p20-30 ***

Programming InstructionRecursion and side effects in Pascal.

Morris/Perchik. art L6 6:5 May81 p316-324

*** Programming Instruction / PascalSimple algorithms for calculating elementary

functions. Rheinstein, John, art Ll 2:8

Aug77 pl42-145 *** Programming Instruction /

AlgorithmSpacewar in Tiny BASIC: navigating through

Integer BASIC. Beard, David, art Ll 4:5

May79 pllO-115 *** Tiny BASIC / Games /

Programming InstructionSymbolic differentiation a la LISP. Nicol,

Ronald, art L9 6:9 Sep81 p216-234 ***

LISP / Programming Instruction / TRS-80 Model ITrigonometry in two easy black boxes. Ball,

John, art Ll 4:5 May79 pl84-194 ***

Programming InstructionUnlimited precision division. Raskin, Jef. art

Ll 4:2 Feb79 pl54-156 *** Programming

Instruction / Apple II / BASICWRITELONG: a Pascal simulation of long-integer

output. Hunt, Daniel, col L6 6:11 Nov81

p414-415 *** Pascal / Programming InstructionWhat's in a floating point package?. Linker,

Sheldon, art 2:5 May77 p62-66 ***

Computer Instruction / Programming Instruction

SOFTWARE REVIEW

muSIMP/muMATH-79 symbolic math system. Williams,Gregg, sr 5:11 Nov80 p324-338 ***Software Review / Utility Program / Education

TRS-80 MODEL I

Computing the determinant of a matrix. Flynn,

Brian, col Ll 6:3 MarBl pl52-154 ***

Programming Instruction / TRS-80 Model IGeneral interpolating graphics package for the

TRS-80*. Cohen/Crowe, art Ll 5:11 Nov80

p296-310 *** Graphics / TRS-80 Model I /

PlottingKhachiyan's algorithm, part 2: problems with the

algorithm. Berresford/et al. art Ll 5:9

Sep80 p242-255 *** Linear Programming /

Algorithm / TRS-80 Model ILife after death. Macaluso, Pat. art Ll 6:7

JulSl p326-333 *** Games / TRS-80 Model I /

LifeMultiple regression for the TRS-80. Madron,

Thomas, art Ll 6:10 0ct81 p430-447 ***

TRS-80 Model ISymbolic differentiation a la LISP. Nicol,

Ronald, art L9 6:9 SepSl p216-234 ***

LISP / Programming Instruction / TRS-80 Model IMEMORY

8080 free memory search. Hand, William, col L34:6 Jun79 p207-208 *** 8080 / Programming

InstructionAdd nonvolatile memory to your computer.

Ciarcia, Steve, col 4:12 Dec79 p36-53 ***

Hardware Construction / EAROMAddress space saturation problem (8 bit

limitations). Helmers, Carl, col 1:15 Nov76pl6+ *** MicroprocessorAlmost optimum Z80 memory test program. Rampil,

Ira. col L3 6:9 Sep81 p432-434 *** Test

/ Z-80COSMAC doodler. Duntemann, Jeff, art L2 5:5

May80 p214-224 *** Graphics / COSMAC /

Hardware ConstructionCoincident current ferrite core memories. Jones,

James, art 1:11 Jul76 p6-16 *** Computer

Instruction / Hardware ConstructionComments on paging schemes. Gentry, James, col

2:12 Dec77 pl43 *** MicroprocessorDon't waste memory space (one way to squeeze fat

out of text strings). Baker, Robert, art

1:16 Dec76 p58-59 *** Information Storage /

Programming Instruction / ASCIIDynamic memory: making an intelligent decision.

Malakoff, Larry, art 6:2 FebSl pl42-150

*** RAMEfficient storage of morse character codes.

Krakauer, Lawrence, art L3 1:14 Oct76

p36-38 *** Ham Radio / Programming

InstructionGive your micro a megabyte (virtual memory

techniques). Grappel, Robert, art 2:7 Jul77p78-81 *** Information Storage / Computer

Instruction / Virtual MemoryHow to build a memory with one layer printed

circuits (static RAM). Lancaster, Don. art

1:8 Apr76 p28-32 *** Hardware Construction

MEMORY (CONTINUED)

How to save BYTES (a proposed character set).Mclntire, Thomas, art 1:6 Feb76 p46-47 ***

ASCIIIns and outs of volatile memories. Lancaster,

Don. art 1:3 Nov75 pl2-17 *** RAM /

Computer InstructionMagnetic recording technology. Helmers, Carl.col 1:7 Mar76 p6-8+ *** Information

Storage / Tape CassetteMeasuring program size. Dobrowolski, Stefan.

col 3:2 Feb78 pl67 *** BASICMemory mapped 10. Ciarcia, Steve, col L3 2:11Nov77 plO-16 *** Hardware Construction /

8080 / Input/OutputMemory pattern sensitivity test. Kinzer, Don.

art L3 3:10 0ct78 pl2-16 *** Test / 6800Memory test program. Caperello, Frank, col L3

4:8 Aug79 p215-217 *** Test / 8080 / IMSAIMemory: the growth of a resource. Helmers, Carl.

col 3:6 Jun78 p6+ *** PredictionsNew wonders of the computer age. Helmers, Carl.

co1 3:12 Dec78 p6+ *** MicroprocessorNote on advances in technology (amorphous

semiconductors). Rob inson, Pau1. co1 3:1

Jan78 pl65 *** DesignPenny pinching address state analyzer. Ciarcia,

Steve, col 3:2 Feb78 p6-12 *** Test

Equipment / Hardware ConstructionPlugging the KIM-2 gap. Notley, M. Garth, col

3:9 Sep78 pl23 *** Hardware Modification /

KIMRAMCRAM memory module for the Atari. Pelczarski,

Mark. hr 6:6 Jun81 p24-26 *** Hardware

Review / AtariSmart memory, part 1. Smith, Randy, art 4:4

Apr79 p54-62 *** Design / Information StorageSmart memory, part 2. Smith, Randy, art 4:5

May79 pl50-160 *** DesignTaking advantage of memory address space.

Luscher, James, art 1:5 Jan76 p6Q-63 ***

Programming Instruction / 8008Testing memory 1n BASIC. Adams, Russell, art

Ll 3:10 0ct78 p58-60 *** Test / BASICVirtual memory and VSAM for micros. Dahmke,

Mark, col 2:11 Nov77 p224 *** APL /

Information Storage / Virtual MemoryVirtual memory for an object-oriented language.

Kaehler, Ted. art 6:8 Aug81 p378-387 ***

Smalltalk / Virtual MemoryWho's afraid of dynamic memories?. Hauck, Lane.

art 3:7 Jul78 p42-46+ *** Design /

Computer Instruction / RAMMICROAGE

MIcroAce computer. Searls, Delmar. hr L3 6:4

Apr81 p46-62 *** Hardware ReviewMICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM

Appliance computer, circa 1977. Helmers, Carl.

col 2:1 Jan77 p4+ *** PredictionsCommodore's new PET computer, col 2:10 Oct77

P50 *** PETCustomization—the expression of Individuality.

Helmers, Carl, col 1:8 Apr76 p4+ ***IBM's personal computer. Morgan, Chris, col

6:7 JulSl p6-10 *** IBMSystems of note (Roger Amldon's Spider and

Altalr). Helmers, Carl, col 1:12 Aug76

p88-89 *** AltalrXerox Alto computer. Wadlow, Thomas, art 6:9

Sep81 p58-68 *** Networks / Xerox Alto /

Ethernet

6800Astral 2000. hr 1:15 Nov76 pl32-134 ***

Hardware Review / 6800Build a 6800 system with this kit. Kay, Gary.

art 1:4 Dec75 p72-76 *** Hardware

Construction / SWTPC / 6800Building an M6800 microcomputer*. Abbott, Bob.

art 1:10 Jun76 p40-46 *** 6800 / Hardware

Construction / MIKBUGSystems of note (M6800 from Celdat Design

Associates), hr 1:10 Jun76 pl06-108 ***

Hardware Review / 6800

8080

Digital Group 8080A (Try this computer on forsize). Ciarcia, Steve, art 2:3 Mar77pll4-121+ *** Hardware Construction /Hardware Review / 8080

MSC 8080+ microcomputer as a personal system.Barbier, Ken. hr 1:13 Sep76 p44-49 ***Hardware Review / 8080

APPLE IIApple II (system description). Wozniak, Stephen.art 2:5 May77 p34-43 *** Apple II /Hardware ReviewApple III. Morgan, Chris, hr L3 5:7 JulSO

p50-54 *** Hardware Review / Apple IIIApple to Byte: one user's review of the Apple II.Helmers, Carl, hr 3:3 Mar78 pl8-46 ***Hardware Review / Apple IIEra of off-the-shelf personal computers hasarrived. Helmers, Carl, col L6 5:1 JanSOp6-10+ *** History / Apple II / Pascal

CONTROL

Build a Z8-based control computer with BASIC,part 1. Ciarcia, Steve, col 6:7 Jul81p38-47 *** Control / Hardware Construction /Z8

Build a Z8-based control computer with BASIC,part 2. Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll 6:8 AugSlp50-72 *** Control / Hardware Construction /Z8

DESIGNBuilding a computer from scratch. Jones, Hilary.art 2:11 Nov77 p80-92 *** HardwareConstruction / Design / Computer Instruction

418 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 165 on inquiry card.

Circle 276 on inquiry card.

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BYTE December 1981

419

MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM (CONTINUED)

Designing the logic of the system - processor

board description, part 2. Helmers, Carl, col4:10 0ct79 p6-14 *** Design / 6809 /

HomebrewDirt-cheap bootstrap: more notes on bringing up a

microcomputer, woodhull, Albert, art L3 5:3Mar80 pl42-152 *** Computer Instruction /

DesignPhoto essay: physical hardware of a new computer

backplane. Helmers, Carl, art 4:7 Jul79

pl94-197 *** Hardware Construction / DesignRationale of yet another homebrew system.

Helmers, Carl, col 4:9 Sep79 p6-9+ ***

Design / 6809 / HomebrewZ-80 in parallel (parallel processing). Loewer,

Bob. art 3:7 Jul78 p60-63+ *** Z-80 /

Design

HAROWARE CONSTRUCTIONAMSAT-GOLEM-80 (S-100 bus microcomputer project).Kasser, Joe. art 4:9 Sep79 pl82-195 ***

S-100 Bus / Hardware ConstructionAssembling a Sphere. Anderson, Bruce, art 1:11Jul76 pl8-20 *** Hardware Construction /

Sphere / Kit BuildingBuild a 6800 system with this kit. Kay, Gary.

art 1:4 0ec75 p72-76 *** Hardware

Construction / SWTPC / 6800Build a Z8-based control computer with BASIC,

part 1. Ciarcia, Steve, col 6:7 Jul81

p38-47 *** Control / Hardware Construction /

Z8Build a Z8-based control computer with BASIC,

part 2. Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll 6:8 Aug81

p50-72 *** Control / Hardware Construction /

Z8Building a computer from scratch. Jones, Hilary.art 2:11 Nov77 p80-92 *** Hardware

Construction / Design / Computer InstructionBuilding an M6800 microcomputer*. Abbott, Bob.

art 1:10 Jun76 p40-46 *** 6800 / Hardware

Construction / MIKBUGDigital Group 8080A {Try this computer on for

size). Ciarcia, Steve, art 2:3 Mar77

pll4-121+ *** Hardware Construction /

Hardware Review / 8080" Notes on bringing up a microcomputer. Libes,

Sol. art 3:1 Jan78 pl62-164 *** Hardware

ConstructionPersonal computer on a student's budget.

Johnston, J.C. art 5:7 JulSO pl38-146 ***

Hardware Construction / Kit BuildingPhoto essay: physical hardware of a new computer

backplane. Helmers, Carl, art 4:7 Jul79

pl94-197 *** Hardware Construction / Design

RGS 008A microcomputer kit. Hogenson, James, hr

1:1 Sep75 pl6-19 *** Hardware Review /

Hardware Construction / 8008

HARDWARE REVIEWApple II (system description). Wozniak, Stephen,art 2:5 May77 p34-43 *** Apple ll /

Hardware ReviewApple III. Morgan, Chris, hr L3 5:7 JulSO

p50-54 *** Hardware Review / Apple IIIApple to Byte: one user's review of the Apple II.Helmers, Carl, hr 3:3 Mar78 plS-46 ***

Hardware Review / Apple IIAstral 2000. hr 1:15 Nov76 pl32-134 ***

Hardware Review / 6800Big board: a Z80 system in kit form. Thompson,

David, hr Ll 6:9 Sep81 p52-56 ***

Hardware Review / Kit Building / Z-80Building the Heath H8 computer. Poduska, Paul.

art Ll 4:3 Mar79 pl2-13+ *** Heath / Kit

Building / Hardware ReviewCompucolor B051 (Color graphics on the Compucolor

8051). Dwyer/Critchfield. art 3:5 May78

p32-39 *** Hardware Review / Compucolor /

Color GraphicsDate with KIM. Simpson, Richard, art 1:9

May76 p8-12 *** KIM / Hardware ReviewDigital Group 8080A (Try this computer on for

size). Ciarcia, Steve, art 2:3 Mar77

pll4-121+ *** Hardware Construction /

Hardware Review / 8080Hewlett-Packard's new personal computer: the

HP-85*. Morgan, Christopher, hr L6 5:3

Mar80 p60-66 *** Hardware Review / HP-85IBM personal computer: first impressions.

Lemmons, Phil, hr 6:10 0ct81 p26-34 ***

Hardware Review / IBM Personal ComputerMSC 8080+ microcomputer as a personal system.

Barbier, Ken. hr 1:13 Sep76 p44-49 ***

Hardware Review / 8080New Altair 680. Vice, James, art 1:6 Feb76

p42-45 *** Altair / Hardware ReviewNew mini-microcomputer system: the Digital

Equipment Corporation LSI -11. Baker, Robert.

art 1:5 Jan76 pl2-24 *** LSI-11 / Hardware

Review /Noval 760 (System description: The Noval 760).

Hauck/Nash. hr 2:9 Sep77 pl02-108 ***

Hardware ReviewPET 2001 (User's report: the PET 2001). Fylstra,

Dan. hr 3:3 Mar78 pll4-127 *** Hardware

Review / PETRGS 0O8A microcomputer kit. Hogenson, James, hr1:1 Sep75 pl6-19 *** Hardware Review /

Hardware Construction / 8008Radio Shack TRS-80: an owner's report. Fylstra,

Dan. hr 3:4 Apr78 p49-60 *** Hardware

Review / TRS-80 Model IS0L-20 (User's report: the SOL-20). Barbour,

Dennis, hr 3:4 Apr78 pl26-130 ***

Hardware Review / SOL

MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM (CONTINUED)

Systems of note (M6800 from Celdat Design

Associates), hr 1:10 Jun76 pl06-108 ***

Hardware Review / 6800TDL system monitor board: a writer's view. Rehm,

Bradford, hr 3:4 Apr78 plO-16 ***

Hardware ReviewUser's reaction to the SOL-10 computer. Bumpous,

Robert, hr 3:1 Jan78 p86-93 *** Hardware

Review / SOLUser's report on the Intercept Jr. Lahore,

Henry, art 2:12 Dec77 pl86-190 ***

Hardware Review

TRS-80 MODEL IRadio Shack TRS-80: an owner's report. Fylstra,

Dan. hr 3:4 Apr78 p49-60 *** Hardware

Review / TRS-80 Model IMICROPROCESSOR

Address space saturation problem (8 bit

limitations). Helmers, Carl, col 1:16 Nov76pi6+ *** MemoryCollege microcomputer facility. Foster/Southern,art 3:4 Apr78 p90-96 *** Computer

Instruction / Higher EducationComments on paging schemes. Gentry, James, col

2:12 Dec77 pl43 *** MemoryCompare new processors carefully. Kemp, David.

col 4:5 May79 p213-216 *** 6809 / 6516Compilation and Pascal on the new

microprocessors. Forsyth/Howard, art L3 3:8Aug78 p50-61 *** Compiler / PascalMicroprocessor course. Fohl, Mark, art 2:8

Aug77 p26-28+ *** Computer Instruction /

Education / Higher EducationMore on using the 8x300 (Signetics 8X300

microprocessor). Twichell, Jon. col 2:6

Jun77 p74+ ***My experiences with the 2650 (Signetics 2650

microprocessor). Moran, Brian, art 2:11

Nov77 p66-67 *** Children / 2650Need for relocating loaders. Pielmeier, K.P.

col 3:6 Jun78 pl30-132 *** StandardsNew wonders of the computer age. Helmers, Carl.

co 1 3:12 Dec78 p6+ *** MemoryProposed microprocessor software standard.

Formaniak/Leitch. col 2:7 Jul77 p34+ ***

Standards / Z-80State of the art ( as seen in Nov75). Helmers,

Carl, art 1:3 Nov75 p6-7+ *** RAM / ROM /

Benchmark TestingSystems approach to a personal microprocessor.

Suding, Robert, art 1:10 Jun76 p32-34 ***

Consumer InformationWe interrupt this program.... Small, Gary, col

6:6 Jun81 pl62-166 *** Computer InstructionWhat is an interrupt?. Atkins, R. Travis, art

4:3 Mar79 p230-236 *** Computer Instruction

/ Input/OutputWhere am I?: a proposal for a new microprocessor

instruction. Reddi, S.S. col 6:11 Nov81

p413 ***

6800How to multiply in a wet climate, part 1: use and

basis for a design. Bryant/Swasdee. art L3

3:4 Apr78 p2B-35+ *** Mathematics / Design

/ 6800Preview of the Motorola 68000. Halsema, A.I.

art 4:8 Aug79 p!70-174 *** 68000 /

Hardware ReviewSon of Motorola (or, the $20 CPU chip). Fylstra,

Daniel, art L3 1:3 Nov75 p56-62 *** 6800

/ Programming Instruction / 6501

8080

Which microprocessor for you?. Chamberlin, Hal.art 1:1 Sep75 pl0-14 *** 8080 / 8008 /IMP-16

DESIGNClockless multiplication and division circuits.

Weed, Mike, art 3:12 Dec78 pl28-136 ***

Mathematics / DesignHow to multiply in a wet climate, part 1: use and

basis for a design. Bryant/Swasdee. art L3

3:4 Apr78 p28-35+ *** Mathematics / Design

/ 6800Microprocessor for 'the revolution: the 6809, part

1: design philosophy. Ritter/Boney. art L3

4:1 Jan79 pl4-42 *** Design / 6809Microprocessor for the revolution: the 6809, part

2: instruction set... Ritter/Boney. art 4:2

Feb79 p32-42 *** Design / 6809Microprocessor for the revolution: the 6809, part

3: final thoughts. Ritter/Boney. art 4:3

Mar79 p46-52 *** Design / 6809 /

ManufacturingShould the DO loop become an assembly-language

construct?. Wi11iams, Glenn, art 6:10 0ct81p413-418 *** Assembly Language / Programming

Design

HARDWARE CONSTRUCTION

How to multiply in a wet climate, part 2: designdetails. Bryant/Swasdee. art L3 3:5 May78pl04-114 *** Mathematics / HardwareConstruction / SWTPC

HARDWARE REVIEW

Chip off tne olde PDP 8/E: the Intersil 1M6100part 1. Nelson, Robert, art 1:9 May76p60-68 *** IH6100 / PDP-8 / Hardware Review

Chip off tne olde PDP 8/E: the Intersil IM6100part 2. Nelson, Robert, art 1:10 Jun76p58-62 *** 1M6100 / PDP-8 / Hardware Review

Circuit for Z-80s. Suding, Robert, art 1:13Sep76 p62-71 *** Z-80 / Hardware Review

MICROPROCESSOR (CONTINUED)

Ease into 16-bit computing: get 16-bit

performance from an 8-bit computer. Ciarcia,

Steve, col L3 5:3 MarSO pl7-32 *** 8088

/ Hardware ReviewF8 system (microprocessor update). Baker,

Robert. hr 2:2 Feb77 p88-95 *** Hardware

ReviewGeneral Instrument CP1600. Baker, Robert, art

1:7 Mar76 p46-51 *** CP16Q0 / Hardware

ReviewHeath microprocessor training system. Hubin,

W.N. hr L9 3:11 Nov78 pl58-159 ***

Hardware Review / Computer Instruction / HeathHow to choose a microprocessor. Frenzel, Lou.

art 3:7 Jul78 pl24-150 *** Hardware Review

/ Consumer InformationIntel 8086 (and the SDK-86 system design kit).

Ciarcia, Steve, col 4:11 Nov79 pl4~24 ***

8086 / Hardware ReviewKeep PACE with the times. Baker, Robert, art

1:14 Oct76 p82-86 *** Hardware ReviewNumber crunching processor (NSC MM57109).

Nelson, Peter, art L3 3:8 Aug78 p64-74

*** Mathematics / Hardware ReviewPreview of the Motorola 68000. Halsema, A.1.

art 4:8 Aug79 pl70-174 *** 68000 /

Hardware ReviewPreview of the Z-8000. Rampil, Ira. art 4:3

Mar79 paO-91 *** Z-8000 / Hardware Review /Put the "do everything" chip in your next design

(TMS-5501). Baker, Robert, art 1:11 Jul76

p40-44 *** TMS-5501 / Hardware Review fSC/MP fills a gap. Baker, Robert, art 1:13

Sep76 p76-79 *** SC/MP / Hardware ReviewTexas Instruments TMS9900. Baker, Robert, art

1:8 Apr76 p64-70 *** 9900 / Hardware ReviewZilog Z80. Hashizume, Burt, hr 1:12 Aug76

p34-38 *** Hardware Review / Z-80 /

MATHEMATICS

Clockless multiplication and division circuits.

Weed, Mike, art 3:12 Dec78 pl28-136 ***

Mathematics / DesignHow to multiply in a wet climate, part 1: use and

basis for a design. Bryant/Swasdee. art L3

3:4 Apr78 p28-35+ *** Mathematics / Design

/ 6800How to multiply in a wet climate, part 2: design

details. Bryant/Swasdee. art L3 3:5 May78

pl04-114 *** Mathematics / Hardware

Construction / SWTPCMath in the real world. Boney, Joel, art L9

3:9 Sep78 pll4-119 *** Mathematics /

Programming InstructionNumber crunching processor (NSC MM57109).

Nelson, Peter, art L3 3:8 Aug78 p64-74

*** Mathematics / Hardware Review

PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTION

Map of the TMS-9900 instruction space. Melton,

Henry, art 4:3 Mar79 pl4-22 *** 9900 /

Programming Instruction /Math in the real world. Boney, Joel, art L9

3:9 Sep78 pll4-119 *** Mathematics /

Programming InstructionSon of Motorola (or, the $20 CPU chip). Fylstra,

Daniel, art L3 1:3 Nov75 p56-62 *** 6800

/ Programming Instruction / 6501Stacks in microprocessors. Radhakrishnan/Bhat.

art 4:6 Jun79 p168-174 *** Programming

Instruction / Computer InstructionMIKBUG

Building an M6800 microcomputer*. Abbott, Bob.

art 1:10 Jun76 p40-46 *** 6800 /

Microcomputer System / Hardware ConstructionDo you need the real time?. Trollope, Gregory.

art L3 2:11 Nov77 pl66-169 *** Clock /

6800 / Hardware ModificationJack and the machine debug...or reading the

traces of a wild program. Grappel/Hemenway.

art 2:12 Dec77 p91+ *** Debugging / 6800 /

Utility ProgramMIKBUG and the TRS-80, part 1: a cross-assembler

for the Motorola 6800. Labenski, Robert, art

Ll 6:12 Dec81 p229-250 *** TRS-80 Model I

/ 6800 / AssemblerMIKBUG roadmap...*. Rathkey, John, art L3 2:2

Feb77 p96-99 *** Monitor / 6800My computer runs mazes. Stanfield, David, art

L2 4:6 Jun79 p86-99 *** Artificial

Intelligence / Programming InstructionSpeeding up MIKBUG 10 routines. Moore, T.W. col3:6 Jun78 pl32-134 *** Hardware

Modification / 6800 / Input/OutputThompson lister (for 6800 programs). Thompson,

Noel, col L3 1:14 0ct76 p99 *** 6800 /

Utility Program / PrinterMINIDISK DRIVE

Build the Disk-80: memory expansion and

floppy-disk control (TRS-80). Ciarcia, Steve.

col 6:3 Mar81 p36-52 *** Disk Controllers

/ Hardware Construction / TRS-80 Model IComparing floppy-disk drives by software

simulation. Nendza, Dennis, art Ll 5:5

May80 pl30-140 *** Floppy Disk Drive / Test

/ Hardware ReviewDOSPlus: double-density operating system for the

TRS-80. Kolya, Yvon. sr 6:7 Ju181 p334-343*** Software Review / Operating Systems /

TRS-80 Model IDisk catalog for the eighties. Liddil, Bob. colLl 6:8 Aug81 p404-407 *** Utility Program

/ TRS-80 Model 1Future trends in personal computing. Morgan,

Chris, col 6:4 Apr81 p6-10 *** Future /

Video Display / Osborne I

420 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 328 on inquiry card.

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BYTE December 1981 421

MINIDISK DRIVE (CONTINUED)

Improve TRS-80 disk operation: add an external

data separator. Kline, Ken. col 6:5 May81

pl02-104 *** Disk Controllers / TRS-80 Model

I / Hardware ModificationInterface a floppy-disk drive to an 8080A-based

computer. Hoeppner, John, art L3 5:5 May80p72-102 *** Disk Controllers / Interface /

8080KIMDOS: using your KIM-1 with a Percom

floppy-disk drive. Swank, Joel, art L3 5:5

May80 p44-50+ *** Operating Systems / KIMMinifloppy interface. Allen, David, art 3:2

Feb73 pi14-125 *** Interface / Disk

Controllers / DesignPercom's Doubler. Ketly, Mahlon. hr 6:7 Ju131p344-352 *** Hardware Review / Disk

Controllers / TRS-80 Model IPicking up the pieces {rebuilding a bit map of

used sectors on a disk). Baker, Alfred, art

L3 4:10 0ct79 p76-86 *** Floppy Disk Drive

/ Utility ProgramMODEM

Answer/Or iginate modem. Parsons, Ronald, art

L3 5:6 Jun80 p24-40 *** Hardware

Construction / CP/MBuild a null modem. Haar, Robert, col 6:2

FebSl pl98-200 *** Hardware ConstructionBuild-it-yourself modem for under $50*. Ciarcia,

Steve, col 5:8 Aug80 p22-38 *** Hardware

Construction / Acoustic CouplerMicromodem support in Apple Pascal. Robinson,

Scott, art L6 6:7 Jul81 p308-324 ***

Pascal / Apple II / Programming InstructionPascal library unit for the Micromodem II.

Woteki, Thomas, art L6 6:2 Feb81 pl06-136

*** Apple II / PascalSome thoughts about modems. Helmers, Carl, col

3:7 Jul78 p6+ *** TelecommunicationsMONEY

Checkbook balancer. Hallen, Rod. col Ll 3:11

Nov78 p66 *** Home / SOLCheckbook balancing routine. White, Loring. col

Ll 4:6 Jun79 p208-210 *** HomeElectronic home banking (You can bank on it).

col 6:1 JanSl plO *** Home / TRS-80 Model

I / CompuServePascal checkbook balancing program. Helmers,

Carl, col L6 5:1 JanSO pl74-175 *** Home

/MONITOR

8088 processor for the S-100 bus, part 3.

Cantrell, Thomas, art L3 5:11 Nov80

p340-360 *** 8088 / S-100 BusAMSAT 8080 standard debug monitor: AMS80 version

2. Allen/Kasser. art L3 1:13 Sep76

pl08-122 *** Debugging / 8080DEMONS: a symbolic debugging monitor. Halsema,

A.I. art L3 6:5 May81 p326-358 ***

Debugging / 6800 / DisassemblerDiscover the machine beneath the machine: a ZX80

monitor program. FitzGerald, R. Scott, col

Ll 6:10 0ct81 p278-280 *** Sinclair ZX80Interact with an ELM (monitors). Gable, G.H.

art 1:10 Jun76 p66-72 *** Programming

InstructionMIK8UG roadmap...*. Rathkey, John, art L3 2:2

Feb77 p96-99 *** MIKBUG / 6800Monitor 8*i - your own pseudo instructions. Nico,

Willard. art 1:3 Nov75 p64-65 *** 8008PAM/8: a new. approach to front panel design.

Letwin, Gordon, art 3:10 0ct78 p70-84 ***

Heath / Software Review / LED DisplaySYS 8*5...your own executive commands. Nico,

Willard. art 2:1 Jan77 p66-70 *** IMSAI /

Programming InstructionSingle stepping the 8080 processor*. Sharp,

Charles, col L3 4:1 Jan79 pl79-180 ***

8080 / DebuggingTMS-9900 monitor. Jones/Jones, col 4:5 May79

pl28 *** 9900Using interrupts to speed up an ELM. Gable, G.H.art 2:1 Jan77 pl06-114 *** Programming

InstructionMULTI-TASKING

Ease into 16-bit computing, part 2: examining a

small multi-user system. Ciarcia, Steve, col

L3 5:4 Apr80 p40-58 *** Multi-user Systems

/ 8088 / Hardware ConstructionSimple implementation of multitasking. Brown,

Wendell, art L3 6:10 0ct81 pl76-192 ***

Programming Instruction / 6502MULTI-USER SYSTEMS

Distributed Network. Horton, Glen, art 3:11

Nov78 p62-64 *** NetworksEase into 16-bit computing, part 2: examining a

small multi-user system. Ciarcia, Steve, col

L3 5:4 Apr80 p40-58 **• 8088 / Hardware

Construction / Multi-taskingIntroduction to multiprogramming. Dahmke, Mark.

art 4:9 Sep79 p20-32 *** Design /

Mult iprogrammingLocal-area networks: possibilities for personal

computers. Saal, Harry, art 6:10 0ct81

p92-112 *** Networks / Standards / EthernetMicrocomputer timesharing: a review of the

techniques,..-further reading . Johnson,

Kenneth, art 4:4 Apr79 p224-234 ***

Timesharing / DesignMulti-micro learning environments (Solo/NET/works

Project). Dwyer, Thomas, col 6:1 Jan81

plG4-116 *** Education / Games / SimulationMultiple-machine loader for classroom computers.

Hallgren, Richard, col 5:10 0ct80 p9Q-94

*** Education / InterfaceMultiuser data network: communicating over VHF

radio. Bruninga, Robert, art 3:11 Nov78

pl20-130 *** Networks / Ham Radio / Data

Transmission

MULTI-USER SYSTEMS (CONTINUED)

Time-sharing/multi-user subsystem for

microprocessors. Kinzer, Don. art L3 5:6

JunBO pl22-134 *** Timesharing / Design /

6800Timesharing: squeezing the most from your micro.

Linker, Sheldon, art 4:6 Jun79 p228-233

*** Timesharing / DesignUttra-low-cost network for personal computers.

Clements/Daugherty. art 6:10 OctSl p50-66

*** Networks / Design / Programming DesignMULTIPROCESSING

Intelligent memory block: adding processors to

enhance performance. Castleman, Kenneth, art

3:3 Mar78 pl86-192 *** DesignMultiprocessing with Motorola's MC6809E. Scales,

Hunter, art L3 6:7 Jul31 p!36-156 ***

Design / 6809Multiprogramming simplified. Lahasky, Irwin.

art 2:12 Dec77 pl40-142 *** Computer

InstructionMULTIPROGRAMMING

Introduction to muItiprogramming. Dahmke, Mark.

art 4:9 Sep79 p20-32 *** Multi-user

Systems / DesignMUSIC

$19 music interface (and some music theory for

computer nuts)*. Struve, Bill, art L2 2:12

Dec77 p48-69+ *** Interface / Hardware

Construction / KIMAdd a kluge harp to your computer*. Helmers,

Carl, art L3 1:2 0ct75 pl4-18 ***

Hardware Construction / 6800Advanced real-time music synthesis techniques.

Chamberlin, Hal. art L3 5:4 Apr80 p70-94+

*** Digital/Analog Circuit / DesignBeginner's guide to spectral analysis, part 1':

tiny timesharing music. Zimmermann, Mark, artLl 6:2 FebSl p68-90 *** Fourier

Transforms / PET / MathematicsComputer music: a design tutorial. Orlofsky,

Thomas, art L3 6:3 Mar81 p317-332 ***

Hardware Construction / Z-80 / DesignConcertina system. Helmers, Carl, col 1:14

0ct76 p9-10 ***Converting pitch to frequency. Katz, Robert.

col L2 6:2 Feb81 p92-94 *** Conversions /

CalculatorCreativity in computer music. Howe, Hubert, art

Ll 4:7 Jul79 pl58-173 *** TRS-80 Model IDemonstration of the Klugehorn at an NECS

meeting.... Helmers, Carl, col 2:5 May77

pl52-154 ***Graphics text editor for music, part 1: structure

of the editor. Nelson, Randolph, art 5:4

Apr80 pl24-138 *** Text Editor / Graphics /

DesignGraphics text editor for music, part 2:

a Igor i thms. Ne1 son, Randolph. art 5:5 May8Qpl04-118 *** Text Editor / AlgorithmInterfacing pneumatic player pianos. Helmers,

Carl, art 2:9 Sep77 pll2-120+ ***

Interface / Control / DesignMicrocomputer and the pipe organ. Raskin, Jef.

art-3:3 Mar78 p56-68 *** ControlMore music for the 6502. O'Haver, T.C. art L3

3:6 Jun78 pl40-141 *** 6502 / KIMMountain Computer's MusicSystem. Moore, Robin.

hr L3 6:7 Jul81 p60-92 *** Hardware

Review / Apple 11Music making (square-wave music and

software-driven D/A synthesis), col 6:7

Jul81 p84 *** Apple II / Digital/Analog

CircuitOn beginning a new project...(local controller of

music peripherals). Helmers, Carl, col 4:6

Jun79 p6+ *** 6809 / ControlOrchestra-80. Cooper/Kolya. sr 6:11 Nov81

p264-272 *** Software Review / TRS-80 Model IPiano's reproductive system (anatomy of a Duo-Art

player piano). Morgan, Chris, art 2:9 Sep77pl22-125 *** BinaryPolyphony made easy*. Roberts, Steven, art 4:1Jan79 pl04-109 *** Interface / Hardware

Construction5C0RT0S: implementation of a music language.

Taylor, Hal. art 2:9 Sep77 pl2-21+ ***

Languages / AltairSampling of techniques for computer performance

of music. Chamberlin, Hal. art L3 2:9

Sep77 p62-83 *** History / KIM / Programming

InstructionSimple approaches to computer music synthesis.

Schneider, Thomas, art 2:10 Oct77 pl40-144

*** Hardware ConstructionToy store begins at home. Ciarcia, Steve, col

Ll 4:4 Apr79 plO-18 *** Games / Hardware

ConstructionTune in with some chips (programmable music tone

generator). Sierad, Ted. art L2 2:9 Sep77

p84-94 *** Hardware Construction / Sound

EffectsTwo computer music system (Altair 3800/lntellec

8/MOD 80). Lederer/et al. art 3:3 Mar78

p8-12+ *** Languages / AltairUsing the computer as a musician's amanuensis, pt

1: fundamental problems. Raskin, Jef. art

5:4 AprSO plS-28 ***Using the computer as a musician's amanuensis, pt

2: ...keyboard to score. Raskin, Jef. art

5:5 MaySO pl20-12B ***alphaSyntauri Music Synthesizer. Levine/Mauchly.hr 6:12 Dec81 pl08-128 *** Hardware

Review / Apple IINATURAL LANGUAGE CONSTRUCTION

Natural language processing and small systems.

Tennant, Harry, art 3:6 Jun78 p38-54 ***

Languages /Artificial Intelligence

NATURAL LANGUAGE CONSTRUCTION (CONTINUED)Natural-language processing: the field in

perspec t i ve. Hendr i x/Sacerdot i. art L9 6:9

Sep31 p304-352 *** Artificial Intelligence /

LinguisticsNAVIGATION

Calculator airborne navigation*. Kuhns, L.J.

col L2 4:11 Nov79 p245-246 *** Calculator

/ FlyingCub 54, where are you? (or how to navigate using

Mini-0). Burhans, Ralph, art 2:2 Feb77

p62-74 ***How far - which way? (navigation program).

Pittet, Rene, art H 2:7 Jul77 pll8-119

*** Mathematics / SWTPCNavigation with Mini-0: part 3, software.

Salter, Richard, art L3 2:4 Apr77 plOO-109*** Interface / Hardware Construction / 6502Simplified Omega receiver details. Burhans,

Ralph, art 2:3 Mar77 p7O-80 *** Interface

/ Hardware ConstructionNETWORKS

Build an intercomputer data link. Wingfield,

Mike, art L3 6:4 AprBl p252-288 ***

Telecommunications / Programming Instruction /

6800CIE Net: a design for...information exchanges,

part 1: the beginnings. Wilber, Mike, art

3:2 Feb78 pl4+ ***CIE Net: a design for...information exchanges,

part 2: protocols. Wilber, Mike, art 3:3

Mar78 pl52-164 *** StandardsCIE Net: a design for...information exchanges, pt

3: other considerations. Wilber, Mike, art

L3 3:4 Apr78 pl68-176 *** StandardsClub computer network. Kasser, Joe. art 5:5

May80 p202-212 *** Clubs / Ham RadioCommunicating in two directions. Titchener,

Mark. art 5:6 JunSO p96-106 *** Data

Transmission / DesignDistributed Network. Horton, Glen, art 3:11

Nov78 p62-64 *** Multi-user SystemsInterpersonalized media: what's news?. Levin,

James, art 5:6 Jun80 p214-228 ***

Electronic Mail / Electronic NewsLocal networks are buzzing. Morgan, Chris, col

6:10 0ct81 p6-8 ***Local-area networks: possibilities for personal

computers. Saal, Harry, art 6:10 0ct81

p92-112 *** Multi-user Systems / Standards /

EthernetMultiuser data network: communicating over VHF

radio. Bruninga, Robert, art 3:11 Nov78

pl20-130 *** Multi-user Systems / Ham Radio /

Data TransmissionNetwork tools: ideas for intelligent network

software. Reintjes, Peter, art L6 6:10

0ct81 pl40-174 *** Telecommunications /

Programming DesignPersonal computer network (transfer of messages

and files), col 2:9 Sep77 p59-61 ***

Electronic MailPersonal computers in a distributed

communications network. Steinwedel, Jeff, art3:2 Feb78 p80-82+ *** Ham RadioSky's the limit: use ham radio bands for

intercomputer communication. Kasser, Joe. art3:11 Nov78 p48-61 *** Ham Radio / Data

TransmissionUltra-low-cost network for personal computers.

Clements/Daugherty. art 6:10 Octal p50-66

*** Design / Multi-user Systems / Programming

DesignXerox Alto computer. Wadlow, Thomas, art 6:9

Sep81 p58-68 *** Microcomputer System /

Xerox Alto / EthernetNEWSLETTERS

Clubs and newsletters directory (123 clubs listed

in 1977). Rehling, Floyd, col 2:1 Jan77

pll9-130 *** ClubsClubs and newsletters directory (1979). Hanson,

Laura, col 4:10 0ct79 p210-240 *** ClubsClubs and newsletters directory. Freiberg,

Charley, col 6:4 Apr81 pl58-184 *** ClubsClubs and newsletters directory. Hanson, Laura.

col 3:9 Sep78 pl24-144 *** ClubsNORTH STAR

Add a simple text editor to your BASIC programs.

Goff, Robert, art Ll 5:4 Apr80 p34-39 ***Text EditorBASIC floppy-disk accounting system. Roehrig,

Joseph, art Ll 5:9 Sep80 p328-335 ***

Accounting / Business / Floppy Disk DriveBASIC text editor. Ruckdeschel, Fred, art Ll

4:6 Jun79 pl56-164 *** Text Editor / IMSAI

/ BASICBeating North Star - MITS incompatability.

Miller, Alan, col L3 3:7 Jul78 pll9 ***

Programming Instruction / AltairBridging the 10-percent gap. Brady, Paul, art

6:10 Oct81 p264-274 *** Business / Office

AutomationComputer scrabble. Roehrig, Joseph, art Ll

6:12 0ec81 p320-351 *** Games / Strategy /

TRS-80 Model IConverting North Star's deletion characters.

Miller, Alan, col L3 3:10 Oct78 pl41 ***

ConversionsData-base management systems: powerful newcomers

to microcomputers. Gagle/Koehler. art Ll

6:11 Nov81 p97-122 *** Data Base Management

/ Programming Design / Programming Instruction

Exploring ballistics with your personal computer.

Jenks, Robert, art Ll 5:9 Sep80 p270-280

*** Simulation / ScienceFrequency analysis of data using a microcomputer.Ruckdeshel, F.R. art Ll 4:12 Dec79 plO-35*** Fourier Transforms / Mathematics /

Frequency Analysis

422 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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NORTH STAR '.CONTINUED)

Great race and micro disk files: horse race

simulations. Roehrig, Joseph, art LI 5:4

AprSO pl42-177 *** Horse Racing / Simulation

/ GamesHurricane tracking. Bailey, John, col LI 6:7

Jill 81 pl20-132 *** WeatherNational micropastime. Roehrig, Joseph, art LI4:11 Nov79 pll3-136 *** Simulation /

Athletics / StatisticsNature of robots, part 2: simulated control

system. Powers, William, art LI 4:7 Ju)79

pl34-152 *** Robots / Control / SimulationNature of robots, part 3: a closer look at human

behavior. Powers, William, art LI 4:8

Aug79 p94-116 *** Robots / Design /

SimulationNature of robots, part 4: looking for controlled

variables. Powers, William, art LI 4:9

Sep79 p96-112 *** Robots / Design /

SimulationPower helps analyze electric bills. Wolfe,

Karen, art LI 4:10 0ct79 p48-54 ***

Energy / HomeSimple approach to data smoothing.

Ruckdeschel/Krinsky. art LI 6:3 Mar81

p262-298 *** Statistics / BusinessSorting with a catch. Brady, Paul, col Ll 5:9SepSO p322-323 *** Sorting / Programming *

InstructionString comparator for Horizon. Lindberg,

Richard, col Ll 5:2 Feb80 p86 ***

Programming Instruction / BASICSuper TIC (three-dimensional Tic-Tac-Toe).

Roehrig, J. art Ll 5:3 Mar80 p232-238 ***Games / StrategyThose calculating Romans (Roman numeral

calculator). Dishman, Laurence, col Ll 3:6

Jun78 pl09-lll *** Mathematics / ConversionsTiny Pascal source creator. Phillips, Thomas.

col Ll 4:7 Jul79 p231-232 *** Pascal /

Utility ProgramWordsmith (CP/M or North Star word processor).

Dahmke, Mark, sr 6:5 May81 p254-258 ***

Software Review / Word Processing / CP/MXYZ phenomenon: stereoscopic plotting by

computer. Powers, William, art Ll 4:10

0ct79 pl40-149 *** Plotting /

Three-Dimensional GraphicsOBJECT-ORIENTED LANGUAGES

Design principles behind Smalltalk. Ingalls,

Daniel, art 6:8 AugSl p286-298 ***

Smal1 talk / DesignObject-oriented software systems. Robson, David.art 6:8 Aug81 p74-86 *** LanguagesOFFICE AUTOMATION

Bridging the 10-percent gap. Brady, Paul, art

6;10 0ct81 p264-274 *** Business / North

StarONLINE INFORMATION

Information unlimited: the Dialog Information

Retrieval Service. Miastkowski, Stan, art

6:6 Jun81 p8B-108 *** Online Systems /

Information StorageOnline information retrieval: promise and

problems. Roberts, Steven, art 6:12 Dec81

p452-461 *** Online SystemsONLINE SYSTEMS

Digicast system: receiving data and information

over your FM radio. Halsema, A.I. art 4:1

Jan79 plOO-102 *** Data TransmissionInformation unlimited: the Dialog Information

Retrieval Service. Miastkowski, Stan, art

6:6 Jun81 p88-108 *** Online Information /

Information StorageLet's be PALs: some comments on BBS teletext.

Silson, R.G. col 4:3 Mar79 pl86-188 ***

TeletextOnline information retrieval: promise and

problems. Roberts, Steven, art 6:12 Dec81

p452-461 *** Online InformationOPERATING SYSTEMS

Build a super simple floppy-disk interface, part

2: software. Nicholson/Camp, art L3 6:6

Jun81 p302-340 *** Floppy Disk Drive /

Interface / 6502CP/M: a family of 8- and 16-bit operating

systems. KiIda 11, Gary. 6:6 Jun31

p216-232 *** CP/MDOSPlus: double-density operating system for the

TRS-80. Kolya, Yvon. sr 6:7 Jul81 p334-343*** Software Review / TRS-80 Model 1 /

Minidisk DriveDrop JCL and start with WFL. Gregory, Donald.

col 4:10 0ct79 pl76-178 ***ENH8AS (TRS-80 Model I/MI enhanced operating

environment and BASIC). Kelly, Mahlon. sr Ll6:11 Nov81 p342-360 *** Software Review /

Utility Program / TRS-80 Model IHow to define an OS which does not need a wizard.Jones, James, col 4:4 Apr79 p245-246 ***

DesignKIMDOS: using your KIM-1 with a Percom

floppy-disk drive. Swank, Joel, art L3 5:5

May80 p44-50+ *** KIM / Minidisk DriveNew 16-bit operating systems, or, the search for

Benutzerfreundlichkeit. Morgan, Chris, col

6:6 Jun81 p6-10 *** UNIXOmikron TRS-80 boards, NEWD0S+, and sundry other

matters. Pournelle, Jerry, col 5:7 Ju18Q

pl98-208 *** TRS-80 Model I / Floppy Disk

DriveOperating systems: let's have some UNIX-inspired

software. Howell, Jim. col 4:9 Sep79

p8Z-B3 *** UNIXRelocatable bootstrap for the Tarbell disk

controller. Smith, Hector, col L3 6:4

Apr81 pl48 *** Disk Controllers

OPERATING SYSTEMS (CONTINUED)

UNIX operating system and the XENIX standard

operating environment. Greenberg, Robert, art6:6 Jun81 p248-264 *** UNIX / XENIXOSBORNE I

Future trends in personal computing. Morgan,

Chris, col 6:4 Apr81 p6-10 *** Future /

Video Display / Minidisk DriveOS I

Challenger writes on Comprint. Carlson, Edward.

col L3 6:4 Apr81 p310-312 *** Printer /

Interface / Hardware ModificationFaster BASIC for the Ohio Scientific. Sauter,

John, col Ll 6:5 May81 p236-242 ***

Programming Instruction / BASIC / 6502Graphic execution display (OSI). Minton, R.B.

col Ll 6:4 Apr81 p34 *** Programming

InstructionOSI (model 300 computer training board - product

description). Baker, Robert, col 2:1 Jan77

p94-95 *** Hardware ReviewOhio Scientific CA-15 universal telephone

interface. Williams, Gregg, hr Ll 5:8

Aug80 p40-44 *** Hardware Review / Interface

/ TelecommunicationsSimilarity comparator for strings. O'Haver, T.C.col Ll 4:9 Sep79 p58-60 *** Programming

Instruction / BASICSuperboard II: a surprising single board computer

from OSI. Morgan, Christopher, col 4:5

May79 p50-51 *** Hardware ReviewTerminal width problems with the OSI Challenger.

Sacks, Shel. col 6:7 Jul81 p24 ***

Programming InstructionTwo short graphics programs for the OSI C-1P.

Leahy, John, col Ll 6:10 0ct81 p354 ***

GraphicsOTHELLO

Othello, a new ancient game. Duda, Richard, artLl 2:10 Oct77 p60-62 *** Games / StrategyReversal: Othello for the Apple II. Freidman,

Mark, sr 6:11 Nov81 p76-80 *** Software

Review / Games / Apple IISanta Cruz Open: Othello tournament for

computers. Frey, Peter, art 6:7 JulSl

p26-37 *** Contests / GamesSimulating human decision-making on a personal

computer. Frey, Peter, art 5:7 Jul80

p56-72 *** Games / Artificial Intelligence /

Programming InstructionPAPER TAPE READER

Inexpensive optical paper-tape reader. Harron,

8rian. art 4:9 Sep79 pll8-121 ***

Hardware ConstructionMounting a paper tape reader. Bryant, Jack, art

3:1 Jan78 pl61 *** Hardware ModificationTeleterminal Fly Reader paper tape reader (Come

fly with KIM). Simpson, Rick, hr 2:6 Jun77

p76-80 *** Hardware Review / Information

StoragePAPERBYTES

Another PAPERBYTES test, col 2:3 Mar77

pl30-135 *** Bar CodesAnother format / Bar codes and other topics, col

2:7 Jul77 pl28 *** Bar CodesNovel bar code reader. Farnel1/Seeds. art 3:10

0ct78 pl62-165 *** Bar Codes / DesignPAPERBYTE bar codes with Integral Data Systems

printers. Louis, G. col L6 6:5 May81

p228-232 *** Bar Codes / PrinterPAPERBYTES forum (Reader's tests / Backlighted

scanning / Criticism), col 2:4 Apr77 pl62

*** Bar CodesPAPERBYTES forum (multiple sync characters /

machine readable Braille), col 2:3 Mar77

pl3+ *** Bar CodesSamples of machine readable printed software.

Banks/Sanderson, art 1:16 Dec76 pl2-17 ***Bar Codes / Information Storage / StandardsPARALLEL INPUT/OUTPUT

How to drive a teletype without a UART. Jewell,

Gregory, art 2:1 Jan77 p32 *** Interface

/ Printer / Serial Input/OutputI/O expansion for the Radio Shack TRS-80

(principles of parallel ports). Ciarcia,

Steve, col 5:5 May80 p22-40 *** Hardware

Construction / TRS-80 Model IMore on the SWTPC 6800 system. Kay, Gary, art

1:6 Feb76 p50-53 *** SWTPC / Serial

Input/Output / InterfaceNotes on parallel output interfaces in memory

address space. Helmers, Carl, art 1:3 Nov75p52-55 *** Interface / Computer InstructionSave software: use a UART for serial 10.

McGahee, Thomas, art L3 2:12 0ec77

pl64-166 *** Serial Input/Output / InterfaceSerial interface*. Lancaster, Don. art 1:1

Sep75 p22-37 *** Serial Input/Output /

Interface / UARTSerialize those bits from your mystery keyboard.

Haller, George, art 1:9 May76 p36-37 ***

Interface / Serial Input/Output / Hardware

Construct ionToward a parallel interface standard. Helmers,

Carl, col 1:10 Jun76 p4+ *** Standards /

InterfacePARITY CHECKING

Error checking and correcting for your computer.

Walker, Gregory, art 5:5 May80 p250-276

*** Design / Hamming Codes / Error CheckingHamming error correcting code. Wimble, Michael.

art 4:2 Feb79 pl80-182 *** Data

Transmission / Hamming Codes / Error CheckingHow to pick up a dropped bit. Maurer, W.

Douglas, art 2:7 Jul77 p72-76 *** Data

Transmission / Tape Cassette / Error Checking

PASCAL

About the cover (Pascal's Triangle). Helmers,

Carl, art 3:8 Aug78 p!6-18 *** LanguagesCase statements and related topics. Grogono,

Peter, col 4:10 0ct79 pl78~182 ***

LanguagesComments on PASCAL, learning how to program, and

small systems. Ford, Gary, col 3:5 May78

pl36-142 *** LanguagesComparison of C and Pascal, col 6:6 Jun81

p358 *** Languages / C Programming LanguageCompilation and Pascal on the new

microprocessors. Forsyth/Howard, art L3 3:8Aug78 p50-61 *** Compiler / MicroprocessorConcerning PASCAL: a homebrew compiler project.

Smith, Stephen, col 3:4 Apr78 pl50-151 ***Compiler / HomebrewConsistency - or a lack thereof...(BYTE standards

for Pascal listings). Helme.s, Carl, col 3:8Aug78 p89 *** Standards / PublishingData abstractions and program correctness (BASIC

vs. Pascal). McCoy, Earl, col L6 4:9 Sep79pl66-171 *** Languages / BASICDrawing with UCSD Pascal and the Hiplot plotter.

Stork, James, art L6 6:10 0ct81 p214-246

*** Plotting / 2-80 / PlotterFile catalog system for UCSD Pascal. Heyman,

Edward, art L6 6:5 May81 p408-427 ***

Utility ProgramHombrew Pascal compiler. Stein, Herbert, col

3:8 Aug78 p46-47 *** Compiler / HomebrewIs Pascal the next BASIC?. Helmers, Carl, col

2:12 Dec77 p6-8+ *** BASIC / LanguagesLinking a Pascal Microengine to a Cyber 170.

Sedlet/Dust. art L6 6:11 Nov81 p472-489

*** Interface / Pascal Microengine / Cyber 170On the importance of backups (includes a Pascal

utility to recover files). Helmers, Carl, colL6 4:4 Apr79 p6+ *** Maintenance /

Utility ProgramPILOT/P: implementing a high-level language in a

hurry. Mundie, David, art L6 5:7 Jul80

pl54-170 *** PILOT / Computer Assisted

InstructionPascal critique and a comment. O'Loughlin, J.

col 3:12 Dec78 pl79-180 *** LanguagesPascal versus BASIC: round 2 includes FORTRAN.

Andrews, Lawrence, col L4 4;4 Apr79 p239

*** Languages / BASIC / FORTRANPascal versus COBOL: where Pascal gets down to

business. Bowles, Ken. art L6 3:8 Aug78

pl22-132 *** COBOL / BusinessProposed Pascal compiler. Yuen/Chung, col 3:8

Aug78 pll7+ *** CompilerSeven bridges of Konigsberg / Direct cursor

addressing in UCSD Pascal. Helmers, Carl, colL6 5:2 FebSO p6-10 *** Puzzles / TopologyShort note on Pascal and other projects.

Helmers, Carl, col 4:1 Jan79 p6 ***Some contrary opinion {on Pascal). Robertson,

Peter, col 4:4 Apr79 p243-245 ***

LanguagesTiny Pascal compiler, part 2: the P-compiler.

Chung/Yuen, art Ll 3:10 0ct78 p34-52 ***

CompilerTiny Pascal source creator. Phillips, Thomas.

col Ll 4:7 Jul79 p231-232 *** Utility

Program / North StarUCSD PASCAL: a (nearly) machine independent

software system. Bowles, Kenneth, col 3:5

May78 p46+ *** Languages / StandardsVision of an industry {dimensions of the software

publishing problem). Helmers, Carl, col 3:8

Aug78 p6+ *** Software Publishing /

Predictions

8080Tiny Pascal compiler, part 3: P-code to 8080

conversion. Chung/Yuen, art L6 3:11 Nov78

pl82-192 *** Compiler / Conversions / 8080Tiny Pascal in 8080 assembly language {Nybbles

Library). Louis, G. col 4:7 Jul79 pl74

*** 8080 / Compiler

APPLE IIApple Pascal cross-reference. Woodhead, Robert.col L6 6:10 Oct81 p419-429 *** Utility

Program / Apple IIBits and bytes in Pascal: and other binary

wonders. Casseres, David, art L6 6:10

0ct81 p448-457 *** Documentation /

Programming Instruction / Apple IIComputer-aided drafting with Apple Pascal.

Sokol, Dan. art L6 6:7 Jul81 p388-429 ***Design / Electronic Circuits / Apple IIEra of off-the-shelf personal computers has

arrived. Helmers, Carl, col L6 5:1 Jan80

p6-10+ *** History / Microcomputer System /

Apple IIMicromodem support in Apple Pascal. Robinson,

Scott, art L6 6:7 Jul81 p308-324 ***

Modem / Apple II / Programming InstructionNotes on absolute location interfaces to Apple

Pascal. Sokol, Daniel, col L6 5:9 SepSO

p324-325 *** Programming Instruction / Apple

IIPascal library unit for the Micromodem II.

Woteki, Thomas, art L6 6:2 FebSl pl06-136

*** Apple II / ModemUsing page two with Apple Pascal turtle graphics.Wallace, Bruce, col L6 6:5 May81 pl22

*** Programming Instruction / Graphics / Apple

II

DESIGNComputer-aided drafting with Apple Pascal.

Sokol, Dan. art L6 6:7 JulSl p388-429 ***Design / Electronic Circuits / Apple II

424 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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The accepted syntax is based on the proposed ISO standard with extensionsdesigned to interface to the real world. Byte wide variables can bemanipulated to easily access I/O devices and complete support is providedallowing user defined interfaces to be used with the standard Pascalprocedures. Dynamic length strings, long integers, and random disk filesfacilitate development of sophisticated applications programs forindustry and business.

An interactive symbolic debugger is included to allow you to quicklyexecute your program. The debugger allows setting breakpoints at thestart of Pascal statements, examining and changing variables, and to tracethrough one statement at a time. Utilities are provided to interactivelycreate the control files used to automatically compile, assemble, andlink the Pascal program to produce a totally position independent,reentrant, and romable object module.

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BYTE December 1981 425

PASCAL (CONTINUED)

Information hiding in Pascal: packages andpointers. Feldman, Michael, art L6 6:11Nov81 p493-498 *** Programming Design /Mathematics

BANES

Pascal versus BASIC: an exercise. Schwartz,Allan, art L6 3:8 Aug78 pl68-176 ***Games / BASIC / Languages

INTERFACELinking a Pascal Microengine to a Cyber 170.Sedlet/Dust. art L6 6:11 Nov81 p472-489*** Interface / Pascal Microengine / Cyber 170

MATHEMATICS

Information hiding in Pascal: packages andpointers. Feldman, Michael, art L6 6:11Nov81 p493-498 *** Programming Design /Mathematics

Recursion and side effects in Pascal.Morris/Perchik. art L6 6:5 May81 p316-324*** Programming Instruction / Mathematics

WRITELONG: a Pascal simulation of long-integeroutput. Hunt, Daniel, col L6 6:11 NovSlp414-415 *** Programming Instruction /Mathematics

PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTIONBits and bytes in Pascal: and other binary

wonders. Casseres, David, art L6 6:10

0ct81 p448-457 *** Documentation /

Programming Instruction / Apple IICreating a chess player, part 2: Chess 0.5.

Frey/Atkin. art L6 3:11 Nov78 pl62-181

*** Chess / Programming InstructionCreating a chess player, part 3: Chess 0.5

(continued). Atkin/Frey. art L6 3:12 Dec78pl40-157 *** Chess / Programming InstructionDesigning structured programs. Weems, Chip, artL6 3:8 Aug78 pl43-154 *** Structured

Programming / Programming InstructionIn praise of PASCAL. Mundie, David, col L6

3:8 Aug78 pllO-116 *** Structured

Programming / Programming InstructionMicromodem support in Apple Pascal. Robinson,

Scott, art L6 6:7 Jul81 p308-324 ***

Modem / Apple II / Programming InstructionMore G0T0XY (Pascal cursor addressing).

Bolthoff, George, col L6 5:4 Apr80 pllO

*** Programming InstructionNotes on absolute location interfaces to Apple

Pascal. Sokol, Daniel, col L6 5:9 Sep80

p324-325 *** Programming Instruction / Apple

IIPASCAL: a structurally strong language. Alpert,

Stephen, art L6 3:8 Aug78 p78-88 ***

Programming InstructionPascal and the great race. Mundie, David, col

L6 5:9 SepSO p94 *** Programming

Instruction / Information StorageRecursion and side effects in Pascal.

Morris/Perchik. art L6 6:5 MayBl p316~324

*** Programming Instruction / MathematicsTiny Pascal compiler, part 1: the P-code

interpreter. Chung/Yuen, art L6 3:9 Sep78

p58-65+ *** Compiler / Programming

InstructionUsing page two with Apple Pascal turtle graphics.Wal-lace, Bruce, col L6 6:5 May81 pl22

*** Programming Instruction / Graphics / Apple

IIWRITELONG: a Pascal simulation of long-integer

output. Hunt, Daniel, col L6 6:11 NovSl

p414-415 *** Programming Instruction /

Mathematics

SOFTWARE REVIEWLucidata P-6800 Pascal. Hughes, Phil, sr 5:3

Mar80 pl84 *** Software Review / SWTPCPascal-80. Archer, Rowland, sr 6:12 Dec81

p304-312 *** Software Review / TRS-80 Model I

/ Compiler

TRS-80 MODEL IPascal-80. Archer, Rowland, sr 6:12 Dec81p304-312' *** Software Review / TRS-80 Mode] I/ CompilerPASCAL MICROENGINE

Linking a Pascal Microengine to a Cyber 170.Sedlet/Dust. art L6 6:11 Nov81 p472-489*** Interface / engine / Cyber 170PATENT

Legal protection for computer hardware andsoftware. Becker, Stephen, art 6:5 MaySlpl40-146 *** Copyright / LawWashington tackles the software problem. Kern,Christopher, art 6:5 MaySl pl28-138 ***Copyright / LawPC-8001

NEC PC-8001: a new Japanese personal computer.Keith/Kocher. hr 6:1 Jan81 p72-88 ***Hardware ReviewPDP-11

BASIC to assembly language linkage. Fitzgerald,Pat. col L3 3:7 Jul 78 pll2-114 ***Programming Instruction / BASIC / AssemblyLanguageComputer art (About the cover - color graphicsdone on a GRASS system). Defanti/Tetz. col2:10 Oct77 p22-25 *** Art / High ResolutionGraphicsHarvesting the sun's energy. Mobus, George, artLI 6:7 JulSl p48-58 *** Energy /SimulationJACPOT (slot machine simulation in BASIC).tastings, Edwin, art Ll 3:8 Aug78 pl66-I67*** Games

PDP-11 (CONTINUED)

quad terminal interface. Alpert, Stephen, art

5:2 Feb80 pll6-125 *** Interface / Terminal

/ Hardware ConstructionPDP-8

Chip off the olde POP 8/E: the Intersil IM6100

part 1. Nelson, Robert, art 1:9 May76

p60-68 *** Microprocessor / IM6100 / Hardware

ReviewChip off the olde PDP 8/E: the Intersil IM6100

part 2. Nelson, Robert, art 1:10 Jun76

p58-62 *** Microprocessor / IM6100 / Hardware

ReviewGood griefl ("Snoopy" as seen on a PDP-8/S).

Brockman, Dave, col 1:11 Jul76 p74 ***

Art / GraphicsPEOPLE

Chess 4.7 versus David Levy: The computer beats a

chess master. Douglas, J.R. art 3:12 Dec78

p84-90 *** Chess / ContestsEmperor's old clothes (lecture by the 1980 ACM

Turing Award winner). Hoare, Charles, art

6:9 Sep81 p414-425 *** HistoryGrandmaster Walter Brown versus Chess 4.6.

Douglas, John, art 4:1 Jan79 pllO-115 ***

Chess / ContestsOutstanding computer hobbyist of the year award

(Sol Libes). Dilks, John, col 1:15 Nov76

pl6 ***Some candid shots from Personal Computing 76.

art 2:1 Jan77 plOO-101 *** ShowsPET

Beginner's guide to spectral analysis, part 1:

tiny timesharing music. Zimmermann, Mark, artLl 6:2 Feb81 p58-90 *** Music / Fourier

Transforms / MathematicsBeginner's guide to spectral analysis, part 2.

Zimmermann, Mark, art L3 6:3 Mar81

pl66-198 *** Fourier Transforms / Image

Processing / HolographyChanges to FLOPTRAN-IV. Watson, George, col Ll

6:7 Ju181 pl34 *** Compiler / LanguagesCommodore's new PET computer, col 2:10 Oct77

p50 *** Microcomputer SystemEnergy conservation with a microcomputer.

Jackson/Callahan, art Ll 6:7 Jul81

pl78-208 *** Energy / HomeFLOPTRAN-IV: a tiny compiler. Zimmermann, Mark.

art Ll 5:10 OctSO pl96-228 *** Compiler /

LanguagesFormatting dollars and cents. Palenik, Les. colLl 3:10 0ct78 p68 *** Utility Program /

MathematicsGive your computer an ear for names. Munnecke,

Tom. art Ll 5:5 May80 pl96-200 ***

Information Storage / Programming InstructionInterfacing the PET to a line printer. Govind,

P.K. art Ll 4:11 Nov79 p98-102 ***

Printer / InterfaceMultimachine games. Wasserman/Stryker. art Ll

5:12 Dec80 p24-40 *** Games / InterfacePET 2001 (User's report: the PET 2001). Fylstra,

Dan. hr 3:3 Mar78 pll4-127 *** Hardware

Review / Microcomputer SystemQuest (Adventure type game). Chaffee, Roger.

art Ll 4:7 Ju179 pl76-186 *** Games /

StrategySimulating physical systems: the two-dimensional

ideal gas. Zimmerman, Mark, art Ll 4:4

Apr79 p26-41 *** Simulation / ScienceSolving soma cubes and polyomino puzzles using a

microcomputer. Macdonald, Douglas, art L3

4:11 Nov79 p26-52 *** Puzzles / Games /

MathematicsPHOTOGRAPHY

Computer-controlled viewing of the 1980 eclipse.

Helmers, Carl, col L6 5:5 May80 p6+ ***

Control / Astronomy / Apple IIComputers and eclipses. Helmers, Carl, col 4:7Jul79 p8-14 *** Astronomy / Science /

ControlHunting the computerized eclipse. Helmers, Carl.col L6 5:3 MarSO p6-12+ *** Control /

Astronomy / Apple IIMaking color slides with an Intecolor

microcomputer. Grogono, Alan, art 5:1 JanSOp20-24 *** Color Graphics / IntecolorPhotograph is also hard copy. Egbert, Dwight.

art 3:5 May78 plO-14 *** Color Graphics /

High Resolution GraphicsPILOT

Computer assisted instruction on a microcomputer.Davidson/et al. art 3:11 Nov78 p90-94 ***Computer Assisted Instruction / Higher

EducationPILOT/P: implementing a high-level language in a

hurry. Mundie, David, art L6 5:7 Jul80

pl54-170 *** Computer Assisted Instruction /

PascatPL/M

What this country needs is a good 8-bit high

level language. Helmers, Carl, col 1:4

Dec75 p5-10 *** Languages / BASICPLOTTER

Another plotter to toy with, revisited: design

and construction details. Newcomb, Robert.

art L3 5:2 Feb80 p202-207 *** Hardware

Construction / KIM / DesignAnother plotter to toy with. Lucas, Peter, col

4:2 Feb79 p66-68 *** DesignControlling small DC motors with analog signals.

Sweer/et al. art 2:8 Aug77 pl3-24 ***

Control / Analog/Digital Circuit / SimulationDigital plotting with the Apple II computer.

Hallyren, Richard, art Ll 6:5 May81

p296-314 *** Plotting / Apple II / InterfaceDrawing with UCSD Pascal and the Hiplot plotter.

Stork, James, art L6 6:10 Oct8l p214-246

*** Plotting / Pascal / Z-80

PLOTTER (CONTINUED)

Mauro Proac plotter. Dahmke, Mark, hr L6 6:10

0ct81 p383-384 *** Hardware ReviewMore on inexpensive plotters. Carmichael,

Michael, col 2:10 0ct77 p58-59 ***

Plotting / DesignPlot continues. Walter, Leslie, art 5.1 Jan80

pl38-144 *** DesignSome plotting comments. Roberts, T.P. col 3:2

Feb78 pl72-175 *** Plotting / DesignPLOTTING

Digital plotting with the Apple II computer.

Hallgren, Richard, art Ll 6:5 May81

p296-314 *** Apple II / Interface / PlotterDrawing with UCSD Pascal and the Hiplot plotter.

Stork, James, art L6 6:10 0ct81 p214-246

*** Pascal / Z-80 / PlotterGeneral interpolating graphics package for the

TRS-80*. Cohen/Crowe, art Ll 5:11 Nov80

P296-310 *** Graphics / TRS-80 Model I /

MathematicsGraphic color slides, part 1. Grogono, Alan.

art Ll 5:11 NovSO pl26-144 *** Color

Graphics / CompucolorGraphic color slides, part 2. Grogono, Alan.

art Ll 5:12 Dec80 p96-112 *** Color

Graphics / CompucolorHidden line subroutines for three-dimensional

plotting. Gottlieb, Mark, art Ll 3:5 May78p49-58 *** Programming Instruction /

Three-Dimensional GraphicsMinimizing curve-plotting calculation. Bowker,

Timothy, art L9 4:12 Dec79 pl34-142 ***

Programming Instruction / Hewlett-PackardMore on inexpensive plotters. Carmichael,

Michael, col 2:10 Oct77 p58-59 ***

Plotter / DesignPL0T3D: a function plotting program. Stoddard,

Mike, col Ll 3:5 May78 p60-61 ***

Three-Dimensional GraphicsPlot is incomplete without characters

(plotting)*. Lerseth, Richard, art L3 1:11

Jul76 p64-72 *** Programming InstructionRotation algorithm (graphic designs). Bates,

Samuel, col Ll 6:1 JanSl p328-333 ***

Graphics / Hewlett-PackardSimplifying the curve-plotting calculation by

geometric means. Nawrocki, A. Oavid. col 5:5May80 pl52 *** MathematicsSome example plots. Dameron, David, col Ll

5:2 Feb80 pl40-144 *** Cromemco / ArtSome plotting comments. Roberts, T.P. col 3:2

Feb78 pl72-175 *** Plotter / DesignXYZ phenomenon: stereoscopic plotting by

computer. Powers, William, art Ll 4:10

0ct79 pl40-149 *** North Star /

Three-Dimensional GraphicsPOETRY

Trees (on the virtues of LISP). Steele, Guy.

col 4:10 0ct79 pl92-194 *** LISPPOWER SUPPLY

Calculating filter capacitor values for computer

power supplies*. Thomas, John, art 5:4

Apr80 pllS-122 *** DesignDC to DC converter. Picco, Michael, art 5:5

May80 p20 *** Design / ConversionsLine-failure indicator. Olson, Hank, col 5:11

NovSO p86-88 *** Test Equipment / Hardware

ConstructionNo power for your interfaces? Build a 5 W DC to

DC converter. Ciarcia, Steve, col 3:10

0ct78 p22-31 *** Hardware Construction /

ConversionsOn converting 60 Hz VDM-ls to 50 Hz line current.Mowchanuk, Timothy, col 3:6 Jun7B pl30■*** ConversionsPower-line protection circuit. Schneider, Neil.

art 5:3 Mar80 pl26 *** DesignProtection circuits. Newswanger/Schafer. col

5:9 Sep80 p56-98 *** Des ignSpikes: pesky voltage transients and how to

minimize their effects. McCain, John, art

2:11 Nov77 p54-56 *** DesignSwitching power supplies: an introduction.

Ciarcia, Steve, col 6:11 Nov81 p36-45 ***

Design / Hardware ConstructionTick...Tick...Tick...Boooom (safety problems with

small TV sets). Jazembski, W.B. col 3:4

Apr78 pl54-155 *** Video Display / DesignWatts inside a power supply. Liming, Gary, art

2:1 Jan77 p42-48 *** Design / Computer

InstructionPREDICTIONS

Appliance computer, circa 1977. Helmers, Carl.

col 2:1 Jan77 p4+ *** Microcomputer SystemExcerpts from future history. Burgeson, John.

art 1:14 0ct76 pll6-117 *** FutureMemory: the growth of a resource. Helmers, Carl.

col 3:6 Jun78 p6+ *** MemoryPredictions, predictions.... Libes, Sol. col

6:1 JanSl p204 *** FutureShadow, Buck Rogers, and the home computer (home

applications). Gardner, Richard, art 1:2

0ct75 p58-60 *** Home / Control / FutureThis elephant never forgets (bubble memories from

TI). Helmers, Carl, col 2:7 Jul77 p6+ ***Bubble MemoryTrends in applications. Helmers, Carl, col 1:9

May76 p4-6+ *** HomeVision of an industry (dimensions of the software

publishing problem). Helmers, Carl, col 3:8

Aug78 p6+ *** Software Publishing / PascalPRINTER

6800 Selectric 10 printer program. Guzzon,

Fulvio. art L3 2:6 Jun77 pl40-142 ***

Utility Program / IBM / 6800Axiom EX800 Printer: a user's report. Bosen,

R.J. hr 3:7 Jul 78 p28-29 *** Hardware

Review

426 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 199 on inquiry card.

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BYTE December 1981

427

PRINTER [CONTINUED)

Challenger writes on Comprint. Carlson, Edward.

col L3 6:4 Apr81 p310-312 *** Interface /

OSI / Hardware ModificationEpson MX-80 and MX-70 printers. Cohan, Kevin.

hr L3 6:5 May81 p22-34 *** Hardware

ReviewGuide to Baudot machines; part 1, description of

available devices. McNatt, Michael, art 2:4

Apr77 pl2-17+ *** Baudot CodeGuide to Baudot machines: part 2, interfacing

techniques. McNatt, Michael, art 2:5 May77

p98-104 *** Interface / Baudot CodeGuide to Baudot machines: part 3, a teleprinter

test circuit. McNatt, Michael, art 2:6

Jun77 pl54-157 *** Test / Interface / Baudot

CodeHeath H-14 printer. Rehm, Bradford, hr L3 6:2

Feb81 p253-260 *** Hardware Review / HeathHow to drive a teletype without a UART. Jewell,

Gregory, art 2:1 Jan77 p32 *** Interface

/ Serial Input/Output / Parallel Input/Output

Image processing with a printer. Calkins, Clark.

art L3 6:2 Feb81 p220-248 *** Image

ProcessingIntegral Data's Paper Tiger 460. Willner,

Eliakim. hr Ll 6:10 OctSl p378-382 ***

Hardware ReviewInterface an ASCII keyboard to a 60 mA TTY loop.

Cotton, Jay. art 1:8 Apr76 p46-47 ***

Interface / KeyboardInterface your computer to a printing calculator.Astmann, Robert, art L3 3:12 Dec78 p94-99*** Interface / 8080 / CalculatorInterfacing TTL to a 20 mA current loop. Hsiao,

H.S. col 4:2 Feb79 pl50 *** Interface /

RS-232 / TTL GatesInterfacing the 60 mA current loop. King,

Halter, art 1:12 Aug76 p96-97 ***

Interface / Hardware ConstructionInterfacing the IBM Selectric keyboard printer

(teaching KIM to type)*. Fylstra, Dan. art

L3 2:6 Jun77 p46-52+ *** Interface / IBM /

Hardware ConstructionInterfacing the PET to a line printer. Govind,

P.K. art Ll 4:11 Nov79 p98-102 ***

Interface / PETList Pager (Apple II utility). Lovett, Allan.

col Ll 6:10 Octal pl22 *** Utility

Program / Apple IIPAPERBYTE bar codes with Integral Data Systems

printers. Louis, G. col L6 6:5 May81

P228-232 *** Bar Codes / PAPERBYTES /Picture-perfect Apple. Roybal, Phil, art 6:1

JanSl p226-235 *** High Resolution Graphics

/ Apple IIRadio Shack's Daisy Wheel Printer II. Kolya,

Yvon. hr 6:2 Feb81 p30-34 *** Hardware

ReviewSWTPC PR-40 alphanumeric printer (review). Kay,

Gary, hr 2:3 Mar77 pl8-24 *** Hardware

Review / SWTPCThompson lister (for 6800 programs). Thompson,

Noel, col L3 1:14 0ct76 p99 *** MIKBUG /

6800 / Utility ProgramUPC bar codes with the Centronics 737. Anderson,

John, col Ll 6:5 May81 p228+ *** Bar

Codes / TRS-80 Model IPROGRAM OPTIMIZATION

Introduction to code tightening / Mining the skip

chain for extra bytes... Gass, Geoffrey, col

L3 5:2 Feb80 pl46-148 *** Assembly

Language / 6800Low-level program optimization: some illustrative

cases. Lewis, James, art 4:10 0ct79

pl68-172 ***More on skip chains. Williamsen, Mark, col L3

5:9 Sep80 p318-320 *** Programming

Instruction / 6800Optimization: a case study. Noyce, William, artL3 3:4 Apr78 p40-45 *** Programming

Instruction / 8080PROGRAMMING AIDS

Aids for hand assembling programs. Pfeiffer,

Erich, art L3 4:5 May79 p238-244 ***

Assembly Language / KIM / AssemblerCoding, sheet for FORTH. Sumgarner, John, col

L7 6:3 Mar81 pl55-162 *** FORTHPROGRAMMING DESIGN

Data-base management systems: powerful newcomers

to microcomputers. Gagle/Koehler. art Ll

6:11 Nov81 p97-122 *** Data Base Management

/ Programming Instruction / North StarInformation hiding in Pascal: packages and

pointers. Feldman, Michael, art L6 6:11

Nov81 p493-498 *** Pascal / MathematicsIs this really necessary? A first look at design

techniques. Williams, Gregg, col 6:3 MarSl

p6-10+ *** Programming InstructionNetwork tools: ideas for intelligent network

software. Reintjes, Peter, art L6 6:10

0ct81 pl40-174 *** Networks /

TelecommunicationsPROLOG: a step toward the ultimate computer

language. Ferguson, Ron. art L9 6:11 Nov81p384-399 *** Languages / RobotsShould the DO loop become an assembly-language

construct?. Williams, Glenn, art 6:10 Octalp413-418 *** Assembly Language /

MicroprocessorUltra-low-cost network for personal computers.

Clements/Daugherty. art 6:10 OctSl p50-66

*** Networks / ystems / Programming DesignPROGRAMMING INSTRUCTION

"My Dear Aunt Sally" algorithm*. Grappel,

Robert, art 1:6 Fe&76 pl8-25 ***

Definitions / Algorithm

PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTION (CONTINUED)

1802 op codes. Melton, Henry, art 4:6 Jun79

pl46-147 *** 18026502 gets microprogrammable instructions.

Harrod, Dennette. art L3 5:10 0ct80

p282-285 *** 6502 / Hardware Modification6502 loop control. Campbell, Gordon, col L3

5:9 Sep80 p322 *** 65026502 op code table. Fugitt, Lemuel, col 2:3

Mar77 p36 *** 6502 /APL and graphics. Kellerman, Eduardo. art L9

3:9 Sep78 p40-53 *** APL / GraphicsAPL interpreter for microcomputers, part 2:

evaluation expression. Wimble, Mike, art 2:9Sep77 pl26-155 *** APLAPL runs circles. Nicholson, Philip, col L9

6:12 Dec81 p484-485 *** APL, APL update (difference between operators and

functions). Anthony, E.H. col 2:8 Aug77

pl7+ *** APLAdd macro expansion to your microcomputer, part

1. Brown, David, art L3 5:10 0ct80

pl54-170 *** Assembler / Assembly LanguageAll this just to print a quotation mark?.

Chapman, David, art Ll 2:5 May77 pl32-133

*** BASICAlpha locking in software (uppercase to lowercase

conversion). Lewis, W.S. col L3 5:5 May80

pl52-154 *** Conversions / Z-80Alpha-beta pruning*. Maurer, W.D. art 4:11

Nov79 p84-96 *** ChessAtari tutorial, part 2: graphics indirection.

Crawford, Chris, art Ll 6:10 Octal p70-84

*** Atari / Graphics / Color GraphicsAtari tutorial, part 3: player-missile graphics.

Crawford, Chris, art Ll 6:11 Nov81

p312-338 *** Atari / GraphicsAtari tutorial, part 4: display-list interrupts.

Crawford, Chris, art Ll 6:12 DecBl

pl66-186 *** Atari / Graphics / Video DisplayBASIC bit twiddling. Owens, Ralph, col Ll 4:7

Jul79 pl92 *** BASICBASIC formatted output (PRINT USING subroutines).Roch, William, art Ll 5:2 Feb80 pl76-186

*** Utility Program / BASICBASIC to assembly language linkage. Fitzgerald,

Pat. col L3 3:7 Jul 78 pll2-114 *** BASIC

/ Assembly Language / PDP-11BASICally BASIC (an informal introduction to

BASIC). Baker, Robert, art Ll 2:7 Jul77

p96-U5 *** BASIC / LanguagesBeating North Star - MITS incompatability.

Miller, Alan, col L3 3:7 Jul78 pll9 ***

North Star / AltairBug in BASIC. Maurer, W.D. col Ll 6:1 Jan81

P188-196 *** BASIC / TestBuilding data structures in the Smalltalk-80

system. Althoff, James, art L9 6:8 Aug81

p230-278 *** Smalltalk / Information Storage

/ Data StructuresBuried gold in the SR-52. Penn, Clif. art L3

1:16 Dec76 p30-34 *** CalculatorC: a language for microprocessors?. Madden, J.

Gregory, art 2:10 Oct77 pl30-138 ***

Languages / C Programming LanguageChange your GOTOs to FOR...NEXT loops. Carew,

David, col Ll 6:1 Jan81 p334 *** BASIC /Changing a BASIC FOR...NEXT loop into a

REPEAT...UNTIL loop. Maiorana, James, col Ll6:9 SepSl pl62 *** BASICCommon mistakes using Warnier-Orr diagrams.

Higgins, David, art 4:3 Mar79 pl70-176 ***Structured ProgrammingComputer chess tutorial. Whaland, Norman, art

3:10 0ct78 pl68-181 *** ChessComputerized mailing list. Doyle, Thomas, art

Ll 4:1 Jan79 p84-89 *** Mail List / BASICComputing time between dates. Condon, Paul, col

Ll 5:6 Jun80 p202 *** CalendarCorrect order of operations can shorten code:

pointer decrementation. Hooper, Philip, col

L3 5:3 Mar80 p242-244 *** 6502Creating a chess player, part 2; Chess 0.5.

Frey/Atkin. art L6 3:11 Nov78 pl62-181

*** Chess / PascalCreating a chess player, part 3: Chess 0.5

(continued). Atkin/Frey. art L6 3:12 Dec78pl40-157 *** Chess / PascalCreating a chess player, part 4: strategy in

computer chess. Frey/Atkin. art 4:1 Jan79

pl26-145 *** ChessCryptography in the field, part 2: using the

pocket calculator*. Costas, John, art L2

4:4 Apr79 pl44-165 *** Cryptology /

CalculatorCutting the Gregorian knot (handling dates in a

computer). Pulier, Myron, col Ll 5:3 Mar80pl88-193 *** CalendarCybernetic crayon: a low cost approach to...color

graphics. Dwyer/Sweer. art L3 1:16 Dec76

p24-29+ *** Color Graphics / 1MSAI / ArtDay of the week and elasped time programs.

Agocs, W.B. col Ll 4:9 Sep79 pl26-129 ***Calendar / BASICDesign an on line debugger. Wier/8rown. art

1:8 Apr76 p56-62 *** Debugging / Assembly

LanguageDesigning structured programs. Weems, Chip, artL6 3:8 Aug78 pl43~154 *** Pascal /

Structured ProgrammingDon't waste memory space (one way to squeeze fat

out of text strings). Baker, Robert, art

1:16 Dec76 p58-59 *** Information Storage /

ASCII / MemoryDr Welles1 economy floppy disk drivers: machine

readable object code. Welles, Kenneth, art

L2 2:7 Jul77 pl56-157 *** Floppy Disk

Drive / Bar Codes

PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTION (CONTINUED)

Easy programming system (hexadecimal interpretive

programming system). Weisbecker, Joseph, art

L9 3:12 Dec78 pl08-122 *** Hexadecimal /

COSMACEfficient storage of morse character codes.

Krakauer, Lawrence, art L3 1:14 0ct76

p36-38 *** Ham Radio / MemoryExchange evaluator for computer chess.

Spracklen/Spracklen. art L3 3:11 Nov78

pl6-28 *** Chess / Z-80FORTH extensibility or how to write a compiler in

25 words or less. Harris, Kim. art L7 5:8

Aug80 pl64-184 *** FORTH / CompilerFORTRAN and its generalizations. Maurer, U.

Douglas, art 3:12 Dec78 pl94-2GQ ***

FORTRANFast line-drawing technique. Higgins, Mike, col

Ll 6:8 AugSl p414-416 *** GraphicsFaster BASIC for the Ohio Scientific. Sauter,

John, col Ll 6:5 May81 p236-242 *** OSI

/ BASIC / 6502Files on parade, part 1: types of files. Klein,

Mark, art 4:2 Feb79 pl86-192 ***

Information Storage / Data StructuresFiles on parade, part 2: using files. Klein,

Mark, art Ll 4:3 Mar79 p32-41 ***

Information Storage / BASIC / Data StructuresFirst steps in computer chess programming.

Spracklen/Spracklen. art L3 3:10 0ct78

p86-98 *** Chess / Z-80Five useful programs for the SC/MP. Kapps,

Charles, art L3 4:11 Nov79 pl72-188 ***

SC/MPFundamentals of sequential file processing.

Smith, Wayne, art 2:10 0ct77 pll4-127 ***

Information Storage / Tape Cassette / Data

StructuresGive your computer an ear for names. Munnecke,

Tom. art Ll 5:5 May80 pl96-200 ***

Information Storage / PETGood cents (formatting dollars and cents without

PRINT USING). Childress, James, let Ll 6:2

Febai pl50 *** BASICGraphic execution display (OSI). Minton, R.B.

col Ll 6:4 Apr81 p34 *** OSIGraphic manipulations using matrices.

Hungerford, Joel, art Ll 3:9 Sep78

pl56-165 *** Graphics / Three-Dimensional

GraphicsGraphics fundamentals. Sandifur, Kathleen, art

L9 6:10 0ct81 p284-300 *** Graphics /

Hewlett-PackardGraphics in depth: 3-D adds a new dimension to

your display. Walters/Harris, art Ll 3:5

May78 pl6-18+ *** Graphics /

Three-Dimensional GraphicsHidden line subroutines for three-dimensional

plotting. Gottlieb, Mark, art Ll 3:5 May78p49-58 *** Plotting / Three-Dimensional

GraphicsImplementing dynamic data structures with BASIC

files. Carter, Ted. art Ll 5:2 Feb80

p92-102 *** Information Storage / Data

Structures / BASICIn praise of PASCAL. Mundie, David, col L6

3:8 Aug78 pllO-116 *** Pascal / Structured

Programming'Indirect addressing for the 6502. Skier,

Kenneth, art L3 5:1 Jan80 pU8-120 ***

6502Information-retrieval system. Elmore/Agarwal.

art 5:10 0ct80 pll4-150 *** Information

Storage / Data Base Management / Data

StructuresIns and outs of CP/M. Larson, James, art L3

6:6 Jun81 p268-300 *** CP/M. Intel 8008 table of octal op codes and "old"

mnemonics, col 1:2 0ct75 p84-85 +** 8008Interact with an ELM (monitors). Gable, G.H.

art 1:10 Jun76 p66-72 *** MonitorIntroduction to addressing methods. larreW*.,

John, art 1:10 Jun76 p76-80 *** Machine

Language / Computer InstructionIntroduction to data compression. Corbin,

Harold, art L3 6:4 Apr81 p213-250 ***

Information Storage / Data StructuresIntroduction to tables. Butterfield, James, art

' 3:4 Apr78 pl8-21 *** Information Storage /

Data StructuresIs the Smalltalk-80 system for children?.

Goldberg/Ross, art 6:8 Aug81 p343-36B ***

Smalltalk / History / ChildrenKIMER: a KIM-1 timer. Baker, Robert, art L3

3:7 Jul78 pl2 *** Clock / KIMKeyboard input software for the Z80. Newcom,

Kerry, col L3 4:11 Nov79 pl92-193 ***

Keyboard / Input/Output / Z-80Let your fingers do the talking (scanner

applications)*. Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll 3:9

Sep78 p94-100 *** Input/Output / Video

DisplayMICR08: using BASIC to learn assembly language.

Pickett, Robert, art Ll 5:7 Jul80 p236-248*** Assembly Language / SimulationMachine language programming for the "8008" (CPU

instruction set). Wadsworth, Nat. art 1:11

Jul76 p30-37 *** Machine Language / 80O8Machine language programming for the "8008"

(fundamental skills). Wadsworth, Nat. art L31:13 Sep76 p84-91 *** Machine Language /

8008Machine language programming for the "8008"

(initial steps). Wadsworth, Nat. art 1:12

Aug76 p40-42 *** Machine Language / 8008Maintaining a single exit point. Inselberg,

Arinond. col L3 5:5 May80 pl54 ***

Assembly Language

428 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE December 1981

429

PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTION (CONTINUED)

Making 6502 indirect subroutine calls efficient.

Hooper/Fallgatter. col L3 5:9 Sep80

p98-100 *** 6502Map of the TMS-9900 instruction space. Melton,

Henry, art 4:3 Mar79 pl4-22 *** 9900 /

MicroprocessorMicrograph, part 3: software and operation.

Booch, E. Grady, art L3 6:1 Jan81 p238-280*** Color Graphics / High Resolution GraphicsMinimizing curve-plotting calculation. Bowker,

Timothy, art L9 4:12 Dec79 pl34-142 ***

Plotting / Hewlett-PackardMore GOTOXY (Pascal cursor addressing).

Bolthoff, George, col L6 5:4 Apr80 pllO

*** PascalMorse code station data handler*. Filgate,

Bruce, art L3 1:14 0ct76 p52-70 *** Ham

Radio / 8008My computer runs mazes. Stanfield, David, art

L2 4:6 Jun79 p86-99 *** Artificial

Intelligence / MIKBUGNote on an easy programming system. Brown, Mike.

col 4:4 Apr79 p241 *** Random NumbersOverview of LISP. Allen, Oohn. art L9 4:8

Aug79 pl0-16+ *** LISPPASCAL: a structurally strong language. Alpert,

Stephen. art L6 3:8 Aug78 p78-88 ***

PascalPartitioned data sets. Halsema, A.I. art 3:12

0ec78 pl68-173 *** Floppy Disk Drive /

Information Storage / Data StructuresPascal and the great race. Mundie, David, col

L6 5:9 SepSO p94 *** Pascal / Information

StoragePlot is incomplete without characters

(plotting)*. Lerseth, Richard, art L3 1:11

Jul76 p64-72 *** PlottingPrintf for the C function library. Kern,

Christopher, col L8 6:5 May81 p430-434

*** C Programming LanguageProcessing logical expressions (Bauer-Samelson

algorithm extension). Maurer, W. Douglas, art2:8 Aug77 pl30-135 *** Machine Language /

Computer InstructionProgrammable character generator, part 2:

software. Weinstein, Larry, art 3:6 Jun78

pl4-Z2 *** Graphics / Character GeneratorProgramming entomology (debugging programs).

McGath, Gary, art 3:2 Feb78 pl62-166 ***

Debugging / DocumentationProgramming for the beginner: a structured start.Herman, Ronald, art 1:10 Jun76 p22-26 ***Structured ProgrammingProgramming in the dark (programming 2708s).

Sainio, Jeffrey, col 5:9 Sep80 p321 ***

EPROMQueuing theory, the science of wait control, part

2: system tapes. Gorney, Len. art LI 4:5

May79 pl76-181 *** SimulationQueuing theory, the science of wait control, pt

1: queue representation. Gorney, Len. art LI4;4 Apr79 pl32-140 *** SimulationQuiz on exclusive-OR. Lai, Edmund, col 5:10

0ct80 p278-279 *** Assembly LanguageRelative subroutines for the Z80. Kitsz, Dennis.

col L3 4:12 Dec79 p87 *** Z-80Relocating assemblers and linking loaders.

Bochardt, Ottmar. col L3 5:9 Sep80

pl94-202 *** AssemblerSC/MP instruction set summary. Burton, Walter.

col 6:1 JanSl p90 *** SC/MP / Assembly

LanguageSYS 8*j...your own executive commands. Nico,

Wi1 lard, art 2:1 Jan77 p66-70 *** Monitor

/ IMSAISampling of techniques for computer performance

of music. Chamberlin, Hal. art L3 2:9

Sep77 p62-83 *** Music / History / KIMSelf-modifying code for the Tl-58/59. Green,

Ted. col L3 6:1 JanSl pl42-144 ***

CalculatorSimilarity comparator for strings. O'Haver, T.C.col LI 4:9 Sep79 p58-60 *** BASIC / OSISimple implementation of multitasking. Brown,

Wendell, art L3 6:10 Octal pl76-192 ***

Multi-tasking / 6502Simple maze traversal alogrithms. Allen/Allen.

art 4:6 Jun79 p36-44 *** Robots /

Artificial Intelligence / AlgorithmSimplify your homemade assembler. Jewell,

Gregory, art L3 1:9 May76 p74-79 ***

Assembler / Assembly LanguageSmalltalk environment. Tesler, Larry, art L9

6:8 AugSl p90-I47 *** SmalltalkSmalltalk graphics kernel. Ingalls, Daniel, artL9 6:8 Aug81 pl68-194 *** Smalltalk /

GraphicsSoftware for reading bar codes. Reg 1i, Keith.

art 1:16 Dec76 pl8-20 *** Bar CodesSome words about program structure. Hearn,

Albert, art Ll 3:9 Sep73 p68-76 ***

Structured Programming / BASICSorting with a catch. Brady, Paul, col Ll 5:9

Sep80 p322-323 *** Sorting / North StarSorting with binary trees. Walker, Bill, art

Ll 5:10 0ct80 p96-112+ *** SortingStacking strings in FORTH. Cassady, John, art

L7 6:2 Feb81 pl52-162 *** FORTHStacks in microprocessors. Radhakr ishnan/Bliat.

art 4:6 Jun79 pl68-174 *** Microprocessor

/ Computer InstructionStrike a MATCH (matching up penpals)*. Hansford,

Phillip, art L3 1:10 Jun76 p43-51 ***

Altair / Assembly LanguageString comparator for Horizon. Lindberg,

Richard, col Ll 5:2 FebSO p86 *** BASIC

/ North Star

PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTION (CONTINUED)

Structured programming with Warnier-Orr..., part

2: coding the program*. Higgins, David, art

Ll 3:1 Jan78 pl22-129 *** Structured

ProgrammingSubroutine parameters. Maurer, W.D. art 4:7

Jul79 p226-230 *** Assembly LanguageTable of subroutines. Meek, Peter, col Ll

4:10 Oct79 p248 *** BASICTaking advantage of memory address space.

Luscher, James, art 1:5 Jan76 p60-63 ***

8008 / MemoryTerminal width problems with the OSI Challenger.

Sacks, Shel. col 6:7 Jul81 p24 *** OSIText compression. Peterson, James, art Ll

4:12 Dec79 pl06-118 *** Information StorageTiny Pascal compiler, part 1: the P-code

interpreter. Chung/Yuen, art L6 3:9 Sep78

p58-65+ *** Pascal / CompilerTop-down modular programming. Hearn, Albert.

art 3:7 Jul78 p32-38 *** Structured

ProgrammingTotal kitchen information system. Lau, Ted. art1:5 Jan76 p42-45 *** Home / Information

StorageToward a structured 6309 assembly language, part

1: an introduction.... Walker, Gregory, art

L3 6:11 Nov81 p37Q-382 *** 6809 /

Structured Programming / Assembly LanguageToward a structured 6809 assembly language, part

2: ... assembler. Walker, Gregory, art L3

6:12 Dec81 pl98-228 *** 6809 / Structured

Programming / AssemblerTree searching, part 2: heuristic techniques.

Williams, Gregg, art Ll 6:10 0ct81

pl95-212 *** Artificial IntelligenceTwenty-four ways to write a loop: Dr. Maurer

takes you through a loop. Maurer, W.D. art

Ll 4:12 Dec79 p241-246 *** BASIC /

Assembly LanguageUnderstanding APL. Iverson, Kenneth, art L9

2:8 Aug77 p36-40 *** APLUnderstanding ISAM. Gates, Reginald, art 5:6

Jun80 pl08-118 *** Information Storage /

Floppy Disk Drive / Data StructuresUse a relative subroutine call for relocatable

Z80 programs. Losey, George, col L3 6:10

0ct81 p366-371 *** Z-80User-oriented descriptions of Smalltalk systems.

Reenskaug, Trygve. art L9 6:8 AugSl

pl48-166 *** Smalltalk / BusinessUsing interrupts to speed up an ELM. Gable, G.H.

art 2:1 Jan77 pl06-114 *** MonitorVariable type converter for numerical quantities.Moskowitz, Mike, col Ll 6:2 Feb81

p271-272 *** Conversions / Hewlett-Packard /

BASICVariable-duty-cycle algorithm. Stryker, Timothy,col Ll 6:10 0ct81 p391-393 *** AlgorithmVariables whose values are strings. Maurer, W.D.art 4:10 0ct79 p90-97 *** Information

StorageWarnier-Orr diagrams: some further thoughts.

Wedemeyer, G.T. col Ll 3:5 May78 pl45-148

*** Structured Programming / BASICWhat have you found? [undefined op codes).

MacLean, Dave, col 3:10 0ct78 p57 *** KIMWhat is APL?*. Arnold, Mark, art 1:15 Nov76

p20-24+ *** APL / LanguagesWhat is FORTH?: a tutorial introduction*. James,

John, art L7 5:8 Aug80 plOO-126 ***

FORTH / BibliographyWhy people get hooked on APL. Atwood, Allen.

art 2:8 Aug77 pl08-113 *** APLWrite your own assembler*. Fylstra, Dan. art

L3 1:1 Sep75 p50-58 *** AssemblerXF and X7 instructions of the MOS Technology

6502. Gordon, H.T. col 2:12 0ec77 p72 ***6502Z80 table lookup. McCloud, Thomas, col L3 6:6

Jun81 pl68-174 *** Z-80Z80 user stack emulation. Gelder, Allen, col

L3 5:1 JanSO p208-210 *** Z-80

68006800 anti wipeout procedure (SWI instruction).

Worstell, Charles, col L3 1:16 Dec76 pl32

*** 6800 /8 bit fractional multiplication. Chayut, Ira.

col L3 1:13 Sep76 pl24 *** 6800 /

MathematicsASCII string program. Comer, William, col L3

4:10 Oct79 p246-248 *** ASCII / 6800Add this 6800 MORSER to your amateur radio

station. Grappel/Hemenway. art L3 1:14

0ct76 p30-35 *** Ham Radio / 6800Assembling programs by hand. Helmers, Carl, artL3 1:7 Mar?6 p52-61 *** Assembly Language

/ 6800BASIC timing delay (for 6800 computers)*. Worth,

Gregory, col L3 2:7 Jul77 pl66 *** 6300Beware compromising the stack pointer. Pittman,

Tom. col 3:6 Jun78 pl36-137 *** 6800 /

ClockBuild an intercomputer data link. Wingfield,

Mike, art L3 6:4 AprBl p252-288 ***

Telecommunications / Networks / 6800Condensed reference chart for the 6800.

Bomnanri, Robert, art 2:7 Jul77 p42-43 ***6800Decisions, decisions (+ or - signs for numbers).

Gass, Geoffrey, col L3 5:5 May80 pl90 ***6800 / MathematicsDesigning the "Tiny Assembler": defining the

problem*. Emmerichs, Jack, art L3 2:4

Apr77 p60-67 *** Assembler / 6800Easy to use hashing function. Kinzer, Don. art

L3 4:10 0ct79 p200-204 *** Hashing / 6300

PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTION (CONTINUED)

Easy way to calculate sines and cosines.

Grappel, Robert, art L3 4:4 Apr79 pl70-171*** Mathematics / 6800Expanding the Tiny Assembler. Emmerichs, Jack.

art L3 2:9 Sep77 p44-49 *** Assembler /

6800 / SWTPCFilling 6800 op code holes. Jones, Robert, col

4:3 Mar79 pl84-185 *** 6800Fooling with the stack pointer. Pittman, Tom.

col L3 3:7 Jul 78 pll5-116 *** 6800Hand assembling M6800 relative addresses. Boaz,

Ray. art 3:4 Apr78 p46 *** 6800 /

Assembly LanguageIf only Sam Morse could see us now*. Sewell,

Wayne, art L3 1:14 0ct76 p42-49 *** Ham

Radio / 6800 / SWTPCLittle bit on interrupts. Wier, Robert, art

2:12 Dec77 pll8-129 *** 3080 / 6800 / 6502More on skip chains. Williamsen, Mark, col L3

5:9 Sepao p318-320 *** Program Optimization

/ 6800Morse code trainer*. Bernstein, Mark, art L3

4:12 Dec79 p247-249 *** Ham Radio / 6800Motorola 6800 instruction set: two programming

points of view. Jessop, Paul, art 3:1 Jan78p84-85 *** 6800Randomize your programming. Grappel, Robert.

art L3 1:13 Sep76 p36-38 *** Random

Numbers / 6800Relocatability and the long branch. Borrmann,

Robert, art L3 2:10 0ct77 p26-29 ***

6800 /Son of Motorola (or, the $20 CPU chip). Fylstra,

Daniel. art L3 1:3 Nov75 p56-62 ***

Microprocessor / 6800 / 6501SwTPC 6800 display routine / 6800 register

display. Hayes, Mike, col L3 4:5 May79

p220-222 *** 6800 / SWTPCUndocumented M6800 instructions. Wheeler, Gerry.

col 2:12 Dec77 p46-47 *** 6800Using interrupts for real time clocks*. Smith,

M.F. art L3 2:11 Nov77 p50-53 *** Clock

/ Hardware Construction / 6800

8080 free memory search. Hand, William, col L3

4:6 Jun79 p207-208 *** 3080 / Memory8080 microprocessor op code table. Baker,

Robert, art 1:6 Feb76 p84 *** 8080 /

Assembly Language8080 programming notes. Krystosek/McCarty. art

L3 2:5 May77 pl36-138 *** 80808080 simulator. Chung, Kin-man. art L3 2:10

Oct77 p70-77 *** Simulation / 8080Add some BARC to your 8080. Howerton, Charles.

art L3 2:2 Feb77 pl32-139 *** 80P.0 /

Utility ProgramAssembly language switching (8080 programming).

Chayut, Ira. col L3 4:8 Aug79 p2).2-213

*** 8080Build this mathematical function unit, part 2:

software. Guthrie, R. Scott, art L3 1:14

0ct76 p74-80 *** Mathematics / Hardware

Construction / 8080Can your computer tell time?. Hogenson, James.

art L3" 1:4 Dec75 p82-87 *** Clock / 8080Critique of self-modifying code. Newcomer,

Joseph, col L3 2:6 Jun77 pll2-115 ***

Utility Program / 8080Explore an 8080 with Educator-8080*. Howerton,

Charles, art L3 1:11 Jul76 p22-29 ***

Computer Instruction / Education / 8080Indirect I/O addressing on the 8080. Zarucki,

Paul, col L3 6:8 Aug81 p402-403 ***

Input/Output / 8080Integer math package for the 8080. Carbrey,

Bruce, art L3 6:5 May81 p204-226 ***

Mathematics / 8080Intel 8080 microprocessor instruction set.

Clist, R.S. col 4:7 Jul79 p222-224 ***

8080Intel 8080 op code table. Dittrich, Fred, art

1:5 Jan76 p50-51 *** 8080Line combinations (prints combinations of

letters). Soderstrom, Randy, col L3 3:5

May78 pl68-169 *** 8080Little bit on interrupts. Wier, Robert, art

2:12 Dec77 pU8-129 *** 8080 / 6800 / 6502Machine code relocator for the 8080. Zolman,

Leor. art L3 2:7 Jul77 p92-95 ***

Utility Program / 8080Making hash with tables. Oollhoff, Terry, art

L3 2:1 Jan77 pl8-30 *** Hashing / 8080Novel 8 bit multiplication. Glaeser,

Christopher, col L3 2:7 Jul77 pl42 ***

Mathematics / 8080Operation codes of the 3080, 8085, and Z80

processors. Harrell, D. Martin, art 5:3

Mar80 pl94-207 *** 8080 / 8085 / Z-80Optimization: a case study. Noyce, William, artL3 3:4 Apr78 p40-45 *** Program

Optimization / 3080Password protection for your computer.

