Byte Magazine Volume 07 Number 06 - Interactive Videodiscs

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A new small computer that won't limit you tomorrow

New Cromemco System One shown with our high-capability terminal and printer.

jmm gmm mm Mm

Expandability

Here's a low-priced computer that won't run out of memory capacity or expandability halfway through your project.

Typically, computer usage tends to grow, requiring more capability, more memory, more storage. Without a lot of capability and expandability, your computer can be obsolete from the start.

The new System One is a real building-block machine. It has capability and expandability by the carload.

Look at these features:

■ Z80-A processor

■ 64K of RAM

■ 780K of disk storage

■ CRT and printer interfaces

■ Eight S-100 card slots, allowing expansion with

— color graphics

— additional memory

— additional interfaces for telecommunications, data acquisition, etc.

■ Small size

GENEROUS DISK STORAGE

The 780K of disk storage in the System One Model CS-1 is much greater than what is typically available in small computers. But here, too, you have a choice since a second version, Model CS-1H, has a 5" Winchester drive that gives you 5 megabytes of disk storage.

MULTI-USER, MULTI-TASKING CAPABILITY

Believe it or not, this new computer even offers multi-user capability when used with our advanced CROMix* operating system option. Not only does this outstanding O/S support multiple users on this computer but does so with powerful features like multi

ple directories, file protection and record level lock. cromix lets you run multiple jobs as well.

In addition to our highly-acclaimed cromix, there is our CDOS*. This is an enhanced CP/M+type system designed for single-user applications. CP/M and a wealth of CP/M-compatible software are also available for the new System One through thirdparty vendors.

COLOR GRAPHICS/WORD PROCESSING

This small computer even gives you the option of outstanding high-resolution color graphics with our Model SDI interface and two-port RAM cards.

Then there's our tremendously wide range of Cromemco software including packages for word processing, business, and much more, all usable with the new System One.

ANTI-OBSOLESCENCE/LOW-PRICED

As you can see, the new One offers you a lot of performance. It's obviously designed with antiobsolescence in mind.

What's more, it's priced at only $3,995. That's considerably less than many machines with much less capability. And it's not that much more than many machines that have little or nothing in the way of expandability.

Physically, the One is small — 7" high. And it's allmetal in construction. It's only 14Ve" wide, ideal for desk top use. A rack mount-option is also available.

CONTACT YOUR REP NOW

Get all the details on this important building-block computer. Get in touch with your Cromemco rep now. He'll show you how the new System One can grow with your task.

•CROMIX and CDOS are trademarks of Cromemco Inc. tCP/M is a trademark of Digital Research

a Cromemco™ incorporated 280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 • (415) 364-7400

Tomorrow's computers today

Circle 137 on inquiry card.

CROMIX FILE SYSTEM /(root directory)

CROMIX*—Cromemco's outstanding UNIX— like operating system

cromix is just the kind of major development you've come to expect from Cromemco. After all, we're already well-known for the most respected software in the microcomputer field.

And now we've come up with the industry's first UNix-lookalike for microcomputers. It's a tried and proven operating system. It's available on both 5" and 8" diskettes for Cromemco systems with 128K or more of memory.

Here are just some of the features you get in this powerful Cromemco system:

• Multi-user and multi-tasking capability

• Hierarchical directories

• Completely compatible file, device, and interprocess I/O

• Extensive subsystem support

FILE SYSTEM

One of the important features of our cromix is its file system comprised of hierarchical directories. It's a tree structure of three types of files: data files,

*CROMIX is a trademark of Cromemco, Inc. tUNIX is a trademark of Bell Telephone Laboratories

directories, and device files. File, device, and interprocess I/O are compatible among these file types (input and output may be redirected interchangeably from and to any source or destination).

The tree structure allows different directories to be maintained for different users or functions with no chance of conflict.

PROTECTED FILES

Because of the hierarchical structure of the file system, cromix maintains separate ownership of every file and directory. All files can thus be protected from access by other users of the system. In fact, each file is protected by four separate access privileges in each of the three user categories.

TREMENDOUS ADDRESS SPACE, FAST ACCESS

The flexible file system and generalized disk structure of cromix give a disk address space in excess of one gigabyte per volume — file size is limited only by available disk capacity.

Speed of access to disk files has also been optimized. Average access speeds far surpass any yet implemented on microcomputers.

'C COMPILER AVAILABLE, TOO

Cromemco offers a wide range of languages that operate under cromix. These include a high-level command process language and extensive subsystem support such as cobol, Fortran

IV, RATFOR, LISP, and 32K and 16K basics.

There is even our highly-acclaimed 'C compiler which allows a programmer fingertip access to cromix system calls.

THE STANDARD O-S FOR THE FUTURE

The power and breadth of its features make cromix the standard for the next generation of microcomputer operating systems.

And yet it is available for a surprisingly low $595.

The thing to do is to get all this capability working for you now. Get in touch with your Cromemco rep today.

Q

Cromemco ™

i ncorporated 280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040

Tomorrow's computers today

Circle 138 on Inquiry card.

(415)964-7400

In The Queue

CITE

Volume 7, Number 6

June 1982

Features

48 The Videodisc Interfacing Primer by Rod

Daynes / Learn how to develop interactive videodisc programs.

56 Interactive Videodisc Design and Production / Wicat Systems presents a systematic approach to the design, development, and production of an interactive videodisc system.

60 Build an Interactive-Videodisc Controller by Steve

Garcia / You can use your personal computer to control a Pioneer VP-1000 laser-optical videodisc player through its remote-control circuitry.

78 Videodiscs In Education, Integrating the Computer and Communication Technologies by Isaac I. Bejar / Educators are discovering ways to use videodiscs as an aid to learning.

108 Interactive Training In Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

by David Hon / Computer and videodisc technologies are combined to provide instruction in lifesaving techniques.

142 Videodiscs and Optical Data Storage by Dick Moberg and Ira M. Laefsky / We may soon be measuring mass storage in gigabytes.

182 On the Way to Standard BASIC by Thomas E. Kurtz / A

survey of what's in the proposed ANSI standard and why it's there.

242 The Input/Output Primer, Part 5: Character Codes by

Steve Leibson / Character codes turn computer data into messages that people can understand.

260 A General-Purpose I/O Board for the Color Computer

by William Barden Jr. / You can build this interface for less than S25 and plug it into the ROM cartridge slot.

286 User's Column: Terminal Madness, The Word, Grammatlk, and Then Some by Jerry Pournelle / The critic reviews some new computer terminals, word-processing software, compilers, and M-drive.

302 The Atari Tutorial, Part 10: Human Engineering by

Chris Crawford / The interaction between the computer and the person using it is the most important and the most often neglected aspect of commercial software.

321 Upward Migration, Part 1: Translators by Roger Taylor and Phil Lemmons / Using translation programs to move CP/M-80 programs to CP/M and MS-DOS.

410 TAFT: Terminal Apple with File Transfer by Tom

Gabriele / Low-cost telecommunication capability for the Apple II.

452 Maintenance Alternatives for Personal Computers by

Lewis A. Whitaker / Repair service options to consider before you buy a computer and preventive maintenance steps to perform once you've made the purchase.

468 Omni Aviation Navigation System by Richard

Campbell / Simulate aircraft instrument navigation using simple trigonometry.

Reviews

162 BYTE's Arcade: Armored Patrol by Pete Callamaras; The

Eliminator: Mayhem in Space, TRS-80 Style by Silas Pike: Galactic

Chase by Stan Wszola

220 App-L-ISP by Jeff Bonar and Steve Levitan

235 Tawala's Last Redoubt by Hartley G. Lesser

348 The Osborne 1 by Mark Dahmke

364 Applescope Stores Dual Traces by Gregory MacNicol

376 NEWDOS/80 Version 2.0 by Mahlon G. Kelly

488 Micro-Decision Support System/Finance (DSS/F) by Robert

Moskowitz

Nucleus

6

26

232,

237,

402 404,

434

440

479

480,

480

482

487

502

558

558

559

Editorial: West Coast Computer Faire Report

Letters

493 Technical Forum: Find That Disk; Conditionals in LISP

497 Programming Quickies: A Word-Counting Utility for

Writers; Listing the Disk Directory in CP/M-based Pascal

Book Review: Beneath the Apple DOS

460 System Notes: Adapting "Harvesting the Sun's

Energy" for the Commodore PET; Text-Handling Routines

in Extended BASIC

Ask BYTE

BYTELINES

Clubs and Newsletters

510 Books Received

BYTE's Bugs

Event Queue

Software Received

What's New?

Unclassified Ads

BOMB, BOMB Results

Reader Service

Page 48

Page 60

Page 78

Page 108

June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 3

Wl

Editor in Chief Christopher Morgan

Managing Editor

Mark Haas

Technical Editors

Gregg Williams, Senior Editor;

Richard S. Shuford; Curtis P. Feigel;

George Stewart; Arthur Little;

Stanley Wszola; Steve Ciarcia; Mark Dahmke

Philip Lemmons; Allan Lundell, Consulting

Editors; Jon Swanson, Drafting Editor

Copy Editors

Beverly Cronin, Chief; Faith Hanson;

Warren Williamson; Anthony J. Lockwood;

Ann Graves; Hilary Selby Polk;

Elizabeth Kepner; Margaret Cook,

Junior Copy Editor

Assistants

Faith Ferry; Debe Wheeler;

Beverly Jackson

Production

David R. Anderson, Assoc. Director; Patrice Scribner; Damian Henriques; Jan Mullen Virginia Reardon; Sherry McCarthy. Chief Typographer; Debi Fredericks; Donna Sweeney; Valerie Horn; Jonathan M. Graves. Creative Consultant

Advertising

Thomas Harvey. Director; Marion Carlson; Rob Hannings; Deborah Porter; Vicki Reynolds; Cathy A. R. Drew; Jacqueline Earnshaw, Reader Service Coordinator; Wai Chiu Li, Advertising/ Production Coordinator; Linda J. Sweeney

Circulation

Gregory Spitzfaden, Manager;

Andrew Jackson. Asst. Manager;

Agnes E. Perry; Barbara Varnum;

Louise Menegus; Pinky Krulis;

Sheila A. Bamford

James Bingham, Dealer Sales;

Deborah J. Cadwell, Asst.

Linda Ryan

Marketing

Wilbur S. Watson, Marketing Coordinator;

Timothy W. Taussig, Marketing Production

Coordinator

Controller's Office

Daniel Rodrigues. Controller; Mary E. Ruhr. Acct. & D/P Mgr.; Karen Burgess; Jeanne Cilley; Linda Fluhr; Vicki Bennett

Traffic

N. Scott Gagnon; Scott Jackson,

Kathleen Reckhart

Receptionist

Jeanann Waters

Publishers

Virginia Londoner; Gordon R. Williamson;

John E. Hayes, Associate Publisher;

Cheryl A. Hurd; Michele P. Verville, Publisher's

Assistants;

Officers of McGraw-Hill Publications Company: Paul F. McPherson, President; Executive Vice Presidents: Daniel A. McMillan. Ill, Gene W. Simpson; Senior Vice President-Editorial: Ralph R. Schulz; Vice Presidents: Kemp Anderson, Business Systems Development; Harry L. Brown, Special Markets; Robert B. Doll, Circulation; James E. Hackett, Controller; Eric B. Herr, Planning and Development; H. John Sweger. Jr., Marketing.

Officers of the Corporation: Harold W. McGraw Jr., Chairman and Chief Executive Officer; Joseph L. Dionne, President and Chief Operating Officer; Robert N. Landes, Senior Vice President and Secretary; Ralph J. Webb, Treasurer.

In This Issue

Imagine carrying around the entire Encyclopaedia Britannica in your shirt pocket with room left over for every issue ever published of The New York Times and then some. Videodiscs and optical data storage technology have the potential to make this a reality. They also promise to provide a medium for an effective delivery of information hitherto impossible. Several articles this month illustrate the possibilities. Dick Moberg and Ira M. Laefsky describe one use for videodiscs in "Videodiscs and Optical Data Storage." Rod Daynes presents a primer on the video aspects of videodisc production in "The Videodisc Interfacing Primer." In "Videodiscs in Education" Isaac I. Bejar discusses ways in which videodisc technology might affect teaching methods. David Hon describes teaching lifesaving techniques with the aid of videodiscs and computers in "Interactive Training in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation." And Steve Ciarcia's project is how to "Build an Interactive-Videodisc Controller." Thomas E. Kurtz, co-author of the original Dartmouth BASIC, surveys what's in the proposed ANSI standard and why it's there. Roger Taylor and Phil Lemmons explain what's really involved in adapting 8-bit software to a 16-bit environment in "Upward Migration, Part I: Translators." Steve Leibson's "The Input/Output Primer" continues with "Part 5: Character Codes." Of course, we have Jerry Pournelle, William Barden Jr., and all our other regular features.

BYTE is published monthly by BYTE Publications Inc. 70 Main St, Peterborough NH 03458, phone [603) 924-9281, a wholly-owned subsidiary of McGraw-Hill, Inc. Address subscriptions, change of address. USPS Form 3579, and fulfillment questions to BYTE Subscriptions. POB 590, Martinsville NJ 08836. Second class postage paid at Peterborough, N.H. 03458 and additional mailing offices. USPS Publication No. 528890 (ISSN 0360-5280|. Canadian second class registration number 9321. Subscriptions are S 19 for one year. S34 for two years, and S49 for three years in the USA and its possessions. In Canada and Mexico, S2I for one year, S38 for two years, S55 for three years. S 43 for one year air delivery to Europe. S 35 surface delivery elsewhere. Air delivery to selected areas at additional rates upon request. Single copy price is S2.95 in the USA and its possessions. S3.50 in Canada and Mexico, S4.50 in Europe, and S5.00 elsewhere. Foreign subscriptions and sales should be remitted in United States funds drawn on a US bank. Printed in United States of America.

Address all editorial correspondence to the editor at BYTE, POB 372, Hancock NH 03449. Unacceptable manuscripts will be returned if accompanied by sufficient first class postage. Not responsible for lost manuscripts or photos. Opinions expressed by the authors are not necessarily those of BYTE. Entire contents copyright © 1982 by BYTE Publications Inc. All rights reserved. Where necessary, permission is granted by the copyright owner for libraries and others registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) to photocopy any article herein for the base fee of S1.00 per copy of the article or item plus 25 cents per page. Payment should be sent directly to the CCC. 21 Congress St, Salem MA 01970. Copying done for other than personal or internal reference use without the permission of McGraw-Hill is prohibited. Requests for special permission or bulk orders should be addressed to the publisher.

BYTE" is available in microform from University Microfilms International, 300 N Zeeb Rd, Dept PR, Ann Arbor Ml 48106 USA or 18 Bedford Row, Dept PR, London WCIR 4EJ England.

Office hours: Mon-Thur 8:30 AM - 4:30 PM, Friday 8:30 AM - Noon, Eastern Time

June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

WMHHKKNP

mmaaffl

25 25

M J J

SALES BY CATEGORY 15 20 25 15

ADD QUAL|TY GRAPHICS

just$7ii:

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m

.. ^"i\

The OEM's best choice for graphics is MicroAngelo,' the single board graphics display computer from SCION. Install MicroAngelo in your Multibus or S-100 host and let this intelligent display processor bring your screen to life with full graphics and text. MicroAngelo features 515 by 480 pixel graphics and 40 line by 85 character text displays.

Save development time and overhead with SCREENWARE™, SCION's high level display firmware language. SCREENWARE provides point, vector, region, circle, flood, crosshair, light pen interface, tracking cross, screen load and dump, split screen, macro, and full terminal emulation commands. Use MicroAngelo both as your main console and as your application software's display screen.

MicroAngelo's on-board processor frees your host processor and bus to perform other tasks, while on-board memory and firmware reduce the size of your application programs. With our direct, easy interface to any high level language, you are no more than a simple sub

routine call away from MicroAngelo's powerful capabilities. Use one MicroAngelo for monochrome graphics displays. And combine two or more MicroAngelos to create high resolution color graphics.

MicroAngelo is the OEM's choice because it is a powerful self-contained graphics display computer that is easy to add to your host. A graphics display computer that is proven reliable in over 1000 field installations. A graphics display computer that is so affordable you don't have to design your own.

Think SCION for your graphics display needs. Think MicroAngelo. Call us at (703) 476-6100.

•OEM quantity 25 price tor Multibus or S-100 board.

if the image is important.

12310 Pinecrest Rd./Reston, VA 22091 (703) 476-6100 TWX: 710-833-0684

Circle 402 on Inquiry card.

Circle 157 on inquiry card.

THINK AHEAD

THINK CP/M -86

MILESTONE-86'"—$395. Manual alone — $30.

"Critical path" network analysis program for scheduling manpower, dollars and time to maximize productivity. Interactive project management program that runs under CP/M-86. MILESTONE can be used to track paper (low, build a computer, check a department's performance, or build a bridge. MILESTONE can be used by executives, engineers, managers, and small businessmen.

• Produce PERT chart in minutes.

• Find critical tasks that can't be delayed.

• Investigate tradeoffs between manpower, dollars and time.

• Give plans to others using a printed project schedule.

• Change details and immediately see results on the screen.

• Balance time, manpower and costs. Formats: 8, IDW. IPC.

SUPERCALC-86» - $295.

Allows a layman to manipulate data in a variety of forecasting and accounting applications. Combines the interactive nature of an electronic spreadsheet with the power and convenience of a simple simulation language. Video display can be scrolled over the entire worksheet using cursor controls. Symbolic vector references eliminate repetitive low-level data manipulation commands. Easy to use menu driven "help" command. Alto available for IBM-DOS. Formats: 8. IDW, IPC.

DATEBOOK-86"-$295. Manual alone-$30.

Schedule appointments for up to 27 different doctors, lawyers, rooms etc. Three appointment schedules are displayed on the screen at a time. File structure allows for appointments for up to one year in advance. Searches for openings that fit time of day, day of week and/or day of year constraints. Appointments made, modified or cancelled easily. Copies of day's appointments can be printed easily. Formats: 8. IDW, IPC

MORE SOFTWARE PRODUCT/MANUAL ALONE

CBASIC/86 $325. $25.

PASCAL/M-86 $495. $25.

Pascal:S0RT-86 $195. $20.

FIELD C0MPANI0N-86 $295. $30.

PERSONAL DATEBOOK $150. $30.

TEXTWRITER-BfT $125. $30.

• Also available tor IBM-DOS

FORMAT CODES: 8 fS-single density IBM soft-seclored) IDW (IBM Display Writer wilh CP/M-86) IPC (IBM Personal Computer with CP/M-86)

SOFTWARE SOFW1RE DIGITXL/fURKETING

DIGML^RKETING'M

DIGITAL MARKETING CORPORATION

2670 CHE RRY LANE •WALNUT CREEK • CALIFORNIA* 94596 (415) 938-2M0 • Tetex 17-1852 (DIGMKTG WNCK)

Deafer Inquiries Invited

TRADEMARKS: CP/M-86. CBASIC/B6-Digital Research. Milestone. Datebook. Personal Datebook, Texlwriter - Organic Software. Pascal/M - Sorcim. Pascal 50F1T Field Companion - Technical Software

Editorial

West Coast Computer Faire Report

by Chris Morgan, Editor in Chief

You are in a large, cavernous building. To the north, south, east, and west are booths —all filled with microcomputer hardware and software. You are equipped with (1) a BYTE plastic bag, (2) a press badge, (3) a camera, and (4) sensible shoes. Your goal: see everything in the building-in three days.

A stream flows into the building from the north —a stream of 40,000 people that is, who poured into the Seventh West Coast Computer Faire held in San Francisco this past March. It was the ultimate adventure game for personal computer lovers.

By some accounts it was a relatively tame show. Indeed, many of the expected blockbuster announcements were held in reserve for the National Computer Conference (underway in Houston as this issue appears). Nonetheless, for patient show-goers there were enough rewards to make the show a real success. Ill touch on a few highlights here.

A Beautiful Concept

Ironically, the most interesting product I saw during my trip to the West Coast was not on public display. It's the Corvus Concept computer, manufactured by Corvus Systems (2029 OToole Ave., San Jose, CA 95131). I made a special trip to San Jose immediately after the Faire to see this new state-of-the-art personal computer.

In looks alone, the Concept is a hands-down winner. But more important, it offers an amazing number of features for its $4995 suggested retail price tag. It has a 68000 16-bit processor; 256K bytes of RAM standard (512K bytes optional); a 120-column by 66-line (!) bit-mapped black-and-white display

Photo 1: The Corvus Concept computer, which features a 68000 processor and a 120-column by 66-line display. Suggested retail price is $4995.

6 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

You Get More Out of Percom Disk Systems.

Expect in

At Percom, our business is making disk storage systems for microcomputers — something we've been doing right, since 1977.

From the design of rock-solid drive controller circuitry to quality controls that include 100% life testing of every drive shipped, you can expect to get more out of Percom Disk Systems.

And Percom provides you with comprehensive after-sales service from our wholly owned, fully independent customer service center.

WINCHESTER 10-MEGABYTE DISK STORAGE SYSTEMS

Enormous storage capacity plus high speed. Percom 51/4 inch hard disk systems are 40 times faster than single-density floppy mini-disks, 20 times faster than doubledensity units. Systems include a smart, four-drive controller featuring state-of-the-art data encoding and separation, adaptable industry-standard disk interfacing. Versions for the Apple II, Atari,

:'5kj,„

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H/Z-89, IBM PC and TRS-80* Model III. Prices start at under $3000. Options: 5- or 14- Mbyte drives, floppy disk controller.

FLOPPY MINI-DISK STORAGE SYSTEMS

40 or 80-track drives, single or dual-head, flippy or nonflippy— all double-density rated. Available in 1, 2 and 3drive add-on units, 1 and 2-drive internal units, with full documentation and software support. Add-on drives from $399, complete systems from $459.95.

To learn more about quality Percom disk storage systems, mail the coupon today. Or, call toll-free 1-800-527-1222.

PERCOM

YES...I'd like to know more about Percom disk systems. Please rush me information.

Send to. PERCOM DATA COMPANY, INC. Dept BD1 11220 Pagemill Road, Dallas TX 75243

street

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THE DRIVE PEOPLE

11220 Pagemill Road • Dallas TX • 75243 • (214) 340-7081

phone number

I'm interested in floppy disk storage for my... TRS-80 □ Mdl I □ Mdl II □ CC □ IBM PC

□ H/Z-89 LIH-8 riAIM/KIM/SYM USystem-50

I'm interested in hard disk storage for my...

□ IBM PC nTRS-80 Mdl III HApple II QAtari □H/Z-89

Other computer?

(□floppy disk or □hard disk?)

PRICES AND SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE.

•TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Radio Shack Corooration which has no relationship'^ Percom Data Company, Inc. 3 1981 Percom Data Company, Inc

JOHN STARKWEATHER'S

$149.95

For all CP/M systems. Works with Apple (SoftCard™ system needed), TRS-80, North DISKETTE AND MANUAL Star, Superbrain, Micropolis,

Vector and many other microcomputers. Needs 32K RAM, one disk drive and CRT or video display and keyboard.

i PILOT for Programmed, Inquiry, Learning Or Teaching.

• An excellent interactive language for education and office automation.

• Perfect companion for BASIC, COBOL and PASCAL to solve training and documentation problems.

• John Starkweather, Ph.D., creator of PILOT, wrote this version to meet all PILOT-73 standards and added many new features.

• New features include full screen text editor, commands to drive optional equipment such as VTR's & voice response units.

• Currently used in many college and progressive high schools.

• Use for interactive applications—data entry, programmed instruction and testing.

*& MimLM

EDIT

$119.95

DISKETTE AND MANUAL

For all CP/M-based systems. Requires 32K RAM, one disk drive and CRT or video display and keyboard.

• A character oriented full screen video display text editor designed specifically for program preparation.

• Write program in COBOL, FORTRAN, BASIC or similar languages.

• Features include single key commands for cursor control, scrolling, block moves, search and replace, tab setting and multiple file insertions.

c

MimiM

• Ht

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DISKETTE AND MANUAL

For all CP/M or MP/M operating systems. Requires 32K RAM and one disk drive.

• Edition II of Nevada COBOL is based on ANSI-74 Standards.

• With 48K RAM, you can compile and execute up to 4000 statements.

• COPY statement for library handling.

• CALL..USING...CANCEL

• PERFORM...THRU...TIMES...UNTIL..paragraph or section names.

• IF...NEXT SENTENCE...ELSE...NEXT SENTENCE AND/OR <=> NOT.

• GO TO...DEPENDING ON...

• Interactive ACCEPT/DISPLAY...

• RELATIVE (random) access files

• Sequential files both fixed and variable length.

• INSPECT..TALLYING...REPLACING.

o

COD'S WELCOME

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SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY

600 41st Avenue, Dept. B San Francisco, CA 94121 U.S.A.

CP/M, MP/M, TRS-80 and SoftCard system are registered TM's of Digital Research, Tandy Corporation and Microsoft respectively.

(415) 751-1522

Editorial

(560 by 720 pixels, versus 808 by 1024 for the Xerox Star —you can get the equivalent of eight Apple II images on the Corvus screen, albeit without color); mixed text and graphics on the same page; on-screen window management; ISO Pascal as the main language; Selectricstyle keyboard with 10 programmable-function keys (key labels appear along the bottom of the display, a la Hewlett-Packard); built-in Omninet local network hardware; and various software packages, including a CP/M emulator in software that runs regular CP/M programs (although somewhat more slowly than most standard CP/M machines); Logicalc (a Visicalc look-alike spreadsheet program), and Edword, a sophisticated word processor. The Concept's operating system (designed by Corvus) is menu-based, which makes the machine a natural for Unix. In fact, it would be an excellent candidate for a Smalltalk system. Its designers say they are working on an experimental "mouse" (a small, mechanical interface that lets the user position the cursor on the screen by rolling the interface box on a flat surface and select screen menu options by pressing buttons). Such a unit is currently available on the Xerox Star system.

Good Design

The Concept is one of the best-designed computers I've seen in the microcomputer field, and it will set the price/performance standard in its price class for some time to come. The only machine that may give it real competition is the still-under-wraps Apple Lisa machine. Details about Lisa and its date of introduction are still sketchy. It's rumored to have graphics comparable to the Concept, but it may end up costing more.

The Concept resembles the Xerox Star in many ways. The user-definable screen windows bear an uncanny, though perhaps not entirely accidental, resemblance to those on the Star. And while it lacks some of the flexibility and sophistication of the Star's estimable software package, it comes surprisingly close in its hardware features—screen resolution, for instance. It's a pleasure finally to be able to see an %Vi by 11 page of text displayed on a personal computer screen as it will appear on paper when printed. And all this for about one-third the price of the Star!

Flipping Your Display

Another novel feature of the Concept is the switchable display screen (made by Ball Brothers). It's but the work of a few seconds to remove the screen from its quickrelease flange mount (the screen can be tilted and swiveled by the operator for optimum viewing angle) and flipped 90 degrees to get a horizontal aspect ratio. A quick press of a key converts the characters on the video screen to either horizontal or vertical display. Having the two options is a real convenience: the horizontal mode is perfect for spread-sheet programs and the vertical mode lends itself well to word processing.

8 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 181 on inquiry card.

Circle 243 on Inquiry card.

Ithaca S25/3DD"

A curuputQt1 system so advanced,the technuluijy yuull need later

[5 already here. And waiting.

S^tJuca 525

The Ithaca 525/800 gives you the ability to address an almost unlimited number of applications in business, scientific, and educational environments.

Its state-of-the-art hardware gives you a single or multi-user 8-bit system in one machine that handles 5V or 8" floppy and hard disks.

It has a processor that's 50% faster than conventional systems. A unique Cache CP/M' - MP/M' system that's typically 500% faster. That's right, 500%. And up to 1 Mbyte of memory.

It has add-on capacity built-in now, ready to expand when you're ready. There are no hidden costs to pay for later. Everything you need comes with the

Ithaca 525/800. In fact, it could be the only system you'll ever need.

It's simply the finest price/performance Z-80' based system available. And it's here _ _

now, waiting for your call. It ll*ll^*l

800-847-2088 n a at3

In New York State UDOl

(607)257-0190 ... .... . *T .

We think as fast as you do.

1650 Hanshaw Road, P.O. Box 91

Ithaca, NY 14850

TWX: 510-255-4346

CP/M and MP/M Digil

i. Inc. " Z-80 Zilog. Inc '" Ith;

See us at Comdex Booth #2019

thaca 525/800 Ithaca InterSystems. Inc.

The AI13 Interface puts your Apple* Computer to work in the Laboratory

For Only

$550

You can plug this powerful interface easily into your Apple Computer

and create a fast, flexible

analog data acquisition system

with all these features:

• 16 independent input channels

• Ranges from lOOmVto ± 5V, selectable by software

• 12-bit precision, 0.024% accuracy

• Fast 20-microsecond conversion time

• Sample-and-hold circuitry captures changing signals

• External trigger mode responds to commands from remote equipment

• Software diskette included, to get you started right away

A I 13 comes with a 1 -year warranty and is backed by full technical support. It is part of a full line of IS analog and digital systems, all inexpensive and modularly designed so that you can select and pay for only the interfaces and functions you need.

Interactive Structures has been designing and producing interfaces for Apple Computers since 1977. Thousands of IS units are in use internationally. One is being used in the instrumentation for making analog readings aboard the NASA Space Shuttle.

Write or call now for more information on the A 113 — the best investment you'll make in a research assistant.

* Recommended CJ S list price each

Apple is a registered trade name ot Apple"1 Computer Inc

Circle 233 on inquiry card.

Interactive Structures, Inc.

112 Bala Avenue

P.O. Box 404

Bala Cynwyd, PA 19004

(215)667-1713

Editorial

The Edword word processor (designed by Corvus) has one feature that's worth the price of admission: an Undo key that lets you "undo" what you've done to your text file all the way back to the beginning of the editing session. Some other word processors have limited "undo" capability, but this is the first I've seen in which the program gives you so much power. An optional Corvus hard disk attached to the Concept contains the Mirror backup system that works in conjunction with any standard VHS video-tape recorder with remote control. The system can be programmed to come on at any time (nighttime is probably most convenient) and back up and verify the contents of the hard disk. The procedure takes about 15 minutes. And you can program the computer to automatically save the contents of your current working file to disk as often as every 10 seconds.

A drawer in the back of the Concept opens to reveal a motherboard that, the company says, will accept some (not all) of the available Apple peripheral boards on the market. That's another unexpected feature that makes this computer so intriguing.

The Corvus designers have paid a lot of attention to minor and major details that other companies have passed over. The result is a major advance in the current state of the art in personal computer design.

In today's age of giant computer makers, it's ironic — and reassuring —that some of the best designs can still come from the most unexpected sources.

New Products at the Faire

I saw several plug-in boards designed to let you run software written for one computer on another computer. One such board is the Baby Blue from Xedex Corporation (645 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10022). This $600 board lets IBM Personal Computer users run standard CP/M programs. With the board in place, a program with a Baby Blue header loads under PC DOS into native memory and is executed. The header instructs the IBM's

™

>

"R

APPLE J[

cp/h-86 version 1.1 coprocessors 8888 8pplec8rd

secheht b00ress = 8848 j

Cast offset = 2b?f^ ,

MUM* MB

ft'.

fi>

it

' m ;.« ." ■ .-. ■ ■

Photo 2: Coprocessors' 8088 conversion card for the Apple II.

Circle 421 on inquiry card. >

■ - ll^V._ -^^^"-*-— ■

V

V

"■•»•

Every Apple Is Created Equal. But It Doesn't Have To Stay That Way.

An Apple™ is really something.

Mut from now on, it's going to be something much more. How come? Simple. We're introducing three revolutionary new data communication packages, called 'IYansend'M, designed especially to make your Apple II™ rise above all others.

Our Transend data communica

tions software provides access to information utilities; complete file transmission of charts, VisiOalc™ reports, and entire programs; as well

Transend comes in three different versions. You can begin economically with the simplest form, 'IVansend 1, an intelligent terminal/file transfer system. As your needs increase, you can move up to two other Transend packages, without worrying about retraining or repurchasing. Transend '2 gives any Apple 11 intelligent terminal capabilities, plus file transfer

automatic retransmission lor demanding business applications. Transend ;l incorporates electronic mail with password security, text editing, mailbox with mailstop, una) tended scheduling and receiving. automatic redialing, and much more.

ilete error

SS/77

The Transformation People

Transend s support of most popular Apple II "add-in" cards and modems lets you upgrade your Apple without hassle or unnecessary expense. Anil you'll immediately cut Operating costs by as much as ;i()''i with simple, easy louse menus, data compression and 1200-baud modem support.

Nobody on the personal computer scene today is offering the speed,flex ibilily, and reliability of Transend in a single upgradable software system,

Don't miss this chance to uplift your Apple II. Contact us or your dealer for all the delicious details.

SSM Microcomputer Products, Inc. 2190 Paragon Drive. San .lose. CA 95131, (408) 946-7400, Telex: 171 IV TUX: 910-338-2077.

Apple and Apple 11 nrr Iriuli'tni

Computer, Inf. VisiC;ilc is ,i li:t spnnl Soli Willi', I in-. And Tr.insi murk of SSM Microcomputer l"

SOFTWARE CP/AT

SOFTWARE SOFTWARE CP/M9 APPLE®

HARDWARE PRINTERS

VIS1CORP

SUPERCALC 209.00

List: 295.00

dBASE II VERSION 2.3 A

DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AVAILABLE IN MANY FORMATS.

List: 700.00

529.00

VISICALC® APPLE

DOS3.3 190.00

List: 250.00

THEMICROHOUSE

"ddQ" PACKAGE: 699.00

ASHTONTATE'S dBASE II FOX S SELLER'S dUTIL and QUICKSCREEN List: 924.00

:OX&GEL

QUICKSCREEN 129.00

List 149.00

dUTIL 75.00

List: 99.00

VISICALC®

List: 200.00

VISICALC''

List: 250.00

IBM64K

158.00

IBM256K.. . 190.00

VISIDEX 190.00

List: 250.00

VISIPLOT 158.00

List: 200.00

VISITERM 79.00

BASIC 80 285.00 List: wo.oo

BASIC COMPILER 3J5.00 VISITREND 249.00

COBOL80 568.00 fj.t^f

FORTRAN80 345.00 *J» 190.00

muSIMP/muMATH 2t5.00 DESKTOP PLAN II 190.00

MACRO 80 140.00 List:300.00

DESKTOP PLAN III 149.00

List: 250.00

VISIPACK: 599.00

INCLUDES VISICALC.

LEXISOF1

SPELLBINDER 299.00

List: 495.00

SPELLCHECK 225.00

List.295.00

VISIFILE. 8, VISITREND

VISIPLOT.

List: 700.00

MX-100 729.00

List: 995.00

MX-80FTwith

GRAFTRAX 679.00

List: 795.00

MX-80FT 549.00

List: 745.00

MX-80 with GRAFTRAX. . 4 79.00

List 645.00

8141 SERIAL INTERFACE. 64.00

8150 SERIAL

INTERFACE 140.00

WITH 2K. BUFFER 8151 SERIAL INTERFACE 755.00

WITH 2K BUFFER AND Xon/Xofl PROTOCOL

8230 APPLE1' CABLE. . . . 24.00

PARALLEL

8131 APPLE®

INTERFACE 63.00

PARALLEL

GRAPPLER INTERFACE ANDCABLE: 725.00

FOR APPLE' . MX-80 (MUST have Graftrax), MX-80 FT.

MX-100. IDS PAPER TIGERS AND C. ITOH PROWRITER

Microhouse continues to feature the best savings on the best software.

■

fvrsjCty

WORDSTAR 293.00

List: 495.00

WORDSTAR FOR IBM . . . 289.00

List: 495.00

SUPERSORT 768.00

MAILMERGE 7 03.00

DATASTAR 235.00

SPELLSTAR 755.00

CALCSTAR 199.00

PIE Writer 7 24.00

APPLE- WORD PROCESSOR List: 149.95

APPLESOFT COMPILER

145.00

idFT

PRISM PRINTER 132... 1699.00

List: 1995.00 PRISM PRINTER 80 799.00

List: 895.00

PAPER TIGER 560G ... 1149.00

TIME MANAGER 7 25.00

List: 150.00

OKIDATA

ACCESSORIES APPLE®

VfDEX

VIDEOTERM 290.00

KEYBOARD ENHANCER. 105.00

TASC APPLESOFT COMPILER. 7 50.00

FORTRAN 80 765.00

COBOL 80 550.00

A.L.D.S 705.00

MICROP

WORDSTAR 234.00

List: 375.00

CALCSTAR 749.00

MICROLINE84 1199.00

MICROLINE 83A 749.00

MICROLINE82A 499.00

MICROLINE 80 365.00

C. ITOH 499.00

MODEMS

Si'-: ■ ■ V :

MULTII/O 178.00

APPLE?J -CAT 325.00

List: 389.00

AUTO-CAT 273.00

D-CAT 756.00

PREMIUM SYSTEM: 679.00

INCLUDES: Z-80 SOFTCARD.

16KRAMCARD. VIDEX VIDEOTERM, and CP/M USER GUIDE. List: 775.00

Z-80 SOFTCARD 299.00

16KRAMCARD 7 50.00

HAYES

CHRONOGRAPH 7 99.00

List: 249.00

SMARTMODEM 227.00

MICROMODEM II 299.00

APPLE

PROWRITER PARALLEL

Ust: 845.00

PROWRITER SERIAL .... 650.00

List: 885.00

F-10 PARALLEL 1560.00

F-10 SERIAL CALL

COMET 1 295.00

List: 495.00 STARWRITERI

PARALLEL 1450.00

List: 1895.00

STARWRITERI SERIAL. 7 500.00 List 1960.00

STARWRITERII

PARALLEL 1700.00

List: 2325.00

STARWRITERII

SERIAL 1800.00

List: 2025.00

Circle 311 on Inquiry card.

THE MICROHOUSE ORDER CENTER IS OPEN 9:00 AM - 8:00 PM EASTERN TIME MONDA Y THROUGH FRIDA Y.

CALL TOLL-FREE FOR ORDERS, PRICE QUOTES, AND AVAILABILITY:

1800-5239511 # Microhouse

I"^*0 if • fflfvf Ui f U <2^

IN PENNSYLVANIA. AND FOR TECHNICAL SUPPORT:

1-215-868 8219

MICROHOUSE OFFERS 24 HOUR COMPUTER SHOPPING WITH MICROUNE. MICROLINE IS A COMPUTERIZED ORDER-ENTRY SYSTEM. SIMILAR TO ACCESSING TIME-SHARING SYSTEMS. MICROLINE ENABLES YOU TO ACCESS SPECIFIC INFORMATION ON OVER WOO MICROCOMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE PRODUCTS, IN ADDITION TO NUMEROUS SUPPUES AND ACCESSORIES.

WordStar for IBM: $289

MICROLINE GIVES YOU THE OPTION OF ORDERING AS MUCH AS YOU WANT. AS OFTEN AS YOU WANT. MICROHOUSE WILL PROCESS YOUR ORDER WITHIN 24 HOURS.

12158681230

MICROUNE OPERATES AT 300 BAUD, B BITS, NO PARITY, 1 STOP BIT.

ADD 2% WALL ORDERS. DIFFERENCE WILL

Microhouse

BE CREDITED. OUTSIDE CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES ADD AN ADDITIONAL $5.00.

ALL ITEMS SHIPPED UPS GROUND. OTHER SHIPPING METHODS AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST.

ACCEPTED PAYMENT BY PERSONAL CHECK. MONEY ORDER. C.O.D., MASTERCARD, OR VISA. PURCHASE ORDERS NEED PRIOR APPROVAL.

MICROUNE PAYMENTS BY PERSONAL CHECK. MONEY ORDER, C.O.D.. MASTERCARD, OR VISA ONLY.

NEWFORAPPLE

HAYDEN

PIE WRITER

Yes, that's right. Another word processing system for the Apple II. So, what makes the Hayden PIEWriter so different? Well, for one - the price. Secondly ■ you need not purchase any additional hardware for your computer to make it operational.

PENNSYLVANIA RESIDENTS ADD 6% SALES TAX.

MICROHOUSE 1444 LINDEN STREET P.O. BOX 498 BETHLEHEM, PA 18016

PRICES AND SPECIFICATION SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE.

ALL ITEMS SUBJECT TO A VAILABILITY.

PIEWriter has the ability to do incremental spacing so that fractions of a space can be added between words when justifying text. This makes the distribution of the space required to fill out a justified line more uniform and less noticeable. In addition, with its optional proportional spacing formatter program. PIEWriter becomes the ONL Y word processor that can print true proportionally spaced documents.

Versatility and compatibility are two important features of PIEWriter. While some word processors for the Apple II computer will only work with specific accessories, such as 80-cotumn display boards, lowercase adaptors and printers, PIEWriter is versatile enough to work with almost any

combination of these. If you have any one of these hardware accessories in your system. Hayden

has a PIEWriter for your particular configuration.

NEWFROMIDS PRISMPRINTER

SUPERCALC is a trademark of SORCIM. VISICALC. VISIDEX. VISIPLOT. VISITERM. VISITREND. DESKTOP PLAN, and VISIFILE are trademarks of VISICORP. QUICKSCREEN and dUTIL are trademarks ol FOX S.GELLER ASSOC. SOFTCARD. RAMCARD, TIME MANAGER, and PREMIUM SYSTEM are trademarks of The Prism Printer is the first truly modular, field-upgradable dot matrix printer. Now your printer can

MICROSOFT. WORDSTAR, SUPERSORT. MAILMERGE. DATASTAR, SPELLSTAR, and CALCSTAR are trademarks ol MICROPRO INTERNATIONAL.

be as flexible as the rest of your system.

dBASE II is a trademark ol ASHTON-TATE. SPELLBINDER and SPELLCHECK are trademarks ofLEXISOFT. MICROMODEM II is a trademark of HAYES MICROCOMPUTER PRODUCTS. INC. PRISM is a trademark of INTEGRAL DATA SYSTEMS. INC. APPLE is a registered trademark of APPLE COMPUTERS. CP/M is a registered trademark of DIGITAL RESEARCH.

No other printer offers you as much - or as little • as you need. Start with the basic printer which features text quality printing: then add the performance modules you need-when you need them. Getting into word processing? Add the automatic cut sheet feeder. Handling lots of data? Install the high speed Sprint Mode. Want to get the big picture? Add the Dot Plot graphic option. And for communicating information and ideas faster, nothing is more effective than Prism Color for high quality, multi-color output.

And that's just the beginning. Additional Prism option modules will soon be available to help your evolving system meet its true potential.

If you are an Apple. IBM. or other prolessional microcomputer user. Prism Printer is the key to your total system solution. At last, the chemistry is right between you and your printer.

Microhouse offers both the Prism 80 and Prism 132 Printers at great savings. Please call for availability.

Circle 311 on Inquiry card.

Editorial

Photo 3: Full-View 80, an 80-column conversion board for the Atari 800, from Bit 3 Computer Corporation.

Photo 4: The Xebec 5-megabyte hard disk and controller kit for $1295.

8088 processor to run the program on the Baby Blue's built-in Z80B processor.

From Coprocessors Inc. (50 West Brokaw Rd., Suite 64, San Jose, CA 95110) comes the 88-Card, a plug-in card that effectively converts the Apple II to 16-bit operation, complete with PC DOS (see photo 2). The board also adds 64K bytes of memory to the Apple, all for $899. Another such board is the Apple '88 Up-Grade Board from Systems Research (4355 West Tropicana, Las Vegas, NV 89103). It has CP/M-86 and an 8088 processor

but no memory; it retails for $550. The Apple probably now holds the all-time championship for being able to emulate the highest number of different computer systems via plug-in boards.

At last someone has come up with a badly needed board: a plug-in card that converts the Atari 800 to 80-column operation (see photo 3). It's called Full-View 80, and it's available for $379 from Bit 3 Computer Corporation (8120 Penn Ave. S, Suite 548, Minneapolis, MN 55431).

it

ME BETTER BOARD

SB-80 Single Board Computer

M

,

Z-80-A 54K RAM

I

:ully Assembled and les

led

0

Sue 16' x 13' Same as 2 8" floppy drives. Requites • 5V 15 Amp -5V 10 Amp *12V 15 Amp

$695

OCT

CONSTRUCTION

• Sockets lor all integrated circuits.

• 50 pin connector allows access to system tor future expansion.

PROCESSOR

• Z80A with 4 MHZ system clock with no wait states.

MEMORY

• 64K of 200ns dynamic RAM is standard. 4116 IC's

• Parity protection is standard.

ROM

• 256 bytes bootstrap ROM

2 PARALLEL l/0's 2 SERIAL I/O s

COUNTER TIMERS

ELOPPY DISK CONTROLLER

OPTIONS:

• Character video board 80 x24 for use with black and white monitor using a stand alone

keyboard $215.00

• Winchester Host Adapter board for Shugart SA-1000 or Corvus Hard Disk. Includes cables . ...S315 00

• Stand alone keyboard and cable plugs intocomputer board f or 80x 24 video option $190.00

18"Wx19"Lx8"H

^MlP

CPU -OISK DRIVE CABINET ACCOMMODATES:

• SB-80 • BRI2000

• DIGITAL RESEARCH "The Big Board"

• OTHER SINGLE BOARDS

Metal cabinet with proportionately balanced air flowconvection cooling. AC power cord connector: lighted power switch; Fuse assembly; 0L65 Dual drive power supply (Will also power single board CPU). All hardware included to mount 2.8" disk drives. Includes space area to mount any single board computer Fully assembled and tested

SB —

... Cabinet Kit $645.00

SB—

. Bare Cabinet $145.00

SS/00 OISK DRIVE SYSTEM

SB Assembled tested with 2.8"

$1425.00

DD/D0 DISK DRIVE SYSTEM

SB Assembled tested with 2.8"

$1850.00

8" FLOPPY OISK DRIVES

Single Sided/Double Density Double Sided/

Double Density

Shugart 800/801R S395.00.2/S780.00

Shugart 850/851R S590.00.2/51170.00

CP/M-2.2&BI0S

CP/M' 2.2 & BIOS modified by S 8. M systems to run on single board is

available for $200.00

HOW TO ORDER Phone orders using American Express, Visa. MasterCharge. Bank wire transfer. Cashier's or Certified check. Money Order, or Personal check (allow 10 days to clear) Please add 5% for shipping, handling and insurance minimum $500.00. Conn residents add 7.5% sales tax All equipment is subject to price changes and availability without notice. All equipment is new and comes complete with manufacturers warranty. Showroom prices may differ from mail-order advertisement

CP/M is a tiadcmark ol Digital Research Coip ' 1 to 4 piece domestic U S puce

(203) 288-2524 • Telex: 956014

Colonial Data Services Corp.

105 Sanford Street Hamden, Conn. 06514

14 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 95 on inquiry card.

Circle 284 on inquiry card.

M .

M^

In an age when new standards are constantly emerging, one disk consistently meets or exceeds them all.

Maxell.The Gold Standard.

Not all disks are created equal. Some are better than others. To tind out what's best for you, look for Maxell disks. They now carry the Gold Standard symbol of quality. It's your assurance Maxell disks meet or exceed every definition of quality. No matter who establishes it. We've earned this universal superiority by never relaxing our uniquely demanding quality control. Every aspect of manufacturing is checked, then checked again.

Your benefits are many. Take the perpetual problem of drop-outs. A drop-out is a tiny defect that wastes time and degrades computer accuracy and performance. Now that you understand what a drop-out is, forget it. Maxell disks don't have any. Each disk comes to you certified

drop-out free at the time of manufacture. You can depend on this quality protecting your valuable programs and programming time, indefinitely. We've run disks over ten million passes under conditions designed to find weak points and wear. We couldn't. And you won't.

There is a Maxell disk for the floppy system you use, or plan to use. Check your computer's instructions. Or write for our complete, highly informative brochure.

When you set the Gold Standard as your level of quality, you'll benefit from improved disk performance, immediately. Bank on it.

maxeii

maxell

Maxell Computer Products Division, 60 Oxford Drive, Moonachie, N.J. 07074, 201-440-8020

Circle 225 on Inquiry card.

S-100 MEMORIES

64K STATIC RAM

150 ns 2Kx8 Rams Extended Addressing Bank Select

Low Power Consumption Cromix, MPM Compatible

256 DYNAMIC RAM

150 ns Access—270 ns Cycle 8-or 16-Bit Data Parity Error Detection Extended Addressing ROM Driven Bank Select

M12

$625.00

M23

$945.00

Industrial Quality FULL 12 Month Warranty

indigo tech

(408) 727-4710 Master Charge and Visa

670 Nuttman Ave. No. 110 Santa Clara, CA 95050

1982 VERSION IFR SIMULATOR Apple II Plus DOS 3.3

Features a lifelike panel that simulates the airplane instruments that are used 'for flying and navigating in clouds. FLY IFR LANDINGS, PATTERNS, and CROSS COUNTRY in several areas of The United States. $50.00 at your computer store or direct from:

PROGRAMMERS SOFTWARE

2110 N.2nd St.

Cabot Arkansas 72023

(501) 843-2988

Editorial

Photo 5: Non-Linear Systems' Kaycomp II computer.

A Best Buy

Looking for a great buy? The Xebec 5-megabyte hard disk and controller is hard to beat at $1295 (see photo 4). But there's a catch: it's a kit. The manufacturer (Xebec, 432 Lakeside Dr., Sunnyvale, CA 94086) claims that assembly takes only 10 minutes or so because the various subassemblies, including the controller board, come preassembled. If the kit, which comes with either Apple DOS or CP/M software, is as easy to assemble as Xebec says (we haven't had time to evaluate it yet), it could be the bargain of the year.

Osborne Look-Alike

Non-Linear Systems Inc. (533 Steven Ave., Solana Beach, CA 92075) introduced the Kaycomp II (see photo 5), a portable Osborne 1 look-alike that sells for the same price as the Osborne ($1795) and sports features such as a Z80 processor, two built-in 5V4-inch floppy-disk drives, CP/M, MBASIC, Multiplan (similar to Visicalc), and a word processor (the negotiations for which were still underway at the time of this writing). The Kaycomp II's screen is bigger than the Osborne's, measuring 9 inches diagonally, and it displays a full 80 columns per line. In addition, some people feel the Kaycomp II's keyboard has a better layout and key response. It's an interesting entry from a company that has been in the electronics field since the early fifties. NLS was the originator of the digital voltmeter back in the days of Nixie tubes. Whether NLS can beat Osborne's significant headstart in marketing remains to be seen.

The 68000 Pulls Ahead

The 68000 seems to be the leading 16-bit processor at the moment in terms of the number of new computers that use it. New 68000-based machines were on display from Sage and Fortune, as well as the previously mentioned Corvus Concept Computer. Add the TRS-80 Model 16 to that list and you can see that the 68000 has made fast inroads into the market. Look for more 68000-based machines in the near future, including en

16 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 376 on inquiry card.

CompuStat

TM

1 Maim ■

'iiiiiuiintiimmiimiiil

CompuStar'tt 255-llser Controller

•town tnth a !»MU Disk Swage SyMem.

The Best Made Better

When we unveiled our CompuStar™ multi-user terminal system just over a year ago, we thought we had created the most powerful, lowest-priced multi-user computer we would ever manufacture. We were wrong. Today, we've made our best even better!

Our newly redesigned CompuStar™ boasts the same performance statistics that made its predecessor such an overnight success, plus a host of exciting new features. CompuStar users now get the added benefits of dual character set capability, an expanded library of visual attributes including reverse video, underlining and below-the-line descenders, an enhanced disk operating system and Microsoft' BASIC — all at no extra cost! And single-user systems now start at as little as $2995.

There are four types of CompuStar"' workstations (called Video Processing Units or VPU's) that can be connected into a variety of central disk systems with 10 to 96 megabytes of multi-user storage.

Up to 255 VPU's can be tied together to form a massive multi-user network. Or, you can start with only a single VPU and easily expand your system as your processing needs become more sophisticated. But whether you start with one or one-hundred VPU's, you'll probably never outgrow your CompuStar. Unlike other systems, you configure the CompuStar the way you want it . . . connecting any combination of VPU's in a "daisy chain" fashion into the central disk system. And since each VPU has its own twin Z80 processors, its own CP/M* operating system and a full 64K of internal memory, (not to mention disk capacities of up to 1V2 million bytes), overall system response time remains unbelievably fast! And that's a claim most of the other multi-user vendors just can't make.

Inside our new CompuStar you'll find a level of design sophistication that's destined to establish a new standard for the industry. A series of easy-toservice modular components has been

engineered to yield the most impressive reliability figures we've ever seen. But CompuStar users are not only thrilled with our system's performance (and the miserly few dollars they spent to get it), they also have the peace of mind of knowing that Intertec's comprehensive customer protection and field service programs will insure their total after-thesale satisfaction.

For more information on what just may be the last multi-user microcomputer you'll ever ( have to) buy, ask your dealer today about our all new CompuStar™ system. Or, contact us at the number and address below. We'll gladly explain how we've made our best . . . even better!

H

=INTE3TEC

Cdata ■esystems*

'Microsoft is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation. 'Registered trademark of Digital Research.

2300 Broad River Rd. Columbia, SC 29210 (803) 798-9100 TWX: 810-666-2115

Circle S&^frW'Mljy oard

Circle 307 on inquiry card.

WE HAVE THE UNBELIEVABLE!!

"This board is all it takes to build an S-100 Computer" for only $875.00.

It's called Super Quad™ It contains 64K of memory, Z-80A-CPU, Floppy Disk Controller, 2 Serial and Parallel I/O Ports.

UNBELIEVABLE AS IT MA YSEEM,

IT'S ALL ON A 5"x 10"S-100BOARDANDMEETSIEEE696.

Super Quad'" for 5W Disk $875.00

Super Quad'" for 8" Disk 875.00

Shugart Floppy Disk SA801R 450.00

Qume DataTrack-8 550.00

10 Slot Enclosure with Power Supply 700.00

TV 912C Terminal 750.00

CPM 2.2 150.00

" • Trademark of Advanced Micro Digital Corporation

For more information contact:

• MICRO SPOT ELECTRONICS

P.O. Box 772 Westminster, CA 92683 (714)891-0382

* ALL ORDERS ARE PRE-PAID. ADD $5.00 FOR SHIPPING

Editorial

tries from Epson and Apple (in the case of the latter, probably later this year).

More Developments

The FORTH Interest Group and the Japan Microcomputer Club were two of the more interesting nonprofit groups displaying wares at the show. FORTH in particular seems to be thriving among computer devotees looking for an original (to say the least!) approach to language design.

Scott Kim entranced visitors at his booth by creating "inversions" of their names. Inversions are words that read the same right-side-up and upside-down or that exhibit other interesting symmetry features. (I highly recommend Scott's book, Inversions, published by BYTE Books. It is an example of brilliant visual pyrotechnics.)

Volkswriter promises to be one of the best IBM-based word processors yet, and the $195 price is right too (see photo 6). It is a stand-alone program written in Microsoft Pascal (which compiles to 8088 machine language), so it is fast. Volkswriter is also highly integrated into the IBM Personal Computer; for example, it makes use of more than 64K bytes of memory and uses the IBM function keys. Volkswriter is available from Lifetree Software Inc. (177 Webster St., Suite 342, Monterey, CA 93940).

Seven West Coast Faires Already?

It's hard to believe this was the seventh WCCF. It seems like only yesterday I attended the first one. Over the years the show has gone from a gathering of aficionados and slightly eccentric computer hackers to a major show attracting a wide range of people. I saw a lot more three-piece suits this year than in years past, but I still saw a comforting number of (now slightly aging) leftwing computer activists haunting the show. The microcomputer field manages to remain both egalitarian and vital at the same time. Quite a trick.

Photo 6: Volkswriter, an inexpensive word processor for the IBM Personal Computer.

18 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

ENHANCE YOUR APPLE II

WITH

®

o

]C\TMn

9MPK

PERIPHERALS

~ir

D

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VJ- ''

,„»-«~

■

■ Clock/Calendar • Parallel Intertac - Serial Interface

V

■

Mountain Computer ,>»

ut $199

. includes Card M>c«v

•Expands AppleII to80K. ' • Memory Expansion | Software Included.

-•rate "'ii

'±.001% Accuracy. * 1 Millisecond Resolution

$280^

Synthesizer. •32Krte Sample Rata

• 6 Sockets for 2K

ROMsorEPBOMs.'

• Scratch Pad RAM.

•16 Channel A/DS DA. e__n •8 Bit Resolution • 9 Microsecond

■ Programs 2716

EPROMS.

■ Frees RAM Memory

Space.

Expansion Chassis $750

• Adds eight peripheral I/O slots.

• Independent power supply.

• Bank selectable.

Model 1100A Intelligent Card Reader $1,495

• Automatic feeding, optical card reader.

• Reads pencil marked or punched cards.

• Compatible with any RS232C computer.

the Leader in Quality Apple Peripherals.

Available at your local computer store.

All prices are suggested retail prices.

Apple and Apple II are trademarks of Apple Computer. Inc Model 1I00A, Expansion Chassis. CPS MultlFunction. Ramplus + , The Clock. MusicSystem. A/D + D/A, Romplus + , RomWrlter. and Superlalker SD200 are trademarks of Mountain Compuler. Inc

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Circle 326 on Inquiry card.

Editorial

Photo 7: DEC's new Professional 350 personal computer.

New Computers from DEC

Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) has introduced three new personal computers. They are being displayed at this month's National Computer Conference. The lowend model, called the Rainbow 100, is designed to compete with the IBM Personal Computer. Similar to the IBM in many ways, it features a dual processor board with Z80 and 8088 processors; CP/M8086 (part of the

new Softsense package that automatically picks the right processor to run either CP/M or CP/M-86 programs); MS-DOS operating system compatibility; two dual 5V4-irtch floppy-disk drives with a total of 1.6 megabytes; a 12-inch display with 80 columns by 24 lines or 132 columns by 24 lines of characters; up to 256K bytes of RAM; a graphics/color option; and an optional color monitor. Prices for the Rainbow 100 start at approximately $3000. The second model, the DECmate II, is word-processing and business oriented. It features a 6120 processor (which uses the PDP-8 instruction set). Prices start at $4000. The third model comes in two configurations: the Professional 325 and the Professional 350. Both feature DEC's F-ll processor and VAX-compatible files. The 350 also allows the user to add an optional 5-inch hard-disk drive. The Professional series starts at $5000. A sophisticated combination telephone-management/voice-actuation system will be announced later this year. At a recent preview showing, we were impressed by the modular construction of the computers (modules snap out for easy replacement by users), the excellent color graphics, and the well-designed keyboards.

News from Cromemco

Cromemco is introducing a new personal computer at the NCC. We've learned that it is a 64K-byte, Z80-based

SystemsECx

One Step Above The Competition

Software Inc.

2455 S.W. 4th Ave.

Ontario, OR 97914 • (503)881-1477

• General Ledger • Accounts Receivable

• Payroll • Accounts Payable

• Inventory • Data Base

The Systems 3E€x helps you gain complete financial control over your business by providing reports such as:

• Balance Sheets • Ledger Reports

• Aged Receivables • Inventory List

• Payroll • Database Reports It makes office operations more efficient by printing: payroll checks, invoices, vendor file and statements. The KSAM card provides fast online sorting capability, making the EX one of the fastest accounting systems available on the APPLE II.

available on CORVUS hard disk.

Optional Modules - Job Costing - Cycle Billing

ake a step above YOUR competition with the Systems H €x

iource#TCK757

APPLE II is a trademark of Apple Computer; CORVUS is a trademark of Corvus Systems; SYSTEMS II EX is a trademark ot Westware. Inc.

20 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 469 on inquiry card.

Circle 458 on Inquiry card.

m

897 N.W. Grant Ave. • Corvallis, Oregon 97330 • 503/758-0521

Introducing the Enhancer ][; a new

Standard which is improving the

relationship between Humans and

Apples. The Enhancer H can help

your Apple ]['s keyboard become

more sociable by remembering

words or phrases which can be

entered into the Apple by the mere

touch of a key. Life can become

even easier because the Enhancer ][

can remember what you typed

while your Apple was busy talking

to your disc Cor doing other things).

Naturally, it knows the difference

between upper and lower case

letters and what shift keys are

supposed to do. It even knows to

auto repeat any key held down. The

Enhancer ][ replaces the encoder

board making installation simple.

Suggested retail price: $149.00.

THE DAWN OF A NEW ERA FOR APPLE IE.«

ENHANCER H

I

'Iee

9

§■*

1 \

r ^m .

* .Mb'

i

VIDEOTERM

The time tested Videoterm BO column card:

• 80 characters x 24 lines

• True decenders

• 7x9 character resolution

• Low power consumption

• Compatible with most word processors

• Softcard and CP/M compatible

• Modem compatible

• Most popular character set of any 80 column card

• Alternate character fonts available Suggested retail price $345.00

■ SOFT VIDEO SWITCH

The Soft Video Switch is an automatic version of the popular Switchplate. It knows

whether it should display 40 or 80 columns or Apple graphics. It does the tedious work of switching videoout signals so you don't have to. The Soft Video Switch can be controlled by software. Any Videoterm with Firmware 2.0 or greater may be used with the Soft Video Switch. The single wire shift mod is also supported. Package price is $35.00.

■ KEYBOARD AND DISPLAY ENHANCER

The original Keyboard and Display Enhancer is still available for Revision 0-6 Apples ton which the new Enhancer H will not fit). These Apples have memory select sockets at chip locations D1. E1 S.F1. The Keyboard and Display Enhancer allows entry and display of upper & lower case letters with fully functional shift keys. It does NDT have user definable keys nor a type ahead buffer. The price is $129.00.

■ ACCESSORIES:

Videoterm Utilities Disc $37.00 (includes)

• Font Editor

• Pascal Mid-Res Graphics

• Applesoft Read Screen Utility

• Top & Bottom Scrolling

• Pascal Vidpatch

• Graphics Template Character Set EPROMs $29.00 ea

• Half Intensity

• Inverse

• German

• Katakana(Japanese)

• Line Drawing Graphics (Expanded)

• Spanish

• French

• Math S. Greek Symbols

• Super & Subscript Dvorak EPROM

(Enhancer) $29.00

Lower Case Chip $29.00

Apple and Apple II are registered trademarks of Apple Computer Itn.

Circle 6 on inquiry card.

Editorial

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Photo 8: Cromemco's dual-processor unit combines a 68000 processor with a Z80A for easy expandability of existing microcomputer systems.

machine with a number of custom LSI (large-scale integration) chips. The custom circuits implement the built-in network interface and display. The computer has a detachable keyboard (individual keys may be redefinable) and a 25-line by 80-column green-phosphor display. It's priced under $2000.

The network interface allows the computer to be used as a work station on Cromemco's recently announced C-NET, an Ethernet-like system employing an industrialquality, shielded, twisted wire pair. It is broadband in nature, capable of carrying voice and video too. Cables are driven through isolation transformers by a differential transmitter/receiver, thus providing excellent noise immunity and immunity to single station failures. The C-NET protocol has full collision detection and CRC error detection, and data is transmitted at 880K bits per second. Stations may be as far apart as 2000 meters.

Cromemco is also showing its new 68000/Z80 DPU (dual-processor unit) at the NCC (see photo 8). The 68000 was chosen primarily because of its 32-bit architecture and its large (16-megabyte) addressing range. The two processors may be used in tandem, and the Z80 provides compatibility with existing software.

"Dum Volvo, Video Disco"

Our theme this month is videodiscs. And few words sum up better the benefits of a videodisc coupled with a microcomputer than the Latin phrase dum volvo, video disco. It means "while I turn I see and learn." You'll see what I mean when you read our special theme-oriented articles this month. (I'm indebted to Bernie Greenberg, a polymath friend who lives in Cambridge, Massachusetts, for introducing me to that phrase.) Thanks go to Mark Dahmke, Dick Moberg, and Rod Daynes for their help in preparing this issue.■

22 Jme 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

s^*

Personal computers are full of promises.

MBA makes them deliver.

Bk

m\

You've heard how the personal computer is going to revolutionize the way you work.

So far, the reality hasn't measured up to the promises.

But now there's a remarkable new software package that transforms the IBM Personal Computer into an incredibly powerful management tool (Apple and Xerox owners: read on).

The first totally integrated management software.

There are a lot of useful programs available for personal computers.

Unfortunately, they all seem to use different commands and different ways of storing data. This creates two major problems:

1. Every time you want to add a new function, you have to learn a whole new command language.

2. You may not be able to exchange data between different programs.

But now there's a better way. It's called the MBA, and it was created by a blue-chip management consultant, an MIT-trained systems designer, and some of the country's most experienced business programmers.

For the first time, MBA combines all the essential management functions in one easy-to-use package:

Electronic Spreadsheet. The ultimate financial modeling tool that lets you create a giant spreadsheet of figures and text. Change one number, and every affected item is instantly re-calculated.

Word Processing. Compose, edit, and print any kind of document. Make revisions yourself—faster than you can explain them to your secretary. Because MBA is an integrated system, it's easy to incorporate data from its other modules into a report you're writing.

Data Management. A sophisticated electronic filing system that lets you store information—ANY information —then retrieve it, analyze it, and generate reports to your specifications.

Circle 132 on

Graphic Output. For those occasions when a picture tells your story better than words, you can easily generate clear, readable graphs.

Communications. Tie into your company data center, a financial information service, or virtually any other computer system. MBA automatically retrieves the information you want, and lets you edit or rearrange it with a few keystrokes.

Easy to learn. Easy to use.

MBA's designers devoted great care to giving it a simple, consistent set of commands. So when you've learned one module, you'll immediately be comfortable with the others.

What, where, and how.

MBA is offered through selected computer retailers who have qualified people to demonstrate and answer questions.

It runs on the IBM Personal Computer, with Xerox and Apple versions available soon. But whichever machine you use, MBA will make a dramatic improvement in your personal productivity.

And that's a promise.

Context Management Systems, Inc.

Management software for personal computers.

23864 Hawthorne Blvd., Suite 101 Torrance, California 90505 (213)378-8277

c;, Copyright 1982 Context Management Systems, Inc. Inquiry card.

MT-N

f •/*.

•A.

v'.'V''.'.

INTRODUCING MICROBUFFER.

NOW YOU CAN USE YOUR PRINTER WITHOUT WASTING COMPUTER TIME.

Your computer is capable of sending data at thousands of characters per second. But the average printer goes no faster than 80 characters per second.

This means your computer is forced to wait for the printer to finish one line before it can send the next.

A waste of valuable time.

THE NEW MICROBUFFER™ INCREASES YOUR EFFICIENCY.

Microbuffer allows you to print and process simultaneously. No waiting!

MICROBUFFER ACCEPTS PRINTING DATA

AS FAST AS YOUR COMPUTER CAN SEND IT.

Microbuffer first stores the data in its own memory buffer and then takes control of your printer. This frees the computer for more productive functions.

Additional output may be dumped to the buffer at any time and it will be printed in turn.

Microbuffer — a must for any program that requires printed output.

PARALLEL, SERIAL OR APPLE II.

MICROBUFFER MODEL MBP-16K" is a Centronics-compatible parallel interface for your Epson printer with 16,384 bytes of onboard RAM for data buffering.

MODEL MBS-8Km is a full-featured RS-232C serial interface for your Epson printer with both hardware and software (x-on/x-off) handshaking, baud rates from 300 to 19,200 and a 8,192-byte RAM buffer.

MICROBUFFER ir(picturedon the left-hand page) is a Centronicscompatible parallel interface for the Apple II computer with up to 32K of on-board RAM for data buffering as well as on-board firmware for text formatting and advanced graphics dump routines.

SIMPLE TO INSTALL.

Microbuffer MBP-16K and MBS-8K mount easily in the existing auxiliary slot directly inside the Epson printer.

Microbuffer II, being slotindependent, will fit into any slot directly inside the Apple except zero.

MICROBUFFER FROM PRACTICAL PERIPHERALS.

When you think of how much time Microbuffer will save, can you afford not to have one?

PRACTICAL PERIPHERALS, INC. 31245 LA BAYA DRIVE WESTLAKE VILLAGE, CA 91362 (213) 991-8200

Circle 368 on inquiry card.

Letters

Outsailing the Software Pirates

In the old days, sailing ships had problems with pirates. Two great nations used opposite solutions to reduce the piracy. Spain increased the cannon and armor on its ships. This increased the cost and the weight of the vessels, which slowed them down and made them less desirable as shipping vehicles. England did the opposite. It lightly armed its small, inexpensive ships, thus making them lighter and faster than the Spanish ships. They were better at their intended purpose—to trade and deliver cargo quickly. History has shown us that England won, not because it avoided pirates better than Spain, but because it did not let pirates get in the way of good business—in this case efficient shipping.

This bit of historical fact has great import in the software piracy problem of today. Many software companies are spending too much time and money trying to defend themselves against pirates. They reduce, if not ruin, the usefulness of their products with locked disks, unlistable programs, secret source code, hidden locks, codes in ROM chips, full-page advertisements devoted to discouraging pirates (e.g., Atari), and so forth. These devices have made many programs inefficient and costly to produce and support. Buyers are greatly taxed because they cannot make modifications or backup copies of the programs they have purchased. Often they are inconvenienced by added expenses for backups or future modifications. This hurts sales and angers good customers.

There is a better way, as exemplified by our company, Andent Inc. We produce Apple II software for health professionals (medical and dental systems, appointments, hypnosis, and so on). We have been in business since 1978, which makes us one of the oldest software houses for microcomputers. We are making a profit and always have. We pay our bills and our programmers on time. All our software is unlocked and can be copied for backup purposes. We support all sales by offering free replacement of damaged disks. All our software is listable and can be modified by the user.

We do business in this way because it pays. It pays us, and it pays our

customers for buying our software. Because our software is unlocked, customers have little or no trouble with backups (you make your own); updates (we mail out a letter with changes); expensive phone calls (documentation and listings tell you how to make program modifications); disk recalls; changes in DOS; printer-slot and special-character problems; or equipment incompatability due to unusual interfaces, old computer models, and so forth.

Our customers like this. They are buying a program, not a software lease. They have immediate support because changes and problems can be handled over the phone or by letter. Customers can back up programs immediately and as many times as needed. They like our low prices. Unlocked software is good for business—our business, your business, and the customer's business.

But what about pirates? Large-scale pirates, those enterprising souls who copy our programs and sell them worldwide, are discovered and given an option to become our dealers and pay us a royalty on distributed software or meet us in court. As in the old sailing days, reformed pirates (privateers) make the best dealers and we don't mind sharing the wealth. For those who don't want to cooperate, we look to history for the remedy. The English and Spanish both learned that a few executions were good for the morale of the troops. Small-time pirates, the sort who give program copies to their friends, can be controlled by low program cost, registration, and continuing updates and documentation. It just doesn't pay to get our programs secondhand.

Andent Inc. believes that a sale of software is just that—the sale of programs, listings, source code, and backup capability—a complete sale. Our customers do not buy a disguised lease—they buy and own our products. We do this because locking programs is very expensive and time consuming and hurts sales.

It is time for the industry to realize that, as with the sailing ships of old, our prime business is producing and distributing a product, not fighting pirates.

E. J. Neiburger, President Andent Inc. 1000 North Ave. Waukegan, IL 60085

In conjunction with the release of The Graphics Magician and the updated Complete Graphics System II, Penguin Software is announcing a new policy with our applications software for the Apple. The Complete Graphics System II, Special Effects, and The Graphics Magician will all be available now on nonprotected disks.

We've been torn between two points of view. As computer users, we appreciate the ability to have several working copies of our applications software and the ability to go in and modify the code, if desired. We'd use programs such as Visicalc or DB Master for dozens of other applications if we could have them running off several separate disks and didn't have to guard our master copies with such extreme care. Being programmers also, occasionally we'd like to adapt a program slightly to fit our systems' needs or our personal needs. On locked disks, much of a software product's potential goes untapped.

On the other hand, as publishers we've been drawn into the prevailing point of view that lack of copy protection means greatly decreased sales due to casual piracy. This is not just a crazed overreaction; we've all been to user-group meetings, homes of acquaintances, and even some computer stores where we've been aghast at the almost encouraging attitude toward reproducing copyrighted software, most of which took authors months, maybe years, to perfect. The real scare here is that many of us have decided to take a risk on a very new industry and trust our livelihoods to it. Suddenly, individuals out there become statistics, some of which say that for every nonprotected program sold, there are least a dozen pirated copies. Those numbers indicate a cut in sales that could really play havoc with the software producer's ability to pay the bills. Scary? Yes.

From these conflicting points of view, our desire to make a good product better won (but not by much) over our fear of tampering with something that is already going well. Our policies, from pricing to support, have always been very consumer-oriented. Ultimately, it is from that viewpoint that we decided to go ahead with removing the program protection. We feel that you, the consumer, are entitled to software as useful as possible for the money you spend. Our hope is that the added convenience will result in more

26 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Ifs the best part of anyApple.

Han*

Your Apple computer can

grow from ordinary to awesome

in a matter of minutes.

The Elite disk drive Series by Rana Systems gives you that kind of magic. Quickly, easily and cost-effectively.

This superb family of sophisticated floppy drives was designed and perfected by a team of industry-respected engineers expressly for Apple® computer owners who have long been demanding more disk drive for their money.

Now they have a drive that makes an Apple perform the way it should. For example;

Elite One, the most economical Rana drive, delivers 15% more storage capacity than Apple's drive. The topof-the-line Elite Three will provide an astonishing four-times more storage,

approaching hard disk performance. It's done through exclusive high-density single and double-sided disks and heads.

Here's a tantalizing taste

of just how formidable your

Apple can become.

Next to enormously increased disk space, Apple buyers are most excited about Rana's fingertip Write/Protect feature. A pushbutton on the LED-lit panel gives you a new measure of failsafe control.

While Elite drives are all plugcompatible with Apple's controller, Rana's vastly superior controller card is a must for those with growing data processing demands. With it, you control up to four floppy drives using only one slot... while still utilizing your

Apple computer to achieve dramatic new heights of system flexibility and processing power.

A specially programmed Rana utility disk assures you of far-reaching compatibility, and extra dimensions of business, leisure and learning applications with your Rana-enhanced Apple computer.

There are many, many more operating refinements: Uncanny headpositioning accuracy, 300% faster track- to-track speed, better operating economy, and gentler clamping action through an all-new diskette centering cone, to name just a few.

A disk drive package like this doesn't grow on trees, so write or call today for more information about the Elite Series.

RanaSystems

'■■

20620 South Leapwood Avenue, Carson, CA 90746 213-538-2353. For dealer information call toll free: 1-800-421-2201 In California only call: 1-800-262-1221. Source N umber TCT-6S4.

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc.

Circle 387 on Inquiry card.

The Only Complete Document Proofreading System

From Aspen Software For CP/M?TRS-80*and IBM-PC Word Processors

Featuring Official Version of Random House

Dictionary •Complete Accuracy-looks up every word;

does not use less accurate root word

analysis T*Full Interactive Correction-standard

(optional of TRS-80 Model l/lll) •Instant Access to Dictionary 'Compact-Random House Dictionary

supplied in sizes to fit your system

(50,000 words standard)

QKAMMATlk

Beyond Spelling Checking •Detects typos, punctuation and

capitalization errors, misused words

and phrases •Analyzes Poor Writing Styles •Suggest Alternative Usages

= NO ERRORS

"The programs together (Proofreader and Grammatik) offer a dynamic tool for comprehensive editing beyond spelling corrections."

--Dona Z. Meilach in Interface Age, 5/82 "Grammatik is the perfect complement to a spelling check program."

-Dr. Alan R. Miller in interface Age, 5/82 "If you use a word processor and a spelling checker, then you should investigate the unique capabilities of this program. Grammatik is a surprisingly fast and easy tool for analyzing writing style and punctuation." * ■

-Bob Louden in InforWord, 12/81 "For the user who is as tight with his dollar as I, Proofreader is the program of choice." —Stephen Kimmel in Creative Computing, 3/82

Aspen Software also has its own full featured word processor called Writer's Companion for all these systems. One of the best implementations of Ratfor (Rational Fortran) is available, too, along with an automatic Ratfor pretty printer. Please call or write for more details about these products.

Grammatik and Proofreader are compatible with all CP/M, MS-DOS (incl. IBM PC), and TRS-80 word processors. Current CP/M formats: standard 8", Northstar, Omikron, Osborne, Apple, Please call/or write for details of minimum system sizes and availability of additional disk and operating system formats. Shipping costs included. Please specify your system configuration when ordering. Dealer inquiries invited.

Proofreader Grammatik

CP/M. MS-DOS $129.00 S150.00

TRS-80 Model II $99.00 S99.00

TRS-80 Mod. I/III $59.00 S59.00

Model l/MI interactive correction option - $30.00

Random House is a registered trademark of Random House, Inc. Other registered trademarks: CP/M: Digital Research; TRS-80: Tandy Corp.; MS-DOS: Microsoft; IBM: IBM; Proofreader, Grammatik: Aspen Software Co.

Aspen Software Co.

P.O. Box 339-B Tijeras, NM 87059 (505) 281-1634

Letters ——■————

sales, not less, and that the software market has matured to the point where people realize that the result of illegal copying is less convenience for everyone. We hope that people will think twice before accepting copies from friends, and we hope to be able to continue this policy and start a new trend toward improved usability of all applications software. Please don't abuse our trust in you.

Mark Pelczarski, President Penguin Software 830 4th Ave. Geneva, IL 60134

Someone once made the point that many of the positive connotations of "software piracy" disappear when you call it, simply, "stealing." Copying software that you have not paid for is stealing, not adventurous pirating (yo-ho-ho), and I think that few of us will actually make that illegal copy if this thought is in our minds. (Please note that I am saying nothing against making backup copies of disks that we have paid for.) The decision made by Mr. Neiburger's and Mr. Pelczarski's companies is indeed a brave one, one that has been called for by no less a person than Mike Markkula, president of Apple Computer Inc. We at BYTE applaud this decision, encourage more vendors to do the same, and stress the necessity of all consumers to refuse to copy or accept software they have not paid for. . . . G. W.

Of Paperbacks and Program Protection

I continue to read with interest the controversy over program protection. I haven't seen much awareness that this is not a new problem nor a problem unique to the computer industry. Like the similar problems that occurred in the book industry with the advent of the copier and in the record industry with the advent of relatively low-cost, high-quality home music taping, I am sure this one will work its way to resolution.

Certainly I believe that the cost of most computer programs is too high for the personal computer user, I am one, and my case is typical: I had my computer for almost a year before I could justify purchasing a commercial program. While I'm very pleased with the product, I'm simply not about to pay over $100 apiece for many programs.

The problem right now is volume. I can

appreciate how much work goes into a really high-quality program, and 1 believe the author should be fairly compensated. But software producers should consider that 10,000 copies sold at $20 per copy will return him almost the same amount as 1000 copies at $200 per copy. A high volume of sales explains why the book industry now loves rather than hates lowcost paperback books. With the growing number of computers out there, the demand for programs will grow. The competition will also grow as all those computer owners take a fling at writing a commercial program so they can write off their computers at tax time.

With a little patience on the part of software vendors, the problem will resolve itself. In a few years, programs will be as available as paperback books and priced as reasonably. People will buy them rather than copy them because copying won't be worth the trouble.

L. P. Leach 2250 Woodruff Idaho Falls, ID 83401

Let the Buyer Beware

Congratulations on Gregg Williams's very informative article, "A Closer Look at the IBM Personal Computer" (January 1982 BYTE, page 36). It certainly makes this machine appear very attractive, despite the minor product-availability problems mentioned in the article (many of which have since been answered by advertisements in BYTE).

I would like to make a few comments about IBM's product-identification and pricing policies—questions I feel Mr. Williams could have addressed more completely in his article. The first concerns the IBM matrix printer. In photo 1 this item appears very similar to the Epson MX-80, a suspicion which has since been confirmed by a local IBM Personal Computer dealer. The article might have mentioned that the Epson printer is available from various retail and mail-order dealers for savings of $100 to almost $300, and that the only difference between the Epson and IBM variations is the case color. IBM tacitly admits to the interchangeability of the units by marketing its printer cable separately.

I have a similar, though presently unconfirmed, suspicion concerning the IBM floppy-disk drive. Inspection of this

28 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Be Picky. Get Economy, Quality, and Compatibility from Board Level Products to Complete Multi-user Computer Systems.

Bank Selectable S-100 128K Memory.

Systems Group's new 128K dynamic memory board has eight independent 16K software selectable memory banks, each addressable on any 16K boundry. It's jumper selectable so you're not PROM locked in to any one configuration. And with more advanced features, it's the most flexible in the industry.

Fully Compatible — S-100 Boards. Use any

of Systems Group's bank select memory boards for Alpha Micro, Cromemco/CROMIX, Dynabyte, North Star, MP/M, OASIS and most other S-100 systems. Other high quality S-100 microcomputer boards include the newest high performance single and multi-user Z80 CPU board with up to 4 serial I/O's, floppy and hard disk controllers with Super CP/M and much more. All fully burned in and tested.

Eight-Inch Add-On Floppy Disk, Hard Disk, and Tape Drive Subsystems. This series was created to provide a full range of mass storage products to complement the System 2800 computers. The subsystems also offer universal systems expansion to the users of other S-100 systems.

For dealers only, circle 435. All other inquiries, circle 436.

I

Series 2800 Business Computers. Systems Group offers a choice of expandable systems with dual floppies (up to 2.4M Bytes) or hard disk (up to 40M Bytes) w/ floppy (1.2M Bytes) or tape (20M Bytes) for back-up.

Expandability. Addon memory, I/O and drive subsystems means never being trapped into systems without flexibility. With Systems Group's reliable designs you can add more floppy and hard disk drives or tape back-up for increasing mass storage requirements. Add more memory and I/O for up to 12 independent users per system. Choose from Super CP/M, MP/M II, or OASIS operating systems.

Come to Systems Group for any of your microcomputer needs. Everything from our new 128K Memory Board to complete systems. We're helping make computers what they should have been in the first place.

All Systems Group's products are warranteed for one year. Ask about our 30 clay dealer/ OEM evaluation policy.

CP/M and MP/M are Registered Trademarks of Digital Research. OASIS is a Trademark of Phase One Systems. Inc.

Systems

Group

A Division of MEASUREMENT systems &. controls incorporated

1601 Orangewood Avenue

Orange, California 92668, (714) 633-4460

TWX/TELEX 910 593 1350 SYSTEMCRP ORGE

See us at the Houston Astrovillage & Astrodomain during NCC '82 or at COMDEX/Spring '82 in Atlantic City.

Turn your TV into a time-sharing videotex display for $399:

Now you can connect your family to the informative and entertaining world of CompuServe, The Source, Dow Jones News/Retrieval and other timesharing and data-base networks.

All you need is the RCA VP-3501 Videotex Data Terminal (with built-in modem and RF modulator), your telephone and your TV set. You can get instant access to regional newspapers and newsletters...weather reports and sports results...computer games and more. You can use the VP-3501 to make airline reservations...find restaurant recommendations in cities around the world. Plus stock market and corporate data. Or access your school or business computer. You can even send electronic mail and buy products.

In addition to information retrieval, the VP-3501 provides full interactive communications with a host computer. What you have working for you is a versatile, feature-packed interactive data terminal which can be worth far more to you than its low price. Its unique color-locking circuitry gives you sharp color graphics and rainbow-free characters. You get 20- and 40- character formats in one of eight foreground colors and separate color backgrounds.

With reverse video, you can emphasize certain letters, words, or sentences. A built-in tone generator...plus a white noise generator...let you create everything from the sound of explosions to the sound of music. The spillproof, easy-to-clean keyboard is highly suitable for hostile environments. And its membrane key switches give you a natural feel.

The VP-3501 is truly a fine Videotex Data Terminal. And don't forget, it's made by RCA...the first name in television...now the foremost name in videotex terminals.

See a demonstration at your computer or electronics dealer, or contact RCA. Order now and you'll get a free password and a free hour's time-sharing on both CompuServe and Dow Jones News/Retrieval! (Limited time offer.)

For more information or to order, call toll-free. 800-233-0094. (In Pennsylvania, call 717-393-0446.) Visa or MasterCard orders accepted by phone. Or send a check including $3.00 delivery charge plus your local sales tax to RCA Microcomputer Products, New Holland Avenue, Lancaster, PA 17604.