Kreindler, R. Jordan, art L3 4:3 Mar79

pl94-195 *** Security / 8080 / Z-80Progam those 2708s!. Glaser, Robert, art L3

5:4 Apr30 pl98-210 *** EPROM / Hardware

Construction / 8080Relative addressing for the 8080. Gaskell,

James, art L3 2:12 Dec77 pl62-163 ***

8080Relocating 8080 system software. Lipham, John.

art L3 5:1 Jan80 pl30-192 *** Utility

Program / 8080Simultaneous input and output for your 3080.

Maurer, W.D. art L3 4:5 May79 pl64-172

*** Input/Output J tfKfl

430 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 369 on inquiry card.

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BYTE December 1981

431

PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTION (CONTINUED)

Software addressing modes for the 8080.

Bozinovic, Dragan. col L3 6:3 MarSl

p236-240 *** 8080Software for the economy floppy disk. Welles,

Kenneth, art L3 2:6 Jun77 p88-97 ***

Floppy Disk Drive / Input/Output / 8080Stack it up. Allen, Charlton, art 13 4:11

Nov79 pl40-148 *** Computer Instruction /

8080TIMOUT (8080 time delay routine). Strangio, C.

col L3 3:11 Nov78 p74 *** 8080Trapping technique for the 8080. Schulein, John,art L3 2:8 Aug77 pl58-161 *** Debugging

/ 8080Writing animated computer games*. Estep, Tony.

art L3 4:11 Nov79 pl52-170 *** Animation

/ Games / 8080Z80 op codes for an 8080 assembler*. Powers,

William, art 5:6 Jun80 p64-84 *** 2-80 /

8080 / Assembler

APPLE IISits and bytes in Pascal: and other binary

wonders. Casseres, David, art L6 6:10

Octal p448-457 *** Pascal / Documentation /

Apple IIGame of left/right. Smith, Truck, art LI 6:12

Dec81 p278-298 *** Games / Apple IIMicromodem support in Apple Pascal. Robinson,

Scott, art L6 6:7 JulSl p308-324 ***

Modem / Pascal / Apple IINotes on absolute location interfaces to Apple

Pascal. Sokol, Daniel, col L6 5:9 Sep80

p324-325 *** Pascal / Apple IIRecursive procedures for the 6502 microprocessor1.Dennis, Phillip, col L3 6:10 Octal

p467-469 *** 6502 / Apple IIRobotwar. Feigel, Curtis, sr 6:12 Dec81

p24-34 *** Software Review / Games / Apple IISWEET 16: the 6502 dream machine (Apple pseudo

machine interpreter)*. Wozniak, Stephen, art

L3 2:11 Nov77 pl50-159 *** Apple II /

Interpreter / 6502Shape table conversion for the Apple II.

Partyka, Dave, col Ll 4:11 Nov79 p63 ***

High Resolution Graphics / Apple II /

ConversionsTree searching, part 1: basic techniques.

Williams, Gregg, art Ll 6:9 Sepal p72-106

*** Artificial Intelligence / Apple II /

PuzzlesUnlimited precision division. Raskin, Jef. art

Ll 4:2 Feb79 pl54-156 *** Mathematics /

Apple II / BASICUsing interrupts on the Apple II system. White,

George, art L3 6:5 May81 p280-294 ***

6502 / Apple IIUsing page two with Apple Pascal turtle graphics.Wallace, Bruce, col L6 6:5 May81 pl22

*** Graphics / Pascal / Apple II

CONTROLBuilding control structures in the Smal1talk-80system. Deutsch, L. Peter, art L9 6:8Aug81 p322-346 *** Smalltalk / Design /Control Structures

DESIGNAdd macro expansion to your microcomputer, part

2. Brown, David, art 5:11 NovSO p361-371

*** Assembler / DesignApproaching game program design. Stuck, H.L.

art 4:2 Feb79 pl20-126 *** Games / DesignBuilding control structures in the Smalltalk-80

system. Deutsch, L. Peter, art L9 6:8

AugBl p322-346 *** Smalltalk / Design /

Control StructuresData-base management systems: powerful newcomers

to microcomputers. Gagle/Koehler. art Ll

6:11 Nov81 p97-122 *** Data 8ase Management

/ Programming Design / North StarIs this really necessary? A first look at design

techniques. Wi11i ams, Gregg. co1 6:3 Mar81

p6-10+ *** Programming OesignSmalltalk-80 system. Xerox Learning Group, art

6:8 AugBl p36-48 *** Smalltalk / DesignStructured programing with Warnier-Orr diagrams,

part 1: design. Higgins, David, art 2:12

Dec77 pl04-110 *** Structured Programming /

DesignWhat's inside Radio Shack's color computer?*.

Ahrens/et al. art 6:3 Mar81 p90-130 ***

TRS-80 Color / 6809 / Design

GAMESAPL/S: an alternative. Brown, Robert, col L9

4:12 0ec79 p88-99 *** APL / GamesApproaching game program design. Stuck, H.L.

art 4:2 Feb79 pl20-126 *** Games / OesignBASIC Star Trek trainer*. Herd, Gerald, art Ll1:13 Sep76 p40-42 *** Games / Data GeneralBREAKFORTH into FORTH. Miller/Miller, art L7-5:8 Aug80 pl50-163 *** FORTH / Games /TRS-80 Model IComputer models for board games. Yost, Russell.

art 2:1 Jan77 p78-81 *** GamesGame of left/right. Smith, Truck, art Ll 6:12

Dec81 p278-298 *** Games / Apple IIHexpawn: a beginning project in artificial

intelligence. Wier, Robert, art 1:3 Nov75

p36-40 *** Artificial Intelligence / Games

How to build a maze. Matuszek, David, art 6:12

Dec81 pl90-196 *** Puzzles / GamesHow to implement Space War (or using youroscilloscope as a telescope). KruglinsM,Dave, art L3 2:10 Oct77 p86-lll ***Games / Graphics / Arcade

PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTION (CONTINUED)

Jeu de NIM, Peut Etre? (NIM for the SR-52)*.

Chance, Alain, col L2 2:7 Jul77 p90-91

*** Games / Calculator /Life line 2*. Helmers, Carl, art 1:2 0ct75

p34-42 *** Games / LifeLife line 3. Helmers, Carl, art 1:4 Dec75

p48-55 *** GamesLife line. Helmers, Carl, art 1:1 Sep75

p72-80 *** Games / LifeProgramming strategies in the game of Reversi*.

Maggs, Peter, art Ll 4:11 Nov79 p66-79

*** Games / SOL / StrategyProgramming the game of Go. Millen, Jonathan.

art 6:4 Apr81 pl02-120 *** Games / KIM /

StrategyRobotwar. Feigel, Curtis, sr 6:12 Dec81

p24-34 *** Software Review / Games / Apple IISimulating human decision-making on a personal

computer. Frey, Peter, art 5:7 Jul80

p56-72 *** Games / Othello / Artificial

IntelligenceSpacewar in Tiny BASIC: navigating through

Integer BASIC. Beard, David, art Ll 4:5

May79 pllO-115 *** Tiny BASIC / Mathematics

/ GamesStructured program design. Higgins, David, art

Ll 2:10 Oct77 pl46-151 *** Structured

Programming / GamesTic-Tac-Toe: a programming exercise*. Hinrichs,

Delmer. art Ll 4:5 May79 pl96-203 ***

Games / StrategyTic-tac-tactics. Miller, John, col 4:10 0ct79

pl75 *** GamesWriting animated computer games*. Estep, Tony.

art L3 4:11 Nov79 pl52-170 *** Animation

/ Games / 8080Zork and the future of computerized fantasy

simulations. Lebling, P. David, art 5:12

Dec80 pl72-182 *** Games / Simulation /

Fantasy

HARDWARE CONSTRUCTIONAdd a stack to your a008*. Chamberlin, Hal. artL3 1:2 0ct75 p52-55 *** Hardware

Construction / 8008Build this mathematical function unit, part 2:

software. Guthrie, R. Scott, art L3 1:14

Oct76 p74-80 *** Mathematics / Hardware

Construction / 8080More information on PROMs*. Smith, Roger, art

L3 1:9 May76 p28-34 *** PROM / Hardware

ConstructionProgam those 2708sI. Glaser, Robert, art L3

5:4 Apr80 pl98-210 *** EPROM / Hardware

Construction / 8080Program your next EROM in BASIC*. Ciarcia,

Steve, col Ll 3:3 Mar78 p84-93 *** EPROM

/ Hardware ConstructionUsing interrupts for real time clocks*. Smith,

M.F. art L3 2:11 Nov77 p50-53 *** Clock

/ Hardware Construction / 6800Versatile read only memory programmer. Helmers,

Peter, art 1:3 Nov75 p66-71 *** Hardware

Construction / PROMZapper: a computer driven EROM programmer*.

Gable, G.H. art L3 3:12 Dec78 plOO-106

*** EPROM / Hardware Construction

MATHEMATICS8 bit fractional multiplication. Chayut, Ira.

col L3 1:13 Sep76 pl24 *** 6800 /

MathematicsAnalysis of polynomial functions with the TI-59

calculator, part 1. Chance, Pierre, art L2

4:12 Dec79 pUO-133 *** Mathematics /

CalculatorBuild this mathematical function unit, part 2:

software. Guthrie, R. Scott, art L3 1:14

0ct76 p74-80 *** Mathematics / Hardware

Construction / 8080Computing the determinant of a matrix. Flynn,

Brian, col Ll 6:3 MarSl pl52-154 ***

Mathematics / TRS-80 Model IDecisions, decisions (+ or - signs for numbers).

Gass, Geoffrey, col L3 5:5 May80 pl90 ***6800 / MathematicsEasy way to calculate sines and cosines.

Grappel, Robert, art L3 4:4 Apr79 pl70-171*** Mathematics / 6800Elements of statistical computation. Forsythe,

Alan, art Ll 4:1 Jan79 pl82-184 ***

Statistics / Mathematics / BASICFast, ancient method for multiplication. Nyberg,

Jostein. col L3 6:10 0ct81 p376-377 ***

Mathematics / 6502Integer math package for the 8080. Carbrey,

Bruce, art L3 6:5 MayBl p204-226 ***

Mathematics / 8080Math in the real world. Boney, Joel, art L9

3:9 Sep78 pll4-119 *** Mathematics /

MicroprocessorNovel 8 bit multiplication. Glaeser,

Christopher, col L3 2:7 Ju177 pl42 ***

Mathematics / 8080Power of the HP-67 programmable calculator, part

2. Arp, Robert, art L2 4:4 Apr79 pl76-188*** Mathematics / CalculatorProcessing algebraic expressions part 2. Maurer,

W. Douglas, art 1:7 Mar76 p62-67 ***

Compiler / MathematicsProcessing algebraic expressions. Maurer, W.

Oouglas. art 1:6 Feb76 p26-30 ***

MathematicsRecurrence in numerical analysis. Davidson,

James, art Ll 6:4 Apr31 p20-30 ***

Mathematics

PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTION (CONTINUED)

Recursion and side effects in Pascal.

Morris/Perchik. art L6 6:5 May81 p316-324

*** Pascal / MathematicsSimple algorithms for calculating elementary

functions. Rheinstein, John, art Ll 2:8

Aug77 pl42-145 *** Mathematics / AlgorithmSpacewar in Tiny BASIC: navigating through

Integer BASIC. Beard, David, art Ll 4:5

May79 pllO-115 *** Tiny BASIC / Mathematics

/ GamesSymbolic differentiation a la LISP. Nicol,

Ronald, art L9 6:9 Sep81 p216-234 ***

LISP / Mathematics / TRS-80 Model ITrigonometry in two easy black boxes. Ball,

John, art Ll 4:5 May79 pl84-194 ***

MathematicsUnlimited precision division. Raskin, Jef. art

Ll 4:2 Feb79 pl54-156 *** Mathematics /

Apple II / BASICWRITEL0NG: a Pascal simulation of long-integer

output. Hunt, Daniel, col L6 6:11 Nov81

p414-415 *** Pascal / MathematicsWhat's in a floating point package?. Linker,

Sheldon, art 2:5 May77 p62-66 ***

Mathematics / Computer Instruction

TRS-80 MODEL IBREAKFORTH into FORTH. Miller/Miller, art L7

5:8 AugBO pl50-163 *** FORTH / Games /

TRS-80 Model IComputing the determinant of a matrix. Flynn,

Brian, col Ll 6:3 Mar81 P152-154 ***

Mathematics / TRS-80 Model IExploring TRS-80 graphics. Yeager, George, art

L2 4:8 Aug79 p82-84 *** Graphics / TRS-80

Model I / Z-80PDQ: a data manager for beginners. Swanson,

Paul, art Ll 6:11 NovBl p236-262 ***

Data Base Management / Inventory / TRS-80 Model

IIISome notes on modular assembly programming.

Lewis, James, art L3 4:12 Dec79 p222-226

*** Assembly Language / Sound Effects / TRS-80

Model ISpeeding up TRS-80 graphics. Bobo/Knoderer. artLl 6:5 May81 pl71-184 *** Graphics /

TRS-80 Model ISymbolic differentiation a la LISP. Nicol,

Ronald, art L9 6:9 Sep81 p216-234 ***

LISP / Mathematics / TRS-80 Model IPROM

Aargh! (or, how to automate PROM burning without

EML). Helmers, Peter, art 1:8 Apr76 p34-35*** Hardware ConstructionMore information on PROMs*. Smith, Roger, art

L3 1:9 May76 p28-34 *** Programming

Instruction / Hardware ConstructionPick up BASIC by PROM bootstraps. Kreitner, Jim.art L3 2:1 Jan77 p50-51 *** Utility

Program / Altair / Hardware ConstructionRead only memories in microcomputer memory

address space. Eichbauer, Dale, art 1:9

May76 p24-26 *** ROM / Computer InstructionVersatile read only memory programmer. Helmers,

Peter, art 1:3 Nov75 p66-71 *** Hardware

Construction / Programming InstructionPUBLISHING

BYTE cumulative index: September 1975 - December

1981. col 6:12 Dec81 p370+ *** Indexing /

Information SourcesBYTE goes international (Australian and Japanese

editions). Helmers, Carl, col 2:3 Mar77

p!4+ *** international MicrocomputingBooks as an antidote to the CAI blues, or take a

publisher to lunch. Dwyer, Tom. col 5:7

Jul80 p74-84 *** Computer Assisted

Instruction / Education / Software PublishingConsistency - or a lack thereof...(BYTE standards

for Pascal listings). Helmers, Carl, col 3:8Aug78 p89 *** Pascal / StandardsCourseware magazine. Holden, Elaine, sr 6:11

Nov81 pl66-172 *** Software Review /

EducationDon't ignore the high end...or my search for

manuscript editing paradise . Helmers, Carl.

col 3:3 Mar78 p6+ *** Word Processing /

Text EditorHand-Held computer / Byte changes. Morgan,

Chris, col 6:1 Jan81 p6-10 *** Hand-held

ComputerHow BYTE started. Green, Wayne, col 1:1 Sep75

p9+ *** HistoryNotes on the appearance of BYTE (computerized

typesetting). Helmers, Carl, col 4:8 Aug79

pl58-159 ***On entering our fourth year. Helmers, Carl, col

3:9 Sep78 p5 ***On using a personal computer for practical

purposes. Helmers, Carl, col 3:10 Oct?8

p6+ *** 3YTE SurveyOur new offices (8YTE headquarters), art 1:6

Feb76 pl4 ***Proposed standard for publishing binary data in

machine readable form. Banks/Sanderson, art

1:15 Nov76 plO-14 *** Standards / Binary /

Software PublishingReflections on entry into our third year.

Helmers, Carl, col 2:9 Sep77 p6+ ***

HistorySurveying the field (BYTE reader survey).

Helmers, Carl, col 2:5 May77 p6-9+ ***

Marketing / BYTE SurveyWhat is BYTE? - (the first) editorial. Helmers,

Car 1. col 1:1 Sep75 p4-6 *** HistoryWhat is this phenomenon personal computing?.

Helmers, Carl, col 3:1 Jan78 p6+ ***

Computers and Soc"ietj

432 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 45 on inquiry card.

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BYTE December 1981

433

PUBLISHING (CONTINUED)

What's wrong with technical writing today?.

Morgan, Chris, col 5:12 DecflO p6-12+ ***

Wr i t i ngWho reads BYTE?. Helmers, Carl, col 5:10

OctSO p6-14 *+* BYTE SurveyPUZZLES

8080 bug in the stack: programming puzzle.

Dolan, Bruce, col L3 2:4 Apr77 pl61 ***

8080Added attraction (machine language puzzle).

Strangio, C. col 4:5 May79 p209 *** 8080Sending BASIC in a recursive form {Towers of

Hanoi puzzle). Newell, Colin, col Ll 5:9

Sep80 p321 ***How to build a maze. Matuszek, David, art 6:12Dec81 pl90-196 *** Games / Programming

InstructionInfamous traveling-salesman problem: a practical

approach. Parry/Pfeffer. art Ll 6:7 JulSl

p252-290 *** Mathematics / Energy / SWTPCKNIGHT: a knight's tour problem in MMSFORTH*.

Frei, Ulrich. col L7 6:2 Feb81 p325 ***

FORTH / TRS-80 Model I / ChessMachine problem solving, part 1: trial-and-error,

a mechanical plan Prey, Peter, art Ll

5:9 Sep80 plOZ-112 *** Artificial

Intelligence / TRS-80 Model IMachine problem solving, part 2: directed search

using cryptarithmetic. Frey, Peter, art Ll

5:10 0ct80 p266-272 *** Cryptology / TRS-80

Model IMemory meanderings (8080 machine language

puzzle)*. Strangio, C. col L3 4:1 Jan79

p52 *** 8080MicroShakespeare revisted or Kilobard. Kalnik,

Andrew, col 6:4 Apr81 p98-100 *** HumorOdd tones (Machine language puzzler - 6800 and

8080). Strangio, C. col L3 4:3 Mar79 p92

*** 8080 / 6800Puzzling rotation. Barbier, Ken. col Ll 4:5

May79 p216 *** MathematicsResponses to "Solving the Eight Queens Problem"

col Ll 4:2 Feb79 pl32-148 *** ChessSeven bridges of Konigsberg / Direct cursor

addressing in UCSD Pascal. Helmers, Carl, colL6 5:2 FebSO p6-10 *** Topology / PascalSoftware bug of the month 1 (Professor Floyd's

bug). Maurer, W. Douglas, col L4 1:10

Jun76 pl04 ***Software bug of the month 2 (DO loops without DO

statements), col L4 1:11 Jul76 p81 ***Software bug of the month 3 (Backus Normal Form

problem). Maurer, W. Douglas, col 1:12

Aug76 p81 ***Software bug of the month 4 (prime numbers).

Maurer, W. Douglas, col L4 1:13 Sep76 p61

Software bug of the month 5 (sorting problem).

Maurer, W. Douglas, col 1:14 Oct76 p41 ***Software bug of the month 6 (sine routines and

floating point). Maurer, W. Douglas, col L4

1:16 Dec76 p91 ***Solving soma cubes and polyomino puzzles using a

microcomputer. Macdonald, Douglas, art L3

4:11 Nov79 p26-52 *** Games / Mathematics /

PETSolving the eight queens problem. Smith, Terry.

art Ll 3:10 0ct78 pl22-126 *** ChessTowers of Hanoi in BASIC09. Ritter, Terry, col

Ll 5:10 OctSO p279 *** LanguagesTowers of Hanoi: solution using BASIC recursion.

Switzer, Stanley, col Ll 5:3 Mar80

p240-242 ***Tree searching, part 1: basic techniques.

Williams, Gregg, art Ll 6:9 SepSl p72-106

*** Artificial Intelligence / Programming

Instruction / Apple IIWord ujbnmurle (program to rearrange letters in a

word). Gorney, Leonard, col Ll 6:8 Aug81

p417 *** TRS-80 Model IRADIO-FREQUENCY INTERFERENCE

Electromagnetic interference. Ciarcia, Steve.

col '6:1 Jan81 p48-68 *** TRS-80 Model I /

Apple II / AtariFCC regulation of personal and home-computing

devices: new rules.... Mahn, Terry, art 5:9

Sep80 pl30-190 *** Federal GovernmentRAM

Dynamic memory: making an intelligent decision.

Malakoff, Larry, art 6:2 Feb81 pl42-150

*** MemoryIns and outs of volatile memories. Lancaster,

Don. art 1:3 Nov75 pl2-17 *** Memory /

Computer InstructionState of the art ( as seen in Nov75). Helmers,

Carl, art 1:3 Nov75 p6-7+ ***

Microprocessor / ROM / Benchmark TestingWho's afraid of dynamic memories?. Hauck, Lane.

art 3:7 Jul78 p42-46+ *** Memory / Design

/ Computer InstructionRANDOM NUMBERS

Build a noise-based random number generator.

Mayhugh, Terry, col 6:5 May81 p452-456 ***Hardware ConstructionNote on an easy programming system. 8rown, Mike.col 4:4 Apr79 p241 *** Programming

InstructionPseudorandom number generator*. Grieser, Daniel.

col L3 2:11 Nov77 p213 *** 3080 / 6800Random comments (hardware-generated random

numbers). Thornley, David, col 4:6 Jun79

p222 ***Randomize your programming. Grappel, Robert.

art L3 1:13 Sep76 p36-33 *** 6800 /

Programming InstructionThree types of pseudorandom sequences*. Honess,

C. Brian, art Ll 4:6 Jun79 p234-246 ***

Mathematics

RETAILING

Caught by surprise (lack of "big" firms inpersonal computing). Helmers, Carl, col 1:16Dec76 p6-9+ *** Manufacturing / MarketingProblem of software piracy revisited: a proposal.Vinge, Vernor. col 4:5 May79 p207-208 ***Software PiracyReviewing the microcomputer revolution. Faber,

Ed. col 6:11 Nov81 pl34-136 *** MarketingSurplus electronics in Tokyo and Manila. Hayes,Michael, art 1:11 Ju)76 p54-55 ***International MicrocomputingWhere to get bargains in used computerequipment*. Libes, Sol. art 2:12 Dec77pl54-155 *** Consumer Informationn Source. Boudinot, R.D. art 1:9 May76pl8-23 *** Consumer Information /ManufacturingROBOTS

Antique mechanical computers, part 2: 18th and19th century..^marvels. Williams, James, art3:8 Aug78 p96-107 *** HistoryAntique mechanical computers, part 3: the TorresChess Automaton. Williams, James, art 3:9Sep78 p82-92 *** History / ChessBrains of men and machines, part 1: biologicalmodels for robotics. Kent, Ernest, art 3:1Jan78 pll-22+ *** Artificial IntelligenceBrains of men and machines, part 2: how the braincontrols outputs. Kent, Ernest, art 3:2Feb78 p84-90+ *** Artificial IntelligenceBrains of men and machines, part 3: how the brainanalyzes input. Kent, Ernest, art 3:3 Mar78p74-83+ *** Artificial IntelligenceBrains of men and machines, part 4: machinery ofemotion and choice. Kent, Ernest, art 3:4Apr78 p66-89 *** Artificial IntelligenceCompleat robotics experimenter. Helmers, Carl.col 2:11 Nov77 p6+ *** ArtificialIntelligenceCould a computer take over?. Rush, Ed. art 1:6

Feb76 p76-83 *** Artificial IntelligenceCurrent state of robotics. Helmers, Carl, col

4:2 Feb79 p6-7+ *** DesignDepartment of robotics hocum. Helmers, Carl.

col 3:4 Apr78 pl47 ***Designing a robot from nature, part 1: biologicalconsiderations. Filo, Andrew, art 4:2 Feb79pl2-29 *** Design / Artificial IntelligenceDesigning a robot from nature, part 2:constructing the eye. Filo, Andrew, art 4:3Mar79 pll4-123 *** Design / HardwareConstructionFrankenstein emulation. Murray, Joe. art 1:8

Apr76 p50-54 *** Artificial IntelligenceHobbyist robot arm. 8axter/Daly. art 4:2Feb79 pB4-88 *** Hardware ConstructionLife versus computer capacity. Stakem, Patrick.

col 4:2 Feb79 p58 ***Model of the brain for robot control, part 1:defining notation. Albus, James, art 4:6Jun79 pl0-34 *** Design / ArtificialIntelligenceModel of the brain for robot control, part 2: aneurological model. Albus, James, art 4:7Jul79 p54-95 *** Design / ArtificialIntelligenceModel of the brain for robot control, part 3: acomparison... Albus, James, art 4:8 Aug79p66-80 *** Artificial Intelligence / DesignModel of the bra"in for robot control, part 4:mechanisms of choice. Albus, James, art 4:9Sep79 pl30-148 *** Design / ArtificialIntel 1igenceNature of robots, part 1: defining behavior.Powers, William, art Ll 4:6 Jun79 pl32-144*** Control / Design / ArtificialIntelligenceNature of robots, part 2: simulated controlsystem. Powers, William, art Ll 4:7 Jul79pl34-152 *** Control / Simulation / NorthStarNature of robots, part 3: a closer look at humanbehavior. Powers, William, art Ll 4:8Aug79 p94-116 *** Design / Simulation /North StarNature of robots, part 4: looking for controlledvariables. Powers, William, art Ll 4:9Sep79 p96-112 *** Design / Simulation /North StarNewt: a mobile, cognitive robot. Hollis, Ralph.

art 2:6 Jun77 p30-45 *** DesignOn building a light-seeking robot mechanism.Allen/Rossetti. art 3:8 Aug78 p24-42 ***Artificial Intelligence / DesignPROLOG: a step toward the ultimate computerlanguage. Ferguson, Ron. art L9 6:11 Nov81p384-399 *** Languages / Programming DesignPhiladelphia's 179 year old android. Penniman,

Charles, art 3:8 Aug78 p90-94 *** HistoryRobot simulation on microcomputers*. Webster,John, art L3 3:4 Apr78 pl32-138 ***SimulationSimple maze traversal alogrithms. Allen/Allen,art 4:6 Jun79 p36-44 *** ArtificialIntelligence / Programming Instruction /AlgorithmTalk to a turtle: build a computer controlledrobot. Gupton, James, art 4:6 Jun79 p74-84*** Hardware ConstructionWhat computers cannot do. Lewis, T.G. art 5:1JanSO pl00-112 *** Artificial IntelligenceROM

Radio Shack's modifications to the TRS-80*. Li,Terry, col 5:10 OctSO pl32-184 *** TRS-80Model I / Hardware Modification

ROM (CONTINUED)

Read only memories in microcomputer memory

address space. Eichbauer, Dale, art 1:9May76 p24-26 *** PROM / Computer InstructionRead only memory technology. Lancaster, Don.art 1:4 Dec75 p64-69 *** Computer

InstructionState of the art ( as seen in Nov75). Helmers,

Carl, art 1:3 Nov75 p6-7+ ***Microprocessor / RAM / Benchmark TestingSwitching ROMs in the Fairchild F8 evaluationkit. Polonchak, John, art 2:11 Nov77 pl60

*** Hardware ModificationUsing a keyboard ROM*. Brehm, Sob. art 2:5

May77 p76-82 *** Keyboard / ASCII /

ConversionsRS-232

Data paths*. Liming, Gary, art 1:6 Feb76

p32-40 *** Definitions / Telecommunications /

Data TransmissionInterfacing TTL to a 20 mA current loop. Hsiao,

H.S. col 4:2 Feb79 pl50 *** Interface /

Printer / TTL GatesMy TRS-80 talks to my Cromemco Z-2. Hallen, Rod.art L3 5:6 Jun80 p88-94 *** TRS-80 Model

I / Serial Input/Output / CromemcoTransmission of digital data over twisted pair

lines. Beebe, Edward, col 3:11 Nov78

pl36-137 *** Data TransmissionS-100 BUS

8088 processor for the S-100 bus, part 1.

Cantrell, Thomas, art 5:9 Sep80 p46-64 ***8088 / Hardware Review / Interface8088 processor for the S-100 bus, part 2.

Cantrell, Thomas, art L3 5:10 OctSO p62-88*** 8088 / Hardware Construction / Interface8088 processor for the S-100 bus, part 3.

Cantrell, Thomas, art L3 5:11 Nov80

p340-360 *** 8088 / MonitorAMSAT-GOLEM-80 (S-100 bus microcomputer project).Kasser, Joe. art 4:9 Sep79 pl82-195 ***

Microcomputer System / Hardware ConstructionAltair (S-100) bus forum: PCC 77. McCallum,

John, col 3:3 Mar78 pl48-151 ***

Standards / AltairBuild a versatile keyboard interface for the

S-100. Richards, David, art L3 6:10 0ct81

p400-406 *** Keyboard / Hardware Construction

/ InterfaceComments on S-100 Bus extension. Walker, John.

col 4:1 Jan79 p54 *** StandardsInterfacing the S-100 bus with the Intel 8255.

Condra, David, art 4:10 0ct79 pl24-136 ***8255 / Interface / Hardware ConstructionMatrox ALT-256 video board (product description).Ruple, Gary, hr 3:5 May78 p24-30 ***

Hardware Review / Video Display / High

Resolution GraphicsMicroAngelo video display. Dahmke, Mark, hr L35:11 Nov80 pl96-202 *** Hardware Review /

Video Display / High Resolution GraphicsS2L: an Altair (S-100) to LS1-11 bus adaptor.

Bondy, Jonathan, col 3:9 Sep78 pl02-112

*** Standards / Altair / LSI-llTwo letters on extending the Altair S-100 Bus.

Naess/McCallum. col 3:8 Aug78 pl2 ***

Standards / AltairSC/MP

Five useful programs for the SC/MP. Kapps,

Charles, art L3 4:11 Nov79 pl72-188 ***

Programming InstructionSC/MP fills a gap. Baker, Robert, art 1:13

Sep76 p76-79 *** Microprocessor / Hardware

ReviewSC/MP instruction set summary. Burton, Walter.

col 6:1 Jan81 p90 *** Programming

Instruction / Assembly LanguageSCELBI

Golf handicapping. Haller, George, art L3 1:5

Jan76 p46-47 *** Athletics / 8008Programming the implementation. Crayne, Charles.art 1:8 Apr76 pl6-18 *** Design /

Computer InstructionShooting stars. Nico, Willard. art L3 1:9

May76 p42-49 *** Games / 8008SCIENCE

Animation in computer-assisted instruction:

replication of DNA. Eckert, Richard, col Ll

6:7 JulSl p358-366 *** Computer Assisted

Instruction / Animation / TRS-80 Model IClassroom demonstration: controlling a system

with a microcomputer. Hill, Garnet, art L3

3:11 Nov78 pll2-118 *** Control / Higher

EducationComputer-based laboratory timer. Gibson, John.

art L3 6:6 Jun81 pll0-144 *** Clock /

Hardware Construction / 6800Computers and eclipses. Helmers, Carl, col 4:7Jul79 p8-14 *** Astronomy / Control /

PhotographyElectron behavior in a chemical bond. Liebl,

Michael, art Ll 5:3 Mar80 p34-58 ***

SimulationElectronic planimetry (measuring a

two-dimensional figure). Santi/et al. art L65:3 Mar80 pll4-122 *** TopologyExploring ballistics with your personal computer.Jenks, Robert, art Ll 5:9 Sep80 p270-280

*** Simulation / North StarGear-ratio calculation for bicycle derailleurs.

Lehman, John, col Ll 5:3 Mar80 p68-70 ***BicycleGraphic input of weather data. Smith, Stephen.

art Ll 4:7 Jul79 pl6-30 *** Graphics /

Input/Output / WeatherHydrocarbon molecule constructor. Matthews,

Randall, art Ll 5:3 MarSO pl56-166 ***

Apple II / Education

434 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 108 on inquiry card.

Save Buckson Bits!

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Z-80 CARD (MICROSOFT) '329

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CX-2600 VIDEO CAME '149

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BYTE December 1981

SCIENCE (CONTINUED)

Marsport, here 1 come: the three-dimensional

celestial...simulation...*. Hinrichs, Delmer.

art L2 4:4 Apr79 p84-108 *** Simulation /

Calculator /Mathematical modeling: a BASIC program to

simulate real-world systems. Hicks, Randall.

art Ll 6:6 Jun81 p72-86 *** Mathematics /

Simulation / CompucolorMicrocomputer as a laboratory instrument.

Cosgrove, Daniel.' art L3 6:11 Nov81

p84-95+ *** Higher Education / ControlMicrocomputer in the undergraduate science

curriculum. Hubin, W.N. art 5:7 Ju180

pl74-196 *** Computer Assisted Instruction /

Higher EducationMicrocomputers in the chemistry laboratory.

DeSieno, Robert, col. 6:2 Feb81 p274-278

*** Higher.Education / AltairPeriodic chart at your fingertips: using the

TI-59. Marquardt, Bruce, col L2 5:3 MarBO

p208-210 *** CalculatorPersonal computing: new prospects for art and

science. Helmers, Carl, col 3:4 Apr78 p6+

*** Art / Computers and SocietySimulated view of the galaxy. Dahmke, Mark, artL4 4:4 Apr79 p66-80 *** Simulation /

AstronomySimulating physical systems: the two-dimensional

ideal gas. Zimmerman, Mark, art Ll 4:4

Apr79 p26-41 *** Simulation / PETSimulation of motion, part 1: an improved lunar

lander algorithm*. Smith, Stephen, art Ll

2:11 Nov77 pl8-22+ *** Simulation / GamesSimulation of motion, part 2: an automobile

suspension. Smith, Stephen, art Ll 2:12

Dec77 pll2-116 *** Simulation / Automobile /

MathematicsSimulation of motion, part 3: model rockets and

other flying objects*. Smith, Stephen, art

Ll 3:1 Jan78 pl44-149 *** SimulationSimulation of motion, part 4: extended objects,

applications for boating . Smith, Stephen.

art L3 3:2 Feb78 p42-51 *** SimulationSECONDARY EDUCATION

High school computer system. Lett, Christopher.

art 1:10 Jun76 p28-30 *** econdary

EducationMinicomputer fair: tiny and personal. Piele,

Donald, art 2:11 Nov77 p26-29 ***

Conference / Contests / Higher EducationSECURITY

Are you an author?. Mooers, Calvin, art 1:13

Sep76 pl6-22 *** Copyright / Software

Publishing / Software PiracyBuild a computer controlled security system for

your home. Ciarcia/Sunder land, col 4:1

Jan79 p56-71 *** Home / Control / Hardware

ConstructionBuild a computer controlled security system for

your home: part 2. Ciarcia, Steve, col L2

4:2 Feb79 pl62-179 *** Home / Hardware

Construction / ControlBuild a computer controlled security system for

your home: part 3. Ciarcia, Steve, col L3

4:3 Mar79 pl50-167 *** Home / Control /

Hardware ConstructionComputerize a home {BSR X-10 and a TRS-80)*.

Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll 5:1 JanSO p28-54

*** Home / Control / InterfaceHow can we stop software piracy?. Morgan, Chris,col 6:5 MaySl p6-10 *** Software Piracy /

CopyrightI've got you in my scanner! (computer controlled

light scanner). Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll 3:11Nov78 p76-89 *** Home / Analog/Digital

Circuit / Hardware ConstructionPassword protection for your computer.

Kreindler, R. Jordan, art L3 4:3 Mar79

pl94-195 *** Programming Instruction / 8080 /

Z-80SERIAL INPUT/OUTPUT

Cross-pollinating the Apple II (serial

interface)". Campbell, Richard, art L3 4:4

Apr79 p20-25 *** Interface / Hardware

Construction / Apple IIHow to drive a teletype without a UART. Jewell,

Gregory, art 2:1 Jan77 p32 *** Interface .

/ Printer / Parallel Input/OutputI/O expansion for the TRS-80, part 2: serial

ports. Ciarcia, Steve, col 5:6 JunSO

p42-62 *** Hardware Construction / TRS-80

Model IMore on the SWTPC 6800 system. Kay, Gary, art

1:6 Feb76 p50-53 *** SWTPC / Parallel

Input/Output / InterfaceMy TRS-80 talks to my Cromemco 1-2. Hallen, Rod.art L3 5:6 Jun30 p88-94 *** TRS-80 Model

I / Cromemco / RS-232Remote terminal (Come upstairs and be

respectable). Ciarcia, Steve, art 2:5 May77p5Q-54 *** Terminal / Hardware Construction

/ InterfaceSave software: use a UART for serial 10.

McGahee, Thomas, art L3 2:12 Dec77

pl64-166 *** Parallel Input/Output /InterfaceSerial interface*. Lancaster, Don. art 1:1Sep75 p22-37 *** Interface / UART / ParallelInput/OutputSerialize those bits from your mystery keyboard.Haller, George, art 1:9 May76 p36-37 ***Interface / Parallel Input/Output / HardwareConstructionSHOWS

I960 West Coast Computer Faire: a watershed yearfor personal computing. Morgan, Chris, art5:7 Jul80 p46-43 ***

SHOWS (CONTINUED)

ARRL Convention / Visit to Mits / Visit to SWTPC.Helmers, Carl, art 1:14 0ct76 pl07-109*** Manufacturing / Altair / SWTPCCome one, come all! (NCC 1976). Helmers, Carl.

col 1:13 Sep76 p6-8+ ***Look at NCC '81. Roberts, Steven, art 6:9

SepSl p36-37 ***NCC '78 Personal Computer Show. Morgan, Chris.

col 3:9 Sep78 plO-12 ***NCC: a Dallas delight (1977). Morgan/Floto. art

2:10 Oct77 p54-56 ***New York notes (Personal Computer Expo).Morgan/Wetherbee. art 3:2 Feb78 pl78-179

Odds and beginnings (artificial intelligence,shows, Japanese market). Morgan, Chris, col6:9 Sep81 p6-10 *** Artificial Intelligence/ Foreign Competition

PC 77. Morgan/Floto. art 2:12 Dec77 p74-75

Random observations and conversations (First West

Coast Computer Faire). Willard, Lawrence, art

2:7 Jul77 p25-30 ***Second West Coast Computer Faire (San Jose).

Morgan, Chris, art 3:7 Jul78 pl6-2Q ***Some candid shots from Personal Computing 76.

art 2:1 Jan77 plOO-101 *** PeopleSIMULATION

Artificial intelligence, an evolutionary idea

(part 1: an overview). Wimble, Michael, art

2:5 May77 p26-32 *** Artificial

IntelligenceArtificial intelligence, an evolutionary idea,

part 2: implementation. Wimble, Michael, art

2:6 Jun77 plOO-107 *** Artificial

IntelligenceComputer simulation of a solar-energy system.

Doan, Daniel, art Ll 6:7 Jul81 pl58-172

*** EnergyDigital circuit simulation. Felkins, S. Leon.

col L2 4:4 Apr79 pl72-174 *** Electronic

Circuits / Calculator /Electron behavior in a chemical bond. Liebl,

Michael, art Ll 5:3 Mar80 p34-58 ***

ScienceExploring ballistics with your personal computer.Jenks, Robert, art Ll 5:9 Sep80 p270-280

*** North Star / ScienceHarvesting the sun's energy. Mobus, George, art

Ll 6:7 Juiai p48-58 *** Energy / PDP-11Marsport, here I come: the three-dimensional

celestial...simulation...*. Hinrichs, Delmer.

art 12 4:4 Apr79 p84-108 *** Science /

Calculator /National micropastime. Roehrig, Joseph, art Ll4:11 Nov79 pU3-136 *** Athletics /

Statistics / North StarRobot simulation on microcomputers*. Webster,

John, art L3 3:4 Apr78 pl32-138 ***

RobotsSimulated view of the galaxy. Dahmke, Mark, artL4 4:4 Apr79 p66-80 *** Science /

AstronomySimulating physical systems: the two-dimensional

ideal gas. Zimmerman, Mark, art Ll 4:4

Apr79 p26-41 *** Science / PETSimulation of motion, part 3: model rockets and

other flying objects*. Smith, Stephen, art

Ll 3:1 Jan78 pl44-149 *** ScienceSimulation of motion, part 4: extended objects,

applications for boating . Smith, Stephen.

art L3 3:2 Feb78 p42-51 *** ScienceSolving problems involving variable terrain, part

1: a general algorithm . Jones, Scott, art

5:2 Feb80 p58-68 *** Topology / AlgorithmSolving problems involving variable terrain, part

2: ...hexagonal grids. Jones, Scott, art 5:3Mar80 p74-82 *** Topology

6800

Landing module simulation with random surface.Houng, 5,J. art L3 5:3 Mar80 pl30-139 ***Games / 6800 / Arcade

APPLE IIComputer Bismark. Ansoff, Peter, sr 5:12

Dec80 p282-286 *** Software Review / Games /Apple II

CONTROL

Controlling small DC motors with analog signals.Sweer/et al. art 2:8 Aug77 pl8-24 ***Control / Plotter / Analog/Digital Circuit

Nature of robots, part 2: simulated controlsystem. Powers, William, art Ll 4:7 Jul79pl34-152 *** Robots / Control / North Star

DESIGN

Nature of robots, part 3: a closer look at humanbehavior. Powers, William, art Ll 4:3Aug79 p94-116 *** Robots / Design / NorthStar

Nature of robots, part 4: looking for controlledvariables. Powers, William, art Ll 4:9Sep79 p96-112 *** Robots / Design / NorthStar

GAMESComputer Bismark. Ansoff, Peter, sr 5:12

Dec80 p282-286 *** Software Review / Games /

Apple [IGreat race and micro disk files: horse race

simulations. Roehrig, Joseph, art Ll 5:4

AprSO pl42-177 *** Horse Racing / Games /

North StarInteractive Fiction: Six Micro Stories. I.iddil,

Bob. sr 6:9 Sep81 p436 *** Software

Review / TRS-80 Model I / Games

SIMULATION (CONTINUED)

Landing module simulation with random surface.

Houng, S,J. art L3 5:3 Mar80 pl30-139 ***Games / 6800 / ArcadeMulti-micro learning environments (Solo/NET/works

Project). Dwyer, Thomas, col 6:1 Jan81

pl04-116 *** Education / Multi-user Systems /

GamesSimulation of motion, part 1: an improved lunar

lander algorithm*. Smith, Stephen, art Ll

2:11 Nov77 p!8-22+ *** Games / ScienceSpacecraft simulator. Sivak, Gary, art Ll

4:11 Nov79 pl04-lll *** Games / StrategyZork and the future of computerized fantasy

simulations. Lebling, P. David, art 5:12

Dec80 pl72-182 *** Games / Programming

Instruction / Fantasy

MATHEMATICSDynamic simulation in BASIC. Houng, S.J. col

Ll 6:10 0ct81 p394-399 *** Mathematics /

BASIC.Mathematical modeling: a BASIC program to

simulate real-world systems. Hicks, Randall.

art Ll 6:6 Jun81 p72-86 *** Mathematics /

Compucolor / ScienceNoniterative digital solution of linear transfer

functions. Finlay, Bryan, art Ll 4:12

Dec79 pl44-166 *** Mathematics /

Hewlett-PackardSimulation of motion, part 2: an automobile

suspension. Smith, Stephen, art Ll 2:12

Dec77 pll2-116 *** Automobile / Mathematics

/ Science

PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTIONMICR08: using BASIC to learn assembly language,

Pickett, Robert, art Ll 5:7 Jul80 p236-248*** Assembly Language / Programming

InstructionQueuing theory, the science of wait control, part

2: system tapes. Gorney, Len. art Ll 4:5

May79 pl76-181 *** Programming Instructionqueuing theory, the science of wait control, pt

1: queue representation. Gorney, Len. art Ll4:4 Apr79 pl32-140 *** Programming

InstructionZork and the future of computerized fantasy

simulations. Lebling, P. David, art 5:12

Dec80 pl72-182 *** Games / Programming

Instruction / Fantasy

SOFTWARE REVIEWComputer Bismark. Ansoff, Peter, sr 5:12

Dec80 p282-286 *** Software Review / Games /

Apple IIInteractive Fiction: Six Micro Stories. Liddil,

Bob. sr 6:9 SepSl p436 *** Software

Review / TRS-80 Model I / Games

TRS-80 MODEL IInteractive Fiction: Six Micro Stories. Liddil,

Bob. sr 6:9 Sep81 p436 *** Software

Review / TRS-80 Model I / GamesSINCLAIR ZX80

Discover the machine beneath the machine: a ZX80

monitor program. FitzGerald, R. Scott. ca\

Ll 6:10 0ct81 p278-280 *** MonitorSinclair Research ZX80. McCallum, John, hr Ll

6:1 <Jan81 p94-102 *** Hardware ReviewSMALLTALK

Building control structures in the Smalltalk-80

system. Deutsch, L. Peter, art L9 6:8

Aug81 p322-346 *** Design / Programming

Instruction / Control StructuresBuilding data structures in the Smalltalk-80

system. Althoff, James, art L9 6:8 Aug81

p230-278 *** Programming Instruction /

Information Storage / Data StructuresDesign principles behind Smalltalk.- Ingalls,

Daniel, art 6:8 Aug81 p286-298 *** Design

/ Object-Oriented LanguagesIntroducing the Smalltalk-80 system. Goldberg,

Adele. art 6:8 Aug81 pl4-26 *** LanguagesIs the Smalltalk-80 system for children?.

Goldberg/ROss. art 6:3 Aug81 p348-368 ***

Programming Instruction / History / ChildrenSmalltalk environment. Tesler, Larry, art L9

6:8 Aug8l p90-147 *** Programming

InstructionSmalltalk glossary. Williams, Gregg, col 6:8

Aug81 p48 *** DefinitionsSmalltalk graphics kernel. Ingalls, Daniel, artL9 6:8 Aug81 pl68-194 *** Graphics /

Programming InstructionSmalltalk-80 system. Xerox Learning Group, art

6:3 Aug81 p36-48 *** Programming

Instruction / DesignSmalltalk-80 virtual machine. Krasner, Glenn..

art 6:8 AugSl p300-320 *** Compiler /

Interpreter / DesignSmalltalk: a language for the 1980s. Morgan,

Chris, col 6:8 Aug81 p6-10 *** LanguagesToolbox: a Smalltalk illustration system.

Bowman/Flegal. art 6:8 AugSl p369-376 ***

Art / GraphicsUser-oriented descriptions of Smalltalk systems.

Reenskaug, Trygve. art L9 6:8 Aug81

pl48-166 *** Programming Instruction /

BusinessVirtual memory for an object-oriented language.

Kaehler, Ted. art 6:8 AugSl p378-387 ***

Memory / Virtual MemorySNOBOL

And its interest SNOBOLs. Silverston, Stefan.

col 4:10 Oct79 pl74 *** LanguagesSNOBOL commentary. Sachs, Jonathan, col 4-.11

Nov79 p243 *** Languages

436 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 305 on inquiry card.

Circle 195 on inquiry card.

SB-80

The PriceIs Nice.

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Basic system with: 600K bytes ^ L*\ JL J

• 2.4 megabytes $3490

• 1.2 megabytes $2990

A Z80A CPU combined with the CP/M' operating system opensnew vistas to software availability for eight-bit micros.FORTRAN. COBOL. BASIC. APL. PL • I and Pascal are availablenow to accomodate today's scientific, educational, sophisti-cated small business and personal system users.

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Circle 24 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1981

437

SNOBOL (CONTINUED)

SNOBOL conquers all?. Burns, Bruce, col 4:6

Jun79 p220-221 *** LanguagesSOCIAL SCIENCE

Capital of New Mexico is Santa Fe. White,

Loring. col LI 3:3 Mar78 pl70-171 **»

Education / AltairComputer generated maps, part 1. Johnston,

William, art LI 4:5 May79 plO-12* ***

Graphics / Three-Dimensional Graphics /

MathematicsComputer generated maps, part 2. Johnston,

William, art LI 4:6 Jun79 plOO-123 ***

Graphics / Three-Oimenslonal Graphics /

MathematicsSOFTWARE PIRACY

Are you an author?. Mooers, Calvin, art 1:13

Sep76 pl6-22 *»* Copyright / Software

Publishing / SecurityHomebrewery vs the software priesthood.

Wllber/Fylstra. art 1:14 Oct76 p90-94 ***

Computer Literacy / HomebrewHow can we stop software piracy?. Morgan, Chris,col 6:5 MaySl p6-10 *«* Security /

CopyrightProblem of software piracy revisited: a proposal.Vlnge, Vernor. col 4:5 May79 p207-208 ***RetailingSoftware protection in the United Kingdom.

Hayman, Martin, art 6:10 0ct81 pl26-139

*** Copyright / Law / ConferenceSOFTWARE PUBLISHING

Are you an author?. Mooers, Calvin, art 1:13

Sep76 pl6-22 *** Copyright / Software Piracy

/ SecurityBooks as an antidote to the CAI blues, or take a

publisher to lunch. Dwyer, Tom. col 5:7

JulBO p74-84 »** Computer Assisted

Instruction / / Software PublishingPrepare your program for publication. Johnson,

C.A. art 6:10 OctBl pll4-118 ***Proposed standard for publishing binary data in

machine readable form. Banks/Sanderson, art

1:15 Nov76 plO-14 *** Standards / Binary /

PublishingSoftware dilemma (widely available and adequate

compensation). Helmers, Carl, col 2:6 Jun77p9+ ***Software vacuum. Ryland, Chris, art 1:4 Dec75

pl2-14 **«Vision of an industry (dimensions of the software

publishing problem). Helmers, Carl, col 3:8

Aug78 p6* *** Pascal / PredictionsSOFTWARE REVIEW

Atari Assembler/Editor. Pelczarski, Mark, sr

6:7 JulSl pl74-176 *** Assembler / AtariAtari's Telelink I. Flint, Glen, sr 6:10

Octal p86-90 «** Atari / Utility Program /

TerminalBOS C compiler. Kern, Christopher, sr 6:6

Jun81 p356-362 *** Compiler / C Programming

LanguageCourseware magazine. Holden, Elaine, sr 6:11

Nov81 pl66-172 *** Education / PublishingExposure to MUMPS (programming language).

Sherertz, David, art 4:1 Jan79 p74-82 •**

LanguagesExtended color BASIC for the TRS-80 Color

Computer*. Miastkowski, Stan, sr LI 6:5

May81 p36-45 «** TRS-80 Color / BASIC /

LanguagesFive spelling-correction programs for CP/M-based

systems. Lemmons, Phil, sr 6:11 NovSl

P434-448 *** Word Processing / WritingLucidata P-6800 Pascal. Hughes, Phil, sr 5:3

Mar80 pl84 *** Pascal / SWTPCMINCE: a text editor. Kern, Christopher, sr

6:9 SepSl pl50-16O *** Text Editor / CP/MMicro word processor. Wierenga, Theron. col

4:1 Jan79 pl76-178 *** Word ProcessingPAM/8: a new approach to front panel design.

Letwin, Gordon, art 3:10 0ct78 p70-84 »»*

Heath / Monitor / LEO DisplayPower of VisiCalc, Ramsdell, Robert, sr 5:11

NovSO pl90-192 *** Business / AccountingReformatter for CP/M and IBM floppy disks.

Lehman, John, sr 6:4 Apr81 p94-96 ***

Utility Program / IBM / CP/MSCELBAL (Scientific ELementary BAsic Language).

Wadsworth/Arnold. art 1:10 Jun76 pB2-U6

*** Languages / BASICSargon 2.5 (Newest Sargon-2.5). Martellaro,

John, sr 6:1 Jan81 p208-212 «** ChessSelected FORTH vendors, col 5:8 AugBO p98

*** FORTHSurvey of data-base management systems for

microcomputers. Barley/Driscol1. art 6:11

Nov81 p208-234 *** Data Base ManagementTnree microcomputer LISPs. Levitan/Bonar. sr

L9 6:9 SepBl p388-412 »»» LISP / Z-BO /

Benchmark TestingThree versions of APL. Williams, Gregg, sr 6:4

AprBl plBB-203 *** APLTiny BASIC (a review of Tom Pittman's Tiny

BASIC). Rosner, Richard, sr LI 2:4 Apr77

p34-38 **• Tiny BASIC / LanguagesUser's look at Tiny-c. Kern, Christopher, art

L8 4:12 Dec79 pl96-206 *** C Programming

LanguageWhose BASIC does what?*. Li, Terl. art 6:1

JanSl p313-327 •«* BASIC / ConversionsWordsmlth (CP/M or North Star word processor).

Dahmke, Mark, sr 6:5 MayBl p254-258 **«

Word Processing / CP/M / North Star

APPLE IIAsteroids in Space and Planetoids. Holt, Oliver,sr G:5 MaySl pll6-120 *** Games / AppleII / Arcade

SOFTWARE REVIEW (CONTINUED)

Battle of the asteroids. Williams, Gregg, sr

6:12 DecBl pl63-165 *** Arcade / Games /

Apple IIComputer Bismark. Ansoff, Peter, sr 5:12

Dec80 p282-286 *** Games / Simulation /

Apple IIDungeon Campaign. Williams, Gregg, sr 5:12

Dec80 p74 *** Games /Apple II / StrategyFour word processors for the Apple II.

Carlson/Haber. sr 6:6 JunBl pl76-204 ***

Word Processing / Apple IIGorgon. Callamaras, Peter, sr 6:12 0ec81

P90-100 *** Games / Arcade / Apple IIMissile Defense vs ABM. Moskowltz, Robert, sr

6:12 Dec81 pBO-90 *** Games / Arcade /

Apple IIOdyssey: The Compleat Apventure. Nelson, Harold,sr 5:12 Dec80 p90-92 *** Games / Apple II

/ StrategyOlympic Decathlon. Kater, David, sr 6:12

0ec81 p74-7B *** Arcade / Games / Apple IIPrisoner. Llddil, Bob. sr 6:9 SepBl p386-387

*** Games / Strategy / Apple IIReversal: Othello for the Apple II. Freidman,

Mark, sr 6:11 Nov81 p76-80 *** Othello /

Games / Apple IIRobotwar. Feigel, Curtis, sr 6:12 DecBl

p24-34 *** Games / Apple II / Programming

InstructionSargon II: an improved chess-playing program for

the Apple II. Martellaro, John, sr 5:12

Dec80 pll4-UB *** Chess / Apple IIStellar Trek. Nelson, Harold, sr 5:12 Dec80

p78-82 *** Games / Apple II / ArcadeTranquility Base. Moore, Robin, sr 6:5 MaySl

P112-114 *** Games / Apple II / Arcade

GAMESAsteroids 1n Space and Planetoids. Holt, Oliver,sr 6:5 MaySl pll6-120 *** Games / Apple

II / ArcadeBASIC, computer languages, and computer

adventures. Pournelle, Jerry, col 5:12

Dec80 p222-238 *** Languages / BASIC / GamesBattle of the asteroids. Williams, Gregg, sr

6:12 Dec81 pl63-165 *** Arcade / Games /

Apple IIBig Five software (Attack Force, Cosmic Fighter,

and Galaxy Invasion). Williams, Gregg, sr

6:9 Sep81 p384-386 *** Arcade / Games /

TRS-80 Model ICoinless arcade: more arcade fun. Williams,

Gregg, col 6:12 Dec81 p36-41 *** Games /

Arcade /Comnbat: a tele-game for two. Stewart, George.

sr 6:12 0ec81 plOO-104 *** Games /

Strategy / TRS-80 Model IComputer Bismark. Ansoff, Peter, sr 5:12

Dec80 p282-286 *** Games / Simulation /

Apple IIDancing Demon from Radio Shack. Cooper/Kolya.

sr 6:5 MayBl pl48-150 *** games / TRS-80

Model I / ArcadeDungeon Campaign. Williams, Gregg, sr 5:12

0ec80 p74 *** Games /Apple II / StrategyGorgon. Callamaras, Peter, sr 6:12 DecBl

P90-100 *** Games / Arcade / Apple IIInteractive Fiction: Six Micro Stories. Llddil,

Bob. sr 6:9 Sep81 p436 *** Simulation /

TRS-80 Model I / GamesMicrosoft Adventure. Llddil, Bob. sr 5:12

Dec80 p264-266 *** Games / TRS-80 Model I /

StrategyMissile Defense vs ABM. Moskowltz, Robert, sr

6:12 DecSl p80-90 *** Games / Arcade /

Apple IIMorloc's Tower. Williams, Gregg, sr 5:12

OecSO p84-86 *** Games / TRS-80 Model I /

StrategyNew games, new directions. Williams, Gregg, col

6:12 Dec81 p6-10 *** GamesNew software, new hardware computer languages,

and games. Pournelle, Jerry, col 6:11 NovSlp449-457 *** Languages / Hardware Review /

GamesOdyssey: The Compleat Apventure. Nelson, Harold,sr 5:12 DecSO p90-92 *** Games / Apple II

/ StrategyOlympic Decathlon. Kater, David, sr 6:12

Dec81 p74-78 *** Arcade / Games / Apple IIOn the road to adventure. Llddil, Bob. art

5:12 DecSO pl58-170 *** Games / StrategyPrisoner. Llddil, Bob. sr 6:9 SepSl p386-387

*** Games / Strategy / Apple IIReversal: Othello for the Apple II. Freidman,

Mark, sr 6:11 NovSl p76-80 *** Othello /

Games / Apple IIRobotwar. Feigel, Curtis, sr 6:12 Cecal

p24-34 *** Games / Apple II / Programming

InstructionStar Raiders. Williams, Gregg, sr 6:5 MaySl

pl06-108 **" Gaines / Atari / ArcadeStarfighter. Grammer, Eric, sr 6:12 DecBl

p366-368 *"* Arcade / Games / TRS-BO Model IStartrek 4.0 and Startrek 3.5. Mitchell, Scott.

sr 6:6 JunBl P352-354 *•« Games / TRS-80

Model I / Strategy ■Stellar Trek. Nelson, Harold, sr 5:12 DecSO

p78-82 *** Games / Apple II / ArcadeSuper Nova. Llddil, Bob. sr 6:5 MayBl

plOS-110 *** Games / TRS-80 Model I / ArcadeTranquility Base. Moore, Robin, sr 6:5 MayBl

pU2-114 **" Games / Apple II / ArcadeWhat makes computer games fun?. Malone, Thomas.

art 6:12 DecSl p25U-27/ •** Games /

Elementary Education

SOFTWARE REVIEW (CONTINUED)

Zork, the great underground empire (TRS-80).Liddll, Bob. sr 6:2 Feb81 p262-264 ***Games / TRS-80 Model I / Strategy

HARDWARE REVIEWNew software, new hardware computer languages,and games. Pournelle, Jerry, col 6:11 Nov81p449-457 *** Languages / Hardware Review /Games

MATHEMATICSmuSIMP/muMATH-79 symbolic math system. Williams,Gregg, sr 5:11 Nov80 p324-338 **»Mathematics / Utility Program / Education

PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTIONRobotwar. Feigel, Curtis, sr 6:12 Dec81p24-34 *** Games / Apple II / PrpgrammingInstruction

TRS-80 MODEL IBOSS: a debugging utility for the TRS-BO Model 1.Mitchell, Scott, sr 6:8 AugSl p401 ***

Utility Program / Debugging / TRS-80 Model IB1g Five software (Attack Force, Cosmic Fighter,

and Galaxy Invasion). Williams, Gregg, sr

6:9 Sep81 p384-386 *** Arcade / Games /

TRS-80 Model ICommbat: a tele-game for two. Stewart, George.

sr 6:12 Dec81 plOO-104 *** Games /

Strategy / TRS-80 Model IDOSPlus: double-density operating system for the

TRS-80. Kolya, Yvon. sr 6:7 JulSl p334-343*** Operating Systems / TRS-80 Model I /

Minidisk DriveDancing Demon from Radio Shack. Cooper/Kolya.

sr 6:6 May81 pl48-150 *** Games / TRS-80

Model I / ArcadeDatahandler from Miller Microcomputer Services.

Richardson, Allyn. sr 6:11 Nov81 pl38-150

*** Data Base Management / FORTH / TRS-80

Model IENHBAS (TRS-80 Model I/I 11 enhanced operating

environment and BASIC). Kelly, Mahlon. sr LI6:11 Nov81 p342-360 *** Operating Systems

/ Utility Program / TRS-80 Model IIRV, a TRS-80 utility program. Li, Terry, sr

6:2 FebSl p202-208 *** TRS-80 Model I /

Utility ProgramInfinite BASIC and Infinite Business. Mitchell,

Scott, sr 6:2 Feb81 p96-102 *** Utility

Program / TRS-80 Model I / BASICInteractive Fiction: Six Micro Stories. Llddil,

Bob. sr 6:9 Sep81 p436 *** Simulation /

TRS-80 Model I / GamesMicrosoft Adventure. Llddil, Bob. sr 5:12

Dec80 p264-266 *** Games / TRS-80 Model I /

StrategyMicrosoft Editor/Assembler Plus. Carlson, Keith,sr 6:8 Aug81 p398-400 *** Assembler /

TRS-80 Model IMisosys Software's DISKMOD: put Radio Shack's

Editor/Assembler on disk. Hughes, Steve, sr

6:9 SepSl pl46-148 *** Utility Program /

TRS-80 Model I / AssemblerMorloc's Tower. Williams, Gregg, sr 5:12

DecSO p84-86 *** Games / TRS-80 Model I /

StrategyOrchestra-80. Cooper/Kolya. sr 6:11 Nov81

P264-272 *** Music / TRS-80 Model IPascal-80. Archer, Rowland, sr 6:12 Dec81

p304-312 *** Pascal / TRS-80 Model I /

CompilerRadio Shack FORTRAN package. Daneliuk, Tim. sr

L4 6:10 OctSl p385-390 *** FORTRAN /

TRS-80 Model IStarfighter. Grammer, Eric, sr 6:12 DecSl

P486-487 *** Arcade / Games / TRS-80 Model IStartrek 4.0 and Startrek 3.5. Mitchell, Scott.

sr 6:6 JunSl p352-354 *** Games / TRS-80

Model I / StrategySuper Nova. Liddll, Bob. sr 6:5 MaySl

P108-110 *** Games / TRS-80 Model I / ArcadeSuper STEP (TRS-80 utility). Robblns, Stanley.

sr 6:5 MaySl p24B-252 *** TRS-80 Model I /

Utility Program / DebuggingZork, the great underground empire (TRS-80).

Llddil, Bob. sr 6:2 FebBl p262-264 ***

Games / TRS-80 Model I / StrategySOL

Checkbook balancer. Hallen, Rod. col LI 3:11

Nov78 p66 *** Money / HomeComments on the RF entry method for video

monitors. Wiseman, Victor, col 3:12 Dec78

P202-204 *** Video Display / InterfaceComputerized wine cellar*. Jolliffe, Rodney.

col 4:2 Feb79 pl28-130 *«* FoodDatallne (converts object code to BASIC data

statements). Hunt, Daniel, col LI 6:3

Mar81 p216-222 *«* Conversions / BASIC /

Utility ProgramProgramming strategies in the game of Reversl*.

Maggs, Peter, art LI 4:11 Nov79 p66-79

*** Games / Programming Instruction / StrategySOL-20 (User's report: the S0L-20). Barbour,

Dennis, hr 3:4 Apr/8 pl26-130 ***

Hardware Review / Microcomputer SystemUser's reaction to the S0L-10 computer. Bumpous,

Robert, hr 3:1 Jan78 p86-93 *** Hardware

Review / Microcomputer SystemSORCERER

First look at graph theory applications.

Ashbrook/Zinn. art LI 5:2 FebSO pl8-28

*** Graph TheorySORTING

BASIC sorts. Pittet, Rene.' col Ll 3:4 Apr78

pl48 *** SWTPC / BASIC

438 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 371 on inquiry card.

Circle 151 on inquiry card.

S 100 USERS

INTERFACE 9 TRACKTAPE DRIVES

With the DTI - DMATape-Unit Interface

• Transfers data via DMAup to 200K bytes

per second

• Allows full control overall tape-drive functions

SPEED

NUMBER-CRUNCHINGSOFTWARE 5-10 X'sAND MORE

With the FMP -Fast Math Processor

• Kit or assembled

• 32-bit floating point operations

for arith., trig., exponential, etc. functions

• Or 64-bit floating point operations for arithmetic functions

Both the DTI and FMP meet the IEEE S-100standard. Software is available.

For further information contact:

A MEMBER OF THE SPC CROUP

SPC TECHNOLOGIES, inc.

1500 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA 22209(703) 841-3632

NEVADA

>1499s)

/ DISKETTE AND MANUAL /

• Uses CP/M or MP/M operat-ing system to work with TRS-80,Apple's with softcard, North Star,Superbrain, Micropolis, andmany other microcomputers.Needs a minimum of 16K ofRAM. Uses single density 8"or SV*" diskette.

o

ELLIS COMPUTING

SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY

600 41st Avenue

San Francisco, CA 94121 (415) 751-1522.

CP/M. MP/M and TRS-80 are registered TM's of Digital Research and Tandy Corporation.

Edition II of Nevada COBOL,a subset of ANSI-74, features:

Copy statement for library handling.

CALL..USING...CANCEL

PERFORM...THRU...TIMES...

UNTIL... Paragraph or section names.

IE..NEXT SENTENCE...ELSE...

NEXT SENTENCE AND/OR

<=> NOT.

GO TO...DEPENDING ON.

Unique easily understood diagnostic

error messages.

Interactive ACCEPT/DISPLAY...

RELATIVE (random) access files.

Sequential files both fixed and

variable length.

DISPLAY, 16-bit binary ov packed

decimal (COMP-3) data types with

up to 18-digit accuracy.

INSPECT...TALLYING... REPLACING.

ADD, SUBTRACT, MULTIPLY,

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Generates optimized 8080 machine

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^cippie computer

ATARP

16K APPLE II

1049.00

400 16K

349.00

32K APPLE II

1074.00

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499.00

815 Disk

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General Information:

We carry a large selection of hard-ware and software by other com-panies. Send for our catalog.We are an authorized repair center forAPPLE, ATARI, NORTH STAR, ANDEPSON.

PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. MARYLAND RESIDENTS ADD 5% SALES TAX

FREDERICKCOMPUTER

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Store Hours:

MON. THRU THURS. 9:30 AM—9:00 PMFRI. AND SAT. 9:30 AM—5:00 PM

PRODUCTS, INC.

TO ORDER CALL: (301) 694-8884

Circle 168 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1981

439

SORTING (CONTINUED)

Sorting with a catch. Brady, Paul, col Ll 5:9Sep80 p322-323 *** North Star / ProgrammingInstructionSorting with binary trees. Walker, Bill, artLl 5:10 OctSO p96-112+ *** ProgrammingInstructionSOUND EFFECTS

Audible interrupts for humans. Douds, Charles,art 2:2 Feb77 p54-58 *** HardwareConstructionAudio processing with a microprocessor. Q'Haver,Tom. art L3 3:6 Jun78 pl66-173 ***Digital Audio / 6502 / Audio ProcessingFaster audio processing with a microprocessor*.Dally, William, art L3 4:12 Dec79 p54-76*** Digital Audio / Design / Audio ProcessingSome notes on modular assembly programming.Lewis, James, art L3 4:12 Dec79 p222-226*** Programming Instruction / AssemblyLanguage / TRS-80 Model ISound off (creating music and sound effects).Ciarcia, Steve, col L3 4:7 Jul79 p34-51*** Hardware ConstructionTune in with some chips (programmable music tonegenerator). Sierad, Ted. art L2 2:9 Sep77p84-94 *** Music / Hardware ConstructionTurn your KIM into a metronome. Kellerman,David, col L3 4:8 Aug79 p213-214 ***Clock / KIMWhite-noise generator for the Apple II.

O'Flaherty, John, col L2 5:4 Apr80 p68*** Apple IISPACE PROGRAM

One step forward - three steps backup: computingin the US space program . Stakem, Patrick.art 6:9 Sep81 pll2-144 *** Test / Apple IISPEECH RECOGNITION

Give an ear to your computer (a speechrecognition primer). Georgiou, Bill, art 3:6Jun78 p56-91 *** Design /Recognition for Heuristics Speechlab. Parfitt,Rick, hr Ll 2:9 Sep77 p50 *** HardwareReview / AltairSpeech recognition for a personal computersystem, Boddie, James, art Ll 2:7 Jul77p64-71 *** DesignSPHERE

Are they real7 (a visit to Sphere, SWTPC andMits). Green, Wayne, col 1:2 0ct75 p61+*** Altair / Manufacturing / SWTPCAssembling a Sphere. Anderson, Bruce, art 1:11Jul76 pl8-20 *** Hardware Construction /Microcomputer System / Kit BuildingSphere rolls into town, art 1:5 Jan76 p80*** Market 1ngSTANDARDS

Altair (S-100J bus forum: PCC 77. McCallum,John, col 3:3 Mar78 pl48-151 *** Altair /S-100 8usBYTE's audio cassette standards symposium.Peschke/Peschke. art 1:6 Feb76 p72-73 ***Tape CassetteBenchmarks, standards, etc. Helmers, Carl, art1:3 Nov75 p90-92 *** Consumer Information /Benchmark TestingCIE Net: a design for...information exchanges,part 2: protocols. Wilber, M1ke. art 3:3Mar78 pl52-164 *** NetworksCIE Net: a design for...information exchanges, pt3: other considerations. Wilber, Mike, artL3 3:4 Apr78 pl68-176 *** NetworksCan we agree on standards?. Morgan, Chris, col6:11 Nov81 p6-8 *** Information Storage /Data StructuresComments on S-100 8us extension. Walker, John.

coJ 4:1 Jan79 p54 *** S-100 8usComments on a prototyping bus / Some comments onthe universal bus. Simmons/Faiman, col 2:3Mar77 pl02-104 *** Hardware ConstructionComments on the TDL relocatable loader format.Pittman, Tom. col 2:11 Nov77 p204-205 ***LanguagesComplete ASCII (codes given in binary, octal, hexand decimal). Ciemiewicz, David, col 3:2Feb78 pl9 *** ASCIIConsistency - or a lack thereof...(BYTE standardsfor Pascal listings). Helmers, Carl, col 3:8Aug78 p89 *** Pascal / PublishingDIF: a format for data exchange betweenapplications programs. Kalish/Mayer. art Ll6:11 Nov81 pl74-206 *** Data Structures /Information StorageFORTH standards team. Ragsdale, William, art

5:10 0ct80 p274-277 *** FORTH / DefinitionsFrom the publisher (lack of plugs on the Altaircomputer). Green, Wayne, col 1:3 Nov75 p5+*** Altair / DesignIBM compatible disk drives. Harman, Jefferson.art 4:10 Oct79 plQO-106 *** Floppy DiskDrive / I8MLocal-area networks: possibilities for personalcomputers. Saal, Harry, art 6:10 0ct81p92-112 *** Networks / Multi-user Systems /EthernetNeed for relocating loaders. Pielmeier, K.P.

col 3:6 Jun78 pl30-132 *** MicroprocessorNew ASCII standards (notice), col 2:5 May77

pll7 *** ASCIIOn consumers' languages and standardization ofhuman interfaces. Mikes, Peter, col 3:4Apr78 pl49-150 *** LanguagesProposal for a universal prototyping busstructure. Washburn, David, col 1:16 Dec76pl28-130 *** Hardware ConstructionProposed graphics software standard, part 1.Jones, Vincent, col 4:11 Nov79 pl96-218*** Graphics

STANDARDS (CONTINUED)

Proposed graphics software standard, part 2.

Jones, Vincent, col L3 4:12 Dec79 p82-85+

*** Graphics / CromemcoProposed microprocessor software standard.

Formaniak/Leitch. col 2:7 Jul77 p34+ ***

Microprocessor / Z-80Proposed standard for publishing binary data in

machine readable form. Banks/Sanderson, art

1:15 Nov76 plO-14 *** Binary / Publishing /

Software PublishingResponse to "A proposed microprocessor software

standard". Ogdin, Carol, col 2:11 Nov77

pl98-199 *** LanguagesS2L: an Altair (S-100) to LSI-11 bus adaptor.

Bondy, Jonathan, col 3:9 Sap78 plOZ-112

*** S-100 Bus / Altair / LSI-11Samples of machine readable printed software.

Banks/Sanderson, art 1:16 Dec76 pl2-17 ***Bar Codes / Information Storage / PAPERBYTESSolving the problems of international television

standards. Dehaven, E. John, col 3:4 Apr78

pl52-153 *** Video DisplayStandard for writing standards. Wallace, David.

col 3:2 Feb78 pl75-176 *** LanguagesStandardization of high level languages: some

questions. Greene, E.M. col 3:5 May78

pl63-165 *** LanguagesTechnical Design Labs relocatable object module

format. Colvin, Neil, col 2:11 Nov77

P199-204 *** LanguagesToward a parallel interface standard. Helmers,

Carl, col 1:10 Jun76 p4+ *** Interface /

Parallel Input/OutputTwo letters on extending the Altair S-100 Bus.

Naess/McCallum. col 3:8 Aug78 pl2 ***

S-100 Bus / AltairUCSD PASCAL: a (nearly) machine independent

software system. Bowles, Kenneth, col 3:5

May73 p46+ *** Pascal / LanguagesWhat is a character?*. Peshka, Manfred, art

1:4 Dec75 p30-38 *** Binary Coded Decimal /

ASCII / Baudot CodeSTATISTICS

Algebraic identities are not numerical

identities. Forsythe, Alan, col 5:2 Feb80

pl74 *** MathematicsCurve fitting with your computer. Ruckdeschel,

Fred, art Ll 4:10 Oct79 pl50-160 ***

MathematicsElements of statistical computation. Forsythe,

Alan, art Ll 4:1 Jan79 pl82-184 ***

Programming Instruction / Mathematics / BASICNational micropastime. Roehrlg, Joseph, art Ll4:11 Nov79 pll3-136 *** Simulation /

Athletics / North StarSimple approach to data smoothing.

Ruckdeschel/Krinsky. art Ll 6:3 Mar81

p262-298 *** Business / North StarStatistical computations recomputed. Bliss, J.G.col 4:6 Jun79 pl93 ***STOCK MARKET

Black friday (PDP-10 stock market game in BASIC).Baker, Robert, art Ll 2:1 Jan77 p56-58

*** GamesSTRATEGY

6800Eighteen with a die: a learning game player.Yost, Russell, art L3 5:1 JanSO p212-229*** Games / Artificial Intelligence / 6800

APPLE II

Dungeon Campaign. Williams, Gregg, sr 5:120ec80 p74 *** Software Review / Games /Apple IILost Dutchman's Gold*. L1dd1l/L1. art Ll 5:12

Dec80 p268-280 *** Games / Apple IIOdyssey: The Compleat Apventure. Nelson, Harold.sr 5:12 Dec80 p90-92 *** Software Review/ Games / Apple IIPrisoner. Liddil, Bob. sr 6:9 Sep81 p386-387*** Software Review / Games / Apple II

DESIGNCharacter variation in role-playing games.Freeman, Jon. art 5:12 Dec80 pl86-190 ***Games / Design

GAMESBASIC game: GOBANG (large Tic-Tac-Toe game).

Allwork, John, col Ll 4:11 Nov79 p56-62

*** Games / SWTPCCharacter variation in role-playing games.

Freeman, Jon. art 5:12 Dec80 pl86-190 ***

Games / DesignCommbat: a tele-game for two. Stewart, George.

sr 6:12 DecBl plOO-104 *** Software Review

/ Games / TRS-80 Model IComputer scrabble. Roehrig, Joseph, art Ll

6:12 Dec81 p320-351 *** Games / North Star

/ TRS-80 Model IDungeon Campaign. Williams, Gregg, sr 5:12

Dec80 p74 *** Software Review / Games /

Apple IIEighteen with a die: a learning game player.

Yost, Russell, art L3 5:1 Jan80 p212-229

*** Games / Artificial Intelligence / 6800Fifteen: a game of strategy (or Tic-Tac-Toe

revisited)*. Rhelnstein, John, art Ll 5:6

JunSO p230-234 *** GamesFlights of fancy with the Enterprise (Star Trek

game). Price, David, art LI 2:3 Mar77

plQ6-U3 *** Games / AltairHere's APL in action (lunar lander program).

Keefe, David, art L9 2:8 Aug77 p44-47 ***Games / APL

STRATEGY (CONTINUED)

Life (Game of Life). Englander, William, col

Ll 3:12 Dec78 p76~82 *** Games /

Mathematics / LifeLife can be easy (8080 version of the Game of

Life). Soderstrom, Randy, art L3 4;4 Apr79pl66-169 *** Games / Mathematics / LifeLife with your computer (Game of Life).

Milliun/et al. art 3:12 Dec78 p45-50 ***

Games / Mathematics / LifeLost Dutchman's Gold*. Liddil/Li. art Ll 5:12

Dec80 p268-280 *** Games / Apple IIMastermind (in RT-11 BASIC). Milligan, W. Lloyd.

art Ll 2:10 Oct77 pl68-171 *** GamesMicrosoft Adventure. Liddil, Bob. sr 5:12

DecSO p264-266 *** Software Review / Games /

TRS-80 Model IMonster Combat. Chapel, Lee. col Ll 5:12

Dec80 p288-292 *** Games / KIMMorloc's Tower. Williams, Gregg, sr 5:12

DecSO pB4-86 *** Software Review / Games /

TRS-80 Model INIMBLE: the ultimate NIM?*. Doliner, Irwin, art

Ll 2:11 Nov77 pl72-178 *** GamesOdyssey: The Compleat Apventure. Nelson, Harold,sr 5:12 DecSO p90-92 *** Software Review

/ Games / Apple IIOn the road to adventure. Liddil, Bob. art

5:12 Dec80 pl58-170 *** Games / Software

ReviewOne-dimensional life (Game of Life). Hi lien,

Jonathan. art 3:12 Dec78 p68-74 *** Games

/ Mathematics / LifeOthello, a new ancient game. Duda, Richard, artLl 2:10 Oct77 p60-62 *** Games / OthelloPirate's Adventure*. Adams, Scott, art Ll

5:12 DecSO pl92-212 *** Games / TRS-80

Model IPrisoner. Liddil, Bob. sr 6:9 Sep81 p386-387

*** Software Review / Games / Apple IIProgramming strategies in the game of Reversi*.

Maggs, Peter, art Ll 4:11 Nov79 p66-79

*** Games / Programming Instruction / SOLProgramming the game of Go. Millen, Jonathan.

art 6:4 Apr81 pl02-120 *** Games /

Programming Instruction / KIMQuest (Adventure type game). Chaffee, Roger.

art Ll 4:7 Jul79 pl76-186 *** Games / PETSR-52 card blackjack*. Garvey, Michael, col L22:6 Jun77 pl50-153 *** Games / CalculatorSome facts of life (Game of Life). Buckingham,

David, art 3:12 Dec78 p54-66 *** Games /

Mathematics / LifeSpacecraft simulator. Sivak, Gary, art Ll

4:11 Nov79 pl04-lll *** Games / SimulationStartrek 4.0 and Startrek 3.5. Mitchell, Scott.

sr 6:6 Jun81 p352-354 *** Software Review

/ Games / TRS-80 Model ISuper TIC (three-dimensional Tic-Tac-Toe).

Roehrig, J. art Ll 5:3 MarBO p232-238 ***Games / North StarTic-Tac-Toe in BASIC*. Stoddard, Mike, col Ll

3:12 Dec78 pl74-175 *** Games / BASICTic-Tac-Toe: a programming exercise*. Hinrichs,

Delmer. art Ll 4:5 May79 pl96-203 ***

Games / Programming InstructionZork, the great underground empire (TRS-80).

Liddil, 8ob. sr 6:2 Feb81 p262-264 ***

Software Review / Games / TRS-80 Model I

MATHEMATICSLife (Game of Life). Englander, William, col

Ll 3:12 Dec78 p76-82 *** Games /

Mathematics / LifeLife can be easy (8080 version of the Game of

Life). Soderstrom, Randy, art L3 4:4 Apr79pl66-169 *** Games / Mathematics / LifeLife with your computer (Game of Life).

Milliun/et al. art 3:12 0ec78 p45-50 ***

Games / Mathematics / LifeOne-dimensional life (Game of Life). Millen,

Jonathan, art 3:12 Dec78 p68-74 *** Game;

/ Mathematics / LifeSome facts of life (Game of Life). Buckingham,

David, art 3:12 Dec78 p54-66 *** Games /

Mathematics / Life

PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTIONProgramming strategies in the game of Reversi*.

Maggs, Peter, art Ll 4:11 Nov79 p66-79

*** Games / Programming Instruction / SOLProgramming the game of Go. Millen, Jonathan.

art 6:4 Apr81 pl02-120 *** Games /

Programming Instruction / KIMTic-Tac-Toe: a programming exercise*. Hinrichs,

Delmer. art Ll 4:5 May79 pl96-203 ***

Games / Programming Instruction

SOFTWARE REVIEW

Commbat: a tele-game for two. Stewart, George.

sr 6:12 Dec81 plOO-104 *** Software Review

/ Games / TRS-80 Model IDungeon Campaign. Williams, Gregg, sr 5:12

Dec80 p74 *** Software Review / Games /

Apple IIMicrosoft Adventure. Liddil, Bob. sr 5:12

Dec80 p264-266 *** Software Review / Games /

TRS-80 Model IMorloc's Tower. Williams, Gregg, sr 5:12

0ec80 p84-86 *** Software Review / Games /

TRS-80 Model IOdyssey: The Compleat Apventure. Nelson, Harold,sr 5:12 Dec80 p90-92 *** Software Review

/ Games / Apple IIOn the road to adventure. Liddil, Bob. art

5:12 Dec80 pl58-170 *** Games / Software

Review

440 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 306 on inquiry card.

Circle 399 on inquiry card.

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BYTE December 1981

441

STRATEGY (CONTINUED)

Prisoner. Liddil, Bob. sr 6:9 Sep81 p386-387

*** Software Review / Games / Apple IIStartrek 4.0 and Startrek 3.5. Mitchell, Scott,sr 6:6 Jun81 p352-354 *** Software Review/ Games / TRS-80 Model IZork, the great underground empire (TRS-80).Liddil, Sob. sr 6:2 FebSl p262-264 ***Software Review/ Games / TRS-80 Model I

TRS-80 MODEL I

Commbat: a tele-game for two. Stewart, George.

sr 6:12 Dec81 plOO-104 *** Software Review

/ Gaines / TRS-80 Model IComputer scrabble. Roehrig, Joseph, art Ll

6:12 DecSl p320-351 *** Games / North Star

/ TRS-80 Model IMicrosoft Adventure. Liddil, Bob. sr 5:12

Dec80 p264-266 *** Software Review / Games /

TRS-80 Model IMorloc's Tower. Williams, Gregg, sr 5:12

Dec80 p84-86 *** Software Review / Games /

TRS-80 Model IPirate's Adventure*. Adams, Scott, art Ll

5:12 Dec80 pl92-212 *** Games / TRS-80

Model IStartrek 4.0 and Startrek 3.5. Mitchell, Scott.

sr 6:6 Jun81 p352-354 *** Software Review

/ Games / TRS-80 Model IZork, the great underground empire (TRS-80).

Liddil, Bob. sr 6:2 Feb81 p262-264 ***

Software Review / Games / TRS-80 Model ISTRINGY FLOPPY

Exatron Stringy Floppy data-storage system.

Carlson, Keith, hr Ll 6:11 Nov81 pl26-130

*** Hardware Review / Information Storage /

TRS-80 Model ISTRUCTURED PROGRAMMING

Baking 8aker (comments on structured

programming). Farley, Shal. col 3:2 Feb78

pl35-137 ***Common mistakes using Warnier-Orr diagrams.

Higgins, David, art 4:3 Mar79 pl70-176 ***Programming InstructionDesigning structured programs. Weems, Chip, artL6 3:8 Aug78 pl43-154 *** Pascal /

Programming InstructionIn praise of PASCAL. Mundie, David, col L6

3:8 Aug78 pllO-116 *** Pascal / Programming

InstructionProgramming for the beginner: a structured start.Herman, Ronald, art 1:10 Jun76 p22-26 ***Programming InstructionSome words about program structure. Hearn,

Albert, art Ll 3:9 Sep78 p68-76 ***

Programming Instruction / BASICStructured program design. Higgins, David, art

Ll 2:10 0ct77 pl46-151 *** Programming

Instruction / GamesStructured programming and structured flowcharts.Williams, Gregg, art Ll 6:3 MarSl p20-34

*** Flowchart / TRS-80 Model IStructured programming with Warnier-Orr diagrams,

part 1: design. Higgins, David, art 2:12

Dec77 pl04-110 *** Design / Programming

InstructionStructured programming with Warnier-Orr..., part

2: coding the program*. Higgins, David, art

Ll 3:1 Jan78 pl22-129 *** Programming

InstructionTop-down modular programming. Hearn, Albert.

art 3:7 Jul 78 p32-38 *** Programming

InstructionToward a structured 6809 assembly language, part

1: an introduction Walker, Gregory, art

L3 6:11 Nov81 p370-382 *** 6809 /

Programming Instruction / Assembly LanguageToward a structured 6809 assembly language, part

2: ... assembler. Walker, Gregory, art L3

6:12 DecSl pl98-228 *** 6809 / Programming

Instruction / AssemblerWarnier-Orr diagrams: some further thoughts.

Wedemeyer, G.T. col Ll 3:5 May78 pl45-148

*** Programming Instruction / BASICSWTPC

6800 disassembler. Lentz, Bob. art L3 4:5

Hay79 pl04-108 *** Disassembler / 6800ARRL Convention / Visit to Mits / Visit to SWTPC.Helmers, Carl, art 1:14 0ct76 plO7-109

*** Shows / Manufacturing / AltairAnalyze your car's gas economy with your

computer. Bauernschub, John, art Ll 2:10

0ct77 pl66-167 *** Automobile / EnergyAre they real? (a visit to Sphere, SWTPC and

Mits). Green, Wayne, col 1:2 Oct75 p61+

*** Altair / Manufacturing / SphereBASIC game: GOBANG (large Tic-Tac-Toe game).

Allwork, John, col Ll 4:11 Nov79 p56-62

*** Games / StrategyBASIC sorts. Pittet, Rene, col Ll 3:4 Apr78

pl48 *** Sorting / BASICBuild a 6800 system with this kit. Kay, Gary.

art 1:4 Dec75 p7?-76 *** Hardware

Construction / 6800 / Microcomputer SystemBuilding the AC-30 cassette interface. Liming,

Gary, art 1:16 Dec76 pllO-111 ***

Hardware Construction / Interface / Tape

CassetteComputer generated reminder message. Pass, E.M.

art Ll 5:1 Jan80 pl60-172 *** Calendar /

BusinessConstellation I: an astronomy program. Berenbon,

Howard, col Ll 6:3 Mar81 p333-335 ***

Astronomy / Education / TRS-80 Model IDesigner's eye view of the AC-30. Kay, Gary.

art 1:16 Dec76 p98-108 *** Interface /

Tape Cassette

SWTPC (CONTINUED)

Enterprising display device (GT-6144 graphics

display generator). Deres, Joe. art L3 1:15Nov76 p42-54 *** Graphics / Hardware

Construction / 6800Expanding the Tiny Assembler. Emmerichs, Jack.

art L3 2:9 Sep77 p44-49 *** Assembler /

6800 / Programming InstructionHow far - which way? (navigation program).

Pittet, Rene, art Ll 2:7 Jul77 pll8-119

*** Mathematics / NavigationHow to multiply in a wet climate, part 2: design

details. Bryant/Swasdee. art L3 3:5 May78

pl04-114 *** Mathematics / Hardware

Construction / MicroprocessorIf only Sam Morse could see us now*. Sewell,

Wayne, art L3 1:14 0ct76 p42-49 *** Ham

Radio / Programming Instruction / 6800Infamous traveling-salesman problem: a practical

approach. Parry/Pfeffer. art Ll 6:7 Jul81

p252-290 *** Mathematics / Puzzles / EnergyInterfacing the Sykes OEM floppy disk kit to a

personal computer (SWTPC) . Hughes, Phil, artL3 3:3 Mar78 pl78-184 *** Floppy Disk

Drive / Interface / Hardware ConstructionLabel and file program. Carpenter, Andrew, col

Ll 4:4 Apr79 p222-223 *** Utility Program

/ BusinessLucidata P-6800 Pascal. Hughes, Phil, sr 5:3

Mar80 pl84 *** Software Review / PascalModifying the SwTPC computer (for 6809

operation). Weaver, Thomas, art 6:2 Feb81

p332-334 *** Hardware Modification / 6809More on the SWTPC 6800 system. Kay, Gary, art

1:6 Feb76 p50-53 *** Serial Input/Output /

Parallel Input/Output / InterfaceSWTPC PR-40 alphanumeric printer (review). Kay,

Gary, hr 2:3 Mar77 pl8-24 *** Hardware

Review / PrinterSouping up your SwTPC 6800. Hughes, Steve, art

3:10 0ct78 pl44-146 *** Clock / Hardware

ModificationStretch that 6800 clock. Henshaw, Jerry, art

1:16 Dec76 p42-46 *** Clock / Interface /

Hardware ConstructionSwTPC 6800 display routine / 6800 register

display. Hayes, Hike, col L3 4:5 May79

p220-222 *** 6800 / Programming InstructionSwTPC 6809 Microcomputer System. Harmon, Tom.

hr 6:1 Jan81 p216-222 *** Hardware Review

/ 6809 / Hardware ConstructionTAPE CASSETTE

Audio meter for your TRS-80. Miller, David, col5:2 Feb80 pl72-174 *** Hardware

Modification / TRS-80 Model IBYTE's audio cassette standards symposium.

Peschke/Peschke. art 1:6 Feb76 p72-73 ***

StandardsBuild the BIT BOFFER*. Lancaster, Don. art 1:7Mar76 p30-39 *** Interface / Hardware

Construction

Building the AC-30 cassette interface. Liming,

Gary, art 1:16 Dec76 pllO-lll *** s

Hardware Construction / Interface / SWTPCCOMPLEAT tape cassette interface. Hemenway,

Jack, art L3 1:7 Mar76 plO-16 ***

Interface / Hardware Construction / 6800Cassette interface switching box for the TRS-80*.Anderson, Craig, art 3:11 Nov78 pl60-161

*** Control / TRS-80 Model I / Hardware

ConstructionCassette lives on: an alternative to floppy-disk

mass storage. Cook, Emory, art 5:5 May80

pl2-18 *** Hardware Modification /

Maintenance / Information StorageCassette transports for the "Roll Your Own"

hobbyist*. Freeman, Willi am. art 2:3 Mar77

p26-32 *** Hardware ReviewComputer information arrangement. Holladay,

David, art 2:10 Oct77 pl56-159 ***

Information Storage / DesignDesigner's eye view of the AC-30. Kay, Gary.

art 1:16 Dec76 p98-108 *** Interface /

SWTPCDigital cassette subsystem: part 1, digital

recording background.... Rampil/Breimeir. art2:2 Feb77 p24-31 *** Digital AudioDigital cassette subsystem: part 2, digital data

formats.... Rampil/Breimeir. art 2:3 Mar77

p38-48 *** Information Storage / Design /

Digital AudioDigital data on cassette recorders. Mauch,

Harold, art 1:7 Mar76 p40-45 ***

Information StorageDigital minicassette controller. Kahn, James.

art 6:4 Apr81 p66-92 *** Interface /

Hardware ConstructionFundamentals of sequential file processing.

Smith, Wayne, art 2:10 0ct77 pll4-127 ***

Information Storage / Programming Instruction /

Data StructuresHow to build an inexpensive cassette level

indicator. Chepko, Milan, col 6:9 Sep81

p435 *** Hardware ConstructionHow to get your Tarbell going (cassette

interface)*. Weinstein, Larry, art L3 3:7

Jul78 pl62-171 *** Interface / DesignHow to pick up a dropped bit. Maurer, W.

Douglas, art 2:7 Jul 77 p72-76 *** Data

Transmission / Parity Checking / Error CheckingImpossible dream cassette interface. Lomax,

Daniel, art L3 2:2 Feb77 p82-85 ***

Interface / AltairImproved cassette interface circuit. Mauch,

Harold, let 1:8 Apr76 p8-10 *** InterfaceMagnetic recording for computers. Manly,

William, art 1:7 Mar76 pl8-28 ***

Information Storage / Oiskettes / Definitions

TAPE CASSETTE (CONTINUED)

Magnetic recording technology. Helmers, Carl.

col 1:7 Mar76 p6-8+ *** Information

Storage / MemoryPut your computer to work (cassette controller).

Roch, Bill, hr 6:2 Feb81 pl02-103 ***

Hardware Review / Interface / AltairRecording with current instead of voltage. Hein,

David, col 6:2 Feb81 pl38-140 ***

Hardware Construction / DesignSaturation recording's not all that hard. Allen,

David, art 2:1 Jan77 p34-41 *** InterfaceSerial storage media: an introduction and

glossary. Murphy, Brian, art 2:2 Feb77

p50-53 *** Information Storage / DefinitionsSimpler digital cassette tape interface.

Burhans, Ralph, art 3:10 Oct78 pl42-143

*** Interface / Hardware ModificationSoftware controlled 1200 bps audio tape

interface. Helmers, Carl, art L3 2:4 Apr77p40-49 *** Interface / Utility Program /

6800Time your tape. O'Flaherty, John, col Ll 5:9

Sep80 p66-74 *** Apple IIWhy wait? Build a FAST cassette interface.

Suding, Robert, art L3 1:11 Jul76 p46-53

*** Interface / Hardware ConstructionTAXES

IRS and the computer entrepreneur. Hughes,

Elizabeth, art 3:1 Jan78 p27-35+ ***

Federal Government / BusinessMicrocomputers and the IRS. Kingman, James, col6:9 SepSl p426-427 *** Accounting /

Business / LawSmall business accounting system. Lehman, John.

art 1:10 Jun76 pS-12 *** Accounting /

BusinessTELECOMMUNICATIONS

Build a touch tone decoder for remote control.

Ciarcia, Steve, col 6:12 Dec81 p42-70 ***

Control / Hardware Construction / HomeBuild an intercomputer data link. Wingfield,

Mike, art L3 6:4 Apr81 p252-288 ***

Programming Instruction / Networks / 6800Data paths*. Liming, Gary, art 1:6 Feb76

p32-40 *** RS-232 / Definitions / Data

TransmissionNetwork tools: Ideas for intelligent network

software. Relntjes, Peter, art L6 6:10

OctSl pl40-174 *** Networks / Programming

DesignOhio Scientific CA-15 universal telephone

Interface. Williams, Gregg, hr L3 5:8

Aug80 p40-44 *** Hardware Review / Interface

/ OSISome thoughts about modems. Helmers, Carl, col

3:7 Jul78 p6+ *** ModemTelephone dialing by computer. Joyce, Edward.

art 5:1 Jan80 pl22-128 *** Interface /

Hardware Construction / TerminalTelephone-dialing microcomputer. Renbarger,

John, art L3 5:6 Jun80 pl40-170 ***

Control / KIM / Hardware ConstructionTELETEXT

Let's be PALs: some comments on BBB teletext.

Silson, R.G. col 4:3 Mar79 pl86-18B ***

Online SystemsTERMINAL

ADM-3 emulator for the Hazeltine 1500.

Shoemaker, Charles, col L3 6:4 Apr81

p304-308 *** CP/M / Utility ProgramAdding lowercase display to the ADM-3A. Walker,

A.W. col 4:3 Mar79 pl90-193 **» Lowercase

ModificationAssembling the ADM-3A. Franson, Paul, art 4:2

Feb79 p76-82 *** Hardware Construction / Kit

BuildingAssembling the H9 video terminal. Steeden,

Terry, art 3:10 0ct78 pl30-135 *** Heath

/ Hardware Construction / Hardware ReviewAtari's Telelink I. Flint, Glen, sr 6:10

OctSl p86-90 *** Software Review / Atari /

Utility ProgramBuild a low-cost, remote data-entry terminal.

Ciarcia, Steve, col 5:9 Sep80 p26-42 ***

Hardware Construction / HomeBuild this video display terminal. Anderson,

Alfred, art L3 1:15 Nov76 pl06-118 ***

Hardware Construction / Video Display / 6800CT-1024 kit. Hogenson, James, hr 1:5 Jan76

p92-95 *** Hardware Review / Hardware

Construction / Video DisplayConstruction of a fourth-generation yideo

terminal, part 1. Wierenga, Theron. art L3

5:8 Aug80 p210-224 *** Hardware

Construction / 8085Construction of a fourth-generation video

terminal, part 2. Wierenga, Theron. art L3

5:9 Sep80 pl26-160 *** Hardware

Construction / 8085Digital alphanumeric display. Chester, Daniel.

art 4:4 Apr79 p218-220 *** Input/Output /

LED Displayquad terminal interface. Alpert, Stephen, art

5:2 Feb80 pll6-125 *** Interface / Hardware

Construction / PDP-11Remote terminal (Come upstairs and be

respectable). Ciarcia, Steve, art 2:5 May77p50-54 *** Hardware Construction / Interface

/ Serial Input/OutputSynertek systems KTM-2 terminal-on-a-board.

Nowes, Phil, hr L3 5:10 Oct80 p42-48 ***

Hardware ReviewTelephone dialing by computer. Joyce, Edward.

art 5:1 Jan80 pl22-128 *** Interface /

Telecommunications / Hardware ConstructionWhat's in a video display terminal?. Walters,

Don. art 1:7 Mar76 p78-79 *** Video

Display / Design

442 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 147 on inquiry card.

Circle 242 on inquiry card.

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Structural Analysis On Micro's - Theory and program listings in BASICformatrix structural analysis of rigid frames. Graphical output shows displacedconfiguration. Member loads determined. Use software as is or modify for your specialapplications. Book with listings-$39.95, DisklApple II Plus 48K DOS3.3)-$24.95

KERN PUBLICATIONS • Duck Hill Rd • PO BOX 1029C • Duxbury, MA 02332

Circle 213 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1981

443

TEST

Almost optimum Z80 memory test program. Rampil,Ira. col 13 6:9 Sep81 p432-434 ***Memory / 2-80Bug in BASIC. Maurer, W.D. col Ll 6:1 Jan81pl88-196 *** BASIC / Programming InstructionComparing floppy-disk drives by softwaresimulation. Nendza, Dennis, art Ll 5:5May80 pl30-140 *** Floppy Disk Drive /Minidisk Drive / Hardware ReviewGuide to Baudot machines: part 3, a teleprintertest circuit. McNatt, Michael, art 2:6Jun77 pl54-157 *** Printer / Interface /Baudot CodeM6809 is silicon. Ritter/Boney. col 4:5 May79

p30-31 *** 6809 / DesignMemory pattern sensitivity test. Kinzer, Don.

art L3 3:10 0ct78 pl2-16 *** Memory / 6800Memory test program. Caperello, Frank, col L3

4:8 Aug79 p215-217 *** Memory / 8080 / IMSAIOne step forward - three steps backup: computingin the US space program . Stakem, Patrick.art 6:9 Sep81 pll2-144 *** Apple II /Space ProgramQuick test of keyboards. Walters, Don. art 1:2

0ct75 p43 *** KeyboardTesting memory in BASIC. Adams, Russell, artLl 3:10 0ct78 p58-60 *** Memory / BASICTEST EQUIPMENT

Add dual trace and delayed sweep to youroscilloscope. Stetson, Robert, col 6:9Sep81 p428-431' *** Hardware ModificationAudible logic test probe. Woodward, James, art4:1 Jan79 pl86-187 *** HardwareConstruction / Logic ProbeBuild a TTL pulse catcher. Walde, William, art1:6 Feb76 p58-60 *** Hardware ConstructionBuild a low-cost logic analyzer. Ciarcia, Steve,col Ll 6:4 Apr81 p36-44 *** HardwareConstructionBuild a serial ASCII word generator. Finger,Ronald, art 1:9 May76 p50-53 ***Interface / ASCII / Hardware ConstructionBuild a simple digital oscilloscope. DeCaro,Frank, art 4:11 Nov79 p222-226 ***Hardware ConstructionBuilt-in logic tester. Christner, Kurt, art

2:1 Jan77 p82-83 *** Hardware ConstructionCatch bytes with a comparator. MacDonald, Doug.col 6:7 Jul81 p368-370 *** HardwareConstructionComputerized testing. Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll5:12 Dec80 p44-70 *** TRS-80 Model I /Hardware ConstructionExpanded digital voltmeter (Add more zing to thecocktail). Ciarcia, Steve, col L3 3:1Jan78 p37-54 *** Hardware Construction /Interface / 2-80Handy pulser. Chrisp, Bob. art 4:9 Sep79

pl60-161 *** Debugging / Hardware ConstructionLine-failure indicator. Olson, Hank, col 5:11Nav80 p36-88 *** Power Supply / HardwareConstructionLogic probes - hardware bug chasers*. Burr,Alex, art 1:4 Dec75 p20-24 *** Debugging/ Logic ProbeOn a test equipment diet? Try an 8 channel OVMcocktail!. Ciarcia, Steve, col L3 2:12Dec77 p76-80+ *** Hardware ConstructionPenny pinching address state analyzer. Ciarcia,Steve, col 3:2 Feb78 p6-12 *** HardwareConstruction / MemoryPowerless IC test clip. Errico/Baker. art 1:4Dec75 p26-27 *** Hardware Construction /Integrated CircuitsProgrammable IC tester. Thorson, Mark, art 3:6Jun78 p28-35 *** Integrated Circuits /Hardware ConstructionTV oscilloscope (building a display and using itas a test instrument). Barbier, Ken. art 2:7Ju177 p52-57 *** Hardware Construction /Video DisplayTEXT EDITOR ,

Add a simple text editor to your BASIC programs.Goff, Robert, art Ll 5:4 Apr80 p34-39 ***North StarBASIC text editor. Ruckdeschel, Fred, art Ll4:6 Jun79 pl56-164 *** North Star / IMSAI /BASICDon't ignore the high end...or my search formanuscript editing paradise . Helmers, Carl.col 3:3 Mar78 p6+ *** Word Processing /PublishingEditorializing with your computer (text editor).McGath, Gary, art 2:8 Aug77 p81-85 ***DesignGraphics text editor for music, part 1: structureof the editor. Nelson, Randolph, art 5:4Apr80 pl24-138 *** Music / Graphics / DesignGraphics text editor for music, part ?,:

algorithms. Nelson, Randolph, art 5:5 MaySOp104-118 *** Music / AlgorithmMINCE: a text editor. Kern, Christopher, sr6:9 SepSl pl50-160 *** Software Review /CP/MOn the virtues of writing editors. Helmers,Car 1. co1 3:11 Nov78 p6+ *** WordProcessingSWEETS for KIM: a low calorie text editor*.

Fylstra, Dan. art L3 3:2 Feb78 p62-77 ***KIMTHREADED CODES

PS - a FORTH-like threaded language, part 1.Motalygo, Valo. art 6:10 0ct81 p462-466*** Languages / FORTHPS - a FORTH-like threaded language, part 2.Motalygo, Valo. art 6:11 NovSl p400-408*** Languages / FORTH

THREADED CODES (CONTINUED) '

Threads of a FORTH tapestry. Williams, Gregg.

col 5:8 AugSO p6-10+ *** FORTHVarieties of threaded code for language

implementation*. Ritter/Walker. art L6 5:9

Sep80 p206-227 *** Languages / Interpreter /

BibliographyTHREE-DIMENSIONAL GRAPHICS

Computer generated maps, part 1, Johnston,

William, art Ll 4:5 May79 pl0-12+ ***

hree-Dimensional Graphics / MathematicsComputer generated maps, part 2. Johnston,

Wi11iam. art Ll 4:6 Jun79 plOO-123 ***

Graphics / Social Science / MathematicsFuture of computer graphics. Brown/Levine. art

5:11 Nov80 p22-28 *** uture /

Three-Dimensional GraphicsGraphic manipulations using matrices.

Hungerford, Joel, art Ll 3:9 Sep78

pl56-165 *** ction / Three-Dimensional

GraphicsGraphics in depth: 3-D adds a new dimension to

your display. Walters/Harris, art Ll 3:5

May78 pl6-18+ *** ction / Three-Dimensional

GraphicsHidden line subroutines for three-dimensional

plotting. Gottlieb, Mark, art Ll 3:5 May78p49-58 *** Plotting / Programming

InstructionPL0T3D: a function plotting program. Stoddard,

Mike, col Ll 3:5 May78 p60-61 ***

PlottingRepresenting three-dimensional objects in your

computer. Blum, Richard, art Ll 4:5 May79

pl4-29 *** AnimationThree-dimensional computer graphics, part 1.

Crow, Franklin, art L6 6:3 Mar81 p54-82

*** aphics / Three-Dimensional GraphicsThree-dimensional computer graphics, part 2:

software. Crow, Franklin, art L6 6:4 Apr81p290-302 *** Graphics /Three-dimensional graphics for the Apple II.

Sokol, Dan. art Ll 5:11 NovSO pl48-154

*** High Resolution Graphics / Apple IIWorld of computer graphics. Lodding/Nickson.

col 5:11 Nov80 p6-14 *** GraphicsXYZ phenomenon: stereoscopic plotting by

computer. Powers, William, art Ll 4:10

0ct79 pl40-149 *** Plotting / North StarTI 99/4

Logo for personal computers. Nelson, Harold.

art L9 6:6 JunSl p36-44 *** Apple II /

LogoTIMESHARING

Microcomputer timesharing: a review of the

techniques,...further reading . Johnson,

Kenneth, art 4:4 Apr79 p224-234 ***

Multi-user Systems / DesignTime-sharing/multi-user subsystem for

microprocessors. Kinzer, Don. art L3 5:6

Jun80 pl22-134 *** Multi-user Systems /

Design / 6800Timesharing: squeezing the most from your micro.

Linker, Sheldon, art 4:6 Jun79 p228-233

*** Multi-user Systems / DesignTINY BASIC

Adding new transcendentals to limited BASICS.

Sempronio, Vince. col 2:9 Sep77 p61+ ***

MathematicsSimple math lessons (math test). Lloyd, Robert.

col Ll 2:11 Nov77 p60 *** Mathematics /

Elementary EducationSpacewar in Tiny BASIC: navigating through

Integer BASIC. Beard, David, art Ll 4:5

May79 pllO-115 *** Mathematics / Games /

Programming InstructionTiny BASIC (a review of Tom Pittman's Tiny

BASIC). Rosner, Richard, sr Ll 2:4 Apr77

p34-38 *** Software Review / LanguagesTMS-5501

Put the "do everything" chip in your next design

(TMS-5501). Baker, Robert, art 1:11 Jul76

p40-44 *** Microprocessor / Hardware Review /TOPOLOGY

Electronic planimetry (measuring a

two-dimensional figure). Santi/et al. art L65:3 Mar80 pll4-122 *** Science /Seven bridges of Konigsberg / Direct cursor

addressing in UCSD Pascal. Helmers, Carl, colL6 5:2 Feb80 p6-10 *** Puzzles / PascalSolving problems involving variable terrain, part1 1: a general algorithm . Jones, Scott, art

5:2 FebBO p58-68 *** Simulation / AlgorithmSolving problems involving variable terrain, part

2: ...hexagonal grids. Jones, Scott, art 5:3MarSO p74-82 *** SimulationTOYS

Computer-controlled tank. Ciarcia, Steve, col

Ll 6:2 Feb81 p44-64 *** Control / Hardware

ConstructionTRS-80 COLOR

Closer look at the TRS-80 Color Computer. Baker,

Woody, col Ll 6:10 0ct81 p334-340 ***

DesignColor computer from A to D: make your color

computer "see" and "feel"... Barden, William.

art Ll 6:12 Dec81 pl34-160 *** Interface

/ Analog/Digital Circuit / JoystickExtended color BASIC for the TRS-80 Color

Computer*. Miastkowski, Stan, sr Ll 6:5

MaySl p36-45 *** Software Review / BASIC /

LanguagesThree new computers from Radio Shack (Model III,

Color and Pocket). Miastkowski, Stan, hr Ll

5:10 0ct80 pl72-180 *** TRS-80 Model III /

TRS-80 Pocket Computer / Hardware ReviewWhat's inside Radio Shack's color computer?*.

Ahrens/et al. art 6:3 Mar81 p90-130 ***

6809 / Programming Instruction / Design

TRS-80 MODEL I

Animation in computer-assisted instruction:

replication of ONA. Eckert, Richard, col Ll

6:7 JulSl' p358-366 *** Computer Assisted

Instruction / Animation / ScienceAudio meter for your TRS-80. Miller, David, col5:2 Feb80 pl72-174 *** Tape Cassette /

Hardware ModificationConstellation I: an astronomy program. Berenbon,

Howard, col Ll 6:3 Mar81 p333-335 ***

Astronomy / Education / SWTPCCreativity in computer music. Howe, Hubert, art

Ll 4:7 Jul79 pl58-173 *** MusicDisk catalog for the eighties. Liddil, Bob. colLl 6:8 Aug81 p4O4-407 *** Utility Program

/ Minidisk DriveElectronic home banking (You can bank on it).

col 6:1 Jan81 plO *** Home / Money /

CompuServeEvaluate your home's energy efficiency: conserve

energy with your.... Beasley, Kimball, art

Ll 6:10 0ct81 p250-260 *** Energy / HomeKNIGHT: a knight's tour problem in MMSFORTH*.

Frei, Ulrich. col L7 6:2 FebBl p325 ***

FORTH / Puzzles /.ChessMachine problem solving, part 1: trial-and-error,

a mechanical plan Frey, Peter, art Ll

5:9 Sep80 pl02-U2 *** Artificial

Intelligence / PuzzlesMachine problem solving, part 2: directed search

using cryptarithmetic. Frey, Peter, art Ll

6:10 0ct80 p266-272 *** Cryptology /

PuzzlesMemory manipulator: eliminate hex-a-phobia.

Witt, Louis, col Ll 6:10 0ct81 p356-364

*** Utility Program / Machine LanguageMy TRS-80 talks to my Cromemco 2-2. Hallen, Rod.art L3 5:6 Jun80 p8B-94 *** Serial

Input/Output / Cromemco / RS-232Omikron TRS-80 boards, NEWD0S+, and sundry other

matters. Pournelle, Jerry, col 5:7 Jul80

pl98-208 *** Operating Systems / Floppy Disk

DrivePeek at poke (pokes hexadecimal values into

memory). Parris, M. col Ll 4:6 Jun79

p212-213 *** Utility Program / HexadecimalRadio Shack's modifications to the TRS-80*. Li,

Terry, col 5:10 OctSO pl82-184 ***

Hardware Modification / ROMSimple base conversions for the TRS-80. Curran,

James, col Ll 5:11 Nov80 pl45 ***

Conversions / HexadecimalStructured programming and structured flowcharts.Williams, Gregg, art Ll 6:3 Mar81 p20-34

*** Structured Programming / FlowchartTRS-80 performance evaluation by program timing*.Lewis, Oames. art L3 5:3 Mar80 p84-94

*** Benchmark Testing / ISMUPC bar codes with the Centronics 737. Anderson,

John. col Ll 6:5 May81 p228+ *** Bar

Codes / Printer

Votrax vocabulary. Gargagliano/Fons. col 6:6Jun81 p384-39l *** Voice Synthesis

Word ujbnmurle (program to rearrange letters in aword). Gorney, Leonard, col Ll 6:8 Aug81p417 *** Puzzles

6800

MIKBUG and the TRS-80, part 1: a cross-assemblerfor the Motorola 6800. Labenski, Robert, artLl 6:12 Dec81 p229-250 *** MIKBUG / 6800 /Assembler

APPLE II

Build a low-cost speech-synthesizer interface.

Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll 6:6 Jun81 p46-68

*** Apple II / Voice Synthesis / Hardware

ConstructionElectromagnetic interference. Ciarcia, Steve.

col 6:1 Jan81 p48-68 *** Radio-frequency

Interference / Apple II / AtariSome more on performance evaluation*. Helmers,

Carl, col Ll 5:7 Jul80 p216-219 ***

Benchmark Testing / Apple II

CONTROL

Build the Disk-80: memory expansion and

floppy-disk control (TRS-80). Ciarcia, Steve.

col 6:3 Mar81 p36-52 *** Disk Controllers

/ Hardware Construction / Minidisk DriveCassette interface switching box for the TRS-80*.Anderson, Craig, art 3:11 Nov78 pl60-161

*** Tape Cassette / Control / Hardware

ConstructionHome in on the range!. Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll

5:11 NovBQ p32-58 *** Control / Hardware

Construction / InterfaceImprove TRS-80 disk operation: add an external

data separator. Kline, Ken. col 6:5 May81

pl02-104 *** Disk Controllers / Hardware

Modification / Minidisk DrivePercom's Doubler. Kelly, Mahlon. hr 6:/ JulSlp344-352 *** Hardware Review / Disk

Controllers / Minidisk Drive

GAMESBREAKFORTH into FORTH. Miller/Miller, art L7

5:3 Aug80 pl50-163 *** FORTH / Games /

Programming InstructionBig Five software (Attack Force, Cosmic Fighter,

and Galaxy Invasion). Williams, Gregg, sr

6:9 Sep81 p384-386 *** Software Review /

Arcade / GamesCommbat: a tele-game for two. Stewart, George.

sr 6:12 DecSI plOO-104 *** Software Review

/ Games / Strategy

444 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 271 on inquiry card.

Circle 364 on inquiry card.

Exports 1980

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REFORMATTER programs feature bi-directional data transferand full directory manipulation. ASCII/EBCDIC conversion providedwith CP/M «-»IBM. MPIM is now fully supported.

Program Data Sheets, Application Guides, and Machine Compati-bility Guides available.

Each program $195.00 from stock. Specify CP/M +* IBM orCP/M ** DEC. Order from MicroTech Exports, Inc., 467 HamiltonAve., Suite 2, Palo Alto, CA 94301 □ Tel: 415/324-9114 □ TWX:910-370-7457 MUH-AITOS □ Dealer and OEM discounts available.

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BYTE December 1981 445

TRS-80 MODEL I (CONTINUED)

Computer scrabble. Roehrig, Joseph, art LI

6:12 Dec81 p320-351 *** Games / Strategy /

North StarComputing the I CHING with a TRS-80. Dethlefsen,

Edwin, art LI 5:4 Apr80 p96-102 ***

GamesDancing Demon from Radio Shack. Cooper/Kolya.

sr 6:5 MaySl pl48-150 *** Software Review

/ Games / ArcadeInteractive Fiction: Six Micro Stories. Liddil,

Bob. sr 6:9 SepSl p436 *** Software

Review / Simulation / GamesLife after death. Macaluso, Pat. art LI 6:7

JulSl p326-333 *** Games / Mathematics / LifeMachine problem solving, part 3: the alpha-beta

procedure*. Frey, Peter, art LI 5:11 NovSOp244-264 *** Artificial Intelligence / GainesMicrosoft Adventure. Liddil, Bob. sr 5:12

Dec80 p264-266 *** Software Review / Games /

StrategyMorloc's Tower. Williams, Gregg, sr 5:12

Dec80 p84-86 *** Software Review / Games /

StrategyPirate's Adventure*. Adams, Scott, art LI

5:12 Dec80 pl92-212 *** Games / StrategyStarfighter. Grammer, Eric, sr 6:12 Dec81

P486-487 *** Software Review / Arcade / GamesStartrek 4.0 and Startrek 3.5. Mitchell, Scott.

sr 6:6 Jun81 p352-354 *** Software Review

/ Games / StrategySuper Nova. Liddil, Bob. sr 6:5 MaySl

plOS-110 *** Software Review / Games / ArcadeZork, the great underground empire (TRS-80).

Liddil, Bob. sr 6:2 Feb81 p262-264 ***Software Review / Games / Strategy

HARDWARE CONSTRUCTIONBuild a low-cost speech-synthes-izer interface.

Ciarcia, Steve, col LI 6:6 Jun81 p46-68

*** Apple II / Voice Synthesis / Hardware

ConstructionBuild the Disk-80: memory expansion and

floppy-disk control (TRS-80). Ciarcia, Steve.

col 6:3 Mar81 p36-52 *** Disk Controllers

/ Hardware Construction / Minidisk DriveCassette interface switching box for the TRS-80*.Anderson, Craig, art 3:11 Nov78 pl60-161

*** Tape Cassette / Control / Hardware

ConstructionComputerized testing. Ciarcia, Steve, col LI

5:12 Dec80 p44-70 *** Test Equipment /

Hardware ConstructionHome in on the range!. Ciarcia, Steve, col LI

5:11 NovSO p32-58 *** Control / Hardware

Construction / InterfaceI/O expansion for the Radio Shack TRS-80

(principles of parallel ports). Ciarcia,

Steve, col 5:5 MaySO p22-40 *** Parallel

Input/Output / Hardware ConstructionI/O expansion for the TRS-80, part 2: serial

ports. Ciarcia, Steve, col 5:6 JunSO

p42-62 *** Serial Input/Output / Hardware

Construction

HARDWARE REVIEWExatron Stringy Floppy data-storage system.

Carlson, Keith, hr Ll 6:11 NovSl pl26-130

*** Hardware Review / Information Storage /

Stringy FloppyMicro Matrix Photopoint Light Pen (TRS-80).

Gray, Stephen, hr 6:3 Mar81 p84-88 ***

Hardware Review / Light PenPercom's Ooubler. Kelly, Mahlon. hr 6:7 JulSlp344-352 *** Hardware Review / Disk

Controllers / Minidisk DriveRadio Shack TRS-80: an owner's report. Fylstra,

Dan. hr 3:4 Apr78 p49-60 *** Hardware

Review / Microcomputer SystemTRS-80 speaks: using BASIC to drive a speech

synthesizer. Gargagliano/Fons. art Ll 4:10

0ct79 pU3-122 *** Voice Synthesis /

Hardware Review /TRS-80: Radio Shack's new entry into the personal

computer market. Morgan, Chris, col 2:11

Nov77 p46 *** Hardware Review

INTERFACE

Handi-writer: a video note pad for the physicallyhandicapped. Batie, Howard, art Ll 6:12DecSl p474-432 *** Handicapped / VideoDisplay / Interface

Home in on the range!. Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll5:11 Nov80 p32-58 *** Control / HardwareConstruction / Interface

MATHEMATICSComputing the determinant of a matrix. Flynn,

Brian, col Ll 6:3 MarSl pl52-154 ***

Mathematics / Programming InstructionGeneral interpolating graphics package for the

TRS-80*. Cohen/Crowe, art Ll 5:11 NovSO

p296-310 *** Graphics / Mathematics /

PlottingKhachiyan's algorithm, part 2: problems with the

algorithm. Berresford/et al. art Ll 5:9

Sep80 p242-255 *** Linear Programming /

Mathematics / AlgorithmLife after death. Macaluso, Pat. art Ll 6:7

JulSl p326-333 *** Games / Mathematics / LifeMultiple regression for the TRS-80. Madron,

Thomas, art Ll 6:10 Oct81 p430-447 ***

MathematicsSymbolic differentiation a la LISP. Nicol,

Ronald, art L9 6:9 SepBl p216-234 ***

LISP / Mathematics / Programming Instruction

PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTIONBREAKFORTH into FORTH. Miller/Miller, art L75:8 Aug80 pl50-163 *** FORTH / Games /Programming fnstruction

TRS-80 MODEL I (CONTINUED)

Computing the determinant of a matrix. Flynn,

Brian, col Ll 6:3 Mar81 pl52-154 ***

Mathematics / Programming InstructionExploring TRS-80 graphics. Yeager, George, art

L2 4:8 Aug79 p82-84 *** Graphics /

Programming Instruction / Z-80Some notes on modular assembly programming.

Lewis, James, art L3 4:12 Dec7g p222-226

*** Programming Instruction / Assembly

Language / Sound EffectsSpeeding up TRS-80 graphics. Bobo/Knoderer. artLl 6:5 May81 pl71-184 *** Graphics /

Programming InstructionSymbolic differentiation a la LISP. Nicol,

Ronald, art L9 6:9 Sep81 p216-234 ***

LISP / Mathematics / Programming Instruction

SOFTWARE REVIEWBOSS: a debugging utility for the TRS-80 Model I.

Mitchell, Scott, sr 6:8 Aug81 p401 ***

Software Review / Utility Program / DebuggingBig Five software (Attack Force, Cosmic Fighter,

and Galaxy Invasion). Williams, Gregg, sr

6:9 Sep81 p384-386 *** Software Review /

Arcade / GamesCommbat: a tele-game for two. Stewart, George.

sr 6:12 Dec81 pl00-104 *** Software Review

/ Games / StrategyDOSPlus: double-density operating system for the

TRS-80. Kolya, Yvon. sr 6:7 JulSl p334-343

*** Software Review / Operating Systems /

Minidisk DriveDancing Demon from Radio Shack. Cooper/Kolya.

sr 6:5 May81 pl48-150 *** Software Review

/ Games / ArcadeDatahandler from Miller Microcomputer Services.

Richardson, Allyn. sr 6:11 Nov81 pl38-150

*** Software Review / Data Base Management /

FORTHENHBAS (TRS-80 Model I/III enhanced operating

environment and BASIC). Kelly, Mahlon. sr Ll6:11 Nov81 p342-360 *** Software Review /

Operating Systems / Utility ProgramIRV, a TRS-80 utility program. Li, Terry, sr

6:2 Feb81 p202-208 *** Software Review /

Utility ProgramInfinite BASIC and Infinite Business. Mitchell,

Scott, sr 6:2 Feb81 p96-102 *** Software

Review / Utility Program / BASICInteractive Fiction: Six Micro Stories. Liddil,

Bob. sr 6:9 SepSl p436 *** Software

Review / Simulation / GamesMicrosoft Adventure. Liddil, Bob. sr 5:12

Dec80 p264-266 *** Software Review / Games /

StrategyMicrosoft Editor/Assembler Plus. Carlson, Keith,sr 6:8 Aug81 p398-400 -*** Software Review

/ AssemblerMisosys Software's DISKMOD: put Radio Shack's

Editor/Assembler on disk. Hughes, Steve, sr

6:9 SepSl pl46-148 *** Software Review /

Utility Program / AssemblerMorloc's Tower. Williams, Gregg, sr 5:12

Dec80 p84-86 *** Software Review / Games /

StrategyOrchestra-80. Cooper/Kolya. sr 6:11 Nov81

p264-272 *** Software Review / MusicPascal-80. Archer, Rowland, sr 6:12 0ec81

p304-312 *** Software Review / Pascal /

CompilerRadio Shack FORTRAN package. Daneliuk, Tim. sr

L4 6:10 OctSl p3S5-390 *** Software Review

/ FORTRANStarfighter. Grammer, Eric, sr 6:12 Dec81

p366-368 *** Software Review / Arcade / GamesStartrek 4.0 and Startrek 3.5. Mitchell, Scott.

sr 6:6 Jun81 p352-354 *** Software Review

/ Games / StrategySuper Nova. Liddil, Bob. sr 6:5 May81

pl08-110 *** Software Review / Games / ArcadeSuper STEP (TRS-80 utility). Robbins, Stanley.

sr 6:5 MaySl p248-252 *** Software Review

/ Utility Program / DebuggingZork, the great underground empire (TRS-80).

Liddil, Bob. sr 6:2 Feb81 p262-264 ***

Software Review / Games / StrategyTRS-80 MODEL III

Build an unlimited-vocabulary speech synthesizerCiarcia, Steve, col Ll 6:9 SepSl p38-50

*** Voice Synthesis / Hardware ConstructionPOQ: a data manager for beginners. Swanson,

Paul, art Ll 6:11 Nov81 p236-262 ***

Data Base Management / Inventory / Programming

InstructionThree new computers from Radio Shack (Model III,

Color and Pocket). Miastkowski, Stan, hr Ll

5:10 OctSO pl72-180 *** TRS-80 Color /

TRS-80 Pocket Computer / Hardware ReviewTRS-80 POCKET COMPUTER

Numerical analysis for the TRS-80 pocket

computer. Salem, Mike, col Ll 6:1 Jan81

pl82-134 *** Mathematics / Fourier Transforms

/ Hand-he Id ComputerThree new computers from Radio Shack (Model III,

Color and Pocket). Miastkowski, Stan, hr Ll

5:10 OctSO pl72-180 *** TRS-80 Model III /

TRS-80 Color / Hardware ReviewTTL GATES

Interfacing TTL to a 20 mA current loop. Hsiao,

H.S. col 4:2 Feb79 pl50 *** Interface /

Printer / RS-232Look what you can do...with an edge as a cue

(non-standard uses of ICs). Tenny, Ralph, art2:8 Aug77 pl20-126 *** Integrated CircuitsSome musings on Boolean algebra*.

Bunce/Schwartz. art 3:2 Feb78 p25-29 ***

Mathematics / Design

TTL GATES (CONTINUED)

TTL loading considerations. Tomalesky, Greg.

art 2:2 „Feb77 pl22-124 *** DesignWhat's an ri (I squared L)?. Steeden, Terry,art 1:12 Aug76 p84-86 *** ElectronicCircuitsTURING MACHINES

Build your own Turing machine. Willis, James,art L3 6:4 Apr81 pl22-146 *** HardwareConstruction / Definitions / ComputerInstructionDesigning a universal Turing Machine: a softwareapproach. Munnecke, Thomas, art L3 3:12Dec78 p26-30 *** Design / ComputerInstructionUniversal turing machine. Millen, Jonathan, art1:16 Dec76 pll4-119 *** ComputerInstructionUART

Serial interface*. Lancaster, Don. art 1:1Sep75 p22-37 *** Serial Input/Output /Interface / Parallel Input/OutputUNIX

New 16-bit operating systems, or, the search forBenutzerfreundlichkeit. Morgan, Chris, col6:6 Jun81 p6-10 *** Operating SystemsOperating systems: let's have some UNIX-inspiredsoftware. Howell, Jim. col 4:9 Sep79p82-83 *** Operating SystemsUNIX operating system and the XENIX standardoperating environment. Greenberg, Robert, art6:6 JunSl p248-264 *** Operating Systems /XENIXUTILITY PROGRAM

ADM-3 emulator for the Hazeltine 1500.Shoemaker, Charles, col L3 6:4 Apr81p304-308 *** Terminal / CP/MBASIC cross-reference table generator.Englander/Englander. col Ll 4:4 Apr79pl90-192 *** IMSAI / BASICDataline (converts object code to BASIC datastatements). Hunt, Daniel, col Ll 6:3Mar81 p216-222 *** Conversions / BASIC / SOLDirect impact of the computer (using a lineprinter in place of a stamp) . Shuford,Richard, col Ll 5:3 Mar80 pl86-187 ***Mail ListFile catalog system for UCSD Pascal. Heyman,Edward, art L6 6:5 MaySl p408-427 ***PascalFormatted program output for the KIM-1. Ezard,Lawrence, col L3 5:5 MaySO pl90-194 ***KIMLIST - a source-listing program for the C

language. Taylor, Jeff, col L8 6:6 Jun81p234-246 *** C Programming LanguageLabel and file program. Carpenter, Andrew, col

Ll 4:4 Apr79 p222-223 *** Business / SWTPCOn the importance of backups (includes a Pascalutility to recover files). Helmers, Carl, colL6 4:4 Apr79 p6+ *** Maintenance / Pascal

Picking up the pieces (rebuilding a bit map of

used sectors on a disk). 8aker, Alfred, art

L3 4:10 0ct79 p76-86 *** Floppy Disk Drive

/ Minidisk DriveSweet auto line (automatic line numbering)*.

Nico, Willard. art L3 2:2 Feb77 pl2-20

*** IMSAITiny Pascal source creator. Phillips, Thomas.

col Ll 4:7 Jul79 p231-232 *** Pascal /

North StarTurn your C0SMAC VIP into a frequency counter.

Modla, Andrew, art L3 6:2 Feb81 p318-323

*** Frequency Counter / C0SMAC

6800

6800 Selectric 10 printer program. Guzzon,

Fulvio. art L3 2:6 Jun77 pl40-142 ***

Printer / IBM / 68006800 program relocator*. Carpenter, Andrew, col

L3 2:11 Nov77 pl97 *** 6800Jack and the machine debug...or reading the

traces of a wild program. Grappel/Hemenway.

art 2:12 Dec77 p91+ *** Debugging / 6800 /

MIKBUGSoftware controlled 1200 bps audio tape

interface. Helmers, Carl, art L3 2:4 Apr77

p40-49 *** Interface / Tape Cassette / 6800

Text loader routine. Berenbon, Howard, col L3

4:9 Sep79 pl29 *** 6800Thompson lister (for 6800 programs). Thompson,

Noel, col L3 1:14 0ct76 p99 *** MIKBUG /

6800 / Printer

8080Add some BARC to your 8080. Howerton, Charles.

art L3 2:2 Feb77 pl32-139 *** Programming

Instruction / 8080Critique of self-modifying code. Newcomer,

Joseph, col L3 2:6 Jun77 pll2-115 ***

Programming Instruction / 8080Machine code relocator for the 3080. Zolman,

Leor. art L3 2:7 Jul77 p92-95 *** 8080 /

Programming InstructionRelocating 8080 system software. Lipham, John.

art L3 5:1 JanSO pl80-192 *** 8080 /

Programming Instruction

APPLE IIApple Pascal cross-reference. Woodhead, Robert.

col L6 6:10 OctSl p419-429 *** Pascal /

Apple IIGenerating programs automatically. Jacobs,

Jacob, art Ll 6:12 DecSl p352-362 ***

Apple IIList Pager (Apple II utility). Lovett, Allan.

col Ll 6:10 OctSl pL22 *** Printer /

Apple II

446 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

UTILITY PROGRAM (CONTINUED)

HARDWARE CONSTRUCTIONPick up BASIC by PROM bootstraps. Kreitner, Jim.art L3 2:1 Jan77 p50-51 *** PROM /Altair / Hardware Construction

INTERFACESoftware controlled 1200 bps audio tapeinterface. Helmers, Carl, art L3 2:4 Apr77p40-49 *** Interface / Tape Cassette / 6800

MATHEMATICSComplex number subroutines. Harlow, William,col LI 5:11 Nov80 pll6-118 ***Mathematics / BASICFormatting dollars and cents. Palenik, Les. col

LI 3:10 0ct78 p68 *** Mathematics / PETmuSIMP/muMATH-79 symbolic math system. Williams,Gregg, sr 5:11 Nov80 p324-338 ***Software Review / Mathematics / Education

PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTIONAdd some BARC to your 8080. Howerton, Charles.

art L3 2:2 Feb77 pl32-139 *** Programming

Instruction / 8080BASIC formatted output (PRINT USING subroutines).Roch, William, art Ll 5:2 FebBO pl76-186

*** BASIC / Programming InstructionCritique of self-modifying code. Newcomer,

Joseph, col L3 2:6 Jun77 pll2-115 ***

Programming Instruction / 8080Machine code relocator for the 8080. Zolman,

Leor. art L3 2:7 Jul77 p92-95 *** 8080 /

Programming InstructionRelocating 8080 system software. Lipham, John.

art L3 5:1 Jan80 pl80-192 *** 8080 /

Programming Instruction

SOFTWARE REVIEWAtari's Telelink I. Flint, Glen, sr 6:10

0ct81 p86-90 *** Software Review / Atari /

TerminalBOSS: a debugging utility for the TRS-80 Model I.Mitchell, Scott, sr 6:8 Aug81 p401 ***

Software Review / Debugging / TRS-80 Model IENHBAS (TRS-80 Model I/I 11 enhanced operating

environment and BASIC). Kelly, Mahlon. sr Ll6:11 Nov81 p342-360 *** Software Review /

Operating Systems / TRS-80 Model I1RV, a TRS-80 utility program. Li, Terry, sr

6:2 Feb81 p202-208 *** Software Review /

TRS-80 Model IInfinite BASIC and Infinite Business. Mitchell,

Scott, sr 6:2 FebSl p96-102 *** Software

Review / TRS-80 Model I / BASICMi'sosys Software's DISKMOD: put Radio Shack's

Editor/Assembler on disk. Hughes, Steve, sr

6:9 Sep81 pl46-148 *** Software Review /

TRS-80 Model I / AssemblerReformatter for CP/M and IBM floppy disks.

Lehman, John, sr 6:4 Apr81 p94-96 ***

Software Review / IBM / CP/MSuper STEP (TRS-80 utility). Robbins, Stanley.

sr 6:5 May81 p248-252 *** Software Review

/ TRS-80 Model I / DebuggingmuSIMP/muMATH-79 symbolic math system. Williams,

Gregg, sr 5:11 Nov80 p324-338 ***

Software Review / Mathematics / Education

TRS-80 MODEL IBOSS: a debugging utility for the TRS-80 Model I.Mitchell, Scott, sr 6:8 Aug81 p401 ***Software Review / Debugging / TRS-80 Model IDisk catalog for the eighties. Liddil, Sob. colLl 6:8 Aug81 p404-407 *** Minidisk Drive/ TRS-80 Model IENHBAS (TRS-80 Model I/I 11 enhanced operatingenvironment and BASIC). Kelly, Mahlon. sr Ll6:11 Nov81 p342-360 *** Software Review /Operating Systems / TRS-80 Model IIRV, a TRS-80 utility program. Li, Terry, sr6:2 Feb81 p202-208 *** Software Review /TRS-80 Model IInfinite 8ASIC and Infinite Business. Mitchell,Scott, sr 6:2 Feb81 p96-102 *** SoftwareReview / TRS-80 Model I / BASICMemory manipulator: eliminate hex-a-phobia.Witt, Louis, col Ll 6:10 0ct81 p356-364*** TRS-80 Model I / Machine LanguageMisosys Software's DISKMOD: put Radio Shack'sEditor/Assembler on disk. Hughes, Steve, sr6:9 Sep81 pl46-148 *** Software Review /TKS-SO Model I / AssemblerPeek at poke (pokes hexadecimal values intomemory). Parris, M. col Ll 4:6 Jun79p212-213 *** TRS-80 Model I / HexadecimalSuper STEP (TRS-80 utility). Robbins, Stanley.sr 6:5 May81 p248-252 *** Software Review/ TRS-80 Model I / DebuggingVIC-20

Commodore VIC 20 microcomputer: a low-cost, highperformance...computer* . Williams, Gregg, hrLl 6:5 May81 p46-64 *** Hardware ReviewVIDEO CONTROLLER

Intel 827e CRT controller. Tennant, Chris, art

4:5 May79 p!30-148 *** Hardware ReviewSingle chip video controller. Haas, Bob. art4:5 May.79 p52-75 **+ Integrated Circuits /Hardware Review / DesignVIDEO DISK

What do yoj do with a video disk?. Buchanan,Martin, art 1:12 Aug76 p6-8+ ***Information StorageVIDEO DISPLAY

Colorful future of personal computing. Helmers,Carl, cql 2:10 Oct77 p6+ *** ColorGraphics / High Resolution Graphics / ColorDisplay

VIDEO DISPLAY (CONTINUED)

Future trends in personal computing. Morgan,

Chris, col 6:4 Apr81 p6-10 *** Future /

Minidisk Drive / Osborne IGRAPH: a system for television graphics, part 2

(8080 code)*. Webster/Young, art L3 3:6

Jun78 pl58-165 *** GraphicsSeparate your sync (how to modify a TV monitor).

Rosen, David, art 2:1 Jan77 p92-93 ***

Hardware ModificationSolving the problems of international television

standards. Dehaven, E. John, col 3:4 Apr78

pl52-153 *** Standards

6800

Build this video display terminal. Anderson,Alfred, art L3 1:15 Nov76 pl06-118 *+*Terminal / Hardware Construction / 6800

8080

Vector graphics for raster displays. Beetem,John. art L3 5:10 Oc t80 p286-293 ***Graphics / 8080

APPLE II

Videx keyboard and display enhancer. Pelczarski,Mark, hr 6:7 Jul81 p354-356 *** HardwareReview / Apple II / Keyboard

CONTROLBuild a simple video switch. Hallgren, Richard,co1 6:3 Mar81 p234 *** HardwareConstruction / Control

DESIGN

Atari tutorial, part 1: the display list.

Crawford, Chris, art 6:9 Sep81 p284-300

*** Atari / Design / GraphicsGetting to know your monitor. Dalpiaz, Ron. art5:11 Nov80 p206-217 *** Design /

MaintenanceSimplified theory of video graphics, part 1.

Watson, Allen, art 5:11 Nov80 pl80-189 ***Graphics / DesignSimplified theory of video graphics, part 2.

Watson, Allen, art 5:12 Dec80 pl42-156 ***Color Graphics / DesignTV color graphics*. Lancaster, Don. art 1:6

Feb76 p62-69 *** Color Graphics / DesignTick...Tick...Tick...Boooom (safety problems with

small TV sets). Jazembski, W.B. col 3:4

Apr78 pl54-155 *** Design / Power SupplyWaterloo RF modulator. 8anks, Walter, art 3:1

Jan78 p94 *** Interface / DesignWhat's in a video display terminal?. Walters,

Don. art 1:7 Mar76 p78-79 *** Terminal /

Design /

HARDWARE CONSTRUCTIONAdd cursor control to your TVT II. McGahee,

Thomas, art 2:7 Jul77 pl22-123 ***

Hardware Construction / KeyboardBuild a TV readout device for your

microprocessor. Suding, Robert, art L3 1:12Aug76 p66-73 *** Hardware ConstructionBuild a simple video switch. Hallgren, Richard.

col 6:3 Mar81 p234 *** Hardware

Construction / ControlBuild a television display. Gantt, C.W. art

1:10 Jun76 pl6-21 *** Hardware ConstructionBuild an oscilloscope graphics interface*.

Hogenson, James, art L3 1:2 0ct75 p70-80

*** Hardware Construction / Interface /

GraphicsBuild this video display terminal. Anderson,

Alfred, art L3 1:15 Nov76 pl06-118 ***

Terminal / Hardware Construction / 6800CT-1024 kit. Hogenson, James, hr 1:5 Jan76

p92-95 *** Hardware Review / Terminal /

Hardware ConstructionDigital feedback loop (graphic displays).

Loomis, Sumner, let 1:3 Nov75 p46-47 ***

Graphics / Interface / Hardware ConstructionGRAPH: a system for television graphics, part 1.

Webster/Young, art 3:5 May78 p62-77 ***

Interface / Hardware Construction / AltairLet your fingers do the talking: add a noncontact

touch scanner.... Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll

3:8 Aug78 pl56-165 *** Input/Output /

Hardware ConstructionMicrograph, part 1: video-display processor.

Booch, E. Grady, art L3 5:12 Dec80

pl20-138+ *** Color Graphics / High

Resolution Graphics / Hardware ConstructionProgrammable character generator, part 1:

hardware. Weinstein, Larry, art 3:5 May78

p79-90 *** Interface / Hardware Construction

/ Character GeneratorTV oscilloscope (building a display and using it

as a test instrument). Barbier, Ken. art . 2:7Jul77 p52-57 *** Hardware Construction /

Test EquipmentUse your television set as a video monitor.

Loos, Timothy, art 4:2 Feb79 p46-54 ***

Interface / Hardware Construction

HARDWARE REVIEWCT-1024 kit. Hogenson, James, hr 1:5 Jan76

p92-95 *** Hardware Review / Terminal /

Hardware ConstructionConvert your TV set to a video monitor. Fylstra,

Dan. art 3:5 May78 p22+ *** Interface /

Hardware ReviewMERLIN video interface adds a visual dimension to

your Altair or IMSAI. hr 1:15 Nov76 p62-64

*** Hardware Review / Interface / AltairMatrox ALT-256 video board (product description).Ruple, Gary, hr 3:5 May78 p24-30 ***

Hardware Review / High Resolution Graphics /

S-1Q0 Bus

VIDEO DISPLAY (CONTINUED)

MicroAngelo video display. Dahmke, Mark, hr

5:11 Nov80 pl96-202 *** Hardware Review /

High Resolution Graphics / S-100 BusProcessor Technology VDM-1. Anderson, D. hr L31:16 Dec76 p36-39 *** Hardware Review /

Altair / IMSAIUsing the PolyMorphics video interface.

Wenzlaff, Wayne, art 2:12 Dec77 pl30-132

*** Interface / Hardware ReviewVidex keyboard and display enhancer. Pelczarski,

Mark, hr 6:7 Jul81 p354-356 *** Hardware

Review / Apple II / Keyboard

INTERFACEBuild an oscilloscope graphics interface*.

Hogenson, James, art L3 1:2 0ct75 p70-80

*** Hardware Construction / Interface /

GraphicsColor displays on black and white televsion sets.Bain, Steve, art 2:2 Feb77 p44-48+ ***

Color Graphics / InterfaceComments on the RF entry method for video

monitors. Wiseman, Victor, col 3:12 Dec78

p202-204 *** SOL / InterfaceConvert your TV set to a video monitor. Fylstra,

Dan. art 3:5 May78 p22+ *** Interface /

Hardware ReviewDigital feedback loop (graphic displays).

Loomis, Sumner, let 1:3 Nov75 p46-47 ***

Graphics / Interface / Hardware ConstructionGRAPH: a system for television graphics, part 1.

Webster/Young, art 3:5 May78 p62-77 ***

Interface / Hardware Construction / AltairHandi-writer: a video note pad for the physically

handicapped. Batie, Howard, art Ll 6:12

Dec81 p474-482 *** Handicapped / TRS-80

Model I / InterfaceMERLIN video interface adds a visual dimension to

your Altair or IMSAI. hr 1:15 Nov76 p62-64

*** Hardware Review / Interface / AltairProgrammable character generator, part 1:

hardware. Weinstein, Larry, art 3:5 May78

p79-90 *** Interface / Hardware Construction

/ Character GeneratorTelevison interface. Lancaster, Don. art 1:2

0ct75 p20-32 *** InterfaceUse your television set as a video monitor.

Loos, Timothy, art 4:2 Feb79 p46-54 ***

Interface / Hardware ConstructionUsing the PolyMorphics video interface.

Wenzlaff, Wayne, art 2:12 Dec77 pl30-132

*** Interface / Hardware ReviewWaterloo RF modulator. Banks, Walter, art 3:1

Jan78 p94 *** Interface / Design

PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTION

Atari tutorial, part 4: display-list interrupts.Crawford, Chris, art Ll 6:12 Dec81pl66-186 *** Atari / Programming Instruction/ Graphics

Let your fingers do the talking (scanner

applications)*. Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll 3:9Sep78 p94-100 *** Input/Output / ProgrammingInstruction

TRS-80 MODEL IHandi-writer: a video note pad for the physically

handicapped. Batie, Howard, art Ll 6:12

Dec81 p474-482 *** Handicapped / TRS-80

Model I / InterfaceVIDEO DISPLAY GENERATOR

Micrograph, part 1: ...an instruction set for a

raster-scan display. 8ooch, E. Grady, art L35:11 Nov80 p64-82+ *** Color Graphics /

High Resolution Graphics / OesiqnVIRTUAL MEMORY

Give your micro a megabyte (virtual memory

techniques). Grappel, Robert, art 2:7 Jul77p78-81 *** ion, Storage / Computer

Instruction / Virtual MemoryVirtual memory and VSAM for micros. Dahmke,

Mark, col 2:11 Nov77 p224 *** APL / ion

Storage / Virtual MemoryVirtual memory for an object-oriented language.

Kaehler, Ted. art 6:8 Aug81 p378-387 ***

k / Virtual MemoryVOICE SYNTHESIS

Apple audio processing. Cross, Mark, art L3

5:4 Apr80 p212-218 *** Hardware

Construction / Apple II / Audio ProcessingArticulate automata: an overview of voice

synthesis*. Fons/Gargagliano. art Ll 6:2

FebSl pl64-187 ***Build a low-cost speech-synthesizer interface.

Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll 6:6 Jun81 p46-68

*** Apple II / Hardware Construction / TRS-80

Model IBuild an unlimited-vocabulary speech synthesizer.Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll 6:9 Sep81 p38-50

*** Hardware Construction / TRS-80 Model IIICloser look at the TI Speak & Spell. Vernon,

Peter, art 6:4 Apr81 pl50-154 *** DesignComputer speech: an update. Dahmke, Mark, col

6:2 Feb81 p6-12 *** HandicappedDissecting the TI Speak and Spell. Rigsby,

Michael, art 5:9 Sep80 p76-84 ***

Interface /Extremely low-cost computer voice response

system. Anderson, James, art L3 6:2 Feb81

p36-43 *** DesignFriends, humans, and countryrobots: lend me your

ears (computer speech). Rice, D. Lloyd, art

1:12 Aug76 pl6-24 *** DesignFunctional specifications "The Home Brew Voder".

Helmers, Carl, col 1:2 0ct75 p5 ***TRS-80 speaks: using BASIC to drive a speech

synthesizer. Gargagliano/Fons. art Ll 4:10

0ct79 pll3-122 *** TRS-80 Mode? / / Hardware

Review /

December 1981 © BYTE Publications lnc 447

VOICE SYNTHESIS (CONTINUED)

Talk tu mel Add a voice to your computer for $35.C1arc1a, Steve, col L3 3:6 Jun78 pl42-151*** Hardware Construction / Analog/DigitalCircuit /Time has come to talk. Atmar, Wirt, art 1:12

Aug76 p26-33 *** Hardware ReviewVoice for the Apple without extra hardware.Payne, Robert, art L3 6:11 Nov81 p499-501*** Digital Audio / Apple IIVotrax vocabulary. Gargagllano/Fons. col 6:6Jun81 p384-391 *** TRS-80 Model IWEATHER

Aids to the direct reception of weather satellitephotographs. Johnston, Wi111am. col 5:1JanSO pl48-153 ***Do 1t yourself weather predictions*. Firth,Michael. art 1:16 Dec76 p62-69 ***Control / Hardware ConstructionGraphic Input of weather data. Smith, Stephen,art LI 4:7 Jul79 pl6-30 *** Graphics /Input/Output / ScienceHurricane tracking. Bailey, John, col Ll 6:7

Jul81 pl20-132 *** North StarSonic anemometry for the hobbyist. Dvorak, Neil,art L3 4:7 Jul79 pl20-132 ***Analog/Digital Circuit / Hardware ConstructionWIRE WRAP

Hobby unwrap. Stirling, Ralph, col 4:5 May79

p218-219 *+* Hardware ConstructionOne-sided view of wire wrap sockets. Rampil,Ira;, art 2:9 Sep77 p54-55 *** HardwareConstructionPhotographic notes on wire wrapping. Helmers,Carl, art 1:5 Jan76 p56-59 *** HardwareConstructionSave money using mini wire wrap. Thompson,Roger, art 1:8 Apr76 p80-81 *** HardwareConstructionSecret of unraveling wire wrap boards.Richard, art 1:4 Dec75 pl7ConstructionTip for using wiring pencils. Burhans,

1:15 Nov?6 p40 *** Hardware ConstructionWire-wrapping and proto-system techniques.Mangieri, Adolph. art 6:5 May81 pl52-170*** Hardware ConstructionWORD PROCESSING

Don't ignore the high end...or my search formanuscript editing paradise . Helmers, Carl,col 3:3 Mar78 p6+ *** Text Editor /PublishingFive spelling-correction programs for CP/M-basedsystems. Lemmons, Phil, sr 6:11 Nov81p434-448 *** Software Review / WritingFour word processors for the Apple II.Carlson/Haber. sr 6:6 JunSl pl76-204 ***Software Review / Apple IIMicro word processor. Wierenga, Theron. col4:1 Jan79 pl76-178 *** Software ReviewOn the virtues of writing editors. Helmers,

Carl, col 3:11 Nov78 p6+ *** Text EditorWordsmith (CP/M or North Star word processor).Dahmke, Mark, sr 6:5 May81 p254-258 ***Software Review / CP/M / North Star

Lerseth,Hardware

R.W. art

Writing with a data-base management system.

Brent, Edward, art 6:11 Nov81 pl8-34 ***

Data Base Management / WritingWRITING

Five spelling-correction programs for CP/M-based

systems. Lemmons, Phil, sr 6:11 Nov81

p434-448 *** Software Review / Word

ProcessingK or k (abbreviations and symbols). Peshka,

Manfred, art 1:5 Jan76 p64-66 ***

DefinitionsView from the lectern: what's wrong with

technical writing today?, Barnum, Carol, col

6:11 Nov81 p409-412 *** Higher EducationWRYTE for 8YTE. Ryland, Chris, art 1:1 Sep75

p44-47 ***What is good documentation?. Howard, Jim. art

6:3 Mar81 pl32-150 *** DocumentationWhat's wrong-with technical writing today?.

Morgan, Chris, col 5:12 Dec80 p6-12+ ***

PublishingWriting with a data-base management system.

Brent, Edward, art 6:11 Nov31 pl8-34 ***

Data Base Management / Word ProcessingXENIX

UNIX operating system and the XENIX standard

operating environment. Greenberg, Robert, art6:6 JunSl p248-264 *** Operating Systems /

UNIXXEROX ALTO

Xerox Alto computer. Wadlow, Thomas, art 6:9

Sep81 p58-68 *** Microcomputer System /

Networks / EthernetZ-80

Addition and subtraction: the 1802 versus the

Z80. Merrin, Stephen, col 6:3 Ma'rSl

p224-223 *** Binary / 1802 / MathematicsAlmost optimum Z80 memory test program. Rampil,

Ira. col L3 6:9 SepSl p432-434 ***

Memory / TestAlpha locking in software (uppercase to lowercase

conversion). Lewis, W.S. col L3 5:5 MaySO

pi52-154 *** Conversions / Programming

InstructionBig board: a Z80 system in kit form. Thompson,

David, hr L3 6:9 Sep81 p52-56 ***

Hardware Review,/ Kit Building / Microcomputer

SystemCircuit for Z-80s. Suding, Robert, art 1:13

Sep76 p62-71 *** Microprocessor / Hardware

ReviewComputer music: a design tutorial. Orlofsky,

Thomas, art L3 6:3 Mar81 p317-332 ***

Music / Hardware Construction / DesignZ-80 (CONTINUED)

Drawing with UCSD Pascal and the Hlplot plotter.

Stork, James, art L6 5:10 Octal p214-246

*** Plotting / Pascal / PlotterExchange evaluator for computer chess.

Spracklen/Spracklen. art L3 3:11 Nov78

pl6-2S *** Chess / Programming InstructionExpanded digital voltmeter (Add more zing to the

cocktail). Ciarcla, Steve, col L3 3:1

Jan78 p37-54 *** Test Equipment / Hardware

Construction / Interface

Exploring TRS-80 graphics. Yeager, George, art

L2 4:8 Aug79 p82-84 *** Graphics / TRS-80

Model I / Programming InstructionFirst steps in computer chess programming.

Spracklen/Spracklen. art L3 3:10 0ct78

p86-98 *** Chess / Programming InstructionForcing the Z80 starting address. Soderstrom,

Randy, col 6:2 FebSl p288 *** Hardware

ModificationKeyboard Input software for the Z80. Newcom,

Kerry, col L3 4:11 Nov79 pl92-193 ***

Keyboard / Input/Output / Programming

InstructionMicrosoft Softcard. Pelczarski, Mark, hr L3

6:11 Nov81 pl52-162 *** Hardware Review /

Apple II / CP/MOperation codes of the 8080, 8085, and Z80

processors. Harrell, D. Martin, art 5:3

Mar80 pl94-207 *** Programming Instruction /

3080 / 8085Password protection for your computer.

Kreindler, R. Jordan, art L3 4:3 Mar79

pl94-195 *** Security / Programming

Instruction / 8080Proposed microprocessor software standard.

Formaniak/Leltch. col 2:7 Jul77 p34+ ***

Standards / MicroprocessorRelative subroutines for the Z80. Kitsz, Dennis,col L3 4:12 Dec79 p87 *** Programming

InstructionThree microcomputer LISPs. Levitan/Bonar. sr

L9 6:9 Sep81 p388-412 *** Software Review

/ LISP / Benchmark TestingUse'a relative subroutine call for relocatable

Z80 programs. Losey, George, col L3 6:10

0ct81 p366-371 *** Programming InstructionZ-80 in parallel (parallel processing). Loewer,

Bob. art 3:7 Jul78 p60-63+ ***

Microcomputer System / DesignZ80 op codes for an 8080 assembler*. Powers,

William, art 5:6 Jun80 p64-84 *** 8080 /

Assembler / Programming InstructionZ80 table lookup. McCloud, Thomas, col L3 6:6

Jun81 pl68-174 *** Programming InstructionZ80 user stack emulation. Gelder, Allen, col

L3 5;1 Jan80 p208-210 *** Programming

InstructionZilog Z80. Hashizume, Burt, hr 1:12 Aug76Hardware Review / Microprocessor

p34-38Z-8000

Preview of •Mar79 p8lReview /

.-8000. Rampil, Ira. art 4:3*** Microprocessor / Hardware

Build a Z8-based control computer with BASIC,part 1. Ciarcia, Steve, col 6:7 JulSlp38-47 *** Microcomputer System / Control /Hardware Construction

Build a Z8-based control computer with BASIC,part 2. Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll 6:8 Aug81p50-72 *** Control / Microcomputer System /Hardware Construction

Build an intelligent EPROM programmer. Ciarcia,Steve, col Ll 6:10 Octal p36-48 ***EPROM / Hardware Construction ■

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■ One (1) LA38-HA tractor feed printer with keyboard, numerickeypad and stand. ■ One (1) Auto-Answer, Auto-Dial 300 BaudModem. ■ Cables for the above. ■ XENIX Operating System, atrue UNIX Version 7, configured for 4 users. ■ Complete manualset and 1 year telephone support.

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A Messageto our Subscribers

From time to time we makethe BYTE subscriber listavailable to other companieswho wish to send oursubscribers promotionalmaterial about their products.We take great care to screenthese companies, choosingonly those who are reputable,and whose products, services,or information we feel wouldhe of interest to you. Directmail is an efficient mediumfor presenting the latestpersonal computer goods andservices to our subscribers.

Many BYTE subscribersappreciate this controlleduse of our mailing list, andlook forward to finding

information of interest tothem in the mail. Used areour subscribers' names andaddresses only (no otherinformation we may have isever given).

While we believe thedistribution of thisinformation is of benefit toour subscribers, we firmlyrespect the wishes of anysubscriber who does not wantto receive such promotionalliterature. Should you wish torestrict the use of your name,simply send your request toBYTE Publications Inc, Attn:Circulation Department,70 Main St, Peterborough NH03458. Thank you.

I Wouldn'tH Be Here,I Today

IF IT

WEREN'T FOR

* PRIORITY ONEELECTRONICS'

DETACHABLE

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ENGINEERING

SELECTION GUIDE

(Beginning On

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November Issue

of BYTE)

Or Send $1.00For Your Copy Today!

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BYTE December 1981

449

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Quality software for

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ATARI

PET

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TRS-80 (Level II)**NORTH STARCP/M Disks/Diskettes

CARD GAMES

BRIDGE 2.0 (Available for all computers) Price: $17.95Ciuetir/Sll.M DUketie

An all-inclusive version or this most popular of cud games. This program both BIDS and PLAYS cither contract 01duplicate bridge. Depending on the contract, your computer opponents will cither play the offense OK defense. Tfyou bid loo high, the computer will double youi contract! BRIDGE 2.0 piovidcs challenging entertainment foradvanced players and is an excellent learning tool for the bridge novice. See the software review in 80 SoftwareCritique. Rated HI by Creative Computing.

HEARTS 1.5 (Available for all computers) Price:S13.95Cai*ttle/$l9.95 DUktllt

An exciting and entertaining computer version of this popular card game. Hearts is a trick-oriented game in which thepurpose is not to take any hearts or the queen uf spades. Play against two computer opponents who are armed withhard-to-bcat playing strategies. HEARTS 1.5 is an ideal game for introducing the uninitiated (your spouse) to com-puters. See the software review in 80 Software Critique.

STUD POKER (Atari only) Price: $11.93 Cauetie/$ 15.95 Dlikcitc

This is (he classic gambler's card game. The computer deals the cards one at a time and you (and the computer) bet onwhat you see. The computer does not cheat and usually beli the odds. However, it sometimes bluffs! Also included isa five card draw poker betting practice program. This package will run on a I6K ATARI. Color, graphics, sound. Seereview in COMPUTE.

POKER PARTY (Available for all computers) Price: S11.9S Cauetle/S21.9S DUketie

POKER PARTY is a draw poker simulation based on the book, POKER, by Oswald Jacoby. This is the most com-prehensive version available for microcomputers. The party consists of yourself and six other (computet) players.Each of these players (you will get to know them) has a different personality in the form of a varying propensity tobluff or fold under pressure. Practice with POKER PARTY before going to thai expensive game tonight! Applecassette and diskette versions require a 32 K (or larger) Apple II.

CRIBBAGE 2.0 (TRS-80 only)

This is simply the best cribbage game available. It isworthy opponent as well as lor the novice wishing Ulanguage routines provide rapid execution. Sec the so

Price: $14.95 Cauctle/S 18.93 Diskette

in excellent program for (tic cribbage player in search of aimprove his game. The graphics are superb and assemblyware review in 80 Software Critique.

THOUGHT PROVOKERS

MANAGEMENT SIMULATOR (Atari, North Slar and CP/M only) Price: 519.95 Cauctlt

523.95 DiiketleThis program is both an excellent leaching lool as well as a simulating intellectual game. Based upon similar gamesplayed at graduate business schools, each player or team conirols a company which manufacturers thtee products.Each player attempts lo outperform his competitors by setting selling prices, production volumes, marketing anddesign expenditures etc. The most successful firm is the one with (he highest stock price when ihc simulation ends.

FLIGHT SIMULATOR (Available for all computers) Price: $17.95 Cauelle/S21.95 DUktllt

A realistic and extensive mathematical simulation of take-off, flight and landing. The program utilizes aerodynamicequations and Ihc characteristics of a real airfoil. You can practice instrument approaches and navigation usingradials and compass headings. The more advanced flyer can also perform loops, half-rolls and similar aerobaticmaneuvers. Although this program does not employ graphics, it is exciting and very addictive. See the softwarereview in COMPUTRONICS. Runs in 16K Atari.

VALDEZ (Available for all computers)

VALDEZ is a computer simulation of supertanker navigal

of Alaska. Included in this simulati

viewed using the ship's alphanumeric radar display. 1'tn

Price: 115.95 Caste lie/$19.95 Diskette

'rince William Sound/Valdez Narrows region< 256 element map, portions or which may bei of (he ship itself is accurately modelledmaihcmalically. The simulation also contains a model for the tidal patterns in the region, as well as other traffic(outgoing tankers and drifting icebergs). Chart your course from the Gulf of Alaska to Valdei Harbor! See the soft-ware review in 80 Sof(ware Critique.

BACKGAMMON 2.0 (Atari, North Star and CP/M only) Price: $14.93 Cauctle/S1B.95 DUktite

This program tests your backgammon skills and will also improve your game. A human can compete against a com-puter or againsl another human. The computer can even play against itself- Either the human or the computer candouble or generate dice rolls. Board positions can be created or saved for replay. BACKGAMMON 2,0 plays in ac-cordance with the official rules of backgammon and is sure to provide many fascinating sessions of backgammonplay.

Price; $16.95 CaMel!c/$20.95 Diiketle

programs available. It has 10 levels of play and allows (he user to changea very tough game at level 4-8, CHECKERS 3.0 is practically unbeatable

CHECKERS 3\0 (PET only)

This is one of the most challenging checkciskill levels at any time. Although providinjat levels 9 and 10.

CHESS MASTER (North Slar and TRS-80 only) Price $19.95 Cum He/ 523.95 Diiketle

This complete and very powerful program provides five levels of play. 1( includes castling, en passant captures andthe promotion of pawns. Additionally, the board may be preset before the start of play, permitting the examinationof "book" plays. To maximize execution speed, the program is written in assembly language (by SOFTWARESPECIALISTS of California). Full graphics are employed in the TRS-80 version, and two widths of alphandisplay are provided to accommodate North Star users. See review in onComputing.

LEM LANDER (32K Apple Disk only)

Pilot your LEM LANDER to a safe landing cThe game paddles arc used lo control craft ai

Price: i 16.95 Diiketlei any of nine different surfaces ranging from smooth lo treacherous,itudc and (hrusl. This is a real-lime high res challenge!

FOREST FIRE! (Atari only)

Using excellent graphics and sound effects, this simulation puisoperations to put oui ihe fire while compensating for changes istructures can result in startling penalties. Life-like variables ar

Price: $16.95 Cauetle/$20.95 DUktite

ouin the middle of a forest fire. Your job is to directwind, weather Hnd Icrrain. Not protecting valuable: provided id make FOREST FIRE! very suspenseful

d challenging. No 11

>gan

e selling and there are 3 levels of difficulty.

NOMINOES JIGSAW (Atari, Apple and TRS-80 only) Price: $16.95Cauctit/S20.95 DUktllt

A jigsaw puzzle on your computer! Complete ihe puzzle by selecting your pieces from a table consisting of 60 dif-ferent shapes. NOMINOES JIGSAW is a virtuoso programming effort. The graphics are superlative and the puzzlewill challenge you with its three levels of difficulty. Scoring is based upon ihe number of guesses Iaken and by the dif-ficulty of the board set-up. See review in ELECTRONIC GAMES.

MONARCH (Atari only) Price: $11.95 Caue!tt/SlS.95 Diikellt

MONARCH is a fascinating economic simulation requiring you to survive an B-year lerm as your nation's leader.You determine the amount of acreage devoted to industrial and agricultural use, how much food to distribute lo (hepopulace and how much should be spent on pollution control. You will find that all decisions involve a compromiseand that it is not easy lo make everyone happy.

CHOMPELO (Atari only) Price: $11.95 Cuieite/S 15.95 DUktite

CHOMPELO is really two challenging games in one. One is similar lo N1M; you must bile off pari of a cookie, butavoid taking ihc poisoned portion. The other game is the popular board game REVERS1. It fully uses ihc Atari'sgraphics capability, and is hard to beai. This package will run on a 16K system.

SPACE LANES (Available for all computers) Price; S14.9S Diskette

SPACE LANES is a simple but exciting space transportation game which involves up to four players (including thecomputer). The object is 10 form and expand space transportation companies in a competiiive environment. The goalis to amass more nci worth (han your opponent. The economics include slock purchases and company mergers.Watch your wealth grow!

registered tradenames ond/oiavailable/or the Model ill. TRS-80 diskettes are not supplied with DOS oi

DYNACOMP OFFERS THE FOLLOWING

• Widest variety

• Guaranteed quality

• Fastest delivery

• Friendly customer service

• Free catalog

• 24 hour order phone

AND MORE.

STARTREK 3.2 (Available for all computers) Price: SI 1.95 Cuteite/$15.95 DUktite

This is Ihc classic Starlrek simulation, but with several new features. For example, the Klingons now shoot at IhcEnterprise without warning while also attacking star bases in other quadrants. The Klingons alto attack with bothlight and heavy cruisers and move when shot att The situation is hectic when the Enterprise is besieged by three heavycruisers and as(arbaje S.O.S. is received! The Klingons ge( even! See (he software reviews in A.N. A.L.O.G.. 80 Soft-ware Critique and Game Merchandising.

BLACK HOLE (Apple only) Price: $14.95 Caaaelle/Sia.95 DUktllt

This is an exciting graphical simulation of the problems involved in closely observing a black hole with a space probe.The object is lo enter and maintain, for a prescribed time, an orbit close to a small black hole. This is to be achievedwithout coming so near the anomaly lhal the tidal stress destroys the probe. Control of the craft is realisticallysimulated using side jets for rotation and main thrusters for acceleration. This program employs Hi-Res graphics andis educational as well as challenging,

SPACE TILT (Apple and Atari only) Price: $10.95 CaiMltt/S14.9S DUkettc

Use the game paddles to till the plane of the TV screen to "roll" a ball in(o a hole in the screen. Sound simple? Notwhen ihe hole ge(s smaller and smaller! A built-in timer allows you to measure your skill against others in this habit-forming action game.

MOVING MAZE (Apple and Atari only) Price: $10.95 Cmuctlt/514.95 Diiketle

MOVING MAZE employs Ihe games paddles lo direct a puck from one side of a maze lo the other. However, themaze is dynamically (and randomly) built and is continually being modified. The objective is to cross the mazewithout touching (or being hit by) a wall. Scoring is by an elapsed time indicator, and three levels of play areprovided.

ALPHA FIGHTER (Atari only) Price: $14.95 Cauctle/S 18.95 DUkettc

Two excellent graphics and action programs in one! ALPHA FIGHTER requires you lo destroy the alien starshipspassing through your sector of Ihc galaxy. ALPHA BASE is in the paih of an alien UFO invasion; let five UFO's getby and Ihe game ends. Bolh games require ihe joystick and gel progressively more difficult the higher you score!ALPHA FIGHTER will run on 16K systems.

THE RINGS OF THE EMPIRE (Atari only) Price: S16.9S Caiaelle/S20.9S DUkelte

The empire has developed a new battle station protected by rotating rings of energy. Each time you blast through therings and destroy ihe station, (he empire develops a new station with more protective rings. This exciting game runson 16K systems, employs extensive graphics and sound and can be played by one or two players.

INTRUDER ALERT (Atari only) Price: S16.95 Cattctte/S20.95 Dbkette

This is a fast paced graphics game which places you in Ihc middle of the "Dreadslar" having just stolen its plans. Thedroids have been alerted and are directed lo destroy you at all costs. You must find and enter your ship to escape withthe plans. Five levels of difficulty are provided. INTRUDER ALERT requires a joystick and will run on 16K systems.

GIANT SLALOM (Atari only) Price: $14.95 Cmuctlc/S 18.95 Diskette

This real-time action game is guaranteed addictive! Use the joystick tocomrol your path through slalom courses con-sisting of bolh open and closed gales. Choose from different levels of difficulty, race againsl other players or simplytake practice runs against the clock. GIANT SLALOM wilt run on 16K systems.

TRIPLE BLOCKADE (Atari only) Price:514.95 Cau*ite/S18.95 Diiketle

TRIPLE BLOCKADE is a two-to-ihrec player graphics and sound action game. It is based on (he classic video arcadegame which millions have enjoyed. Using ihe Atari joysticks, the object is to direct your blockading line around ihcscreen without running inlo your opponenl(s). Although Ihe concept is simple, the combined graphics and soundeffect lead lo "high anxiety".

GAMES PACK I (Available for all computers) Price: $10.95Caatellt/S14.95 DUktite

GAMES PACK I contains ihe classic computer games of BLACKJACK, LUNAR LANDER, CRAPS,HORSERACE, SWITCH and more. These games have been combined into one large program for ease in loading.They are individually accessed by a convenient menu. This collection is worth the price just for the DYNACOMP ver-sion of BLACKJACK.

GAMES PACK II (Available for all computers) Price: S10.95Caiatllt/S14.95 DUktite

GAMES PACK 11 includes Ihc games CRAZY EIGHTS, JOTTO, ACEY-DUCEY. LIFE. WUMPUS and others. Aswith GAMES PACK I, all (he games are loaded as one program and arc called from a menu. You will particularly en-joy DYNACOMP's version of CRAZY EIGHTS.

Why pay $7.95 o

e per program when you can buy a DYNACOMP collection for just $10,957

MOON PROBE (Atari and North Star only) Price: $11.95 Cauetfe/S15.95 DUketlt

This is an extremely challenging "lunar lander" program. The user must drop from orbit to land at a predetermined(argei on ihe moon's surface. You control ihe thrust and orientation of your crafl plus direct the rate of descent andapproach angle.

SPACE TRAP (Atari only, I6K)

This galactic "shoot'em up" arcade game places you istick and attempt to blast as many of (he alien ships a

Price: S14.95 Caaaett*/$1!.95 DUkttle

or a black hole. You control your spacecraft using the joy -possible before ihe black hole closes about you.

ADVENTURE

CRANSTON MANOR ADVENTURE (North Star and CP/M only) Price: $11.95 DUktite

Al last! A comprehensive Adventure game for North Star and CP/M systems. CRANSTON MANOR ADVEN-TURE takes you into mysterious CRANSTON MANOR where you attempt (o gather fabulous treasures. Lurking inthe manor are wild animals and robots who will not give up the treasures without a fight. The number of rooms isgreater and the associated descriptions are much more elaborate than (he current popular series of Adventure pro-grams, making this game the top in Its class. Play can be stopped at any time and the status stored on dbkette. Notavailable in 5'/«" CP/M format.

GUMBALL RALLV ADVENTURE (North Star only, 48K) Price: 521.95 DUkette

Take part in this outlaw race from the east coast to the west coast. The goal is to find your way to the finish line whilemaintaining the highest possible speed. You may choose one of five cars available at the garage. The choice will affectyour speed and range. Remember to take spare parts and don't get caught speeding!

SPEECH SYNTHESIS

DYNACOMP is now distributing the new and revolutionary TYPE-'N-TALK™ (TNT) speech synthesizer from Votrax.Simply connect TNT (o your computer's serial interface, enter text from the keyboard and hear the words spoken. TNT isthe easiest-lo-program speech synthesizer on the market. It uses Ihc least amount of memory and provides Ihe most flexi-ble vocabulary available anywhere!

Price: $329.95 (Please add $4.00 for shipping and handling)

TNT Software

The following DYNACOMP programs are available for use with TNT:

STUD POKER (Atari, 24K)NOMINOES JIGSAW (Atari, 24K)TEACHER'S PET 1 (Atari and North Star)BRIDGE 2.0 (North Star)CHOMPELO (Atari, 24K)

TALK TO ME (T'N'T Atari only, 24K) Price: $14.95 Caaeetta/Sll.95 DUkettc

This program presents a superb tutorial on speech synthesis using the Atari 800 and TYPE 'N TALK™. TALK TOME will illustrate normal word generation as well as phoneme generation. The documental ion includes many helpfulprogramming tips.

Please specify 'TNT' versions when ordering.

ABOUT DYNACOMP

DYNACOMP is a leading distributor of smalt syy.em solVwaie with sales spanning ihe world (currently inexcess of 40 countries). During the past two years we have greatly enlarged the DYNACOMP productline, but have maintained and improved our high level of quality and customer support. The achievementin quality is apparent from our many repeat customers and ihe software reviews in such publications asCOMPUTRONICS, 80 Software Critique and A.N.A.L.O.G. Our customer support is as close as yourphone. It is always friendly. The staff is highly trained and always willing to discuss products or giveadvice.

Circle 140 on inquiry card.

BUSINESS and UTILITIES

SPELLGUARD™ (8" CP/M only) I hi Pfke: SI69. DYNACOMP Price: S119.95 Disk

SPELLGUARD ii ■ revolutionary new product which increases the value of your curreni word processing system (WORD-STAR, MAGIC WAND. ELECTRIC PENCIL, TEXTED EDITOR II and others). Written entirely in assembly language.SPELLGUARD''" rapidly assists the user in eliminating spelling and typographical errors by comparing each word of thelextagemst a dictionary (expandable) of over 20.000 of the most common English words. Words appearing in the text but notlound in the dictionary ore "(lagged" for easy identification and correction. Most administrative staff familiar with word pro-cessing equipment will be able to use SPELLGUARD™ in only a few minutes.

MAIL LIST 2.1 (Apple, Atari and North Star diskette only) Price: $34.95

This program is unmatched in its ability to store a maximum number of addresses on one diskette (minimum of 1100 per disk-ette, more (ban 1200 for "double density" systcmsl). In many features include alphabetic and tip code sorting, label printing(1,1. or 3 up), merging of dies and a unique keyword seeking routine which retrieves entries by a virtually limitless selection oruser defined codes. Moil List 2.2 will even find and delete duplicate entries. A very valuable program!

FORM LETTER SYSTEM rel. 2 (Atari, Norlb Star and Apple Diskettes only) Price: $34.95

FORM LETTER SYSTEM (FLS) is the ideal program for creating and editing form letters and address lists. It contains aneasy lo-use text editor which produces fully justified text. Special codes are used in the address list to obtain personalizedsalutations. Form letters ore produced by automatically inserting each address into a predetermined portion of your letter. FLSis completely compatible with MAIL LIST 2.2. which may be used to manage and sort your address Files.FLS and MAIL LIST 2.1 are available as a combined package for 1)9.95.

SOUTH (North Star only) Price: S29.95 Dtikeite

SORTIT is a general purpose sorting program written in 8080 assembly language. This program will sort sequential data filesgenerated by NORTH STAR BASIC. Primary and optional secondary keys may be numeric or one to nine character strings.SORTIT is easily used with Files generated by DYNACOMP's MAIL LIST program and is very versatile in its capabilities forall other BASIC data File sorting.

PERSONAL F1NANCESYSTEM (Atari and North SUr only) Price: SJ4.95 Diskette

PFS is a single diskette, mcnu-orienied system composed often different programs. Besides recording your expenses and taxdeductible items. PFS will sort and summarize expenses by payee, and display information on expenditures by any of 26 userdefined codes by month or by payee. PFS will even produce monthly bar graphs of your expenses by category I. This powerfulpackage requires only one disk drive, minimal memory (24K Atari. 32K North Star) and will store up to 600 records per disk(and ovct 1000 records per disk by making a few simple changes to the programs). You can record checks plus cash expenses sothat you can finally sec where your money goes and eliminate guesswork and tedious hand calculations.

Price: S34.95 Disketteu will be able 10 keep track of cash and credit,>le items and charitable donations. FAMILY

nake daily cash and charge entries to any of 21sily retrieved giving the user complete control

FAMILY BUDGET (Apple only)FAMILY BUDGET ii a

expenditures as well as income on a daily basis. You can record tax dediBUDGET also provides a continuous record of all credit transactions. You idifferent expense accounts as well as to 5 payroll and toi accounts. Data a.over an otherwise complicated (and unorganized!) subject.

INTI-'.l .INK (Atari Only) Price: S49.9S Diskette

This software package contains a menu-driven collection of programs for facilitating efficient two-way communicationsthrough . full duplex modem (required for use). In one mode of operation you may connect to a data service (e.g., TheSOURCE or MicroNet) and quickly load data such as stock quotation! onto your diskette for later viewing. This greatly re-duces "connect time" and thus the service charge. You may also record the complete contents of a communications session.Additionally, programs written in BASIC. FORTRAN, etc. may be built off-line using the support text editor and later "up-loaded" lo another computer, making the Atari a very smart terminal. Even Atari BASIC programs may be uploaded.Further, a command file may be built off-line and used liter as controlling input for a time-share system. That is. you can setup your sequence of time-shore commands and programs, and the Atari will transmit them as needed: batch processing. Allthis adds up to saving both connect time and your time.

TEXT EDITOR II (CP/M) Price: S29.95 Dlsk.lie/S33.4S Disk

This is the second release version or DYNACOMP's popular TEXT EDITOR I and contains many new features. With TEXTEDITOR II you moy build text Files in chunks and assemble them for later display. Blocks or text may be appended, inserted ordeleted. Files may be saved on disk/diskette in right justified/centered format to be later primed by either TEXT EDITOR IIor the CP'M ED facility. Fulhes. ASCII CP/M Files (induding BASIC and assembly language programs) may be read by theeditor and processed. In fact, text files can be built using ED and later formatted using TEXT EDITOR II. All in ail. TEXTEDITOR II is an inexpensive, easy to use, but very flexible editing system.

DFILE (Atari and North Star diskettes only)

This handy program allows North Star and Atari disk ustack of disks which invariably accumulates. DFILE islocating of the desired file or program.

Price: S19.9Si specialized data base of all Files and programs in thed use. It will organize your disks to provide efficient

FINDIT (North Star only)

This is a Ihree-in-one program whichCommercial (eg: plumbers) and Refcire birthday, anniversary and appoi

cords. Reference records ore accessed by a single keyword or by c

Price: SI 9.94

accessible by keywords of ihrec lypes: Personal (eg: last name),(eg: magazine articles, record albums, etc). In addition to keyword searches, theresearches for (he personol records and appointment searches for the <

referencing two or three keywords.

SHOPPING LIST I Atari only) Price: SI2.9S Caetetie/$16.95 Diskette

SHOPPING LIST stores information on items you purchase at the supermarket. Before going shopping, it will remind you orall the things you might need, and then display (or optionally print) your shopping list and the total cost. Adding, deleting,changing and storing data is very easy. Runs with 16K.

TAX OPTIMIZER (North Star only) Prin: S59.95 Diskette

The TAX OPTIMIZER is an easy-to-use, menu oriented software package which provides a convenient means for analyzingvarious income tax strategies. The program is designed to provide a quick and easy data entry. Income tax is computed by alltax methods (regular, income averaging, maximum and alternate minimum tax). The user may immediately observe the taxeffect of critical Financial decisions. TAX OPTIMIZER has been thoroughly field tested in CPA offices and comes completewith the current lax tables in its data files. TAX OPTIMIZER is tax deductible!

EDUCATION

MISCELLANEOUS

DYNACOMP CASSETTES

offers high quality DYNACOMP brand n;

AVAILABILITY

DYNACOMP software Is supplied with complete documentutiospecified, all programs will run within 16K program memory spaaable on ATARI, PET, TRS-80 (Level II) and Apple (Applesoft)density compatible) diskette. Additionally, most programs csystems running under MBAS1C. JM" CP/M diskettes arc

HODGE PODGE (Apple only. 48K Applesoft or Integer BASIC) Price: $19.95 Caa*elle/S23.9S Diskette

Let HODGE PODGE be your child's baby sitter. Pressingany key on your Apple will result in a different and intriguing "hap-pening" related to the letter or number of the chosen key. The program's graphics, color and sound are a delight for childrenfrom ages I vi to 9. HODGE PODGE is a non-intimidating teaching device which brings a new dimension to the use of com-puters in education.

TEACHER'S PET I (Available for all computers) Price: Sll.95CsaeeKe/$15.95 Diskette

~ ' is the First of DYNACOMP's educational packages. Primarily intended for pre-school to grade 3, TEACHER'S PETprovides the young student with counting practice, letter-word recognition and three levels of math skill e:

CRYSTALS (Atari Only) Price: S 9.9S Coxae tie SI3.9S Diskette

h iti^n algorithm randomly produces fascinating graphics displays accompanied with tones which vary as the patterns arebuilt. No two patterns arc the same, and the combined effect of the sound and graphics are mesmerizing. CRYSTALS has beenused in local stores to demonstrate the sound and color features of the Atari,

NORTH STAR SOFTWARE EXCHANGE (NSSE) LIBRARY

DYNACOMP now distributes the 23 volume NSSE library. These diskettes each contain many programs and offer an out'standing value for the purchase price. They should be pan of every North Star user's collection. Call or write DYNACOMPfor details regarding the contents of the NSSE collection.

containing clear explanations and examples. Unless otherwise(ATARI requires 24K). Except where noted, programs are avail -assette and diskette as well as North Star single density (doubleobtained on standard (IBM (ormat) B" CP/M (loppy disks for

■liable for North Star and Osborn

mputer tystcms.

$19.95 CaaMlle/S23.95 Diskette

:y business and engineeringsmoothed first and second

STATISTICS and ENGINEERING

DIGITAL KILTER (Available for all computers) Prin: $39.95 Ca*»ei.e/S43.95Diskette

DIGITAL FILTER is a comprehensive data processing program which permits the uset to design his own Fillet function otchoose from a menu of filter forms. The filler forms are subsequently converted into non-recursive convolution coefficientswhich pei mil rapid data processing. In the explicit design mode the shape of the frequency transfer function is specified bydirectly entering points along the desired filter curve. In the menu mode, ideal low pass, high pass and bandpass Tillers may beapproximated to varying degrees according to the number of points used in the calculation. These filters may optionally also besmoothed with a Hanning function. In addition, multistage Butterworth filters may be selected. Features of DIGITALFILTER include plotting of the data before and alter Filtering, as well as display of the chosen filter functions. Also includedare convenient data storage, retrieval and editing procedures.

DATA SMOOTHER (Not available for Atari)

This special data smoothing program may be used to rapidly derive useful information fromdata which are equally spaced. The software features choice in degree and range of fit, as welderivative calculation. Also included is automatic plotting of the input data and smoothed results.

FOURIER ANALYZER (Available for all computers) Price: S19.95 Cain tie/S23.93 Diskette

Use this program to examine the frequency spectra of limited duration signals. The program features automatic scaling andplotting or the inpul data and results. Practical applications include the analysis of complicated patterns in such fields aselec-ironies, communications and business.

TFA (Transfer Function Analyzer) Price: 119.95 Cassette/S23.9S Dliketie

This is a special software package which may be used to evaluate the transfer functions of systems such as hi-fi amplifiers andfilters by examining their response to pulsed inputs. TFA is a major modification of FOURIER ANALYZER and contains anengineering-oriented decibel versus log-frequency plot as well as data editing features. Whereas FOURIER ANALYZER is de-signed for educational and scientific use, TFA is an engineering tool, Available for all computers.

HARMONIC ANALYZER (Available for all computers) Price $14.95 Cosset ie/SU. 95 Diskette

HARMONIC ANALYZER was designed for the spectrum analysis of repetitive waveforms. Features include data file genera-tion, editing and storage/retrieval as well as data and spectrum plotting. One particularly unique facility is that the input dataneed not be equally spaced or in order. The original data is sorted and a cubic spline interpolation is used to create the data Filerequired by the FFT algorithm.

FOURIER ANALYZER, TFA and HARMONIC ANALYZER may be purchased together for a combined price of S49.95(three cassettes) and $59.95 (three diskettes).

REGRESSION I (Available for all computers) Price: SI9.95 Cassette/$23.95 Diskette

REGRESSION I is a unique and exceptionally versatile one-dimensional least squares "polynomial" curve fitting program.Features include very high accuracy; an automatic degree determination option; an extensive internal library of fitting func-tions; data editing; automatic data and curve plotting; a statistical analysis (eg: standard deviation, correlation coefficient,etc.) and much more. In addition, new fits may be tried without reentering the data. REGRESSION 1 is certainly the corner-stone program in any data analysis software library,

REGRESSION II (PARAFIT) (Available for all computers) Price: $19.95 Cassette/S23.95 Diskette

PARAFIT is designed to handle those cases in which the parameters are imbedded (possibly nonlinearly) in the filling func-tion. The user simply inserts the functional form, including the parameters (A(l), A(2). etc.) as one or more BASIC statementlines. Data and results may be manipulated and plotted as with REGRESSION I. Use REGRESSION 1 for polynomial Fitting,and PARAFIT for those complicated functions.

Price: $24.95 Cease He/SIS. 95 Disketteir more linearly independent variables. Besidesi use data entry, storage, retrieval and editingfor the independent variables. The number of

ogelher for $51.95 (three cassettes) or $63.95

i, shifting, etc.).

MULTILINEAR REGRESSION (MLR) (Available lor all computers)

MLR is a professional software package for analyzing data sets containing twoperforming the basic regression calculation, this program also provides easy Ifunctions. In addition, the user may interrogate the solution by supplying valutvariables and data sue is limited only by the available memory.REGRESSION I. II and MULTILINEAR REGRESSION may be purchased(thtce diskettes).

ANOVA (Not available for PET/CBM) Price: $39.95 Cassette/$43.95 Diskette

In the past the ANOVA (analysis of variance) procedure has been limited to the targe mainframe computers. NowDYNACOMP has brought the power of this method 10 small systems. For those conversant with ANOVA. the DYNACOMPsoftware package includes the 1-way, 2-way and N-way procedures. Also provided arc the Yates 2^-P factorial designs. Forthose unfamiliar with ANOVA, do not worry. The accompanying documentation was written in a tutorial fashion (by a pro-fessor in the subject) and serves as an excellent introduction to the subject. Accompanying ANOVA is a support program forbuilding the data base, included are several convenient features including data editing, deleting and appending.

BASIC SCIENTIFIC SUBROUTINES. Volumes 1 and 2 (Not available for Atari)

DYNACOMP is the exclusive distributor for the software keyed to the popular texts BASIC SCIENTIFIC SUBROUTINES.Volumes I and2 by F, Ruckdeschel (sec advertisements in BYTE magarine). These subroutines have been assembled accordingto chapter. Included with each collection is a menu program which selects and demonstrates each subroutine.

Volume 1

Collection fit Chapters 2 and 3 - Data and function plotting; complex variables and functions.

Collection 02: Chapter 4 - Extended matrix and vector operations.

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With LOGIC SIMULATOR you may casil> lest your complicated digital logic design with respect to given set of inputs todetermine how well the circuit will operate. The elements which may be simulated include multiple input AND, OR. NOR.EXOR. EXNOR and NAND gates, as well as inverters. J-K and D nip-flops, and one-shots, The response of the system isavailable every clock cycle. Inputs may be clocked in with varying clock cycle length s/d is placements and delays may be intro-duced lo probe Tor glitches and race conditions. At the user's option, a timing diagram for any given set of nodes may be plot-ted using HIRES graphics. Save your bread boar ding until the circuit is checked by LOGIC SIMULATOR.

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Online Information Retrieval

Promise and Problems

Steven K Roberts5885 Dublin RoadDublin OH 43017

How many times have you exper-ienced the frustration of showingsomeone your computer system andfinding yourself confronted with suchquestions as: "Can I ask itsomething?" or "Have you got any-thing in there on me?" Thanks to awealth of naive fiction and movies,the general public (still!) thinks ofeven the smallest computer as a great,mysterious storehouse of informationthat dwarfs human minds and in-vades personal privacy.

We all know that our little microshardly justify this reputation, butsome systems out there do harborastonishing volumes of information.That isn't news, but recent develop-ments have brought some of theserobust resources within the grasp ofthe personal computer user.

An example: not long ago, whenthe words were coming far too slowlyon a book project, I fell into a tea-sodden brainstorming session with

About the Author

Steve Roberts is a freelance writer andmicroprocessor systems consultant who lives inDublin, Ohio. He is the author of two booksand some 40 articles and, when he tears himselfaway from the word processor, enjoys photo-graphy, bicycling, and music.

one of my associates concerningschemes which might bring us wealth.Both design engineers with a degreeof entrepreneurial fervor, we natural-ly settled upon high-tech products.As avid cyclists, we chose as one ofour potential projects a digital bikeodometer/speedometer with liquidcrystal display, trip memory, andzero-drag interface with the machine.After we refined this idea and re-jected most of the other harebrainedschemes, the time came for someserious research.

In five minutes I

reviewed the US

patent history of

bicycle odometers.

I picked up the phone, dialed thelocal Telenet access number, specifiedthe Lockheed Dialog system, enteredmy password, and informed thesystem that I would begin with theMagazine Index (file #47). [Editor'snote: For more information aboutDialog, see Stan Miastkowski'sreview, "Information Unlimited: TheDialog Information RetrievalService," in the June 1981 BYTE. ] All

this was taking place through myCromemco Z-2D system, which hadbeen converted into a simple dial-upterminal via the command CHAT.

Once the big West Coast system ac-knowledged my presence in theMagazine Index, I said:

SELECT BICYCLE?AND ODOMETER?

(The "7" symbols are wild-card char-acters to accommodate plural formsof the words.) The system respondedwith the fact that there were, in itsfiles, 904 articles on bicycles, two onodometers, and one dealing withboth. When I directed the system toprovide the details about that article,I received a bibliographic reference(and a short abstract) for the article,"How Far Did You Cycle Today7" byArthur V Clark, which appeared inthe May 1980 issue of Popular Elec-tronics. On a hunch, I tried:

SELECT BICYCLE?AND SPEEDOMETER?

and received two more references—one to a Beaber article in Radio-Electronics and the other to a Sandlerpiece in Popular Mechanics. Further

452 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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probing yielded pieces on bicycleaccessories in Better Homes andGardens and Consumer Guide.

This was all very interesting andlikely to yield some ideas, but whatabout marketing? I directed the sys-tem to change to the "Encyclopedia ofAssociations" database and quicklylocated the addresses and phone num-bers of the Cycle Parts and Acces-sories Association and the BicycleWholesale Distributors Association.Both groups would probably be use-ful in assessing the market potentialof our device. If not, there were 17other groups listed that were some-how connected with cycling.

We also needed to know about re-lated patents. Would our device in-fringe on an existing patent7 Wouldwe be spending thousands of dollarson research and development just toconclude that round is the optimumshape of a wheel? Or, looking at itsomewhat differently, could we takeadvantage of someone else's develop-ment effort, modifying it slightly andpresenting it to the world as our own7

Formerly, a patent search was ex-pensive and represented a major por-tion of the cost associated with filinga new invention, but no longer. Imerely typed "B 25", to begin search-ing in database 25 (CLAIMS—US Pa-tent Abstracts), and then issued theidentical command that I used in theMagazine Index. Instantaneously, thesystem informed me that since 1978there have been 1255 patents relatedto bicycles, 100 linked to odometers,and five somehow corresponding toboth.

It was easy to get a lengthy descrip-tion of those five, including the as-signee's name, an explanation of thetechnique, descriptions of drawings,etc. In about five minutes, I had re-viewed the recent US patent historyof bicycle odometers. A quick checkrevealed nothing of interest from1971-1977.

It's tempting to offer esotericdescriptions of methods for derivinginformation from a bicycle wheel andaccumulating the data in a non-volatile counter; but that's not the

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point here. Of interest to us is thatmuch of the preliminary research wasconveniently completed in a fewminutes with a home computer, in aprocess that hardly exercised thecapabilities of the interactiveinformation-retrieval system at theother end of the data link.

Five Prerequisites

Information hasn't always beenthat accessible. Not until the develop-ment of at least five crucial ingre-dients could an untrained, casual userlike me rapidly obtain so much infor-mation.

First, the obvious: there had to begreat volumes of data in machine-readable form. Dialog alone housesover 35 million records—each heavilycross-indexed in ways ranging from asimple directory listing to a thoroughbibliographic citation containing anabstract.

Much of this machine-readable in-formation began to appear in the mid1960s, when publishers discoveredthe wonders of computer phototype-setting and began compiling direc-tories, magazines, handbooks, andthe like in a form that could be readdirectly by computer. The originalmotivation for creating databaseswas thus not so much the anticipationof interactive information-retrievalsystems as it was the economic con-siderations of the publishing in-dustry.

Second, the development of com-puter hardware and relatively low-cost mass storage facilities progressedthroughout the 1960s and '70s,yielding facilities that could hostmasses of data and allow multipleusers simultaneous access to it. Thiswas a major achievement, for theamount of data involved in a systemlike Dialog would have dwarfed thesystems of the '60s, which also lackedthe resources required for efficient in-formation access and timesharing.

Third, all the fine hardware, thenas now, was of little use without de-cent software. Early approachescentered around batch mode, inwhich a user's information requestswere handled open-loop—frequentlyovernight. This precluded the kind ofsystem whose responses to a person's

454 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE December 1981

455

queries guide the selection or refine-ment of further queries—altogether amore efficient and desirable way ofdoing things. Such interactive soft-ware presents problems that have oc-cupied designers for years, and com-plaints about "friendliness" andresolution of ambiguities still exist.But the combination of good searchsoftware and high-speed machineshas reduced system response time,even during peak-load periods, to anaverage of perhaps three or four sec-onds.

The big and fast machines, goodcode, and an abundance of useful in-formation were fine. But there werestill two things needed to makedatabase systems practical for usersoutside well-funded research en-vironments.

One was the development of datacommunication networks (such asTymnet and Telenet) that could liftthe burden of long-distance chargesfrom those not blessed with WATSlines and accommodating departmentbudgets.

The final requirement was filledwith the advent of the microproces-sor. Along with all its other ac-complishments, the microprocessorhas lowered equipment costs to thepoint where just $250 can buy areasonably decent video terminalwith a built-in modem. Some people(mostly long-time owners of expen-sive systems, no doubt) would callthis obscene, but the major economicbarriers to serious widespread com-puter use have been removed.

Well . . . almost. A quick glancedown Dialog's list of over 120databases shows hourly "connecttime" rates ranging from $25 to $300.This, to the casual observer, seemsanything but cheap.

What's Your Time Worth?

Bibliographic information, such asthat derived from the MagazineIndex, is readily available from awell-stocked public library (althoughusually not so efficiently). But traveltime and the extra digging madenecessary by the lack of centralized

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indexing can make the typical goal-directed library visit trying. Unlessyou know what to look for and whereto find it, you might end up justbrowsing.

Of course, you can always browsein the Dialog system, though connecttime charges averaging $1 per minutediscourage that. Instead, a sessiononline is best approached with a"search strategy," which minimizesthe time spent chasing down looselyrelated information. In our example,we took advantage (at a rather lowlevel) of the Boolean operators(which include OR and NOT, as wellas AND) to eliminate the need tocheck all 904 bicycle articles forreferences to odometers. I decided onthis approach before signing on andinteracted with the system as brisklyas possible, with no time out forcoffee breaks, chitchat, or manualretrieval of the referenced articles(which, it turned out, were on mybookshelf all along).

In most cases, this approach pro-duces intense interplay with the ma-chine that takes only as long as neces-sary—rarely more than 10 minutesfor a specific search. The resultingcharge is far cheaper than the gas andtime that might otherwise be re-quired, and the scope of the refer-ences is far greater than what wouldbe found in a typical library.

It is this last point that underscoresthe value of online informationretrieval. The Magazine Index is onlyone of Dialog's many databases, yet itprovides cover-to-cover indexing ofmore than 370 publications. The in-dex is updated monthly, withcumulation since January 1977.

Even more impressive are the spe-cialized files: BIOSIS, for example,covers life sciences research withroughly 200,000 citations per yearfrom 8000 serial publications, as wellas books, notes, symposia, etc. In theengineering disciplines, there areCOMPENDEX (100,000 citations peryear in a variety of fields), INSPEC(150,000 per year in electricalengineering and computer fields),ISMEC (15,000 per year inmechanical engineering), SAE (800per year in automotive engineering),and many more. It should be noted

456 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

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EPISODE

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CW/C and Q/C both grew out of Small-C, but weredeveloped independently. Jim Colvin of Quality ComputerSystems implemented Q/C. We are offering Q/C for the manySmall-C fans that want the source code to an extended compiler.(We still distribute the original Small-C source code on disk foronly $17).

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BYTE December 1981

457

that some of these are found in theSDC ORBIT system; others boththere and in Dialog.

Any consideration of theeconomics of using databases mustinclude the scope of the available in-formation. What combination oftraditional information resourcescould offer the multidisciplinaryabundance of frequently updatedmaterial in Dialog? You can evenobtain reports on SEC filings of cor-porations, find the student-teacherratio in your old grade school, pokearound in a worldwide index of doc-toral dissertations, or find out howyour congressman voted on a recentissue.

Add to this the facility, in mostdatabases, of obtaining the full-textdocuments of interest through an on-line ordering facility. At first glance,this ultimate dependence on paper ap-pears to be a system weakness,though far superior to onlinetransmission of documents at 300 bitsper second (bps), especially in light ofthe connect-time charges.

Cheaper Searching

With the exception of certain de-dicated systems, such as Mead DataCentral's LEXIS (a legal researchdatabase) and Pergamon's VIDEOPATSEARCH (a patent database),database facilities are designed to beaccessed by any dial-up terminal.Therefore, all of the system resourcesare housed at the far end of the datalink.

Although this minimizes the equip-ment requirements placed on the per-son who desires access to the system,this approach is hardly efficient. Inusing Dialog and ORBIT, I havealready noticed my creeping panic atthe rapidly accumulating cost ofonline time—especially when Iemploy inefficient search strategies tolocate something about whose classi-fications I am uncertain. The clock'sticking tends to encourage haste andinhibit use of some of the system'smore subtle capabilities. Even lineediting costs $35-$300 per hour,depending on the database.

But with a local processor, a

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database searcher can prepare mostmessages associated with a sessionprior to the sign-on. This allows acalmer approach to preparing asearch strategy, increasing precisionand efficiency. Such an approachwould have helped during a briefDialog demonstration that I gavewhile preparing this article. Work-men were installing a security systemin my house as I wrote, the din ofmen and machines drowning out thegentle pattering of the Hazel's key-board. The workmen needed a breakat about the time I needed some infor-mation, so I called them over to seethe system. To lend a personal touch,I interrogated the Newspaper Indexfor references to articles about theircompany, Warner Security Systems.My command was:

SELECT WARNER AND SECURITY

I should have known better. Of thefive articles referenced, only one wasrelated to the company. One ex-traneous piece touched on Volney FWarner's opinions about nationalsecurity. Another contained a quotefrom John W Warner Jr, concerningthe conduct of security services dur-ing the attempt on President Reagan'slife in March 1981.

Since I was paying $1.25 perminute for 300 bps transmission ofthese references, I should have issueda more specific search command. Thefollowing command, for example,yields only the article of interest (aWall Street Journal piece from March12, 1980):

SELECT WARNER AND SECURITY(W)SYSTEM?

(Incidentally, SELECT is normallyabbreviated S, and in the above com-mand the (W) implies that the wordsSECURITY and SYSTEM must be ad-jacent to one another.)

My first exploration of theCLAIMS database covering USpatents was equally inept. For rea-sons of prurience, I inquired aboutsex-related inventions. The very firstone displayed was a method for in-ducing the early flowering of youngdeciduous trees I

458 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 105 on inquiry card.

A Larger Perspective

So far, my emphasis on the Rolls-Royces of the database world has ne-glected a new wave of economymodels that together address a largermarket. The Source and CompuServehave brought large-system resourcesto the individual at much less in-timidating prices. Providing elec-tronic mail and a variety of con-sumer-related services, these less ex-pensive databases represent a servicethat rests between the giant systemsalready described and those that willultimately appear in the living roomof Mr and Mrs John Q Smith of Any-town, USA. But the mass market pre-sents several challenges. One isachieving "user-friendliness."Another lies in the choice of a "de-livery mechanism" that can accom-modate millions of users. Marketingand copyright and other legal snagspose still other challenges. Let's con-sider these separately.

Friendly Systems

A long-standing problem in allcomputer systems—the lack of in-tuitively obvious ways to interactwith the machine—is especially trou-blesome to untrained users lacking in-terest in computers. A "veteran" likeme can forgive an antique text editorits idiosyncracies: the idea of a "vir-tual pointer" is solidly established inmy head, and I know most of the 25or so commands by heart. But I havesometimes had to turn clerical per-sonnel loose on the system, with dis-couraging results. The difference be-tween string and insert modes be-comes a mystery, and the commandsseem like black magic.

Of course, screen editors (such asWordstar and VEDIT) solve thisproblem by allowing the objects of in-terest to be manipulated more directlyand making the results of any changeimmediately visible on the screen. Butsystems must go further to be palat-able to the masses. Future systemsmust incorporate many of the charac-teristics that make arcade games fun:provision for developing competencewithout having to study manuals oreven use reference cards; direct corre-lation between hand movement and

visual results; freedom from in-timidating error messages (like thecryptic ERROR CODE 19); and fos-tering of graceful evolution fromnovice to expert, with enjoyment andchallenge at every level.

To this end, current developmentsin "object-oriented programming"(like Smalltalk) offer interesting alter-natives to the classic, command-oriented style of system use. Fordatabase and information utility sys-tems to win wide acceptance, theymust enable a newcomer to step up toa teletext terminal (or whatever), playaround, and within a few minutes be-gin to derive some satisfying result,without reading any documentationor instructions. For the present, sys-tems like Dialog and The Source,with their counterintuitive commandsyntaxes and their unforgiving error-handling facilities, will serve onlythose who need them badly enough totolerate their inhuman natures.

Delivery of Online Services

If you want to research the world's

literature on bicycle odometers, youdial your Telenet access number,specify the network address of theonline vendor of choice, enter yourpassword, and go to it. But if 43,608Chicago residents simultaneouslydecide to check with their viewdatasystems for movie information, newsheadlines, "yellow pages" service,airline schedules, and horse racingresults, something other than a dial-up network must be available. Andso it is: cable TV and all its per-mutations. However, since no sub-scriber possesses his own privatecable, some clever means must beprovided to give at least the illusionof a "dedicated" system.

One approach involves continuoustransmission of a full database and in-terception of desired frames by an in-telligent local terminal. Another tech-nique, called a hybrid network, ac-commodates the widely divergentbandwidth requirements of user inputand video display. It uses the phoneline for communication from the userto the system and the cable TV net-

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work for information flow in theother direction (a sort of videopacket-switching scheme).

Whatever the solution, the cost willclearly be great, and numerous com-peting technologies will ensure a lackof standardization for many years.

Yes, You Need This System!

Before the world becomes a com-munity of electronic cottages, some-one must do a very clever selling job.Ask a person who's not already in-volved with computers what he orshe would do with a home system orwith access to an information utility,and the answer will likely be: "Huh? Idunno." But the reality is that every-day almost everyone uses informa-tion resources that are amenable to"computerization." The online tele-phone directory is already underdevelopment by the French PostalTelegraph and Telephone Agency(PTT), which plans to produce200,000 electronic-directory ter-minals for free distribution. PTT ex-pects to recover the $50 million

manufacturing cost through the ob-solescence of telephone books. As afringe benefit to the users, the ter-minal is compatible with Teletel (theFrench videotex service), as well asdatabase, electronic mail, fundstransfer, and shopping services.

In addition to telephone-directoryservice, we take many other informa-tion sources for granted. Newsmedia, airline and theater schedules,stock market data, and classifiedadvertising—all are continually up-dated compendia of information thatthe bulk of the population usesroutinely. And, although people arepaying for these compendia in avariety of ways, cost to the individualis not obvious.

Monthly billing based on usagetime for a home information ter-minal, however, would be very ob-vious. This fact may frustrate themarketing of information services forsome time, especially since mostpotential customers will initially havetrouble seeing the need for the ser-vice.

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The Fine Print

We are already confronting an-other problem that will require land-mark legal decisions before we canenter the era of online databases forthe masses. Now that data storage isbecoming cheap enough to permitstorage of "full text" in databases, in-stead of offering mere bibliographicreferences, interesting copyrightquestions arise. For example, if I sellonly "first serial rights" on an articleto a magazine, I may not be en-thusiastic about the article's subse-quent appearance in an online infor-mation utility from which anyone candraw at will. In some countries, thissame problem, in the nonelectronicarena of library loans, has alreadyspawned "Public Lending Right" lawsthat require royalties for the authorupon each borrowing of a book. If ac-cess to books in machine-readableform becomes widespread, somemodifications of copyright laws willbe necessary to provide compensa-tion to authors for electronic con-sumption of their work.

Other legal hurdles remain.Printers' unions are likely to resist theerosion of their industry by electronicdata transmission. We'll probablyalso see lawsuits claiming restraint oftrade, monopolistic practices, inva-sion of privacy, copyright infringe-ment, and unfair labor practices.

Despite these four problem areas,the information industry is experienc-ing explosive growth at all levels ofsophistication. Though many fieldtrials have failed, there has beenenough positive feedback from usersto convince corporate giants thatthere's big money to be made in thisbusiness. At the 1981 National OnlineMeeting in New York City, thelargest draw of the entire three-dayconference was a panel discussion onmergers and acquisitions. The inten-sity and scope of this industry wereclear.

A Look to the Future

We must consider a broad range ofdatabase services to achieve a clearperception of the information in-dustry: everything from consumer-oriented, cable-delivered teletext toencyclopedic "research-grade" re-positories. Some database services

460

December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 106 on inquiry card.

are reputedly simple enough for achild to use and others so complexthat the online vendors must routine-ly offer seminars and consulting ser-vices.

We are likely to see a convergenceof these extremes into systems thatcombine.depth of scope with ease ofuse. Present videotex services havelimited appeal to the professionalmarket, and other potential usersmay prefer hard copy. But if newconcepts of easier and more produc-tive use of computer systems (the sub-ject of a three-day conference in AnnArbor, Michigan this May) enter thedesign of online systems, then therobust services will become muchmore palatable.

It is a situation comparable to thepersonal computer's market penetra-tion at the consumer level: beyondgames, there has to be some distinctpractical value (not contrived,either—show me a recipe filing pro-gram that can beat the Joy of Cook-ing and a 3 by 5 card index!) beforepeople will spend a few hundreddollars on something they suspect is atoy.

Above this level, however, devel-opment is proceeding apace. In mostcities, small firms, calling themselves"database intermediaries," are pre-paring to provide infrequent userswith search services. This relievespeople of the need to develop exper-tise in using complex systems. Con-sidering the problems associated withcategorizing all of reality in a waythat would allow anyone to find oneitem easily, such sales of expertisemay represent the wave of the future.

The problem of categorizing realitybecomes even more awkward whereimages are concerned. Superficiallyamenable to standard database tech-niques, images become troublesomewhen multilayered meanings call forwidely divergent classifications.Should a particular painting of thecrucifixion be considered in itsiconographic context, or as a skinnyman hanging on a cross? The ques-tion seems absurd in the twentiethcentury, but similar confusions ofmeaning have plagued art historiansthrough the ages and render everysystem of classification ambiguousand ultimately traceable to the

cultural biases of a few people.

The question of categorizing im-ages is especially important, becausethe new technology of videodiscs hasgiven us a powerful tool for thestorage and retrieval of graphic andtextual information. One commercialservice (VIDEO PATSEARCH fromPergamon) already combines onlinedatabase access with a local library ofdrawings on videodisc. With at leastone manufacturer's disc capable ofstoring 108,000 video frames, there isgreat potential for the inclusion ofgraphics, as well as "full-text," inspecialized database systems.

The online storage capabilitiesdescribed here seem to presage enor-mous changes in the library of thefuture. We can only assume that massstorage of all types will continue togrow cheaper as human time becomesmore expensive; it follows that ever-better tools for information seekerswill continue to develop. As we gainfacilities that far surpass the efficien-cy of books, shelves, and call slips,perhaps we can somehow avoid los-ing the human warmth of libraries.!

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Event Queue

December 1981

December

McGraw-Hill Conferences/Seminars, various sitesthroughout the US. Elec-tronics and Data Communi-cations magazines, publishedby McGraw-Hill, are spon-soring a number of confer-ences covering a wide rangeof computer-related topics.For complete details, contactMcGraw-Hill ConferenceCenter, 1221 Avenue of theAmericas, New York NY10020, (212) 997-1221.

December 9-11

The 1981 Winter SimulationConference (WSC 81),Peachtree Plaza, Atlanta GA.WSC 81 will feature papers,panel discussions, and tutori-als on discrete and combinedsimulation and modeling.The conference will be organ-ized into tutorial, methodol-ogy, and application ses-sions. For information, con-tact John Carson, WSC 81Registration Chairman,School of Industrial and Sys-tems Engineering, Georgia In-stitute of Technology, Atlan-ta GA 30332, (404) 894-2308.

December 15-19

Gulf Computer Exhibition,

Dubai International TradeCentre, Dubai, United ArabEmirates. IBM, NCR, Apple,Honeywell, Philips, Wang,Hewlett-Packard, Data Gen-eral, and other well-knownmanufacturers will be repre-sented at this first exhibitionof computer equipment inDubai. The scope of the showtakes in systems ranging frommicrocomputers to main-frames. Details are availablefrom the Trade Centre Man-agement Company, POB9292, Dubai, United ArabEmirates, Telex 47474 DITCEM, and from Diana CliftonSewell, International Office,

Seymour House, 17 WaterlooPI, London, SE1Y 4AR, Eng-land.

December 16-18

The Twentieth IEEE Confer-ence on Decision and Control

(CDC), Vacation VillageHotel, San Diego CA. TheCDC is the annual meeting ofthe IEEE (Institute of Elec-trical and Electronics Engi-neers) Control Systems Soci-ety. It is held in cooperationwith the Society for Industri-al and Applied Mathematics.The conference will includecontributed and invited ses-sions plus tutorials and pre-sentations on all aspects ofthe theory and applicationsof systems involving deci-sion, control, and adapta-tion. Topics of interest in-clude linear and nonlinearsystem theory, stabilitytheory, large-scale systemtheory and decentralized con-trol, estimation, identifica-tion, signal processing andstochastic control, and con-trol systems. For more infor-mation, contact the Instituteof Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers Inc, 445 Hoes Ln,Piscataway NJ 08854.