'Suggested User Price

.mcratiim...

.~.,

XSK

Letters

item (see, for example, the IBM advertisement in the February 1982 BYTE, pages 24 and 25) suggests that this drive is component-for-component identical to the Tandon 100-1 5V4-inch drive currently available from various suppliers for approximately half the IBM drive's price. The IBM Personal Computer Technical Reference manual should clear up this question (I'm presently awaiting the arrival of my copy), but a recent advertisement from VR Data Corporation (February 1982 BYTE, page 181) suggests that these drives are indeed equivalent. Of course, one is still left wondering whether installing such drives would void the warranty.

In both these examples the IBM "unbundling" practice referred to in Mr. Williams's article may serve the knowledgeable buyer almost as well as it does IBM—buyers aren't restricted to purchasing the peripherals from IBM because the interface cards (and the printer cable) are available separately. Though I suppose it's a case of caveat emptor, I think readers of the article would have been better served if at least the printer question had been addressed.

As Mr. Williams said in the article, the IBM pricing strategy may easily become a source of hard feelings among users down the road. The present IBM policy of offering 40 percent discounts to its employees (see "BYTELINES," February 1982 BYTE, page 328) makes the company's high prices particularly questionable because one doubts if IBM is so altruistic that it will take a loss on these sales.

I've been an avid reader of your magazine since 1978, and I don't feel that these complaints imply a lower quality or objectivity in Mr. Williams's article as compared to that of any of the similar, excellent product reviews BYTE has previously published. I am disappointed, however, in IBM's apparent attempt to gouge its customers, because the typical buyer often approaches buying a system in terms of "how much can I get for $3000?" and will spend any money left over on more hardware or software from the same source. At least that's the case with me, and I'm still interested in the IBM Personal Computer (especially if I can buy and install Tandon drives in my system and still get service from IBM).

Louis C. Kovacs

RR 2, Box 30

White Plains, MD 20695

Circle 388 on inquiry card.

1

iV;'-.'A\v-'- .-'•'

A simple fact

The considerable benefits of a personal computer like the Osborne 1® are often intangible, often exciting, and always expanding.

The value of the Osborne 1 is clear and simple: $1795. Complete.

$1795 includes this hardware:

Z80A™ CPU with 64K RAM □ Dual floppy disk drives with 100K bytes storage each □ 5" CRT □ Business keyboard with numeric keypad and cursor keys□ RS-232C Interface □ IEEE 488 Interface □ Weather-resistant, portable housing □ Operates on European and American voltages □

$1795 includes this software:

□ CP/M® Operating System

□ WORDSTAR™ word processing with MAILMERGE8

□ SUPERCALC™ electronic spreadsheet

□ CBASIC®

□ MBASIC®

Trademarks: /HO- Zilog Corporation SUPERCALC: Sorcim Corporation WORDSTAR: MicroPro International Corporation of San Rafael, California. U.S.A.

Registered Trademarks:

OSBORNE 1: Osborne Computer Corporation CP/M: Digital Research MBASIC: Microsoft CBASIC: Compiler Systems, Inc. MAILMERGE: MicroPro International Corporation ol San Rafael, California, U.S.A.

SEE US AT NCC BOOTH #5710 AND COMDEX BOOTH #1860.

Letters

The Price Is Right

Was I the only new CP/M user with a Z80 processor who was surprised (not to say annoyed) to learn that I could not assemble Z80 code with the CP/M assembler? I immediately searched for a Z80 assembler, but I was astonished at the prices for such a basic utility (e.g., $162 for Macro 80 from Microsoft).

I have now discovered a small company with just the Z80 assembler I wanted at the price I wanted to pay, and I think other BYTE readers might like to know about it. The company is Software Toolworks (14478 Glorietta Drive, Sherman Oaks, CA 91423), and someone there patiently answered my questions on the phone and then shipped my order very promptly The product is the utility UVMAC, a macro assembler for the Z80, and it costs $29.95. It's fast and has macro definitions and all the options most of us will ever need. Also included is an even faster stripped-down assembler (AS) with no macros. Altogether, it's a really fine package.

The Software Toolworks offers other software (languages, utilities, games, and editors) all in the $24 to $39 range. This could be the beginning of the end of outlandish software prices! I recommend the company highly.

Dr. David L. DuPuy, Associate Professor Department of Astronomy Saint Mary's University Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3C3 Canada

In Praise of Elegance

After debugging my typing, I feel Edward Heyman's FIT program ("FIT—A Federal Income Tax Program in UCSD Pascal," February 1982 BYTE, page 148) is one of the best ever to appear in a magazine and is a masterpiece tutorial on the elegance of Pascal. Christopher Morgan, the editor of BYTE, deserves commendation for recognizing the merit of the program and for devoting pages in

PollB

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IJ^JliBfrfX)

his very popular magazine to the publication of the source code.

The program as published for calendaryear 1980 really works. In only a few minutes, I entered all the figures from my 1980 tax return and got a result which agreed with my hand calculations to the penny (no mean feat). That in itself justified the two rainy days I spent typing in the 1328 lines of source code for the main program. The auxiliary programs involved a fair amount of typing, but they were much easier than the main program.

Even more important than its being a working program is its excellence in illustrating the versatility and beauty of Pascal. It covers formatting, linked lists, extended precision using strings, files, data types, elegant algorithms, etc. I shall be studying it for months as a sophisticated use of the language and as a tutorial. It will, of course, have to be modified for 1981, but the beauty of the program and its lucidity is such that anyone with even a conversant knowledge of the language will be able to modify it.

I recently purchased a text which purported to be a guide to Pascal for engineers. It totally ignored the subtleties of the language and made no bones about it. All it aimed to do was translate old BASIC or FORTRAN programs to Pascal, totally ignoring the major intent and purpose of Pascal. Instead of "think Pascal," the attitude was "think FORTRAN and translate to Pascal."

Anyway, Mr. Heyman's kindness in contributing an article with professional merit if not, perhaps, marketability, is much appreciated by those whose main interest is computer languages.

Albert Weinshelbaum, M. D. 9 Merrimac Court Danville, CA 94526

Simplifying Apple PIAs

I have been homebrewing with 6800-series devices for several years now, and I have some comments on Kenneth J. Ciszewski's fine hardware article "Add a Peripheral Interface Adapter to Your Apple II" (January 1982 BYTE, page 324). While the circuits in figures 1 and 3 of the article will work for interfacing a 6520 PIA (peripheral interface adapter) to the Apple, the 74LS04 chip could be eliminated from both circuits. In both figures,

32 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 2 on inquiry card.

Winner Is... IBC Four Users! ■

When you are racing toward that finish line, beating the competition is everything. IBC is the choice of OEM's, system integrators and dealers throughout the world, because in benchmark after benchmark our small business computer systems finish first.

We finish first because we are faster, offer higher quality peripherals and can expand our system significantly beyond our nearest competitors. In fact, looking at the chart below, you can quickly see why knowledgeable resellers are choosing IBC.

IOC

onyx

Oasis Operating System (Max. Users)

9

5

4

CPU Speed (MHz)

6

4

4

Disk Speed I/O (MB/Sec.)

.81

.65

54

Seek (MIIII Sec.)

35

50

65

Cache Disk Memory

Yes

No

No

f

Circle 220 on Inquiry card.

Join us in the winners circle with high performance equipment and the best dealer plan in the industry. Call or write:

OUTSIDE THE USA

WITHIN THE USA

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4185 Harrison Blvd., Suite 301 Ogden, UTAH 84403 (801) 621-2294

Letters

the CSO and CS1 inputs of the PIA can be tied directly to +5 volts. In figure 1, the active-low CS2 input can be ungrounded and connected directly to the active-low Device Select line. In figure 3, the CS2s will stay connected to the 74LS42 decoder as indicated. Pin 12 (D) of the 74LS42 can be ungrounded and connected to the Device Select line, eliminating the 74LS04 again.

The only other thing I note is that the CA1, CA2, CBl, and CB2 lines from the PIA are shown tied to +5 volts through 1000-ohm resistors. These lines can be very handy to use as handshaking signals, especially with a Centronics-compatible printer interface. The CA2 (or CB2) is used to send a Data Ready signal to the printer, while the CAl (or CBl) is used to receive a Data Accepted signal from the printer. The states of these lines are set and read through the control registers in the PIA under software control.

Randy L. Kron

Route 2

Kalona, IA 52247

Cruel but Fair

In Robert Moskowitz's review, "Missile Defense vs. ABM" (December 1981 BYTE, page 80), the author regrets that Muse Software's ABM did not restore cities and that in On-Line Systems' Missile Defense the enemy continued to destroy cities after the defender ran out of ammunition.

I agree that these features are unsportsmanlike and may make the game less fun, but they are, if nothing else, very realistic.

R. S. Peterson, Commander, USN 1116 Davidson Rd., Apt. 133 Nashville, TN 37205

Algorithmic Roots

I enjoyed David R. Borger's letter (see "Faster Algorithms," February 1982 BYTE, page 18) describing a fast method for shuffling cards, and I can provide a source for this algorithm. It can be found

in Combinatorial Algorithms, Second Edition, Albert Nijenhuis and Herbert S. Wilf (Academic Press, 1978). This book contains program listings and extended discussions of many related algorithms of potential interest to BYTE readers.

Dave Bayer 33 Cherry St. Somerville, MA 02144

Seeking Fellow Explorers

I am interested in joining a users group catering to Netronics Explorer 85 owners. Can you or any of your readers put me in touch with one?-If there is none, I would like to hear from anyone out there interested in forming one.

Clarence Heier 3430 93rd St. Sturtevant, WI 53177

Now available from your computer storethe whole line of AJ couplers and modems.

Starting now you can buy AJ acoustic data couplers and modems directly from your local computer store.

Not just selected models. Any models. Ranging from the 0-450 bps A 242A, the world's most widely used acoustic data coupler, to the revolutionary AJ 1259 triple modem that handles 300 bps Bell 103,1200 bps Bell 212A, and 1200 bps'VA 3400 protocols.

Whether you need full or half duplex or both in one; originate or answer, auto answer; acoustic coupling, or direct-connect—there's a model for you in the AJ line.

Starting now you don't have to settle for second best.

For the location of your local computer store handling the AJ line, call toll-free:

800/538-9721

California residents call 408/263-8520, Ext. 307. See us at COMDEX/Spring in Atlantic City.

ANDER50N JACOBSON

34 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 25 on Inquiry card.

RAPHICS

FOR

CP/M COMPUTERS

I GRAFTALK9 The first graphics software for CP/M systems, GRAFTALK reduces data to pictures, giving you the ability to look at information that would otherwise be a boring text file.

GRAFTALK is friendly and easy to use. Great for first-time users. But that doesn't mean GRAFTALK lacks capability.

Bar charts. Pie charts. Line plots. Symbol plots. Composite plots. Text. Color. Advanced graphics, over 100 powerful commands, and sophisticated "tuning" features.

You name it, you can picture it.

Available from:

Associates

(212)860 0300

Trademarks: CP/M: Digital Research GRAFTALK: Redding Group, Inc.

2 AUTOGRAPH Terminals and printers for graphics and alphanumerics, from DATATYPE.

The AUTOGRAPH terminal is based on the popular Tele Video series. So you get all the terminal you need for your CP/M system's alphanumeric requirements.

We've added the logic necessary to make the terminal fully compatible with GRAFTALK. (With ISSCO's Tell-A-Graf and Tektronix graphics software, too.) And you can combine a graphic display with alphanumeric information. (We can even supply retrofits for your TeleVideo terminals.)

The AUTOGRAPH dot matrix printer is quiet, reliable, and fast. (You get up to 200 characters per second at only 54dbA.)

The 7x9 dot print head will also produce draft-quality c7nd correspon

dence-quality letter characters. In the graphics mode you get a true hard copy of the graphics you create on your AUTOGRAPH terminal using GRAFTALK.

3 RESULTS You can now put graphics to work to communicate your business information. Quickly, easily, and affordably. Your local AUTOGRAPH distributor can provide a demonstration of GRAFTALK and the AUTOGRAPH series.

Call or write DATA TYPE for more information and the name of your local AUTOGRAPH distributor.

□□DEM

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DATA TYPE

2615 Miller Avenue Mountain View, CA 94040 (415)949-1053 Telex 172042

Circle 145 on inquiry card.

EVOLVE HERE!!

In an era when the integration process has brought the mainframe computer down to the size of the microcomputer of years past, a new dedicated level of processing technique is in high demand. And with this demand a new evolution in computer technology has begun. This evolution will yield highly dedicated levels of processing and the blending of several generations of computer technology.

Within the software industry the development of tree structured programming has given way to a new tree structured processing architecture in-which three generations of computers can share the workload that will be demanded of the future generations of computers.

This development is one of many new releases of REMOTE EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTERS, INCORPORATED. Its purpose is to coordinate all our new products into processing architectures that can meet and in many instances exceed the processing demand of the new computing society.

The new architecture is BRANCHARC and its new software support is called SEE. These new concepts in data processing may prove to be new standards in the Microcomputer Industry. For more detailed info and reports on these new products contact:

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Letters'

Brewing Up an Interface

I was fascinated to read "A Homebrew Graphics Digitizer" by Neal Atkins and Enrique Castro-Cid (February 1982 BYTE, page 72). I would like to construct such a device, but my technical skills being what they are, I am not able to design the proper way to interface it with my Atari. If any of your readers could be of assistance I would greatly appreciate the help.

Scott Berfield

5816 North Sheridan Rd.

Chicago, IL 60660

2F

Keep It Technical

I object strenuously to your decision to include in your Letters column of the February 1982 BYTE a letter on page 30 from Steven Pacenka.

I buy technical journals for technical information. I believe that an antinuclear faction's ideas no more belong in the pages of BYTE than do any other views on moral or social issues.

Perhaps you feel that this type of rhetoric has a place in your journal. If your answer is yes, than I can certainly exist without BYTE.

Martin J. Weitzman POB 1153 Loomis, CA 95650

Powerful ELF

In his review "The Flexibility of VisiPlot" (February 1982 BYTE, page 32) Robert E. Ramsdell claims that its companion program, VisiTrend, "is the most powerful forecasting and analysis software presently available." This is not true.

Our statistical package ELF (Econometrics and Linear Forecasting) does everything VisiTrend can do and much more. For example, ELF does regressions with 25 independent variables, while VisiTrend can handle only 5. ELF also does factor analysis, discriminant analysis, and ANOVA (analysis of variance), which VisiTrend does not. ELF has been available for over a year (and advertised in BYTE).

Recently we released TWG/ARIMA, the first time-series-analysis package for a

36 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Lnc

Circle 392 on inquiry card.

crocomputer Business Industries Corporation

r-V- x , X presents^. A \,■ *

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'Rv^ otmnt'iwlcd

pletime'NVciock Card $99»«*

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VIP,M Ca|d - "Versatile Interface Peripheral"

(Aviiljblr for EPSON. NEC, C-ITOH, IDS PRISM, OklDAl A ,in<l olher graphic printer* soon.) ^

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has all the fejf^res of the VIPIMC plus: vui port with full RS232 capability

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Circle 309 on inquiry card.

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VERBATIM DATALIFE HP COMPUTERS

MD 525-01, 10. 16 26.50 HP-85A PERSONAL COMPUTER 2195.00

38 BYTE June 1982

HP

HP RS-232 INTERFi

PRINTERS

1295.00

ANADEX DP 9500

ANADEX DP 9501 1295.00

C-IT0H F-10 40 CPS PARALLEL 1595.00

C-ITOH 45 CPS PARALLEL 1770.00

C-ITOH 40 CPS SERIAL 1870.00

C-ITOH PROWRITER PARALLEL 549.00

C-ITOH PROWRITER SERIAL 695.00

C-ITOH COMET 1 289.00

EPSON MX-80 SCALL

EPSON MX-80 F/T SCALL

EPSON MX-100 GRAPHIC $CALL

EPSON GRAFTRAX 90.00

IDS-445G PAPER TIGER 779.00

IDS-460G PAPER TIGER 945.00

IDS-560G PAPER TIGER 1195.00

IDS PRISM 80 W/0 COLOR 1099.00

IDS PRISM 132 W/COLOR 1799.00

NEC SPINWRITER 3510 S. RO 1995.00

NECSPINWRITER3530P.RO 1995.00

NEC SPINWRITER 7710 S. RO 2545.00

NEC SPINWRITER 7730 P. RO 2545.00

NEC SPINWRITER 7700 D SELLUM. . . . 2795.00

NEC SPINWRITER 3500 SELLUM 2295.00

0KIDATA MICROLINE 80 389.00

0KI0ATA MICROLINE 82A 549.00

0KIDATA MICROLINE 83A 799.00

OKIDATA MICROLINE 84 1199.00

QUME9/45 2149.00

459.00 539.00 359.00 279.00 I/O.269.00 199.00 259.00

TERFACE.149.00 IfERFACE 159.00 . ...99.00

Face 105.00

MONITORS

NEC 12" GREEN MONITOR 179.00

NEC 13" COLOR MONITOR 399 00

SANYO 12" MONITOR (B&W) 249.00

SANYO 12" MONITOR (GREEN) 269.00

SANYO 13" COLOR MONITOR 469.00

ZENITH 13" HI RES GREEN M0N 139.00

AMDEK COLOR 1 389.00

AMDEK RGB COLOR 859.00

AMDEK RGB INTERFACE 169.00

MOUNTAIN HARDWARE

CPS MULTIFUNCTION BOARD 199.00

SUPERTALKER SD200 259.00

ROMPLUS W KEYBOARD FILTER 179.00

ROMPLUS W/0 KEYBOARD FILTER. . .130.00

KEYBOARD FILTER ROM 49.00

COPYROM 49 QD

MUSIC SYSTEM 369 00

ROMWRITER 149.00

APPLE CLOCK 252.00

A/D + D/A 299.00

EXPANSION CHASSIS 625.00

Circle 16 on Inquiry card.

NEC PERSONAL COMPUTERS

TANDON THINLINE8INCH

848-1 SINGLE SIDE 459 00

848-2 DUAL SIDE 549 00

PC-8001A CPU

899 00

PC-8012A I/O PC-8033A DISK I/O

559.00 125.00

MICRO PRO

PC-8031A DUAL DISK

899 00

APPLE CP/M®

APPLE HARDWARE

WORDSTAR'! SUPERSORT't ....

249.00 145.00

VERSA WRITER DIGITIZER

259 00

MA!LMERGE"t

90.00

ABT APPLE KEYPAD

119 00

DATASTAR't

215.00

MICROSOFT Z-80 SOFTCARD

299.00

SPELLSTAR'f

169.00

MICROSOFT RAMCARD

15900

CALCSTAR't

169 00

VIDEX 80x24 VIDEO CARD

299.00

CP/M®

VIDEX KEYBOARD ENHANCER II

129 00

VIDEX ENHANCER REV 0-6

99.00

WORDSTAR

310.00

VIDEX SOFT SWITCH

.29 00

SUPERSORT

195.00

315 00

MAILMERGE

110 00

DATASTAR

245.00

SSM AIO BOARD (INTERFACE) KIT

135 00

APPLE FAN

44.95

CALCSTAR

239 00

T/G JOYSTICK

54 95

T/G PADDLE

34.95

MICROSOFT

VERSA E-Z PORT

21 95

APPLE

MICRO SCI A2 W/0 CONTROLLER

419.00

MICRO SCI A40 W/CONTROLLER

479 00

FORTRAN

165.00

MICRO SCI A40 W/0 CONTROLLER

409.00

BASIC COMPILER

315.00

MICRO SCI A70 W/CONTROLLER

629.00

COBOL'

595 00

MICRO SCI A70 W/0 CONTROLLER

543.00

Z-80 SOFTCARD

299.00

THE MILL-PASCAL SPEED UP PROMETHEUS VERSACARD

329.00 229.00

RAMCARD

159.00

TYPING TUTOR

17.95

SUPERCLOCK II

129.00

OLYMPIC DECATHLON

24.95

LAZAR LOWER CASE +

59 00

TASC APPLESOFT COMPILER . .

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259 00

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299 00

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BASIC 80

299.00

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319.00

MODEMS

FORTRAN 80

COBOL 80

369.00 .595.00

NOVATION CAT ACOUSTIC MODEM

145.00

MACRO 80

189.00

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165.00

mu MATH/mu SIMP

219.00

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.219.00

mu LISP/mu STAR.

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UDS 103 LP DIRECT CONNECT

175.00

APPLE SOFTWARE

UDS 103 JLP AUTO ANS

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HAYES MICROMODEM II (APPLE)

.299.00

MAGIC WINDOW

79.00

HAYES 100 MODEM (S-100)

32500

MAGIC SPELL

59.00

HAYES SMART MODEM (RS-232)

.249.00

BASIC MAILER

59.00

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225.00

APPLE PIE

. 99.00

LEXICON LX-11 MODEM

109.00

DB MASTER

179.00

RACAL VADIC 1200 BAUD/212A

795.00

PFS: (NEW) PERSONAL FILING SYSTEM 85.00

TERMINALS

TELEVIDE0 910 639.00

TELEVIDEO 912C 745.00

TELEVIDEO 920C 830.00

TELEVIDEO 950C 995.00

ZENITH Z-19 799.00

TRS-80 MOD I HARDWARE

PERCOM DATA SEPARATOR 27.00

PERCOM DOUBLER II 159.00

TANOON 80 TRACK DISK DRIVE . .429.00 TANOON 40 TRACK DISK DRIVE 289 00

LNW DOUBLER W/DOSPLUS 3.4D. . 159.00 MOD III DRIVE KIT 649.00

MORROW DESIGNS

FLOPPY DISK SYSTEMS

Controller. PS, Microsoft Basic. CP/M®

A&T.

DISCUS 2D (Single Drive - 500K) . 869.00

DISCUS 2D (Dual Drive - 1 MEG). . 1499.00

DISCUS 2 + 2 (Single Drive - 1 MEG) 1099 00

DISCUS 2 + 2 (Dual Drive - 2 MEG) 1999.00

PFS: REPORT 79.00

Z-TERM- ..89.95

Z-TERM PRO- 129.95

ASCII EXPRESS 63.95

HAYDEN APPLESOFT COMPILER 149 00

EASY WRITER-PRO ... .199.00

EASY MAILER-PRO .79.00

EXPEDITER II APPLESOFT COMPILER 73.95

A-STAT COMP. STATISTICS PKG 129.00

SUPER TEXT ||...... .129.00

FINANCIAL PARTNER 199.00

LISA 2.5..... .... 59.95

SUPERSCRIBE II 99.95

CONTINENTAL SOFTWARE

G/L . 199.00

A/R 199.00

A/P 199.00

PAYROLL 199.00

PROPERTY MGMT 399.00

THE HOME ACCOUNTANT 59.95

PERSONAL SOFTWARE

DESKTOP PLAN II 199 00

VISIPLOT 179.00

VISITREND/VISIPLOT 239.00

VISIDEX , 199.00

VISITERM 79.00

VISICALC 199 00

HARD DISK SYSTEMS

VISIFILES

209.00

Controller. PS.. Microsoll Basic, A&T.

CP/M®

CP/M® SOFTWARE

DISCUS M10 (10 Megabytes) DISCUS M26 (26 Megabytes)

3099.00 .3749.00

THE WORD-SPELL CHECK d BASE II, ,.

75.00 599 00

ISOLATORS

SUPER CALC, SPELLGUARD

. . .229.00 . 239.00

ISO-1 3-S0CKET

ISO-2 6-S0CKET .

.53.95 . .53.95

P&TCP/M* MOD II TRS-80

COMMX TERMINAL PROG,

C BASIC 2

17500 82.50

115.00

BARE DRIVES

TANDON 5V4 INCH

PASCAL Z PASCAL MT+ . PASCAL/M

349,00 439 00 205OC

100-1 SINGLE HEAD40 TRK.

.219.00

SYSTEMS PLUS

100-2 DUAL HEAD 40 TRK

299.00

G/L, A/R. A/P. P/R

1799.00

100-3 SINGLE HEAD 60 TRK

299.00

CONDOR 1

579.00

100-4 DUAL HEAD 80 TRK

. 429.00

CONDOR II. ,

849.00

DIGITAL RESEARCH

MAC. 89.00

SID 69.00

ZSIO 97.00

PL/ 1-80 439.00

SUPERSOFT

DIAGNOSTIC 1 69.00

DIAGNOSTIC II ..... .89.00

•C COMPILER 179.00

UTILITIES I 59.00

UTILITIES II 59.00

RATFOR 89.00

FORTRAN 239.00

TRS-80 GAMES

TEMPLE OF APSHAI 34.95

HELLFIRE WARRIOR 34.95

STAR WARRIOR 34.95

RESCUE AT RIGEL 24.95

CRUSH. CRUMBLE AND CHOMP . 24.95

INVADERS FROM SPACE 17.95

PINBALL 17.95

STAR TREK 3.5 17.95

MISSILE ATTACK 18.95

STAR FIGHTER 24.95

TRS-80 SOFTWARE

NEWDOS/80 2.0MODI, II 139.00

LAZY WRITER MOD I. II . .165.00

PROSOFT NEWSCRIPT MOD I, III 99.00

SPECIAL DELIVERY MOD I. Ill 119.00

X-TRA SPECIAL DELIVERY MOD I. Ill . 199 00

TRACKCESS MOD 1 24.95

OMNITERM SMART TERM MOD I. III. 89.95 MICROSOFT BASIC COMP. FOR MOD I. 165.00 LDOS5.1 MODI, II ....... 159.00

APPLE GAMES

PERSONAL SOFTWARE

CHECKER KING 21.95

GAMMON GAMBLER 21.95

MONTY PLAYS MONOPOLY 29.95

ZORKI 32.95

ZORK II 32.95

MONTY PLAYS SCRABBLE 34.95

BRODERBUND

GALAXY WARS 20.95

ALIEN RAIN (AKA GALAXIAN) 20.95

ALIEN TYPHOON 20.95

APPLE PANIC 24.95

MIDNIGHT MAGIC 29.95

SPACE QUARKS 24,95

AUTOMATED SIMULATIONS

INVASION ORION 20.95

STAR WARRIOR 32.95

TUES. MORNING QUARTERBACK 25.95

CRUSH, CRUMBLEANOCHOMP 24,95

THE DRAGON'S EYE 20,95

MUSE SOFTWARE

ROBOT WARS 32.95

THREE MILE ISLAND 32.95

A.B.M 20.95

GLOBAL WAR 20 95

CASTLE WOLFENSTEIN 24.95

ON-LINE SYSTEMS

WIZARD AND PRINCES 29.95

MISSILE DEFENSE 25.95

SABOTAGE 20.95

SOFT PORN ADVENTURE 24.95

THRESHOLD 31.95

JAW BREAKER .. 24.95

CROSSFIRE 16.45

TIME ZONE 72.95

H/R FOOTBALL 32.95

H/R CRIBBAGE 20.95

PEGASUS II 25.95

SIRIUS SOFTWARE

SPACE EGGS 24.95

GORGON 32.95

SNEAKERS 24.95

EPOCK 29.95

BEER RUN 24.96

HADRON 29.95

PULSAR II 24.95

EPOCK 29.95

EDU-WARE

PERCEPTION PKG 19.95

COMPU-READ 24.95

COMPU-MATH: ARITHMETIC 39.95

COMPU-MATH: FRACTIONS 34.95

COMPU-MATH: DECIMALS 34,95

COMPU-SPELL (REQ. DATA DISK) 24.95

COMPU SPELL DATA DISKS 1-4. ea.. '17.95

MORE GREAT APPLE GAMES

COMPUTER QUARTERBACK 32.95

TORPEDO FIRE 49.95

THE SHATTERED ALLIANCE 49.95

POOL 15 ...,29.95

ULTIMA 33.95

RASTER BLASTER 24.95

FLIGHT SIMULATOR 27.95

INTERNATIONAL GRAND PRIX 25.95

SARGONII 28.95

SHUFFLE BOARD , ...... 29.95

FIREBIRD 24.95

SNACK ATTACK 24.95

THIEF 24.95

ROACH HOTEL 29.95

JABBERTALKY 24.95

THE WARP FACTOR 32.95

COSMO MISSION 24.95

SUPPLIES

AVERY TABULABLES

1,000 3V! x 15/16 , 8,49

3.000 3ft x 15/16 14.95

5.000 3ft x 15/16 19.95

FAN FOLD PAPER

(Prices F.O.B. S.P.)

9ft x 11 181b WHITE 3.000 ct 29.00

14 7/8x11 181b WHITE 3.000 ct 39.00

To order or for information call

(213)706-0333

Modem order line: (213)883-8976

We guarantee everything for 30 days. If anything is wrong, return the item and we'll make it right. And, of course, we'll pay the shipping charges.

We accept Visa and Master Card on all orders; COD up to $300.00.

Add $2.00 for standard UPS shipping and handling on orders under 50 lbs, delivered in continental U.S. Call for shipping charges over 50 lbs. Foreign, FPO and APO orders, add 15% for shipping. Californians add 6% sales tax.

Prices quoted are for stock on hand and subject to change without notice.

31245 LA BAYA DRIVE, WESTLAKE VILLAGE, CALIFORNIA 91362

Circle 16 on Inquiry card.

CP/M is a reg trademark ol Digital Research. "Requires Z-80 Softcard.

. trademark ol Micro Pro International Corp

Circle 16 on inquiry card.

What if you're having to clean floppy drive heads too often ?

Ask for SYNCOM diskettes,

with burnished Ectype" coating and

dust-absorbing jacket liners.

As your floppy drive writes or reads, a Syncom diskette is working four ways to keep loose particles and dust from causing soft errors, dropouts.

Cleaning agents on the burnished surface of the Ectype®coating actually remove build-up from the head, while lubricating it at the same time.

A carbon additive drains away static electricity before it can attract dust or lint.

Strong binders hold the signalcarrying oxides tightly within the coating.

And the non-woven jacket liner,

more than just wiping the surface, provides thousands of tiny pockets to keep what it collects.

Liner collects and "pockets" loose particles

Tightly bonded milled ferrous oxides

Head-cleaning and anti-static agents

To see which Syncom diskette will replace the ones you're using now, send for our free "Flexi-Finder" selection guide and the name of the supplier nearest you.

Syncom, Box 130, Mitchell, SD 57301. 800-843-9862; 605-996-8200.

SYNCOM

Manufacturer of a full line of flexible media See us at the NCC, Booth #5510.

Circle 432 on inquiry card.

Letters

microcomputer (also advertised in BYTE), which implements the Box-Jenkins technique. This method is usually able to forecast commodity prices within 1.5 percent of the actual price.

Perhaps the only thing more powerful about VisiTrend is the company that sells

Eric Weiss, PhD The Winchendon Group 3907 Lakota Rd. POB 10114 Alexandria, VA 22310

ARCNET Speed Correction

The January 1982 BYTE (see "BYTELINES," page 296) carried a short piece about Tandy Corporation's ARCNET local-network system and its basis in Datapoint Corporation's Attached Resource Computer (ARC).

I enjoyed the article and appreciate the coverage. However, an error was made in reference to ARCNET's speed. The article stated that ARCNET operates at 21.5 megabytes per second. This is incorrect; ARCNET operates at 2.5 megabits per second.

Gerard L. Cullen, Vice President Corporate Communications Datapoint Corporation 9725 Datapoint Dr. San Antonio, TX 78284

More Memory for the ZX80

I would like to correct one detail in Hilton K. Ernde's article "Memory Expansion for the ZX80" (January 1982 BYTE, page 216). Mr. Ernde notes that the ZX80, when powering up, will not recognize more than 16K bytes of RAM (randomaccess read/write memory). This is true but not as restrictive as one might think.

The ZX80 (and ZX81) can be forced to recognize up to 48K bytes of RAM. On the 8K-byte ROM (available as an option for the ZX80; standard on the ZX81), this is simply accomplished by using POKE statements to place the address of the last byte of memory plus 1 (i.e., the address of the first nonexistent memory byte) into the system variable RAMTOP (addresses 16388 and 16389). The system-initialization code can then be called directly from BASIC with the statement RAND USR

What Are You Paying . . For Room And Board?

TRUL Y ONE OF A KIND!

THE FIRST AND STILL THE BEST SINGLE-BOARD Z80 COMPUTER. ONLY $895.00 BUYS YOU THE FOLLOWING FEATURES:

• Z80A CPU

• 4 TIMERS (ZCTC)

• 64K RAM

• 2 SERIAL PORTS (ZSIO)

• 2 PARALLEL PORTS (ZPIO)

• NEC FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER

PLUS MORE . . .

HARDWARE SOFTWARE

2n

SIERRA DATA SCIENCES

Watch for our new RS-232 Multiplexer card (Software Controlled Switching). See us at Comdex Booth #1664.

Fresno, California Marketing Division

21162 Lorain Avenue

Fairview Park, Ohio 441 26

(216) 331-8500

TELEX 980131 WDMR

NETWORKING NECESSITY I

LIGHTNING BUSS TRANSFERS ARE THE HEART OF THIS S-100 SLAVE COMPUTER. COMBINED WITH THESE OTHER GREAT FEATURES YOU HAVE MAINFRAME POWER IN YOUR GRASP.

• Z80A CPU

• 4 TIMERS

• 64K RAM

• 2 SERIAL PORTS (ZSIO)

• 4 PARALLEL PORTS (ZPIO)

• ON-BOARD EPROM BURNER

PLUS MORE . . .

NEED HIGH SPEED SERIAL I/O PORTS? MPM?

THIS 4 PORT SERIAL I/O CARD PROVIDES EXPANSION FOR YOUR SYSTEM NEEDS. ALSO AVAILABLE WITH SYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICATIONS CAPABILITIES.

• 4 SERIAL PORTS (ZSIO)

• 4 TIMERS (ZCTC)

• 0-880K BITS/SECOND

• BAUD RATES PROGRAMMABLE 75 TO 19.2K

OUR BOARDS CAN BE CONFIGURED TO OPERATE WITH THE FOLLOWING SOFTWARE PRODUCTS:

*CP/M *MP/M *CP/NET

"TURBODOS SINGLE USER OR NETWORKING SPECIAL NETWORKING SOFTWARE KONAN HARD DISK SUB SYSTEMS

•REGISTERED TRADE MARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH CORPORATION. "REGISTERED TRADE MARK OF SOFTWARE 2000.

Circle 409 on inquiry card.

BYTE June 1982 41

<

V

Vive la Difference.

Micros may all seem alike with their Z-80 logic, S-100 bus, and CP/M" operating system.

Until you take a hard look.

Only Delta is the "Private Computer." You won't find it in some department store. We market exclusively through systems integrators who add value to our product.

Delta fields a complete product line, from single-user systems to 64-user distributed processing networks.

Delta offers an expanding software library; engineering and software development assistance; extensive factory service and support.

Delta's flexible financial program keeps you in business, keeps your profits up.

Some of our competitors may claim there's not much difference between us and them. But Vive La Difference.*

Jt DELTA JmWL PRODUCTS

All* INC.

15392 Assembly Lane Huntington Beach. California 92649 (714) 898-1492 Telex: 681-367 DELTMAR HTBH

'See it, believe it. Send for Delta's half-inch video tape promo today (specify Beta or VHS). .

^Registered trademark of Digital Research

Circle 154 on Inquiry card.

Letters

997. The machine will then reinitialize, placing the stack at the end of memory.

On a ZX80 with the 4K-byte ROM, the same result can be achieved with slightly less ease. The 4K-byte ROM has no RAMTOP system variable. It is thus necessary to write a short machine-code routine to perform the parallel function. The following code will initialize the ZX80 (4K-byte ROM) with up to 48K bytes of RAM;

LD A,$3F

LD HL.SBFFF; For 32K

JP INIT ; @$26B

Heuristics of Massachusetts is a company devoted to supporting the Sinclair line of computers. We are attempting to fill what we see as the one hole in the Sinclair domain—information and documentation. It is nice to know that we aren't the only people who feel that this hole exists.

David B. Ornstein, President

Heuristics

25 Shute Path

Newton, MA 02159

A Fix for GEOSAT

I would like to take this opportunity to thank the many people who have written or called me with comments and questions on my article "The GEOSAT Program" (January 1982 BYTE, page 420). In particular, I would like to thank Mike Flaherty of Miami, Florida. While running the program, he created a condition for which I had failed to check. That condition occurs when a zero latitude is entered by the receiver position (i.e., the receiver is on the equator). In that case a division-byzero error occurs.

To fix that one case, the following code should be entered at line 299:

299 If L1 = 0 then L1

1.0E-4

I would also like to thank Cedrig Onsruth of Merrimack, New Hampshire. Because of discussions with Cedrig, I will be adding some enhancements to the computational section of this program.

If anyone is interested in obtaining the derivations of the formulas used in this

program, I will be glad to send them a copy if they would supply me with a selfaddressed, stamped envelope.

Steve Emmett

12816 Tewksbury Drive

Herndon, VA 22071

In Search of Faster Modems

This letter concerns itself with the questions of modem transfer speed, cost of high-speed modems, and transmission protocols. It is quite clear that the standard 300 bits per second (bps) Bell-103compatible modem has become extremely popular in the microcomputer community. However, as is probably very obvious to those who use these modems frequently, 300 bps is quite slow. Although 1200-bps modems do exist, they can cost as much as eight to ten times that of a 300-bps modem. Furthermore, there are two different protocols for 1200-bps communication: Bell 212A and Racal-Vadic protocols. Thus what we really need are

42 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

We don't make a Winchester for just

anybody.

We're Corona Data Systems and we've made Starfire, a Winchester disk just for Apple II*. Whafs in it for you?

5 million characters of storage. And that's not all. You'll get Corona's Disk Partitioning which allows for up to 16 separate operating systems such as Apple DOS, CP/M*and Pascal, all sharing the same disk. Of course, you'll still be able to use DB Master*and protected software like VisiCalc*

Double Size Volumes.

And with our Double Size Volumes, your Apple DOS is transformed into something special that offers larger data files. And you'll never have to type commands like "catalog"

and "run" or type program names again. You can even forget what volumes the programs are in. Reliability.

But you'll never forget Starfire's reliability. That's be-^ cause we built DataGuard, the feature that will correct errors, not just report them. And we also provide a one-year warranty that you can count on. That's reliability.

So why take chances? With Starfire, you're not just adding a hard disk to an Apple II, but transforming an Apple II into a full hard disk business computer.

corona

doto /if/tern/

21541 Nordhoff Street, Unit B Chatsworth, California, 91311 (213)998-0505 Circle 133 on inquiry card.

Starfire - the Winchester disk made just for Apple II,

•Starfire and DataGuard are trademarks of Corona Data Systems " Apple II is a registered trademark ot Apple Computers, Inc. • CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. • DB Master is a trademark of Stoneware

■ VisiCalc is a trademark of Personal Software Inc.

Circle 487 on inquiry card.

Compliment your

Apple III®

or IBM.

simply S599QO

# 13" RGB Color.

# 16 Colors on your Apple III® or IBM.

# Up to 80 Characters per line.

# 360 Dots per color, (horizontal resolution)

# Available for immediate shipment.

Other models available:

12" Green Phosphor

(1200 lines resolution) $179.00

12" Black & White

(15 Mhz) $139.00

Contact your local dealer or call us direct.

Toll Free 1-800-258-6370

MONITORS BY

) Apple III is a registered trademark of Apple Computer.

data led

18 Bridge Street, Salem, NH 03079 Tel. (603) 893-2047 TWX: 710-366-0502

Letters <

the so-called "triple" modems which support data rates of 300 bps and 1200 bps under both of the above protocols. With 1200-bps communication, phone costs are reduced accordingly and interactive programming is much more feasible. (With appropriate data compression, e.g., Huffman coding, an additional transmissionspeed factor of 2 can be obtained on many types of redundant data such as English text and ASCII files.) My point is that some innovative company should break the $800 price barrier and provide us with higher-speed modems. I believe that the demand would justify the undertaking.

Anthony Skjellum 1695 Shenandoah Rd. San Marino, CA 91108

Because they work in both the digital and analog domains, modems must deal with subtle problems that occur only at the intersection of these domains. The binary phase-coherent FSK (frequencyshift keyed) transmission method of the low-speed Bell 103 modem is limited in its transmission speed by the bandwidth of the two-wire telephone line. To pack more bits into the same bandwidth, a faster modem must modulate its data in some other way.

The Bell-212A and the Racal-Vadic protocols are the two most commonly employed for full-duplex medium-speed 1200 bps transmissions; both are variants of a technique called quadrature amplitude modulation, or QAM, which is a four-level PSK (phase-shift keyed) protocol. (A somewhat older protocol, used by Bell-202-type modems, works only for half-duplex transmissions, where "halfduplex" means that transmission of data occurs alternately in two directions over the same two-wire link. Bell 202 modems have often been used over four-wire links, so that transmission in both directions can proceed simultaneously.

In 1973, before the Bell 212A had been introduced, Racal-Vadic developed a protocol for its VA3400-series medium-speed modems that allowed full-duplex 1200-bps transmission over two-wire connections. Three years later, the Bell System brought out the 212A modem, which incorporated a different design methodology and was not compatible with the VA3400 protocol.

An originate-mode 212A transmits on a carrier frequency of 1200 Hz, on which the data bits are phase-shift modulated, and the answer-mode 212A transmits on a

carrier at 2400 Hz. Many telecommunication engineers have objected to Bell's choice of frequencies, because the answermode transmission frequency is exactly the second harmonic of the originate transmission frequency. Second-harmonic distortion is quite common in analog circuitry in general and is pandemic in telephone handsets. Therefore, making an acoustic-coupled version of the Bell 212A is extremely difficult, because the telephone handset may fool the modem into thinking that the answer carrier is present when it is not.

In contrast, Racal-Vadic set up its originate-mode dataset to transmit its carrier tone at a frequency of 2250 Hz, while its answer-mode counterpart transmits on a carrier at 1150 Hz. The originate modem is never in danger of being fooled by the second harmonic of its own carrier, because the harmonic falls at 4500 Hz, well outside the communication passband. Racal-Vadic claims other advantages of its equipment, but the frequency difference is the most fundamental.

Racal-Vadic thinks its own protocol is better, but not wishing to neglect the Bellcompatible segment of the telecommunication market, it developed the VA3451 triple modem, which sells for $900. This device can operate using the low-speed Bell-103 protocol and both the medium-speed Bell-212A and VA3400 protocols. Another firm that makes triple modems is Anderson-]acobson, which recently announced the Model AJ1233 acoustic-coupled triple modem ($995 for one unit). Perhaps more companies will enter the field and increase the level of competition, but medium-speed modems are necessarily more complex than the low-speed ones.

For further information, contact RacalVadic Inc., 222 Caspian Dr., Sunnyvale, CA 94086, (408) 744-0810, and Andersonfacobson Inc., 521 Charcot Ave., San ]ose, CA 95131, (408) 263-8520.

For information on Huffman codes and other means of compression, see "Text Compression" by James L. Peterson (December 1979 BYTE, page 106), "An Introduction to Data Compression" by Harold Corbin (April 1981 BYTE, page 218) and "An Effective Text-Compression Algorithm" by David Cortesi (January 1982 BYTE, page 397). The problem with text-compression codes is that as yet no particular code has become used widely enough for many people to bother setting up their equipment to transmit and receive compressed data . . . ,R. S. S.

44 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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The Link" from Panasonic.

The portable computer that lets you take the advantages

of an office computer anywhere you go.

The Link.

It's the next major business tool because it's a full-logic computer

thot'o fullw i-.z-.rt-3l-.lQ Exchange information with other computers

Lllcllb lUliy puridUlfc;. with the telephone modem.

By itself, it can perform a wide shipments, enter orders, make variety of sophisticated comput

to work for him from any telephone booth. He can check credit ratings and inventory, trace

er functions because it can store 4K bytes of information. Equally important, it can link you to the information and brainpower of your main office computer— wherever you go. You can program in Microsoft Basic.® Yet it's easy to operate, even if you've never worked with a computer before.

Imagine. Using just The Link, anyone in the field, the plant or on the sales floor—like salesmen, managers, engineers or retailers — can now answer questions that used to mean a trip back to the office. A sales engineer, for example, types data into The Link and gets detailed product information and specs on the spot.

And The Link is part of an entire computer system: By adding different optional components, you can create whatever kind of computer you need. Wherever you need it.

By adding the telephone modem, for example, a salesman can put his company's main office computer or a data bank

bids and estimates, and much more. So The Link can make him and his office computer much more productive.

By adding the microprinter, the salesman gets hard copies of information right on the spot—an instant record of his transactions.

By adding the TV adapter, he can display information and 8-color charts on any color TV

more memory, other optional components increase The Link's capacity to 52K RAM plus 64K ROM. That's more than many desktop computers.

The Link measures only 9" x 4", weighs only 21 ounces,

Display information and charts with the TV adapter.

screen. So he can use data from his office computer to develop a sales presentation in a motel room. And show it on a client's video monitor the next day.

If the salesman needs to work with a bigger program and

Take The Link and all its components anywhere in its slim attache case.

and runs on AC or rechargeable batteries.

And it costs only $600.00* That's amazingly small when you realize the big change it could make in the way you do business.

"Manufacturer's suggested price.

Panasonic Company.Portable Computers One Panasonic Way, Secaucus, N.J. 07094

□ Please send me information on The Link.

□ Please have a salesman call me.

NAME

PLEASE phini TITLE

TYPE OF BUSINESSADDRESS

PHONE NUMBER.

The Link. It will change the way the world uses computers.

Panasonic.

just slightly ahead of our time, b ,,

Circle 359 on inquiry card.

BYTE June 1982 45

Nowyou don't have to decide

between a personal computer and

aVT100 terminal.

Digital's introduced a personal computing option which can turn a VT100 terminal into a personal computer that uses the rCP/M® operating system.

It's called Digital's Personal Computing Option. You can purchase just the option, or you can buy the complete terminal/computing package called the VT180.

Either represents significant advantages over the choices available to you now. For now, you can provide access to a large computer and personal computing at the same terminal.

More than that, you save the additional cost of putting personal computers and terminals side by side on the top of a desk.

With the CP/M operating system Digital's personal computing terminal will run the literally hundreds of programs available for it. Including word processing, mailing lists, financial modeling, statistics, even data base communications-in addition to the many more being specially edited for this terminal.

And by virtue of the fact that Digital's personal computing terminal is VTlOO-based, you get all the features that people buy VTlOOs for in the first place. Features like smooth scrolling with up to 132 columns display, split-screen viewing, double-height and width characters, and reverse video.

Plus a reputation that's second to none in the industry. Plus Digital's service, on-site, anywhere in the world.

All of this should make great sense when you're confronted with the choice of terminals or personal computers.

Because now you can pick one and get both. See your Digital dealer for more information or write: Digital Equipment Corporation, Terminals Product Group, 2Mt. Royal Avenue, UPI-5, Marlboro, MA 01752. Telephone toll-free 800225-9378 (outside the continental U.S. or in Massachusetts call 617-480-4077) between 8:30am and 5:00pm Eastern time. In Europe: 12 Av. desMorgines, y CH-1213 Petit-Lancy/Geneva. In Canada: Digital Equipment of Canada, Ltd.

HHDD1D

Circle 156 on Inquiry card. CP/M® is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

The Videodisc Interfacing Primer

Learn what it takes to develop interactive videodisc programs.

Rod Daynes

Videodisc Design/Production Group

POB 83111

Lincoln, NE 68501

Imagine yourself as a student pilot in a light plane coming in for a landing. As you make your approach, you see the landing strip through the propeller's arc. The computer informs you of the distance to the field. You glance at the instruments, and then back at the field. The sound of the engine changes as you glide in for the touchdown. You then request a view of the landing as seen from the field. The computer responds to your request, and asks if you want to repeat the landing. Are you flying a super complicated flight simulator? No, you're interacting with a videodisc player interfaced to a personal computer.

This experimental flight-training program developed by the Nebraska Videodisc Design/Production Group uses a realistic visual database from the videodisc player controlled by a TRS-80 Model III, which also provides the text "overlay." The overlay is used to plot running distances between the airstrip and the aircraft; provide additional instrumentation data; and point out tutorial

About the Author

Rod Daynes is the director of the Videodisc Design/Production Croup. Starting in 1978, the Office of Science and Technology at the Corporation for Public Broadcasting funded station KUON-TV at the University of Nebraska to investigate the potential of videodisc technology, with special emphasis on interactive and educational applications. Initial funding was used to investigate interactive videodisc applications for the hearing impaired. This resulted in the first two videodiscs ever made with closed captions, providing teletext-like applications for hearing-impaired children. The Nebraska Videodisc Design/Production Group has since developed more than 30 interactive videodiscs covering a variety of subjects.

information for the pilot trainee, all "keyed" over the videodisc-player picture (see photo 1).

[Editor's Note: Like all new developments in microcomputers, videodisc interfacing comes complete with its own set of technical terms and jargon. The author has thoughtfully provided a glossary, located at the end of this article, to help decipher these terms. . . .S. J. W.]

Another example of computer-controlled interactive videodiscs is Think It Through, a problem-solving

Photo 1: An "instrument tutorial" section of a low-cost flighttraining system using the "overlay" interface, a TRS-80 Model 111, and an optical videodisc player. The text, generated by the computer, is keyed directly over NTSC video (the flight instruments).

48 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

exercise/sleuth-game series developed for hearingimpaired children in conjunction with the University of Nebraska's Barkley Memorial Center (see photos 2, 3, and 4). Designed to incorporate elements of a mystery story and an adventure game, Think It Through uses visuals from the disc and prompts generated by the computer to pose problems for the children to solve. Two discs are in the series, each with a different subject matter. But both use the same basic problem-solving approach: defining the problem, selecting a possible solution, and then testing the solution to see if it works. The game Something's Missing contains 76 different motion sequences. The terrific idea about these games is that when the computer is added, these sequences can be redesigned, frozen, accelerated, slowed down, and treated in an almost infinite variety of ways, which is the heart of the idea behind interactive video.

System Classification

Our general approach to all of this has been from a potential user's point of view. Our main interest is in what it takes to put together a usable system with emphasis on producing the discs themselves. (We have focused almost exclusively on optical reflective discs, otherwise called "constant angular velocity (CAV)," since optical transmissive discs are seldom used and most capacitance discs are not frame addressable.)

Because so many different types of videodisc players are on the market, we developed classifications based on the functional capabilities of the players in relation to their intended uses:

Level One: This includes "consumer" videodisc players, such as the Pioneer VP-1000 and Magnavox 8000. They are characterized as having individual frame addressability, worst-case frame access (1-54,000) less than 20 seconds, limited memory, and no processing power. Level Two: These "industrial" videodisc players, such as the Sony LDP-1000 and the Discovision Associates (DVA) PR-7820, have the capabilities of level one, improved worst-case access times (the DVA PR-7820-3 is fastest at less than 4 seconds), two-way player/computer communication capabilities, and a built-in microprocessor.

Level Three: This level includes either a level-one or leveltwo videodisc player interfaced to a personal computer.

Actually, this classification also has a level zero, which includes players having no inherent capability for still /freeze framing and addressability, such as the CED (capacitance electronic disc) systems and optical discs designated as "extended play," or CLV (constant linear velocity). Also, a level-four group includes even more advanced systems.

Level One

The principal videodisc player in this category is the Pioneer VP-1000 (see photos 5 and 6). The VP-1000 is

Photos 2, 3, and 4: These photos are taken from an experimental videodisc/computer sleuth-game series for hearing-impaired children. In this game, called Something's Missing, Mr. Jones, the grocer, sets up the problem (some items are missing from his shelves). Open captions are video generated (photos 2 and 3), and the computer prompts the student via the "overlay" (photo 4).

June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 49

Magnavox

Pioneer

Sony

DVA PR-7820

Model 8000

VP-1000

LDP-1000

1, 2, 3

StiU frame

X

X

X

X

Step frame

X

X

X

X

Slow motion

variable

variable

1/5

variable

Fast play

forward x3

x3

x3

Direct frame access

X

X

X

Scan/search

X

X

X

X

Remote control

option

X

X

Dual audio

X

X

X

X

Pause (CLV)

X

X

Auto repeat

X

X

Chapter stop

X

X

Picture stop

*

X

X

Programmable

X

X

Digital disc dumps

X

X

Worst-case access (sees)

20 +

18-20

5

2-5

Power

65 W

95 W

95 W

130 W

Weight

28 1b

39 lb

44 lb

54 lb

* With additional circuit board

Table 1: Comparison of videodisc

-system capabilities. The

table covers level

one and two systems that

are not interfaced to a

microcomputer.

Photo 5: The Pioneer VP-1000 consumer (level-one) optical reflective videodisc player.

Photo 6: The Pioneer VP-1000's control panel. The VP-1000 is distinguished from other level-one players by its ability to directly access a videodisc frame and its remote-control unit.

capable of "searching" directly to any addressable frame on the disc, which is essential for interactivity and external control. Also, it has a remote-control unit, which means that all typical functions of an optical videodisc player (see table 1) come together in one place, the remote-control jack. The Magnavox 8000 is capable of displaying individual frames, but can only grossly access individual frames, much in the same manner as you thumb through a book to find a single page.

The Pioneer VP-1000 can read "picture stop" and "chapter" codes if they are encoded on the disc. A picture stop halts forward play of the disc on the frame where it has been encoded. Currently, with the VP-1000, the frame number has to be displayed. If this is not done, the player will ignore it (this may change in future versions). The Magnavox player requires a special circuit card to read picture stop codes.

The chapter code enables the VP-1000 to directly search to the first frame of a chapter. This is handy if you want to find a particular set of still frames or a motion sequence. The Magnavox player, since it cannot directly access single frames, finds chapters during a "scan" by sampling every 400 frames (also called the "landing pad").

Keep these features in mind. When you finally decide to connect your level-one system to your computer, picture stops and chapter codes can make your programming more economical.

Level Two

Only two level-two videodisc-player systems are currently on the market. The first is the DVA PR-7820 series Models 1, 2, and 3 (see photo 7). Models 2 and 3 differ because of two updates of the 7820's EPROMs (erasable programmable read-only memories). The second system is the Sony LDP-1000 (see photo 8). Sony also has a Model

50 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

2 with updated EPROMs. (A third videodisc player, the Thompson-CSF, has yet to get off the ground.) Before the release of the LDP-1000 in 1981, we had been using the reliable DVA players with no real complaints. We are now using both and are quite enthusiastic about the LDP-1000 because it offers some different features.

Level-two videodisc players are distinguished from level-one systems mainly by their programmability. You can program these players, on a limited basis, to execute a set of frame searches and autostops, to wait for input from the user, and to branch back into the programmed instructions accordingly. Programs can be recorded onto the second audio track of the videodisc and loaded into the videodisc player's RAM (random-access read/write memory). Multiple loads are possible, allowing maximum use of available memory.

The DVA PR-7820 Models 1, 2, and 3 contain F-8 microprocessors with 1023 bytes of RAM (initial memory locations per load). Commands and registers are stored in these locations. Each command takes up one byte. For example, if you want the player to find frame 1000, then play to frame 3000, the DVA commands would be:

Bytes

Command

Comment

1

1

2

0

3

0

4

0

5

Search

Find frame 1000

6

3

7

0

8

0

9

0

10

Autostop

Play to frame 3C

Photo 7: The Discovision Associates (DVA) PR-7820 "industrial" (level-two) optical reflective videodisc player. The DVA PR-7820's EPROMs have been updated twice (Models 2 and 3), resulting in faster search times and increased userdefinable functions. Two-way communication between computer and disc is possible.

A more sophisticated program would use registers to accomplish the same task:

Photo 8: The Sony LDP-1000 (level-two) optical reflective videodisc player, which has a built-in RS-232C interface.

Program Bytes Step Command Comment

1 1 Recall 1000 Store

2 3000 Store 1

Recall Search

Activates register 1

Stores 1000 in 1, activates 2

Stores 3000 in 2

Activates register 1 Frame 1000, activate 2

Autostop Play to 3000

Halt

program up to 63 "segments" on two pages, totaling 512 lines (0-255 and 256-511). The other difference is that each command does not consume one memory location. Following the previous example, this is how the LDP-1000 would store a simple program:

Bytes

(Lines)

Command

Comment

1

Stop

Stop on . . .

2

S001

Segment 1

3

Play

Play to the end of

4

S002

Segment 2

This is useful if you want to save RAM, especially if your program searches and autostops frequently.

The Sony player also provides approximately 1023 bytes of initial memory, but there are a couple of differences. First, the idea of searching and autostopping is implied. The programming structure permits the user to

You would then define the length of each segment like this:

Bytes

1

2

Command

Segment 1 = 1-1000 Segment 2 = 1000-3000

June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 51

Listings la and lb: Comparison between programs for the DVA PR-7820 and the Sony LDP-WOO. Both programs perform the same function, but the Sony program is shorter because of its more efficient management of memory.

la

lb

A DVA PROGRAM:

00

0

01

1

02

RECALL

03

2

04

STORE

SET 2 IN REG 1

05

1

06

2

07

a

08

5

09

6

10

SEARCH

QUESTION 1

11

5

12

INPUT

13

o

14

1

15

1

16

BRANCH

0. DEFAULTS 0

17

2

18

9

19

BRANCH

1. TO CORRECT ANSWER

20

3

21

6

22

BRANCH

2. TO REMEDIATION

23

3

24

6

25

BRANCH

3. TO REMEDIATION

26

3

27

6

28

BRANCH

4. TO REMEDIATION

29

STP FWD

CORRECT ANSWER

30

1

31

0

32

WAIT

WAIT 1 SECOND

33

5

34

0

35

BRANCH

TO MUSIC

36

6

37

8

38

0

39

1

40

SEARCH

REMEDIATION START

41

7

42

3

43

i

44

0

45

AUTOSTOP

REMEDIATION END

46

1

47

DEC REG

SUBTRACTS 1 FROM REG 1

48

5

49

BRANCH

TO QUESTION 1

50

1

51

r>

52

8

53

7

54

0

55

SEARCH

MUSIC START

56

1

57

3

58

2

59

7

60

0

61

AUTOSTOP

MUSIC END <NEXT QUES)

62

HALT

A SONY PROGRAM DESIGNED TO DO THE SAME THING:

SEGMENTS:

01 13016-13016

02 13017-13017

03 06931-07740

04 13032-13431

PROGRAM:

OO

REG 0=

SET REGISTER

01

002

02

STOP

03

S001

QUESTION 1

04

OOO

WAIT INDEFINITELY

05

INPUT

06

1-016

1. (A) TO CORRECT ANSWER

07

2-010

2. (B) TO REMEDIATION

08

3-010

3. (C) TO REMEDIATION

09

4-010

4. (D) TO REMEDIATION

10

J=0

JUMP IN REGISTER 0

11

021

JUMP TO REMEDIATION

12

PLAY

13

S003

(PLAY WHEN REG 0=0)

14

GOTO

15

025

TO MUSIC

16

STOP

17

S002

CORRECT ANSWER

18

OOl

WAIT 1 SECOND

19

GOTO

20

025

TO MUSIC

21

PLAY

22

S003

REMEDIATION

23

GOTO

24

002

TO QUESTION 1

25

PLAY

26

S004

MUSIC SEGMENT (NEXT QUESTION)

27

END

Entering actual segment locations into memory does not affect the number of lines available for entering commands.

Listings la and lb are more complex programs that exercise most of the programming capabilities of the DVA and Sony players. Assume that you have just seen a video sequence on the screen. The videodisc player is now waiting for you to input an answer to a multiplechoice question (four choices). You have two chances to make the correct choice. If you get the right answer, the program will step the disc player forward to a feedback frame, wait one second, play some music, and stop at the next question. If you get it wrong, the program will "search" and return you to the previous video sequence (remediation) to jog your memory, and then branch back to the same question. If you are wrong again, the disc will branch directly to the music and stop on the next question. From the listing, you can see that the Sony player is more economical with memory space than the DVA player.

Some problems exist, however, with using a barebones level-two system. First, you cannot just enter these

52 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Photo 9: The Discmaster 5000 by New Media Graphics, a complete level-three system using the Pioneer VP-1000 and an Atari 400 computer.

programs into the players' memories and run them with any old videodisc. Significant frame locations, such as menus, questions, feedback frames, etc., must first be written and recorded onto video tape in an entirely separate environment (called postproduction or premastering). Once the significant frame locations, the program, and the video have been mastered onto a disc, it becomes a "video ROM (read-only memory)," which can cause another, more frustrating problem. If there is a bug in the program (e.g., the video player looks for the wrong frame number), the mistakes must be corrected by remastering the entire disc. DVA will provide a "proof" disc upon request so that programming can be verified prior to replication. You can also have your program simulated with a computer-controlled video-cassette or video-tape recorder (VTR) prior to mastering and replication, which seems to be a better solution (more on this later). Either way, producing an interactive videodisc is a "top-down" situation that can end up costing a lot of time and money if you are not careful.

The level-two videodisc players are faster than levelone systems, they are more rugged, and they provide better control capabilities for the user (because of the microprocessors). As stand-alone systems, however, they have some limitations.

Level Three

Level-three systems consist of either level-one or leveltwo videodisc players interfaced to a personal computer. Because there aren't any standards for videodisc players and due to the conflicting needs of videodisc producers and users, the interface can take many forms: those made exclusively for the Pioneer VP-1000; those designed to accommodate several disc players; interfaces made exclusively for Apple II, TRS-80, Atari, and custom-built computer systems; and generic interfaces made for any computer. Some interfaces are also designed to either switch (or "flip") back and forth from the computer's video output to the videodisc image or "key" the text/ graphics from the computer directly onto NTSC video. Here are just a few examples of what's available.

Photo 10: The VMI by Allen Communication, an interface designed for the Apple II and almost every optical reflective videodisc player.

Discmaster 5000 by New Media Graphics (see photo 9) is designed for the Pioneer VP-1000. This complete system includes an Atari 400 with 16K bytes of memory. Atari BASIC, floppy-disk drive, the New Media Graphics interface with a built-in Z80 processor (RS-232C serial), all necessary cables, connectors, user documentation, and the Pioneer VP-1000. Martin Duhms, its president, says, "New Media Graphics has now done the necessary system integration to deliver a ready-to-use system at a price comparable to what industrial videodisc players sell for by themselves. Also, the Discmaster 5000 allows complete reprogramming in BASIC of the videodisc playback, which the other players don't." New Media Graphics also offers the Discmaster 1000, which is similar to the Discmaster 5000 minus the Atari 400 and the Pioneer VP-1000. New Media Graphics, 139 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02142, (617) 547-4344.

Another system for the Pioneer VP-1000 is the Omniscan by Aurora Systems Inc., which uses an Apple II as the exclusive controller. The Apple duplicates the operation of the Pioneer VP-1000's keypad and automatically "flips" the video between the computer's output and standard video. The Omniscan includes the interface, documentation, and a tutorial on the software (the Apple II and Pioneer VP-1000 are extra). Aurora Systems Inc., 2040 East Washington Ave., Madison, WI 53704, (608) 249-5879.

The VMI by Allen Communication (see photo 10) is

June 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc S3

Photo 11: The first-generation "wire-wrapped" model of the "overlay" interface for the TRS-80 Model I, by the Videodisc Design/Production Group. The second-generation unit (not shown) is designed as a "plug-in" inside the TRS-80 Model III and uses the Model Ill's RS-232C port.

also designed exclusively for an Apple II, but it can drive every existing optical videodisc player with the exception of the Magnavox 8000. The VMI includes an extremely well-documented user's manual, the interface, switching box, cables, software, information packet, and a sample videodisc. Allen Communication, 3004 Arapahoe Ave., Boulder, CO 80303, (303) 449-2971.

Some systems are based on a company's own personal computer, such as the Positron system by Ron Lane. This is a hardware and software system that arranges interactive strategies hierarchically. Still frames, motion, and text can be selected from five types of displays: (1) outline, in any level of detail; (2) dictionary; (3) questions; (4) titles that relate to a particular frame; and (5) titles previously selected. The nice thing about the Positron system is that its application to program development requires no computer programming or storyboarding of the video, which are two of the main bottlenecks in interactive videodisc production. Information need only be listed; Positron controls everything else, including the interaction. The Positron system comes with its own specially built microcomputer (64K bytes of memory), disk drive, special keyboard, interface, software, and operating system (the Pioneer VP-1000 is extra). Ron

Lane, Positron, 30 Lincoln Plaza, Suite 3S, New York, NY 10023, (212) 586-1666.

Another such system is the Random Access Video Controller (RAVC), supported by a 68000-based microcomputer, developed by Wicat Systems. The RAVC uses the TI 9900 microprocessor for on-board intelligence with 16K bytes of video RAM. It works with any available commercial optical videodisc player, including the Magnavox 8000 if some modifications are made to the player. The controller has both serial and parallel ports for interfacing to the videodisc player. In addition to player control, the RAVC also has a TI 9981 video-processor chip (the same chip as in the TI 99/4 home computer) that provides it with its own video-display capabilities. It can generate screens with 16 different background colors and 16 character colors. Like the 99/4, the controller board can create different video planes for animation. Wicat Systems, 1875 South State St., POB 539, Orem, UT 84057, (801) 224-6400.

Another type of interface falls into the category of "video reprocessing." This, very simply, is the process of converting the video from the computer to mix with the 525-line NTSC standard television.

Sanders Associates has developed a video-reprocessing

54 June 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

system made for an Apple II, called the Interactive Video Training System (ITVS). Besides being able to mix Applegenerated text and graphics with NTSC video, the ITVS can also carry digital data "nested" unseen in the NTSC video signal. This data can be used to define the location of an object, download instructions to the computer on the rules and procedures needed for a given sequence, overlay Apple/NTSC text and graphics symbols on the video picture, and control the functions of the VTR or videodisc player. Sanders Associates Inc., 95 Canal St., Nashua, NH 03060, (603) 885-3731.

Another video-reprocessing system designed for the Apple II is available from Video Associates Labs Inc. The VB-3 Micro-Keyer allows the Apple II to be used for both video production and training. It comes with software that allows a person with no technical knowledge of video or computers to take full advantage of the broadcast features built into the VB-3 Micro-Keyer system. Video Associates Labs Inc., 2304 Hancock Dr., Suite 1-F, Austin, TX 78756, (512) 459-5684.

This type of system is marketed primarily to television stations. For example, they use it to key weather maps, forecasts, etc., directly onto the screen during news programs. While they are considered real bargains compared to the cost of the other broadcast equipment, unfortunately, most video-reprocessing systems cost more than the personal computer that controls them.

The Videodisc Design/Production Group

In April 1980, the Nebraska Videodisc Design/Production Group demonstrated the first version of the overlay interface (see photo 11). Like other video-reprocessing systems, this configuration is also a true keyer. But being able to key is merely the end result. "Interlace" is accomplished prior to keying. The overlay interface is designed exclusively for the TRS-80 Models I and III. Focusing on the TRS-80 enabled us to build the keyer minus expensive signal processing, making the system affordable to the personal computer user at home, at school, or on the job. While the overlay contains a decoder for turning the video on and off, it also permits interaction between text/ graphics generated by the computer and television images, which is preferable in our book to merely switching back and forth from computer to videodisc.

The utility software package designed to control our level-three discs is called the VDC-1 (videodisc controller). The package, written in Z80 assembly language, is designed to be called from disk BASIC, although it is possible to call it directly from assembly language, or even from FORTRAN or some other highlevel language. A common subset of disc player functions is provided, and it is possible to extend the capabilities of the package by adding custom functions. It is also possible to download or perform data dumps to players that have internal intelligence (e.g., DVA PR-7820 and the Sony LDP-1000). Macros are also allowed, making it possible for the programmer to send a string of commands that are frequently used or requested, thus saving time and memory.

Some of the internal (housekeeping) functions include initialization, a manual mode, player-definition mode, and frame lock-out. Initialization consists of telling the VDC-1 which player is connected to the TRS-80. The VDC-1 asks the user which videodisc player is being used and then performs all functions transparently. For example, if your BASIC program was written using the DVA PR-7820 as a development system, the program could run in the field with a Pioneer VP-1000. The VDC-1 is designed for that kind of compatibility.

In addition to the standard keyboard functions that can be accessed manually, the VDC-1 supports the decoding functions of the overlay with video on/video off commands so that the computer can continue to display information while the player searches to a location. This is particularly applicable for the Pioneer player (worst-case access: 18-20 seconds). Other commands include lock-out functions for both frame locations and the player panel, timing and pause commands for CLV discs, and "bookmark" commands that switch from computer control to manual control and resume again where the user had previously left off.

Videodisc Production

Designing and producing an interactive videodisc is similar to writing, producing, and directing a film. Hidden in both the film and disc development are layers of various media (including computer software) and hours of evaluation in many forms. What really sets interactive videodisc development apart from the development of motion pictures or television productions, however, is interactivity, the dynamic interplay between the user and the medium—which neither film nor television can provide. Yet, as we have learned something about developing interactive discs, as producers, we have also learned that we are using yesterday's tools to develop tomorrow's media. [Editor's Note: To give you a better understanding of the various steps involved in the production of an interactive videodisc, we have included a design and production chart on pages 56 and 57. . . ,S. J. W.]

Our pet project (and pipe dream) for the last two years has been the development of an interactive editing system (IES), which could individualize the postproduction process in the same way that filmmaking is individualized during the editing process. The requirements for an IES as we see them include read-write capability, rapid-frame access, broadcast quality, the ability to reedit, simulation capabilities, and portability. The IES would be a computer-controlled offline system. Under ideal circumstances, the computer would be involved from the design process, flowcharting, creating visuals, etc., right up to the final coding of the finished product.

The first signs of an IES are beginning to appear. We are blessed with a first-rate teleproduction facility, and as we move further into the digital world, we are able to piece things together.

The current IES configuration is based on a Bosch BCN-50, a 1-inch helical VTR, controlled by an 8080 microprocessor with an RS-232C serial interface, de

Text continued on page 58 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 55

Interactive Videodisc

The design and production chart shows the steps required to design, develop, and produce an interactive videodisc. The individual steps vary in length and complexity. Although some activities may overlap in practice, each step in the sequence depends on the successful completion or the steps leading up to it. A critical stage occurs at the beginning, when the client and subject-matter experts define the goals and objectives for the videodisc program. The participation of the client is also essential at every "review/approve" step (marked by a "revision" path back to the previous step).

ANALYSIS

ANALYZE NEEDS, GOALS, TASKS,RESOURCES; SET STRATEGY

5i*

DEFINE DELIVERY HARDWARE,SOFTWARE

'"■--'

REVISIONS

_c

f/y. 's///.

DESIGN

DEVELOP OBJECTIVES, REVIEW/APPROVE OUTLINE STORY,

PERFORMANCE MEASURES, STRATEGY, OBJECTIVES, INTERACTIVITY, MANAGEMENT PLAN TASKS , SCHE DULE USE OF STILL FR AM ES

CONTACT MASTERING FACILITY FOR SPECIFICATIONS

DRAFT SCRIPT AND STORYBOARDS

"lie

DESIGN DISPLAY FORMATS

WEEK ]

3 4

!

17

PRODUCTION

REVISIONS

PRODUCE VIDEO TEXT REVIEW/APPROVE TEXT,

FRAMES, ANIMATIONS FRAMES, ANIMATIONS

REVISIONS

POST-PRODUCTION/PRE-MASTERING

REVISIONS

PRODUCE ART, PHOTOS, REVI EW / APPROVE

PRINT MATERIALS ART, PHOTOS, PRINT

I

SHOOT STUDIO VIDEO, RE V IE W / APPROVE

RECORD 8i EDIT AUDIO VIDEO AND AUDIO

DO PRELIMINARY EDIT (OFF-LINE)

MAKE EDIT MASTER TAPE (WITH EFFECTS )

SHOOT LOCATION VIDEO

I • <%

'tfCXl ■">■'> -i

WRITE COMPUTER PROGRAM

TEST AND DEBUG PROGRAM (IF ON PLAYER COMPUTER)

14

15

16

56 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Copyright 1981 WICAT Systems Inc. All rights reserved.

Design and Production

The schedule shown here—20 weeks from concept to master tape—suggests the time typically recommended for a well-managed project of medium complexity, using primarily studio production (with one or two scenes shot on location), about 400 still frames, and a modest computer program. Simpler projects require less time, while those employing sophisticated computer-simulation techniques take longer, both to produce and to plan. For videodiscs controlled by an external computer system, program coding and testing can continue during the mastering of the videodiscs.

:> £

?

*%

REVIEW SCRIPT AND STORYBOARDS FOR CONTENT,STYLE, FEASIBILITY

DESIGN COMPUTER PROGRAM

I

CONDUCT FORMATIVE TRYOUT (OPTIONAL)

PLAN EFFECTS, ANIMATION

PRE-PRODUCTION

mm

VW%A

PREPARE PRODUCTION LISTS, FINAL SCRIPT

CT

OBTAIN MASTERS OF EXISTING MATERIAL

J4lJ J- _

SELECT TALENT,MUSIC

f

f

LAYOUT DISC GEOGRAPHY

PLAN PRODUCTION

10

-»• A

DELIVER MASTER TAPE, INSTRUCTIONS, LABEL, JACKET ART

m.'m

r

52365^

f»JM

REVISIONS

REVIEW/APPROVE MASTER TAPE , PRINT MATERIALS

MASTERING FACILITY MAKES DISC- CODED MASTER TAPE

CALCULATE FRAME NUMBERS FROM MASTER TAPE i ENTER PROGRAM

17

18

19

MASTERING

6-12 WEEKS

REVIEW/APPROVE DISC-CODED TAPE

I

REVIEW CHECK DISC (OPTIONAL)

ENTER FINAL FRAME NUMBERS IN PROGRAM

I

20

RECEIVE COMPLETED ! VIDEODISCS

DEBUG AND REFINE PROGRAM (IF ON EXTERNAL COMPUTER)

June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 57

Photo 12: A videodisc simulator/editor developed by the Videodisc Design/Production Group. The Bosch BCN-50 1-inch helical VTR (left) serves as a surrogate disc player but with the added capability of offline insert edit capability with "broadcast quality,"

Text continued from page 55

signed and built by our group (see photo 12). Using this standard interface, the BCN-50 can be driven by almost any external source. The 8080 system already had programming in EPROMs to control the tape transport and still store functions. The main task was to locate and con

trol the subroutines stored in the EPROMs and write a "driver" program to access and execute them in a manner that would duplicate the capabilities of a videodisc player. Once the driver was completed, software was developed that recognized inputs from any given disc player. From there, the user-oriented software could be written.

Since the Bosch machine is a broadcast-quality recorder with full editing capabilities, it operates by the same SMPTE time code used to assemble materials online. Also, since it is a recorder with frame-accurate editing capability, part of the tape can be edited offline to revise a text frame or menu, for example.

Once the premastering stage has been completed and a finished tape is available, the master can be made. The coded tape is sent to a mastering facility, where a master is made on a glass disc. This master is then used to produce the finished videodisc.

Into the Future

The videodisc has almost unlimited potential. Programs will appear that are made for interactive use, including games, educational programs, simulations, and more. The future of interactive videodisc technology could be as bright as the microcomputer industry itself, and the videodisc may become the medium of the eighties. ■

Glossary

(This information can also be found in 3M's Producing Interactive Videodiscs manual.)

authoring: a structured approach to developing all elements of an interactive videodisc program with emphasis on preproduction. branch: an instruction to diverge from one sequence in a program to another.

capacitance disc: a videodisc system that uses capacitance signals embedded on the disc and a stylus that touches the surface of the disc to read encoded information. CED: capacitance electronic disc developed by RCA. chapter: a consecutive sequence of frames.

chapter stop: a code embedded in the vertical interval of the videodisc that enables certain videodisc players (mostly level one) to locate the beginning of chapters. compressed audio: sometimes called still frame audio, compressed audio describes a method

of digitally encoding and decoding several seconds of voice-quality audio per individual disc frame, resulting in a potential for several hours of audio per disc. constant angular velocity (CAV): a CAV disc revolves continuously at 1800 rpm, one revolution per frame, making each frame of a CAV disc addressable, a basic requirement for interactive videodiscs.

constant linear velocity (CLV): a CLV or extended-play disc maintains a consistent length for each frame, thus enabling longer playing time per side, but sacrificing individual frame addressability. Reference to locations on CLV discs is limited to time in minutes and seconds. CLV discs are basically useless for interactive videodisc applications. cue: a pulse entered onto one of the

lines in the vertical-blanking interval (VBI) that results in frame numbers, picture codes, chapter codes, closed captions, white flags, etc., on the disc.

direct-read-after-write (DRAW): a record-once optical-disc technology primarily used for mass storage of digital data. field: a scan of 262 lines on the screen at 1/60 second constituting one-half of a complete video frame. See frame, flicker: sometimes known as "interfield fitter" or "jitter," flicker is a phenomenon that occurs in a videodisc freeze frame or still frame when both fields are not identically matched, thus creating two different pictures alternating every 1/60 second. frame: two complete scans of the video screen at 1/30 second. A frame is composed of two fields (at

58 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

262 lines) and a retrace; a single frame is a standard CAV videodisc reference point. There can be as many as 54,000 addressable frames on one side of a CAV videodisc. freeze frame: a single frame from a motion sequence that is stopped. full frame time code: otherwise known as nondrop frame time code, full frame time code is a standardized SMPTE (Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers) method of addresscoding a video tape. It gives an accurate frame count rather than an accurate clock time. interaction: a reciprocal dialogue between the user and the system, interactivity.

interchangeability: a videodisc design strategy that includes information readable on consumer, industrial, and computer-controlled videodisc systems. interlace: in NTSC video, half the horizontal scanning lines are laid down. After retrace, the other half are laid down so that they fall in between the previous lines. intermediate materials: all media selected for assembly onto the videodisc premaster (i.e., 16mm film, video tape, 35mm slides, etc.).

jaggies: a tearing phenomenon around the edges of NTSC images. Research at MIT has effectively solved this problem. By so doing, it has created a new way of thinking about displays, computer graphics, and NTSC video. See soft fonts.

keyer: it cuts a hole in the background video and fills in the hole from a different video source, i.e., computer-generated text and graphics keyed over NTSC video. See video reprocessing; overlay, landing pad: a range of frames within which a player can locate a frame or frame sequence. Landing pad (LPD) is also a command that modifies the number of times a player attempts to locate a frame following an unsuccessful search. level of interactivity: the potential for interaction prescribed by the

capabilities of videodisc hardware. level one: usually a consumermodel videodisc player with still/freeze frame, picture stop, chapter stop, frame addressability, and dual-channel audio, but with limited memory and less processing power.

level two: an industrial-model videodisc player with the capabilities of level one, plus on-board programmable memory and improved access times. level three: level-one or level-two players interfaced to an external computer.

level four: a theoretical configuration with more advanced equipment wherein all things are possible.

mastering: a real-time process in which the premaster video tape is used to modulate a laser beam onto a photosensitive glass master disc.

NTSC: the American television standard set at 525 lines by the National Television Standards Committee.

optical disc: a videodisc that uses a light beam to read information from the surface of the disc. optical memory: digital data encoded on an optical disc used for mass data storage. It is estimated that one side of an optical disc could store up to 10 billion bits. overlay: a term used to describe the keying of computer-generated text/graphics onto NTSC video. picture stop: an instruction encoded in the vertical interval on the videodisc to stop the videodisc player on a predetermined frame. postproduction premastering: sometimes called video processing, this is the process of editing, assembly, evaluation, revision, and coding of intermediate materials. A premaster is a fully coded video tape. preproduction: all design tasks, e.g., flowcharting, storyboarding, scriptwriting, software design, etc., prior to videodisc production. reflective (optical) disc: method by which the laser beam reads data

encoded on an optical videodisc. In the case of a reflective disc, the laser beam is reflected off the shiny surface on the disc. scan: to traverse the surface of the disc with the video displayed. search: to rapidly access a single frame or a sequence of frames on a disc with video off. sequence: two or more frames forming one unit, e.g., motion sequence, still-frame sequence. slow motion: in videodisc technology, the controlled movement of the laser from frame to frame at a variable rate of less than 30 frames per second. soft fonts: a gray-level scheme developed by MIT for high-quality fonts in NTSC video. This adds legibility, removes scintillation, and enhances encodability, which results in a display with more than 80 characters per line on a colortelevision receiver. step: to advance one frame forward or reverse.

still frame: still material, including photographs, line drawings, pages, etc., designed and presented as a single videodisc frame. three-two (3-2) pulldown: a means of transferring film shot at 24 frames per second (fps) into video (30 fps). The first film frame is actually exposed on three video fields, and the next film frame is exposed on two fields. transmissive disc: method by which the laser beam reads data encoded on an optical videodisc. In the case of the transmissive disc, the laser beam passes through the transparent surface of the disc. vertical-blanking interval (VBI): 21 blanked lines during field 1 and 21 blanked lines during field 2, wherein frame numbers, picture stops, chapter stops, white flags, closed captions, etc., are encoded. VHD: video high density (see capacitance disc). video reprocessing: the process of keying video from the computer over NTSC video. white flag: a code that identifies a new film frame.

June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 59

Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar

Build an Interactive-Videodisc

Controller

You can use your personal computer to control

a Pioneer VP-1000 laser-optical videodisc player

through its remote-control circuitry.

Steve Ciarcia

POB 582

Glastonbury, CT 06033

The theme of this issue is computers and videodiscs, so I don't need to explain why I chose this month's Circuit Cellar project. Several articles this month make specific reference to the capabilities of a video presentation directly controlled by a computer.

With that in mind, my objective is to discuss the more familiar consumer videodisc players and outline how you can build an interface for your computer that allows it to control a Pioneer VP-1000 Laserdisc player. The required hardware is as involved as you care to make it. The software experts among you might in fact be able to do the trick without any special hardware.

Perhaps by experimenting with a videodisc you will more easily recog

Copyright © 1982 by Steven A. Ciarcia. All rights reserved.

nize the potential benefits of this revolutionary data-storage medium. First, we'll look at the way information is stored on the disc, and then we'll examine how to build an interface to a personal computer.

It's really rather simple to design and use a full-function computer/videodiscplayer interface.

Videodisc Information Storage

About the size of a 33V3-rpm longplaying phonograph record, a videodisc contains not only audio (sound) information but video (picture) information as well. Because the basic function of videodisc equipment has

been to play back programming such as motion pictures and special-purpose television shows (although, as I alluded, the videodisc can serve other purposes), the disc was designed to store this kind of normal, TV-type programming.

For such programming, the amount of data needed to store the video portion is vastly greater than that needed for the audio portion: the video bandwidth is much greater, so it is impossible to use the recording method used for conventional audio discs, a continuous surface groove cut so that the amplitude of the transverse linear excursions of a stylus tracing the groove corresponds to the amplitude of the signal.

Diligent engineers have thus far developed two widely used, competing methods of storing video data on a disc: the capacitive method and the optical method. Several manufacturers have developed variations of each

60 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Photo 1: The Pioneer VP-1000 Laserdisc optical videodisc player. The unit in this project has both wire and wireless remote-control inputs; some other players may not have both of these. The principles in the project can be adapted to other videodisc players with similar characteristics.

Photo 2: The hand-held remotecontrol unit for the VP-1000. All of the functions work only in the standard-play mode, but not in the extended-play mode.

technique, but a discussion of the systems as used in only two products will suffice for illustration.

Capacitance-Encoded Discs

Videodisc players from RCA use a

capacitance encoding system named Capacitance Electronic Disc (CED). A CED disc contains a spiral surface groove, as does an audio disc, in which a metal-coated diamond stylus rides in physical contact with the

rotating disc. There are approximately 10,000 groove layers per radial inch, producing a 1-hour playing time per side. The groove is about 1/38 the width of the groove in an audio disc. The video and audio signals are en

JPL Puts the Planets on a Disc

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is preparing a videodisc for distribution to various geology schools, planetary-geology laboratories, and some libraries. The disc contains some 100,000 planetary images collected by space probes, including the Mariner, Viking, and Voyager missions.

Viewing this disc, you can see what the space probes saw as they crashed into Mars, plunged past Venus and Mercury, and swooped past Jupiter and its moons.

Each frame on the videodisc contains one black-and-white still image, with the images stored, for the most part, in the order they were taken. A test videodisc prepared earlier contained some full-color images, but the

final research version is all monochrome. (A very clever video technician could reconstruct a few full-color images by electronically combining some of the three-frame sets of the same field of view shot through three subtractive-primary color filters.)

Working under contract to JPL, the Sony Corporation developed for this project a special method for encoding the laser-optical videodisc so that the same disc can be played with full stillframe capability by Pioneer, Sony, MCA, Philips, and DVA (Discovision Associates) videodisc players. (Ironically, it now seems that several of these companies will discontinue production of videodisc players.)

Last February at the San Francisco Video Expo trade show, Mike Martin, Planetary Data Management Team Leader for JPL s Planetary Image Facili

ty, demonstrated a planet-image searchand-retrieval system. He used a Sony videodisc player, controlled by an Apple II equipped with a joystick and a control program written in BASIC, to show attendees how to take an imaginary tour of a planet's surface, using the joystick as a "throttle'' to speed up or slow down the displaying of images from the videodisc. He reports that the people who used the system quickly became enthusiastic about the capabilities of the system and the technology that makes it so easy to widely distribute pictures of the planets.

But at present NASA has no plans to make discs available to the public, though there are plans to produce a second research disc containing the remainder of NASA's space-picture archive, including Voyager's pictures of Saturn.... R.S.S.

June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 61

FIRST FIXED MIRROR

1/4 WAVELENGTH PLATE

PHOTODIODE

SECOND FIXED MIRROR

Figure 1: Diagram of the path of the laser light beam inside the Pioneer VP-1000 Laserdisc videodisc player. The red helium-neon laser projects its light though a complex optical path to the information-bearing layer of the videodisc. The light is reflected into the photodiode in a pattern that reproduces the carrier signal for the program material.

coded by frequency modulation on a carrier signal that is represented on the disc by the presence or absence of pits in the groove. The metal coating on the stylus functions as one plate of a variable capacitor. The disc itself, which is made of conductive vinyl, forms the other plate. As the stylus moves along the groove, the presence and absence of pits generates a variable capacitance which is converted to a voltage that reproduces the carrier signal.

Each "track" (a single rotation of the disc) in the CED system contains four video frames. Such high density allows lengthy recordings of one hour per side but prohibits slow motion and still-frame viewing. Therefore, RCA and other CED-system players are not well suited to certain computer-controlled applications. Also, because CED-system videodiscs use a contact interaction with the playback mechanism, they are sensitive to scratches and debris that can collect

on the disc surface; you have to take care to keep them unmarred and clean.

Optical-Encoded Discs

The Pioneer VP-1000 Laserdisc system uses the optical-reflective videodisc encoding method jointly developed by MCA and Philips. The VP-1000 uses a disc in which the carrier signal is stored as an alternating spiral series of reflective areas and opaque pits in a layer lying underneath a surface that is smooth, grooveless, and transparent.

Figure 1 is a diagram of the optical scanning system inside the Pioneer Laserdisc player. The visible-red light beam from a low-power helium-neon laser is directed through a series of lenses and mirrors to the disc. The light shines through the surface layer and is reflected off the informationbearing layer back through the surface and optical path onto a photodiode. When the incident light hits an

opaque pit, it is not reflected back. The photodiode detects the presence or absence of reflected light and converts it into a current that reproduces the recorded carrier signal, on which the video and audio signals are modulated.

The Pioneer player can play back a videodisc at two different rates: standard play and extended play. The two modes are distinguished by differences in the density of the recorded data and the speed ot the drive mechanism. In the standard-play mode, the information is stored on the disc so that the system reads data at a constant angular velocity (CAV), whereas in the extended-play mode, the data is read at a constant linear velocity (CLV—constant along the path traversed by the laser beam).

In addition to these differences from the CED system, the optical videodiscs used by the Pioneer machine have the advantage of near immunity to wear and tear. Because the

62 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

video information is sandwiched between protective transparent plastic layers, the disc is undamaged by dust and scratches. The laser just looks through the surface junk to the information-bearing layer beneath. Also, because the disc player has no stylus and uses a noncontact readout method, there is absolutely no wear on either the disc or the photodiode when in use, even in the still-frame mode, although some motion occurs in the optical-tracking mechanism.

Two Operating Modes

In the VP-1000's CAV mode, the disc always rotates at 1800 rpm (revolutions per minute), so that one rotation takes 1/30 of a second. A single video frame (one still picture) is recorded on each rotation (track) of the disc; each side of the disc contains 54,000 tracks and therefore 54,000 frames. At the center of the disc, the packing density (amount of data squeezed into a given segment of a track) is four times greater than on the outside edge.

Because each rotation plays only one frame, it is possible to view a single frame as a still picture by causing the laser beam to repeatedly scan the same track. Because of the singleframe-per-track arrangement of data and the constant disc speed, the scanning repetition occurs 30 times per second, which is the standard television frame-refresh rate (in North America), and there is no flicker or distortion of the picture. This stillframe capability is unique to the optical videodisc players; it facilitates fixed- and variable-speed slow motion, fast motion, and rapid scan in both forward and reverse. Features such as these are very important in educational and industrial applications where viewers might want to stop and discuss pertinent details of various still pictures.

While the CAV mode is particularly suited for video interaction and computer-related activities, the extended-play CLV mode was designed simply to store more video frames, to be competitive with CEDformat video players in the length of the program that the disc can hold. It would be impractical and cost

Photo 3: Prototype of the hardware-intensive interface circuit of figure 3. These components simulate the remote-control unit, generating pulse-code-modulated control codes under software control.

prohibitive to require three discs for an average-length movie.

In the CLV mode, the track closest to the center of the disc contains one frame, while a track on the outside edge contains four frames. The packing density of the information is the same for all frames. By varying the speed of rotation from 1800 rpm (when the light beam is reading from the center of the disc) to 600 rpm (when reading at the edge), up to one hour of program material can be recorded on each side. Unfortunately, because more than one frame is stored per track, various special functions such as still-frame, slow motion, and fast motion are inhibited. Since the projected applications of my videodisc interface need these features, I shall discuss the use of only the standard-play discs and the CAV mode.

Embedded Signals

So far we have seen that the VP-1000 is indeed an advanced videodisc player for use in entertainment. More significant to us, however, is that the VP-1000 is directly suited for remote control through a computer.

Various control codes and data are placed in the video signal, in the vertical-blanking interval that occurs between the fields of picture information. (The vertical-blanking interval can be seen as the black horizontal bar across the screen when you cause the picture on your TV screen to roll vertically.) The VP-1000 stores 24-bit biphase-coded signals that define picture numbers, picture stops, "chapter" numbers, and various control codes (CAV-mode, CLV-mode, lead-in, and lead-out).

Every still picture on a CAV videodisc has a unique frame number (from 1 to 54,000). Using this number, the player-control system can identify and search for any one of the 54,000 frames and display it. This ability to so easily recall 54,000 separate still pictures may revolutionize certain types of visual research, when coupled with a computer-control system. (See the text box "JPL Puts the Planets on a Disc" on page 61.)

To search for and view one of these 54,000 frames, you merely enter the frame number on the VP-1000's control keyboard. The microprocessor control system in the player then

June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 63

Function

Signal Transmission Code Value

KO

K1

K2

DO

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

2

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

3

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

4

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

5

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

6

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

7

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

8

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

9

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

Search

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

Chapter

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

Frame

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

Audio L/1

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

Audio R/2

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

Still/Step

Forward

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

Reverse

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

Scan

Forward

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

Reverse

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

Fast

Forward

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

Reverse

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

Slow

Forward

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

Reverse

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

Mode

Pause

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

Play

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

Table 1: The 25

control

codes

accepted by

the

Pioneei

VP-1000 Laserdisc player.

(2a)

_J1L_BL_ -o

—1\ 1.05ms U—

H Hi =1

U— 2.1ms—A

(2b)

K0 Kl K2 DO Dl D2 D3 D4 D5 D6

n n n n n n n n_TL_n_Ji_ -slow reverse

00 1 000 1 000 KO Kl K2 DO Dl D2 D3 D4 D5 D6

n n n n n_n n_JLJi_[L_n_ '"-»»•

00 1 1 0 1 0000

KO Kl K2 DO Dl D2 D3 D4 D5 D6

n n n n n n n [l_Jl_^j_ "search

00 1 1 101000

Figure 2: Encoding of the VP-1000's control signals. Bursts of a 38-kHz carrier signal are sent in a pulse-code-modulation pattern to convey 25 different commands. The pulse bursts are shown in figure 2a; examples of real control codes are shown in figure 2b.

searches for that particular frame and displays it on the video screen. The slowest access time is about 20 seconds; for 2 frames within 1000 counts of each other, it takes about 5 seconds.

VP-1000 Remote Control

In reading magazine articles about videodiscs, I've seen many descriptions of videodisc formats and reviews of various commercial interfaces to the VP-1000, but I've seen very few articles that actually discuss the construction of an interface to the VP-1000 and disclose the control codes needed. (I did read one in which the author cut the Gordian knot: he unsoldered the encoder chip from the Pioneer hand-held remotecontrol keyboard and reattached the chip to a parallel port on a Commodore PET computer.)

It's really rather simple to design and use a full-function computer/ videodisc-player interface without resorting to destructive measures. In the version of the Pioneer VP-1000 Laserdisc machine that I have, the optional remote-control keyboard communicates with the main unit by coded signals sent through a cable or via a wireless infrared-light link. These coded signals can easily be created by an external computer connected through the VP-1000's remotecontrol input jack. (Or use an infrared link similar to the one I described in "Use Infrared Communication for Remote Control," April 1982 BYTE, page 40.)

Control Encoding

The VP-1000 can recognize and act on 25 different commands (listed in table 1) that are transmitted via a 10-bit PCM (pulse-code modulation) scheme. In the code combinations, five of the bit values are fixed, and five vary to specify the command. The first three bits (K0, Kl, and K2) always have the values 0, 0, and 1, respectively. Similarly, the last two bits (D5 and D6) are always 0. Bits DO through D4 form the commandselection segment of the transmission. For example, to command the player to pause, the remote-control unit sends the 10-bit code 0010101000, in

64 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

which bits DO through D5 are 01010. The format of the transmission is detailed in figure 2.

The 10-bit commands are transmitted as a series of bursts of a carrier frequency, with the bursts separated by a specified duration of time that determines whether a 1 or a 0 is being transmitted. Each pulse burst consists of 10 cycles at 38 kHz (kilohertz) and is exactly 0.263 ms (milliseconds) long, as indicated in figure 2a.

A 10-bit transmission starts with a burst and ends with a burst; it contains 11 bursts. The elapsed time between the beginning of one burst and the beginning of the next, defined as the bit period, can be either of two durations: 1.05 ms to indicate a logic 0 or 2.10 ms to indicate a logic 1. The actual length of a 10-bit transmission will vary depending upon the quantities of Is and 0s. Three examples are shown in figure 2b.

You can synthesize these codes in many ways. Depending upon your abilities, you may choose either a hardware- or software-intensive design. Generally speaking, if I have a choice, I always choose hardware. This time, however, synthesizing the control codes entirely in hardware would have unduly complicated the interface and only proven that I can make a mountain out of a molehill. Given the PCM coding used by the VP-1000, it's best to do much of the timing in software.

But old habits die hard, so I had to find someplace to wire a few chips. I have included two relatively simple hardware designs that are manipulated by software to varying degrees. Depending upon your programming talents, you might choose to reduce the hardware further.

Videodisc Controller: More Hardware

Figure 3 on page 68 is the schematic diagram of a relatively hardwareintensive controller design. Bit timing and pulse-burst generation are done with counters and one-shot multivibrators. The advantage of such a circuit is that it takes relatively little computer power and relies upon software only to provide the next code bit for transmission. I call this my full

5241

£j

(4a)

Photo 4: In educational use, a computer program could ask a student to name the country associated with the flag shown in a still-framed video image, identified as frame 5241 in photo 4a. Then, to reinforce the answer, the program can call up frame 5242 (photo 4b) to show the country and its location on a map. Display of frame numbers is optional.

June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 65

CompuView

CP/M-86

Now Mainframe Features For Your IBM Personal Computer

The CompuView implementation of CP/M-86 for the IBM Personal Computer has the features needed to run the full range of CP/M-86 application programs. Included are serial and parallel printer support, a 'smart' screen driver which can emulate many popular CRT terminals, and 193K/drive disk capacity. Innovative features include built-in horizontal scrolling for up to 254 columns and screen line editing, which lets the user extensively edit or re-enter any command line on the screen for CP/M-86 and application programs. In addition to IBM hardware, the TECMAR, Inc. Winchester hard disk, other hard disks and 80 tpi double sided drives are also supported.

Screen line editing is a desirable, time saving feature common on large mainframe computers, but not previously available on any CP/M system. Besides editing the line being typed in, the cursor may be moved to any line on the screen, and the line edited by overtyping or inserting and deleting characters. Typing the 'Return' key will then enter the line,

as it appears on the screen, to CP/M-86. Also, a string of 10 long commands can be repeated by moving the cursor to the first command and just typing the 'Return' key 10 times. This greatly reduces the amount of re-typing necessary due to mis-typed or repeated commands. Another common mainframe feature implemented is page control, which allows the screen to automatically stop after each new screen full of text.

The CompuView CP/M-86 is licensed from Digital Research and comes complete with all CP/M-86 utility programs. Software interchange is simplified by the ability to read and write IBM-MSDOS disks, IBM CP/M-86 disks and transfer files with other CP/M and CP/M-86 computers via the serial port. The screen driver includes a useful status line, horizontal scrolling for up to 254 columns, and faithful CRT terminal emulation, including editing functions, cursor movement and display attributes. Application programs can use the status line for their own purposes or to emulate a Z19 terminal.

We encourage you to compare our CP/M-86 with the version available from IBM. We have been careful to insure software compatibility and can read/write their disks. The table lists the major points of comparison between the two versions.

Compare CompuView

CompuIBM View

With IBM

Horizontal Scrolling No Yes

Screen Line Editing No Yes

Page Control No Yes

Emulate popular terminals No Yes

'Smart' CRT functions No Yes

Read/Write IBM MSDOS disks No Yes

Serial file transfer No Yes

Support non-IBM hardware No Yes

Programmable Function Keys Yes Yes

Status Line Yes Yes

Support Light Pen Yes Soon

File Capacity 154K 193K

CP/M-86 for IBM P.C $325

VEDIT-86 with above purchase (This version of VEDIT has horizontal scrolling for up to 2 54 columns) $100

V-COM Disassembler

Finally a Z-80 disassembler for CP/M which produces easy to read code, a cross reference table and handles INTEL and ZILOG mnemonics. V-COM is exceptionally fast and produces an .ASM file directly from a .COM file. The disassembly of a 12K program producing a 76K .ASM file containing 7500 lines of source code and a 33K cross reference file will typically take less than two minutes.

V-COM can accept two user created information files to make the resulting code more readable. One contains assignments of labels to 8 and 16 bit values; the second specifies the location of tables and ASCII strings. The resulting .ASM file will then contain labels and proper storage allocation for tables and

strings. Each information file may contain nested 'INCLUDE' to other files. Each package includes a 30 page manual, sample program files and variations of V-COM compatible with TDL, MAC and two types of ZILOG assemblers $80

8086 Software

VEDIT full screen editor for CP/M-86, MSDOS, IBM Personal Computer and IBM Displaywriter $195

CP/M-86 BIOS for popular S-100 disk controllers and SCP 8086 computer. Source Code $90

Bootable CP/M-86 disks for popular S-100 computers .... Call

SoftWatG An Industry Standard for CP/M & 8086

Uniquely User Oriented

VEDIT is user oriented to make your editing for program development and word processing as fast and easy as possible. The customization (installation) process makes VEDIT the only editing package that allows you to determine your own keyboard layout and use any available cursor and function keys. Just think of the difference it makes in your ease of learning and usage to type cursor and function keys instead of memorizing obscure control characters. This customization is menu driven, extends to much more and takes only a few minutes.

Unequaled Hardware Support

The CRT version directly supports over 35 terminals (including ANSI standard) in its installation menu and utilizes 'smart' terminal features such as line insert/delete, reverse scroll, status line and reverse video. Function keys on terminals like the Televideo 920/950, Heath H19, and IBM 3101 are all supported. The memory mapped version is extremely flexible, supports bank select such as on the SSM VB3 and screen sizes up to 70 X 200.

CP/M and MP/M are registered irademarks of Digital Research. Inc. Apple II is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc Soflcard is a trademark of Microsoft. TRS-8) is a trademark of Tandy Corporation. IBM Person; Computer is a trademark of International Business Machines. Inc.

Sophisticated Full Screen Editing

VEDIT gives you true 'what you see is what you get' full screen editing with an extensive set of features for creating and editing standard text files of up to one diskette in length. Very large files are effortlessly handled by VEDIT's ability to edit up to 47K of a file entirely in memory without performing any slow and annoying disk accessing. And you can handle multiple files, insert a specified line range of another file anywhere in the text and even change diskettes.

User Oriented Features

You get the features you expect, like searching, a scratchpad buffer for moving and rearranging sections of text, complete file handling on multiple drives and flexible macros. For ease of use VEDIT has features you won't find elsewhere, like automatic indenting for use with structured languages such as Pascal and PL/I. You are less likely to make a mistake with VEDIT, but if you do, one key will 'Undo' the changes you just made to a screen line. And if you run out of disk space with VEDIT, you can easily recover by deleting old files or even inserting another diskette. It is therefore no surprise that VEDIT is the industry standard for program development editing.

Word Processing

VEDIT is suitable for simple stand-alone word processing, or it may be used in conjunction with a text processor. Its features include word wrap, adjustable left margin, reformatting of paragraphs, word oriented cursor movement and deleting, and imbedding of printer control characters. VEDIT can print any portion of your file and display the cursor's line and column positions.

Now for

IBM

Personal Computer

XEROX 820

Ordering

Please specify your microcomputer, video board or the CRT terminal version, the 8080, Z80 or 8086 code version and disk format.

VEDIT - Disk and manual

For 8080 or Z80 $145

For CP/M-86 or IBM MDOS . $195

Manual only $15

VISA and MASTER CARD Welcome.

Apple II Softcard • TRS-80 II and I SuperBrain • Heath H8/H89 * Altos NorthStar • Vector • MP/M • IBM

1955 Pauline Blvd., Suite 200

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103

(313) 996-1299

CompuVsew

PRODUCTS, INC.

Circle 127 on inquiry card.

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Figure 3: Schematic diagram of a moderately hardware-intensive circuit to control the VP-1000 Laserdisc player from an external computer. Some software control steps are needed, notably the monitoring of I/O port hexadecimal 80 to determine when the interface can accept the next hit of the control code.

68 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Right for the time. Finally Someone invented an RS-232C compatible calendar/clock system, complete with 6-cligil display... and selling for only $249. Hayes did it!

Introducing the Hayes Stack Chronograph, the newest addition to the Hayes Stack microcomputer component series. It allows your computer to accurately record all of your system activities by date and time... down to the second. Thanks to a battery back-up system, you never have to reset the time when your computer is off, and it will keep on ticking even when there's a power failure. A writeprotect switch prevents accidental

Microcomputer Component Systems

changing of day, date or lime.

Right for the job. The Hayes Slack Chronograph is ideal lor any home or business application requiring accurate timekeeping. Use it for timing everything from lights, burglar alarms, or sprinkler systems .. .to sending mail electronically (with the Hayes Stack auto-dial Smartmodem and your computer) ... logging and recording reports or time-sharing access time...

clung all your messages at night, when rates are Chronograph helps do

And Chronograph stacks

up. Keep your computer system up-to-date with the Hayes stackables, including the RS-232C compatible Smartmodem, the most sophisticated 300-baud originate/ answer modem you can buy. And yet, it's probably the easiest to use too.

The Hayes Stack Chronograph and Smartmodem are available whereverfine computer productsare sold. It's ^^^\

j^r ♦ Haves

The Hayes Stack Chronograph. There's no better time.

Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc. 5835 Peachtree Corners East, Norcross, Georgia 30092 404/449-8791

Hayes Stack is a trademark of Hayes Microcomputer Products. Inc. © Hayes Microcomputer Products. Inc.

Circle 208 on Inquiry card.

hardware approach, which is used according to the flowchart and typical program sequence shown in figure 4 on page 70.

The interface is designed to communicate with a microcomputer via an I/O (input/output) port at hexadecimal address 80. To transmit the

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Figure 4: Flowchart of the algorithm to control the Laserdisc player using the hardware of figure 3. Typical microprocessor code (Z80) is shown in listing 1.

Listing 1: Assembler code for the Z80 microprocessor to perform the algorithm of figure 4, controlling the interface of figure 3.

LD HL, POINTER AGAIN LD C, PORT

OUTI

CALL TEST

LD A,L

CP END

INZ AGAIN TEST IN A, PORT

BIT 7,A

IP 0, TEST

RETURN POINTER EQU 8000 PORT EQU 80

END EQU 8008

10-bit control code (which has been selected and formatted by some other high-level program), the computer first outputs the first control-code bit (K0) to port 80 as a logic 0 in the LSB (least significant bit) of the data bus (K0 = 0) or as a 1 in the LSB (K0 = 1). This value is loaded into the bistable latch IC3.

Depending upon this logic level, one of the two one-shots IC5 or IC6 will fire when IC3 is loaded. If the control-code bit is 0, then IC6 fires; if the control-code bit is 1, then IC5 fires.

The computer monitors the outputs of the two one-shots by testing the LSB of input port 80. If bit 0 is high when examined, then the interface is still busy transmitting the controlcode bit. When the port's LSB indicates a logic 0 again, the interface has finished transmitting, and the computer program should output the next control-code bit to port 80.

The variable timing that sends a 1 or 0 is handled in hardware, with the computer cued to send the next bit by a Busy/Not-Busy signal from port 80. All the program has to do is simply monitor the Busy line and output the 10-bit VP-1000 control code one bit at a time. As shown in listing 1 accompanying figure 4, the program is barely 20 bytes long (written for a Z80 microprocessor).

The rest of the hardware in figure 3 produces the pulse burst. The flipflop IC7 and the decade counter IC8 form a 10-cycle counter clocked by a 38-kHz oscillator (the timer IC10). When one of the one-shots fires, timing a bit period, the leading edge of this signal presets flip-flop IC7 and raises the Clear line on IC8 (allowing it to count). IC8 counts until it reaches 9 and then generates a carry pulse when it rolls over. This carry pulse clears the flip-flop and stops the counting process until a one-shot is triggered again. During the counting period, the 10 clock cycles (the 38-kHz pulse burst) are transmitted to the VP-1000. The timing between pulse bursts is controlled by the computer monitoring the busy line.

One extra item in figure 3 is a relay. The relay is enabled by bit 3 of the input port 80 and can be used to switch

a single video monitor between two video sources. One source could be the output of the computer's regular display, while the other could be the videodisc player's output. Using the relay, the computer could display some appropriate material from the videodisc and then switch the screen back to the computer's own output to pose a question about the contents of the videodisc program.

Videodisc Controller: Less Hardware

Figure 5 on page 72 shows a more software-intensive approach, which uses just the pulse-burst generator from figure 3. A flowchart of the algorithm to use this circuit is shown in figure 6 on page 74. As all timing except for the carrier is done in software and this circuit is triggered by a pulse rather than a discrete logic level, a data latch is unnecessary. Bit timing is still important, but a few microseconds here or there won't make much difference.

As configured, the control program should allow either 1.05 or 2.10 ms to elapse (depending upon the controlcode bit value) and then activate the pulse-burst generator. In my opinion, this method is preferable to the hardware-intensive design of figure 3.

As I have described, handling the entire communication between the computer and the videodisc player is simply a matter of timing and logic switching. If you have just a parallel output port on your computer and excellent skill with software, you could conceivably synthesize the entire command sequence, including the 10-cycle 38-kHz pulse burst, entirely in software. At only 26.3 microseconds per cycle, however, you will have to code a tight program without many branches and subroutines. Because such a program has to be machine-specific and coded with the clock speed of the processor in mind, I decided to forego the exercise for this article.

Future of Computer Videodiscs

Every computer manufacturer is striving to maximize the processing

70 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 240 on inquiry card.

MDBS: Superior Data Base Management for Application Developers

Mainframe solutions at micro prices.

MDBS solves the problem of expensive, time-consuming application development and maintenance. ^

Here's what makes the MDBS Data Base Management System so unique:

ECONOMY—Our state-of-the-art system cuts application development costs by up to 80%.

EFFICIENCY—Data compression allows optimum use of space. HARDWARE COMPATIBILITY—From 8080. Z80'"...to the PDP-11'", MDBS delivers uniformly excellent results. /

PORTABILITY—MDBS operates under most popular operating systems and languages, including CP/MIM, UNIX™. IBM PCDOS'" COBOL, BASIC, PASCAL, C, PL/I. FORTRAN, and many more.

INTEGRITY-RECOVERY, RESTART, and the ability to roll the data base back are available. Data base integrity is supported through advanced data structuring techniques.

AUTHENTICITY—MDBS is the first and only true and complete DBMS currently available on microcomputers.

CAPABILITY—Our system includes features you won't find anywhere else, at any price.

Fully-integrated, dictionary-driven.

Unparalleled data structuring ability—far superior to hierarchical, CODASYL,

and relational approaches. • Powerful, English-like query system entirely non-navigational. Fully supports

spur-of-the-moment "what if" inquiries.

Query nesting allowed. Automatic sorting of output tables.

Built-in data security down to the field level. Data encryption capability.

Performance tuning, including the ability to influence physical storage structures.

Extremely fast retrieval even for large volume data bases.

Multi-users capabilities including active and passive lockout MDBS is not restricted to the limitations of data base "pretenders" like file management systems.

To help make application development more effective and efficient, MDBS also offers extensive consulting services and professional traininq seminars. ~ ,

Z80 is a registered trademark ot Zilog; PDP-11 ol Digital Equipment Corp: CP/M of Digital Research: UNIX ol Western Electric: PCDOS ol IBM.

MDBS and other fine products are distributed in most countries through ISE.

Professionals know the difference.

Mote: For more about ISE see page 223

D Please call me immediately at (

For further information contact:

In U.S.:

ISE-CISA

350 West Sagamore Parkway

West Lafayette. IN 47906

Tel: (317) 463-2581

TWX: 810-342-1881

In France:

ISE-CEGOS

Tour Chenonceaux

204, Rond-Point du Pont de Sevres

92516 Boulogne Billancourt Cedex

Tel: 620-61-04

In Germany:

ISE-ADV/ORGA GERMANY Lothstr. 19 D-8000 Munich 40 Tel: 089-192 071/4

In Sweden:

ISE-DATEMA SWEDEN Box 1056 Huvudstagatan 1 171 21 Solna

In Switzerland and Austria: ISE-ADV/ORGA SWITZERLAND Morgartenstrasse 6 CH-6003 Luzern Tel: 041-23 23 60/61

In the UK and Ireland: ISE-PACTEL Rochester House 33 Greycoat Street London SWIP2QF Tel: 01-828 7744

Elsewhere:

ISE-INTERNATIONAL 350 West Sagamore Parkway West Lafayette, IN 47906 Tel: (317) 463-4561 TWX: 810-342-1881

(phone no.)

□ Please tell me about your half-day seminar

□ Please tell me about your three-day workshop

D I'm enclosing 5105 in payment for the MDBS manual ($135 overseas; Indiana residents please add $3.80 sales tax)

□ Please charge to my VISA or MasterCard

Card Number Phone No

-Expiration Date

-State

-Zip

(area code)

MAIL TO: Your local ISE affiliate.

Please look for us at the NCC, Booth No. 3745. and Booth No. 226, Computerama, Toronto.

(ext.) IB 222

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Figure 5: A simpler circuit for controlling the VP-1000 Laserdisc player that relies somewhat more on software to perform timing of the pulse bursts.

Photo 5: Great works of art are reproduced on videodiscs; the applications for a computer-assisted art-history project are plentiful. Here we discover that Vincent van Gogh was an early user of Motorola microprocessors.

power of its machines while minimizing the cost per bit of online storage. Increasingly, 10-megabyte or larger Winchester-technology hard-disk drives are spoken of as required peripheral devices as more and more computer applications are developed that require storage and use of large amounts of data.

We should take care not to overlook the technical possibilities of the Pioneer Laserdisc and its kin while viewing Star Trek and The Jerk. The laser-optical videodisc player is a mind-boggling 20-gigabit randomaccess read-only memory that costs only $600. Try pricing that storage on any kind of magnetic disk!

Eventually, optical storage discs will be produced which contain vast databases, not simply as video still frames, but as computer-readable program code and data files. Instead of pictures of 10,000 pages of text, the disc will simply contain the text stored as ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) files. Then several billion characters could be stored.

72 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 229 on Inquiry card, i

ALL MATTER IS MODULAR. YOUR PRINTER SHOULD BE, TOO.

Introducing the Prism Printer™ from Integral Data Systems, the first truly modular, field -upgradeable dot matrix printer. Now your printer can be as flexible as the rest of your system.

Start with the basic printer which features text-quality printing; then >dd the performance options you jeed — when you need them. Add the automatic cut sheet feeder for word processing. Install the Sprint Mode™ for high-speed data output. For comimicating information and ideas % nothing is more effective than lot™ graphic option and Prism '""ion — this gives you highlit in text, hat's just the beginning. More Prl fepn modules will l>e available sc _

If you're an APPLE™, IBM™or other professional microcomputer user, Prism Printer is the key to your system solution. At last, the chemistry "ght between you and your printer. '11 never pay too much or get too little again. The Prism Printer from Integral Data Systems.

For the name of your nearest Integral Data Systems Dealer, call toll free (800) 258-1386. In New Hampshire, Alaska and Hawaii, call (603) 673-9100.

d

1p') Integral Data Systems, Inc.

Milforci, NH 0305 Telex: 953032

APPLE is a registered trademark of Apple Corporation.

IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation.

Photo 6: Computer game fans will use their computer-interfaced videodisc players for fun, perhaps playing a space-war game spiced up with images from Battlestar Galactica. The video images reproduced in this article were photographed from a Pioneer LS-501 large-screen projection television receiver.

f START J

SOFTWARE

ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR GENERATING PULSE BURST

SET

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POINTER

EXAMINE

MEMORY

VALUE

TRANSMIT

PULSE

BURST

YES

/ IS \

/iNnir:ATFn\

"\lBIT

0 /

NO

DELAY 1.05ms

'

DELAY 1.05 ms

INCREMENT

MEMORY

POINTER

C EX,T)

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SET N = 10

1

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OUTPUT LOGIC 1

DELAY 13.15/is

OUTPUT LOGIC 0

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Figure 6: The algorithm to control the Laserdisc player using the circuit of figure 5. Clever, tight coding could produce a program that can handle all of the timing and make the needed hardware even more simple.

The real breakthrough in videodisc technology will come with the ability to record as well as play a disc. While some descendant of today's videodiscs might become a fully flexible read/write medium, it appears that the first such machine to appear might be a gigantic write-once readonly memory, or WOROM.

In Conclusion

The technology is still in its infancy today, but I expect that eventually optical videodisc players will become not only practical but necessary computer peripherals. For the present, however, our computer interfaces will have to wait for material suitable for video/computer interaction.

Considerable effort is being expended in the production of educational and scientific discs, but I am sure you can expect one of the major software suppliers to have a videodisc specially produced for adventure games. For my own use of the Laserdisc player, my controller will be there when computer-applicable material arrives at my door. But right now, I think I'll sit down and watch a cooking-class disc. I heartily recommend the clams cassino.

Next Month:

When we've finished working with video, we can turn our attention to audio. In July we'll see how to create sound effects using a new integrated circuit from Texas Instruments. ■

Editor's Note: Steve often refers to previous Circuit Cellar articles as reference material for each month's current article. Most of these past articles are available in reprint books from BYTE Books, 70 Main St., Peterborough, NH 03458. Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume 1 covers articles that appeared in BYTE from September 1977 through November 1978. Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume II contains articles from December 1978 through June 1980. Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume III contains the articles that were published from July 1980 through December 1981.

To receive a complete list of Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar project kits available from the Micromint. circle 100 on the reader service liry card at the back of the magazine.

74 Junt 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

aaia»» op

feacuRes

i&M*

A GALAXY of features makes the LN.W80 a remarkable computer. As you explore the LNW80, you will find the most complete, powerful, ready to run, feature-packed personal and business computer ever made into one compact solid unit.

MODEL I COMPATIBILITY - The LNW80 is

fully hardware and software compatible with the Model I. Select from a universe of hardware accessories and software - from VisiCalc" to space games, your LNW80 will launch you into a new world of computing.

•

FULLY LOADED - A full payload includes an on-board single and double density disk controller for 5 1/>" and 8" single or double sided disk drives. RS2-32C communications port, cassette and parallel printer interfaces are standard features and ready to go. All memory is fully installed - 48K RAM, 16K graphics RAM and 12K ROM complete with Microsoft BASIC.

QUALITY CONSTRUCTION - Instrumentation quality construction sets LNW80 computers apart from all the rest. Integrated into the sleek solid steel case of the LNW80 is a professional 74-key expanded keyboard that includes a twelve key numeric keypad.

HIGH RESOLUTION GRAPHICS & COLOR

The stunning 480 X 1 92 resolution gives you total display control - in color or black and white. The choice of display formats is yours; 80,64,40 and 32 columns by 24 or 1 6 lines in any combination of eight colors.

PERFORMANCE - Lift-off with a 4MHz Z80A CPU for twice the performance. The LNW80 outperforms all computers in its class.

Our down to earth price won't send you into

LNW Research Corp.

2(Vit) WALNUT '

(VI I) i;ii ,sx:,o (

CA. 32U80

•l-lj r.l'l-5744

Circle 266 on Inquiry card.

Pick a Pak of Peachware:

Peachtree Software™ has long been a leader in the microcomputer software field. Its quality and reliability have made it the standard in business software, and its documentation and ease of operation have made it the choice of users everywhere.

Now there's a new look to Peachtree Software. The look is Peachware,™ and it's destined to change the way you think about software.

The Peachware concept is simple: give the user a complete solution to his business software needs. How? The Peachpak.™

In our Peachpaks, we've put together integrated systems of related packages —in accounting or word processing, for example — to give the user the most benefit from his micro in his business functions.

The Peachpak 8 Accounting Series — which includes General Ledger, Accounts Payable, Accounts Receivable, Sales Invoicing, Inventory Control and PeachPay™ payroll — gives you the quick response, accurate results and timely reports you need to maintain complete control of your finances, the lifeblood of your business.

The Peachpak 9 Office Productivity Series is centered on the PeachText™ word processor (formerly Magic Wand®; we've improved it and like the results so much we decided to put our name on it) and includes the PeachCalc™ Electronic Spreadsheet, Spelling Proofreader, Mailing List Manager and Telecommunications. Peachpak 9 extends the Peachware solution to all areas of the electronic office.

That's not all. We've got Peachpaks for different levels of accounting

needs, for vertical applications, even one designed specifically for the Apple II™ computer.

And we have Peachcare,™ our own approach to the critical problem of after-sale support and service. It runs the gamut from PeachTax,™ a subscription service to keep your PeachPay package updated on changes in tax requirements, to the Peachtree Software Product Center, which offers direct sales and software support to the user.

We're bringing these services to more people every day, both in the United States and abroad, through our network of almost 1,000 dealers and Peachtree Software International, headquartered just outside London. We have more than 40,000 packages installed worldwide, and the number is growing rapidly.

Peachtree Software is picking up its pace to meet the burgeoning needs of micro users. It's part of our effort to make sure that, when it comes time for you to pick your software, you pick the leader. Pick a peach.

Peachpak™ 4 Accounting Series

General Ledger Inventory

Accounts Payable Payroll

Accounts Receivable

Peachpak™ 40 Accounting Series, Apple II Edition

General Ledger Inventory

Accounts Payable Payroll

Accounts Receivable

Peachpak™ 6 Client Accounting Series

Client Posting and Accounting System Passive Payroll

Please send me information on Peachware™ by Peachtree Software.

Name:

Company: Address:_ City:

_State:

_Zip:

lama: Q prospective dealer □ user of software

Peachtree Software Incorporated an MSA company

3445 Peachtree Road, N.E./8th Floor/Atlanta, Georgia 30326/(404) 266-0673

Peachpak™ 61 Property Management Series

Property Management System General Ledger

Peachpak™ 71 Sales Tracker (COBOL)

Accounts Receivable and Sales Analysis

Inventory

Order Entry

Peachpak™ 8 Accounting Series

General Ledger Accounts Payable Accounts Receivable Sales Invoicing Inventory Control PeachPay™ Payroll System

Peachpak™ 9 Office Productivity Series

PeachText™ Word Processor

Spelling Proofreader

PeachCalc™ Electronic Spreadsheet

Mailing List Manager

Telecommunications

Circle 360 on inquiry card.

Apple II is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc.

Peachtree Software, Peachware, Peachpak, PeachPay, PeachText, Magic Wand, PeachCalc, Peachcare and PeachTax are trademarks of Peachtree Software Incorporated, an MSA Company.

Copyright © 1982 Peachtree Software Incorporated, an MSA Company.

BY 682

Peachtree Software"

Videodiscs in Education

Integrating the Computer and Communication

Technologies

Interactive videodiscs are entering the classroom.

Both the communications and computer industries have achieved tremendous growth but, for the most part, have developed unmindful of each other. Their disagreement over legislation to deregulate the communications industry suggests both are beginning to step on each other's turf. Now that the antitrust cases against AT&T and IBM have been dropped, some predict the two industries will eventually coalesce into a new information industry. The recent coming of age of the videodisc, a product that integrates both technologies, suggests that the prediction may be valid.

Both the communications and computer technologies have a long, and perhaps sad, tradition in education. Critics often refer to educational television as a "failure." That charac

About the Author

Isaac 1. Bejar is a Research Scientist at the Educational Testing Service.

This article is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute of Education under Grant No. SED-8024465. (Isaac I. Bejar and Spencer Swinton, principal investigators.) Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation or the National Institute of Education.

Dr. Isaac I. Bejar

Educational Testing Service

Princeton, NJ 08541

terization is probably not fair to much of today's educational television, but the early attempts were certainly affected by a lack of understanding of the medium. Some of the early experiments on the effectiveness of television as an instructional medium were little more than comparisons of a live lecturer and a "talking head." No wonder many of these experiments showed "televised" instruction to be no better than live instruction.

Today, while less than inspiring educational programs continue to be produced, a fair amount of good educational television does exist. Moreover, the medium's potential effectiveness for educational purposes is gradually being established as suggested by the evaluation of Sesame Street (see reference 1) and other programs.

The computer has also had a mixed history in education. While the technology's potential was realized by some of the early innovators, the realities of the marketplace prevented the predicted boom of computers in education (see reference 2). Because software developers were not sure of the market, they did not strive to produce the best possible product. This led, in turn, to poor acceptance of the software, which fulfilled the developers' own prophecy.

However, the effectiveness of CAI (computer-assisted instruction) now seems established judging by the results of several projects including a large-scale field test being conducted in Los Angeles public schools by the Educational Testing Service for the National Institute of Education. On the market side, the cottage industry that has provided educational programs is now beginning to be supplemented by established publishers.

Together, these trends suggest that at last technology is gaining a foothold in education, and because of this, the videodisc may be more readily accepted into the classroom than television or computers.

Nevertheless, caution is necessary. From a historical perspective, the current educational application of videodisc technology stands at a point equivalent to the early years of educational television and CAI. The collective results of current projects are bound to have a significant impact on the future of videodisc technology in education. Therefore, the technology must be given a fair chance to demonstrate its effectiveness, which will be a function of tangible factors, such as the quality of the hardware and software, as well as intangible factors, such as the attitudes of teachers toward technology. This article concentrates on the tangible factors by

78 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

COMMODORE WMM

THE WONDER COMPUTER

OF THE 1980s. UNDER *300."

—WILLIAM SHATNER

" The best computer value in the world today. The only computer you'll need for years to come."

VIC-20® VS. OTHER HOME COMPUTERS

Product Features

Commodore VIC-20

Atari'

400'"

TI»

99/4A

rRS-80

Color

Computer

Price*

$299.95

$399.00

$454.00

$399.00

Maximum RAM Memory

32K

16K

48 K

32K

Keyboard Style

Full-Size

Typewriter Style

Flat

Plastic

Membrane

Full-Size

Typewriter

Style

Calculator Style

Number of Keys

66

57

48

53

Programmable Function Keys

4

I)

0

0

Graphic Symbols On Keyboard

62

0

0

0

Displayable Characters

512

256

192

256

Microprocessor

6502

6502

TMS 9900

6809

Accessible Machine Language

YES

YES

YES

YES

Upper/Lower Case Characters

YES

YES

YES

NO

Operates with all Peripherals (Disk. Printer and Modem)

YES

NO

YES

YES

Full Screen Editor

YES

YES

YES

NO

Microsoft Basic

Standard

N/A

N/A

$ 99.00

Telephone Modem

$109.95

$399.95

$450.00

$154.95

taJHSB

BI.UEMEANIES FROM OUTER SPACE

Read the chart and see why COMPUTE! Magazine1 calls the VIC-20 computer "an astounding machine for the price." Why BYTE2 raves: ".. .the VIC-20 computer unit is unexcelled as a low-cost consumer computer." Why Popular Mechanics3 says "... for the price of around $300, it's the only game in town that is more than just a game." And why ON COMPUTING INC." exclaims: "What is inside is an electronic marvel... if it sounds as if I'm in love with my new possession, I am."

The wonder computer of the 1980s. The VIC-20 from Commodore, world's leading manufacturer of a full range of desktop computers. See the VIC-20 at your local Commodore dealer and selected stores.

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exploring hardware-software considerations and courseware (instructional or educational software) issues and leaves the intangible factors for another occasion and forum. An ongoing project concerned with applying videodisc technology to the teaching of elementary mathematics has provided a framework for the discussion that follows.

Hardware-Software Considerations

Our research is oriented toward the development of individualized learning stations. That is, we envision an environment where individual students will have access to a computer which, in turn, will control several peripherals, including a videodisc player. The video output from the computer, both text and graphics, and the video from the videodisc will appear on a single screen. Input to the computer will be through a keyboard, light pen, and eventually natural speech.

Choice of computers: An important principle in choosing a computer system for an educational environment is to distinguish between development and delivery systems. You need a development system to facilitate authoring, i.e., the creation of both textual and graphic materials and the selection of audiovisual materials. A delivery system need only be capable of delivering and managing the instructional materials. In principle, you need a substantially less expensive machine for delivery purposes. Choose the development system with an eye toward transporting the results to a delivery system. Because research takes time, often by the time the project ends a new generation of hardware has emerged. With luck, the emergence of the new generation will bring down the price of what was the development system to such an extent that you can justify it as a delivery system, thus obviating the need to transport everything to the new machines.

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This reasoning suggests that it would be inappropriate to base research and development effort entirely on the current crop of computers because they are now near the end of their life cycle. For example, the TRS-80 has definite limitations, such as the difficulty of going beyond 48K bytes of memory and implementing standard operating systems, such as CP/M. The Apple also has a serious limitation in the use of a nonstandard video signal, which makes it difficult to integrate the video output from the computer and videodisc. (As it turns out there is a board from Video Associates Lab that makes this possible, but the board itself costs more than the Apple. Also Adwar sells a black box, the ARS-170, that brings the Apple video signal up to National Television Standard Code [NTSC] standards.)

A second determining factor in the choice of a computer is the availability of software to facilitate the authoring process as well as the delivery of instruction. Currently the most powerful authoring system that supports both video tape and videodisc is the University of Utah's Video Courseware Implementation System (VCIS). The system runs under UCSD Pascal on a Terak 85107a computer. We chose the Terak-VCIS combination as our development system because, theoretically, with it you can use any machine running under UCSD Pascal as a delivery system.

The Terak is a 16-bit, medium-resolution (256 by 320), black-and-white graphics computer based on the LSI-11 processor. Our system has 56K bytes of memory, two doubledensity disk drives, one serial port, a keyboard, and a display. The educational price was close to $8000. The documentation is not extensive, but over-the-phone technical support has been excellent. Two operating systems are available for the Terak, UCSD Pascal and RT-11. You can upgrade the Terak 8510/a for highresolution color, but this costs several thousands of dollars.

Choosing a videodisc player: Three competing videodisc systems are on the market today. These include the RCA Selectavision, which is based on

80 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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the capacitance electronic disc (CED) system. In this system, the audiovisual information is engraved on a plastic disc and is picked up by a stylus making physical contact with the grooves of the disc. A second system, produced by Matsushita-]VC, is the video high-density (VHD) system, which is also based on capacitive pickup but, unlike the RCA system, uses a grooveless disc that does not have to make physical contact with the pickup. Finally, there is the optical-laser system which uses a laser beam to pick up the audiovisual information without making physical contact with the disc. Actually, two types of laser systems are available: one, manufactured by ThompsonCSF, is called transmissive, and the other, manufactured by Sony, Pioneer, Magnavox, and Discovision Associates (DVA), is reflective. (Most of DVA, formerly a joint venture between IBM and MCA, has been sold to Pioneer. For convenience, however, I will refer to DVA products in this article even though they may now be marketed by Pioneer.) The transmissive disc is soft, while the reflective disc is rigid and requires no special handling at all, thus making the optical-laser-reflective-disc technology the most congenial for educational applications. I will focus on the laser-reflective-disc technology.

The laser-reflective videodisc players come in "consumer" and "industrial" models. The primary consumer models are sold by Pioneer and Magnavox and can be bought at discount for less than $600. Both Sony and Discovision Associates manufacture and retail industrial players for close to $3000 depending on what options you choose. Naturally, the industrial models are sturdier and have more features. For one thing, they have their own onboard microprocessor, a Z80 in the case of the Sony, and an F8 Fairchild in the case of the DVA unit. They also have IK bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory) for storing programs. Although the players are not programmable in BASIC, the instructional language is fairly straightforward. The consumer videodisc players, however, are not directly program

mable, but the Pioneer can be interfaced to a host computer.

We chose the industrial DVA model. While it is currently outrageously expensive, chances are that many of its features will find their way to the consumer model. Thus, by choosing a state-of-the-art machine, we protect ourselves against some of the problems mentioned earlier.

An important characteristic of the industrial videodisc player is its ability to support two-way communication with the host computer. For the Pioneer player, communication is strictly one-directional. That is, the computer can instruct the videodisc player to perform a task, but no information regarding the status of the player can be transmitted to the external computer.

The Soriy and DVA videodisc players make information on their status available. With the DVA player three kinds of information can be transmitted to the host computer:

• current frame number

• the contents of RAM

• the player status (for example, whether it's playing forward, searching for a frame, etc.)

Of these, the capability of transmitting the current frame number is most important for instructional purposes (more on this later). For the Sony player, the standard port for communicating this information is a built-in RS-232C, whereas for the DVA player, it is a nonstandard parallel port. However, DVA sells an RS232C interface that allows any computer with a serial port to communicate with the player.

Integrating the computer and videodisc output: While you can use any computer with an RS-232C port to communicate with either the DVA or Sony player, unless additional interfacing is provided, you will need two displays, one for the video output from the videodisc player and one for the computer display. Two displays are more expensive and, in an instructional setting, may have a distracting effect. Fortunately, a number of firms have developed interfaces that allow the computer and the

82 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Figure 1: System used to produce photo 1. This arrangement can be used to overlay text and graphics that appear on the Terak monitor over the video output from the videodisc player. The black-and-white camera and the videodisc are synchronized through the special-effects generator (SEG). The composite video from the videodisc is sent to the genlock input of the SEG, which in turn locks the sync of the black-and-white camera.

Photo 1: An example of text keyed over another video source. A black-and-white Sony video camera (AVC-3250) was pointed at the Terak screen. The camera was synchronized to the videodisc with the Sony special-effects generator (SEG 1-A). The output was displayed on a Sony monitor (VM-2150).

videodisc player to share the same display. Some of these firms are listed at the end of this article. These interfaces not only control the videodisc but also switch, under computer control, between the two video sources. A still higher level of integration requires not only that the computer and videodisc share the same display but that both video signals be shown

simultaneously. In an instructional setting, this opens up a new dimension for courseware development. For example, the same video segment could be used for different purposes by "overlaying" different text and graphics. One approach to accomplishing this integration combines the two video signals, while the other approach dumps the computer

screen, much as one would dump the computer screen to a plotter, into an interface that regenerates the screen and superimposes it on the videodisc output.

The crudest implementation (see figure 1) requires a black-and-white camera capable of accepting external sync and a special-effects "keyer." The special-effects keyer locks itself to the sync pulses from the player. The black-and-white camera, in turn, accepts sync from the special-effects keyer. As a result the black-andwhite camera video output (which is a replica of what is being displayed by the computer, be it character or graphics) and the videodisc video output are in perfect sync. The internal circuitry of the special-effects keyer takes care of integrating the two video signals. Because the keyer is constantly integrating the two signals, to display one or the other, it is necessary to blank the corresponding screen.

The results of the approach are illustrated in photo 1, a picture of the color-monitor screen. The still is from Infinity Factory, an educational series very popular in schools and recently put on disc by the U.S. Office of Education. (I'm grateful to Dr. Frank Withrow for providing the set of discs.) The fractional numbers were overlaid with the setup illustrated in figure 1. The readability of the numbers is not great because the regular character set was used. You can use a "wide" character set yielding 40 instead of 80 characters per line to improve readability.

You would need a monitor, the black-and-white camera, and the special-effects keyer to implement this approach—a cumbersome arrangement. On the other hand, this setup can be used with any computer and is fairly inexpensive.

An improvement upon the configuration shown in figure 1 is to bypass the black-and-white camera by feeding the computer video directly into the special-effects keyer. Because computers are not designed to accept external sync, this is far easier said than done. As you might suspect, the key to the problem is synchronizing the computer and videodisc video output.

84 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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To appreciate the problem, remember that television images, like movie images, are created by rapidly displaying frames. For movies, 24 frames per second is the standard; for television the standard rate is 30 frames per second. Whereas for film the frame is a piece of celluloid, for television a frame consists of an electronically created image displayed for 1/30 of a second. That image is "painted" on the screen by an electron gun, the input to which is a video signal that could have originated at a video-tape player, videodisc player, or camera. This electron gun paints one line at a time on the screen. A frame consists of 525 lines; however, for technical reasons (see "A Simplified Theory of Video Graphics, Part 1" by Allen Watson III, November 1980 BYTE, page 180), the painting is done in two fields. The first field consists of the odd-numbered lines, while the second consists of even-numbered lines. This is called interlacing.

By now you are wondering how the electron gun knows to jump to the next line as well as to the beginning of the screen when a field is completed. Horizontal and vertical sync pulses provide this information. The horizontal sync pulse tells the gun to jump to the left uppermost corner of the screen. Because there are two fields per frame, two such pulses occur in the video signal comprising a frame. Similarly, the vertical sync pulse tells the gun to go to the beginning of the next line. Two video signals are synchronized when their vertical and horizontal sync pulses occur at the same instant.

To my knowledge, no available computers or video boards accept external sync. Moreover, manufacturers of personal computers have done away with interlacing to cut costs. Thus, the sync pattern of a standard (i.e., interlaced) video signal is inherently incompatible with the sync pattern of most computers. Much to our chagrin, we found this to be true of the Terak also. However, we are experimenting with a modification to the Terak video circuit to get around this difficulty, as well as to have the Terak accept external sync.

The second approach to integrating computer and videodisc output is to digitize the contents of the computer video and send it over to an interface (which in reality is another computer). The interface has its own video circuitry that accepts the sync signals from the videodisc and regenerates the computer video. Syntec is one manufacturer that uses this approach. The results are very good but expensive.

Software Issues

Software is important in integrating videodisc and computer technologies. One issue, discussed by Dr. Thomas DeFanti in the November 1980 BYTE (see "Language Control Structures for Easy Electronic Visualization," page 90), is the need for control structures in a computer language to support "electronic visualization." A second issue is software portability.

DeFanti argued that existing computer languages do not contain control structures capable of creating and manipulating electronic images in real time. Likewise, the software support for videodiscs in education often lacks this capability used for overlaying video (as I just discussed) and for permitting responses on the part of the student other than choosing from a set of alternatives.

For example, in the teaching of fractions students are expected to learn the symbolic and pictorial representation for fractions. A common procedure is simply to show circles and bars colored to different degrees corresponding to various fractions. Using a videodisc player, a possible improvement would be to allow the student to construct an appropriate circle or bar. This could be accomplished by showing a sequence of 100 frames in which each frame has an additional 1 percent colored. The student would be instructed to single-step back and forth within these 100 frames to the frame that has, say, one half of the object colored. At that point, the student could indicate his choice by pressing Return. The program, in turn, would determine what frame the videodisc player was on. If it were on the fiftieth frame, the answer would be scored as correct.

This same procedure could be implemented using computer graphics, but the program would tend to be hardware specific. By contrast, the software to communicate with the videodisc player can be more transportable. Moreover, video stills can be made more realistic. For example, the above sequence could be done with a child pouring a liquid into a container. The student's task then becomes to locate the frame that corresponds to, say, a half-filled container.

To use a videodisc in this fashion, as opposed to using it as a repository of visual segments, requires underlying software to exploit the capabilities of the videodisc. I have developed a series of Pascal procedures that support most of the commands the DVA player is capable of responding to, including single-stepping back and forth as required by the examples given above. The procedures appear in listing 1. It assumes that the computer and the videodisc player (DVA model PR-782Q-2) are linked through DVA's universal interface (UEI).

The program supports communications to and from the host computer and the UEI, including the following:

• Commands to the videodisc player, such as STOP, DISPLAY FRAME NUMBER, TURN AUDIO on TRACK 2 OFF, etc. Some commands have arguments associated with them, and they are sent as well.

• Requests for information from the videodisc player: current player status, current frame number, and contents of memory.

• Commands to the UEI. The commands used most often are 'Dl', which establishes communication between the UEI and the computer, and 'D2', which requests the interface to echo back commands that are sent to it.

The program also employs an exception status to indicate communication problems.

The program can be easily turned into a library unit and thus be made available to other programs. If, for example, you had a Pascal-based Pilot interpreter, you could then add videodisc commands to Pilot. (It is my

88 Junt 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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understanding that the next release of Apple Pilot will support communication with a videodisc. Also, the International Institute of Applied Technology has announced a CP/M-based Pilot that supports videodisc commands.)

Because, inevitably, different schools will have different computers and because software development costs are constantly growing, you should develop software that can be run on a number of different computers. The UCSD operating system Text continued on page 96

Listing 1: Pascal procedures for controlling the DVA PR-7820-2 videodisc player through DVA's universal interface. The program is written in UCSD Pascal for the Terak computer and allows the computer to communicate in both directions with a DVA player. Specifications for writing the program were derived from two manuals from DVA (see vendor list).

J***************************************************************************} CONST

CR-13;{ CARRIAGE RETURN}

LF-10;{ LINE FEED J

CS-12;{ CLEAR SCREEN }

LFR=4;

TYPE STR4STR1VAR

ERROR:

FRAME:

COM:

FRAMEN0:

PACKED ARRAY[0..LFR] OF CHAR; PACKED ARRAYJ0..1] OF CHAR;

STR1;{ERROR CONTAINS THE ERROR ISSUED BY UEI.} STR4;{CONTAINS THE ARGUMENT NEEDED BY SOME COMMANDS.} CHAR;{ HOLDS THE VIDEODISK COMMAND}

INTEGER;{FRAMENO IS THE VALUE RETURNED IN RESPONSE TO} {THE DUMP FRAME COMMAND.}

FRLEN: INTEGER;{FRLEN IS THE NUMBER OF DIGITS IN FRAME.} RWS: STR4;{WORK STRING TO RECEIVE BYTES FROM UEI.} TWS: SHU;{WORK STRING TO TRANSMIT TWO BYTES TO UEI.} {***********************************************************************}

FUNCTION READCHR:CHAR;

{ Reads one character from the keyboard.}

VAR

X: CHAR;

BEGIN

READ(X);

READCHR:=X;

END;

{************************************************************************}

PROCEDURE READFR(VAR FR:STR4;VAR LEN:INTEGER); {Reads a frame number from the keyboard.} VAR

It INTEGER;

X: CHAR; BEGIN

FOR It- 0 TO LFR DO

BEGIN FR[I]:-' ';END;

It-0;

REPEAT

X:=READCHR;

IF (ORD(X)>=48) AND (ORD(X)<-57) THEN

BEGIN FR[I]:-X;I:-I+1; END; UNTIL (EOLN) OR (I=LFR+1); LEN:=I; END;

{**********************************************************************)

FUNCTION HEXDEC(X:CHAR):INTEGER;

{ Converts hexadecimal character to hexadecimal digit.}

BEGIN

CASE X OF '0','l','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9':HEXDEC:=ORD(X)-48; *A','B','C','D',*E','F* :HEXDEC:=ORD(X)-55;

END; END; {a************************************************************************}

PROCEDURE FRAMECON (VAR NUMBER:INTEGER);

{ Converts frame number from hexadecimal to decimal.}

VAR

I,C: INTEGER;

TEMP: PACKED ARRAY[0..3] OF CHAR; Listing 1 continued on page 92

90 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

The MultiMode Printer with The Magnificent Fonts

BBBBBBBB

Qdniex 7030

MultiMode Printer Offers Flexibility

The"Beautiful"Font

-\0

c\v

\tf

u^

Wo*

il^W

See us at NCC Booth #4516.

Circle 378 on Inquiry card.

... At a Sensible Price—$1,995 (Qty. 1)

"Flexibility" means instantaneous call up ot any of this trendsetting machine's many features whether for word processing, data processing, graphics or forms generation. Using either of the two built in interfaces, an external keyboard or downloading from your computer, you can program the Qantex Model 7030 to do more.

Compare the "Beauty" of our printed letters for the word processing fonts which include Cubic, Trend, Spokesman, Courier, Italics, Script, OCR-A, APL, Scientific plus downloaded fonts from your computer. Draft copy modes include 8 resident fonts — U.S., U.K., German, French, Spanish, Swedish, Finnish, Norwegian and Danish.

Other features include high resolution graphics — 144 x 144, single pass and double pass word processing, and 180 cps data processing modes and user defined formats.

Operator initiated, the MultiMode printer provides a complete printed status report of operating parameters and diagnostics.

For more information, or a demo, call us about the new Qantex Model 7030 MultiMode Printer.

t?dnt©X Division of North Atlantic

60 Plant Avenue, Hauppauge, NY 11788

(516) 582-6060 (800) 645-5292

*Registered Trademark of North Atlantic Industries

Circle 93 on inquiry card.

Announcing

UCSD p-System

Features

• Full p-System compatibility.

• No changes required to current application programs.

• Up to 4 users and 3 printers simultaneously.

• Full upward support of future UCSD p-System.

• Field proven with over 100 installations.

• Auto-start of application programs for each user.

• Remote Diagnostic capability.

• High speed re-entrant interpreter.

• High speed buffered disk and terminal I/O.

• Full memory available per user.

• RAM disk makes use of any extra memory.

• Hard disk mapping with privacy protection for users.

• Inter-user communication and resource sharing.

• Xon/Xoff printer protocols.

Future Enhancements

• Networking.

• Data communication intrinsics.

• Extended memory support for large Code pools.

• Extended File System.

Present Implementation

• ALTOS 5", 8" and 14" Winchester systems.

• For future implementations, consult Dynamic Control Systems.

Pricing

TURNKEY — $495.00 FULL SYSTEM — $925.00

DEALER ENQUIRIES INVITED

For information contact:

dynamic

control

systems

Ste. 204, 13662-1D4A Ave. Surrey, B.C. Canada, V3T1Y8

(604) 585-0655

1'IS.A

m

LATE BREAKING NEWS!

Market proven PDP-11™ Application Development System soon will be available for the UCSD p-System.

UCSD p-System is a trademark of the Regents of the

University of California.

PDP-11 is a trademark of Digital Equipment

Corporation.

92 Junt 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1 continued: BEGIN

TEMP[3]:=RWS[2];

TEMP[2]:=RWS[3];

TEMP[1]:=RWS[0];

TEMP[0]:-RWS[1];

NUMBER :-0;

FOR I:- 0 TO 3 DO BEGIN

C:-0; CASE I OF O: C:-l; 1: C:=16; 2: C:-256; 3: C:=4096; END; NUMBER:=NUMBER + C*HEXDEC(TEMP[I]); END; END; {****************************** ******** ********************************* I

PROCEDURE COMMAND(X:CHAR);FORWARD;

PROCEDURE ERRORCHK;

{ This procedure may be useful for debugging communication problems with UEI.}

BEGIN

UNITCLEAR(8); UNITCLEAR(7);

RWS:-' ';

TWS:-'EA';

UNITWRITE(8,TWS,2);

UNITWAIT(8);

WRITELN('FINICED WRITING');

UNITREAD(7,RWS,2);

UNITWAIT(7);

WRITELN('FINISHED READING'.RWS);

IF RWS[0]='!' THEN BEGIN

ERROR[l]:-RWS[l];

ERROR[2]:=RWS[2];

WRITELN(' UEI HAS DETECTED ERROR '.ERROR,'SEE PAGE 2-16.'); END;

END; {***********************************************************************j

PROCEDURE SENDFRAM(FR:STR4;LEN:INTEGER);

{ Converts frame number to code expected by UEI.}

VAR L : INTEGER;

BEGIN

FOR L:=0 TO LEN-1 DO

BEGIN

CASE FR[L] OF

'0':TWS

>'3F'

'l':TWS

='0F'

'2':TWS

='8F'

'3':TWS

-'4F'

'4':TWS

-'2F'

'5':TWS

-'AF'

'6':TWS

-'6F'

'7':TWS

-'IF'

'8':TWS

-'9F'

'9':TWS

-'5F'

END;

UNITWRITE(8,TWS,2);

UNITWAIT(8);

END;

{ERRORCHK;}

END;

{*************************************************************************}

PROCEDURE LINK;

{ Initializes communication with UEI.}

BEGIN

WRITELN('ENTERINBG LINK');

UNITCLEAR(8);

TWS:='DO';

UNITWRITE(8,TWS,2);

UNITWAIT(8);

TWS:='FD';

UNITWRITE(8,TWS,2);

UNITWAIT(8)- Listing 1 continued on page 94

Circle 304 on Inquiry card. >

V

iff-- ■ ■■'

lilts m

YOU PICK

THE COMPUTER,

MICROPRO

MAKES ITPERFORM.

\

There are a lot of fine names in microcomputers. But there's only one name in software to remember. MicroPro. Because MicroPro has taken the best ideas in business software and put them together to make the MicroPro Software System™— a family of software products that work together on your computer, whether it's an Apple™ II, TRS-80™ Model II, Heath/ Zenith H/Z-89, Xerox™ 820, or more than 100 other brands — and soon the IBM* Personal Computer.

Software makes the difference.

The key to getting the most out of your computer is the software you use. And the Software System is designed to get the most out, faster. The Software System is our new name for the MicroPro family of software products, each remarkably powerful and versatile — and even more so when you combine them.

The products: WordStar™ (word processing), MailMerge™ (WordStar option — personalized form letters and other file-merging uses); SpellStar™ (WordStar option — spelling checker); DataStar™ (data entry and retrieval); CalcStar™ (electronic spread sheet and financial modeling); SuperSort™ (sorting, selecting, and merging); and WordMaster* (video text editing).

More solutions, less work.

The Software System enables you to use your microcomputer to its fullest with less time and effort. That's because, for one thing, most MicroPro products have similar methods of operation, so it's easier to move from one product to another. And they readily adapt to your way of doing business, instead of forcing you to make changes to fit a rigid software package, like you have to do with many other software products. Most important, you can combine MicroPro products' information and abilities. The result: a lot more ways to make your

business more productive than you'd get from just using each product by itself.

The System doesn't stop.

Count on MicroPro to keep expanding the Software System with new products that make it even more useful and powerful in your business. Coming this year: a series of in-depth accounting packages; InfoStar™a powerful report generator and partner to DataStar; and StarBurst™ a new kind of software that will link our products together into an even friendlier and easier to use package.

If you're shopping for a computer, we recommend you shop for software even more carefully. After all, there are a lot of good hardware systems to choose from. But there's only one Software System. From MicroPro.

To get our brochure on the MicroPro Software System, visit any of our 1200 dealers around the world.

Or phone toll-free 800-227-2400, ext. 933. an California 800-772-2666, ext. 933.)

THAT MEANS BUSINESS!

microPro

INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION

MicroPro Apple software requires a CP/M-Z-80 adaptation device. Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc. TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corp, Xerox is a trademark of Xerox Corp. Heath/Zenith is a trademark of Zenith Data Systems. IBM is a trademark of International Business Machines Corp. © 1982 MicroPro International Corp. All rights reserved.

Circle 103 on inquiry card.

INTELLIGENT

PRINTER

INTERFACE

Free Your Computer from the Mundane Task of Printing

Imagine being able to use your computer seconds after beginning an extensive printout.

Visualize your printout with page breaks, page numbering and titles, margins of your choice, indented carryover lines, on any size paper!

Appreciate the time and money you will save by not waiting for your . printer.

SooperSpooler, a buffered printer interface, maintains control over your printer while you go on using your computer for more productive activities. Eliminate waiting while your printer pecks through a long document. SooperSpooler accepts information from your computer at up to 3000 characters per second and feeds it to your printer as fast as it can handle it—without using any of your computer's memory or time!

SooperSpooler features include:

• 16K Memory (62K optional)

• Buffer Status Readout

• Space Compression

• Pagination

• Single Sheets

• Headers and Page Numbering

• Indentation on Carryover Lines

• Self Test Routine

• Features also Software Controllable

• Plugs into Most Computer Systems

• I6K. Parallel I/O Unit—$349.00!

• Serial I/O Option—$95.00

• 46K. Memory Option—$159.00

TM

SooperSpooler by Compulink— The missing link that gives your microcomputer mainframe printing.

COMPULINK

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Send for brochure Dealer inquiries welcome Call for information: 800-525-6705

Listing 1 continued:

URITELNCLEAVING LINK');

{ERRORCHK;}

END;

{**************************************************************************)

PROCEDURE PRINTMEN;

{ Prints a menu of commands.}

BEGIN

{WRITELN(CHR(CS)); CLEAR SCREEN}

WRITELNC

a RECALL

k

DUMP RAM

u

STEP FWD

WRITELNC

b CLEAR

1

DUMP FRM t

w

SEARCH

WRITELN('

c RUN/BRANCH

m

DUMP PLYR STATUS

X

INPUT

WRITELNC

d WRITE PROG

n

END PROG

y

REJECT

WRITELNC

e FRM DSPLY OFF

0

DEC REG

z

SLOW REV

WRITELNC

f FRM DSPLY ON

P

FRM DSPLY TOG.

1

STOP

WRITELNC

g AUDIO 2 OFF

q

SLOW FWD

2

AUDIO 2 TOG

WRITELNC

h AUDIO 2 ON

r

AUTO STOP

3

PLAY

WRITELNC

i AUDIO 1 OFF

s

AUDIO 1 TOG

4

STEP REV

WRITELNC

j AUDIO 1 ON

t

STORE

5

LOAD

WRITELNC

9

TO

END SESSION

END; {************************************************************************}

PROCEDURE SENDCOMM(X:CHAR);

{ Preprocesses commands to player.}

BEGIN

CASE X OF

"a',*b*,'c','d",'t','x','l"i WRITELNC COMMAND NOT IMPLEMENTED.');

'e','f','g','h',':l','j','k:','l','m','n','o','p','s','u','y','2','3','4','5'

'9':C0MMAND(X);

'q','r','w','z':BEGIN

WRITELN('ENTER FRAME NUMBER FOLLOWED BY RETURN.');

READFR(FRAMF.,FRLEN);

WRITELN('FRAME AND FRLEN ARE'.FRAME,FRLEN);

SENDFRAM(FRAME,FRLEN);

COMMAND(X);

END;

END;

END;

{^***********************************************************************}

PROCEDURE COMMAND;

{ Translates commad to expected code and tranmits It to .} BEGIN

WRITELNC ENTERING COMMAND PROC); UNITCLEAR(7);UNITCLEAR(8); TWS:=' '; RWS:-' '; CASE X OF

'e':TWS:='E3'

'f':TWS:-'E4'

'g':TWS:=-'E5'

'h':TWS:='E6'

'i':TWS:-'E7';

'j':TWS:='E8'

'1':BEGIN

TWS:='EA'; UNITWRITE(8,TWS,2); UNITWAIT(8); UNITREAD(7,RWS,4); UNITWAIT(7);

WRITELN('THE FRAMENO IS',RWS); FRAMECON(FRAMENO);

WRITELNC THE DECIMAL FRAME NO IS ',FRAMENO); END; 'm':BEGIN

TWS:='EB';

UNITWRITE(8,TWS,2);

UNITWAIT(8);

UNITREAD(7,RWS,4);

UNITWAIT(7);

WRITELN('THE PLAYER STSTUS IS', RWS);

END; Listing 1 continued on page 96

94 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

. _■__:.. ■.

SPRINT 9

STANDARD OPERATOR CONTROL PANEL.

Switch selection of interface parameters and forms handling allows simple OEM system integration.

Automatic proportional spacing, without decreasing system throughput, sets the new standard for print quality.

To cut service costs and reduce adjustments, the exclusive Kevlar® belt is stronger and lighter than steel, with virtually no stretch.

For the highest accuracy in the history of daisywheel printing, our Microdrive™ carriage drive mechanism has no cables or pulleys.

Test drive our hot new daisywheelers.

If you've always wanted letter-quality

3rinting from your DP system but the cost

las put you off, then a SPRINT 9 is for you.

slow you can have the same high quality print —

usually only available on word processing systems —at

prices that will let you forget all about dot-matrix terminals. ^

With speeds of 45 and 55 cps (average English text, not burst

rate), the reliable high performance of SPRINT 9 terminals leaves

the crowd behind. Prove it to yourself with a test drive.

Call or write Qume at (408) 942-4000. 2350 Qume Drive,

San Jose, California 95131.

Circle 383 on Inquiry card.

ne

®

A Subsidiary of ITT See us at NCC Booth #7119

Circle 189 on inquiry card.

DISCOUNT

1-800-528-8960

GUARANTEED LOW PRICES

APPLECARDS

16K RAM — $99 Z80 CARD - $210

Videx Card — $249 Smart Term — $269

Graphic Card — $89 Clock CARD — $120

ALTOS

8000-2 — $2675 8000-15 — $3850

ANADEX

9500 —$1200 9501—$1200

ATARI

400-16K —$399 800-16K - $659

410 —$79 810 —$429

825-$569 850 —$167

C-IOTH

F-10P —$1380 F-10S — $1525

OATASOUTH DS120 —$595 DS180 —$1259

DIABLO

630RO — $1945 630KSR — $2475

DISKETTES/BOXES

Elephant — $20 Scotch — $25 Dysan — $35

EPSON WITH GRAPHICS

MX70 — $289 MX80 — $429

MX80FT —$519 MX100 —$689

GRAPHIC ROM —$69 RS232 — $69

HAZELTINE

1500 —$995 ESPRIT-$595

LOBO

Apple Drive/Card — $350/$50

MODEMS

HAYS — MICROMODEM — $290

HAYS — SMARTMODEM — $229

Penril — 300/1200 (212A) — $795

MONITORS

Teco-BW — $99 Teco-Green — $115

Sanyo-Green — $249 Color — $425

Amdek-Green — $159 Color — $349

NORTHSTAR

Advantage — $2995 HR64QD — $3025

NEC

8023 — $489 7710 — $2350

MPI 88G — $550 99G — $650

SOROC 120 —$659 135 —$689

TELEVIDEO

912 —$669 950 —$915

Tl

810 —$1240 820 —$1795

SOFTWARE

All Major Brands — $CALL

MOUNTAIN HARDWARE

CPS Card — $169 Music System — $429

OKIDATA

M80 —$320 SL125 —$3150

M82A — $450 SL250 — $4200

M83A — $699 M84 — $1059

XEROX

820 — $2399

ZENITH

Z19-$669 289 —$2129

All Prices Subject To Change

EXP0TEK

2723 W. Windrose • Suite 3 Phoenix, Arizona 85029

Listing 1 continued:

'p':TWS:-'Fl'; 'q':BEGIN

TWS:«'D3';

UNITWRITE(8,TWS,2);

UNITWAIT(8);

TWS:="'F2';

UNITWRITE(8,TWS,2);

UNITWAIT(8);

TWS:-'D4';

UNITWRITE(8,TWS,2);

UNITWAIT(8);

END; 'r':BEGIN

TWS:=-'F3';

UNITWRITE(8,TWS,2);

UNITWAIT(8);

END; 's':TWS:=-'F4'; 'u':TWS:=-'F6'; 'w':

BEGIN

TWS:-'F7';

UNITWRITE(8,TWS,2);

REPEAT

COMMAND('m'); WRTTELN(RWS);

UNTIL(RWS[1]='7');

END; 'x':TWS:-'F8'; 'y':TWS:-'F9'; 'z':BEGIN

TWS:=»'FA';

UNITWRITE(8,TWS,2);

UNITWAIT(8);

COMMAND('m');

END; '2':TWS:-'FC; '3':TWS:»'FD'; '4':TWS:-'FE'; '5':TWS:-'CC; '9':TWS:-'F9'; END;

IF N0T(X IN['l','m','w','q', IF X-'9' THEN

TWS:-'D1'; UNITWRITE(8,TWS,2); UNITWAIT(8); {ERR0RCHK;}

END;

BEGIN LINK;

PRINTMEN; REPEAT

WRITELN('ENTER COMMAND FROM MENU.'); C0M:=READCHR; SENDCOMM(COM); UNTIL C0M=»'9'; WRITELN(' END OF SESSION.'); END.

'z']) THEN UNITWRITE(8,TWS,2);

Text continued from page 90: makes this goal reachable. To demonstrate this, we transferred the program in listing 1 to an Apple II computer with Apple Pascal (which in reality is UCSD Pascal) and a serial communication card. To do this, I had the program "printed" from the Terak. The Apple on the other end received the file, placed it in a buffer, and upon completion of the transfer, saved it on disk. (I am grateful to Barbara Benton for writing this program.) It almost worked! While I was able to compile

the program on the Apple, it did not execute correctly. The problem was with the "unitwait" procedure, which makes the program wait until the port has completed sending the information. The unitwait procedure is not available in the Apple. Therefore, to make the program work, we had to insert an empty loop in lieu of the unitwaits.

What makes this little experiment interesting is that the program uses inputs and outputs rather than just interCircle 394 on inquiry card. —►

Data-Neve

■&

$649 J

Single Board Computer Only

The Data-Neve Model 8064 is a complete seneral purpose sinsle board Z80A based computer running under the CP/M 2.2 Operating System. Features include 64K 200nS RAM with parity check, 2 serial and 2 parallel ports, bootstrap ROM, high speed floppy disk controller, and expansion bus for attaching our hard disk interface option. Nearly one thousand 8064's have been delivered over the past year. This one works and is generally available from stock!

See it, try it and buy it at our sales and service locations below.

$2,395

Full Computer with Dual 8" Drives

The Model 8864 is the system packaged version of the 8064 single board computer including full size dual 8" drives with total capacity of 1.2 MB, and powered by a very efficient switching power supply. The total power dissipation is so low, no fan is required. Double-sided drives providing total storage capacity of 2.4 MB are available in Model 8964 at $2,995. CP/M 2.2 on 8" diskette, $150.

Data-Neve is part of a 500 people, $30 million worldwide group.

CP/M-Trademark of Digital Research Prices are subject to change. Sales taxes are added in Connecticut, California, Tennessee and Ontario (Canada).

Data-Neve

A Division of Rupert Neve Incorporated

For Mail Delivery Call (203) 744-6230

Headquarters: Berkshire Industrial Park, Bethel, Connecticut 06801 Teh (203) 744-6230 Telex: 969638

West Coast: 7533 Sunset Blvd., Hollywood, California 90046 Tel: (213) 874-8124 Telex: 194942

Nashville: P.O. Box 120907, Nashville, Tennessee 37212 Tel: (615) 385-2090

Canada: Rupert Neve of Canada, Ltd. 2721 Rena Road, Malton, Ontario L4T 3K1, Canada Tel: (416) 677-6611 Telex: 983502

Europe: Neve Electronics International, Ltd. Cambridse House, Melbourn, Royston, Hertfordshire, SG8 6AU England Tel: (0763) 60776

FUTURE OF

^^^

pTER'

TT

IA

N

k

^^H

^^^

s**

7KS1

2PI

10

MJ

3L

OC

E PROMS LOOKS WE THOUGHT

For one reason.

Now you can put your hands on the future of memory technology —16K E2PROMs —for a whole lot less than you thought.

Less than $20 today And less than $10 by 1983.

Actually, that's because E2PROMs are already being designed in—faster than we predicted. Putting the Flotox technology of the 2815 (50-msec program time) and 2816 (10-msec program time) on a super fast learning curve.

But maybe we should have expected that.

After all, Intel's E2PROM has all the non-volatility of ROM, the flexibility of RAM. And a promise that CMOS with battery backup can't provide:

Lower system life cycle costs.

Starting with design. Since you don't have to contend with the kluge of battery support circuitry. The E2PROM's 250-nanosecond access time and JEDEC-approved,byte-wide pinout fit VLSI microprocessors like the 8086 and 8088 hand in glove.

^

^

And lower maintenance costs. Since there are no tapes to tangle with. And no batteries to replace or maintain.

No wonder Intel's electrically erasable E2PROMs are already taking over a lot of applications that need in-circuit system changes. Storing set up parameters for numerical controls. Adding self-correcting feedback to process control and robotics. Even storing access codes for PABX equipment.

And, at the same time, spawning some never-before-possible approaches to system maintenance. Like field changes by telephone instead of by engineer.

Which is just one more reason why you might want to take the future of memory technology into your own hands.

Before someone else gets the best of it.

For more information, call your local distributor.

Or contact Intel Corp., 3065 Bowers Ave.,Santa Clara, ■ _ i«/4aii)Qre California 95051 mTV-vl SoESSns (408) 987-8080. " '^ so'"110™5

Circle 231 on Inquiry card.

Prices indicated are U.S. prices only.

North Star's

Advantage over

IBM and Apple

is easy to see.

The North Star ADVANTAGE desktop computer has

higher precision graphics, better software, and greater

disk capacity than the IBM Personal Computer or the

Apple III. Plus, nationwide on-site service and free

business graphics software. See it for yourself. Then

check the price. You'll see how easy it is to own the

North Star ADVANTAGE. For the name of the North Star

dealer nearest you, call today.

CALLTOLL FREE

1-800-447-4700

(ILLINOIS 1-800-322-4400)

FOLLOW THE STAR^M^

NorthStar~

14440 Catalina Street, San Leandro, California 94577

rial computations. I/O (input/output) has traditionally been an area of incompatibility among computers. The fact that a program written on an entirely different computer is capable of running practically unmodified on another computer suggests that the software industry is moving in the right direction toward portable software. Unfortunately, full software transportability requires that not only I/O operation be transportable but graphics as well. Graphics transportability is likely to continue to be a problem for the foreseeable future, but progress is being made (see reference 3).

Courseware Considerations

While hardware is at the heart of integrating the communication and information technologies, the quality of courseware will be the determining factor in whether videodisc technology has a lasting impact on education.

Just as you need to integrate the two technologies at the hardware and software level, there must also be a similar integration at the courseware level if you are to avoid the mistakes of early educational television and computerbased education. You must determine what the unique educational capabilities of the videodisc are and how you can develop materials to exploit those capabilities. In particular, what can you do better with interactive videodiscs than with computers alone?

Perhaps the most elementary application of the videodisc would consist of a series of discrete audiovisual segments. The word audiovisual gives you a hint that the videodisc is serving two modalities, vision and hearing, simultaneously. Furthermore, through branching you can choose the most relevant audiovisual segments for a given student and thus tailor instruction to the student. Because the videodisc has two audio tracks, sound can be stored in the second track to be used separately from the visuals. To use this sound without distracting the student with irrelevant visuals, you can overlay a white computer frame on the video. Clearly, this is possible only with systems that have overlay capabilities.

100 June 1982 © BYTE Publications he

Circle 337 on inquiry card.

Alspa Computers

PLUS

Multi-User Hard Disk

SMALL SIZE AND LOW COST

ALSPA full performance, CP/M computers are the smallest 8" drive micro's around. An ALSPA computer with a 4 MHz Z80A CPU, 64K of RAM, one or two 8" floppy drives, three RS-232 serial ports, one parallel port, and one hard disk port is no larger than most single add-on drives, and weighs only about 18 lbs. An ACI-1 can be yours for as little as $1995.00 plus CP/M.

CORVUS** INTERFACE

Standard on all ALSPA computers in a hardware interface which connects directly to either a Corvus hard disk drive or a Corvus Constellation**, multi-user hard disk system. Our Corvus operation system is easy to install and use.

SUPERIOR PERFORMANCE

One demonstration will prove that our compact and durable ALSPA computers are designed to provide dependable, powerful computing service. Look at capability and speed and you'll agree we're the best value for the dollar.

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

^^ Alspa Computer, Inc.

arks of CORVUS SYSUMS. INC.

MORE THAN OUR NAME IS UNIQUE

300 Harvey West Blvd., Santa Cruz, CA 95060 (408) 429-6000 •cp/m i» a trademark of digital RESEARCH, inc Circle 19 on inquiry card.

While this use of a videodisc qualifies as interactive, more intense interaction with students is also possible. The example I gave earlier, in which the student steps through a set of frames, is prototypic of these more intense interactions. This same procedure can be used to enact word problems. Who doesn't remember the mileage problems of grade school? Problems like that can be made more realistic and fun by enacting them with video. For example, a problem could call for getting from city A to city B by

plane. The student might be given a certain amount of money and a plane with certain flying characteristics. The student's task would be to get from city A to city B. While en route, of course, the wind could change, and the student would have to make adjustments. With imagination the idea can be embellished to the point where solving word problems becomes more like playing an Adventure-type game. Fully exploiting the wide range of possibilities made possible by linking a computer and a videodisc will require

Sxxxxxxxxl

ft::sTO^Kl':.. KKxxKXKXxx;

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the creativity of many individuals. To implement that creativity efficiently a mechanism, an authoring system, is needed. An authoring system facilitates the development of courseware. Pilot is an example of an authoring language. But there is only so much that you can do with Pilot. An authoring system gives you more capabilities. In fact, a growing number of such systems are on the market. We have chosen to work with the University of Utah's VCIS as indicated earlier.

The basic distinction between an authoring language and an authoring system is that in an authoring language, the logic and data are part of the program. In an authoring system, however, the instructional logic and the instructional content are kept separate. From a design point of view, this is most desirable because it parallels the dictum: program = algorithm + data structures. In the present context that equation becomes:

Lesson = instructional logic + instructional content

An increasing number of authoring systems are being offered, but little guidance as to how to choose one exists. A framework for comparing and evaluating authoring systems is beyond the scope of this article. However, I refer you to Ralph E. Grubb's "A Design Language for Computer Assisted Instruction" (see reference 4). Although the pamphlet was written 10 years ago, its content is very relevant today because it deals with general issues of design rather than specific implementations.

One important variable of any authoring system is the nature of interactions it supports. The University of Utah VCIS supports the interactions we contemplated using and, in principle, allows limited simulations with video tape, which is important because videodiscs are expensive to master and changes cannot be made except by remastering.

The University of Utah's authoring system consists of a series of Pascal programs and some utilities as well. It is, to say the least, a bit overwhelming at first. The authoring process en

102 lune 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Vendors Supplying Interactive Videodisc Equipment

Adwar Video Corporation 100 Fifth Ave. New York, NY 10011 (212) 691-0976

Manufactures video-related hardware for the Apple II Computer,

Allen Communication 3004 Arapahoe Ave. Boulder, CO 80303 (303) 449-2971

Manufactures an interface for the Apple II and various videodisc units.

Bell & Howell

Audiovisual Products Division

1 World Trade Center, Suite 9869

New York, NY 10048

(212) 524-9113

Cavri Systems 26 Trumbull St. New Haven, CT 06511 (203) 562-4979

Specializes in interfaces between computer and video equipment.