December 28-30

Computer Modeling of Lin-guistic Theory, Grand HyattHotel, New York NY. TheAssociation for Computa-tional Linguistics (ACL) issponsoring three sessions oncomputer modeling of lin-guistic theory in conjunctionwith the annual meeting ofthe Linguistic Society ofAmerica (LSA). New modelsfor grammars and new strate-gies for parsing will be theareas of most attention.Readings of contributedpapers will also be featured.For general information, con-tact Stan Petrick, IBM Re-search Center, POB 218,Yorktown Heights NY 10598.To register, contact Margaret

W Reynolds, LSA, 3520 Pros-pect St NW, Washington DC20007, (202) 298-7120

January 1982

]anuary-March

Writing for Results: A Coursefor Computer Professionals,

various sites throughout theUS. This three-day course ispresented by the AmericanManagement Associations(AMA). It is designed toteach computer professionalshow to get complex ideasacross to technical and non-technical readers in clear andsimple prose. Individual feesare $575 for AMA members,$660 for nonmembers. Teamfees are $490 per person forAMA members, $575 fornonmembers. For a completeschedule of times and loca-tions, contact the AmericanManagement Associations,135 W 50th St, New York NY10020, (212) 586-8100. Toregister by phone, call (212)246-0800.

January-April

Fundamentals of Data Pro-cessing for AdministrativeAssistants and Office Sup-port Staff, various sitesthroughout the US. TheAmerican Management Asso-ciations (AMA) has designedthis three-day course for sec-retaries, assistants, super-visors, and other personneldesiring to learn the funda-mentals of data processingand its use in offices. Com-puter hardware and software,programming languages, andtechnology will all becovered. The team fee forAMA members is $470 per in-dividual and $550 for non-members. For a schedule ofdates and locations, contactthe AMA, 135 W 50th St,New York NY 10020, (212)586-8100. To register by

phone, call (212) 246-0800.

January 6-8

The Fifteenth Annual HawaiiInternational Conference onSystems Sciences (HICSS-

15), Honolulu HI. This con-ference is cosponsored by theUniversity of Hawaii and theUniversity of SouthwesternLouisiana in cooperationwith the Association forComputing Machinery.HICSS-15 is intended formedical information-pro-cessing researchers and prac-titioners. Some of the topicsto be covered are diagnosisby computer, computer-based medical instrumenta-tion, computers and thehandicapped, and the use ofcomputers in individual andgroup practices, medical la-boratories, and hospitals.Contact Dr Bruce D Shiverand Dr Terry M Walker, c/oHICSS-15 Medical Informa-tion Processing, University ofSouthwestern Louisiana,POB 44330, Lafayette LA70504.

January 7-10

The 1982 Winter ConsumerElectronics Show (CES), LasVegas Convention Center,Hilton Hotel, and the JockeyClub, Las Vegas NV. Confer-ences, workshops, seminars,sales meetings, press events,and exhibits of audio andvideo equipment, computers,telephones, and other con-sumer items highlight thisshow. For details, contactConsumer Electronic Shows,Suite 1607, Two Illinois Cen-ter, 233 N Michigan, ChicagoIL 60601, (312) 861-1040.

January 12-15

Communication NetworksConference and Exposition,

Georgia World CongressCenter, Atlanta GA. TheCommunication NetworksConference is designed tobring users and the telecom-

462 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

munications industry togeth-er. The Conference featuressessions, panel discussions,and tutorials on voice, data,and electronic-mail commun-ications. For information,contact Communication Net-works, 375 Cochituate Rd,POB 880, Framingham MA01701, (617) 879-0700.

January 15-16

Microcomputers in Educa-tion, Arizona State Universi-ty, Tempe AZ. The TenthAnnual Math/Science Con-ference will emphasize themicrocomputer as a medium

for instruction, as a tool forresearch, and as an informa-tion manager. Workshops,demonstrations, panel discus-sions, and problem-solvinggroups will be offered. Con-tact Nancy Watson, 203Payne Hall, Arizona StateUniversity, Tempe AZ 85287.Vendors interested in ex-hibiting may call Dr GaryBitter at (602) 965-3322.

January 19-22

Peripheral Array Processorsfor Signal Processing andSimulation, Sheraton Nation-al Hotel, Washington DC.

The fee for this course is$795. For complete details,contact the Continuing Edu-cation Institute, Suite 1030,10889 Wilshire Boulevard,Los Angeles CA 90024, (213)824-9545.

January 19-22

The Which Computer?Show, National ExhibitionCentre, Birmingham, Eng-land. Information about thisshow can be obtained fromClapp & Poliak Inc, 245 ParkAve, New York NY 10167,(800) 223-1956; in New York,

(212) 661-8410.

January 20-22

Texas Computer Show, Dal-las Convention Center, Dal-las TX. Conferences, paneldiscussions, and seminarswill be featured at this show.The exhibition will includeword- and data-processingequipment plus peripherals.For details, contact the TexasComputer Show, POB214035, Dallas TX 75221,(214) 761-9108; in Georgia,(404) 452-0114; and inCanada, (416) 252-7791.

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• Seagate, Tanden drives.

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DISK DOCTOR is a program which automatically recoversbad discettes. Best of all DISK DOCTOR does not require anyknowledge of CP/M file structure! If you can operate CP/M,then you can use DISK DOCTOR. The entire system is menudriven with key information displayed.

DISK DOCTOR is comprised of five "wards", each capable ofperforming a specific discette recovery operation.

• Ward A: Verifies discettes and locks out bad sectors without touching the

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January 21-22

Local Network EquipmentSeminar, Phoenix AZ. Thisseminar will emphasize local-network equipment ratherthan the theory of local net-works. General principles oflocal networks and future de-velopments will be covered.These sessions will look at theUngermann-Bass Net/One,the Network Systems Cor-poration Hyperchannel andHyperbus, the Apollo Do-main System, Sytek Local-net, Amdax Cablenet, NestarCluster I, and other systems.The cost of this two-dayseminar is $550, which in-cludes lecture notes, text-book, and refreshments. Fordetails, contact Local Net-work Equipment Seminar,Architecture TechnologyCorporation, POB 24344,Minneapolis MN 55424, (612)925-2930.

January 28-30

Conference on Modeling andSimulation on Microcomput-ers, Bahia Hotel, San DiegoCA. The Society for Com-puter Simulation (SCS) ispresenting this conference,which features papers, paneldiscussions, and tutorials ondiscrete and continuous simu-lation on microcomputers.Contact SCS, POB 2228, LaJolla CA 92038, (714)459-3888.

February 1982

February 22-24

The Eighth Annual FederalDP Expo, Sheraton Washing-ton Hotel, Washington DC.More than 150 computer in-dustry companies will displayand demonstrate hardware,software, systems, and ser-vices. Approximately 120speakers will speak on a widevariety of topics during theconference portion of theprogram. Contact The Inter-face Group, 160 Speen St,Framingham MA 01701,(800) 225-4620; in Massachu-setts, (617) 879-4502.■

Books Received

Analog I/O Design,Patrick H Garrett. RestonVA: Reston Publishing, 1981;15.5 by 23.5 cm, 264 pages,hardcover, ISBN 0-8359-0208-0, $21.95.

Apple Pascal, ArthurLuehrmann and HerbertPeckham. New York: Mc-Graw-Hill, 1981; 16 by 23.5cm, 428 pages, softcover,ISBN 0-07-049171-2, $14.95.

The Atari Assembler, DonInman and Kurt Inman.Reston VA: Reston Publish-ing, 1981; 15.5 by 23.5 cm,270 pages, hardcover, ISBN0-8359-0237-4, $14.95; soft-cover, ISBN 0-8359-0236-6,$9.95.

The Community Comput-erists Directory, no. 3, JeffLove and Stephen Pizzo.Guerneville CA: AlternetInc, 1981; 21 by 27.5 cm, 72pages, softcover, ISBN none,$3.50.

Computer/Law Journal,vol. II, no. 3 (Summer 1980),"Computer Crime, Part II,"Jay Becker, ed. Los AngelesCA: Center for Computer/Law, 1981; 17 by 25.5 cm,332 pages, softcover, ISSN0164-8756, $16.

Data Base Architecture,Ivan Flores. New York: VanNostrand Reinhold, 1981;15.5 by 23.5 cm, 408 pages,hardcover, ISBN 0-442-22729-9, $26.50.

Data Book 1981, IntersilInc. Cupertino CA: IntersilInc (10710 N Tantau Ave),1981; 18 by 23 cm, 1228pages, softcover, ISBN none,$5.

Digital Technology withMicroprocessors, Frank ECave and David L Terrell.Reston VA: Reston Publish-ing, 1981; 18 by 24 cm, 372pages, hardcover, ISBN

0-8359-1326-0, $21.95.

Evaluating Data BaseManagement Systems, JudyM King. New York: VanNostrand Reinhold, 1981; 16by 23.5 cm, 296 pages, hard-cover, ISBN 0-442-23994-7,$21.95.

Feedback and Control Sys-tems, A C McDonald and HLowe. Reston VA: RestonPublishing, 1981; 15.5 by23.5 cm, 532 pages, hard-cover, ISBN 0-8359-1898-X, $22.95.

Fundamentals of ElectronicCircuits, David A Bell.Reston VA: Reston Publish-ing, 1981; 18.5 by 24 cm, 720pages, hardcover, ISBN0-8359-2128-X, S21.95.

Graphic Software forMicrocomputers, B J Korites.Duxbury MA: Kern Publica-tions, 1981; 28 by 21.5 cm,184 pages, softcover, ISBN0-940254-01-8, $19.95.

Microprocessor Software:Programming Concepts andTechniques, G A Streitmatter.Reston VA: Reston Publish-ing, 1981; 18 by 24 cm, 357pages, hardcover, ISBN0-8359-4375-5, $18.95.

Natural Language Process-ing, Harry Tennant. Prince-ton NJ: Petrocelli Books,1981; 14 by 21 cm, 276 pages,softcover, ISBN 089433-100-0, $17.50.

Optoelectronics, Robert GSeippel. Reston VA: RestonPublishing, 1981; 18 by 24cm, 254 pages, hardcover,ISBN 0-8359-5255-X, $21.95.

Raster Graphics Hand-book, Conrac Division, Con-rac Corporation. Covina CA:Conrac Corporation (600 NRimsdale Ave), 1981; 13.5 by21 cm, 246 pages, softcover,ISBN 0-9604972-0-X, $20.■

This is a list of books received at BYTE Publications during thispast month. Although the list is not meant to be exhaustive, itspurpose is to acquaint BYTE readers with recently published titlesin computer science and related fields. We regret that we cannotreview or comment on all the books we receive;Jnstead, this list ismeant to be a monthly acknowledgment of these books and thepublishers who sent them.

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Clubs and Newsletters

UsedComputer Exchange

The UCE (Used ComputerExchange) matches buyersand sellers of used microcom-puter equipment. A listing ofequipment with commissionrates dependent on conclu-sion of a sale is available.Buyers must register with theUCE to use its services.

UCE also has consultingand referral services for thoseseeking the lowest prices onnew computers or guidanceon small-business systemshardware and softwarematches. For more informa-tion, contact the Used Com-puter Exchange, 2329Hunters Woods Plaza,Reston VA 22091.

Purser Pursuesthe Atari

Purser's Atari Magazine isa special edition of Purser'sMagazine that contains ar-ticles and reviews on almostevery piece of software avail-able for Atari computers. It'savailable for $1. Write toPurser's Magazine, POB 466,El Dorado CA 95623.

Keep Upwith the Networks

The Localnetter covers ma-jor developments in localcomputer networks. Ethernetstandards, products, andpeople in the news are someof the topics covered in thismonthly newsletter. Allmakes and kinds of networksare investigated by thepublication. Localnetter costs$250 per year in the UnitedStates and $300 elsewhere.Back issues are available.Localnetter is published byArchitecture TechnologyCorporation, POB 24344,Minneapolis MN 55424.

Micro Cornucopia

Micro Cornucopia is de-voted to the Big Board single-board computer made byDigital Research Computersof Garland, Texas. Articleson power supplies, memoryprotection, the monitor pro-gram, and more are included.A yearly (six-issue) sub-scription is $12 in the UnitedStates, $15 in Canada, and$20 elsewhere. Contact MicroCornucopia, 11740 NW WestRd, Portland OR 97229.

Atari GroupIn the North

TAIG (Twin-City Atari In-terest Group) meets on thelast Sunday of each month.An interest in Atari com-puters and $10 annual duesare the membership require-ments. A monthly newslet-ter, a group library of pro-grams, and a discount at cer-tain computer stores are allpart of the membership.Write to A Middleton, 1794James Ave, St Paul MN55105, or call Steve Crowleyat (612) 937-1001.

TRS-80 UsersIn New Jersey

The TRS-80 Users Groupof Cherry Hill meets thefourth Monday of the monthat the Cherry Hill library at7:30 PM. The club publishesa newsletter and is interestedin exchanges. Contact BryanMcPhee, 418 Virginia Dr,Browns Mills NJ 08015.

ConnecticutCP/M Users Group

For more information onthe Connecticut CP/M users

group, contact The Word-smith Network, 110 Day HillRd, Windsor CT 06095, (203)683-2427.

BulletinBoard In Operation

SEB Computer has starteda free computer bulletinboard in Jacksonville, Flori-da. The system is up each dayfrom 6 PM to 8 AM. The ac-cess number is (904) 743-7050.

AboutTelecommunications

The Viewdata/VideotexReport is a monthy publica-tion that is concerned withviewdata/videotex, teletext,and other systems of infor-mation distribution. Articleson Prestel, Telidon, videoterminals, CompuServe, andother related subjects arefeatured. The Report is avail-able for $295 per year by LinkResources Corporation, 215Park Ave South, New YorkNY 10003, (212) 473-5600.

Color Computer News

Color Computer News hasinformation on hardware,software, and products forthe TRS-80 Color Computer.Color Computer News isavailable for $9 per year (sixissues) from RemarkableSoftware, POB 1192, Muske-gon MI 49443.

Hackers from theUniversity of Dayton

The University of DaytonMicroprocessor Systems De-velopment Group is a nuts-and-bolts group. Most of itsmembers have built the Ex-plorer-85 microcomputer by

Netronics. The group is look-ing for interested hackers tojoin in its pursuits, which aremostly concerned with 8085/8086 applications. We alsopublish a newletter called TheStack. Contact theMicroprocessor SystemsDevelopment Group, RmKL-341, Kettering Labs,University of Dayton,Dayton OH 45469, or contactthe club president, BillSalyuo, POB 11, Dayton OH45409, (513) 229-3614.

Home ComputerNewsletter

Home Computer Newslet-ter is for anyone who haspurchased a computer orplans to do so soon. It in-cludes programming help,hardware and software re-views, product sources, andreader-contributed programs.The subscription rate is $20 ayear. Contact Home Com-puter Newsletter, POB 616,Silverton OR 97381, (503)873-5012.

ComputerScience Group

The NECSL (New EnglandComputer Science League)administers monthly comput-er-science contests for highschool students throughoutthe country. Contests areheld at each school, and anunlimited number of studentsfrom all grade levels can com-pete. Students are given shorttheoretical and applied ques-tions and a practical problemto solve using their schools'computer facilities. TheNECSL tabulates the resultsand announces winners andprizes. If your school wouldlike to learn more aboutNECSL, contact the Leagueat POB 2417A, Providence RI02906, (401) 863-3300.B

466 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Software Received

Apple II

Alkalabeth-World ofDoom, a fantasy role-playinggame for the Apple II. Floppydisk, $34.95. California Pa-cific Computer Company,Suite B, 1623 Fifth St, DavisCA 95616.

Apple-Oids, a graphics ar-cade game for the Apple II.Floppy disk, $29.95. Califor-nia Pacific Computer Com-pany (see address above).

Apple Panic, a graphics ar-cade game for the Apple II.Floppy disk, $29.95. Broder-bund Software, POB 3266,Eugene OR 97403.

Autobahn, a racing simula-tion for the Apple II. Floppydisk, $29.95. Sirius Software,2011 Arden Way #225A,Sacramento CA 95825.

Bill Budge's Space Album,arcade games for the AppleII. Floppy disk, $39.95. Cali-fornia Pacific ComputerCompany (see addressabove).

Bill Budge's Trilogy ofGames, arcade games for theApple II. Floppy disk,$29.95. California PacificComputer Company (see ad-dress above).

Both Barrels, an arcadegame for the Apple II. Floppydisk, $24.95. Sirius Software(see address above).

Castle Wolfenstein, agraphics adventure for theApple II. Floppy disk,$29.95. Muse Software, 330

N Charles St, Baltimore MD21201.

Cranston Manor, a graph-ics adventure for the AppleII. Floppy disk, $34.95. On-Line Systems, 36575 MudgeRanch Road, Coarsegold CA93614.

Cross Clues, a word gamefor the Apple II. Floppy disk,$29.95. Science ResearchAssociates, 155 N WackerDr, Chicago IL 60606.

Cyber Strike, a strategygame for the Apple II. Floppydisk, $39.95. Sirius Software(see address above).

Galactic Saga IV-Tawala'sLast Redoubt, a strategygame for the Apple II. Floppydisk, $29.95. BroderbundSoftware (see address above).

Gamma Goblins, agraphics adventure for theApple II. Floppy disk,$29.95. Sirius Software (seeaddress above).

Gobbler, an arcade gamefor the Apple II. Floppy disk,$24.95. On-Line Systems (seeaddress above).

Gorgon, an arcade gamefor the Apple II. Floppy disk,$39.95. Sirius Software (seeaddress above).

Hi-Res Football, sportssimulation for the Apple II.Floppy disk, $39.95. On-LineSystems (see address above).

Hi-Res Soccer, sportssimulation for the Apple II.Floppy disk, $29.95. On-LineSystems (see address above).

This is a list of software packages that have been received byBYTE Publications during the past month. The list is correct to thebest of our knowledge, but it is not meant to be a full descriptionof the product or the forms in which the product is available. Inparticular, some packages may be sold for several machines or inboth cassette and floppy-disk format; the product listed here isthe version received by BYTE Publications.

This is an all-inclusive list that makes no comment on the qualityor usefulness of the software listed. We regret that we cannotreview every software package we receive. Instead, this list ismeant to be a monthly acknowledgment of these packages andthe companies that sent them. All software received is consideredto be on loan to BYTE and is returned to the manufacturer after aset period of time. Companies sending software packages shouldbe sure to include the list price of the packages and (where appro-priate) the alternate forms in which they are available.

International Gran Prix, a

racing simulation for the Ap-ple II. Floppy disk, $30.Riverbank Software, POB128, Smith's Landing Rd,Denton MD 21629.

Missile Defense, an arcadegame for the Apple II. Floppydisk, $29.95. On-Line Sys-tems (see address above).

Mission: Asteroid, agraphics adventure for theApple II. Floppy disk,$19.95. On-Line Systems (seeaddress above).

NORAD, an arcade gamefor the Apple II. Floppy disk,$29.95. Western MicroDataEnterprises Ltd, POB G 33,Postal Station G, Calgary,Alberta, T3A 2G1, Canada.

Phantoms Five, an arcadegame for the Apple II. Floppydisk, $29.95. Sirius Software(see address above).

Pulsar II, an arcade gamefor the Apple II. Floppy disk,$29.95. Sirius Software (seeaddress above).

Sabotage, an arcade gamefor the Apple II. Floppy disk,$24.95. On-Line Systems (seeaddress above).

Snoggle, an arcade gamefor the Apple II. Floppy disk,$32.95. Broderbund Software(see address above).

Space Eggs, an arcadegame for the Apple II. Floppydisk, $29.95. Sirius Software(see address above).

Space Warrior, an arcadegame for the Apple II. Floppydisk, $24.95. BroderbundSoftware (see address above).

Star Cruiser, an arcadegame for the Apple II. Floppydisk, $24.95. Sirius Software(see address above).

Ultima, a fantasy role-playing game for the AppleII. Floppy disk, $39.95. Cali-fornia Pacific ComputerCompany (see addressabove).

Wizard and the Princess, agraphics adventure for theApple II. Floppy disk,$32.95. On-Line Systems (seeaddress above).

Atari

Alpha Fighter, arcadegames for the Atari 800. Flop-py disk, $18.95. DynacompInc, 1427 Monroe Ave, Roch-ester NY 14618.

Chomp-Othello, strategyboard games for the Atari800. Floppy disk, $15.95.Dynacomp Inc (see addressabove).

Eastern Front (1941), agraphics war game for theAtari 800. Floppy disk,$29.95. Atari Program Ex-change, POB 427, 155 MoffetPark Dr, Sunnyvale CA94086.

Fantasy land 2041 AD, amultipart, fantasy role-playing game for the Atari800. Floppy disks, $59.95.Crystalware, 12215 MurphyAve, San Martin CA 95046.

Galactic Empire, a strategygame for the Atari 400/800.Cassette, $19.95. AdventureInternational, POB 3435,Longwood FL 32750.

Giant Slalom, an arcadegame for the Atari 800. Flop-py disk, $18.95. DynacompInc (see address above).

Intruder Alert, a graphicsarcade game for the Atari800. Floppy disk, $20.95.Dynacomp Inc (see addressabove).

Kayos, an arcade game forthe Atari 800. Floppy disk,$34.95. Computer Magic Ltd,176 Main St, Port Washing-ton NY 11050.

Star Trek 3.5, a strategygame for the Atari 800. Cas-sette, $19.95. Adventure In-ternational (see addressabove).

Triple Blockade, an arcadegame for the Atari 800. Flop-py disk, $18.95. DynacompInc (see address above).

World War III, a war gamefor the Atari 800. Floppydisk, $29.95. Crystalware(see address above).

Commodore PET

Adventure at Pearl Har-bor, a war game for 16 K- or

December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 467

We Meet or BeatAny Advertised Price!

NORTHSTM

HORIZON II

64k Quad Density

•2 5/8" Obi SideDbl. Density Drives•Full Factory Warranty•List $4495

$

HORIZON II

32k Double Dtnsity

& $2695

HORIZON II64k Double DensityReg. $<$4195

'3050

PCB PRICEONLY

3275

HORIZON II

32k Quad Density

$2895

$3995

TOSHIBA

64k Quad density, tVt" drives.CP/M. MBasicBO and CBasic II

64k Oil 8 drives. 2mb storageCP/M, MBasic80 and CBasic II

* mm

%

3495 $4495

TOSHIBA

WORD PROCESSIHG

64k Main Memory. 2-5'/." floppy-drives.45 cps daisy wheel printer. LIST 7995

$

6695

PRINTERS

COMET 8300 c.itohCOMET II C.itoh parallelEPSON MX80 parallel

EPSON MX80 BS232EPSON GRAFTRAX UPGRADESTARWRITER 25cps parallelSTARWRITER 25cps RS232STARWRITER II 45cps parallelSTARWRITER III 40cPs BS232NEC 7710 RS232NEC 3510 RS232

MPI 88G List 1749

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5Y4" DISK DRIVES

TandonCDC Seue'iiry . . $225TandonCDCS:^ $350Tandon 100-4 so (,«*.. $600Seagate 5mb Hard DiscST-506 *1350

DISKETTES

Verbatim 525-01 box .ho '29

Dysan 5V; ss, DDSoft .bmomoW

SUPRBRAIN

64k Quad Density

- $2950

mL 64k Double Density

a "2650

HARD DISKS

CMC 5mb forTRS-80. SuperbrainHeath H-89. S-100

LIST «

$3495

2795

CORVUS

10mb LIST $5350 $429520mb LIST $6450 s5300Mirror Backup 650

Multiplexer $775

TELEVIDEO

910C $595

912C s665

920C $720

950 $950

SUPERDRAIN

S-100 Bus AdapterLIST $595

SUPERBRAINParallel Port

SBE Prom

*475

LIST $90

*75

LIST $205

M55

LANGUAGES

C Basic II '98

M Basic BO '276

MT Pascal '430

Fortran 80 »460

Cobol 80 '650

M Basic Compiler.'329

GRAPHICS

Graphics board '896

Symbol Generator '200

Graphics Plotter '200

3-D Graphics '400

Surface Plotter '4S0

Graphics TerminalEmulator '460

To Order Call (206) 453-8159

Mail and telephone orders only. Mastercharge, VISA add 3%. No COD. All pricesFOB origin Send for catalog. Mail all correspondence to P.O. Box 3952. Bellevue. Wa. 98009

PACIFIC COMPUTER BROKERS

11056 Palatine North, Seattle, WA 98133

32 K-byte PETs. Cassette,$19.95. United Software ofAmerica, 750 3rd Ave, NewYork NY 10017.

Space Intruders, an arcadegame for 8 K- to 32 K-bytePETs. Cassette, $19.95.United Software of America(see address above).

Super Gomoku, a boardgame for 8 K- to 32 K-bytePETs. Cassette, $9.95. UnitedSoftware of America (see ad-dress above).

TRS-80

Bridge 2.0, card game pro-gram for the TRS-80 Model I.Floppy disk, $21.95. Dyna-comp Inc, 1427 Monroe Ave,Rochester NY 14618.

Cribbage 2.0, board gameprogram for the TRS-80Model I. Floppy disk, $18.95.Dynacomp Inc (see addressabove).

Hearts 1.5, card game pro-gram for the TRS-80 Model I.Floppy disk, $19.95. Dyna-comp Inc (see addressabove).

Nominoes Jigsaw Puzzle, agraphics puzzle for theTRS-80 Model I. Floppy disk,$20.95. Dynacomp Inc (seeaddress above).

Voyage of the Valkyrie, agraphics war game for theTRS-80 Models I or III. Flop-py disk, $39.95. AdvancedOperating Systems, Suite792, 450 St John Rd, Michi-gan City IN 46360.

Other Computers

Backgammon 2.0, a boardgame program for CP/M.8-inch floppy disk, $21.45.Dynacomp Inc, 1427 MonroeAve, Rochester NY 14618.

Flight Simulator, a flight-simulation program forCP/M. 8-inch floppy disk,$24.45. Dynacomp Inc (seeaddress above).

Poker Party, a game simu-lation for CP/M. 8-inch flop-py disk, $24.45. DynacompInc (see address above).

Star Trek 3.2, a strategygame for CP/M. 8-inch flop-py disk, $18.45. DynacompInc (see address above). ■

468 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 329 on inquiry card.

Technical Forum

Apple X10 Control

Wayne Arczynski

c/o BYTE Publications

POB 372

Hancock NH 03449

I compliment Steve Garcia on his fine article describ-ing the BSR X-10 Home Control Unit. Using the informa-tion outlined in his article "Computerize a Home" (see theJanuary 1980 BYTE, page 28), and after reading AlanTrimble's article, "A $5.25 Interface to the BSR X-10Home Control System," (in the September 1980 issue ofBYTE, page 314), I created the program in listing 1. Thisprogram uses an Apple II computer (or other 6502-basedcomputer with a 1 MHz clock). To control the BSR X-10command module, you need only a 40 kHz transducer(available from The Micro Mint of Woodmere, NewYork for $6).

Implementing home control using an Apple II is sim-ple. First enter the machine-language program into pagethree of memory, then hook up the transducer to annun-ciator zero (pin 15) and ground (pin 8) of the game-paddle connector. You are now ready to control lightsand appliances with your Apple.

Like Trimble's program, mine has two subroutines thathandle critical timing. The first is FRTY, which generatesa 40 kHz signal to annunciator zero. The second is DLY,which generates the delay necessary between the 40 kHztransmit bursts. Subroutines SND0 and SND1 transmitthe pulse train necessary for 0 and 1, while TERM gener-ates the required termination sequence. The MAIN ROU-TINE loads the accumulator with the command byte(from location FF hexadecimal, 255 decimal), saves thecomplement, and serially transmits the command. The

complement is then loaded into the accumulator andtransmitted serially. Finally, the termination sequence istransmitted.

In my program, the command byte is stored at location255 decimal, and a CALL 768 is executed (in machine lan-guage: JSR $300). All registers are saved and restored bythe program; therefore, only location 255 decimal mustbe reserved for the program. The program may be relo-cated to a different location in memory, although caremust be taken to verify that no timing loops cross pageboundaries. This is not a severe limitation since the pro-gram fits into a single page of memory.

To use my program with Steve's BASIC program in theJanuary 1980 BYTE, make the following changes to hisprogram:

• change: OUT 9, C(X)

to: POKE 255, C(X) ; CALL 768

• change: OUT 9, F

to: POKE 255, F : CALL 768

• remove: OUT 9, 128

• remove: GOSUB XXXX :REM DELAY TIMER

You don't have to turn off the timer or wait for thebyte to be transmitted in the last two items because theassembler program only transmits one command per calland returns to the calling program only after transmis-sion is complete. ■

Listing 1: 6502 assembly-language program to run the BSR X-10 system from one bit of an Apple II parallel-output port.

:asm

0900 *

0910 *

0920 *

0930 *

0940 *

0 950 *

0960 *

0970 *

0980 *

************************

* *

* APPLE X-10 CONTROL *

* BY *

* WAYNE S. ARCZYNSKI *

* NOVEMBER 5, 1980 *

* *************************

Listing 1 continued on page 470December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 469

Technical Forum,

0990 *

1000 * BSR X-10 CONTROLLER

1010 *

1020 * GENERATE THE SIGNAL REQUIRED

1030 * TO DRIVE A 40KHZ TRANSDUCER

1040 * TO TRANSMIT COMMANDS TO THE

1050 * BSR X-10 COMMAND CONSOLE

106 0 *

1070 *

1080 * COMMAND BYTE (DECIMAL):

1090 * ALL OFF =1

1100 * LIGHTS ON = 3

1110 * ON =5

1120 * OFF = 7

1130 * DIM = 9

1140 * BRIGHT = 11

1150 *

1160 * CHI = 12 CH9 = 14

1170 * CH2 = 28 CH13 = 30

1180 * CH3 = 4 CH11 = 6

1190 * CH4 = 20 CH12 = 22

1200 * CH5 = 2 CH13 = 0

1210 * CH6 = 18 CH14 = 16

1220 * CH7 = 10 CH15 = 8

1230 * CH8 = 26 CH15 = 24

1240 *

1242 * COMMAND BYTE IS LOCATION $FF

1244 * BASIC: POKE 255, CMND

1246 * M/L: LDA CMND

1248 * STA $FF

1250 *

1260 * VARIABLES

1265 *

1270 ANON .EQ $C059 SET ANNUNCIATOR ZERO ( ANO )

1275 ANOF .EQ $C058 CLEAR ANO

1280 CTR1 .EQ $FD XMIT BIT COONTER

1285 CQMP .EQ $FE COMPLEMENT OF COMMAND 3YTE

1290 CMND .EQ $FF COMMAND BYTE

1295 *

1300 * MAIN ROUTINE

1305 .OR $300

1310 STRT PHP SAVE REGISTERS

1320 PHA

1330 TXA

1340 PHA

1350 TYA

1360 PHA

FD 1362 LDA CTR1

1364 PHA

FE 1366 LDA COMP

1368 PHA

1369 *FF 1370 LDA CMND GET COMMAND BYTE

1372 ROL POSITION COMMAND

1374 ROL

1376 ROL

0311- 49 FF 1380 EOR #$FF COMPLEMENT CMND

470 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

0300-

08

0301-

48

0302-

8*

0303-

48

0304-

99

0305-

48

0306-

A5

0308-

48

0309-

A5

030B-

48

030C-

A5

030E-

2A

030F-

2*

0310-

2A

0313- 85 FE 1390 STA COMP SAVE COMPLEMENT

0315- 49 FF 1400 EQR #$FF UNC3MPLEMENT COMMAND BYTE

1410 *0317- A2 05 1414 LDX #5 SETUP TO TRANS0319- 86 FD 1416 STX CTR1 5 BITS

031B- 20 52 03 1420 JSR SND1 TRANSMIT START BIT

1421 *

1422 * NOTE: TRANSMITTING A BURST

1423 * ( ZERO OR ONE ) TAKES

1424 * 48US IN ASSEMBLER

1425 * INSTRUCTIONS

1426 *

031E- 2* 1430 XLP1 ROL

031F- 90 03 1440 BCC SKP1

0321- 20 52 03 1450 JSR SND1 XMIT 1 IF CARRY IS SET

0324- BO 03 1460 SKP1 BCS SKP2

0326- 20 50 03 1470 JSR SNDO XMIT 0 IF CARRY IS CLEAR

0329- C6 FD 1480 SKP2 DEC CTR1

032B- DO Fl 1490 BNE XLP1 LOOP UNTIL 5 BITS HAVE BEEN SENT

032D- A2 05 1500 LDX #5 SETUP TO XMIT

032F- 86 FD 1510 STX CTR1 5 BITS

0331- 65 FE 1520 LDA COMP SETUP FOR COMP

0333- 2A 1530 XLP2 ROL

0334- 90 03 1540 BCC SKP3

0336- 20 52 03 1550 JSR SND1 XMIT 1 IF CARRY IS SET

0339- £0 03 1560 SKP3 BCS SKP4

033B- 20 5D 03 1570 JSR SNDO XMIT 0 IF CARRY IS CLEAR

033F- C5 FD 1580 SKP4 DEC CTR1

0340- DO Fi 1590 BNE XLP2 LOOP UNTIL 5 BITS HAVE BEEN SENT

1600 *0342- 20 58 03 1610 JSR TERM XMIT TERMINATION SEQUENCE

0345- 68 1520 PLA RESTORE REGISTERS

0346- fa5 Fg 1622 STA COMP

0348- 68 1624 PLA

0349- 85 FD 1626 STA CTR1034B- 68 1628 PLA034C- Ab 1630 TAY034D- 68 1640 PLA034F- Aft 1650 TAX034F- 68 1660 PLA

0350- 28 1670 PLP

0351- 60 1680 RTS END OF MAIN

1690 *

1700 *

2000 * SND1 XMIT A ONF

0352- AO AO 2010 SND1 LDY #160 4MS OF 40KHZ0354- 20 8F 03 2020 JSR FRTY XMIT 40KHZ BURST0357- A2 4F 2030 LDX #79 DELAY 4MS

0359- 20 9r 03 2040 JSR DLY DELAY REMAINING TIME

035C- 60 2050 . RTS

2100 *

2110 * SNDO XMIT A ZERO

035D- AO 30 2120 SNDO LDY #48 1.2MS OF 40KHZ

035F- 20 BF 03 2130 JSR FRTY XMIT 40KHZ BURST

0362- A2 87 2140 LDX #135 DELAY 6.8MS

0364- ZO 9? 03 2150 JSR DLY DELAY REMAINING TIME

0367- 60 2160 RTS

217 0 * Listing 1 continued on page 472

December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 471

Technical Forum.

0368-036A-036C-036E-0370-0372-0375-0377-037A-037C-037F-0381-0384-0386-0389-038B-038E-

038F-0392-0393-0394-0395-0396-0399-039A-0398-039C-039E-

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2060

8DEAE?EAEA8DE«

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a a

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F 0303030303J3

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58 CO

88

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2200221022122214221622182220223022402250226022702280229022952300230523102320240C241024202430244024502460247024802490250025102520253 02540255026002610262026302640265026602670268026902700271027209999

TERM

TERMDEC CTR1

TERMINATIONDELAY 20US

SEQUENCE OF ISMS Q? 40KH2

FRTY

DLYDLP1

DECDSCDECLDYJSRLDYJSRLDYJSRLDYJSRLDXJSRLDXJSRRTS

CTR1

CTR1

CTR1

#160

FRTY

#160

FRTY

#160

FRTY

#160

FRTY

#240

DLY

#240

DLY

4MS OF 40KHZXMIT 40KHZ BJRSTREPEAT FOR

15MS OF

CONTINUOUS

40KHZ TONE

DELAY OF 12MS

DELAY OF 12MSTOTAL 24MS DELAY

FRTY GENERATE FORTY KILDHERTZ SIGNAL

REG Y = DURATION

SET ANNUNCIATOR TO A HIGH LEVEL12U3 AT HIGH LEVEL

CLEAR ANNUNCIATOR13US AT LDW LEVEL

STA ANON

NOP

NOP

NOP

NOP

STA ANOF

NOP

NOP

DEY

BNE FRTY LOOP FOR THE DURATION SET 3Y REG Y

RTS

DLY

DELAY BETWEEN TRANSMIT BURSTS

REG X = DURATION

DURATION = ( X * 50US + 5US )

LDYDEY

3NENOPNOPDEXBNERTS.EN

#8

DLP1

DLY

2US

39US LOOP

3US NORM,

2US

2US

2 US

3US

2US Y=0

NORM, 2US X=0

SYMBOL T*£LE

ANON

C059

ANOF

C058

CTR1

OOFD

COMP

OC'Fc

CMND

OOFF

STRT

0300

XLP1

031E

SKP1

0324

SKP2

0329

XLP2

0333

SKP3

0339

SKP4

033E

SND1

0352

SNDO

035D

TERM

0368

FRTY

038F

DLY

039F

DLP1

03A1

472 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

The Computer Headquarters'

Apple II plus 48K• Apple Disc Drive IIw/interface DOS 3.3 I• 12" Green high Iresolution monitor• OKIDATA 80 Gr. printer• TYMAC cableand interface• Apple writerNow Only s244900

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DC Hayes Micro Model II s299

Videx 80 Column Video Terminal s289

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Apple Silent Type Printer '339

High Speed Serial Interface M58

Microsoft 16K Ramcard '159

Language System w/Apple Pascal (containsInteger Basic & 16K Expansion Card). . .'405

Integer BASIC Firmware Card s159

ABT Keypad (Data Entry Pad

for Apple) '109.95

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Programmable Timer s99.95

Analog-to-Digital Converter s104.95

.Arithmetic Processor 309.95

BUSINESSMAN'S

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• Apple II plus 48K

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Handi-Writer

A Video Note Padfor the Physically Handicapped

Howard Batie12002 Cheviot DriveHerndon, VA 22070

For the first 50 years of her life,severe cerebral palsy prevented Loisfrom answering questions that re-quired more than a simple yes orno. But an inexpensive computerand special hardware and softwarehave now enabled Lois to communi-cate complex thoughts and ideas.Using her new Handi-Writer system,Lois has shown herself to be an in-telligent, alert woman who can in-teract effectively with those aroundher.

The usual cause of cerebral palsy isdamage at birth to the part of thebrain that controls motor coordina-tion. Cerebral palsy usually leaves in-nate intelligence unimpaired. Thedistinction between intelligence andknowledge is vital here: simply put,intelligence is the ability to learn, andknowledge is what has been learned.It is difficult to measure either in-telligence or knowledge in a person

severely afflicted with cerebral palsy.Physical impairments prevent Loisand other sufferers from respondingto questions about complex thoughtsand abstractions. The mind, howeverbright, is prisoner of the body.

Requirements for Communication

The first step in helping Lois tocommunicate was to understand thenature of the physical impairmentsthat had to be overcome. Lois isseverely spastic and has very littlecontrol over the movement of herhands and arms. She cannot movearound on her own. She cannot talk.Although she has enough strength inher arms to bend a sturdy mechanicaljoystick, she cannot control it wellenough for use as an input/outputdevice. Because of a caring familythat has spent much time with her,she can read.

2 INCHES

Figure 1: Arrangement of controls on the selector panel. Industrial "panic-button"switches are easily grasped by a handicapped user.

A system to help Lois engage intwo-way communication had to meetthe following requirements:

• Most important, the system had tobe small, portable, reliable, and inex-pensive.

• The number of physical actions re-quired of Lois had to be kept to theminimum. Since she could not oper-ate a keyboard with many separatekeys, software would have to donearly all the decision making.

• The system had to permit selectionof the most common words andphrases with a single, easy action, butstill permit construction of more com-plex words and phrases.

• The system had to be able to correctspelling errors caused by uninten-tional selection of a character or aword.

System Overview

Before taking a close look at eachcomponent of the Handi-Writersystem that we developed to meetthese requirements, I'll give you aquick overview of the finishedsystem.

I based the system on my ownTRS-80 Model I with 16 K bytes ofmemory using Level II BASIC. Thestring-handling functions of Level IIBASIC are essential to the Handi-Writer software, which displayscharacters and words on a videoscreen. The user selects a character orword by moving a variable-size

474 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

blinking cursor to it. If the cursor ison an item that is a single character,the character blinks; if the cursor ison an item that is a word, the wholeword blinks. Four cursor-control but-tons are placed on a small, separate,five-button panel, as shown in figure1. Pushing the fifth button on thepanel will print a selected character orword—whichever item is blink-ing—on a four-line work space at thebottom of the screen. The Handi-Writer interface between the TRS-80and the selector panel consists of a3-by-5-inch printed-circuit boardhoused in a separate cabinet.

Although I used the TRS-80 as thebasis for Handi-Writer, the hardwareand software described in this articlecould be modified to interface withalmost any popular computer.

The Screen Display

Handi-Writer is menu-driven, butthe menu is unusual. The user sees thescreen shown in figure 2. Thealphabet and numbers are at the leftof the screen and 29 common wordsare at the right. Although a screenformat of 64 characters per linewould have accommodated morewords on the screen, the format of 32characters per line suits this applica-tion better; the larger charactersreduce the degree of visualdiscrimination required to selectitems from the menu.

We tried many arrangements of thealphabet and the other menu itemsbefore we arrived at the best menu forLois, which is what figure 2represents. A different arrangementmight better meet the needs ofanother person. Once the Handi-Writer system was functioning, itenabled Lois to tell us what words shewanted on the menu. We used nopunctuation except the question markbecause the user can indicate the endof a thought or a sentence by insert-ing extra spaces. Besides characters,figures, and words, the menu includesfour editing functions and a RECALLfunction, all described below.

An important goal of screen designwas to minimize the amount of mo-tion and effort required to select amenu item. Consequently, the cursormoves in units of whole menu items.

As you look at figure 2, IS is only oneunit of cursor movement to the rightof I'M, despite the appearance ofseveral blanks between the two items.WHY is only one unit of cursormovement to the right of the 2.SPACE is only one unit below either7, 8, or 9. The question mark is onlyone unit to the right of SPACE,regardless of whether the cursor wason the 7, the 8, or the 9 before theuser moved the cursor to SPACE.

Once the Handi-Writer

was functioning, itenabled Lois to tell us

what words shewanted on the menu.

Furthermore, Handi-Writer im-plements both vertical and horizontalwraparound in cursor movement.PLEASE, at the top of the screen, isonly one unit down if the cursor is onWORD. LINE is one unit up fromTHANKS. COME is one unit leftfrom Q, and Y is one unit right fromTHIRSTY. By moving the cursoronly one unit, the user can also gofrom ALL in the lower right corner ofthe menu to A in the upper leftcorner.

To prevent the user from having toselect SPACE too often, the softwareautomatically inserts a space beforeeach word listed on the right side ofthe menu. No space is inserted beforethe ending ING, also on the right sideof the menu.

How It Works

The bottom four lines of the screenform a work space, separated fromthe menu above by a single blankline. When the desired letter or wordis blinking, the user presses thePRINT button and the letter or wordappears in the work space. Repeateddepression of the PRINT button willcause repeated printing of the blink-ing item. There is automatic line ad-justment if a word won't fit on thecurrent line.

The user can correct errors in theprinted text in the work space by us-ing one of four editing functions:

LTR, WORD, LINE, and ALL. Theuser selects the editing functions justas he or she selects other menu items.However, when the user selects anediting function, it blinks at a ratethree times faster than the blink-ratefor the other items on the menu.

All four editing functions arelocated on the menu's ERASE line,which is the first line of menu itemsabove the work space. If LTR is madeto blink, then pressing the PRINTbutton will delete the last letterprinted in the work space. If WORDor LINE is blinking, then pressing thePRINT button will delete the lastword or line in the work space. Press-ing the PRINT button when ALL isblinking will clear the entire workspace, but to prevent accidents, thescreen will ask ERASE SCREENTEXT? Then the user must press thePRINT button again.

When the user comes to the end ofthe fourth line of the work space andprints another word or letter, thesoftware automatically scrolls thedisplayed text up one line. The lastthree lines are still displayed. Linesthat scroll up out of view go into atext buffer that can hold eight four-line "pages" of text, or a total of 32lines. If more than 32 lines arescrolled up, the first line in the bufferis lost. An asterisk appears on themenu below the E in ERASE to warnthe user.

The user recalls four-line blocks oftext from the buffer by selectingRECALL on the menu and pressingthe PRINT button. Like the editingfunctions, RECALL blinks at threetimes the normal rate to indicate thatit is a function rather than a printableword. The first four lines displayedare the first four lines that went intothe buffer, not the four lines thatmost recently went into the buffer.Pushing the PRINT button repeatedlywhen RECALL is blinking recalls thenext four lines, and the next, and soon. After all the text in the buffer hasbeen recalled for display, the messageEND OF TEXT appears. After that,continuing to press the PRINT buttoncauses repeated scrolling through thesame text.

The user can clear the text bufferby using the ALL editing function

December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 475

C

5

"5.

&

476 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

repeatedly. Handi-Writer gives warn-ing messages and requires confirma-tion before actually erasing the storedtext.

The Screen Software

The Handi-Writer software isshown in listing 1. The program usesabout 8 K bytes of memory. Thescreen software works by dimension-ing a string array into which thealphabet and menu items are stored;the 74 successive array elements arethen arranged visually into a nominal7 by 11 matrix, but the software stilltreats them as a 74 by 1 array with se-quentially numbered indexes.

The current item blinks about onceeach second, but the rate can bealtered by changing the value of thevariable K in the Handi-Writer pro-gram shown in listing 1. Table 1 pro-vides a list of the program's numericand string arrays and variables.

If you decide to change menu itemsin the listing, do not introduce as a

menu item any phrase that has aspace in it, such as I AM. Use wordsonly, and limit them to six letters plusthe leading space for the first two col-umns of words on the screen, orseven letters plus the leading space forthe third column.

The Hardware

Figure 3 is a schematic diagram ofthe Handi-Writer interface. Figure 4 isa diagram of the placement of partson the printed-circuit board, andtable 2 is a list of parts keyed to theplacement diagram. The entire cir-cuit, including power supply, fits onone 3-by-5-inch printed-circuitboard. The design uses widelyavailable CMOS (complementarymetal-oxide semiconductor) insteadof the 74LS series TTL (transistor-transistor logic) normally used forcomputer interfacing. As a result, thedesign eliminates all but one currentrequirement for the CMOS logic butstill provides a three-state interface

for the computer's address bus, databus, and control lines. The only re-maining requirement is that theCMOS must be operated at +5 voltsin order to maintain TTL-logic-levelcompatibility with the TRS-80.

IC4 and IC5 are quad CMOSswitches, each independently con-trollable. When pin 13 of IC4 is low(logic 0), the switch between pins 1and 2 is open; ie: it presents a veryhigh impedance (on the order ofseveral hundred megohms) betweenpins 1 and 2. This is exactly the samecondition as that of a 74LS367 three-state buffer when in the high-impedance mode. However, whenpin 13 of IC4 goes high (logic 1), theinternal switch is closed; ie: a lowresistance (on the order of 200 to 400ohms) is presented between pins 1and 2. The switch is bidirectional inthe sense that pin 1 can be used eitheras the output or input, and pin 2 canbe used either as an input or output.In many applications, this feature of

Listing 1: The Handi-Writer program. Written in TRS-80 Level II BASIC and requiring 16 K bytes of memory, this program handlescommunications between the Handi-Writer interface and the TRS-80.

95 REM — LOGO AND INITIALIZATION —

100 CLS: PRINTCHR*<23) : PRINTS) 198,"HELP FOR THE HANDICAPPED": PRINT3272,"VERSION

1.7": PRINT3448,"JANUARY 1981 HOWARD F. BATIE"110 PRINT "PO BOX 667, HERNDON VA 22070": PRINTSJ714,"FOR TRS-80 MODEL I": PRINTS782,"LEVEL II, 16K"

120 CLEAR 1200: DIM M(74),M*(74),P*(4),T*(33): 11=0: LS=0: L=l: LP=1: EB=0: TC=1: PT=0: FOR 1=1 TO 2000: NEXT: CLS: PRINTCHR*(23)

125 REM PRINT DISPLAY

130 FOR 1=1 TO 74: READ A: READ X*: M(I)=A: M*(I)=X*: PRINT3A,X*;: NEXT Is PRINT

3640,"ERASE:";

135 REM — SELECT MENU ITEM TO BE PRINTED —

140 IF M(L)<690 AND M(L)<>612 THEN B=0: EB=0: SOSUB 740

150 II=0: SOSUB 230: IF L>68 THEN K=5 ELSE K=15

152 A=INP(0): IF A=255 THEN 11=11+1 ELSE 170

154 IF IKK THEN 152

156 11=0: BOSUB 240

158 A=INP(0): IF A=255 THEN 11=11+1 ELSE 170

160 IF II=2*K THEN ISO ELSE 158

170 IF A=239 GOSUB 240: GOTO 250: REM — PRINT —

180 GOSUB 230: GOSUB 240: IF A=254 L=L+1: IF L>74 L=L-74: GOTO 220: ELSE IF L=65

OR L=66 L=67: GOTO 220: REM — RIGHT —190 IF A=253 L=L-1: IF L<1 L=L+74: GOTO 220: ELSE IF L=65 OR L=66 L-64: GOTO 220: REM — LEFT —

200 IF A=251 THEN IF L>3 AND L<8 L=L+67: GOTO 220: ELSE IF L>0 AND L<4 L=L+63: 60T0 220: ELSE IF L>70 L=L-4: GOTO 220: ELSE L=L-7: GOTO 220: REM — UP —210 IF A=247 THEN IF L>66 AND L<71 L=L+4: GOTO 220: ELSE IF L=64 OR L=65 OR L=66

L=L-63: GOTO 220: ELSE IF L>70 L=L-67: GOTO 220: ELSE L=L+7: GOTO 220: REM — DOWN —

220 GOSUB 230: GOSOB 240: GOSUB 590: GOTO 140

230 PRINTSM(L) ,STRING*(LEN(M*(L))," ") ; : FOR J=l TO 50: NEXT J: RETURN240 PRINTSM (L) , M* (L) ; : RETURN Listing 1 continued on page 478

December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 477

Listing 1 continued:

245 REM — ERASE ALL —

250 IF PKLX690 THEN 300

260 ON EB+1 BQTO 270, 280, 290, 292

270 PRINT371B,"ERASE SCREEN TEXT?";: EB=1: SOTO 140

280 SOSUB 390: LP=1: PRINT3730,"TEXT MEMORY";: EB=2: SOTO 140

290 SOSUB 740: PRINT3722,"ARE YOU SURE?";: EB=3: SOTO 140

292 PRINT3718,"TEXT MEMORY ERASED";: EB=0: FOR 1=1 TO 33: T*(I)="": NEXT I: PRIN

TS>704," ";: SOSUB 590: SOSUB 740: TC=1: SOTO 140

295 REM — ERASE LAST PRINTED LETTER —

300 SOSUB 740: IF M(L)=652 THEN SOSUB 420: SOSUB 590: SOTO 140

305 REM — ERASE LAST PRINTED WORD —

310 IF M(L)=662 THEN SOSUB 460: SOSUB 590: SOTO 140

315 REM — ERASE LAST PRINTED LINE —

320 IF M(L)=676 THEN SOSUB 400: SOSUB 590: SOTO 140

325 REM — PRINT SPACE —

330 IF M(L)=57B THEN B*=" ": SOTO 500

335 REM — RECALL TEXT FROM T* MEMORY —

340 IF M(L)=626 THEN B*="": SOTO 600

345 REM — ACTIVATE EXTERNAL BUZZER —

350 IF M(L)=612 AND B=0 THEN FRINTS720,"TURN ON BUZZER?";: B=l: SOTO 140

360 IF M(L)=612 AND B=l THEN OUT 0,0: PRINT3720,"BUZZER TURNED ON";: SOSUB 590:

SOSUB 590: B=0: SOSUB 740: SOTO 140

370 IF B>0 THEN B=0: SOSUB 740

375 REM — PRINT CHARACTER/WORD —

380 B*=M*(L): PT=0: SOTO 500

385 REM — ERASE PRINTED LINES AND P* BUFFERS —

390 FOR 1 = 1 TO 4: PRINT5J704+64* I, STRING* (31, " ");: P*(I)="": NEXT I: RETURN

395 REM — ERASE LAST PRINTED LINE —

400 SOSUB 560: P*(LP>="": LP=LP-1: IF LP<1 THEN LP=1

410 RETURN

415 REM — ERASE LAST PRINTED LETTER —

420 LS=LEN<P*(LP)): IF LS<1 THEN P*(LP)="": LF-LP-1

430 IF LP<1 THEN LP=1: RETURN

440 IF LS>0 THEN P*(LP)=LEFT*(P*(LP),LS-1): SOSUB 560: PRINT5)704+64*LP, P* (LP) ;

450 RETURN

455 REM — ERASE LAST PRINTED WORD —

460 LS=LEN(P*(LP))

465 FOR I=LS TO 0 STEP -Is IF I<2 THEN SOSUB 400: RETURN

470 X*=MID*(P*(LP),I,1): IF X*=" " THEN B*=RIBHT*(P*(LP),LS-I): P*(LP)=LEFT*(P*<

LP),I-1>: SOSUB 560: PRINT3704+64*LP,P*(LP) ; : RETURN

480 NEXTI

485 REM — PRINT ALL FOUR LINES OF TEXT —

490 FOR 1 = 1 TO 4: IF P*(I)="" THEN RETURN: ELSE PRINTS)704+64*I, P* < I) ; : LP=I: NEX

T IS IF LP>4 THEN LP=4: RETURN: ELSE RETURN

495 REM — SCROLL AND LOAD T* BUFFERS IF LAST LINE TOO LONB —

500 IF LP>4 THEN LP=4

510 P*(LP)=P*(LP)+B*: LS=LEN(P*(LP)): IF LS<31 THEN SOSUB 490: SOSUB 590: SOTO 1

40

520 SOSUB 465: LP=LP+1: IF LF>4 THEN LP=4: SOSUB 550: Tt(TC)=Pt(l): FOR 1=1 TO 3

: P*(I)=P*<I+1): NEXT Is P*(4)=B*: SOSUB 490: TC=TC+1: IF TC>29 THEN TC=29: SOSU

B 540: SOSUB 590: SOTO 140: ELSE SOSUB 590: SOTO 140

530 P*(LF)=P*(LP)+B*: SOSUB 490: SOSUB 590: SOTO 140

540 PRINT3704,"*";: FOR M=l TO 32: T*(M)=T*(M+l): NEXTM: RETURN

545 REM — CLEAR ALL TEXT FROM SCREEN ONLY —

550 FOR 1 = 1 TO 4: PRINT5)704+64*I, STRINS* (31, " ") ; : NEXT Is RETURN

555 REM — CLEAR LAST LINE PRINTED FROM SCREEN ONLY- —

560 IF LP>4 THEN LP=4

570 PRINTS)704+64*LP, STRINS* (31, " ");: RETURN

575 REM — BLINK DISPLAY FOR MULTIPLE MOVES —

580 PRINTS)M(L) , STRINS* (LEN(M*(L) ), " ");: FOR Y=l TO 50: NEXT Y: RETURN

585 REM — DELAY BETWEEN ENTRIES —

590 FOR J=l TO 200: NEXT J: RETURN

595 REM — RECALL TEXT FROM T* BUFFERS —

600 FOR 1 = 1 TO 4: IF TC+K34 THEN T* (TC+I-1) =P* (I) : NEXT I

610 ET=0: TC=1: PRINT3720,"—RECALL TEXT—";: T*(33)="M

620 SOSUB 550: LP=1: TC=TC-1

478 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1 continued:

630 TC=TC+1: IF TC=33 OR T*<TC>="" THEN 650 ELSE X=704+64*LP: IF X>999 THEN 660

640 PRINT5)X,T*(TC> ; : LP=LP+1: BOTO 630

650 PRINT3720,"((END OF TEXT))";: ET=1: SOTO 690

660 A=INP(0): IF A=255 THEN 660

670 BOSUB 590: IF A=239 AND ET=0 THEN 620

680 IF A=239 AND ET=1 THEN 610

690 FOR 1=32 TO 1 STEP -1: IF T*(I)="" THEN NEXT I

700 LP=1: TC=I-3: IF TC<1 THEN TC=1

710 FOR 1=0 TO 3: P*(1+1)=T*(TC+I): NEXT I

720 SOSUB 550: BOSUB 490: BOSUB 590: BOSUB 590: BOSUB 740: BOTO 140

740 PRINT3718,STRINS* < 20," " ) ; : RETURN

745 REM — DISPLAY DATA —

750 DATA2, "A,,,6,,,B" , 10, "C", 14,"D",20, " PLEASE", 34," THANKS" , 48, " WANT",66,"E",70

,"F",74,"B",7B,"H",84," I'M",98," IS",112," ARE",130,"I",134,"J",138,"K",142,"L"

,148," MY",162," WAS"

760 DATA176," HAPPY",194,"M",198,"N",202,"O",206,"P",212," YOU",226," WILL",240,

" COME",258,"Q",262, "R", 266, "S",270,"T",276," WE",290," TO",304," BO",322,"U",32

6, "V",330,"W",334,"X"

770 DATA340," WHEN",354," IT",368," THIRSTY",386,"Y",390,"Z",394,"1",398,"2",404

," WHY",418," NOT", 434, "INB",450, "3", 454, "4", 458,"5",462,"6",468," WHAT",482, " W

HERE",496," NOW",514,"7"

780 DATA518,"8",522,"9",526,"0",532," YES",546," LATER",560," SOON",578,"SPACE",

578,"SPACE",578,"SPACE" , 590,"?",596," NO",612,"BUZZER",626,"RECALL",652,"LTR",66

2, "WORD",676,"LINE",690,"ALL"

790 END

the CMOS can be used to reduce thecomplexity and parts count of a cir-cuit as well as the current require-ments.

In this project, it is not necessary tofully decode all eight address lines toestablish the port location since onlyone input/output port is required.We chose address lines AO, Al, andA4 because they are near one another

and also are near the traditional data-bus pins on the TRS-80 rear edge con-nector. This arrangement simplifiedconstructing the cable to the com-puter. IC3a and IC3b decode ad-dresses separately; the formerdecodes the output-port location andthe latter the input-port location. Thelocation of the input and output portsis the same; however, providing a

Handi-Writer

Arrays

Function

M Array (74 x 1)

Holds video locations of characters/words (See L)

M$ Array (74x1)

Characters/words displayed on screen (See DATA)

P$ Array (4x1)

Printed lines in video work space area

T$ Array (33x1)

Text held in memory for recall

X$ String

Temporary string variable (length = 1)

B$ String

Program string variable

Handi-Writer

Variables

Function

A

Program Variable

B

Turn on Buzzer? (1 = YES, 0 = NO)

I.J.M.Y

Loop variables

K

Blinking rate of selected character/word (5 or 15)

L

Location on screen of selected character/word (See DATA)

X

Program variable

EB

Erase T$ text Buffer? (> 0 = YES, 0 = NO)

ET

End of Text (RECALL)? (1 = YES, 0= NO)

LP

Line being Printed on screen (1-4) (See P$)

LS

Length of P$ String being printed in work space (0-31)

PT

Printing Text from T$ buffer (RECALL)? (1 = YES, 0 = NO)

TC

Text line Counter in T$ memory (1-32)

Table 1: The arrays and

variables used in the Handi-Writer program shown in listing

1, with a brief description of their functions.

port with a location other than 255makes it possible to leave the cassettepermanently connected to the com-puter. For the Handi-Writer, portlocation 32 is used, but the wiringwould permit addressing the inputand output ports by any numberfrom 0 to 255 that has the AO, Al,and A4 lines of the address bus atlogic 0.

When this condition is met and theIN control line strobe goes low, pin13 of IC3 goes high and pir 10 of IC2cgoes high, but only for the durationof the IN strobe. Either IN orOUT can be low at any one time, butnot both simultaneously. Therefore,during the time when IN is low,switches b, a, and d of IC4 are closed,and the information on the three ad-dress lines is presented to and de-coded by IC3b. The resulting logic 1at pin 13 of IC3 closes switch c of IC4and all switches of IC5. If one of thefive selector-panel switches has beenpressed during this time, one of thefive data lines DO through D4 will below. This binary value on the databus is assigned to the variable A andappropriate action is taken by thesoftware. If no switch is pressed(A = 255) or if two or more switchesare simultaneously pressed, line 220jumps to line 140 without any evident

December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 479

I FlIMA

o

'12.6VAC300mA

BRIDGERECTIFIER

50PIV1A

7806

78L05

LM340T5

■ CI

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D3

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R3 47K

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R4 47K

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R6 47Ki (-AA/V—

R7 47k

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CD4066B

15 10

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l/OB 0/IBCA

0/IA l/OACD

0/1D l/ODCC

0/IC l/OC

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CD4002B CD4011B

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TYPICALFOR 5

J2

EXTERNALFRONT PANELVIEWDIN CONNECTOR

Figure 3: A schematic diagram of the Handi-Writer interface. The circuit is used to con-nect a TRS-80 to the five-button selector panel that lets the usef choose items for print-ing. The area in dotted lines at the right of the diagram is an optional circuit that enablesthe user to sound a buzzer by selecting an item from the Handi-Writer menu.

Number Type

+ 5 V

GND

IC1 7805

SEE

SCHEMATIC

IC2 CD4011B

14

7

IC3 CD4002B

14

7

IC4 CD4066B

14

7

IC5 CD4066B

14

7

480 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

-110VAC

PRIMARY110 VAC

Tl

12.6VAC® 300mASECONDARY

Kl

Rlo 680

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Part Numbersin PlacementDiagram

C1

C2

D1

FWB

J1

J2

J3

K1

Q1

R1

R2

R3-R13

81

T1

U1

U2

U3

U4,

Z1

U5

Description

100/xF/35V electrolytic (PC mount)O.VF disk capacitorIN4001 rectifier diode1-amp 50PIV Full Wave Bridge (DIP)3-way open circuit phone jack6-conductor DIN jack15-conductor DB-15 jack12-volt relay, 1k-ohm coil2N2222 or equivalent NPN silicon transistor680-ohm '/2-watt carbon resistor10k-ohm 1/4-watt carbon resistor47k-ohm Vi-watt carbon resistorSPST Mom. contact switch (normally open)12.6V @300 mA transformer+ 5 V regulator (7805, 78L05, LM340T5, etc.)4011B quad 2-input NAND CMOS IC4002B dual 4-input NOR CMOS IC4066B quad bilateral switch CMOS IC16-pin headeror prewired 6" ribbon cable w/DIP plug

Other Parts

Cabinet

Vi-amp fast-acting fuseFuse holder (chassis mount)110 VAC line cord14-pin IC sockets (5)16-pin IC socket (1)15-pin "D" plug for cable to computer40-pin edge connector for TRS-806-pin DIN plug for cable to selector panelSelector panel switches as appropriate (5)(momentary contact, normally open)

Table 2: Parts list for the Handi-Writer, keyed to figure 4.

Radio Shacknumber

272-1028272-1069276-1101276-1161274-312

275-003

276-2016

271-021

271-1335

271-1342

275-619

273-1385

276-2411

276-2466276-1980276-1976

R/S Number

270-269

270-1270

270-364

278-1255

278-1999

276-1998

276-1558

Figure 4: A diagram of the placement ofparts on the Handi-Writer printed-circuitboard. The parts are listed in table 2.

action. Since the input port isrepeatedly addressed within thisGOSUB-RETURN loop, the effect isto scan the input switches continuallyand jump out of the loop only if oneof the selector-panel switches ispressed.

If the same port location is ad-dressed as an output port, the execu-tion of a BASIC OUT statementdrives the TRS-80 OUT edge connec-tor pin low, drives IC2 pin 10 high(which closes the address switches b,a, and d of IC4, allowing the address-bus lines A0, Al, and A4 to be decod-ed by IC3a), and drives IC3a pin 5low. The combination of OUT, A0,Al, and A4 all low at pins 2 through5 of IC3a drives IC3a pin 1 high. Thissignal is inverted and fed to pin 13 ofIC2, which is the SET input of across-connected RS flip-flop. Oncepin 13 is taken low, pin 11 will remainhigh until manually reset by Si. Aslong as IC2 pin 11 is high, base drivesaturates Ql and keeps relay Klclosed. The switch contacts of relay

December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 481

Kl can then be used to activate an ex-ternal device such as a buzzer goingto the nurse's station. This could bean indispensable aid for aquadriplegic or anyone else who isphysically unable to activate a con-ventional hospital-type buzzer tosummon aid.

The board accommodates all com-ponents required to include thisbuzzer option. If you don't want thebuzzer feature, simply omit thebuzzer circuit components (shown in-side the dotted lines on the right infigure 3) and lines 350 through 370 oflisting 1. Also, in line 780, change"BUZZER" to another menu wordyou'd like, and edit line 160 to read"IFL>69K = 8ELSEK = 24".

A conventional full-wave bridgerectifier circuit powers the unit. Notethat there is no ON-OFF switch re-quired (although you can add one ifyou want). The AC line is fused witha Vi-amp fast-acting fuse element. Alow-power 78L05 5-volt regulator in aTO-92 case was used; but a standard7805 or LM340T5 in a TO-220 casewill work and will fit the PC boardlayout with no changes. Rl is a drop-ping resistor to lower the coil voltageof relay Kl to about 12 volts. Therelay specified in the parts list (andfor which the PC board is tailored)has a coil resistance of 1 kilohm andtherefore draws about 12 milli-amperes when activated.

Connecting the Handi-Writer

The Handi-Writer board requires 5input signals from the pushbuttonswitches and 11 computer lines (in-cluding ground), as shown in figure 3.The board connection to the ap-propriate chassis jacks is simplifiedby using a 16-pin socket at Zl to ac-cept either a 16-pin header or a pre-connected ribbon cable with header.For the prototypes we used a 6-pinDIN jack for the external switch-selector panel connectors and a15-pin "D" socket for the cableleading to the computer. Do not use astandard 5-pin DIN audio cable sincethis will not permit the requiredground connection.

We found the use of shielded cablesbetween the Handi-Writer cabinet,the computer, and the switch-selector

panel to be unnecessary. We madethe six-wire cable to the selector panelwith DIN plugs on both ends so thatthe cable can be removed, coiled, andstored when not in use. Although theDIN plug and the jack made firm elec-trical connection, if the selector panelis accidentally dropped or if the cableis inadvertently kicked or pulled, thecable can separate from either theselector panel or the Handi-Writerfront panel without damage.

Of course, all the equipment mustbe placed conveniently for the user.The TRS-80 video display may re-quire a specially made shelf or table.The selector panel can go on aseparate table or it can be held in theuser's lap. The Handi-Writer cabinet,TRS-80 computer, power supply, andcassette recorder can be placed withthe video display unit or out of sight.With Lois's installation, all equip-ment is left on around the clock ex-cept for the video display, which isturned off when not in use. Leavingthe equipment on eliminates the needto CLOAD the tape each time thesystem is used.

The Selector Panel

The physical limitations of the userwill dictate the arrangement of thefive switches on the selector panel. InLois's case, we used industrial "panic-button" switches; these have about ahalf-inch travel for the elevatedplunger tops, which are two inches indiameter. We found that the mush-room shape of these switches allowedLois to hook her fingers around theback of the plunger head and depressthe plunger with the palm of herhand. Lois's lack of motor control re-quired placing the five switches aboutsix inches apart and in a nearlystraight line.

Other switch arrangements andtypes are possible, and can be selectedto meet the individual physical re-quirements. For example, a quadri-plegic with motor control of only thehead, or perhaps only the tongue,could use an appropriately designedcustom harness with more sensitivemicroswitches. Another possibility isfabrication of a corset, necklace, orarmband that can respond to contrac-tions of various muscles in the ab-

domen, chest, neck, jaw—whichevermuscles the person can control.Handi-Writer requires only that fivemotions or movements be distin-guishable and that these motionsclose a normally open switch.

In the beginning, we consideredusing a selector panel with eithertouch-activated switches or interrup-tible light beams. But a dragging mo-tion of the hand across panels ofthose kinds would continually ac-tivate the wrong switch. Both thoseapproaches also add unnecessaryelectronic complexity to the selectorpanel. The final selector-panel designuses only simple, normally openswitches, is virtually damage-proof,and is impervious to spilled liquids.But individual needs will determinethe best approach for switch selectionand arrangement.

Conclusions

Handi-Writer demonstrates that apersonal computer can serve as thebasis for a system that helps handi-capped people to communicate.Together with instruction andtherapy, Handi-Writer can enable aseverely handicapped person to leadan intellectually active life. AlthoughHandi-Writer uses the TRS-80 ModelI, other popular computers could beused if the Handi-Writer softwarewere adapted to the characteristics ofeach computer's video display andversion of BASIC.

The Handi-Writer's value becameclear when Lois, the system's firstuser, repeatedly printed the message,"THANKS THANKS THANKSTHANKS THANKS" for the system'sdevelopers. Handi-Writer can givemany other physically handicappedpersons something to be thankfulfor.B

For More Information

Readers interested in obtaining theHandi-Writer printed-circuit board cando so from the author. A detailed, il-lustrated step-by step assembly manualand the commercial-quality printed-circuit board are available for $13.50postpaid. Operating instructions forthe Handi-Writer system are also in-cluded.

482 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Book Reviews

Apple MachineLanguage

Don Inman andKurt InmanReston VAReston Publishing Co1980, 224 pages$14.95 hardcoverS9.95 softcover

Reviewed byJohn Figueras65 Steele RdVictor NY 14564

Apple Machine Languageis an instructional master-piece that should prove in-valuable to anyone trying tolearn 6502 machine languagefor the Apple. The authorspay close attention to goodteaching methods, returningto each concept frequently tohelp reinforce learning;despite the repetition, thebook never gets dull.

With its sprightly style andclever cartoons, Apple Ma-chine Language is truly fun toread. Each chapter concludeswith a set of well-chosen ex-ercises designed to test thereader's comprehension. Thebook uses an abundance ofdetailed examples in whicheach step is carefully ex-plained. In addition, eachnew piece of information isintroduced with a minimumof extraneous detail. TheInmans' clear, jargon-freeEnglish provides a welcomecontrast to much of the lan-guage used in computerliterature.

The book assumes thereader is familiar with Apple-soft BASIC, and it uses thisfamiliarity as a bridge to un-derstanding machine lan-guage. The Inmans draw par-allels between assignments,conditional test statements,and loops in BASIC and inmachine language.

Apple Machine Language

begins with a brief butthorough review of BASIC,with emphasis on PEEK,POKE, and CALL (com-mands used in what is essen-tially an assembler written inApplesoft). The authorsshow how to develop theBASIC Operating System forentering machine languageprograms, and in the process,they provide an excellent ex-ample of how to go aboutplanning a program. PEEKs,POKEs, and CALLs in Apple-soft require decimal param-eters, but machine-languagecommands and addresses re-quire hexadecimal. TheBASIC Operating System,therefore, must incorporate ahexadecimal-to-decimal con-version routine, prompting adiscussion of number sys-tems.

After the BASIC OperatingSystem is running, you canenter the first machine-lan-guage programs for suchfunctions as plotting points inlow-resolution graphics, dis-playing text, and generatingmusic. Because these opera-tions require use of Applemonitor subroutines, thebook teaches the beginnerhow to take advantage ofsubroutines. This featuredoes, however, make thebook unsuitable for ownersof 6502-based systems otherthan APPLE.

After you've had enoughpractice to feel more comfort-able with machine language,the book shows you how toenter programs directlythrough the system monitor,and, finally, how to use themini-assembler built intosome versions of the Applemonitor. The description ofthe mini-assembler is parti-cularly good, compensatingfor the skimpy treatmentgiven the subject in the redApple technical manual.Once you have mastered themini-assembler, you're readyto progress to more sophisti-

cated assemblers.

While moving from BASICOperating System to systemmonitor to mini-assembler,the book slowly introducesnew machine-language com-mands with programs toshow their application. Ele-mentary but thorough con-sideration is given to binary-to-hexadecimal conversion,the ASCII (American Stan-dard Code for InformationInterchange) code, represen-tation of negative numbers,status flags, and addressingmodes. The tables at the backof the book should prove use-ful even to mature Apple ma-chine-language program-mers.

The book's few weaknessesdo not mar its overall qual-ity. The authors erroneouslyidentify § as the sign for un-equal in Applesoft. Actuallythis sign is used in IntegerBASIC, and Applesoft re-quires a < > sign. A fewerrors in the index direct

readers to the wrong page,and the program for theBASIC Operating Systemcould have been written moreefficiently (although it is ade-quate for the authors' pur-poses).

My greatest argument withthe book is its failure to morecarefully explain the dif-ference between indirect-in-dexed and indexed-indirectaddressing modes. Theauthors remark that thenames are confusing, but as abeginner in machine lan-guage, I found the conceptsconfusing as well. I'm sur-prised that the authors, whoare otherwise very sensitiveto the beginner's needs,slighted this source of misun-derstanding.

My only regret while read-ing this book was that it wasnot available a few years ago,when I was struggling withmachine-language program-ming. How much effort itwould have saved melB

Articles Policy

BYTE is continually seeking quality manuscripts written by indi-viduals who are applying personal computer systems, designingsuch systems, or who have knowledge which will prove usefulto our readers. For a more formal description of procedures andrequirements, potential authors should send a large |9 by 12 inch,30.5 by 22.8 cm|, self-addressed envelope, with 28 cents USpostage affixed, to BYTE Author's Guide, POB 372, Hancock NH03449.

Articles which are accepted are purchased with a rate of up toS50 pei magazine page, based on technical quality and suitabilityfor BYTE's readership. Each month, the authors of the twoleading articles in the reader poll (BYTE's Ongoing Monitor Box oi"BOMB") are presented with bonus checks of S100 and S50.Unsolicited materials should be accompanied by full name andaddress, as well as return postage.

And then there were none.

The list of already extinct animalsgrows . .. the great auk, the Texas graywolf, the Badlands bighorn,the sea mink,the passenger pigeon ...

What happens if civilizationcontinues to slowly choke out wildlifespecies by species?

Man cannot live on a planet unfit foranimals.

Join an organization that's doingsomething about preserving ourendangered species. Get involved. Writethe National Wildlife Federation,Department 105, 1412 16thStreet, MW. Washington,DC 20036.

It's not too late.

December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

483

Languages Forum

APL Runs Circles

Philip G E NicholsonVerbank Village RdVerbank NY 12585

As a professional APL programmer, I was delighted tosee the extension of the language into the home-computermarket. (See 'Three Versions of APL " by GreggWilliams, April 1981 BYTE, page 188.) Now, perhaps,younger programmers will learn the beauty of program-ming, instead of assuming that they "know computing"from exposure to BASIC.

While the review was thorough, a transcription prob-lem resulted in two errors appearing in the definition ofthe CIRCLE function. The definition published is shownin listing 1.

To produce the results given in that example, statement7 should have read as shown in listing 2. (Incidentally,the localization of RD is not needed.) Mr Williams mighthave produced a more readable program if he had used aleading-decision, rather than a trailing-decision loop asshown in listing 3.

It's regrettable that the looping approach to this prob-lem found its way into print in the first place. The readeris left with the impression that APL is just another inter-pretive "grinder," with very little more array-processingability than, say, BASIC. In reality, loops are rarelyneeded in APL, and properly written nonlooping APLcode is far faster than the nested DO LOOP exemplifiedin the CIRCLE routine. In addition to the elimination ofexcessive interpretive overhead, the nonloopingapproach more nearly approximates human thought pro-cesses. Most of us do not think in loops; we should nothave to program in loops either.

Listing 4 is the nonlooping version of the CIRCLE rou-tine. If it appears that this is a much more elaborate pro-gram than the original, note that most of the statementsare comments. The entire function can be rewritten as a"one-liner" as in listing 5. I list this version only to dem-onstrate the conciseness of the language; I would be hor-rified if I ever came across it in that form in a productionenvironment.

A point that is all too often overlooked in consideringinterpretive languages is that each statement must be re-interpreted each time it is executed. This means that inthe original version of CIRCLE, for example, statement 7would have to be interpreted 81 times for the argumentsshown (the total number of statements interpreted is, infact, 330). In CIRCLE3 and CIRCLE4, each statement isinterpreted only once. The effect of this reduction in in-terpretation will become obvious if you study the timingcomparisons in table 1.

While I do not have access to a small computer to per-form timing comparisons, I did compare processing timefor the versions I have mentioned on an IBM Model 3033using the IBM APL.SV. implementation. To make thetimings meaningful, I increased the size of the right argu-ment to 50 by 50 and changed the left argument to 30 2015 8. (CIRCLE1 is the original CIRCLE routine with mycorrections.) The results of the comparisons are shown intable 1.

It is interesting to note that the "one-liner" in CIRCLE4is actually a tad slower than the CIRCLE3 version.CIRCLE4 would also produce severe space problems in alimited workspace environment. ■

| Function

| Average

Ratio |

| Name

| Processing

(compared

Time

toCIRCLE3)|

| CIRCLE1

| 1555.4 ms

15.55 |

| CIRCLE2

| 1538.8 ms

15.39 |

| CIRCLE3

| 100.0 ms

1.00 |

| CIRCLE4

| 101.4 ms

1.01 |

Table 1

484 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1

<? B<-AR CIRCLE A; RD) ROW; COL,[1] «AR CONTAINS1 [1]RQW COORD [2]C0L COORD [3]RADIUS' [4]VALUE ADDED12~\ B<-A

i:3.:i rqw*arci3-arc33+i

[4] NEXTROW:ROW<-ROW+1

15 :\ col<-ari:2]-ari:3:i+i

[6] NEXTCOL:COL«-COL+1

[7] ■»< ARC3K(< (ROW-ARi: 1 II >*2>+< COL+ARC23 ) »2) *0. S ) /ENDLP

i: a :i b i: r o u •, c o l, ].<•• b i: r o w ■, c o l :i+a r i: 4 :;i

[93 ENDLP : ->(C0L<AR[2] + AR[3:i )/NEXTCOLL" 10il ■» < 0, NEXTRQW) [ 1 +ROW<AR[ 1 ] +AR[3 3 ]v

Listing 2

-»(ARL'3] < < < < ROW-AR [ 1 ] > *2) + < COL-AR[2]) »2 ) *<•>. 5) /ENDLP

Listing 3

7 B<-AR CIRCLE2 A; ROW; COL

t:i::i »ar contains' i::i:irow coord i::2:icol coord c33Radius [4::ivalue added

L'2:! B*-A

[33 ASTART WITH ROW AT CENTER COORDINATE MINUS' RADIUS'

[43 ROW*" H-/ARC 1 33

151 NEXTRQW:

[A3 -»< < +/ari: 1 33)<row<-row+i > p©

[73 «START WITH COLUMN AT CENTER COORDINATE MINUS' RADIUS'[83 C0L<-"'1+-/ARi:2 3][93 NEXTCOL:

[ 10 3 -»( < +/arc2 3] ) <cql*-col+1 ) pnextrqw

c113 ■»< ar[33<(< <row-arc 1 3>*2> + <col-arc23 )*2)*©.5)pnextcol

[12] bi:row;col;i<-b[:row;Coli+ari:43

C133 ->NEXTCOLListing 4

v Z«-A CIRCLE3 B

CI 3 ANON-LOOPING SOLUTION TO THE CIRCLE PROBLEM FROM BYTE MAGAZINE

C23 WRIGHT'ARGUMENT - NUMERIC MATRIX

C3] "LEFT ARGUMENT —

C43 « C13ROW COORDINATE OF CENTER OF CIRCLE

[S3 » C23COLUMN COORDINATE OF CENTER OF CIRCLE

[63 n C 25 3 RAD I US OF CIRCLE

[73 « [43VALUE TO BE ADDED

[63 '•»EXPLICIT RESULT — MATRIX FROM RIGHT ARGUMENT, WITH VALUE ADDED AT

[93 n COORDINATES' WITHIN THE CIRCLE

[10:i "BUILD VECTOR OF ROW ADDRESSES WITH SQUARE OF DISTANCES' FROM CENTER

C113 z<-mi tpB)-A[i:i)w2

[12] HADD COLUMN ADDRESSES' WITH SQUARE OF DISTANCES FROM CENTER

i: 133 z*z*.+< <v-11pb)-a[2::i>*2

C143 "TAKE SQUARE ROOT TO CALCULATE ACTUAL DISTANCESC13'3 Z«-Z*0.5

[16] HFIND THOSE WITHIN THE RADIUS' SPECIFIED[17] Z<"Z:;;;A[3]

[18] HADD THE VALUE TO THE INCOMING ARRAY[19] Z<-B+ZXA[4]v

Listing 5

v Z<-A CIRCLE4 BC13 Z<-B+A[4]xA[3:i;>( U<\1 tpB)-A[1 3>*2)»»+< U~1 tpB)-A[2])«2)«0.5v

December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 485

Software Review

Starfighter

Eric Grammer

95 Old Street Road

Peterborough NH 03458

Adventure International recently released Starfighter,an arcade-type game that it describes as the "PenultimateSpace War Game." According to my Webster's New Col-legiate Dictionary, penultimate means "next to the last."Therefore, it was with some wariness that I booted thedisk and prepared to blast off. Fortunately, I've playedseveral games since then, so you need not anticipate anypenult to your life experience—just a good time at thekeyboard.

Object of the Game

Starfighter is somewhat similar to Atari's Star Raiders,both in its format and goals. More than a simple "shoot-em-up" game, Starfighter requires both strategy and skill.

You represent the SGA (Solar Galactic Authority), andyour duty is to destroy the spacecraft of your enemy, thePRC (Petro Resource Conglomerate). The PRC has fourdifferent fighter craft, and the SGA has three fighter andthree nonfighter craft. Three other spacecraft do not be-long to either side. You can get into a lot of trouble byshooting a neutral vessel. You must destroy enemy craftonly!

The SGA has eight Landbases that offer various ser-vices. The most important, Landbase Central, is whereyou receive your rank review and performance ratings.The other Landbases provide these services: Landbase 1,craft overhaul; Landbases 2 and 7, refueling; Landbase 3,tow tickets (in case you run out of fuel); Landbase 5,hypercharge replenishment; and Landbases 4 and 6,bounty (for the enemy craft you destroy).

Your Craft

Your craft, the SC-78503 Starfighter, can exceed thespeed of light. To do so requires an energy source called"hypercharge." (If you enjoy speculative "physics," you'lllove the detailed descriptions of hypercharge theory.)Should you run out of hypercharge, you can get a fullcharge at Landbases 5 or 7.

One of Starfighter's best qualities is its Training Lab.At the beginning of the game, new pilots can either shoot

at any of 12 targets or can practice simulated combat.

The instructions are written as if Starfighter were anauthentic military operation. The 32-page manual ex-plains the function of each of your craft's controls in justabout any imaginable situation. It also presents six sam-ple games, all of which are fully annotated by authorSparky Starks. Adventure International also includes ahandy quick-reference card.

Getting Started

You must choose option B to begin the game. Afteryou leave Landbase Central, you should familiarize your-self with your spacecraft and your "universe." There areonly few practical things to do. You can explore eachLandbase or you can go to a "gravity source" (ie: a space-craft).

To do the former, press the number of the desiredLandbase. If a number shows up just below your on-screen range indicator, press that number and the D key.That will drive you to the Landbase. If no number shows

—At a Glance.

Name

Starfighter

Type

Arcade-style game

Manufacturer

Adventure InternationalPOB 3435

Longwood FL 32750(305) 862-6917

Price

$29.95 ($24.95 for cassetteversion)

Author

Sparky Starks

Format

5Vi-inch floppy disk

Language

Z80 machine language

Computer

TRS-80 Model I with 32 Kbytes of memory (Tape ver-sion, TRS-80 Model I or IIIwith 32 K bytes of memory)

Documentation

32-page softcover

Audience

Anyone interest in computerarcade games and space-simulation games

486 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

up, the Landbase is unavailable to you in your space/time location. To leave a Landbase, press the D keyagain.

To drive to a source of gravity, press the E key andwait for a number to show up below the range indicator.A number will always show up, but you may need to bepatient. Your intelligent scanners insure that the gravityreadings are for spacecraft and do not include any Land-bases.

Other starting options include: waiting for anothercraft to drive into your space/time locus, practicing craftmaneuvers, or crash-driving (driving in one directionwith no destination in mind).

Playing the Game

Because your goal is to destroy enemy fighters, youwill want to track and confront other spacecraft. Onceyou've approached an unknown vessel, you should pressthe C key to enter Combat mode (in case you've dis-covered a PRC craft). Next, press a W or B to ready yourweapons (W means wave and B means beam, as de-scribed in the manual) and press T for tracking and O tounlock your keyboard. To help you distinguish friendfrom foe, press the I key (for identification). The othercombat controls are described in the manual.

If you> run out of hypercharge, press P to summon atractor craft rescue unit. This rescue craft will come onlyif you have purchased a tow ticket at Landbase 3 (see themanual for other constraints on the rescue unit's appear-ance).

Possible Improvements

Several weak points in Starfighter could stand im-provement.

•It takes too long for your weapon to ready itself, whichmeans that a PRC Exonerator can fry you before you candefend yourself.

•It would be nice if you could drive without requiring azero-velocity condition.

•It would also be nice if you did not have to clear the key-board to "arrow" the directions.

•Much of the display screen is used for a graphic design;it really should be used more constructively.•When first starting out, there are no skill levels tochoose from.

•After driving away from a Landbase, the drive processis so extended that it cuts into the game time.

Conclusions

Starfighter is a well-made program, despite its weakpoints. It is the kind of space adventure that requiresstrategic thinking to be played successfully. Starfighteroffers excitement and excellent use of TRS-80 graphicsand sound.

You need to read the documentation, which shouldanswer most of your questions. However, it containsquite a bit of technical information that I found useless.

Starfighter can be played on a TRS-80 Model I or IIImicrocomputer with 32 K bytes (or more) of memory. (Aversion for the Apple II is also available from AdventureInternational. )■

Photo 1: Adventure International's Starfighter game in pro-gress.

I1TE

Back Issues For Sale

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Apr. 81

Aug. 77

Aug. 78

$3.00 ea.

May 81

$2.50 ea.

Sept. 78

Nov. 79

June 81

Sept. 77

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July 81

Oct. 77

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The above prices include postage in the US. Please add $1.00per copy for Canada and Mexico; and $2.00 per copy toforeign countries.

Send requests with payment to:

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* Payments from foreign countries must be made in US funds payable at a US bank.* Please allow 4 weeks for domestic delivery and 8 weeks for foreign delivery.

December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 487

HOOT

333 pages

META TECHNOLOGIES

26111 Brush Avenue, Euclid Ohio 44132CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-321-3552 TO ORDER

IN OHIO, call (216) 289-7500 (COLLECT)

THINGS TODO WITH YOORPERSONAL COMPUTER

BY MARK SAWUSCH

$7.95

333 pages, written in simple terms, of"what-to-do" and "how-to-do-it". Suitablenot only for microcomputers, but for pro-grammable calculators as well. Includesprogram listings, formulas, a glossary ofcomputer terms and more! Definitely aMUST BUY!

A PARTIAL LIST OF APPLICATIONS

Real Estate Evaluation Test Your Typing Speed

AstrologyIncome TaxSpeed ReadingPersonality TestStatistical AnalysisLogic Circuit AnalysisCarpenter and Mechanic's HelperGeneral Purpose Clock Timer

Finances & InvestmentsBiorythmEnergy EfficiencyAntenna DesignLetter WritingRecipe Index/Calculator

"OTHER MYSTERIES"VOLUME III

by Dennis Kitsz

Call now and place your order for this newbook, "THE CUSTOM TRS-80™ & OTHERMYSTERIES", from IJG, Inc. More than300 pages, with over 60 photographs, ofprojects for the hardware hobbyist. In-cludes schematics, PC layouts, softwaredriver code, etc. for such do-it-yourselfundertakings as high resolution graphics,reverse video, real-time clock/calender,music synthesis, ROM/RAM additions andmore!

THE CUSTOM TRS-80™ $29.00

CALL FOR AVAILABILITY

MICRO PA RA PHERNALIA

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NEWDOS/80byApparat $139.95

NEWDOS UPGRADE CALL

NEWDOS + with ALL UTILITIES

35-track $69.95

40-track $79.95

BOOKS

TRS-80™ DISK

AND OTHER MYSTERIES .. $19.95MICROSOFT™ BASIC DECODED $24.95

EPSON

MX-80, MX-80FT, MX-100

PRINTERS

CALL FOR PRICE

10 FT. RIBBON

CABLE

$2495

CONNECTS EPSON PRINTER& TRS-80 MICROCOMPUTER

DISK DRIVE

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MTI, PERTEC, SHUGART,

PERCOM& OTHERS

Let your TRS-80™ Test Itself With

THE FLOPPY DOCTORSMEMORY DIAGNOSTIC

by David Stambaugh

A complete checkup for your MODEL I orMODEL III. THE FLOPPY DOCTOR-Version 3completely checks every sector of single ordouble density 35-, 40-, 77-, or 80-track diskdrives. Tests motor speed, head positioning,controller functions, status bits and providescomplete error logging. THE MEMORYDIAGNOSTIC checks for proper write/read,refresh, executability and exclusivity of all ad-dress locations. Includes both diagnostics andcomplete instruction manual.

SYSTEM DIAGNOSTICS $24.95For MODEL III $29.95

Single Sided, Soft-Sectored S'/i-inch,(for TRS-80™) Mini-floppy

DISKETTES

$19

95

box of 10

TM

PLAIN JANE

These are factory fresh, absolutely firstquality (no seconds!) mini-floppies. They arecomplete with envelopes, labels and write-protect tabs in a shrink-wrapped box.

PLAIN JANETM Diskettes $19.95

PLAIN JANE™ ^M

Introducing MTC's premium genericdiskette. Single-Sided, Soft-Sectored,DOUBLE-DENSITY, 5'/.-inch diskettes withreinforcing HUB-RINGS. Individually 100%ERROR-FREE certified. Invest in GOLD!PLAIN JANE™ 'firM $24.95

VERBATIMS PREMIUM DISKETTES

DATALIFE™

Seven data-shielding improvements meangreater durability and longer data life.These individually, 100% error-free cer-tified diskettes feature thicker oxidecoating, longer-lasting lubricant, improvedliner, superior polishing and more! Meetsor exceeds IBM, Shugart, ANSI, ECMAand ISO standards.

VERBATIM DATALIFE™ DISKETTES

5'A-inch (box of 10)

MD525-01 $26.95

10 boxes of 10 . . . (each box)$25.95

8-inch FLOPPIES

Double-Density, FD34-8000 . $43.95

'RINGS' &THINGS

HUB RING KIT for 5W disks $10.95

HUB RING KIT for 8" disks $12.95

REFILLS (50 Hub Rings) $ 5.95

CLEANING KIT for 5V4" drives . . $24.95

5V4-inch diskette case $3.50

8-inch diskette case $3.95

5'/i-inch File Box for

50diskeftes $24.95

8-inch File Box for

50 diskettes $29.95

TRS-80 is a trademark of the

Radio Shack Division of Tandy

Corporation. DATALIFE is a

trademark of VERBATIM. PLAIN

JANE, AIDS I. AIDS III. CALCS-III.

CALCS-IV, MERGE-IN are

trademarks of MTC.

.'1981 by Metatechnologies

Corporation, Inc.

MOST ORDERS

SHIPPED WITHIN

ONE BUSINESS DAY

Products damaged intransit will be exchanged.

A

PRICES IN EFFECTDec. 1, 1981 THRUDecember 31, 1981,Prices, Specifications,and Offerings subject tochange without notice.

8112

WE ACCEPT

• VISA

• MASTER CHARGE

• CHECKS

• MONEY ORDERS

• COD.

•Add $3 00 tor shipping

& handling•$3.00 EXTRA for COD• Ohio residents add 5' i%

sales tax.

Circle 245 on inquiry card.

What's New?

MISCELLANEOUS

More for the TRS-80 Color Computer

The 8K-byte CMEMORY car-tridge for the TRS-80 Color Com-puter can be divided into anycombination of 2 K blocks ofRAM frandom-access read/writememory) and/or 2716 EPROMs(erasable prorammable read-onlymemories). The cartridge can befilled with RAM while debugginga program and then replaced byEPROM once debugging is com-pleted. The CMEMORY occupies

the unused address space hexa-decimal C000 to E000 normallyreserved for plug-in game car-tridges. By adding a jumper, theColor Computer can automatical-ly execute a program in EPROMwhenever the Reset button ispressed. The CMEMORY car-tridge without any memory sellsfor S24.95 from Micro-Labs Inc,902 Pinecrest, Richardson TX75080.

Circle 550 on inquiry card.

Memory for the STD Bus

The CD0331 is a 64 K-byte dy-namic memory card for the STDbus from Computer DynamicsInc. The CD0331 features include6 MHz operation with no waitstates. A version of the card isavailable for critical, high-temper-ature, or industrial requirements.The card is compatible with allZ80-based STD bus systems. Itprovides memory options of 16 K,32 K, 48 K, or 64 K bytes and willsupport speeds of 2.5, 4, or6 MHz.

Prices range from S2I0 for a2.5 MHz card with sockets only,to $695 for a complete 6 MHzunit with memory installed. Forcomplete details, contact Com-puter Dynamics Inc, 105 S MainSt, Greer SC 29651, (803)877-7471.

Circle 551 on inquiry card.

Disk-Duplicating Service

Allenbach Industries' floppy-disk-duplicating service can copydisks formatted for Apple, Atari,TRS-80, North Star, Heath, andother microcomputers. Specialword-processing formats, such asLanier's "No Problem," CPT8000, and Micom, can also becopied. For more information,contact Allenbach Industries,4322 Manchester Ave, Oliven-hain CA 92024, (800) 854-1515;in California (714) 436-4351.

Circle 552 on inquiry card.

5 V DC at 3 A Supply

Deltron has introduced theHVQ series of linear open-framepower supplies. Four single-out-put regulated models have volt-ages of 5 to 24 V DC with ratingsup to 3 A. All 5 V DC modelshave built-in fixed crowbar OVP(overvoltage protection). Shieldedtransformers, socketed semicon-ductors, dual AC input, and bar-rier block terminals are among theother features of the HVQ series.

Adjustable OVP is available for12, 15, and 24 V DC models asan option. Reverse-voltage pro-tection is also available as an op-tion. The 5 V DC models have asuggested price of $21. For moreinformation, contact Deltron Inc,Wissahickon Ave, POB 1369,North Wales PA 19454, (215)699-9261.

Circle 553 on inquiry card.

Rectifier Modules

The B48-2 series of single- andthree-phase rectifier modules arerated at 50 A (three-phase). Theyare available in voltages from 200to 1200 V and with diode-doublerand half- and full-wave circuitconfigurations.

The B48-2 package is fullyisolated, and the insulation willwithstand a 4000 V test. To re-quest price information and otherdetails, plus a catalog, contactGentron Corporation, 6667 NSidney PI, Milwaukee WJ 53209,(414) 351-1660.

Circle 554 on inquiry card.

Where Do New Products Items Come From?

The information printed in the new products pages of BYTE is obtained from"new product" or "press release" copy sent by the promoters of new products. Ifin our judgment the information might be of interest to the personal computing ex-perimenters and homebrewers who read BYTE, we print it in some form. Weopenly solicit releases and photos from manufacturers and suppliers to thismarketplace. The information is printed more or less as a first-in first-out queue,subject to occasional priority modifications. While we would not knowingly printuntrue or inaccurate data, or data from unreliable companies, our capacity toevaluate the products and companies appearing in the "What's New?" feature isnecessarily limited. We therefore cannot be responsible for product quality orcompany performance.

December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 489

What's New?

MISCELLANEOUS

Recycled Ribbons

Reloaded multistrike film rib-bons are available from TorresRibbon Services. Cartridges arereloaded for printers such as NEC,Diablo, Qume, and Radio Shackand for word-processing systemsincluding Wang, Lanier, IBM,Savin, and Vydek. All cartridgeparts are cleaned or replacedwhere necessary. Broken ribbonswith substantial unused life willbe repaired at no charge whensubmitted as part of an order.Each ribbon costs $2.50 with theexchange of used cartridges. De-tails are available from Torres Rib-bon Services, 11154-PC S Mt Ver-non Ave, Colton CA 92324,(714) 792-0831.Circle 555 on inquiry card.

Memory and I/OCards for the AIM-65

Expand your AIM-65's memoryand \IO (input/output) perfor-mance with the Series 100 boardsfrom Unique Data Systems. Thebasic board, the Model UDS-100,has two data-rate-selectableasynchronous serial RS-232Cchannels and 20 programmableparallel I/O lines. Sockets are pro-vided for eight 1 K by 4 static pro-grammable memory circuits andsix 2 K by 8 EPROMs (erasableprogrammable read-only mem-ories). Jumpers allow reconfigura-tion for higher-density memorydevices.

The Series 100 boards interfaceto the AIM-65 without bus buffer-ing. Each board has an experi-menter's area for custom circuitry.The basic assembly costs $259 or$296 with battery backup. Formore details, contact UniqueData Systems Inc, 15041 MoranSt, Westminster CA 92683, (714)895-3455.

Circle 556 on inquiry card.

PROCAP

PROCAP is a statistics andprobability package that gives theTRS-80 Model I or III computa-tional capabilities for analyzing,forecasting, and producing awide range of professional foot-ball statistics. Using PROCAP, youcan rapidly predict the outcomeof weekly games with probablescores and point spreads,evaluate a team's offensive anddefensive strengths, and reviewdivisional standings and teamand divisional power ratings.PROCAP will let you review thescores of past games and peek atthe upcoming schedule.

PROCAP uses the game scoresyou enter each week to deter-mine the outcome of futuregames and to rank teams accord-ing to performance. Ratings arecomputed by comparing a team'soffensive and defensive strengthsagainst those of its opponents.PROCAP costs $49.95 and isavailable from the Trinity Group,829 Malin Rd, Newtown SquarePA 19073, (800) 543-3000,operator 400; in Ohio (800)582-1364, operator 400.Circle 557 on inquiry card.

MX-80/70Frlctlon-Feed Kit

The Gosub friction-feed kit willallow you to use your letterheadstationery and single-sheet or rollpaper with the Epson MX-80/70printers. The kit uses an opposingroller system for the feed. Youload and adjust the paper as youwould for a typewriter. Carboncopies present no problem.

The Gosub friction-feed kitcomes with a paper-roll rack for8!/2-inch Teletype rolls and costs$49.95. It's available from GosubInternational, Hardware Division,POB 275, Wichita KS 67201.

Circle 558 on Inquiry card.

TAB Books Catalog

Learn how to build robots andcomputers, program in BASICand FORTRAN, and design andtroubleshoot circuits with booksfrom TAB Books Inc, Blue RidgeSummit PA 17214, (717) 794-2191. The company's free cata-log lists and describes hundreds ofcomputer-related books.

Circle 559 on inquiry card.

The LatestIn Slit-M-Wrap

The PI84-7 AC-powered wire-wrapping tool features an elec-tronic turns counter. Developedby Vector Electronic Company,the tool permits daisy-chain orpoint-to-point wrapping in anaverage of I second per postwithout measuring, cutting, orstripping.

Here's how the PI84-7 works:a spool with 300 feet of wire ismounted on top of the tool. Theoperator selects from three tonine turns by setting a switch,then positions the tool andwraps. As the wire passesthrough the tool, the insulation isstripped before the wire is boundto the post. The turns arecounted, and the operation isstopped at the selected number.

The P184-7's counter can bebypassed when using strippedwire. A 300-foot spool of wireprovides 900 post wraps withseven turns and an average leadlength of 2 inches. A sleeve notcheliminates the need to hold thewire. The P184-7 tool costs $ 198.Replacement bits are $ 10.60, anda 300-foot spool of wire costs$14.95. Available from VectorElectronic Company Inc, 12460Gladstone Ave, Sylmar CA91342, (213) 365-9661.

Circle 560 on inquiry card.

490 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

It helps make

obsolescenceobsolete.

The IBM Display writer System.

State of the art.

Today that's come to mean discarding whatyou have, for whatever is newer.

A rather expensive (not to mention fright-ening) proposition when you consider thecost of business machines.

That's why IBM designed a text processorthat can be updated.

It's the Displaywriter System and it's soft-ware driven.

Which means incorporating a new func-tion or a new program can be as simple asgetting a new diskette and addingmemory.

Circle 191 on inquiry card.

Instead of a new machine.The IBM Displaywriter System can standalone.

Or it can be part of an entire network.So as your office grows, the Display-writer can grow with it.You see, at IBM we believe you don't haveto buy what's new to get what's best.

Provided you start out with what's bestwhen it's new.

I am interested in learning more about the

IBM Displaywriter System.

Please have your representative get in touch with me.

COMPANY-ADDRESS-

BUSINESS PHONE.

Office Products Division—Dept. 804

400 Parson s Pond Drive

Franklin Lakes, N.J. 07417

J

Call IBM Direct 800-631-5582 Ext. 128. In New Jersey 800-352-4%0 Ext. 128In Hawaii/Alaska 800-526-2484 Ext. 128

What's New?

MISCELLANEOUS

Z80B-BasedMicrocomputer

Zelco S.R.L.'s MCW (microcom-puter Winchester) uses a 6 MHzZ80B microprocessor and is set upfor a multiprogramming, multi-user environment. In the multi-user configuration, the MCW hasa minimum capacity of 112 Kbytes of programmable memorywith 48 K bytes for each user and16 K bytes shared. MCW includesShugart's 8- or 14-inch Win-chester hard-disk drives with aminimum storage capacity of 10megabytes and a maximum ofmore than 150 megabytes. Thecontroller serves up to four units,three of which are Winchesterdrives; the other is an 8-inch1.2-megabyte floppy-disk drive or10-megabyte cartridge unit. Thesystem includes RS-232C ports.

MCW's disk operating systemis based on Zilog's RIO and iscompatible with all programs thatcan run under RIO. The operatingsystem can handle four mass-stor-age units, each with up to 2 giga-bytes of data. Another operating-system utility allows the ex-change of messages betweenusers without altering normaloperations.

The price for a two-user systemwith 112 K bytes of program-mable memory and a Centronics-compatible port is approximately$\0,000. Contact Zelco S.R.L.,Via V Monti 21, 20123 Milan,Italy, Telex 335346 ZELCO.

Circle 561 on Inquiry card.

North StarBusiness Software

More than 20 business andutility programs for the North Starcomputer are listed and describedin a free catalog from Omni Soft-ware Systems Inc, 146 N BroadSt, Griffith IN 46319, (219)924-3522.Circle 562 on Inquiry card.

Data Acquisitionand Control System

ASC's (Applied Systems Cor-poration's) Data Acguisition andControl System uses either Intel's8085/8086, Zilog's Z80/Z8000, orMotorola's 6800/68000 micro-processors as central-processingunits. The system has a 0.5^s in-struction cycle, multilevel priorityinterrupts, fast multiply and dividearithmetic, macro-logical opera-tions and interfacing for high-speed A/D (analog-to-digital) con-version, serial data-communica-tions modules, and 8-, 16-, and32-bit commands. It incorporatesfull digital computer and analogsignal processing capabilities,RAM (random-access memory),PROM (programmable read-onlymemory), peripheral controllers,and IEEE/S-100, MULTI, and EX-OR bus compatibility for data ac-quisition and automation in-stallations in production monitor-ing, process and machine control,automatic testing, or laboratory-analysis applications.

The system is offered with op-tions for standard 19-inch rack-mounting chassis, NEMA (Na-tional Electrical Manufacturers As-sociation) industrial cabinets, orminiature portable enclosures.Standard plug-in cards permit in-

stallation of expansion modulesfor multiple A/D converters, high-or low-level multiplexers, disk-drive controllers, digital I/O (in-put/output) adapters, and more.Among the optional system fea-tures are additional I/O capabil-ities for analog multiplexers for upto 256 inputs, transducer ampli-fiers for ± 50 mV to ± 15 V, high-speed A/D conversion, IEEE-488interface adapters, high-resolu-tion color graphics, and characteror matrix printer adapters.

Prices for the Data Acquisitionand Control System start atSI900. A card-only version isavailable for approximately S900.For details, contact ASC, 26401Harper Ave, St Clair Shores Ml48081, (313) 779-8700.

Circle 563 on inquiry card.

Testing One,

Solid State Testing Inc is an in-dependent service that specializesin testing microprocessors, pro-grammable and read-only mem-ories, custom LSI (large-scale inte-gration) chips, and MOS (metal-oxide semiconductor) integratedcircuits. Solid State will also burn-in static and dynamic memory de-vices. Among the circuits thecompany tests are the Z8, 6800,Z80A, 8085A, and microproces-sor-support circuits. Solid State

Two, Three

Testing will test prototype to pro-duction quantities.

For additional details, contactSolid State Testing Inc, 56 Middle-sex Turnpike, Burlington MA01803, (617) 272-0972. In NewJersey, contact Solid State Testingat 620 Route 23, Pompton PlainsNJ 07444, (201) 839-8220. InFlorida, the address is 406 KirbyAve, Palm Bay FL 32905, (305)729-0670.

Circle 564 on inquiry card.

492 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

INCREDIBLE? believe

PRINTERS

Qantex

6000

150 cps bidirectional-9x9 dot matrix, quietizedcase, 136 col, vertical form control and manyother functions $11 OR

We feel this printer offers * 11 SO

the best price/performance ratio available.RS-232 serial to 19,200 baud x-on, x-off add $40

.vii;-g-l

8"SHUGARTSA851R

$669 2 for$1289

$589, 2 for $1110

$299

$445

$950

$1195

t TtT > Teletype 40,300 LPM-typewriter quality, RS- from Only

232 interface. This quality printer is available in many $2928configurations including forms access, quietized case, etc.Teletype 43 from $995Teletype AP-200, 340 cps dot matrix (similar to Data Prod. M-200) $2799NEC Spinwriter-55 cps, bidirectional, letter quality

R.O. $2560 KSR $2799

DIABLO 630-40 cps, bidirectional, daisy wheel, plot/graph $2449

QUME Sprint 9/45 cps, daisy wheel $2228

C. ITOH Starwriter, 25 cps, daisy wheel $1575

C. ITOH Starwriter, 45 cps, daisy wheel $1849

EPSON MX-80,100,80 cps, 9x9 dot matrix SCALL

ANADEX 9500/9501, up to 200 cps, high resolution dot $1349

OKIDATA Microline 80, 80 cps, 9x7 dot matrix $495

Microline 82A, bidirectional, friction/pin feed $599

Microline 83A, bidirectional, 120 cps, uses 15" paper $875

TI-810,150 cps, Basic $1449

Package-Compressed print, vertical form control $1630

MANNESMANN MT 1705 200 cps, 7x7,132 col $1425

TALLY MT 1805 200 cps, + NLQ 40 x 18 matrix $1675

CENTRONICS 704-9.180 cps, 9x9 dot matrix, 132 col $CALL

739100 cps, nx9 dot matrix, FULL GRAPHICS $700

DECLA-34 $1085

IDS460G $892

S-100 SPECIALTIES

8" DISK DRIVE SALE

8"SHUGARTSA801R $450QUME DATATRACK 8

Enclosure, power supply for 2 8" drives A&TNNC industrial grade enclosure for 2 drives with PS.MORROW Discus 2D + CP/M® , MICROSOFT BASICDiscus 2 + 2 + CP/M® , MICROSOFT BASIC

HARD DISK SPECIALS

CORVUS10MB and controller

20MB and controllerConstellation Network Multiplexer and Mirror Video Tape Disk BackupMORROW 26MB + controller + CP/M 2.2®, M basic $4495 $3821

«. controller, CDC Hawk Drive (5 fix, 5 rem) $7995 $6795

' controller, Western Dynex (5 fix, 5 rem) $5995 $5099

^^ Winchester 5Vi drives complete with case, cable,

^■Ikt* software, S-100 controller. Adapter avail, for use with

^■XCOMP anyZ-80 system. Cartridge drive controllers avail.

$2898

List$5350$6450

onlyScallScall

5MB apple10MB *f"°*

OEM discounts available!

Z-89R.S. MOD. IIS-1OO

$3398

IE

DP/Z-80A, CPU, 64K ram, floppycorn., RS-232 port,S-100 IEEE, 8 slotni/was terminal, inc. CP/M 2.2 SCALLDelta has Winchester based networks of up to 16 users availableRBBBBGroup Call us for best prices on these high quality 2nd

- w*—-*.-rr generation boards and systems.

■y California These high quality, reliable products have made CCSJl"" Computer defacto industry standard for S-100 products■I Systems Assembled and tested: list only

2200 H.D. Mainframe, 20 a. P.S., 12 slot MB $434 $359

2065C 64K dynamic RAM/Bank Select $720 $580

2810A Z-80 CPU, serial port, ROM monitor $310 $259

2422A Floppy Cont, CP/M 2.2, ROM monitor $425 $345

; 8000 DT—w/64k. 1.2 MB8" floppies, 2 serial, 3 par. CPM 2.2 SCALLFULL 2 YEAR WARRANTY!

^^51 S33-33MB Drive and Controller S4468

^^gl S66-66 MB Drive and Controller S5925

^^^^^^ PRIAM 8" and 14" Winchester/tape subsystems avail.We carry the full line of ADES disk and tape controllers and subsystems.

FULLY CONFIGURED BUSINESS SYSTEMS

The following are some examples of the fully assembled and tested businessand scientific computer systems which we offer. All include 64K bytesRAM, Z-80A 4mh CPU. We offer a full line of quality, tested software.

SCALLSCALL$1849$4849$6999$3999$6693ScallScall

WE OFFER GENEROUS DISCOUNTS ON THECOMPUPRO LINE OF FAST, QUALITY* 8 AND 16 BIT BOARDSCARDS + FULL SYSTEMS AVAILABLE

SCALL PMMI MODEM $359Similar savings on the full lines of CCS, SSM, NNC, MORROW, DELTA,NORTHSTAR. ITHACA INTERSYSTEMS, GODBOUT, NEC. TELEVIDEO, IMSZENITH, ADDS, DEC, DATA GEN., ATARI, DYNABYTE. TECMAR, DUAL

MICROBYTE

NorrhStaf^

Delta TVD ml 1.2 Mb floppy drives, 2 serial, 3 parallel ports

Delta S-4500 10 USER, MULTI-PROCESSOR, 40 MB

CCS 2210A w/floppy controller, 1 serial port

CCS 300-1A w/1.2MB floppy drives, 2 serial, 2 parallel ports

CCS 400-1A w/10MB hard disc, 2 serial, 2 parallel ports

NNC 80 w/1 MB floppy drives, 2 serial, 3 parallel ports

NNC SOW w/.5MB floppy, 8.4MB hard disc, (OASIS optional)

ALTOS single and multi-user systems

MORROW Decision 1, MICROSOFT basic, UNIX

YCDfW 820 Desktop computer-64K, 2 floppys, (CP/M AVAIL.)

/\l_l \\J/\. List $2g95 $CA|_L

We offer multi-user networks by DELTA PRODUCTS, DISCOVERY, TELEVIDEO,MUSYS, IMS, DIGITAL, MICROSYSTEMS

TERMINALS

AMPEX DIALOGUE 30,80 SCALL

TELEVIDEO 910 C (multi-terminal) $699 $599

920C $1030 $789

950C $1195 $989

SOR0CIQ120 $995 $729

HAZELTINE ESPRIT $745 $669

DECVT-100 $2050 $1575

Similar savings for our HAZELTINE and LEAR SIEGLER lines

LOOK HERE! ampex

Call us for ALL your softwear needs Dialogue 80

SYSTEMS HOUSES & EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS, &GOVERNMENT AGENCIES GIVEN SPECIAL CONSIDERATION.

ALL OF OUR PERIPHERALS CAN BE CONFIGURED FOR RADIO SHACK® MODEL II

DEALER and INTERNATIONAL INQUIRIES WELCOME

WASHINGTON COMPUTER SERVICES

anaffiliateof (/(WASHINGTON))) est.1912

k ELECTRIC COMPANY'

INCORPORATED

CUSTOM COMPUTER ROOM WIRING SINCE 1960

97 Spring Street

New York, N.Y. 10012

Hours: 9 AM-5:30 PM (EST) Mon.-Fri.

Circle 431 on inquiry card.

TO ORDER: CALL OUR TOLL-FREE NUMBER:• (800)221-5416* In N.Y. State and fortechnical information call 1-(212) 226-2121

For fast delivery, send certified checks, money order orcall to arrange direct bank wire transfers. Personal orcompany checks require two to three weeks to clear. Allprices are mail order only. Prices subject to changewithout notice; call for latest prices. Prices include 3%cash discount. N.Y. residents add sales tax.Uuantex is a trademark of North Atlantic Industries, Inc.Radio Shack® is a trademark of the Tandy Corp.CP/M® is a trademark of Digital ResearchAll sales subject to our standard sales(available on request) conditions

December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 493

What's New?

SYSTEMS

S-100 Getsa 68000 Board

The CPU/68000 processorboard is designed for the S-l 00bus. It has 32-bit internal architec-ture, seven prioritized interruptlevels, and up to 16 megabytes ofdirect addressing using the S-l00standard 24-line address bus. AROM- (read-only memory) resi-dent monitor is provided on-board. The 8 MHz board runswith all 4 MHz S-l00 peripherals.

The CPU/68000 board is in-cluded in the Model 68KS system.The 68KS has 32 K bytes of non-volatile memory, 32 K bytes ofEPROM (erasable programmableROM), and serial input/outputports in a 12-slot cabinet withpower supply. The battery-backed memory stores programseven when the power is off.

The Model 68KS system costsS3685. The CPU/68000 cardalone costs S1195. For additionaldetails on these products, contactDual Systems Control Corpora-tion, 1825 Eastshore Highway,Berkeley CA 947 10, (415)

549-3854. Circle 574 on inquiry card.

Z80 Cardfor H-8 Microcomputers

The HA-8-6 Z80 card is de-signed to replace the 8080Amicroprocessor supplied with theHeath H-8 computer. The card iscompatible with all currentHeath-disk-based software for theH-8. The HA-8-6 is based on theZ80, so it runs faster than the8080A. With the HA-8-6, H-8owners do not need to purchasethe extended configuration op-tion before adding the HeathCP/M system or Heath H-478-inch floppy-disk drives. TheHA-8-6 Z80 card is assembledand tested and costs $ 179. Con-tact Heath Company, BentonHarbor Ml 49022, (616)

982-32 10. Circle 575 on inquiry card.

Three-ProcessorMicrocomputer

Using a 16-bit 68000 micropro-cessor for main control, a 68000for virtual-memory control andnumber-crunching, and a 6809to handle I/O (input/output), theMiniFrame is designed for12 MHz operation with no waitstates. MiniFrame can address upto 4 billion bytes and handles de-mand-paged virtual memory in16-megabyte increments. Thecomputer works with floppyand/or hard disks and is designedfor single- or multi-user operationunder UNIX.

A single-user MiniFrame starts

at under S12,000, which includes256 K bytes of programmablememory, 2 megabytes of 8-inchfloppy-disk storage, six RS-232Cports, four parallel ports, onedirect-memory-access port, andthe UNIX Version 7 operating sys-tem. The UNIX package includesFORTRAN-77, C, BASIC, and text-arid file-processing utilities. TheMiniFrame will also supportCBASIC, FORTH, LISP, APL, andmost Microsoft languages. Con-tact MicroDaSys Inc, 68 K Divi-sion, 281 I Wilshire Boulevard,Santa Monica CA 90403, (213)829-6781.Circle 576 on inquiry card.

Portable Attache

The Attache is a portable micro-computer that weighs 18 poundsand features a Z80A microproces-sor, a 5-inch video display, two180 K-byte floppy-disk drives, astandard keyboard that flipsdown, and 64 K bytes of pro-grammable memory. A secondmicroprocessor takes care of thedisk drives and two serial ports.

Standard software supplied isCP/M, an enhanced WordStarword-processing program, and ex-

tended BASIC. The UCSD Pascalsystem is also available, and anyprograms written for CP/M orUCSD Pascal can be run on theAttache. Options include graphics,AC or battery operation, and amultifunction board with ageneral-purpose interface, parallelinput/output, and analog input.Contact Otrona Corporation,2500 Central Ave, Boulder CO80301, (303) 444-2274.

Circle 577 on inquiry card.

49 4 DKcmber 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

SPECIALS on INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

6502 7.45

10/6.95

50/6.55

100/6.15

6502A/6512A 8.40

10/7.95

50/7.35

100/6.90

6520 PIA 5.15

10/4.90

50/4.45

100/4.15

6522 VIA .6.45

10/6.10

50/5.75

100/5.45

6532 7.90

10/7.40

50/7.00

100/6.60

2114-L200

3.75

25/3.50

100/3.25

2114-1300

3.15

25/2.90

100/2.65

2716 EPROM

7.00

5/6.45

10/5.90

2532 EPROM

14.50

6116 HltKhl ZK x B CMOS RAM

14.50

4116-200 m RAM (NEC]

8 lor 19

Zero Insertion Force 24 pin

Socket

2.00

6550 RAM (PET 8K)

12.70

S-100 Wire Wrap Socket

2.40

A P Products 15% OFFAPHobby-Blox 15% OFF

THE STAR MODEM

Finn Pnitlct/Unnmrt Did System

RS232 MODEM

SALE $128

IEEE 488 MODEM

SALE $199

RS232 CCITT

$170

IEEE 488 CCITT

$270

We carry Apple 11+ fromBell & Howell

IUIIFORTK+ lor Apple II $75

A full-featured FORTH with enhancements Conforms loFORTH Interest Group standards.

FORTH (or PET by Cargile/Riley $50

Full FIG model with all 79 Standard extensions.Metacompiler far FORTH for independent object code 30

KMMM PASCAL for PET/CBM $85

Includes translator for true machine language object code.

EARL for PET/CBM 65

Editor, Assembler, Relocator, Linkeditor.

SuperGraphics - BASIC Language Extensions 30

Fast Machine Language Graphics routines for PET/CBM.

SM-KIT - Super PET/CBM ROM based Utilities 40

SubSORT for PET/CBM by James Strasma 35

Flexible general purpose machine language sort routine.

PaperMate 60 Command Word Processor (Riley) 40Full-featured CBM/PET version with tape or disk text files.

FLEX-FILE Data Base/Report Writer/Mall List 60

Versatile PET/CBM data handling system by Michael Riley.

4 Part Music System for PET/CBM

Includes Visible Music Monitor and D/A Converter.

$60

H commodore

CBM-PET SPECIALS

8023 Printer -136 col, 150 cps bi-directional8300 (Diablo 630) Daisy Wheel - 40 cps

bi-directional8032 80 x 25 CRT. business keyboardMicro Mainframe

8096 Board (extra 64 K RAM fa 8032)8050 Dual Disk Drive - 1 megabyte8250 Dual Disk Drive - 2 megabyteCBM IEEE Modem4016 full size graphics keyboard4032 full size graphics keyboard4040 Dual Disk Drive - 330,000 bytes2031 Single Disk Drive - 165,000 bytes4022 Tractor Feed PrinterC2N External Cassette DeckVIC 20 Color ComputerVIC 1515 Graphic PrinterUsed CBM/PET Computers8024-7 High Speed Printer

list

(995)

SALE

775

(2250) 1725(1495) 1100(1995) 1600

(500)

(1795)

(2195)

(395)

(995)

(1295)

(1295)

(695)

(795)

(75)

(299)

(395)

(1995)

400

1375

1760

199

795

999

999

560

630

65

269

315

CALL

1345

WE WILL MATCH ANY ADVERTISED PRICE

*** EDUCATIONAL DISCOUNTS ***

Buy Z PET/CBM Computers, receive 1 FREE

WordPro 3 Plus - 32K CBM. disk, printer 200

WordPro 4 Plus - 8032, disk, printer 300

OZZ Data Base System for CBM 8032 335

VISICALC for PET, ATARI, or APPLE 155

SM-KIT - Super PET ROM Utilities 40

Programmers Toolkit - PET ROM Utilities 35

PET Spacemaker II ROM Switch 36

2 Meter PET to IEEE or IEEE to IEEE Cable 40

Dusl Cover for PET 7

IEEE-Parallel Printer Interface for PET 110

IEEE-RS232 Printer Interface for PET 120

The PET Revealed 17

Library of PET Subroutines 17

RAM/ROM for PET/C8M

4K or 8K bytes of soft ROM with optional Battery Backup.Adds extra RAM which can be write protected like ROM.4K Version - $80 8K Version - SI 20 Battery Backup - $30

EPROM Programmer for CBM/PET 79

Branding Iron with software/hardware for 2716 and 2532.

Watanabe

Intelligent

Plotter

WATANABE WX4671 PlotterWATANABE WX4675 6-ein Plotter

DISKSPECIALS

SCOTCH (3M) 5"SCOTCH (3M) 8"Verbatim 8" Double Dens.Verbatim 5" Datalife(add 1.00 for Verbatim 5"BASF 5" softWabash 5" in Plastic BoxWabash 8" in Plastic Box

10/2.75 50/2.65 100/2.60

10/2.80 50/2.70 100/2.65

10/3.45 50/3.35 100/3.20

10/2.45 50/2.40 100/2.35plastic storage box)

10/2.40 20/2.35 100/2.30

10/2.70 50/2.60 100/2.50

10/2.75 50/2.65 100/2.55

WE STOCK MAXELL DISKS

Diskette Storage Pages 10 for 3.95

Disk Library Cases 8" - 2.85 5"-2.15

Disk Hub Rings 8" - 50 for 7.50 5" - 50 for 6.00

CASSETTES - AGFA PE-611 PREMIUM

High output, low noise, 5 screw housings.C-10 10/.56 50/.50 100/48

C-30 10/.73 50/.68 100/66

All other lengths available. Write for price list.

SPECIALS

EPSON MX-BO PrinterEPSON MX-BO F/T PrinterEPSON MX-70 PrinterEPSON MX-100 Printer

Centronics 739 Printer with dot graphicsSTARWRITEA Deity Wheel PrinterZenith ZVM-121 Green Phosphor MonitorAmdek Color Monitor

6751445

115355

ALL BOOK and SOFTWARE PRICES DISCOUNTED

OSBORNE/McGraw-Hill, HAYDEN, SYBEXetc.

ZENITH DATA SYSTEMS

Z19 Video Terminal (VT-52 compatible) 725

ZVM-121 Green Phosphor Monitor 115

ZB9 with 48K 2150

Extra 16K RAM Board 115

Z47 Dual 8" Drive 2775

Synertek Systems

SYM-l Microcomputer SALE 205

SYM BAS-1 BASIC or RAE 1/2 Assembler 85

KTM-2/80 Synertek Video and Keyboard 349

KTM-3/80 Synertek Tubeless Terminal 385

ATARI*

SPECIALS

800 Computer400- 16K810 Disk Drive825 Printer850 Interface822 PrinterPaddle PairJoystick Pair16KRAMAssembler/EditorTeleLink

749

329

449

629

139

359

17

17

85

46

20

DOS 2 21

Pilot 68

Microsoft BASIC 68

Educ. Series 20% offMISSILE COMMAND 32ASTEROIDSSTAR RAIDERSSpace InvadersMusic ComposerChess

Super BreakoutWrite for prices on other Atari items.

3232

17453030

252 Bethlehem PikeColmar, PA 18915

215-822-7727

A B Computers

REVERSAL (Spracklen) 32K Apple 28.00

Data Manager (Lutus) 24 K Apple 40.00

Energy Miser - PET, Apple, Zenith 24.50

Histo-Graph (Boyd) 48K Apple 24.50

Data-Graph (Boyd) 48K Apple 40.00

Apple II User's Guide (Osborne) 12.00

Introduction to Pascal (Sybex) 10.30

Pascal Handbook (Sybex) 12.00

Musical Applications of Micros (Chamberlin) 20.00

Basic FORTRAN (Coan) 7.25

WRITE FOR CATALOG

Add $1.25 per order for shipping. We pay balance ol UPS surfacecharges on all prepaid orders. Prices listed are on cash discountbasis. Regular prices slightly higher. Prices subject to change.

Circle 2 on inquiry card.

What's New?

PERIPHERALS

6-Megabyte, 5-InchFloppy-Disk Drive

Amlyn Corporation has de-signed a family of 5-inch floppy-disk drives that use a 5-disk car-tridge to provide up to 8 mega-bytes of storage. The Model 5850is interface-compatible withShugart SA-850 drives, and eachcartridge appears to the controllerand software as an SA-850 drive.The Model A506 is storage-com-patible with Seagate TechnologyST506 hard-disk drives.

The disk cartridge holds fivespecial 5-inch floppy disks and isdesigned to allow users to easilychange an entire cartridge at atime or individual disks within it.Because of the mechanical selec-tion and insertion of disks, possi-ble operator-handling damage iseliminated.

Both models use an Intel 8051microprocessor to handle thecontrol functions. Disks recordedat densities of 48, 96, or 100 tpi(tracks per inch) can be read by

these drives. The microprocessorprovides control to compensatefor disk-dimensional changes.Head positioning is referenced toa single track on each disk. Thedisks can handle a 9500-bit-per-inch recording density. Typicalunformatted capacities are 4megabytes per cartridge with800 K bytes per disk in single-density recording and 8 mega-bytes per cartridge— 1600 K bytesper disk and 10.4 K bytes pertrack—in double-density mode.The capacity using the IBM for-mat is slightly less. The SeagateST506 format allows double-den-sity capacities of 6.3 megabytesper cartridge. The transfer rate forthese capacities is 250 kbps (thou-sand bits per second) in single-density and 500 kbps in double-density. The average seek time is70 ms. The Amlyn drives are phy-sically compatible with existing5-inch drives and cost approx-imately SI250. Contact AmlynCorporation, 1758-H JunctionAve, San Jose CA 95112, (408)275-8616.

Circle 578 on inquiry card.

Digital-Cassette System

The LG 1 digital minicassettesystem can be used for backup,data logging, and transmission. Itfeatures an RS-232C port or20 mA current loop and it canstore 96 K bytes per tape. The LG1 contains an operating system,has variable data rates, andautomatically checks for errorsand performs retries. All I/O (in-put/output) is buffered.

The LG 1 digital-cassette sys-tem is available for S399 withouta case or S499 with a case. Con-tact ADPI, 815 Diana Dr, TroyOH 45373, (513) 339-2241.Circle 579 on inquiry card.

26-MegabyteDrive Down in Price

The Discus M26 26-megabyte,14-inch hard-disk drive costs lessthan S173 per megabyte. Theprice of this S-100-based systemhas been reduced by S500 toS4495. The M26 features aShugart SA4000 Winchester-styledrive with a data-transfer rate ofup to 900 k bytes per second. Itdelivers a full 26 megabytes of for-matted storage and can be ex-panded up to 104 megabytes bydaisy-chaining drives. An S-l 00controller supervises all datatransfers and can generate sys-tem interrupts at the completion

of each data-exchange com-mand. Database security is main-tained by write-protecting eachsector.

The M26 runs under CP/M andcan be run under North Star andCromemco disk operating sys-tems. The Discus M26 systemconsists of the hard-disk drive,cabinet, power supply, all cables,S-l00 controller, and CP/M 2.2.For further information, contactMorrow Designs, 5221 CentralAve, Richmond CA 94804, (415)524-2101.

Circle 580 on inquiry card.

496 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

WE WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLD

DISK DRIVES

1

FOR TRS-80* Model I

CCI-100 SVt", 40 Track (102K) $299

ADD-ON DRIVES FOR ZENITH Z-89CCI-189 51/.", 40 Track (102K) $389

Z-87 Dual 5V4" system $995

PRINTERS

NEC SPINWRITER

7710 R.O. Par7710 R.O. Par w/tractor7720 KSR w/tractor7730 R.O. Ser7730 R.O. Ser w/tractorNEW 3500 SeriesMX-80 MX-80FT

External card edge and power supply included. 90 day warranty/oneyear on power supply.

CORVUS 5mg $3089 10mg $4489 Mirror $699

RAW DRIVES 8"SHUGART801R $399

5V4"TANDON $CALL POWER SUPPLIES $CALL

EPSON MX-70

PAPER TIGER

IDS 445 Graphics &2K buffer

IDS 460 Graphics &2K buffer

IDS 560 Graphics

ACCESSORIES

MX100

DISKETTES - box of 10

5V*" Maxell $40

8" Maxell $45

PLASTIC FILE BOX-Holds 50 5 V." diskettes

PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE 51/i" $3.00

HEAD CLEANING DISKETTE

FLOPPY SAVER $10.95

16K RAM KITS

200ns forTRS-80,*Apple II, (specify):

COMPUTERS/SYSTEMS

ALTOS ACS8000 Series

ZENITH 48K, all-in-one computer

ATARI 400 $ 359

MATTEL INTELLIVISION

APPLE PERIPHERALS

TERMINALS

ADDS Viewpoint

ZENITH Z-19

TELEVIDEO 910 $ 559 920C $729

IBM 3101-10

BASF/VerbatimBASF/Verbatim

8"

RINGS

2 for$37Jumpers

$26.95$36.00$19.00$ 4.00$25.00$ 6.95

$19

$2.50

ANADEX

OKIDATAMicroline 80Microline 82Microline 83

DP-8000 $849

Friction & pin feedFriction & pin feed120 cps, uses up to 15" paper

DP-9500/01

Call for new Microline series!

800

950

SCALL$2149$ 789$ 259

SCALL

SCALL$ 725$ 929$1189

CENTRONICS

C. ITOHStarwriter IStarwriter IStarwriter IIStarwriter II

AXIOM

DATA SOUTH

MONITORS

BELL & HOWELLLEEDEX

739, new model with graphics

25 cps, parallel interface25 cps, serial interface45 cps, parallel interface45 cps, serial interfaceGP-80M180 cps

$2395$2595$2795$2395$2595SCALLSCALL

$ 639$ 799$1049$CALL$1389

SCALL$CALL$CALL

$ 739

$1525$1620$1950

$2075$ 319

$CALL

SANYO

ZENITH

9"12"

13"

9"

12"

13"

B&WBHD911

12" Green Screen

$155$155

12" Green Screen

13" Color

12" Green Screen

$238$399$129

S-100 CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS

MAINFRAME $349 Z80CPU $ 239

64KRAM $569 FLOPPY DISC CNTRL $ 339

B & W $129

Color $329

B & W $149

B & W $219

Color $349

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

PRENTICE STAR MODEM 1-year guarantee $125UNIVERSAL DATA SYSTEMS UDS103LP $149 UDS103JP $215

NOVATION CAT $139 D-CAT $149

AUTO-CAT $199 APPLE CAT II $339

D.C. HAYES SMART/STACK MODEM $235

MICRO-MODEM II $295

CCI Telnet Communications Package $135

APPLE ACCESSORIES AND SOFTWARE

INTEGRATED SYSTEM W/INTERNAL CABLES, TESTED

$1975

Mfr. by-Microsoft - MountainVISICALC

Computers$159.00

- Videx - CCS - Personal SoftwareVISIDEX $159.00

2P + 2SI/0

$ 269

VISITERM

$119.00

VISIPLOT

$139.00

4 PORT SERIAL I/O

$ 249

Z-80SOFTCARD

$259.00

VIDEX BOARD

$249.00

4 PORT PARALLEL I/O

$ 179

KEYBOARD ENHANCER

$110.00

16KCARD

$159.00

CABLES

SCALL

APPLE JOYSTICK

$ 49.00

SUP-R FAN

$ 39.00

SUP-R MOD

$ 25.00

CCS CARDS

SCALL

CASIO CALCULATORS

POCKET COMPUTER FX702DESK PRINTER/CALCULATOR FR100

$199.00$ 79.95

APPLE CARDS $ CALLSUPERCALC $199.00CPS MULTIFUNCTION CARD

ASCII EXPRESS $ 59.00

ALF9 VOICE BOARD $149.00

$199.00

SCIENTIFIC CALCULATOR FX8100

$ 49.95

ENTERTAINMENT

GAME WATCH CA90 PlasticGAME WATCH CA901 SteelSPORT WATCH AX210 Calendar

$ 49.95$ 69.95$ 59.95

Mfr. by:On Line - BroderbundFLIGHT SIMULATOR $29.00WIZARD & PRINCESS $28.00

Sirius - California PacificSARGON II $29.00ABM $21.95

BUSINESS SOFTWARE

MYSTERY HOUSEHI-RES FOOTBALL

$24.00$35.00

GORGONMICROPAINTER

$34.95$29.00

WORDSTAR for Apple II

$ 329

RASTER BLASTER

$25.95

APPLE PANIC

$27.95

WORDSTAR for Zenith Z89

$ 329

SPACE EGGS

$17.95

MATTEL GAMES

$27.00

For fast delivery, send certified checks, money orders or call to arrange direct bank wire transfers. Personal or company checks require twoto three weeks to clear. All prices are mail order only and are subject to change without notice. Call for shipping charges.

dealer (national/international) inquiries invited Send for FREE Catalogue

The CPU SHOP

TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-343-6522

TWX: 710-348-1796 Massachusetts Residents call 617/242-3361

5 Dexter Row, Dept. B12Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129Hours 10AM-6PM (EST) Mon.-Fri. (Sat. till

Technical Information call 617/242-3361Massachusetts Residents add 5% Sales Tax5) Tandy Corporation Trademark^Digital Research

Circle 110 on inquiry card.

What's New?

SOFTWARE

Beat the TaxTribulations

Individual Tax Plan is designedspecifically for professional taxpractitioners. Automatic comput-ations include federal tax liability(using appropriate tax tables andrate schedules), income averag-ing, and maximum tax on earnedincome, with selection of thelowest tax due; add-on minimumand alternative minimum tax;10-year averaging for lump-sumdistributions; charitable-contribu-tion, medical-expense, and capi-tal-loss limitations; and capital-gains deductions. Individual TaxPlan is available for the Apple IIwith 48 K bytes of memory or forthe Western Digital Microengine.Contact Aardvark Software Inc,783 N Water St, Milwaukee Wl53202, (414) 289-9988.

Circle 581 on inquiry card.

ComputerizedDictionary

Release 2 of the ComputerizedDictionary checks text for spellingerrors and runs under the FLEXoperating system. Misspelledwords are highlighted and can bechanged automatically by thesystem. In the interactive mode,any words not found in the dic-tionary file are displayed. Theoperator can ignore the word, re-place it, or add it to the dictionary-file. Frequently misspelled wordscan be automatically changed bythe system. In the list mode, thetext is printed or displayed as it isbeing processed with misspelledwords highlighted. A full page oftext, about 425 words, can beedited in 3VS minutes. Currentlicensees can receive release 2 forS25. The package has a one-timecharge of SI00 from DavidsonSoftware Systems, POB 21002,Lansing Ml 48909, (51 7)

332-5989. Circle 584 on inquiry card.

Faster Than a Speeding CP/M

Compatible with Digital Re- age capacity on each floppy disk

search's CP/M operating system,TurboDOS handles programloading six times faster than CP/Mand is up to 10 times faster in file-oriented applications. The speed-up is accomplished by a buffermanager that performs multilevelbuffering of disk I/O (input/out-put) and by a feature that scansthe allocation map of a file, deter-mines the sequentially allocatedsegments of the file, and loadsthese segments at the maximumtransfer rate of the disk controller.The elimination of warm-startand disk log-on delays is anotherfeature of TurboDOS. Changes ofdisk side and density formats areautomaticallly handled by the sys-tem. Most CP/M programs willoperate under TurboDOS with-out modification provided thatthe programs do not rely on inter-nal CP/M data structures or usebit maps. CP/M BDOS functionsand direct BIOS calls are fully sup-ported. An alternative to theCP/M format increases the stor-

to hold 25 to 35% more data.

TurboDOS can be configuredas a single- or multi-user system. Itwill support hard disks in excessof 1000 megabytes without parti-tioning and allows random ac-cess to files up to 67 megabytes.Provisions are made for indepen-dent drive operation permittingsystem start-up from any diskdrive. Up to 16 spooler queuesare supported, which allows asingle printer to print from manyqueues or a single queue to feedseveral printers. Multiple com-mands are accepted, and multi-level nesting of command files ispossible.

TurboDOS is available for IMSS-l 00 computers, TRS-80 Modellis, and Info 2000 systems. De-pending upon configuration,TurboDOS costs from SI95 toS700. Contact Data-Rx Inc, 686Lighthouse Ave, Monterey CA93940, (408) 375-2775.

Circle 582 on inquiry card.

CP/M Magnetic Cartridge Archive

MCSave is designed to interfacethe 67-megabyte 3-M HCD-75magnetic-tape-cartridge drive andcontroller to any Z80 CP/M,CDOS, or Cromix system. Fea-tures provided by MCSave (Mag-netic Cartridge Save) are transferof files from disk to tape, tape todisk, or tape to tape for any multi-ple tape-drive configuration. Dateand time of tape-file creation, am-biguous file names, batch/submitcapability, relative file names, andself-test diagnostics are all sup-ported.

MCSave is shipped ready to in-terface to a Cromemco 8PIO

card, but the program.can be cus-tomized for different hardwaresystems. It requires 48 K bytes ofmemory and a 24-line by 80-col-umn video display. MCSave withdocumentation and one year offree update service is S295. Acomplete system, which includesthe tape drive and controller,S-l 00 interface card, tapes,power supply, and MCSave, isS4995. Contact MicrocomputerConsulting Services, 8308 Juni-per, Fort Worth TX 76180, (817)498-6390.

Circle 583 on inquiry card.

498 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

PffiitersPlus

...computers, peripherals,accessories and supplies!

APPLE ACCESSORIES

Apple II & 48K CALL

Disk II w/controller DOS 3.3 CALL

Disk II Add-On CALL

Microsoft Z80 Softcard 319.

16KRam Card 159.

CCS Parallel Card 109.

Async Serial Card 139.

Clock/Calendar Card 109.

IEEE Card 239.

AD Card 99.

Mountain Comp. Romplus 139.

KB Filter ROM 49.

CPS Multifunction Card 199.

Supertalker 259.

Paymar L/C Adapter ■ New 49.

- Old 39.

M&R Super Mod 25.

Superterm 319.

Videx Video Term 309.

APPLE SOFTWARE

Personal S/W Desktop Plan II $ 169.

CCA Data Mgmt 85.

Visicalc 169.

Visiplot 159.

Visitrend/Visiplot 219.

Visidex 169.

Visiterm 129.

Micropro Wordstar 299.

Super-Sort 159.

Mail-Merge 99.

Data Star 239.

Spell Star 199.

Muse Super Text II 129.

Address Book 44.

Form Letter Module 79.

Stoneware-DB Master li 199.

Microcom-MicroCourier 239.

Infotory 199.

RIBBONS

NEC $77.00/Doz.

Qume 45.00/Doz.

Diablo 66.00/Doz.

Anadex 135.00/6 ea.

Tritel 95.00/Doz.

TI/DEC/TTY 45.00/Doz.

Epson 13.95/ea.

MPI/Axiom/Base 2 10.00 ea.

MAGNETIC MEDIA

Premium Quality At Bargain Prices

5>ti' Diskettes, all Formats

)00% Certified with hub rings, box of 10

Single sided, single density . 26.95

Single sided, double density 29.95

Double side, double density 38.95

8" Diskettes, All Formats, 100% Certified

Single sided, single density 29.95

SSSD Error Free 32.95

Single sided, double density 39.95

Double sided, double density 49.95

epsoNS

Complete Stock of MX-80, MX-80 F/T

MX-100 Printers, Graphics Chip Sets

Cards and Cables

NEC-8023 A, 100 cps Matrix Printer

Hi-Res dot graphics, proportional spacing.

correspondent quality printing, bi-directional

tractor and friction feed, 80. 132 col. Greek &

Math symbols. Everything you need in a small

printer.

List $840 $699.

MODEMS

GDS 103 LP, direct $ 169.

103 JLP Auto Answer 219.

202 LP 1200 BAUD 259.

NOVATION CAT, acoustic 159.

D-CAT, direct 169.

Auto Cat 219.

Apple Cat 339.

HAYES S100 Micromodem $349.

Apple Micromodem 329.

Smart Modem 249.

VIDEO MONITORS

Zenith 12" Green $ 139.

NEC 12" Green $239.

Amdex 12" B/W (Leedex) $ 1 39.

Amdek 13" Color Lo-Res $439.

VIDEO TERMINALS

Ampex Dialog 80 $995.

Ampex Dialog 30 795.

Televideo 920C 845.

Televideo 950 995.

PC-S000 SeriesMicrocomputer System.

INTRO

PRICING

$1099.00

• Z-80A CPU 4 MHz

• 5 user programmable function keys • 82 Keys with numerickeypad • 160 x 100 resolution .80 character screen

PC-8001A Microcomputer w/32K RAM .... 1099.PC-8012A I/O Unit w/32K RAM

Expansion slots 699.

PC-8031A Dual Mini-Disk Drive Unit 1099.

PC-8032A Add-On Dual Mini Disk

Drive Unit 949.

MPI 88G / 99G MATRIX

High resolution dot-addressable graphics foiApple. Enhanced "correspondence quality"printing. Tractor and friction feed. Serial andParallel Input. 100 cps Bidirectional printing.80, 96 and 132 column widths!

88 G List $749 $589

99 G List $849 $660.

Apple Parallel I/O Card/Cable/Disk .. $ 110.

with Graphics Prom (Ap-Pak) $ 145.

IEEE I/O Card $55.

Single Sheet Feeder $25.

QT Cover $25.

NEC SPINWRITERS

5510/5530 RO w/tractor $2,550.

7710/7730 RO w/tractor $2,595.

5520 KSR w/tractor $2,850.

7720 KSR w/tractor $2,895.

3510/3530 RO $1,895.

Bi-directional tractor $225.

Pusher tractor $350.

<e

&

Mi

OLYMPIA

Letter quality. Daisy wheel printer/typewriterinterfaces to Apple. Atari. NEC. TRS80 andRS232 Serial ports. A truly cost effective letterquality printer that functions as a typewriter.ESI00 RO Computer printer

List $1690 CALL

ES100 Typewriter only "

Interface Card Only "

(specify serial or parallel)I/O Cable (specify serial or parallel) ... "

Apple Serial Card "

Print Wheels & Ribbons *

TO PLACE YOUR ORDER CALL:

TELEPHONE TELEX

(714)7447314 697120

or write to:

PAlOMAft

Computer Products

910-105 W. San Marcos Blvd.. San Marcos, CA 92069

TERMS OF SALE: Cash check mone\ order bank wire transit*!credit card or purchase orders from qualified firms andinstitutions Please include telephone number with order andexpiration date on credil card orders California residents add 6%sales tax. Advertised prices are for prepaid orders FOB shippingpoint Add 31* lor shipping in U S Pnong and availability sub|eri tochange without notice

Circle 336 on inquiry card.

SUNNY

LOW LOW COST

POWER SUPPLIES

FOR S-100, FLOPPY DISKS.

KIT 1, 2 & 3 For S-100 R3 For Three 8" or

51/4" Disk Drives

S-100 POWER SUPPLY KITS (open frame with base plate, 3 hrs. assy, time)

ITEM USED FOR @ + 8 Vdc © - 9 Vdc @ + 16Vdc ® - 16 Vdc @ + 28 Vdc SIZE W x D x H

S3 2 in 1 Unit for S-100 andtwo 8" or 5'U" Disk Drives. It fitsmost Disk System Mainframes.

PRICE

KIT 1 15 CARDS SOURCE 15A

KIT 2 SYSTEM SOURCE 25A

KIT 3 DISK SYSTEM 15A

1A

2.5A3A2A

2.5A3A2A

4A

12" x 5" x 47/a"

12" x 5" x 47/s"14" x 6" x 47/s"

52.9559.9567.95

DISK DRIVE POWER SUPPLY "R3" regulated, open frame, assy. & tested 67.95

SPECS + 5V @ 5A OVP. -5V @ 1A + 24V@ 5A. SHORTS PROTECT 2 SIZES AVAIL. 1.) 9" (W) x 6'/4" (D) x 4*6" (H). 2) 9" (W) x 47'a" (D) x 5'/4" (H)

OPTION: 1 ) REPLACE + 24V BY + 12V. 2 ) FOR SIZE 1 ONLY. ADD + 12V @ 1A. AT AN ADDITIONAL $12 00

IDEAL FOR THREE 8" or SVt FLOPPY DISK DRIVES. SUCH AS SHUGART 801/851, SIEMANS FDD 100-8/200-8 OR 100-5 ETC

DISK SYSTEM PWR SUPPLY S3 open frame, assy. & tested, compact size: nrtwj

REGULATED OUTPUTS FOR DISK DRIVES +5V @ 4A, -5V @ 1A. +24V @ 4A (OR + 12V @ 4A). SHORTS PROTECT

UNREGULATED OUTPUTS FOR S- 100 +8V @ 14A. + 16V @ 3A (OPTION ADD OVP FOR +5V. ADD $5 00)

A COMPLETE UNIT FOR DISK SYSTEM WITH THE MAINFRAME CONTAINING 12 SLOTS & TWO 8" or 5"a" DISK DRIVES.

6"(D)x 5"(H) 92.95

POWER TRANSFORMERS (with mounting brackets)

ITEM PRIMARY SECONDARY #1 SECONDARY #2 SECONDARY #3 SIZE W x D x H PRICE

T1T5

110/120110/120110/120110/120110/120

x 8 Vac, 15Ax 8 Vac, 25Ax 8 Vac, 15Ax 8 Vac, 6Ax 8 Vac, 6A

28 Vac, CT, 2.5A28 Vac, CT, 3.5A28 Vac, CT, 2.5A28 Vac, CT, 1.5A28 Vac, CT, 2A

48 Vac, CT, 2A48 Vac, CT, 3A

3%" x 35/a"33/4" x 4%"3%" x 4%"3%" x 35/s"3" x 3" x

x 3V9"x 3V8"x 3V8"x 3Vs"2V2"

21.9527.9529.9522.9514.95

MAILING ADDRESS:

i. ..i P.O. BOX 4296

TORRANCE, CA 90510

1 TELEX: 830-5010

ANSWER BACK FOR TELEX SUNYCO TRUC

SUNNY INTERNATIONAL

(TRANSFORMERS MANUFACTURER)(213) 328-2425 MON-SAT 9-6

SHIPPING For each power supply $5.50 inCalif., $7.50 in other states, $14.00 in Canada.For each Transformer $5.00 in all States,$10.00 in Canada. Calif. Residents add 6%Sales Tax.

SHIPPING ADDRESS:22129V2 S. VERMONT AVETORRANCE, CA 90502

SIOO2032 32K STATIC RAM A & T.

450 NSEC...S579.00,300 NSEC...$585.00,200 NSEC...S629.002116 16K STATIC RAM A & T.450 NSEC...S285.00,300 NSEC...S289.00,200 NSEC...$329.00

2065 64K DYNAMIC RAM A & T $548.95

2200 S-100 MAIN FRAM AST $379.95

2422 FLOPPY DISC WITH CP/M 2.2™ $329.95

2602 6502 PROCESSOR A & T $282.95

2810A Z80 CPU A & T $249.95

2710A 4 SERIAL 1/0 A & T $291.95

2718A 2 SERIAL, 2 PARALLEL A & T $305.95

2720A 4 PARALLEL A & T $214.95

PHOTO BOARDS WW .... $39.95, S0LDERTAIL .... $29.95

APPLE PRODUCTS

7I14A 12K R0M/PR0M $68.50

7424A CALENDAR/CLOCK $106.95

7440A PROGRAMMABLE TIMER $98.50

7470A A TO 0 CONVERTER $105.95

74B0A GPIB (IE 488) INTERFACE $265.95

7710A ASYNC SERIAL $125.95

7712A SYNC SERIAL $153.95

7720A PARALLEL STANDARD $98.95

7720B PARALLEL CENTRONICS $98.95

701 IB ARITHMETIC PROCESSOR W/DJSC $342.95

78UC ARITHMETIC PROCESSOR W/R0M $342.95

7500A WW BOARD $22.95

7510A SOLDERTAIt BOARD $23.95

SOFTWARE

2610 CP/M'"MACR0 ASSEMBLER ON DISK $76.95

2620 CP/M'"SYMBOLIC INSTRUCTION DEBUGGER ... $64.25

2630 CP/M-TEXT F0RMATER $64.25

2640 CP/M'"BACKGROUND PRINT UTILITY $42.95

OTHER CCS PRODUCTS ARE AVAILABLE.CALL FOR PRICE.

JSE7

MICROCOMPUTER PRODUCTS

S100 PRODUCTS

CBIA 8080 PROCESSOR PCBD $32.95

KIT $155.95, A&T $215.95

CB-2 280 PROCESSOR BOARD.

KIT ...( $198.95, A&T $269.95

VBIC 64 x 16 VIDEO, PCBD $32.95

KIT $153.95, A&T $199.95

V02 64 x 16 VIDEO, PCBD $32.95

KIT $175.95, A&T $234.95

VB3 80 CHARACTER VIDEO 4MHZ.

KIT $345.95, A&T $425.95

UPGRADE RAMS FOR VB-3 $42.00

104 2 PARALLEL, 2 SERIAL, PCBDKIT $155.95, A&T .

.. $32.95.$194.95

PB-1 2708, 2716 PROGRAMMER BOARD.

KIT $135.95, A&T $185.95

HB-10 16K STATIC RAM.

KIT $299.95, A&T $339.95

APPLE PRODUCTS

A48B IEEE 488 INTERFACE $399.95

AIO SERIAL/PARALLEL INTERFACE.

KIT $125.95, A&T $155.95

ASI0 SERIAL I/O

KIT $87.95, A&T $97.95

APIO PARALLEL 10

KIT (W/0 CABLES)... $67.95, A & T (W/0 CABLES)... $87.95

OTHER SSM PRODUCTS ARE AVAILABLE.CALL FOR PRICES.

MONDAY-FRIDAY. 8:00 TO 1 £:00. 1:00 TO 5:30THURSDAYS, 8:00 TO 9:00 P.M.

(415) 728-9121P.O. BOX 955 • EL GRANADA, CA 94018

PLEASE SEND FOR IC, XIST0R AND COMPUTER PARTS LIST

DEC. SPECIAL SALEON PREPAID ORDERS

[CHARGE CARDS AND CO D OR P0 HOT AVAILABLE ON THESE OFFERS)

XMAS SALE

5% OFF OF CCS AND SSM PCDD AND KITS.

V/2% OFF OF WAMECO PCBD'S AND KITS.

W777C

inc. WAMECO INC.

BOARDS WITH MIKOS PARTS

MEM-3 32K STATIC RAM, PCBD $36.95

KIT LESS RAM $95.95, A&T $135.95

CPU-2 Z80 PROCESSOR. PCBD $32.95

KIT LESS ROM $109.95, A&T $149.95

EPM-2 16K/32K EPROM, PCBD $32.95

KIT LESS ROM $65.95, A&T $99.95

FPB-1 FRONT PANEL. PCBD $48.50

KIT S144.95, A&T $184.95

CPU-1 8080 PROCESSOR, PCBD $29.95

KIT $89.95, A&T $129.95

QMB-1Z 13 SLOT MOTHER BOARD. PCBD S39.95

KIT S95.95, A&T.... $135.95

OTHER WAMECO PRODUCTS ARE AVAILABLE.CALL FOR PRICES.

MIKOS PARTS ASSORTMENTS ARE ALL FACTORY MARKED PARTS KITS INCLUDEALL PARTS LISTED AS REQUIRED FOR THE COMPLETE KIT LESS PARTS LISTEDALL SOCKETS INCLUDED.

LABGE SELECTION OF LS TTL AVAILADLE.

PURCHASE $50.00 WORTH OF LS TTL AND GET 10% CREDITTOWARD ADDITIONAL PURCHASES. PREPAID ORDERS ONLY.

VISA Of MASTERCHARGE Send account number, interbank number, expiration dateand sign your order Approx. postage will be added Check or money order will be sentpost paid in US II you are not a regular customer, please use charge, cashier's check orpostal money order. Otherwise \neiewWbe a two-week delay for checks lo clear Call/residents add 6% tax Money back 30-day guarantee We cannot accept returned IC'sthat have been soldered to Prices subject to change without notice SI 0 milium iriir.SI.50 service charge on ortitrt less tin 510.00.

500 BYTE December 1981

Circle 274 on inquiry card.

BARE BOARD SALE $19.95

LIMITED OFFER

Z80 MICROCOMPUTER

6502 MICROCOMPUTER

jpgjj

. 5

t-J HI1

-Wr

Z-80 MPU, Z-80 PIO, 2716 EPROM 2114 RAMsingle board computer. Single 5 volt power sup-ply at 300 Ma. Two independent 8 bit I/O portswith handshake lines. RC controlled 2MHzclock.

Complete documentation. I/O lines use 50 pinedge connector data and address lines are notaccessible. Mod. for 2532 is included. EPROMis not included. 1K RAM, 2K EPROM, 2 I/O

ports. i^

6502 MPU, 6522 VIA, 2716 EPROM 2114 RAMsingle board computer. Single 5 volt power sup-ply at 400 Ma. Two independent 8 bit I/O portswith handshake lines. RC controlled 1 MHzclock.

Complete documentation. I/O lines use 50 pinedge connector data and address lines are notaccessible. Mod. for 2532 is included. EPROMis not included. 1K RAM, 2K EPROM, 2 I/Oports. rfls||

80-280 Assm.80-280 Kit80-280 Bare Board

$129.95$119.95$ 19.95

80-153 Assm.80-153 Kit80-153 Bare Board

$110.95$ 89.95$ 19.95

A-D & D-A CONVERTER

6522 APPLE II INTERFACE

A-D and D-A on one board uses 2 16 pin DIPconnectors for data and phono jacks for analogI/O. A-D conversion time 20^s D-A conversiontime 5^s. 8 bits wide Latched data and strobelines. Single 5 volt 400 Ma. power supply.Designed for speech.

79-287 Assm.79-287 Kit79-287 Bare Board

$79.95$59.95$19.95

Two 6522 VIAs on a single board for the apple.Four software programmable 8 bit I/O portsconnect through 4 16 pin dip sockets. Interruptjumpers for IRQ and NMI. 4 16 bit timers. Inputsand outputs are TTL compatible.

79-295 Assm.79-295 Kit79-295 Bare Board

$69.95$59.95$19.95

•John Bell Eivgiiveeriivg, iivc.

allproducts are available from john bell engineering • p.o. box 338 • redwood city, ca 94064

add sales tax in california • add 5% shipping & handling 3% for orders over $100 i visa

(415) 367-1137 10% outside u.s.a.

SEND FOR CATALOG

Circle 144 on inquiry card.

FLOPPY DISK DRIVES

SPECIAL!!!!!!!! QUME DATATRAK 8

Virtually the industry standard. High quality/reliability. Full featured, double sided, doubledensity.

1-5 $499

6-9 $485

10 $475

TANDON DOUBLE SIDED, DOUBLE DENSITY MINIS

TM100-2 48 TPI (500 KBYTES) $325

Compatible with Northstar, Cromemco, TRS-80

TM100-4 .... 96 TPI (1000 KBYTES) $425

Compatible with Zenith, Heath, etc.

SA850 1-5 $499 Qume Datatrak 5 $345

6-9 $485 SA 400 $299

10 $475

CONTROLLERS

Tarbell single density kit $195

Tarbell single density A & T $310

Tarbell double density A & T $425

CCS 2422 w/CPM 2.2 $350

Godbout Disk 1 $450

MDA MXV-21 LSI-11 controller (RX-01, RX-02 compatible)

$1050

MISCELLANEOUS

2 Disk drive enclosure $ 95

(fits Siemens, Shugart, Qume)

CP-206 power supply $110

(powers two floppies)

Mini-Enclosure with power supply

1 drive $ 85

2 drives $120

Cable Kits 2 drives $ 35

3 drives $ 40

4 drives $ 45

Diskettes ss $39/10 - ds $59/10

CPU

CCS 2810 $ 275

Godbout Z-80A $ 275

Godbout 8085A $ 295

MEMORY

CCS 2065 64K dynamic $ 625

CCS 2116 32K static $ 675

Godbout RAM 17 64K $ 995

I/O

CCS 2710 4 SIO $ 325

Godbout Interfacer 1 $ 225

Godbout Interfacer 2 $ 225

Electrolabs

POB 1608, Palo Alto, CA 94302 (415) 321-5601

NEW !!!!

Qume Sprint 9DAISY WHEEL PRINTER . . $2395

45 CPS, RO. Available in KSR version.Call for further particulars.Ribbons: $125/caseBidirectional tractor feed $225

NEW !!!!

ABM 85 Video Terminal . . $ 895

— Detachable keyboard

— Televideo 920, ADM 3A compatible

— High resolution green phosphor (23 MHZ)

— Extra multi-bus or S-100 slot for stand-alonecapability

Terms of sale: cash or checks, MC/VISA. Min. order $25. CA residentsadd 6% tax. Prices subject to changewithout notice. All goods subject toprior sale.

TERMINAL

• Feather Touch Capacitance Keyboard

• 60 Key Standard ASCIIPLUS + Hex Keypad

PLUS + 8 Special Function KeysPLUS + 20 Screen Editing Keys

• SOROC Type Screen Attribute Set

• Half Intensity

COMPUTER

• 8 Slot S-100

• 64K Dynamic Ram

• 4MHZZ-80

• Serial Printer Port (150-19.2K)

• Double Density Disk Controller

• Programmable Baud Rate

• Programmable Keyboard Set

S-100-8

^ 9 f££ MICROW.fft. SALES

INCLUDING CP/M2.2®

WITH: 8" SS/DD Drives Only $2850.005V4 " SS/DD Drives Only $2700.00

CALL FOR QUOTE ON DIFFERENT DRIVE OPTIONS

CP/M2.2 is aTM of Digital Research Inc.

502 BYTE December 1981

PRINTERS

C-ITOH Comet I

9x7 Dot Matrix .. .$450.00

C-ITOH Comet II... $810.00

132 Column Printer

9x7 Dot Matrix

C-ITOH Star Writer*

Call for best price

EPSON MX80 . . ..$470.00

EPSON MX 100 ...CALL

Anadex9501 ... .$1,235.00

Graphic Printer

11 EDISON DRIVE * NEW LENOX * ILLINOIS 60451

CALL TOLL FREE: 1-800-435-9357 * MONDAY thru SA TURDA Y

(ILLINOIS RESIDENTS CALL: 815-485-4002) • 8:00 a.m. to 6:30 p.m.

TERMS: Prepayment — C.O.D. up to $100.00 — M/C Visa

$5.00 Processing and Handling added to each order PLUS

Shipping Charges.

Please allow personal check to clear before shipment.

TERMINALS

• Televideo 910 — $575.00

• Televideo 912C — $665.00

• Televideo 920C — $740.00

• Televideo 950 — $950.00

• Ampex Dialog 80 —$895.00

• Zenith Z19 — $745.00

DISK DRIVES

Shugart 801's -Shugart 851's -Qume DT-8's -Shugart 400's -Tandom 51/4 -MPI B-51 —

CHIPS

Z-80A — $6.95

Z-80A SUPPORT

CTC — $6.55

SIO - $25.50PIO — $6.50

DMA — $15.002716—$6.752708—$3.954116—$2.502114—$2.752141—$4.00(INTEL)

$395.00$585.00$540.00$255.00$255.00$255.00

CaliforniaComputerSystems

• 2810 CPU

Only — $250.00

• 2422DskCont

Only — $319.00

• 2065C64K

Only — $510.00

• 2032C32K

Only — $620.00

• 2718 2x2

Only — $305.00

• 2200A Mainframe

Only — $349.00

• 2501 Mother Board

Only —$106.00

• 2116C16K Static Ram 200ns

Only — $309.00

• 2520K Extender Board

Only — $52.00

mjflJBH 8j8

• CPU Serial Cable

Only — $30.00

• Z80CPU

Only —$250.00

• DPDskCont

Only — $275.00

• DP64K

Only — $400.00

• 32K(Kit)

Only — $250.00

S1 — MOD (KIT)$199.00 (gggf

Complete S-100 12 Slot Main Frame. Amplesystem power with regulated power fordrives. Excellent for Subsystem or Hobby use.Four hours to build. (6 conn., Incl., less fans)

S-100-CONN ECTORSOLDER TAIL $2.50

S-100 CARD EXTENDER(Gold Contacts) $12.50

• CALL FOR FULL -k

• LINE OF SOFTWARE •

• SPECIAL • SPECIAL • SPECIAL •

DUAL DRIVESUBSYSTEM

$1,045.00

$995.00-3 or More

$245.00 w/no DrivesTested and Assembled

$1,295.00 2-QUMEDT 8Power Supply and CabinetTested and Assembled

2 SHUGART801RPOWER SUPPLY

IN STOCK!!!

Novation

CAT $150.00

D-CAT $165.00

AUTOCAT $235.00

APPLECAT $350.00

SUPERMIKE $11.50

Zenith

data systems

Quality AffordableMicrocomputers

Z89 FA $2,150.00

Z89GA $1,970.00

Z87 Dual 5V4 Disk Unit $960.00

Z47 BA Dual 8 Disk Unit $2,750.00

Expansion Interface $128.00

CP/M® V.2.2for289 $140.00

• CABLES*

—R3232made toorder

—50 Pin Ribboncable w/connectors

—34 Pin Ribboncable w/connectors

Call for Prices

BASF FLOPPIES

BOX OF 10 ONLY:5V4" Soft SSDD

— $26.5051/4" Soft DSDD

— $26.508" Soft SSDD

— $37.008" Soft DSDD

— $50.00

BYTE December 1981 503

'4950

MSI-8085Complete System!

A totally integrated system complete &

ready to run. Nothing Else to Buy.

List s5937°°

Special Introductory Price

OO Q,y discountsavailableDealers inquiries invitedfeatures:•8085 Based Computer with 64KMemory and 3 Serial RS-232 Ports•Dual 8" floppy 1 Meg Storage•120 CPS 132 Col. Matrix line printer•80 x 24 Crt »CP/M® includes manual•Microsoft Basic® includes manualFull Accounting Software with sourcesFor full information call:618 277-7990

MAYBERRYSYSTEMS, INC.

1710 Boul Avenue—Belleville, IL 62221

A

ATARI

800 16K

400 16K

410 Recorder.

810 DISK

850 Interface .

830 Modem

16KRAM

820 Printer

822 Printer

825 Printer

. $740.. 319.59.. 449.. 169.. 159.. 75.. 260.. 349.. 570.. 55.. 330.

Call or write for discount on software.

EMPIRE SYSTEMS CORPORATION

18604 Rolling Acres Way

Olney, Maryland 20832

774-7330 948-8588

Prices subject to change

483 The Programmer __

484 The Communicator.

RAMAGANZA MULTIBUS SALE

RAM 100+up SBC 86/12A $1500

2104A $ .65

4116 2.00

4164 13.00

2114(450) 1.852114(300) 2.004044-25NL 2.756104-3 1.50

5101L 2.75

2147 3.15

All goods subjectto prior sale & prices,without notice.

SBC 80/30 $450SBC 604 or 615 $85BLC556 $150

BLC 80/11 $475SBC 204 $475

Much more in stock.We Buy/Swap/SellMultibus and othercomputer gear. Sendfor brochure.

Can be changedMC/V/SA 0. K.

Add 2% for shipping/handling.

Note: We have a large qty of commercialvideo equip, for sale (refurbished). Sendfor complete listing.

- Oracle Electronics -& Trading Co., Inc.

2257 Mora Drive

Mountain View, CA 94040

(415) 961-4920

Circle 239 on Inquiry card.

Circle 152 on inquiry card.

Circle 318 on inquiry card.

LABELS

15/16"x3V4"1 up - pin feed

white pressuresensitive

PRICE INCLUDES SHIPPING

Packed 5M per box - Min. order 1 box -$14.95Check with order - Mass Residents add 5% Sales Tax

CHECK-MATE

P.O. Box 103, Randolph, MA 02368Telephone: 617-963-7694

Circle 56 on inquiry card.

DRV ELECTRONICS

FLOPPY DISK DRIVE SYSTEMS

CANADA'S No. 1 DISK DRIVE

CENTRE

Personal Computer Users—TRS80

DRV Electronics Offers

MP1 Drive 51 with power supply & case. Can $499

Percom Doubler II Can $250

Percom Data Separator Can $49.95

Percom Drive Kits for Model III also available.

Full Warranty. Complete repair service.Immediate delivery on all mailorders.

^■CeiecTiioNics

~^Y~ 15100-40TH A

Authorized PercomDealer and Service Centre

15100 - 40TH AVE., SURREYB.C. CANADA V3S4N7

FOR UCSD PASCAL* SYSTEMS

$125 - DISPEL*** - your spellingwoes. An interactive spellingcorrector with on-line wordlook up, and dictionarymaintenance.$75 - INTELLECT-UL** LISP -Complete LISP interpreter.$1000 - PDBASE*** - Entity

Relational Data-base. To bereleased soon. Info, available.

IOTC Inc.910/SuUy/Laramie, WY 82070"Trademark Regents University ofCalif.**Trademark AIIS Inc.** "Trademark IOTC Inc.(307) 721-5818

Circle 133 on Inquiry card.

Circle 201 on inquiry card.

EPSON

DOT MATRIX PRINTERS

SUPER DISCOUNTS ON

MX-80F/T lo^r, NOW

MX-80

J.49STLOWER!

IN

MX-100 l6^r! STOCK

We also stock direct connect cables forTRS-80, Apple, Atari, Pet or RS 232

CALL TOLL FREE

1 -800-344-7493

In CA and for service (209) 667-2888

GRAPHICS ROM'SAVAILABLE

A A ^VWCROTRON

^fc Jt ^V Gok»n 5ioie »va

ICS.inc..

Soft Ware

APPLE, PET, ATARI, TRS 80

• BUSINESS • GAMES• EDUCATION

You know there is an alternativeto Retail Software Prices. We offer afast, easy method of buying qualitysoftware at excellent discounts.Your software needs are our onlybusiness.

Circle reader service number forour current catalog.

Software Supply Corp.

P.O. Box 24322

Tampa, Fla. 33623

(813) 877-3851

256K RAM

New 256K dynamic RAM cardfor S-100 bus. Meets IEEE 696standard. Full parity, either 8/16bit data path. Includesacknowledge line tor use withasynchronous processors, suchas the MC68000. Plus manymore advanced features.200nsec standard, 150 nsecoptional.

$3795

OEM pricing available

Empirical ResearchGroup, Inc.PO Box 1176

Milton, WA 98354206-631-4855

Circle 231 on inquiry card.

Circle 383 on Inquiry card.

Circle 154 on inquiry card.

FULL LINE ALL PARTS & COMPUTER PRODUCTS

P.O. Box 4430XSanta Clara, CA 95054

rELECTRONICS

'Will calls: 2322 Walsh Ave.(408) 988-1640

Same day shipment. First line parts only. Factory tested. Guaranteedmoney back. Quality IC's and other components at factory prices.

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Phone orders only (800) 538-8196

7«oni

MOW i

74£tfN 1

740*N 2

?mn i

7410N 1

7414N S

7420N 1

7422N 2

743QN 1

7442N 4

7445N G

7447K 6

7448N 6

M5QN I

7474N 3

7475N 4

7485N 6:

7489N 1 71

7490N 31

749ZN 4!

7493N 4;

7495N 5!

741MN lot

74107N 31

7412IN 2\

74123N 5!

74125N 4!

74I45N G(

74I50N 1 2(

74151N G!

741S4N 1 2i

74157N 5:

74161N 7C

74162N 8!

74163N a;

74174N .85

74175N BS

74190N I U

74192N 7S

74193N 79

74221H i 25

7429BN 55

74365N .85

74366N 65

74367N 65

74LSO0 TTL

74LSO0N 25

74LS02N .25

74LS04N 25

74LS05N 25

74LS08N .35

74LS10N .25

74LS13N 45

74L514N 99

74LS20N .25

74LS22N 25

74LS2BN 35

74LS3DN 25

74LS33N 55

74LS3BN 35

74LS74N 45

74LS75M 50

74LS90N 60

74LS93N 65

74LS95N 85

74LS107N 4D

74LS112N 45

74LS113N 45

74LS132N 75

74LS136N 49

74LS15IN 75

74LSI55N 79

74LS157N 75

74LSI62N 95

74LS163H 95

74LS174N 95

74LSI90N 100

74LS221K 1 19

74LS258N 69

74LS367N GS

LINEAR

CA3045 90

CA3046 1.10

CA3081 180

CA3082 1 90

CA30B9 3 40LM301ANAH 34

LM305H B7

) LM307N 35

( LM308N 98

! LM309K 1 25

I LM311HN 64

) LM317T 1.65

> LM317K 3 75

) LM31B 1 49

) LM320K-5 1 35

J LM320K-12 1 35

I LM320K-15 1.35

I LM3207-5 .95

I LM320T-8 -95

I LU320T-12 95

t IM320T-15 95

i LM323K-5 4 95

I LM324N .99

i LM339N 99

i LM340K-5 135

. IM34DK-B 1.35

. LM340X-12 1.35

LM340K-15 1 35

LM34QK-24 135

LM340T-S .85

LM340T-8 B5

LM340M2 BS

LM340T-15 85

LM340T-1B 85

LM340T-24 65

LM350 5 50

LM377 2 29

LM379 5 00

LM380N 1 00

LM381 1 60

LM382 1 60

LM709K 59

LM723HN 49

LM733N B5

LM741CH 35

LM741N 35

LM747HN 75

LM748N 50

LM1303N 1.75

LM1304 1 10

LM1305 127

LM1307 1.10

LM1310 2-75

LM145B 55

LM1812 8 25

LM1889 2 49

LM2111 1.75

LM2902 2 25

LM3900N -59

LM3905 1.25

LM3909N 95

WC1458V .55

NE550N 1 30

NE555V 39

NE556A 85

NE56SA 1 00

NE566V 150

NEM7V 100

NE570B 4 75

73105 60

78L0S GO

7SM05 85

75108 1 49

75491CN 50

75492CN 55

75494CN 89

22 00

S700CJ8701CNB7SOCJ

LO130 9 95

9400CJV F 7 40ICL7103 9.50ICL7107 14 25

CMOS

CD4000 25

CO4O01 . 35

CD4002

CD400G

C04007

CO400B

CD4009

CO4010

CD40HCD40I2CQJ013CO4014CD4015C04016CD4D17CD4018CO4019CD4020C04021CO4022CO4023CD4024CO4025CD402GCD4027CD402SCD40J9CD4030CD4035CD4040CD4042CD4043C04044CD4046CD4049CD4050CD4051CD4060CD4Q66CD4068CD4069CO4070CD4071CD-liKiCD4073CO4075CD4076CO407BC04081CD4082CD4116CD4490CD4507CD45QBCD4510CD45HCD4515CD45I6CD451BCU4520

CD4526C04553

CD4585CD4019274C00

r«w

74C10

74C14

■iCIO-,c?:.

74C4874C74

74C76Mr.6i)74C9374C15474C16074C17574C19274C22174C905■4.; 30574C9U74C92274C923.■■:■:■::;

74C92674C927

6097

80988109

45 BT20

95 8T23

95 BT24

45 8T25 ;

1 05 BT26

94 BT2845 BT97

95 8T98.95

! 10 MOS'MEMOflY

28 HAM

75 2101-1

" 2102-1

'•H 2102AL-4

« 2102AN-2L

?° 2104A-4 4 95

?| 21D7B-4 3 75

g 2111-1 2 93

g 2112-2 2.99

*| 2114 2.24

'= 2114L 300(15 4 25

11 2114L 450ns 2 37

« 4116200ns 295

» 8--4T16 200nsi6 95

■:? MM:262 40

:? MME2B0 3 00

, 11 MM332D 9.95

1 ** MMS33Q 5.94PD411D-3 4 00

UARIFIFOAY5 1013

AY5-1014

■3? PD4UD-4

3| P51C1L

3° 82S25

30 91LD2A

« MM57100

3° GIAY36500-1

\$ 9368

39 410D

PROM

I702A2532

2708

2716TI

2716 5 Von

8(2716 5 Volt

2732

2758

B74IA

B748

6748-8

8755A

N82S23

N82S123

N82S126

N82S129

N82S131

N62S136

N82S137

DM8577

6223

CONNECTORS30 oin edge44 pin edrje86 pin edge

100 pin edge

100 pin edge w

0E9S 1 95

0A15P 2 10

DAI5S 3 10

Complete 5et 9 50

Slopwilch Kit 26.95

Auto ClaU Kil 17.95

Olgllil Clack Kit 19.7S

3 95 RESISTORS V,

25 p

" ',;'■type

03025

100 pet type

1000 pet type 012

350 piece PJCk.

5 pe> type G 75

1* wan i\ pet type 05DIP SWITCHES

4-posilion 85

5-powtiOii 90

6-position 90

KEYBOARDS

56 key ASCII keyboard M S74 95

Fully assimbted 84.50

Enclosure Plastic 94.95

Metal Enclosure 39 95

RedTOU

Green. Wto*T016

Jumbo Red

15

-a' CLOCKS

550 MM53H 495

,11 MM5312 3 90

1 ll MM5314 3.90

:= '.V,!;j69 1.95

.*: MM594I 14.45

f-H MM5365 7 95

Hi CT7010 B95

" CT70IS 8.95

02 MM5375AA;fi 3 90

5' MM5375AG/N '

IC SOCKETSSolder Tin Low Profile

PIN 1UP PIN 1UP

6 13 22 30

14 14) 24 30

16 16 26 40

16 20 36 58

20 29 40 49

WIRE WRAP LEVEL 3

16 67 40 I 59

7205

7207

72087209DS0026CN

u .::■:■■'.

MM53104

650465226530

nBfiO

680266206850

16.507 50

2 MHi

4 MHz

5MKi10 MHi18 MH;20 MHi32 MH:32768 Hji 8432 MH:3 5795 MH:2 0I00MH:2 097152 MH:

2 457G MH;

3 27GB MH:5 0688 MH:5.185 MH*

5 7143 MH:

6 5636 MHi14.3181B MH:18 432 MH:12 1184 MH:

SPECIAL PRODUCTS2 5 MHrFteg Courtier Kit30 MH; Freq Counter Kit

TRANSFORMERS

6V 300 ma

12 Volt 300 ma Iranslotmer

12.6V CT 600 ma

12V 250 ma wall plug

12V CT 250 ma wall plug

24V CT 100 ma

10V 1 2 imp wall plun

12V 5 amp

12V 500 ma wall plug

12V 1 amp wall plug

10 IS VAC B 16 VA wall plug

DISPLAY LEDS

MAN1 CA 2;

MANS CC 11

MAN 72 74

DL704

DL707DL707R

DL727.728

DLM7/7W

FND359

FND500-5O7

FND50351D

FND600'807

CACA 300 75

CC.CA

CC-'CACC/CA

357 70500 99500 90BOO 2.20

KEYBOAHD ENCODERS

6255

525

S259

IS02CE piss 1' 1602E plas \

D Connrclotl RS232DB25P 2 91

OD25S 3 51

Cover I e;

to d>gil csDia*752D Claoe. nlotoceNsT1L311 H«

MAN3G40 C

MAN4S1G C

MAN464C C

MAN4710 C

MAK174C C

MANEE40 C

MANE710 C

MANE74C C

4116 200ns Dynamic RAM B $16.95

ELECTRONIC SYSTEM KITS

Apple Peripheral Kits

SERIAL I/O INTERFACE 0 to 30.000 baud,O.T.R., Input & output from monitor or basic, oruseApple as intelligent terminal, Bd only (P/N 2)S14.95, Kit (P/N 2A) $51.25, Assembled (P/N?Ci $62.95.

PROTOTYPING BOARO (P/N 7907) $21.95.PARALLEL TRIAC OUTPUT BOARD 8 triacs,each can switch 110V. 6A loads, Bd only (P/N210) $19.20, Kit (P/N 21OA) $119.55.OPTO-ISOLATED INPUT BOARD 8 inputs, canbe driven from TTL logic, Bd only (P/N 120)$15.65, Kit (P/N 120A) $69.95.Interlace Kits

SERIAL/PARALLEL INTERFACE Bidirectional,Baud rates from 110 to 19.2K, sw selectablepolarity of input and output strobe. 5 to 8 databits, 1 or 2 stop bits, parity odd or even or none,all characters contain a start bit, +5 & -12Vrequired.Bd only (P/N 101) $11.95, Kit (P/N101 A) $42.89.

RS-232/TTL INTERFACE Bidirectional, re-quires ±12V. Kit <,P/N 232A) $9.95.RS-232/20mA INTERFACE Bidirectional, 2passive opto-isolated circuits. Kit (P/N 7901A)$14.95.

PROM Eraser

Will erase 25 PROMs in 15 minutes. Ultraviolet,assembled. 25 PROM capacity $37.50 (withtimer $69.50). 6 PROM capacity OSHA/UL ver-sion $78.50 (with timer $108.50).

NICad Battery Fixer/Charger Kit

Opens shorted cells that won't hold a charge andthen charges them up. all in one kit w/full partsand instructions. $9.95

Z80 Microcomputer

16 bit 1/0, 2 MHz clock. 2K RAM, ROM Bread-board space. Excellent for control. Bare Board$28.50. Full Kit $99.00. Monitor $20.00. PowerSupply Kit $35.00. Tiny Basic $30.00.

Modem Kit $60.00

State of the art. orig., answer. No tuning neces-sary. 103 compatible 300 baud. Inexpensiveacoustic coupler plans included. Bd. onlyS17.00. Article in June Radio Electronics.

60 Hz Crystal Time Base Kit $4.40

Converts digital clocks from AC line frequency tocrystal time base. Outstanding accuracy.

Video Modulator Kit $9.95

Convert TV set into a high quality monitor w/oaffecting usage. Comp. kit w/full instruc.

Rockwell AIM 65 Computer

6502 based single board with full ASCII keyboardand 20 column thermal printer. 20 char, alphanu-meric display ROM monitor;, fully expandable.$419.00. 4K version $449.00. 4K Assembler$35.00. 8K Basic Interpreter $65.00.

Special small power supply 5V 2A 24V .5Aassem in frame $59.00. Molded plasticenclosure to fit both AIM 65 and power supply$52.50. AIM 65 1K in cabinet with power supply,switch, fuse, cord assem. $559.00. 4K $579.00.A65 40-5000 AIM 65/40 W/16K RAM and monitor$1295.00. RAM Board Kit (16K. $195) (32K,$215). VD640 Video Interface Kit S119.00. A8J$149.00. Complete AIM 65 in thin briefcase withpower supply $518.00. Special Package Price: 4KAIM, 8K Basic, power supply, cabinet $629.00

AIM 65/KIM/SYM/Super Ell 44 pin expansionboard; board with 3 connectors $22.95.

RCA Cosmac 1802 Super Elf Computer $106.95

The Super Elf is a small single board computer thatdoes many big things. It's an excellent computerfor training and for learning programming with itsmachine language and yet it's easily expandedwith additional memory, Full Basic, ASCIIKeyboards, video character generation, etc.

ROM monitor; State and Mode displays; Singlestep; Optional address displays; Power Supply;Audio Amplifier and Speaker; Fully socketed for allIC's; Full documentation.

The Super Elf includes a ROM monitor for pro-gram loading, editing and execution with SINGLESTEP lor program debugging which is not in-cluded in others at the same price. With SINGLESTEP you can see the microprocessor chip oper-ating with the unique Quest address and data busdisplays before, during and alter executing in-structions. Also, CPU mode and instruction cycleare decoded and displayed on 8 LEO indicators.An RCA 1861 video graphics chip allows you toconned to your own TV with an inexpensive videomodulator to do graphics and games. There is aspeaker system included for writing your ownmusic or using many music programs alreadywritten. The speaker amplifier may also be used todrive relays for control purposes.A 24 key HEX keyboard includes 16 HEX keys plusload, reset, run, wait, input, memory protect,monitor select and single step. Large, on boarddisplays provide output and optional high and lowaddress. There is a 44 pin standard connector slot

for PC cards and a 50 pin connector slot for theQuest Super Expansion Board. Power supply andsockets for all IC's are included plus a detailed127 pg. instruction manual which now includesover 40 pgs. of software info, including a series oflessons to help gel you started and a music pro-gram and graphics target game. Many schoolsand universities are using the Super Elf as acourse of study. OEMs use it for training andR8.D.

Remember, other computers only offer Super Elffeatures at additional cost or not at all. Comparebefore you buy. Super Ell Kit $106.95, Highaddress option $8.95, Low address option$9.95. Custom Cabinet with drilled and labelledplexiglass front panel $24.95. All metal ExpansionCabinet, painted and silk screened, with room for5S-100 boards and power supply $57.00. NiCadBattery Memory Saver Kit $6.95. All kits andoptions also completely assembled and tested.Questdata, a software publication for 1802 com-puter users is available by subscription for $12.00per 12 issues. Single issues $1.50. Issues 1-12bound $16.50.

Moews Video Graphics $3.50, Games and Music$3.00, Chip 8 Interpreter $5.50, Starship 4K cas-sette $14.95.

Free 14 page brochure

of complete Super Elf system.

Super Expansion Board with Cassette Interface $89.95

This is truly an astounding value! This board hasbeen designed to allow you to decide how youwant it optioned. The Super Expansion Boardcomes with 4K of low power RAM fully address-able anywhere in 64K with built-in memory pro-tect and a cassette interface. Provisions havebeen made for all other options on the same boardand it fits neatly into the hardwood cabinetalongside the Super Ell. The board includes slotsfor up to 6K of EPROM (2708. 2758, 2716 or Tl2716) and is fully socketed. EPROM can be usedfor the monitor and Tiny Basic or other purposes.A1K Super ROM Monitor $19.95 is available as anon board option in 2708 EPROM which has beenpreprogrammed with a program loader/editor anderror checking multi file cassette read/writesoftware, (relocatable cassette file) another exclu-sive from Quest. It includes register save andreadout, block move capability and video graphicsdriver with blinking cursor. Break points can beused with the register save feature to isolate pro-

gram bugs quickly, then follow wilh single step. Ifyou have the Super Expansion Board and SuperMonitor the monitor is up and running at the pushof a button.

Other on board options include Parallel Input andOutput Ports with lull handshake. They allow easyconnection of an ASCII keyboard to the input port.RS 232 and 20 ma Current Loop for teletype orother device are on board and if you need morememory there are two S-100 slots for static RAMor video boards. Also a 1K Super Monitor version2 with video driver for full capability display withTiny Basic and a video interface board. ParallelI/O Ports $9.85, RS 232 $4.50, TTY 20 ma l/F$1.95, S-100 $4.50. A 50 pin connector set withribbon cable is available at $15.25 for easy con-nection between Ihe Super Ell and the SuperExpansion Board.

Power Supply Kit for the complete system (seeMufti-volt Power Supply below).

Quest Super Basic V5.0

A new enhanced version of Super Basic nowavailable. Quest was the first company worldwideto ship a full size Basic lor 1802 Systems. Acomplete function Super Basic by Ron Cenkerincluding floating point capability with scientificnotation (number range t. 17E38), 32 bit integer±2 billion; multi dim arrays, string arrays; stringmanipulation; cassette I/O; save and load, basic,data and machine language programs; and over75 statements, functions and operations.New improved faster version including re-number and essentially unlimited variables.Also, an exclusive user expandable commandlibrary.

Serial and Parallel I/O routines included.Super Basic on Cassette $55.00.

Super Color S-100 Video Kit $129.95

Expandable lo 256 x 192 high resolution colorgraphics. 6847 with all display modes computercontrolled. Memory mapped. IK RAM expand-able to6K. S-100 bus 1802, 8080. 8085, Z80.etc Dealers: Send for excellent pricing/marginprogram.

Type-N-Talk by Votrax

Text to speech synthesizer with unlimited vocabu-lary, built-in text to speech algorithm, 70 to 100bits per second speech synthesizer, RS232Cinterface $369.00.

1802 16K Dynamic RAM Kit $149.00

Expandable to 64K. Hidden refresh w/clocks up to4 MHz w/no wait states. Addl. 16K RAM $25.00.S-100 4-slot expansion $ 9.95

Super Monitor VI.I Source Listing $15.00

Multi-volt Computer Power Supply

8v 5 amp. ±18v .5 amp, 5v 1.5 amp. -5v.5 amp, 12v .5 amp, - 12voption. ±5v. ±12vare regulated. Basic Kit $35.95. Kit with chassisand all hardware $51.95. Add S5 00 shipping. Kitof hardware $16.00. Woodgrain case $10.00.$1.50 shipping.

Elf II Adapter Kit $24.95

Plugs into Elf II providing Super Elf 44 and 50 pinplus S-100 bus expansion. (With Super Ex-pansion). High and low address displays, stateand mode LED's optional $18.00.

TERMS: $5.00 mm. order U.S. Funds. Calif, residents add 6% tax.

$10.00 min. VISA and MasterCard accepted. $1.00 insurance optional.Shipping: Add 5%; orders under $25.00—10%.

FREE: Send for your copy of our NEW 1981QUEST CATALOG. Include 88c stamp.

Circle 360 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1981

505

Convert your TRS-80 into a

DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM

Z-80 In-Circuitemulation andEPROM/EEPROMprogramming ina single compactunit.

Debug stand-alone

systems with

program in

TRS-80 RAM,

then copy working program into PROM.

Only $329 including personality modulefor 2716,2516,2758,2508,2532,2816,2808,48016.

ORION INSTRUMENTS

172 Otis Ave, Woodside, CA 94062(415)851-1172

3M scotch®

Buy the finest in data recordingproducts from your DISKONNECTION.Price/10514" (soft, 10 or 16 hard)

8 (single side / density)8 (reversible, sgl. density)8" (sgl. side. dbl. density)8" (dual side, dbl. density)MC or VISA, add

$27°°27 oo

40 °°35 °°

4QOO

I°°

' Postage and handling Included' Send check, MO. MC or VISA to.

DISKONNECTION

POB. 538

Mpls. Minnesota 55440

612/871-1677 before noon CST

FULL

ELIZA

FOR YOUR MICRO!

AT LASTt A FULL IMPLEMENTATION ot the original ELIZAprogram is now available to run on your microcomputer'

Created at MIT in 1966. ELIZA has become the world's mostcelebrated artificial intelligence demonstratron program. ELIZA'Sa non-directive psychotherapist who analyzes each statement asyou type il in and then responds with her own comment or question— and her remarks are otlen startlingty appropriate?

Designed to run on a large mainlrame. ELIZA has hitherto beenunavailable lo personal computer users except in greatly slrippeddown versions lacking the sophisticalion which made the originalprogram so lascinating.

Now, our new microcomputer version possessing the FULL powerand range of expression of the original is being offered at IheIntroductory price of only $25. And if you want to find out how shedoes it (or teach her to do morej we will include the completeSource Program for only $20 additional

Order your copy of ELIZA today and you'll never again wonder howlo respond when you hear someone say "Okay, lets see what thiscomputer of yours can actually do1"

ELIZA IS AVAILABLE IN THE FOLLOWING DISK FORMATS:

with Applesoft ROM and DOS 3 3

0 320 1!

! ■..■■.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH GROUF

921 NORTH LA JOLLA AVENUEIMHI LOS ANGELES. CALIFORNIA 90046| V75A' I (213) 656-7368 (2t3) 654-2214 MC. VISA and CHECKS ACCEPTED

Circle 323 on inquiry card.

Circle 130 on inquiry card.

Circle 32 on Inquiry card.

ANALOG** DIGITALDIGITAL** ANALOG

CONVERSION MODULES

SOFTWARECAIN CONTROL

: S-100 9 rolSWu

able high and low inputs gain

From 1 to 1024 lg bd snmple and boirJ amplifier

fi rhnnnH diff.irfiniml - 16-chnnne) - nnaloQ ro digitaliK]h accuracy programmable goin instrumentationamplifier eustom board tc%i S 100 2 to 15 khzconversion time maable high and low inputs - gamfrom t to lUP'i 12-bit sample and hold amplifierB-channel differential - !6<hannel analog to digitalWgh accuracy programmable gam instrumentationimnhhrr custom board lest S-100 9 lo IS hrv

For additional details about the AD-100-4 and otherfine California Data corporation 100% individuallytested, high reliability products, circle the readerservice card number below or for faster responsewrite or call us.

CALIFORNIA DATACORPORATION

3475 Old Conejo Road, Suite C-10Newbury Park, CA 91320

(8051 498-3651

CP/M® CompatibleSGOLD DISKSZ-80 Software

Z-80 Disassembler X | | S

ppdcreates assembly language source files

$75.

E-Z Text

ppdunique text file word processor

Bovver-StewartSi Associates

POST OFFICE BOX 1389HAWTHORNE. CALIFORNIA 90250

^^_ 213/676-5055

TrademarkDigital Research

Z-80 and 8086 FORTH

Z-80' FORTH —a complete program development system. Usesstandard CP/M' compatible random access disk files for screenstorage. Package includes; interpreter/compiler with virtual mem-ory management, line editor, screen editor, Z-80 Assembler, de-compiler, utilities, demonstration programs, and 80 page usermanual. System requirement: Z-B0 mlcrocompuler, 48 kbytesRAM. CP/M 2.2 or MP/M* 1.1. $50.00

Z-80 FORTH WITH NAUTILUS SYSTEMS CROSS-COMPILER.Extend/modify Ihe FORTH runtime system, recompile on a hostcomputer for a different target computer, generate headerlesscode, generate ROMable code with Initialized variables. Supportsforward referencing to any word or label. Produces load map andlis) of unresolved symbols. 107 page manual. System require-ments as for Z-80 FORTH above. $200.00

8088 FORTH with line editor, screen editor, assembler, andutilities. Uses standard CP'M compatible random access files forscreen storage. Requires 80B6 or 8088 microcomputer. 64 kbytesRAM. and CP.M-86 operating system. $100.00

MACHINE TEST PROGRAM PACKAGE for Z-80 systems. Includesmemory. Iloppy disk, printer, and terminal tests wltn all sourcecode. Requires CP'M 2.2. $50.00

Alt software distributed on eight-Inch soft sectored single densitydiskettes. Prices include shipping by first class or UPS within USAor Canada. COD charges extra. Purchase orders accepted at ourdiscretion. {CP'M and MPJM are registered trademarks of DigitalResearch. Inc. Z-80 Is a registered trademark ol Zllog. Inc.)

Laboratory Microsystems

4147 Beethoven Street

Los Angeles, CA 90066

(213)390-9292

Circle 51 on inquiry card.

Circle 47 on inquiry card.

Circle 216 on inquiry card.

PLOTTING SOFTWARECalcomp compatible, for

EPSON and HIPLOT withCPM, FORTRAN. and BASIC

s s s d

PLOTWARE-z 8"Manuals onlyPLOTWARE-z samples* Refundable on order

.399..35 6

ENERCOMP

P.O.BOX 2B014

Lakewood. Colo.

80226

303-966-1648

PL0TTARE-

T h el

OPTIONS

Uapa. Chart*

Dr.IU.af,

Scientific,

Characters,

Terminal

fcootsUofl

FLOTIARI-

P QUARTZ CRYSTALS ~$

1 . .32184

5.2428-B

B.S336-6

2080GB 36.2885-B

42.B51B-B

468128-B 1

< 5390-B

5.61 DB

9.984068

204988-8 36.3636 B

428768B

473768-B ' ,

, ' 1.0004

5 7143 B

S98960B

22.IIB4-B 37362SB

42.92S8B

478838-B (

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226258-B 383768-B

42.9628 B

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5.B8ZB

102(58 8

263556B 38.4448-B

43.00TJ8-B

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| ' 2800 A

6.000 B

104968 8

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. r 20971-A

6.144-B

107755 B

268706-B 38.92588

4307488

48.700G-B i '

' , 2.4576-A

6.150308

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27800-8 393I2B-8

43IBS8-8

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i 2.500-A

6297S0B

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27O006-B 39.5038B

43.25988

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6.400 B

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27.5506-B 39.6658-8

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11.155 B

2B.40O6B 39.7538-8

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33625B-B 428008-B

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34.9776-B 42.7006 B

45.1256 B

103.0668 B 1

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35.9258-B 42.7538 B

46.3006 B

103 4660 B ,'

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9.47208-B

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46.700GB

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1 ALL A -

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ALL B -11.99

OOHMUBf OiOllll 5 '(

f\DD SI.00 SHIPPING

CAL.

RES. ADD 6% SALES TAX

FREE OSCILLATOR SCHEMATICS

WITH ANY ORDER

l| QUALITY COMPUTER PARTS !>

! p.o.

BOX 743 / CHATSWORTr

.CA91311 1

UV EPROM ERASER

$49.95

• BRASeSAUIrVERASASU BPROMS(3706.87t6,aS31;2SB4.o

• QUICK FIFTEEN MINUTE ERASE TIME

• ERASESOVERFIFTEEN£P«OMSAT A TIME

• LAMPLIFE.7700HOUBS

• TIMER AND SAFETY INTERLOCK SWITCH OPTION ADD$20 00

THE BEST 6809 SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER AVAILABLE

• floppy ComwBer • SWTPC compatible

• Pnntti Poll ■ Runs TSC flei

• RS-?32Po<1 • Fu« Documentation PRICE:FOR THE SS-50 AND S-100 BUS

ASSEMBLED. TESTED. 48 HOUR BURN-IN. 90 DAY WARRANTY

$389.00

2114 RAM 300 ns $2.95

5THAJGHTFHOMTHE FACTORY

2716 EPROM 550 lis $4.50 t GUARANTEED.

EPROM PROGRAMMER lor 2716, 2732 $99.50

lnClrcuilEmulatorior68x><,8085.Z80 S99.95

WE ACCEPT VISA, t.

lARD.COO CHECKS

phone orders (305)974-0967LOGICAL DEVICES INC.

781 W OAKLAND PARK BLVD • FT LAUDERDALE. FLORIDA 33311

Circle 155 on Inquiry card.

Circle 356 on inquiry card.

Circle 225 on Inquiry card.

DIGITAL RESEARCH COMPUTERS

(214) 271-3538

32K S-100 EPROM CARDNEW!

USES 2716sBlank PC Board - $34

ASSEMBLED & TESTEDADD $30

SPECIAL: 2716 EPROM's (450 NS) Are $9.95 Ea. With Above Kit.

KIT FEATURES:

1. Uses +5V only 2716 (2Kx8) EPROM's.

2. Allows up to 32K of software on line!

3. IEEE S-100 Compatible.

4. Addressable as two independent 16Kblocks.

5. Cromemco extended or Northstarbankselect.

7. Any or all EPROM locations can bedisabled.

8. Double sided PC board, solder-masked,silk-screened.

9. Gold plated contact fingers.

10. Unselected EPROM's automaticallypowered down for low power.

11. Fully buffered and bypassed.

6. On board wait state circuitry il needed. 12. Easy and quick to assemble.

32K SS-50 RAM

$29900

KIT

For 2MHZAdd $10

Blank PC Board$50

For SWTPC6800 - 6809 Buss

Support IC's

and Caps

$19.95

Complete Soc'- ri Set

$21.00

Fully Assembled,

Tested, Burned In

Add $30

....diiiHitft I8M.8MBv. aliiiiM BiiiiiiiB

I' dIMlMlI MiiiIMB' -jilHiSRI BlQMliHI

At Last! An affordable 32K Static RAM with full6809 Capability.

FEATURES:

1. Uses proven low power 2114 Static RAMS.

2. Supports SS50C - EXTENDED ADDRESSING.

3. All parts and sockets included.

4. Dip Switch address select as a 32K block.

5. Extended addressing can be disabled.

6. Works with all existing 6800 SS50 systems.

7. Fully bypassed. PC Board is double sided,plated thru, with silk screen.

16K STATIC RAM KIT-S 100 BUSS

PRICE CUT!

16K STATIC RAM SS-50 BUSS

$1699k5it

111 si 11 HE HI [I I

iiiiiiixniiiiii

PRICE CUT!

I ii 1 h*fl%.* I

IlIIISIIIIIIIIIlSillllllllllllli

FULLY STATIC!

BLANK PC BOARD W/DATA-$33

LOW PROFILE SOCKET SET-$12

SUPPORT IC'S & CAPS-$19.95

KIT FEATURES:

1. Addressable as four separate 4K Blocks.

2. ON BOARD BANK SELECT circuitry. (Cro-memco Standard!). Allows up to 512K on linel3 Uses 2114 (450NS) 4K Static Rams

4. ON BOARD SELECTABLE WAIT STATES.

5. Double sided PC Board, with solder mask andsilk screened layout. Gold plated contac! fingers

6. All address and data lines fully buffered. ASSEMBLED & TESTED-ADD $35

7. Kit includes ALL parts and sockets

8. PHANTOM is jumpered to PIN 67.

9. LOW POWER: under 1.5 amps TYPICAL fromthe+8 Volt Buss

10. Blank PC Board can be populated as anymultiple of 4K.

FOR 2MHZADD $10

FOR SWTPC6800 BUSS!

OUR #1 SELLINGRAM BOARD!

ASSEMBLED ANDTESTED - $35

KIT FEATURES:

1 Addressable on 16K Boundaries

2 Uses 2114 Static Ram3. Fully Bypassed

4 Double sided PC Board Solder maskand silk screened layout

5 A'l Parts and Sockets included

6 Low Power Under 1 5 Amps Typical

BLANK PC BOARD—$35 COMPLETE SOCKET SET—$12

SUPPORT IC'S AND CAPS—$19.95

H0N* STEREO! 4«to

S-100 SOUND COMPUTER BOARD

COMPLETE KIT!$8495

(WITH DATA MANUAL)

At last, an S-100 Board that unleashes the full power of twounbelievableGeneral lnstrumentsAY3-8910 NMOS computersound IC's. Allows you under total computer control togenerate an infinite number of special sound effects forgames or any other program. Sounds can be called in BASIC,ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE, etc.KIT FEATURES:

* TWO Gl SOUND COMPUTER IC'S.

* FOUR PARALLEL I/O PORTS ON BOARD.

* USES ON BOARD AUDIO AMPS OR YOUR STEREO.

* ON BOARD PROTO TYPING AREA

* ALL SOCKETS. PARTS AND HARDWARE ARE INCLUDED

* PC BOARD IS SOLDERMASKED, SILK SCREENED, WITH GOLD CONTACTS.

* EASY. QUICK. AND FUN TO BUILD. WITH FULL INSTRUCTIONS.

* USES PROGRAMMED I/O FOR MAXIMUM SYSTEM FLEXIBILITY.Both Basic and Assembly Language Programming examples are included

SOFTWARE:SCL'" is now available! Our Sound Command Language makes writing Sound Effects programsa SNAP! SCL™ atsoincludes routines forRegister-Examine-Modify, Memory-Examine-Modify,and Play-Memory. SCL™ is available on CP/M' compatible diskette or 2708 or 2716. Diskette -$24.95 2708 - $19.85 2716 - $29.95. Diskette includes the source. EPROM'S are ORG atE000H (Diskette Is 8 Inch Soft Sectored)

BLANK PC

BOARD W/DATA

$31

SPECIAL PURCHASE!

UART SALE!

TR1602B - SAME AS TMS6011,AY5-101 3, ETC. 40 PIN DIP

TR1602B

$2

95

EACH

4 For $10

00

CRT CONTROLLER CHIPSMC #CRT 5037. PROGRAMMABLE FOR 80 x 24, ETC. VERY RARESURPLUS FIND. WITH PIN OUT. $12.95 EACH.

4K STATIC RAM

National Semi. MM5257. Arranged 4K x 1. +5V, 18 PIN DIP. ALower Power, Plug in Replacement for TMS 4044. 450 NS.Several Boards on the Market Will Accept These Rams. SUPERSURPLUS PURCHASE! PRIME NEW UNITS!8 for $16 32 for $59.95

NEW! G.I. COMPUTER SOUND CHIP

AY3-8910. As featured in July. 1979 BYTE' A fantastically powerful Sound & MusicGenerator. Perfect for use with any 8 Bit Microprocessor. Contains 3 Tone Channels,Noise Generator. 3 Channels of Amplitude Control. 16 bit Envelope Period Control. 2-8Bit Parallel I/O. 3 D to A Converters, plus much more! All in one 40 Pin DIP. Super easyinterface to the S-100 or other busses. $11.95 PRICE CUT!

SPECIAL OFFER: $44^5 each Add $3 for 60 page Data Manual.

Digital Research Computers

9 (OF TEXAS) '

P.O. BOX 401565 • GARLAND, TEXAS 75040 » (214) 271-3538

TERMS: Add $2.00 postage. We pay balance. Orders under $15 add 75<thandling. No C.O.D. We accept Visa and MasterCharge. Tex. Res. add 5%Tax. Foreign orders (except Canada) add 20% P & H. Orders over $50, add85<P for insurance.

•TRADEMARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH.

WE ARE NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DIGITAL RESEARCH OF CALIFORNIA, THE SUPPLIERS OF CPM SOFTWARE.

FREE!

1981

DISCOUNT

ELECTRONICS

CATALOG

JOIN THE PAKl

r Free catalog and become a

members receive Poly Paks'exciting catalog severallimes a year. We offer:Penny Sales, Free

iiiums and Low.■.-W Prices on a wide variety, of w

Electronic Products such as Computer rCI .erals, Integrated Circuits. Speakers, AudEquipment, Rechargeable Batteries, Solar Proucts. Semiconductors, and much, much mori

v advantage of our 25 years as Ai,.c,r of discount electronics.

POLY PAKS, INC.

P.O. BOX 042, BT12

S. LYNNFIELD, MA. 01940

Circle 347 on inquiry card.

DON'T GETSTUCK.

Sloppy software contracts

cost money and cause

misunderstandings. Consult

us before you sign a contract.

We offer contract services to

both customers and suppliers.

Call or write

Robert E. Brown, Esq.

(716) 232-5300.

■ Basic ■ Forth ■ Cobol■ Fortran ■ Others

Middleton,Wilson, Boylan & Gianniny,

Attorneys at Law

900 Midtown Tower. Rochester NY 14604

Circle 273 on Inquiry card.

NEW! forthe '89 from

MAGNOLIAS

MICROSYSTEMS

DOUBLE DENSITYDISK CONTROLLER

for both 5V4" & 8" drives

only bpOy D complete

including CP/M™2.2

MAGNOLIA MICROSYSTEMS, INC.

2812 Thorndyke W., Seattle 98199

(206) 285-7266 (800) 426-2841

CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research.

WANTED:

APPLE, PET, TRS-80, CP/M

SOFTWARE

Westico is a publisher and distributor ofprofessional software for microcomputers.If you have a new program ready fordistribution or want your existing programsto reach a larger market, contact:

Phillip Woellhof. V.P. Mktg.

Westico, Inc.

25 Van Zant Street

Norwalk, CT 06855

(203) 853-6880To increase your profits, take advantageof Westico's worldwide promotion anddistribution.

WESTICO

The Software Express Service

AC-85CP/M® SYSTEM

Assm., Tested& Burned Infor one week

$2450

Features:

• One board 8085 Computer

• 2 -SA800R* (1.2 megabytes)

• CBIOS Diskette

• Installed and wired in a cabinet withP/S and Fan ready to plug-in

• Manual

• 17'/i"Wxl7"DxlO"H

• SYSTEM with 2 SA850R (2.4 mbytes)

$2750.00

CP/M Floppy Disk Operating System $150Check or Money Order

autocontroll

11744 Westline Industrial Drive

St. Louis, MO 63141

(314)432-1313

1 CP/M is a registered trademark ofDigital Research, Inc.

Circle 39 on Inquiry card.

CHIPS

'&

DALE

THE INFLATION FIGHTERSI_RAJV\_

4116 200ns 8/$ 13.004116 150ns 8/S 16.0021 14L 300ns 8/$ 16.952114L 200ns 8/S 18.004164 200ns $13.00

— EPROM—

2716 (5V)450ns 8/S3.90 ea.$4.15 ea.2732 (5V)450ns 8/$ 10.50 ea. $ 10.75 ea.2532 (5V)450ns 8/$ 12.00 ea. $12.50 ea.

Please allow up to 3 wks. for personal checks to

clear.

Add S2.50 Shipping G Handling

C.O.D. S3.00. Wash, residents add 5.4% Sales Tax

CHIPS G DALE

P.O. Box 3 1607

Seattle, Wash. Zip 98103 Master Charge1-206-524-9126 VISA accepted.

PROFESSIONALMICROCOMPUTER

THE BEST VALUE ON THE MARKET

• 280 4MHZ • 64K RAM

• DUAL 8" DRIVES • 1.2 MB STORAGE

• 2 SERIAL I/O • 2 PARALLEL I/O

• OPERATING SYSTEM AND UTILITIESMICRO BUSINESS ASSOCIATES. INC.500 SECOND STREET

SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94107415-957-1343

Circle 252 on Inquiry card.

ATARI

-. -.■■ .#■"

GRAPHICS HARDCOPY

ON: EPSON PRINTERSCENTRONICS 739IDS 445GTRENDCOM

Dumps anything on the screen to the printer

To Order Toll Free1-800-344-7493

In CA. & for Service I209I 667-288!

ROTRONICS.inc.. OS

25 N. Golden State Blvd. —Turlock, California 95380 c ° D

fa

Circle 232 on Inquiry card.

STATISTICALSOFTWARE

ELF — Stepwise regression, fac-tor analysis, correlation coeffi-cients, crosstabs, simple statistics,t-tests, ANOVA, stepwise discrimi-nant analysis, all BASIC transfor-mations and more. $200.00

TWG/ARIMA - Box-Jenkins forseasonal and non-seasonal models,identification, estimation and fore-casting. Introductory Price:$250.00.

Each includes a databasemanager, numeric software key-pad, and is menu-driven. Each re-quires an Apple II with Applesoft,48K, and DOS 3.3.

For further information, write

lit TViit&tJtdoH (jinufi

3907 Lakota Road

P.O. Box 10114

Alexandria. VA 22310

"Apple II and Applesoft are trademarks ofthe Apple Computer Company

Circle 233 on inquiry card.

Circle 59 on inquiry card.

Circle 439 on inquiry card.

You1 II like our service. You'll love our price!

Ohio Scientific Superboard II

• It's the first complete computersystem on a board.

• Superboard II uses the ultra power-ful 6502 Microprocessor

• 8K Microsoft BASIC-in-ROM

• 4K static RAM on board, expand-able to 8K

• Full 53-key keyboard, with upperand lower case. Plus user expand-ability.

• Video interface and audio cassetteinterface.

The Ohio Scientific Superboard II at$329 — in today's economy — has gotto be the best buy by far. It will enter-tain you with spectacular graphicsmade possible by its ultra high resolu-tion graphics and super fast BASIC. Itwill help you in school or industry, as anultra powerful scientific calculator. Ad-vanced scientific functions and a built-in"immediate" mode allow you to solvecomplex problems withoutprogramming.

The Superboard II can be expandedeconomically, for business uses, or toremotely control your home appliancesand security. Even communicate withother computers.

Read what's been writtenabout Superboard II:

"We heartily recommend Superboard II

for the beginner who wants to get into

microcomputers with a minimum cost.

A real computer with full

expandability."

—POPULAR ELECTRONICS, MARCH 1979

"The Superboard II is an excellentchoice for the personal computer en-thusiast on a budget."

—BYTE, MAY 1979

Buy Now. Quantities Limited!

610 Board For use with Superboard II and Challenger 1 P.8K static RAM. Expandable to 24K or 32K system total.Accepts up to two mini-floppy disk drives. Requires + 5V@4.5amps.