Coloney Productions 1248 Blountstown Highway Tallahassee, FL 32304 (904) 575-0691

Specializes in Apple II-videodisc interfacing.

Discovision Associates 3300 Hyland Ave. POB 6600

Costa Mesa, CA 92626 (714) 957-3000

DVA system manual for optical videodisc players (TP-101) and DVA installation/maintenance manual for the UEI (TP-102)

Independent Video Consultants 125 West Durham St. Philadelphia, PA 19119 (215) 248-0700

Specializes in authoring languages.

The International Institute of Applied

Technology Inc.

20010 Century Boulevard, Suite 100

Germantown, MD 20874

(301) 428-9010

Sells a CP/M-based Pilot which supports videodiscs.

Sony Video Communications 9 West 57th St. New York, NY 10019 (212) 371-5800

Sells the LDP-1000 laser-reflective videodisc player.

Syntec

15933 West Eight Mile Detroit, MI 48235 (313) 272-2950

Video hardware including overlay capabilities.

Texas Instruments Customer Product Service POB 10508 Lubbock, TX 79408 (214) 995-2011

In addition to the TI-99/4A, Texas Instruments now has a videodisc controller for the Pioneer disc player as well as authoring software.

Video Associates Labs 2304 Hancock Dr., Suite 1-F Austin, TX 78756 (512) 459-5684

Specializes in video hardware for the Apple II, including a board which allows the Apple video output to be overlayed on an NTSC video signal.

Wicat Systems POB 539

1875 South State St. Orem, UT 84057 (801) 224-6400

Wicat is a pioneer in the application of videodiscs to education.

couraged by the system is to create the content material with the help of the text, graphics, and animation editors. You then use the program Builder to establish the ordering presentation of these materials as well as parameters related to student responses.

While the standard features of the system allow the design of a large variety of instructional designs, the VCIS developers were not so pretentious as to think they had included all the possibilities in the system. You can incorporate features into the system through what they call "specials," a Pascal segment written by users to add a feature peculiar to their applications. The most common application of specials is to design dynamic graphics. For example, if the lesson calls for plotting the graph of an equation to be provided by the student, you need a special to parse the student's equation and then plot the results.

Conclusions

The emphasis on technical issues in this article should not be taken to mean that nontechnical issues are unimportant. Education will continue to be for the foreseeable future an activity in which machines can have only a very limited role, and nontechnical issues are the order of the day. Nevertheless, I would like to think that technology, if intelligently used, can make the ideal of equal educational opportunity a little bit more reachable by making richer educational experiences accessible to a larger number of students. Videodisc technology has the potential of contributing to that goal.B

References

1. Ball, S. and Bogatz, G. The First Year of Sesame Street: An Evaluation. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service, 1971.

2. Anastasio, E. J. "The Study ot Factors Inhibiting the Use of Computers in Instruction." EDUCOM—Bulletin of the Interuniversity Communications Council, Spring 1972, 1(1).

3. Foley, J. D. and Van Dam, A. Fundamentals of Interactive Computer Graphics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1982.

4. Grubb, R. E. A Design Language for Computer-Assisted Instruction. Published by Albert E. Hickey Associates, 42 Pleasant St., Newburyport, MA 01950.

104 Juiw 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Interactive Training in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Computer and videodisc technologies combine to provide instruction in lifesaving techniques.

David Hon, Director

Advanced Technology Development

American Heart Association

National Center

7320 Greenvine Ave.

Dallas, TX 75231

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), when properly performed, is a technique that can save thousands of lives. Existing programs have successfully trained many individuals in the practice, but such programs have been limited by the number of qualified instructors available. If an effective, low-cost alternative to live instruction could be found to expand the programs, many more lives could be saved. The advanced state of videodisc technology suggested that a training system might be developed by interfacing a videodisc machine with a personal computer.

Despite recent progress in making computer systems and software easier to use, many people remain computer-shy. Any computer that is less than "ultrafriendly"—totally accommodating and transparent (in the sense of allowing someone to benefit from the system without having to learn how to operate it)—will frighten such people away. A systems designer can't expect them to voluntarily approach a computer's keyboard to find out how easy the computer is to use. Even an occasional pressing of the Return key is too much to ask.

The design of a transparent com

puter system is difficult, however, and the more complex the functions that the system must perform, the harder it is to keep the interface with the user simple and accommodating. Before attempting to create an ultrafriendly system it is wise to ask whether the project is really important enough to merit the effort involved.

In the case of the American Heart Association's program to teach CPR techniques, many thousands of lives are at stake. Some 500,000 victims each year die before emergency care arrives: children jolted nearly to death by contact with high-voltage wires, businessmen collapsed on the street, football players whose hearts have stopped after vicious tackles, fathers stricken while shoveling snow, and many other ordinary people felled in ordinary surroundings.

The mechanism of death from a heart attack is well known. Heart failure cuts off the flow of oxygenated blood to the brain. Brain cells begin to die from lack of oxygen. The medical world agrees that a high proportion of heart-attack victims might be saved if life could somehow be sustained for even a few minutes until emergency care arrives.

A Plateau in Lifesaving

But it seemed as if we had reached a plateau in the number of people to whom we could teach the lifesaving techniques of CPR. It seemed as if the number of instructors at any one time remained almost constant. Each year the number of newly trained instructors would continually be offset by the number of previous instructors who let their skills slip away. The plateau was at the level of about 12 million trained rescuers. That made the odds facing a stricken American about 18 to 1 against having a competent CPR rescuer present to sustain life during those grim minutes before the arrival of emergency care. Improving the survival odds even one or two percentage points could save tens of thousands of lives.

Human and organizational limits established the plateau in the number of trained rescuers. Expanding the training program through volunteers or paid instructors would always multiply logistics and personnel problems, strain finances, and increase the difficulty of standardizing live instruction.

On the other hand, conventional training media had failed to do much more than present information.

108 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

For PDP-11 RSX, RSTS/E, RT-11, and TSX-Plus users

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We can save you time because Pascal-2 has excellent error reporting and recovery, because our interactive, source-level debugger helps detect deep-rooted logical errors, and because our package includes a number of other programmer-oriented utilities.

We can save you time because the structured methods of Pascal encourage problem solving the first time round. Team members can understand one another's code, thus improving communication and protecting you against the disruptive effects of staff changes.

We can save you time, and money, because you can take your standard Pascal programs with you to a new computer. You may even find our Pascal-2 compiler running on that new machine. We're working on a VERSAdos compiler and a stand-alone system for the MC68000. We're field-testing a crosscompiler from RSX to VERSAdos and a Pascal-2 for UNIX on the PDP-11. We're also developing a Pascal-2 for VAX/VMS (where our RSX product already runs in compatibility mode).

Call or write. We'll send benchmark details, a product description, and a distributor list. Pascal-2 manuals are also available.

Pascal-2. It's about time.

Digital Equipment Corporation trademarks: PDP, VAX, RSX, RSTS/E, RT-11; Motorola Inc. trademarks: MC68000, VERSAdos; Bell Labs, trademark: UNIX; S&H Computer Systems, Inc. trademark: TSX-Plus.

Oregon Software

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NAME:

AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION

CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION AND EMERGENCY CARDIAC CARE

PERFORMANCE TEST FOR ONE AND TWO RESCUER CPR

DATE:_

ELAPSED TIME

(seconds) Min. Max.

ACTIVITY

AND TIME

(seconds)

CRITICAL PERFORMANCE

PASS

FAIL

4

10

Establish unresponsiveness and call out for help. Allow 4-10 sec. if face down and turning is required.

Tap, gently shake shoulder and shout—"Are you OK?" Call out "Help!" Turn if necessary.

Adequate time.

7

15

Open Airway. Establish breathlessness. (Look, Listen, and Feel) (3-5 sec.)

Kneels properly. Head tilt with one hand on forehead and neck lift or chin lift with other hand.

Ear over mouth, observe chest.

10

20

Four ventilations. (3-5 sec.)

Ventilate properly 4 times and observe chest rise.

15

30

Establish pulselessness and simulate activation of the EMS System. (5-10 seconds)

Fingers palpate for carotid pulse on near side (other hand on forehead maintains head tilt) Know local EMS number.

Adequate time.

69

96

Four cycles of 15 compressions and 2 ventilations (54-66 sec.)

Proper body position.

Landmark check each time.

Position of hands.

Vertical compression /no bouncing.

Says mnemonic.

Proper rate and ratio.

Ventilates properly.

72

101

Check for return of pulse and spontaneous breathing (3-5 sec.)

Check pulse and breathing.

Figure 1: A reproduction of part of the American Heart Association 's performance test for cardiopulmonary resuscitation by a single rescuer. The CPR training system had to meet the performance standards shown.

When the subject being taught is a hands-on skill requiring the exercise of judgment, merely presenting information isn't good enough. As a result, slides, tapes, films, and printed matter could do no more than assist a live instructor.

Finding a Technological Solution

Could a computer-based, instructorless system succeed where human teachers and conventional aids had failed? The human instructor begins by giving basic instructions to the student, who then experiments with a training manikin. The process is oneon-one coaching through repeated drills. The live instructor gives the student constant attention, commentary, and evaluation as the student

works on the manikin. Often the student needs to receive instructions while keeping his or her eyes fixed on the manikin.

To replace the human instructor, then, a computer-based system had to meet a long list of general requirements. First, it should provide total, stand-alone interactivity with students. It should train people to meet the certification standards in the American Heart Association's Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiac Care Performance Test (see figure 1). It must meet or exceed the results of live instruction at every comparison and should provide high standardization and limited need for personnel and logistics. The system should teach basic concepts as well as hands-on

skills and be able to instruct the student at times without requiring the student to take his or her eyes off the manikin (in other words, coach the student aloud). The entire setup should cost the agencies that would be the end users something under $15,000. And finally, it should be accommodating, responsive, and as easy for the average person to operate as an arcade game.

These last two requirements were essential to achieving the kind of broad outreach in CPR training that the American Heart Association wanted to encourage. The rough figure of under $15,000 as the retail price of all hardware and software would make the system affordable for those institutions that wanted to expand CPR programs but could not

110 Jun« 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Photo 1: The complete CPR training system. The Sony LDP-1000 videodisc, normally out of sight, appears in the foreground. Author David Hon is trying to revive the electronic manikin. The video screen at left shows the doctor, who is coaching Hon from the videodisc. The computer video screen at right, which the doctor refers to as "Compy," is showing a graphic analysis of chest compressions as Hon performs them. The Apple II computer, which manages the system, is concealed behind the drapes below the video screen at right. (Photo by Jim Sheldon.)

justify the personnel or logistical costs of hiring more instructors.

We felt that the requirements of transparency and simplicity were as important as any of the others. We didn't believe that an instructional system that required students to develop skill in using a computer could succeed. We had learned something from games like Space Invaders: if you design a computer-based system in such a way that people know the difference between winning and losing, virtually anyone will jump in and try to win. Saving a life is a big victory and a big incentive. We were sure that if we could build a system that was easy to use and engaging, trainees would use it and learn from it willingly.

We also knew that the project wouldn't be easy. But the prospect of training thousands of people and saving thousands of lives justified the

effort required. In that context, we didn't have the luxury of that technical snobbery that says, 'There's no sense wasting time on people who can't learn to use our computers."

In short, we needed a combination of hardware, software, and online data that would answer questions on request, instantaneously gather information about each student's hands-on performance, respond to each action with appropriate spoken instructions or video demonstrations, gather data on the student's next attempt, respond with appropriate instructions or demonstrations, and so on, until the student performed up to standards—without needing to know anything about how to use a computer. We needed, a more-thanfriendly "total coaching loop" for under $15,000.

We seem to have achieved our goals. Photo 1 shows the finished system in use. But there's much more to the story than any photograph can show. I hope that the following description of the development of the CPR training system will encourage others to undertake similar projects with videodisc technology.

Working Toward a Design

Reflection on our general requirements soon led us to a list of more specific requirements with clear implications for hardware and software design.

Meeting the performance standards for certification of millions of ordinary people who learn in different ways would take a large, comprehensive set of visual segments, both still and moving. We rejected the use of video tape because of its slow response time and its lack of first-rate freeze-frame capabilities. Videodisc technology seemed the only possibility for storage and rapid retrieval of the number of segments required.

We had to be able to retrieve instantly from storage the right video segments for each action of each student during training. This required, besides storage on videodisc, evaluation and management by computer. The computer would have to assess students' efforts, draw appropriate coaching from storage, reassess ef

forts and supply appropriate coaching again and again, and provide a final evaluation of each student's performance. To achieve the necessary speed, we would have to do extensive machine-language programming.

We also had to face the fact that making software for a video display automatically makes you a television producer, with all the associated privileges and responsibilities. As a former television script writer, I saw that one of the greatest challenges of this project was creating a script that embodied a system design and had a format that three unrelated groups could work with: medical experts, video producers, and computer programmers. (I'll say more on this later.)

We also needed a large set of audio segments. Some of these would talk along with videodisc freeze frames, explaining the material shown in the still illustrations. Consequently, the speed of audio access had to match the speed of retrieval from the videodisc. The videodisc can record sound and play it back, but you can only get voice off the disc when the disc is running (i. e., not during a still frame). Therefore, whenever the voice accompanies a still picture (appearing unchanged in successive video frames), you are wasting frames. You waste about 400 video frames for every 15 seconds of still picture.

Since we didn't want the user or anyone else to have to change videodiscs, we had to squeeze a great deal onto a single disc. Rather than waste videodisc space on sound to accompany freeze frames, we decided to use another audio device of some kind for that purpose. Investigation of voice synthesizers showed that they would prove too expensive for the end user and too artificial in tone to achieve the kind of friendliness that we wanted. The remaining choice was an audio recorder. But ordinary sequential-access audio recorders were out of the question. We needed a random-access audio recorder to match the speed of the random-access videodisc. Unfortunately, there was no such thing as a random-access audio recorder. We would have to create one.

112 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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To measure students' performance in the hands-on skills of CPR, we would have to install a number of different sensors in the training manikin. The sensors would be peripheral input devices to the microcomputer. The manikin would "feel" certain combinations of actions and feed resultant data into the microcomputer for instant evaluation, and the microcomputer would then call up one of the hundreds of branches available to coach the learner. Because no sensory peripherals existed that were appropriate for measuring student actions and sending data to the computer, the hardware would have to be designed in parallel with and after the software. Since the peripherals were yet to be designed, we needed a computer that permitted the flexibility of adding cards later to interface with the peripherals. We chose the Apple II because of its open structure.

The data supplied by the sensors would enable the system to talk along while the student was working on the manikin. With chest compression, for example, the system would say things like, "Find the notch on the sternum, or, "Do one compression. . . . I'll give a low tone when you're close and a high tone for exactly right." To coach the student to apply the right pressure, the on-screen instructor would say "a little more gently this time," or "too deep," or "keep trying till you get a high tone."

As for transparency and simplicity, although we didn't want trainees to see the computer or its keyboard, we felt that interaction with a video screen would be all right. The television has become such a fixture of contemporary life that the screen seems anything but menacing to most people. PeOple are accustomed to having control over television, and as the name "boob tube" makes plain, the television seldom displays anything resembling enough intelligence to pose a threat.

We decided to let trainees interact with the computer by using a light pen on the computer video screen. The light pen alone would enable trainees to learn the basic vocabulary

114 Junt 1982 © BYTE Publications Ire

Circle 423 on inquiry card.

IS THIS LEVEL OF RELIABILITY REALLY NECESSARY?

ACCUTRACK

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If you've ever lost data due to a faulty disk, you know how important reliability can be.

That's why Accutrack disks are critically certified at 2-3 times the error threshold of your system. Why they're precision fabricated for higher signal quality, longer life and less head wear. And why we take such extra steps as testing singledensity mini disks at double-density levels. So you don't have to worry about the reliability of your media.

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and concepts of CPR. We would have to provide a way for the video screen to perform some of the functions normally handled by a keyboard.

The Prototype

Now all we had to do was find the right videodisc, produce thousands of video images, develop a randomaccess audio recorder, record numerous audio segments, write software to permit hundreds of different instructional branches of both sound and images in such a way as to reflect

medical expertise in each simple response to every move by the student, and then arrange for the microcomputer to read the sensors in the manikin and the light pen on the video screen, control the audio recorder and the videodisc player, and integrate all this in a single highspeed system. As we sat down to design the prototype, we knew that it wouldn't be easy.

To make the building of the initial prototype more manageable, we decided to limit its instructional range

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to a single hands-on skill. CPR involves opening the victim's airway, ventilating the victim (giving mouthto-mouth resuscitation), and performing external chest compression. Because the prototype had to convince people of the system's value, we wanted to teach the most difficult of these skills. This is external chest compression, which requires controlling three different parameters: placement of the hands, depth of action, and rhythm. We felt that if we could demonstrate that the system could successfully coach external chest compression, we could do everything else. We would consider the prototype a success if it coached 95 percent of its students to a high level of performance.

Rather than give separate and sometimes overlapping accounts of the development of the prototype and the later development of a full, multifunctional system, I will just say here that the prototype was successful enough to make people see the real possibilities of the videodisc-based system. The first demonstration of the prototype was in November 1980 to 65 physicians in a back room of the Miami Convention Hall where the American Heart Association was holding its Annual Assembly. Those in attendance showed enthusiasm for the project, provided we could manage to teach all the CPR skills.

The American Heart Association's Emergency Cardiac Care Subcommittee saw the potential in the system; however, it said that to be really effective as a training tool, the manikin would have to respond not only to compressions and ventilations but also to a whole range of techniques that are simple for a teacher to evaluate but had never before been simulated or evaluated by a computer.

Meeting this challenge would demand real sophistication. The flow of CPR requires first shaking the victim to see if he or she can be awakened, calling out for help, rolling the victim on his or her back if necessary, then getting the victim's airway open, and then looking, listening, and feeling for spontaneous breathing. The manikin would have to be able to tell

116 Jurat 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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. . '■: ■ ■■..'■/////./.

TECHrUOLQE1? IMC.

H MICROBYTE COMP

SENSORS IN THE MANIKINS

ADULT MANIKIN

AIRWAY OPEN SENSOR- BREAKS CONTACT WHEN AIRWAY OPEN.

LANDMARK PRESSURE SENSOR- AT NOTCH IN LOWER STERNUM.

AIRWAY OPEN SENSOR-W\TH SECOND SWITCH FOR HYPERTENSION.

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Figure 2: The placement and types of sensors

whether the student was doing all these things. This offered more challenges in the use of sensors and in writing complex software than I had planned. But the members of the Emergency Cardiac Care Committee, especially Drs. William Montgomery and William F. Kaye, set the goals. As a result of their demands and their efforts in reviewing my drafts of scripts for the videodisc, the full system is much better and more comprehensive than it would otherwise have been.

Now let's take a look at what was required to develop the full system.

Help with Equipment

Finding the right video equipment for the project was difficult. No video-tape recorder could achieve the nearly instantaneous response to a student's actions, as measured by sensors in the manikin, that was essential to the success of the coaching loop. Video-tape recorders also lack the

PROXIMITY SENSOR

LIGHT-SENSITIVE DIODE

FOR MONITORING DURATION OF PROXIMITY

CAN ESTABLISH FEELING FOR BREATH.

VOICE FREQUENCY SENSOR SIMPLE BINARY TWO-LEVEL SENSOR (OFF-ON) MORE BASIC THAN TELEPHONE RECEIVER WILL MONITOR FACT OF SHOUTING, CALLING FOR HELP AT PROPER TIME.

CAROTID PULSE PALPATION SENSOR

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BINARY ION-OFF) PRESSURE SENSOR REGISTERS AIR PRESSURE OF ATTEMPTED VENTILATION IN OBSTRUCTED AIRWAY.

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MERCURY SWITCH

REGISTERS SIDE TILT AND BACK BLOWS.

MERCURY SWITCH

SUPINE REGISTERS SHAKING AND

ABDOMINAL THRUSTS.

PROXIMITY SENSOR AS ABOVE.

BINARY ION-OFF) PRESSURE SENSOR

AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION DEVICE

BRACHIAL PULSE PALPATION SENSOR

MERCURY SWITCH (SINGLE)

FOR SHAKING, BACK BLOWS, AND

ABDOMINAL THRUSTS.

the adult and infant training manikins.

ability to provide freeze frames of high quality. Even a home optical videodisc player would have required several seconds to react to the student's actions.

We approached a number of companies about videodiscs with greater capabilities. Few would talk to us. Only Sony was willing to cooperate in the project. Sony offered both technical and financial support. Ted Sato, Sony's chief videodisc engineer in the United States, and Dan Harris, manager of new-product development for Sony Video Products, were invaluable in supplying videodisc players, videodisc pressing, video monitors, and assistance in putting the first two sensors in the manikin. Even more important, Sato and Harris provided the kind of psychological support that difficult, innovative projects need even more than money and equipment.

The Sony videodisc player, an industrial model LDP-1000, has its

own built-in microprocessor for very fast access to video frames. The LDP-1000 and a videodisc are visible in photo 1. The LDP-1000 is a laser optical videodisc whose advanced features can give the student almost instant feedback. The machine also has a connector and a switch on the back to shift control to an external processor.

Laerdal Medical Corporation also generously helped the project by supplying some of its Resusci-Annie teaching manikins.

Because work on the entire system had to proceed in parallel, the people responsible for giving computer life to the manikins—Jerry Poplin and Bob Soltysik—developed a box to simulate the manikin to the computer and a box to simulate the computer to the manikin.

Figure 2 shows how complex the manikins, both adult and infant, became after the Emergency Cardiac Care Committee broadened our goals. Photo 2 provides a peek inside the infant manikin. Poplin and Soltysik spent late nights performing difficult surgery to equip the manikins as needed. Some of the sensors came from burglar-alarm catalogs, and others, like the airway that blocks on computer command, were sheer invention.

The Script

As noted earlier, I thought that the single greatest challenge in this project was creating a script that could serve the needs of medical experts, video producers, and computer programmers. This unusual script wasn't really a flow chart, although we did sometimes have to make flow charts and then convert them to scripting. The script wasn't a storyboard, but it did have to do the work of one. The script wasn't a simple rendering of content either.

It took five drafts, each in excess of 100 pages, to achieve a workable script. Drs. Montgomery and Kaye contributed greatly by reviewing each of these drafts.

Part of the challenge of writing the script was in developing a sense of what various interactions would look and feel like while the videodisc was

118 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

MULTIPLE CHOICE FOR MULTIPLE USERS.

CompuPro, the company that pioneered 8/16 bit dual processing for microcomputers, has now created the 8/16 bit multi-user operating system for the 80s.

MP/M® 8-16, CompuPro's proprietary edition of Digital Research's MP/M 86 V2.0, unleashes the power of dual processing for unprecedented multi-user performance. Let different users run different software packages at different stations—even mix 8 bit (CP/M 2.2) and 16 bit (MP/M 86) software in the same system, with 62K of available RAM per station. As a bonus, all 8 bit programs run under a true 16 bit operating system for maximum speed and efficiency.

Suddenly, other operating systems seem outdated: MP/M 8-16 offers the best of the 8 and 16 bit worlds in high performance multi-user environments.

MP/M 8-16 lists for $1000. System requirements Include CompuPro dual processor (CPU 8085/88) based system with appropriate Interfacing, memory, and disk capabilities, as well as the System Support 1 and MPX1 boards.

Interf acer 4

Now it only takes one board to handle three of the most needed interface functions: Interfacer 4 Includes three RS-232C serial ports (two of which may be run in either synchronous or asynchronous mode), one full duplex parallel port with attention and strobe, and one pin compatible Centronics/Epson parallel printer port. $350, $450 CSC.

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Disk 2

CSC boards are qualified under the Certified System Component high-reliability program (200 hour burn-in, direct exchange program). CP/M and MP/M are trademarks of Digital Research; OASIS Is a trademark of Phase 1. MP/M 8-16 Is used under license from Digital Research.

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Photo 2: A peek inside the infant training manikin. Trainees never see the complex of sensors exposed here. (Photo by ferry Poplin.)

being produced, three to six months before much of the programming would begin. It is much to the credit of Jane Sallis and Associates in Dallas, the producer of the videodisc,

assistant, that the final shooting script resulted in a full and effective use of the random-access videodisc and audio-tape systems. The text box below shows a small excerpt from the

and Gay Hampton, the production script.

Software

We were fortunate to have two excellent programmers working on the CPR project: Bob Sander-Cederlof and Mike Laumer. Bob is the president of S/C Software and author of S/C Assembler II and S/C Macro, bestselling assemblers for the Apple. Mike has written Flashl, what I understand is one of the best compilers for the Apple. Together they produced some 900 pages of assembly-language programming and a couple of Applesoft BASIC routines.

It was the software that brought the 700 video branches to life. (On this, Mike had some assistance from Bobby Deen, an Apple club member who was still a high school student.) To say the least, the programming task was demanding. The easy part was the 150 pages of text for quizzes and answers. The programmers had to make the videodisc operate in response to light-pen choices with "any time" interrupts. There were also interrupts for the 20 analog and digital systems in the manikin.

Text continued on page 130

The Script for the Interactive Training System

TV Monitor Computer Monitor Script

3>RfcLOltOO TO

BlAMK

COMPY (SO) V/O: All right. . . . In the position your friend is lying in, the muscles of the jaw relax and the base of the tongue falls back blocking the airway, which makes it difficult, if not impossible, for air to get through to his lungs . . . Let me show you what I mean. . . .

(Video screen goes to next illustration, computer screen is blank)

COMPY (SO) V/O: See how the flow of the air to the lungs is being blocked?

. (Video screen goes to next illustration, computer screen is blank)

XULU STRATicW

8E/VT

(rArYrcH ia>itHPREVIOUS 1 LLUS-rRWW)

BlaMK.

120 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

.0(H Second From Wollstreet

Now, o terminal in western Kansas is no more than a microsecond from the data of Wall Street or the Commodities Exchange.

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What would you call a system like this?

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(B1

What Crosstalk can do for you depends mostly on what you need done. It acts as a "smart terminal," automatically dialing any dial-up system. It allows you total modem control, changing modem speed, data word format and duplex instantly. It captures on-line data for analysis off-line, saving time and money. It transfers any type of file with complete error checking.

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DEALER INQUIRES WELCOME

CROSSTALK is o trademark of MicrostLrf.lnc.

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research Inc.

Circle 314 on inquiry card.

TV Monitor

Computer Monitor

XU-U^TRPlTIOlV

cuncL ZTRM&t*T

XLLUSrTfcfTriOK/

AMD

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RESCUER V»iCT)fV\

ToitcH- THIS

Script

COMPY (SO) V/O: So what you'll need to do is open that airway by tilting his head back. . . . This pulls the base of the tongue away from the back of the throat and opens the airway . . . We'll show you two ways to do that, and then we'll want you to try them on the manikin. . . .

(Video screen goes to next illustration, computer screen goes to "Touch this spot. . . ."display)

COMPY (SO) V/O: You can perform CPR on either side of a victim, but for teaching purposes, we'll always have the rescuer on the left side of the manikin. Now kneel down like this beside the manikin and make sure you can see the screen. We'll wait, and when you're ready to begin, touch the computer screen with the light pen. . . .

(When the computer screen is touched, video screen goes to illustration and computer screen is blank. If no response is monitored within 20 seconds, program reroutes to HAVE YOU TRIED THAT YET? BRANCH — Generic/Compy with video screen holding image of student in front of screens)

COMPY (SO) V/O: Good. . . . Okay, now, the first method for opening the airway is the head-tilt/chin-lift. Notice that one hand is tilting the head back by pressing on the victim's forehead, while the other hand, using three fingers, lifts up on the nearest side of the chin. The lower lip may also need to be held open with the thumb.

(Video screen goes to matched slide, computer screen is blank)

COMPY (SO) V/O: Here's how that would look in real life. . . . Now we'd like you to try opening the airway on the manikin using this head-tilt/chin-lift method. When you perform on the manikin, you won't need to touch the computer screen to let us know when you've begun, because we'll be able to sense this from the manikin. So go ahead and try it now. . . .

(Computer program monitors airway sensor in manikin. If airway is not open within 20 seconds, program routes to HAVE YOU TRIED THAT YET? BRANCH - Customized/Compy. If the airway is open within 20 seconds, the program proceeds to the SUCCESSFUL BRANCH)

HAVE YOU TRIED THAT YET? BRANCH - Customized/ Compy

(Video screen holds image and computer screen goes to yes/no display)

122 Junt 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Of course Percom diskette drives for the IBM Personal Computer fit right in. They fit right outside your Personal Computer, too. And they're fully compatible, providing the same full double-density storage capacity.

But just as important, Percom diskette drives also fit the same high standards set by IBM.

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Percom disk drives for the IBM Personal Computer are available in 40-track single- and dual-head models, and 80track single-head models. Call or visit your independent IBM Personal Computer dealer — and fit right in with Percom. For the names of dealers carrying Percom products for your Personal Computer call toll-free 1-800-527-1222.

PRICES AND SPECIFICATIONS SU3JECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE.

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PERCOM DATA COMPANY, IIMC.

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IBM and IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER are trademarks of International Business

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PERCOM is a trademark of Percom Data Company. Inc.

Minimum system requirements are an IBM System Unit with 16 Kbytes of RAM and 5Vi" Diskette Drive Adapter. Drive models supported depend on DOS used. An optional cable available from Percom is required for external (add-on) drives.

Yes ... Id like to know more about Percom diskette drives for my IBM Personal Computer. Rush me free literature. Send lo PERCOM DATA COMPANY, Inc.. Dopl 2-B01 11220 Pagemill Road, Dallas. Texas 75243

name

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zip phone number intend lo add a hard-disk system to my computer' MAIL TODAY!

yes!

TV Monitor

Computer Monitor

Script

CorvhnuexL

CorvrmueeL

Cor\4i'nued.

XLLUSTRWION/

eU^RA-TE

v£ycelleivH

CSKtAE M> EASIER, KafltA-+iH-/

Ohirv- li-H-)

We LftFTHiS Tf4? V^tCT/'A IS

&Lf\^K

COMPY (SO) V/O: Did you try it? If you did, answer yes on my screen. If you didn't, answer no.

(Depending upon response, program advances to NO BRANCH or YES BRANCH)

(NO BRANCH)

(Video screen holds image of head-tilt/chin-lift, computer screen goes blank)

COMPY (SO) V/O: Well, don't be bashful. Please go ahead and try opening the airway. This unconscious victim needs air to breath.

(Program continues to return to this response if no action is indicated)

(YES BRANCH)

(Video screen holds image of head-tilt/chin-lift, computer screen goes blank)

COMPY (SO) V/O: Well maybe you need to tilt the head back more, and lift up on the chin a little more forcefully. Please don't be hesitant—we want the airway wide open so that this person can breathe. . . . Once you've got it right, we'll proceed—Now, go ahead and try it again.

Program monitors performance and proceeds to appropriate branch. If two "Yes" answers entered in a row, program reroutes to LACK OF SUCCESS BRANCH—Generic/Compy. When airway opens, program proceeds to SUCCESSFUL BRANCH)

(SUCCESSFUL BRANCH)

(Video screen holds image, but adds TV key, computer screen goes blank)

COMPY (SO) V/O: Excellent . . . And if the victim has dentures, this is the method to use to hold them into place. If rescue breathing is needed, the airtight seal is easier to perform when dentures are in place. But, if dentures cannot be managed in place, remove them.

(Video screen goes to illustration, computer screen is blank)

Listing 1 shows the programming that brought much of this excerpt to the video screens.

124 Juiw 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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For your own custom programs, Microsoft languages are available in BASIC (compiler and interpreter), FORTRAN and COBOL.

APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE - Expand the performance range of your computer with a broad selection of software, including the best of Digital Research and Micropro - as well as the complete line of Softstuff™ products.

OPERATING SYSTEMS - Three versatile systems give you the capability to perform your specific tasks. CPIM by Digital Research makes your system compatible with thousands of popular CP/M programs. UCSD P-System with Pascal is a complete program development and execution environment. HDOS, Heath Disk Operating System gives you a sophisticated flexible environment for program construction, storage, and editing.

DISK SYSTEMS - The new Heath/

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for commercial use, adds nearly

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SERVICE AND SUPPORT- Prompt and professional service and assistance is available nationally through Heathkit Electronics Centers, Zenith Data Systems for commercial users or through Heath factory servicing and phone-in technical assistance.

Complete, integrated computer hardware and software, designed to serve and grow with you - that's what to look for in a strong partner. And with Heath/Zenith you get it all.

Heath/Zenith computer products are sold nationwide through Heathkit Electronic Centers* (check your white pages for locations). For a FREE catalog and mail order service, write: Heath Co., Dept. 334-904, Benton Harbor, Ml 49022.

HEATH/ZENITH

Your strong partner

Product specifications are subject to change without notice.

'Heathkit Electronic Centers are operated by Veritechnology Electronics

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Circle 210 on Inquiry card.

Save $2500°°

Are you faced with having to spend $3000 and up for a letter-quality printer?

Mediamix offers an alternative.

0

For only $500 the Mediamix ETI lets you connect the IBM Electronic Typewriter Models 50,60, or 75 to any computer. Why invest in two separate machines? Your office typewriter can do both jobs, yielding better type quality, a consistent corporate image and renowned^ IBM service.

The ETI" is

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Write or Call

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The Interpretive Language Used to Program the CPR System

Mike Laumer

Laumer Research

1832 School Rd.

Carrollton, TX 75006

The interpretive language developed for the CPR course contains over 80 different operations that make possible the programming of the various hardware elements of the system (light pen, Apple video display, videodisc, audio tape, and manikins). The language is similar to assembly language, with the familiar opcode-argument structure known to assembly-language programmers. About half of the instructions provide the computational and logic abilities of a 16-bit processor, while the other half is dedicated to the special hardware elements of the system.

A powerful sublanguage exists for displaying text and low- and high-resolution graphics on the Apple video screen and for building tables for the light pen commands to work from. The tables for the pen command contain the number of entries in the table and each entry contains the x, y, start and stop coordinates for an active region and an invert region. When the pen command executes any detection of the light pen in an active region of a menu, selection will cause the text in the invert region to be highlighted (black text on a white background) to indicate the current selection, and when the pen moves on to another field the previous field is changed back to normal and the new field is highlighted. Touching the ring on the pen to make a menu selection will return a number indicating the table index that was highlighted last, and a tone sounds on the Apple speaker as audio feedback.

Listing 1 shows a sample course segment coded in the interpretive language, with comments on the operation to the side. The related segment of the script is included in the text box on page 120.

Listing 1: A program segment written in the interpreter especially developed for the CPR project. The interpreter resembles assembly language in its use of op-codes and arguments.

SHOW

CHAN

PLAYA

23157

#3

5740,5930

MENU

A

CHK

*

TIMEOUT

30.ERR

*

WAITAIRWAY

JUMP

GOOD

ERR

LIST

B.PENTABLE

PLAYA

5940,6090

;show a still frame on the video disk.

;select channel number 3 on audio tape unit. ;play a segment oi audio from cassette player but do not wait for completion in case student catches on to the instructions and tries the airway opening before the voice on the tape interrupts from the tape. Will shut it off at the proper tape address position.

;show a menu to student on the Apple video screen. JUMP to ERR if 30 second limit expires and airway still not opened.

;wait for student to open the manikin airway. ;branch to good performance if airway opened. ;show a menu for student. ;"have you tried that yet?"

126 /unt 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Move Up to Tarbell

The Serious Business Machine

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The software includes: CP/M™ 2.2 disk operating system, Tarbell Disk BASIC, Tarbell Database System, and all manuals and documentation.

Tarbell also offers the MP/M™ Multi-User Operating System and 4 additional RS-232 serial ports.

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CP/M and MP/M are trademarks of Digital Research Circle 439 on Inquiry card.

Scratchpad...

THE ULTIMATE SPREADSHEET

Financial Planning

SCT^Hr Stats-graph

A statistical display package

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The problem with other spreadsheets is that you are only allowed relatively few entries. Scratchpad with virtual memory (an advanced memory management technioue) allows essentially unlimited number of entries by letting your disk drive act as secondary memory when you run out of RAM.

-A B C D E- -

""Hardware Inventory for 1982"**

Cost/ Total Item Quantity Unit Cost

1000 $0.05 $50.00

25 $10.50 $262.50

100 $8.75 $875.00

2876 $112 $3221.12

Total:

$4408.62

Scratchpad includes all the most useful features found in other popularly available spreadsheets, but has added these state-of-the-art innovations:

■ Virtually unlimited number of entries.

■ Unlimited screen splitting.

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■ The "IF/THEN" function.

Scratchpad does more than all the others, better than all the others.

Scratchpad 2.0: Manual Only:

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Scratchpad and Stats-graph available for virtually all CP/M, compatible systems.

Circle 430 on Inquiry card.

Stats-graph

Now...Interactive Graphing and Statistics

Scratchpad

Stats-graph

Designed for data interchange... Data entered under Scratchpad can be used to create graphs under Stats-graph. Stats-graph also stands alone.

No graphics hardware is required.

Stats-graph creates graphs using the ASCII character set (or graphics characters if available). It creates bar graphs, pie graphs, and scatter graphs. Stats-graph also performs various statistical analyses, including regression analysis, standard deviation, etc. Example pie graph:

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ooooooo.

Smith

' 42.0%

= other

25.0%

Data for Stats-graph may be entered interactively or converted from a spreadsheet (such as Scratchpad). The output from Stats-graph can be integrated into any document. This makes Statsgraph great for preparing reports.

Stats-graph: $200.00

Manual Only: $ 15.00

Available from fine dealers everywhere, or directly from SuperSoft.

Japanese Distribution: ASR Corporation International, 3-23-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 105, Japan, Tel. (03)-437-5371. Telex. 0242-2723.

CP/M is a registered trademark ot Digital Research.

•

1

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Circle 242 on Inquiry card.

a Screen Oriented Relational Database, designed to put \bu in control of a powerful information management system: quickly .easily, and at a price you can live with.

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Clear Documentation

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'CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research,Inc.

130 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing continued from page 126

PEN PENTABLE,SELECTCODE ;wait for student selection.

GOTO SELECTCODE,YES,NO

YES PLAYA 5940,6090

;"well, will you please try

it . . ."

;go monitor performance

JUMP CHK

again.

NO PLAYA 6100,6180

;"Well, don't be

bashful ..."

JUMP CHK

;monitor performance again.

GOOD ...

.■continue with course.

SELECTCODE .BS 1

; reserve 1 byte for pen

*

code.

MENU DATA SELECTION

MENU FOR STUDENT INSTRUCTION

*

A BEGINMENU

;start menu A.

HOME

;clear the screen.

VTAB 10

;goto line 10.

HTAB 1

;goto column 1.

TEXT "PLEASE OPEN THE AIRWAY ON THE MANIKIN"

VTAB 12

;goto line 12.

HTAB 1

;goto column 1.

TEXT "WE'LL CONTINUE WHEN YOU OPEN IT."

ENDMENU

*

;end of menu A.

MENU FOR HAVE YOU TRIED THAT YET?

*

B BEGINMENU

;start menu B.

HOME

;clear the screen.

VTAB 10

;goto line 10.

HTAB 5

;goto column 5.

TEXT "HAVE YOU TRIED THAT YET?"

VTAB 12

;goto line 12.

HTAB 15

;goto line 15.

BEGINFIELD

;start a light pen selection

field.

TEXT "YES"

;text for pen selection.

ENDFIELD

;end a light pen field.

VTAB 14

;goto line 14.

HTAB 15

;goto column 15.

BEGINFIELD

;start second light pen field.

TEXT "NO"

text for pen selection.

ENDFIELD

;end of second light pen

selection.

ENDMENU

;end of menu.

Text continued from page 120:

they posed difficulties. Based on per

By far the most difficult parts of the

formance, the software has to display

software were the algorithms that

high-resolution graphics and comple

governed the evaluation of hands-on

ment these with video demonstra

performance by the student. The

tions and explanations of how to im

problem was to read the input array

prove performance. Figure 3 is a flow

reflecting the student's performance

chart of the part of the program that

and (1) judge whether the perfor

teaches external chest compression.

mance took too little or too much

In the text box on page 126, Mike

time and (2) determine whether each

Laumer gives some insights into how

part of the performance occurred in

the programming was done. Listing 1

the proper sequence. One or the other

is a sample of some code that Mike

of these two parameters alone would

wrote in the interpretive language

have been easier to manage. Together

developed for the CPR project.

Software In Depth

The first time you use our software you'll find it does wonderful things. The more you use it, the more you'll find how useful it is. We have programs for doctors, CPA's, attorneys, retail store managers, contractors, estimators, print shops, schools, and manufacturers. We even have a program for programmers. And the list is growing. We have programs for the Apple™, NEC'M, and Atari 800'M computers, and this list is growing, too. To see our software, please visit The Xerox Store or another fine computer dealership in your area. Call or write us for a free catalog. High Technology Software Products, Inc., 2201 N.E. 63rd Street, P.O. Box B-14665,

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Apple is a trademark of Apple Cnmpi Atari is a trademark of Atari, Inc NEC is a trademark of Nippon Electr iompany, Ltd

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AO D2 C5 D3 D4 CF D2 C5 AO C4 C5 CC C5 D4 C5 C4 AO C6 C9 CC C5 D3 AO AO AO AO C5 D8 CI CD C9 CE C5 AO CI CE C4 AF CF D2 AO DO CI D4 C3 C8 AO CI CE D9 AO C4 C9 D3 CB AO D3 C5 C3 D4 CF D2 AO AO AO AO C4 C9 D3 CB AO D3 D4 CI D4 D5 D3 AO

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AO AO AO CI AO D3 CF C6 D4 D7 CI D2 C5 AO D4 CF CF CC AO

FROM PREVIOUS INSTRUCTION

COMPUTER REQUESTS HAND PLACEMENT

r

YES

YES

COMPUTER GIVES

DIRECTORY

DISTANCE

SHOW VIDEO BRANCH

COMPUTER REQUESTS ONE COMPRESSION

REQUEST LIVE ASSIST

COMPUTER GIVES FEEDBACK: "TOO WEAK" OR "TOO HARD"

COMPUTER REQUESTS 15 COMPRESSIONS

VIDEO SHOWS POSSIBLE ERRORS

OFFER

METRONOMIC

RHYTHM

f CONTINUE J

SHOW

POSSIBLE

ERRORS

Figure 3: An early flow chart of the part of the CPR program that teaches external chest compression.

A0A0C2D9A0CAC5D2D2D9A0D4C9C6C6D4A0A0

132 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

The Light Pen

There is a big difference between using a light pen to simplify a few types of input and using a light pen as the only input under user control. In our system, the light pen had to do

almost everything that a keyboard can but without the keyboard's complexity.

We organized the use of the light pen around a menu of nine choices. The student would choose one of the

vatson, Fin-really glad you made it," said the office manager who had enlisted the services of my friend. "Last night, a big chunk of data disappeared from our computer system. My boss wants to know who was responsible...and fast!"

Holmes began to investigate.

"You would be wise to exonerate all of those in your employ," he concluded just moments later. "No one here is a fiendish database killer. Last night's lightning storm was the villain. It caused a momentary loss of power that destroyed immense portions of your database."

"How can we prevent this in the future?" asked the company president.

"By investing in a Ze/is2™multi-processor system from OSM," said Holmes. "Ze/ts2 has an integral power supply that will protect your data from momentary power glitches."

"Will it also protect our data from total power failures?" asked the office manager.

"Quite so," answered Holmes. "The uninterruptible power supply allows you to continue operating for up to twenty minutes when power dies, so your workers have ample time to save their critical documents."

"But how do we know Ze/is2 will meet our special needs now and in the future?" asked the president.

"Ze/is2 is well suited to virtually all multiuser, multi-processing applications," declared Holmes. "It easily accommodates 32 users—locally or remotely. In addition, its proprietary CP/M™ compatible MUSE™ operating system simplifies programming and allows you to utilize thousands of existing programs."

"With all those features, Ze/is2 probably costs too much," snapped the vice president of finance.

"Quite untrue," replied Holmes. "In fact, Ztfi.%2 offers the best price-performance ratios in the industry—with a price-tag so low some deem it criminal."

"But how, dear man," I interjected, "did you deduce that a power glitch was to blame for last night's loss of data?"

"Elementary, my dear Watson," he said, puffing contentedly on his pipe. "Elementary."

The solution: The Zejus2 multi-processor system.

Visit us at NCC booth #4722.

For more information on the Ze/ts2 solution, call or write us today.

OSM COMPUTER CORPORATION 2364 Walsh Ave., Santa Clara, CA 95051 (408|496-6910 (800)538-5120 TWX: 910-338-2099

SOSM 1982 Zcus2 and MUSE are trademarks of OSM Corp CP'M is a trademark n( Difutal Research Inc. ' 16 users standard: 21 users on special order.

Circle 351 on inquiry card.

! KIIOII THIS

VOCABULARY

REUIE!! LAST 15 SECONDS

FRAME STEP

<<<< >>>>

twHtf 1F1 fi BREAK sIbIqb for

HHHJKIH ASSISTANCE

■JUIllMMIRfellUMimUKIflllW

Photo 3: The main menu of the CPR system. Students select an item by using a light pen. (Photo by Bob Lukeman.)

Photo 4: The CPR system's word template in use. The student is using a light pen to choose a letter. The letter will now appear on the line above the listing of the alphabet. (Photo by Bob Lukeman.)

Photo 5: A video frame explaining CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation). The student can get a more thorough explanation on request.

nine items by pointing the light pen at it and, when the block around the item lights up, touching the place between the light pen's two metal rings. The nine choices, as shown in photo 3, include searching a subject index, a vocabulary check, reviewing the last 15 seconds of instruction, stepping through frame by frame, practicing on the manikin, taking a break, resuming the program after a break, requesting a quiz on material that the student thinks he or she knows, and calling a live person for assistance.

Since it was vital to give students the sense of being in control, we wanted the menu to be available always. We decided that two monitors were necessary and would add to the system's capability. One would always be available to take input from the student and to display output from the computer. The other would constantly display information from the videodisc. At times, we discovered, the two monitors could work together as a highly sophisticated instructional tool. Furthermore, the cost of the second monitor was a small part of the cost of the whole CPR system.

If at any point in the instruction the student gets bored rehashing, say, the anatomy of the heart, the student can switch to "I know this—Quiz me," or to "I want to try the manikin." Such freedom keeps students interested.

To provide for alphabetic input from the students, we provided a "word template" system that provides a listing of the alphabet and allows the student to spell out a word by touching characters in the list. Photo 4 shows the template in use. The software here can handle most misspellings of the words intended. Rather than insisting on exact spellings, the software checks to see if key letters are present in the correct order. If the student is trying to spell "pulse," the software will understand so long as the student enters the letters "PLS" in that order, regardless of the letters that come before, after, or in between.

The light pen provides access to several different levels of explanation of the key vocabulary words. Each level may involve printed and spoken

134 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Plot

your next meeting

yourself.

Read how 2 pens can become your best presentation tools.

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Data, when visualized graphically, becomes information fast. Charts and bar graphs can make any presentation clearer and more readily understood. But asking your staff to produce the graphics manually for your next presentation doesn't ensure accuracy or artistic talent. And going to outside graphics suppliers can be costly. Combined with your personal computer, the new HP 7470A plotter does the communicating for you. Quickly. Logically. And with off-the-shelf software available from most HP dealers.

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Seeing is believing. Send me a sample plot, an overhead transparency, and more detailed information. Name Title

Company. Address _

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Send to: Hewlett-Packard, 16399 W. Bernardo Drive. San Diego, CA 92127-Attn: Nancy Carter

11203 BT-6

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6a

Photo 6: A student using a light pen to show judgment. In photos 6a and 6b the computer screen displays a list of techniques out of order and the student indicates the next one in the order, which, if correct, will appear above the dotted line. The computer then accesses the videodisc to present the appropriate next segment on the video screen while the list of techniques remains visible on the computer screen (6c). In photo 6d the student makes another selection.

explanations and labeled illustrations. The first definition provided is short and simple, letting the student quickly check the correctness of his or her understanding of the term. The student can always use the light pen to enter "M" for "More" to get a deeper level of explanation. Photo 5 shows a frame with a basic explanation of CPR.

Students also use the light pen during quizzes, as shown in photo 6. Providing different levels of explanation on demand helps to implement the "mosaic" concept of learning, as opposed to the traditional step-by-step, same-for-everyone, linear concept. The system meets the needs of each student. People who want more

thorough definitions can always get them. People who just want to learn enough to perform CPR need not go to such lengths.

One benefit of the mosaic approach is that a single nucleus program can satisfy several different levels of learning needs. This helps a great deal in amortizing development costs.

Random-Access Audio

In order to keep up with the videodisc, a random-access audio system would have to be fast indeed. I reasoned that 1/30 of a second would be fast enough on stereo audio tape, and that three usable channels could give us three times the speed of access. To build the random-access

sound machine, I commissioned Bob Howard and Dave Weiszbrod of BCD Electronics in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. They were the logical choices because they had already developed a successful frame-accurate video-tape interface card for the Apple II.

There was a certain irony in developing random-access audio at all. Audio technology had preceded video, but it was video technology that first achieved random access. Now we were going back to give the older audio technology one of the fruits of the newer video technology.

How It Worked Out

Pending final validation results, the system will be used to train from one

The Availability of the CPR Training System

People interested in obtaining the CPR videodisc training system described by David Hon should contact Interact Inc., 603 NE17 St., Oklahoma City, OK 73105, telephone (405) 521-9073. Interact's chairman is Dr. Daniel Cassidy, an emergency care physician with a strong interest in interactive video. Jack Roseman, former head of Online Systems, is Interact's president.

Interact has other videodisc-based

medical training systems under development. Another American Heart Association course, the Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) program will train physicians, paramedics, and nurses in what to do after CPR, including medical management of cardiac arrest cases in all eventualities.

In addition, Interact will release at the same time as the CPR system another videodisc that creates simulations of cardiac arrest cases. The disc will randomly generate particular

types of cardiac arrest, based on the real probabilities for the exact nature of the case and the condition of the patient. The system will then ask the trainee to decide on the correct therapy. The system provides feedback at every step, telling the student how to correct any mistakes, and continues the simulation until the case is managed successfully.

Interact will soon be opening new headquarters in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

136 /line 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 191 on Inquiry card.

AT-PAV/F^otr

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EXTENDED WARRANTY - We offer a 12 month parts and labor warranty extension at no cost to you.

IMMEDIATE DELIVERY - Immediately available in quantity. We offer sameday shipment if your order is received by noon (PST).

$30 FACTORY REBATE - Receive a $30 factory rebate if the warranty card is received by us on or before August 31,1982. See participating dealer, or call direct. Suggested Retail Price: $419.00.

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APPLE . APPLE II. DOS 3.2.1 and DOS 3.3 are registered trademarks of APPLE Computer, Inc.; Pascal is a trademark of UCSD; CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

Photo 7: The system in use. Photo 7a shows the author, in the role of a student, performing chest compressions on the manikin. In 7b the doctor, seen on the video screen, comments on the student's performance and explains the graphed evaluation shown on the computer screen. The student then goes on to perform a ventilation (7c) and "interacts" with an on-screen rescuer in simulated two-person CPR (7d).

to four people at a time in the techniques of CPR, with no assistance from a human instructor. If more than one person takes part at a time, the system evaluates each individually. The system also serves as an effective and rapid recertification tool for persons who have previously completed a course in CPR. If the system is used two hours a day, as many as 1700 persons who completed their previous courses six months ago may be recertified in one year.

The flexibility of mosaic courses makes it difficult to say how long the

7d

course should take to train any one novice, but the range seems to be from one to five hours, depending on prior medical knowledge, with three hours about average for completing the entire course. When the system is training four people at a time, the expected duration is about four hours; for a recertification after six months, about half an hour; for a recertification after one year, about an hour.

Our early tests show that we accomplished what we set out to do. The CPR student never sees an instructor or a keyboard but is taught

CPR skills and is certified more quickly and with higher standards than a live instructor can achieve. By the time this article appears, our final validation of these results should be complete.

One of the reasons for the system's success becomes apparent only to someone who watches the system in use. Reacting to data supplied by the sensors in the manikin, the system gives far more precise and immediate coaching about the student's position and the depth and rhythm of compression than any human instructor could provide (see photo 7). An individual human instructor can't get inside the manikin the way technology has. An individual human instructor can't always be ready with exactly the right word of guidance or the most apt graphic illustration. But the system is always ready.

The videodisc's large storage capacity and high-speed random-access capability made the system possible, but the technology only presented an opportunity. Human ingenuity had to seize that opportunity. Our success was in bringing together the talents of cooperating physicians, programmers, engineers, and video experts to exploit videodisc technology. It is as if videodisc technology and the computer distilled the expertise of all these people into one small, selfsufficient, and convenient package for optimal presentation to a wide range of individuals. From our results it should be apparent that videodisc technology presents a real opportunity for concentrating expertise and imparting skills in many other fields as well.H

Bibliography

1. Hessinger, Lynn. "Interactive Videodisc Teaching of CPR," Bio-Medical Communications, September 1981.

2. Hon, David. "The Videodisc, the Microcomputer and the Satellite," ASTD Journal, December 1980.

3. Hon, David. Series of seven articles for Videodisc News, February-August 1981.

4. Hon, David. "Interactive Video Column," Video User, July 1981-June 1982.

5. Hon, David. "Space Invaders, Videodiscs, and the 'Bench Connection,' " ASTD Journal, December 1981.

6. Apple Magazine, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1980.

138 Jure 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

X *

x M[

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Circle 43 on inquiry card.

For more contest details, call 800-5381862, in California 800-672-1850.

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Videodiscs and Optical Data Storage

We may soon be measuring mass storage in gigabytes.

Optical videodisc technology may be the next generation in mass storage of digital data. Though much of the effort to date involves large, expensive recording machines, some of the research is geared to the mass production of large databases that will be accessible by small-computer systems. In just a few years, your personal computer may be able to randomly access an entire encyclopedia, including text and photographs.

This article will review some methods of storing digital data optically on videodiscs. We will then look at some commercial products for office automation and mass data storage that are being developed using optical-storage techniques. Finally, we will assess the benefits this technology promises the small-computer user in terms of large databases of text and pictures.

Trends in Data Storage

Let's look at the trends in data storage over the last two decades. In the 1960s, computers, for the most part, were still being used for storing numbers; businesses, banks, and the government relied on high-capacity magnetic hard-disk packs for data storage. The 1970s saw an increased need for storage of text: letters, manuscripts, and memos became increasingly important as our world became more knowledge-dependent. Word processors and office-automation systems popped up everywhere during

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Photo 1: The Toshiba DF-2000 Document Filing System.

the 1970s, and the floppy disk, with its limited capacity but low cost, came into vogue.

Magnetic-storage technology has, until recently, kept pace with user requirements. Magnetic-tape density has increased from 800 bpi (bits per inch) to 1600 bpi and now to 6250 bpi. Low-cost hard disks presently offer many megabytes of storage for small-computer systems; but datastorage requirements are again chang

ing. Entire documents must be stored, including graphics and pictures, increasing the memory required by two orders of magnitude. This challenge to the magnetic-media industry may give optical-storage technology the chance it needs to become a commercial reality.

The need for document storage is everywhere. In large institutions, file cabinets are grabbing more and more floor space. At the Jet Propulsion

142 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 305 on Inquiry card. <

MICRO-SCI IS IN THE GAME FOR ALL THE APPLES...

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The new A2 is the price/compatibility substitute for the Disk II,'" intended as the second drive on an existing controller, or as a full A2 subsystem. The A2 drive or A2 subsystem is an ideal choice when the drives will be primarily used for entertainment or prepackaged software programs. THE SECOND ACE—A40

The A40 is a price/performance alternative to the Disk II. With 40 tracks, you get an additional 20K bytes, and faster track-to-track access. The A40 is intended for use In dedicated DOS, CP/M and Pascal applications, and as a companion drive for the A70.The A40 is Micro-Sets most cost-effective

disk subsystem for the Apple lis.

THE THIRD ACE—A70

The A70 is the price/capacity alternative. At over a quarter million bytes per drive, the A70 has the capacity of two Disk lis or an eight-inch floppy, but costs only slightly more than a single Disk II. One A70 supports a DOS file as large as 270K, a CP/M file up to 254K, and 560 blocks in Pascal.

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Laboratory, photographs sent from space fill reel after reel of magnetic tape. Most hospitals have X-rays stacked to the ceiling for the duration of their legal storage term. The U.S. Government alone used 2 million reels of magnetic tape in 1975. Microfilm has had some impact here, but the time needed to access the stored information limits microfilm's usefulness.

Progress in the fields essential to the success of optical storage has been excellent. The development of the single-mode laser diode to replace the large, expensive gas laser has made the consumer videodisc a reality. Recent advances in microprocessor technology, error-detecting and errorcorrecting codes, and database techniques are also key elements to the success of this effort. The stage is now set for the creation of an optical datastorage industry.

How Is Information Stored?

Storing digital data on optical videodiscs can be accomplished in two ways. In one method, the digital data is encoded in the video signal, then standard videodisc replication and reading techniques are used. The other method writes the digital information directly onto special discs. This method has applications in archival storage, whereas the first method is good for databases that must be easily replicated.

We will first review how video information can be stored on conventional optical videodiscs and show how this technique can be used to produce databases for small-computer systems.

For the purposes of this discussion, the scanning pattern of the electron beam inside the television's picture tube can be thought of as comprising 525 horizontal lines from top to bottom (the process is called raster scan). This scan produces one image (frame) on the face of the tube. The scan is repeated every 1/30 second, producing a new picture each time. (Actually, two interlaced frames of 262.5 scan lines are produced, 1/60 second each.) The picture data of each horizontal scan line consists of a varying

144 June W82 © BYTE PublicaHom Inc

Circle 377 on Inquiry card.

top shelf

Software for the IBM PC and the Apple II

151

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INK IBM

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Type Faces lets your dot matrix printer generate 15 different kinds of large lettering.

With The Apple-IBM Connection, you'll be able to transfer files from the Apple II to the IBM and vice versa. Your VisiCalc work can be transferred without retyping or errors. Requires no technical knowledge. The software does all the work for yoa

Alpha software products available at participating ComputerLands. Or call us for your nearest dealer: 617 229-2924

v alpha

■ SOFTWARE CORP

6 New England Executive Park • Burlington, Massachusetts 01803 Data Base Manager: S185 Mailing List: $95 Question: $45 Typefaces: $95 The Apple-IBM Connection: $120

Circle 17 on inquiry card.

Circle 476 on Inquiry card.

UNIX, Ada™, FORTRAN

68OOO

XAVAX One/32KB $1,500

• 68000 8MHz single board computer

• Multibus™/IEEE 796 compatible

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128KB RAM on board, add .... ($500) Manual of boards, chips ($15)

XAVAX Two $8,500

• 68000 8MHz Multibus™ computer

• 256KB RAM expandible to 1MB

• 10MB Winchester, 960KB floppy

• One parallel, 2 RS232C ports

• Graphics display monitor

• Multitasking operating system

• Editor, filer, linker, utilities

• Language: (Pascal, C, COBOL, FORTRAN, BASIC, or Assembler)

• UNIX/7 and APL are options.

Manual with OS summary ($15)

Operating system manual ($25)

System manuals set [7] ($85)

XAVAX Two/3 $10,850

• Multibus'VIEEE 796 bus, 3 users

• /6 includes 512KB RAM, 6 users

• /6 adds 3 RS232C ports [5 total] XAVAX Two/6 $12,850

XAVAX Three $12,850

• XAVAX Two features, plus:

• Second 68000 processor

• Memory management on board Ada™ and Pascal with OS ... ($5000) Initial XAVAX Two/3, add ... ($2350) Initial XAVAX Two/6, add ... ($4350)

XAVAX 10 Cartridge Backup $5,000

• 10MB high speed mini-Winchester

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• Multibus™ controller [32KB RAM]

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8 channel RS232C I/O board $300

8 channel intelligent RS232C $580

4 channel parallel board $400

ANSI Winchester controller $500

512KB RAM [parity, 270ns] $1,700

256KB RAM [half populated] $1,500

SOFTWARE

BizBooks™ [80 modules] $4,500

• Accounting, inventory control BizGraf™ [8 colors] $2,500

• Business color graphs, plots.

MasterCard and VISA accepted. Ask your distributor for XAVAX.

'" UNIX trademark of Bell Laboratories. ™ Multibus trademark of Intel Corporation. '" Ada trademark Department of Defense.

(319) 344-0550 XAVAX CORPORATION

300 Northwest Tower

Bettendorf, IA 52722

TWX: Cable:

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VIDEO

3ICTURE

!

i

""

LINES

I

""""j

LASER

TT

HORIZONTAL VIDEO INFORMATION

o

FREQUENCY-MODULATED VIDEO SIGNAL

o

r^_mijL

MODULATOR |~|

MASTER DISC

PULSE-WIDTH ENCODED SIGNAL

MICROSCOPIC PITS ETCHED ONTO DISC SURFACE

PPROX. 1 MICRON STAMPING, COATING, AND JOINING PROCESS

£3

DUPLICATE DISCS

Figure 1: Information storage on a videodisc. The first step in storing video information on a videodisc is the production of an FM (frequency-modulated) signal from the horizontal scan information of the TV signal. Next, a pulse-width encoded signal is made by "clipping" the top and bottom of the FM signal. This signal is used to modulate a high-powered laser that etches pits onto the surface of a rotating, photosensitized glass disc. The pit length is proportional to the pulse width of the original signal. A nickelplated copy is made to stamp one-sided plastic discs. After a reflective coating is added to the plastic disc, two are joined together to form both sides of the finished disc.

amplitude signal. The signal controls the intensity of each pixel (picture element) on the line (see figure 1). Sync pulses, both horizontal and vertical, make sure that the scan dot is at the same spot on the screen every 1/30 second. This is a standard video signal.

A videodisc master is made by first converting the AM (amplitude-modulated) video signal into an FM (frequency-modulated) signal. The tops and bottoms of this FM signal are "clipped" to make a pulse-width encoded signal, which is then used to modulate a laser focused on the photosensitized surface of a rotating glass disc. The laser etches tiny pits into the surface of the disc whose lengths correspond to the widths (time) of the pulses. One circular track on the disc holds all 525 horizontal lines needed to produce one TV frame.

From the glass master, a nickel stamping disc is made by a plating process. Plastic discs are then stamped and a reflective coating is added. Two of these discs are joined together to form a two-sided disc.

When reading the picture information back from the disc, a laser is aimed at the track and the reflection of the laser beam is detected. The reflected beam is broken by the pits in the disc, thus modulating the beam to give the pulse-width encoded signal from which the original video signal is reconstructed (see figure 2).

What about digital-information storage? From the above discussion, it can be seen that the pulse-width encoded signal is essentially an on-off digital-like signal. As you might expect, with the proper encoding scheme, digital information can be stored on a videodisc with little modification to the recording and

146 lime 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

faces

15 type styles

for the IBM PC and Apple II

With this program your dot matrix printer can output 15 large typefaces.

Type Faces generates distinctive presentations, fancy lettering, invitations, easy to read output, and over 100 symbols. Reduced printout on a copier gives you letter quality text.. . an inexpensive typesetter.

Type Faces comes with its own simple text editor and Is compatible with most word processors.

Actual dot matrix printout

ABC abc ABC abc

<AJd\D akc<

BBO abr AtSOI abr

Reduced dot matrix printout gives you letter quality text

ABC abc

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-~n

Alpha software products available at participating ComputerLands Or call us for your nearest dealer: 617 229-2924

6 New Eng

utive Park • Burlington, Massachusetts 01803

Typo Faces supports Epson and IDS dot matrix printers. Type Faces: $95 Circle 18 on Inquiry card.

alpha

SOFTWARE FOR IBM and APPLE

VIDEO PICTURE

LASER

PHOTODETECTOR

O

RECONSTRUCTED VIDEO SIGNAL

PULSE-WIDTH ENCODED SIGNAL

ONE OF 54,000 TRACKS ON DISC

VIDEODISC

Figure 2: To read video information from a videodisc, a laser is focused on a track of the disc and the reflected light is picked up by a photodetector. Pits in the tracks break the reflected beam of light and produce the pulse signal that is decoded into the original video signal.

playback equipment. (In practice, it is not quite that simple. A few of the problems will be discussed later.)

For now, let's calculate how much digital data can be stored on a disc. We will start with the fact that, at 4 megahertz (the bandwidth of a television signal), each horizontal line contains 416 pixels. Although only 483 of the horizontal lines carry a picture signal in a TV signal, approximately 500 can be used for digital data storage. If we assume each pixel can represent either a 1 or a 0, the number of bits per TV frame becomes:

bits lines

416 --— X 500

frames

30 -. X 1800

second

54,000

seconds half hour

frames

disc

Thus, the total disc capacity for this example is:

bits 54,000 frames X 416,000

frame

22 X10"

bits disc

line

208,000

frame

bits frame

But the intensity of each pixel of the TV frame can be varied more than just on and off (1 or 0), representing only one bit of information. If we assume at least four intensity levels per pixel, two bits of information can be encoded per pixel, which gives us 416,000 bits/frame.

As was mentioned earlier, one TV frame fits on one circular track of a videodisc. Thus, the standard halfhour videodisc has:

This is approximately 2 billion characters (2 gigabytes) per side of a videodisc. If we can detect reliably more than four intensity levels per pixel, the number is even higher. The number of intensity levels is a function of the bandwidth of the TV signal. The best estimates indicate that eight levels would be feasible in data storage of this type, resulting in approximately 3 billion characters per side of the disc.

Three billion characters translates into approximately 750,000 pages of text (assuming a fairly dense page) or, for example, four years of 78 technical journals (assuming 200 pages per journal per month). And that is

on only one side of a randomly accessible videodisc.

A significant problem with recording digital data on videodiscs in the same manner as a video picture is in the tolerance to errors. In a television frame, one pixel or a hundred pixels of the wrong intensity can hardly be detected. In fact, the videodiscmastering process sometimes causes the signal of an entire line to be very weak, a condition called "dropout." To correct this error, players are equipped with detectors that sense the signal strength; when dropout is detected, the previous line is substituted for the incorrect line. To the viewer, this substitution is not noticeable.

The story is different with digital data because the intensity level of just one pixel may be responsible for up to three bits of data. Herein lies one of the major problems with optical storage of digital data directly as a video signal. Error-detection and error-correction codes are being used to attempt to reduce the rates. Fortunately, the disc has ample room for redundant information.

Databases for Small Computers

The production of videodisc databases using the recording format just described is being researched at the Lister Hill Center in Bethesda, Maryland, which is the medical-communications arm of the National Library of Medicine. It is responsible for indexing the tremendous amount of medically related literature published each year. The index is sent to subscribers as a multivolume set some three to four feet thick.

Naturally, the Center is interested in publishing its indexes and other medically relevant information in machine-readable form. It has started a digital-videodisc program that, unlike most of the corporate ventures, is aimed at the mass publication of data using mastering and replication processes currently used for videodiscs in the entertainment industry. In this manner, it will be able to mix digital and video information— an added plus when dealing with medical information.

The Center's calculations indicate a

148 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 379 on Inquiry card. ■

People can be trained to know how

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QDP to know how people work.

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SYSTEM UTILITIES

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FINANCIAL

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BUSINESS APPLICATIONS

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IN - INVENTORY

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UTILITIES & MENUL.

HE - HELP PROGRAM TT - SETvDATE & TIME BH -liiUP HARD DISK TO HARD DISK MCflTIONS

QDP 100H

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Introducing QDP's "user-friendly" computer system.

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Our software warns users of many impending problems before they happen. A built-in SYSTEM STATUS program monitors performance of the electronics and drive systems. This way QDP helps

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• Best user-friendly implementation of a CP/M compatible operating system on the market - competitors, after two years, are finally trying to catch up.

• Z80 (4-6 MHZ), IEEE 696 (S-100) - CP/M, MP/M compatible operating system.

• CBASIC language.

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And these options:

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• Software Languages: COBOL, FORTRAN, C, PASCAL, and Microsoft BASIC.

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CBASIC, CP/M and MP/M are registered trademarks

of Digital Research Corp.

Z80 is a registered trademark of Zilog Corp.

ft% Quasar Data Products

10330 Brecksville Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44141 216/526-0838 Telex 241596

potential for storing approximately 1 billion characters per disc, the equivalent of more than 1000 novels per disc. This would allow storage of its online indexing information base on one to three discs. The Center has developed a V1U (videodisc interface unit) that has been used experimentally in the following research objectives:

• to determine the maximum density of data storage achievable, assuming no errors

• to identify the errors produced as a result of the commercial videodisc production processes

• to identify and test error-correction algorithms for purposes of maximizing usable stored data

The successful completion of this study could be the beginning of large, mass-producible databases usable by small-computer systems. The databases could contain a mixture of character and picture data, making such things as an electronic encyclopedia feasible.

Direct Storage

The other method for storing digital information on optical discs allows reading and writing with the

same machine. A relatively highpowered laser beam focused on the surface of a specially made disc burns a small pit into the disc (as in the other method). A second laser/detector combination immediately reads the pits just etched onto the disc and verifies the data. This technique is called the DRAW process for direct read after write (see figure 3). If errors are found in the read that occurs after the write, the computer rewrites the data into a new sector of the disc. This has been a very effective method for reducing error rates to within acceptable limits.

The DRAW discs contain 40,000

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The FULL-VIEW 80

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Add the 32K MEMORY PLUS with the FULL-VIEW 80 to achieve a 48K, 80-column system. The 32K MEMORY PLUS card operates with both the ATARI 400 and ATARI 800 to increase the ATARI memory capacity to 48K.

The ATARI FULL-VIEW 80 and 32K MEMORY PLUS join the family of APPLE products currently available from Bil"3

FULL-VIEW 80

80 x 24 display for the APPLE II and APPLE II PLUS supplies upper and lower case with full descenders, line drawing graphics, and shift key detector for typewriter-like operation.

APPLE

Contact your

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ATARI

DUAL-COMM PLUS

Two independent serial I/O ports for the APPLE II combines features of APPLE High Speed Serial Card and APPLE Communications Card in one card. Baud rates range from 50 to 19,200. Great with the FULLVIEW 80 and a modem.

MEMORY PLUS

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ATARI PRODUCTS:

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32K Memory Plus $179.00

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Memory Plus $149.00

ATARI is a registered trademark of ATARI, Inc.; FULL-VIEW80 and MEMORY PLUS are'registered trademarks of BIT 3; APPLE II is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

■■IBir3]IIM

COMPUTER CORPORATION

8120 Penn Avenue South, Suite 548 Minneapolis, Minnesota 55431 (612)881-6955

150 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 63 on Inquiry card.

'Apple'" Heath™ IBM North Star'"

•TRS-80 (1,11, III) S-50 S-100

7 •f'"

■:'.

DISK DRIVES

Contact your nearest authorized Traxx' dealer:

Central Kansas Computers

Herrington. KS ....(913)258-2575

CMD Performance

Windsor, CT (203) 688-3862

Connection 80

Vancouver. WA .... (206) 573-0319

Cottage Software

Wichita, KA (316)683-4811

Datallow Systems

Indianapolis, IN ...(317)888-3640

Everell Computer Center

Everett, WA (206) 259-0024

HIS Microsystems

Burnaby, BC Canada (604) 430-4145

Insync Systems Corp.

Alv'n.TX (713)331-2024

Mela Technologies

Euclid, Ohio 1-800-321-3552

Mltronlx Computer Corp.

Richmond, ME... (207) 737-4447

Web Products, Inc. Software Olv.

Carol Stream,!.,, (312) 653-5229

nu

COMPUTER CORPORATION

V '.\;.:)..-:.ti*-- '.;■:;■■' ■■.•■ :'--\ ■• v "■•'■.■• :'-,

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Dealer Inquiries I

(312) 987-1024

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Attention: Traxx

Circle 452 on Inquiry card.

m

Computer Corporation Chicago, Illinois ipating organization Joint Marketing Services

s a registered trademark ol Apple Computer, Inc

) is a registered trademark of Radio Shack, a Tandy Company

'A

fi

#26 SOFTWARE

ULTIMATE SOFTWARE PLAN

We'll match any advertised price on any item that we carry. And if you find a lower price on what you bought within 30 days of buying it, just show us the ad and we'll refund the difference. It's that simple.

DISK WITH MANUAL

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Combine our price protection with the availability of full professional support and our automatic update service and you have the Ultimate Software Plan.

It's a convenient, uncomplicated, logical way to get your software. <s (New items or new prices) * Special price of the month.

CP/M users:

specify disk systems and formats. Most formats available.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE"

Medical(PAS-3) $849/$40

Denial (PAS-3) $849/$40

ASYST DESIGN*

Prof Time Accounting .$549/$40 General Subroutine. . ,$269/$40 Application Utilities.... $439/$40

COMPLETE BUS. SYSTEMS"

•Creator $199/$25

•Reporter $129/120

'Both $299/$45

COMPUTER CONTROL*

•Fabs(B-tree) $119/$20

•UltraSort II $119/125

COMPUTER PATHWAYS*

Pearl (level 1) $ 99/$25

Pearl (level 2) . $299/540

Pearl (level 3) $549/$50

DIGITAL RESEARCH* CP/M 2.2

NorthStar $149/525

TRS-80 Model II (P+T) $159/$35

Micropolis $169/$25

PL/1-80 $459/$35

BT-80 $179/$30

Mac $ 85/$ 15

Sid $ 65/$ 15

Z-Sid $ 90/$15

Tex $ 90/$15

DeSpool $ 50/$10

CB-80 $459/$35

CBasic-2 $ 98/$20

D.M.A.

Ascom $149/$15

Formula $539/$45

GRAHAM-DORIAN*

General Ledger $729/$40

Acct Receivable $729/$40

AcctPayable $729/$40

Job Costing $729/$40

Payroll II $729/$40

Inventory II $729/$40

Payroll $493/$40

Inventory $493/$40

Cash Register $493/$40

Apartment Mgt $493/$40

MICRO-AP*

S-Basic $269/$25

Selector IV $295/$35

Selector V $495/$50

MICRO DATA BASE SYSTEMS*

HDBS $269/$35

MDBS $795/$40

DRSor QRSorRTI $269/$10

MDBS PKG $1295/$60

MICROPRO*

WordStar $319/$60

Customization Notes...$429/$na

Mail-Merge $109/$25

WordStar/Mail-Merge. *419/$85

DataStar $249/$60

WordMaster $119/$40

SuperSortl $199/$40

Spell Star $175/$40

CalcStar $259/$na

MICROSOFT*

Basic-80 $298

Basic Compiler $329

Fortran-80 $349

Cobol-80 $629

M-Sort $175

Macro-80 $144

Edit-80 $ 84

MuSimp/MuMath $224

MuLisp-80 $174

MultiPlan Call

Manager Series Call

ORDERS ONLY

ORGANIC SOFTWARE" TextWriter III.. DaleBookll... Milestone

$111/$25 $269/$25 $269/$30

OSBORNE*

General Ledger

Acct Rec/Acct Pay

Payroll w/Cost

All 3

AII-3 + CBASIC-2 . Enhanced Osborne

$ 59/S20 .$ 59/$20 $ 59/$20 $129/$60 $199/$75 $269/$60

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General Ledger $399/$40

Acct Receivable $399/$40

Acct Payable $399/$40

Payroll $399/$40

Inventory $399/$40

Surveyor $399/$40

Property Mgl $799/$40

CPA Client Write-up $799/$40 P5 Version . . Add $129

MagiCalc $269/125

Other less 10%

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•Adapt (CDOS to CP/MI $ 49/$na •Ratfor $ 68/$na

SOHO GROUP

•MatchMaker $ 89/$20

•Worksheet S159/S20

STAR COMPUTER SYSTEMS

^G/L, A/R,A/PPay $ 359

^ All 4 $1129

^ Legal Time & Billing $ 849 v* Property Mngmt. . $ 849

STRUCTURED SYSTEMS'

Business Packages, Call for Price

SORCIM*

SuperCalc $269/$na

Trans 86 $ 115

Act $157

SUPERSOFT*

Diagnostic I $ 49/$20

Diagnostic II $ 84/$20

Disk Doctor $ 84/$20

Forth (80B0 or Z80). .. $149/$30

Fortran $219/$30

Fortran w/Ratfor $289/$35

CCompiler $174/$20

Star Edit $189/$30

Other less 10%

TCS*

GLorARorAPorPay. $ 79/$25

All 4 $269/$99

Compiled each $ 99/$25

Inventory $ 99/$25

UNICORN*

Mince $149/$25

Scribble $149/$25

Both $249/$50

WHITESMITHS*

"CCompiler $600/$30

Pascal (incl "C") $850/$45

PASCAL"

Pascal/MT+ Pkg $429/$30

Compiler $315

Sp Prog $175

Pascal/Z $349/$30

Pascal/UCSD 4.0 . . .$670/$50 Pascal/M $355/$20

DATA BASE

FMS-80 $649/$45

dBASE II $595/$50

Condor II $899/$50

WORD PROCESSING''

WordSearch $179/$50

SpellGuard $229/$25

VTS/80 $259/$65

Magic Wand $289/$45

Magic Spell $269/$25

Spell Binder $349/$45

Select $495/$na

The Word % 65/$na

OTHER GOODIES

Micro Plan $419/$na

Plan 80 $269/$30

Target $189/$30

BSTAM $149/$na

BSTMS $149/$na

TinyX" $ 89/$50

Tiny "CCompiler $229/$50

Nevada Cobol $179/$25

MicroStat $224/$25

Vedit $130/$15

MiniModel $449/$50

StatPak $449/$40

MicroB+ $229/$20

Raid $224/$35

String/80 $ 84/$20

String/80 (source) . $279/$na

ISIS CP/M Utility $199/$50

Lynx $199/$20

Supervyz $ 95/$na

CP/M Power $ 75/$na

Mathe Magic $ 95/$na

INFO UNLIMITED'

i^EasyWriter(Prof) $159

i^Datadex $129

^EasyMailer(Prof). .$129 Other less 15%

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Softcard (Z-80 CP/M). $298

Fortran $179

Cobol $499

Tasc $ 139

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Wordstar $269

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Wordstar/MailMerge $349

SuperSortl $159

Spellstar $129

PERSONAL SOFTWARE/ VISICORP"

i^Visicalc 3.3 $199

^Desktop/Plan II $199

Visiterm $ 90

^Visidex $199

Visiplot $180

^Visitrend/Visiplot $259

^Visilile $169

PEACHTREE"

G/L. A/R.A/P. Payor

Inventory (each) $224/$40

"OTHER GOODIES

•VU #3R

(usew/Visicalc) $ 49

"Context Connector

(usew/Visicalc) $ 99

Micro Courier $21

Super-Text II Data Factory. DB Master

$127 S134

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8086 SOFTWARE

v* Supercalc $269

Call for others

-CALL TOLL FREE VISA • MASTERCHARGE

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Outside Continental U.S.-add $10 plus Air Parcel Post • Add $3.50 postage and handling per each item

• California residents add 6% sales tax • Allow 2 weeks on checks, COD $3.00 extra • Pricessubject to change

without notice. All items subject to availability • ®-Mfgs. Trademark. Blue Label $3.00 additional per item.

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OPTICAL DISC

Figure 3: The direct read after write (DRAW) disc process. Data is written onto a disc by modulating a laser beam much the same as with standard videodiscs. The data, digital to begin with, is stored in a buffer while it is written. Immediately afterward, the same data is read from the disc and compared to that in the buffer. If it is identical, the next track of data is read in; if not, the prior track is rewritten until correct.

tracks per side, 32 addressable sectors per track, and 15,200 bits per sector. They are preformatted, allowing random access of any of the sectors. Although old data cannot be overwritten or erased on these discs, their 10-billion-bit capacity means that the amount of redundant information is insignificant.

The DRAW process led to industry excitement in developing commercial products. Though no products are currently available, many companies are working toward that goal and a few product announcements are expected this year. We will now look briefly at some of these developments.

For quite some time, it has been known that a TV signal stored on video tape contained lots of information in a very small space. Storage of video data began to interest the government. In 1978, it asked Magnavox to build a video-based product for digital data storage. Magnavox, at that time, was beginning to produce

152 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 160 on inquiry card.

Chart your financial future with MicroFinesse

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Apple II is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

Si

Circle 349 on inquiry card.

videodiscs and was familiar with the technology.

Magnavox developed a prototype system using a gas-argon laser to record on tellurium-coated plastic discs. The disc had a capacity of about 2 X 1010 bits. Although announcements of an industrial product appeared in the trade media about September 1979, Magnavox abandoned the project in 1980 to devote time to the development of a laser diode-based optical-disc system that would replace the large gas-argon laser. From this prototype system, however, parallel efforts began at a number of companies, including RCA, Exxon, Phillips, ThompsonCSF, Xerox, Zenith, and some smaller companies.

Both Xerox and France's Thompson-CSF have ongoing research efforts in optical-disc datastorage technologies. Thompson placed an industrial videodisc player using a transmissive technology on the market in early 1980 and has been developing optical-disc record

ings in its French research labs. Xerox performed optical-disc research in its Palo Alto Research Center that was concerned with digital data storage.

About mid-1980, Xerox and Thompson formed a joint licensing agreement to exchange know-how in optical-disc storage, presumably with Xerox to market in the U.S. and Thompson in Europe. Xerox is currently pursuing product development at its Optimem Division. By late 1983 or early 1984, Xerox plans to produce an optical digital-disc cartridge with 1010 bits of storage and 160-millisecond access time that will probably sell for about $10,000.

In mid-1979, a group of entrepreneurs who formerly worked on optical discs at Zenith received a large sum of venture capital from Exxon Enterprises to establish a development facility for optical-disc-based computer memories. By mid-1980, a prototype using a gas-laser opticaldisc system was developed that interfaced with upper-end IBM mainframes. It used a disc in a cartridge

having a capacity of 7.5 gigabytes, and was to have been available at the end of 1982 for a cost of $20,000 to $30,000. Discs were expected to be priced at $150, or $350 for a doublesided disc in a cartridge.

The company, Star Systems, apparently encountered a number of administrative problems and Exxon sold it to STC about mid-1981. Recent technical efforts are moving toward a laser diode-based system at a cheaper cost, and Exxon is aiming its product at the office-automation market as a work-station system for document display.

SRI International recently developed a document-storage system consisting of a laser scanner/printer for input and output and a videodisc for storage. This unit, the Laserfile, looks and operates like a standard office copier and even produces copies on plain paper (see figure 4).

The requirements for the development of this system were: • Document resolution must be comparable to that of an office copier

Allenbach is putting tomorrow on disks.

The future of the world is written in computer software. And Allenbach disk duplication is making sure that the future is faithfully reproduced. We use our own Allenbach diskettes and state'of the art equipment, with electronic surface evaluation of each diskette before use. Copies are 100% verified, track by track, and carry the Allenbach lifetime warranty against defects in workmanship or materials. For information and prices on disks, duplication, and dealer information, please call (800) 854-1515. In California, call (714) 438-2258 collect.

Allenbach Industries Inc.

154 June 19*2 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 15 on Inquiry card.

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ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS

COPIES

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LASER SCANNER

DISC MEMORY

SYSTEM CONTROL

LASER PRINTER

CRT

TERMINAL

Figure 4: Block diagram of information flow in the Laserfile, now produced by Toshiba. It acts similar to an office copier except that each document is stored on an optical disc and can be retrieved by the console and printed.

(fewer than eight lines per millimeter) and must have continuous tone capability.

• Document copies must be retrieved in about three seconds and printed on plain paper.

• The data should be directly readable after writing on the disc (a socalled DRAW disc) to check the quality of the stored document.

• A disc must be postable; that is, new documents can be added at any time until the disc is full.

• The system should store about 4000 documents (2000 per side).

The Laserfile development proved successful and is being produced by Toshiba. It has nearly the same information-packing density as high-resolution microfilm (a 50-times reduction) since both operate near the optical-diffraction limit. But the advantage of the optical technology is in its ease of retrieving and printing copies at the machine or remotely. In terms of storage capacity, a standard 2-foot-deep file drawer can hold about 4500 tightly packed sheets of paper. Therefore, the Laserfile holds approximately one file drawer per disc. An added advantage is that a document cannot be misfiled, lost, or damaged.