Mini-Floppy Disk Drive Includes Ohio Scientific's PIOODOS software and connector cable. Compatible with 610expander board. Requires + 12V @ 1.5 amps and + 5V@ 0.7 amps. [Power supply & cabinet not included. ]

4KP4K RAM chip set.

PS-005 5V 4.5 amp power supply for Superboard II.

PS-00312V power supply for mini-floppies.

RF Modulator Battery powered UHF Unit.

C1P Sams C1P Service manual

5298

311794545358

C4P Sams C4P Service manual 16

Ohio Scientific and independent suppliers offer hundreds of programsfor the Superboard II, in cassette and mini-floppy form.

OS-65D V3.3 Operating System

Supports a command "KERNEL", Microsoft 9-digitBASIC, a 6502 Assembler Editor and debugger utility.Available for C1P, C4P and C8P floppy disk computers.

• Expanded to a self-teaching operating system. V3.3 comes ina 6 disk set with an easy-to-follow manual which leads the firsttime user from the operation of simple menuized programsthrough programming in BASIC and storing data on disk to acomplete program development system with advancedcapabilities.

• BASIC feature expansions including a full feature screeneditor, full upper/lower case compatibility with "Normal"typewriter operation, PRINT USING, and screen formattingcapability.

• Improved graphics support including direct X, Y plotting andthe ability to dump medium resolution (64 x 128] graphicsdirectly to the AC-19A low cost printer.

• Enhanced utilities including greatly simplified Create, Initializeand Delete functions, new Single Disk Copier, a communicationssupport utility for the optional modem and Resequencer.

• Compatible with OS-65D V3.2 files and programs but hasgreatly improved disk I/O throughput.

24K Ram Required Only S79

Freight Policies ah orders of $100

or more are shipped freight prepaid. Orders of less than$100 please add $4.00 to caver shipping costs. Ohioresidents add Ohio Sales Tax.

Hours: Call Monday thru Friday.B:00 AM to 5:00 PM Eastern TimeTOLL FREE: 1-800-321-5805

VISA •BfQ

Guaranteed Shipment

Cleveland Consumer Computers & Componentsguarantees shipment of computer systems within 48hours upon receipt of your order. Our failure to shipwithin 48 hours ontitlas you to 135 of ■oftwara,FREE.

TO Order: Or to get our free catalog CALL 1-800-321-5805 TOLL FREE. Charge your

order to your VISA or MASTER CHARGE account. Ohio residents call: [216] 464-8047. Orwrite, including your check or money order, to the address listed below.

CLEVELAND CONSUMERCOMPUTERS & COMPONENTS

P.O. Box 46627Cleveland. Ohio 44146

Order Form:

CLEVELAND CONSUMERCOMPUTERS S. COMPONENTSP.O. Box 46827 Cleveland, Ohio 44146

□ Superboard II $329.

□ 610 Board $298.

□ Mini-Floppy Disk Drive $311.D RF Modulator $35.

□ 0S-65D V3.3 [Specify System] $79.

NAME:

ADDRESS:CITY:

STATE:.

. ZIP:.

PHONE:

Payment by: VISA

Credit Card Account #Expires

MASTER CHARGE.

MONEY ORDER.

Interbank # [Master Charge].

TOTAL CHARGED OR ENCLOSED $_

(Ohio Residents add Ohio Sales Tax]

Orders of less than $100, please add $4.00 to cover shipping costs. Orders will be accepted from U.S. and Canada only'All prices quoted are U.S., date of publication, standard UPS snipping FOB the factory.

PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WrTHOUT NOTICE B

Circle 62 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1981 509

RS-232 PROBLEMS?

LET THE RS-232 TESTER HELP YOUSOLVE YOUR COMPUTER INTERFACEPROBLEMS. DESIGNED TO CONNECTIN SERIES WITH ANY RS-232 INTER-FACE, IT DISPLAYS THE STATUS OFSEVEN OF THE MOST IMPORTANTLINES: TRANSMIT DATA, RECEIVEDATA, REQUEST TO SEND, CLEAR TOSEND, DATA SET READY, CARRIERDETECT, AND DATA TERMINALREADY. THE RS-232 TESTER RE-QUIRES NO POWER AND MAY BELEFT IN THE LINE PERMANENTLY.

$39.95 POST PAIDB & B ELECTRONICS

BOX 475/MENDOTA, IL 61342

ONLY$299.00

If you have a Z-80 based S-100 system,our memory board should be yours.Our state of the art design uses primequality 64K DRAM chips and F-seriesaddress logic to implement a full 64KILOBYTES of high-speed (250 nSECaccess) low power (400 mA) memory,all on one half height S-100 board.A fully assembled and tested memoryboard with complete documentation foronly $299. Unbeatable! $

Phone Orders:

U.S.A.(313) 455-3202

CANADA(416) 294-5473

521 LEICESTER PLYMOUTH, Ml. 48170BOX 81, WHITEVALE, ONTARIO LOH 1M0

ASSOCIATES

NEW IFR FLIGHT SIMULATOR

RUNS ONAppla II 48K Applesoft DOS 3.3

Puts you behind a set of instruments so realyou could actually fly an airplane with them.

No toy this. It includes ali primary in-struments, ADF, ILS, and VOR approaches,and, even an XY plot alter each flight.

$25.00 at your Computer Store.

Or direct from

PROGRAMMERS SOFTWARE

Box 198

Cabot ARK 72023

(501) 843-2988

Circle 42 on inquiry card.

Circle 188 on Inquiry card.

Circle 353 on Inquiry card.

ISIS <—> CP/M®

Full bi-directional file transfer capabilitiesare provided in the ISIS-CP/M utilitiespackage. Written in machine languageand running under CP/M, these utilitiespermit the CP/M user to read or write filesdirect to/from an ISIS Diskette. They willrun under any version of CP/M without re-gard to diskette density. The completepackage is $250.00 including user's man-ual. Write for free brochure on other CP/Msoftware.

SOUTHERNCOMPUTERSYSTEMS, INC.

P.O. Box 3373ABirmingham, AL 35255(205)933-1659

P Dysan

^CORPORATION

Solve your disc problems, buy 100% surfacetested Dysan diskettes All orders shippedfrom stock, within 24 hours. Call toll FREE(800) 235-4137 for prices and Information.Visa and Master Card accepted. All orders•em postage paid.

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.San Luis Obispo. CA93401. (In Cal. call(805) 543-1037.

AUTO-DIAL/AUTO-ANSWER

MODEM

FOR$224.95!*

The MICROCONNECTIOlsP can dialand answer the telephone, runprinters, decode busses, transcribetransmissions, answer/originate anddirect-connect to the telephonesystem. Lots of terminal and hostsoftware too. For more informationwrite or phone:

the micropenpheraf corporation

2643a- 151st PI. N.E.Redmond, WA 98052(206)881-7544•RS232 MICROCONNECTIONiM

Circle 388 on inquiry card.

Circle 331 on inquiry card.

Announcing NEW Version 3.0 !!!

MOONSHADOW TEXT FORMATTER FOR UCSD PASCAL (TMI

The featuros ihoi

* centering and undertime

MTF po|

■ convenient default lomiaiimg behaviorPlus the improvements end addition* you demanded!

" boldfacing

* true proportional spacing

* foreign alphabet! fully supporfi

- user-proMe customization for NEC Spi

ailabln 'or UCSO Pate

F 3 0 ■ your UCSO Paical iv>t*m ■■■■ TRUE WORD PROCESSING!

MERRIMACK SYSTEMS815 817 Douglas Avenue

PO Box 5218Redwood City CA 94063Phone {4151 365-6265

EIA RS-232-C

• Quality Cables

• Immediate Delivery

• Low Prices

*16-25 conductor (M or F) 15.85 & .50/ft.13-15" " 13.90 & .40/ft.

9-12 " •' 12.90 & ,30/ft.

5-8 " " 12.10 & .25/ft.

1-4 " " 11.30 & .15/ft.

SPECIFY: Male or female connectorsLength of cablePins to be connected

*Plus Shipping - AH orders pre-paid or C.O.D.

Communication (215) 964.9404

Cable 319 Louella Ave.

Company Wayne. PA 19087

Worth Star

BASIC UTILITY SET

■ EDITOR — Create & edit aBasic program using 26commands, includingGLOBAL locate & change.

■ BPRT — Print & crossreference a Basic program.

■ BPAK — Pack a Basicprogram.

■ RE—Rename a disk file.

CtCO plus $150 sniPPin9'vpby Calif. Res. add 6%.

/C^y Check, VISA, M/C

(•5Z)Software Systems

1269 Rubio Vista Road, Altadena, Calif. 91001(213) 791-3202

Circle 244 on inquiry card.

Circle 71 on inquiry card.

Circle 407 on inquiry card.

Peripherals

DISC DRIVE SYSTEMS

Both 8" and 51/4" dual disc drive cabinetsare available with or without power suppliesand disc drives.

"D" SERIES ENCLOSURE

For 8" Rack Mount Drives

The dual 8" enclosure will hold two Shugart 801/851 R drivesin a horizontal configuration. The power supply featuresfull regulation, external heat sink and 3 amp continuousrating on both the +24VDC and the +5VDC outputs. The steelblue and grey cabinet has a 4" fan, multi-tap powerconnector/fuse holder, and a "Blue Ribbon" style 50 pindata connector.

Item

Enclosure only

Enclosure, Power supply, Cables

Above with 2 Shugart 800/801 R Drives

Above with CP/M 2.2* and Controller

"S" SERIES ENCLOSURE

For 8" Standard Mount Drives

A formica covered wood enclosure for Shugart 800/801standard (not rackmount) drives is also available. It usesthe same power supply as the steel 8" enclosure.

Item

Enclosure only

Enclosure, Power Supply, Cables

Above with 2 Shugart 800/801 drives

Above with CP/M 2.2® and Controller

Order

Price

DC-8

$ 100

DE-8

240

DE-8

1100

DT-8

1500

Order

Price

SC-8

$ 100

SE-8

- 240

SS-8

900

ST-8

1300

t

■

i -

rani

"MDX" SERIES ENCLOSURE

For 5" Drives

The 51/4" MDX dual drive cabinet will mount two Shugart SA-400's or two Micropolis drives. It includes a 5" fan, & 5VDC@ 3 amp and 12VDC @ 3.4 amp power supplies. The steelcabinet is dual tone blue and grey to match the I-8080 seriesenclosures.

Item Order Price

Enclosure only MDX-C $ 75.

Enclosure, Power Supply, Cables MDX-PS 195.

Above with 2 Tandon DS.DD Drives MDX-S 800.

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research

TERMS: (1) PREPAY your order for the merchandise amount only-we pay the UPS freight

(2) COD orders - UPS freight will be added

(3) BANKCARD orders- UPS freight will be added.

Note: Items SS-8, DS-8, ST-8, DT-8 are over the 50# UPS limit andmust be shipped by air or truck freight COD - Call for details.

FULCRUM

COMPUTER PRODUCTS

Distributed by:

WW COMPONENT SUPPLY INC.

1771JUNCTION AVENUE • SAN JOSE, CA 95112 • (408)295-7171

Circle 441 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1981

511

&®^k%ite&

— FORTH-IIke direct threaded interpretive system withstructured assembly language (8080 mnemonics).

— Application development can utilize all CP/M (tm)capabilities (editor, tile system, etc.).

— Includes re-entrant multi-task executive with countingsemaphores lor TASK/MSG synchronization.

— Supports strings, single and double precision integers.

— Capable of generating ROM-based stand-alone systemsfor dedicated applications.

— All source code supplied. No royalties on derivative soft-ware.

— Fully documented with 200 page reference manual In-cluding glossary and Index of all standard words.

—Training seminar available on request.

— Send check or money order forS495.00 to receive manualand system (8" single sided single density diskette). Demosystem with manual S75.00. Manual only $45.00. Alabamaresidents add 6% sales tax.

Ue UNITED CONTROLS CORPORATIONPO Box £620 Huntsville, Alabama 85802(205)837-6144

TT

■

t LI

• _ il/>

/JdJ&'V

w

We're it for yourhardware andsoftware needs.

• EPSON

• ZENITH

• MAGNOLIAMICROSYSTEMS

•CP/M-COMPATIBLESOFTWARE

THE APPLICATIONS GROUP

a

I

1

(214)749-5513

I J I I I

CP/M is a trademark of Digital Researc

I,

HBASF Flexy"

HDHOr Disks®

SAVE 40% ^SJSrfic

CI/" Specify soft, Price/10

** /* 10 or 16 sector

1 side/single density $26.70

1 side/double density 31.90

2 sides/double density 37.10

8t # Specify softor 32 sector1 side/single density 26.70

1 side/double density 31.90

2 sides/double density 41.60

CHECKS - VISA - MC - C.O.D.(3131 777-7780 ADD $2 SHIPPING

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

27204 Harper Ave.

St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081

Circle 418 on Inquiry card.

Circle 28 on Inquiry card.

Circle 228 on Inquiry card.

64K-200ns RAM (Japanese) 8/S79.9516K-250ns RAM (NEC) 8/S9.95

Color R.F. Modulator Kit: (5V)

$14.95

14 Amp S-100 Power Supply Kit

$29.95

50-60Hz, 100-240 VAC includes R.F.I, filter

and aux. 110V winding for fans and/or

floppies

SEAGATE 506 5MBy hard disk

with S-100 controller, cables &

full hardware and software

documentation. $2195

(add $100.00 for CP/M)

Please include cost of shipping, handling and

insurance. We are philosophically against

VISA & M.C. (for 5% who wouldn't be?)

Dentin' Electronics

735 Loma Verde, Palo Alto, CA 94303

415-493-5930Send 36'SASE for our 16 page flyer.

THEMISSING LINK

Adapt IBM ET50,60, or 75 to Apple II or IIIwith our Missing Link for word processingquality output.

• Does not affect normal typewriter operation

• Typewriter still qualified for IBM maintenance con-tract

• interface isolates the Apple from the typewriterSee our full page ad in May 1980 BYTE

Check with your local Apple dealer or to

order call: 1-800-845-2712 (In S.C., call

1-800-922-5528)

If you need word processing software, we offer

ManuScripter in two versions: Beginner S95.

Advanced S195

*S C. residents add 4% sales tax

aSystems

REAL ESTATE SOFTWARE

for APPLE. THS-N0 + PET

PROPERTY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: $325

• Tenant History

• Lata Rent Reporl> Vacancy Report

■ Income Report

• Auto Late Charge1 Returned Checks

» Ownership Files

i Building Reports

• Utilities Report

1 Tax Expense Report

PROPERTY LISTINGS/COMPARARLESt 1325

SCREEN BY—»- • Max/Min Price

• Units/Zone/City• 22 Hams/Listing • Max Price/Income

■ 1000 Listing/Disk • Max Price/Sq Fool

REAL ESTATE ANALYSIS MODULES: M0/Modu)e

• Income Prop Analysis • i

• Property Sales • L■ Construction Cost/Profit • D.r._.

WORD PROCESSOR - MAGIC WANI>: $285

LM

HNi. ■»■: mi —me ii»tirrf.mnirn rmw i -37*1

Circle 10 on inquiry card.

Circle 81 on inquiry card.

PLUG INTO

ACCESS

The Journal of MicrocoMputer

Applications

At last!A journal for engineering andscientific applications ofHicroconputers. ACCESS cover-sinumerical analysis, economics,project planning & nanagenent,personal finance 8 other topicsof interest to engineers &scientists. Charter subscriberrate 6 issues for $16. Sanpleissue $3.00. Send check, Honeyorder or pin-chase order toACCESS, PO Box 12B47, ResearchTriangle Park, NC 27709.

APPLEJOY

kj?

At last, an inexpensive and viable alter-native to the graphics tablet.

• For Apple II (DOS 3.3) users who presently own or areplanning the purchase ot an Apple II Joystick.

■ Our software will enable you to easily interface yourBasic or Pascal Programs lo the Apple Joystick.

• Software will provide your programs with a "tracking"cursor either on Hlgh-Besolulion Screen-1 or High-Resolution Screen-2.

Coordinate input is activated via Joystick Button-1,"Fine" cursor movement is enabled via Joystick Butlon-2.

• Included is Stt Disk, User Manual, Object Code ofJoystick (n)erlace Routines and Source Code of DemoPrograms.

$24.95 ppd.

(California Residents add 6%)PLEASE SPECIFY LANGUAGE REQUIRED (8ASIC OR PASCAL)Send Check or Money Order (Personal Checks Allow 3 Weeks)

MIICCOM

5851 Via Sonora / Yorba Linda, CA 92686Telephone: (714) 970-1422

special «M*n*

HP-85's

$2540.00

HP-83's -.

$1450.00

HP-9895Dual8" Drives

$5300 00

HP-8292Dual 5" Drives

$1960 00

HP-7225B Plotter

.$1720 00

Apple II + Computers

$1090 00

LOBO Disc Drives

$ 395 00

EPSON MX-70 Printers

with Apole 1/0

S 450.00

IDS 445G Pi.nters

S 699 00

NEC Spmwnters

with Tractors

$2560 00

IDS 460G Printers ....

$1099.00

IDS 560G Printers

$133000

C ITOH Starwnter 25s

$1300 00

CCS 300 Dual 8" Drive computer with

64K RAM. OASIS. CP/M 2.4MB Disc

memory. 2 serial ports.

1 parallel

port and a Televideo

910 CRT

Call for price

CDC Lark Subsystems

Call for price

Circle 218 on Inquiry card.

Circle 248 on Inquiry card.

eade's

iSYSTEMS

"THE COMPLETE SYSTEMS AND SUPPORT TEAM"

Circle 241 on Inquiry card.

0

B IHUNYINGYCN COMPUTING

Q0S0Sik2iQi0! ONE OF THE WORLD'S LARGEST INVENTORIES Q0Q0jQ(0^fl!l

0

0B

0

GAMESHi-Res Soccer S29 95 no» $23.39Apple'-Olds S29 95no» $15.19Wurst of Huntington Computing $19.1

Gobbler S2« 95 now

Ultima 339 95 now

Autobahn S29 95 now

Battle Cruiser Action 544 95 now

Gorgon S39.95 now

Super Stellar Trek S39 95 now

Helllire Warrior S39.95 now

Gamma Goblins S29 95 now

Mission Asteroid 519.95 now

Wizardry S49 95 now

Star Mines S29 95 now

Warp Factor S39.95 now

Microsoft Adventure S29 95 now

Wizard and the Princess S32.95 now

Flight Simulator S34 95 now

Odyssey S29 95 now

Sargon II S34 95 now

Space Eggs S29 95 now

Hi-Res Cnbbage S24 95 now

Lords of Karma (cass ) S20.00 now

Oh Shoot now

ABM S24.95 now

Computer Conflict S39.95 now

Computer Air Combat S59 95 now

Temple of Apshai S39 95 now

Zork S39.95 now

$21.19$33.89$25.39$38.89$33.89$33.89$33.99$25.39$17.99$42.49$25.39$33.99$25.39$28.99$29.49$25.39$29.69$23.39$21.19$16.99$19.99$21.19$35.99$52.99$33.89$33.99

All Nibble Software 15% oH Hit

Robot Wars S39.95 now

Cranston Manor S34.95 now

Dragon s Eye S24.95 now

Computer Acquire S20.00 now

Twala s Last Redoubt S29.95 now

Snoggle S24.95 now

Alien Ram S24.95 now

Alien Typhoon S24 95 now

Raster Blaster S29.95 now

3-D Skiing S24 95 now

Creature Venture S24 95 now

Galaxy Space War I S39 95 now

Hodge Podge 523.95 now

Meteoroids in Space S19.95 now

Dragon Fire S49.95 now

Pool 15 S34.95 now

MISCELLANEOUS

Escape from Acturus S29.95 now

Basic Mailer S69.95 now

Memory Management II S49 95 now

Castle Woifenstem S29.95 now

Upper Reaches of Apshai S19.95 now

Bridge Tutor S39.95 now

PASCAL Animation Tools $65.99

Hand Holding BASIC $84.99

UT-100 Emulator $65.99

$33.99$29.69$21.19$16.99$25.39$21.19$21.19$21.19$25.39$21.19$21.19$33.99$21.29$16.99$4239$29.69

$25.39$39.49$42.89$25.39$16.89$35.19

Space Quark S29.95 now

Beneath Apple DOS (book) St 9.95 now

Dinosaurs (cass.) 524.00 now

Birth of the Phoenix 514.95 now

Goblins 327.50 now

Painter Power 339.95 now

U.S. Constitution 529.95 now

Merger 349 95 now

Super Stellar Trek 539 95 now

LISA S79 95 now

V-Plot (Yuccipa) S29 95 now

V-Stat S29 95 now

V-Print S29 95 now

Brain Surgeon S49.95 now

Info Master S150 00 now

Waterloo II S49.95 now

Fantysland 2U41 S59.95 now

Torpedo Terror 324.95 now

Speedstar 5139.95 now

Kaves of Karkhan 349 95 now

Dos Boss 324 00 now

WORD PROCESSORS

Apple" WriterMagic WindowEasy Writer Professional

Letter Perfect

Super Text

Superscribe

Apple" Pie (All Versions)

Executive SecretaryApple' WordstarHebrew IIApple" Writer Extended

S100 00 now5250 00 now5150 00 now5150 00 now5129 95 now5129 95 now5250 00 now5375 00 now36000 now

529 95 now

$25.39$16.89$20.39$12.69$23.29$33.89$25.39$4239$33.89$67.89$23.39$25.39$25.39$4239

$127.49$42.39$50.99$21.19

$114.69$42.39$20.39

$65.99

$84.99$219.00$12739$12739$110.39

$99.99$21239$386.00

$50.99

$23.39

Softlights

By Fred Huntington

Welcome to the world of Huntington Com-puting and the first Softlights column.

To celebrate our first column we are offer-ing Space Eggs and Apple Panic for only$19.99 each (list S29.95). You must men-tion this ad to get the special price. Shipping(usually UPS) for software is S2.00. no matterhow large the order. UPS Blue Label is S3.50.Foreign shipping (except for Canada andMexico) and hardware shipping are extra.

Huntington Computing started out a year-and-a-half ago as a mom and pop outfit. Wenow employ close to fifty people. We think wehave the largest selection of software for theApple in the world.

Check the reader service card for a freecatalog of software for the Apple". We alsoare now carrying a large selection of softwarefor the Atari". TRS-80" and Pet" but don'thave a catalog yet.

We have fast service, the best guarantee inthe business and friendly personnel.

Our store hours are 7 a.m. to 9 p.m.(P.ST.) on weekdays and 10 a.m. to 5:30p.m. on weekends and holidays (exceptChristmas). Usually, however, we're heremuch beyond those hours and can even bereached in the middle of the night occasion-ally. We do not employ an answering serviceor an outside ordering service.

We want your business and will do what wecan to get it and keep it.

Got a pre-schooler? Our two-year-oldloves Hodge Podge by Dynacomp - only$20.99 (list S22.99). Our vote for favoritearcade-type game is Sneakers. A lot ofpeople, however, tell us they get addicted toApple Panic.

Business systems? We took a handful toour OP.A. and he chose the ContinentalGeneral Ledger for us - $212.49 (list^250.00).

Even if you don t see the software you wantlisted here or in our catalog, chances are wealready have it in stock or can get it for you ata discount. We stock more than 1,000 dif-ferent programs and add new ones everyday.

STOCK PROGRAMS

Portfolio Master 575 00 now

Market Charter 5129 95 now

Dowlog for Markei Charter 599 95 now

Investmeni Decisions 599 95 now

Slock Tracker 5190 00 now

Slock Tracker (Auto Ver I 3300 00 now

BUSINESS APPLICATIONS

$63.69$110.39

$254.99

5200 00 now $149.00

526 95 now

529 95 now5200 00 now.5750 00 now

599 95 now5200 00 now3200 00 now5179 95 now5259 95 nowS19995 nowSt 49 95 now

S59.95

Invoice Faclory (Special)Regression Trend AnalysisMultiple RegressionMicrosoft Fortran .

Microsoft Coboi-80

Business Pac 100

Desktop Plan II

Visicaic 3 3 Special

Visiplot

Visitrend/Visiplot

Visidex Special

Visiterm

Complete Mailing (Avant-Garde)

DB Master S229.95 now

PFS S95.00 now

PFS Report S95.00 now

Data Factory S150 00 now

Thinker S495 00 now

Request S225.00 now

Super Kram SI 75.00 now

ASCII Express S99.95 now

BPI Accounts Receivable S395.00 now

BPI General Ledger 3395.00 now

The Mail Room S29.95 now

Continental General Ledger S250.00 now

Cont Accounts Receivable S250.00 now

Cont, Accounts Payable S250.00 now $21239

Continental Payroll S250.00 now $212.49

Broderbund Payroll S395.00 now $335.69

Informer II S49.95 now $42.49

Creative Financing S150.00 now $12739

$22.89

$25.39$145.69$63739

$84.99$169.99$149.1$132.$220,$139.00$127.39

$50.89$194.59

$80.69

$80.69$124.00$420.69$191.19$148.69

$84.99$333.69$335.69

$25.39$21239$21239

0

B0IS

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0

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0

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0

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0

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8 Order by PhOne 800-344-41 11 Atar/isl'e^red trademark olA.ar, M W±

In California (209) 992-5411 lnc W

Circle 187 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1981 513

Real Estate Analyzer SI 50.00

Accounting Assistant (cass.) S7.95 now

Spell Star S250.00 now

Muse Form Letter S100 00 now

Property Management System S225.00 now

PERSONAL/HOME

Interlude (disk) S19.95 now

Handwriting Analysis S19.95 now

Decision Master S29.95 now

The Correspondent S44.95 now

Diet Planning S24.95 now

Win at the Races S39.95 now

Pro Football (SDL) S26.95 now

College Football (SDL) S26.95 now

Grocery List S19.95 now

Financial Management System II 339 95 now

Creativity Tool Box S44.95 now

Home Money Minder S34.95 now

HARDWARE

D.C Hayes Micromodem S375.00 now $299.00

D.C. Hayes Smart Modem S279 00 now

MX-80 Prinler/Cable/Card S755 00 now

MX-80 Replacement Head S39.00 now

MX-10OFT with Graftrax S995 00 now

MX-80FT with Graftrax S795 00 now

460G Paper Tiger S1094.00 now

560G Paper Tiger 31394.00 now

Tiger Trax 316.95 now

Mark IV DOS Bool Switch S24.95 now

Z-80 Softcard S395.00 now

Expansion Chassis S795 00 now

Mt. Comp. Music System S545.00 now

NEC 12 Green on Black S260.00 now

Videx80-col S350.00

COMING SOON!

California Toll-Free Number800-692-4143

Videx Switchplate

Andromeda 16K Ram ExpansionMicrosoft 16K Ram ExpansionKeyboard Plus

TG Joystick

TG Game Paddles

Paymar LCA Rev. 7

S19 95 now5199 00 now $179.i.519900 now $179.13119 00 now $99.359 95 now $30.89339 95 now $33.89 $29.69

MISCELLANEOUS

Memorex Disks 10 for $24.99

Verbatim Datalife-plain w/hubs 10 lor $27.99

Dysans 10 for $49.99

Flipsort Box $29.80

Scotch Disk Cleaner 529.95 now $26.99

E-Z Port S24.94 now $21.19

Alarr/TRS-80VPef Writ, for Information

Call Toil-Free 800-344-4111

(Outside California)

HUNTINGTON COMPUTING

Post Office Box 1235Corcoran. California 93212

Apple is a registered irademark ol Apple

Computer IncPet is a registered irademark of

CommodoreTRS-80 is a registered Irademark ot

Tandy CorpAlan iS a registered trademark ol Atari

We take MasterCard or VISA (Include card# and expiration date) California residentsadd 6°o tax Include S2 00 for postageForeign and hardware extra Send for treecatalog Prices subjecf Co change

$89.** mi$**.** ¥A

$161.49 ^

a

0

SB"8

aSI

a

0

a

0

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0

a

0

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0

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0

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$21.19 Ll299.00 ■'

so

S0

s a

0

a

0

a

0

a

0

a

$127.49

$6.89

$212.49

$84.99

$191.19

$16.99$16.89$25.39$38.19$21.19$33.89$22.89$22.89$16.89$33.89$38.19$29.69

$249.00$373.00$34.99$799.00$6*9.00$961.991223.00

$299

$675.$479.1$209.00$299.$17

Converse with your Computer

ELIZA

Play it — Program it

More than just a computerized "psychiatrist," thisnew expanded implementation of ELIZA, the

world-renowned artificial intelligence demonstra-tion program, brings to your micro the full capabilityof the original — and then some.

ELIZA converses with you in plain English, re-sponding to your comments. Plus, it lets you modifyits responses, and add new phrases to its reper-toire. You can even create an entirely new set ofconversational gambits on any topic you choose.

ELIZA comes with the original non-directive psy-chiatrist "script" developed at MIT. Documentationincludes a copy of the original research paper, plusfull instructions on how to program ELIZA'S re-sponses.

ELIZA requires 40K RAM and costs only $24.95.Specify: 8» CP/M disk

5" Heath/Zenith disk

Add $3 shipping and handling, $2 for 5" disks, $5for overseas. CA residents add sales tax.

T/fce SoftwSre ^oolwdrks

.

14478 Glorietta Rd.

Sherman Oaks, CA 91423

(213) 986-4885

Circle reader service number for complete catalog.

TRS80 POCKETCOMPUTER CASE

CUSTOM DESIGNED,HANDCRAFTED CASES

are made of plywood (for strength).Covered with heavy Vinyl, reinforced onthe corners (for wear). The detachable lidhas a full size pocket, there is storage for 5tapes, printer paper, pens etc. (for conve-nience). Price $72.50 plus $4.50 shipping,Penna. residents add 6% sales tax. ToCONLEN'S CUSTOM CASES, Box 306Norristown, PA 19404 or call(215)279-5334. Visa/Mastercharge ac-cepted.

MEMOREX

FLEXIBLE DISCS

WE WILL NOT BE UNDER-SOLD!! Call Free (800)235-4137

for prices and information. Dealerinquiries invited and C.O.D.'saccepted

VISA

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.San Luis Obispo,CA 93401 In Cal.call (800) 592-5935or (805) 543-1037

Circle 384 on inquiry card.

Circle 103 on Inquiry card.

Circle 332 on inquiry card.

FLEX-FORTH

CBM rinppkz KIM

^•tllth Ht-Lo-Res

$30 $30 $30

A Complete Structured Language With:

P COMPILER/INTERPRETER□ OPERATING SYSTEMD 6502 ASSEMBLER (With Macros)D FIG SCREEN EDITOR

FLEX FORTH is a full-featured K.I.G.standard FORTH with virtual memury files.

For: APPLE II 48K (Disk) $30.

KIM 16K (Cassette) $30.

CBM 8032 $30.

Price includes user manual.

Source listing with cither, add $20.

Shipped Free. GEOTEC

1920 N W Millord WaySeattle. Wa 98177

Appie ,« ■ I.MtmiH ul Apple Compule, Cc

KIM it a iraaamam oi MOS TechnologyCBM n a I'iOomiik oi Commodore Bonnet,

Dot Matrix Printer Interfaces with Apple II

Featuring an Apple ll(gi-compatible parallelinterface, Addmaster Corporation has produceda new dot matrix printer, Model 170. The Inter-face includes a Centronics-type handshake andDB-25 interface connector, Baudot, and day —and time clock. The Model 170 provides 18 or21 characters per line, 6 lines per inch printdensity, on standard 2Vi" adding machine tape.Designed to use with personal computers,Model 170 will produce hard and carbonlesscopies of programs, data or results. WriteAddmaster Corporation, 416 Junipero Serra Dr.,San Gabriel, CA 91776 or call 213/285-1121.

LISTS OVER 5000 PROGRAMS

SPECIFICALLY WRITTEN FOR MICROS

No other directory, at any price, contains such awealth of information. Relevant, easy-to-use. andcomprehensive, it is essential material tor everymicrocomputer user.

Please send me .

Name

Address

. copies ot the IMSD [$32.95] Phone

□ Check enclosed OR. all major cards accepted.

state which. Ace No

Expiry Date

IMPHINT SOFTWARE

120, WEST OLIVE, FORT COLLINS I

CO 80521. TEL 303 482 5574

Circle 173 on inquiry card.

Circle 7 on Inquiry card.

Circle 192 on Inquiry card.

CONVERT ANY TV

TO A HIGH QUALITY MONITOR

- NE* -

1 QUALITY

TTTT ¥ V

T V 1

T V V

MOD -- KITS

3495

^^ ^"^ ACVM

Kit permits Dual Mode oper-ation on B&W or Color sets• Hi-resolution • Up to 80characters per line • Wide bandwidth • DirectVideo • Safe-Easy installation

A full line of low cost Monitors and Receiver/Moni-tors available.Send for complete Audio/Video equipment catalog.

V.A.M.P. Inc.

Box 411, Los Angeles, CA 90028(213) 466-5533

AUDEX-1the EAR & MOUTH for AIM-65

• Recognition and Response in One Unit

• Built-in Amplifier and Speaker•Dynamic Microphone Included•You can make your own vocabulary

• Good-Speech Quality

• Up to 98% Recognition Accuracy

• Easy-to-follow Users Manual

• In a 3>/j" x 5'A" x 1VS" Box

• Assembled and Fully Tested

$169.00 68. plus shipping and handlingcharge: U.S. $3.50 Overseas, 10%

NJ Residents, add 5% sa/es tax.

— VISA, Mastercharge Welcome —

AUDEC CORPORATION (Dept. L1)

728 Larch Avenue

Teaneck, NJ 07666 (201) 692-1729

HEAVY DUTYPOWER LINE FILTERS

for personal and mini-computers

New 110 & 220 VAC power linefilters handle up to 15 Amps...5-sectionfilter networks provide better than50 dB attenuation from 500 kHz to300 MHz...eliminate interference andspikes from virtually all sources.Net Price $59.00

J.W. Miller DivisionBall Industries

19070 Reyes Avenue

Compton, CA 90221

(213)537-5200

Circle 421 on inquiry card.

Circle 38 on inquiry card.

Circle 458 on inquiry card.

858 EVERGREEN • DUARTE, CALIFORNIA 91010 • TELEPHONE (213) 357-5005OLL FREE ORDERING NUMBER 1(800) 423-7144

IDC CONNECTORS

fafljfp

RIGHT ANGLE HEADERS

SOLDER TAIL WIRE WRAP

Size

Part No.

Price

Part No.

Price

10

IDH10SRB

$1.20

IDH10WRB

$2.60

20

IDH20SRB

1.90

IDH20WRB

4.15

26

IDH26SRB

2.75

IDH26WRB

5.35

34

IDH34SRB

3.75

IDH34WRB

6.25

40

IDH40SRB

3.75

IDH40WRB

7.35

50

IDH50SRB

4.75

IDH50WRB

9.20

.1" Spacing. Mounts on PC Board & Mateswith IDS Socket below. Ejector Bars - 4/1.00.

m

25 PIN "D" CONNECTORS

Solder Style

Part No.

Price

Male

DB25P

$2.95

Female

DB25S

3.95

Cover

DB25C

1.50

IDC Style

Male IDB25P 6.25

Female IDB25S 6.60

Cover IDB25C 1.60

Solder Style solders onto cable, IDCStyle crimps onto cable with vise. 9,15, 37 and 50 pin available also.

WIRE WRAP WIRE

#30 Wire

Wrap Wire

Length

100/Bag

500/Bag

1K/Bag

2.5"

$1.38

$3.94

$6.81

3.0"

1.43

4.25

7.46

3.5"

1.51

4.57

8.11

4.0"

1.56

4.88

8.73

4.5"

1.63

5.21

9.39

5.0"

1.69

5.54

10.04

5.5"

1.74

5.92

10.69

6.0"

1.82

6.23

11.34

6.5"

2.11

7.08

12.99

7.0"

2.19

7.44

13.68

7.5"

2.29

7.78

14.40

8.0"

2.35

8.12

15.10

8.5"

2.40

8.46

15.80

9.0"

2.46

8.92

16.51

9.5"

2.53

9.15

17.22

10.0"

2.63

9.58

17.91

EDGE CARD CONNECTORS

Size Part No. Price

10

IDE10B

$3.95

20

IDE20B

4.35

26

IDE26B

5.00

34

IDE34B

6.05

40

IDE40B

6.90

50

IDE50B

7.50

.1" Spacing. Crimps onto cable withordinary vise & mates with standard.062" Card Edge.

CABLE PLUGS

Size Part No.

Price

14162440

IDP14BIDP16BIDP24BIDP40B

.1" Spacing. Crimps onto cable withordinary vise & plugs into standard ICSocket.

WIRE WRAP SUPPLIES

All lengths are overall, including 1" stripon each end. Choose from colors; Red,Blue, Black, Yellow, White, Green,Orange, and Violet.

ORDERING INFORMATION

Prepaid orders over $50 shipped prepaid viaUPS. All others add $3.00 for handling. VISA,MC, COD's and open account orders will becharged freight. $15 minimum order. $100minimum open account order.

I

1

1

Size

08

Part No.

ICN083WBSG

Each

.44

Tube

52x

.39

= $20.28

14

ICN143WBSG

.53

30x

.46

= $13.80

16

ICN163WBSG

.58

26x

.50

= $13.00

18

1CN183WBSG

.78

23x

.68

= $15.64

20

ICN203WBSG

1.00

21x

.85

= $17.85

22

ICN224WBSG

1.07

19x

.92

= $17.48

24

ICN246WBSG

1.09

17x1.09

= $15.98

28

ICN286WBSG

1.43

15x1.23

= $18.45

40 ICN406WBSG 1.85Selective Plating provides g

10x1.60

= $16.00

Did in

contact

where it counts. 3-level wrap

. Save by buy-

ing sockets by the tu

be. All

qold

ava

able at

V2C/pin extra charge.

• No Discoun

Order

$15 - 99100 - 199200 - 499500 - 999

1000 up

RIBBON CABLE

Solid Color

Color Coded ^J^l

Size

10 tt.

100 ft.

10 ft.

100 ft. >?

10

2.90

17.00

4.00

30.00

14

3.40

23.80

5.00

42.00

16

3.70

27.20

5.60

48.00

20

4.40

34.00

7.00

60.00

24

5.00

40.80

8.00

72.00

26

5.40

44.20

8.60

78.00

34

6.80

57.80

11.00

102.00

40

7.80

68.00

13.00

120.00

50

9.50

85.00

16.00

150.00

13

SOCKETS

■^3

1

Size

Part No.

Price

10

IDS10B

$1.88

20

IDS20B

2.75

26

IDS26B

3.50

34

IDS34B

4.50

40

IDS40B

5.40

50

IDS50B

6.50

.1" Spacing. Crimps onto cable

with

ordinary vise &

mounts to header sold

above.

WIRE KITS

Kit No.

1

- $9.95

250

3"

100

4'/2"

200

3y2"

100

5"

100

4"

100

6"

Kit No.

2

- $24.95

250

2 Vz"

250

5"

500

3"

100

5V2"

500

3%"

100

6"

500

4"

100

6V2"

250

4%"

100

r

Kit No.

3

- $34.95

250

2V2"

500

4'/2"

500

3"

500

5"

500

3V2"

500

5V«" I

500

4"

500

6"

Kit No.

4

- $59.95

500

2'/2"

1000

4</2"

1000

3"

1000

5"

1000

3V2"

1000

6W I

1000

4"

1000

6"

DISCOUNT SCHEDULEAmount

Net

less 10%less 15%less 20%less 25%

Discount and the name otthis magazine must be men-tioned at time of order to getdiscount. Discount applieson all items except as noted,"No Discount."

Circle 335 on inquiry card.

\ferbatinr

Floppy Discs

SAVE 40% %$SC

51/ 11 Specify soft. Price/10/■* 10 or 16 sector

MD525 1 sida/dbl dens $27.30

MD550 2 sides/dbl dens 44.20

MD577 1 side/77 track 32.50

MD557 2 sldes/77 track 44.20

8i i Critically CertifiedSoft sector

FD34-9000 1 side/sgl dens 33.80

FD34-8000 1 side/dbldens 39.00

FD34-4001 2 side/dbldens 46.20

CHECKS - VISA - MC - C.O.D.13131 777-7780 ADD $2 SHIPPING

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

27204 Harper Ave.

St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081

HATCH A PLOT

WITH YOUR TRS-80*

Use ESP the Educated Slave Processor

+ Full plotting control features

t Self-contained microprocessor

+ Connect) TRS-80" manor computer to user-supplied X-V Recorder

+ Convert! commendi to voltage outputs

* Plot! vectorl, doti. X end Y Bees, end ASCII characters

* Bufferi commands to optimum spaed of recorder

* Price is $250.

+ Menuei sold seporately for S10.

+ Menuei price refundable with purcttese of unit

Or Use MICRO-PEN Software

+ ESP caput),hum axcapt buf faring

t Runt in TRS-80* compute.

+ Raquirei u»ar-supplied D/A and pan control interface*

* Price IS 579(1.1 rJi-ikiMt...

+ Schematic and parti information providad for electrical interface

For additional information, write to:

Epsilon Systems

969 Crown Ave.

Santa Barbara, CA 93111

MULTIPLE FREQUENCYCLOCK GENERATOR MODEL H

• Complelely stand-alone operation or use with external synthesizer

• Single control selects data rale series

A. 75 x2Nbps(Norlh American)

B. IMO x2Nbps (European ant) Military)

• External mode provides 2Ndlvision ol any frequency up to 25 MHz.(ForN = 0-16 and N = 19.22)

• Squats wave output signals—TTL Levels (0, + 5V)

• Simple to use! Turn il on and select; Mode A. Mode B or External.

• The only low cost multiple-frequency clock synthesizer available!

the DATA STANDARD corp

10000 WILSON AVENUE SEMINOLE, FLORIDA 33542(813) 586-4827

Circle 229 on Inquiry card.

Circle 158 on Inquiry card.

Circle 115 on Inquiry card.

1802fig-FORTH

high-level compiler language

10- 20X faster than BASIC

ELF III SuperELF/Other

w/editor, strings

macro-assembler $30

floating-point

plus tiny pascal add $35

on cassette/requires 16k+RAM

si 1

8403

P.O. BoxBus-tin, TeiXeis 78712I 512-477-2207

MICROSETTECASSETTES

Length Qty 10 Qty 50

C-10 $ 7.50 $32.50

C-20 9.00 39.00

C-60 13.50 57.00

C-90 17.50 77.50

Circle 169 on Inquiry card.

5-screw shell, boxes, labels,

product warranty. UPS shipping

included. Please no PO. box.

CA Customers add taxes.

MICROSETTE CO.

475 Ellis St., Mt. View,CA 94043 (415) 968-1604

Circle 266 on inquiry card.

ml:

roo auftLTy carhPcrwrtTS

U Q & R

' ELECTRONICS N

ALL AU

puPro"

CPU Z 6fflz CSC $308 CPU Z 4Mb $ 179

CPU 8085/88 CSC 391 DISK 1 371

CPIf 80 for Dl 135 CPIT86 for Dl 235SYSTEM SUPPORT 1 297 fflz 9511 (INTEL) 235IHTERFACER LI I 187 INTERFACE!? 3 (5) 167RAH 20 32K 319 RAM 17 6MK 619

RAH 16 64K 699 RAH 21 128K 1356ENCLOSURE 2 Desk 619 ENCLOSURE 2 RACK 6716HHZ CPU Z SYSTEM 6* DUAL 8" DRIVES 38956THZ CPU 8085/88 SYSTEH &4K DUAL 8" 3995TELEVIDEO 910,920,950,SYSTEf, 1,11,111 CALLAJPEX DIAL 80 GR 945 ADDS VIEW POINT 519ASTON-TATE <«ASE 199 SORCIH SUFERCALC 320WORDSTAR 290 ALL CPrfSOFTWAHE AVAIL

EPSON miOO PAR, 765 VISTA V10CO DR CAB 375

ALL PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANCE CPU* IS TRADEMARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH. SHIPPING WIN S3.

po Q.DX qsi 3J

-ivESTtvsirtSTEP cb qsbtJi,

• ~IIH ^£3*15 |-7Mba

Circle 379 on inquiry card.

For IC storage& circuit boardloading. MeetsDOD standards,for any size.

□□■a

ODlTJ

an IS

CONDUCTIVEFOAM™

Panel serves as a work surface on thebench, or as attractive wall panelfor IC storage or Store Display.

8" x10"-$22.50 116"x 20"-$46.5012"x16"-$36.50 |l8"x 24"-$56.50

+ freight cash with order -3 weeks

RESEARCH INC

. Harlan St,, York, PA 17^03

Bi (717) 755-2653

%0 beyond tMcmbty language

Cwtthcompiler! and cton compiler*for mlnlt and micro*.

Now, do your development in a high levelstructured language.

• Can be provided to produce code for the Hoslprocessor or cross compile to a different targetprocessor.

• Produces assembly language, of the target processor,with C source statements intermixed.

• UNIX* compatible.

• Implements the full C language as described in "The CProgramming Language* by Kernlgan and Ritchie.

You receive the compiler, with complete installation andoperating Instructions, and (he C source for many standardlibrary functions.Compilers for many processor types are ready, now.

Includes free updates for 1 year.•UNIX ii a trademark of Ball Laboratories.

TUECON SYSTEMS

90 E. Clsh Road, Suite 25

San lose, CA 95112

406-275-1659

You can pay more —But you can't get more!

7—-IS—~ —

Model III 16K

$839

Model III 48K2disc& RS232C

$2100

Color Computer 4K$310

w/16KExt. Basic

$459

BUY DIRECT. These are just a lew of our greatoilers which include Printers, Modems, Com-puters, Peripherals, Disc Drives, Software andmore, call TOLL FREE 1 800-345-8124

We have the lowest

possible fully

warranteed prices

and ai.ull complement ,lee2^°Jr9al Road

of Radio Shack Software. UHIetoni MA 01460

^_ 617 e 486 • 3193

computer

Write tor your JjUJo

Circle 212 on Inquiry card.

Circle 410 on Inquiry card.

Circle 89 on Inquiry card.

$/*■¥<..

SEC

Microcomputer

PC-8001A 32K Computer CALL

PC-8012A I/O Unit w/32K RAM CALL

PC-8013A Dual Mini-Disk Drive Unit CALL

PC-8001 MultlCardware(FDI/0&32K) CALL

CP/M 2.2 Operating System for NEC 129

WordStar configured for NEC 299

SuperCalc configured for NEC 279

NEC Wordprocessor & Accounting Software CALL

Many more software packages and languages:(Pascal, Fortran, Cobol, etc) are available configured forthe NEC 8001A Computer.Please call or write lot a product price list.

ATARI80016K

$749

Atari 400w/16K 349

410 Program Recorder 65

810 Disk Drive 449

825 80 col. 7x8 Dot matrix impact printer 699

822 40 col. Quiet Thermal Printer 349

850 Interface Module 1S9

Atari 16K Ram Module 69

Axlon Ramcram 32K Module 189

Video Monitors

Amdek/Leedex Video 100 12" B&W 155

Amdek/Leedex Video 100G 12" Green Phospher. . .179

Amdek (Hitachi) 13" Color w/audio output 389

NEC 12" Green Phospher Display JB1201M CALL

NEC 12" Lo-Res Color Display CALL

NEC 12" Hl-Res RGB Color Display CALL

Sanyo 9" B&W Display 185

Sanyo 9" Green Phospher Display CALL

Sanyo 12" B&W Display 269

Sanyo 12" Green Phospher Display 285

Sanyo 13" Color Display 449

Zenith 12" Green Phospher Display ZVM-121 149

ZENITH

12"GREEN

$149

VIC20

$259

Personal

Computer

Color ' Sound * Graphics

Call or write for more info.

Disk drives available soon!

■apple computer JBT a * *\*\

W- Authorized Dealer «■■■ %5 _ ^ |||1

py^Ti

APPLE II PLUS

16K NOW $102548K NOW $108964K* now $1199

•48K Apple with 16K RamBoard

\^^

APPLE DISKDRIVES

$439

w/controller and DOS 3.3 $499

Apple Cards and Hardware

Language System w/ Pascal * BASICS $79

Silentype Printer ui/Interface card 349

Hayes Micromodem II 299

Novation Apple-Cat SS9

Videx Vldeoterm 80 column card 269

Vldex Keyboard Enhancer .115

Z-80 Softcard by Microsoft 299

16 KRamCard by Microsoft 169

CPS Multi-function card 189

Software for the Apple

VUlCalc version 3.3 159

VlsiFlle (NEW data base manager) 199

VisiTrend, VlslPlot 219

DB Master-. 169

WordStar (Apple 80 col. version) 249

Dow Jones Portfolio Evaiuator .45

Apple Post 45

Apple Writer 65

Dow Jones News & Quotes Reporter ....... 85

Apple Plot 6*

Tax Preparer 99

Real Estate Analyzer ■ ■ . . . ........ .129

16K RAMBOARD fcy ConCompfor Apple II Computers

FOR ONLY

$

129

95

AVAILABLE NOW

lS-100

California ComputerSystems

Floppy Disk Controller $369

64K Dynamic Ram Board, 200ns $499

Z-80 CPU board w/ monitor ROM $269

16K Static memory board, 200ns 369

32K Static memory board, 200ns 599

S-100 12 Slot Mainframe 475

4-Port Serial Interface 299

2-Port Serial/ 2-Port Parallel Interface 299

4-Port Parallel Interlace 229

PrintersSilentype

vf Apple II interface

$349

EpsonMX-80 orMX-80 FT

CALL

Anadex 9501 w/2K Buffer 1349

C, Itoh Stnrwrlter 25 CPS dalsywheel 1449

C. Itoh Starwriter 45 CPS dalsywheel 1649

Epson MX-70 CALL

Epson MX-80 & MX-80 F/T CALL

Epson MX-100 CALL

NEC 8023 Impact Dot Matrix 695

NEC Splnwrlters (Latest models) CALL

Paper Tiger IDS-44SG w/graphlca 699

Paper Tiger IDS-460G w/graphlcs 949

Paper Tiger IDS-560G w/graphics 1249

Silentype Printer w/Apple interface 349

Qume Sprint Daisy wheels (Latest models) CALL

ORDER TOLL FREE

800-854-6654

In California andoutside continental U.S.

(714) 698*8088

Telex 695-000 Beta CCMO

Send Orders To:

Ordering informalion; Phone orders using VISA. MASTERCARD.AMERICAN EXPRESS. DINERS CLUB. CARTE BLANCHE, bankwire transfer, cashier's or certified check, money order, or personalcheck (allow ten days to clear). Unless prepaid with cash, please add5% for shipping, handling and insurance, (minimum 5.00). Califor-nia residents add 6% sales tax, We accept CODs. OEM's. Institutionsand corporations please send for a written quotation. All equipmentis subject to price change and availability without notice. All equip-menl is new and complete wilh manufaclurer's warranty (usually 90days), Showroom prices may differ from mail order prices.

G®DDglI][iDQ@i7

g Mailorder

8314 Parkway DriveLa Mesa, Calif. 92041

Circle 107 on inquiry card.

6809 Small C Compiler

■ Generates assembly language source output

■ Requires only 16K memory

■ Library functions in source code

■ Generates position independent code

■ Supports most C functions

■ Generates ROMmable code

■ Floating point

specify 5 or 8 inch diskette SSB or FLEX

TERMS: Check or Money Order. California residentsadd 6%. C.O.D. orders add S3.50shipping & handling.

(714) 755-4373 (*)

DUGGER'5 GROWlnGilSWTEmj

POST OFFICE BOX 305 SOLANA BEACH, CA 92075

-r l e x r

-THE COMPUTER WORD GAME-

N S R I

A A E H

R S T I

ETEM

LEXl made 63 words from these letters.

How well can you do against LEXI ?

Needs 48K CP/M, 24x80 screen, 8" disk

$35 ppd.

add 6% tax in CA

Design Integrity

5922 abernathy drive

los angeles, California 90045

ZEN GOES Z80

FAST SCREEN EDITING

OPEN PROGRAMS WITH SOURCE FILES

ZEN7* gives you very fast screen editing without Linenumbers. A built in monitor and inclusion of source fileave you in complete control. Re-assemble or save withany new configuration or additions.

Load, append, save and justify with 4-uay cursor ease.Use as a very quick to learn word processor for records,correspondence. Lists or source files of the .BAS .ASM.TXT .HEX etc. types. Addressable cursor is not requir<

- DOS and edit iir, assembler am: DD and DOS locot:

ZEN1 in 8080 usee NorthSCf

contains a full monitor,

utilities. Specify SD c

ZEN2 in 6080 uaes CP/H 1.4 up format. Page numbering, no

title lines and printer escape codes are supported.

Konitor is built in. Specify 8" SD IBM format or NS 5".

Source code available by modem for other formats.

ZEH3 in Z80 uses CP/H 2.2 up format. In addition to ZEN2

capabilities, files can be saved and loaded with opti

code words to give absolute security to your files.

ZEH<t in Z80 contains, relocatable .ZEN modules that cslinked by ZEN3 including the Z80 assembler. Any number ofdisc files can be assembled to disc with global labels.Relocatable format, and Zilog or Intel mnemonics anoptional. RequireB ZEN3, ZBO CPU and CP/H 2.2 or higher.

Disc and Manual $75CA residents add 6j

Manual alono Si 5

Add S3 for c.o.d, per order

SNRAD

COHTROLSCOMPW

L.L.11I InU PHONE 805/965-49961575 APS. SANTA BARBARA CA 93(03

Circle 137 on Inquiry card.

Circle 121 on Inquiry card.

Circle 443 on Inquiry card.

$73.80*

Single Board Computer

B" |f?^W3Si|..I 8>IBS»

i nil

" 100- piece price, model MCU1

6S00 MPU, serial I/O, parallel I/O, RAM,EROM, 44-pin 4Vi" X 6V2" PCB

EXPANSION MODULES

RAM, ROM, CMOS RAM/battery, analogI/O, serial I/O, parallel I/O, counter/timer, 488 GPIB, EROM programmer,power fail detect/power on reset

Lafayette, IN 479041 317-7426428

FLOPPY DISKS

NEW Shugert SA 400 S 230

NEW Shugert SA <450 325

NEW Shugart SA SOI R 415

(MEW Shugert SA B51 R 634

Duel Drive Enclosure (S")

Wired, power supply, remote AC

control, reck mount elidee ........ 643

Enclosure/2 S A B01 + signal cable 1450

Enclosure/2 5 A S51 + signel ceble 1SOO

Enclosure, desk top. bare, unwired 75

DISKETTES

1 yeer warranty. 10/pleetlc library case.

6" Box of 10

Singls Side - Single Density 2B.40

Single Side - Double Density 3S.SO

Double Side - Double Density 45.70

5% "with reinforced hub Box of 10

Soft sectored, 10 holes or 16 holes.Single Side - Single Density 2S.70

Single Side - Double Density 36.10

Double Side - Double Density 43.SO

PAPERSMi x 11 Blenk 3"700 Sheets 2"7.22

BWi x 11 Ber 3"7DO SHeets 24.72

[\V7lQ METAVAN, INC.

|W| PI 1B05 East Dyer Road. Suite 307Senta Ana. CA S2705f71-»JI

WHIZKIT

$39.95

(DISKETTE)

CONVERTS UNITSCHECKS DIMENSIONS

NO CONVERSION ERRORSNO gc HEADACHES

SI UNITS

ENGLISH & METRIC UNITSCGS. MKS SYSTEMSENGINEERING UNITS

P. V. SYSTEMS

RQ BOX 21577SAN JOSE, CA 95151

(408) 255-8660

Circle 440 on inquiry card.

Circle 246 on inquiry card.

Circle 355 on Inquiry card.

*#..'

.<>;>*

_3«MMM/ f/b&ttaw^

Software requires 48K Apple wilh disk drive — Dealerquiries inviled—Write (or more information. Apple & APPLEWRITER are trademarks ol Apple Computer, Inc.

P.O. Box 453 • Arlington Heights, IL 60006

SCR SUPER BUYS

510.00 MIN. ORDER HANDLING/SHIPPING. . .$5.00

UPS ANYWHERE IN CONTINENTAL U.S.

0 UHF-VHF CONVERSION KIT. Completewith PC board; all required components;jumper wire; cabinet with speaker; and com-prehensive brochure incl. schematic, boardlayout, mounting and hook-up diagrams.parts list, and assembly and set-up instruc-tions. All parts are industrial prime quality.® NEW ZENITH ZVM-121 HIGH-LEGIBILITYCRT MONITOR. Features 12" green phos-phor CRT, with 15 MHz Bandwidth. 40 or80 character widths are operator switch-selectable. Fully compatible with 80-columnApple cards, etc.

(3) CROMEMCO COMPUTER CARDS "ACROSS-THE-BOARD." For better prices, quickest deliveries, and themost comprehensive follow-up support services — yourbest source is SCR, evervtime!

$11995

$117?5

SCR

[714)527-2554 • [213)598-7553

ELECTRONICS INC.

9533 Valley View Street, Cypress, CA 90B30

Pay by CHECK, M.O., VISA, MIC, C.O.D.For Free Buyers Guide Circle Number Shown Below

STARDATE: 01981From the GALAXY...

A GALACTIC

CHRISTMAS

CLEARANCE

YOUR

NORTH STAR

LIST

COST

Horizon 32k Quad D Drive

3995.

2950.

48k Quad D Drive

4295.

3195.

64k Quad D Drive

4495.

3250.

2D Dual Drives

569,

474.

MDS Disk Controller

565.

450.

ADDS Viewpoint Terminal

695.

565.

Prlnterm 877B (2 only)

10-37.

799.

PAPER TIGER 440'Graphlcs DEMO

V194.

820.

XYMEC HQ-1000 DEMO

2659.

2195.

NEC SELLUM I w/16k buffer

3695

2695.

COMPUCOLOR 16k Upgrade mod

94ft

150.

COMPUCOLOR lower case mod

^199-.

75.

INTECOLOR 3660 Swltchable LC

-269:

199.

COMP-U-wrlter Word Process Soft

-299;

249.

CALL for price ALTOS, VOLKER CRAIG Terminals,SOFTWARE (Peach Tree, North Star & Intecolor) ForFASTER SERVICE send Money Order, CashiersCheck, Bank Wire Transfer. For VISA & MC add 4%.Personal Checks accepted (allow 10 days to clear).California Res. ADD 6% sales tax.

CALL (40B) 279-2220 or mail to: GALAXYENTERPRISES, PO Box 551, San Jose, CA95106.

Circle 444 on Inquiry card.

Circle 376 on inquiry card.

Circle 172 on inquiry card.

Why use their flexible discs:

Athana, BASF, Control Data, Dysan, IBM, Maxell, Nashua,Scotch, Shugart, Syncom, 3M, Verbatim or Wabash

when you could be using

MEMOREX

for as low as $1.94 each?

Find the flexible disc you're now using on our cross reference list...then write down the equivalent Memorex part numberyou should be ordering.

Prod.,11 F.mil,

iwhSSb.

CE quant.100 pricoper disc(S)

Alh.n.

■ ASF

D,«n

IBM

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306U

1.99

473071

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7400

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son

iBu Cd»»i«i> HJIB4 ?6 Seaorjl REVERSIBLEIBU Cor»o4M.W l?J* B'S isSmiohI

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Memorex Flexible Discs...The Ultimate in Memory Excellence

Quality

Memorex means quality products that you can depend on,Quality control at Memorex means starting with the bestmaterials available. Continual surveillance throughout theentire manufacturing process. The benefit of Memorex'syearsof experience in magnetic media production, resulting, forinstance, in proprietary coating formulations. The most sophis-ticated testing procedures you'll find anywhere in the business.

100 Percent Error Free

Each and every Memorex Flexible Disc is cedified to be 100percent error free, Each track of each flexible disc is tested,individually, to Memorex's stringent standards of excellence.They test signal amplitude, resolution, low-pass modulation,overwrite, missing pulse error and extra pulse error. They aretorque-tested, and competitively tested on drives availablefrom almost every major drive manufacturer in the industryincluding drives that Memorex manufacturers. Rigid qualityaudits are built into every step of the manufacturing processand stringent testing result in a standard of excellence thatassures you. our customer, of a quality product designed forincreased data reliability and consistent top performance.

Customer-Oriented Packaging

Memorex's commitment to excellence does not stop with aquality product. They are proud of their flexible discs and theypackage them with pride. Both their packaging and theirlabeling have been designed with your ease of identificationand use in mind. The desk-top box containing ten discs isconven'ien\ lor Wing and storage. Both box labels and jacketlabels provide full information on compatibility, density, sec-toring, and record length. Envelopes with multi-language careand handling instructions and color-coded removable labelsare included A write-protect feature is available to providedata security.

Full One Year Warranty — Your Assurance of Quality

Memorex Flexible Discs will be replaced by Memorex if theyare found to be defective in materials or workmanship withinone year of the date of purchase. Other than replacement,Memorex will not be responsible tor any damages or losses(including consequential damages) caused by the use ofMemorex Flexible Discs.

Quantity Discounts Available

Memorex Flexible Discs are packed 10 discs to a carton and10 cartons to a case. Please order only in increments of 100units for quantity 100 pricing. We are also willing to accom-modate yoursmallerorders. Quantities less than 100 units areavailable in increments of 10 units at a 10% surcharge.Quantity discounts are also available. Order 500 or morediscs at the same time and deduct 1%; 1,000 or more savesyou 2%; 2,000 or more saves you 3%; 5,000 or more saves you4%; 10,000 or more saves you 5%; 25,000 or more saves you6%; 50,000 or more saves you 7% and 100,000 or more discsearns you an 8% discount off our super low quantity 100 price.Almost all Memorex Flexible Discs are immediately availablefrom CE. Our warehouse facilities are equipped to help us getyou the quality product you need, when you need it. If you needfurther assistance to find the flexible disc that's right for you,call the Memorex compatibility hotline. Dial 800-538-8080and askfor the flexible disc hotline extension 0997. In Californiadial 800-672-3525 extension 0997.

Buy with Confidence

To get the fastest delivery from CE of your Memorex Flexible Discs, sendor phone your order directly to our Computer Products Division. Be sureto calculate your price using theCE prices in this ad. Michigan residentsplease add 4% sales tax. Written purchase orders are accepled fromapproved government agencies and most well rated firms at a 10%surcharge lor net 10 billing. All sales are subject to availability,acceptance and verification. All sales are final. Prices, terms andspecifications are subject to change without notice. Out ol stock itemswill be placed on backorder automatically unless CE is instructeddifferently. Minimum order $50.00. International orders are invited with8 $20.00 surcharge for special handling In addition to shipping charges.All shipments are F.O.B. Ann Arbor, Michigan. No COD's please. Non-certified and foreign checks require bank clearance.

Mall orders to: Communications Electronics, Box 1002, AnnArbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A. Add $8.00 per case or partial-case of100 8-inch discs or $6.00 per case of 100 5'Vinch mini-discs forU.P.S. ground shipping and handling in the continental U.S.A. If youhave a Master Card or Visa card, you may call anytime and placea credit card order. Order toll-free in the United States. Callanytime 800-521-4414. If you are outside the U.S. or in Michigan,dial 313-994-4444. Dealer Inquiries Invited. All order lines atCommunications Electronics are staffed 24 hours.Copyright °1981 Communications Electronics"

,._MIH[I1

VISA (MastMCofd)

Order Toil-Free!(800)521-4414

In Michigan (313) 994-4444

For Data Reliability—Memorex Flexible Discs

COMMUNICATIONSELECTRONICS"Computer Products Division

854 Phoenix D Box 1002 O Ann Arbor. Michigan 48106 U.S.A.Call TOLL-FREE (800) 521 -4414 or outside U.S.A. (313) 994-4444

Circle 72 on inquiry card.

JOE COMPUTER PRESENTS WORD GRINDER

80,000

WORDS!

WORD GRINDER IS A DATA BASE OF OVER80,000 ENGLISH WORDS IN ALPHABETICALORDER WITH SPACES DELIMITING EACHWORD. THE TRS-80T AND APPLE VERSIONSINCLUDE A BASIC EDITOR FOR DISPLAYINGOR EDITING THE DATA FILES USING RAN-DOM ACCESS. WORD GRINDER IS AVAIL-ABLE FOR TRS-80 MODEL I, II, OR III, APPLE,CP/M, RT-I I /HT-1 I OR ANSI TAPES PRODUC-ED ON A PDP-1 I. PRICES START AT $89.95FOR MODEL I, III OR APPLE. SI24.95 FORMODEL II, CP/M, RT-1 I OR ANSI TAPES.MAKE CHECKS PAYABLE TO:JOE COMPUTER — PHONE ORDERS ANDINFORMATION: (213) 992-0514 SEND TO:JOE COMPUTER, 22713 VENTURA BLVD.,SUITE F, WOODLAND HILLS, CA. 91364

CALIF. RESIDENTS ADD 6/SALES TAX.TTRS-80 IS A TRADEMARK OF TANDY CORP.

SUPER E-Z80 KIT

64K-Z80A-CP/M™ Compatible

Micro-Computer

Features: Z80A CPU-CTC and PIO • B4KDynamic Ram • 4K Monitor EProm • 54 KevKeyboard (Detachable) • 3 Fully BufferedS-100 Spaces • Intergrated Circuit Sockets •RS232-C Asynch. Modem Control (Program-mable Baud Rate) • Composite Video • CP/M™1Operating System Compatible • Epson orCentronics Printer Compatible Parallel Port• 8272 Floppy Controller Device - 3740 and3741 Comp. '■ 8" &. 51/4" Drives - up to 4Drives • Z80 Programming Card • As-sembly Instructions • Monitor Listing •Block Diagram.

PRICE: $1195.00

TERMS: Certified check or

money order

(Texas lies. Add Sales Tat)

HiT-aa inc.

18601 LBJ Fwv. • iMesquite, Texas 75150

• 800-527-1593

A Subsidiary of Patrick Computer Systems. Inc.

Manufacturer of the ic436

integrated business computer

™ Trademark of Digital Research

1 Find lite glittering Orb. and gel out alive—that is .

j your quest. But Ihe Orb lies somewhere in theun-

f known depths of a multi-level dungeon, and a*3

' horde of monsters bar your way. Each trip you V

make into the dungeon, if you survive, gains you

j experience and magic—making you stronger. 1

I allowing you to go deeper, bringing you cioser|

I to the fabulous Orb.

ORBQUEST is a simulation game that pre-'jl sents you with ever-changing situations, and ij the ability of your character to survive de-1I pends upon its intrinsic and acquired abilities. (I and your playing skill.

-ORBQUEST has been extensively play-'tested, and will offer you many hours of chal-! lenging enjoyment.

' ORBQUEST requires 56K CP/M and a 24 x \80 cursor-addressable terminal. Now avail-able on the following CP/M media: 8" single1 density, 5" NorthStar, 5" Xerox, 5" Osborne.

ORBQUEST

$35 for diskette* and manual fromALTERNATE WORLD SIMULATIONS

RO. Box 941, Milpitas, California 95035

CALIFORNIA RESDENTS ADO 6». SALES TAXCP/M IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH

Circle 210 on Inquiry card.

Circle 456 on Inquiry card.

Circle 18 on inquiry card.

OKIDATAMicroline 82A

Serial Dot Matrix Printer

120 cps Bidirectional80 Column

$479.88Order#2A1

Microlme primers are salting Ihe quality standards lor trentire industry. Buill on a cast aluminum base and driveby two molors. these rugged units will run all day with nduly cycle limitations The head warranty, equivalent to200,000.000 characters, is unmatched in the industry.

Standard Features

• Operates with TRS-80*-. APPLE", others

• 132 columns with condensed characters

• Graphics

• Dual interlaces • '

HIGH TECHNOLOGV AT AFFORDABLE PRICES

• Plain paper—up lo 4 parts

• Full 96 character ASCII set

• Double widlh characters

BSrr^

CALL TOLL FREE

I BOO 228 3500

THE COMPUTERCOPY STAND.

□ For all detachable keyboards and

Apple II D Easy on the eye (and back).

□ Keeps paper work in front of operator

and in line with screen. D Perfect for

word processing, data entry, and

programming. □ Non-magnetic

Lineguide,'" tilt adjustable.

Pkay Corporation

RO. Box 11463 ■ Costa Mesa, CA 92627714/548-2081

COMPUTERCASSETTES

LENGTH

10 PACK

100 PACK

C-10

7.00

63.00

C-20

8.50

77.00

C-60

12.00

108.00

C-90

15.00

135.00

CASSETTEDUPLICATION

Software Duplication forTRS-80, Apple & Atari.Hayes Smart-Modem at$249.00. Televideo Com-puters—call. For info call(305) 423-0338.

ACTS AUDIO, INC.

70 llliana AveOrlando FL 32806

Circle 461 on inquiry card.

Circle 346 on inquiry card.

Circle 5 on Inquiry card.

COLOR

TRS-80*USERS

FORTH

Operating SystemMonitor

Editor AssemblerGraphics & SoundsCallable from BasicCASSETTE . $40Upgradable to DiskDISK $80

MEMORYUPGRADES

No Soldering

16K $35

32K $85

GAMES

Forth PongTrivia QuizSpace WarAdventure ...And More

PROTOTYPINGBOARD

Plugs IntoExpansion Bus

BOOKS

And Manuals

K & H SOFTWARE SYSTEMS

9315 Valley Hill RoadRiver Hills, Wl 53217

"TANDY CORP TRADEMARK

RS-232Got yadown?

The RS-232 Monitor/Controller willhelp get ya up again. It simply connectsin series with any RS-232 interface andallows you to Monitor and Control TheRS232 control and data lines. Operateson 9 volt transistor batteries or withoutbatteries when monitoring. Complete in-structions included along with helpful in-terfacing tips.

Price/Terms S59.95/money order,check, C.O.D., Master Charge or Visa.Alabama Residents add 6% sales tax,shipping included in price.

■finny engineeringIliriDT associates

P.O. Box 509 Pelham, AL 35124(205)663-6146

Leaders in computer interfacing

Circle 462 on inquiry card.

Circle 146 on inquiry card.

Circle 465 or. inquiry card.

The Best Boards

SD Prices Slashed!!!

Single User System

SBC200. 64K ExpandoRAM II, Versafloppy II, CP/M2.2

$995.00

4 MHz Z-80A CPU, 64K RAM, serial I/O port,parallel I/O port, double-density disk controller,CP/M 2.2 disk and manuals, system monitor,control and diagnostic software.

-All boards are assembled and tested-

ExpandoRAM III

64K to 256K expandable RAM board

SD Systems has duplicated the famousreliability of their ExpandoRAM I and II boardsin the new ExpandoRAM III, a board capable ofcontaining 256K of high speed RAM. Utilizing thenew 64K x 1 dymanic RAM chips, you canconfigure a memory of 64K, 128K, 192K, or 256K,all on one S-100 board. Memory address decodingis done by a programmed bipolar ROM so that thememory map may be dip-switch configured towork with either COSMOS/MPM-type systems orwith OASIS-type systems.

Extensive application notes concerning how tooperate the ExpandoRAM III with Cromemco,Intersystems, and other popular 4 MHz Z-80systems are contained in the manual.

MEM-65064A 64K A&T $495.00

MEM-65128A 128K A & T $639.95

MEM-65192A 192K A&T $769.95

MEM-65256A 256K A&T $879.95

Versafloppy II

Double density controller with CP/M 2.2

• S-100 bus compatible • IBM 3740 compatiblesoft sectored format • Controls single and double-sided drives, single or double density, 5'/i" and 8"drives in any combination of four simultaneously• Drive select and side select circuitry • Analogphase-locked loop data seperator • Vectoredinterrupt operation optional • CP/M 2.2 disk andmanual set included • Control/diagnosticsoftware PROM includedThe Versafloppy II is faster, more stable and moretolerant of bit shift and "jitter" than mostcontrollers. CP/M 2.2 and all necessary controland diagnostic software are included.

I0D-1160A A & T with CP/M 2.2 .. $370.00

SBC-200

2 or 4 MHz single board computer

• S-100 bus compatible • Powerful 4MHz Z-80ACPU • Synchronous/asynchronous serial I/Oport with RS-232 interface and softwareprogrammable baud rates up to 9600 baud •Parallel input and parallel output port • Fourchannel counter/timer • Four maskable, vectoredinterrupt inputs and a non-maskable interrupt •IK of on-board RAM • Up to 32K of on-boardROM • System monitor PROM included

The SBC-200 is an excellent CPU board to base amicrocomputer system around. With on-boardRAM, ROM, and I/O, the SBC-200 allows you tobuild a powerful three-board system that has thesame features found in most five-boardmicrocomputers. The SBC-200 is compatible withboth single-user and multi-user systems.

CPU-30200A A&T with monitor . $299.95

ExpandoRAM II

16K to 64K expandable RAM board

• S-100 bus compatible • Up to 4MHz operation •Expandable from 16K to 64K • Uses 16 x 1 4116memory chips • Page mode operation allows up to8 memory boards on the bus • Phantom outputdisable • Invisible on-board refresh

The ExpandoRAM II is compatible with most S-100 CPUs. When other SD System' series IIboards are combined with the ExpandoRAM II,they create a microcomputer system withexceptional capabilities and features. .

MEM-16630A 16K A & T $325.0oB

MEM-32631A 32K A&T $345.00«

MEM-48632A 48K A & T $365.00 H

MEM-64633A 64K A&T $385.0oB

Multi-User System

SBC-200, 256K ExpandoRAM III, Versafloppy II, MPC-4COSMOS Multi-User Operating System, C BASIC II

$1995.00

Two Z-80A CPUs (4 MHz), 256K RAM, 5 serial I/Oports with independently programmable baudrates and vectored interrupts, parallel input port,parallel output port, 8 counter/timer channels,real time clock, single and double sided/single ordouble density disk controller for 5'4" and 8"drives, up to 36K of on-board ROM, CP/M 2.2compatible COSMOS interrupt driven multi-userdisk operating system, allows up to 8 users to runindependent jobs concurrently, C BASIC II,control and diagnostic software in PROMincluded.

-All boards are assembled and tested-

MPC-4

Intelligent communications interface

• Four buffered serial I/O ports • Onboard Z-80A processor • Four CTC channels •Independently programmable baud rates •Vectored interrupt capability • Up to 4K of on-board PROM • Up to 2K of on-board RAM • On-board firmware

This is not just another four-port serialI/O board! The on-board processor and firmwareprovide sufficient intelligence to allow the MPC-4to handle time consuming I/O tasks, rather thanloading down your CPU. To increase overallefficiency, each serial channel has an 80 characterinput buffer and a 128 character output buffer.The onboard firmware can be modified to makethe board SDLC or BISYNC compatible. Incombination with SD's COSMOS operatingsystem (which is included with the MPC-4), thisboard makes a perfect building block for a multi-user system.

IOI-1504A A & T with COSMOS .. $495.00

COSMOS

Place Orders Toll Free

Continental U.S. Inside California800-421-5500 800-262-1710

Far Technical Inquires tir Customer Senice call:

Multi-user operating system

• Multi-user disk operating system • Allows up to H8 users to run independent jobs concurrently • |Each user has a seperate file directory

COMOS supports all the file structures of CP/M I2.2, and is compatible at the applications program Ilevel with CP/M 2.2, so that most programs ™written to run under CP/M 2.2 or SDOS will also Irun under COSMOS.

SFC-55009039F COSMOS on 8" disk $395.00 ■Circle 205 on inquiry card.

213-973-7707

Computer Products

■1901 W. Rosecrans. Hawthorne, Ca 90250

TERMS of SALK: Cash, checks, credit cards, or

Purchase Orders from qualified firms and institutions.Minimum Order $15.00. California residents add 6%titx. Minimum shipping & handling charge $.'1.00.Pricing & availibility subject to change

Computer Products

Printers

Accessories for Apple Single Board Computer

BETTER THAN EPSON ! - Okidata

Microline 82A 80/132 column, 120 CPS, 9 x 9 dot

matrix, friction feed, pin feed, adjustable tractor feed(removable), handles 4 part forms up to 9.5" wide, rear &bottom feed, paper tear bar, 100% duly cycle/200,000,000character print head, bi-directional/logic seeking, bothserial & parallel interfaces included, front panel switch &program control of 10 different form lengths, usesinexpensive spool type ribbons, double width & condensedcharacters, true lower case descenders & graphicsPRM -43082 with FREE tractor .... $539.95

Microline 83A 132/232 column, 120 CPS. handlesforms up to 15" wide, plus all the features of the 82A.PRM-43083 with FREE tractor .... $749.95

PRA-27081A Apple card $39.95

PRA-27082A Apple cable $19.95

PRA-27087A TRS-80 cable $24.95

PRA-43080 Extra ribbons pkg. of 2 ... $9.95

INEXPENSIVE PRINTERS - Epson

MX-70 80 column, 80 CPS, 5 x 7 dot matrix, adjustable

tractor feed, & graphics

PRM-27070 List $459 $399.95

MX-80 80 column, 80 CPS, bi-directional/logic seekingprinting, 9x9 dot matrix, adjustable tractor feed, & 64graphics charactersPRM-27080 List $645 $469.95

MX-80FT same as MX-80 with friction feed added.PRM-27082 List $745 $559.95

MX-100 132 column, correspondence quality, graphics,up to 15" paper, friction feed & adjustable tractor feed, 9 x 9dot matrix, 80 CPS.PRM-27100 List $945 $759.95

PRA-27084 Serial interface $69.95

PRA-27088 Serial intf & 2K buffer .. $144.95

PRA-27081 Apple card $74.95

PRA-27082 Apple cable $22.95

PRA-27086 IEEE 488 card $52.95

PRA-27087 TRS-80 cable $32.95

PRA-27085 Graftrax II $95.00

PRA-27083 Extra ribbon $14.95

NEC 7700 & 3500

NEC Spinwriter w/Intelligent Controller

Standard serial, Centronics parallel, and currentloop interfaces • Selectable baud rates 50 to 19,200

• Automatic bidirectional printing • Logicseeking • 650 character buffer with optional 16Kbuffer • 55 characters per second print speed •Comes with vertical forms tractor, ribbon, thimbleand cable • Diablo compatible software •Available with or without optional front panel

PRD-55511 IK no front panel .... $2795.00PRD-55512 16K no front panel .. $2895.00

PRD-55515 IK w/front panel $2995.00

PRD-55516 16K w/front panel ... $3095.00

Intersell NEC 3500Q

New from NEC - the 3500 series Spinwriters.Incorporates all the features and reliability of the5500 and 7700 series Spinwriters into aninexpensive 30 CPS letter quality printer with anoptional bi-directional tractor assembly.

PRD-55351 3500Q1K $1995.00

PRD-55352 3500Q 16K $2095.00

PRA-55100 Deluxe tractor option .. $300.00

16K MEMORY UPGRADE

Add 16K of RAM to your TRS-80, Apple, or Exidy in justminutes. We've sold thousands of these 16K RAMupgrades which include the appropriate memory chips (asspecified by the manufacturer), all necessary jumperblocks, fool-proof instructions, and our 1 year guarantee.

MEX-16100K TRS-80 kit $25.00

MEX-16101K Apple kit $25.00

MEX-16102K Exidy kit $25.00

16K RAM CARD - for Apple II

Expand your Apple to 64K, I year warrantyMEX-16500A Save $70.00!!! $129.95

Z-80* CARD for APPLE

Two computers in one, Z-80 & 6502, more than doubles thepower & potential of your Apple, includes Z-80* CPU card,CPM 2.2. & BASIC-80CPX-30800A A&T $299.95

8" DISK CONTROLLER

New from Vista Computer, single or double sided, single ordouble density, compatible with DOS 3.2/3.3, Pascal, & CPM2.2. Shugart & Qume compatibleIOD-2700A A&T $499.95

2 MEGABYTES for Apple II

Complete package includes: Two 8" double-density disk

drives, Vista double-density 8" disk controller, cabinet, power

supply, & cables, DOS 3.2/3.3, CP/M 2.2, & Pascal

compatible.

1 MegaByte Package (Kit) $1495.00

1 MegaByte Package (A&T) $1695.00

2 MegaByte Package (Kit) $1795.00

2 MegaByte Package (A&T) $19.95

CPS MULTICARD - Mtn. Computer

Three cards in one! Real time clock calendar, serial interface,

& parallel interface - all an one card.

IOX-2300A A&T $199.95

AIO, ASIO, APIO - S.S.M.

Parallel & serial interface, for your Apple (see Byte pg 11)

IOI-2050K Par&Serkit $139.95

IOI-2050A Par & Ser A & T $169.95

IOI-2052K Serial kit $89.95

IOI-2052A Serial A&T $99.95

IOI-2054K Parallel kit $69.95

IOI-2054A Parallel A&T $89.95

A488 - S.S.M.

IEEE 488 controller, uses simple basic commands,includes firmware and cable, 1 year guarantee, (see AprilByte pg II)IOX-7488A A&T $399.95

Modems

CAT MODEMS - Novation

CAT 300 baud, acoustic, answer/orginateIOM-5200A List $189.95 $149.95

D-CAT 300 baud direct connect, answer/orginateIOM-5201A List $199.95 $169.95

AUTO-CAT Auto answer orginate, direct connectIOM-5230A List $299.95 $239.95

Apple-CAT - Novation

Software selectable 1200 or 300 baud, direct connect, auto-answer auto-dial, auxiliary 3-wire HS232C serial port forprinter.IOM-5232A Save $50.00!!! $325.00

SMARTMODEM - Hayes

Sophisticated direct-conned auto-answer/auto-dial modem,touch-tone or pulse dialing, KS-232C interface, programmableIOM-5400A Smartmodem. $269.95

AIM-65 - Rockwell

6502 computer with alphanumeric display, printer. &keyboard, and complete instructional manuals

CPK-50165 IK AIM $424.95

CPK-50465 4K AIM $474.95

SFK-74600008E 8K BASIC ROM .. $64.95SFK-64600004E 4K assembler ROM $43.95

PSX-030A Power supply $64.95

ENX-000002 Enclosure $54.95

IK AIM. 8K BASIC, power supply. & enclosureSpecial package price $649.95

Z-80 STARTER KIT - SD Systems

Complete Z-80 microcomputer with RAM, ROM, I/O,keyboard, display, kludge area, manual, & workbook

CPS-30100K KIT $299.95

CPS-30100A A&T $469.95

SYM-1 - Synertek Systems

Single hoard computer with IK of RAM, IK of ROM. key-pad.LED display. 20ma & cassette interface on board.CPK-50020A A&T $249.95

Video Monitors

HI-RES 12" GREEN - Zenith

15 MHz bandwidth, 700 lines/inch, P31 green phosphor,switchable 40 or 80 columns, small, light-weight & portable.

VDM-201201 List price $150.00 .... $118.95Leedex / Amdek

Reasonably priced video monitorsVDM-801210 Video 100 12" B&W .. $139.95VDM-801230 Video 100-80 12" B& W $179.95VDM-801250 12" Green Phospor .... $169.95VDC-801310 13" Color I $379.95

12" COLOR MONITOR - NEC

Hi-res monitor with audio & sculptured caseVDC-651212 Color Monitor $479.95

12" GREEN SCREEN - NEC

20 MHz, P31 phosphor video monitor with audio,exceptionally high resolution - A fantastic monitor at avery reasonable priceVDM-651200 Special Sale Price $199.95

Video Terminals

AMBER SCREEN - Volker Craig

Detachable keyboard, amber on black display, 7 x 9 dotmatrix, 10 program function keys. 14 key numeric pad. 12"non-glare screen, 50 to 19,200 baud, direct cursor control,auxiliary bidirectional serial portVDT-351200 List $795.00 $645.00

VIEWPIONT - ADDS

Detachable keyboard, serial RS232C interface, baud ratesfrom 110 to 19.200. auxiliary serial output port .24 x 80 display.VOT-501210 Sale Priced $639.95

TELEVIDEO 950

VDT-901250 List $1195.00 $995.00

DIALOGUE 80 - Ampex

VDT-230080 List $1195.00 $895.00

Computer Products

S-100 CPU Boards

THE BIG Z* - Jade

2 or 4 MHz switchable Z-80' CPU with serial I/O,accomodates 2708, 2716, or 2732 EPROM, baud rates from75 lo 9600

CPU-30201K Kit $139.95

CPU-30201A A&T $189.95

CPU-30200B Bare board $35.00

2810 Z-80* CPU - Cal Comp Sys

2 4 MHz Z-80A* CPUwith KS-232Cserial I/O port and on-board MOSS 2.2 monitor PROM, front panel compatible.CPU-30400A A&T $269.95

CB-2 Z-80 CPU - S.S.M.

2 or 4 MHz Z-80 CPU boa rd with provision for up to 8K ofROM or 4K of RAM on board, extended addressing, IEEES-100, front panel compatible.

CPU-30300K Kit $239.95

CPU-30300A A&T $299.95

S-100 PROM Boards

PROM-100 - SD Systems

2708, 2716, 2732 EPROM programmer w/software

MEM-99520K Kit $189.95

MEM-99520A A&T $249.95

PB-1 - S.S.M.

2708. 2716 EPROM board with built-in programmer

MEM-99510K Kit $154.95

MEM-99510A A&T $219.95

EPROM BOARD - Jade

16K or 32K uses 2708's or 2716's, IK boundary

MEM-16230K Kit $79.95

MEM-16230A A&T $119.95

S-100 Video Boards

VB-3 - S.S.M.

HO characters x 24 lines expandable to 80 x 48 for a full pageof text, upper & lowercase, 256 user defined symbols, 160 x192 graphics matrix, memory mapped, has key boardinput.

IOV-1095K 4 MHz kit $349.95

IOV-1095A 4 MHz A&T $439.95

IOV-1096K 80 x 48 upgrade $39.95

VDB-8024 - SD Systems

80 x 24 I/O mapped video board with keyboard I/O. andon-board Z-80 A*

IOV-1020A A&T $459.95

VIDEO BOARD - S.S.M.

64 characters x 16 lines. 128 x 48 matrix for graphics, fullupper lower case ASCII character set, numbers, symbols,and greek letters, normal/reverse/blinking video, S-100.

IOV-1051K Kit $149.95

IOV-1051A A&T $219.95

IOV-1051B Bare board $34.95

S-100 Motherboards

ISO-BUS - Jade

Silent, simple, and on sale - a better motherboard6 Slot (5'/," x 8%"J

MBS-061B Bare board $19.95

MBS-061K Kit $39.95

MBS-061A A&T $49.95

12 Slot (9%" x 8W)

MBS-121B Bare board $29.95

MBS-121K Kit $69.95

MBS-121A A&T $89.95

18 Slot 114W x8%")

MBS-181B Bare board $49.95

MBS-181K Kit $99.95

MBS-181A A&T $139.95

S-100 RAM Boards

MEMORY BANK - Jade

1 MHz. S-100. bank selectable, expandable from 16Kto64K

MEM-99730B Bare Board $49.95

MEM-99730K Kit no RAM $199.95

MEM-32731K 32K Kit $239.95

MEM-64733K 64K Kit $279.95

Assembled & Tested add $50.00

64K RAM - Calif Computer Sys

■/ MHz bank port bank byte selectable, extendedaddressing. 16K bank selectable, PHANTOM line allowsmemory overlay, 8080 l Z-80 / front panel compatible.MEM-64565A A&T $575.00

64K STATIC RAM - Mem Merchant

64K static S-100 RAM card. 416K banks, up to 8MHzMEM-64400A A&T $789.95

32K STATIC RAM - Jade

2 or 4 MHz expandable static RAM board uses 21 l4L's

MEM-16151K 16K4MHzkit $169.95

MEM-32151K 32K 4 MHz kit $299.95

Assembled & tested add $50.00

16K STATIC RAM - Mem Merchant

4 MHz 16K static RAM board, IEEE S-100, bank selectable,Phantom capability, addressable in 4K blocks, "disable-able"in IK segments, extended addressing, low powerMEM-16171A A&T $164.95

S-100 Disk Controllers

DOUBLE-D - Jade

Double density controller with the inside track, on-board Z-80A*, printer port, IEEE S-100, can function on aninterrupt driven buss

IOD-1200K Kit $299.95

IOD-1200A A&T $375.00

IOD-1200B Bare board $59.95

DOUBLE DENSITY - Cal Comp Sys

6W and 8" disk controller, single or double density, withon-board boot loader ROM. and free CP/M 2.2* andmanual set.IOD-1300A A&T $374.95

S-100 I/O Boards

S.P.I.C. - Jade

Our new I/O card with 2 SIO's, 4 CTC's, and 1 PIOIOI-1045K 2 CTC's, 1 SIO, 1 PIO .. $179.95

IOI-1045A A&T $239.95

IOI-1046K 4 CTC's, 2 SIO's, 1 PIO $219.95

IOI-1046A A&T $299.95

IOI-1045B Bare board w/manual ...$49.95

1/0-4 - S.S.M.

2 serial I-'O ports plus 2 parallel I/O ports

IO1-1010K Kit $179.95

IOI-1010A A&T $249.95

IOI-1010B Bare board $35.00

S-100 Mainframes

MAINFRAME - Cal Comp Sys

12 slot S-100 mainframe with 20 amp power supply

ENC-112105 Kit $329.95

ENC-112106 A & T $399.95

DISK MAINFRAME - N.P.C.

Holds 2 s" drives and a 12 slot S-100 system. Attractive

ini'tul cabinet with 12slot nio/herhtiard & card cage, power

sufiply. dual fans, lighted switch, and other professional

features

ENS-112325 with 25 amp p.s $699.95

Circle 206 on inquiry card.

Disk Drives

Handsome metal cabinet with proportionallybalanced air flow system • Rugged dual drivepower supply • Power cable kit • Power switch,line cord, fuse holder, cooling fan • Never-Marrubber feet • All necessary hardware to mount 2-8" disk drives, power supply, and fan • Does notinclude signal cable

Dual 8" Subassembly Cabinet

KND-000420 Bare cabinet $59.95

END-000421 Cabinet kit $225.00

KNH-000431 A&T $359.95

8" Disk Drive SubsystemsSingle Sided, Double DensityEND-000423 Kit w 2 FD100-8Ds . $924.95END-000424 A & T w/2 FDIOO-HDs $1124.95END-000433 Kit w/2 SA-801Ks ... $999.95ENO-000434 A & T w/2 SA-HOlRs $1195.00

8" Disk Drive SubsystemsDouble Sided, Double Density

END-000426 Kit w/2 DTHs • $1224.95

END-000427 A & T w/2 DT-Ss ... $1424.95END-000436 Kit w/2 SA-85lRs .. $1495.00KND-000437 A & T w/2 SA-851Hs $1695.00

QUME DT-8

8" Double-Sided, Double-Density Disk Drive

1 Drive ... $524.95 each

2 Drives $499.95 each10 Drives $479.95 each

Jade Part Number MSF-750080

Shugart 801R

8" Single-Sided, Double-Density Disk Drive

1 Drive .. $394.95 each

2 Drives $389.95 each

Jade Part Number MSF-10801R

SIEMENS 8"

8" Single-Sided, Double-Density Disk Drive

1 Drive ... $384.95 each

2 Drives $349.95 each10 Drives $324.95 each

Jade Part Number MSP'-201120

MPI B-51

5'/i" Single-Sided, Double-Density Disk Drive

1 Drive ... $234.95 each

2 Drives . $224.95 each10 Drives $219.95 each

Jade Part Number MSM-155100END-000213 Case & power supply $74.95

CaLiFornIa DiqiTAl

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503

FREE PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE INCLUDED WITH THEPURCHASE OF EVERY BOX OF DISKETTES

^ate labeled for California Digital by one ofmost respected producers of magnetic media. Ih diskette is eenifit-d double density at 40 ■

tracks. To insure extended media life each dls-e is manufactured with a reinforced hub-hole.

And of course, a plastic library case is included

i every box of diskettes. MMD-CD5l01)ao)

ase specify computer or required sectors.

Ml. BOX

Ten boxes $32.75

One hundred boxes $21.50

MINIDISKETTES B°x 10 boxes

MemoVerbal

ex 3401

m 525101K10)

$27.0029.00

$25.0027.00

Scotch 744<0H10>(16)Dyaan

831.0045.00

$29.0043.00

EIGHT INCH Scotch box 10 bx. Dysan box 10 bx. MRX box 10 bxSingle side/single den. 740-0 $35. $33. 3740/1 549. $47. 3060 S-.5. $.;3.Stngla aide/double den. 741-0 45. 43. 3740/ld 75. 73. 3090 37, 35.StnglC side/32 sector 740-32 35. 33. na. na.Double side/ double D. 743-0 65. 53. na. 3115 43. 45^SCOTCH brand head cleaning kit. $24.95 MMA-CK(5)(B> please specify 5 1/4 B"Prices available on request for: tape, cartridges, diskpacks, volumn diskettes.

MEMORY

64K DYNAMIC$11.95

4164 100-s9.75

16K DYNAMIC

$2iio

4116 100-'1.86

16K STATIC

$13.95

2167 200ns.

2716EPR0M$4i95

100-'4.50 1K-M.00

STATIC

oa.

32+

21L02 450ns.21L02 250ns2114L4 450ns2114L3 300ns4044-4 450ns4044-2 250ns5257-3 300ns

1. 191. 493.954. 254.955.504.47

1.05

1.45

2. 95

3. 75

4. 504.954. 25

.99

1. 39

2. 75

3. 00

4. 254. 504.05

EPROM

2708

450ns

2713 5V.2713 tri-volt2732 Intel2532 TI27d4

9.0021.50

4.504. 509.00

3.5019. 00

4.008. 258.00

2.502. 754.004.353.75

3. 257.50

direct connect

Your Choice

MODEM $169

i Svateina io:sl.i> ist Ik'tl 103 comptoablO'i powered from tin>DtVur rocuptlcle. M

iviteli selectable bftw

l-10;SLl>icw "Hell"

ulupli' line office telephones. Hvqu

Universal Data Auto Answer 103LPJ *219Novation Auto Cat RS232 __ . ...- *239

26 MegabyteHard Disk Drive

from

George Morrows

Thinker Toys

$3495

2 drive:■£ 1 drive2 2 drivt

POWER $QQ

STATION &&

Two Stage Noise Filter

Surge Suppressor

Line Voltage Meter

by noise generating motors and office machines.

This product is a musl for anyone who has expe-rienced a power fault while operating a computDouble filtering circuitry eliminates bmli highand low frequency line noise. Suppression de-vices clip voltage spikes above 130VAC. Voltmitors RMS line voltage. Siv powerc three filtered. Constructed in wateHgMA-4 industrial i-nclosut-e.CAL-PH6 12 lbs.

The new 8SH

appliances while yi

istiiifi System X-10 devices.

BSR Tinier eight channel

Master control console

Ultrasonic Controller

Anplinnci-.. Module 500 W. §13.05Lamp Module 300 Watts 13.95

NEW it.ll control wall switch 14.50

S-100 Mother Board $35

QuietSuss

SWITCHES

1.1!,' .till

i. ;iU t.ia1.39 I.I'D

CONNECTORS

s-ioo .125" eenImsai solder .2Inisai wire wrap (TilSulllns lii-IU-1. .250"

Sulllns Hi-Rel. WAV

Sulllns/Altair . 140".15B" Centers (standard)22/44 Kim Eyelet3G/72 Digital" Group S/T36/72 Digital Group WAV43/80 Motorola 6800 S/T-13/86 Moto. 6800 WAV

6.606.607.00

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT SOCKETSLow Profile Wire Wrapeach 100* each 100*-& pin S.10 $.00 $.-16 ?. 11

DA15S female 3.25DA hond -ill' 1.000B39P male 2.50IJB25S female :i.35

DC37P male 4

?0

DC37S female b

0(1

DC hood 2/P 1

2b

DD50P male 5

fif)

DUoOS female i.

4(1

DDoDhood 2/Pl

61)

CENTBOKIC5

57-30360 7

«o

HIBUON CABLE COCTJEGTORS

20/10 TRS-80 &;66 a'.OS -S.1023/30 8" disk 5.00 M6 'f.DO

All merchandise sold by California Digital is premium grade.Shipping: First five pounds $2,00; each additional add $.40Foreign orders 10% shipping. Excess will be refunded.California residents add 6% sales tax. COD's discouraged.Open accounts extended to state supported educational institu-tions and companies with a "Strong Dun & Bradstreet. "Warehouse: 15608 Inglewood Blvd. Visitors by appointment.

GREEN

PHOSPHOR MONITOR

The new Zenith ZVM-121 fea-tures a P31 green phosphor tubealong with 15 MHz bandwidth.Switch selectable for 40/80 char-acter screen. Fully compatablewith 80 column Apple cards.VDM-Z131 20 lbs.

$

119

10 4-U09 1004-'99

=0 Shugart Associates

801/ R Disk Drive 15 lbs

ly. muffin exhaust [an. o

:essary harnessing cablei

MSD-1801

1R disk drives.

Shugart 801/R with CP206 power suj

plete in dual enclosure with all the iv

Documentation included. 3(i pounds.

Same as above bui with two Shugart i

50 pounds. MSD-2B01

Disk drive cable. 6 fee*. 50 conductor with edge card con:

at both ends. WCA-650S $25.00

Export Disk drives. 220V. SO MHz add $50.00 per disk d

SHUGART801R

$

*795

U195

Shugart 851R Double Sided ... '525Qume DT8 Double Sided ... '495

NEW

from

Shugart

Technology

s

MegabyteHard Disk Drive

Packaged in the same physical size as the industry stan-dard 5 1/4" minifloppy disk drive. The micro-Winches-ter stores thirty times as much data (6.38 megabytesunformatted), accesses data twice as fast (170 milli-seconds) and transfers data twenty times faster (5.0megabits per second. )

The ST506 is factory sealed to protect the media fromenvironmental contaminates. Requires only DC voltage.Dual California Digital 5 1/4" enclosure.ST506 drive and power supply.

Shugart Associates SA400 removablemedia disk drive for above package, add:

*1500*300

Regulated

Power Supply

5 VOLT 5AMP

$1195

This USDIJ surplus power supply was removed from working equipFuss transistor regulation outputs five volts ;H a conservative fiveSuitable for Tl'L hobby applications. SFC-PSl R pounds.

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

(800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

(213)679-9001

TWX 910 325-6212

CaUFornia DiqiTAl

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503

BRUCE SEALS

Designer of the Static • 64

Those of us who remember hack loI!j7-J when S-100 was In Us infancyand assembling from kit your ownAltair Computer will recall thai theonly working add oti memory wasthe BK static board manufactured bySeals Electronics out of KnoxvllleTennessee.

Ed Roberts and William Catus arecredited for the de-sinn of the Altaircomputer, but linice Seals bad theonly working memory board.By the time Mr. Seals' company wasdissolved in 1979. Seals Electronicshad sold over 47.000 >>f their 8Kmemory board.

Since the liquidation of Seals Elec-tronics. Bruce lias been hiding fromthe revenuers and running moonshinein the hills of Tennessee, after ex-tensive negotiations California Dig-ital has convinced Mr. Seals to comeout of hiding and design the nojct gen-eration of static memory boards.The product thai lie has engineeredis destined to become the next mile-stone in S-100 memory products.

California Digital

STATIC • 64

In t

next s

•era! n

StaiicB4 is the most current technologyabli- in S-100 memory.

24 bil extended addressing. B or IS bit data pathsalong with 16 bit request and acknowledge make thisiinuiur board completely comparable with the IKEEdUii biiaS siandard.

rhe Static 64 has been engineered to allow each' 16K■egmvnl of memory to be bank selectable supportingmultiuser systems. Other selectable features allow theboard to fully Integrate with all current bank selectingschemes Including Cromex and Alpha-Mu-ro. Designedfur DMA operation* at clock rreojueiiaiea in excess of

10 MHz.

I'ht Static G4 is manufactured to meet current militaryCircuit board specifications. IC sockets utilizing ultra-reliable machine screw contacts are use<'lolal integrity nf ;h* produii. Each board before Iour facility is subjected to extensive high tempera!

(conditional one-year warranty with '24 hour repa

■cplat

CEM a

1 dealci

.urrh.t!

•-I1UI'!

$

EPSON MX80 NEC PC-8023A

$.

EpsonGraft

AppleSerial

Serial

Cable

IEEEHeplaReplnPapei

475

MXB0FT friction/tr S50a.00

MX1O0 U2 column 825.00

ax B0 option 70.00

I/O A cable <8131) 129.00

Interface IB141) 70.00Inter. . 2K buf.(BlSl) 145.00

for TRS-B0 35.00

•IB8 interface (8161) S5.00

:ument head 45.00lement Btboon

:i;'.o0 sheets 9 1/2"

$1

635

14.00

Dot-matrix, bi-directional. logic-seeking, friction or tractor feed,impact printer. Complete graphics.upper and lower case ASCII. Creek,mathematics along with the abilityto print dot graphic screen iinan.esdirectly onto paper.Proportional spacing and 132 columnCompressed print make this lowcost machine the best value in to-days printer market.

PRINTRONIXP-300 $4500P-600 *6150

r-*W

PRINTERS

Epson MX30Epson MX80FTEpson liLXlOOAnad;x 9500Anadex 9501Anacom 150IDS Paper Tgr.IDS Tiger 560Diablo Q30Diablo 1550Diablo 1640Datasouth 180PrirHrunix 300PrintroiUx 600

PREMX80

PREMX8QF

PREMX100

PRA9T100

PRA9501

PRA150

PRG460G

PRG560G

PRD630

PRD1650

PRD1640

PRD180

PRPJ00

PRP600

107510951350215028502496135045006150

NEC/Sellum 1NEC/Sm 16KTEC/Siarwrit.Okidata 80Okidata 82Okidata 83Teletype 43KTexas Ins. 810Tex. Ins 8I0CCentronics 730Centronics 7 37Centronics 739Ceturnx 704-9Centrnx.704-11

PRN5510ps 2fii»ri

PRN5516ps

PR V 300

PRoao

PROS2PR083

PTT4320K

PRT810B

PRT810C

PRC730P

PRC737P

PRC739P

PRC704-9

PRC704-11

7U51395

419619

SYSTEMS

"\ £&®M

48K MEMORY

1150

HEWLETTPACKARD

2450 HP85

Hew/Pack 85 SYSHP85 2650 I

Hew/Pack 83 SYSHP83 1895

Alios ACS8D0Q STi 5ACS8000 479aOsborne 1 SYSOB1 1795

Commodore SYSCB032 1495Commodore SYSC8096 1795

5kiperbrain64QSYSSB64Q $3350

Superbrain64DSYSSB64D 2850

NorthstarcMQ 5YSN64Q 3295

Northsiar 64IJ SYSNG4D 2895

NEC/PC8000 SYSPCliOOO coll

Apple II Plus SYSAP 1170

VISA

mgmk

===== 31°1

= == ==== Display

= =="=" = Terminal

IBM Direct Price *1395.

California Digital

discount $price

1295

850

ACCESSORIES FOR THE

COMPUTER

AMPEX

DIALOGUE 80CRT TERMINAL

$995

New from the Ampex Corporation. The Dialogue 80 features removable keyboarddlsplayable two pages (four optional) dual program keys, half intenailv protectedfields and status line. Transmits data cither block, line or character mode.Excellent value. VDT-D80 shipping 47 lbs.

VIDEO TERMINALS

ADDS Vie\vr-J:nt

ADDS Kegent 25 numeric clusterADDS Regent 30 25th status lineADDS Regent 40 limited graphicsADDS Regent 30 Block modeAmpex Dialouge 80 two page.detatchDigital Equipment VT-100Digital Equipment VT-132Direct VP-300A emulator

Hazeltine 1410

Hazeltine 1420

Hazeltine 1500

Hazeltine 1510

Hazeltine 1520

Hewlett Packard 2621A

Hewlett Packard 2u21P

IBM 3101-10 character mode green

IBM 3101-20 block mode

Lear Seigler 3A upper case only

Lear Seigler ADM5

Lear Seigler ADM31

Lear Seigler ADM42

Visual 200

l>le*ndeo 010C (new)

Televideo 312C

Televideo 920C

Televideo 350C detatchable keybd.

Zenith Z-19

VDTVDTVDTVDTVDTVDTVDTVDTVDTVDTVDTVDTVDTVDTVDTVDTVDTVDTVDTVDTVDTVDTVDTVDTVDT-VDT-VDT-VDT-

tlVP-R25-RS0-R40

R60

D80

VI00

VI32

P800

H1410

H1420

H1500

111510

111520

I1P21A

HP21P

3101 lias

31012 1395

8500501195149599515951895call750795

L3A

L5

L31

L42

V200

■T910

T912

T9i0

T9 50

7-19

85094513851995995595635745985735

VIDEO MONITORS

BMC KG12C 1BMH?

P-31 grn phosphor $259

Loedex'Amdek 12"100 129

Leedex 100 green 169

Leedex 103-80 197

Hitachi color 13" 309

Zenith color 13" 379

N\CC ^reen phosphor 219Panasonic color 10"

Sanyo 9" BW 149

Sanyo 12" green phos. 235

Sanyo 15" BW 259

Sanyo 13" color 419

All merchandise sold by California Digital is premium graShipping: First five pounds $2.00; each additional add $.40Foreign orders 10% shipping. Excess will he refunded.California residents add G% sales tax. C Oil's discouragedOpen accounts extended to state supported educational uisti1lions and companies with a "Strong Dun & Bradstreet, "Warehouse: 15600 Ingle wood Blvd. Visitors by appoint men

Circle 52 on inquiry card.

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMSArithmetic Processor 7811 B/C $319

Asynchronous serial Interface 7710 123

Centronics Interface card 7728 05

I2K PROM Module 7114 63

Calender/Clock, Bat. back-up 7424 93

Parallel Interface 7720A 99

Programablc Timer 7740A 93

Analog/Digital converter 7470A 99MICROSOFT PRODUCTS

Apple to Z-80 CPU card 379D. C. HAYES PRODUCTS

Micrornodeni for Apple 319COMPUTER STOP PRODUCTS

Double Vision/ 80 Column Video 250DTTERACTIVH STRUCTURES

IS Channel A/D card AIO/2 275

MOUNTAIN COMPUTER PRODUCTSIntro X-10 system for BSR $23B

Intro X-10 card onlv IBS

16 channel AD/DA S bit 3U

Apple Clock batterv hack-up 22E

Supertalkcr SD200 245

ROM PIub with filler 165

ROM \\ ritcr/Programmer 1 It

APPLE BRAND PRODUCTSApple Language card 45C

rioppv disk willi controller 56t

Floppy disk without controller 4SJ

Apple parallel interface 17f

SSM MICROCOMPUTERDual serial parallel interface AJOSORRENTO VALLEY ASSOCIATES8" floppy controller (Pascal) 36C

S-100 BOARDS

Assembled • Tested • Burned-in

10

BUG'

(.odbout Z.-B0 24 hit. 4MHz

BUC-CiZttO

Codbout 808.-./U0HU dual 16 bitprocessor BDC-CiflU

•Measurement Svsiemii Z-804 serial 2 parallel realtimeclock. 8 vt-ctor BUC-MZ80

SD Systems SBC-200 Z-80with serial fc parallelI/O ports BDC-S11C2

Tuletek 1DC-1 single boardCPU ^ I'Uijipv disk controllerplus I/O BDC-1-TJC1

1IAIM-HAMES

Calif. Computer 2200A 12 slot <

power sutf'v ENai-C2200IEf 12 slot table i:XM-T121'LT 22 slol table ENM-C22Codbout maintrm. ENM-OMF

MEMORY BOARDS

Calif. Computer Z063A 6 IK

dyamic m em..r%'BDM-C8068c.dif. Computer 201G 1CK

ic memory in>M-caoi5

llf. Co:

i]>uu

lill.-

32K

Cioilbout Ftfll

nemory 10 bit UDM-C1T 1SD Systems E.toiiniloram II

ink dvnamlo BDM-LXia

UK dynamic BDM-EXfi-iUonsuremom Sfeatema DMiirtlOO

lor Alpha -Micro HUM- M6 100

B1JM-DP32-100BIJM-P100

-C2I22

2.2 Cl'MUodhout "Disk C

NEC 76.'. controller. IJAIA

arbitration Bill -C.U1 1\

Measurement Svstems 7Co Chip.

single f- douiile density. Error

recovery BUI -MF 11

S>J Svsteins Yersafloppv II

double densitv BDi-Vl-2 i:

T,irhell IJMJ I1D1-TF2 1

Morrtiu Resign Disk Jockey I

Binflle density HDI'-DJl 1

-Morrow Uusian Disk Jockey II

double density mil -UJ2 3

IXTI.Rl ACE BOARDSCalif. Comoutor 2718 I/O

2 serial/2 par I 8UT-C271SMorrow Uusluns Switchboard

2 seriul/4 pari BD I'-.MSBMorrow Designs Multiboard

3 ■rrl«i/3P, "- BDT-.MMB(I'Otlboul toterfaeor One

2 sertal/2 p.ir'l BHS-OE1

OotlbOUl IntiTl'acer I'no

1 sert.il/3 par I BUS-CJH3

SPLCIALUY BOARDS(JT Con putttr real hill- clock/calendar BDS-t^CK

Artec l.lec. Wire wrap proto-ivpe hoard UUS-AWtt

Artec lilcc CtudtTUl 1'vifposeprOlO board BUS-ACP

Oodhout Spectmni colorboard BUS-USti

D.C. Ihwi'i S-100 Micro-

B1JS-HM1

Mul

■n I'roaucia

i- bo

: probe ki HDS-MIU1Mullen Rrouucta t.^u.-contro

board kit HD.S-MOC

Rotron Muffin Fan

$1477

$12.00 fe 10010.50 ® 1000

115 VAC. 7 Watts WR2A1I-actory fresh Muffin fansNOT pull-outs. EMF-4M

TOIL FREE ORDER LINE

800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

213)679-9001

I SN7400NSN7401NSN7402NSN7403N

SN7404NSN7405NSN7406NSN7407NSN7408NSN7409NSN7410NSN7d11,VSN7412NSN7413NSN7414NSN7416NSN7417NSN7420NSN7421NSN7422NSN7423NSN7425NSN7426NSN7427NSN7429NSN7430NSN7432NSN7437NSN7438NSN7439NSN7440NSN7441NSN7442NSN7443NSN7444NSN7445NSN7446NSN7447NSN7448NSN7450NSN7451NSN7453NSN7454NSN7459NSN7460NSN7470NSN7472NSN7473NSN7474NSN7475NSN7476NSN7479NSN7480NSN7482NSN74B3NSN7485NSN7486NSN7489NSN7490N'SN7491NSN7492NSN7493NSN7494NSN7495NSN7496NSN7497NSN74100NSN74107NSN74109NSN74116NSN74121NSN74122N

7400

.59.29

SN74123NSN74125N

SN74126NSN74128N

SN74132NSN74136NSN74139N

SN74141N

SN74142N

SN74143N

SN74144N

SN74145N

SN74147N

SN74148N

SN74150N

SN74151N

SN74152N

SN74153N

SN74154N

SN74155N

SN74156N

SN74157N

.29 SN74158N

.25 SN74160N

.45 SN74161N

.23 SN74162N

.29 SN74163N

-25 SN74164N

.29 SN74165N

.29 SN74166N

.19 SN74167N

.79 SN74170N

.57 SN74172N

.95 SN74173N

.95 SN74174N

.79 SN74175N

.79 SN74176N

.65 SN74177N

-79 SN74179N

.19 SN74180N

.19 SN74181N

.19 SN74182N

.19 SN74184N

.25 SN74185N

-23 SN74186N

.29 SN74188N

.29 SN74190N

.34 SN74191N

.34 SN74192N

.38 SN74193N

.34 SN74194N

4.60 SN74195N

.49 SN74196N

.95 SN74197N

.55 SN74198N

.65 SN74199N

.35 SN74221N

1.75 SN74251N

.39 SN74273N

.57 SN74279N

.45 SN74283N

.45 SN74284N

.69 SN74285N

.65 SN74290N

.69 SN74298N

2.90 SN74365N

1.20 SN74366N

.32 SN74367N

.37 SN74368N

1.95 SN74390N

.29 SN74393N

.39 SN74490N 1.90

CMOS

.87.871.201.951.694.75.79.89.85

2.252.259.953.901.151.15

1.391.391.19

.951.05

.751.403.903.901.25

.95

CD4000CO4001

CD4002CD4006CD4007CD4008CD4009CD4010CD4011CO4012CD4013CD4014CD4015CD4016CD4017CD4018CD4019CD4020C04G21CD4022CD4023CD4024CD4025CD4027CD4028CD4029CD4030CD4031CD4032CD4034CD4035CD4037CD4040CD4041CD4042CD4043CD4044CD4046CD4047CD4048CD4Q49CD4050CD4051CD4052CD4053CD4055CD4056CD4059CD4060CD4066CD4069CD-1070CD4071CD4072CD4073CD4075CD4076CD4077CO4078CD4081CD4082CD4085CO4089CD4093CD4094

1.39.45

1.15.591.19

3.252.153.25

1.291.25

1.25.99

1.103.95

2.95

9.25

1.39

75

.35

1.29

1.952.95

.992.95

CD4098

CD4099

MC14408

MC14409

MC14410

MC14412

MC14415

MC14419

CD4501

CD4502

CD4503

CD4505

CD4506

CD4507

CD4508

CD4510

CD4511

CD4512

CD4515

CD4516

CD4518

CD4520

CD4555

CD4556

CD4566

74C00

74C02

74C04

74C08

74C10

74C14

74C20

74C30

74C32

74C42

74C48

74C73

74C74

74C85

74C89

74C90

74C93

74C95

74C107

74C151

74C154

74C157

74C160

74C161

74C163

74C164

74C173

74C174

74C175

74C192

74C193

74C195

74C240

74C244

74C373

74C374

74C922

74C923

MM80C95

MM80C97

2.292.2512.9512.95

12.9512.958.954.95.39

3.751.191.191.392.751.451.391.254.95

1.351.89

1.795.951.191.191.491.192.493.502.101.651.551.651.551.351.351.351.651.651.552.192.192.392.395.395.651.50

74LS00

74LS00N

74LS01N

74LS02N

74LS03N

74LS04N

74LS05N

74LS08N

74LS09N

74LS10N

74LS11N

74LS12N

74LS13N

74LS14N

74LS15N

74LS20N

74LS21N

74LS22N

74LS26N

74LS27N

74LS28N

74LS30N

74LS32N

74LS33N

74LS37N

74LS38N

74LS40N

74LS42N

74LS47N

74LS48N

74LS51N

74LS54N

74LS55N

74LS73N

74LS74N

74LS75N

74LS76N

74LS78N

74LS83AN

74LS85N

74LS86N

74LS90N

74LS92N

74LS93N

74LS95N

74LS96N

74LS107N

74LS109N

74LS112N

74LS113N

74LS114N

74LS122N

74LS123N

74LS124N

74LS125N

74LS126N

74LS132N

74LS136N

74LS138N

74LS139N

74LS145N

74LS148N

74LS151N

74LS153N

74LS154N

74LS155N

74LS156N

74LS157N

74LS158N

74LS160N

74LS161N

74LS162N

74LS163N 1.05

74LS164N74LS165N74LS166N74LS168N

74LS169N

74LS170N

74L.S173N

74LS174N

74LS175N

74LS181N

74LS190N

74LS191N

74LS192N

74LS193N

74LS194N

74LS195N

74LS196N

74LS197N

74LS221N

74LS240N

74LS241N

74LS242N

74LS243N

74LS244N

74LS245N

74LS247N

74LS248N

74LS249N

74LS25tN

74LS253N

74LS257N

74LS25BN

74LS259N

74LS260N

74LS261N

74LS266N

74LS273N

74LS275N

74LS279N

74LS283N

74LS290N

74LS293N

74LS295N

74LS298N

74LS324N

74LS347N

74LS348N

74LS352N

74LS353N

74LS363N

74LS365N

74LS366N

74LS367N

74LS368N

74LS373N

74LS374N

74LS375N

74LS377N

74LS385N

74LS386N

74LS390N

74LS393N

74LS395N

74LS399N

74LS424N

74LS668N

74LS670N

81LS95N

81LS96N

81LS97N

81LS98N

1.99.89

2.20

1.15

1.691.691.691.492.201.101.10

2.49.591.75

4.40

1.101.19

1.951.95

2.35

2.951.752.29

LINEAR

5.95

1.49.992.95

1.39

1.254.95

78H05

78M06

78M.G.

LM105H

LM108AH

LM300H

LM301CN/H .35

LM304H .98

LM305H ,89

LM306H 3.25

LM307CN/H .29

LM308CN/H .98

LM309K 1.49

LM310CN 1.25

LM311DVCN/H .89

LM312H 1.75

LM317T 1.70

LM318CN/H 1.49

LM319N/H 1.25

LM320K-XX*

LM320T-XX'

LM320H-XX*

LM323K

LM324N

LM337K

LM338K

LM339N

LM340K-XX* 1.75

LM340T-XX" 1.25

LM340H-XX* 1.25

LM344H

LM348N

LM350K

LM358CN

LM360N

LM372N

LM376N

LM377N

LM380CN/N 1.25

LM381N 1.79

LM383T 1.95

LM386N

LM387N

LM390N

NE531VH"

NE555V

NE556N

NE551T

NE565N/H 1,25

NE566H/V

NE567V/H

NER92N

LM702H

LM709N/H

LM710N/H

LM711NCH

LM715N

LM723N/H

LM733N/H

LM739N

LM741CN/H

LM741CN-14 .19

LM747N/H

LM748N/H

LM760CN

LM1310N

MC1330

MC1350

5.956.95

5.60.981.491.953.752.75

1.40

3.75

19.95

2.75

1.95.65.98

1.15

2.95

1.901.951.95

MC1358

LM1414N

LM1458CN/N

MC1488N

MC1489N

LM1496N

LM1556N

LM1820N

LM1B50N

LM1889N

LM2111N

LM2900N

LM2901N

LM2917N

CA3013T

CA3018T

CA3021T

CA3023T

CA3035T

CA3039T

CA3046N

LM3053N

CA3059N

CA306ON

CA3062N

L.M3065N

CA3080T

CA3081N

CA3082N

CA3083N

CA3086N

CA3089N

CA3096N

CA3097N

CA3130T

CA3140T

CA3146N

CA3160T

CA3190N

CA3410N

MC3423N

MC3460N

SG3524N

CA3600N

LM3900N

LM3905N

LM3909N

LM3914N

LM3915N

LM3916N

RC4131N

RC4136N

RC4151N

RC4194TK

RC4195TK

ULN2001

ULN2003

SN75450N

SN75451N

SN75452N

SN75453N

SN75454N

SN75491N

SN 75492 N

SN75493N

SN75494N

TL494CN

TL496CP

RETAIL STORES OPEN MON-SAT

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ADW\NCED

COMPUTERPRODUCTS

HP 7225 Graphics Plotter 1795 00

HP 16K Memory Module 265 00

HP 5 1/4" Dual Master Flex Disk Drive. 2100 00HP 5 1/4" Single Masler Flex Disc Dnvel295 00

HP Personality Module 700 00

HP ROM Drawer 40.00

HP Plotter/Printer ROM 130 00

HP Input/Output ROM 260 00

HP Matrix ROM 130 00

HP Serial Interlace {RS-232C) 350.1

HP-83 S1895.

[apple computer

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64KMaxi-System

HP-41: Powerlul, Yet Easy to Use

• The HP-41 communicates \IP 41-CV you in words as well t

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ibersYou can customize the HP-41 to

I your own design.• Programming is fast and easy• Continuous Memory saveseverything• Optional Peripherals allow youlo expand capabilitiesJ HP-41 System I 398 00

HP-41 System II 675 00

HP-41 CV HP-Card Reader 178 00

275.00 HP-Optical Wand 10500

HP-41C HP-Plotter'Printer 315 00

198 00 HP-Quad RAM 85 00

Apple II®

• Z-80 Softcard

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California Computer Systems 2200

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• 12 Slot Mainframe

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• CP/M™ 2.2- Z-80 CPU 4 MHz w/Serial 10

• Double Densily Disk Controller

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SPECIAL PACKAGE PRICE

FOR COMPLETE SYSTEM

with (2) Shugart Double Density

Floppys mounted. add 1495.°°

1899.00

Proto Clips

Pin Clip

ItvPinCliD PC-16

JM-PinCiip PC-24

.lo-f'.nriiri PC-dO

Proto Boards

' PB-6 1695 PB-104 5400

PB-100 18 00 PB-203 9700

->S-101 21 00 PB-203A 14900

!B-102 2500 PB-203AKH 12900

PB-103 43 00

Novation |

AUTO-CAT™

Automatic AnswerDirect Connect0-300 Band

List 27995

ACP24595

PAT™ List 198'"'

Answer Originate ACP 1 6900

D-CAT"

direct Connect 10-300 Band.

List 249- ACP18900

Rockwell Sin9'e BoardComputers

AIM65W/1K 435.00

AIM65W/4K 475.00

8K BASIC ROM 99.00

4K ASSEMBLER ROM 84.00

f.>-Jf& POWER SUPPLY

64.95

t^^^ ENCLOSURE

49.95

TOTAL SYSTEM w/4K

669.00

SYNERTEKSYM-1

239.00

SD Z-80 STARTER KIT

367.00

SD Z-80 STARTER KIT A&T

450.00

SDSBC 100 Z-80 A&T

367.00

SD SBC 200 Z-80 A&T

399.00

RCACOSMACVIP

199.00

CROMEMCOZ-80SBC

449.00

VISTA COMPUTER

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Applo Computer

Vision BO,"H0.24 Can

Apple Hi-Speed Serial I'D

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Apple Clock . ..

Apple Graphics Tablet

SSMAlOSprlal/PaullallO

Apple Prototype Card

CCS Asynchronous 7710 A Sorial

139.00

AppieDisVltw'coni 33 .

Apple Disk II

Pascal LanguageCaia

Romrjlua ■*

169.00

Rom Writer

159.00

lnlrol/X-10 ..

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Integer ROM Card

InlroliX-IORemotBCo

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249.00

Calil. Piod Visicalc Keyboard

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499 00

MSRSupRMoa

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Stockfile Inventory SystemInfotory Inventory SystemMicrocom MicrocourierMicrocom MicrolelegraphAccounting Plus II Biz Pkg.Stoneware DB Master

169.00149.00239.00219.00

209.00

299.00299.00299.00349.00289.00229.00229.001250.0089.00

Stoneware Utility Pkg (For above) 89.00

ACS BASIC ACCOUNTING SYSTEM, Totalaccounting system includes G'L. A/R. A/P,PAYROLL 699.00 New

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System

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We only offer AppleCPM software whichhas been evaluatedby our software staff.

WORDSTAR-The Benchmark ofWordprocessing software requires Z-80& 80x24 349.00

VTS-80 CP'M-Wordprocessor has noscreen menus uses new keycaps(supplied) to display Key functions

319.00 NewMAIL-MERGE-A Wordstar Enhance-ment Pkg. allows form-letter genera-tion & chained printing 169.00SPELLGUARD-Wii! proofread Wordstar& VTS-80 Text files against anexpandable 20.000 word dictionary

169.00SUPER SORT-Will sort, merge. &perform record selection on yourCP/M Data Files 169.00

FORTRA 80-By Microsoft 195.00

COBOL 80 Bv Microsoft 749.00

Breakthru in Apple !!• Mass Storage!

Vista A800 Quad^Density DMA 8" DiskController v

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A ATARI 800 & 400

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ATARI 800 Includes: ComputerConsofe. BASIC Lang. Cartridge, BASICLanguage Programming Manual. 800 Operator's Manual w/Notebook,16K RAM Module. Power Supply. TV Switch Box.

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DRIVER'S LICENSE ft OR MAJOR CREDIT CARD

u IS REQUIRED ON ALL CHECKS. MONEY OHD[:fiOR CASHIER CHECK WILL FACILITATE THESHIPMENT OF YOUR PURCHASE.

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• Mm dna»i «*i turn* sWe say n fcr flrrv* KKUnrq art mcuntrrj • Ub nMBkriy art aWrtealy ■canM s»0»**d «*»—irJuJeij m mostcrjpui*B- reti NtlMM « Shwi llccw *» Am and 8- re* jtBanwo taps units • 5Krageca«ir,rrarn05 to «irngatrvfes • W»b«b(tuality C*wW wtfiOecasI tronttiHMB tfl UL Hi QSHA SUKBflK • AtMOjtvj* S*v*rjS FiOT art rear rears railproviM it v em rage in external -Jon. • DM or rack mcijrtat* • Feature

mojOTrj • im« 3* .1.1 k» ouv sw« «J rnarteronea

DISCOUNT PRICES

CABWFT $ 395

CABINET *tn |Z> art* sttd drw Urduorq power arty & catfc) $1495CABINET WUfi (2| dcutM «JM 4MB (mcUWrj fiMH suppy S rattcj $1995

fob TRS80®MODELIPMC 80. ZENITH H89,5§> * S-100, etc.

ONLY 31000 eaMODEL V-801,80 TRACKS, SSONLY 42500 ea.

2 DRIVE CABLE .29.95 4 DRIVE CABLE . 39.95

^ MOSTEK MK4015JJJF 4K Dynamic RAM

1 Refresh while supply lasts only .417Pin equivalent to MK4027 except has 1 ms.

S-100 WW

$2.99 each

=IRST QUALITY AT SURPLUS PRICE

2708 EPROMS

PRIME-450 Ns.8 for $29.95

4K STATIC RAM SELL-OFF

tTttttttt- Zil°96104-4

Same as TMS 4044 but designed specificallyfor Z-80 based systems. This Is full-spec4Kx1 RAM, 450 Ns.

While supply lasts $1.49 each.

SPECIAL PURCHASE$59.95 Limited Supply $59.95

16K Altair RAM Boards. Fully Populated as is.

FLOPPY DISK DRIVES

OUME* Oalalrack 8

• Double Sided

• Double Density

ACP LOW PRICE $569.95

Tandom TMIOO-1 5 V." Diak Drivo 249.95

MPIB51-5V.". 40 tracks 239.95

Shugari SA40O-5V." 35 tracka 2S5.0O

Shugari 600/801 fi B" 449.00

S-fimnni Shugan Compatiblo Modal FDD-120-8D 429.00

PERSCI Model 277 Dual 1195.00

MPI 852 5V." Dual 348.00

WANGO/SIEMENS82 290.00

MPI 91 Double Track Density Single Side. 80 Tracka 375.00

MPI 92 Double Track Density Double Side, 160 Track.... 475.00

9601

9602

9603

9604

9605

9610

9611

9612

9616

9617

9620

9622

9627

9629

9629A

9630

9640

9650

9655

96103

96702

16 Slot Mother Board 175.00

Card Cage 7500

8 Slot Mother Board 100.00

Power Supoiy 275.00

DC Input Power Supply 325.00

Utility Prolo Board 3900

Anlh Prcc/Memory Module 49500

Buttered Utility Proto Board 49.00

32K EPROM/RAM Module 250.00

EPROM Programming Head 25000

16 Channel Parallel I/O Module 295 00

Serial-Parallel I/O Module 32500

16K Static RAM Module 470ns 395 00

32K Sialic RAM 450ns 695 00

32K Static RAM 200ns 895.00

Card Extender 68 00

Multiple Programmable Timer 395.00

8 Channel Duple* Serial I/O Mod 395.00

Intelligent Tape Controller 550.00

32/32 I/O Module 275.D0

Conlacl Closure Module 350.00UNPOPULATED BOARDS (Also Available)

S24.95 TRS-80/APPLE S24.95

MEMORY EXPANSION KITS.4116's, 16K (200/250 ns.)

1 6K Specify Computer RAM

1 w " Call For Volume Pricing ■■«■■■

CENTRONICS PRINTER

Model 737

• CenUonics complete prmler

• The 737 has everything. Checkand compare ihe leaiures

• New low price $835.00

32K STATIC RAM BOARD

2 or 4 MHz Expandable uses 2114L's

S-100

16K4MHzKi1 . .159 95

16K 4 MH; A&T .217.95

32KMHzKil 289.95

32K4MHzA&T .339.00

Bare Board 39.95

Bare Bd. w/all partsless mem 99.95

NEW! from Zilog

Z-8 CPU comes withTiny Basie & debugprogram on the I.C.

BIPOLAR CPU SALE

Signetics 8 x 300 8 bit CPUWhile stock lasts 14.95 ea.

UV "Eprom" Eraser

~ , Model UVs-11 E S69.95

Model S-52T... S325.00

i .H SYSTEMS, INC. flft

TOUCH+-TOT 20

DIGITAL »-..,«,..

MULTIMETER $31995

V

%

BECKMAIMDIGITAL MULTIMETERS

TECH 300 Digital Multimeter $110

TECH 310 Digital Multimeter S140

TECH 330 Digital Multimeter S189

VC-201 Vinyl Carrying Case 510

DC-202 Deluxe Carrying Case S24

HV-211 High Voltage Probe 53b

RP-221 RP Probe S35

Ct-231 AC Current Clamp 542

DL-241 DeixueTest Lead Kit 510

TL-242 Square Test Leads S6

INTERSYSTEMS

The Preferred S-100 Box

The new Series II CPU Board features a 4MHz Z-80A CPU and full-feature frontpanel. 20-slot actively terminated mother-board, with 25 amp power supply (50/60 Hzoperation, incl. 68 elm fan).DPS-1. List $1795

ACP Price

$1499

SYSTEM 2A

with 2-80A CPU

MHz, 64K RAM. I/O Board, 20 slots, front

panel, double density disk controller

board. Full 1-year warranty.

List $3795 ACP Price $2995

SEC

Z-80A CPU 4 MH2

5 user programmable (unction keysB2 Keys with numeric keypad160x100 resolution

PC-8000 SeriesMicrocomputer System.

NEW

INTRO

PRICING

$1099.00

PC8001A Microcomputer WI32KRAM S1295.00 1099.0CPC-B012A K0 Unit w/32K RAW.

Expansion slols 795.00 699.0C

PC-8031AOualMini-DiskDriveUnit . 1295.00 1099 Of.PC-8032A Add-On Dual Mini-Disk

Drive Unit 1095.00 949 OC

PC-8023A Impact Malrix Printer.

Tractor/Friction Feed 860.00 769.0C

PC-8094A Cable tor PC-8023A Printer 49.95 44.9J

JB-1201M(A) High Resolution

Green Monitor 265.00 239.0C

JC-12020H(A) High Resolution

Color Monitor wrRGB Input 1195.00 1049.0C

PC-8091A RGB Cable tor

JC-1202DHIA) Color Monlloi 19.95 17,9i

Basic Language Learning Guide 19.9E

PC-8001A Microcomputer Rolorence Manual .... 19.9E

PC-8012A I/O Unit User'3 Manual 14.9!

PC-8031A Dual Disk User's Manual 14.9;

MICROPROCESSORS

28001 16 bit to 8Mb S189.0O

28002 16 bit to 64K 149 00

2B0 9.95

Z80A 13.95

F-B13850) 16.95

2650 16.95

CD 1802 9.75

8080A 4-75

8080A-4MHZ . . 1995

SALE 8085 1495

6008-1 14 95

2901 9 90

3901A 14 95

2903 4-bit Supershce. 29 95

TMS99O0JL 49.95

CPI600 . 39.95

6502 9 95

6602A 1695

IM6100 29 95

6800 11-75

6800B2 0MH* 19 95

6802P 1 7 95

B035 Ji?S

H0J9 ... .19.95

INS8073N .24 95

8755 -»9 95

8748 69 95

6809 37.95

B086 69 96

ADVANCED SUPPORT

AM9511 Arith. Processor 175 009512Anth Processor 175.00

9513 Univ Timing 79.95

AM951 7 DMA Controller 18.95

AM95i9Universallnterrupl . 18.95

Z-80 SUPPORT CHIPS

ZSO'PIO 25 MHz 8 75

Z80A-PIO 4 0 MHz 12 95

ZBO-CTC 2 5 MHz 8 75

Z50A-CTC 4 0 MHz 1295

Z80-DMA 2.5 MH: 29 95

280A-DMA 4 0 MHz 36 95

Z80-SIO/0 2 5 MHz 35.95

Z80A-SIO/0 40MHZ. .3940

ZBO-SIO'1 2.5 MHz . ..35.95

ZBOa-SIOm 40MH: . 39.40

Z80-SIO/2 2.5 MHz 35 95

Z80-SIO/2 4 0 MHz .39 40

8080/8085 SUPPORT

8155.8156 I/O 24.95

8755 1,-Owilh Eprom 64 95

B202 Dyn Ram Con! 34 95

8205/74S 138 Decoaer .. 3 95

SSlSeOil I/O 275

82 T4 Priority lot 5 25

8216 BiilDnvar 2 75

8224 Clock Gen 2 95.

8224-4 (4MHz| .. ... 9.75

8226 Bus Driver 2.95

8T26 Bus Drive' .2.95

8228 Sys Control 4.50

B23BSys Com . 5 50

8243 I/O Exp . 9.50

8250Asyn.Comm . 15.95

8251 Prog I/O 6.95

8253 IN Timer . 12.95

8255 Prog I/O 6.50

8257 Prog DMA 16 95

B259Proo.ini 15.95

8275CRTConirol1er . 45.95B2 79 Prog KeyboarrJ 15.95

8800 SUPPORT CHIPS

6B'0 128 > 8 Ram 4.75

6820 . . 6.50

6821 . 6.50

8828 Priority im .. .10.75

6834-1 512 x 8 Eprom 16.95

6B45rHD46505CRTCont. .29.95

6847 Color CRT 29.95

6850 ACIA .5.95

6853 Serial Adapter .5.95

6860 Modem . 10 95

6862 Modulator 1195

6B71A l OMHzOSC 25 95

6B75 8.95

6880 Bus Driver . 2.19

MC68488 '9.95

68047 24 95

6002 SUPPORT CHIPS

6520 PIA ... 7.50

6522 Mull 1V95

6530.002.003.004.005 21.95

6532 . '9.95

6551 1995

BIPOLAR PROMS

We doCustom Programming

B2S23/B33O|-56O0<74Sl8a 4.25

B2S115(512v.B)TS 12.95

B2S123/5610/74S28B(32x8)TS. .4.25B2Si26v5603/74S387(256x4)OC 4,25B2S129/5B23.74S287 (256x4)TS . 4.25B2Si30/5604/74S570(512x4(OC 6.50B2S131I74S571|512*4)TS . . . 6.95B2S137/74S573 i1024x4)TS ... 12.95B2S141I3624/74S474 (512xBlTS 12 9532S147/74S472 |512x6lTS .... 12.9574S471«309f256xB)TS 7,95

MOS PROMS

2764(8KxB)TS 89.95

2732(4Kx8)TS 16.95

271B/2518;5VI2Kx8lTS B.95

TMS2716, x 5V. 12V 17,95

2758,5V, (450NW 7.50

2708 I450NS1 5.75

2708 (650Ms) 5.25

1702A 5.75

MM5203AQ 14.50

MM5204O 9.95

CHARACTER OEN.

2513-001 (5V) Upper 9,50

2513-005 15V) Lower 10.95

2513-ADM3(5V| Lower . 14,95MCM68710 ASCII Shifted 12.95MCM66740 Math Symbol 13.45MCM66750 Alpha Control 13,45

UARTS/BAUD RATE

TRI602Br5V 12VI 3 95

AVS1013(5V. 12VI 49S

AV5l0l4A/t6l2(5-14Vi 6 95

AY5tOI5A/1863(5VI 695

IM6402 7.95

IM6403 8.95

2350 USRT 9 95

16716 Aslros 24 95

SALETR14T2B 9.SS

MC'4411 11.95

4702 14 95

W01941 995

COM 5016 16.95

INS 8250 15.95

KEYBOARD ENCODERS

AY5-237G., .. 13.75

AY5-3600 13.75

STATIC RAMS

:iL02 2sonv (%..o2

iiii.. kS>

i 1 30

1 25

99

2 95

3 652 85

355265

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3.75

3.50

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4 7h

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4044 4SOm

5 95

5 95

8 75

EMM4402

J2S

6 25

AMD9140/4I

1095

10 25

9J5

AMD9130/31

11 95

10 25

1 95

1 75

1 25

P21^r),t)342S|4Snsl

9 95

8 35

a 25

6518 IK . 1 CMOS

7 95

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12b

6 95

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8 50

DYNAMIC RAMS

4I6M116 l6K(16Pi.»)

2.49

SeiolB4l6s200Ns

24.95

4!158K(16Pln)

249

4050 4K < 1 naFM

4 95

4060 4K . 1 (22 Pin)

4096 4K. 1 (16 Pin)

4027 4Kx 1(16PmyUPD41

.4.95

5262 1 95 64 K

1103

.95

Hl° 4 95 RAMS

6605

7 95

S19.95

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1 50

SOCKETS

.Pin*

| Wire Wrap 3 Laval

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20

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1 25

1 69

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lEPm S550 24P,n S7 50 JOPi- SiO.'?

LED READOUTS

FHFJB67 ]

FND501 !

fND503i500l !

Cwmi CitnaKl*Cwren Citnoot

FN0550

niwuiiii.in,

INriilJ.'lHICi

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MAM?AMAM 104XM3061

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300 RM300 RM300 HM300 G'«n300 Grwn30 □ Grn->300 Grrm

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Cnmm Cathode (lipi DPi: ii'« A'VO- li-y ■ DPCornm Anode Iftl OPOvcrikM CA Lett Or-Comm CaKnd* a*t QP

IC SPECIAL PURCHASE

82S0964x9 Ham

QP8304 Octal Driver

OAC86EXD/AConv.

MC1650 Hi Speed AID

MC6852SSDA

MC10145 16x4 ECL Ram

MK3850/F8CPU

MK3853 Static Mem I/O

SN7513C .46 78M06

MC10210 .89 79M06

LM339 .79 74157

LM710CN .29 74161

LM711CN .29 74C74

ICM 7045 Precision SrooWalch

ICM 7207 Oscillator Controller

Seven Decade Counter 7208

MCI4433P 3'> Digjl A/D ConvenerICL 6211 Voltarje Relerence

LM 1850N Ground Fault IC

LM 2900N Quad Amplifier

LM 2917N Freg to Voll Conv

AY-3-3550 4*4 digit DMM

AV-5-3507 40MHz DVM

MEM 4963 Mosit;! Smoke Detector

2TS08 32 f 6 Prom |IM 56001

ULN 2003A 7 channel Driver

WCM 14505 64 bit Sialic Ram

MOC 1003 (4N28)Opto Coupler

SPX33 Oplo Coupler , ...

IH 5045 CMOS Switch DBST

UA 3045 Trans, Array

TR 1402A UART

MK 1007 Dyn. Mem. Shirt Reg

53tBTVCh. Disp. Circuit

SOBOABBilCPU

8700 CJ 8 Bil A/D

MM52B0/VPD4I1/C2 107/TMS406O/4Kx1 Dynamic 22 Pin RAM

6604/VPD 414/4027/2660/MK 4096/

4Kx1 Dynamic 16 Pin

7520/25 50 LM 3B7

1488/1489 2/1 99 LM 4558

LM323K 495 RC4136

MC1372 895 RC4131..

MM529H-4A/B . . 2 95 COM 5027

LM 377 1 25 COM 5037

LM380 1 25

23 95..7.50. 18.95

13 95

1 95

3/1.002/1002/199

24 959957 95

2 95

6 953/100

3/100

2/1 993995

49.95

VERBATIM DISKETTES

100% CERTIFIED ERROR-FREE!

■ 35 HUMS OOUIU DENS1TV SlNGlt ■SIDES i'.

DESCRIPTION PRICE'BOX 10,

FLOPPY DISK I/O

1771-01 8"i M.nilloopy 24 95

1781 Dual Floppy 2995

1791-01 Dual Floppy 3695

1791-02 Dual Floppy 44.95

1793 DD. DS Floppy 44.95

1797 DD.DS Floppy .. .54.95

169T Data Separator 18.95

2143 Clock Gen 18.95

FLOPPY CHIP SET

$79.95/set

A/D CONVERTERS

8700 8 bil Binary

8701 10 bil Binary8703 8 bit TS9400 Volt (O Freq Com-8750 3'i Dion BCDl408L6 6bil140SLBBbitDACOI D to ADAC08DAC 100

TV CHIPS/SOUND

AV38500-1 6 Games B/W 4

AV3B515 Color Converter 2

AY3B6031 Roadrace Game B

AY38606' 1 Wioeoul Game 9AY38607-1 Shooting GalleryAV38910 Sound Ger

3.5022 0013 50

725

laas

3955.95.5.95.9.959.95

12.95

SN76477TI5oundGeneraloi

MM5320/21 TV Synch Gen 9.95

MMT>369 Prescaler 3 95

LM1BB9RF Modulator 3 95

MM57100 NSC Colo- TV 6 95

MM57104 Clock Gen 3 75

M&H Modulator 29.95

WAVEFORM GEN.

8038 Function Gen 4.50

MC4024VCO 2 95

LM566VCO 1 95

XR2206 Function Generaior 5 25

SHIFT REGISTERS

2504V2507V2517V2524V252525272528252925333347

MM500H 50MM5056N 2 95MM5060N 2 95

5 95

6 9524 95995

CTS DIPSWITCHES

CTS206-2 1 75 CTS206-7 1 75

CTS206-4 175 CTS206-8 195

CTS206-5 1 75 CTS206-9 1.95

CTS206-6 l 75 CTS206-10 1 95

CONNECTORS (GOLD)

DB25P (RS2321

DB25S Female

Hood

Set w/Hood. Sale

22/44 W/W. S/T.KIM

43/86 W/W, S/T MOT

50M CO 5-100 Connector w/w

50/100 S-100 Connector srl

3 75

S'100 Sound Boaid

B080A CPU

32K Sialic RAM (2114

BK Eprom 12708)

2708/2716 Eprom

ACP Proto Bd

VeCIOr 8800 Proto

Vector 8803 11 slot Ml

ACP Extender w/Conn.

13 Slol MotherBonrd(WMC) 32 95

9 Slol MotherBoard rWMC)...29.95

8SI0I Mother|Expandablel .34 95

Flopo* PCB (8' SHUGARr; . 39.95

S1001AV5-89101 Sound B0...34.95

Apple Sound Bd ... 24 95

S34.9534.9539.95.. 24 95.34.95.22 9522 2029.958.95

525-0' Sett Stttoied IRS SO etc525-10 10 Hcte Hard MS ApM tic525-16 16 Hole Hard UoooMs

• »0 & II TUCK D0UI1E DEHSI11 - SUCIE SIDED

5'. *HUIflEl«rO«E*E*T «!«577-01 Soli S«1Dt«t IRS 80 etc

577-10 lOHWcMarrJNS ApW etc

■57716 l6HrjleH.ua M«rrj«*5

• 40 TRACKS. DOUIIE SIDED OOUILE DENSITY 5'..55001 Soli SectoredSA450 MPI 52550-11 10 Hole Hard BASf WANGCO55015 16 Hole Ham Mero'

• j iim=r cEmiriEi) mspttnis

FD8IX-01 Soil S'nrjXr Ekmsity 3740FD80C-37 32 Hard Single Density ShurjFOBOMI Soli DouDie Density 3740

FDBSO-OI Snll 0rml*> Silwl DniDio Density 3740

VOLUME DEALER PRICING AVAILABLEWE ALSO STOCK DYSAN-CALL

^PRINTERS

7 EPSON

MX-80 1495.00

MX-80 FT 595.00

MX-100 895.00

MX-70 425.00

Centronics 739 799.00

VlsiaV-300r25cps 1495.00

V-300/45cps 1795.00

Mallbu165 1995.00

Anadex 9500/9501 1450.00

Base II BOO MST 549.00

TERMINALS

139 95

1.1!) !b

mm

S33S03350

44 ao

4980

.TELEV1DEO

9T2"C"" /. .: J799

920C 5849

950C $995

AddSViewpolnl $599

Ampex Dialog 80 . 51025

SoroclQ120 $609

IQ135 $899

IQ140 1149.00

SANYO

MONITORS

VM4509 9-BWSale Price 159.95OM5012 12"B/W 239,00

DM5112 12" Green 249.00

DM601313'Color 415.00

NEC Green 259.00

AMDEK/LEEDEX Video 100149.00AMDEK/LEEDEX 13" Color 399.00AMKEK/LEEDEX 12' Greert_179.00

TERMS' Use check. M/C. VISAAMEX. CB. or COD. COO requires?'.>*. deposit. Charge Orders pleaseinclude expiralion date Foreign payUS Funds. Order by phone, mail orTWX MINIMUM S1000 Please in-clude magazine issue and phone noSHIPPING U.S.A add S2.00 tor first2 lbs. For surface add 30c lor addi-tional lbs. For air add 70e lor addi-tional lbs FOREIGN. Add 10% ship-ping and handling. CQD's S1.85 extraNot responsible loi typos. Someitems subiect to pnor- sate. We re-serve right to limit quantities, someterns subject to precious metal adder.Retail pricing may vary Irom MailOrder. Wo reserve the right to sub-

RETAIL STORES OPEN MON-SAT

STORE"!: 1310-B E. Edinger.Sanla Ana. CA 92705 Showrooms. Retail. ISTORE p2 5« W Trimble Road. San Jose. CA 95131 • (JOB) 946-7010

"Retail prices may vary.

P.O. Box 17329 Irvine, Calif. 92713

Direct Order Lines: (714) 558-8813

(800) 854-8230 or (8O0) 854-8241

Circle 8 on inquiry card.

FOR INTERNATIONAL ORDERS:1310 E. Edinger |/14) 953-ObuJSanta Ana. CA92705 TWX: 910-395-1565

SN7400NSN7401NSN7402NSN7403NSN7404NSN740SNSN7406N5N7407NSN7408NSN7409NSN7410N5N7411NSN7412NSN7413NSN7414NSN7416NSN7417NSN7420NSIN 7421NSN7422NSN7423NSN7425NSN7426NSN7427NSN7428NSN7430NSN7432NSN7437NSN7438N5N7439NSN7440NSN7441NSN7442NSN7443NSN7444NSN7445NSN7446NSN7447NSN7448NSN74S0NSN7451N5N7453NSN74S4NSN7459ASN7460NSN7470N

74LSO074LS0174LS0274LS0374 L 50474LS0574LS0874LSQ974LS1074LS1174LS1274LS1374LS1474LS1574LS2074LS2174LS2274LS2674LS2774LS2874LS3074LS3274LS3374LS3774LS3874 L 54074LS4274LS4774LS4874LS4974LS5174LSS474LS5574LS7374LS7474LS7574LS7674LS7874LS8374LS8574LS8674LS90

74SOO74S0274S0374S0474S0574S0874S0974 51074S117451574520745227453074S327453874S407455174S647456574S747458674S11274511374S114

CA3010HCA3013HCA3023HCA3035HCA3039HCA3046NCA3059N

CD4000CD4001CD4002CD4006CD4007CD4009CD4010CD4011CD4012CD4013CD4014CD4015CD4016CD4017CD4018CD4019CD4020CD4021CD4022CD4023CD4024CD4025CD4026CD4027CD402SCD4029CD403OCD4034CD4035CD4040

7400

SN7472NSN7473NSN7474NSN7475NSN7476N5N7479NSN7480NSN7482NSN7483NSN748SNSN7486NSN7489NSN7490NSN7491NSN7492NSN7493NSN7494NSN7495NSN7496NSN7497NSN7410QNSN74104NSN74105NSN74107N5N74109NSN74116NSN74121NSN74122N5N74123NSN 74125 NSN74126NSN74132NSN74136NSN74141NSN74142NSN74143NSN74144NSN74145NSN74147N5N74148NSN74150NS N 74151NSN 74152 NSN 74153 NSN74154NSN74155N

3.253.493.49

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5N74156NSN74157NSN74160NSN74161NSN74162NSN74163NSN74164NSN74165NSN74166NSN74167NSN74170NSN74172NSN74173NSN74174NSN74175NSN74176NSN74177NSN74179NSN74I80NSN74181NSN 74182 NSN74184NSN7418SNSN74190NSN74191NSN74192NSN74193NSN74194NSN74195NSN74196NSN74197NSN74198NSN74199NSN74221NSN74251NSN74276NSN74279NSN74283NSN74284NSN74285N5N74365NSN74366NSN74367NSN74368NSN74390NSN 74393 N

74LS

74LS92

74L59374LS9574LS9674LS10774LS10974LS11274LS11374LS11474LS12274LS12374LS12574LS12674LS13274LS13374LS13674LS13874LS13974LS15174LS15374LS15474L515574LS15674LS15774LS15874L516074LS16174LS16274LS16374LS16474LS16574LS16874 US 16974LS17074LS17374LS17474 LSI 7574LS18174LS19074LS191

1.151.151.19

1.191.95

2.951.25

1.25

74LS192

74LS193

74LS194

74LS195

74LS197

74LS221

74LS240

74LS241

74LS242

74LS243

74LS244

74LS245

74L5247

74LS248

74LS249

74LS251

74LS253

74LS257

74l_S258

74LS260

74LS266

74LS273

74LS279

74LS283

74LS290

74LS293

74LS298

74LS352

74LS353

74LS365

74LS366

74LS367

74LS368

74LS373

74LS374

74LS375

74LS386

74LS393

74LS399

74LS670

81LS95

81LS97

74S

74S12474S13374513474S135

74513674S13874S13974S14074515174S15374S15774515874S16074517474S17574S18874S19474S19574S19674S24074S24174S242

1.191.751.35

2.95

1.591.59

2.95

2.9S

2.953.25

74524374S24474525174S25374S25774S25874526074S28074528774S28874537374S37474S38774547174S47274S47374S47474S47574557074S57174S57274S57374S94074S941

2.49

2.492.491.95

2.953.252.75

3.493.492.9510.9510.9510.9512.9512.955.955.959.959.953.153.15

1.331.30125

CA-LINEAR

CA3060N

3.25

CA3080H

1.25

CA3081N

2.00

CA3082N

2.00

CA3083N

1.60

CA3086N

.85

CA30B9NCA3096NCA3130HCA3140HCA316QHCA3401NCA3600N

CD-CMOS

CD4041

CD4042CD4043CD4044CD4046CD4047CD4048CD4049CD4OS0CD4051CD4052CD40S3CD4056CO4059CD4060CO4066CD4068CD4069CD4070CD407]CD4072CD4073CD4075CD4076CD4078CD4081CD4082CD4093

CD 4098

CD4506

CD4507

CD4508

CD4510

CD4511

CD4512

CD4514

CD4515

CD4516

CD4518

CD4519

CO4520

CD4526

CD4528

CD4529

CD4543

CD4562

CD4566

CD4583

CD4S84

CD4723

CD4724

MC14409

MC1441Q

MC14411

MC14412

MC14419

MC 14433

MC14538

MC14541

1.291.791.79

1.952.7911.952.792.49

1.9517.9518.9515.9515.95

7.9515.95

2.49

1.95

{Phone Sunes

• Rule Brlttaniai0 Canada

> Colonel Bogey

• Westminister Chimes

• Mexican Hal Dance

> Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star

> Deutschtandlled

■ God Save the Queen

Happy BirthdayWedding MatchJingle Bells

' Charge!

As Seen on "Good Morning America"

Replaces the Telephone Ringer Bellwith a Selection of 30 Familiar Tunes

• Pomp a Cifcumslance

• Lorelei • William Tell Overture

• Eyes ot Texas • Bach Toccata In D Minor

• Star Spangled Banner • Shave and a Haircut

• Oranges and Lemons • Blue Danube Waltz

• Wllhelmus • Beethoven's 5th

• Mozart Sonata • La Marseillaise

FEATURES

Replaces monotonous telephone ringer bell. Easily connects to any standard telephone. Can be usedalongside regular phone or replace a remote ringer elsewhere In building or outside. FCC approved. Can beuseo on any telephone system — worldwide. Use a different tune to Identify extension phones.Microprocessor controlled. Adjustable volume control and variable tune speed control. Operates on two9-volt batteries or AC Adapter (not Included).

PT030 Phone Tunes $49.95

AD30 AC Adapter $8.95

DISCRETE LEDS

XC556R .200" red

XC5S6G .200" green

XC556Y .200" yellow

XC556C .200" clear

XC22R

XC22G

XC22Y

MV10B

.200" green.200" yellow

5/J14/J14/$l4/S15/Sl4/S14/S14/S1

MV50 .085" redXC209R .125" redXC209G .125" greenXC209Y .125" yellowXC526R .185" redXC526G .185" greenXC526Y .185" yellowXC526C .185" clear

C.A. — C<D.D. — DType

MAN 1MAN 2MAN 3MAN 52MAN 54MAN 71MAN 72MAN 74MAN 82MAN 84MAN 3620MAN 3630MAN 3640MAN 4610MAN 6610MAN 6630MAN 6640MAN 6650MAN 6660MAN 6710MAN 6740MAN 6750DLO304DLO307DLGS00

nmon AnodeJble DigitPolarityC.A—red5x7 D.M.—redC.C.—redC. A.—greenC.C.—greenC.A.—redC.A—redC.C.—redC.A.—yellowC.C.—yellowC. A.—orangeC.A.—orange ± 1C.C.—orangeC.A.—orangeC.A.—orange—DDC.A.—orange ± 1C.C.—orange—DDC.C.—orange ± 1C.A.—orangeC.A.~red-DDC.C.-red—DDC.C.-red ± 1C.C.—orangeC.A.—orangeC.C.—green

|.200(TPA) Red/Green

Diffused Bi-Coior LEDPart No. 1-99 1QQ+

RL-Z . . $.39 ea. or 3/$1.00

DISPLAY LEDS

Price2.95

4.95

.400

.560.560

.560.300.300

Type

DLG507'

DL704

DL707

DL728

DL741

DL747

DL750

DLOB47

DLO850

DL33B

FND358

FND357

FND500

FND507

HDSP-3401

5082-7751

5082-7760

5082-7300

5082-7302

5082-7340

4N2B

LIT-1

MOC3010

PolarityC. A.—greenC.C.-redC.A.—redC.C.-redC.A.—redC.A.—redC.C—redC. A—orangeC.C—orangeC.C.-redC.C. t 1C.C.

C.C. (FND503)C.A. (FND510)C.A.—red

- Common Cathode- Right Hand Decimal

.430

C.A..R.H.D.—redC.C.R.H.D.—red4x7Numerlc(RHDJ.4x7 Numeric (LHD). 6004x7Hxdcl.(0-9/A-F).600Photo XslstorOpto-lsol. ,69Photo Xslstor Opto-lsol. .69Optically Isol.TrlacDriver 1.25

1.251.491.25

1.491.491.49

1.50

1.50

1.501.251.2522.0022.0022.50

WVDC PHICE

COMPUTER GRADE CAPACITORS

WVDC PRICE

MFD

WVDC

PRICE

M.000

20

25

43.U00

1D

5.S5

55,000

15

65,000

ID

10

B.95

OVER 100 OTHEI1 VALUES AVAILABLE -

L OR WRITE FOR YOUR REQUIREMENT

LOW PROFILE(TIN) SOCKETS

8 pin LP14 pin LP16 pin LPIB pin LP20 pin LP22 pin LP24 pin LP28 pin LP36 pin LP40 pin LP

SOLDERTAIL (GOLD}STANDARD

8 pin SG14 pin SG16 pin SG16 pin SG24 pin SG28 pin SG36 pin SG40 pin SG

SOLDERTAIL

STANDARD (TIN)

14 pin ST16 pin ST18 pin ST24 pin ST28 pin ST36 pin ST40 Pin ST

WIRE WRAP SOCKETS(GOLD)LEVEL #3

8 pin WW10 pin WW14 pin WW16 pin WW18 pin WW20 pin WW22 pin WW24 pin WW28 pin WW36 pin WW40 pin WW

1/4 WATT RESISTOR ASSORTMENTS -5%

ASST.

1

5ea.

10 Ohm27 Ohm

12 Ohm33 Ohm

15 Ohm39 Ohrr

18 Ohn47 Ohn

22 Ohm

56 Ohm

50 pes.

$1.95

ASST.

2

5ea.

68 Ohm 82 Ohm180 Ohm 220 Ohm

100 Ohm270 Ohrr

120 Ohn

330 Ohn

150 Ohm390 Ohm

50 pes.

$1.95

ASST

3

5ea.

470 Ohm1.2K

560 Ohm1.5K

680 Ohm1.8K

820 Ohn2.2K

IK

2.7K

50 pes.

$1.95

ASST

4

5ea.

3.3K8.2K

3.9K10K

4.7K12K

S.6K15K

6.8 K1BK

50 pes.

$1.95

ASST

5

5ea.

22 K56K

27K68K

33 K82 K

39K

100K

47K

120K

50 pes.

$1.95

ASST

6

5aa.

150 K390 K

1B0K470K

220 K560K

270 K680 K

330K820K

50 pes.

$1.95

ASST

7

5ea.

1M2.7M

1.2M3.3M

1.5M3.9M

1.8M4.7M

2.2M5.6M

50 pes.

$1.95

ASST. 8 R

Includes Resistor Assts. 1-7 (350 pes.)

$10.95 ea.

$10.00 Min. Order - U.S. Funds OnlyCalif. Residents Add 6% Sates TaxPostage—Add 5% p1us$1.50 In!

J a

Spec Sheets - 25d

Send 86f( Postage for your

FREE 1982 JAMECO CATALOG

PHONE

ORDERS

WELCOME

(415)592-8097

MAIL ORDER ELECTRONICS - WORLDWIDE

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002

PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE

Part No.

70451 PI

7045EV/KU*

7106CPL

7106EV/Klt*

7107CPL

7107EV/KU*

7U6CPL

7117CPL

72011 DP.

720SIPG

7205EV/Kit*

7206CJPE

7206CEV/Kit*

7207 AIPD

7207AEV/KU'

72081 PI

72091 PA

72151PG

7215EV/Kit-

7216AIJI

7216CIJI

7216DIPI

7217IJI

7218CIJI

72241 PL

7226 AIJL

7226AEV/KU

7240IJE

72421J A

7250 IJE

7260 IJE

75551 PA

7556IPD

7611BCPA

7612BCPA

7621 BCPA

7631CCPE

7641CCPD

7642CCPD

7660CPA

8038CCPO

8048CCPE

8069CCQ

8211CPA

8212CPA

Function

CMOS Precision Timer

Stopwatch Chip, XTL

3Vj Digit A/D (LCD Drive)

IC, Circuit Board, Display

3Vj Digit A/D (LED Drive)

IC, Circuit Board, Display

3Vr Digit A/D LCD DIs. HLD.

3Vi Digit A/D LED DiS. HLD.

Low Battery Volt Indicator

CMOS LED Stopwatch/Timer

Stopwatch Chip, XTL

Tone Generator

Tone Generator Chip, XTL

Oscillator Controller

Freq. Counter Chip, XTL

Seven Decade Counter

Clock Generator

4 Fiinc. CMOS Stopwatch CKT

4 Func. Stopwatch Chip, XTL8-Dlgit Univ. Counter C.A.8-Dlgit Freq. Counter C.A.8-Digit Freq. Counter C.C.4-Dlgit LED Up/Down Counter8-Diglt Univ. LED DriveLCD i'u Digit Up Counter DRI8-Diglt Univ. Counter

5 Function Counter Chip, XTLCMOS Bin Prog. Timer/CounterCMOS Dlvlde-by-256 RC TimerCMOS BCD Prog. Timer/CounterCMOS BCD Prog. Timer/CounterCMOS 555 Timer (8 pin)CMOS 556 Timer (14 pin)CMOS Op Amp ComparatorCMOS Op Amp Ext. Cmvr.CMOS Dual Op Amp Comp.CMOS Trl Op Amp Comp.CMOS Quad Op Amp Comp. 10MV 7.50CMOS Quad Op Amp Comp. 10MV 7.50Voltage Converter 2.95Waveform Generator 4.95Monolithic Logarithmic Amp 21.6050ppm Band—GAP Volt Ref. Diode 2.50Volt Ref/lndlcator 2.95Volt Ref/lndlcator 2.95

Price14.9524.95

16.9S34.9515.9529.9518.9517.95

2.2512.9519.95

5.1512.95

6.5013.9517.95

3.9513.9519.9532.0026.9521.9512.9510.9511.2531.9574.95

4.95

2.05

6.00S.25

2.205MV 2.255MV 2.955MV 3.9510MV 5.35

74C00

74C

74 C 221

1.95

74C02

.39

74C95

1.59

74C240

2.25

74C04

.39

74 C 244

2.25

.39

2.49

74C10

.39

74C374

2.59

74C14

.75

74C20

.39

74C903

74C30

.39

74C42

1.39

10.95

74C48

1.95

74C73

.79

10.95

74C74

.79

1.95

74C86

.99

74C925

7.50

74CB9

6.95

7.50

74C90

1.29

.79

1.29

74C195

1.59

LH0002CNLM10CLH

6.854.50

LINEAR

LM702HLM703CN

.79.89

LM11CLH

4.75

LM340T-5

1.25

LM709N

.29

LH0070-OH

4.95

LM340T-12

1.25

LM710N

.79

TL071CP

.79

LM340T-15

1.25

LM711N

.79

TL072CP

1.39

LM341P-5

.75

LM723N

.69

TL074CN

2.49

LM341P-12

.75

LM733N

1.00

LH0082CD

35.80

LM341P-15

.75

LM739N

1.19

TL082CP

1.19

LM342P-5

.69

LM741CN

.35

TL084CN

2.19

LM342P-12

.69

MC1741SCG

3.00

LH0094CD

36.80

LM342P-15

.69

LM747N

.79

LM300H

.99

LM348N

1.2S

LM748N

.59

LM301CN

.35

LM350K

5.75

LM1QWN

2.75

LM302H

1.95

LF351N

.60

LM1310N

1.95

LM304H

1.95

LF353N

1.00

LM1458CN

.59

LM305H

.99

LF355N

1.10

LM14B8N

1.25

LM307CN

.45

LF356N

1.10

LM1489N

1.25

LM30BCN

1.00

LM358N

1.00

LM1496N

1.95

LM309H

1.95

LM359N

1.79

LM1556V

1.75

LM309K

1.25

LM370N

4.49

LNttWON

2.95

LM310CN

1.75

LM373N

3.25

LM1871N

5.49

LM311/CN

.90

LM377N

2.95

LM1872N

5.49

LM312H

2.49

LM380N

1.25

LM1877N-9

3.25

LM317MP

1.15

LM381N

1.95

LM1889N

3.20

LM317T

1.75

LM382N

1.79

LM1896N

1.75

LM317K

3.95

LM384N

1.95

LM318CN

1.95

LM386N-3

1.29

LM2877P

LM319N

1.95

LM387N

1.45

LM2878P

2.25

LM320K-S

1.35

LM389N

1.35

LM2896P-1

LM320K-I2

1.35

LM392N

.69

LM3189N

LM320K-15

1.35

LF39BN

4.00

LM3900N

LM320T-5

1.25

LM399H

5.00

LM3905CN

LM320T-12

1.25

TL494CN

4.49

LM320T-15

1.25

TL496CP

1.75

LM3914N

LM323K

5.95

NE510A

6.00

LM3915N

LM324N

.99

NE529A

4.95

LM3916N

LM329DZ

.65

3.95

RC4136N

LM331IM

3.95

NE536H

6.00

RC4151NB

3.95

LM334Z

1.30

6.00

RC4194TK

LM335Z

1.40

NE544N

4.95

RC4195TK

5.49

LM336Z

1.75

1.30

LM4500A

3.25

LM337T

1.95

NE555V

.39

ICL803BB

4.95

LM337MP

1.15

LM556N

.99

LM13080N

1.29

LM338K

6.95

NES64N

3.95

LM13600N

1.49

LM339N

.99

LM565N

1.25

75138N

1.95

LM340K-5

1.35

LMS66CN

1.95

75450N

.89

LM340K-12

1.35

LM567V

1.25

75451CN

.39

LM340K-15

1.35

INES70N

4.95

75492

.89

CAPACITOR CORNER

Value10 pf

22 pf47 pf100 pf220 pf470 pf

50 VOLT CERAMIC DISC CAPACITORS

1-9 10-99 100+

.06 .05.06 .05

Value.OflltiF

-0047U F-OluF-022«F.047u F.luf

1-9 10-99 100+

.09 .07 .06

.15 .12

.10

100 VOLT MYLAR FILM CAPACITORS-OOimi .12 .10 .07 I ,022mf .13 .11 .08

.0Q22mf .12 .10 .07 .047mf .21 .17 .13

,0047mf .12 .10 .07 .lmf .27 .23 .17

,01mf .12 .10 .07 1 .22mf .33 .27 .22

+20% DIPPED TANTALUMS (Solid) CAPACITORS

.1/35V.15/35V.22/35V.33/35V• 47/35V.68/3SV1.0/3SV

.39

.34

.39 .34

1.S/35V2.2/35V3.3/25V4.7/25V6.8/25 V15/25V.29 I 22/6V

.41

.37

.29

.51 .45 .34.53 .47 .37

1.39 1.25 .95

MINI. ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORSAxial 1-99 100-499 500+ Radial 1-99 100-499 500+

.17 .15 .14

.47/50V

.16

.14

.10

.47/25V

1.0/SOV

.19

lfi

.12

.47/50V

3.3/50V

.17

IS

.11

1.0/16V

4.7/25V

.18

IS

.11

1.0/25V

10/25V

.18

.15

.11

1.0/50V

10/50V

.19

.16

.12

A.7/16V

22/25V

.19

.lfi

4.7/25V

22/50V

.24

.70

■ 18

4.7/50V

47/25V

.25

.21

.19

10/16V

47/50V

.29

.7S

.23

10/25V

100/25V

.2B

M

.22

10/50V

1Q0/50V

.41

.37

.34

47/50V

220/25V

.39

.34

.33

100/16V

220/50V

.49

.45

.41

100/25V

470/25V

.54

49

.45

100/50V

1000/16V

.79

■69

.61

220/16V

.89

.79

.69

470/25V

.15 .13 .12.16 .14 .13

528 BYTE December 1981

Circle 207 on inquiry card.

■ National

I Semiconductor

Clock Modules

12V DC

AUTOMOTIVE/

INSTRUMENT

CLOCK

APPLICATIONS:

• In-dash autoclocks

• After-market auto/RV clock!

• Aircraft-marine elks.

• 12VDC oper. Inttru.

• Portable/batterypowered Instrumnts.

Features:Bright 0.3" green display. Internal crystal time-base. 10.5 sec./day accur. Auto.display brightness controllogic. Display color filterable to blue, blue-green, green &yellow. Complete—just add switches and lens.

MA1003 Module(3.o5"lxi.75"hx.9B"d) . $16.95

CLOCK MODULES

MA1023 .7" Red Digital LED Clock Module 8.95

MA1026 .7" Dig. LED Alarm Clock/Thermometer 18.95

MA5036 .3" Red Digital LED Clock/Timer 6.95

MA1002 .5" Red Digital LED Clock & Xformor 9.95

MA1010 .8" Red Digital LED Clock 7.95

MA1032 CBA .5" Digital LCD Clock 17.95

MA1043 .7" Green Digital LED Clock 8.95

TRANSFORMERS

102-P20 XformerforMA1023, 1 043 & 5036 Mods. 3.49

1Q2-P22 Xformer for MA1026 Clock Modules 3.49

102-P24 Xformer for MA1010 Clock Modules 3.49

Son Power Your Electronics!SOLAR CELL PANEL KIT

• Panel may bo easily connected lorSeries or Parallel out

■ Over 11 square Inches of active callsurface

■ Voltage line lap @ 0.5V Increments

• Provision for charging batteries

The JE305 Solar Cell Panel Kit contains 20 each solar cells. On thepanel board are power line taps which allow the user lo select voltages(one voltage at a time} from 0.5VOC to 10VDC. The applications ot eachpanel can be further expanded by coupling additional panels In serieslor more voltage or In parallel (or more current. The premium gradesolar colls provide the current necessary lor the operation ot most por-table transistor radios, small battery powered cassette tape playersand unlimited experimental solar projects.

JE305 $39.95

EPROM Erasing Lamp

• Erases2708, 2716, 1702A, 5203Q, S204Q, etc.

• Erases up to 4 chips within 20 minutei.

• Maintains constant exposure distance of one inch.

• Special conductive foam liner eliminates static build-up.

• Built-in safety lock to prevent UV exposure.

• Compact - only 7-5/8" x 2-7/8" x 2"

• Complete with holding tray for 4 chips.UVS-11EL Replacement Bulb $16.95

UVS-11E $79.95

JOYSTICKS

JS-5K 5K Linear Taper Pots

.JS-100K 100K Linear Taper Pots

JVC-40 40K (2) Video Controller in esse .

ALLIGATOR CLIP TEST LEADS

#ALCP (10 per pack) S2.95/pkg.

JE215 AdjustableDual Power Supply

General Description: The JE215 is a Dual PowerSupply with independent adjustable positive and nega-tive output voltages. A separate adjustment for eachof the supplies provides the user unlimited applicationsfor IC current voltage requirements. The supply canalso be used as a general all-purpose variable power

Supply. FEATURES:

• Adjustable regulated power supplies,pos. and neg. 1.2VOC to 15VDC.

• Power Output (each supply)15VDC G> 500mA, 10VDC@ 750mA,12VDC@5Q0mA, and15VDC® 175mA.

• Two, 3-termlnai adj. IC regulatorswith thermal overload protection.

• Heat sink regulator cooling■ LED "on" indicator

• Printed Board Construction

• 120VAC input

• Size: 3-1/2"w x 5-1/16"L x 2"H

JE215 Adj. Dual Power Supply Kitlas shown). . $24.95

. JE;V J

XI

(Picture not shown but similar in construction to above)

JE200 Reg. Power Supply Kit (5VDC, lamp) . . $14.95

JE205AdaPterBrd.ltoJE200)±5,±9&±12V. $12.95

JE210 Var. Pwr. Spiv. Kit, 5-15VDC, to 1.5amu. $19.95

N5BQ60A.DPB212DP»l«DP8216OPS22'□ PB226

DPttSl

DPS255DPSS7OPS2HDPS27SOPS2J9DPS303DPS3U

DPUMDPS3I0DPS31I

MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS

-8080A/8080A SUPPORT DEVICES-

Clock Ginarilai/Drlve

Syilor

n Controller/Bui Driver

l/OEnp»nd«. lor WStrleiAiynchronoul Comm. ElemePfOB- Comm. I/O (U5ART)

Prog. Parlpharil I/O (PPI)Proo. DMA ControlProg. Inlerroot ControlProg. CRT ControllaiProg. Kiyooird/Oitoliy IntaiSY*tMI1 Timing EleminlB-Sn Bl-Olrectlonil Deceiver

t-BIt Bi-Dlr«ctlon«l RccalvarOctal Uaterioo Paripnaral DrliOctal Latcriod Paripnaral Orli

MC6800

MC6903CP

MCMI0API

MC6S21

MC6S?8

MC6B30LB

MC68S0

MC6SS2

MC6860

MCGS6Z

MC6M0A

- 6800/6800 SUPPORT DEVICES -

MPU

MPU wlin Clock ana RAM t<

12S*ISUttC RAM 'Paripnaral Intsr. Adapt [MC68201

1024xt-BII ROM (MC6SA3M) l<

Atynchronous Comm. Adapter i

synetiranoui Sarlal Oita Adapter <

0-600OP1 OlOltal MODEM II

TUODpi Modulator IQuad MUM Bui. Trenfc (MCsTS)

MICROPROCESSOR CHIPS

2B0 <7»C] CPU (MKHaON) QMH:| 1

ZtOA (710-1) CPU (MKJt*0N-»)(»MHi) 1

;dpikij cpu l

£50 MPU 1DM29MAOC CPU—44W Slice (Com.Temp.Grade) 1

MCS6502INSSOJSN-SNS»0»N-6NSS040N-6NS8070N

MMS00HIM503HIM506H

MMS10HIM1402NM4Q13N

MMS0MNIMS0J5N2&MV(14MA) IDH-BIt

< [65K Bytet Memory)MPU—i-BIt (6MHI)

CPU—Sfli-Cnioi-BU (liSoyieiRAM)

CPU (254 Byte* RAM)

CPU—SaBytei RAM

CPU w/BatIC Micro Interpreter

CPU

MPU-U-BIl

— SHIFT REGISTERS

Dual B-BIt DynamicDualSO-BIt DynamicDual lOD-ait Static

DuilM-Blt AccumulatorSS-BIt Dynamicl(D*-Bit Dynamic/AccumulatorSOO/SlZ-BIl Dynamic

n J3-BU Static

Dual IH-SIt StaticSlJ-BIt Oynamlc1024-BII DynamicDual 2M-BH StaticDual HC-BIt StaticDual 240-Bit StaticQuia (0-Bit Static

-DATA ACOUISITION-

ir2.5%

n Tone

d Filter

Touch Tone High Band FilterLM308CH Super Oaln Op Amp

LM1MZ Conitant Currant Source

LM13SZ Temperature Tranwucer

LF3SSN JFET Input Op Amp

LF39IN Sampl* L Hold Ampullar*

LM39SH Temp. Comp. Prec. Rer. tiopm/C")

ADCOIOti.CN l-B't A/O Converter (1 LSB)DACM06LCN I-BI1 D/A Convtft*r (0.71% Lin.)

DATA ACQUISITION (CONTINUED)

ADC080JCCN 8-Blt A/D Converter (B-Cn. Multl.) I(■Bit A/D Converter (IE-en. Multl.) II10-BltD/AConv. Micro, Comp. (0.»v.) l;]0-Blt D/A Coiw. Micro. Comp. I0.2OK) f10-Blt D/A Converter (0-OS% Lin.) I

ID-Bit D/A Convenor (0.HIK Lin.) !

12-BltD/A Converter (0.20% Lin.) 1

S-Cnannel Multiplexer I

30K BAUD UAHT I

RAM'S

ADC0B17CCND/VC1DKILCNDACIOMLCNDACI020LCNDAC1022LCNDACI222LCN

coaosiN

AVS-1013

1101

21LI

in (ami

256.1 static1024x1 Oyrtaml256«4 Static

law*I Static

ID24X] Static256114 Static

256>i« Static MOS2IW 10»x4 Static <50ni

21HL 1024it« Static 450m Low Power

1114-2 l<B4x* Static 200ni

HH1.-2 KB*** Static 200ni Low Power

145200 255x1 Static

4116N-41UPD416) 16K Dynamic 250nt (MMSZKN-4)41MN-3 64K Dynamic 200ns

MM2I41J *M6xl Fait 70ni

5101 256x4 Static

1024x1 Dynamic Fully Decoded

2Kxl Dynamic

«0Mxl Dynamic16) 16K Dynamic I50ni (UPD416C-3)

UK Dyn. KUm [lower in ot MM5290J)HM611W 1GK (2KxB) Static 200ns

S2525 64 Bit RAM (16x40C)

UPD414/MK4027 IK Dynamic 16-plnTMS40U-45NL 4K StaticTMS4045 1024x4 Static

PROMS/EPROMS

1702A IK UV EraiaCia PROM

MM526IMM5262MM52SO/2107MM5290N-2 (41MMS2WJ-1A

270S

TMS27:«

B2523(7«51B«)

I2S115

S2S1UI7452SS)

B251SS

|K EPROM

16K EPROM (-SV, +5V, -12V)i IEK EPROM (Single -SV)

J2K EPROM

IK EPROM (4S0nl) [Single *5V)

64K EPROM (Hltacnl HN462764)

2041 PROM

32x1 PROM (Open Collector)

4095 Bipolar PROM

32x1 Trl-Stata Bipolar PROM

IK PROM3iB PROM5 Listen In Our Catalog -

2513(2140) Chancier Generator (Upper Celt)2513(3031) Character Generator (Lower Cait) NMOS READ ONLY MEMORIES —

MCM667I0P 121x9x7 ASCII Snlfttd w/Greek

MCMH740P 121x9x7 Math SymDol L Picture)

mcmmtmp 121x9x7 Alpha. Control CMr. Gen.

MICROPROCESSOR MANUALS —

M-ZIO

M-COP1102

M-2610

Ulll I

DS002SCNDS0O2ECN

INS177ININS265INMMU117NMM 5)1 UNCOP402N

COP402Mh

- SPECIAL FUNCTION

Dual MOS Clock Driver (5MZ)Dual MOS Clock Driver (5MZ)

1 Floppy Otic Controller »

Communication Chip C

Mlcroproceiior Real Time Clock I

Microprocessor Compatlole Clock t;

Microcontroller with 64-Olglt RAM (and Direct LED DriveMicrocontroller with 64-Dlglt RAML Direct LED Drive w/N Buss Int.

COP470N 12-5eg.VAC Fluor. Driver (20-pln pkg.) ',

TELEPHONE/KEYBOARD CHIPS

/■.■-■'.-1-v.i Push Button Telephone Dialer 1'

AV-5-9200 Repertory Dialer It

AV-54S00 CMOS Clock Generator I

AV-5-2376 Keyooerd Encoder [U keys) 11HDOIGM KeyuojjO Encoder (16 key 1)

74C922 Keyboard Encoder (16 keys) !

74C9I3 Kevooard Encoder (20 keys) '.MM53WN Push Button Pulse Dialer

MMSJ*HN 96/144-Key Serial Keyboard Encoder I

RADIO CONTROL CIRCUITS

ideal to um tor Toy*, hobby cralte, robots, trelne, burglar alarmi

projector control, consumer remote dala links, energy-saving r

LUtariN II.C .Encoder/Trim miliar Chip S5.43

icoirpldeBcnjifitlfj.g incoder jnfl R f rransmrner low power, il Iraq ol ?7MHi 0' 49MHI.S lied strengthol lO.OOOuV meld at 3 melers 9V opeiilion on chip HF osciiUltx/lrantmiltet. on chip 4 6V teg Uplo BOM IIIurtrer irea operihan

LH1872N P..C. Bacelver/OeeoderChip SS.4B

*compitt(RF recerver/OKiyJei uiedaictnei?' 49o'7?MH( npiovirles4inoBpe"Cienichanneisi.riBnu5co*/!.UIoJl i? irnaj 2 0ig | operates Ken 4-1 5V cells Crystal contrplled

SBX1S04 4S.43SMHiCryil.l(LMt872N) S4JS

SRX1505 4B.B90MHrCryilil|LMHT1W) .. .14.85

JE608 PROGRAMMER

2704/2708 EPROM PROGRAMMER

GENERAL APPLICATIONS:

• To progrsm EPROMS 2704 end 2706.

• Developmenlal system lor microcomputer circuit*■ To read the contents ol ■ pre-programmed EPROM

• To compare EPROM(e) lor content dlllarencai

• To emulate a programmed EPROM

• To atom program In RAMS lor alterations

• Three aaparale Display Regiitara: S LED'a for HoiKay entries, 10 LEO'* i2'h lor Address Register and 8LED'a for Dale Memory Register. The Dala MemoryRegister dlipleys the contenl o( the RAMe from the EPROM Chip. Development ol microprocessor ayslema bymeans ol a ribbon cable Irom the programmer panel teat socket lo tha EPROM aockel on tha mlcropiocaaaorboard. Rapid checking verlticallon ol programmad data change*. Uier may move dala from a maatar to RAM'aor write Into RAM'* with keyboard enlrlai. Allows mnnuu l ctoppInQ manipulation (up and down) at any ad dreeslocation. Stand-alona EPROM Programmer conalillng of: A IB-key Haxaoaclmal Keyboard aaaambly, Program.mar Board aaaambly with 4 power auppllaa and a LED/Taat Socket Panel Board atnambly. Tha Tail Socket Iszero force Insertion typo Power requlramanle: 115VAC, BOHi, BW. Compact dask-top ancloaura: Color-coordinated designer's case wllh llrjht tan panel* and molded end place* In mocha brown. Sire: 3VH x 11"Wx B'/.-'D. Weight: 5 lbs.

The JEBOB EPROM Programmer l*a completely self-con (a ined unit which le Independent ol computer control and requires noadditional systems lor It* operations. The EPROM can be programmed from the Hexedeclmel Keyboard or from a pre-programmed EPROM. The JEBOB Programmer cen emulate a programmed EPROM by tho use of he Internal RAM circuit*.This will allow the user to teat or pretest a program lor e system, prior lo ptog ramming a chip. Any changes In the program canbe entered directly Into the memory circuits with the Hexadecimal Keyboard so that rewriting the entire program will not benecessary. The JESOS Programmer contein* a Programmer/Board w/26 IC'e Et includes power supplies of: -6V,+ 5V, + 12V and +2GV. The Hexadecimal Keyboard end LEOTest Socket Panel board ere sapoieto assemblies within the

JE608K Kit $399.95

JE608A Assembled and Tested $499.95

JE608-16K ADAPTER BOARD

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: ™R 2716/2758 EPROMS

The JE00B-16K Adapter Board allow* the JE60B Programmer to be modified for the eddltionel progremmlng ot the 2718 end275B EPROMS. Tha adopter provide* tor edding *n address switch lor the 2" bit and alio for selecting the proper power endtiming pulses to be applied to the EPROM, Programming and emulating the 2716 llflKl EPROM I* done separately lo eachhalf 1)024x81 of th* EPROM because of the existing BK RAM capacity in the JE608 Programmer.

JE608-18K Adapter Board Kit $29.95

JE608-Upgrado {Send assembled JE608 to factory for adapter installation $99.95

of the JE608-16K Adapter Board Kit)JE608A-16K Mod. Assembled JE608 w/Adaptor (JE608-16K) Inatailad $599.96

$10.00 Min. Order - U.S. Funds OnlyCalif. Resident! Add G% Sales TaxPostage-Add 5% plus SI .50 Insurance

ELECTRONICS

Spec Sheets - 25s1

Send GGf Postage for your

FREE 1982 JAMECO CATALOG

PHONE

ORDERS

WELCOME

(415) 592-8097

MAIL ORDER ELECTRONICS - WORLDWIDE

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002

PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE

BOOKS >

National Semiconductor — Intersil — Intel

30001 National CMOS Data Book (696

1840 pages) 74C, CD4000, and A/D Converters

30002 National Intorfaca Data Book 16.96

' (704 panes) DP, DSB0O0. DS3600. DS75OO0. etc.

30003 National Linear Data Book U.9S

11376 pageal LM, LF, ADC, DAC. LH Series

30004 Notional Series B0 - Board Level Computer (224 p.inusl W.95

30005 National TTL Logic Oota Book W.96

IG24 panosl 7400,LS,L,H,5. and DM8000 Series

30006 Buy above 13130001.3.Sasaset *19.96/lot

30009 Intersil Data Book (1074paoaa) W.96

010400 Intel Component Data Catalog 110.00

Full data sheets for Intel's products Incl. memory devices,microproc, peripherals & indust./mil. products 11328 pages)

206610 Intel Peripheral Design Handbook *7.60

Full data sheets, eppl. notes for Intel peripheral devicecomponents 1644 pages) .

AC and DC Wall Transformers

Dlhrr lypi o< AC a

Part No.

AC 250AC BOOAC 1000AC1700DV 9200DC 900

Input

117V/60HZ117V/60HZ117V/60H*117V/60HZ117V/60HZ120V/60HZ

Output

Price

12 VAC 250mA12 VAC 500mA12 VAC 1 amp9 VAC 1.7 amp9 VDC 200mA9 VDC 50OmA

S3.95$4.95$5.95$3.95$3.25$3.95

CONNECTORS

DB25P D-Subminieture Plug $2.95

DB25S D-Subminiature Socket $3.50

D20418-2 Screw Lock Hdwr. 12) DB25S/P 2/$.99

DB51226 Cover for DB25P/S $1.75

22/44SE P.C. Edse 122/44 Pin! $2.95

UG8S/U BNC Plug $1.79

UG89/U BNC Jack $3.79

UG175/U UHF Adapter $ .49

S0239 UHF Panel Recp $1.29

PL258 UHF Adapter $1.60

PL259 UHF Plug $1.60

UG260/U BNC Plug $1.79

UG1094/U BNC Bulkhead Recp S1.29

TRS-8016K Conversion Kit

Expand your 4K TRS-80 System to 16K.Kit comes complete with:

*8ea. MM5290(UPD416M116) 16K Dyn. RamsCNS)

* Documentation for Conversion

TRS-16K2 M50NS $29.95

TRS-16K3 »200NS $24.95

TRS-16K4 "250NS $19.95

JE610 ASCIIEncoded Keyboard Kit

The JE610 ASCII Keyboard Kit can be interfaced intomoat any computer system. The kit comes completewith an Industrial grade keyboard switch assembly<62-keys), IC's, sockets, connector, electronic compo-nents and a double-sided printed wiring board. Thekeyboard assembly requires +5V @ 150mA end —12V@ 10 mA for operetlon. Features: 60 keys generate the126 characters, upper and lower case ASCII set. Fullybuffered. Two user-define keys provided for customapplications. Caps lock for upper-cese-only alpha charac-ter!. Utilizes a 2376 (40-pin) encoder read-only memorychip. Outputs directly compatible with TTL/DTL orMOS logic arrays. Easy interfacing with a 16-pln dip or18-pin adge connector. Size: 3V."H x 14V,"W x8K"D

JE610/DTE-AK i*s$Uw?8Sm ..$124.95

ircin i/;+ 62-Key Keyboard, PC Board, a -,q Qf-

JbDlU Kit & Components (no case) % /y.MD

K62 62-Key Keyboard (Keyboard only) . . .$ 34.95

DTE-AK (case only-3V«*'Hxn"Wx8Va"D)$ 49.95

JE212 - Negative 12VDC Adapter Board Kitfor JE610 ASCII KEYBOARD KIT

Provides-12VOCfrom incomlng5VDC . ,$9.95

JE600Hexadecimal Encoder Kit

FULLB-BIT

LATCHED OUTPUT19-KEY KEYBOARD

The JE600 Encoder Keyboard Kit provides two separatehexadecimal digits produced from sequential key entriesto allow direct programming for 8-bit microprocessoror 8-bit memory circuits. Three additional keys are pro-vided for user operations with ona having a bistableoutput avalleble. The outputs ere latched and monitoredwith 9 LED readouts. Also Included Is a key entry strobe.Features: Full 8-bit latched output for microprocessoruse. Three user-define keys with one being bistableoperation, Debounce circuit provided for all 19 keys.9 LED readouts to verify entries. Easy Interfacing withstandard 16-pln IC connector. Only +5VDC requiredfor operation. Size: 3'/a"H x 8K"W x 8«"D

JE600/DTE-HK a^Xr"deTbbovg) ... $99.95

iccnn ix:* 19"Key Hexadec. Keyboard, *CQ QC

JbbUU Kit PC Board iCmpnts. (no case). .»Dy.y&

K19 19-Key Keyboard (Keyboard only) .... $14.95

DTE-HK (case only -3Vi"Hx8V<"Wx8*."D) $44.95,

Circle 207 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1981

529

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

S-100 CPU

CPU-Z - GODBOUT2/4 MHZ Z80 CPU 24 Bit Addressing

BBTI60U UnKit $225.00

GBT leOA A&T $199.00

BBT1B0C CSC 3-6 MHZ $375.00

DUAL PROCESSOR 8085-8088 ■ GODBOUT5 MHZ Provides true 16 Bit Power with a standard

8 bit S-100 bus

GBT1612U UnKit.. 5 MHZ $295.00

GBT1612A A&T...6 MHZ $399.00

GBT1612C CSC... 8 MHZ $498.00

BOARD WITH 8085 ONLY

BBT1B1U UnKit.. 5 MHZ $235.00

6BT1BU A&T... 6 MHZ $305.00

GBT 1B1C CSC...8MHZ $399.00

SOLID STATE DISK DRIVE, 3500% FASTER!Not Really, But the Next Best Thing For Godbout8085/88 Users. Call For Details on M-Drive. See Page340 of November BYTE

GBTM0 12BK $1550.00

GBTM0256K $3,000.00

2810 Z80 CPU-CA. COMP. SYST.

2/4 MHZ Z80A CPUwithRS232C Serial I/O Port complete with MonitorPROM lor 2422 DiskController

CCS 2810 A&T $210.00

CB2 Z80 CPU ■ S.S.M.

2/4 MHZ will accept 2716, or 2732, or RAM

RUN/STOP and single step switches

SSMCB2K Kit $260.00

SSMCB2A A&T $310.00

SSMZ80M SSMZ80 Monitor ... $89.00

CBIA 8080 CPU - S.S.M.

8080 CPU, 1KRAM, Holds 1 2708,

1 8 Bit parallel input port.

SSMCBIA Kit $183.00

SSMCBIA A&T $225.00

SSMBBBOM SM 8080 Monitor $59.00

S-100 I/O BOARDS

SYSTEM SUPPORT 1 ■ GODBOUT

. Serial port (software prog baud), 4K EPROM ORRAM provision, 15 levels of interrupt, real time clock,

optional math processorPART NO. DESCRIPTION LIST PRICE OUR PRICE

6BT1B2U Unkit $295.00

BBT1B2A Assembled & Tested $39.00 $360.00

BBT162C CSC $495.00 $46000

GBTB231 Math Chip $195.00

8B1B232 Math Chip $195.00

BBT162AM1 AST with 8231 Math Chip $555.00

BBT16ZCM1 CSC with 8231 Math Chip $055.00

6BTI62AIM AST With 8232 Math Chip $555.00

BBTI02CM2 CSC with 8232 Math Chip $655.00

MPX CHANNEL BOARD - GODBOUTI/O Multiplexer, using 8085a-2 cpu on board

GBT1BBA AssembledS.TestedS495.00 $450.00

BBT1BBC CSC $595.00 $550.00

INTERFACER I - GODBOUTTwo Serial I/O

BBT133A A&T. $249.00 $218.08

BBTI33C CSC $324.00 $298.08

INTERFACER II - GODBOUTThree parallel, one serial I/O board

BBT15BA A&T. $249.00 $219.80

GBTISBA CSC $324.00 $289.80

INTERFACER III - GODBOUT

Eight channel multi-use serial I/O board

BBTI74BA Assembled & Tested..$69.00 $620.00

GBT1748C CSC 200 hr. Burn In

Test $849.00 $629.00

INTERFACER 3 WITH 5 SERIAL PORTS

BBT1745A Assembled & Tested $599.00 $559.00

GBT1745C CSC 200 hr. Burn In $699.00 Test $629.00

MULTI I/O - MORROW DESIGNS

Three Serial, Two parallel

MDSMB320B A&T. $329.00 $389.90

SWITCHBOARD-MORROW DESIGNS

Two serial I/O, four parallel I/O,one status port, one strobe port

MDSSB24I! $259.00 $239.09

I/Oft • SSM

Two serial I/O, two parallel I/OSSMI04K Kit $210.80

SSMI04A AST $290.00 $280.80

S-100 10 MHZ STATIC RAM S-100 DISK CONTROLLERS

NEW LOW PRICES!

32K STATIC RAM ■ GODBOUT

RAM 20 10 MHZ, 4Kbvte block disable, bankor24 bit addressings available 8,16,24 or32KPART NO. DESCRIPTION LIST PRICE OUR PRICE

GBT164AA8 BK A&T $210.00 $190.80

6BT1B4AC8 BK CSC $280.00 $280.00

BBTI64AA16 16KA&T $285.00 $260.00

GBT1B4AC1B 16K CSC $355.00 $325.00

6BT164AA24 24K A&T $355.00 $325.80

GBT1B4AC24 24K CSC $425.00 $385.00

6BT1B4AA32 32K A&T $425.00 $385.00

6BT164AA32 32KA&T $425.00 $385.00

BBT1B4AC32 32K CSC $495.00 $450.08

64K STATIC RAM • GODBOUT

RAM 17, 10 MHZ, 2 Watt, DMA Compatable

24 Bit Addressing

GBTI75A4B 48K A&T $650.00 $819.09

BBTI75C48 48KCSC200nr. $750.00 $718.00

BBT175AB4 64K A&T $795.00 $755.08

SGBT1175C84 64KCSC200hr. $895.00 $658.00

NEW! 32K x 16 BIT STATIC RAM - GODBOUT

RAM 16 10 MHZ,32Kx 16or64Kx8

IEEE/696 16 BIT 2 Watt, 24 Bit Addressing

BBT180A 64K A&T $895.00 $850.00

GBTI80C 64K CSC $995.00 $945.00

NEW! 128K STATIC RAM - GODBOUT

RAM 21 10MHZ 128K x 8 or 64K x 16

IEEE/696 8 or 16 Bit 1.2 Amps 24 Bit Addressing

8BT1B7A 128KA&T $1695.00 $1810.80

BBT1B7C 128KCSC $1895.00 $1795.09

S-100 ROM

PBI PROM PROGRAMMER ■ SSM

Programs 2708 or 2716's, operates as

a 4K/8K EPROM BOARD AS WELL

SSMPB1K Kit SI 79.80

SSMPB1A Assembled & Tested $265.00 $220.00

ECONOROM 2708 ■ GODBOUT16K x 8eprom Board using 2708, Power on

jump to any 256 byteGBT12SU Unkit $ 85.08

GBT125A Assembled & Tested $135.00 $120.00

BBT12IC CSC $195.00 $175.00

S-lOO VIDEO BOARDSSPECTRUM ■ GODBOUT

Color Graphics board with Parallel I/O

BBT144U Unkit $209.90

BBTI44A Assembled &Tested $399.00 $349.90

BBT144C CSC $449.00 $398.08

BBT2D Sublogic Universal

Graphics Interpreter Software $35.80

VB - 3 S.S.M.80 x 25 or SO character video display Memory

Mapped, Parallel Keyboard portSSMVB3K24 80x24 Kit $425.09

SSMVR3A24 80x24 A&T $499.00 $440.00

SSMVB3UP 80x50 Line Upgrade Kit $ 39.09

VBS -S.S.MI/O Mapped Video Board, with Parallel Keyboard port

64x16

SSMVB2K Kit $199.00

SSMVB2A Assembled & Tested $269.00 $229.90

VBIC ■ S.S.M.

Memory Mapped Video Board 64x16 character

display or 64x16 graphics display

SSMVB2K Kit $189.09

SSMUB2A Assembled & Tested $269.00 $229.09

i»£»iii&|||i»^.. iK^^JabfnM)

jtej^fSteail'" Bfeyf,

;'<Mil>MMl|K

DISK 1 - GODBOUT

FAST DMA, Soft Sector, Controls 8" or S'/<",single or double density OUR BEST!

LIST PRICE OUR PRICESBT171A Assembled & Tested $495.00 $459.00

GBT171C CSC $595.00 $555.80

BBTCPMB0* CP/M 2.2 tor Z80/8085 $300.00

with manuals & BIOS8" S/D diskGBT0AS8S Oasis 8 bit single userS'S/O $506.1)0

diskBBT0AS8M Oasis 8 bit multi-user, 8" S/D $850.00

disk2422A • CA COMP. SYST.I/O Mapped, controls 8" or 554" singleor double density A&T with CPM 2.2 8" S.D.CCS2422A $475.00 $375.00

DISK JOCKEY 2D - MORROWI/O Mapped, controls 8", single ordouble density, serial I/OM0SDJ2208 A&T with CP/M 2.2 $399.00 $375.00

S-100 DISK SUBSYSTEMS

DISCUS SINGLE SIDED MORROW

8" DBL Density drives with cabinet, power supply

controller, with CP/M 2.2 and Microsoft BasicMDSF121B Single Drive System.1095.00 $950.00

MDSF1228 Dual Drive System $1875.00 $1875.00

DISCUS DOUBLE SIDED ■ MORROW8" DSL Density/sided drives with cabinet Powersupply controller, with CP/M 2.2 and Microsoft BasicM0SF2218 Single Drive System 1395.00 $1250.00

MDSP2228 Dual Drive System $2495.00 $2200.00

S-lOO HARD DISK • MORROW

8" 10 8 20MB. 14" - 26MB formatted hard

disk complete with cainet, P.S., Controller, CPM 2.2

and Microsolt Basic

LIST PRICE OUR PRICE

MDSM10S JO MB $3695.00 $3200.00

MDSM20S 20 Me $4795.00 $3995.00

MDSM2SS 26 MB $4495.00 $3895.90

S-100 SOFTWARE

PRIORITY 1 is pleased to offer the finest tn industry standard software. Allsoftware is supplied on 8" Single Density IBM 3740 CP/m compatibledisketts.AU software is sold "AS IS" and is non-returnable. If you havequestions about the software for your application, order the manual firstCCS803 CP/M Version 2.2 Microcompouter $150.00

Control Program

CCS2301 MAC-CP/M Macro Assembler.... $99.00

CCS2491 SID-CP/M Symbolic Instruction $75.99

Debugger

CCS2501 TEX-CP/M Text Formatter $75.00

CCS2B01 DESPOOL-CP/M Background $50.00

Print Utility

CP/M, MAC, SID, TEX, and DESPOOL are registered

trademarks of Digital ResearchPART NO. DESCRIPTION LIST PRICE OUR PRICE

CCS401 C-BASIC-2 Interp $150.00 SI3B.00

CCS401M Manual S 32.00

CCS1101 FMS-80 by Systems Plus $995.00 SB95.00

CCSI10IM Manual $ 70.00

GRAHAM-DORIAN ACCOUNTING

CCS1301 General Ledger $820.00 $750.00

SCCSI30IM Manual $ 50.00

CCS1501 Accounts Receivable $820.00 $750.00

CCS151M Manual $50.00

CCS1401 Accounts Payable $820.00 $750.00

CCS140IM Manual $ 50.00

CCS1701 Inventory II $820.00 $750.00

GCS1701M Manual $ 50.00

CCSI60I Payroll II $555.00 $465.00

CCSI601M Manual $ 50.00

CCS20001 Job Costing $820.00 5750.00

CCS2001M Manual $ 50.00

CCS2701 Order Entry/Invoice $820.00 $750.00

CCS2701M Manual $ 50.00

MEDICAL PRACTIC PATIENT BILLING

CCS1801 15 Programs J820.00 $780.00

GCS180IM Manual $ 50.00

DENTAL PRACTICE PATIENT BILLING

CCS1901 14 Programs $820.00 $750.00

CCSI901M Manual $ 50.00

DISCOUNT COUPON

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

S-100 MAINFRAMES

S-100 MAINFRAMES - TEI

11OV60HZ CVT Mainframes, the best money can buy!

12 Slot ±8V 17A ±16V @ 2A

22 Slot ±8v @ 30A±16V@4A

70 has announced a t0ntative8% Price Increase, Jan. 1. HURRY1 LIST PRICE

OUR

1-9

PRICE10-24

TEIMCS 112 12 Slot Desk $685.00 $015.00 $570.00

TEIMCS 122 22 Slot Desk $825.00 $700.00 $705.00TEIRM 12 12Slol Rackmnt $ 725.00 $720.00 $610.00TEIRM 22 22 Slot Rackmnt $8 75.00 $850.00 $750.00

Shipping Weight: On 12 Slot Mainframes 45 lbs.On 22 Slot Mainframes 55 lbs.

S-100 FRAMES 2 ■ 5"DISK CUTOUTS ■ TEI

±8V@ 17±16V@ 2A+12V

1.2A, Internal Cables1-0 1024

TEITF12 12 Slot desk S675.00 $025.00 $580.00

TEIHD1Z 12 Slot Rackmnt $795.00 $715.00 $885.00

Shipping Weight: On 12 SlotDesk 40 lbs.On 12 Slot Rackmount 45 lbs.

DUAL 8" DISK DRIVE CHASSIS ■ TEI

For Shugart 800/801R or 850/851R withinternal power cables provided+24V @ 1.5A +5V @ 1.0A-5V 9 .25A

1-9 10-24TEIDFDO DeskTop $535 $485 $455

TEIRFD0 flack Mount $720 $070 $830

RDPDFD08I DFDO with 1 Shugart 801R $970.00

P0PRF00S1 RFDO with 2 Shugart 801 Rs $1375.00

P0PRF008I RFDO with 1 Shugart 801R $1095.00

PDPRF0082 RFDO with 2 Shugart 801 Rs $1495.00

PRI50P8CE2 Internal Data Cable.50 pin plug $34.95

connector to 2 Card Edge.Due to UPS shipping regulations, disk drives will be shippedseparately Irom the cabinet. Don't forget to include shipping lor eachdrive. (Shipping Wt. 16 lbs, each)

S-100 MAINFRAME - GODBOUT

110V 60HZ CVT Mainframe uses famous 20 slotGODBOUT Motherboard. 55 lbs.6BTENC20RM 20 Slot Rack Mount $895.00 $825.006BTEHC200K 20 Slot Desk Top $825.00 $760.00

GODBOUT Mainframe, Less Motherboard& Power Supply - Kit 23 lbs

G0TB0X DESK Desk Top Main Frame $280.00

GBT60X Rick Rack Mount Main Frame $329.00

S-lOO MAINFRAME ■ CCS

12-slot motherboard with removable termination card.CGS22D0-01 Otlice Cream 35 lbs $575.00 $535.00CCS2200-02 Blue 35 lbs $575.00 $535.00

S-100 MOTHERBOARDS

1

■flB HI

■ "J

i\. in, \samm

w <**m ' ■.%="

MOTHERBOARD - GODBOUT

Active termination, 6-12-20 slot00T16SA AS.T6 slot, 2 lbs $140.00

00T153C CSC 6 slot, 2 lbs $190.00

6BTI54A AST 12 slot, 2 lbs $175.00

BBT154C CSC 12 slot, 2 lbs. $240.00

GBT155A AST20 slot, 4 lbs S265.00

0BT155C CSC 20 slot, 4 lbs $340.00

MOTHERBOARDS - ATQTCMB6BB 6 Slot Bare Board

QTCM8SK 6 Slot Kit

QTCMBBA 6 Slot A&T

QTCM8SBB S Slot Bare Board

QTCMBBK 8 Slot Kit

<jr0MB8A 8 Slot A&T

QTCM812BG 12 Slot Bare Board

0TCHB12K 12 SlotKi!

0TCMBI2A 12 Slot AST

QTCMBI8BB 18 Slot Bare Board

QTCMB18K 18 Slot Kit

QTCMBIIA 18 Slot A&T

$128.00$175.00$155.00$220.00$235.00$310.00

$ 25.00$ 40.00$ 50.00$ 27.00$ 55.00$ 70.00$ 30.00$ 70.00$ 00.00$ 50.00$100.00$140.00

FLOPPY DISC DRIVES

Tandon TM-800 Thinline is exactlyhalf the size of conventional 8"^floppy disk drives

Exactly one-half the height of any other model.Propietary, high-resolution, read-write heads patented by Tandon.D.C. only operation - no AC. required.Industry standard interface.Three millisecond track-to-track access time 9 lbs,TNDTM848I... Single SidedUK-OD 2 or more... $470.00TNDTM84B2 .. DouD/eS/dec/$025.002ormore... $600.00TNDTM8M... Manual not included with drive.... $10.00aOIR - SHUGARTSingle sided doubledensity most popular 8" driveSHU80IR.... $495.00 ea. or 2 or more (16 lbs).... $470.00

SHOSA80IRM Manual lor 80IR drives $10.00

DT-8 - aUMEData track 8 double sided, double density 8"

0ME-OT8 1625.00 ea or 2 or more (16 lbs) $800.00

0MEDT8H Manual lor DTI $10.00

5>A" DRIVES - TANDON

TNDTM100I Single Sided, 250KB (5 lbs) $310.00

TNDTM1002 Double Sided, 500KB $370.00

TNDTM1003 Single Sided, 500KB $375.00

TNDTM1004 Double Sided, 1000KB $495.00

TNDTM5M Manual, not included with drive $10.00

DISK CABINETS

V-100 • VISTA

VISV100 Disk Drive Cabinet f35 lbs) $405.00 $449.00

BUY THE CABINET AND SHUGART

SOIRs OR OVME DT-8s AND SAVE

with ONE drive

PDBVI0OS1 With Shugart 801R $600.00

PDBV100QI Willi Qume DT-8 $1045.00

with TWO drives

PDBV100S2 With Shugart 801R $1300.00

PDBV100Q2 With Qume DT-8 $1000.00

Due to UPS shipping regulations disk drives will beshipped separatelyfrom the cabinet. Don't forget to in-clude shipping for each drive.

SINGLE 8" - Q.T.Single 8" cabinet with power supply

QTC-0DC8. .(2 lbs) $195.00

DUAL 8" - Q.T.Dual 8" cabinet with power supply

QTC0DCB8.. (25 lbs) $349.00

5" CABINETS - VISTA

VIS-9801 Single 5" with P.S $75.00

VIS-9B02 Dual 5" with P.S. $95.00

5V4" MINIFLOPPY - VISTA

Totally compatible with several microcomputers includingTRSSONorthstar. Exidy, Texas Instruments Heath/Zenithand others.

NO.

PART NO.

VISV8B

VISV800

VISV80T

VISV6000

VISV802

VISV8002

VISV8012

VISV8002

CAPACITY

10SK

204K

204 K

408K204K/408K40BK/816K408K/816K816K/16M

LISTDRIVTRAC SIDE PRICE

00RPRICE

1 40

1 40

1 80

1 80

2 " 402 402 802 80

395.00 380.00595.00 540.00595.00 540.00

2 775.00

1 775.00

2 1095.00

1 1095.00

2 1495.00

695.00695.00095.00095.001350.00

APPLE PERIPHERALS

DOUBLE DENSITY 8" DISK CONTROLLER

-VISTA UST OUR

VIS J A FmCE PR1CE

VISA800 Controller and disk patch $595.00 $559.00

VISA800 When purchased simultan- $525.00

eously with one of the "PDB"

Vista and TWI disk specials to

the left

APPLE II 5>/4" DISK ADD-ONS ■ VISTA

VISA40 40 track, 163KBytes $395.00 $375.00

VISA80 80 track, 326K Bytes $595.00 $580.00

IIISA180 160 track. 652K Bytes $895.00 $840.00

AIO,ASIO, APIO • S.S.M.

Parallel and Serial Interfaces tor the Apple II8SHAI0K 1 Ser, 2 Par, Kit $160.00 $150,00

SMAI0A 1 Ser, 2 Par, A&T $195.00 $169.95

SMASI0A 1 Serial, AST $139.95 $119.95

SSMAPI0A 2 Parallel.A&T $109.00 $95.00

A488 - SSM

IEEE-4880 Interface using Motorola 68488SSMA488A AST $475.00 $399.00

CCS APPLE PRODUCTS

CCS7114A 12KROM/PROM $89.95

CCS742401 Calendar/Clock $105.00

CCS7440A Programmable Timer $103.00

CCS747001 Analog to Digital Converter $90.95

CCS749001 GPIB IEEE-488 Interface $270.00

CCS771001 Asynchronous Serial Interface $130.00

CCS771002 Async. Communications Interface $139.00

CCS77120I Synchronous Serial Interface $159.95

CCS772001 Parallel Interface $107.95

CCS772801 Centronics Parallel Interface $107.95

CCS7520A Extender Board $30.00

MODEMS - NOVATION

APPLECAT

300/1200 Baud/Direct Connect, Serial I/O

N0VAPICAT $389.00 $350.00

AUTO-CAT300 Baud, Auto Answer, Direct Connect

N0VAUT0CAT $249.00 $239.00

D-CAT300 Baud Direct Connect

N0VDCAT $199.00 $189.00

CAT

300 Baud.Acoustic, Bell 103

N0VCAT $798.00 $175.00

PRIORITYCon£jeLECTRQNICS

9,161b DEERING AVE.