Toshiba renamed the Laserfile the DF-2000 Document Filing System, and a model was shown at the 1981 National Computer Conference. It looks like a standard office copier with a computer terminal built in (see

photo 1). This version has a capacity of 10,000 document pages per disc. To retrieve a document, you enter an address code on a keyboard and the image is shown on a video display within three seconds. The document can also be printed by the laser printer. Toshiba is directing its marketing to commercial and government organizations with large paper files. The production model should be available in 1983 at a cost of about $120,000. Since images are digitally encoded prior to their recording on the disc, such a system might easily be integrated with facsimile or computer networks.

RCA's efforts in optical-disc data storage are among the most technically advanced in terms of storage capacity and data rates. RCA uses a stronger gallium-arsenide laser and an ablative recording technique. Data rates have been more than 50 megabits per second, with a maximum of more than 12 gigabytes of storage.

It appears that RCA's commercial objectives with DRAW disc systems are limited to high-end government applications. The company plans to market a high-performance, specialized system for $500,000.

Hitachi, a major Japanese computer manufacturer, and a close competitor of Toshiba, began work on optical-disc computer storage at its Central Research Laboratories in 1978. Hitachi's work in the development of a miniature semiconductor laser diode gave the company an

Circle 174 on inquiry card. >

The Electrohome family of personal computer monitors features the extra degree of engineering excellence you've come to expect from Electrohome.

Our ECM 1302 Series 13" RGB analog color data monitors offer the latest in advanced electronic technology and design innovation.

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Whatever your system, Electrohome monitors make your choice very clear. Call or write today for more information.

Data appearing on screens are actual images.

Apple II and Apple III are trademarks of Apple Computer Inc.

IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation. In Canada, IBM Canada is a registered user.

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Mycrosystems Distributors Inc., Dallas, Texas (800) 527-3643 Computerland, San Leandro, CA (800) 772-3545 (Ext, 118) Outside California (800) 227-1617 (Ext. 118) Anderson Associates, Bountiful, Utah (801) 292-8991 Listec (West) Inc., Glendale, California (213) 247-9247

Come see us at booth #6623 at the NCC Show and booth #822 at the Comdex Spring '82 Show.

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early advantage in the development of small DRAW systems. Hitachi is known to have in development a system for document storage much like Toshiba's. At its 70th anniversary stockholders meeting in early 1982, Hitachi showed a prototype of its DRAW system, but it has been among the most secretive of the major companies involved in opticaldisc development.

Uses of Large Databases

Videodiscs probably offer the best medium for electronic printing and publishing due to their low reproduction costs and their text and graphics capabilities. Though some estimates place full electronic publishing as far as 15 years from now, there will surely be deep inroads made in this field within the next few years.

Many indexing and cataloging services could easily use optical discs as a distribution medium, as the information is usually in a computer to begin with. Literature and patent searches, for example, could be done with small computers. Businesses could have large demographic databases to aid in product marketing. Computer programs connected to large text and picture databases will give computer-aided education an added dimension. Special-purpose databases will be available at work or at home on a large variety of subjects.

It is difficult to predict future uses of any new technology, or even whether it will be used at all. We have heard, however, that the most valuable commodity in the near future will be information—and videodisc technology offers perhaps the least expensive method to produce, replicate, and distribute large collections of data.H

References

1. Edelhart, M. "Optical Discs; The Omnibus Medium." Technology, NovemberDecember 1981, p. 42.

2. "Optical Discs Excite Industry." Electronics, May 5, 1981, p. 97.

3. Videodisc News. Videodisc Services Inc., Washington, DC (general reference).

4. "Videodiscs: A Three-Way Race for a Billion-Dollar Jackpot." Business Week, July 7, 1980, p. 72.

160 June 1982 © BYTE Publication! Inc

Circle 312 on inquiry card.

Circle 329 on Inquiry card.

MPI An

:xtended capability at a compacted price! The new MPI50G wide carriage dot matrix printer at $1,095.00* sets a new standard for performance/price comparisons. A nine wire head prints six character densities and gives you a choice between a data processing or a correspondence font. Under microprocessor control, the bi-directional

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logic-seeking head zips along at 150 CPS, with thruputs of up to 200 LPM for average text and as many as 226 columns on J 5 inch wide paper. Dot graphics, a full 1,000 character buffer [with options up to 8,000 characters), an optional non-volatile soft switch

keypad for configuration selection and retention. All in a handsome, heavy duty case. Another trendsetting printer from MPI.

For more information, write or call today.

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Armored Patrol

Pete Callamaras

25C Scott Circle

Bedford, MA 01730

When the assault cruisers first landed on this strange planet, you had no idea you would eventually find yourself commanding the last-surviving T-36 heavy-assault tank company in the entire sector. You have only a few tanks left, and transferring to a surviving tank is your only hope to keep fighting if your current tank is destroyed.

Suddenly, the targeting radar shows an enemy tank to the left, and the robot detector lights up. You fire but miss the tank. Oh no! The energy levels are dropping in your tank! The enemy robot has tapped your energy supply and is draining it. Wait, you have the other tank in your sights. You fire the T-36's high-energy plasma cannon. You got the tank. Now quick, spin and blast the robot before your energy is gone. Got 'em! And so the battle continues; you monitor the targeting radar and fight on against the alien foe.

Armored Patrol is one of the latest releases from Adventure International for the TRS-80, and it is a real winner. The game puts you in the commander's seat of

Photo 1: The view from your tank turret. "You can see both an enemy robot and a tank in the foreground, one of the houses that dot the battlefield, and in the distance, the mountain range that surrounds the plain of combat.

an armored assault tank fighting an alien enemy on a hostile plain. The object is to destroy enemy tanks and robots with your tank's high-energy plasma cannon before they zap you. The enemy tanks can return fire with a similar plasma weapon. The robots drain your energy supply if they get close to you. You view the enemy and the surrounding planet surface through the T-36's viewport and locate the enemy via a direction finder at the lower-right side of the TRS-80 screen display.

The Game

The really outstanding feature of this game is its three-dimensional graphics (you will notice similarities to the popular arcade game Battle Zone). As you move, the screen image changes perspective relative to your movements. The closer you get to an object, the larger it appears and vice versa. When you spot an enemy tank or robot, it can and does move, and the movement also has perspective. For instance, if a tank moves across your view from left to right, it starts small, gets larger when it's directly in front of

162 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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119.95

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Our Pt 86.00 144.00 115.00 144.00 173.00

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AVHi^pOr-|BUSINESS WORLD ■ l^^nWJ WAREHOUSE

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Circle 295 on inquiry card.

BYTE June 1982 163

At a Glance

Name

Language

Armored Patrol

Z80 machine language

Type

Computer Needed

Arcade-type game

TRS-80 Model 1 or III with

either 16K bytes (cassette

Manufacturer

version) or 32K bytes of

Adventure International

memory and one disk drive

POB 3435

(disk version)

Longwood, FL 32750

(305) 862-6917

Documentation

Self-documented program

Price

SI9.95. cassette;

Special features

S24.95. disk

Multiple-player option;

sound-effects capability (re

Authors

quires an amplifier)

Wayne Westmoreland and

Terry Gilman

Audience

TRS-80 owners who enjoy

Format

arcade games

Cassette tape or 5 'A -inch

floppy disk

you, and then shrinks in size as it pulls away. The buildings also increase and decrease in size as you move in relation to them. It is all quite lifelike.

You control the movement of your tank via the keyboard. The "A" and "Z" keys control your tank's left tread; the ";" and "." keys control the right tread. Using them in combination, you can advance, retreat, and turn (slowly or rapidly) in either direction. The space bar fires your plasma cannon. The plasma "missile" will destroy the enemy if it hits but does not do any damage to the assorted buildings located on the planet's surface.

How to Score

Scoring is straightforward. Enemy tanks are worth 1000 points, and robots are 5000 points. For every 20,000 points you score, you get another T-36 tank as a reserve. If the enemy tanks hit you with their fire or the robots suck all your tank's energy out, you lose that tank. Hiding behind buildings and darting out to fire can be a good tactic. Remember that the robots materialize at random locations and don't appear on your scope, so you

General Software

Mailing Address:

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Terre Haute, IN 47802

WE HONOR

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TOLL FREE - Outside Indiana 1-800-457-0517 ORDER DESKS (812) 299-2484

Best Selection

Best Service

Write tor our famous CATALOG. Contains many Items not In ad.

Outside US add $10 plus Air Parcel Postage. Add $3.50 postage and handling per each item. Indiana residents add 4% sales tax. Allow 2 weeks on checks. COD add $3.00 per Item. Prices subject to change without notice. All items subject to availability.

Disk Manual with Only Manual

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE *

Dental (PAS-3) $849/40

Medical (PAS-3) $849/40

ASHTON-TATE

•dBASEII $575/50

BUSINESS PLANNING SYSTEMS

Plan-80 $269/30

BYROM SOFTWARE

•BSTAM $149/15

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COMPUTER CONTROL

•Fabs(B-Tree) $159/25

Ultrasort $159/25

CONDOR COMPUTER

Condor II $549/50

Condor III $899/50

DIGITAL RESEARCH CP/M

2.2 Intel MDS-800 $149/25

Norlhstar (Horizon) $149/25

Micropolis $169/25

TRS Model II $159/35

CB-80 $459/35

CBasic2 $ 98/20

EPIC COMPUTER

•Super vyc $ 89/15

FAIRCOM 'Micro B +

(Specify language) $229/20

FINANCIAL PLANNING

•Mini Model $449/50

FRIENDS

ACCESS 801 $249

ACCESS80II $429

FRONTIER SOFTWARE

Professional

Time Accounting $549/40

General Subroutine $269/40

Application Utilities $439/40

ISA

Spellguard $229/25

SP/Law $109

PASCAL LANGUAGE

Pascal Z $349/30

Pascal MT+ V5.5 $429/30

Compiler $316/20

SPPOnly $140/15

KEY BITS

Wordsearch $179/50

String 80 $ 84/20

String 80 (Source) $279

String Bit $ 65

LEXISOFT

•Spellbinder $349/45

MICRO AP

Selector IV $269/35

SelectorV $469/50

SBasic $269/25

MICRO TAX

■LevelI $249

•Level II $995

•LevelIII $749

•Combo II + III $1495

Microsoft 5.3 49

Run time module MICRO PRO11'

Wordstar $309/60

WS Training Guide 20

WS Custom Notes $429/na

MailMerge $109/25

WS-Mailmerge $419/85

Datastar • $249/60

DS Custom Notes $429/na

Calcstar $259/na

Supersort I $199/40

Spellstar $175/40

MICROSOFT

Basic-80 $298

Basic Compiler $329

Fortran-80 $349

Cobol-80 $629

M-Sort $124

Macro-80 $144

Edit-80 $ 84

MuSimp/muMath $224

MuLisp-80 $174

NORTHWEST ANALYTICAL

"Statpak $439/40

OASIS

■"TheWord" $ 75

ORGANIC SOFTWARE

•Textwriter III $111/25

• Datebook $269/25

•Milestone $269/30

PEACHTREE® SOFTWARE

General Ledger $399/40

Accounts Receivable $399/40

Accounts Payable $399/40

Payroll $399/40

Inventory 399/40

Mailing Address $399/40

for P5 Version add $119

Series 6-Peachtree

CPA $799/40

Property Mgt $799/40

Passive Payroll $449/40

Series 7-Peachtree

Sales Tracker $3049/55

AR-Sales Analysis $1299/50

Inventory $799/40

Order Entry $699/40

REDDING GROUP

•Lynx $199/20

SOHO GROUP

Matchmaker $ 97/20

Worksheet $177/20

SORCIM

•Pascal/M Z80 $349/40

Pascal/M 86/88 $449/40

•Act65 $149/20

•Act 68 'Act 69

•Act 86/88 $149/25

•Trans86 $119/25

•Supercalc $269

SOUTHERN COMPUTERS

•Raid $224/35

•RaidFP $349/35

•FFP $224/15

•Recover $ 75

•RADAR $449/25

ISIS $224/20

STRUCTURED SYSTEMS GROUP

GL.AR.AP.PR.OE $849/40

Call for others SUPERSOFT

■ Diagnostic II $ 84/20

•Forth $149/30

"SSS Fortran $219/30

• Fortran w/RATFOR $289/35

■C Compiler $175/20

■ Disk Doctor $ 84/20

•Term I $129/25

Term II $169/25

Z8000 Xassembler $449/35

Others less 10%

WHITESMITHS

C Compiler $600/30

Pascal (incl C) $850/45

IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER

Wordstar 3.0 (DOS) $309/60

Mailmerger (DOS) $109/25

Supercalc (DOS) $269/NA

Visicalc (256K) DOS $229/NA

OptimizerCP/M86 $200/NA

SupersoftC-CP/M86 $500/NA

Call for catalog and other listings

' Available for Apple with Softcard

164 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 200 on inquiry card.

TRUE CP/M FOR YOUR IBM INTRODUCING BYAD DS1

More programs and faster access available now!

Today with the BYAD DS1 plug-in expansion circuit board, you can increase the speed and productivity of your IBM-PC. More programs The BYAD DS1 allows you to transform your system into a CP/M computer giving access to the largest existing software library (CP/M version 2.2). Data base Management, word processing, business programs, and literally thousands of CP/M programs can be used.

Faster

The DS1 board contains 64K bytes of parity RAM and a Z80B microprocessor. The Dual Systems, Z80 and IBM 8088, achieve improved performance CP/M with up to 30 times faster access through interrupt driven full I/O buffering. DS1 uses the 8088 as an intelligent concurrent I/O processor which performs keyboard type-ahead buffering, printer buffering, disk track and directory buffering. Easy Operation No learning curve or new commands when using DS1. Utility programs are provided for reading various 51V' diskettes directly, moving files, and to link your IBM with a serial port to any existing CP/M system. An expanded version, BYAD DS2, contains a built-in serial port and includes all features of DS1.

Cost Competitive

Both BYAD DS1 and DS2 operate with a minimum 48K single drive system. The DS1 costs only $660 and the DS2 with serial port, $760. A comprehensive operating manual is available at $40 and the cost will be applied to the purchase of either a DS1 or DS2.

Send check, money order or call 312 539-4922 and give your VISA or Master Card number for quick delivery.

BYAD Inc.

5345 North Kedzie Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60625 312 539-4922

0> I

a a

INI Nil

3Y/D

Circle 73 on inquiry card.

Integrated Hardware and Software Systems

TRS-80 DISCOUNT

BUY DIRECT

Q^D

C^>

WE SELL THE FULL LINE OF TRS-80'S

AT WHOLESALE PRICES

COMPUTERS - PRINTERS - SOFTWARE*

MICRO

MANAGEMENT

SYSTEMS

TRS-80

PURE RADIO SHACK EQUIPMENT

MODEL II

26-4002 64K I Drive S3098

Ask About Hard Drives MODEL III

26-1062 16K $819

26-1066 48K with

2 Drives, RS232 $2049

COLOR COMPUTER

26-3001 4K $309

26-3002 16K Ext. Basic $455

26-3003 32K Ext. Basic $569

Model 16 TRS-80 CALL

Printers CALL

COLOR COMPUTER DISK DRIVES

26-3022 Color Disk Drive #1 $498

26-3023 Color Disk Drive #2, 3, 4 $338

•LARGE INVENTORY WRITE FOR YOUR

•FAST DELIVERY FREE CATALOG

THOUSANDS OF SATISFIED CUSTOMERS

[

ORDER TOLL FREE

1-800-841-0860

MICRO MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, INC.

PARCEL DIVISION DEPT. NO. 1 115 C. SECOND AVE. S.W. CAIRO, GA. 31728

GA. 912-377-7120

TM - TANDY CORPORATION FREE COPY OF WARRANTY UPON REQUEST

]

166 June 1962 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 301 on inquiry card.

must watch your energy levels. A significant drop means that a robot is in range. When you blast a robot and it shimmers out of existence, your energy reserves stabilize. The biggest problem is remembering to be aware of the robots as they sneak behind you and drain your tank's energy before you can turn around to blast them. You fight until you have exhausted all your reserve tanks. The game will display the top ten scores and save them to the game disk. After the final tank is destroyed, you begin again with your initial complement of tanks.

Action Graphics

Wayne Westmoreland and Terry Gilman, authors of Armored Patrol, did a really super job with the graphics. The action is smooth as you move across the planet's surface. For block-type graphics, the view is quite realistic. You could even imagine you're watching a computergenerated target display.

Other notable features are the use of real time, the tracking of the highest ten scores, and the option of one or two players. In the two-player mode, you alternate at the controls of the tank, and whoever gets the highest score wins.

Even though your score climbs after the first couple rounds, this is not an easy game. You have to keep moving, and if an enemy tank or robots get behind you or you take too long turning to attack, you lose tanks. You have to be a pretty good shot to hit the enemy, especially when you and the enemy are moving toward each other or in opposite directions. Who knows—it may even sharpen your eye if you do any bird watching or picture taking.

Conclusions

• Armored Patrol is a fast-paced, arcade-style action game that features three-dimensional graphics. It can be played on a TRS-80 Model I or Model III. The game is available on both tape and disk. Two players can compete during each round of play (players alternate turns).

• Scoring is straightforward. Novices and experienced game players should enjoy this one. The keyboard-controlled movement is simple to master, and the entire screen display is nicely done. Player instructions are actually a module in the game, so you don't have to worry about losing any instruction sheets.

• You won't find yourself getting bored with this game. The block-type TRS-80 graphics are quite adequate to convey the movement of your tank around the battlefield. The action is spirited and can become quite addictive.

• The price is a pleasant change when compared to the cost of many games.

• Overall, Armored Patrol is a well designed, nicely executed program, and I think you will enjoy it as much as I did.

Circle 294 on inquiry card. >

CASH FLOW PROBLEMS?

fen ,

IT'S NICE TO KNOW SOMEONE WHO HAS THE SOLUTION.

MicroAge is your Solution Store . . . that means at MicroAge Computer Stores we have a wide selection of time-saving computerized business systems I designed specifically to solve the daily cash flow problems every businessman faces.

MicroAge has computerized business systems that quickly and affordably allow you to regain con- 0 trol of your critical accounts receivable... at last making it possible for you to carry out effective collection procedures on a consistent basis. MicroAge has accounts receivable program packages to automatically display and update account information; prepare trial balance including a balance-due and delinquency aging

report, and take care of dozens of other tasks that eat into your time and profit!

Computerized business systems from the MicroAge Computer Store are available in the $5,000 to $15,000 range, to suit the individual budget of your small business or professional practice. MicroAge backs up every system with personalized service, warranty service and repair, installation, systems consulting, even customer training. Visit the MicroAge Computer Store in your area soon with your business problems, and let us help you with the solution.

MkxqAge

computer STore

"The Solution Store" SM

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Aurora, Colorado (303) 696-6950 Rochester, New York (716) 244-9000

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Milwaukee, Wisconsin (414) 257-1100 Mountain View, California (415)964-7063 Scottsdale, Arizona (602) 941-8794 Anchorage, Alaska (907) 279-6688 San Diego, California (714) 278-0623

Richardson, Texas (214) 234-5955 Minneapolis, Minnesota (612) 338-1777 Omaha, Nebraska (402) 339-7441 Phoenix, Arizona (602) 265-0065 Columbus, Ohio (614) 868-1550

Indianapolis, Indiana (317)849-5161 Portland, Oregon (503) 256-4713 Norwalk, Conneticut (203) 846-0851 St. Louis, Missouri (314) 567-7644 Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (405) 728-1837

FOR FRANCHISE OPPORTUNITY INFORMATION CALL (602) 968-3168

Houston, Texas (713) 440-7547 W. Palm Beach, Florida (305) 683-5779 Toronto. Canada (416) 487-5551 Houston, Texas (713) 270-9647 Wilmington, Delaware' (302) 658-3664 Allentown, Pennsylvania (215) 434-4301

THIS IS h TELEUIDEO TERHIN-.; THE SIMILARLY-PRICED TERMINAL ON THE RIGHT IS NOT,

NHICH WOULD YOU RATHER READ ALL Di

W

lekVideo

Unretouched photos—identical conditions

Which would you

Our competitor on the right claims high resolution. But what about that glare? The washed-out background? And the black and white screen? It's enough to give you a headache.

The TeleVideo terminal on the other hand, with its finer character dot matrix, sharper background contrast, and a black-on-green non-glare Panasonic screen is much easier on the eyes.

Obviously.

Every TeleVideo terminal has just four basic modules. Each module is the best that can be made.

Every screen, keyboard switch, power supply and video module on every TeleVideo terminal is identical. For the same high reliability. And same ease of service.

None of our competitors can say that.

If you order 200 terminals today, we can ship them

tomorrow. If you order 500, we

can still ship them tomorrow. The

And if you order a 1,000, well, 920C maybe you'll have to wait a day or two.

The 910 PLUS

We put our terminals through five bad days so you'll never have even one bad day.

48 JBrfe^& Our terminals are d< >si<

•to withstand heat up to

California Santa Ana 714/557-6095, Sunnyvale 408/745-7760, Georgia Atlanta 404/255-9338, Texas Dallas 214/980-9978, Illinois: Chicago Area 312/351-9350,

rather read all day?

155°F and shocks that simulate being tossed in the back of a truck. And before any terminal reaches you, every major component goes through a five day series of thermal and power-on cycling tests. The result?

The highest reliability rate in our industry.

TeleVideo sells 50% more terminals a month than our nearest competitor.

Three years ago, TeleVideo shipped its first terminal. Today, we're the number one

Boston 617/668-6891, New York/New Jersey 201/267-8805, Circle 446 on Inquiry card.

independent terminal supplier.

One reason is because our advantages are clearly visible.

8 hours a day.

For more information call, toll-free, 800-538-8725. (In California, call 408-745-7760.) Or call your nearest

TeleVideo sales office.

WW

TeleVideo

All TeieVideo terminals can be serviced by your nearest GE Instrumentation and Communication Equipment Service Center.

United Kingdom West End Surrey 44-9905-6464.

The Eliminator

Mayhem in Space, TRS-80 Style

Silas Pike

POB 75

Geneva, FL 32732

The Eliminator, a high-speed graphics game for the TRS-80, has that rare combination of fascination and frustration that will make you want to play just one more game. You must play several times to become familiar with its many aspects.

The Game

As the game begins, you see a side view of your Eliminator ship moving horizontally over an ever-changing planetscape (see photo 1). You can control your craft's speed, altitude, and direction. Below the ship are gantry towers of varying heights. Upon these towers rest small cylinders called energizers. Around your ship, a veritable smorgasbord of alien craft exit hyperspace and appear on your screen. Of the four alien manifestations, one type, the disruptoid, is after your energizers. You must prevent the disruptoids from latching onto your energizers. If they reach the top of the screen with one of your energizers, they transmute into pulsating forms from which escape can be nigh impossible.

From an offensive standpoint, your Eliminator craft is equipped with an unlimited supply of plasma bursts. But once the airspace becomes very congested, you may have to rely upon your ultimate weapon—the disruptor charge function, which eliminates all enemy craft from the immediate area. Disruptor charges should be labeled "For Emergency Use Only" because you have just three per game. Once all ten of your energizers are captured or destroyed, the planetscape and gantry towers disintegrate in a blinding flash, thrusting your ship into the alien equivalent of 5 o'clock rush hour. Disruptoids swoop in for the kill, frequently in numbers so great as to completely overwhelm you.

Playing The Eliminator

You can take many different approaches in playing a good game of The Eliminator because this game poses the

Photo 1: A disruptoid ascends, energizer in tow, while a second disruptoid hovers below and to the left. Your Eliminator ship is to the left of both alien craft and above them. Note the widescreen monitor at the top of the screen.

triple challenge of (1) accumulating points (by destroying alien craft), (2) staying alive, and (3) preventing the capture or destruction of your energizers. You may focus on any one of these three tactics and play a moderately successful game. But the big points don't come until you are able to synthesize all three.

For example, one maneuver that separates the novices from the pros is the recovery of an energizer from an alien ship that has latched onto it and is in the process of ascending. This maneuver requires a deft hand and a steady eye and is done in several stages. First, the disruptoid must be destroyed. At this point you have an option:

170 Junt 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

SUPERFILE

SOLVES YOUR FILING PROBLEMS

SUPERFILE makes your information files an ASSET!

tm

CLIENT RECORDS

Menu driven

SALES LEADS CORRESPONDENCE JOURNAL ABSTRACTS

Learn in minutes

Customize

PERSONNEL RECORDS

Ready to run

program

MAILING LISTS

Demo data base

included

CARD FILES LEGAL CONTRACTS ALMOST ANYTHING!

included

The USERS MANUAL tells you how to use SUPERFILE to index and retrieve information for these and other practical uses.

IF YOU CAN TYPE, YOU CAN TEACH YOURSELF TO USE SUPERFILE IN MINUTES.

You Need

Computer with Z-80® cpu and at least 48K memory

CP/M® operating system

2 or more floppy disk drives or hard disk

Disk Formats

8" single density 5" including: Osborne, Xerox, North Star, Intertec, Apple (cp/m), Vector.

Technical Specifications

SEARCH SPEED: 100 records per second* RECORD ENTRY: your own text processor or easily convert your present files

# RECORDS PER DATA BASE: max. 8,000

on 8" SD (depends on disk capacity) RECORD LENGTH: variable to 512,000 char. (free format - no fixed length fields)

# KEY WORDS PER SEARCH: max. 64 using

"and", "or" & "not"

# KEY WORDS PER DATA BASE: max. 3,000

alpha-numeric plus 32,000 integers

# KEY WORDS PER RECORD: max. 250 KEY WORD LENGTH: max. 64 char, each

# FILES PER DATA BASE: no limit FILE SIZE: max. 512,000 bytes SORT: alpha-numeric by record MERGE and/or SPLIT: records and files

Where

Your Dealer Call FYI, INC. Write FYI, INC. Reader Service #

SUPERFILE costs only $195

(including DEMO data base and manual)

(30 day money back guarantee)

MANUAL only: $50 (applies to purchase)

Special Dealer DEMO free, on request from qualified Dealers and OEM's.

SUPERFILE (TM) trademark of FYI, INC.

Z-80® registered trademark of Zllog

CP/M® registered trademark of Digital Research

• Using Z-80, 4mhz, 8" DD, av. 10 keywords/record.

Please add $10 outside the US, Canada, Mexico

FYI, INC.

P.O. BOX 10998 #615 AUSTIN, TX. 78766

mc/visa (800) 531-5033 Inside Texas (512)346-0133

IT'S WHAT YOU CAN FIND THAT COUNTS!

Circle 196 on inquiry card.

BYTE June 1982 171

20,000 Programs

For The IBM

FOR THE IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER

SEE YOU AT THE NCC SHOW.

BOOTH NUMBER A-732

Baby Blue is a trademark of XEDEX Corporation.

XEDEX

Are Now Available Personal Computer!

INTRODUCING

BABY BLUE CPU PLUS

Baby Blue CPU Plus is an accessory printed-circuit board for your IBM Personal computer and special software on disk.

As far as normal PC DOS operations are concerned, Baby Blue acts just like any other normal, mild-mannered 64K byte random-access memory board.

But when you invoke a CP/M-80* program, Baby Blue becomes a second computer within your computer, letting you run thousands (literally thousands) of programs written for the CP/M microcomputer operating system.

CP/M, the first microcomputer operating system to gain wide acceptance, has been around since 1975. Not only has it played host to a lot of programs, but those programs are among the most useful, most sophisticated, most thoroughly tested and debugged, most proven programs ever written. More than 200,000 computers were fieldtesting those programs for you before the IBM Personal Computer even existed.

The total CP/M library is immense. It includes the best efforts of thousands of professional and advanced-amateur programmers. There are time managers, spreadsheet manipulators and professional-office packages. Languages - BASIC, of course, ALGOL, FORTRAN, C, Pascal, LISP, COBOL, PILOT, and FORTH, to name a few. Text editors, text formatters, full-blown word processors, spelling checkers and indexers. utilities that will massage problem files so that they lie back and purr. Games, including chess, Reversi, Adventure and tournament-level Star Trek. Database managers. Accounting packages that can run a milliondollar business... Just about anything you can imagine.

The net result is an integration of CP/M programs into the PC environment that's so smooth, so transparent that you won't need to know or care which operating system a program was originally written for.

Special Baby Blue Features:

■ 280B* microprocessor running at 4.77 megahertz.

■ Additional 64K memory, fully available to PC DOS - looks just like the IBM 64K board to the system.

■ Will accept CP/M programs on any of several popular 5%" soft-sectored diskette formats.

■ 63K of user memory is available for CP/M programs-7K more than on any other popular machine.

■ Files can be shared -CP/M and PC DOS programs can be mixed in a menu-driven system with common data files, p IBM Personal Computer peripherals are supported including keyboard, video boards, printer, Asynchronous Communications Adapter.

ONLY

$600

Special option —

Baby Blue bundled

with WordStar*

and Mail-Merge... $980

For only $60 more than the cost of the IBM 64K Memory Board ($540) you get 64K of Memory PLUS an interface to over 20,000 programs!

Call (212) 489-0444

or write XEDEX Corporation

1345 Ave. of Americas, New York, N.Y. 10105

WordStar' and Mail-Merge are trademarks of MicroPro International Corporation.

r.KMIPU.TO FUSE 1 LIME I COL »1

< < < n»i • nt m

3 *sn»r HBft »Wt»mn c**f I ltd » Stt9» ! (fru» Hai« tl miri led *r aina'r'tkt I HI ekt If! *U IHStUT SIMrf !'J Hal, 'J

- n J^n<» <«.< i*t «srf tiCi ri«j'i«fi<*«i«!»i"s.t«icv *f

it % *i iRtart * IfTUfttt I

it* twrta ~mmm*i*i ****'*: ■"!■*

Ulaaa trtltht: • imU" •* *• *■ oama«ai to ••WW •»—a. Ito 6* camattoM •*• i~IUt.lt alattop*.

WordStar*, the popular CP/M word processor is among thousands of programs that can now tie run on the IBM PC with Baby Blue.

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. Baby Blue is a trademark of XEDEX Corporation. Z80 is a trademark of Zilog. Inc.

Item

Point Value

Disruptoids

150

Drones

250

TDUs

1000

Tracers

150

Energizer save

250

Energizer replacement

500

Energizer interception

500

Table 1: The point values for

destroying

enemy ships and for

saving your energizers.

either let the energizer fall slowly back into place upon its gantry pad (250 points) or maneuver your ship into contact with the free-falling energizer and replace it upon a gantry pad (500 points). Usually, this process requires several quick forward/reverse and up/down movements of your Eliminator craft. Once all ten of the disruptoid crafts have been dealt with, you will have a few seconds to relax while the screen displays the number of energizers remaining and designates the upcoming attack wave.

The second and subsequent waves consist of two types of alien craft: drones, which zigzag diagonally across the screen, and TDUs (Tracer Dispersal Units), which ascend and descend benignly until attacked, whereupon they discharge five small tracer craft which dip and dive with semi-intelligent abandon and change direction upon pursuit.

Points

Points are accrued for the destruction of enemy craft and for ensuring the safety of your energizers (see table 1). When you use a disruptor charge, all the other spacecraft in the immediate area will disintegrate, garnering the point values of each destroyed ship. A tactical maneuver such as blasting two TDUs, which in turn will release a total of ten tracers, and then triggering a disruptor charge will rack up a minimum of 3500 points. Anything in excess of 30,000 points can be considered a good game. Co-author Wayne Westmoreland reports a high score of 122,400 (see photo 1), most humbling compared to my modest 62,000 high.

Graphically Speaking

The Eliminator uses block graphics for most of the action. Interesting additions are the scrolling gantry towers and planetscape and a starfield backdrop, all of which serve to promote the illusion of true motion. Equally effective is the wide-screen monitor at the screen's top, which expands your forward/reverse view by the equivalent of about 2V2 full-screen areas in each direction. This

At a Glance

Format

Cassette tape or 5 'A -inch

Name

floppy disk

The Eliminator

Language

Type

Z80 machine language

Arcade-type game

Computer Needed

Manufacturer

TRS-80 Model 1 or III with

Adventure International

either 16K bytes (cassette

POB 3435

version) or 32K bytes of

Longwood, FL 32750

memory and one disk drive

(305) 862-6917

(disk version)

Price

Documentation

SI9.95. cassette tape;

Pamphlet outlining key func

S24.95, disk version

tions

Authors

Audience

Wayne Westmoreland and

TRS-80 owners who enjoy

Terry Gilman

arcade games

enables you to monitor what's ahead or behind, before it arrives.

The sound routines in The Eliminator are definitely a cut above those of most TRS-80 programs. However, I prefer to be a member of the "soundless minority"; blips and bloops make me nervous, so I usually play with the sound patch disconnected.

Possible Improvements

To be as fair as possible, The Eliminator does have two features that could stand improvement. First, the hyperspace control (Clear key) should be farther from the disruptor-charge control (Enter key). On occasion, I have detonated the disruptor charge by accident when attempting to use the hyperspace function. Second, it would be nice to be awarded an extra ship and/or disruptor charge after passing, say, 50,000 points, as a merit award.

Conclusions

• The Eliminator is a fast-paced arcade game that makes excellent use of the TRS-80's low-resolution graphics.

• The on-screen presentation is well done and the widescreen monitor is a marvelous feature.

• The game requires both fast reflexes and strategic thinking to be played effectively.

• The Eliminator is the best thing to happen to the TRS-80 in a long time.

Editor's Note: The Eliminator is also available as a full-color, high-resolution game for the Apple II. This version requires an Apple 11 or Apple II Plus, 48K bytes of memory, and one disk drive. The price is $29.95. . . . A.A.L.

174 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

"This year, I'm taking 2,000

people sailing. I wouldn't trust the

travel arrangements to anything less

than Scotch* Brand Diskettes."

Eben Whitcomb, OwnerOperator, Dirigo Cruise Company, Clinton, CT

Eben Whitcomb runs the largest windjammer cruise business using American flag ships. He uses Scotch diskettes to keep track of thousands of names, bookings, sailing times, manifests and general ledger. While his computer saves time and repetition, Scotch diskettes assure him that vital information will be there when he needs it.

Dependable Scotch media can work just as hard for you. Each Scotch diskette is tested before it leaves our factory, and guaranteed error-free. So you can expect it to perform exactly right.

Scotch 8" and 51/4" diskettes are compatible with computer/diskette systems likeTRS-80, Apple, PET, Wang and many others. Get them from your local 3M distributor. For the one nearest you, call toll-free: 800/328-1300. (In Minnesota, call collect: 612/736-9625.) Ask for the Data Recording Products Division. In Canada, contact 3M Canada, Inc., Ontario.

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BYTE June 1982 175

Galactic Chase

Stan Wszola Technical Editor

I have this recurring nightmare in which I'm trapped in a video arcade and forced to play the games endlessly. Unfortunately, all the games are identical. I suppose these dreams are the result of seeing too many arcade-game clones. It seems as if everybody and his brother is producing arcade look-alike games for the personal computer market.

Fortunately, Galactic Chase is no nightmare; it's an implementation of the successful Galaxians arcade game with some interesting variations.

The Game

Following the Galaxian theme, the object of the game is to shoot the alien ships. At the start of the game, a fleet of 36 alien ships appears, arrayed in ranks (see photo 1). The value of an alien ship depends on whether it is still in formation or moving in for an attack (see table 1). Not only is it more sporting to

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Photo 1: Screen display for Galactic Chase. Two of the alien ships are shown peeling off from the formation and moving in for an attack.

shoot them while they're moving, but they're worth more points then.

When the game begins, the aliens peel off from the formation and attack individually. Rather than make a straight descent toward the bottom of the screen, the aliens swoop and curve, raining their missiles upon you all the time. In flight, the aliens appear to be little gloves trying to grab your ship. The movement of the alien ships is very smooth and looks quite good on the screen.

Your Role

As the Final Defender of Space, you command three ships per game. Your ship is controlled by the Atari joystick, and you fire missiles by pressing the button. You can destroy the alien ships either by firing missiles at them or by having the aliens collide directly with the magnetic repellers at the front of your ship.

176 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Ships

Ensigns Captains Flankers Command Ships

Number

20

7

6

Point Value 20 30 40 50

Attack Value 40 60 80

100 to 400

Table 1: The variety, number, and point values of the ships in the alien fleets.

In this game, there is nowhere to hide. You can't duck behind a convenient barricade. Your ship is out in the open, so the game requires a lot of movement to dodge the alien missiles and ships. The game is a true test of eyehand coordination.

When you destroy one fleet of alien ships, another will take its place. You receive a bonus ship at the start of your encounter with the 16th, 32nd, and 48th fleets. You also get a bonus ship for each 7000 points scored.

The game is set up for one or two players, with the players taking turns. The current scores are displayed at the bottom of the screen, as are the highest score achieved and the number of fleets encountered from the previous game.

One nice feature is that you can stop and restart the action by pressing the Control-1 keys. This is especially convenient if the action becomes hot and heavy and suddenly the phone rings.

Options

The game has three levels of skill. After you have destroyed 10 fleets in level one, you are moved up to level two, where the speed of the aliens increases. At your en

At a Glance

Name

Format

Galactic Chase

Cassette tape or 5 'A -inch

floppy disk

Type

Arcade-type game

Language

6502 machine language

Manufacturer

Spectrum Computers

Computer Needed

26618 Southfield Rd.

Atari 400 or 800 with 16K

Lathrup Village. Ml 48076

bytes of memory, one disk

(313) 559-5252

drive, and two joysticks

Price

Documentation

S24.95, cassette;

One-page pamphlet

S29.95. disk

Audience

Author

Game players

Tony Weber

178 Junt 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 332 on inquiry card.

Jfc K.

Superfast in its class and ready to run,

Computer

3enchmarks—All

systems running

the same BASIC program.

Manufacture- Model

Class

Operating

Language

Run Time

System

(Type*)

(Seconds)

IBM 3033

Mainframe

VS2-10RVYL

Stanford BASIC

10

Seattle Computer System 2

Micro

MS-DOS

Microsoft BASIC (C)

33

Digital Equipment PDP 11/70

Mini

n/a

BASIC (I)

45

Prime 550

Mainframe

PRIMOS

BASIC VI 6.4(1)

63

Digital Equipment PDP-10

Mainframe

TOPS-10

BASIC (1)

65

IBM System 34

Mainframe

Release 05

BASIC (1)

129

TEI System 48

Micro

MAGIC 1.0

Microsoft BASIC (C)

178

Hewlett-Packard HP3000

Mini

Time Share

BASIC (1)

250

Seattle Computer System 2

Micro

MS-DOS

Microsoft BASIC (1)

310

Alpha Micro AM-100/T

Micro

AMOS 4.3a

Alpha BASIC (SC)

317

Digital Equipment PDP 11/45

Mini

n/a

BASIC (1)

330

Data General NOVA 3

Mini

Time Share

BASIC 5.32

517

Ohio Scientific C4-P

Micro

OS65D3.2

Level 1 BASIC (I)

680

North Star Floating Point

Micro

NSDOS

NorthStar BASIC (I)

685

Radio Shack TRS-80 II

Micro

TRSDOS 1.2

BASIC (I)

792

Apple II +

Micro

DOS 3.2

Applesoft II (I)

960

Cromemco System 3

Micro

CDOS

32KBASIC(I)

1074

Commodore Pet 2001

Micro

n/a

Microsoft BASIC (I)

1374

IBM 5100

Micro

n/a

BASIC (I)

1951

Vector MZ

Micro

n/a

MicropolisBASIC(l)

2251

*C = Compiler; 1 = Interpreter. Times (except for Seattle Computer) taken from August 1981 issue of Interface Age.

The Seattle Computer System 2 is the fastest micro on the block. In fact, System 2 outperforms many minis and mainframes.

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counter with the 31st fleet, an invisible ray disables your missile launcher and slows the speed of your missiles. This is level three. You also have the option of starting at level two if you find level one too tame.

Strategy

Conventional wisdom suggests that the safest approach is to shoot the alien ships one column at a time. However, another strategy is to destroy the alien ships only while they're in motion. You'll acquire more points if successful, but your ships will face the greatest danger. You might reserve this strategy for the command ships; one command ship can be worth up to 400 points. (The value is determined randomly and is displayed when you hit the ship.)

My usual modus operandi is to keep my ship in constant motion. I've found that if you concentrate on one specific target or column, it's easy to pick off ships. Also, the alien ships tend to follow the motion of your ship, so radical changes in direction will throw them off your track.

As I mentioned above, alien ships can be destroyed by

ramming them with the front of your ship. The latter tactic is not for the fainthearted. Because the alien ships are firing directly ahead, you must wait till the last moment before placing your ship in the path of the alien. If the alien should touch the side of your ship, both ships will be destroyed. This tactic, therefore, is only for macho game players or for use as a last-ditch effort.

Conclusions

• I have only two complaints. I dislike the bursts of light in the background. Obviously meant to represent flickering stars, the effect looks more like cosmic dandruff. Also there is no software switch to turn off the sound effects. (My fellow editors did not appreciate hearing all of the galactic mayhem while they were trying to work.) These minor points become irritating if you play the game for any length of time.

• Galactic Chase is faithful to the original version. It offers an exciting game with a maximum of action and a minimum of complications. The graphics are smooth and colorful, and all information is nicely displayed. Galactic Chase is a natural for any Atari owner's game library. ■

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The GRQ Series Interface features:

1. Standard EIA RS-232-C Serial Interface and Parallel (Centronics compatible).

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3. Fifty thru 9600 Baud data rate options.

4. Two K buffer; supports X-on, X-off protocol as well as RTS signals.

180 Jurw 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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SB-80/4 A complete microcomputer system for the user who demands speed and storage capacity in single or multi-user applications. The CP/M® compatible operating system combined with our AMX I/O supervisor provides features and performance levels associated with more costly minicomputers. Single Board Technology By utilizing the latest in large scale integration, engineers have packaged, into a singleboard, power and reliability usually found only in costly multi-board systems. This multi-processor board allows each user (up to four) a dedicated Z80A microcomputer and 64K of RAM. The master-slave architecture, residing in the same enclosure, supervises all user requests for storage and peripherals through four channel DMA.

Memory and Disk Storage Up to 320K of 200ns dynamic RAM provides the hardware to multi-task the operation. A 4K byte of EPROM for bootstrap, monitor and diagnostic test is standard. On board interface for Winchester type disk controller allows from 1 0 to 104

megabytes of storage for applications that require large database files and records. The four parallel ports and six serial ports provide the muscle to support additional peripherals.

Software The true CP/M compatible, in conjunction with the multi-user AMX I/O supervisory system provides DMA, real time clock and full vectored interrupt on all l/Os. BASIC, Fortran, Pascal, Cobol, APL and PL/1 languages are available.

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BYTE June 1982 181

On the Way to Standard BASIC

A survey of what's in the proposed ANSI standard

and why it's there.

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) committee X3J2, charged with developing a standard for the BASIC programming language, held its first meeting in January 1974. We're now well into the eighties and still we have no published standard. Why so long? The standardization process is at best slow and cumbersome, but need it be this slow? After all, standards for FORTRAN, COBOL, and PL/I have been around for a while. Half of the short answer is that the X3J2 committee has produced in eight years two standards: the "draft," which is the subject of this article, and Minimal BASIC, which appeared in 1978 (see reference 1). (Minimal BASIC has not caught on because the rapid development of chip technology has made its modest capabilities obsolete.) The other half of the short answer is that BASIC was changing drastically while the committee was trying to standardize it. In other words, BASIC has been a moving target.

BASIC got its start as a simple language designed to make life easier for the nonexpert programmer. But what

About the Author

Thomas E. Kurtz is co-author of the original, "Dartmouth" BASIC and is chairman of the ANSI committee that has developed the proposed draft standard for BASIC.

Thomas E. Kurtz Dartmouth College Hanover, NH 03755

started out as a simple language with no more than a dozen different statements dealing only with numbers has grown into a diverse language with many statements capable of handling numbers, strings, arrays, files, and plotting. Single-letter and letter-digit variable names have grown to multicharacter variable names. Simple GOTOs and IF. . .THENs have evolved into the famous constructs of structured programming. Each vendor has developed its own formats and rules for these extensions so that present versions of BASIC differ widely as to form and content.

At long last, the diverging paths are being brought together in the new proposed standard for BASIC. The standard includes structured constructs, a "MAT" (matrix) package, formatted output, subprograms that can be made independent, files, exception handling, and optional sections on graphics, sophisticated file structures, real time, fixed decimal arithmetic, and editing. (Details appear later in this article.) The example in listing 1 illustrates a few of the highlights of standard BASIC: multicharacter identifiers, subprograms, and several of the structured constructs.

The standard is currently (early 1982) under technical committee mail ballot, which will assert (if it passes)

that the technical development of the standard has been completed. The next major milestone is a publicreview period conducted by ANSI's X3 committee, which supervises the making of all computer-related standards in the United States. Further steps, which usually take several years to complete, will follow before the standard becomes ANSI official, but these are formalities that have little likelihood of changing the content of the standard.

The standard will mainly benefit the educational world. Programs published in magazines such as BYTE may eventually be in standard BASIC rather than in some variation. Textbooks containing programs won't have to be written specifically for a particular brand or model of computer. Finally, programs written in standard BASIC will be easier to transport and distribute.

Difficulties with Standardization

Developing a standard for BASIC has been difficult because the language serves such a diverse clientele.

Educational users tend to work on mini- and microcomputers. They desire a language that is easy to learn and is not cluttered with declarations or excessive structure. They would be satisfied with fairly simple file systems.

182 Junt 1982 © BYTE Publications Ire

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World's best multiprocessor system. The DISCOVERY system provides separate processors and memory for each of its 16 users. It offers full CP/IVrand CP/M-86~ compatibility, interprocessor communication, and shared and private files. Each user can take advantage of shared peripherals and cross submitting of tasks between processors. The system is controlled by a unique, two board dpc-280 service processor and dpc/os distributed processing operating system. By the board or by the system.The DISCOVERY multiprocessor is ready for immediate delivery as a complete system, as processor boards, and everything in between. It offers exclusive technology in multiprocessing, yet is fully compatible with existing standards including CP/M and S-100. It is quite simply unmatched in performance, capabilities and offers a far greater degree of flexibility. DISCOVERY—offering a whole new world of possibilities.

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PLOT UNPLOT REM

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RETURN IF

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Introducing the Sinclair ZX81.

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The ZX81 is a major advance over the original Sinclair ZX80-the first personal computer to break the price barrier at $200.

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■ 1K of memory expandable to 16K

■ 164-page programming guide and operating manual

The ZX81 is also very convenient to use. It hooks up to any television set to produce a clear 32-column by 24-line display. It comes with a comprehensive 164-page programming guide and operating manual designed for both beginners and experienced computer users. And you can use a regular cassette recorder to store and recall programs by name.

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If you really want to save money, and you enjoy building electronic kits, you can order the ZX81 in kit form for the incredible price of just $99.95.* It's the same, fullfeatured computer, only you put it together yourself. We'll send complete, easy-to-follow instructions on how you can assemble your ZX81 in just a few hours. All you have to supply is the soldering iron. A leader in microelectronics.

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' Plus shipping and handling. Price includes connectors for TV and cassette, AC adaptor, and

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NEW SOFTWARE: Sinclair has published pre-recorded programs on cassettes for your ZX81. We're constantly coming out with new programs, so we'll send you our latest software catalog with your computer.

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MAIL TO: Sinclair Research Ltd., One Sinclair Plaza, Nashua, NH 03061.

Circle 297 on inquiry card.

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( ator64D. oper numbed ^ese rd orders -.redit car atic

write us'

Box 1140

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micro

developments

Listing

; 1: This program incorporates many of the new features of the proposed

standard for BASIC.

100 1

Program CRAPS

110

120

A simple program in standard BASIC

130

140

Plays N games of craps

150

160

Read n

170

Data 10

180

190

?or i = 1 to n

200

Call DICE (Total)

210

Print "You rolled a "; Total

220

Select Total

230

Case 7, 11

240

Print "You win."

250

Case 2, 3, 12

260

Print "You lose."

270

Case else

280

Print "which is your point."

290

Do

300

Call DICE (Newtotal)

310

Print Newtotal,

320

Loop until Newtotal = 7 or Newtotal = Total

330

If Newtotal = 7

340

Then

350

Print "You lose."

360

Else

370

Print "You win."

380

End if

390

End select

400

Next i

410

1

420

End

430

!

440

!

450

Sub DICE(Sum)

460

470

! Roll two dice and add them up

480

490

Let dl = Int(6.Rnd + 1)

500

Let d2 = Int(6.Rnd + 1)

510

Let Sum = dl + d2

520

|

530

Sub end

Another group of users includes those with large machines or with access to large machines. These users want a rich, compiler-based language. They want to construct subroutine libraries of independently compiled subprograms. This group also wishes to write interactive programs that process strings of characters, something that FORTRAN and COBOL don't do easily. (PL/I allows string processing, but it's not accessible in many interactive environments.) Pascal does not offer what these users want either; it is too pristine.

A third group of users wishes to do business and financial calculations using BASIC. Such use is extensive

partly because many of the early financial applications were written in BASIC. In Europe, BASIC is the primary business data-processing language for small computers. This group wants formatted output, accurate dollars-and-cents calculations, and access to record-structured files. Few suitable alternatives exist for these users on small machines.

What Most BASICs Are Like

Present-day BASICs, including the current version of the draft standard, reflect most of the goals of the original version of BASIC. For example, most BASICs avoid declaration of variables, with the notable exception that many, including the draft

186 Juiw 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 380 on inquiry card.

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Timetable for Approval

This article is the first public presentation of the main features of the standard now in preparation. The X3J2 committee will shortly send its proposed standard to the parent committee X3. X3 will then establish a publiccomment period during which copies of the proposed standard will be available. The public is then invited to examine the standard, point out flaws, or propose modifications. Individual computer users and user groups should be on the lookout for the public-comment period and respond with suggestions or comments.

We also hope that the trade and academic press will examine the standard when it becomes available and draw comparisons between it and other popular versions of BASIC. The X3J2 committee doesn't really expect all vendors to implement all that is in the standard. But we hope that what vendors do implement will be compatible with the standard.

The schedule of events in the near future for the standard is:

Late July 1982: Confirm the technical review, possibly make last-minute changes.

Fall 1982: Transmit the standard to X3 for further processing. At this point, the standard will be virtually stable, and vendors and users can begin to count on its features. Subsequent processing of the standard is largely formal, although it is possible to change the standard when there is a significant public aversion to some feature in the standard.

Late 1982 or early 1983: Public comment period and letter ballot within X3.

1983: Transmittal to ANSI for still further processing. 1983: Final approval by ANSI.

As with any best-laid plans, unforeseen problems can only cause delays. The above schedule is therefore optimistic. On the other hand, the technical content of the standard is not likely to change after the fall of 1982. Implementers should be able to plan new compilers and interpreters with confidence at that time.

188 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE June 1982 189

standard, require declaration of arrays (lists and tables). In most BASICs, variables are typed implicitly, according to some special symbol. Thus, string variables have the dollar sign ($) in their name. This convention limits the number of different types of variables, because there aren't many special characters left. Some argue that this is good, not bad. It is still true that a small job requires only a small program. Some BASICs even allow omitting the END statement. A language that lacks declarations and excessive structure lends itself more readily to interpreters. For these, a simple computation requires but a single statement. If you want to add 2 and 2, the single direct statement:

PRINT 2 + 2

will work. Try this in Pascal or FORTRAN!

Because a user can get by with a minimum of syntax rules and structure, BASIC is easy for novices to

learn. Perhaps even more important, it is easy for occasional users to remember. I know teachers who use the computer only twice a year but who can remember what to do without having to check the manual.

The Proposed Standard

The standard will of course embrace most of simple BASIC or Minimal BASIC. (ANSI Minimal BASIC is similar to the earliest versions of BASIC. It includes the REM, LET, INPUT, PRINT, READ, RESTORE, DATA, DIM, FOR, NEXT, IF. . . THEN, line number, GOSUB, GOTO, RETURN, ON. . .GOTO, RANDOMIZE, single-line DEF, STOP, and END statements. It lacks string lists, files, plotting, etc. ANSI Minimal BASIC is quite minimal!) BASIC extends Minimal BASIC in a number of ways, for example, by allowing multicharacter variable names. It also includes features completely missing from Minimal BASIC, such as graphical output and real time. Incidentally, the com

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mittee elected to use the name BASIC for this standard. It had used the terms "Extended BASIC" and "Enhanced BASIC," but it dropped the modifiers, thus allowing their use by vendors later.

The standard is written so as to define standard-conforming programs. Any program that is written according to the rules of the standard is standard-conforming. A standardconforming implementation (interpreter or compiler) is one that will correctly process a standard-conforming program. A standard-conforming implementation may offer extensions, provided that all standard-conforming programs will continue to be correctly processed. This point is important in order to understand some of the choices made by the committee.

Actually, the standard will consist of a core module plus five optional modules: enhanced files (direct access and keyed); graphics; real time; fixed decimal (for business users); and editing.

I'll now give a section-by-section summary of the features of the proposed standard.

Data Types

BASIC includes variables and constants of type numeric and string. Numeric is, of course, single precision. The standard will not specify other types, such as integer or double precision, both of which have been requested by part of the user community. It will provide fixed decimal but only as an option. The reason for not including other types is that BASIC serves many masters—large machines, small machines, microcomputers, interpreters, compilers, education, business—making the choice of data types difficult. As it is, vendors can enhance their own versions of the standard BASIC with whatever additional data types are needed by their users. Of course, programs written to take advantage of such data types will not be standardconforming and might not be transportable.

Program Comments

In addition to the REM statement

190 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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for comments, BASIC will allow online comments using the exclamation point (1).

Identifiers

It did not take the committee long to vote for multicharacter variable names. Up to 31 characters (letters, digits, and underlines, starting with a letter) are permitted for variable and function names, with the trailing dollar sign for string-variables counting. Despite the obvious advantages over old-fashioned BASIC variable names, multicharacter names exact their price. For instance, spaces are required around keywords (such as FOR N = 1 to M instead of FORN = 1TOM), and certain words cannot be used as variable names (mainly, the names of the functions with no arguments, such as RND). The first restriction is probably a good idea anyhow. The second poses a challenge to implementers to come up with reasonable error messages when unsuspecting novice users try to assign one of these words as a variable name.

Incidentally, uppercase and lowercase may be used interchangeably for keywords, identifiers, function names, etc. Of course, the cases remain distinguishable in quoted strings, input replies, etc.

Numeric Operations

The big news is that arithmetic will be floating decimal. Thus, 2.29 + 4.71 - 7.00, not 6.999999. Also:

.1 + .1 + .1 + .1 + .1 + .1 + .1 + .1 + .1 + .1 = 1 exactly

Vendors may offer native arithmetic (presumably floating binary or floating hexadecimal) as an option if efficiency is an issue. But users will finally be able to carry out dollars-andcents calculations with confidence.

Minimal BASIC provides these numeric functions: ABS, ATN, COS,

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EXP, INT (the floor), LOG (natural), RND, SGN, SIN, SQR, and TAN. New numeric functions include ACOS, ANGLE (easier to use than ATAN for determining the angle given the base and height), ASIN, CEIL (ceiling, the opposite of INT), COSH, COT, CSC (cosecant), DATE, DEG (radians to degrees), EPS (the smallest representable positive number), FP (fractional part—the same as X-INT(X) for positive X), INF (the largest positive number), IP (integer part—the same as INT for positive values), LOG10, LOG2, MAX, MIN, MOD, PI, RAD (degrees to radians), REM (remainder—the same as MOD for positive numbers), ROUND, SEC, SINH, TANH, TIME, TRUNCATE (reduce the number of significant digits, but don't round).

Taking a cue from the hand-held calculators, the user at his option can express angles in degrees instead of radians. Secondary school trigonometry and general math students

should benefit because normally students don't learn radian measure until they take calculus.

String Operations

The two important operations on strings are concatenation (joining two strings) and substring extraction. The former is accomplished by using the ampersand (&); the latter is achieved by following the string variable with a range enclosed in parentheses. Thus, LINE$(4:7) gives the fourth through seventh characters of the string LINE$. This substring notation can appear on the left side of a LET statement, in which case the fourth through seventh characters are replaced by whatever appears on the right side of the LET statement. The old substring functions (SEG$, MID$, LEFT$, etc.) that we have come to know and love are gone. Good riddance I

Functions whose arguments or values are strings include CHR$, DATE$, LEN, LCASE$, ORD, POS,

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STR$, TIMES, UCASE$, and VAL. CHR$ and ORD are opposite, and associate a character to its numerical value. LCASE$ and UCASE$ are lowercase- and uppercase-conversion functions. DATE$ and TIME$ give the date and time as strings. STR$ and VAL are the number-string conversion functions that have been around for a while in BASIC. LEN gives the length of a string. POS searches a string for another string.

LET Statement

This brings us to a point that may disturb many. The LET in the LET statement is mandatory! One might ask why, as the option to omit it is such a common convention and a convenience to many users. The principal reason was to reduce the number of reserved words while retaining simple parsing. As it is, only the no-argument function names like RND and the words NOT, PRINT, REM, and ELSE are reserved (not allowed to be used as identifiers). This means that a user cannot write LET RND = 3. One should realize, however, that the standard actually prescribes only that standardconforming programs may not omit the LET. Compilers and interpreters may, however, allow users to omit the LET, but they must accept the LET when it is present. Such implementations will have to be smart enough to recognize that:

INPUT = 3

is a LET statement and not an input statement.

Arrays

Arrays must be dimensioned in the program before use. This rule conflicts with Minimal BASIC, which allows default dimensions for lists and tables (vectors and matrices) that do not appear in DIM statements. You might wonder why we are doing away with the convenience of not having to dimension small arrays. The reason is that general identifiers are now allowed for both arrays and functions. For example, in "LET X = A(3)" the meaning of A(3) is

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BYTE June 1982 195

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G/DOS inns existing NorthSlar programs; Graphics C/PM-" also runs conventional NorthStarC/PM11 programs. Serial ports and parallel ports are available as options.

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Typical Systems Graphics

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Optional Operating Systems.

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. i i.

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Circle 320 on inquiry card.

ambiguous because it could be either element 3 of the array A, or the function A evaluated at 3.

There are three ways out of the dilemma. First, a two-pass compiler (or intepreter that does a pre-scan) could assume that A(3) was an array if it didn't find a function definition for A later in the program. Second, one could require that all functions be declared early in the program. Third, one could require that all arrays be declared early in the program. The committee adopted the third option because most arrays have to be dimensioned anyway and it's customary to place the dimension statements early in the program.

A MAT package includes matrix (or vector) input and output, scalar multiplication, matrix add, subtract, and multiply, and the matrix functions of linear algebra INV, TRN, DOT, and DET. Even those who have no interest in linear algebra will find the MAT input and output statements handy. For instance, suppose a small firm has several departments,

and that the sales results for all of them are kept in several lists (onedimensional arrays). Then:

MAT net sales =

gross sales

expenses

will calculate the net sales for all departments at once. (The above statement, and others like it later in the article, is intended to occupy a single line.)

Only one- and two-dimensional arrays are included in the standard, though designers of interpreters and compilers may choose to allow more.

Logical Expressions

Minimal BASIC allows only simple relational expressions (such as X < = Y) in IF statements. BASIC allows these to be combined using AND, OR, and NOT to form logical expressions. Parentheses are allowed, in case you forget whether AND takes precedence over OR or vice versa. Whereas Minimal BASIC allows only = and < > with strings (as

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with IF A$ = "YES"), BASIC allows the full range of relational operators with strings. What actually happens when "IF A$ < B$" is used depends on the collating sequence. For instance, the ASCII collating sequence specifies that "B" comes before "a".

Branching and Decision Making

The programmer can continue to use GOTO and IF. . .THEN from Minimal BASIC. Or instead he can choose to use structured constructs now typical of almost all programming languages. Take, for instance, the IF. . .THEN. . .ELSE construct. In BASIC, this takes the form:

IF < logical expression > THEN

ELSE

END IF

Two important features of this construct are, first, the keywords that define the construct must appear at the beginning of separate lines. Thus, the ELSE and END IF cannot be obscurely buried near the end of a line. Second, the construct ends with a keyword sequence that is unique to that construct.

You can use the simple one-line IF. . .THEN. . .ELSE, which might look like this:

IF x < y THEN LET a = 3 ELSE LET a = 4

With both forms of IF. . .THEN . . .ELSE, the programmer may omit the ELSE part.

Looping Structures

The FOR NEXT loop of Minimal BASIC is retained, and a new structure, the DO LOOP, is added. The loop-ending condition (or conditions) may be attached to the DO statement, the LOOP statement, or both. The loop-ending condition may be expressed either as a WHILE or as an UNTIL. The following is typical:

DO UNTIL i > n OR a$ = list$(i)

LOOP

198 Jum 1982 © BYTE Publications Lnc

Circle 80 on inquiry card.

Start talking business

with your Apple

COBOL is the most effective business language.

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CIS COBOL with FORMS-2 brings together the best features of COBOL and Apple to enable you to deliver the most effective, user-friendly applications.

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CIS COBOL's dynamic module loading gives you big application capability and the FORMS-2 source generator lets you build and modify conversational programs from visual screen formats, creating much of the code automatically.

Application vendors: CIS COBOL with FORMS-2 steps up the pace for your development of the high quality professional application packages needed today. And creating them in COBOL makes them more maintainable.

Over half the Apple II's now being sold are going to business or professional users so demand for quality applications is growing fast, creating big business opportunities for you.

Stability proven by the US Government.

CIS COBOL has been tested and approved for two consecutive years by the US General Services Administration as conforming to the ANSI 74 COBOL Standard. Apple II under CP/M is included in CIS COBOL's 1981 GSA Certificate of Validation (at Low-Intermediate Federal Standard plus Indexed l-O and Level 2 Inter-Program Communication).

Get your hands on CIS COBOL at your Apple dealer.

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CIS COBOL with FORMS-2 for use on the Apple II with CP/M is an Apple Distributed Product. CIS COBOL and FORMS-2 are trademarks of Micro Focus. CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research. Apple II Is a trademark of Apple Computer.

Circle 300 on inquiry card.

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In addition, a DO LOOP may be exited with an EXIT LOOP statement. Whenever such a statement appears in the body of a loop, the next statement executed will be the one following the first LOOP statement encountered. The following example is typical:

DO

PRINT "Input an integer ";

PRINT "between 1 and 7";

INPUT x IF0 < x AND x< =7 AND

x = INT(x) THEN EXIT DO

PRINT "Bad number; reenter" LOOP

The EXIT DO gets you out of a DO LOOP. Similarly, an EXIT FOR gets one out of a FOR NEXT loop. The previous example of the DO LOOP for searching a string list could also be written:

FOR i = 1 TO n

IF a$ = list$(i) THEN EXIT FOR NEXTi

Exit statements are also provided for multiline defined functions and subprograms.

Multiway Selection

A SELECT construct allows choosing one of many alternatives. The following example illustrates some of its features:

SELECT DICE CASE 7, 11

PRINT "Win" CASE 2, 3, 12

PRINT "Lose" CASE ELSE

PRINT "Roll again" END SELECT

Functions, Subprograms, and Chaining

Minimal BASIC gives us two simple methods for program modularization—single-line defined functions and subroutines (of the GOSUB RETURN type). BASIC adds three methods: multiple-line defined func

202 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

CALL "THE COMPUTER-LINE"

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When you call us, you talk to fully qualified computer specialists trained to answer aU your questions pertaining to our line of microcomputers. We are reknown for our excellent after sales support and our promptness for delivery. Peace of mind and excellence in service is our pledge to all our customers.

533

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PC-8031A Dual diskette unit, including two 163K byte diskette drives,

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7710Async. Serial Int. $135

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Circle 125 on inquiry card.

tions, subprograms, and the ability to chain. Multiple-line defined functions begin with a DEF statement and end with an END DEF statement. In between, there can be any code, but there should be at least one LET statement having the name of the function on the left side.

Subprograms are external to the main program and to each other. Their internal variables are thus local to them, in contrast with defined functions, which can access all variables in the program unit in which they are defined. Parameters of subprograms can be numeric, string, ar

ray (of either type), or a channelsetter (which refers to a file, which I'll discuss later). Because input to and output from subprograms is through the calling sequence only, subprograms can be separately compiled (on those systems that provide compiling) and collected into libraries.

Multiple-line defined functions may also be made external to the program, so they can be collected into libraries. In this use, they start with the keyword FUNCTION instead of DEF and end with END FUNCTION.

A CHAIN statement allows a program to stop and start running some

other program, which could be in a different language. Information may be passed to the chained-to program through an argument list that works the same as with defined functions. That is, arguments may be numeric or string expressions or arrays, and they are called "by value." The corresponding parameters in the chained-to program follow the keyword PROGRAM.

Input and Output

The READ and DATA statements work as they do in Minimal BASIC. String data can be quoted, in which

\ ffitfcStcll ccrjicls ijcur CP/ffi computer ^ ^ witti mere pewer ttiair

eier before!

WHAT IS MICROSHELL?

MicroShell is a normal CP/M program

which adds a powerful set of commands

to all programs running under CP/M.

MicroShell remains in your computer,

out of the way to continue to process

your commands.

WHAT WILL MICROSHELL DO?

All the normal CP/M commands, plus:

• Automatic Disk and User Management - No more copying all your programs to each disk you use and having directories filled with programs. With MicroShell you can work on a nice clean disk or in a separate user area and MicroShell will find your programs from another drive or user number -automatically! You'll save time and precious disk space.

• Powerful Redirection Capability • You can send screen output to a file or to the printer. Or send printer output to a file. Or take program input from a file instead of the keyboard.

• Much More: Multiple commands on a line, more powerful and faster "submit" capability, and userdefinable prompt.

DEALERS • MICROSHELL GIVES YOU:

• An interface to the computer that can be tailored to the user's level of experience.

• Automatic execution of an application program at startup.

• MicroShell can manage self-running demos to free up your salesmen from demonstrating software packages: have the software package sell itself!

WILL MICROSHELL RUN ON MY COMPUTER?

If your computer runs CP/M 2.2, that's all you need to run MicroShell. Most popular 8 and 5 inch disk formats available. And MicroShell runs on AppleCP/M, and IBM PC with "Baby Blue".™

MicroShell $150.00 Manual Only $25.00

VISA. MC accepted VA residents add 4% Overseas orders add $20.00 for air mail

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Run Wordstar™ (or your favorite word processor) from any disk drive or user area: MicroShell will automatically find the programs and overlays as they are needed.

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• Tired of entering the same commands time after time into a program? Put them into a file and have MicroShell supply them to the program from the file.

• Want to do something else while a long program runs? Change MicroShell's prompt to sound the bell on your terminal.

SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS MICROSHELL GIVES YOU:

• A powerful development environment with many UNIX™ features, and some that even UNIX doesn't have.

•MicroShell eases the part of software development we all dislike: documentation. With MicroShell, you can run your program and collect the output in a file.

4

CALL OR WRITE TODAY!

NEW

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204 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 336 on inquiry card.

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case the string includes all characters between the quote marks including possible leading and trailing spaces. If the string data contain no leading or trailing spaces, commas, or quote marks, they may be unquoted.

The INPUT statement works as in Minimal BASIC. Inputting an entire line without regard to commas and leading and trailing spaces is done with the LINE INPUT statement.

Input-prompt strings other than the "?" can be provided. In addition, timeout control can be added. The following example is typical:

INPUT PROMPT "Answer = ", TIMEOUT 5, ELAPSED t: answer

As in Minimal BASIC, PRINT statements may use the comma to move to the next print zone, the semicolon to stay where you are, and the TAB function to move to a specified columnar position. BASIC provides, in addition, a PRINT USING statement for more elaborate output formatting. The image, which is like a picture of the eventual printed line, can be contained in a string or in an IMAGE statement referred to by its line number. The alternate forms of the PRINT USING statement are:

PRINT USING format$: . . .

or PRINT USING 100: . . .

Array input and output are also included. Variable amounts of input can be received by the statement:

MAT INPUT A(7)

Files

BASIC provides for four types of file organization: sequential, stream, relative, and keyed. Sequential files consist of records that must be accessed sequentially. Stream files consist simply of a stream of values and must also be accessed sequentially. Relative files are sometimes called random-access files; they probably will exist on disks. Keyed files are accessed not by record number but by some key.

206 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 197 on inquiry card.

How To Sell More Software

No. 2 in a series of software marketing bulletins from Context, Inc.

The (Ftomp^Doc* Manual Maker

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Three types of records are described: display, internal, and native. Display records are produced by PRINT statements—strings of characters ending in a carriage return-linefeed. Internal records contain values of numbers or strings, but in some internal format. The key point is that what gets read back in is exactly identical to what was written out. (This is not necessarily true with displayformat files, as numbers must be converted to strings of characters on output and from strings of characters back to numbers on subsequent input.)

Of the 12 combinations of file organization and record type, only 3 are required in the core standard: sequential-display, sequential-internal, and stream-internal. Five other combinations are defined as possible enhancements. The remaining 4 are not defined by the standard, which leaves open the possibility that some implementations may use them.

The OPEN statement associates a channel-setter of the form "#13" to a

file whose name is given. Ways are provided to find out if a file exists, and if it does, what its attributes are. The CLOSE statement closes a file. The ERASE statement erases the contents of a file and leaves it of zero length. Two examples:

OPEN #infile: NAME "Myfile", ACCESS INPUT, ORGANIZATION SEQUENTIAL

OPEN #3: NAME "filename"

In the second example, it is assumed that the organization is sequential; the record-type, display; and the access, "outin" (both input and output). PRINT and INPUT are used to pass information to and from sequentialdisplay files, just about the way they work for the terminal. READ and WRITE are used to communicate with all three file types. Display files can thus be accessed by both PRINT and INPUT, and READ and WRITE.

Native-format files are accessed through "templates" and are provided for possible access to COBOL files.

Exception Handling

The construct for intercepting exceptions (situations during execution that usually cause the program to terminate) is:

WHEN EXCEPTION IN

USE

END WHEN

The following simple example can be used to protect against an invalid VAL argument:

LET flag = 0

WHEN EXCEPTION IN

LET x = VAL(a$) USE

PRINT "Bad number; reenter"

LET flag = 1 END WHEN

JANUS

the language that is based on the past but looks to the uses of the future.

Now You Can Have JANUS On Your System.

JANUS is a subset of the famous ADA language developed by the U. S. Department of Defense. JANUS includes all of the most useful features of PASCAL, plus many useful enhancements. Enhancements found in no other microprocessor programming language. For example, JANUS includes true Modular programming, where the computer, rather than the user, remembers what modules are being used. JANUS doesn't forget error handling, either. JANUS helps you with full error messages —no more looking up error numbers in a manual. At run time, JANUS gives you the line number of the error, and a full walkback including subprogram names.

JANUS is available on the following systems:

• IBM Personal Computer • All CP/M 8" Disk Systems

• TRS-80 Model II (CP/M) • Seattle Computer 8086

• North Star (CP/M) • Apple Softcard

The JANUS package produces ROMable, re-entrant 8080, Optimized Z80, or 8086 machine code. JANUS runs under CP/M, CP/M-86, and MS-DOS (also known as 86-DOS, IBM PC-DOS, and SB-86). You too can take a step forward into the future.

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208 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Everything about our 12" Video-300 monitor was designed to be easy. Easy to read. Easy to use. And easy to match up with practically any computer or word processing system, including the popular Apple and IBM personal computers. So it's easy to see why you should choose Video-300 for your text display needs.

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-The

MIND'S I

Fantasies and Reflections on Self & Soul

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THE MIND'S I

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The USE part is invoked when any exception whatsoever occurs during the WHEN part. In the previous example, it is almost true that only one kind of exception is possible. The printed error message will thus be correct most of the time. The programmer may double-check by using the EXTYPE function, which returns the coded number of the exception. For the example above, the EXTYPE value is 4001. Some 144 exceptions are defined and coded in the standard.

A CAUSE statement

can force any particular exception.

More elaborate exception handlers may be constructed. For such purposes there are the RETRY, CONTINUE, and EXIT HANDLER statements and the EXLINE function. RETRY sends control to the start of the line in which the exception occurred, CONTINUE sends control to the line following that in which the exception occurred, while EXLINE has as its value the line number of the line in which the exception occurred. There is also a CAUSE statement that can force any particular exception to occur; a programmer can use the cause statement to check his exception-handling code.

Graphics

The language includes statements to carry out simple plotting. The basic plotting statement is PLOT. It can be used to plot dots or straight lines. As examples:

PLOT X,Y

PLOT XI,Yl; X2,Y2

PLOT

If the beam is off, the first plots a dot at (X,Y), and the second draws a line from (XI,Yl) to (X2,Y2). If the beam is on, the first and second also draw a line from the previous point to (X,Y) or (XI,Yl), respectively. The third turns the beam off (lifts the pen) if it's on and does nothing if the beam is off.

210 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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The SIO-4/DMA is an intelligent, DMA, high performance S100 four port serial input/output board. It conforms to the IEEE-696 specification and is designed to work with older S100 machines. The board is intended to be used with asynchronous terminals or printers in a multi-user system.

D Program selectable

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D 256-bytes of FIFO buffer for input characters.

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Listing 2: A graphics program written in the proposed draft form of standard BASIC.

100

! Town

110

120

! Draws a picture of a town

130

140

! Naming the type of plotter is implementation-defined

150

160

Window 0, 4, 0, 3

170

|

180

Plot Town

190

|

200

End

210

!

220

Picture Town

230

|

240

For i = 1 to 2

250

For j = 1 to 3

260

Plot House with scale(.5) * shift(i,j)

270

Next j

280

Next i

290

!

300

End picture

310

|

320

Picture House

330

|

340

Plot 0,0; 0,1; 1,1; .5,1.5; 0,1; 0,0

350

I

360

End picture

The points to be plotted are given in user coordinates, which are specified with a WINDOW statement. The programmer may specify the physical size of the screen to be used, arrange to CLIP the picture, SET the color and line style, and use the ASK statement to find out about the current status of these quantities. The GRAPHIC INPUT and GRAPHIC PRINT statements provide text input and output. Polygon fill can be accomplished by:

MAT FILL POLYGON

Complicated pictures may be built from simple ones with PICs, which are like subprograms. They are invoked with the PLOT statement (rather than with the CALL statement). As they are plotted, transformations of various types may be made. These include SHIFT, SCALE, ROTATE, and SHEAR, and combinations thereof.

Listing 2 is a complete program for drawing a picture of a town.

Real Time

Most BASIC users would be surprised to learn that BASIC is one of the important languages for real-time applications, such as industrial-process control. The reason is that it is simple and can be provided easily on the small machines used in such applications. Standard BASIC will include optional features, such as parallel sections and definitions of device interfaces, to permit this use. This work grew out of earlier work sponsored by the IEEE in developing a standard for CAMAC (Computer Automated Measurement and Control) BASIC.

A real-time program consists of parallel sections, each of which is an independent program unit with respect to line numbers and identifiers. Each parallel section can receive input from and send output to any device specified and can exchange messages with other parallel sections. A section can become dor

212 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

CP/M

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\ZJ

How Standards Are Written

One characteristic of standards work is that major points are usually settled easily, while seemingly minor points may take years to resolve. A classic example is the "option base controversy" in the X3]2 committee.

Most early versions of BASIC allowed default dimensioning of arrays. That is, in the absence of a DIM statement, the subscripts of an array (list or table) could range up to a value of 10. But BASICs differed in what they allowed for the lower bound. Some specified the lower bound to be 0, while others specified it to be 1. The argument for 0 is that many elementary applications need the subscript 0, and it should be available for those cases. The argument for 1 is that most arrays naturally begin with 1, and it would be a waste of storage to allow 0 when it isn't needed. The committee argued long and hard over this one. Each time we voted, we tied. The OPTION BASE compromise eventually emerged. The rule is this: if OPTION BASE 0 appears in the program, the lower bound for all subscripts is 0; if OPTION BASE 1 appears, the lower bound is 1; if neither appears, then by default the lower bound is 0.

Few members of X3]2 really liked this compromise, but the committee supported it in the interests of getting out the standard for Minimal BASIC. Subsequent efforts to remove this feature failed, for the same reason.

In a radical shift, the committee decided, five years later, to allow users to specify lower bounds for individual arrays in dimension statements. Thus, "DIM YEAR(1970:1980)" would create a list named "YEAR" having 11 elements identified with the numbers 1970, 1971. . .1980. If no lower bound is specified, it is assumed to be 1. Both sides now have their wish, but it took more than five years to achieve it.

Logistics

Meetings of standards committees are held near where the members work, and members take turns hosting meetings. Since 1974, X3]2 has met 30 times. Ten of these meetings have been in the East, nine in the Midwest and South, and eight in the Far West. Because we are developing the standard jointly with ECMA (European Computer Manufacturers Association) TC21, we hold joint meetings yearly, alternating between the United States and Europe. Three of these meetings have been held in Europe.

Rotating meeting sites is required. Often we have to choose between alternate sites based on, for example, availability and cost of accommodations. But one factor we always consider very carefully is food. Whatever site we choose must have good restaurants. Thus we're fortunate that 20 per

cent of the X3J2 membership works in the San Francisco area. In Europe, the ECMA TC21 members work in or near London, Paris, and Venice. I don't know what we would have done had computer companies located themselves in remote areas that offered no culinary delights.

By and large, the membership of X3J2 has been stable. Representatives from large companies sometimes change, and some members change employers. But, for the most part, the members have known each other and worked together for years. This leads to occasional amusing incidents.

In the early days of the committee, before individualized T-shirts became the fad, one member stood up to speak but instead doffed his shirt to reveal his custom T-shirt that had the words "BASIC Standard" on the front and "Strings Subco" on the back. We now take our special T-shirts for granted, but that one brought down the house.

Another member was amused to discover a brand of toilet paper called "Basic"; he presented this as an exhibit to illustrate the then-current status of the standard.

More recently, a member of long standing appeared at a meeting carrying a large plastic goose. When the discussion deteriorated (who can be brilliant for six hours a day all week long?), the goose would appear on the table.

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214 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 135 on inquiry card.

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Hewlett-Packard on

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There's a considerable differ computer and one that really fits.

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Complete with an integrated tape drive, printer and CRT, this typewriter-size system fits easily in a crowded work area. Where you can use its impressive numbercrunching power any number of ways. For waveform analysis. Regression analysis. Linear programming.

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computers.

ence between the one-size-fits-all

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on-site computer, a major data network, or a national timesharing service.

You can even use this portable machine to do all these same jobs out in the field. And more.

The HP-87.

The HP-87 sets a new level of performance for personal computers in its price range. You get builtin screen graphics, up to 544k bytes of RAM, and an 80-column integrated CRT. Plus the same flexible I/O structure for control applications as the HP-85. Because of its extended memory, you can take advantage of a VisiCalc® PLUS worksheet with up to 16,000 cells. And since the HP-87 has a built-in HP-IB, it's easy to add instruments, disc drives, printers, plotters, and even a graphics tablet. To give you even more to work with, there's an optional CP/M® module. And all applications developed for the HP-85 in BASIC are upward-compatible to the HP-87.

The HP 9826.

Designed to handle high-speed data acquisition and tests, the 9826 has a powerful MC 68000 CPU, a built-in flexible disc, up to 2 megabytes of read/write memory, and power-fail protection. Plus a built-in HP-IB in

VisiCalcK is a registered trademark of VisiCorp. CP/M* is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

RS232

terface and a variety of other interface cards, so you're free to concentrate on testing. Instead of system configuration.

To give you even more flexibility, you can run applications in HP-enhanced BASIC, HPLTor Pascal. We've also built a CRT display with advanced graphics into the system, so you can see and interpret your data the instant you get it. And since everything about this system is built for speed, we've developed a special rotary control knob that lets you edit programs, calibrate instruments, and control motor speed, all with fast analog inputs.

The HP 9836.

This full-function workstation does it all: design, computation, and high-speed testing. Because it gives you all the high-performance features of the 9826. And then some. With the 9836, you get a big, easy-to-read CRT. Sophisticated graphics capability. Two flexible disc drives. Room for up to two megabytes of memory. And an even longer list of engineering software and peripherals to choose from. And those

are just the five personal computers we've developed for technical professionals; we also make a full range of personal computers for business professionals.

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Come and try them out at our Productivity '82 seminar in your area. Just watch your local newspaper for details on Productivity '82, or return this coupon.

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I'd like to see which of your personal computers fits the way I work best. Please send more information on these models:

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mant upon reaching a WAIT statement and be awakened when some specified event or condition has occurred. Within a parallel section, all the usual BASIC statements may be used, including subprograms. Of course, there must be a supervisor program behind the scenes that attends to all message passing and scheduling.

As with BASIC in general, an example program that illustrates all of the features of real-time BASIC would be prohibitively long. Just a

hint can be gotten from this simple example:

320 PARACTRIG1 330 WAIT TIME 17*60*60 340 PRINT "Time to go home."

350 ENDPARACT

This parallel section will "hang" until 61,200 seconds have passed since midnight; it will then "wake up," print the message, and then loop back to the WAIT statement until 5 p.m. the next day.

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Fixed Decimal

An optional fixed-decimal module allows programmers to specify that all numeric variables and expressions be fixed decimal. Of use to data-processing programs, it can be invoked by an option statement. For instance:

OPTION ARITHMETIC FIXED *8.2

specifies that fixed-decimal arithmetic is to be used and that all variables (except those declared otherwise) must permit eight digits before the decimal point and two digits after.

Individual variables may be declared to have precisions other than those prescribed in the OPTION ARITHMETIC statement by using the DECLARE statement. For instance:

DECLARE NUMERIC national debt*15.2

would allow values up to a penny less than 1 quadrillion dollars.

Editing

Although legally not part of the standard, an optional module will suggest forms to be used for the editing operations often associated with BASIC programs. These include LIST, EXTRACT, DELETE, and RENUMBER.

Summary

For several years now, BASIC has been the de facto standard-programming language for small computers (and in Europe, for business computers as well). Finally, the de facto standard is about to become standardized. Far from holding back innovation, the proposed draft standard will be a major force in keeping software up to pace with hardware advances in the eighties. ■

References

American National Standard for the Programming Language Minimal BASIC, X3.60-1978. ANSI, New York, 1978. Kurtz, Thomas EL, "Basic," from History of Programming Languages. Academic Press, 1981, pp. 515-549.

218 Junt 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 88 on inquiry card.

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Software Review

App-L-ISP

Jeff Bonar and Steve Levitan

Computer and Information Sciences Department

University of Massachusetts

Amherst, MA 01003

In a previous article (see "Three Microcomputer LISPs," BYTE, September 1981, page 388), we discussed three implementations of LISP developed for Z80 microcomputers running under the CP/M operating system. Here, we discuss App-L-ISP, a version of LISP developed for the Apple II. The Apple is based on MOS Technology's 6502 microprocessor, which has a smaller instruction set than the Z80. The Apple is far more popular in educational settings than CP/M-based Z80 machines. We believe that LISP can be used successfully in many of these educational settings.

Within this article, we wish to address these questions: What compromises, if any, were made to fit App-LTSP "onto" the 6502 microprocessor? How well is App-L-ISP integrated into the Apple environment? Is App-L-ISP suitable for the novice?

This article follows the format of our earlier article.

At a Glance

Name

Language

App-L-ISP. version 1.7

6502 machine language

Type

Computer

LISP programming

Apple II with at least 48K

language

bytes of memory; at least

one disk drive

Manufacturer

Datasoft Inc.

Documentation

19519 Business Center Dr.

68 pages in 3-ring binder.

Northridge, CA 91324

includes a copy of LISP by

Winston and Horn

Price

SI 24.95

Audience

Educators, college

Format

students, language

5 'A -inch floppy disk

enthusiasts

Data Types in App-L-ISP

App-L-ISP supports a very limited set of data types. It provides atoms, lists, and 16-bit integers. Strings may be simulated using the PACK and UNPACK functions. These functions allow a string to be represented as a list of single-character atoms. For example:

(PACK '(A B CD)) ■ (UNPACK 'WXYZ) ■

;> ABCD > (WXYZ)

The double quote (") is used to delimit atom names that contain characters that might otherwise be misinterpreted. For example:

(UNPACK '(WXYZ))= = > an error,

UNPACK expects an atom (UNPACK '"(WXYZ")= = > ("(WXYZ")

The last example yields a list of seven single-character atoms, the second of which is the open-parenthesis character.

App-LTSP has an ASSOC function for manipulating association-lists (often called a-lists). An association-list has the following structure:

( (key-1

(key-2

value-1) value-2)

(key-n value-n) )

The call (ASSOC key-i a-list) will return the value-i associated with key-i. For example, given the following:

(SETQ FRUIT '((APPLE RED)

(BANANA YELLOW)

(MANGO ORANGE)

(PLUM PURPLE) ))

we have:

(ASSOC 'MANGO FRUIT) = = > (MANGO ORANGE)

Traditionally, LISP property lists use association-lists. App-L-ISP does not have a property list associated with each atom. Instead, to use a property list, you must bind an association-list as the atom's value.

220 Junt 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

FMS-80. THE TWO DO OR

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Part one (FMS-81) gives you the essential file and reporting features. You can quickly create programs with input questions a clerk can understand, and with reports a manager can use.

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Part two (FMS-82) has all the fancy stuff. Including an Extended File Maintenance language that lets you perform virtually unlimited manipulation on up to 19 different data files simultaneously.

Door # 1: Reports you'll use today. Door #2: The sky is the limit.

Using FMS-82, you or your computer dealer can make FMS-80 do just about anything. FMS-82 sells for $495.

Naturally, FMS-82 is fully compatible with all the files and functions you generate with FMS-81.

FMS-81 is so useful, it might seem like you'll never need FMS-82.

But as you expand your use of computers, isn't it nice to know it's there?

The FMS family runs under CP/M, MP/M, CDOS,and Turbodos. Call or write today for a brochure detailing the extensive capabilities of the Two Door Data Base Manager, and the name of your nearest dealer.

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Data Princess

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Queen

a tale about ACCESS/80 from Friends Software

princess DataStar1 had a lot of magic powers. She could manipulate huge amounts of data fast and accurately. She could create forms and help produce personalized mailings. H But Princess DataStar could not write reports. And this made her sad. What good was all that data if she had no easy way to answer questions about that data? Princess DataStar cried

and cried. H One day, a handsome young man suddenly

appeared. "Don't cry, princess," he said with a bow.

"My name is ACCESS/80 Report Writer. I can generate

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II "You're so powerful!"she cried. "You must be expensive." 1 "Not at all-I'm only $295," he

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Functions and Arguments

In App-L-ISP, atoms have two values: one used to hold a function or special form, and the other used to hold a normal value. The SET and SETQ functions bind an atom's normal value while DEFINE and DEFINEQ bind the functional or special form value. (The . . . Q form automatically quotes its atomic argument.) The function GETD retrieves a functional value, which is itself an S-expression representing a function or special form.

Anything printed immediately after

a Control-D will be treated as an

operating-system command.

App-L-ISP allows users to create LAMBDA (call-byvalue), NLAMBDA (call-by-name), and MACRO forms. LAMBDA forms evaluate each actual argument and bind the results to corresponding formal arguments. LAMBDA forms cannot have no-spread parameters; each actual argument is bound to a single formal argument. NLAMBDA forms, on the other hand, do not evaluate their arguments. Instead, they bind the actual argument list to a single formal argument. Consider the form FIRST-REST, for example:

(DEFINEQ FIRST-REST (NLAMBDA (ARGS) (LIST (LIST 'ONE

(CAR ARGS)) (LIST 'TWO (CDR ARGS)) )))

Running this form, we have:

(FIRST-REST HELP I AM STUCK IN THIS MACHINE) = = > ((ONE HELP) (TWO (I AM STUCK IN THIS MACHINE)))

Notice that nothing after the form name is evaluated. Also, all the actual arguments of the form are passed into the formal argument ARGS. MACRO special forms are also available in App-L-ISP. As explained in the earlier article, MACROs allow manipulation of the complete list expression that invokes the MACRO.

Control Structures

Sequential evaluation in App-L-ISP is specified with the PROGN or PROG forms. PROGN sequentially evaluates its subexpressions, returning the results of the last subexpression evaluation. For example:

(PROGN (SETQ Z (+ 3 4)) (PRINT (CAR '(A B))) (*Z5))

binds 7 to Z, prints A, and returns 35.

222 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 194 on inquiry card.

Circle 241 on inquiry card.

Check out a real data base management system.

dama9 ,«vOoesAP'^aS^e access

For further information contact

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If you can't answer "YES" to these questions, send for our comprehensive booklet, "How to Evaluate and Select a Data Base Management System." MAIL TO: Your local ISE affiliate. 4B 222

Name . Title

Company

Address— : —

City .

_State_

.Zip

Phone

(area code)

(ext.)

Z80 is a registered trademark of Zilog; PDP-11 of Digital Equipment Corp; CP/M of Digital Research; UNIX of Western Hectric; PCDOS of IBM.

Please look for us at the NCC Booth No. 3745 and Booth No. 226, Computerama, Toronto.

Listing 1: COUNT-DOWN illustrates the use of the GO and RETURN forms to decrement the local variable COUNT and then end the evaluation of the PROG.

(DEFINEQ COUNT-DOWN (LAMBDA ()

(PROG (COUNT) COUNT is a local variable

(SETQ COUNT 10) initialize COUNT LOOP the top of the loop

(PRINT COUNT) (SETQ COUNT (SUB COUNT 1))

decrement COUNT (COND ((> 0 COUNT) (RETURN 'BLAST-OFF)) (T (GO LOOP)))

test and either exit or branch back )))

PROG also evaluates its subexpressions sequentially, but has a number of other features used to construct loops. The subexpressions of a PROG can be either regular expressions to evaluate, an atom that is used as a label, a GO form, or a RETURN form. Regular expressions are evaluated sequentially, as in the PROGN. A GO form takes a single atom as an argument and causes a branch to the corresponding label. A RETURN form takes a single expression as an argument and causes the PROG to return with the results of evaluating the argument. PROGs also allow you to declare variables local to the PROG body. These local variables are initialized to NIL upon entry to the PROG and restored to their previous values when the PROG returns. To see how this works, refer to the function COUNT-DOWN in listing 1. (Although App-L-ISP does not have a comment convention, we have added annotations in italics.)

App-L-ISP also has the COND, AND, and OR forms. COND is nonstandard in an inconvenient way. It will return NIL if no tests are successful. This makes debugging more difficult than if the COND complained when no test was satisfied. The only predicates in App-L-ISP are > (greater than), EQ (equal to), and # (is the argument a number?). Although this is all you really need to determine the expressions to evaluate, such a limited set is an inconvenience.

User Environment

One of the advantages that the writers of App-L-ISP have, as opposed to the writers of Z80 LISP, is the standard Apple hardware. Unlike Z80 systems, where "CP/M compatibility" is only an ideal at best, an Apple is an Apple. Unfortunately, the editor provided with App-L-ISP does not take advantage of any special features of the Apple.

The editor provided, however, is the best we have seen for a microcomputer LISP. It is a "structure" editor, which means it provides commands that deal explicitly with the list structure of programs and data. Instead of

A Advance to next element of the list you are editing.

D Down to the first subelement of the current element. The

current element must be a list. B Back up to previous element. R <S-expression> Replace current element with

<S-expression>. X <S-exp1> <S-exp2> Exchange all occurrences of

<S-exp1> with <S-exp2>. DEL Delete current element.

I <S-expr> Insert <S-expr> after current element. LI Add a set of parentheses around the current element. RE Remove a set of parentheses from around the current

element. < Group items into a list. After typing "< ", type "A" until the

last element to be grouped is the current element. Then

type ">" to close the list. PRE <S-expr> Insert before the current element. PP Pretty print entire list being edited. T Go to top of list, the first element. EX Exit the editor. C Display the disk catalog. E <S-expr> Edit list specified by <S-expr>. S <S-exp1> <S-exp2> Save the expressions in list

<S-exp1> on file <S-exp2>. L <S-expr> Load expressions from the file <S-expr>. H Help. Display the list of edit commands.

Table 1: The Editor commands available in App-L-ISP.

dealing with characters, the commands operate directly on S-expressions. For a list of the editor commands, see table 1.

The beauty of a structure editor is that you can "cut and paste" pieces of lists (or functions) without destroying the rest of the list. This kind of editor is tricky to use at first, but after a short while becomes well worth the effort.

We had several problems using the editor. The Help function only returns a list of the command names, with no explanation. The pretty print function does not generate end-of-line sequences at the right edge of the screen; instead, it counts on the Apple hardware to "wrap" to the next line. This is annoying to read on the screen and impossible to use with a printer.

The most serious problem we had was that the editor redefines global variables. For example, our atom "LC" in the timing tests was clobbered by the editor. This problem took several frustrating hours to locate. Normally, this problem is avoided by using lambda-bound variables or PROG local variables. Even when global variables are necessary, they should be given distinguishable names. For example, many LISP systems put an asterisk (*) as the first character of any global variables that the system will modify.

Error Handling

Two types of errors occur in App-L-ISP: "fatal errors" and "error traps." Fatal errors are SYS ERR, MEM FULL, and FORMAL ARG ERROR. These all cause a graceful return to the supervisor. You should then save any unsaved functions and restart App-L-ISP. The fatal errors are caught in such a way that system functions—in particular, SAVE—are still executable.

224 Junt 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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The error traps are EVAL ERR, LIST ERR, ATOMIC ERR, SUBR ERR, and NO LABEL ERR. These all invoke the error handler. The handler prints the error name, the current value in the evaluator, and the offending expression. It then allows you to take one of three actions. You can simply restart the supervisor, using the LISP function RESET (not the Reset button). Also, you can tell the evaluator what value to return from the error expression, using the RETURN function. The system then continues execution from that point, using the new value. You can also ask for a history of execution with the function BAKTRACE, which prints the stack of functions that have been invoked on the way to the error. This is the cleanest error-handling system for the microcomputer LISPs we have seen.

In addition to calling the error handler on an error trap, user functions can invoke the error handler by calling the function BREAK. You can also stop execution of a function and invoke the error handler from the keyboard by typing Control-B.

The editor and error handler in App-L-ISP together provide a reasonable environment for developing and debugging programs. This is one of the main advantages to using a LISP system in the first place.

User Interaction

User interaction in "immediate mode" suffers from the same problems we observed in the other microcomputer LISPs. The same prompt character, "$", is used to prompt for the first line of an expression and all subsequent lines. This makes it easier to mismatch parentheses.

Another problem is that the normal print function makes no attempt to format its output. Atom names can get split between two lines, making the results difficult to read.

Saving and Restoring Programs

The form (SAVE <S-expl> <S-exp2>) saves functions to the disk. The value of <S-expl> is taken as a list of names of functions to be saved on the disk. The value of < S-exp2> is taken as the name of the file to use. Only the functions named in the list of <S-expl> are saved. If the file already exists, it is then overwritten.

Functions are loaded from the disk with the form (LOAD <S-exper>), where the value of <S-exper> is taken as the <file-name>. Whenever this function is run, an atom named %<file-name> is generated. The system then binds a list of all the function names loaded to this atom. This list is then available to be used in subsequent SAVEs.

No provision is made for internal image or binary disk files. The Apple disk operating system (DOS) treats the LISP files as text files.

Program Input/Output

The function (IN = < S-exper> ) is available to redirect the data source for the input functions to be the file whose name is the value of < S-exper> . READ will read

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any single valid S-expression and return it as the value of the READ. READA will read a single atom or the single characters open-parenthesis and close-parenthesis. READC will read a single character; it does not wait for a carriage return.

Similarly, the function (OUT= < S-exper> ) controls the destination of the functions PRINT, PRINT., and PRIN2. PRINT outputs one S-expression followed by a carriage return. PRINl outputs an S-expression, removing double quotes from atom names. It does not print a carriage return. PRIN2 is like PRINT, but does not print a carriage return.

The forms (OPEN <file-name>) and (CLOSE <filename> ) create input/output (I/O) buffers in memory for disk transfers and clear those buffers, respectively. These are necessary to allow for file I/O. Although we tried several different schemes, we could not get file I/O to work.

The forms (IN# <N>) and (OUT# <N>) also redirect I/O. These specify a slot number, <N> , on the Apple interface bus. OUT# <N> causes data to be sent both to the screen and to the device in slot N. IN# 0 and OUT# 0 reset input and output to normal operation, respectively. If no device is present in the slot specified (except for 0), the system will hang.

Space Management

The NEW and MEM functions allow an App-L-ISP use: to control space management. NEW clears all but the predefined forms from memory. MEM explicitly invokes garbage collection and returns the number of free bytes in memory.

It is not clear how App-L-ISP actually manages space. Normally, we would not have complained about this lack of information, as the typical LISP programmer need not be concerned how space is managed. The App-L-ISP

manual devotes three appendixes to this subject, however, and none of them is very clear.

Interaction with the Apple

App-L-ISP provides a number of features for interacting with the Apple and Apple DOS. Unfortunately, many of these features are not well explained. For example, App-L-ISP provides PEEK and POKE functions, but it is not at all clear which memory locations are useful or available to the user. Similarly, it has a CALL function that will execute machine code at an arbitrary address, but there are no instructions about where you could put your own code or what system code might be worth calling.

As in Apple BASICs, anything printed immediately after a Control-D will be treated as an operating-system command. This capability seems quite useful to us. Some of the more common operating-system commands are also duplicated as functions. For example, (CATALOG) and (PROGN (PRINT '"<Control-D>") (PRINT CATALOG)) have the same effect.

App-L-ISP also includes functions to use the Apple tone generator and graphics.

Documentation and Library Software

As we have alluded to in several places, the documentation for App-L-ISP is far too sketchy. The software is distributed with a small manual and a textbook (LISP by P. H. Winston and B. Horn, Addison-Wesley, T981). The manual claims only to contain "synoptic descriptions of the commands available in App-L-ISP." Users are expected to use the manual as a supplement to the textbook. To support this, App-L-ISP is distributed with a set of App-L-ISP functions that, it is claimed, emulate a number of the MACLISP functions used by Winston and Horn.

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228 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Expression evaluated by TESTER Counts

LC 119

DC 162

BIGCAR 258

BIGCDR 256

'(HAS-AS-MEMBER-I 'B LONG1) 40

'(HAS-AS-MEMBER-R 'B LONG1) 34

'(REMOVE-ELEMENT-I "B LONG41) 3

'(REMOVE-ELEMENT-R 'B LONG41) 34

Table 2: The results of the timing tests applied to App-L-ISP. For the benchmark programs used, see "Three Microcomputer LISPs," BYTE, September 1981, p. 388. This series of tests was conducted as in the previous article (except that the Apple had only 48K bytes of RAM). REMOVE-ELEMENT-I was particularly slow because of a very slow recursive version of APPEND. Trying (TESTER NIL) for more than 10 seconds caused the system to crash.

LISP is not standard and you need more than a "synoptic definition," particularly since App-L-ISP differs in many ways from the MACLISP dialect of Winston and Horn. In fact, the MACLISP emulation functions are relatively crude and do not always work as described.

Besides being sketchy, the manual is also inaccurate and confusingly organized. For example, the ADD1 (increment 1) predefined function is documented, but not provided. The table of contents is formatted in a confusing way and there is no index.

In addition to the MACLISP emulation functions and the editor functions (discussed in another section), several other files of functions are distributed with App-LISP. Included is a simple version of Weizenbaum's ELIZA (called DOCTOR here), a tower of Hanoi demonstration of App-L-ISP's graphics capabilities, functions to use the Apple screen for graphics, and functions to pretty print into a text file. None of these packages are adequately documented. An annotated listing of these files would have been quite helpful. Such a listing would help in both documenting the package and giving badly needed examples of App-L-ISP code.

Conclusions

App-L-ISP provides a minimal, but complete, LISP system that runs at an adequate speed. (The timing tests are shown in table 2. These tests are the same as performed in our article on the Z80 LISPs.) App-L-ISP is slower and has fewer features than the Z80 LISPs.

The documentation, and much of the library software, is inadequate. The manual could easily be doubled in size and should be better organized. The library software should be rewritten so that the global variables used will not interfere with user code.

The editor, while not making full use of the Apple, is quite nice. The pretty printer is not satisfactory, working poorly with the Apple screen and not at all with a printer.

App-L-ISP is suitable as an educational tool for teaching recursion, applicative programming, and basic LISP.B

230 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Find That Disk

R. E. Bruninga, LCDR, USN

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I might never have organized, except that I moved aboard a ship with all my microcomputing junk, and limited quarters dictated more efficient use of space. One of the more annoying problems was what to do with my pile of 5Vi-inch disks—the constant shuffling in search of a specific disk was a little like playing with a deck of awkward cards. Separating and boxing them according to broad catagories was no help because each disk still had to be partially withdrawn to determine its contents. This generally resulted in a small wrestling match with the box and the assorted unused write-protect tabs and labels that always seem to get in the way. There had to be a better solution.

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Having no use for those labels, and being the reckless sort who doesn't use write-protect tabs, I came up with the following solution: throw the labels away but save one to label the box. Then place the write-protect tabs in different positions on the top edge of each of the ten disks, as shown in figure 1. Don't write anything on the tabs—they are simply markers that correlate to the legend printed on the inside of the box cover. In fact, the order of the disks as you replace them in the box no longer matters: you can always find the correct disk by reaching for the one with the tab located opposite the desired title on the box lid.

Another advantage is not having to keep track of disk jackets: since you only use one or two disks at a time, you can leave them in the box. Using a disk then becomes a simple task of reaching for the right subject box, removing the selected disk, and inserting it in the right drive. After use, just place the disk in the box in any available jacket. It will always be retrievable by sightl

This system has worked successfully for more then six months and frustration is now a thing of the past. I may have lost my dexterity at card shuffling, but as long as I can continue to ignore write-protect tabs, I look forward to years of happy disk finding. ■

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232 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Software Review

Tawala's Last Redoubt

Hartley G. Lesser

3243 Oakes Drive

Hayward, CA 94542

Broderbund Software has finally released Tawala's Last Redoubt, the fourth and most challenging adventure so far in the Galactic Saga series.

Prior action followed the life of the mighty Emperor Tawala Mundo, whose origin was the small planet of Galactica. As his influence spread with the aid of Julian du Buque, Tawala crowned himself ruler of the 20 planets in the Central Galactic System.

Many years of restlessness followed. The Emperor cashiered du Buque, the one-time commander of Tawala's armed forces, for unstated reasons. Tawala lacked du Buque's skill in planning and logistics and feared du Buque would use his talents against his rule. Thus, Julian du Buque became a hunted man.

Elsewhere dissatisfaction among the merchant class ignited a revolution which du Buque ultimately joined. He led the successful overthrow of Tawala Mundo, and the once-proud and haughty ruler was forced to flee when the rebellion toppled his throne and swept aside his remaining puppets.

A newly opened planet, Farside, became Tawala's refuge. Amid a core of powerful supporters, Tawala constructed a redoubt, a fortification to protect him from those who wanted to destroy him.

The Mission

The fourth adventure begins on Farside. You take the role of a rebel leader named Benthi. The insurgents' camp is veiled by the southern mountains of the inhabited areas of Farside. Benthi—earth-woman, fighter, and strategist—initially leads a small and ill-equipped band of rebels. Your goal is to elicit support from the eight village chieftains, avoid the forays sent by Tawala, and ultimately defeat the Emperor within his redoubt.

No easy task here. The pitfalls are many. Yet with cunning and forethought you can succeed.

Those who have played any of the preceding three Galactic Saga adventures may look forward to the same

At a Glance

Type

Language

Adventure-style game

Applesoft BASIC; machine

code subroutines for

Manufacturer

animation

Broderbund Software

1938 Fourth St.

Computer

San Rafael, CA 94901

Apple II and II Plus; 48K

415-456-6424

bytes of memory and one

disk drive (also available for

Price

TRS-80s, cassette and disk)

S 29.95 (disk)

Documentation

Author

27-page instruction booklet

Douglas Carlston

Audience

Format

Adventure and simulation

5 'A -inch floppy disk

game players

(13- and 16-sector)

type of challenge. For those who have no prior experience Tawala's Last Redoubt is the best of the entire series.

The Software

I reviewed the package for the Apple II, although versions for both disk- and cassette-based TRS-80s exist. The single disk boots on either 13- or 16-sector systems. The package includes a well-written and interesting rule book that introduces you to the control functions and gives you a history of the revolution on Farside.

Game Features

The first outstanding game feature is its speed. Upon loading, you can indicate how fast you want to play. You can thus accelerate play during the waiting periods or slow the pace when several activities are taking place at once.

The second worthwhile feature is the ability to save up to nine games on the same disk. You can halt and save the

1 Circle 4 on inquiry card.

June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 235

game at any point of play and have nine such partially played games awaiting recall. You are able, for example, to examine different strategies for specific results during any stage of the game.

The instruction booklet contains the 14 input and output routines used in the adventure.

Master Menu

Play is governed by the entry of single-letter or number commands. After you have determined the game's speed, the screen clears to show Benthi's headquarters, designated by a pitched tent and campfire. The action begins here.

A message in the upper left-hand corner of the screen tells you your current location, while the upper righthand corner displays the passage of time. The master menu is shown in the lower right-hand corner. You have three main options: M)essenger, intelligence, and 0)rders.

Military Intelligence

Because you will have very little information when you begin play, the intelligence option perhaps should be examined first. After pressing the letter "I," a submenu that contains the four additional selections M)ap, D)ossier, Geographical, and S)end Agent appears.

The first selection produces on the screen a map of the area on Farside where the adventure takes place. This consists of Benthi's camp, Tawala's redoubt, and eight villages and their connecting roads. Also shown is your current strength in arms, money, troops, and your current geographic location.

The second selection contains all necessary information on the eight village chiefs. This is important because negotiations with these leaders are the only way you can increase your supply of arms, money, and troops. If this cannot be accomplished, your defeat by Tawala is certain.

The geographical selection deals with the stability of the different inhabited areas, and the fourth selection deals with your two spies. It also opens up communica

tion with your Chief of Intelligence, Paoli. You tell Chief Paoli where you want the spies sent so that the information they gather can be relayed back to you. Paoli is a valuable ally and is best kept close at hand.

The M)essenger function of the master menu brings one of four animated messengers onto the screen. Whoever you call forth runs to the center of the screen, salutes, and asks for orders. At this point you'll tell the messenger to see either one of the village chieftains or one of your own rebels at a certain location. If the former, the messenger may be instructed to ask the chieftain for arms, money, or troops and to determine whether threats should be used to ensure compliance. The messenger then departs; he will tell you when the task is done.

The final master-menu option breaks up the camp to move elsewhere or Orders your armed personnel either to attack and hold a village or to loot and pillage it. Such actions depend on the movement of Tawala's agents and forces. The latter option would be used primarily against a chieftain who failed to give you the requested aid.

Tactical Considerations

Handling the village chieftains is an exercise in skilled negotiation because they all possess different characteristics. Carefully read their D)ossiers, which Paoli will give you on request, to learn as much as possible about them before you try to bargain for needed equipment or personnel.

Your defeat at the hands of Tawala can come quickly and without warning if you're careless. Suddenly shots will echo about in your location, and bursts of flame will scatter the graphics. This scene will fade, and an evening sky will appear. A man will walk to the center of the screen and salute the heavens, and a touching speech that eulogizes Benthi will scroll before your eyes.

Conclusion

I highly recommend this game for those with a daring and resourceful will; for those who are able to see the forest because of the trees; and for those who can remain undaunted by an occasional defeat. ■

ii!

■■■ mm '-■ SagW

RAPHIC SOFTWARE

GRAPHIC SOFTWARE FOR MICROCOMPUTERS—This self-teaching guide will show you how to write your own graphics software. 61 programs for 2D and 3D graphics: interactive input, translations, rotation, isometric views, perspective, scaling, stretching, clipping, surface intersections, shading, hidden line removal, tablet software, animation and more. Applications to science, engineering and business. "One of the most outstanding books on computer software"— A. Grund, U. Illinois; "The best book available on microcomputer graphics"—Creative Computing Feb, 1982. Book-$21.95; Disk-$18.95.

ENGINEERING SOFTWARE

ENGINEERING SOFTWARE FOR MICROS —A self teaching guide to developing software for engineering applications of microcomputers. Emphasis is on combining graphics with engineering problem solving. Programs included to interactively create engineering drawings, store on disk file, recall, modify and merge. Other programs for simulation, mechanisms design, heat transfer, circuit analysis, optimizations and including Monte Carlo techniques. Programs for Fourier analysis display frequency spectra graphically. This is a valuable collection of modern engineering analysis software for students and professionals. Book-$28.50;Disk-$19.95.

Books contain fully documented program listings in BASIC with theory and equations. Disks contain the same programs as the books but without documentation. When ordering disks, please specify APPLE II Plus48K DOS 3.3 orCP/M.

236 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 254 on inquiry card.

Programming Quickies

A Word-Counting Utility for Writers

Steven K. Roberts

5885 Dublin Rd.

Dublin, OH 43017

A microcomputer fully configured for use as a word processor is a valuable and addicting asset to a writer, as anyone who has spent more than a few minutes grappling with a typewriter can well imagine. I doubt that I would be trying to make a living in this volatile word business if my trusty word-processing computer system, BEHEMOTH, weren't here to deal with the brutal realities of somehow getting text from my head to paper.

But writing, it turns out, also involves a variety of data-shuffling tasks that are not directly involved with text editing and formatting. And then there's that fairly trivial but age-old problem of counting the number of words in a manuscript. Yes, you can multiply some average word count per page by the number of pages in the manuscript, but that's inelegant and fails to accommodate stylistic variations that can have significant effects on the length of the average word.

The word count of a manuscript, by the way, is more than an idle bit of trivia born of a love affair with information. Primarily, it is a key specification in article assignments, since the amount of space available to an

About the Author

Steven K. Roberts has written numerous microprocessor-related articles and two books. He lives and works in Dublin. Ohio, and offloads as much trivia as possible onto BEHEMOTH, his computer system.

editor of a publication is predetermined. (Opening the reference book Writer's Market 1981 at random, I note that Bird Watcher's Digest accepts nonfiction articles in the 600 to 3000 word range and fillers of 50 to 225 words.) Second, word count is a part of most book contracts, a fact that is giving me little rest these days (180,000 words, it turns out, is a lot). And finally, observing the amount written each day in some sort of dispassionate and objective fashion can provide useful feedback concerning a writer's output.

If all that text is in the form of disk files, it becomes quite easy to let the computer do the counting, and the Z80 assembly-language program COUNT (see listing 1) accompanying this 781-word [Before editing....Ed.] article does just that. Designed to be run under the Cromemco CDOS operating system, it can easily be adapted to CP/M-based systems, while the concept behind it can be applied to other personal computers.

Use of this utility program is straightforward. To count the words in this article, the program is invoked with the command line: COUNT C:WORDCNT.M62.

The text file is called WORDCNT.M62 (the manuscript serial number is 62) and happens to be on floppy disk drive C at the moment. The COUNT program just reads the entire article and accumulates the total number of words, using the space, hyphen, and carriage-return

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS SOFTWARE

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ON MICROS-This selfteaching guide contains a series of programs which calculate stresses and deflections in beams, plates, trusses and frames using conventional and matrix techniques. Theory, equations and program listings fully documented. Written for the non-specialist who wants to use his micro for structural analysis with minimum investment in time. Use the programs as is or modify for your own applications. Book-$39.95; Disk-$19.95.

DATA

PLOTTING SOFTWARE

DATA PLOTTING ON MICROS—A collection of programs to process and display all types of data: bar charts, stock market charts, engineering and scientific data, 3D views of surfaces, pie charts, sorting, filtering, running averages, curve fitting, and more. Application to business, engineering and science. All programs fully documented and keyed to theory. Use as is or modify for your own applications. Book-$24.95;Disk-$19.95.

To order, send check drawn on U.S. bank, money order in US funds, Vita or Mastercard number with expiration date to KERN PUBLICATIONS 190 Duck Hill Road, P. 0.1029 A. Duxbury. MA 02332. Add $2 per book 4th cl postage in US and Canada; $31 st cl or UPS in US: $4.501st cl Canada; $12 air Europe and Central America; $18 elsewhere. Call (617) 934-0445 lor lastar delivery.

- J-L

FHflH J J A S 0 H D

KERN

r l i.i; i K .'i i. ' i '; ■

190 Duck Hill Rd Duxbury.MA 02332

Circle 255 on inquiry card.

June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 237

Programming Quickies..

Listing 1: This Z80 assembly-language program, COUNT, will return the word count of any text file. A word is defined as any group of characters delimited by a space, a hyphen, or a carriage return. When the end-of-file marker is encountered, the total word count is displayed. The subroutine names listed in the comments (FNAME, ZOPN, etc) are Cromemco CDOS system entry points. Their addresses (or the addresses of the equivalent routines on your system) must be set at assembly time.

00001

3A5DO0

0003'

FE20

0005'

CA6500'

0008'

97

0009'

215C00

OOOC

119600'

000F'

CDOOOO*

0012'

CD0OO0*

0015'

CC0000#

0018' 210000

001B' 229400'

001E' AF

001F' 329300'

0022' 0025' 0028' 002A' 002C 002E' 0030' 0032' 0034 ' 0036' 0038' 003A' 003C" 003E' 0041' 0042' 0044 ' 0046' 0048' 004B' 004C 004F' 0050' 0053"

0055' 0058' 005C 0O5F' 0062'

0065' 0068'

006B'

119600'

CDOOOOt

FE1A

2829

FE20

280C

FE2D

2808

FEOD

2804

0600

1802

0601

3A9300'

B8

28DE

FEOl

2007

2A9400'

23

229400'

78

329300'

18CD

218C00' ED4B9400 ' CDOOOOt 217F00' CDOOOO*

216B00' CD6300*

53706563 69666963

0002 0003 0004 0005 0006 0007 0008 0009 0010 0011 0012 0013 0014 0015 0016 0017 0018 0019 0020 0021 0022 0023 0 0 24 0025 0026 0027 0028 0029 0030 0031 0032 0033 0034 0035 0036 0037 0038 0039 0040 0041 0042 0043 0044 0045 0046 0047 0048 0049 0050 0051 0052 0053 0054 0055 0056 0057 0058 0059 0060 0061 0062 0063 0064 0065 0066 0067 0068 0069 0070 0071 0072 0073 0074

NAME

COUNT

This program wanders through a text file and accumulates the total number of words (up to 65,535). A "word" is any group of one or more characters delimited by a space, a hyphen, or a carriage return. Execution is invoked with the standard CDOS command format:

COUNT file-ref The assembled file COUNT.REL must be linked with ASMLIB to provide the disk access and binary-decimal routines. These are characterized a? follows:

FNAMF - Sets up extended FCB from an FCB.

ZOPN - Opens an existing file.

ZIOER - Prints file error message from ZOPN.

ABORT GCHAR BTNDB

HISTORY:

START:

LOOP:

YUP: TEST:

SAVE:

EOF:

ERROUT:

EXTRN

LD

CP

JP

SUB

LD

LD

CALL

CALL

CALL

LD LD XOR LD

LD

CALL

CP

JR

CP

JR

CP

JR

CP

JR

LD

JR

LD

LD

CP

JR

CP

JR

LD

INC

LD

LD

LD

JR

LD

LD

CALL

LD

CALL

LD CALL

Prints a message and exits to CDOS. Inhales one character from the file. Converts binary number to decimal string.

Created 10/3/80 (SKR) Edited for MS62 1/1/81 (SKR) Edited for MS55 1/7/81 (SKR)

FNAME,ZOPN,ZIOER,ABORT,GCHAR,BINDB

A,(SDH)

Z,ERROUT

A

HL,5CH

DE,IXFCB

FNAME

ZOPN

Z, ZIOER

HL,0

(COUNT),HL A

(LAST),A

DE,IXFCB

GCHAR

1AH

Z , EOF

SPACE

Z,YUP

DASH

Z,YUP

CR

Z,YUP

B,WORD

TEST

B,INTRVL

A,(LAST)

A,B

Z,LOOP

A,INTRVL

NZ,SAVE

HL,(COUNT)

HL

(COUNT),HL

A,B

(LAST) ,A

LOOP

HL,STRING BC,(COUNT) BINDB HL,EOFMSG ABORT

HL,ERRMSG ABORT

;If the first byte of the filename ; is blank, print error message

;Set up file control block.

initialize word count

(and the LAST status bit) Get a character from the file If it is EOF, quit If space, hyphen, or CR, we are between words

Otherwise, we're in a word

Set B=l and go test

Set B=0 and test

Get the last status

Same?

If so, go get another character

(Only count word -> interval transitions,

not the opposite.) Else, increment the word count

then save the new status and loop. Translate binary count into decimal string

ERRMSG: DEFB

;P r i n t it

;Print an error message 'Specification Error',13

Listing 1 continued on page 240

238 June 1982 S BYTE Publications Ire

CROSS SOFTWARE TOOLS

Terminal

Terminal

IBM

Personal

Computer

Intel Intellec

OPTIMAL DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT

OS COUPLER

Couples the user workstation to the host system such that

a) alt host commands are available.

b) files can be moved to/from a mounted file system located at the workstation, and

c) 8086/8087/8088 files can be executed at the workstation.

For example, assume that your editor is written in portable C, is running on the host system, and is giving poor response due to host system loading. To gain real-time response, simply cross-compile it on the host, move it to your workstation, and execute it there. You can move programs, including the C compiler itself, to your workstation as desired. Note that the workstation does not require massive amounts of file storage to provide a host system environment.

The workstation can be decoupled from the host for stand-alone operation.

Workstations supported: IBM Personal Computer and Intel Intellec system. Coming soon: DEC Personal Computer.

PASCAL AND/OR

C CROSS-COMPILERS

For Pascal, all facilities of the ISO definition are supported. For C, all facilities of the complete language, including floating point for the 8087 and 32-bit pointers, are supported. Optionally, memory can be allocated for optimal use of the 8088. Output is symbolic assembly language. Optionally, the output contains symbolic debug information.

"KCROSS

ASSEMBLER/LINKER LIBRARIAN/LOADER

Assembler syntax is a notable improvement to that used by Intel. Features include optimized branches, symbol table listings, and full 8087 support. Loader output is an Intel OMF file, an Intel hex file, or an IBM PC-DOS file. Host System for 1:

VAX/PDP-11 running UNIX. Coming soon: VAX running VMS, IBM running VM/CMS. Host System for 2 and 3:

PDP-11 running RT-11, RSX-11M, UNIX/V6, UNIX/V7; or VAX running VMS, UNIX/32V

Intel and Intellec are trademarks of Intel Corporation. UNIX and UNIX/32V are trademarks of Bell Laboratories. DEC, RT-11, RSX-11M, PDP-11, VMS, and VAX-11 are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation. IBM, VM, CMS, and IBM Personal Computer are trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation.

dvanced

igital Products, Inc.

1701 21st Avenue S., Suite 222 Nashville, Tennessee 37212 Phone(615)383-7520

Circle 11 on inquiry card.

Programming Quickies.

Listing

1 continued: 6174696F 6E204572 726F720D

007F'

576F7264

0075

EOFMSG:

DEFB

'Word count =

i

20636F75

6E74203D

20

008C

30303030 30300D

0076 0077

STRING:

DEFB

'000000'

,13

0093'

00

0078

LAST:

DEFB

0

;Word/interval flag

0094 '

0000

0079 0080

COUNT:

DEFW

0

;Binary word count

0096'

00

0081

IXFCB:

DEFB

0

0097'

(0022)

0082

DEFS

34

00B9'

BE0O' 0000

0083

DEFW

IBUFF,0

00BD'

04

0084

DEFB

4

00BE'

(0200)

0085 0086

IBUFF:

DEFS

80H*4

;Disk buffer

(0020)

0087

SPACE:

EQU

20H

(002D)

0088

DASH:

EQU

2DH

(000D)

0089

CR:

EQU

0DH

(0000)

0090

WORD:

EQU

0

(0001)

0091 0092

INTRVL:

EQU

1

02BE

(0000 ')

0093

END

START

Errors

0

Program Length 02BE (702)

characters as delimiters. When it encounters the end-offile mark (hexadecimal character 1A), it stops and displays the word count on the console.

This final value, it should be noted, includes any output-formatting directives associated with the wordprocessor that are embedded in the text, introducing a slight error in excess of the actual number of words. The word count of this article includes twenty-three nonprinting "words" (formatter commands). If you are paid by the word, it might be worthwhile to add a test for whatever command prefix character your formatter requires and suppress the normal toggling of the LAST flag (see listing 1) when one is found—but that may be more trouble than it's worth.

For convenience, I have built COUNT into a batch file that takes care of formatting the text on my Diablo printer. Thus, each time an article or chapter is printed,

its word count is displayed and can be noted on the title page, used for gambling purposes, or ignored entirely. In a current textbook project (Industrial Design with Microcomputers, to be published by Prentice-Hall), I am adding weekly segments to a graph fondly dubbed the "PFD curve": cumulative word count is plotted against time with a straight reference line drawn from the start of the project to the deadline. Naturally, the actual curve is roughly exponential, with a nice lazy slope at the beginning, a knee at the onset of stress, and a nearly asymptotic rise in the last few weeks as the approaching deadline triggers panic. Oh yes, "PFD" stands for "Procrastination Followed by Despair."

The word-count program allows informed, rather than naive, dismay at the amount of work left to be done in an ever-dwindling amount of time. Ain't technology wonderful? ■

THE

IEEE 488 TO S-100 INTERFACE

(lEEE-488)

■Handles all IEEE-488 1975/78 functions ■IEEE 696 (S-100) compatible ■MBASIC subroutines supplied; no BIOS

mods required ■3 parallel ports (8255A-5) ■Industrial quality; burned in and tested

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240 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 140 on inquiry card.

The Alternative

BASIS 108

Hardware and Software compatible with Apple II™

Standard Features

• 6502 and Z80 Microprocessors

• 64K RAM, expandable to 128K

• 2K Monitor ROM, plus sockets for 10K additional ROM

• RGB and Composite Video Output

• Selectable 80 or 40 column text display

• High Resolution Graphics: 6 colors, 280x192 or 280x160 with four lines of text

• Color Graphic Mode: 15 colors, 40x48 or 80x48: 40x40 or 80x40 with four lines of text

• 8 bit Parallel I/O

• RS-232C Serial I/O

Detached Keyboard: All standard keyboard functions, Upper/Lower case characters, Numeric keypad, Cursor block, and 15 Programmable special function keys

Built-in mounting for two 5-1/4 inch floppy disk drives

Six Apple compatible slots for plug-in peripherals

Game paddle I/O

Built-in loudspeaker

Two switched accessory power outlets

Mounting for up to six DP-25 plugs

SEETHE ALTERNATIVE AT BOOTH 1936

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Circle 54 on inquiry card.

The Input/Output Primer

Part 5: Character Codes

Character codes turn computer data into messages that people

can understand.

Steve Leibson

Cadnetics Corporation

5797 Central Ave.

Boulder, CO 80301

Last month, we looked at two interfaces: the BCD (binary-coded decimal) and the RS-232C serial. Our examination of these interfaces and our earlier look at the parallel and IEEE-488 interfaces showed some of the strides made in achieving hardware compatibility in data communications.

But hardware is only half the battle. All the people of the world share the same hardware for spoken communications: the lips, teeth, tongue, larynx, and the rest of the complex vocal tract for transmitting, and the ears for receiving. Spoken communication, however, is possible

This article is the fifth in Steve Leibson's six-part series, The Input/Output Primer. The series describes the problems involved in communications between computers and the outside world, and explains how some of these problems have been solved. The last article will discuss interrupts, buffers, grounds, and signal degradation. "An I/O Glossary," which defines many terms used in these articles, appeared with the series' first installment (February 1982 BYTE, page 122). Table numbers are continued from Part 3.

only when two people know the same language—the same way of encoding information.

Just as speech would be impossible without common languages, communication between computers would be impossible without agreement on character codes. For this month, we will put aside considerations of equipment compatibility and concentrate on the codes that enable machines to communicate with one another.

As described earlier in this series, digital computers use a binary language to represent information internally. Since some of the devices to which computers must talk are designed for human use—notably printers and video-display terminals—it is important that a computer communications code be compatible with human communications. Several methods to achieve such compatibility are available. Each method involves a different way of encoding the letters and numerals that form the basis of person-to-person communication.

The advantages of having all computers use the same computer communications code are clear. While the quality of codes varies enormously, almost any universal standard would be better than none. The road to a single standard communications code

has not run straight, however, and has yet to reach its destination. A look back down this road will make the status of contemporary communications codes easier to understand.

The Greek Standard Code

Long before the invention of the computer, people encoded information so they could communicate beyond the range of the human voice. Smoke signals, drumbeats, and flags all served to extend the range of communication.

Perhaps the first character code was that devised for the Greek alphabet in about 300 BC. The 24 letters were placed in a 5 by 5 arrangement, starting with alpha in row 1, column 1, and ending with omega in row 5, column 4. To signal each of the 24 characters, the Greek signalmen set vases atop two walls. The number of vases on one wall indicated the number of the row occupied by a character in the 5 by 5 table; the number of vases on the other wall indicated the number of the column occupied by the character. By setting five vases on the row wall and four vases on the column wall, a signalman could send the character omega.

Although understandable in a vaseintensive culture with an abundance of slave labor, this means of commu

242 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

nication had obvious drawbacks. For one thing, it suffered from the age-old problem of working only as far as the eye could see. Greater range required bigger vases. When vases became so big that men could hardly lift them, however, the rate of transmission must have slowed from say, 1 character every 2 minutes to 1 every 15 or 20 minutes. (This is a hardware problem, it's true; forgive the digression.)

Other problems with the Greek system were definitely in the software. The 5 by 5 table left no room for numerals and punctuation. The code derived from the 5 by 5 table also allowed no provision for error checking. Evidently, no one saw the need for anything like a parity vase. Attempts at handshaking were also doomed. You could have used the twenty-fifth character (five vases on each wall) to mean "start sending," for example, but what could you do to say "stop sending"? Smash a vase?

Euclid, who was then living in Alexandria, could probably have straightened out the system in the

beginning if someone had turned the matter over to him. The history of telecommunications might have avoided two millennia of needless confusion and grief. Unfortunately, no one bothered asking Euclid, or his consulting fee was too high.

As a result, the 5 by 5 table has plagued communications codes down the centuries. More than a thousand years later, prisoners in medieval dungeons communicated by using a similar 5 by 5 table to encode the 26 letters of the Roman alphabet. To squeeze 26 characters into 25 places, the prisoners used the same coordinates for both I and J. The prisoners sent messages by tapping out pairs of numbers; one tap followed by one tap meant A.

The torments of the 5 by 5 table afflicted everyone from the bottom of society to the top, from prisoner to intellectual. In 1551, the Italian mathematician Gerolamo Cardano proposed using five torches on five towers in much the same way the prisoners had used sounds. By 1803,

inventors in both France and Germany had devised optical telegraphs using codes much like Cardano's.

Electrifying Changes

The discovery and harnessing of electricity introduced many new possibilities, but no one seemed to know quite what to do with them. One of the early proposals for a telecommunications code, submitted to a Scottish magazine in 1753 and signed "C, M.," was simple but had profound implications for hardware. C. M. wanted to run 26 parallel wires from town to town, one wire for each letter of the alphabet. A Swiss inventor built a prototype system based on this 26-wire principle. Too bad there was a shortage of wire.

In 1833, Carl Friedrich Gauss used a code like Cardano's to send messages by deflecting a needle five times, right or left.

Samuel Morse and others soon put electromagnets to use in communications. Morse devised his code of dots and dashes by 1835, and demon

S-100 INNOVATORS:

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REMOTE CONTROLLER-lnnovative Features:

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REAL TIME CLOCK—Innovative Featuers:

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computer dealer or contact SciTronics directly for more information. Watch for future innovative products SciTronics Inc., 523 So. Clewell St., P.O. Box 5344, Bethlehem, PA 18015 (215) 868-7220

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June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 243

SUPERBRAINS

SUPERBRAIN QD 64K

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COMPUSTARS Available to Dealers

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strated the code repeatedly in 1838. (The best-known demonstration took place in 1844, when Morse transmitted over a wire from Washington to Baltimore the message, "What hath God wrought?") For a time, 5 ceased to be a magic number in communications codes. Morse's code used combinations of from one to six dots and dashes—a dash lasting three times as long as a dot—to represent each of the characters and figures, with pauses indicating the end of one character or word and the beginning of the next. The Morse code soon became the standard in the United States. Europeans found Morse code wanting because it didn't include characters with diacritical marks. To correct this deficiency, the Europeans developed an international version of Morse code in 1851.

Morse and Machine Decoding

Early in the twentieth century, interest developed in replacing human telegraph operators with machines. Morse code was unsuitable for machine decoding because of the problems caused by the varying lengths of the characters.

On the other side of the Atlantic, J. M. E. Baudot developed a code around 1880 that became one of the standards in international telegraph communications. Since Baudot's code used the same number of binary digits to represent each character, it was better suited to machine decoding. Unfortunately, the number of binary digits was only 5 (there's that number again). The 5-bit code could generate only 32 possible combinations, fewer than necessary to represent the 26 characters of the alphabet, the 10 decimal digits, and the punctuation marks.

Baudot used two shift-control characters—the letter shift and the figure shift—to permit the code to represent all the characters thought necessary. The shift codes do not represent printable characters but select one of two character sets, each composed of the 32 characters. Receipt of a letter-shift code causes all following codes to be interpreted as letters of the alphabet; receipt of a figure-shift code causes all the follow

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ing characters to be interpreted as numerals and punctuation marks. For example, following the letter shift, the sequence 10000 stood for "A"; following the figure shift, the same sequence meant "1."

After designating 2 of the 32 possible codes as shift codes in each character set, Baudot code was left with 30 codes for representing characters in each set. That was still not enough characters for efficient, reliable machine communication. Baudot's code makes all combinations of 5 bits meaningful, which leaves no bit for error checking. The loss of a bit could garble an entire message. All the telegraph companies could do to guard against errors was to retransmit all the figures in a message after the end of the message itself.

Another 5-bit code, the Murray code, came into use around 1900. Murray code differed from Baudot code only in some of the code assignments to characters. Murray code also used shift characters and lacked error checking. As with Baudot code, the proper interpretation of a message depended on characters previously received. Unless the receiving device knew which character set to use—letters or figures—there was a 50 percent chance of incorrect decoding. The main contribution of Murray code was incompatibility with Baudot code—the first input/output incompatibility problems.

Clearly, 5 bits were not enough. Modern communications required a code that could represent all printable characters and still leave room for error checking. The code had to permit decoding without reliance on correct reception of previous transmissions, and also had to permit decoding by machine. Perhaps most important of all, the new code needed to be expandable. Machine communications should not be trapped in still another dead-end system.

The Two New Codes

By the time the need for this new code was felt, the technology capable of supporting more complex codes was available. Many manufacturers

were building equipment that could potentially use a new character code. Whenever the need arises for standardization, such standards can come into existence in two ways. A single manufacturer can simply invent a solution, expecting the rest of the industry to follow. This is what IBM did. It created the EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) character code, which is an 8-bit code allowing 256 characters to be represented. Since there aren't that many printable characters, several codes in EBCDIC aren't used.

No other manufacturer chose to follow IBM's lead. (Maybe no one could pronounce the name of the new code.)

ASCII at Last

The other method of obtaining a standard is through compromise in a committee. Other manufacturers met and produced a national standard called ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange). It's pronounced "ask-key."

ASCII is a 7-bit code, formally known as ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard X3.4-1977. One hundred and twentyeight characters are represented in ASCII, not all of them printable. Included in the character set are all the letters of the alphabet (both uppercase and lowercase), the 10 numerals, and punctuation marks. Table 4 shows the ASCII characters and their associated codes.

The nonprintable codes are control codes, so called because they control the operation of the receiving device. Carriage return and linefeed are control codes familiar to anyone who has used a typewriter. Other control codes include formfeed, bell, and horizontal and vertical tabs. These control codes were clearly set up for printing or display devices, although some manufacturers have pressed the control codes into service for all manner of special functions.

Finally, as in the 5-bit codes, some codes control how a receiving device will interpret subsequent codes. Two shift characters called shift in and shift out are used to shift between ASCII and character sets other than

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b6 b5

0 0 0

0 0

1

0

1 0

0 1 1

1

0 0

1 0

1

1 1 0

1 1 1

Mnemonic and Mnemonic and Meaning1 Meaning'

Bits b„ b3 b2 b,

\C0LUMN ROW ^

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

NUL Null DLE Data Link Escape

(CC) SOH Start of Heading DC1 Device Control 1

(CC) STX Start of Text (CC) DC2 Device Control 2 ETX End of Text (CC) DC3 Device Control 3 EOT End of Transmis- DC4 Device Control 4

sion (CC) ENQ Enquiry (CC) NAK Negative

Acknowledge (CC) ACK Acknowledge (CC) SYN Synchronous Idle

(CC) BEL Bell ETB End of Transmission Block (CC) BS Backspace (FE) CAN Cancel HT Horizontal Tabula- EM End of Medium

tion (FE) LF Linefeed (FE) SUB Substitute VT Vertical Tabula- ESC Escape

tion (FE) FF Formfeed (FE) FS File Separator (IS) CR Carriage Return GS Group Separator

(FE) ' (IS)

50 Shift Out RS Record Separator

(IS)

51 Shift In US Unit Separator

(IS) DEL Delete

0 0 0 0

0

NUL

DLE

SP

0

@

P

P

0 0 0 1

1

SOH

DC1

!

1

A

Q

a

q

0 0 10

2

STX

DC2

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2

B

R

b

r

0 0 11

3

ETX

DC3

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3

C

S

c

s

0 10 0

4

EOT

DC4

$

4

D

T

d

t

0 10 1

5

ENQ

NAK

%

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E

U

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6

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V

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7

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W

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8

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8

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9

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9

I

Y

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y ,

10 10

10

LF

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*

J

Z

i

z

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11

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12

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13

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14

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RS

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US

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DEL

Table 4: The table of ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) characters. Since ASCII is a 7-bit code, it has 128 characters (27). Some of the characters are printable, but others are control characters. The table shows all the control characters but one (DEL) in the first two columns. DEL is the last character in the last column.

The head of each column gives the most significant 3 bits (in both binary and decimal) of the characters in the column. The left of each row shows the most significant 4 bits of the characters in the row.

To find the ASCII code for "E," for example, locate-"E" in the table. The 3 bits at the head of that column (100) are the most significant 3 bits in the code for "E." Then, get the least significant 4 bits from the extreme left of the row that contains "£" (0101). The full code for "E" is 1000101.

those used in English. ANSI standards X3.41-1974 and X3.64-1979 expand the definition of the escape control code for even greater flexibility.

Some control codes delimit text, such as start of text and end of text. These codes are used primarily in block transmissions.

ASCII has been a very successful character code. Thousands of instruments and computer-related products use it for interfacing. Even IBM now offers equipment that understands ASCII.

Almost any hardware interface can handle ASCII transmissions. The exception is the BCD interface, designed to handle 4-bit BCD codes.

Planning the Escape

The developers of ASCII tried to foresee as many different applications as possible. That is why they included

the various control codes. They recognized that technological advances could not be well predicted. Therefore, they gave themselves an escape clause.

As was mentioned above, one of the ASCII characters is the escape character. It designates that the codes that follow have special meaning.

The intent in creating the escape sequence was to extend the range of the character set by allowing selection from a range of available sets. Graphics characters, foreign-language character sets, and special applications sets have been developed. Escape-character sequences allow for a much richer variety of printable symbols than the simple shift in/shift out scheme of the 5-bit codes.

The now common video-display terminal has provided the escape sequence its widest application. The in

clusion of microprocessors in terminal design has greatly augmented video-display capabilities. The serialcommunications link to these terminals has not changed in years. Only one data channel to the host is available. Ordinarily, any characters received via this channel are displayed on the terminal screen. But the ASCII standard did not foresee capabilities for character and line deletion; display enhancements such as inverse video, underlining, and blinking; and even control of tape drives built into a terminal. The escape sequence allows manufacturers to add these system functions while remaining compatible with ASCII.

Escape to Chaos

Manufacturers of video-display terminals are now using escape sequences to add increased perfor

250 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

mance to their products. Unfortunately, little standardization of these sequences existed until the X3.64 standard came out in 1979. Without standardization, designers felt free to exercise their creativity.

For example, one major feature now found on most video-display terminals is absolute cursor positioning. The computer can send a command to the terminal that will place the cursor anywhere on the screen. This capability is important for many types of form-filling operations. There are about as many escape sequences to do this task as there are terminal manufacturers. The Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) has several varieties, depending on the vintage of the terminal. The new DEC terminal, the VT100, is one of the few terminals available today that conforms to the X3.64-1979 standard.

How does an escape sequence such as cursor positioning work? The host computer starts by sending the escape character. This is followed by one or

more characters that indicate the type of escape sequence. Two or more characters then follow giving the desired x and y coordinates for the cursor. Some escape sequences selfterminate. When the receiver has obtained the right number of characters, it exits the escape-sequence mode and returns to normal mode.

Self-terminating escape sequences don't meet ANSI standards. The X3.41 and X3.64 standards are quite explicit about what kinds of characters can appear in escape sequences. All legal escape sequences have proper terminating characters. This allows for variable-length escape sequences.

Characters received in an escape sequence are not interpreted as printing characters but as control information. The escape character has the effect of making all character codes available for control of a device.

Code Conversion

The vast majority of computer

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In addition, some modern devices have odd requirements that can only be met through code conversion. An example is a printer that automatically inserts a linefeed after receiving a carriage return. Unless the application calls for double-spaced printing, the printout will not be as desired because most computers send both a carriage return and linefeed to cause printing on a new line.

One solution to this problem is to have the computer convert all linefeeds to nonprinting characters, such as nulls. Nulls are supposed to be ignored by receiving devices. They serve as timewasters to help in synchronizing fast computers and slow

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C-777 C-700 C-100

C-7045 R-600 R-644

C-511

C-522 R-300

R-400 C-525 C-789 R-T3 C-700 R-450

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HARDWARE

Vic Datasette 64

Vic Disk Drive 489

Vic Graphic Printer 329

Vic 8K Memory Expander 49

Vic 16K Memory Expander 139

Vic 24K Memory Expander 179

3 Slot Expansion Unit (Mini-Mother) 59

RS232C Terminal Interface 43

IEEE-488 Interlace 84

Super Expander 49

Programmers Aid Cart 44

VICMON 43

Pro Ref. Guide 14

Intro to Basic Pro 18

Victerm 8

Prog. Chare. Set/Game Ed 11

Joystick/Paddles 19

Reference Card 4

Vic Modem 89

Monitor Cables 12

PROM Simulator (Call (or Into) 199

80 Col. Card CALL

Epson MX-70 (Configured tor Vic) CALL

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SOFTWARE

ON CARTRIDGE

Spiderman 36

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Alien 19

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Vic Avengers 21

Super Slot 21

Super Alien 19

Super Lander 21

Draw Poker 20

Midnight Drive 21

ON TAPE

Star Wars 11

VicTermA 15

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Vi Check- 18

Vi Caf 18

Amok 14

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Sky Math- 11

Space Division' 11

Globbler 18

B-1 Nuclear Bomber 12

Blastoids" 14

Nuke War 13

Planet Miners 12

Lords of Karma 15

Vic Games (3 on one tape) 19

Household Finance Pace (4 programs on 2 cassettes) 26

Home Inventory (2 programs on 1 cassette) 12

Recreational/Educational Pack I (2 on 1) 12

Recreational/Educational Pack II (2 on 1) 12

Car Costs (2 on 1) 12

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32KMem board for use with the Wedge 179

Wordstar lor NEC 299

Super Calc tor NEC 279

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CBM 8032

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IEEE to IEEE Cable 36

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256K Dynamic RAM 1099

Scribe Tender 169

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IEEE 488 Interface 329

Lab Tender 335

Lab Master 859

Video Digitizer Board 289

Amdek Color II (RGB) 789

Electro Home RGB Color Monitor CALL

Joysticks & Paddles 47

5 Meg Winchester Disk Drive by Davong 1699

PROM Blasler Card by Apparat 129

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Hardware Print Spooler Card (64K) by Apparal 339

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256K Combo card by AST (includes, parallel port & 1 serial port) 1094

SOFTWARE

Home Accting Pius by Continental 129

Visicalc (Standard) by Visicorp 175

Visicalc (256 K Reg.) by Visicorp 199

Easy by Denver Software 594

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AATARr80016K$695

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16K RAM Card (2 yr Warranty) 88

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Softswitch for Videoterm 29

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A10 II by SSM CALL

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Joystick by TG 47

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Lowercase for Apple 29

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Expansion Chassis by Mtn. Hardware 559

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Bus. Pkgs by Continental 199 ea.

DB Master by Stoneware 169

Desktop Plan by Visicorp 189

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Apple Panic 24

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Gorgon 35

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MAIL TO: 1251 BROADWAY EL CAJON, CA. 92021 (714) 579-0330 =

Circle 117 on inquiry card. =

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peripheral devices. A null is ASCII character code 0.

As you can see, character codes are still a source of incompatibility in the world of I/O. If a computer has a programming language that is rich in I/O capability, however, a programmer can overcome character-code incompatibilities.

Outputting Characters

This series is concerned with the interconnection of computers and peripheral devices. Such connections produce systems that process data and perform important tasks. During the development of a system, the programmer communicates with the machine through a programming language. This language could be at the machine level, though that practice is growing less common. The language may be at a high level; that is, a sophisticated programming langifage provided by the machine's manufacturer.

After the system software is

developed, people will have to use it. The computer must be able to interface with people in an effective manner; the people are not concerned with the software running the system. They just want results. Software must make information easy for people to use.

Many different kinds of information are now being used—prices, quantities, voltages, written documents, drawings, and innumerable other forms. Information is the most powerful tool people have. One of the reasons that computers have become such a major factor in current human endeavor is their informationprocessing power. Yet, for all this capability, computers can only store information in two forms: numbers and nonnumbers.

Prices, inventory quantities, or voltages are not recorded in a computer's memory. It only has numbers with which a program associates these values. My text-editor program doesn't have any pages; it only has character data that the software pro

cesses to cause the printing of pages. The software of I/O tells the computer how to accept data from the outside world and how to provide internally stored data to the world in a form that people can understand.

We must first see how information is stored in the computer in order to understand the software of I/O. Numbers are usually stored in something called internal format. The author of the programming language for the computer decided the best way or ways to represent numbers inside the machine. In any internal representation, the Is and 0s that make up a number are not easy for people to recognize or understand as a number. For example, the number 21 in 16-bit binary is 0000000000010101. In addition, though we have many ways of writing numbers--such as $2.69, 6.02X1023, and 3.14159—the computer has only a limited number of numeric types.

The most common types are integer and floating point. Whatever type a number is stored in, the com

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254 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 85 on inquiry card.

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puter should print the number in a format that makes sense to the user. Bank tellers will laugh if a payroll program prints checks that read 6.02E2 dollars, and wage earners will weep when that number is interpreted as $6.02 instead of $602.

Most high-level languages can make the computer input or output numeric values in the form desired. This capability is called formatting. It may come as a format statement in the language or as a format field within the statement that causes the computer to output information. In either case, the format specification describes exactly how the number is to be output or input—how characters are to be presented to the user.

We can use the above check-writing example to demonstrate formatted I/O. Suppose our program has the following statement in it:

210 PRINT Pay

That is a very simple program statement. The computer, being the simple

machine it is, will print the value of the variable Pay in whatever format the computer is set for at the time the statement is executed. If the machine is in fixed 2 format (two decimal places) and Pay = 602, we get the correct "602.00" printed. If the machine were in fixed 0 format, we would get "602," which is close. However, if the machine were in floating-point 9 format, we would get "6.020000000E02." This last printout is not the sort of thing I want to see on my paycheck. What can we do about this PRINT statement to prevent unacceptable output? A first attempt might be to change the default format of the machine just before the PRINT statement:

200 210

FIXED 2 PRINT Pay

This approach is taken by programmers who don't know about or don't want to learn about formatting output. The disadvantage of this approach is that the state of the machine

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is altered, and all subsequent printing will be done in the fixed 2 format unless another FIXED or FLOAT statement is executed. We are also missing the dollar sign that should precede the number on the printout. The program could be changed to:

200 FIXED 2

210 PRINT "$",Pay

Then we would get "$ 602.00"

on the printout. Clearly, the machine is just not understanding what we want. In most languages, the instrument for telling the computer exactly how the number is to be printed is the format field in a PRINT USING statement.

In many languages, changing the program to

210 PRINT USING

"A, 000.00";"$", Pay

would result in a printout that reads "$602.00," exactly what is desired.

just as different computer languages have different statements for performing similar functions, format techniques vary widely from language to language. Even differing dialects of languages such as BASIC may vary as to how formatted I/O is performed. The best way to learn how to perform formatted I/O in a given language is to read the manual several times.

Stringing Things Together

As mentioned earlier, not all data can be represented in numeric form. Text, such as this article, is best represented as a linear array of characters. Such arrays are almost always called strings. This data type is useful for storing letters, instructions, and even command sequences for some instruments.

Character codes are used to represent text data in a form that can be transferred from machine to machine. Each character is represented by 5 to 8 bits. As we have seen, ASCII, the most popular code, is a 7-bit code.

Eight bits is a convenient size to store data in most modern digital computers (there are exceptions). Strings are usually composed of 8-bit

256 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 3 on inquiry card.

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parcels of data. Since ASCII is only 7 bits, 1 bit of each string character is usually wasted.

Input and output of strings is much simpler than for numerics. The internal representation for strings is almost what the printout would look like. The exception to this statement is the terminator, which marks the end of a message.

Input of a string must stop at some point so that data can be processed. The terminating character tells the computer when it has reached the end of the message. A common default terminator is the linefeed character. It is so common that most input statements default to terminating upon receipt of a linefeed. Most output statements automatically append a linefeed at the end of a string output.

As with numeric I/O, everything runs fine until you don't want the defaults any more. Eventually, you will have to read data in from a device that outputs a carriage return as a message terminator. Or perhaps you have a printer that needs an ENQ

(Enquiry) character as a terminator instead of a linefeed. Eventually, a situation will arise where the defaults don't work.

What can you do? Use a format statement. If a device requires only a carriage return as a message terminator, the program might contain the following statement:

200 PRINT A$

This program will output the string A$ and follow it with the carriage return and linefeed characters. Since the device to which you are outputting will terminate one message on the carriage return, it will interpret the linefeed as the start of a new message. In some languages, this may be suppressed by changing the program to:

200 PRINT USING

"#,B",A$,CHR$(13)

The "#,B" specifier tells the computer to refrain from adding any

embellishments to the string being output. The CHR$(13) is a carriage return, which is the proper terminating character. Again, the formatting capabilities of the language have allowed you to specify exactly what you want the I/O to do.

The software of I/O is an extremely important topic in interfacing. Software is the interface between the programmer and the computer. By understanding how to control system I/O needs through explicit software statements, a programmer can turn a "dumb" computer into a flexible problem solver.

This month, we've seen some of the problems associated with character codes and also some of the software provisions needed to turn stored characters into acceptable printed output. Next month, we'll see how software can take advantage of buffers and interrupts to control input/output. We'll conclude by looking at problems associated with grounds and resulting signal degradation.!

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258 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 251 on inquiry card.

COMPUTERS

INTERSYSTEMS

DPS 1, DPS 1A, DPS 2A,. C all for Prices

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NorthStar HORIZON 2Q-64K ..$2685

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INTERTUBE $725

EMULATOR $725

OKIDATA

Microline 80 $329

Microline 82A $469

Microline 83A $739

Microline 84 Call

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SOROC

1Q-120 $629

IQ-130 $585

IQ-135 $719

IQ-135 w/Graphics $789

IQ-140 $995

HAZELTINE

1420 $789

1500 $845

1510 $1029

ZENITH Z-19 $699

Prices apply 10 prepaid orders only, and reflecl a cash discount. Charge card orders are slightly higher.

Most items in stock for immediate delivery in factory sealed cartons, with a full factory warrenty. N.Y. State residents add appropriate sales tax. Prices do not include shipping. C.O.D. orders require 25% deposits.

Prices subject to change and offers subject to withdraw! without notice.

PRINTERS

CENTRONICS

CENTRONICS

730-1 Parallel $349

739-1 Parallel $499

739-3(RS232) $599

704-11 Parallel $1569

704-9 (RS232) $1519

Texas Instruments

TI-810 Basic $1289

TI-810 Full Option $1549

TI-820 RO Basic $1545

Tl-820 KSR Basic $1739

NEC 3510 (RS232) Call

NEC 7710 (RS232),7730 (Parallel) $2295

NEC 7720 (RS232) $2795

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DIABLO 630 RO $2049

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Prism 80 w/o color $895

Prism 132 w/color $1495

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MX 80FT $548

MX 100 $745

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M5 5Meg. Hard Disk $1949

M 10 10 Meg, Hard Disk $2995

M 26 26 Meg. Hard Disk $3349

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CORVUS 20 Meg. Hard Disk $4755

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Circle 122 on inquiry card.

Prices subject to change without notice

A General-Purpose I/O Board for the Color Computer

Build this low-cost interface for less than $25 and plug it

into the ROM cartridge slot.

In previous articles in this series, I've gone to some extremes to implement input/output (I/O) ports by using the Color Computer's cassette input and output, joystick inputs, and RS-232C port. In this article, I'll show you the "right" way to connect discrete (on/off) lines to the outside world from the Color Computer. It's not that you can't use the other designs to control and monitor outside events—the previous implementations work fine—it's just that you can easily build a general-purpose I/O (GPIO) board that can plug into the Color Computer's ROM connector and provide 24 lines (bits) of I/O. Each of the 24 lines can be programmed for either input or output. The entire board costs less than $25. With a few inexpensive components, you can use it to control sprinkling systems and coffeepots, and to monitor burglar alarms and door

About the Author

William Barden Jr. is the author of several books on microcomputers, including Z-80 Microcomputer Design Projects.

William Barden Jr.

28122 Orsola

Mission Viejo, CA 92692

bells. You can even use an interrupt with the board to run a real-time, foreground task while also running a BASIC program or other task in the background.

To understand the design of the GPIO board, you must first know how the Color Computer handles read-only memory (ROM) and other input/output operations.

Color Computer I/O Structure

Figure 1 shows a logic diagram of Color Computer I/O. In fact, a large portion of the I/O structure is defined by two chips—the 6809E microprocessor and the synchronous address multiplexer (SAM) chip.

The 6809E is closely related to the Motorola 6800 chip. If you want an in-depth understanding of both, I suggest getting the Motorola Microprocessors Data Manual, which contains specifications on both the 6800 and 6809E. I'll capsulize some of the basic information here.

The 6809E is basically an 8-bit microprocessor with some 16-bit processing capability. It has 16 address lines, designated A15 (most signifi

cant) through A0 (least significant). The address lines are used to define memory addresses for instruction fetches, access of operands, and reading and writing of data.

It also has eight data lines, designated D7 (most significant) through DO (least significant). The data lines are used to transfer instruction bytes to the processor during instruction fetch and operand bytes during instruction execution. D7-D0 are also used to transfer I/O data. All data transfers are done one byte at a time.

The 6809E (the "E" designation specifies an external clock) uses two clock inputs, QIN and EIN. The SAM chip (described below) generates the E and Q clock inputs for the 6809E, using a pulse from a crystal oscillator.

The three interrupt inputs to the 6809E are *IRQ, *FIRQ, and *NMI. The asterisk prefix indicates that these are "active low" signals that must go to 0 volts (V) for action.

*IRQ is the primary interrupt input to the 6809E. It signals the 6809E that an interrupt has occurred. If the interrupts are enabled by software, the

260 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Name

Addr

City

State Zip

BOX 70725 Pasadena, California 91107 Dept.BI

Circle 496 on inquiry card.

POWER ON, OR MANUAL RESET

V

^

NOT USED

O

O

;D

MC6809E

PRESET

TSC A15-A0

BUSY, LIC, BS, BA, VMA

*FIRQ *1RQ

*NMI

D7-D0

zy

TO MEMORY AND INTERNAL I/O

A15-A0 ADDRESS LINES

u

14.31B

OSCILLATOR

*R/W SIGNAL

A15-A0

SYNCHRONOUS ADDRESS MULTIPLEXOR (SAM)

D7-D0 DATA LINES

TO MEMORY AND

HAL I/O

-«, / AND

) I INTERN*

MISCELLANEOUS CONTROL SIGNALS

u

*RESET *NMI

*HALT

A15-A0 D7-D0 *R/W

ROM CARTRIDGE CONNECTOR

74LS138 DECODER

Y7

~\ VIDEO DISPL -V GENERATOR

0

AY LOGIC

TO REFRESH LOGIC

E,Q

OTHER SELECTS

SCS* CTS*

Figure 1: Color Computer input/output is controlled primarily by the 6809E microprocessor and the synchronous address multiplexer (SAM) integrated circuits. One set of SAM outputs defines the address selection for system RAM, ROM, and I/O devices.

6809E goes into a predefined interrupt processing routine at the location defined by the contents of a fixed memory location (BFF8-BFF9 hexadecimal in the Color Computer).

The *FIRQ input is a "fast" interrupt that saves less of the "environment" (processor registers) when an FIRQ occurs.

*NMI is a "nonmaskable" interrupt that cannot be disabled. It is generally used for major conditions that must always be detected, such as a realtime clock pulse or an impending power failure.

The *HALT input halts the processor at the end of the current instruction. It is an orderly way to stop the processor and allow control of the program by an outside source. A typical application might be in singleinstruction stepping.

The *RESET input is used to initiate a start-up action, either at power-up or when the processor is

"hung up" due to improper programming or I/O protocol.

The *R/W output signal tells the external memory or I/O devices whether a read (high, logic 1, or + 5 V) or write (low, logic 0, or 0 V) is taking place.

The TSC, BUSY, LIC, BS, BA, and VMA pins are not used in the Color Computer configuration. Many of these signals relate to controlling the address and data bus lines for direct memory access—independent control of system memory for I/O action.

The lines from the processor discussed above constitute part of the system bus that is brought out to the ROM cartridge connector, a 40-pin edge connector on the Color Computer printed-circuit (PC) board.

The SAM Chip

The 6809E works in conjunction with the synchronous address multi

plexer (SAM) chip, an important chip in the Color Computer.

The SAM handles refresh of the 4116 dynamic memory in the Color Computer. This type of memory must be accessed periodically to retain the voltage charge and, hence, memory data. Since this refresh is done during times in which no processor memory addressing is taking place, there is no conflict in using the memory address lines.

Another major task of the SAM is to synchronize video-display updates and processor operation. The 6847 video display generator uses randomaccess read/write memory (RAM) data to update the video display, so it must know when valid data appears from the video-display portion of RAM. The SAM chip integrates the processor and video-display memory addressing.

The timing-signal generation of the SAM was discussed above.

262 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Circle 12 on Inquiry card. * Copyright 1981 Advanced Micro Digital Corp

Type

Pin

Name

Source

Description

Power

1

-12V

CC

2

+ 12V

CC

9

+ 5V

CC

33

GND

CC

34

GND

CC

Data

10

DO

CC-6809E

11

D1

CC-6809E

12

D2

CC-6809E

13

D3

CC-6809E

Data Bus

14

D4

CC-6809E

15

D5

CC-6809E

16

D6

CC-6809E

17

D7

CC-6809E

Address

19

A0

CC-6809E

20

A1

CC-6809E

21

A2

CC-6809E

22

A3

CC-6809E

23

A4

CC-6809E

24

A5

CC-6809E

25

A6

CC-6809E

26

A7

CC-6809E

Address Bus

27

A8

CC-6809E

28

A9

CC-6809E

29

A10

CC-6809E

30

A11

CC-6809E

31

A12

CC-6809E

37

A13

CC-6809E

38

A14

CC-6809E

39

A15

CC-6809E

Clock

6

E

CC-SAM

Clock Signals

7

Q

CC-SAM

Select

32

CTS*

CC-74LS138

ROM or I/O Select

36

SCS*

CC-74LS138

40

SLENB*

External

Decode Disable

Other

3

HALT'

External

Halts Processor

4

NMI*

External

NMI Interrupt

5

RESET*

CC

Power-on or Reset

8

CART

External

Cartridge Sense

18

R/W.

CC-6809E

Read/Write Signal

35

SND

External

External Sound

CC = Colo

Computer

External =

Input to CC

Table 1: Signals available

on the Color

Computer ROM cartridge port.

The last function of the SAM is to decode and control the memory mapping of the system. Three signals, S2, Si, and SO, are output from the SAM into a 74LS138 decoder chip. Only one of the eight outputs (Y0-Y7) of the 74LS138 is active (low) at any time. The one chosen depends upon the states of S2, Si, and SO, which in turn depend upon the A15-A0 inputs.

If Y0 is active, RAM from address 0000-7FFF hexadecimal is being addressed. (Unless otherwise noted, all addresses are in hexadecimal form.) If Yl or Y2 is active, ROM area 8000-9FFF or A000-BFFF is being ad

dressed. If Y3 is active, cartridge ROM at C000 and up is being addressed (CTS*). If Y4 is active, the PIA addresses at locations FF00-FF1F are being addressed. If Y5 is active, the PIA addresses at locations FF20FF3F are being addressed. If Y6 is active, memory locations FF40-FF5F are being addressed. These locations are nonexistent in the Color Computer, but come out to a ROM cartridge pin (SCS*) and can be used in external logic. Signal Y7 is not used.

ROM Cartridge Signals

The ROM cartridge connector uses

40 pins with signals from the 6809E processor, SAM, power supplies, and some additional logic.

The ROM cartridge port is more than just a port that enables the Color Computer to execute a program in ROM or erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM); it is a general-purpose port that enables interfacing RAM memory or I/O devices of many types.

Table 1 lists the ROM cartridgeport pins, signal names, source, and description.

Signals D7-D0 and A15-A0 are the data and address lines from the processor, respectively. These are essential in connecting memory or I/O devices to the system. Bringing out all 16 address lines allows any of the 65,536 addresses in the 6809E addressing space to be specified.

The *RESET signal to the processor is also brought out on pin 5 of the ROM cartridge port. A power-on or manual reset can reset an external device with this signal, in addition to causing the processor reset.

The CART and *HALT processor inputs are generated from external logic connected to the ROM cartridge port. The EIN and QIN clock outputs from the SAM are also sent to pins 6 and 7 of the ROM cartridge port. I'll soon explain how these signals work in the cartridge ROM.

The *R/W signal from the processor is brought out on pin 18 of the connector. This signal is necessary to define whether a read or write should be done during I/O between an external device and the system.

The *NMI signal to the processor is generated only by external logic. It can be used to cause a nonmaskable interrupt to the processor, but is not used in the standard ROM configuration.

The SCS* signal is the select signal from the 74LS138 chip that indicates that an address in the range FF40FF5F is being used. This spare address is not normally used in Radio Shack software, although I'll be using it in this design.

The SLENB* signal is generated by logic connected to the ROM cartridge port. Bringing this input low (0 V)

264 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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'"Digital Research, tnc ^Designed by Burtronix

QO 01 02 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 07

E

vss

vcc

MCM68A364 8K X 8 ROM

J

A12 All A10 A9 A8 A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 Al AO

-E>°7

-(lF> D6

-jTT> D5 -fl4^> D4 -fIP>D3 -fl2^>D2 -E>D1

-(To^> DO [JF> A15 UNUSED < (38^> A14 -<T[] A12 I fiT -<30l All ^T9~] A10 Til A9

UNUSED I

-<TT| A8 Til A7

-<Ti] A6 Til A5

-<TJ1M

Til A3

-<TTJ A2 -^CTol ai -<TJJ AO

-<^9~| +5V

-<TF| GROUND -<T7| GROUND -T32^>CTS *

-pP> CART * [TiP> R/W #

n~^> - i2v

|1P> +12V [T^> HALT * PQ>NM1 * |~iP>RESET * [jr> SCS * r7T> SLENB *

35> SND

Figure 2: A typical ROM cartridge contains a program in up to 8K bytes of ROM. Minimal logic is required in addition to the ROM chip itself.

disables the address decoding by the 74LS138 (Y0-Y7 remain inactive). This signal enables the device connected to the cartridge port to "turn off" all internal devices. It is not normally used in Radio Shack software. The SND input from logic connected to the ROM cartridge port enables an external sound to be

routed through the system to television audio.

ROM Operation

A typical ROM plug-in cartridge is shown in figure 2. The data lines D7-D0 connect to the data lines of the ROM memory.

When any address in the range of

C000-DFFF is addressed by the processor, the CTS* line goes active. The CTS* signal from the 74LS138 address decoder goes to the ROM cartridge and enables the ROM. The actual ROM address for the ROM chips is defined by the state of address lines A12-A0. These 13 lines go to the address inputs of the ROM chips. The ROMs may be any size up to 8K bytes, requiring 13 address bits, which are supplied by the remainder of the C000-DFFF address.

No *R/W signal is required in the ROM case, since by definition a ROM must always be a read device.

The ROM plug-in cartridge routes the Q signal from the SAM to the CART input. This causes an FIRQ interrupt that results in a hardware branch to the address found at FFF6FFF7 (BFF6-BFF7 in the Color Computer). Normal Radio Shack software at this address contains an FIRQ interrupt processing routine that transfers control to the program found in the ROM.

I/O Device Operation

I/O operation is similar to memory addressing as used in the ROM cartridge or in RAM addressing. I/O in the 6809E is memory mapped. This means that an input/output device is treated just as another memory location, rather than using separate I/O instructions.

Reading 8 bits of data from an I/O device is done by an "LDA ADDRESS" or similar instruction; "ADDRESS" may be a memory location or an I/O device. The programmer must know how the 65,536 memory addresses in the addressing space of the 6809E are mapped—which addresses are RAM, which are ROM, and which are I/O devices.

Writing is handled in similar fashion. An "STA ADDRESS" can store 8 bits of data either to a memory location or to an I/O device, depending on how the system is mapped.

PEEK and POKE instructions in BASIC operate in identical fashion to LDA and STA; the two commands can read or write data from either memory or I/O devices.

266 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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ONE READ CYCLE OF "LDA" (<2^s) '

E CLOCK ISAM)

General Input Operation

In general, reading from an external device plugged into the ROM cartridge connector would proceed as follows:

Q CLOCK (SAM)

R/W* FROM CPU

CTS*, ADDRESS BUS

FROM 74LS138, CPU

DATA BUS

SUPPLIED BY EXTERNAL DEVICE LOGIC

CPU

"STROBES IN" DATA HERE

(WAVEFORMS GENERALIZED AND APPROXIMATE)

Figure 3: Generalized input for transfer of data from an external I/O device. Data is supplied by the I/O device after detection of the CTS* and an R/W* signal of 1.

ONE WRITE CYCLE "OF "STA" (< 2^s)

E CLOCK (SAM)

Q CLOCK (SAM)

LOGIC 0

CTS*, ADDRESS BUS

R/W* FROM CPU

FROM 74LS138, CPU

SUPPLIED BY CPU

EXTERNAL LOGIC "STROBES IN" DATA HERE

(WAVEFORMS GENERALIZED AND APPROXIMATE)

1. An LDA $xxxx or PEEK &Hjcj:j:x would be executed by the program, where xxxx is an address in the range C000-BFFF.

2. The CTS* signal would become active and the address lines to the cartridge would contain the entire xxxx address.

3. The *R/W line would, at a certain point, go to a logic 1, indicating a read.

4. The external I/O controller logic would detect the CTS* and *R/W, and deduce that a read instruction was being executed by the processor.

5. The controller logic would supply 8 bits of data on the data bus lines.

6. The processor logic would strobe in the data from the data bus.

In fact, this operation would occur very rapidly over a portion of one LDA instruction, as shown in figure 3.

Notice that the controller did not use the address lines. All it needed to know was that it was being addressed, and this was apparent by the CTS* line (the controller's address is the address range C000-DFFF). Either the CTS* or SCS* signals could have been used as the controller's address. In fact, the SCS* is probably better, since it defines a smaller range of addresses, more suitable for an I/O device. In this case, the controller's address would have been FF40-FF5F.

If the controller had to pass many different types of data, it might well decode all or a portion of the address lines A15-A0. It depends upon the application. A paper-tape reader, for example, might use address FF40 as the address for "reading the next byte of data from paper tape " and FF41 as the address for "reading the status of the paper tape (jammed, moving, etc.)." It depends upon the complexity of the I/O device.

Figure 4: Generalized output for transfer of data to an external I/O device. Data is supplied to the I/O device along with CTS* and an R/W* signal of 0.

General Output Operation

In general, writing to an I/O device

268 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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F-W5SS Wabash 5'/4"SSSD, HUB ....$23.50

F-W8SD Wabash 8" SSDD $33.00

F-W8DD Wabash 8" DSDD $40.00

PRINTERS

P-MX80 Epson MX100 $405

P-MX80F/T Epson MX-80 F/T $515

P-MX100 Epson MX-100 $685

P-OK82 Okidata 82A $468

P-OK83 Okidata 84, Serial $1125

P-PC8023A NEC PC-8023A $485

P-PRO C. ITOH Prowriter, 120 CPS ... $485

P-PROII C. ITOH Prowriter II $Call

P-F10 C. ITOH 40 CPS Daisywheel .. $1395

AP-PAR Parallel Int/Cable/Apple $72

Circle 62 on inquiry card.

(fTMCfOPlCJ). SOFTWARE

MP-WS8 Word Star, 8" $250

MP-WSA Word Star, Apple $192

MP-MM8 Mail Merge, 8" $ 77

MP-MMA Mail Merge, Apple $ 63

MP-SS8 Spell Star, 8" $127

MP-SSA Spell Star, Apple $ 53

MP-DS8 Data Star, 8" $175

MP-SR8 Super Sort, 8" $127

MP-SRA Super Sort, Apple $100

MP-SII8 Super Sort II, 8" $105

MP-CS8 CalcStar, 8" $149

Many additional software packages are available at similar discounts.

DISK DRD7ES

D-S801R Shugart801R $390

D-QDT8 Qume DT-8 $495

D-T81 Tandon Thinline 8", SS $390

D-T82 Tandon Thinline 8", DS $485

SIGNALMAN MKI300BPS MODEM

• RS-232 to Telephone Link, Full Duplex

• Direct Connect, FCC Approved

• 1 Year Warranty

• Low Power Design

M-S300 List $115 BISON $89

AB DIGITAL DESIGN LABS

256K BYTE - 128K

WORD DYNAMIC MEMORY

• 4MHZ with Extended DMA

• IEEE696, Multi-Layer

• 1 Year Warranty

S-B810A List $1245 BISON .. $975

BUB

STATIC MEMORY

SYSTEMS 64K

• 24 Line Addressing

• 200NS, Lower Power CMOS

• Intermix RAM and EPROM

• New Super Low Price

S-ST64 List ^$594 BISON $440

■ 8 MHZ 8086 S-100 SET • 128K70NS Static RAM • DD Disk Controller • 22 Slot Mainframe • Cable for 2 8" Drives • MS-DOS (86-DOS) • Add Drives and Terminal! SC-SYS2 System 2 List. .$4185 BISON .. .$3450 SC-2/3 8086 2 BRD Set w/DOS

List $795 BISON $595

8086

SUPER

MICRO

QTS-100&8"

Floppy Drive Mainframe

• +8V(u25A/^16V(u5AS-100 Power

• + 5V(a2.5A/-5V(«.5A/ + 24V(u3ADrive

• Keyed Power Switch

• Shielded Motherboard

• Rugged Card Cage

• 9%" x 17" x 21" (HxWxD)

• Strappagle 110V or 220V AC QT-MF6 6 Slot, 2-8" Drive QT-MF8 8 Slot, 2-8" Drive QT-MF12 12 Slot, 2-8" Drive

5)

Power

.$525 .$550 .$575

r»

QT S-100 & 5'/4" Floppy Mainframe

• Similar to 8" Mainframe

• Power for 5'A" Drives

• 7" x 17" x 20" (HxWxD)

• 7" x 17" x 20" (HxWxD)

QT-5MF6 6 Slot, 2-5'/." Drive $350

QT-5MF8 8 Slot, 2-5'/." Drive $375

QT-5MF12 12 Slot, 2-5'A" Drive $400

DRIVE CABINETS

H-BT8 BISON 2 Dr, Vert, 8", Thinline $245

H-QT8 QT 1 Drive, 8" Vertical $215

H-QT8-2 QT 2 Dr, Horizontal, 8" $305

Circle 230 on inquiry card.