CHATSWORTH, CA 91311

ONE

ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5922, CA, AK, HI, CALL (213) 709-5464

Terms. U.S. VISA MC, BAAC. Check. Money Order. U.S. Funds Only. CA residents add 6% Sales Tax.MINIMUM PREPAID ORDER S15.00 Include MINIMUM SHIPPING & HANDLING of S2.50 lor the first 3 lbs.plus 25« lor each additional pound. Orders over 50 lbs. sent freight collect. Just in case, please includeyour phone no Prices subject to change without notice. We will do our best to maintain prices thruDecember. 1981 Sale Prices Valid only if YOU mention publication and month. Credit Card orders willbe charged appropriate freight. c|rcle g52 Qn |nqu|ry card

DISCOUNT COUON

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

GmpuPro » 8££3R

LITTLE 8" Z80 SYSTEM STARTER SET

CPU 2; A 4MH2 Z80A-based 8-bit workhorse CPU board that includesall the standard features plus many of the convenience options Meets allIEEE 696/S-100 specifications, including timing.DISK 1 DMJt High Performance Disk Controller: disk controllersdon't have to be your system's bottleneck1 The OISK1 is lightning fastthanks to properly implemented DMA (with arbitration) and datatransfer that is independent of CPU soeedMM 20 32 K Hlih Speed Static HA HI.This board has it all. Operatesat speeds up to 10MHz. ultra-low power consumption, IEEE 696/S-100extended addressing protocol, bank select and flawless DMACP/H 2.2; The de facto standard of 8-brt operating systems ready toload and gol

ANOTHER PRIORITY 1 EXCLUSIVE!

We went to GODBOUT and made a special buy on the nucleous of thebest S-100 Z80A' systems everLOOK AT WHAT YOU GET:

1 GBT1 60A 2/4 MHz Z80 CPU $295.00

1 GBT164A32 32K 10MHz Static Ram S425.00

1 GBT171A DMA Disk Controllers $495.00

1 GBTCPM80 CP/M2.2 $175.00

IT ALL ADDS UP TO $1390.00

TOTAL PACKAGE PRICE Reg. Sale $1095.00

'Combined With 10% A#|«l> J-|»Discount Coupon, NHlfll.uU

YouPayOnly «e»www»ww

YOU SAVE $404.50

ORDER PART NO PDBGBTSG (Include S5.00 Shipping)

Don't forget you can save an additional 10% on Mainframes. I/O, Terminals,and Printers when purchased simultaneously with system using discountcoupon.

TAKE A DEEP BREATH!SIT DOWN!

We made a special buy on a guantity of REMEX 4000 Double Density,Double Sided 8" disk drives. The REMEX drives are high speed - 3ms!! Justwhat you need to take full advantage of yourlightning fast DMA diskcontroller from Godbout. We supply two of these high speed drives, aQTCDDC88 Dual Drive Cabinet with power supply, data cable, anddocumentation to make an incredibly powerful and versatile 280 systemIT ALL ADOS UP TO $3025.00

PACKAGE SALE PRICE $2350.00

Combined with 10% Ani IE AADiscount Coupon Qfc I IOiUUYou Pay Only '

YOU SAVE $910.00

ORDER PART NO. PDBGBTSN (Shipped Via Motor Freight Collect)

SUPERSIXTEEN SYSTEM

LOOK WHAT $3145.50* WILL BUY!

WHY WAIT ANY LONGER?HERE IS WHAT EACH PACKAGE INCLUDES:GBT1612A 6 MHz 8085/8088 Dual Processor BoardOBT171A High Speed DMA Disk ControllerSBT162A System Support 1 Multi Function BoardOBT133A Interfacer 1 Dual Serial I/O128K 10MHz Low Power Static RamCP/M 2.2 De facto Standard 8 Bit Operating SystemCP/M 86 16 Bit Operating System Ready to Load 8c GoCables andDocumentatlon Three interfacer cables,one disk I/O cable, complete documentation for allhardware, and manuals for both CP/M operatingsystems

Compu Pro's famous 1 Year limited warrantyNow the best part of all. If urchased separately thesequality components would list for S4.344.00. But SuperSixteen's low package price is $3495.00, an excellentdeal!

•Combined With 10% <OMC Cn

Discount Coupon *****&•&**

YouPayOnly: You Save $1198.50!

ORDER PART NO, PDBGBTSJ (Sh, Wt. 15 lbs.)Super Sixteen is also available qualified under theCertified System Component high reliability program -with 2 year warranty, 200 hour bum-in and 8MHzprocessors.That brings the package price to S4095.00.Com/ned With 10% A «j jt n rr c f\

Discount Coupon fJOOO.SU

YouPayOnly: You Save $1258.50

ORDER PART NO. PDBGUTSK (Sh. Wt. lb IDs.)

THE EXPANDABLE 1

|»4M J\2..ztJLs£."--.

THE UNIVERSAL IEEES100DYNAMIC MEMORY CARD

THE EXPANDABLE 1 TM 64K Dynamic Ram boardprovides your S-100 system with 64K of reliable, high-speed dynamic RAM. Compatible with most of the ma-jor S-100 systems on the market, including those withfront panels, it supports DMA operations and requiresno Wait states with current microprocessors.

• User expandable from 16 to 64 K

• 2 or 4 MHz operation

• North Star compatible

• Cromemco Compatible

• Designed to IEEE proposed S-100 bus standards' Supports IMSAI-type front panels

• Operates with either an 8080 or Z-80 based S-100system, providing processor-transparent refresheswith both

• Bank-select system allows system memory expan-sion and is compatible with Cromemco products

• Bank select port's address is jumper selectable

• Any 16K block can be made bank-independent

• Ail 64K can be made bank-enabled on power-on andreset

• Configuration as a 16K. 32K, or 48K board withoutthe removal of RAMs

• Fully buffered address and data lines

• Fail-sale refresh circuitry lor extended Wait states

• Board configuration with reliable, easy-to-configureBerg lumpers

• Supports DMA

• Jumper-selectable Phantom input

• Uses Popular 4116 RAMS

• Assembled & tested

• All ICs in sockets

• Power supply: Unregulated +8, + 16, and - 16 voltsMaximum power draw: 400 mA at +8 volts

175 mA at + 16 volts5 mA at - 16 voltsDissipation: less than 8 watts

• Temperature: O.to 70 degrees Celsius

• Humidity: 0 to 90% noncondensing

• PC Board

• FR-4 glass epoxy

• Solder mask on both sides

• Gold-plated connector lingers

• Silk screen component outlines, reference numbers,and part designations

PRIEXP116 16K Assembled & Tested $299.00

PRIEXP132 32K Assembled & Tested $339.00

PRIEXP148 48K Assembled & Tested $379.00

PRIEXP164 64K Assembled & Tested $409.00

^^OKIDATA

MICROLINEPRINTERS

WITH FRICTION AND TRACTOR FEED

► BI-DIRECTIONAL-120 CPS • Parallel and Serial I/O

> 9 x 9 Matrix (Alphanumeric) • 110 Through 120O Baudi 6 x 9 or 12 Matrix lor Graphics • Sell Test

* 5, 8.3. 10. 16 Characters Per Inch • Out of Paper Switch

i 6 or 8 Lines Per Inch • Friction or Tractor Feed

i 80 CPL ©10 CPI tor 82A . 3" lo 14" Too ol Form (Switch Seleclablel

I 132 CPL® 10 CPI tor B3A • 10 Dillerenl Character Sets

Pari No

Description80CPL@10CPI0K1DAT83AT 132CPL@10CPI

0KIDAT82AT

OKID

List Pnce

$799.00

$1195.00

Our Price$575.00$775.00

LIST PRICE: S2495.00

SPECIAL PRICE$1595.00

malibu

Electronics Corporation

10x9 DOT MATRIX WITH TRUE DECENDERSALPHANUMERICS/GRAPHICS PRINTER

We were able to acquire this most popular printer when Malibu replacedthis model with a new version These printers, still in the factory sealedcontainers are available at tremendous savings on a first-come, first-served basis.

SPECIFICATIONS: 165 CPS • 132 char per line • GraphicsresBOHX72V • Adj. tractor feed 3" to 16" width • 10 character per inch or 5expanded lines per inch 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. 8. to for alpha numerics 12 forgraphics • paper load front or bottom • complete self test mode •self-contained intelligent controller card handles both serial and parallelinterlaces • audible signaling • out of paper detection • bidirec-tional w/logic seeking.

MAUBU165 Serial/Parallel Interface $1595.00

IYIALIBU1652 Parallel only Interface $1450.00Shipped Freight Collect

MICROPOLIS™MCP'

• Dull 9'/t" Floppy

• 315K Par Drive 630K Total

• S100 Controller (8080, 8085, Z80 Compilable)

• Handles Up to 4 Drives

• Conns With MDOS, Basic,Assembler, and Text Editor

See page 10 of ENGINEERING SELECTION GUIDEin November BYTE for details

ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5922

LIST PRICE:

$1534.00

OUR PRICE:

$995.OO

. — —— _.. — .«,.... — _-

DISCOUNT COUPON

SAVE w> to io%

From Our December BUTE ad :#gK

L3 $100-$149.99 Dedl

D S150-$199.99 Dedi

D $300 - $399.99 Dedi

D $400 - $499.99 . Dedl

D $500 & UP . ,Ded

Sorry. Dlceount Coupon Moi Vabd

ihippin.-ji'Tiarge? Phone or Foreign

VAUD ON PREPAIDU.S. MAIL ORDERS

DECEMBER 3X, 1981

OR PRESENT THIS COUPON

AT/OUR RETAIL STORE BEFORE ■

DECEK|BbR:31, 198)Coupon valid only when altached to

ta<*eo! order. : :g8WM :

iidddddddddd

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

BUY WITH CONFIDENCEFrom the Nation's Largest

#

HITACHI

Hitachi Denshi.Ltd.

Distributor

Single and dual trace, 15 thru 100 MHz. All high sensitivity Hitachioscilloscopes are built to demanding Hitachi quality standards and arebacked by a 2-year warranty. They're able to measure signals as low as1 mV/division (with X5 vertical magnifier). It's a specification you won'tfind on any other 15 or 30 MHz scopes. Plus: Z-axis modulation, tracerotation, front panel X-Y operation for all scopemodels. and X10 sweepmagnification. And. 30 thru 100 MHz oscillioscopes offer internal signaldelay lines. For ease of operation, functionally related controls aregrouped into three blocks on the color coded front panel. Now here's theclincher: For what you'd expect to pay more, you actually pay less.Check our scopes before you decide. All scopes complete with probes.

HTTV302B List $995.00

^| Our Prlce:$859.00

TV sync-separator circuitHigh-sensitivity ImV/div(5MHz)

Sweep-time magnifier(10 times)

Z-axis input (intensitymodulation)Signal delay lineComplete with 2 probesCHI. CH2. DUAL. ADD.,. .... DIFF. Vertical

3U MHZ Deilection Modes

OSCILLOSCOPE

Hitachi.. . The measure of quality.

HTTV152B DUAL TRACE 15MHZ (no delay)

LIST S735.00 OUR PRICE $629.00

HTT-V352

35MHz DUAL TRACE

WITH DELAY

LIST PRICE: SI 150.00OUR PRICE: $998.00

Economically priceddual trace oscilloscopeSquare CRT withinternal graticule(illuminated scale)High-accuracy voltageaxis & time axis set at#3% (certified at 10°

to 35 O

High-sensitivity

lmV/dlv.

Low drill

2 Year Warranty

HIT-V202

20MHz DUAL TRACE

LIST PRICE: S850OUR PRICE: $765

Dynamic range 8 div.

TV sync separator circuit

Built-in signal delay

line (V-352)

X-Y operation

Sweep-time magnifier

(10 times)

Trace rotation system

Fine adjusting.

click-positioning

function

50 MHz & 100 MHz

DUAL TRACE WITHCALIBRATED TIME DELAY

HTTV550B

50MHz with

3rd TRACE

TRIGGER VIEW

LIST $1745.00

SALE

CALL

HITV1050

100MHz with

3rd & 4th TRACE

TRIGGER VIEW

UST $2390.00

SALE

CALL

Jl

SPECIAL PURCHASE

MS GOLD

16 PIN LOW PROFILE IC.C95 SOOKETS

TIG-16LP pkg ol 100 $16.00

TIG-16LP pka. of 1000 $120.00

OEMS Stack up at this LOW PRICE

d

ZERO INSERTIONFORCE TEST SOCKETS

ZIP-16DIPZIP-24DIPZIP-400DIP

IIt i.Mi 7.58

III 25

RTION f)SOCKETS y

^TTTTn *

11-11 IS-S9

tS.U J4.95

WIS H.H

JS 85 SIM

P NEW LOW MEMORY PRICES f

4116AC20 8/$20.00

2016P3 8/$100.00

2114N3L 8/S28.00

5257N3L 8/$50.00

2732 8/$120.00

2716 8/$50.00

2708 8/$20.00

KEITH LEY

Handheld DMMs For EveryApplication and Budget

Easy-to-use Rotary Switches

Large 06" LCD displays

dc Voltage

ac Voltage

dc Current

ac CurrentResistance

Diode Test3'/2 or 4'/2 Digit Accuracy

Overload Protection

Externally Accessible Battery & Fuse j

Rugged 0 l" AFJS Plastic Case

Shock-Mounted PC BoardKTH130 ± 05% DCV accuracy. 10M n input $124.00impedence auto polarity and currentmeasurement through 10ASame as KTH130 except 025% ace- $139.00uracy and enhancedbandwith on lopACV ranges

See/hear display includes both over/ $ 139.00under threshold indicator arrows,audible tone that operates on all ran-ges & (unctions, and adjustable thresh-hold

4V4 digit. 0.05% accuracy $235.00

Thermocouple (TC) based themometer $ 199.00KTH1304 Soft Carrying Case & Stand (handhelds) $ 10.00KTH1306 Deluxe Carrying Case (handhelds) $ 25.00

KTH131

KTH128

KTH135KTH870

LCD & LED Bench DMMs

KTH169 3'A Digit. LCD Display $189.00

KTH176 4'h Digit, LCD Display $269.00

KTH179-20A VA Digit. LED Display. TRMS $439.00KTH1793 IEEE-488 Interface (Model 179-20A) $325.00See pp. 42-43 of our Engineering Selection Guide in theNovember BYTE for a complete list of specifications andaccessories.

PROTECT YOUR INVESTMENT /# V>PROTECT YOUR DATA WITH /♦, +/.

***v|

ISDBflR.?

IBAR46 >

Four independently isolated outlets. Built-in 15A circuit breaker, pilotlight, switch, and 6 foot cord.

LIST PRICE OUR PRICEG0FIBAR4B SH WT 4 lbs S79.95 $49.95

IBAR8-6

8 outlets, grouped to torm 4 independently isolated sets of two Butll in15A circuit breaker on/oil switch pilot lirjht

UST PRICE OUR PRICE

G0FIBAR88 SH WT 5 lbs S84 95 $54.95

lM-10AList$104.95

SPECIAL

$69.95 with tube

Perfectly balanced floures-cent lighting wilh precisionmagnilier lens Tough ther-moplastic shade Easy lensremoval New wire clip de-sign permits easy installa-tion and removal ol lloures-cent tube. Comes with plas-tic shield to protect tubefrom soiling and damage.Colors: Gray. Black andChocolate Brown. Comeswith one 22 watt T-° Circlinefluorescent tube. 3 diopterlens 10 lbs.

PRIORITY

PRENTICE

ONE

THE STARMODEMfromPRENTICE

FEATURE

FITS GTE HANDSETS!

1 YEAR WARRANTY

EXCLUSIVE ACOUSTIC CHAMBERS:

The exclusive triple seal ef Prentices new flat mounted cups locks thehandset into the acoustic chamber yielding superior acoustic isolationand mechanical cushioning Designed to adapt lo most commonhandsets used throughout the worldSELF TEST:

The sell test feature on the STAR allows the user to verily total operationof the acoustic modem by using the terminal in the full duplex mode Noneed for remote assistance in diaonosing terminal or modem problemsSPECIFICATIONS:

• Data Rate: 0 to 300 baud.

• Compatibility: Bell 103 and 113. CCITT

• Frequency Stability: ±0.3 percent Crystal controlled

• Receiver Sensitivity: -50 dBm ON -53 dBm OFF

• Modulation: Freguency shift keyed (FSK).

• Carrier Detect Delay: 12 seconds ON, 120 msec OFF

• EIA Terminal Interface: Compatible with FiS 23? specifications

• Teletype Interface: 20 milliampere current loop

• International (CCITT) frequencies available.

• Switches: Orginate/OfI/Answer: Full Duplex/Tesl/-Hall Duplex

• Indicators: Transmit Data. Receive Data. Carrier Ready. Test.

• Power: Supplied by 24 VAC/150 MA UL/CSA listed wallmounttransformer Input 115 VAC. 2.5 watts

• Dimensions: 10" x 4" x 2"

• Weight: 1 74 lbs (3 lbs shipping weight including AC adaptor)

• Warranty: ONE year on parts and labor, excluding the AC adaptorwhich carriers the manufacturer's warranty.

PART NO. DESCRIPTION UST PRICE OUR PRICE

PRNSTAR RS232, TTL 200M

Current LoopPRNSTAR-V21 CCITT European

Standard

CABLESPART NO. DESCRIPTION

S199.00 $149.00

S22900 $209.00

PRICE

CNDRS2328FIDCCABLE12

RS232 8 Cond 8 FtRS232 25 Cond 3 ft

$19.95$14.95

\ferbatim*

PART NO.

5'A" DISKETTESSECTORING APPLICATION

SIDES. BOX OF 10

VRBMD52501 Soil Sector

TRS-80 Apple/40 Track 1 $32.00CertVABMD52510 Hard 10 Sector North Star/40 Track CeitVRBMD5251B Hard 16 Sector Micropolis/40 Track CertVRBMD55701 Son Sector 77 Track Cert/100 TPIVRBMD557I0 Hard 10 Sector 77 Track Ccrt/100 TPIVRBHID55716 Hard 16 Sector 77 Track Cert/100 TPIVRBMD5770I Soft Sector 77 Track CerVTOO TPI

VHBMD577I0 Hard 10 Sector 77 Track Cert/100 TPIVRBMD577I6 Hard16Sector 77 Track Cert/100 TPIVRBMD Series comes with reinforced hub ring mounted.

ALL VERBATIM 5V." DISKETTES ARE DOUBLE DENSITY CERTIFIED

8" DISKETTESVRBFD32 Hard Sector Shugart 801R ' $37.00

VRBFD34 Soil Sector IBM 3740 I $37.00

VRBFD32-2 Hard Sector Flippy I $66.00

VR8FD34-2 Solt Sector Flippy I $66.00

The above Verbatim 8" Diskettes have all the Datattteimprovements without the hardhole reinforcement rings.

I $32.00

1 $32.00

2 $50.002 $58.002 $58.001 $48.00I $48.001 $48.00

VRB328VR8348VRB324VRB344

Hard SectorSoil SectorHard SectorSoil Sector

Dbl Density

Dbl Density

Dbl Density

Dbl Density

$57.00$57.00$67.00$87.00

The above 8" Diskettes come lo a hard boxwith reinlorced hub rings mounted.

ELECTRONICS

91 61 B DEERING AVE., CHATSWORTH, CA91311

ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 4235922 CA. AK, HI CALL (213) 709546

Terms U S VISA MC. BAAC.Check Money Order.US Funds Only. CA residents add 6% Sales Tax.MINIMUM PREPAID ORDER S15.00. Include MINIMUM SHIPPING Br HANDLING of S2.50 lor the first 3lbs. plus 25c for each additional pound Orders over 50 lbs. sent freight collect. Just in case, pleaseinclude your phone no. Prices subject to change without notice We will do our best to maintainprices thru December. 1981. SOCKET and CONNECTOR prices based on GOLD, not exceedingS700.00 per oz. Sales Prices Valid only if YOU mention publication and month. Credit Card orderw willbe charged appropriate freight. Circle 351 on inquiry card.

DISCOUNT COUPON

16K Memory

4116200ns

8/15.95

ALL MERCHANDISE KM)"/., GUARANTEED!

LS SERIES

74LS0O74LS0174LS0274LS0374LS0474LS0574LS0874LS1074LS1174LS1274LS1374LS1474LS1574LS2074LS2174LS2274LS2674LS2774LS2874LS3074LS3274LS3374LS3774LS3874LS4074LS4274LS4774LS4874LS4974LS5174LS5474LS5574LS6374LS7374LS7474LS7574LS7674LS7874LS8374LS8574LS8674LS9074LS9174LS9274LS9374LS9574LS9674LS10774LS10974LS11274LS11374LS11474LS12274LS12374LS12474LSI 2574LS12674LS13274LS13674LS13774LS13874LS13974LS14574LS14774LSI4874LS15174LS15374LSI5474LS15574LS15674LS15774LS15874LS16074LS16174LS162.74LS163

LM301V

LM308V

LM309K

LM311

LM317T

LM317K

LM318

LM323K

LM324

LM337K

LM339

LM377

LM380

LM386V

LM555V

LM556

LM565

LM566V

LM567V

LM723

LM733

25

74LS164

.95

25

74LS165

.95

25

74LS166

2.40

25

74LS168

1.75

25

74LS169

1.75

25

74LS170

1 75

35

74LS173

.80

25

74LS174

95

35

74LS175

.95

35

74LS181

2.15

45

74LS189

995

LOO

74LS190

1.00

35

74LS191

1.00

25

74LS192

85

35

74LS193

.95

25

74LS194

1.00

35

74LS195

95

35

74LS196

.65

.35

74LS197

.85

.25

74LS221

1.20

35

74LS240

.99

.55

74LS241

.99

55

74LS242

1.85

.35

74LS243

1.85

35

74LS244

99

.55

74LS245

1.90

75

74LS247

.76

75

74LS248

1.25

.75

74LS249

.99

25

74LS251

1.30

35

74LS253

.86

.35

74LS257

.85

1.25

74LS258

.85

.40

74LS259

2.85

.45

74LS260

.65

50

74LS266

.55

.40

74LS273

1.65

50

74LS275

3.35

.75

74LS279

55

1 15

74LS280

1.98

40

74LS283

1.00

65

74LS290

1.25

.89

74LS293

1.85

70

74LS295

1.05

.65

74LS298

1.20

.85

74LS324

1.75

95

74LS352

1.55

40

74LS353

1.55

.40

74LS363I

1.35

.45

74LS364

1.95

.45

74LS365

.95

.50

74LS366

.95

.45

74LS367

.70

.95

74LS368

.70

2.99

74LS373

.99

.95

74LS374

1.75

.85

74LS377

1.45

.75

74LS378

1.18

.55

74LS379

1.35

99

74LS385

1.90

.75

74LS386

.65

.75

74LS390

1.90

1.20

74LS393

1.90

2 49

74LS395

1.65

1.35

74LS399

1.70

.75

74LS447

.37

.75

74LS490

1.95

2.35

74LS668

1.69

1.15

74LS669

1.89

95

74LS670

2.20

75

74LS674

9.65

.75

74LS662

3.20

74LS683

2.30

.90

74LS684

2.40

95

74LS685

2.40

.95

74LS688

2.40

.95

74LS669

240^

LINEAR

.34

LM741V

.29

.98

LM747

.79

1.49

IM748V

59

.64

LM1310

2.90

1.95

MC1330V

1.89

3.95

MC1350V

1.29

1.49

MC1358

1.79

4.9S

LM1414

1.59

.59

LM1458V

.69

3.95

LM1488

.99

.99

LM1489

.99

2.29

LM1800

2.99

1.29

LM 1889

2.49

1.50

LM3900

.59

39

LM 3909V

.98

69

LM3914

3.95

.99

LM3915

3.95

1.49

LM3916

3.95

1.29

75451V

.39

.49

75452V

.39

.

»

75453V

.39

r 1

1 1

[inaslei charge

VtSA°

i- ■--

6800

8200

6800

5.70

6802

10.95

6809

24.95

6809E

29.95

6810

4.60

6820

4.95

6821

4.95

6828

9.95

6834

16.95

6840

14.95

6843

42.95

6844

44.95

6845

29.95

6847

15.95

6850

4.75

6852

5.75

6860

10.95

6862

11.95

6871

25.95

6875

6.95

6860

2.S5

68B00

10.95

68B21

12.95

68B50

12.95

Z80

ZBO-CPU

280A-CPU

Z80-P10

Z80A-PI0

Z80-CTC

Z80A-CTC

Z80-DART

Z80A-DART

Z80-DMA

Z80A-DMA

Z80SI0/0

Z80A-SI0/0

Z80-SI0/1

Z80A-SI0/1

Z80-SI0/2

Z80A-SI0/2

Z80-SI0/09

Z80A-SI0/9

Z80B-CPU

Z80B-CTC

.zeoB-pio

1702

2708

2758

TMS2516

2716

2716-1

TMS2716

TMS2532

2732

2764

2101

2102-1

21L02-1

2111

2112

2114

2114L-2

2114L-3

2114L-4

TMS4044-4

TMS4044-3

TMM2016

HM6116

4027

4116-120

4116-150

4116-200

4116-300

4164

8.95

6.00

6.50

6.00

5.95

8.65

15.25

18.75

17.50

27.50

23.95

28.95

23.95

15.00

23.95

28.95

17.95

22.95

18.95

17.95

17.95

8202

8205

8212

8214

8216

8224

8226

8228

8237

8238

8239

8243

8250

8251

8253

8253-5

8255

8255-5

8257

8259

8272

8275

8279

8279-5

8282

8283

8284

8286

8287

8268

8289

45.003.501.853.851.802.501.804.9019.954.954.854.4514.954.759.809.855.005.258.756.9039.9529.9510.5010.506.656.655.706.656.5025.0049.95

MPU'S

8035

8039

8080A

8085

8085A-2

8086

8088

8155

8156

8185

8185-2

8741

8748

8755

16.9519.953.95129516.9599.9539.9511.9511.9529.9539.9539.9529.9544.95

EPROMS

256 X 81024 x 81024 x 82048 x 82048 x 82048 x 82048 x 84096 x 84096 x 88192 X 8

6502

6502

6502-A

6504

6505

6520

6522

6532

6551

6.9512.956.958.954.359.9514.9511.85

CAUL US K)R VOLUME QUOTES

JDR MICRODEVICES, INC IS PROUD TO

ANNOUNCE THE OPENING OF OUR

NEW RETAIL SHOWROOM

BAY AREA RESIDENTSSTOP BY 1224 BASCOM AVE.

TRANSISTORS

PN2222

10/1.00

100/8.99

2N3904

10/1.00

100/8.99

2N3906

10/1.00

100/8.99

2N3055

.79

10/6.99

IN4148

25/1.00

IN4004

10/1.00

MISC.

6T26

8T28

BT95

8T96

BT97

6T96

1486

1489

DMB131

14411

1.69

2.49

.99

.99

.99

.99

.99

.99

2.95

9.95

3242 7.95

AV5-1013 3.95TR1602 4.95

IM6402177117911793

7.9524.9536.9549.95

UPD765 39.966272 39.95

74C923 5.95

T.V.

CIRCUITS

MC1330

1.89

MCI 350

1.29

MC1358

1.79

LM380

1.29

LM388

1.50

LM565

.99

LM741

.29

LM1310

2.90

LM 1800

2.99

LMI889

2.49

CALL JDR BEFORE YOU BUY!

800-538-5000800-662-6233

CAI if ORNIA RESIDENTS

(1ns)

(450 ns)(5V) (450 ns)(5V)(450ns)(SV) (450 ns)(5V)(350ns)

(450ns)(5V) (450 ns)(SV) (450 ns) (200ns)(5V) (450 ns)

4.952.999.957.955.509.009.9519.95

4.502.758956.954.958.508.9517.95

DIP SWITCHES

CALLCALL

STATIC RAMS

256 x 41024 x 11024 X 1256 X 4256 x 41024 X 41024 X 41024 x 41024 x 44096 x 14096 X 12048 x 82048 x 8

(450ns)

(450 ns)

(LP)(450ns)

(450 ns)

(450 ns)

(LP)(450ns)

(LP)(200ns)

(LP)(300ns)

(LP)(450ns)

(450 ns)

(300 ns)

1.95

.89

1.29

2.99

2.99

8/17.95

8/19.95

8/18.95

8/18.95

3.49

3.99

(200ns)( 150 ns(200ns)(150ns)(l20ns

DYNAMIC RAMS

4096 x 116.384 -x 116.384 x 116.384 x 116,384 x 164.536 x 1

(250 ns)(120 ns)(150 ns)(200 ns)(300 ns)(200 ns)

2.508/29.958/18.958/15.958/14.95

LP = LOW POWER

100pcs

1.85

.85

1.15

2.492.792.102.352.252.253.253.75CALLCALL

100pes

2.00CALL1.951.801.75CALL

4 position

5 position

6 position

7 position

8 position

.85.90.90.95.95

CONNECTORS

RS232MALERS232 FEMALERS232HOODS-100STS-100WW

3.253.751.253.954.95

LEDS

Jumbo Red 10/1.00Jumbo Green 6/1.00Jumbo Yellow 6/1.005082-7760 ,43'CC .79MAN74.3'CC .99MAN72.3'CA .99

IC

SOCKETS

volt;

1-100 100pcs

SpinST .13 .11

7805T

.79

7905T

.89

14 pin SI .15 .12

7808T

99

7912T

.89

16 pin ST .17 .13

7812T

.79

7915T

1.19

18 pin ST .20 .18

7815T

.99

7924T

1.19

20 pin ST .29 .27

7824T

.99

22 pin ST .30 .2724 pin ST .30 .2728 pin ST .40 .32

7805K

1.39

7905K

1.49

40 pin ST .49 .39

7812K7815K

1.391.39

7912K79L05

1.49.79

ST = SOLDERTAIL8 pin WW .59 .4914 pin WW .69 .52

78L05

.69

79L12

.79

16 pin WW .69 .58

78L12

.89

79L15

.79

18 pin WW .99 .90

78L15

.69

LM317K

3.95

20 pin WW 1.09 .9822 pin WW 1.39 1.28

LM309K

1.49

LM323K

4.95

24 pin WW 1.49 1.35

LM317T

1.9S

LM337K

3.95

28 pin WW 1.69 1.4940 pin WW 1.99 1.80

T=TO-220 K=TO-3 L=TO-92

WW = WIREWRAP

|1)R MICRODEVICES, INC.

1224 So. Bascom Ave.

San Jose, CA 95128

800-538-5000.800-662-6233 (Cain.)

408/247-4852 -TELEX 171-110

rERMS Foi shipping include 12.00 Ich UPS Ground IUPS Blue Ubol An siooo minimum ordei B.iy An

Send SASE fm complQ

hi In limit ijiLinlitii's and sulsubject lo change without

534 BYTE December 1981

Circle 208 on Inquiry card.

2716

EPROMS 450NS (5V)

8/4.95 ea

ALL MERCHANDISE 100% GUARANTEED!

CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES

CMOS

December Specials

74C00

.35

74C374

2.75

4019

.45

4098

2.49

74C02

.35

74C901

.80

4020

95

4099

1.95

74C04

.35

74C902

.86

4021

.95

14409

8.95

74C08

.35

74C903

.85

4022

1.15

14410

8.95

74C10

.35

74C905

10.95

4023

.35

14411

9.95

74C14

1.50

74C906

.95

4024

.75

14412

12.95

74C20

.35

74C907

1.00

4025

.35

14419

2.95

74C30

.35

74C908

2.00

4026

1.65

4502

.95

74C32

.50

74C909

2.75

4027

.65

4503

.65

74C42

1.75

74C910

9.95

4028

.80

4508

1.95

74C48

2.10

74C911

10.00

4029

.95

4510

.95

74C73

.65

74C912

10.00

4030

45

4511

.95

74C74

.85

74C914

1.95

4034

2.95

4512

.95

74C76

.80

74C915

2.00

4035

.85

4514

1.25

74C83

1.95

74C918

2.75

4040

.95

4515

2.25

74C85

1.95

74C920

17.95

4041

1.25

4516

1.55

74C86

.95

74C921

15.95

4042

.75

4518

1.25

74C89

4.50

74C922

5.95

4043

.85

4519

1.25

74C90

1.75

74C923

5.95

4044

.85

4520

1.25

74C93

1.75

74C925

6.75

4046

.95

4522

1.25

74C95

1.75

74C926

7.95

4047

.95

4526

1.25

74C107

1.00

74C927

7.95

4049

.55

4527

1.95

74C150

5.75

74C928

7.95

4050

.55

4528

1.25

74C151

2.25

74C929

19.95

4051

.95

4531

.95

74C154

3.25

74C930

19.95

4053

.95

4532

1.95

74C157

1.75

4000

.35

4060

1.45

4538

1.95

74C160

2.00

4001

.35

4066

.75

4539

1.95

74C161

2.00

4002

.25

4068

.40

4543

2.70

74C162

2.00

4006

.95

4069

.35

4555

.95

74C163

2.00

4007

.29

4070

.35

4556

.95

74C164

2.00

4008

.95

4071

.30

4581

1.95

74C165

2,00

4009

45

4072

.30

4582

1.95

74C173

2.00

4010

.45

4073

.30

4584

.95

74C174

2.25

4011

.35

4075

30

4585

.95

74C175

2.25

4012

.25

4076

.95

4702

12.95

74C192

2.25

4013

.45

4078

.30

4724

1.50

74C193

2.25

4014

.95

4081

.30

80C07

.95

74C195

2.25

4015

.95

4082

.30

80C95

.85

74C200

5.75

4016

.45

4085

.95

80C96

.95

74C221

2.25

4017

1.15

4086

.95

80C97

.95

74C373

2.75

4018

.95

4093

.95

80C98

1.20

74S00 SERIES

74S00

44

74S74

.69

74S163

3.75

74S258

1.49

74S02

48

74S85

2.39

74S168

4.65

74S260

1.83

74S03

48

74S86

1.44

74S169

5.44

74S274

19.95

74S04

79

74S112

1.59

74S174

1.09

74S275

19.95

74S05

79

74S113

1.98

74S175

1.09

74S280

2.90

74S08

48

74S114

1.50

74S181

4.47

74S287

4.75

74S09

98

74S124

2.77

74S182

2.95

74S288

4.45

74S10

69

74S132

1.24

74S188

3.95

74S289

6.98

74S11

88

74S133

.98

74S189

14.95

74S301

6.95

74S1-5

70

74S134

.69

74S194

2.95

74S373

3.45

74S20

68

74S135

1.48

74S195

1.89

74S374

3.45

74S22

98

74S138

1.08

74S196

4.90

74S381

7.95

74S30

48

74S139

1.25

74S197

4.26

74S387

5.75

74S32

SB

74S140

1.45

74S201

14.95

74S412

2.98

74S37 1

87

74S151

1.19

74S225

8.95

74S471

9.95

74S38 1

68

74S153

1.19

74S240

3.98

74S472

16.85

74S40

44

74S157

1.19

74S241

3.75

74S474

17.85

74S51

78

74S158

1.45

74S251

1.90

74S482

15.60

74S64

79

74S161

2.85

74S253

7.45

74S570

7.80

74S65 1

25

74S162

3.70

74S257

1.39

74S571

7.80

PROMS

74S188

(82S23)

OC

32x8

3.95

74S287

(82S129)

TS

256x4

4.75

74S288

(82S123)

TS

32x8

4.45

74S387

(82S126)

OC

256x4

5.75

74S471

TS

256x8

9.95

74S472

(82S147)

TS

512x8

16.85

74S474

(82S141)

TS

512 x8

17.85

74S570

(82S130)

OC

512x4

7.80

74S571

(82S131)

TS

512x4

7.80

7400 SERIES

7400

.19

74128

.55

7401

.19

74132

.45

7402

.19

74136

.50

7403

.19

74141

.65

7404

.19

74142

2.95

7405

.22

74143

2.95

7406

.22

74144

2.95

7407

.22

74145

.60

7408

.24

74147

1.75

7409

.19

74148

1.20

7410

.19

74150

1.35

7411

.25

74151

.65

7412

.30

74152

.65

7413

.35

74153

.55

7414

.55

74154

1.40

7416

.25

74155

.75

7417

.25

74156

.65

7420

.19

74157

.55

7421

.35

74159

1.65

7422

.29

74160

.85

7423

.29

74161

.70

7425

.29

74162

.85

7426

.29

74163

.85

7427

.29

74164

.85

7428

.45

74165

.85

7430

.19

74166

1.00

7432

.29

74167

1.95

7433

.45

74170

1.65

7437

.29

74172

5.95

7438

.29

74173

.75

7440

.19

74174

.89

7442

.49

74175

.89

7443

.65

74176

.89

7444

.69

74177

.75

7445

.69

74178

1.15

7446

.59

74179

1.75

7447

.69

74180

.75

7448

.69

74181

2.25

7450

.19

74182

.75

7451

.23

74184

2.00

7453

.23

74185

2.00

7454

.23

74186

18.50

7460

.23

74190

1.15

7464

.39

74191

1.15

7465

.39

74192

.79

7470

.35

74193

.79

7472

.29

74194

.85

7473

.34

74195

.85

7474

.35

74196

.79

7475

.49

74197

.75

7476

.35

74198

1.35

7480

.59

74199

1.35

7481

1.10

74221

1.35

7482

.95

74246

1.35

7483

.50

74247

1.25

7484

.50

74248

1.85

7485

.65

74249

1.95

7486

.35

74251

.75

7489

4.95

74259

2.25

7490

.35

74265

1.35

7491

.40

74273

1.95

7492

.50

74276

1.25

7493

.49

74279

.75

7494

.65

74283

2.00

7495

.55

74284

3.75

7496

.70

74285

3.75

7497

2.75

74290

.95

74100

1.00

74293

.75

74107

.30

74298

.85

74109

.45

74351

2.25

74110

.45

74365

.65

74111

.55

74366

.65

74116

1.55

74367

.65

74120

1.20

74368

.65

74121

.29

74376

2.20

74122

.45

74390

1.75

74123

.55

74393

1.35

74125

.45

74425

3.15

74126

.45

74426

.85

74490

2.55

EPROMS

2708

(450 ns) 2.99

8/2.75

2716

(450 ns)(5V) 5.50

8/4.95

2716-1

(350 ns)(5V) 9.00

8/8.50

MPU's

Z80A

CPU 6.00

Z80A

PI0 6.00

Z80A

SIO/1 15.00

6821

4.25

6850

3.75

VOLTAGE REG'S

7805T

.65 7905T

.89

7812T

.65 7912TLS SPECIALS

.89

LS240

.99 LS245

1.90

LS241

.99 LS373

.99

LS244

.99 LS374

1.75

Picas* Stat* "December Specials" When Ordering

APPLE OWNERS

EXPAND YOUR 48K COMPUTER TO 64K

APPLE RAM

PLUG IN SLOTH immmzzmmiamnmamam

GOLD PLATED CONTACTS

INCLUDES 5 JUMPER OPTIONS

INCLUDES 5 RAM-ROM OPTIONS

ENJOY THE BEST OF BOTH WORLDS

16K RAM (RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY) j

THIS IS SOPHISTICATED FIRMWARE

EXPANDS YOUR 48K APPLE TO 64K

OF PROGRAMMABLE MEMORY

ELIMINATES THE NEED FOR APPLESOFT" OR INTEGER BASIC ROM

CARD

ALLOW YOU TO RUN APPLE'S NEW FORTRAN PACKAGE, ALSO

PASCAL AND PILOT

KEYBOARD CONTROL SELECTION OF RAM OR MOTHER BOARD

ROM LANGUAGE

INCLUDES INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS AND APPLICATIONS

NOTES

THE SOFTWARE DEVELOPED BY VARIOUS VENDORS FOR YOUR

(64K) SHOULD NOW WORK AS THEY ADVERTISED

THE MOST VERSATILE RAM EXPANSION ON THE MARKET TODAY

UNIQUE 1 YEAR WARRANTEE! $168.00

APPLE FAN

"COOL-IT"

• TAN COLOR

• SAVE DOWN TIME

• LONG LIFE MOTOR

• LOW NOISE IS A MUST

• SAVE REPAIR CHARGES

• INCREASES RELIABILITY■ CLIPS ON —NO HOLES OR SCREWS

• MINIMUM QUIETNESS IS DUE TO THE DRAW EFFECT OF AIRTHROUGH YOUR COMPUTER AND A SPECIAL FAN AND MOTORDESIGN

• THOSE EXTRA PLUG-IN CARDS CAN CAUSE EXTRA HEATHOW TO HOOK IT UP

1. Clip It on your APPLE

2. Unplug your 120V cable (you won't need it)

3. Plug short 120V cable from Super Fan II to the back o! your computer

4. Plug the supply cable from Super Fan II to your 120V power source

5. Turn on the rocker switch and a built-in red ready light comes on6- You are all set "COOL IT"

UNIQUE 1 YEAR WARRANTEE! $69.00

'APPLE IS A TRADEMARK OF APPLE COMPUTER INC.

VISA'

JDR MICRODEVICKS, INC.

1224 So. Bascom Ave.

San Jose, CA 95128

800-538-5000*800-662-6233 (Calif.)

408 / 247-4852 "TELEX 171-110

shi

U, I

Blue Laopl An $10 00 ii

s add G'/;'"'.. sales tax Ca

Wo reserve the nghl to

nl ,'

mum order Bay Area Rrnia Residents add 6% s;il quantities and substnto change without not

Circle 208 on inquiry card.

BYTE Dewmb«r 1981 535

We've

got

The

"*£Si

can

buy

If your data is important use qualityMAXELL disks.

Buy our year-end special('til December 31,1981).

All MAXELL certified for single or double density.

maxell

Order Number

MD1 51/4" 0 sector, single-sided

For TRS-80, Superbrain,Apple

MH1 51/4" 16 sec|Q|||p| lilMFor MicropolisSystei

MH1-10 51/4" 10 sectors, sin

For North Star, Zenith, Osborne

MAX55021H

MAX55621H

MD2D 0 sector, double-sidedFor Superbrain, Cromei

MD2-10 10 sectors, double-si■thStar

FD1 8" s1

FD2 8" double sided

$29.95

$44.95

$41.95

X58022H

$54.95

The Mini-Disks with

maximum quality

Mini Micro Mart, Inc.

948 W.Genesee St. Syracuse,N.Y. 13204 (315)422-4467

Circle 466 on inquiry card.

We Have It!

SUPERBRAIN

by Intertec

Self-contained computer with dual disks andtwo RS232C ports. Complete with CP/M 2.2.

64K Double Density, List $3495 $2869

64K Quad Density, List $3995 3395

VIDEO TERMINALS

INTERTEC EMULATOR,

List $895 $ 749

INTERTEC INTERTUBE III,

List $895 749

ZENITH Z-19, List $995 799

SOROC IQ 120, List $995 729

SOROC IQ 130, List $699 595

SOROC IQ 135, List $1095 749

SOROC IQ135G, List $1195 799

SOROC IQ 140, List $1495 1149

HAZELTINE ESPRIT, List $695 595

HAZELTINE 1410, List $900 749

1420, List $925 849

1500, List $1225 879

1510, List $1395 1089

1520, List $1650 1389

TELEVIDEO 910, List $695 595

912, List $950 739

920C, List $1030 789

950C, List $1195 989

MONITORS

ZENITH-ZYM-121,12"

Green Phos., List $159 $ 125

AMDEK100,12",List$179 139

100G, 12",

Green Phosphor, List $199 149

Color, 13", List $499 359

BMC, 12",

Green Phosphor, List $280 169

PRINTERS

ANADEX DP-9500, List $1650 $1349

DP-9501, List$1650 1349

PAPER TIGER IDS-445, List $795 .... 669

IDS-445G, List $894 749

IDS-460, List $995 839

IDS-460G, List $1094 894

IDS-560, List $1295 1099

IDS-560G, List $1394 1139

NEC SPINWRITERS .... CALL FOR PRICE

CENTRONICS 730-1,

Parallel, List $795 NEW LOW 599

730-3, RS232C, List $845 649

739-1 w/Graphics,

Parallel, List $995 749

739-3B w/Graphics, RS232C,

List $1045 839

779 w/tractor, List $1350 799

704-11, Parallel, List $1870 1695

704-9, RS232C, List $1795 1595

Tl 810 Basic, RS232C, List$1645 1349

810 Basic, RS232C &

Parallel, List $1695 1394

810 w/full ASCII, vertical forms control,

compressed print, List $1905 1599

820 RO, Basic, List $1995 1645

820 KSR, Basic, List $2165 1839

OKIDATA Microline 80, List $545 465

RS232 Serial Interface,

List $120 109

Tractor feed option, List $65 59

Microline 82A, List $649 519

Microline 83A, List $995 849

NORTH STAR HORIZON

CALL FOR PRICES

NORTH STAR ADVANTAGE

CALL FOR PRICES

FLOPPY DISK SYSTEMS

NORTH STAR MDS-A-D,

List$899 $ 759

MDS-A-Q, List $1099 929

MORROW DESIGNS

Discus 2D,

single drive, DD, List $1095 898*

Dual Discus 2D,

dual drive, DD, List $1875 1549*

Discus 2+ 2,

double sided, DD, List $1495 1239*

Dual Discus2 + 2, List$2575 2139*

"Includes CP/M 2.2 and Microsoft Basic

HARD DISKS

MORROW DESIGNS M10,

10MBytes, List $3695 $3095"

M26, 26MBytes, List $4495 3795*

CORVUS 5 Megabyte

Hard Disk, List $3750 3185

10 Megabyte Hard Disk,

List $5350 4545

20 Megabyte Hard Disk,

List $6450 5499

INTERTEC 10 Megabyte Hard Disk,

List $4995 3295

PROM PROGRAMMERS

SSM PB1 Kit, List $179 $152

SSM PB1, A&T, List $265 225

SD SYSTEMS, PROM 100

Programmer Kit, List $236 199

SD SYSTEMS, PROM 100

Programmer A&T, List $311 264

FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLERBOARDS

CROMEMCO 16FDC, DD Disk

Controller, List $595 499

NORTH STAR, DD Disk

Controller, List $565 479

MORROW DESIGNS Disk Jockey 2D,

A&T, List $399 329

SD SYSTEMS Versafloppy I,

Kit, List $284 239

SD SYSTEMS Versafloppy I,

A&T, List $379 319

SD SYSTEMS Versafloppy II,

Kit, List $413 349

SD SYSTEMS Versafloppy II,

A&T, List $507 429

DELTA, DD Disk Controller,

A&T, List $385 345

CONDUCTOR, DD, A&T, List $325 .... 269INTERSYSTEMS, FDC-2,

A&T, List $495 439

TARBELL, SD, Kit, List $225 199

TARBELL, DD, A&T, List $495 444

ESCON CONVERSION FORIBM SELECTRIC

Complete with microprocessor controller andpower supply. Factory built. User installssolenoid assembly or it can be done at ESCONfactory for $100.Parallel (TRS-80, Sorcerer, etc.)

List $575 $ 514

RS232 Serial, List $599 534

TRS-80 Cable 25

CALIFORNIA COMPUTERSYSTEMS

Z80 CPU Board, List $350 $ 269

Disk Controller 2422, w/CP/M,

List $475 359

16K Static, A&T, List $399.95 259

32K Static, A&T, List $789 599

64K Dynamic RAM, List $750 499

CPU BOARDS

(assembled unless noted)

NORTH STAR Z80A (ZPB-A/A),

List $325 $ 269

CROMEMCO 4MHz (ZPU-W),

List $395 335

CROMEMCO 4MHz (SCC-W),

List $495 382

INTERSYSTEMS 4MHz(MPU-80)i

List $395 349

SSM CB1 8080, A&T, List $252 214

CB2, Z-80, A&T, List $344 289

CB2, Z-80, Kit, List $260 219

DELTA Z-80 with I/O, List $364 289

SD SYSTEMS, SBC-100,

A&T, List $413 349

SBC-100, Kit, List $341 289

SBC-200, A&T, List $471 399

SBC-200, Kit, List $373 317

MEMORY BOARDS

NORTH STAR 16K Dynamic RAM

Board, List $499 $ 299

CROMEMCO 16KZ, List $495 419

CROMEMCO 64KZ, List $1195 995

MEMORY MERCHANT

16K Static, 4M Hz 159

MEMORY MERCHANT

64K Static, 4MHz 699

MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS & CONTROLS

(one year warranty)

DM6400 64K Board w/64K,

List $795 599

DM4800 48K Board W/48K,

List $695 549

DM3200 32K Board W/32K,

List $595 499

DMB6400 64K Board

W/64K RAM, List $995 799

DMB4800 48K Board

W/48K RAM, List $895 749

INTERSYSTEMS,

64K Dynamic, List $995 849

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER

16K Static, A&T, List $399.95 269

VIDEO BOARDS

I/O Mapped

SD SYSTEMS, VDB-8024,

Kit, List $437 $ 369

VDB-8024, A&T, List $556 469

SSM VB2 I/O, Kit, List $199 169

VB2 I/O, A&T, List $269 229

MEMORYMAPPED

VB1C, 16x64, Kit, List $179 152

VB1C, 16x64, A&T, List $242 206

VB3, 80 Char. 4MHz, Kit, List $425 . . 359

VB3,80Char.4MHz,A&T,List$499 419

NEW CROMEMCO

16FDC DOUBLE DENSITY

DISK CONTROLLER

List $595 OUR PRICE $499

F.O.B. shipping point. All prices subject to change and alloffers subject to withdrawal without notice. Advertisedprices are for prepaid order. Credit card and C.O.D. 2%higher. WR,TE F0R pR£E CATAL0G

MiniMicro

Mart, Inc.

943 W.Genesee St.Syracuse, N.Y. 13204(315)422-4467

TWX 710-541-0431

Circle 467 on inquiry card.

Computers,Disk System

fuist I data

systems

Z89-FA

List $2895

OUR PRICE

$2395

Z-89GA

List $2595, Less Disk $2149

A-87 Two Drive

Minifloppy System List $1195 $989

Z-47DA $3695

8" Two Megabyte Disk System

List $3695 $3059

IIMTERSYSTEMS

formerly ITHACA AUDIOThe new Series II CPU Board features a 4 MHzZ-80A CPU and a full-feature front panel. 20-slot actively terminated motherboard, with 25amp power supply (50/60 Hz operation, incl.68cfmfan). DPS-1. List $2195 CALL FOR PRICE

COMPLETE SYSTEM with InterSystem 64KRAM, I/O Board and double density diskcontroller board. List $3795

CALL FOR PRICE

-. NEW!

{^Cromemco

SYSTEM ZERO/D

A complete 64K Computer with DoubleDensity Disk Controller List $2995

OUR PRICES2545

Companion Disk drive for above —

Quad Density — Total of 780 Kilobytes of

storage on the two drives List $1295

OUR PRICE $1099

Only $3644 for a complete 64K Disk System

SUPERBRAIN

64K Double or Quad Density units available. Usestwo Z-80 CPU's. Commercial-type terminal with12" monitor. Dual double density minifloppies.Over 350 kilobytes of storage (twice that with quaddensity drives). Two serial RS232 ports, I/O portsstandard. Comes with CP/Mtm 2.2 operating sys-tem. MiniMicroMart can supply a wide rarfge ofCP/M development and application software.

W/64K Double Density, List $3495 .. $2869W/64K Quad Density, List $3995 $3395

DYNABYTE

DB8/1

DB 8/1-64 - 64K RAM SYSTEM WITHZ80 CPU and 2 serial and 1 parallel I/O,List $3395,

OUR PRICF $2895

HEWLETTPACKARD

E3

hp-4icv$259

HP-41C$189

HP-125 $3149

—-XS3

HP-85A

4 List^$3250

"2,595

HP-83"Special $1749

F.O.B. shipping point. Alt prices subject 10 change and atloffers subject to withdrawal without notice. Advertised pricesare for prepaid orders. Credit card and C.O.D. 2% higher.C.O.D. may require deposit.

MORROW

THINKER TOYS®DISCUS M26™

26 megabytes offormatted storageList $4495

$8$3795

THINKER TOYS®DISK SYSTEMS

Now includes CP/M® 2.2

Discus 2D, List $1095 $898

Discus 2D, dual-drive, List $1875 $1549

Discus 2 + 2, A&T, List $1495 $1239

Dual Discus 2+ 2, A&T, List $2575 $2137

All Morrow floppy disks include CP/M" 2.2and Microsoft Basic 80

MORROW

DISCUS M-

10 MegabyteWirchester

10

List $3695OUR PRICE

$3095

NEW! GR0MIXFROM CR0MEMC0

A New UNIX LikeDisk Operating System,

With true multi-user,

multi-tasking capabilities

List $295 OUR PRICE $249

NEW! DOUBLE DENSITYCONTROLLER BOARD

FROM CROMEMCO

With built-in diagnostics16 FDC Controller,

List $595

OUR PRICE $499

Mini Micro Mart, Inc.

WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG -

943 W.Genesee St. Syracuse, N.Y. 13204(315)422-4467 TWX 710 541 -0431

Circle 277 on Inquiry card.

Terminals and Printers

'turn I dataI systems

Z19 Video Terminal

List $995....OUR PRICE

$799

Limited Time

Intertec

INTERTUBE III

LMS995 ONLY $749

12" display, 24 x 80 format, 18-key numerickeypad, 128 upper/lower case ASCII charac-ters. Reverse video, blinking, complete cursoraddressing and control. Special user-definedcontrol function keys, protected and unpro-tected fields. Line insert/delete and characterinsert/delete editing, eleven special line draw-ing symbols.

TELEVIDEO TVI-912C

Upper and lower case, 15 baud rates: 75 to19,000 baud, dual intensity, 24 x 80 characterdisplay, 12 x 10 resolution. Numeric pad. Pro-grammable reversfble video, auxiliary port,self-test mode, protect mode, block mode,tabbing, addressable cursor. Microprocessorcontrolled, programmable underline, line andcharacter insert/delete. "C" version featurestypewriter-style keyboard. List $925 $739

920C (with 11 function keys. 6 edit keys and2 transmission mode keys, List $995 $789

HAZELTINE isoo

PAPER TIGER

1410 w/numeric keypad, List $900". CALL

1420 w/lower case and numeric pad .... CALL

1510, List $1395 CALL

1520, List $1650 CALL

SOROC

IQ-120

List $995

SPECIAL

$729

IQ 130, List 699 599

IQ135 749

IQ 135G 799

IQ 140, List $1495.. SPECIAL $1149

CENTRONICS

704-9 RS-232 180cps $1595

704-11, parallel, friction, tractor CALL

NEW 737, parallel, friction, tractor CALL

739-1, List $995 789

739-3, List $1045 839

779-2, w/tractor (same as TRS80 Lineprinter 1) List $1350 799

NEC SPINWRITER™

Terminal /Keyboard as well as

RO Printer Only models available.

CALL FOR PRICES!

IDS 445 PAPER TIGER $698

IDS 445G PAPER TIGER

Buffer w/graphics option, incl. buffer... $789

NEW IDS 460/560

QUALITY PRINTING AT MATRIX

SPEED - LOGIC SEEKING

PROPORTIONAL SPACING

w/auto test justification

IDS PAPERTIGER 460, List $995 $845

IDS PAPERTIGER 460G, List $1094 $929

IDS 560G, List $1394 $1139

TRS-80 cable $49

TF510

• • ■

Tl 810 Basic, List $1645 $1349

810 serial Er Centronics-style parallel

interface, List $1745. $1429

Tl-820w/lower case List $1995 $1645

Tl-820w/full ASCII, forms control,

compressed print List $2150 . $1795

TI-745 Complete printing terminalwith acoustic coupler, List $1695 $1399

RNAD6X

DP9500/DP9501 PRINTCRS

DP-9500, List $1650 $1349

DP-9501, List $T650 $1349

OKIDATA

Microline 80Lst$599 ONLY $499

Tractor Feed Option $109

Serial interface $ 99

EpsonMX-80 FTList $745 $599

EpsonMX-80 List$645 $499

950C, List $1195 $989 Above prices reflect a 2% cash discount (order prepaid prior to shipment). Add 2% to prices for credit

card orders, C.O.D.'s, etc. Prices are f.o.b. shipping point. Prices are subject to change and offerssubject to withdrawal without notice. WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG.

MiniMicroMart, Inc.

943 W.Genesee St. Syracuse, N.Y. 13204 (3151*422-4467

TWX 710-541-0431

VISA

Circle 279 on inquiry card.

4K STATIC RAM 8/$20.00

2114 LOW POWER 200 NS

74LS00

74LS00

.25 74LS123

.90

74LS259

2.80

74LS01

.25 74LS124

2.95

74LS260

.60

74LS02

.25 74LS125

.90

74LS261

245

74LS03

.25 74LS126

.80

74LS266

.50

74LS04

25 74LS132

.75

74LS273

1.60

74LS05

.25 74LS136

.50

74LS275

3.30

74LS06

.30 74LS138

.75

74LS279

.50

74LS09

.25 74LS139

.75

74LS280

1.95

74LS10

.25 74LS145

1.10

74LS283

.95

74LS11

.30 74LS147

2.25

74LS290

1.20

74LS12

.30 74LS148

1.25

74LS293

1.80

74LS13

.40 74LS151

.75

74LS295

1.00

74LS14

.75 74LS153

.75

74LS298

.95

74LS15

.30 74LS155

.90

74LS299

2.50

74LS20

.25 74LS156

.90

74LS323

3.95

74LS21

.30 74LS157

.75

74LS324

1.75

74LS22

.25 74LS158

.75

74LS347

1.95

74LS26

.30 74LS160

.90

74LS348

1.95

74LS27

.35 74LS161

.90

74LS352

1.50

74LS28

.35 74LS162

.90

74LS353

1.50

74LS30

.25 74LS163

.90

74LS363

1.35

74LS32

.35 74LS164

.90

74LS365

.90

74LS35

.55 74LS165

.90

74LS366

.90

74LS37

.50 74LS166

2.00

74LS367

.65

74LS38

.35 74LS168

1.70

74LS368

.65

74LS40

.25 74LS169

1.70

74LS373

1.15

74LS42

.50 74LS170

1.70

74LS374

1.75

74LS47

.75 74LS173

.75

74LS375

.65

74LS48

.75 74LS174

.90

74LS377

1.40

74LS49

.75 74LS175

.90

74LS385

1.85

74LS51

.25 74LS181

2.10

74LS3B6

.60

74LS54

.35 74LS189

9.95

74LS390

1.85

74LS55

.35 74LS190

.95

74LS393

1.85

74LS63

1.20 74LS191

.95

74LS395

1.60

74LS73

.35 74LS192

.80

74LS399

1.65

74LS74

.40 74LS193

.90

74LS424

2.95

74LS75

.50 74LS194

.95

74LS447

.35

74LS76

.40 74LS195

.90

74LS490

1.90

74LS78

.50 74LS196

.80

74LS630

75.00

74LS83

.75 74LS197

.80

74LS640

3.00

74LS85

1.10 74LS221

1.15

74LS641

3.00

74LS86

.40 74LS240

1.15

74LS642

3.00

74LS90

.60 74LS241

1.15

74LS645

3.00

74LS91

.80 74LS242

1.85

74LS668

1.65

74LS9274LS93

.65 74LS243.60 74LS244

1.851.00

74LS66974LS670

1.852.15

74LS95

.80 74LS245

1.95

74LS674

9.60

74LS96

.80 74US247

.75

74LS682

3.15

74LS107

.40 74LS248

1.20

74LS683

2.25

74LS109

.40 74LS249

.95

74LS684

2.35

74LS112

.40 74LS251

1.25

74LS685

2.35

74LS113

.40 74LS253

.80

74LS688

2.35

74LS114

.50 74LS257

.80

74LS689

2.35

74LS122

.45 74LS258

.80

4000CMOS

4000

.35 4040

.95 4501

,5(

I

4001

.35 4041

.95 4502

.9E

4002

.35 4042

.75 4503

.65

4006

.95 4043

.85 4505

8.95

4007

.35 4044

.85 4506

1.25

4008

.95 4046

.95 4507

.95

4009

.45 4047

.95 4508

1.95

4010

.45 4048

.75 4510

.95

4011

.35 4049

.55 4511

.95

4012

.35 4050

.55 4512

.95

4013

.45 4051

.95 4514

2.25

4014

.95 4052

.95 4515

2.25

4015

.95 4053

.95 4516

1.50

4016

.45 4055

2.75 4518

1.25

4017

.95 4056

2.75 4519

1.25

4018

.95 4059

9.95 4520

1.25

4019

.45 4060

1.25 4522

1.25

4020

.95 4066

.75 4526

1.25

4021

.95 4068

.40 4527

1.75

4022

.95 4069

.40 4528

1.25

4023

.35 4070

.40 4531

.95

4024

.75 4071

.30 4532

1.75

4025

.35 4072

.30 4539

1.75

4026

1.95 4073

.30 4543

1.95

4027

.65 4075

.30 4553

4.95

4028

.80 4076

.95 4555

.95

4029

.95 4078

.50 4556

.95

4030

.45 4081

.40 4558

2.25

4031

1.50 4082

.40 4568

5.95

4032

2.75 4085

.95 4581

1.95

4033

2.75 4086

.95 4582

1.95

4034

2.75 4093

.95 4584

.95

4035

.85 4094

3.95 4585

.95

4037

2.50 4099

1.75 4702

9.95

74S00

74S00

.40

74S163

3.70

74S02

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74S168

4.60

74S03

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74S169

5.40

74S04

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74S174

1.05

74S05

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74S175

1.05

74S08

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74S181

4.45

74S09

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74S182

2.90

74S10

.65

74S188

3.90

74S11

.80

74S189

14.90

74S15

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74S194

2.90

74S20

.65

74S195

1.85

74S22

.75

74S196

4.85

74S30

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74S197

4.20

74S32

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74S201

14.90

74S37

1.85

74S225

8.90

74S38

1.65

74S240

3.95

74S40

.40

74S241

3.70

74S51

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74S251

1.85

74S64

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74S253

7.40

74S65

1.20

74S257

1.35

74S74

.65

74S258

1.45

74S85

2.35

74S260

1.80

74S86

1.40

74S274

19.90

74S112

1.55

74S275

19.90

74S113

1.95

74S280

2.85

74S114

1.45

74S287

4.70

74S124

2.75

74S288

4.40

74S132

1.20

74S289

6.95

74S133

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74S301

6.90

74S134

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74S373

3.40

74S135

1.45

74S374

3.40

74S138

1.05

74S381

7.90

74S139

1.20

74S387

5.70

74S140

1.40

74S412

2.95

74S151

1.15

74S471

9.90

74S153

1.15

74S472

16.80

74S157

1.15

74S474

17.80

74S158

1.40

74S482

15.50

74S161

2.80

74S570

7.75

74S162

3.70

74S572

7.75

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'

74C00

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2.20

'

74C02

.35 74C221

2.20

|

74C04

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2.20

'

74C08

.35 74C244

2.20

74C10

.35 74C373

2.70

.

74C14

1.45 74C374

2.70

■

74C20

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.80

74C30

.35 74C902

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'

74C32

.50 74C903

.80

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74C42

1.70 74C904

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|

74C48

2.05 74C905

10.90

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74C73

.65 74C906

.90

.

74C74

.85 74C907

.90

■

74C76

1.90 74C908

2.00 1

74C83

1.90 74C909

2.70

j

74C86

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9.90

74C89

4.50 74C911

9.90

74C90

1.70 74C912

9.90

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74C93

1.70 74C914

1.90

j

74C95

1.70 74C915

1.90

74C107

.95 74C917

2.70

.

74C150

5.70 74C918

1.90

.

74C151

2.20 74C920

16.00

'

74C154

320 74C922

5.90

74C157

1.75 74C923

5.90

74C160

1.95 74C925

6.70

■

74C161

1.95 74C926

7.90

I

74C162

1.95 74C927

7.90

1

74C163

1.95 74C928

7.90

!

74C164

1.95 74C929

7.90

74C165

1.95 74C930

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74C173

1.95 74C932

1.95

,

74C174

2.20 74C941

2.75

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74C175

2.20 74C989

9.90

,

74C192

2.20 80C95

.85

74C193

2.20 80C96

.90

80C97

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3.95

|

82C19

4.95 88C29

3.95

800-426-2668206-643-0792

LINEAR

7805CT

.85

LM301V

.75

LM567V

125

LM308V

.75

LM723

.50

7812CT

.85

LM309K

1.50

LM733

.95

7815CT

.95

LM311V

.60

LM741V

.30

LM317T

1.90

LM747

.75

7805KT

1.40

LM317K

3.75

LM748V

.60

7812KT

1.40

LM318N

1.50

LM1414

1.50

7815KT

1.40

LM323K

3.75

LM145BV

.65

78L05

.65

LM324N

.60

DS1488N

1.00

78L12

.65

LM337K

3.95

DS1489D

1.00

7905CT

.95

LM339

.75

LM1889

2.45

7912CT

.95

LM377

2.25

LM3900

.60

7915CT

1.15

LM380

1.25

LM3909

.90

LM386V

1.25

LM3914

3.75

7905K

1.50

LM3915

3.75 1

7912K

1.50

LM555V

.40

LM3916

3.75

79L05

.75

LM556

.70

DS75451

.40 I

79L.12

.75

LM565

.95

DS75452

.40

79L15

.75

LM566V

1.50

DS75453

.40

HANLEY ENGINEERING CORP

13400 Northrup Way #20

Bellevue, WA. 98005

1-800-426-2668 1-206-643-0792

Include 3.00 for Ups GroundInclude 4.00 for Ups BlueInclude 4.00 for 1st Class MailWashington State add 5.4% Sales Tax

540 BYTE December 1981

Circle 178 on inquiry card.

16K Memory 8/$16.00

4116 200NS

8200

8155

1125

8185

29.95

8202

45.00

8205

3.95

8212

1.90

8214

3.85

8216

1.80

8224

250

8226

1.80

8228

4.90

8238

4.90

8243

4.50

8251A

5.45

8253

9.80

8255A-5

520

8257-5

8.95

8259A

6.95

8271

60.00

8272

39.95

8275

29.95

8279-5

10.00

8282

6.60

8283

6.60

8284A

5.75

8286

6.60

8287

6.60

8288

2500

8289

4995

8755A

45.00

Z80

| Z80

6.70

Z80A

725

Z80B

19.00

Z80 PIO

6.00

Z80A IO

7.10

Z80B PIO

15.50

280 CTC

6.00

Z80A CTC

7.10

280B CTC

15.50

Z80 DMA

18.50

280ADMA

2250

Z80 SIO/0

18.50

Z80A SIO/0

2250

Z80 SIO/1

18.50

Z80A SIO/1

22.50

280 SIO/2

18.50

280A SIO/2

2250

6800

3242

aoo

3460

9.00

6800

5.75

6802

11.00

6809

25.00

6810

350

6821

3.50

6840

9.00

6843

41.00

6845

22.00

6847

1225 i

6850

3.50 !

6852

3.50 )

6875

7.00 i

6880

1.80

6882

4.70

6885

1.80

6888

1.80

6889

1.80

68488

1250

6502

; 6502

7.90

6502A

10.00

6504

8.45

6504A

9.30

6512

920

6512A

10.00

6520

4.40

6521

6.15

6521A

6.70

6522

8.75

6522A

11.70

6532

1125

6532A

1240

6545-1

2250

i 6545A-1

28.95

6551

11.95

6551A

1295

CALLHANLEY FIRST

800-426-2668206-643-0792

EPROMS

2706

AMD

3 Supply

450NS

350

2716

Hitachi

+ 5

450NS

7.00

2716

National

+ 5

450NS

7.00

2716

Intel

+ 5

450NS

7.00

2716-1

Intel

+ 5

350NS

9.50

2716

T.I.

3 Supply

450NS

7.50

2716

Motorola

3 Supply

450NS

7.50

2732

NEC

+5

450NS

16.00

2732

Mitsubishi

+ 5

450NS

16.00

2732

Intel

+5

450NS

17.00

2732A

Intel

+5

250NS

17.00

2732A-3

Intel

+5

300NS

16.00

2732A-2

Intel

+ 5

200NS

20.00

2532

Hitachi

+ 5

450NS

18.00

AUGAT LOW PROFILE SOCKETS

These Are High Reliability Industry

Standard Sockets

SPIN 208-AG29D

.10

14PIN 214-AQ29D

.16

16PIN 216-AG29D

.18

18PIN 218-AG29D

.20

20PIN 220-AG29D

.22

22PIN 222-AG29D

.24

24PIN 224-AG29D

.26

28PIN 228-AG29D

.28

40PIN 240-AG29D

.42

4K x 1 STATIC RAM

416464 x 1

MOTOROLA MCM6641-20

4044-200NS EOUIV.

200 NS

$4.50

$15.00

SOLID STATE

SCIENTIFIC

HITACHI

256 x 4 CMOS RAM 450NS

2K

x 8 CMOS RAM 150NS

SCM5101E-1

Pin

i Compatible with 2716

$3.75

HM6116P-3 $13.00

Prices subject tochange without notice

We reserve the right tosubstitute manufactures

HANLEY ENGINEERING CORP

13400 Northrup Way #20

Bellevue, WA. 98005

1-800-426-2668

1-206-643-0792

Include 3.00 for Ups GroundInclude 4.00 for Ups BlueInclude 4.00 for 1st Class MailWashington State add 5.4% Sales Tax

Circle 178 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1981 541

Unclassified Ads

WANTED: Have five systems in market timing [stock andcommodity). Will exchange with you on your systems. PeterPeters. POB 407, Flushing NY 11363.

FOR SALE: TRS-80 disk system. SI400. Model I, Level II,keyboard, MPI drive, LNIM Research expansion interface with3 2 K, and Heath H-14 printer. All items in good working order.Murray Foster, c/o Ritam Corp, POB 921. Fairfield IA 52556,(515) 472-8262 days, 472-9417 evenings.

FOR SALE: Vadic modems VA-3403P/VA-3405C Vadicmodems are asynchronous and can run 300, 600, or 1200 bps,based on switch settings. We have boards, as well as a remotechassis for sale. The boards can be used in the Vadic cabinetVA-160). Armand Marricco, Yale University, ADS, 155Whitney Ave, New Haven CT 0651 1. (203} 432-4230.

FOR SALE: Pascal Microengine. Western Digital desk-topcomputer with 16-bit microprocessor and 32 K words (64 Kbytes) of programmable memory, Recently updated to accom-modate memory expansion to 128 K bytes. Floppy-disk con-troller, two RS-232C asynchronous/synchronous parts, and thelatest issue of HO software [UCSD Pascal). S2800. W McKin-ney, 2506 Don Juan Dr, Rancho Cordova CA 95670, (916)453-2500.

FOR SALE: 8-inch DSDD drives. Two add-on, double-sided,double-density (1.2 megabyte) disk drives, with separateenclosures and power supplies. QUME DT-8 in CDC cabinet;S750. Morrow 2 + 2; 5795. Both for S1495, UPS freight paid.Both new and in use. You need cable, controller, and systemsupport software. CP/M sysgen assistance available to pur-chaser. Also, Hayes Micromodem I CO; S295. Dave Crane, POB402614. Dallas TX 75240. (214) 931-2669. 931-8272.

FOR SALE: Logix teammate game computer with manual.Has a 2-digit display and a 4 by 4 lamp array. Has four specialfunction keys, ten numbers, and five letters. There are no piecesmissing and it is in excellent working order. Send check ormoney order for S40. Maurice Yanney, 508 Margin Rd,Lebanon PA 17042.

FOR SALE: 8 K Commodore PET 2001. Stacks of documen-tation and mail-order offers. Light pen. Over fifteen cassetteswith 100 programs, including Microchess 2.0, Battleship, andmany others (mostly games). Also have assembler andmachine-language monitor. Everything in excellent condition.Will sell all for $500 or best offer. Will also consider a trade. LeeGrey, 250 Bruton Way, Atlanta GA 30342, (404) 257-9106.

WANTED: Fifteen-year-old needs start in computers. Willbuy and/or pay shipping for surplus, used or damaged com-puters, and related equipment that would be otherwise dis-carded. I will accept collect calls. Jason Bender, 23855 SE162nd, Issaquah WA 98027, (206) 392-2698.

FOR SALE: Altair 880B with 51 K, Dutronics 280, ThinkerToys Discus 2-D with two drives, ADM3A video display, HeathH-14 printer, CP/M 2.2, and Meca dual-digital tape. S6000. StanStewart, 5208 S Lewis #2013, Tulsa OK 74105, (918) 743^344home, 744-0331 office.

FOR SALE: Centronics Model 779 dot-matrix printer. Appleinterface card and all cables included. Nearly new, excellentcondition. $500 or best offer. Dennis Simms, 5232 N LowellBlvd, Denver CO 80221. (303) 458-1833.

WANTED: Student experimenter needs any of the followingitems: resistors, transistors, capacitors, ICs, diodes, books,magazines, condensers, amplifiers, old computer parts, wire-wrapped sockets, LEDs, toggle switches, dip switches, smallmotors, nuts, bolts, wire, crystals, keyboards, knobs, small colorTV, push-button switches, small wheels, springs. PC boards.victor pins, small speakers, TV circuits, heat sinks, small fans,wire-wrapped connectors, potentiometers, sockets, and smallball bearings. Please write. Judy Stapleton. POB 536. Pine LakeGA 30072.

WANTED: Has anyone implemented MP/M on North StarHorizons (DD(7 Advice, comments, and possible sourcesurgently required by nonprofit publicly owned college withoutaccess to Intel MDS. Assistance gratefully acknowledged. StuartBell. Plymouth CFE, Kings Rd, Plymouth, Devon, UnitedKingdom.

WANTED: Software interface between CP/M and ProcessorTechnology CUTER cassette interface for backing up CP/M-compatible program on cassette tape, Faber Tan, 3630 ElCamino Real. Palo Alto CA 94306. (415) 493-6500.

FOR SALE: Datasouth DS120 terminal controller—convertsDECwriter H [LA35/LA36] to high-speed printer. See Datasouthad in BYTE (April 1981, page 126] for description. Like-newcondition. Asking $450 (it costs $750 when new); manual in-cluded. GSI. 245 Nassau St, Princeton NJ 08540. (609)924-1155.

FOR SALE: Four SwTPC 4 K memory boards; $40 each or$150 for all four postpaid. PR-40 printer; $200 postpaid. SBrown, 35 Kettle Pond Rd, Amherst MA 01002. (4I3J253-3183.

FOR SALE: Apple II with 48 K, Autostart read-only memory,Applesoft card. Programmer's Aid read-only memory, 3.3 disk,Apple parallel card, and Dan Paymar LCA. All for SI875 orseparately for 75% of list. Centronics PI printer; $ 195, UnusedMemorex diskettes; S2.50 each. Computer books, magazines,and software; 25 to 75% (including VisiCalc, S-C assembler,Sargon II, Adventure, Star Cruiser, and more—original only, nocopies). Send SASE for list. W Bollinger, 8210 Gannon, St LouisMO 63132, (314) 991-0357.

FOR SALE: Apple II Plus with 48 K programmable memory,the Apple II BASIC Programming Manual, and the ApplesoftBASIC Programming Reference Manual. Price negotiable. DanielL Martin, 9801 Portside Dr, Seminole FL 33542. (813)595-1412.

FOR SALE: Antique computer system. Friden 5610 Com-putyper (serial number 1365). Friden 2205-1-A Flexowriter,Friden 2315 tape punch, and Friden 2314 SelectaData. The en-tire system weighs approximately 800 lbs. The Computyperand Flexowriter are built into a desk unit. Excellent condition,everything works perfectly. Best offer. Steven Chabotte. 21Garfield Ave, New London CT 06320.

FOR SALE: Comprint 912-GP printer. 9 by 12 dot-matrix

characters, uppercase/lowercase with descenders. Quiet, fastelectrostatic printing at 170 Ipm on 8!/i-inch paper rolls. No rib-bons to purchase, paper costs less than three cents a page. In-cluding manual, about 400 feet of paper, and cable for plug-inoperation with TRS-80 expansion interface or Apple parallelprinter interface card. $225 plus shipping. Delmer D Hinrichs,2116 SE 377th Ave, Washougal WA 98671, (206) 835-2983.

FOR SALE: Several new and unused Penril 2I2A modems.These are 300 or 1200 bps modems and I will sell them for$500 each. Mike Hayes, POB 29000, San Antonio TX 78229,(512) 340-6507.

FOR SALE: Complete set of BYTE from first issue through theDecember 1980 issue. All in excellent condition. Best offer.Robert Greengrove. 162 Grant Ave, Nutley NJ 07110, (201)667-7425.

FOR SALE: For Apple II owners: DS-65 digisector card plusadvanced video television camera. Applications in computerportraits, home security, and robotics. All software anddocumentation included. New; S500. Prices negotiable. ScottAnderson, (206] 454-6053.

FOR SALE: DEC PDP-11/05 minicomputer with 8 K wordsof core memory. Has 9-slot chassis with power supply and fullfront panel. No interfaces or documentation. Works OK.$ 1000/offer. John Warobiew, 1168 B Redman St, Orlando FL32809.

WANTED: Minifloppy system for Processor TechnologySOL-20 computer (Hercules]. I need the S-100 floppy-controllerboard and one drive, working or broken. I also need theschematics, manual, and any software you can give up. Senddescription and price. Geoffrey Placious, 13340 Bondy Way.Gaithersburg MD 20760,

FOR SALE: Five SwTPC 4 K memory boards, two withwrite protect added, $60 each. Mark Dean, 2575 Three Bar Ln,NorcoCA9l760.

WANTED: PC-1OOC printer. Also, the first four issues ofBYTE from September through December 1975. Please giveprice, including shipping. Ken Hamel, Rte 5 Box 162, Water-town Wl 53094.

FOR SALE: Heath H-8 computer, H-9 video terminal, H-l 7-1floppy disk, various hand tools (Pana Vise vacuum base, ver-tical vise head, circuit board holder}, and soldering iron (25 WJ.H-8 includes two WH-16K programmable memories andWH-8-5 serial/cassette interface. All documentation is included,plus other books. $ 1 100. Good condition. SSG Percy Davis, Jr,622 Bishop Rd Apt Ml6, Lawton OK 73501, (405) 357-3309.

HELP: Operator of CPT8000 word processor who knowsnothing about computers would like to hear from anyone whocan tell me how to play games or do other interesting or usefulthings on it. Also, interested in purchasing any software I canuse on it. Adam Starchild, POB 1608, Tarpon Springs FL 33589.

FOR SALE: Complete Heathkit H-8 based 32 K system. In-cludes: H-9 terminal, H-17 dual disk drives (204.8 K), H-8-5 serialI/O card, H-8-4 parallel I/O card, H-8-7 interface card, and com-plete system software. Including BASIC, ASM, EDIT, andDBUG. Full documentation provided. $1800 or best offer. JTrivisonno, John Carroll University, Cleveland OH 44118,(216) 491-4301.

WANTED: I'm interested in getting together with other peo-ple involved in optical computing. (I don't mean the use offiber-optic communication, but true optical processors.memories, modulators, etc.] If you work or play in these areas,please write. James A Lisowski, 902 Willow Ln, S MilwaukeeWl 53172.

FOR SALE: Typagraph computer terminal with I 10/300 bps,full uppercase/lowercase capability, numeric keypad, pin feedwith adjustable tractors to full 132 columns, forms control,modem included for remote connect via telephone, and RS-232for direct connect. $995 or best offer. Ron McCarty, 4031 Sta-tion Rd. Erie PA 16510, (814) 898-2847.

FOR SALE: Texas Instruments TI-99/4 computer consolewith 72 K memory capacity and all original documentation,Unit is one month old. Will sell for S650 or best offer. Also, ten5-inch diskettes for $2.50 each plus postage. Bill Efron, 1369Murray St, St Paul MN 55116.

FOR SALE: 48 K Apple II with integer and floating-pointBASIC. One Apple disk drive and controller. Base II printer and9600 bps interface. Black-and-white television. Assorted soft-ware on disk. All manuals, etc. May buy as set for SI 500 or bestoffer. May buy pieces at best offer. Must sell. David A Schultz,Concordia College, Moorhead MN 56560.

UNCLASSIFIED POLICY: Readers who are soliciting or giving advice, or who haveequipment to buy. sell or swap should send in a clearly typed notice to that effect. To beconsidered for publication, an advertisement must be clearly noncommercial, typed doublespaced on plain white paper, contain 75 words or less, and include complete name andaddress information.

These notices are free of charge and will be printed one time only on a space availablebasis. Notices can be accepted from individuals or bona fide computer users clubs only. We(.in engage in no correspondence on these and your confirmation of placement is ap-pearance in an issue of BYTE.

Please note that it may take three or four months for an ad to appear in the magazine.

542 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Reader Service

Inquiry No.

Page No.

450 47th STREET PHOTO 473

1 A B DIGITAL DESIGN 136, 137

2 AB COMPUTERS 495

3 ABM PRODUCTS 350218 ACCESS 512

4 ACKERMAN DIGITAL SYS 256

• ACTION COMPUTER 129

5 ACTS AUDIO INC 520

7 ADDMASTER CORP. 514

8 ADV.COMP.PROD. 526, 527

9 ADV.MICRO DIGITAL COMP. 238

11 ALF PRODUCTS, INC 126

12 ALL ELECTRONIC CORP 94

13 ALLENBACH IND. 139

14 ALPHA BYTE STORAGE 195

15 ALPHA BYTE STORAGE 211

16 ALPHA BYTE STORAGE 280, 281

17 ALSPA COMP.SYS. 89

18 ALTERNATE WORD STIMULT. 520

19 ALTOS COMP.SYS. 82, 83

20 AMDEK CORP. 191

21 AMER.SQUARE COMP. 140, 141

22 AMERICAN COMP.& ENG. 243116 ANADEX 206, 207

23 ANCRONA377

24 ANDERSON JACOBSON 437

25 APPARAT INC 27

26 APPARAT INC 361

27 APPLE COMPUTER INC 12, 13

28 APPLICATIONS GROUP 512

29 APPLIED ANALYTICS 346

31 ARBA182

32 ARTIFICIAL INTLRESRCH 506

33 ASAP COMP.PROD.INC 300, 301

34 ASAP COMP.PROD.INC. 341

35 ASHTON-TATE 357

36 ATLANTIC COMP.IND. 334

37 ATON INTL. 192

38 AUDEC CORP. 514

39 AUTOCONTROL INC 508

40 AUTOMATED EQPTMNT. 419

41 AUTOMATED EQPTMNT. 431

• AVOCET 266

42 B&B ELECTR. 510

43 BASIC BOOKS 182

• BEECH AIRCRAFT CORP. 231

• BELL.JOHN ENGR. 501458 BELL INDUSTRIES 514

44 BETA COMP.DEVICES 349464 BISON PRODUCTS 340

45 BIT BUCKET, THE 433461 BOTTEM LINE, THE 520

47 BOWER-STEWART 506

• BYTE BACK ISSUES 487469 BYTE BOOKS 288, 289468 BYTE BOOKS 338

• BYTE SUBSCRIPTION 449

• BYTE WATTS 248

49 BYTEK COMP.SYS. 138

50 C.ITOH ELECTR.INC. 251

51 CALIF DATA CORP 506

52 CALIF. DIGITAL 524, 525

53 CALIF.COM P.SYS. 155

• CALIF.MICRO COMP. 449

54 CALIF.SOFTWARE 353

55 CDR294

447 CHATSWORTH DATA 196

56 CHECK-MATE 504

57 CHECKS-TO-GO 34

59 CHIPS & DALE 508

60 CHRISLIN INDUSTRIES 337

61 CINEMATRONICS 242

62 CLEV.CONS.COMP. 509

63 CMCINT'L. 149

64 CMCINT'L. 308

65 CMCINT'L 463

66 COAST COMP.&OFFICE SPL 409429 CODEWORKS, THE 457

67 COLONIAL DATA SERV. 323

68 COMDEC INC. 127

69 COMEST112

234 COMMODORE COMPUTER 199

70 COMMSOFT461

71 COMMUNICATION CABLE 510

72 COMMUNICATIONS ELECTR. 519

73 COMP.SERV.OF AMER. 375

74 COMPONENTS EXPRESS 417

75 COMPUDIAL.INC. 348

• COMPUMART 184, 185

77 COMPUPRO/GODBOUT 130

78 COMPUPRO/GODBOUT 131' COMPUSERVE 116

79 COMPUSERVE 117

81 COMPUSYSTEMS INC. 512

Inquiry No.

Page No.

82

83

84

108

65

86

87888990

91929495969397

451101102103104105106107

110111112

114115

30117465118119

10120121122123124125126127

129130131

132133134135136137138139140

141142143144145453147148150151152153154155156157158159

160149

161162

163

165166167168169

COMPUTER ACCESS, THE 454COMPUTER AGE 415COMPUTER CONCEPTS 70COMPUTER BARGAIN STORE 435COMPUTER DISC.OF AM. 342COMPUTER EXCHANGE 371COMPUTER FACTORY 465COMPUTER FURN.& ACCSS. 324COMPUTER MAIL ORDER 393COMPUTER PLUS 516COMPUTER SHOPPER 218COMPUTER SPCLTIES. 106, 107COMPUTER STOP, THE 383COMPUTER WRHSE. 109COMPUTERS WHOLESALE 285COMPUTERWARE 435COMPUTERWORLD INT'L. 411COMPUTEX CORP 148COMPUTIQUE 363COMPUVIEW PROD.INC. 66COMPUVIEW PROD.INC. 67CONCOMP IND. 305CONCORD COMP.PROD. 296CONLEN'S CUSTOM CASES 514CONSUMER COMP. 156, 157CONSUMER COMP. 458CONSUMER COMP. 460CONSUMER COMP. 517CP AIDS 427CPU SHOP, THE 497CROMEMCO CM, 1CROMEMCO 2CYBERNETICS INC 373D & W DIGITAL 160DATA STANDARD 516DATA-ED 183DATAFACE 30DATA ONE 520DATASOFT 369

DATASOUTH COMP.CORP. 271DEALIN ELECTRONICS 512DELTA PRODUCTS 347DESIGN INTEGRITY 518DESIGNER SOFTWARE 241DIGITAL GRAPHIC SYS 26DIGITAL MARKETING 6DIGITAL MARKETING 315DIGITAL RESEARCH 50, 51DIGITAL RESEARCH 87DIGITAL RESEARCH COMP. 507DISCOUNT SFTW.GRP.THE 178DISCOUNT SFTW.GRP.THE 179DISKONNECTION.THE 506DJ&"AI"SYS.LTD. 389DMA 335

DRV ELECTRONICS 504DUAL SYS.CONTROL CORP. 58DUAL SYS.CONTROL CORP. 60DUAL SYS.CONTROL CORP. 63DUGGER'S GROWING SYS 518DUPRE ENTERPR. 423DYMARC IND. 423DYNACOMP 450, 451DYSAN CORP. 174DYSAN CORP. 175ECLECTIC SYSTEMS 429ECOSOFT 318ELECTROLABS 502ELECTRONIC CONTROL 76ELECTRONIC DESIGN 455ELECTRONIC SPCLISTS 443ELECTRONIC SYS.FURN 214ELECTRONICS CENTER 445ELLIS COMPUTING 439EMPIRE SYS.CORP. 504EMPIRICAL RESRCH GRP. 433EMPIRICAL RESRCH GRP. 504ENERCOMP 506EPIC COMPUTER CORP. 101EPIC COMPUTER CORP. 457EPSILON SYSTEMS 516EPSON AMERICA 173ESCON 407

ESSEX PUBLISHING 330E.T. SFTWRE SERVC 358EXPOTEK 246

EXXON OFFICE SYS.CO. 96, 97F M J, INC. 429FAIRCOM 144

FARNSWORTH COMP.CTR. 419FORD MOTOR CO. 283FORETHOUGHT PRODUCTS 425FREDERICK COMP.PROD. 439FSS 516

Inquiry No.

Page No.

170171172173174175177176178179180181182183

184185

186187188189190191192193194

195459196197198199200

201202203204205206207208210462211212146213455456214215216217219220221222

223224225226227230228229231232233235

23723823924048241242243244245246247248249294251252253254

FUTRACO. 219

G R ELECTRONICS 455

GALAXY ENTERPRISES 518

GEOTEC 514

GIMIX INC 282

GRAFFCOM SYS. 57

H&E COMPUTRONICS 291

H&E COMPUTRONICS 293

HANLEY ENGNRING 540, 541

HAPPY HANDS 254

HAYDEN BOOK CO INC 405

HAYES MICROCOMP.PROD. 145

HAYES MICROCOMP.PROD. 215

HAYES MICROCOMP.PROD. 255

HEATH COMPANY 113

HEATH COMPANY 232, 233

HERTZ CORP, THE 249

HEWLETT-PACKARD 263

HOUSTON INSTRUMENTS 223

HOUSTON INSTRUMENTS 223

HUNTINGTON COMPUTING 513

l-V ASSOCIATES 510

I.B.C. 332

IBM 20, 21

IBM 491

IMPRINT SOFTWARE 514

IMS INTERNATIONAL 79

INDEPENDENT BUS.SYS.INC 111

INFOCOM.INC. 269

INMAC437

INNOVATIVE ELECT TECH 360

INTEGRAND 98

INTEL CORP 120, 121

INTELLIGENT SYS. CORP 177

INTERACTIVE MICROWRE 427

INTERTEC DATA SYS. 119

INTL. PAPER CO 343

IOTC 504

IPEX INT'L. 358

ITHACA INTERSYSTEMS 8

ITHACA INTERSYSTEMS 9

JADE COMP.PROD. 521

JADE COMP.PROD. 522, 523

JAMECO ELECTR. 528, 529

JDR MICRODEVICES 534, 535

JOE COMPUTER 520

K&H SOFTWARE SYSTEMS 520

KADAK PRODUCTS 456

KENTERPRISE516

KIRBY ENG 520

KERN PUBLISHING 443

KIT-80 INC. 358

KIT-80 INC. 520

KONAN CORP. 162

KV 33 61

LABORATORY MICROSYS. 506

LEADING EDGE PROD CHI

LEO ELECTRONICS 268

LIFEBOAT ASSOC. 205

LIFEBOAT ASSOC. 275

LIFEBOAT ASSOC, 409

LITTLE.BROWN & COMP. 351

LJK ENTERPRISES INC. 391

LNW RESEARCH 221

LOGICAL DEVICES 506

LOGO COMP.SYS. 325

LONG ISLCOMP.GEN.STORE 413

LYBEN COMP.SYS. 294

LYBEN COMP.SYS. 512

LYBEN COMP.SYS. 516

MACROTRONICS 504

MACROTRONICS 508

MAGNOLIA MICROSYS. 508

MARK OF THE UNICORN 123

MARTIN DATA SYSTEMS 411

MARYMAC INDUSTRIES 124

MAXELL DATA PRODUCTS 385

MAYBERRY SYS.INC. 504

MCGRAW-HILL BOOK CO. 433

MCS 248

MEADE DATA SYS. 512

MEDIA DISTRIBUTING 443

MEMORY MERCHANT 105

MERRIMACK SYSTEMS 510

META COMPANIES/THE 488

METAVAN INC. 518

MFJ ENTERPRISES INC 441

MICON 512

MICRO AGE COMP.STORE 85

MICRO APPL.GROUP 286

MICRO BUSINESS WORLD 115

MICRO BUSN.ASSOC 508

MICRO COM 333

MICRO COMPUTER APPL. 317

To get further information on the products advertising in BYTE, fill out the reader service card withyour name and address. Then circle the appropriate numbers for the advertisers you select from thelist. Add an 18-cent stamp to the card, then drop it in the mail. Not only do you gain information, butour advertisers are encouraged to use the marketplace provided by BYTE. This helps us bring you a big-ger BYTE. The index is provided as an additional service by the publisher, who assumes no liability forerrors or omissions. 'Correspond directly with company.

Inquiry No.

Page No.

255 MICRO DATA BASE SYS 287

256 MICRO DECISIONWARE 262109 MICRO FOCUS 59

257 MICRO HOUSE 209

258 MICRO MANAGEMENT SYS. 423

• MICRO MFG SYS. 417349 MICRO MINT 306

* MICRO PERIPHERAL CORP. 510

259 MICRO PRO INT'L. 313

260 MICRO WORKS, THE 176

262 MICROACE 427

263 MICROBYTE/EXT.PROCSS. 64

264 MICROCOMP.TECH.INC. 213

265 MICROMAIL 264

266 MICROSETTE INC. 516

267 MICROSOFT (CPD) 25

268 MICROSOFT (CPD) 279

269 MICROSTUF.INC. 81

270 MICROTAX 344

271 MICROTECH EXPORTS 445

272 MICROTEK INC. 295

209 MID AMERICA MICRO MART 133

273 MIDDLETON.WILSON 508

274 MIKOS 500

275 MILLER MICROCOMP.SERV. 272

276 MINI COMP.SUPPLIERS 419

281 MINI MICRO MART 267

282 MINI MICRO MART 319

283 MINI MICRO MART 453

466 MINI MICRO MART 536

467 MINI MICRO MART 537

277 MINI MICRO MART 538279 MINI MICRO MART 539

285 MORGAN PRODUCTS 307

287 MORROW DESIGNS 151

286 MORROW DESIGNS 200, 201

288 MOUNTAIN COMPUTER 19

289 MOUNTAIN SOFTWARE 18

290 MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS 345

291 MSD 421

292 MSD 449

293 MT MICROSYSTEMS 216, 217250 MTI.INC. 284

295 MULTI BUSN.COMP.INC. 336

296 NATIONAL DATA PROD. 340

297 NATIONAL DATA PROD. 455

298 NCL DATA INC. 415

299 NEBS 421

448 NEC HOME ELECTRONICS 239

300 NEEC0 311

301 NET PROFIT COMP. 413

* NETRONICS 210, 212, 417

302 NORTH AMER TECH 32

303 NORTH AMER TECH 194

304 NORTH STAR COMPUTERS 167

305 NORTHEAST COMP.SALES 437

306 NORTHWEST COMPUTER 441

307 NORTHWEST INSTR.SYS. 224

308 NOVATION 245

• NRI SCHOOLS ELECTR.DIV. 321

309 OASIS SYSTEMS 170

310 OHIO SCIENTIFIC INSTR. CIV

311 OKIDATA CORP. 401

312 OLYMPIC SALES 407

313 OMEGA SALES 364, 365

* OMEGASOFT425

314 OMIKRON 143

315 OMNI RESOURCES 299

316 OMNITEC DATA 411

317 OPTIMAL TECHNOLOGY 413

318 ORACLE ELECTR. 504

319 ORANGE MICRO 188, 189

320 ORANGE MICRO 339

321 ORANGE MICRO 397

• OREGON SOFTWARE 202

322 OREGON SOFTWARE 203

323 ORION INSTRUMENTS 506

324 ORTHOCODE GROUP 228

325 OSBORNE COMPUTERS 33

326 OSBORNE/MCGRAW-HILL 72, 73

327 OSM COMPUTER 95

* OWENS ASSOC. 276, 277

328 OXFORD DIVERSIFIED 421

329 PACIFIC COMP BRK. 468

333 PACIFIC EXCHANGES 294

330 PACIFIC EXCHANGES 298

331 PACIFIC EXCHANGES 510

332 PACIFIC EXCHANGES 514

334 PACIFIC SOFTWARE 99

335 PAGE DIGITAL 515

336 PALOMAR COMP.EQUIP. 499

337 PAN AMERICAN ELEC INC. 220

339 PC NEWSLETTER 407

340 PCD SYSTEMS INC. 22

341 PEACHTREE SOFTWARE 23

342 PEACHTREE SOFTWARE 230

• PERCOM DATA 7, 14, 15

343 PERSONAL COMPUTERS 329

344 PHASE ONE SYS.INC. 309

345 PICKLES & TROUT 146

346 PKAY CORP. 520

347 POLY PAKS 508

* POPULAR COMPUTING 257

348 POWER ONE INC. 147

• PRIORITY ONE 306, 449

352 PRIORITY ONE 530, 531351 PRIORITY ONE 532, 533

353 PROGRAMMERS SFTW EX. 510

December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc 543

Reader Service.

Inquiry No. Page No.

* PUBLISHERS STATEMENT 356

354 PURCHASING AGENT.THE 226

355 PV SYSTEMS 518

356 QUALITY COMP.PARTS 506

357 QUALITY SOFTWARE 159

358 QUASAR DATA PROD.INC. 171

360 QUEST ELECTR. 505

361 RACET COMPUTES 355

362 RACET COMPUTES 355

363 RADIO SHACK 49

364 RADIO SHCK FRNCJ7079 445

365 RCE ELECTR. 435

* REALTY SOFTWARE CO. 512

366 RENAISSANCE TECHN. 328

367 ROBOTICS AGE 431

368 S C DIGITAL 326

369 S&M SYSTEMS 431

370 9-100 INC 88

371 S.P.C.TECH.INC. 439

372 SANDHU MACHINE DESN. 395

373 SANTA CRUZ SFTW.SERV. 236

374 SCION CORP 5

375 SCITRONICS78

* SCOTTSDALE SYSTEMS 186

376 SCR ELECTR. 518

377 SEATTLE COMP PRODS 399

378 SIERRA DATA SCIENCES 359

Inquiry No. Page No.

Inquiry No. Page No.

.

SINCLAIR RESEARCH 168, 169

400

SYBEX 17

457

SINGER CO. 327

•

SYNCHRO SOUND 234

379

SLUDER516

401

SYSTEM SOFTWARE 274

380

SMOKE SIGNAL BRDCSTG 103

402

SYSTEMS GROUP.THE 29

381

SMOKE SIGNAL BRDCSTG 103

403

SYSTEMS GROUP.THE 29

382

SOFTWARE DISTRIBUTERS 381

404

SYSTEMS GROUP.THE 31

383

SOFTWARE SUPPLY CORP 504

405

SYSTEMS GROUP.THE 31

384

SOFTWARE TOOL WORKS 514

406

SYSTEMS PLUS INC. 367

*

SOLID STATE SALES 322

*

SYSTEMS SUPPORT INC. 459

385

SORCIM 265

407

SZ SOFTWARE SYSTEMS 510

3R6

SORRENTO VALLEY ASSOC 297

408

TARBELL ELECTR. 429

387

SOUTHERN COMP.SYS. 204

*

TECHNICAL SYS CONS 193

3RR

SOUTHERN COMP.SYS. 510

409

TECMAR INC 403

389

SPECTRUM SOFTWARE 379

410

TELECON SYSTEMS 516

390

SSM MICRO COMP PROD 11

411

TELEVIDEO INC 152, 153

391

STANDARD & POORS 237

412

TELEVIDEO INC 225

39?

STANDARD MICROSYS.INC. 252

413

TERCER MEDIO 387

393

STATCOM CORP. 35

414

TEXAS COMP.SYS. 457

394

STATIC MEMORY SYS 187

*

THUNDERWARE 197

395

STELLAR SYSTEMS 180

415

TKS CORP. 235

396

STRAWBERRY TREE COMP. 139

*

TLB ASSOCIATES 154

397

SUBLOGIC 65

416

TRANSNET CORP. 128

*

SUNNY INTL. 500

460

UNISOURCE ELEC. 56

449

SUPERBYTE 250

*

U.S. MICRO SALES 502, 503

•

SUPERSOFT28, 125,464

417

U.S. ROBOTICS 290

399

SURVEYOR SUPPLY CO 441

418

UNITED CONTROLS 512

*

SYBEX 16

*

UNITED SFTW.OF AMER. 273

Inquiry No.

Page No.

420421422423424425426427428

452431432434435

436437438439440441442443444445

UVEON COMP.SYS. 77

V.A.M.P. INC. 514

VAN NOSTRAND REINHOLD 415

VECTOR ELEC. 448

VECTOR GRAPHICS 91

VERBATIM CORP 161

VIDEX 55

VISTA COMPUTER CO 71

VITAL INFORMATION 227

VOICETEK 222

VOTRAX 135

WARRENS 409

WASHINGTON COMP.SERV. 493

WATERLOO DISTANCE 312

WESTERN DIGITAL 425

WESPER MICRO SYSTEMS 69

WESTICO INC. 261,508

WESTWARE 75

WICAT SYSTEMS 92, 93

WILD HARE COMP.SYS. 259

WINCHENDON GRP.THE 508

WINTEK CORP. 518

WW COMPONENT SUPPLY 511

X COMP 331

ZENRAD CONTROLS 518

ZIGGURAT SOFTWARE 518

ZOBEX 247

BOMB

)nqoinq Monit

or Box

Author(s)

BYTE'

sC

Article #

Page

Article

1

24

Robotwar

Feigel

2

36

The Coin less Arcade

Williams

3

42

Build a Touch Tone Decoder for Remote

.

Control

Garcia

4

74

BYTE's Arcade: Olympic Decathlon

Kater

5

80

Missile Defense vs ABM

Moskowitz

6

90

Gorgon

Callamaras

7

100

Commbat: A Tele-Game for Two

Stewart

8

108

alphaSyntauri Music Synthesizer

Levine,Mauchly

9

134

Color Computer from A to D, Make Your

Color Computer "See" and "Feel" Better

Barden

10

163

Battle of the Asteroids

Williams

11

166

The Atari Tutorial, Part 4: Display-List

Interrupts

Crawford

12

190

How to Build a Maze

Matuszek

13

198

Toward a Structured 6809 AssemblyLanguage, Part 2: Implementing a

Structured Assembler

Walker

14

229

MIKBUG and the TRS-80, Part 1: A Cross-

Assembler for the Motorola 6800

Labenski

15

258

What Makes Computer Games Fun?

Malone

16

304

Pascal-80

Archer

17

320

Computer Scrabble

Roehrig

18

352

Generating Programs Automatically

Jacobs

19

486

Starfighter

Grammer

20

452

Online Information Retrieval: Promise and

Problems

Roberts

21

474

Handi-Writer, A Video Note Pad for the

Physically Handicapped

Batie

September BOMB Speaks Up

Steve Ciarcia's article, "Build anUnlimited-Vocabulary Speech Syn-thesizer," has captured first place inthe September BOMB. Steve willreceive the S100 prize. Secondplace goes to senior editor GreggWilliams for his article "TreeSearching, Part 1: Basic Techni-ques." Gregg is a staff editor andnot entitled to the prize money.Third place goes to David Thomp-son for his review, "The Big Board:A Z80 System in Kit Form."

544 December 1981 © BYTE Publications Inc

Leading Edge Products, Inc., 225 Turnpike Street, Canton, Massachusetts 02021Toll-free: 1-800-343-6833; in Massachusetts (617) 828-8150. Telex 951-624.

Circle 217 on inquiry card.

"I SHOULD

HAVE BOUGHT

OHIO SCIENTIFIC...

... SEEMS THE ONLYTHING EXPANDABLEABOUT MY COMPUTER

IS THE LINE OF

EMPLOYEES WAITING

TO USE IT."

All too often, a small business will make amajor investment in a computer system only tofind out, a year or so later, that they have out-grown it. The computer can't keep up with theneed for more work stations, for more job func-tions, for more multi-user operations, and yourinitial investment is jeopardized.

If you're a first time computer buyer, youshould know that system expandability is a bigadvantage of Ohio Scientific computer systems.

A business can start with a modestly pricedfloppy disk based computer to handle manyoffice functions. Later, as your business needsgrow, you can easily and economically expandupward to our series of hard disk based com-puters, adding more users for accounts receiv-able, general ledger, payroll, inventory, wordprocessing and much more.

Don't catch yourself second guessing thecomputer you buy. We're convinced that themore you compare, the better we look.

Ohio Scientific computer systems are sold bymore than 400 dealers nationwide. For the onenear you, call 1-800-321-6850 toll free.

Jfct»,

a /yfoCffM Company

1333 SOUTH CHILLICOTHE ROAD

AURORA, OH 44202 • [21B] 831 -5600

The expandable small business computer

Circle 310 on inquiry card.