Main/Frames

• 30 Models of Enclosures

• Assembled and tested

• Quasi-Coax Motherboards

• Power Supply

• Card cage and guides

• Fan, line, cord, fuse, power & reset switches

8" Floppy Main/Frame

8" Disc Enclosure

Phase/80 8" Floppy Mainframe

Phase/80 Desk + Mainframe

Write or call for our

brochure which includes our

application note:

"Building Computers —

A Recipe"

INTEGR4ND

8620 Roosevelt Ave. • Vlsalla, CA 93291

209/733-9288

We accept BankAmerlcard/Vlsa

and MasterCharge

plugged into the ROM cartridge port would proceed as follows:

1. An STA $xxxx or POKE &Hxxxx,v would be executed, where xxxx is the ROM cartridgeport address of C000-DFFF and v is the 8-bit value to be transferred.

2. The CTS* signal would become active and the address lines to the cartridge would contain the entire xxxx address.

3. The *R/W line would, at a certain point, go to a logic 0, indicating a write. The processor would supply the 8 bits of data on the data bus lines.

4. The external I/O controller logic would detect the CTS* and *R/W, and deduce that a write instruction was being executed by the processor.

5. The controller logic would strobe in the data from the data bus.

All of this would occur in the space of a single "STA" instruction, even if a BASIC POKE was involved (see figure 4). Again, additional addressline decoding might be required, and it would be convenient to use the SCS* signal in place of the CTS*.

A General-Purpose I/O Board

Figure 5 shows the logic diagram of a general-purpose I/O (GPIO) board that plugs into the ROM cartridge connector. It operates in a similar fashion to the general input/output described above. The board is built around an Intel 8255 programmable peripheral interface (PPI). It uses three 74LS240 bus buffers to provide higher current-drive capability to 24 lines, 8 of which are inputs and 16 of which are outputs.

The 8255 PPI

The 8255 is a general-purpose I/O device that operates in several modes. I've chosen the simplest mode for this application, the mode in which each of three sets of lines can be programmed to be inputs or outputs. In this case, I've arbitrarily made the "A" and "B" lines outputs, and the "C" lines inputs, although the sets could have been either inputs or out

puts by simply outputting the proper control byte.

Many of the signals previously described are used in this design.

The addresses of the device are FF40, FF41, FF42, and FF43. The SCS* signal enables the 8255 (CS is chip select), and address lines Al and A0 choose the two lower address bits.

Since the 8255 requires a write signal of 0 (WR) and a read signal of 0 (RD), I've added some additional logic (74LS00) to provide the proper signal from the basic R/W* signal.

The 8255 is cleared by a RESET signal of logic 1; another section of the 74LS00 changes the active low RESET* from the 6809E to an active high signal.

The 24 lines go to three 74LS240 chips. These are octal buffers that provide up to 40 milliamps (mA) of "sink" current and invert the 8255 signal.

Software for the GPIO Board

Programming the board is easy. First, the 8255 must be initialized to mode 0, the simplest I/O mode that it can use. This is done by outputting a value of decimal 137 to address FF43 hexadecimal (the 8255 control register), either by a BASIC POKE 65347,137 or by an assembly-language instruction. This initialization should be done on power-up or after every system reset.

To write to port A or B, do a POKE 65344,u or a POKE 65345,u, with v set to the 8-bit value for lines PX7PX0. The value will be latched into the 8255 and remain on the outputs until overwritten by a new value. To set lines PB7, PB6, and PB0, for example, do a POKE 65345,193. The outputs of the 74LS240 will be inverted.

To read port C, do a PEEK (65346). The value will be returned as an 8-bit number, corresponding to lines PC7PC0. The inputs from the 74LS240 are inverted.

Using the GPIO Board

A small reed relay can be driven by a 74LS240 output. The maximum current required to pull in the relay cannot exceed 40 mA. Radio Shack relays (275-228) were used in the pro

270 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

upetBrain II

TM

INTERTEC DMA SYSEMS 1 SUPRBRA1N.

'

o

■ t "

P 1

\\

1 ~ 1! ""•

1 Wife

i

t

' y

■ .

i '

MM1 111

v\

Sum ma Cum Laude!

Just three years ago, Intertec stunned the microcomputer industry when its SuperBrain™ desktop computer graduated with honors . . . outperforming all the others by achieving the best price/ performance ratio in its class. Today, that scholastic achievement remains unchallenged. At least until now. . .

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3

C

NTE3TEC

DATA

SYSTEMS,

•Registered trademark of Digital Research ^Microsoft is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation.

2300 Broad River Rd. Columbia, SC 29210 (803) 798-9100 TWX: 810-666-2115

Circle 75 on inquiry card.

*NMl[T">

vcc[E>

R/w*[ir>

ROM

CARTRIDGE

CONNECTOR

SCS*[I£>

Al 20

AofTF^

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D<[l4^>

D3[n^ D2|Tr>

Di[n>do[TF>

RESET*["5~^

GND 133

S>1X

vcc J

•(INTERRUPT LOGIC)

1/4

74LS00

36

27

28

29

31

32

33

[f>

1/4 74LS00

RD WR

CS

Al

D7 06 D5 04 D3 02 Dl DO

vCc

A

VCC

8255 PPI

GND

T

O.VF

PA 7 PA 6 PA5 PA 4 PA3 PA 2 PA1 PAO

PB7 PB6 PB5 PB4 PB3 PB2 PB1 PBO

PC 7 PC6 PC5 PC4 PC3 PC 2 PCI PCO

38

39

10

12

16

15

14

7h

vcc

13

15

20

0.1MF

74LS240 (OUTPUT)

Al

A2

A3

A4

A5

A6

A7

A8 1G 2G GND

2

14

12

10

m

25

2

24

4

23

6

22

8

21

11

20

13

19

15

IB

17

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Al A2 A3 A4

A5 A6 A7

A8

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19

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14

10

m

vcc

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16

14

12

20

74LS240 (INPUTI

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19

2

4

6

8

11

13

15

17

—o —

5VDC

VCC

7

1N4001

-oOUTnA

(3/4 AMP)

-oOUTnB

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r

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OPTIONAL LOGIC

Figure 5: The general-purpose I/O board consists of a programmable peripheral interface (PPI) chip, 3 bus-driver chips, and minor logic conversion. The PPI provides 24 discrete lines that can be used to drive relays or other devices. In this configuration, 16 of the lines are outputs and 8 are inputs.

272 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Take a bite out of the high cost of drives ^ for the Apple™

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accept VISA • Mastercard • Checks • Money orders • COD • Calif, residents add sales tax

*■%*« ■ Ui444U i'

1251 Broi

Oealer Inqultln inultea • «in'

>

|

El CajOn, CA 92021

■

©

CUT ALONG FIRST COLUMN OF HOLES

©

CUT ALONG SECOND COLUMN OF HOLES

36 PINS EACH SIDE BEFORE CUT

© CUT OFF

8-PIN AREA

©

PEEL OFF AND DISCARD "ETCH" FOR HALVES OF 8TH PINS

Figure 6: A Vector Electronics 3719-1 DIP plugboard can be cut to fit the 40-pin edge connector and cutout for the Color Computer ROM cartridge port.

totype, drawing 22.5 mA. These relays will handle up to 3A ampere (A) on the contacts and can be used to drive a larger relay or small load at a local or remote location.

On the input side, the Radio Shack relay can be used in reverse. The contact closure pulls down a signal input from logic 1 to 0, as shown in figure 5. The control voltage can be 5 to 6 V DC from a remote location.

The output side can also drive any other transistor-transistor logic (TTL)

circuit, as long as the length of wire from the 74LS240 output to TTL input is kept shorter than three or four feet.

Devices such as optoisolators or solid-state relays can be driven by the outputs to control virtually any device.

Construction of the GPIO Board

The board is constructed on a Vector Electronics 3719-1 DIP plugboard. This board is not available at Radio

From

To

Signal

CC-18

74LS00-1

R/W*

74LSO0-1

74LS00-2

R/W«

74LS00-3

8255-5

RD

74LS00-1

8255-36

WR

CC-36

8255-6

SCSWCS

CC-20

8255-8

A1

CC-19

8255-9

A0

CC-17

8255-27

D7

CC-16

-28

D6

CC-15

-29

D5

CC-14

-30

D4

CC-13

-31

D3

CC-12

-32

D2

CC-11

-33

D1

CC-10

-34

DO

CC-5

74LS00-4

RESET.

74LS00-4

74LS00-5

RESET*

74LS00-6

8255-35

RESET

CC-9

Vcc Bus

VCc

CC-33

GND Bus

GND

8255-37

74LS240-2

PA7

-38

-4

6

-39

-6

5

-40

-8

4

-1

-11

3

-2

-13

2

-3

-15

1

-4

-17

0

8255-25

74LS240-2

PB7

-24

-4

6

-23

-6

5

-22

-8

4

-21

-11

3

-20

-13

2

-19

-15

1

-18

-17

0

8255-10

74LS240-18

PC7

-11

-16

6

-12

-14

5

-13

-12

4

-17

-9

3

-16

-7

2

-15

-5

1

-14

-3

0

To Vcc Bus:

74LS00-14

8255-26

74LS240-20 (3)

To GND Bus:

74LSO0-7

8255-7

74LS240-1 (3)

74LS240-19(3)

74LS240-10(3)

0.1-/iF capacitors between:

Vcc and GND Buses

Vcc and GND Pins on 5 IC Sockets

Table 2: General-purpose

I/O board

wire list.

Shack stores, but is probably one of the most popular "prototype" boards around.

The Vector board comes with a 36-position edge connector, as shown in figure 6. Cut the board as shown in

274 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Peripherals Unlimited..

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Atari Interface Module

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$59

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$84

Star Raiders

$34

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$74

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$114

NEC PRINTERS

7710/30 Spinwriter R/O $2279

7720SpinwriterKSR $2649

3510/30 Spinwriter R/O $1699

3500 Serial Spinwriter $1599

NEC DOT MATRIX PC-8023 $474

Call for prices on ribbons, etc.

MORE PRINTERS

Anadex 9500/9501

$1295

Anadex DP-9000

$1049

Okidata Microline 80A

$339

Okidata Microline 82A

$474

Okidata Microline 83A

$724

Tractor(OKI80 + 82only)

$60

Diablo 630

$2044

MONITORS

Sanyo 12" GRN Phosphor $266

Sanyo 12" Black + White $239

Amdek 12" 300 GRN Phosphor $164

Amdek 12" Color $344

NEC 12" GRN Phosphor $164

NEC 12" Color $344

EPSON PRINTERS

MX-70

MX-80 w/Graphics

MX-80 FT (Friction + Tractor)

MX-100 (15 "Carriage)

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ORDERING INFORMATION

Our order lines are open 9AM to 6PM EST Monday thru Friday. Phone orders are welcome; same day shipment on orders placed before 10AM. Free use of Mastercard and VISA. Personal checks require 2 weeks clearance. Manufacturer's warranty included on all equipment. Prices subject to revision. C.O.D.'s accepted.

For service, quality and delivery call:

PERIPHERALS UNLIMITED

(617)655-7400

62 N. Main St.* Natick, MA01760

Circle 362 on Inquiry card.

BYTE June 1982 275

(TOP VIEW OF PC BOARD)

o o o o c

14 GAUGE BARE WIRE (BOTTOM SIDE)

20-PIN SOCKET

20-PIN SOCKET

14 GAUGE

BARE WIRE

( BOTTOM SIDE)

20-PIN SOCKET

o o o o

o o o o

o o o o

o o o o

■ = SOLDER PAD O • PIN 1

GND BUS

20

8255

21

©

40

10

11

74LS240

©

20

© 20

GND BUS

VCC BUS

©

He

BUS

(BOTTOM VIEW OF PC BOARD)

Figure 7: GPIO board component mounting. Five IC sockets and two sets of buses constitute the major mechanical construction of the board.

the figure so that it will be able to fit into the ROM cartridge hole and connector.

Once the board is cut, mount five IC sockets (see figure 7). At least one pin of each socket should be soldered to a copper pad on the board. Wiring will provide additional mechanical support for the sockets.

Four buses are constructed out of 14-gauge bare wire, as shown in the figure. Enlarge the holes slightly to pass the wire and solder the ends to the solder pads on the top side of the board. Two 0.1-microfarad (ji¥) disk capacitors are mounted between each set of buses.

After mounting the IC sockets and

( BOTTOM SIDE OF VECTOR BOARD)

39

37

35

33

31

29

27

25

23

21

19

17

15

13

11

9

7

5

3

1

O □

o □

o □

o □

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o □

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o □

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40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2

Figure 8: GPIO pin connections viewed from the bottom side.

buses, wire the board as shown in table 2. I used wire-wrap wire (30 AWG) for all logic connections and larger-gauge "hook-up" wire for power and bus connections. The wire-wrap wire can be soldered to the IC socket pins, or, if you wish, you can wire-wrap the pins. Edge-connector connections are soldered.

Add five additional 0.1-/xF disk capacitors between the Vcc and ground pins of each socket for noise immunity.

The pin-position numbering for the 40 pins of the edge connector is shown in figure 8. Pin numbering for the board and Color Computer connector is shown in figure 9.

276 June 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 344 on Inquiry card.

he Grappler'" is the elligent Apple interface availle. Simple commands from the aboard or user program, are all j need to dump screen graphto your printer. The Grappler's ;lusive EPROM chip makes |h resolution graphics that »y. There are Grappler verms to accommodate the : adex, Epson Series* IDS per Tigers, Centronics 739, C 8023, C. Itoh Pro-writer, idata 82A* Malibu 200, and ure graphic printers.

luires Graphics Upgrade.

PririTH

rappler's features me:

• Graphics Screen Dump

• Inverse Graphics

• Emphasized Graphics

• Double Size Picture

• 90° Rotation

• Center Graphics

• Chart Recorder Mode

• Block Graphics

• Bell Control

• Skip-over-Perf '• Left and Right Margins

• Variable Line Length

• Text Screen Dump.

The Grappler™ works with Pascal and CPM.

Orange micro

J inc.

3150 E. La Palma, Suite G, Anaheim, CA 92806

(714)630-3620

-1

1

^

(TOP VIEW OF BOARD) 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39

1 3 5 1-1 a a

I—a—a

7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39

■a—a—□—□—n—□—□—a—o—a—o—o—□—□—□—□—□—a— 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40

39

37

35

33

31

29

27

25

23

21

19

17

15

13

11

9

7

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n

fil

a

(LOOKING IN TO BOARD)

(LOOKING IN TO CONNECTOR)

40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10

6 4

Figure 9: GPIO and Color Computer cartridge-connector pin designations.

COMMON PINS FIT NICELY INTO IC SOCKET HOLES

D

D

\ o

D

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D

X)

D

D>

0

t?

a

0

ALLIGATOR CLIPS WITH INSULATION

TO CONTINUITY TESTER (OHMMETER, BUZZER, ETC.)

TOP VIEW

SIDE VIEW

1 5/8"

PC BOARD

Wllx Oil

-FLAT HEAD SCREWS 2 REQUIRED

DRILL OVERSIZE HOLES IN PC BOARD

FRONT VIEW

TAP INTO PLASTIC OF BOTTOM HALF

Figure 11: The GPIO protective cover is made from two cut-down plastic cassette-tape cases. The cover holds the GPIO board in place and acts as a guide in inserting the board.

After wiring, check all connections by "buzzing out" the sockets with a continuity tester. I use two common pins to get into the IC socket holes, as shown in figure 10.

Once the board connections have been checked out, you can add the protective cover. By a strange coin

cidence, the Color Computer ROM cartridge hole is almost an exact match for a common cassette-tape case inserted widthwise. Two covers can be sacrificed to make a workable cover that will align the board properly in the ROM cartridge hole (see figure 11).

Figure 10: The GPIO may be conveniently "buzzed out" with a continuity tester or ohmmeter and two common pins that fit into IC socket holes.

The plastic on the case is easy to work with, and I found that a sharp razor blade will cut through the plastic quite easily, albeit with a dozen passes. File off the cut edges for aesthetics. Add two screws to hold the cover in place.

Testing the Board

Turn off the Color Computer and insert the board into the cartridge cutout. The PC board should go in easily and the cover should clear the sides with no binding.

Enter the program shown in listing 1. The first part of this program prints the input lines and allows entry of output data. The second part toggles the output lines on and off at a slow rate. You can test the outputs by using a common light-emitting diode (LED) with a current-limiting resistor, as shown in figure 12. Inputs may be carefully grounded as shown in the figure; you should see the values change on the display as you vary the inputs.

The relay connections for both input and output are shown in figure 13.

Using the Nonmaskable Interrupt

The NMI* signal on pin 4 can be generated on the GPIO board quite easily by grounding pin 4. When this signal goes to ground (logic 0), it causes the following hardware actions to occur:

278 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

How to chart your company's fortune without spending one

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dollars more.

You can also save and modify your graphics through Strobe's menu-driven programs. A broad selection of software—including a VisiCalc*-compatible program— is now available.

When the Strobe Graphics System is interfaced to your computer, an 8-1/2 x 11 inch sheet of paper can speak anyone's language—visually. Visit your local dealer and learn

how to start charting your fortunes today. Because a perspective on the present can also be your window on the future.

O

Q

STROBE

V, INCORPORATED^

Strobe Inc.

897-5A Independence Avenue Mountain View, CA 94043

Telephone 415/969-5130

The Strobe Graphics System

Seeing is believing

Circle 427 on inquiry card.

'VisiCalc is a trademark of VisiCorp.

Listing 1: This test driver for the GPIO board allows manual entry of output values or a slow-speed toggling of output lines.

GENERAL-PURPOSE I/O

100

' TES

T DRIVER FOR

110

POKE

63347.137

120

POKE

65344.. 0

130

POKE i

S5343.0

140

PRINT

FEEK< 63346 >

130

IF INKEYf-"" THEN

160

INPUT

fi.B

170

POKE i

S5344.Fl

180

POKE i

S5345.B

190

GOTO

140

1000

POKE

63347.137

1010

POKE

63344.0

1020

POKE

63343.0

1030

FOR

I»0 TO 1000M

1040

POKE

63344.233

1030

POKE

63343.233

I860

FOR

1-0 TO 1000'1

1070

GOTO

1010

GOTO 140

NEXT I

NEXT I

Listing 2: This simple interrupt-handling program increments location 3FFF hexadecimal for each NMI interrupt received.

100 •' NMI INTERRUPT EXERCISER

110 POKE &H109.126■POKE &H10R.63'POKE &H10B.240

120 POKE &H3FF0.124'POKE &H3FF1.63<POKE &H3FF2.233

130 POKE feH3FF3.59

140 POKE &H3FFF.0

150 PRINT PEEK<8.H3FFF)

160 GOTO ISO

TESTING OUTPUTS

33011

LED ILLUMINATES FOR 1 DARK FOR "0"

TO GROUND BUS OR PIN

• = SOLDER POINTS

TO IC PIN

TESTING INPUTS

ALLIGATOR CLIP

COMMON PIN

*■ TO GROUND BUS CAREFULLY TOUCH OR PIN

C PIN (MAKE CERTAIN IT IS PROPER PIN! )

Figure 12: Outputs are tested by a common LED in series with a 330-ohm resistor. The LED should illuminate for a logic 1 output. Inputs are tested by grounding the input pins and observing the value read.

1. The processor completes the current instruction.

2. The processor saves the contents of the program counter in the stack.

3. If the "E" bit is currently set in the condition codes, all the processor registers are saved in the stack. If the "E" bit is not set, only the condition codes are saved in the stack.

4. The processor reads the NMI vector address from memory location FFFC-FFFD. It then transfers control to the address found at that location.

In the Color Computer, the NMI vector is actually at location BFFCBFFD, which normally holds address 0109. Locations 0109, 010A, and 010B would normally contain a jump instruction to the machine-language NMI processing routine in RAM. The NMI processing routine would handle the NMI and then, as a last instruction, perform an "RTI," or return from interrupt, instruction. This would return processing to the interruption point, which could be in the BASIC interpreter or in a machinelanguage program in RAM.

I can't provide a complete course in reentrant interrupt processing, but I can give you a flavor of what is involved in using the NMI. The program in listing 2 shows a simple BASIC program that pokes a "JMP $3FF0" instruction into locations 0109-01B and "INC $3FFF" and "RTI" instructions into locations 3FF0-3FF3. This short NMI processing program will increment location 3FFF for every NMI.

To see the effects of the NMI, connect a short piece of wire from pin 4, with the opposite end loose. Key in the program after first protecting high RAM by a "CLEAR 200, &H3FEF". Run the BASIC program and ground the NMI pin by grounding the wire on the ground bus or ground pin.

You'll see the count in location 3FFF change rapidly. Each time it changes by one, an NMI interrupt has occurred, and the NMI interrupt processing routine at location 3FF0 has been entered. The count changes by more than one because the connec

280 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

LETTER-PERFECT PRINTER DOUBLES AS DATA CRUNCHER.

Print two ways.. .correspondence quality and high speed data processing. Now priced under $2000!

The new T-1805 dual purpose serial printer uses a unique 40 x 18 matrix dot pattern for high quality correspondence printing; or, flip a switch, it uses a 7 x 9 matrix for high speed data processing printing. In the high speed mode, it generates reports at time-saving throughput rates reaching 200 lines per minute. In the reduced speed correspondence mode, its pivoting print head lays down overlapping dots to create a letter-perfect character that looks like it came from an office typewriter.

The T-1805 is the latest evolution in the popular and proven T-1000 series of serial printers. As such, the

T-1805 offers the same quality construction, high reliability, ease of operation and operator conveniences. Plus, for the benefit of the office crew, the T-1805 is exceptionally quiet. Its 53 dbA noise level ranks it as the quietest impact printer on the market.

There's much more to tell, so visit or call your Mannesmann Tally sales outlet today.

Mannesmann Tally, 8301 South 180th Street, Kent, WA 98031. Phone (206) 251-5524.

Printers for the long run.

MANNESMANN

npA T T "V NCC HOUSTON J-<r±i it JX JUNE 7-10

BOOTH 6100

Circle 281 on inquiry card.

OUTPUT

FINE WIRES TO COIL

OUTPUT PIN ■»

TO REMOTE DEVICE

1N4001 DIODE (NOTE CATHODE END) ■•—ENLARGE HOLE, ROUTE THROUGH

( BOTTOM VIEW)

( TOP VIEW)

FINE WIRES TO COIL

TO REMOTE

BATTERY,

SWITCH

-ENLARGE HOLE, ROUTE THROUGH ( BOTTOM VIEW)

= WIRE WRAP WIRE

Figure 13: Radio Shack 275-228 reed relay can be used either for output driving or for current-driven inputs. Although the relays are inelegant, they do prevent problems with noise over long cable runs.

tion to ground has not been "debounced"—many momentary contacts have occurred in connecting the wire to ground, and each one has generated an NMI.

The NMI* input can indeed be used for real-time processing by providing a single pulse from a logic 1 to a logic 0, and by a relevant NMI processing routine in assembly-language code. As the textbooks state, "This will be left up to the student as an exercise !"■

References

1. Ahrens, Tim, Jack Browne, and Hunter Scales. "What's Inside Radio Shack's Color Computer?" BYTE, March 1981, p. 90.

2. Motorola Microprocessors Data Manual (available from Motorola Semiconductor Products Inc., POB 20924, Phoenix, AZ 85036).

o

1. CONTRAST

2. POWER-BRIGHT

3. VHOLD i. H-HOLD

VIDEO lOO

12"Black& White MONITOR

$3950

byAMDEK

Fourth Dimension Systems

FLOPPY DISK DRIVE FOR APPLE3 COMP.

The unit features a track zero micro-switch and read/write electronics DOS 3.2.1., DOS 3.3, PASCAL or CP/M.

534995

DISKETTES

57/4"BULlCOEM"PACK FOR YOUR .-.

APPLE $14Q

BoxoflOO ,H^

BROAD BAND MICROWAVE RECEIVER SYSTEM 1.8GHZ to 2.4 GHZ .

only $295.00

RANGE SCOPE:

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Will receive within the frequency band from safelites, primary microwave stations, and repeater microwave booste stations. CONTENTS: Packaged in 19"x19"x4 1/2" corrugated carton complete with:

• 24" Dish • 300 Ohm to 75 Ohm Adapter

• Feed-Horn Receiver • 750 Ohm to 300 Ohm Adapter

• Mounting Bracket • 60 Feet Coax Cable with Connectors

• Mounting Clamp • 3 Feet Coax Cable with Connectors

• Instructions

16 K RAM EXPANSION CARD For Your APPLE®

LANGUAGE TRANSPARENT ALL NINE RAMS INSTALLED!

l$7995

VISA

VISION-8CT80x24 Video

Display Card $269

Vista Computer Company's new Vision-80 board isa sophisticated yet easy to use video display card for the Apple™ computer.

TERMS OF SALE: Cash, checks, credit cards, C.O.D. Calif, residents add 6% sales tax.

"HAVE YOU KISSED YOUR COMPUTER LATELY"

Components Express,Inc.

r1380 E. Edinger • Santa Ana, Calif. 92705 • 714/558-3972 TWX 910-595-1565

282 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 101 on inquiry card.

If you want to move up to 16 bits but don t want to leave your data behind

If you want to move up to multi-user but don't want to lose size and speed

You want MP/M 8-16.

G&G ENGINEERING and CompuPrddo it best! MP/M 8-16 gives you:

■ Both 8 and 16 bit CP/M® program execution on the same sophisticated multi-user, multi-tasking system.

■ Complete compatibility with CP/M 2.2,™ CP/M 86,™ MP/M 2,™ and MP/M 86™ software. You get it all!

■ Large CP/M 2.2 program user area—61K! This is 6K more user space than you get on single user CP/M 2.2!

■ Effortless transition from 8 to 16 bits. Conversion to 16 bit versions of current 8 bit software (e.g. CBASIC™ to CBASIC 86™) is totally transparent—your 8 bit data and source files are ready to run in the 16 bit world.

MP/M 8-16 is a proprietary implementation of Digital Research's MP/M 86 operating system, configured for CompuPro by G&G Engineering. An extraordinary feature of MP/M 8-16 is that it runs both 8 and 16 bit programs AT THE SAME TIME! This is not an emulation. MP/M 8-16 uses CompuPro's 8085 CPU board to run CP/M 2.2 compatible programs on a high speed 8085 CPU and CP/M 86 compatible programs on a high speed 8088.

But G&G doesn't stop there. We've added enhancements that make MP/M 8-16 exceptionally user friendly, including: user accounting with password protection, selective account access on individual terminals, single-user start-up for system maintenance, printing of a message-of-the-day file for user information, interterminal communication, user mail system and more.

MP/M 8-16 systems start at $8995, terminals not included.

G&G Engineering is an authorized CompuPro Systems Center.

ENGINEERING

1922 Republic Avenue, San Leandro, CA 94577(415) 895-0798

COMPUPRO is a trademark of Godbout Electronics; MP/M, MP/M 2, MP/M 86, CP/M, CP/M 2.2, CP/M 86, CBASIC and CBASIC 86 are trademarks of Digital Research. Circle 198 on inquiry card.

Birth of a legend

Epson.

A whole new generation of Epson MX printers has just arrived. And while they share the family traits that made Epson famous — like unequalled reliability and ultra-fine printing — they've got a lot more of what it takes to be a legend.

For instance, they've got a few extra type styles. Sixty-six, to be exact, including italics, a handy subscript and superscript for scientific notation, and enough international symbols to print most Western languages.

What's more, on the new-generation MX-80, MX-80 F/T and MX-100, you get GRAFTRAXPlus dot addressable graphics. Standard. So now you can have precision to rival plotters in a reliable Epson printer. Not to mention true backspace, software printer reset, and programmable form length, horizontal tab and right margin.

All in all, they've got the features that make them destined for stardom. But the best part is that beneath this software bonanza beats the

Uh...three legends

heart of an Epson. So you still get a bidirectional, logical seeking, disposable print head, crisp, clean, correspondence quality printing, and the kind of reliability that has made Epson the bestselling printers in the world.

All of which should come as no surprise, especially when you look at the family tree. After all, Epson invented digital printers almost seventeen years ago for the 1964 Tokyo Olympics. We were

the first to make printers as reliable as the family stereo. And we introduced the computer world to correspondence quality printing and disposable print heads. And now we've given birth to the finest printers for small computers on the market.

What's next? Wait and see. We're already expecting. EPSON AMERICA, INC.

EPSON

3415 Kashiwa Street ■

■ Torrance,

CA 90505 ■

(213) 539-9140

FEATURE

ORIGINAL

MX-80

GRAFTRAX-80*

ORIGINAL

MX-100

MX-80 MX-80 F/T MX-100 with GRAFTRAX-Plus

Bidirectional printing

X

X

X

X

X

X

Logical seeking function

X

X

X

X

X

X

Disposable print head

X

X

X

X

X

X

Speed: 80 CPS

X

X

X

X

X

X

Matrix: 9x9

X

X

X

X

X

X

Selectable paper feed

X

X

X

PAPER HANDLING FUNCTIONS

Line spacing to n/216

X

X

X

X

Programmable form length

X

X

X

X

X

X

Programmable horizontal tabs

X

X

X

X

X

X

Skip over perforation

X

X

X

X

PRINT MODES AND CHARACTER FONTS

96 ASCII characters

X

X

X

X

X

X

Italics character font

X

X

X

X

Special international symbols

X

X

X

Normal, Emphasized, Double-Strike and Double/Emphasized print modes

X

X

X

X

X

X

Subscript/Superscript print mode

X

X

X

Underline mode

X

X

X

10CPI

X

X

X

X

X

X

5CPI

X

X

X

X

X

X

17.16 CPI

X

X

X

X

X

X

8.58 CPI

X

X

X

X

X

X

DOT GRAPHICS MODE

Line drawing graphics

X

X

X

Bit image 60 D.P.I.

X

X

X

X

X

Bit image 120 D.P.I.

X

X

X

X

X

CONTROL FUNCTIONS

Software printer reset

X

X

X

X

Adjustable right margin

X

X

X

X

True back space

X

X

X

X

INTERFACES

Standard — Centronics-style 8-bit parallel

X

X

X

X

X

X

Optional — RS-232C current loop w/2K buffer

X

X

X

X

X

X

RS-232C x-on/x-off w/2K buffer

X

X

X

X

X

X

IEEE-488

X

X

X

X

X

X

•Tandy TRS-80 block graphics only available with GRAFTRAX 80.

ABCDEFGHIJKLMN abcde-f ghi j k 1 mn OBCDEF&H1JKLMNafocde fghi jkl mr> 01234 ABCDEFGHIJKLMN abcde-f ghi j klmnQBCVEF&HIJKLMNahcd&fgbi fkl mr> 01234 ABCDEFGH I JKLMN abcde-f gh i jkl mnfiBCVEFGHUKL MHabcde fghi Jkl mn 01234 ABCDEFabcde^ jQ J3C Z?£ Fsfoc «=/«=* ^iZJ ± S3^S<!b

ABCDEFEHIJKLHNOPSRSTUvWX abcdef ghi iklMQwstwMmdEF&nmmPmmMakcdefqbijkliiiQpitrstuviixiittZtttil ftBCDEFabcdefiQBCPffafccc/e ^0 1 SSS^B^E*

OBCDEF'OHI JKI-MNabcdn+ghi J kl m n fi> 79 C 13 £ f <3> H .T J K L. M H.» ft-c:«/ «• f & f? .i j fr I »»|8123'» ABCDEF0HIJKLHN0P0R3TUVWX «bcd»f gh 1 j h 1 mnopqr »t uvwx ABCBEf BHI JUL HHOPOKS 7 MUX mbedm fghi jkl mnopqrs t»»« (1234967

Circle 187 on Inquiry card.

User's Column

Terminal Madness, The Word, Grammatik, and Then Some

The critic reviews some new computer terminals, word-processing software, BASIC compilers, and M-drive.

Jerry Pournelle

c/o BYTE Publications

POB 372

Hancock, NH 03449

As if we didn't have enough problems here at Chaos Manor, we had to buy a new terminal the other day.

We've had the Godbout 8085/88 running for a couple of months now. (Incidentally, I need a name for that machine; preferably one not too blasphemous.) We set it up with a Zenith Z-19 terminal, which works all right (except that all three that my consultant friend Tony Pietsch bought had a loosely soldered wire in the horizontal amplifier); but I don't like it. The dislike is purely personal: the keyboard is too close to the screen for me. I wear bifocal glasses, and I'm torn between moving my head forward and looking down, or moving back and not being able to see the letters at all.

So, what I wanted was a terminal

with detached keyboard. Preferably one with a video output on the back so that I could switch the output onto my big 15-inch Hitachi monitor that

I may one day buy

an IBM—but not until

I get over the shock

of that ruined

keyboard.

sits 29 inches from my head. I also required a really nifty keyboard, one that has a good feel and a Selectric key layout.

"DEC VT-100," said my engineering-genius friend Tony.

"Costs a little more but has everything you want. And DEC equipment is reliable. It's also maintainable. If I've got to work on it, I prefer DEC."

Only there's no store that sells VT-lOOs in Los Angeles County, which is weird, but there it is.

"Televideo 950," said Bill Godbout when I asked him. "We're converting to Televideo 950s everywhere, and our people really like them."

That, at least, I could look at, so off I went to Dick Dickenson's establishment, which seems to be named Compu-Plus this week. (It began as Computer Components, where my mad friend and I bought our old memo-wreck keyboards and some other surplus equipment; changed to Computer World; changed again to,

286 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

"Wfe provide business programs as individual as your business needs."

"Allow me to introduce myself. I'm a Vector computer, dedicated to the advancement of society. And I'd like to tell you how a computer can help you manage your business more efficiently. Especially if that computer is a Vector, like me. Because we're probably the most flexible and cost-effective computers you can find.

"Our programs are the key. Because they enable me to handle sales forecasting, budgeting, job costing and proposals, commissions, personalized mass mailings, charts and graphs. We Vectors can even talk to each other and to other bigger computers.

"Unique combinations of our individual programs can actually customize me to meet your specific requirements. Any combination of our software packages can be assembled right off the shelf, to help you realize your full potential as a salesman, merchant, stockbroker, clergyman, contractor, real estate or insurance agent or whatever your business.

"Choose from Memorite III for word processing and mail list management, Execuplan for financial planning and forecasting, Business Accounting, Data Management for filing and sorting information, Communications and a host of others. And, of course, all we Vectors come with the popular CP/M operating system.

"For more information and your local dealer, call us at (805)499-5831 or (800) 235-3547. In California, call (800) 322-3577. Or write to us at 500 North Ventu Park Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320.

"We'll show you how we small information systems can mean big business for you!'

Circle 457 on Inquiry card.

Vector Graphic, Inc. COMPUTERS FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SOCIETY.

Sold and supported by 400 dealers worldwide.

Vector Products are approved on General Services Administration authorized ADP

scheduled price list.

Dan Mac Lean, RIP

7 often start these columns with a quote from my mad friend. Alas, I'll never be able to do that again. Dan Mac Lean died of cancer in December. He'd known for a good year that he had about a year to live.

My mad friend never published much, but he had a great and beneficial effect on the microcomputer world. For one thing, any influence I may have is due to him; he talked me into getting my first machine, held my hand while I learned to use it, and encouraged me to do these columns.

More than that, he was insatiably curious. He examined everything in the microcomputer field: programs, hardware, and you name it. He'd used it or knew someone who had; and he had strong opinions.

I suppose he was sometimes wrong, although I can't think of an instance just now; but because he had strong opinions, with good reasons for holding them, he shook up a lot of prejudices. Winning an argument with Mac Lean was possible, but it was never easy; and whether you won or lost, after you discussed a matter with him, you understood it much better than you did when you began.

Mac Lean was an expert software thief: I don't suppose there was a single program in all the world that he hadn 't

got, somehow. When George Tate first met him, he offered Mac Lean copies of any programs Ashton-Tate had on the grounds that, if he gave them to him, Mac Lean would feel some ethical obligation; and Mac Lean would certainly get them one way or another, anyway.

Understand, my mad friend didn't do anything unethical with his booty. He never sold anything and was reluctant to give programs away, except to people he knew wouldn't have bought them. But he did analyze programs and try to use them, and his views often got into this column. (At the direction of his widow, all of Mac Lean's disks except . those containing his own writings have been reformatted; we'll never know precisely what he had on those disks, which is probably just as well.)

He also wrote letters. Lord Almighty, did he write letters. Some of them were hilarious. Some were very serious, and many of his suggestions were taken by major firms. He had a lot more influence than you see on the surface.

Mac Lean worked off and on for the U.S. government, as a consultant to private firms, and as a collector of general information. He helped hundreds of people, and we're all going to miss him. I certainly do.

and I kid you not, "The Place You Go To Buy Computers Incorporated"; and now has become Compu-Plus. My son Alex says that next week they'll be Xylophone Computers, but I don't believe that.)

Dickenson had a Televideo 950 set up there, and I played about with it and liked the feel of the keyboard. The screen was rock steady and easy to read. The character set looked good. He had them in stock, and my son Alex needed a terminal for his machine down in San Diego, so if I bought the 950 on the spot, Alex could take my Z-19 away with him.

But there was one other alternative to explore: buy an IBM Personal Computer and teach it to be a terminal. That would be an expensive solution, but just at the moment that's not a problem; so off we went

to Computerland, where IBM machines are set up and working.

After all, I've worn out three IBM Selectric typewriters. I know that keyboard and its feel and layout, and I love it. From Gregg Williams's review of the Personal Computer (see "A Closer Look at the IBM Personal Computer," January BYTE 1982, page 36), I could see I would like the graphics and letter set, and IBM sells complete technical manuals for the computer.

Meanwhile, Bill Godbout called to say he was sending me a new Godbout disk controller that would handle Qume DT-5 double-sided doubledensity 5V4-inch disks in IBMcompatible format. So there was everything going for getting an IBM.

Only IBM has ruined the keyboard! What ought to be its

strongest point, the thing IBM always excelled at, is its worst mistake.

What IBM did was to put extra keys between the space bar and the Shift key. Why, I don't know. The result is that when you think you've typed, say, a capital T, you get instead /t, which isn't useful at all.

There is also no line-feed key; instead IBM seems to have manipulated the Carriage Return key to give both carriage return and line feed when struck. Unfortunately, many programs won't be able to stand that. I suppose there's a way to filter that madness; but there's no help for the Shift key being mislocated, nor for the egregious amount of space between the home keys and the Return key.

I may one day buy an IBM—but not until I get over the shock of that ruined keyboard. I've never been so disappointed in my life.

So back to Dick Dickenson's place for a Televideo, which we took home with us. Installation was no problem. The documents are absolutely clear, the data-rate switches and other such stuff are on the back and clearly marked, and the stop-bit settings are simple enough to understand. Bill Godbout's 8085 BIOS (basic input/output system) is also clear, so I was able to set up the 950 in no time.

At first, the only thing I didn't like about the 950 was minor: the keyboard cable attaches in back of the terminal, so that the cord has to come around the side of the machine. It should attach in front.

So we set it up and turned it on, and it worked the first time, controlling the Godbout perfectly. I played about with it a bit, then I loaded Wordmaster.

Blooey.

"Why?" I wondered. So I experimented some more. And sure enough, any time I sent an escape character, the terminal went into a different mode, until eventually it got into a block mode where it didn't send anything to the computer at all.

I looked through the manual. Nothing on that problem. Try logic. The Televideo 950 uses the Escape key to send an escape character out, while Shift-Escape is used to tell the

288 Junt 1982 © BYTE Publications !nc

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to insert a disk DOC automatically identifies system problems before you run your pro grams hy doing extensive system diagnostics it DOC finds a failure, ii indicates Ihe problem area and, in some cases, the specific chip 01 componenl that's responsible

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Circle 493 on inquiry card.

K'cw

software

Wordlndex II™ $195

Automatic generation of subject index and tables of contents, figures, etc.

Wordlndex commands placed in any document produced by WordStar™ automatically number chapters and 8 levels of sections; create tables of contents, figures, and tables, and a sorted subject index with page references.

Wordlndex II is loaded with new features:

Multiple files. Wordlndex II supports the WordStar™ .fi dot command. Free choice of page number format. Multiple choice of layout of all tables. No limit on size of subject index. Automatic generation of headings and footings.

Alternating page offset for even and odd pages simplifies printing procedures. SPECIAL OFFER for owners of all previous versions of Wordlndex: return your original Wordlndex diskette directly to us and receive Wordlndex II at a nominal cost of $50.

MicroPlot™ $395

100% Tektronix Plot-10 TCS compatible graphic package.

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machine "This is a setup. Don't send out the next character, but execute it as an internal setup instruction." Unfortunately, this particular machine was broken; Shift-Escape worked fine, but Escape did both: that is, it sent out the escape character all right but also executed the next character as an instruction (and sent it out as well). The results were maddening.

So. Back to Compu-Plus. "Take it back," I told Dick. "I want a DEC VT-100."

"Sure you can have your money back," he said. "But I have a Televideo at home, and we've had that one out there as a demo for a year, and nobody ever had any problems with either of them."

It was Saturday, and Alex wanted to go back to San Diego, and he needed a terminal, and they had three more 950s in stock.

"Okay," I said. "I'll take a different one in exchange. Only this time we try it out here."

"Right," said Dick. "We'll plug it in right here where the demo is."

So we did. The first one didn't work: it couldn't set the proper data rate. The next one didn't work. It couldn't set something, I forget what. The third one didn't work. It didn't even turn on. And that was surely enough.

So I've got my money back, and I'm using the Z-19 just now, and I've ordered a DEC VT-100. You can conclude anything you want from my ordeal. One lesson for sure is that, although Dick Dickenson's price for a Televideo 950 is about $150 above the discount houses, he was right there and ready to take care of it for me when I had a problem. It's worth dealing with established firms with a reputation for good service; or so say I.

Words

I have here the biggest software bargain I know. It's called The Word, and it comes from Oasis Systems.

The Word is a spelling program; but it's also a lot more. It counts words for you. It makes files of words. It will make a list of each unique word in a text file and sort it alphabetically. It will also do a list of each word used and

the number of times you used it, sorted by frequency of use.

I've used The Word to find strange character names: that is, I'm working on. Janissaries Two right now. That story takes place on a planet settled by successive waves of Celts, Minoans, Romans, and Franks, so that the character names tend to be a little strange. They have to be kept consistent with the culture in which they appear.

This is all right for major characters, but what if I'm writing along and need a minor character name? I grab one of my reference works (such as Robert Graves's Greek Myths or R. W. Munro's Highland Clans and Tartans) and find a suitable name in the index; and if I'm sensible, I make a note of that somewhere. But usually I don't make the note or can't find it, and I can't remember where this particular spear carrier appeared when I need to use him (her, it) again.

But with The Word, I can simply run the text through the spelling program, and the program makes a file of all the words it doesn't recognize. I can now examine that file, and, lo!, there will be my strange character name.

Then with the Find program I got from Barry Workman (Utility Disk One) I can go right into the text files and find that word in context. Saves no end of time.

The Word does much more; and it sells for under $100, which is why I say it's the biggest bargain in wordhandling software I know.

Incidentally, I'm still using Spellguard too. The Word, while excellent, isn't quite as convenient for the straight job of checking spelling, particularly at three in the morning when I don't want to think about options and toggles and command lines. I want a fully menudriven program that just does what I ask it to without quibbles; and that's Spellguard. But for really sophisticated word work fully under user control, you just won't beat The Word. [Editor's Note: Oasis Systems has just announced The Word Plus. Priced at $150, several features have been added including display of suspect words in context, the ability to use LOOKUP from within REVIEW, and the ability

290 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Ire

MORROW

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Interrupts. The controller can generate an interrupt at the end of each command and/or at the end of each command chain. Imbedded nP. An on-board 8X300 supervises data transfers between the Winchester drive(s) and main memory. Microcode in this 7 MHz bipolar microprocessor implements the command structure of the controller.

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to have the software actually make the correction in your text file. Present owners of The Word will be able to upgrade to Plus for the difference in cost between the two packages. The original version of The Word will still be available for $75. . . . M.H.]

Pascal, Anyone?

My son Alex is a senior in computer science at the University of California, San Diego. Since they developed UCSD Pascal there, you will understand that he's become fairly proficient in it.

When we got the Godbout 8085/88 running here, Alex undertook to write some utilities for me, using Sorcim's Pascal-M on the new Godbout machine. Consequently, I had the fascinating experience of watching someone familiar with computers and Pascal, but unfamiliar with CP/M, trying to get programs running. So, as it happens, did Barry Workman, who happened to be over. (He's an assistant scoutmaster in the troop my younger boys belong to.)

There was no problem with Pascal itself. The Sorcim documentation is adequate for that, provided that you're fairly familiar with Pascal.

Hooking to CP/M was another story. Of course Pascal is notoriously deficient in input-output (I/O) to begin with, and it's not so hot in handling strings. But the Sorcim Pascal has a "feature" that sometimes makes things even worse. When Sorcim Pascal looks at a file using the "read line" Pascal command, it ignores line feeds.

A story goes with that. The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), while nice enough to work with in many respects, has one defect: there's no new-line character. Instead, there are carriage return and line feed, two separate characters which together give you a new line. Many programs will insert a line feed when they see a carriage return. Others will not. All have to deal with this somehow. Sorcim Pascal-M solves the problem by ignoring line feeds altogether.

Now this is a good thing under certain circumstances because some text editors (for example, Wordmaster and Wordstar) put both carriage return and line feed into the text, while others (Electric Pencil, Magic Wand, and WRITE [Writer's Really Incredible Text Editor]) insert carriage returns only. (To make the confusion complete, Elec

tric Pencil and WRITE mark the ends of paragraphs when you hit the Line Feed key; but the mark they actually insert in the text is not a line feed, but a carriage return!) In any event, what appear to be identical files can be different, depending on the editor that created them. What is the poor Pascal programmer to do? So the Sorcim solution is as good as any, except. . . .

Unfortunately, Sorcim has not provided a way to turn this feature off; so that if you want to make an exact copy of a file, you must go through massive contortions to test for whether or not there were line feeds in the original file.

Now the way I intended to learn Pascal was to go through the excellent book Software Tools in Pascal by Kernighan and Plauger (Addison-Wesley, 1981) and implement all their utilities as I came to them. Alas, one of the first utilities was a Copy utility, and what could I do about the line-feed and carriage-return problem? Worse, none of that is explained in either Kernighan and Plauger or the Pascal-M documentation. (The documentation tells you that the read-line utility ignores line feeds but doesn't tell you the consequences and the way to get around the problem if you want to see if there were line feeds.)

Eventually Alex managed a way around the problem, and after that he turned out programs in rapid fire order. Hell shortly have written a really good text formatter and printer that will do everything but wash the dishes; the basic program and most of its features work now.

He also got many of the programs from Kernighan and Plauger running and, for good measure, set up some of the demonstration programs for me from Peter Grogono's really excellent Programming in Pascal (AddisonWesley, 1980) so that they work with CP/M. The result is that now I can use Kernighan and Plauger, and Grogono as tutorial guides to learning the Pascal language.

And the books are really good. I can learn more in a couple of hours of playing about with those books and getting the programs up than I can in a week of reading; and when I'm through, I often have useful utilities as well.

At this point enter Barry Workman.

292 June 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

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'That's worth something," he said. 'There's lots of people who want to learn Pascal and get discouraged because they don't know where to start. You take those programs Alex did, his notes, your notes, and the two books, and you've got a complete guide to learning the language."

"Not me," said I. "I write books for a living, articles for fun, and programs for a hobby, and I'm damned if 111 get into the software publishing business."

"But I'm in the software publishing business," said Barry. "At least by default." (His normal business is consulting on new installations, but he's slowly built up the mail-order publishing end as a sideline.) "Let me put that out for you."

So, Workman offers a package deal on learning Pascal. The disk with Alex's programs (sources and notes) and my notes on what I thought I needed to know is $50, and whether or not it's worth it depends entirely on how badly you want to learn Pascal and how much of a duffer you are when you begin work. I can truthfully say I wish I'd had the package when I started; it would have saved me a week and perhaps more. But it is not the Earth. You'll still need to work.

Understand that you will also need Grogono's Programming in Pascal and Kernighan and Plauger's Software Tools in Pascal. Each sells for about $15.95 in book stores and computer

shops. Workman will send the two of them postpaid for $20 each, so that his total package is $90 if you want it all.

And understand that this is implemented for Sorcim's Pascal-M. Since Alex's programs are in Pascal, you will not be able to run them if you don't have the Sorcim compiler. (Alex has done exactly the same job on Digital Research's Pascal-MT+. See Items Reviewed, page 298.) Barry Workman has now put together a package that includes Pascal-M (or Pascal-MT-f-), Alex's programs and notes, my notes, and the two books.

Alex's evaluation of the two Pascals is that both are very good. If you're doing a lot of experimental programming, you'll want the Sorcim Pascal—which is also the best one to learn the language on. This is because Sorcim's Pascal-M compiles like lightning, much faster than UCSD Pascal or MT+ will compile. The error messages are very complete and informative. Thus you can do a lot of programming work in a short time.

Pascal-M's shortcoming is that it compiles to an intermediate code, and thus the programs written in Pascal-M tend to be slow. Not egregiously slow, but certainly slower than programs written in Pascal-MT +, which compiles to machine language. So if you're more interested in your programs running fast, you'll want Digital Research's MT+.

Me, I keep both and develop programs with the Sorcim package. Then when they're running I use MT + to get them running fast; translation isn't all that difficult. But that's an expensive solution.

The Great BASIC Compiler Debate

I recently received several letters imploring me to choose between Microsoft's BASCOM and Digital Research's CB-80. Both are, of course, BASIC compilers; the difference is that BASCOM compiles Microsoft's interpretive BASIC, while CB-80 compiles CBASIC, which is itself a pseudocompiled language.

Unfortunately, those were no easy letters to answer. As usual, the answer is "it depends."

First, let's establish something: of the two languages, CB-80 is unquestionably better if your criteria are ease of use and ability to write structured programs. CB-80 has "functions" that are indistinguishable in operation from Pascal procedures and calls by label (GOSUB DO-ONE is a perfectly legal statement). CB-80 has a whole host of features that Microsoft's BASIC simply doesn't support.

Why, then, don't I simply recommend CB-80 and be done with it?

It's a bit like Pascal-M vs. PascalMT+. Microsoft's BASCOM, used in conjunction with Microsoft's inter

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294 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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pretive BASIC, isn't as fast or as convenient as CB-80; but you can get your program running much more easily because of the interpretive feature of the language. With Microsoft's BASIC you can write a complex program and run it (slowly) in the interpretive mode. You'll be able immediately to correct all the syntax errors and other trivia, after which you can check the program logic to see that the damned thing really does what you wanted it to do. Only then must you invest the time in actual compilation.

With CB-80, you must write the program; compile it, at which time you'll undoubtedly find a dozen trivial errors; put it back in your editor and fix the trivia; compile again, when you'll find more trivial errors that were masked by the first set of errors; etc. After about four to five iterations of the above, you'll finally be ready to check program logic, which may also drive you crazy because you can't jump around in the program at will the way you can in an interpretive language.

So, what do you want? As for me, I find I do the following: for a quick and dirty program, one I want to get running right noWj I invariably use Microsoft's BASIC; if I'm going to use it very much, I then compile it with BASCOM.

For a program that will be part of my permanent inventory, meaning that it's complex and will need modifications over the years, and for which I'll want lots of comments and a rigid structure, I almost always start with CB-80. That's because CB-80 programs are inherently better structured than BASCOM programs.

Sometimes I'll use Microsoft's BASIC to get started, then translate to CB-80 later; but that's rare because CB-80 has so many nifty features that Microsoft's BASIC lacks.

But that's me. I discussed this with my mad friend not long before he died, and he said—not unsurprisingly—that the answer is "none of the above." Mac Lean was enamored of Digital Research's PL-I/80, which is admittedly harder to learn than either of the above BASICs, but which he claimed was far more powerful than either.

And my son Alex, not surprisingly, argues that Pascal is much better; a sen

timent shared by Carl Helmers, the former editorial director of this magazine.

And if all that's not enough, I can find no end of people to tell you that you must ignore all of the above and adopt the C programming language. The latter is a view for which I have surprisingly friendly sentiment; but the problem is that there is no good C compiler for microcomputer systems. Now true, Leor Zolman's BDS C (B.D. Software C, available from Lifeboat Associates, and worth the price even if you're only mildly curious about C) is a truly amazing product; but it isn't the full C language, and the omissions are not trivial. The Whitesmiths C compiler is a full C compiler (provided you have more than 60K bytes of free memory), but it is slower than molasses in January and has perhaps the worst error-reporting features of any language I've ever seen. You can spend days trying to get the simplest program running in Whitesmiths C.

And yet, the C language compiles to the tightest code of all the higher-level languages. It runs fast and is suitable for operating-system programming— something you certainly can't say for any of the other higher-level languages. If there were a really decent C for microcomputers I'd be inclined to support it; and I'm very much looking forward to the development of a good C for my Godbout 8088.

As of this writing, I've no definitive advice. If I could buy only one higherlevel language, I suppose I'd get CB-80, an opinion which I suspect is causing my mad friend to revolve rapidly because he didn't care much for BASIC in any of its guises. The second one I'd buy would be BDS C, followed by BASCOM, and PL/I-80. But that's me, and I've different problems from many of you.

I wish I could be more definitive.

Goodies

One reason you'll probably want the BDS C compiler is the BDS C User's Group. It puts out a truly amazing pile of useful software at practically no cost. You can purchase file comparators, Game of Life, graphics for the Z-19 terminal, Pong games, Rally games, and the like. If you like playing

with computers, you really ought to have BDS C and belong to the user group; if you get something you like only once a year, that's worth the cost.

I'm also pleased to say that WRITE, devised for Larry Niven and myself by Anton Pietsch, is now available from Ashton-Tate for terminals as well as for memory-mapped video. I'm using it on the Z-19 right now, and it has a mindstaggering pile of features that really work. George Tate tells me that by the time you read this it will have been announced and demonstrated at the West Coast Computer Faire.

WRITE will, in my judgment, blow Wordstar out of the market. I know that's a heavy statement, given the number of people using Wordstar; but I still think it's true. WRITE is a truly transparent editor. To use it, you just type. If you want to go back and insert and delete and in general mess about with your text, WRITE reformats the paragraphs automatically; there aren't any danglers poking out at the end as if your sentences had rigor mortis. WRITE lets you change disks while your text is in the machine, so that paranoids (like me) can make safety copies that are truly safe. (The worst power failure isn't going to go across the room to the bookcase to clobber my disk.)

And so forth. Obviously I'm prejudiced. Not that I get any profit from WRITE, because I don't; but the program was written to make Larry Niven and me happy. All I can say is, get a demonstration; if you're a creative writer, I can't believe you won't prefer WRITE to any other text editor you've seen. Meanwhile, Tony is also doing a programmer's version of WRITE that, he says, will more than compete with Wordmaster.

Grammar, Anyone?

One real problem with artificial intelligence is that we can teach computers to spell, but we can't really teach them grammar. For all the rules that appear to be rigid, when you get right inside the grammar of English, there is far too much of the "you-know-what-Imean" type of statement.

One valiant attempt to change this comes from the Aspen Software Company, which makes Proofreader and

296 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Items Reviewed

Ashton-Tate

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Aspen Software Company

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Digital Research

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CB-801.1 $500

IBM

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Oasis Systems

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Osborne Computer Corporation

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Sorcim Corporation

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Pascal-M $395

Televideo Systems Inc.

1170 Morse Ave. Sunnyvale, CA 94086

Televideo 950 $1195

Whitesmiths Ltd.

POB 1132 Ansonia Station New York, NY 10023

C compiler for CP/M $750

Workman & Associates

112 Marion Ave. Pasadena, CA 91106

Utility Disk One

(including FIND) $32.50

Pascal Primer $50

with Grogono's Programming in Pascal and Kernighan and Plauger's Software Tools in Pascal $90

with both books and Sorcim's Pascal-M compiler $350

with both books and Digital

Research's Pascal-MT +

compiler $425

Books Reviewed

Software Tools in Pascal by Brian W. Kernighan and P. J. Plauger, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1981. $15.95

Programming in Pascal by Peter Grogono, Reading, MA: AddisonWesley Publishing Company, 1980 $15.95

Grammatik. Proofreader is another spelling program. It's not very good, compared to the best; it's certainly not up to Spellguard's standards of performance as far as convenience.

For one thing, the Aspen spelling checker doesn't know about dot commands: that is, whereas the best spelling programs know that a line beginning with a period is a command line and contains words to be ignored, Proofreader faithfully offers all my formatting commands as candidate misspelled words. It's also quite slow, even on the 8085 at 6 MHz.

What makes the Aspen program unique is Grammatik, which is an attempt to teach a computer elementary rules of grammar. Grammatik is an integral part of Proofreader and is invoked from within that program. It first makes a table of words by frequency (just as The Word does); the idea

here is to let you see if you've overworked any words. Then it looks for "grammatical errors."

Now, no program yet written actually understands English grammar; certainly none that work on 8-bit microcomputers can. Grammatik can look for strange errors, such as doubled words ("the the") and STicky SHift KEy (more than one letter capitalized in a word). It makes sure that the first letter of each sentence (defined as the word following a period; be wary of abbreviations) is capitalized. It can find misplaced or unbalanced quotation marks, and it can look at a table of trite and overworked phrases that are best avoided and indicate them on the screen. In other words, it's useful if your work has to do with words. I've been using it since it arrived with no regrets.

Proofreader is apparently available

without Grammatik; I wouldn't recommend getting Proofreader alone. There are much better spelling programs. I'm not sure that Grammatik will work without Proofreader, which compromises its value. So it goes.

Integrity and High Speed

We now have four major computers: Ezekial, my five-year-old Cromemco Z-2 Z80; the Osborne; the Godbout 8085/88; and Alex's CCS (California Computer Systems) Z80. There's also Dr. Stefan Possony's CCS in Palo Alto, California, and we have a cousinly relationship with the L-5 Society, which has installed a Godbout.

Amazingly, we're happy with all of them. The Osborne, just at the moment, is in the shop; we got one of the really early ones made before they shook the bugs out of it. The dealer to whom Alex took it doesn't know that I

298 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 441 on inquiry card.

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got mine direct from Adam Osborne or that I'm going to write a review. As far as he's concerned he's got an early model, well past its warranty date, but with an early main board known to be defective. And he's having it fixed. There is, it seems, a directive from Osborne headquarters covering such cases. Consequently, they're installing completely new electronics, at no cost. And, I hasten to add, the Osborne you

can buy now comes already with the newly designed board.

So, where does this put Osborne? As one of those companies that uses its customers as its quality-control department? No. There is, after all, one company around with a prodigious reputation for delivering DOA equipment (that is, equipment dead on arrival) and doing nothing at all about the problems. It hasn't redesigned

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anything, nor has it made contact with all its dealers to tell them how to handle the problems. It just goes on buying advertising.

Osborne, on the other hand, obviously wants to make his customers happy. He keeps sending software updates, for example; and when he finds a design defect in his early models, he eats the cost of updating them. So, sure, it would have been better if there hadn't been problems with the first three hundred machines delivered; but that was, after all, a fairly small number, and Lord knows Adam Osborne has worked prodigiously to rectify any early problems.

And until the flaw showed up, as mentioned above, the Osborne performed more than satisfactorily. We've amazed a lot of friends with it. And we've now got it talking to our other machines, so that we can put programs in it and get text out. I use it at all my meetings and conferences, and I've missed it the past few days that it was gone.

Then there's the Godbout 8085/88: built like a Mack truck and every bit as reliable; the only thing to report about its operations is that there's nothing to report.

We do have a new feature, though. We've just installed Bill Godbout's M-Drive, which is a way of fooling your computer programs into thinking that a lot of extra memory (in our case 512K) is a disk drive; and you can't believe how fast that runs. Compilations and assemblies are nearly instantaneous. Of course the data isn't saved that way; if the power goes off, you've lost it. But for compilations and the like, who cares? Compile once with M-Drive, and if it compiles without errors, save it on disk. If there are errors, you get the result instantly and can fix things.

I wouldn't recommend M-drive for people primarily concerned with text and creative writing because they'll mostly be concerned with preservation of their output. I, for instance, want to see a copy of my text disks in a box on the other side of the room before I'm completely satisfied. But for programmers with frequent test compilations and the like, the Godbout M-Drive is a real godsend.■

300 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 477 on Inquiry card.

Krteci [a*sc*tl programs

Son JeUrles and Glen Fishex

INEER1NC

YOUR

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COMPUTER

a guide ro

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- Introduction

To Microcomputers: Volume 0— The Beginner's Book, Third Edition by Adam Osborne and David Bunnell

One of our most popular titles.Volume 0 has been expanded and revised to include new sections on software and communications. Written for the complete novice, this book introduces the construction and operation of microcomputers. Paper $12.50

6502 Assembly Language Subroutines by Lance Leventhal and Winthrop Saville

This book includes over 50 indispensible, ready-to-use subroutines. A boon to every 6502 programmer, it will save hours of programming time. Includes array, bit and string manipulation, sorting and searching operations, much more. Paper $12.99

Assembly Language Programming for the

Apple II™ by Robert Mottola

This comprehensive, easy to understand introduction provides solid groundwork for getting started in assembly language programming on the Apple II. Many subroutines written in assembly language are provided, and most explanations are shown with equivalent examples in BASIC. Paper $12.95.

Discover FORTH: Learning And Programming the FORTH Language

by Thorn Hogan

Using a friendly approach, the author explains the history and uses of FORTH, as well as how to program to an intermediate level. Includes notes on logical extensions and alterations to the current standard FORTH syntax. Paper $14.95.

Your Atari® Computer: A Guide to Atari® 400/800™ Personal computers by Lon Poole with Martin McNiff and

Steven Cook

Your Atari® Computer provides invaluable reference material for Atari® home computer users. This "how-to" guide written for the novice covers all the common external devices, including disk drives and printers. The reader can also learn to program in Atari® BASIC. Paper $16.95.

Trade Secrets: How to Protect Your Ideas and Assets

by James Pooley

Attorney James Polley provides legal advice on a "hot" topic: who owns your ideas in today's business world. Employers can learn to tighten company security systems and protect their intellectual assets. Employees can become familiar with their rights to take "commercial" ideas to new jobs or start competing businesses without being sued. Cloth $19.95.

A User Guide to the UNIX™ System by Rebecca Thomas and Jean Yates

Designed to ease the novice through the difficult learning stages, this volume is also an excellent reference for those already familiar with the UNIX™ operating system. Computer-side tutorials teach forty basic commands plus there's a list of UNIX™ system resources, and a bibliography for further study. Paper $15.99.

VisiCalc®: Home and Office Companion

by David M. Castlewitz and Lawrence

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Illustrated by L. D. Chukman

Contains 50 models that can be used immediately for personal and business applications. Provides models for loans and investments, advertising and sales, inventory control, personnel, household aids and more. Designed to accomodate most micros and every version of the VisiCalc® program. Paper $15.99.

Now at your dealer, or write Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 630 Bancroft Way, Berkeley, CA 94710. Phone orders: CALL TOLL FREE 800-227-2895. In California call 415-548-2805. Canadian orders

contact L.A. Varah (416) 561-9311, McGraw-Hill-Ryerson (416) 293-1911.

Osborne/McGraw-Hill 'M

Atari* 4007800™ are trademarks of Atari. Inc. PET™ is a trademark of Commodore Business Machines, Inc.CUKSOR™ is a trademark of The Code Works. Unix™ is a trademark of Bell Laboratories. Apple II® is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. VisiCalc* is a registered trademark of VisiCorp.

Circle 350 on inquiry card.

The Atari Tutorial

Part 10: Human Engineering

The interaction between the computer and its human user is easily the most important—and most often neglected—aspect of

commercial software.

The Atari home computer is first and foremost a consumer computer, being designed to make it easy for people to use. Many of the hardware features protect the consumer from inadvertent errors. Because the average consumer is unfamiliar with the conventions and traditions of the computer world, software should reflect an equal concern for the consumer. If a program is understandable, it will be used correctly most of the time. Occasionally, a user will be careless and make mistakes. It is the programmer's responsibility to protect the user from as many mistakes as possible.

Human engineering refers to the interaction between the design of tools and the resulting ease of use by people. The current state of human engineering found in personal computer software is dismal. Many programs

This article appears in slightly different form in De Re Atari, published by Atari Inc., and is reproduced with its express permission. De Re Atari is available from the Atari Program Exchange, 155 Moffett Park Dr., POB 427, Sunnyvale, CA 94086.

Chris Crawford

Atari Inc.

1265 Borregas Ave.

POB 427

Sunnyvale, CA 94086

being sold contain atrocious design decisions that reflect unawareness of human engineering. Although the worst offenders are written by amateur programmers, even software written at some of the largest firms shows occasional lapses in this respect.

Can you Imagine what Star Raiders

would be like without animation?

Human engineering is an art, not a science. It demands great technical skill, but it also requires insight and sensitivity. As such, it is a highly subjective field devoid of absolutes. Since this article is the work of one hand, it betrays the subjectivity of its author. A full treatment of the many opinions on the subject would be both lengthy and confusing. I therefore chose the simpler and more pleasant task of presenting only my own point of view, giving appropriate lip service to the most serious objections. The result is contradictory enough to satisfy even the most academic of readers.

The Computer as a Sentient Being

An instructive way of viewing the problem of human engineering is to cast the programmer as a sorcerer who conjures up an intelligent being, a homunculus, within the innards of the computer. This creature lacks physical embodiment but possesses intellectual traits—specifically, the ability to process and organize information. Although the user of the program enters into a relationship with this homunculus, these two sentient beings think differently. The human's thought patterns are associative, integrative, and diffuse; the program's thought processes are direct, analytical, and specific. These differences are complementary and productive because the homunculus does well what the human cannot. Unfortunately, these differences also create a communications barrier between the user and the homunculus. They have much to say to each other because they are so different, but because they are different they cannot communicate well.

The central aim of good programming should therefore be to provide better communications between the user and the homunculus. Sad to say,

302 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

IT TAKES A HOT COMPUTER TO RUN NON-STOP IN A DEEP'

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6809-based Chieftains deliver six months of continuous operation at Arctic Circle

Two Chieftains accompanied an Adak research expedition during the frigid winter of 1981. The computers fulfilled a vttal support role for an earthquake prediction study. In sub-zero temperatures, rain, snow, ice and wind-driven weals and dust, the extraordinary Chieftains — supported hy Smoke Signal's factory-based staff — proued they were up to the challenge.

Chieftains are so cost-effective and advanced, they obsolete most other systems available today at any price.

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many programmers expend the greater part of their efforts on expanding and improving the processing power of their programs. This only heightens the tragedy by increasing the intelligence of the homunculus while leaving him blind, deaf, and dumb.

Today's personal computers have sufficient computing power to meet many of the average consumer's needs. The primary limiting factor is no longer clock speed or resident memory; the primary limiting factor is now the thin pipeline connecting our now-intelligent homunculus with his human user. Each can process information rapidly and efficiently; only the narrow pipeline between them slows down the interaction.

Human-Machine Communication

How can we widen the pipeline between the two thinkers? We must focus on the language with which they communicate. Like any language, a man-machine language is re

stricted by the physical means of expression available to the speakers. Because the computer and the human are physically different, their modes of expression are physically different. This forces us to create a language that is not symmetric (as human languages are). Instead, a man-machine language will have two very different channels: an input channel and an output channel. Just as we study human language by first studying the sounds that the human vocal tract can generate, we begin by examining the physical components of the manmachine interface.

Output (Computer to Human)

Two primary output channels go from the computer to the user. The first is the television screen; the second is the television speaker. Fortunately, these are flexible devices that permit a broad range of expression. For the purposes of this article, it is better to discuss these devices in terms of the human point of view. Of

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the two devices (screen and speaker), the display screen is easily the more expressive and powerful device. The human eye is a more finely developed device for gathering information than the human ear. An electrical engineer might say that the eye has more "bandwidth" than the ear—that is, it can interpret a far more complex input stream. The eye can process three major forms of visual information: shapes, color, and animation.

Shapes

Shapes are an ideal means for presenting information to the human eye. The human retina is especially adept at recognizing shapes. The most direct use of shapes is for the depiction of objects. If you want the program to tell the user about something, draw a picture of it. A picture is direct and immediately recognizable.

The second use of shapes is for symbols. Some concepts in the human lexicon defy direct depiction. Concepts like love, infinity, and direction cannot be shown with pictures. They must instead be conveyed with symbols, such as a heart, a horizontal figure 8, or an arrow. These are a few of the many symbols we all recognize and use. Sometimes you can create an ad hoc symbol for limited use in your program. Most people can adapt to such a symbol quite readily. Although symbols are a compact way to express an idea, they should not be used in place of pictures unless compactness is essential. A symbol is an indirect expression; a picture is a direct expression. The picture conveys the idea more directly and more forcefully.

The third and most common use of shapes is for text. A letter is an indirect symbol; we put letters together to form words. The language thereby produced is extremely rich in its expressive power. Truly it is said, "If you can't say it, you don't know it." This expressive power is gained at the price of extreme indirection. The word that expresses an idea has no sensory or emotional connection whatever with the idea itself. We are forced to carry out extensive mental

304 June 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 361 on Inquiry card.

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gymnastics to decipher the word. Of course, we do it so often that we have become quite fluent at translating strings of letters into ideas. We do not notice the effort. The important point is that the indirection detracts from the immediacy and forcefulness of the communication.

One school of thought maintains that text is superior to graphics for communication purposes. The gist of the argument is that text encourages freer use of the reader's rich imagination, while graphic depiction of reality always falls short of our imaginative expectations. This argument fails to convince me because it seems to arbitrarily draw a line between the user's need for information and the ability to supply information through the use of imagination. If the user has an active imagination, why is the program needed at all? Why doesn't the user simply imagine the entire program? Conversely, if a small amount of information provided in the form of text is the seed for the user's imagination, would not

more information, provided in the form of graphics images, encourage even grander flights of imaginative fancy? An equal exercise of imagination with graphics should provide even greater results.

The eye can process

three major forms of

visual Information:

shapes, color, and

animation.

A more compelling argument for text is that its indirection allows it to pack a considerable amount of information into a small space. The space constraints on any real communication make text's greater compactness valuable. Nevertheless, this does not make text superior to graphics; it simply makes text more economical. Graphics requires more space, time, memory, or money, but it also com

municates better than text. To some extent, the choice between graphics and text is a matter of taste, and the taste of the buying public has never been in doubt. Compare the popularity of television with that of radio, or the popularity of movies with books. Graphics beats text easily.

Color

Color is another vehicle for conveying information. Since it is less powerful than shape, it normally plays a secondary role in visual presentations. Its most frequent use is to differentiate between otherwise indistinguishable shapes. It also plays an important role in providing cues to the user. Good color can salvage an otherwise ambiguous shape. For example, a tree represented as a character must fit inside an 8- by 8-pixel grid. The grid is too small to draw a recognizable tree. By coloring the tree green, however, the image becomes much easier to recognize. Color is also useful for attracting attention or signaling important

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SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM

The Micro Works Software Development System (SDS80C) is a complete 6809 editor, assembler and monitor package contained in one Color Computer program pack! Vastly superior to RAM-based assemblers/editors, the SDS80C is nonvolatile, meaning that if your application program bombs, it can't destroy your editor/assembler. Plus it leaves almost all of 16K or 32K RAM free for your program. Since all three programs, editor, assembler and monitor are co-resident, we eliminate tedious program loading when going back and forth from editing to assembly and debugging!

The powerful screen-oriented Editor features finds, changes, moves, copys and much more. All keys have convenient auto repeat (typamatic), and since no line numbers are required, the full width of the screen may be used to generate well commented code.

The Assembler features all of the following: complete 6809 instruction set; complete 6800 set supported for cross-assembly; conditional assembly; local labels; assembly to cassette tape or to memory; listing to screen or printer; and mnemonic error codes instead of numbers.

The versatile ABUG monitor is a compact version of CBUG, tailored for debugging programs generated by the Assembler and Editor. It features examine/change of memory or registers, cassette load and save, breakpoints and more. SDS80C Price: $89.95

GAMES

Star Blaster — Blast your way through an asteroid field in this action-packed Hi-Res graphics game! Available in ROMPACK; requires 16K. Price: $39.95 Pac Attack — Try your hand at this challenging game by Computerware, with fantastic graphics, sound and action! Cassette requires 16K. Price: $24.95 Berserk — Have fun zapping robots with this Hi-Res game by Mark Data Products. Cassette requires 16K. Price: $24.95

Adventure — Black Sanctum and Calixto Island by Mark Data Products. Each cassette requires 16K. Price: $19.95 each.

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CBUG — Machine language monitor. CBUG Cassette Price: $29.95

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PARALLEL PRINTER INTERFACE — serial to parallel converter allows use of all

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306 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 306 on inquiry card.

SANYO MONITORS

When you're ready to stop playing around.

Maybe your home TV was OK as a display when all you were concerned with was blasting Klingons.

But if you spend more than a couple of hours in front of your TV screen, you'll start to pay the price in eyestrain. Maybe even headaches.

It's not worth it. Mot when you can get a Sanyo data monitor that's specifically designed for long-term, day-in, day-out use.

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Sanyo monitors have been the industry standard for as long as there's been a personal computer industry—in fact they're recommended by computer dealers and manufacturers alike. That's because when you buy a Sanyo, you're notjust getting a stripped-down TV set. You're getting a truly professional display system.

Sanyo offers a complete selection of monitors for any application. You can choose from

9" models with either white or easy-on-the-eyes green phosphors. Or a sleek new 12" model with a special anti-reflec

tive screen (green or white), and an optional desk stand with adjustable tilt. If color graphics are your thing, check our 13" fullcolor models—one with TVcompatible video input, and a new ultra-high resolution RGB model for computers like the IBM, MEC and Apple III.

Visit your computer dealer and find out how much better things look on a real, professional monitor from Sanyo.

Anything less isjust playing around.

© 1982 5anyo Electric, Inc

Communications Products Division 5anyo Electric Inc., 1200 W. Artesia Blvd., Compton, CA 90220 (213) 537-5830

Circle 399 on inquiry card.

Circle 347 on inquiry card.

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material. Hot colors attract attention. Finally, use of color enhances the aesthetic appeal of any program. Colored images are more pleasing to look at than black-and-white images. Hard-boiled programmers may question the relevance of aesthetic considerations to communications. The obvious attention to the design of highway advertising billboards and television commercials indicates the importance our culture attaches to the aesthetic aspect of communication. These carefully planned and very expensive ads are little more than exquisite aesthetic trappings (skin, glitter, and chrome) wrapped around a corporate logo.

Animation

I use the term animation here to designate any change in the display. Animation includes colors or shapes that change, moving foreground objects, or a moving background pattern. Animation's primary value is for showing dynamic processes. Indeed, graphics animation is the only way to successfully present highly active events. The value of animation is best demonstrated by a game like Star Raiders. Can you imagine what the game would be like without animation? For that matter, can you imagine what it would be like in pure text?

The value of animation extends far beyond games. Animation allows the designer to show dynamic, changing events clearly. The ability to do animation is one of the major advantages that computers have over paper-and-ink as an information technology. Animation is very powerful in sensory terms. The human eye is organized to respond strongly to changes in the visual field. Animation attracts the eye's attention.

Finally, animation increases the energy level of the program, consequently increasing the user's emotional involvement. Many program failures are due to user failures, which in turn can be traced to user inattentiveness. If you want the user's attention, you've got to jump up and down.

Sound

Graphics images must be looked at to have effect. Sound can reach a user's ears even when the user is not paying direct attention to the video display. Sound therefore has great value as an annunciator or warning cue. A wide variety of beeps, tones, and grunts can be used to signal feedback to the user. Correct actions can be answered with a pleasant bell tone. Warning conditions can be noted with a honk.

Sound has a second use: providing realistic sound effects. Quality sound effects greatly add to the impact of a program because the sound provides a second channel of information flow that is effective even when the user is overlooking the visual component of the program.

Sound is ill-suited for conveying straight factual information; most people do not have the aural acuity to distinguish fine tone differences. Sound is much more effective for conveying emotional states or responses. People associate many sounds with emotional states. A descending sequence of notes implies deteriorating circumstances. An explosive sound denotes destruction. A fanfare announces an important arrival. Certain note sequences from widely recognized popular songs are immediately associated with particular feelings. For example, in Energy Czar, a dirge indicates that the user's energy mismanagement has ruined America's energy situation; a fragment of "Happy Days Are Here Again" indicates success.

Input (Human to Computer)

Three input devices are most commonly used with the Atari 400/800 home computer: the keyboard, paddles, and joystick.

The keyboard is easily the most powerful input device available to the designer, with more than 50 direct keystrokes immediately available. Use of the Control and Shift keys more than doubles the number of distinguishable entries possible. The Caps/Lowr and Atari keys extend the expressive range of the keyboard

308 /une 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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even further. Thus, with a single keystroke, the user can designate one of 125 commands. A pair of keystrokes can address more than 15,000 selections. Obviously, this device is very expressive; it can easily handle the communications needs of any program. For this reason, the keyboard is the input device of choice among programmers.

While the strengths of the keyboard are undeniable, its weaknesses are seldom recognized. Its first weakness is that few people know how to use it well. Programmers use keyboards heavily in their daily work; consequently, they are fast typists. The average consumer, however, is not too comfortable with a keyboard, which can lead to many wrong keys being pressed. The very existence of all those keys, and the knowledge that one must press the correct key, is itself intimidating to many people.

A second weakness of the keyboard is its indirection. It is very difficult to attach direct meaning to a

keyboard because it has no obvious emotional or sensory significance. The new user has great difficulty relating to it. All work with the keyboard is symbolic, using buttons marked with symbols that are assigned meaning by the circumstances. The nested indirection of this can be most confusing to the beginner. Keyboards also suffer from their natural association with text displays; I have already discussed the weaknesses of text as a medium for information transfer.

Another property of the keyboard that the designer must keep in mind is its digital nature. The keyboard is digital both in selection and in time (i.e., keyboard input is divided into keystrokes, and only one keystroke can be entered at a time). This provides some protection against errors. Because keystroke reading over time is not continuous but digital, the keyboard is not well suited to realtime applications. Since humans are real-time creatures, this is a weakness. The designer must realize

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that use of the keyboard will lengthen the distance from real-time interaction with the user.

Paddles

Paddles are the only true analog input devices readily available for the system. As such, they suffer from the standard problem all analog input devices share: the requirement that the user make precise settings to get a result. Their angular resolution is poor, and thermal effects produce slightly fluctuating readings in even an untouched paddle.

The primary value of paddles is twofold. First, they are well suited for choosing values of a onedimensional variable. People can readily absorb the idea that the paddle sweeps through all values and that pressing the trigger makes the selection known. Second, the user can sweep from one end of the spectrum to the other with a twist of the dial, which makes the entire spectrum of values immediately accessible.

An important factor in the use of paddles is the creation of a closed input/output loop. In most input processes, it is desirable to echo inputs to the screen so that the user can verify the input that was entered. This echoing process creates a closed input/output loop. Information travels from the user to the input device (paddles) to the computer, then back through the video display to the user. Because it is difficult for the user to verify the position to which the paddle has been set, it is essential that the program echo the paddle input.

Any set of inputs that can be meaningfully placed along a linear sequence can be addressed with a paddle. For example, menus can be addressed with a paddle. The sequence is from the top of the menu to the bottom. It is quite possible (but entirely unreasonable) to substitute a paddle for a keyboard. The paddle could sweep through the letters of the alphabet, with the current letter being addressed shown on the screen. Pressing the paddle trigger would then select the letter. While this scheme would not produce any typing speed records, it could be useful for

310 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Ire

Circle 129 on inquiry card.

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children, and the concept can be applied to other selection problems.

Joysticks

Joysticks are the simplest input devices available for the computer. Since they are very sturdy, they can be used in harsh environments. They contain only five switches (one for the red button on the joystick and one for each of the four principal directions of the compass). For this reason, their expressive power is frequently

underestimated. Joysticks, however, are surprisingly useful input devices. When used with a cursor, a joystick can address any point on the screen and can indicate a selection with the red button. With proper screen layout, the joystick can thus provide a wide variety of control functions. I have used a joystick to control a nuclear reactor (in the game Scram) and run a war game (in Eastern Front 1941).

The key to proper use of the joystick is the realization that the

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critical variable is not the selection of a switch, but the duration of time for which the switch is pressed. By controlling how long the switch is pressed, the user determines how far the cursor moves. This normally requires a constant-velocity cursor, which introduces a difficult trade-off. If the cursor moves too fast, the user will have difficulty positioning it on the item of choice. If the cursor moves too slowly, the user will become impatient waiting for it to traverse long screen distances. One solution to this problem is an accelerating cursor. If the cursor starts moving slowly and accelerates if it remains in motion past a set length of time, the user can have both fine positioning and high speed.

The real value of the joystick is its high tactility. The joystick involves the user in inputs in a direct and sensory way. The tactility of the keyboard is not emotionally significant. A joystick makes sense—push up to go up, push down to go down. If the cursor reflects this on the screen, the entire input process makes much more sense to the user.

Joysticks do have their limitations. Although it is possible to press the joystick in a diagonal direction and get a correct reading of the direction, the directions are not distinct enough to allow diagonal entries as separate commands. Just as some words (e.g., "library," "February") are difficult to enunciate clearly, some diagonal orders are difficult to enter distinctly. Thus, diagonal values should be avoided unless they are used in the pure geometrical sense: up on the joystick means up, right means right, and diagonally means diagonally.

Recap

We have discussed a number of features and devices that, taken together, constitute the elements of a language for interaction between the computer and the user. The features are:

•shapes

• color

• animation •sound

312 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 70 on inquiry card.

Which personal computer can make you better at what you do best?

.- *A —" -'■

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The first step in your decision-making process is analysis. You look at all the numbers, and all the facts, before you leap. So you don't want a computer that's going to run short on memory. Not when you can have the HP-87 and a memory that expands to over half a million bytes.

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And interfacing peripherals is as easy as putting a plug into a socket. That's the kind of craftsmanship that's putting all our Series 80 computers on the map. We're building power, friendliness and reliability into every one of them. From our portable partner, the HP-85, to the high-powered HP-87.

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call 503/758-1010. For additional product information, write Hewlett-Packard, Dept. 276L, Corvallis, OR 97330.

Introducing the new HP-87. If s very good at what you do.

612/02

VisiCalc* is a registered trademark of VisiCorp—Personal Software. CP/M* is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

Circle 218 on inquiry card.

w\

HEWLETT PACKARD

The devices are:

• keyboard

• paddles

• joystick

How do we assemble all these elements into an effective language? To do so, we must first determine the major traits we expect of a good language:

• completeness

• directness

• closure

Completeness

The language must completely express all the ideas that need to be communicated between the computer and the user, but it need not express ideas internal to either thinker's thought processes. For example, the language used in Star Raiders must express all concepts related to the control of the vessel and the combat situation. It need not express the

player's anxiety or the flight-path intentions of the Zylon enemy ships. These concepts, while germane to the entire game function, need not be communicated between user and computer.

Completeness is an obvious function of any language, one that all programmers recognize intuitively. Problems with completeness most often arise when the programmer must add functions to the program, functions that cannot be supported by the language the programmer has created. This can be quite exasperating, for in many cases the additional functions are easily implemented in the program itself. The limiting factor is always the difficulty of adding new expressions to the language used between the human and the computer.

Directness

Any new language is difficult to learn. Nobody has time to waste in learning an unnecessarily florid language. The language a program

mer creates must be direct and to the point. It must rely as much as possible on communications conventions that the user already knows and must be emotionally direct and obvious. For example, a CTRL-X keystroke is obscure. What does it mean! Perhaps it means that something should be destroyed; X implies elimination or negation. Perhaps it implies that something should be examined, expunged, exhumed, or something similar. If none of these possibilities is indeed the case, the command is unacceptably indirect. Keyboards are notorious for creating this kind of problem.

Closure

Closure is the aspect of communications design that causes the greatest problems. The concept is best explained with an analogy. The user is at point A and wishes to use the program to get to point B. A poorly designed program is like a tightrope stretched between points A and B. The user who knows exactly what to

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314 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 341 on inquiry card.

SIGGRAPH'82

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do and performs perfectly will succeed. More likely, he or she will slip and fall. Some programs try to help by providing a manual or internal warnings that tell the user what to do and what not to do. These are analogous to signs along the tightrope advising "BE CAREFUL" and "DON'T FALL." I have seen several programs that place signs underneath the tightrope, so that the user can at least see why the fall is happening. A somewhat better class of programs provides masks against illegal entries, equivalent to guardrails alongside the tightrope. These do help, but they must be well constructed to ensure that the user does not thwart them. Some programs have nasty messages that bark at the errant user, warning against making certain entries. These are analogous to scowling monitors in school corridors, and they are useful only for making an adult feel like a child. The ideal program is like a tunnel bored through solid rock. There is but one path, the path

leading to success.

The essence of closure is the narrowing of options, the elimination of possibilities, and the placement of rock-solid walls around the user. Good design is not an accumulative process of piling lots of features onto a basic architecture; good design requires the programmer to strip away minor features, petty options, and general trivia.

While the strengths of

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undeniable, its

weaknesses are seldom

recognized.

This contention clashes with the values of many programmers, who crave complete freedom to exercise power over the computer. Their most common complaint against a program is that it somehow restricts their

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options. Thus, deliberate advocacy of closure is met with shocked incredulity. Why would anyone be so foolish as to restrict the power of this wonderful tool7

The answer lies in the difference between the consumer and the programmer. The programmer's life is devoted to the computer; the consumer is a casual acquaintance at best. The programmer uses the computer so heavily that it is costeffective to take the time to learn to use a more powerful tool. Since the consumer does not have such time to lavish on the machine, a simple, quick operation is required. The fine points that a programmer dotes on are not important to the user; nor are the bells and whistles cherished by programmers. As a programmer, you may not share or approve of the consumer's values. But if you want to maintain your livelihood, you had better cater to them.

Closure is obtained by creating inputs and outputs that do not admit illegal values. This is extremely difficult to do with a keyboard, for a keyboard always allows more entries than any real program would need. This provides an excellent argument against the use of the keyboard. A joystick is much better because you can do so little with it, making it easier to conceptually exclude bad inputs. The ideal is achieved when all necessary options are expressible with the joystick and no further options will fit. In this case, the user cannot make a bad entry because it doesn't exist. More important, as in the language Newspeak in George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-four, the user cannot even conceive bad thoughts because no words (inputs) for them even exist.

Closure is much more than masking out bad inputs. Masking makes bad inputs conceivable and expressible, but not functional. For example, a keyboard might be used with the "M" key disabled because it is meaningless. The user can still see the key, can imagine pressing it, and can wonder what would happen if it was pressed—all wasted effort. The user can waste even more time by pressing

316 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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it and wondering why nothing happened. The waste is compounded by the programmer imagining the user doing all these wasteful things and putting in code to stop the symptoms without eliminating the disease. Why are these people wasting so much time over a button that doesn't do anything in the first place? A properly closed input structure avoids all these problems because it uses an input device that can express only the entries necessary to run the program—and nothing more. The user can't waste time dealing with something that isn't there, and the programmer can't waste time masking out bad inputs that can't be entered.

Closure provides an important feature for the beginning user: security. Imagine the naive user peering down at an army of deadly keys, each one laden with the potential for triggering World War III, or at least destroying the computer. A properly

closed program offers fewer choices and fewer lurking disasters. Less perceived opportunity for failure generates confidence that, in turn, generates more fluent use of the program.

The designer must

carefully weigh the

capabilities of the

machine and the

needs of the user.

Many advantages accrue to the programmer when closure is properly applied. Code is tighter and runs faster because there need be no input error checking. Program structure is simpler because there are fewer logical tests and branches. Less testing is needed because there are fewer input conditions to test.

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The primary problem with closure is the design effort that must be expended to achieve good closure. The entire relationship between the user and the program must be carefully analyzed to determine the minimum vocabulary necessary for the two to communicate. Numerous schemes of communication must be examined and discarded before the true minimum scheme is found. In the process, many bells and whistles that the programmer wanted to add will be eliminated. An objective viewpoint will conclude that the bells and whistles are more clutter than chrome.

Conclusions

The design of the language of communication between the user and the program will be the most difficult part of the design process in consumer software. The designer must carefully weigh the capabilities of the machine and the needs of the user. The information that flows between the two sentient beings must be precisely defined. The language is then designed to maximize the clarity (not the quantity) of information flowing to the user while minimizing the effort the user must expend to communicate with the computer. The language must utilize the machine's features and devices effectively while maintaining its own completeness, directness, and closure.

The result will be a program that eliminates mental distance between the user and the computer. The two thinking beings achieve a mental resonance, an intellectual communion.!

The Atari Tutorial ends this month with Chris Crawford's essay on human engineering. We at BYTE have been proud to present it to you, and we want to thank Chris Crawford, Bob Eraser, Kathleen Pitta, and Lane Winner for making it possible.

In the past year, the Atari 400/800 computer has become one of the most popular microcomputers. We plan to continue coverage of the Atari in BYTE, and we are very interested in seeing Atari-related articles from you. . . .G. W.

318 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Upward Migration

Part 1: Translators

Using translation programs to move CP/M-86 programs to

CP/M and MS-DOS

In software migrations as in any other, the first thing you must know is where you are and where you are going. If a Californian decides to move to Australia, he can call an airline, ask for a ticket from San Francisco to Sydney, and the airline clerk will be happy to reserve a seat for him. If the Calif ornian asks for a ticket from Los Angeles-or-San Francisco to Sydney, however, the airline clerk will find the request confusing. If the Californian asks for a ticket from Los Angeles-or-San Francisco to Sydney under Catholic rule, or a ticket from Los Angeles-or-San Francisco to Sydney under Protestant rule, the airline clerk will probably say, "You've already spent too much time in the hot tub, buddy. Stay in California. You're right where you belong."

In this little parable of modern

Roger Taylor and Phil Lemmons

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times, Los Angeles is the 8080, San Francisco is the Z80, Sydney is the 8086, Catholicism is CP/M-86, and Protestantism is MS-DOS. The

XLT86 takes 8080

source code and

converts it into

8086 source code

in an intelligent

manner using

data-flow-analysis

techniques.

operating systems are represented by religions because they generate similar passions, controversies, true believers, and skeptics.

Is there really any need to explain

why Los Angeles stands for the 8080 and San Francisco for the Z807 Or that the airlines stand for the software houses that have written translation programs?

You've probably guessed who the guy is who's trying to buy the ticket. He's the experienced 8080 or Z80 programmer, and the hot tub symbolizes his strong preference for staying right where he is—on one familiar processor with one familiar operating system. What could be cozier?

The programmer may not have the urge for going, but he has to go to one unfamiliar processor and to both operating systems. And so do the rest of us.

We're lucky to have software from at least three companies to help us along. In this article, the first of two parts, we will review three CP/M-80to-8086 translator programs. We'll

Circle 237 on Inquiry card.

June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 321

D7-D0

BI-DIRECTIONAL

DATA BUS

DATA BUS BUFFER/LATCH

(8 BIT) INTERNAL DATA BUS

(8 BIT) INTERNAL DATA BUS

7S

TEMP. REG. (8)

ACCUMULATOR

(8)

ACCUMULATOR LATCH (8)

FLAG (5) FLIP-FLOPS

ARITHMETIC

LOGIC

UNIT

(ALU)

(8)

iZ

INSTRUCTION REGISTER (g)

DECIMAL ADJUST

i*2.

INSTRUCTION DECODER

AND

MACHINE

CYCLE

ENCODING

TIMING

AND

CONTROL

DATA BUS INTERRUPT HOLD WAIT

WRITE CONTROL CONTROL CONTROL CONTROL SYNC CLOCKS

POWER SUPPLIES

t

WR

+ 12V + 5V • -5V ■GND

INTE INT HOLD WAIT SYNC $1 a>2 RESET

HOLD READY

Figure Is Architecture of the 8080 microprocessor showing the internal registers.

?*>

MULTIPLEXER

W (8)

TEMP REG.

B (8)

REG.

D (8)

REG.

H (8)

REG.

Z (8) TEMP REG.

C (8) REG.

E (8)

REG.

L (8)

REG.

STACK POINTER

(16)

PROGRAM COUNTER

(16)

INCREMENTER/DECREMENTER

ADDRESS LATCH (16)

, REGISTER / ARRAY

±*d

ADDRESS BUFFER

(16)

A15-A0 ADDRESS BUS

show the output that each of the three translators produced from the same original code. In addition, we'll make some observations about the differences in adapting the translated code to CP/M-86 and MS-DOS. Next month, we'll take a closer (although still not comprehensive) look at CP/M-86 and MS-DOS.

Orientation to the 8086

The first thing we have to do is examine the differences between the familiar 8080 and Z80 microprocessors and the 8086. For reference, figure 1 shows the registers and architecture of the 8080; figure 2 shows

the registers and architecture of the Z80. We'll make few comments about these registers because they are familiar to you if you have 8080 or Z80 source code that you want to translate.

Figure 3 shows the registers and architecture of the 8086. Since the 8086 is less familiar, we'll take a brief look at it for orientation. (For further enlightenment, see The 8086 Book, Russell Rector and George Alexy, Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 1980, and The 8086 Primer, Stephen P. Morse, Hayden, 1980.) The 8086 is, of course, a 16-bit microprocessor. The 8088 is the same as the 8086 inter

nally. Externally, however, they appear different due to the 8-bit bus of the 8088 and the 16-bit bus of the 8086. This means that programs that run on the 8088 will also run on the 8086 assuming that the memory resources and peripheral resources are the same. In general, statements in this article that apply to the 8086 apply to the 8088 as well.

The 8086 can access up to 1 megabyte of memory and as many as 65,000 input/output ports. The megabyte of memory is 220 8-bit bytes; any two consecutive bytes are a 16-bit word. Some 8086 instructions access bytes; others access words.

322 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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13 CPU AND SYSTEM CONTROL SIGNALS

INSTRUCTION

DECODE

AND

CPU

CONTROL

A

FLAGS

A'

FLAGS'

B

C

B'

C

D

E

D'

E'

H

L

H'

L'

1

R

IX

IY

SP

PC

+5V GND CLOCK

Figure 2: Architecture of the Z80 microprocessor showing the internal registers.

Sixteen bits are not enough to address a megabyte of memory. The 8086 manages to do so, however, by dividing the megabyte of memory into a number of segments of 64K bytes each. Each segment begins at an address that yields an even result when divided by 16.

All calculations of memory addresses in the 8086 involve four special registers called segment registers. The 8080 family has a 16-bit address bus that allows addressing of 65,536 bytes of memory. While the internal registers of the 8088/8086 family also have 16 bits, the external address bus has 20 bits. To get the 20-bit address, the 8086 extends a segment register with 4 low-order bits of 0, and adds the segment register to a 16-bit address from another register, as shown in figure 4.

Each segment register defines what is known as its own "current" segment. Each instruction specifies an offset into a segment. The segment registers, which cannot be used interchangeably, are as follows:

C MEMORY \

VinterfaceJ

CS

DS

c

INSTRUCTION STREAM BYTE QUEUE

CONTROL SYSTEM

A-BUS

AH

AL

B H

BL

CH

CL

DH

DL

SP

BP

SI

Dl

ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT

0

OPERANDS

Figure 3: Architecture of the 8086/8088 microprocessor showing the internal registers.

CS—The Code Segment register defines the 64K-byte current code segment. When an instruction is fetched, the contents of the program counter are added to the CS register contents to calculate the address of the instruction to be fetched.

DS—The Data Segment register defines the current data segment. With three exceptions, all data memory references are understood in relation to the DS register. (The exceptions are that the stack pointer is used to calculate stack addresses, any data memory addresses calculated using the BP register are taken in relation to the stack segment, and any string operations involving the destination are taken in relation to the extra segment. See SS and ES immediately below.)

SS—The Stack Segment register identifies the current stack segment. References to data memory that use the BP or SP register in calculating the address are understood-in relation to the SS register. For example, the PUSH, POP, CALL, INT, and RET instructions use the SS register. ES—The Extra Segment register plays

324 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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15

LOGICAL ADDRESS

SEGMENT REGISTER 0000

19

PHYSICAL MEMORY ADDRESS

OFFSET ADDRESS

SEGMENT ADDRESS

ACTUAL PHYSICAL ADDRESS

Figure 4: The 8086 extends a segment register with 4 low-order bits ofO. It then adds the segment to a 16-bit address from another register to achieve a 20-bit address.

8088/8086 DATA REGISTERS

8080/Z80 DATA REGISTERS

AX CX

DX BX

AH

AL

CH

CL

DH

DL

BH

BL

PSW BC DE

HL

FLAGS

A

B

C

D

E

H

L

POINTER INDEX

POINTER INDEX

15

15

SP BP

SI Dl

Z80 ONLY

SEGMENT

15

CS DS

ss

ES

INSTRUCTION POINTER FLAGS 15 0

INSTRUCTION POINTER

PC

8088/8086

808O/Z80

Figure 5: Register-usage mapping between the two processor families is shown. Note that the IX and IY registers of the Z80 do not exist for the 8080/8085. More registers are in the 8088/8086 than in either the 8080 or Z80. Observe that the 8088/8086 segment registers have no parallel in the 8080/Z80 family. The 8080 family has a 16-bit address bus that allows addressing of 65,536 bytes of memory. While the internal registers of the 8088/8086 family also have 16 bits, the external address bus has 20 bits, formed by extending a segment register with 4 low-order bits of 0, and adding it to a 16-bit address from another register.

a role in string operations. All destinations of string operations use the DI register in calculating addresses, and are taken relative to the ES register.

Besides the four segment registers, the 8086 has the following:

• Four general-purpose registers: AX, BX, CX, and DX. Each is addressable as a 16-bit register or as two 8-bit registers. When addressed as 8-bit registers, the pairs are called: AH, AL; BX, BL; CH, CL; and DH, DL. The general-purpose registers hold the intermediate results of operations.

• Four pointer and index registers; these locate data within a specified segment of memory. SP is the stack pointer, BP the base pointer, SI the source index, and DI the destination index.

• One program counter.

• One 16-bit flag register (program status word, or status register) containing nine flags.

Now that we've looked inside the 8086, we can take a look at how register usage in the 8080/Z80 processor family corresponds generally with that in the 8086. Figure 5 shows the sets of registers alongside each other so that you can see the general correspondence clearly. Note that the IX and IY registers of the Z80 do not exist for the 8080/8085. On the other hand, the alternate register set of the Z80 (not shown) as well as the I and R registers have no parallel in the 8086 register set; operations involving these will require special attention from the programmer after the conversion is done.

Clearly, the 8086 has more registers than either the 8080 or Z80. Since the 8086 also has a more powerful instruction set, translation should be possible with minor restrictions.

Complications

Since all CP/M-80 programs had to exist in a 64K-byte region, there should be little trouble fitting a translated program into a 1-megabyte (1,048,576-byte) region. If you're translating from the Z80, however, things are complicated slightly

326 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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because its extensive instruction set has to be mapped to the 8086 instructions, as well as the 8080 registers.

The 8086 does, however, have a rich instruction set that covers all the bit instructions and most of the block instructions. The problems encountered in mapping instructions and registers can be formalized and solved by using a variety of software tools.

To convert a source file running under CP/M-80 so as to assemble it with an 8086 assembler requires either the use of a code translator or a considerable effort with a program editor. At least three commercial products come under the translator category:

• XLT86 from Digital Research Inc.

• TRANS86/ACT86 from Sorcim

• The Z80-to-8086 translator from Seattle Computer Products

Intel also has a translator, CONVERT 86, but it is sold only as part of a large software package intended for its OEM customers and doesn't run under CP/M. In addition, some reports indicate that Microsoft may soon bring out a translator.

Two issues must be addressed when converting from a CP/M-80 source:

1. Where is the source coming from?

Z80 instruction mnemonics?

(a) Zilog

(b) TDL (Technical Design Labs)

(c) Intel (Digital Research with macros)

(d) Sorcim/ACT-80

or

Straight 8080/8085 code with no macros?

2. Where is the resultant code going?

CP/M-86 or MS-DOS?

The three translators under review do not always approach these issues in the same way. Furthermore, they all handle register mapping somewhat differently. We'll look at the

translators now one at a time. Then we'll see how they translated the same CP/M-80 listing. With the listing in hand, we'll see how each of the translators handled register mapping. Finally, we'll turn to the subject of how the two different 16-bit operating systems affect program translation.

XLT86 from Digital Research

Digital Research's XLT86 takes standard 8080 source code in a format compatible with ASM, MAC, or RMAC assemblers and converts the 8080 source code to 8086 source code in a format compatible with ASM86 operating under either CP/M-80 or CP/M-86. Since XLT86 is written in PL/I-80, the translator can run either stand-alone under CP/M-80 or for cross development under VAX/VMS. It produces optimized 8086 code in a five-phase, multipass process, doing global data-flow analysis to determine optimal register usage.

Although macro definitions are not supported, conditional-assembly directives are. The XLT86 User's Guide suggests that if you want macro expansion, you can use a pass through MAC or RMAC to produce a PRN file that can be edited (removing the first few columns of generated hexadecimal code) to produce an expanded source file for input acceptable to XLT86. XLT86 does not recognize Z80 instructions. XLT86 passes repeat loops through to the 8086 source code.

XLT86 analyzes the source program in its entirety, determining the block structure and the register/flag usage. Working from this information, it translates the code to 8086 assembler code in an optimized way. The decision algorithm for each instruction type is given in a section of the manual to allow the user to see what happens in each situation.

Register mapping generally follows the correspondence shown in figure 4, with a loose relationship between the 8086 AX and the 8080 PSW; the exact relationship is determined from register usage at translate time.

Many run-time options are available to control the translation pro

328 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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cess, both on the command line and embedded in the 8080 source text. The options control the disks that the work and output files are on, whether the block-analysis information is output to disk, whether code and data segments are to be intermixed or kept separate, and whether the condition flags are active on exiting from subroutines.

XLT86 is a sophisticated program that does a reasonable job of optimizing the translation of 8080 source code to 8086 source code. BDOS calls from CP/M-80 are mapped into BDOS calls that are compatible with CP/M-86.

XLT86 has special features for handling translation of conditional JMP and CALL instructions in 8080 source code. In the 8080 instructions, JMP and CALL instructions are capable of reaching any address within the 64K-byte region. The 8086 conditional JMP instructions can reach only 128 bytes on either side of the IP (Instruction Pointer) register. XLT86 examines the target of the con

ditional JMP. If the target cannot be reached, XLT86 changes the sense of the conditional JMP and skips over a long JMP to the target address. Since there are no conditional CALL or RET instructions in the 8086, the sense of the condition is changed and a short conditional JMP is performed

The 8086 can access up

to 1 megabyte of

memory and as many

as 65,000 input/output

ports.

to skip over an unconditional CALL or RET.

As noted earlier, the segment registers allow for separation of code and data regions. To reference data, you have to tell the 8086 whether data is in the code segment (CS) or the data segment (DS). For the Digital Research ASM86 assembler, the Offset directive handles this chore.

XLT86 examines an expression and determines the proper segment for the particular instruction.

XLT86 does have limits on the size of the 8080 source files that it can translate because the flow-analysis information must be in memory. In a 64K-byte CP/M system, the maximum source file that can be translated is approximately 6K bytes, depending on the structure of the program. Nothing is said in the manual about being able to deal with modular code using RMAC and external references. This implies that the entire source program must be converted at once, limiting the size of the program that can be translated by using XLT86 to 6K bytes.

In summary, if you're starting from 8080/8085 assembly code written for ASM or MAC and you want to go to CP/M-86, and if the source program does not exceed 6K bytes, XLT86 is the most useful translator. Code written for Z80s using MAC requires careful examination after the translation process to make sure that no

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flags were inadvertently changed. You have to expand macros before using XLT86 unless the number of invocations was small. In that event, expanding the macros by hand with an editor might be just as easy.

Sorcim's TRANS86

TRANS86 is an 8080/ACT80to-8086 translator. It takes 8080 or ACT80 source code as input and creates a file compatible with the input to ACT86, an 8086 assembler.

The output of TRANS86 is incompatible with any assembler other than ACT86. The ACT86 mnemonics are different enough so that, unless the programmer has a sophisticated text processor and the talent (or patience) to do a great deal of text manipulation, TRANS86 should be used only with ACT86.

Both TRANS86 and ACT86 run on either 8080 or Z80 processors under CP/M-80, MP/M, or CDOS with a minimum of 24K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory). TRANS86 consists of an executable file, an overlay file, and a translation table. The input assembly source code must be in a form acceptable to the standard CP/M-80 assemblers (ASM, MAC, or RMAC), or to ACT80, Sorcim's Assembly Code Translator for 8080/Z80 processors.

Translation occurs on an instruction-by-instruction basis with some optimization rules applied to conditional jumps. There appears to be no limit as to the size of the source file that can be translated. A file is produced on the same disk as the source file with the same name and an ASN extension. If a file by that name already exists, the user is asked if the file should be deleted or if the program should be aborted.

TRANS86 flags the following Z80 instructions as errors:

Zilog/Mostek

.CT80 code

equivalent code

Mov A,R

LdA,R

Mov R,A

LdR,A

Mov A,I

Ld A,I

Mov I,A

LdI,A

In,C reg

In reg,(C)

Inir

Inir

Otir

Otir

Rid

Rid

Rrd

Rrd

TRANS86 supports macros in the ACT80 format. Although TRANS86 acts on macros in the MAC format, there is no guarantee that the macros will expand correctly. The user is cautioned to examine the result of a

macro expansion to determine if the sense of the macro has been maintained. Examples are given of some macros that work and some that do not. The TRANS86 User's Reference Manual includes a section that gives hints on how to hand-optimize the output of TRANS86; specifically, accumulator indirect loads through the DE and BC registers, 8080 conditional jumps, and Z80 block instructions.

Another section describes the differences between ACT80 and Z80 mnemonics. This information allows the programmer to manually convert assembly source code to a form acceptable to TRANS86. The ACT80 instruction set has some ASM-style instructions, some Z80-style instructions, and some instructions that are unique to the ACT80 assembler. If the source code is written in 8080 ASM mnemonics, TRANS86 will process it and output ACT86 assembler code. The 8080 instruction SPHL, however, was translated incorrectly in the current version of TRANS86.

Another section in the manual contains suggested constructions that can be manually entered to deal with Z80 op codes that are flagged as errors. Block input/output instructions and input/output through register C are described in detail.

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332 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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•Automatically selects files that have changed since iasl backup

The BACKFIELD consists of three programs: FULLBACK backs up an entire disk to another set of disks frle-bv-file, optimizing the use of all available memory. It writes a special checksum directory file for later use bv QUARTERBACK. HALFBACK backs up a large file to multiple disks.

QUARTERBACK automatically determines which tiles have been changed since the last backup, and backs up these files only.

MPL-MENU PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

MPL simplifies application programming by using menus to structure programs:

• Data is displayed as items in a menu

• Data is organized by connecting menus together •Selecting an item in a menu may call an

application module

•Message area at top of each menu for module communication

•Selection causes data to be placed in the message area

•Interfaces with other programming languages

MPL is a revolutionary new programming language for the system developer or end user to structure applications in a natural easy-to-use manner. The design of MPL allows application modules to be written in any compiled language supported by CP/M.

PRICE-ORDER INFORMATION

THE BACKFIELD $150.00

MENU PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE 5175.00

Backfield available third quarter 1982 MPL requires a 24x80 CRT. All software is supplied on 8" single density diskette for CP/M 2.2.

Call (408) 395-0838, or send check to:

AUDIO LIGHT, INC.

146 Town Terrace, Suite 4 Los Gatos, CA 95030

'California res/dents add 6% for safes tax

Dealer Inquiries Welcome

MPL is a trademark of Audio Light, Inc. CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research.

Seattle Computer System

Seattle Computer Products' (SCP) translation system consists of two programs: a Z80 translator (called TRANS86 on the disk, though not the same as Sorcim's) and a compatible 8086 cross assembler (ASM86). Both programs run on Z80 processors under CP/M-80 with a minimum of 24K bytes of RAM. The programs do not run on 8080/8085 processors.

The translator accepts source files in Zilog/Mostek mnemonics and produces an 8086 assembler source file in a form acceptable to the SCP 8086 cross assembler. Since the 8086 source format required by the SCP 8086 cross assembler is different from any other 8086 assembler that we know of, you must use these two programs together. The translator places its output on the same disk as the Z80 source code and gives it an .A86 file extension.

The translation is on an instruction-by-instruction basis with no optimization. There appears to be no limit on the file size that may be translated. Not all Z80 instructions are translated, however. Those in the following list will produce an op code error:

Cpd

Ldi

Cpi

Otdr

Ind

Otir

Indr

Outd

Ini

Outi

Inir

Rid

Ldd

Rrd

These op codes are mostly in the block-manipulation set of instructions. Although programmers do use these instructions, they must be manually coded when converting to the 8086. The SCP translator does not support macros and permits use of the following pseudo-ops only:

Db

Dm

Ds

Dw

Equ

If/Endif

Org

If the Z80 index registers IX and IY are used, they are mapped into memory locations with the labels IX: and IY:. The programmer has to define these locations; otherwise, they will show up on the assembly listing as undefined labels. The Z80 alternate register set (BC',DE',HL/) is treated the same way, as memory locations that the programmer must define.

Either the DI or SI register can be used as a temporary IX register by loading one of them from the location IX when required to do indexed instructions. The programmer has to take care of this substitution; the translator does not.

When using the DI register, you must always keep in mind that the only 8086 segment base that can be used with the DI register is the ES segment; the SI register, on the other hand, can reference all the segment bases, defaulting to the DS segment. If this 8086 source code is going to be run under CP/M-86, you have to be careful about using the ES segment register. The CP/M-86 documentation specifically states that ES is not saved through a BDOS call.

For the SCP Z80-to-8086 translator's register usage, see figure 6b.

Translating the Test File

To determine how the three programs actually translate source text, we prepared a file acceptable as input to an assembler and containing all the op codes of the 8080 and Z80. Since the SCP translator could accept only Zilog/Mostek mnemonics, the test text was run through an 8080-to-Z80 filter program before the translation.

Listing 1 presents, side by side and line by line, the original 8080 code, the Sorcim TRANS86 translation, the Seattle translation, and the XLT86 translation. Here are reminders of some things to consider when you examine the translations:

• Because of the differences in the architectures of the 8086 and the 8080/Z80, some choices must be made when translating from one architecture to the other. Therefore, some difference in translation is to be expected.

334 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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The Sinclair ZX81 has revolutionized home computing. The MEMOPAK 64K RAM extends the memory of ZX81 by a further 56K to a full 64K. It is neither switched nor paged and is Directly Addressable. The unit is user transparent and accepts such basic commands as 10 DIM A (9000). It plugs directly into the back of ZX81 and does not inhibit the use of the printer or other add-on units. There is no need for an additional power supply or leads.

Description of memory

0-8K . . . Sinclair ROM 8-16K . . . This section of memory switches in or out in 4K blocks to leave space for memory mapping, holds its contents during cassette loads, allows communication between programs, and can be used to run assembly language routines.

16-32K . . . This area can be used for basic programs and assembly language routines.

32-64K . . . 32K of RAM memory for basic variables and large arrays. With the MEMOPAK 64K extension the ZX81 is transformed into a powerful computer, suitable for business, leisure and educational use, at a fraction of the cost of comparable systems.

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With the addition of MEMOPAK 16K, your ZX81 will have a full 16K of Directly Addressable RAM. It is neither switched nor paged and enables you to execute longer and more sophisticated programs and to hold an extended data base.

The 16K and 64K Memopaks come in attractive, custom-designed and engineered cases which fit snugly on to the back of the ZX81 giving a firm connection.

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I Mf

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You can use our MEMOPAK in your home without obligation. After 10 days if you are not completely satisfied, simply return it for a full refund.

Coming soon

A complete range of ZX81 plug-in peripherals:

MEMOTECH Hi-Res Graphics MEMOTECH Digitising Tablets RS232 Interface Centronic Interface and Software Drivers

All these products are designed to fit "piggy-back" fashion on to each other and use the ZX81 power supply.

Further information forthcoming.

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Yes! I would like to try the Memopak. I understand that if I'm not complete satisfied, I can return it in 10 days for a full refund. Price + Qty. Amount

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4.95

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t U.S. Dollars

Street

City.

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BYT06

Circle 290 on inquiry card.

NEW FROM NETRONICS

AUTO-PATCH HARD DISK

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Automatically Installs Itself Into

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What's the big concern of S100 owners when Ihey consider adding Hard Disks? They worry that it will be difficult to install, that it wont be compatable with their present software and hardware, and that it may cause down-time on their S100 system.

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And thats it: The AUTOPATCH feature automatically finds the end of your existing BIOS and then self relocates and patches itself into the existing BIOS. A virgin copy of CCP and BIOS are loaded into memory, a customized SBOOT is added to the front of CCP and the whole memory image is written to the reserved tracks on your hard disk. You can add up to 4 hard disks to the controller supplied. The new BIOS will automatically rename any old devices as B: and C: and define the hard disk as drive A:. All with the lift of one finger!!! If your BIOS is large you may have to resysgen your system down 1 or 2 k. If this is necessary the AUTOPATCH program will prompt you to do so.

AUTOPATCH Hard Disk Systems are available in 6 and 12 megabyte models. Included in the system: 6 or 12 megabyte Hard Disk Drive ... Controller for up to 4 Hard Disk drives . . . S100 Hard Disk card with provisions for adding 8 additional I/O ports to be used when adding a multi-user operating system . . . Power Supply . . . Deluxe Steel Cabinet ... All necessary cables . . . AUTOPATCH Programs supplied on either 8" or 5v<" IBM formatted single density diskettes (specify style required) . . . Complete installation instructions . . . Fully wired and tested, ready to go.

SPECIFICATIONS

Unformatted Recording Capacity: 6.4 or 11.6 MB . . .

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Bytes/sector format: 512 . . . Communication Port: DO (other ports available on special order) . . . Programs supplied on 5V?" or 8" single density IBM formatted diskettes (North Star CP/M' version available on special order)

10 DAY MONEY BACK OFFER

Continental U.S.A. Credit Card Buyers Outside Conn.

CALL TOLL FREE 800-243-7428

To Order From Connecticut Or For Tech. Assist. Call (203) 354-9375

NETRONICS R&D LTD. Dept.

333 Litchfield Road, New MiKord, CT 06776 Please send the Items checked below:

□ AUTOPATCH/6 Hard Disk System . .. $2995.00 D AUTOPATCH/12 Hard Disk System .. . $3495.00

□ Additional 6-megabyte drive with power supply, cabinet, cables and necessary software . . . $1995.00 D Additional 12-megabyte drive with power supply, cabinet, cables and necessary software . . . $2495.00 All plus $15.00 P&l (postage & insurance). For Canadian orders, double the postage ($30.00). Conn. res. add sales tax.

Total Enclosed $.

D Personal Check a Cashier's Check/M.O.

□ VISA D MasterCard (Bank No. )

Acct. No. Exp. Date

Signature

Print Name

Address

City State Zip

(a)

8086/8088

8080/8085

TRANS86

Seattle

XLT86

8-bit

A

AL

AL

AL

registers

B

CH

CH

CH

C

CL

CL

CL

D

DH

DH

DH

E

DL

DL

DL

H

BH

BH

BH

L

BL

BL

BL

16-bit register

PSW

AX(1)

AX

AX

pairs

BC

cx

CX(2)

CX(2)

DE

DX

DX(2)

DX(2)

HL

BX

BX

BX

16-bit register

SP

SP

SP

SP

pairs

PC

IP

IP

IP

(1) TRANS86 does not preserve 8080 byte order on the stack.

(2) The Seattle translator uses SI on loads from memory and Dl for stores to memory. TRANS86 and XLT86 do a register exchange between BX and the appropriate register to allow indirect addressing through BX, then a register exchange to fix up BX and the appropriate register.

(b)

8086/8088

Z80

TRANS86

Seattle

XLT86

R

I

(3) (3)

(3) (3)

(3) (3)

IX IY

Dl SI

(4) (4)

(5) (5)

BC DE'

HL'

(5) (5) (5)

(4)

(4) (4)

(5) (5)

(5)

8-bit

16-bit

alternate registers set

(3) Since the 8086 does not have equivalent registers, none of the translators support these registers. However, they can be mapped to a memory location by the programmer.

(4) Seattle's TRANS86 handles these registers by generating memory references to storage locations defined by the programmer.

(5) Although these registers are not mapped by the translators, the programmer can define storage locations and deal with them through macro definitions.

Figure 6: 8080/8085/Z80-to-8086/8088 register mapping. Figure 6a shows 8080/8085to-8086 register mapping by the three translator programs. Figure 6b shows Z80-to8086 register mapping by the three translator programs.

• In general, when the 8080 does 16-bit arithmetic, only the carry bit is affected; this is definitely not so in the 8086.

• The Z80 and 8086 do string and block operations differently; the 8080 has no primitive block operations at all.

• As noted earlier, the segment registers in the 8086 allow addressing of up to 1 megabyte; no corresponding registers exist in either the 8080 or Z80.

• Registers used for indirect memory references in the 8080/Z80 are different from the corresponding mapped registers in the 8086.

• Conditional jumps in the 8080/Z80

can reach anywhere in its address space; conditional jumps in the 8086 can reach only 128 bytes on either side relative to the IP register. • No conditional calls in the 8086 correspond to the conditional calls of the 8080/Z80.

Listing 1 makes it apparent that the three translators treat most instructions the same way, allowing for the differences in the target instruction set. The following comments highlight the differences found.

The only incorrect translation is TRANS86's rendering of the SPHL instruction. The transfer is in the wrong direction. The comment field of the instruction was wrong in the

336 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

'•■■"■■■■■■■■•■■■■■■■■■■■■■mil iiiiiiiiib

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ANNOUNCING TWO NEW TERMINALS

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Listing 1: The original 8080 code, the Sorcim TRANS86 translation, the Seattle translation, and the XLT86 translation.

Original 8080 code

Stax B

Inx B

Dad B

TRANS86

Xchg BX,CX Sto AL,[BX] Xchg BX,CX

Inc CX

Add BX,CX

Ldax B

Stax D

Ldax D

Dad H

Xchg BX,CX Ld AL, [BX] Xchg BX,CX

Xchg BX,DX Sto AL,[BX] Xchg BX,DX

Xchg BX,DX Ld AL,[BX] Xchg BX,DX

Add BX,BX

Dec H Inr M

MVi M,3

Dad SP

Dec BX

Inch [BX] Stob #3,[BX] Add BX,SP

Seattle

Mov DI,CX Stob

Lahf Inc CX Sahf

Lahf

Add BX,CX Rcr SI Sahf Rcl SI

Mov SI,CX Lodb

Mov DI,DX Stob

Mov SI,DX Lodb

Lahf

Add BX,BX Rcr SI Sahf Rcl SI

Lahf Dec BX sahf

XLT86

Mov SI,

CX

Mov [SI],AL

Lahf

Inc CX

Sahf

Lahf

Add BX

CX

Sahf

Mov SI,CX MOV AL,[SI]

Mov SI,DX Mov [SI],AL

Mov SI,DX Mov AL,[SI]

SHL BX,1

Dec BX

Inc B,[BX] Inc Byte Ptr 0[BX]

Mov B,[BX],3 Mov Byte Ptr 0[BX],3

Lahf Add BX,SP

Add BX,SP Rcr SI Sahf

Rcl SI

Dcx SP

Mov M,A

Rnz

Jnz Help

Dec SP

Sto AL,[BX]

Jz :G1

Ret :G1:

Jz :G2

Jmp Help :G2:

Lahf Dec SP Sahf

Mov [BX],AL Jnz Ret

Jnz Help

Dec SP

Mov Byte Ptr 0[BX],AL

Jz L 1

Ret L 1:

Jz L 2

Jmp Help L 2:

Listing 1 continued on page 340

338 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE June 1982 339

Listing 1 continued:

Cnz Help

Jz :G3

Jz XOOO

Jz L 3

Call Help

call Help

Call Help

:G3:

XOOO:

L 3:

Xthl

Mov BP,SP

Pop SI

Mov BP.SP

Xchg BX,[BP]

Xchg SI,BX Push SI

Xchg BX,[BP]

Pop PSW

Pop AX

Pop AX

Pop AX

Sahf

Xchg AH,AL

Xchg AL,AH

Sahf

Sahf

Push PSW

Lahf

Lahf

Lahf

Push AX

Xchg AH,AL

Xchg AL,AH

Push AX

Push AX

Xchg AH,AL

Xchg AL,AH

Sphl

Mov BX,SP

Mov SP,BX

Mov SP,BX

(Z80 opcodes)

Djnz Label

Dec CX

Dec CH

Jnz Label

Jnz Label

Cpir

Xchg BX,DI

UP

Cld

Mov DI,BX

Repnz

Repnz

Scasb

Scab

Xchg BX,DI

MOV BX,DI

Ldir

Xchg BX,SI

up

Xchg DX,DI

MOV SI,BX

Cld

Mov DI,DX

Repnz

Rep

Movsb

Movb

Xchg BX,SI

Mov DX.DI

Xchg DX,DI

Mov BX,SI

Push Ix

Push DI

Push [Ix]

Pop Iy

Pop SI

Pop [Iy]

translated text, also. We therefore suspect that the program has a minor bug with regard to this particular instruction.

Since this test program was nonsense as far as logical program flow is concerned, XLT86 was at a loss to determine the active registers, and sometimes chose simpler instructions than it would have in a real program . The results for XLT86 could be different in different situations.

The conditional jumps for TRANS86 and XLT86 can vary, depending on the distance of the target label from where the jump is.

The conditional return in Seattle's translator references a label called RET. This refers to any RET within 128 bytes on either side of the statement. This is one reason why Seattle's

translator should be used with ASM86; no other assembler will take advantage of this feature.

Note that TRANS86 and the Seattle translator treat the DJNZ instruction differently. TRANS86 uses a 16-bit register, CX, and the Seattle translator uses CH, an 8-bit register. A warning message comes out of the Seattle translator reminding the programmer that DJNZ does not affect the flags in the Z80 but that this sequence of instructions will affect the 8086 flags.

Register Mapping

Figure 6 shows a detailed, side-byside comparison of the differences in register mapping performed by the three translators. Figure 6a deals with the 8080/8085-to-8086 mapping;

figure 6b, with Z80-to-8086 mapping.

As the notes there state, TRANS86 does not preserve 8080 byte order on the stack.

The Seattle translator uses SI on loads from memory and DI for stores to memory.

TRANS86 and XLT86 do a register exchange between BX and the appropriate register to allow indirect addressing through BX, then a register exchange to fix up BX and the appropriate register.

Since the 8086 does not have some of the registers of the Z80, the translators can't support them. The programmer can, however, map those registers to a memory location.

TRANS86 generates memory references to storage locations supplied by the programmer to take care of the Z80's IX, IY, BC, DE', and HL' registers.

Summing Up the Translators

A general view is that Sorcim's TRANS86 is a useful product if the original source is in 8080 or ACT80 form and the user has ACT86 as a target 8086 assembler. The register and flag usage appear to be a little looser than for the other two programs. This requires more knowledge and more involvement from the programmer to make sure that the sense of the translated code is maintained. No limitations exist as to the size of the source file and macros are supported if the input is in ACT80 format. Sorcim's TRANS86 is sold separately from ACT86, but they should be used together.

The Seattle Computer Products' Z80-to-8086 translator is a straightforward code translator that uses Zilog mnemonics and runs only on Z80-based processors. There appear to be no limitations as to the size of the source program that may be translated since the program translates one instruction at a time. Register and flag usage are very conservative, protecting the source architecture as much as possible and providing warnings when potential problems could arise. The converted program has more of a chance of working the first time than a less conservative translation would have.

340 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Once the program is working correctly, the programmer can reedit the 8086 source to trim out the unnecessary register saves and Hag manipulations to speed up the code and make it smaller. If the source code is in Zilog mnemonics, or if a filter program is available to convert to Zilog mnemonics, we recommend the pair of programs from Seattle Computer Products. The Seattle translator and its ASM86 assembler should be used together for optimum benefit.

XLT86 from Digital Research is a program that takes 8080 source code and converts it into 8086 source code in an intelligent manner using dataflow-analysis techniques. It will produce better code than either of the other two translators if two conditions are met: (1) no Z80 instructions are used, and (2) the source code is not bigger than 6K bytes (assuming the CP/M system is a 64K-byte system). XLT86 should be used with ASM86 under either CP/M-80 or CP/M-86.

MS-DOS versus CP/M-86

In the trade press and various advertisements, we see claims that conversion of CP/M-80 programs to MS-DOS (IBM PC-DOS, Lifeboat Associates' SB-86, Seattle Computer Products' 86-DOS) is as easy, or even easier, than from CP/M-80 to CP/M-86. In fact, some differences are seen in interfacing to the two 16-bit operating systems. With the assumption that the program had to operate in a 64K-byte region under CP/M-80, we will bypass memoryallocation questions. The remaining issues that have to be addressed are:

• How does a program gain access to operating system resources?

• How are file control blocks used to manipulate files?

Gaining access to the operating system under CP/M-80 requires placing the function code in the C register, placing the information address in the DE registers, and calling location 05 hexadecimal, the CP/M-80 entry point. If the system

call returns a value, it returns the value to the A register. A so-called warm boot under CP/M-80 is accessed by jumping to location 00 hexadecimal, which reads in the operating system and resets the disk system.

Now let's look at similar functions under CP/M-86 and MS-DOS.

Gaining Access to CP/M-86

Gaining access to CP/M-86 requires placing the function code in the CL register, placing the byte parameter in the DL register or placing the word parameter in the DX register, placing the data segment in the DS register (the data segment is usually not changed for a converted program), and executing a software interrupt, INT #224. The result is returned in the AL register if it is a byte value; if the result is a word value, it is returned in both the AX and BX registers. Double-word values are returned with the offset in the BX registers and the segment in the ES register. Conversion of programs from CP/M-80 to CP/M-86, then, requires replacing the call to location 5 with the software interrupt INT #224.

Another necessary change involves the warm boot. Under CP/M-80, the warm boot may be accessed by a system call with a function code of 0 for a jump to location 0. CP/M-86, however, does not support the jump to location 0. As a result, you must change this program exit in the translated program if the program is to run correctly.

Provided that the call to location 5 is replaced with INT #224, that the warm boot change is made, and that the registers are mapped correctly, there should be little problem in getting the translated program to access the CP/M-86 system functions.

Gaining Access to MS-DOS

Although MS-DOS has a "preferred" mechanism through a software interrupt, INT #33, for accessing the system, an additional mechanism is provided for "preexisting" programs that is compatible with CP/M-80 calling conventions, at least for functions in the range of

342 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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0-36. As far as system calls within the allowed function range are concerned, the programmer doesn't have to do anything to translated programs to get them to run under MSDOS other than to correctly map the registers.

MS-DOS also supports the warm boot function of CP/M-80. A jump to location 0 under MS-DOS executes a software interrupt, INT #32, which is functionally a program end and the normal way to exit from a program.

Manipulating File Control Blocks

The file control block used in CP/M-80 consists of a 36-byte block, which describes the disk drive on which to find or create the file, the file name, and information relating to which record of the file is desired.

At least so far as normal file-access requests are concerned, both MSDOS and CP/M-86 treat this block of information the same.

System-level information is quite different in the two cases, and pro

grams that look at system bytes within the file control block need to be changed for MS-DOS to function correctly. The MS-DOS file control block has many more features, including the date the file was created

The problems

encountered in

mapping instructions

and registers can be

formalized and solved

by using a variety of

software tools.

or last updated, the logical record size, and the file size. These systeminformation bytes are in areas within the file control block that application programs normally do not access. Nevertheless, converting programs to make use of MS-DOS file control blocks should take little effort.

Conclusion

There is, in fact, little if any difference in the difficulty of translating sound CP/M-80 programs to CP/M86 or MS-DOS. With CP/M-86, the programmer will have to make minor changes to gain access to the operating system. With MS-DOS, the programmer will have to make minor changes to handle the extra features of the MS-DOS file control blocks.

Next month, we will make further comparisons between MS-DOS and CP/M-86. We will include some benchmarks made with the Compupro 8085/8088 dual-processor S-100 system. We will report not only the results of running programs under both CP/M-86 and MS-DOS on the same 8088 in the same machine, but also the results of running the same programs under MS-DOS running Emulator-86 on the same 8088 in the same machine. Although that may sound more like a cat chasing its own tail than a test of operating systems, we will try to keep it all straight. ■

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7*LS151 70

74LS153 70

74LS157 70

74LS158 70

74LS161 85

74LS162 85

74 IS 163 85

74 LSI64 85

MIS

74LS165

85

74LS169

1 55

74 LSI 70

74LS174

74LSI75

74LS190

74LS191

74LS221

1 10

74LS240

74LS241

74LS244

85

74LS245

1 65

74LS248

74LS249

90

74LS251

74LS253

80

74LS257

74LS258

74LS259

74 LS260

74LS273

74LS275

74LS279

74LS283

74 LS373

74 LS374

74LS377

"™

m 7400 SERIES

DYNAMIC RAMs

4027

4116 200ns 4164 200ns

2 00 8'175».

4g 8'138y

STATIC RAMS

200

2111

2112

2114

2114L 200ns

mm6116 200ns

?il

8/2 5Qea 8'2 50m 4/14 00 4/2 00aa 4/10 50M

MISC

8T26 8T2B 8036 8080A 8155 I 8255 MC1330 MCl350 MCi358 I MC1458 I LM380 I LM386 I LMS65 I LM741 I LM1310 I LM180O 11. M 1889

Z80

ZBOA

Z 80 A CIO I 6502 I 6502A I 8065A LMC6800

1 20 1.20

2 75 375

1050 4.50 1.65

MORE MISC

8212

8216

1103A

UPD765

AYS 1011A

1488

1489

MC6802

MC6821P

MC6B50P

74S00 74S02 74S03 74S04 74 505 74S08 74S10 74S1S 74S20 74S22 74S30 74S37 74S51 74S65 74S74 74S8S

741

74161 74166 74174 74181 74393

74S SERIES

74S86

74S112

74S132

74S138

74S140

74S158

74S174

74S175

74S161

74S182

74S188

74S240

74S244

74S471

74S472

95 400

2 75

3 50 350 3 50 9 50

1500

14 96 4 95 4 50

1702

2708

2716I5V)

TMS2716

2732<5V>

TMS2532

8/3 95 aa

8/2 65 aa

B/4 50 M

8 96 8'8 OOtJ

10 50 8/9 25 m

11 50 8/10 25ea

4 25 2 95 500

2 90 2 95

1.45

8 50 6 00 6 00

6 OO 12 00

B 50

7 75

VOLTAGE REGULATORS

IC.

SOCKETS

W530 10/5 70

we 70

KVQ.70

a «/i 20

W 10/1.30

16 10/140

18 10/1*0

20 10/2 70

10/12 70 22 10/2 70

10/1370 24 *0/2 70

10/14 70 28 10/3 00

10/17 70 40 10/3 90

344 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 128 on Inquiry card.

YOUR BEST FRIEND FOR FRIENDLY COMPUTING

Commodore VIC-20 from ASAP

ASAP brings you the Commodore VIC-20, the triendly computer that costs little more than a video game. The VIC-20 plays great space games, but it can also improve learning skills, help with household budgets and much, much more.

The VIC-20 features color, sound, graphics, programmable function keys, built-in BASIC and expandable memory. The Friendly Computer connects to any TV or monitor. And ASAP gives you the VIC-20 complete with RF modulator, switchbox, cables and a self-teaching instruction book at a great low price. ASAP also carries a full line VIC-20 peripherals and software, including:

Part Number Description VIC1530 Commodore Datassette

VIC1540 VIC1540 Single Disk Drive

VIC1515 VIC Graphic Printer

SPECIAL CARTRIDGES

VIC1210 VIC 3K Memory

Expander Cartridge

VIC1110 VIC 8K Memory

Expander Cartridge

VIC1011A RS-232-C Terminal Interface

VIC1112 VIC IEEE-488 Interface Cartridge

APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE ON CARTRIDGE

VIC1211A VIC-20 Super Expander —3K RAM memory expansion, high resolution, graphics plotting, color, paint and sound commands. Graphic, text, multicolor and music modes. 1024 x 1024 dot screen plotting.

VIC1212 Programmers Aid

Cartridge —More than

20 new BASIC commands help new and experienced programmers renumber, trace and edit BASIC programs.

VIC1213 VICMON Machine

Language Monitor — Helps machine code programmers write fast, efficient 6502 assembly language programs.

RECREATIONAL GAMES ON CARTRIDGE

VIC1901 VIC Avengers

VIC1904 Superslot

VIC1906 VIC Super Alien

VIC1907 Super Lander

VIC1908 Draw Poker

VIC1909 Midnight Drive

COMPUTER PROGRAMS ON TAPE

VT 106A Recreation Program Pack A

VT 107A Home Calculation Program Pack A

VT 164 Programmable Character Set/Gamegraphics Editor

VT 232 VICTerm I - Terminal Emulator

TEACH YOURSELF PROGRAMMING SERIES

VL101 Introduction to Computing

VL102 Introduction to

BASIC Programming

VIC-20 BOOKS AND MANUALS

VM 101 Personal Computing on the VIC-20

VM 110 VIC-20 Programmers Reference Guide

ASAP Add-Ons for VIC-20

51A" Floppy Disk Drive Subsystems, single or doublesided, single or double density

80 x 24 Video Card 27K Memory Board (static) Expansion Chassis with Motherboard

ALL PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. CALL FOR BEST PRICE.

ASAP offers a 15-day buyer protection policy: full moneyback guarantee if not totally satisfied.

Ordering information: name, address, phone; ship by. UPS or Mail. Shippinq charge: add S2.90 up to 1 lb. (UPS blue). U.S. Mail add S1.50 (U.S. only) (S25.00 minimum order).

Terms: We accept cash, check, money orders, Visa and Master Charge (U.S. funds only). Tax: 6% Calif, res., COD'S and terms available on approval (School PO's Accepted).

Toll free outside California: (800) 421-7701 lnsideCalifornia:(213) 595-6431 (714) 891-2663

ASAP Computer Products, LTD.. 116 Viceroy Rd. D-12 Concord, Toronto, Ontario, Canada L4K 1A9 (416) 738-0500 (800) 268-1996

nHtm

computer ■ products, inc^i

1198 E Willow St., Signal Hill, CA 90806

Circle 38 on inquiry card.

with our variety of qualify disk miws.

Announcing the latest addition to ASAP's broad product line —disk drives from Mitsubishi. The Mitsubishi M2894-63 is a double-sided, double-density 8-inch drive featuring highperformance characteristics at a surprisingly low price. LSI microprocessor-based electronics provide sophisticated logic control functions, assuring signal and data integrity. And a unique Gimbal Head design assures a smoother drive for longer-wearing media.

Mitsubishi's 5W drives provide improved storage capacity over that of conventional drives. The M4853 features 96 tpi density: twice that of many others. And the M4854 provides the storage capacity of 8-inch drives.

M2894-63 Call for price

M4853 Call for price

M4854 Call for price

Additional drives from ASAP:

Data Trak™ 5 (ANSI 5W compatibility) Call for price

Data Trak™ 8 (IBM compatibility) Call for price

Shugart Model 801 (standard floppy) $390.00

Shugart Model 850 $600.00

ASAP also provides a full line of high reliability disk drive subsystems. For superior quality, high reliability disk drives, contact ASAP today.

Part No. — Description* Price

CAB5V — Single cabinet for either Shugart or Qume 51/4"

floppy disk drives (cabinet only) $ 75.00

CAB5V/10 — Single cabinet with (1) Qume® DT-5 double-sided

double-density 5VT floppy disk drive installed $ 425.00

CAB8H — Dual cabinet for 8" floppy disk drives

(horizontal mounting) $ 225.00

CAB8V — Cabinet for 8" floppy disk drives

(vertical mounting) $ 250.00

CAB8H/V+1S — Dual cabinet with (1) Shugart SA801R

8" floppy disk drive installed (horizontal or

vertical mounting) $ 635.00

CAB8H/V+2S — Dual cabinet with (2) Shugart SA801R's 8" floppy disk drives installed (horizontal or

vertical mounting) $1050.00

CAB8H+1M — Dual cabinet with (1) Mitsubishi double-sided

double-density 8" floppy disk drive installed $ 690.00

CAB8H+2M — Dual cabinet with (2) Mitsubishi double-sided

double-density 8" floppy disk drives installed $1055.00

CAB8H/V+10 — Dual cabinet with (1) Qume® DT-8 double-sided double-density drive installed (horizontal or vertical mounting) $ 750.00

CAB8H/V+2Q — Dual cabinet with (2) Qume® DT-8's doublesided double-density drives installed (horizontal or vertical mounting) $1200.00

HDC8/1-HD — Cabinet with (1) Priam 10 megabyte hard disk

drive with Microbyte Controller Call for price

HDC8/1F+1HD — Cabinet with (1) Qume® DT-8 double-sided, double-density drive, and (1) Priam 10 megabyte hard disk

drive with Microbyte Controller Call for price

CAB8V/2F-9SMB — Desk top cabinet for (2) 8" Shugart or Qume floppy disk drives, 9-slot motherboard, card cage, fan, dust filter, power supply, and all power and drive cables Call for price

"All cabinets come complete with power supply, fan and internal cables.

Circle 39 on Inaulrv card.

Terminals

Manulacturer Model D Price

Ampex Dialogue 80 S 875.00

Lear Siegler ADM-5 S 660.00

Lear Siegler ADM-3A S 635.00

Lear Siegler ADM-3A* S1225.00

Lear Siegler ADM-31 S1095 00

Lear Siegler ADM-32 $1225.00

Leai Sieglei ADM-42 S1195.00

Televideo TVI910 S 625.00

Televideo TVI 912C S 725.00

Televideo TVI 925 S 825 00

Televideo TVI 950C S 925.00

Components

4116s (200 nS)/5290-3

Apple TRS-80 Heath

1-15 ... . S1 70each 50-99 St 50 each

16-49 .. . S1 60 each 100 up .... S1 30 each

2114L-Z/Z00nS

_ow-Pnwei IK x 4 Sialic RAM

1-16 S2 80 each 50-99 .... S2 60 each

17-49 ...S2 70 each 100 up ... S2 45 each

'708/450 nS

\Kx8EPROM S4 00 each nr 8/S28 00

27)6/5 Volt

>K x 8 EPROM S4 95 each

Regulators

120T5 S 80

M0T5 S 70

120TI2 S 80

140112 S75

Connectors

19 10-24 25 up

1B25P S200 SI 90 SI 75

IB25S S2 95 S2 75 S2 50

1B25C S 95 S 85 S 75

00 Pin IMSAI

inld/S-100 Soldertail Connectors

2 60 each or 10/S240each

Capacitors

('•■ 12 Voll Ceramic 8c each oi 100/S7 00

IIP SOCketS —Low Profile Tin Soldertail escriplion 1-9 10-49 50-99 100 up

4 pin tin 51 S 15 S 13 S 12 S 11

Spin tin Si S 16 S 14 S 13 S 12

6 pin tin si S 19 S 18 S 16 S 14

3 pin tin si S 25 S 23 S 21 S .20

1 pin tin SI S 26 S 24 S 22 S 20 i pin tin st S 32 S 30 S .29 S 27 ) pin tin s! S 42 S 40 S 38 S 34

SYSTEMS WITH SPICE from CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS OR S-100 USERS

2K Static RAM Board

ai t Number 2032C Price S595 00

5K Static RAM Board

artNumhei 2116C Price S300 00

1K Dynamic RAM Board

art Number 2065C Poce S550 00

MA CPU Board

nl Number 2810A Price: S270 00

oppy Disk Controller

nl Number 2422A Price S37000

P/M'" Version 2 2 Free With Purchase 100 Mainlrame

art Number 2200A Price S475.00

100 Motherboard

nl Number 2501A Price S150 00

Port Serial I/O Interlace

art Number 2710A Price- S285 00

Serial. 2-Parallel I/O Board

irt Number 2719A Price S280 00

Port Parallel I/O Board

HI Number 2720A Price: S195.00

OR APPLE IF" USERS

rnchronous Serial Interface

irt Number 7712A Price: S149 00

ogrammable Timer

in Number 7440A Price' S 95 00

;ynchronous Serial Interlace

irl Number 7710A Price: S139 00

ilendar/Clock Module

rrt Number 7424 Price S 99 00

■ Digit BCD A-to-D Converter

art Number 7470A Price S 95 00

2K ROM/PROM Module

art Number 7114A Price: S 85 00

arallel Interlace

HI Number 7720A Price S125 00

ithmetic Processor

rrt Number 7811A Price: S349 00

intronics Printer Interlace

irt Numbei 7728A Price- S125 00

Printers Epson MX-80

80 Column Dot Matrix Printer

Character set: full 96-character ASCII with

descenders

Graphics characters: 64 block characters

Cenlionics-style 8-bit parallel interface

standard: Apple. TRS-80. RS-232 interfaces

optional.

MX-80 FT/Friction Feed MX-100/132 Column Okidata Dot Matrix Printers

82A — 80 column printer w/tractor

Throughput @ 80 characters pel line: 76 lines

per minute

Print Speed: 120 CPS

83A — 136 column printer w/tractor

Throughput (S 136 characters per line. 76 lines

per minute

Print Speed: 120 CPS

84A — 136 column printer w/lractor

Throughput @ 136 characters per line: 114 lines

per minute

Print Speed: 200 CPS

Centronics & RS-232C interfaces standard on

models 82A & 83A 2K serial buffer board [RS-232)

optional on all models 84A: Centronics 8-bit

parallel interface optional: Hi-RES Graphics

standard.

CALL FOR PRICE & DELIVERY

Apple Parallel Interface:

AEI-1 W/Cable $69.95

• Standard Interlace

• Compatible with Epson & Okidala Pr inters

• On-board Firmware (2708) Optional Cables- S20.00 AEC-2/Atari lo Epson Printer TREC-2/TRS-80 to Epson/Okidala Piinlei RSC-1/RS-232 imale to rnalel

Serial Interface SEI-1 S55.00

• Asynchronous 300. 1200. 2400 oi 9600 BPS

• Compatible with Epson Printers

• 75 to 9600 BPS

Manufacturer/Model ft Price

Anariex-9501 W/2K buffer S1295 00

Diablo-630R0 S2095 00

Cltoh Pro/Writer II Call for puce

C lloh F-10 Printmaster Call for price

Texas lnslruments-810 S1650 00

Modems

Manufacturer Model if Price

Novation CAT S 149.00

Novation d-CAT S 16000

Novation Auto-Cat S 229.00

OC Hayes Smart Modem S 235.00

OC Hayes Micro Modem II S 32000

(Apple)

DC Hayes Micro Modem 100 S 320.00

Lexicon Lex-11 S 13900

Livermore LIV-Slar 20M S 149.00

UDS UDS 103 LP (300 Bdl S 185.00

UDS UDS 202 LP (1200 Bd) S 245.00

Monitors

Manufacturer Model # Price

Amdek 100/12" B8.W S 110.00

Amdek 100-80 S 169.00

Amdek 100G/12" Grn. S 120.00

Amdek Color-1 13" S 350.00

Sanyo DM5109CX/9" Grn. S 175.00

Sanyo DM 5012/12" B&W S 270.00

Sanyo DM 5112ex/12" Grn. S 290.00

Sanyo DM C6013/13" Color S 450 00

Zenith ZVM-121/12"Grn. S 115.00

ATARI COMPUTER PRODUCTS ATARI BOO

(16K) Personal Business Computer Features:

• Computer console

• Atari 8K basic

• 57 full stroke alpha-numeric keyboard with four function keys

• Operators manual

• RF modulator

• Power supply Call for price

ATARI 400 S349.00

Atari Optional Accessories

Model # Description Price

410 Program Recorder S 80.00

810 Disk Drive System S 455 00

822 40 Column Thermal Stampede Cartridge 18 50

Printer S 299 00 Ice Hockey Cartridge 2395

820 40 Column Dot DISKETTES from ASAP

Matrix Printer S 279.00 Verbatim

825 80 Column Dot 5'.." Diskettes

Matrix Printer S 625.00 Part # Sector Price

830 Acoustic Modem S 159.00 MD525-01 Soli 10/S2750

BSD Interface Module £ 169 00 MD525-10 Haul 10 10/S27 50

850 interlace Module S 169.00 msa.K Hard 16 10/S27 50

CX30-04 Paddle Controls S 17.95 B" Diskettes

CX40-04 Joysticks (pair) S 17 95 FD32-1000 Hard 10/S3500

FD34-10O0 Soli 10/S35 00

INTRODUCING ASAP's Memorex

Atari 800 16K RAM Module: S55.00 bw Diskettes

1 uoarwarrantu nartcA hiw Par" Side/Dens Sector Price

1 year warranty parts & labor mMmi 1/Dbl Soil 10/S26 50

Software MEM 3483 1/Dbl Hard 10 10/S2650

Alari MEM3485 1/Dbl Hard 16 10/S2650

Basketball . S 27 00 MEM 30ffl , ,Sg| So(| 10;s35 w

super BreaKoui 5 xw MEM3101 2/Sgi soft io/S45 00

Uless S 3Z00 MEM 3090 1/Dbl Soil 10/S4500

™eo Easel S 25.00 MEM 3102 2/Dbl Soil 10/S55O0

3-D Tic Tac Toe S 25.00

Star Raiders S 36.00 Scotch 3M

Asteroids S 3200 iV Diskettes

Music Composer S 42 00 Part # SiOe/Oens Sector Price

Assembler/Editor S 45 00 744-° 1'Sgl Sod 10/S33 00

Telelink I S 24 00 7^-w 1/s9' Hard 10 10/S33O0

Space Invaders '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.$ 3000 744-16 1,s9> Haitl 16 1u,s33(M

MwaTr„'mm,'nH c oorm 74M0 2/Dbl Har(l 10 10/S49 00

Missile Command S 32.00 2/n 0

Biorhythm S 12.95

Graph It S 17.95 Maxell

Energy Czar S 12.95 5V Diskettes

Mailing List S 19 95 pari# Side/Dens Sector Price

Touch Typing S 19.95 MD1 1/Sgl Soil 10/S32 00

Stock Charting S 22.95 MD2D 2/Dbl Solt 10/S44 00

Stock Analysis S 19.95 MH1 1/Sgl Hard 16 10/S3900

Bond Analysis S 22.95 MH2D 2/Dbl Hard 16 10/S5O.0O

Word Processor S119.00 8" Diskettes

Personal Finance S 64 95 FD1-128 1/Sgl Soft 10/S4100

Microsoft BASIC S 75.00 FH1-32 1/Sgl Soft 32 10/S41 00

D3tas0H FD2-XD 2/Dbl Soft 10/S5000

Alan Mailing List Disk 1995 rl . „ .

Atari Character Generatoi Disk 16.95 Elephant Memory Systems

Text Wizard Disk 89 95 ™ » Sl %eriS Sector Price

... , .,,, -in.. icnc EMS 1 1/Sgl Soft 10-62500

Miciopamlei Album 1 Disk 16 95 c,,c, 1/nAi c« m;co7tn

... . , ... „ „. . ._„ EMS 2 1/Dbl Soft 10/S2750

Micropamter Album 2 Disk 1695 EMS3 ,,„„, Har(j ,„ wis27ss

Le Stick Accessory 30 00 EMS 4 , m Hard 16 10/S27.50

Innovative Design Sollware. Inc. EMS 5 2/Dbl Soft 10/S33.00

Pool 15 HI-RES 48K S28 95 EMS 6 2/Dbl Hard 10 10/S33 00

On-Line Systems EMS 7 2/Dbl Hard 16 10/S33.00

HI-RES Adv '0 - Mission Asteroid Disk 19 95

HI-RES Adv »2 - Wiz 8, Princess Disk . . 25.00 Control Data

Roadwork Disk 29.95 5V«" Diskettes

Jawbreaker Disk 25.00 1241-00 1/Sgl Soft 10/S25 00

Sottpoin Adventure (X-rated) Disk .... 25.00 1241-10 1/Sgl Hard 10 10/S2500

The Next Step Disk 29.95 1241-16 1/Sgl Hard 16 10/S250O

. . |, 1242-00 1/Dbl Soft 10/53000

Personal software 1242_10 1/nw Hard 10 10/S30.00

Vislcalc Disk mw 1242-16 1/Dbl Hard 16 10/S30O0

Arcade Plus 1244-00 2/Dbl Soft 10/S4000

Ghost Hunter (Cassette) S 25.00 1244-10 2/Dbl Hard 10 10/S40 00

Ghost Hunter (Disk) S 30.00 1244-16 2/Dbl Hard 16 10/S40 CO

FOR HOME ENTERTAINMENT SYSTEMS 8" Diskettes

Activision Part ** Side/Dens Sector Price

nranstoj rartrirtrip 1850 1221-60 1/Sgl Solt 10/S3800

Rnxinl fart doe 18 50 '223-00 1/Dbl Soft 10/S43 00

Fishing Derby Cartridge 18.50 FLEXCASE Disk Storage :.. Call lor price

Skiing Cartridge 18.50

Bridge Cartridge 23.95 . ™* „

Tennis Cartridge 18.50 Medla Sl0ra56 Cases

Laser Blast Cartridge 18.50 Part # Size Price

Freeway Cartridge 18.50 SRW-5 5'." S2 50ea

Kaboomi Cartridge 18.50 SRW-8 8" S325ea

All prices subject to change without notice. Call for best price.

ASAP offers a 15-day buyer protection policy: full money-back guarantee if nol totally satisfied.

Ordering Information: name, address, phone, ship by: UPS or Mail. Shipping charge: add S2.90 up to

1 lb. for UPS blue; add $1.50 for U.S. Mail (U.S. only) ($25.00 minimum order). Call for larger

shipments.

Terms: We accept cash, check, money orders. Visa & Master Charge (U.S. Funds only). Tax: 6% Calif, res.

COD's and terms available on approval (school PO's accepted).

ASAP Computer Products LTD., 116 Viceroy Road, D-12 Concord, Toronto, Ontario, Canada L4K 1A9 (416)738-0500(800)268-1996

^l^^l^^^Bi^ Toll free outside California:

2I9S3II! <8°°)421-7701

computer I ^JjgL..

products, inc. RSSvan

1198E. Willow St., Signal Hill, CA 90806 l * «-«"«

Circle 40 on inquiry card.

Hardware Review

The Osborne 1

Mark Dahmke Consulting Editor

The Osborne 1 is Adam Osborne's solution to the problem of incompatibility among personal computers. Designed to use industry-standard software, it combines the best of several designs while compromising in only a few areas, such as color and graphics.

The Osborne 1 can best be classified as a business system because it was designed to run a word processor and have the standard printer and modem interfaces that would be most useful to a business person. If you are looking for a computer that you can play games on, the Osborne 1 is not for you. If you need a solid, well-supported, well-documented business system at a reasonable price, you should give it a great deal of consideration.

You really do get a lot for your money when you buy an Osborne 1. Just out of curiosity, I added up the manufacturers' suggested retail prices of all the software included with the system. The total came to about $1530 (allowing for some variation in retail prices). If we subtract this amount from the retail price of the Osborne 1, the computer hardware itself would cost only $265 —not bad for a Z80 with 64K bytes of memory, two 5V4-inch disk drives, printer and modem ports, and a built-in 5-inch video display. Of course the software is being distributed for much less than normal retail prices, but in a way you are getting a software package with a computer thrown in for (almost) free.

Hardware

The Osborne 1 is approximately 9 inches high, 20.5 inches wide, and 13 inches deep. The case is weatherproof when closed and can fit under an airline seat. The power cord can be stored in the case with a plastic panel

About the Author

Mark Dahmke is a Consulting Editor for BYTE and Popular Computing.

Photo 1: The Osborne 1 personal computer.

with velcro strips, which also covers the power switch and the red circuit breaker. The unit operates at 120 volts (V) AC and 50 or 60 Hz (three-wire grounded plug) and draws about 37 watts (W). It can be set to operate at 230 V AC by changing an internal jumper. The unit is convection cooled, so there is no built-in fan.

A 69-key detachable keyboard with 12-key numeric keypad (all with sloping key tops) is standard. The software supports full key-rollover operation.

Two 5V4-inch floppy-disk drives mounted on either side of the display screen each provide 102,400 bytes of secondary storage.

The processor board uses the Z80A microprocessor operating at 4 MHz. Main memory consists of 60K bytes of user-programmable memory and 4K bytes of ROM (read-only memory), which are bank switched. Bank switching gives the maximum use of the address space to the user by allowing physically separate memory areas to occupy the same logical address space. Memory-access time is 250 nanoseconds.

348 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

TEST-FLY

A s20 MILLION JET

ON AN APPLE?

YES. WITH MICROSPEED.

At the Bethesda Naval Research Center, they've discovered the power of MicroSPEED. The Navy's engineers use this remarkable hardware/software combination to "fly" an advanced fighter aircraft in real time—even making vertical landings on a simulated carrier deck. A "crash" is merely another learning experience, and an opportunity to modify the research aircraft—inside the Apple—to improve tomorrow's combat planes.

Surprised that such a sophisticated task is possible on the Apple? So were the Navy's officials, and many others who have discovered...

THE MICROSPEED DIFFERENCE This extraordinary Language System exploits the real potential of the microcomputer for the first time. The difference between MicroSPEED and other programming languages is that with MicroSPEED, there is virtually no limit to what you can achieve. It may well be the ultimate language for the Apple II and III (and soon the IBM Personal Computer). MicroSPEED literally combines the performance of a minicomputer with an exhaustive set of user-friendly capabilities: hard

ware math processing, fast hi-res graphics and text, turtle graphics, print formating, two text editors, unlimited data types, and incredible FORTH extensibility—all at speeds up to 100 times faster than Basic.

USER-FRIENDLY, EASY-TO-LEARN Starting with simple commands that are comfortable even for non-programmers, MicroSPEED extends and builds, allowing you to create your own tailored application languages. The capability of your computer will grow exponentially, as you work in an active partnership with the machine, exploring and developing new problem-solving facilities—creating, correcting, refining your increasingly powerful system.

DEMANDING JOBS AT LOW COST Developed by a team of standout computer professionals, MicroSPEED has been put to the test in fields as diverse as medicine, the stock market, oceanography, and the arts. In even the most challenging applications, MicroSPEED users have been unanimous in their praise of the System and manual. Typical comments are:

"Very high marks','

Thomas Tosch Phd., Tosch Information Management.

"The more I use MicroSPEED, the more I love it"

James L. Hockenhull, University of Washington. "Great!... A joy to use"

Henry Harris, Mission Designer, Cal Tech's Jet Propulsion Lab.

"If you plan to use the Apple or IBM Personal Computer for any demanding task, then we built MicroSPEED fo r you"

Sam Cornell, President of Applied Analytics.

MicroSPEED requires the Apple or IBM Personal Computer with single disk. MicroSPEED II includes 2 MHz math processor. MicroSPEED 11 + includes 4 MHz math processor.

Applied Analytics Incorporated

8910 Brookridge Drive

Upper Marlboro, Maryland 20772 (301) 627-6650

| I'm interested! My computer is:

Please send me:

Name:

.MicroSPEED II, $495.00 .MicroSPEED II +, $645.00

_160 Page Manual, $15.00 .Detailed Information

CompanyAddress

Citv_

_State_

_Zip_

.Phone No.( )_

Use this coupon to order, or for more information.

MicroSPEED

APPLE IS A TRADEMARK OF APPLE COMPUTER INC.

Circle 31 on inquiry card.

^

ZVX4 """^

FOUR TIMES Iiiii 11"////. THEDYTE ff

AMLYN COMPATIBLE

The ZVX4 MEGABYTER is for the APPLE II user who wants to DOUBLE file size, expand the capability of existing business software, and make other SERIOUS applications more viable.

Now you can have compatibility with IBM, INTEL, CP/M*, Z80 Softcard*, UCSD Pascal, and others.

Look what the MEGABYTER dual density 8" floppy disk controller, with its LSI circuitry and reliable industry standard IBM 3740 format, means to you:

INCREASED STORAGE

• Increase online storage to 2 Mega bytes

• Double your maximum accounts and file size

• Add high capacity efficient hard disk backup

• Control up to 4 Shugart SA800/SA850 drives

IMPROVED COMPATIBILITY

• Operate APPLE DOS 3.1/3.2/3.3, mini disks

• Preserve existing software investment

• Interchange data with other computers

SIMPLIFIED OPERATION

• Reduce disk handling and I/O slot usage

• Gain automatic single/double density operation

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SORRENTO VALLEY ASSOCIATES

1722 SORRENTO VALLEY ROAD SAN DIEGO, CA 92121-1084 (714| 452-0101-TWX 910-335-2047

* CP/M trademark of Digital Research, Inc. Z80 Softcard trademark of Microsoft, Inc.

At a Glance

Name

Osborne I

Manufacturer

Osborne Computer Corporation 26500 Corporate Ave. Hayward, CA 94545 [415) 887-8080

Hardware

Z80A microprocessor running at 4 MHz; 64K bytes of main memory; 4K-byte video display organized as 32 lines of I 28 characters each; white on black display, 52 characters by 24 lines visible with scrolling screen to view remainder of display; built-in 5-inch video monitor; half- or full-intensity video with optional underlining; 96-character ASCII set with 32 graphics characters; dual lOOK-byte, 5'A-inch disk drives; 69-key keyboard with numeric keypad and four-direction arrow keys; serial RS-232C interface with separate modem connector (modem adapter allows simultaneous use of modem and printer); and IEEE-488 interface

Software

60K CP/M 2.2 (operating system), Wordstar with Mailmerge, Supercalc. CBASIC, MBASIC, XDIR (extended directory display). Help (system help file), FMT (disk formatter program). Copy (disk copy program), Setup (system configuration program), CP/M standard utilities (i.e., PIP, SYSGEN, MOVCPM, ASM, DDT, Dump, Load, Submit, and XSUB)

Options

External video, battery adapter, double-density disk drives, 80-column display

Price

SI 795

Warranty

90-day limited

Audience

Anyone who needs a complete business computer system or a portable computer at a reasonable price

A recent ad for the Osborne 1 shows a man carrying a briefcase and another carrying an Osborne 1. While I can see many reasons for carrying along a computer in my work, I doubt I would carry an Osborne 1 in the same way I would carry a briefcase. First, the Osborne 1 weighs about 24 pounds, which would tire out all but the most athletic of travelers. Second, though the Osborne 1 was designed to fit under an airline seat, I don't think I would want to put one there. In fact, some of the commuter flights I have taken won't allow anything that size to be carried on, and the thought of checking my computer as baggage makes me a bit nervous. Remember, inside that rugged-looking package is a small video monitor and two disk drives, all of which are vulnerable to sudden shocks. Cathode ray tubes have been known to implode from less stress than a two-foot drop onto concrete. Also, disk drives can be thrown out of alignment fairly easily. The Osborne 1 would be portable enough for many people, provided sufficient care is taken to avoid bouncing it around.

The Osborne 1 comes with two single-density disk

350 June 1982 © BYTE Publicalions Inc

Circle 419 on inquiry card.

10

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To get your free copy of The Moore Computer Supplies Catalog, call us toll-free, 800-323-6230* ext. 152, or fill in and mail the coupon below.

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© 1982 Moore Business Forms, Inc.

Name.

Title _

Company.

Address

City

. State.

-Zip.

Catalog Group

MOORE

BUSINESS

CENTER

A Division of Moore Business Forms

Moore Computer Supplies Catalog Dept. 152 P.O. Box 20 Wheeling, IL 60090

Phone.

_ext.

Circle 324 on inquiry card.

June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 351

Circle 167 on inquiry card.

DISCOUNT PRICES

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WE'RE ON THI

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DUPRE ENTERPRISES, inc

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Photo 2: The keyboard of the Osborne 1. The four arrow keys on the upper right next to the Return key can be configured for use with CP/M or Wordstar, but not both. Numeric keypad is at the far right.

drives, each capable of storing 102,400 bytes or characters of information on a single 5V4-inch floppy disk. A double-density option is also available, allowing the Osborne 1 to store as much as 204,800 bytes or characters per disk. According to the user's manual, data is physically stored on each disk as 40 tracks, each track divided into 10 sectors (soft-sectored). Each sector contains 256 bytes of data. This works out to 100K bytes, which matches the 102,400-bytes-per-disk figure mentioned in the manual. Tracks 0, 1, and 2 contain the CP/M 2.2 operating system. On track 2, sectors 3 through 6 hold the customized BIOS (basic input/output system), sectors 7

While I can see many reasons for

carrying along a computer in my

work, I doubt I would carry an

Osborne 1 in the same way I would

carry a briefcase.

and 8 hold the initial screen display (the Osborne logo), and sector 9 holds information such as the serial number and some system test procedures. Thus, about 92.5K bytes remain for user storage.

The video display of the Osborne 1 has some unique features and some problems. The "real" display window provides 32 lines of 128 characters per line. To accommodate the small video monitor (5 inches diagonally), however, only 24 lines of 52 characters each can be seen at any one time. The user may scroll the screen both horizontally and vertically to look at any 24-line by 52-character portion of the total display window. Scrolling is accomplished by holding down the control key while simultaneously using one of the four arrow keys. The display doesn't jump as one would expect but instead scrolls smoothly causing no eyestrain.

352 June 1982 © BITE Publications Inc

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Amdek Video-300 199.00

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Atari 830 MODEM 159.00

Atari800 16K 749.00

Diablo 630 2095.00

Epson MX-70 329.00

Epson MX-80 FT 549.00

Epson MX-100 FT Printer 739.00

Hayes Micromoderm II (Apple II) 299.00

Microtek 16K Ramboard for Atari 800 79.00

Microtek 32K Ramboard for Atari 400 & 800 .. 149.00

M&R Sup-R-Terminal 279.00

Microsoft Soft Card (Z-80) 329.00

Microsoft Soft Card Premium System for Apple 649.00

Microsoft Ramcard 64K for IBM-P.C 439.00

Microsoft Ramcard 16K for Apple 159.00

NEC 3510 Spinwriter 1795.00

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NEC PC-8023 Printer 569.00

NEC JC1201 M(A) - Color 12" Monitor 359.00

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Okidata Microline-80 Matrix Printer 329.00

Okidata Microline-82A 499.00

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PRICES AND SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE CP/M IS A REGISTERED TRADE MARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH, INC.

UV CPROM

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• ERASES ALL UV ERASABLE EPROMS (2708,2716,2564, etc.)

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Photo 3: Front view of the Osborne 1. The 5-inch diagonal video display is seen at center, and the 5Vt-inch disk drives are on either side of the display. Storage space for disks is provided below the two disk drives. RS-232C, IEEE-488, and modem cable connectors are in the lower left. An insulated ribbon cable connects the keyboard to the rest of the computer just below the video display. Brightness and contrast controls and external video connectors are found up front. The reset switch is also up front but is not likely to be pressed accidentally because of its location. The last connector is for the external battery pack.

Surprisingly, the size of the display doesn't cause eyestrain either. I asked a friend with bifocals to try it, and he claimed he wasn't bothered by staring at the small screen. This is interesting because if you stand 3 feet away from the screen, it is almost unreadable. But if you sit at the keyboard with the screen about 15 inches away, it is quite clear.

Characters on the display screen are formed in an 8 by 10 dot matrix. The character generator holds 128 character shapes, and a standard 96-character ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) set is provided, plus an additional 32-character graphics set. Unlike many personal computers, the character set cannot be changed by the user. The display does allow for underlining and half-intensity display of individual characters on the screen.

The keyboard of the Osborne 1 is detachable. In fact, there is no way it can be attached, except when the unit is closed up. After it is unlatched from the computer cabinet, all that connects it to the computer is a flat, insulated ribbon cable. Although the connector looks like it is ready to break off, it is quite solid.

Keyboard decoding is done on the main circuit card, so no complex circuitry is present in the keyboard housing itself. The hardware supports full key-rollover operation, meaning that no matter how fast you type, the computer can keep up with you. The only characters missing from the keyboard are ( } ~ ' and DEL. However, these can be entered by depressing the control key simultaneously with . , / = and ?, respectively. These keys are not that important except, perhaps, for programming in certain high-level languages such as Pascal. Also, the backspace function is provided by the Left Arrow key. Since the ar

354 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 267 on Inquiry card.

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VERSALEDGER can give you an instant cash balance at anytime. (IF YOU WANT IT TO)

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VERSALEDGER prints checks. (IF YOU WANT IT TO)

VERSALEDGER stores all check information forever (IF YOU WANT IT TO)

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VERSALEDGER can be used to replace a general ledger. (IF YOU WANT IT TO)

VERSALEDGER HAS AN ALMOST UNLIMITED CAPACITY ....

(300 checks per month on single density 5Vi" disk drives such as the TRS-80 Model-I)

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VERSALEDGER will soon have an add-on payroll package. (IF YOU NEED IT)

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Circle 207 on Inquiry card.

Circle 407 on inquiry card.

Heaflf/Zenith News

Buss: The Independent Newsletter of Heath Co. Computers publishes the news and information you need on Heath®/Zenith computers. Each issue has the most complete coverage of new product announcements from independent vendors. Read about all the latest developments in hardware and software that will help you to maximize the value of your computer.

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Start your subscription today with the latest issue or any available back issues (about 20 in stock). Buss is mailed to you first class (airmail overseas) about every three weeks. A full refund is guaranteed any time you're not satisfied.

US & Canada Overseas 24 issues $32 $45

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Payment must be in U.S. dollars payable on a U.S. bank, by international postal money order, or charged on VISA or MasterCard. Send your order right away to: Buss, 325-B Pennsylvania Ave. SE, Washington, DC 20003 or for faster response call Buss, 202/544-0900.

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Photo 4: The Osborne 1 video display is arranged as 32 lines of 128 characters per line, but only 24 lines of 52 characters can actually be seen at one time with the built-in display. The four arrow keys (when used in conjunction with the control key) can be used to scroll horizontally and vertically.

row keys (cursor controls) cannot be set up for use in CP/M and Wordstar simultaneously, the user must choose one or the other configuration. If Osborne had simply defined the arrow keys to work in Wordstar (where they are much more useful), then a separate backspace key could have been assigned for CP/M. Considering how many products have been ruined by poor keyboard layouts, I find it difficult to understand why a few keys were left off an otherwise excellent design.

The Osborne 1 comes complete with an RS-232C connector and a separate modem connector. You need a separate interface box to use a standard modem when it is connected to the modem connector. It is important to note, however, that if you want to use a modem by itself, you can connect it directly to the RS-232C port and eliminate the need for the interface box. Therefore, the only limitation is that you can't use a modem and a serial printer at the same time without the interface box. Apparently, a single serial interface is used to talk to both the RS-232C port and the modem.

The IEEE-488 interface has two uses. First, as the name implies, you can use it as a full IEEE-488 port with handshaking, thus allowing the use of several interesting peripherals, such as a hard disk. It may also be used as a Centronics-compatible printer port, if you purchase a cable with a Centronics-type connector at one end.

Software

The Osborne 1 comes with an impressive array of software. Included as standard are the CP/M operating system, Wordstar (with Mailmerge), Supercalc, CP/M 2.2, CBASIC, and MBASIC. Also included are several useful utility programs.

Wordstar, the popular word processor, is fully implemented on the Osborne. The only annoying feature is the scrolling of the 52-character display. If your text line becomes longer than 52 characters, the screen has to

356 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

UB. ..

Are your

operators making

computer errors with their feet?

As they walk and move about, your operators build up a static charge.

Just by taking a couple steps across the floor in a well airconditioned room, they can generate 5,000 volts or more.

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Static can also be generated just by sitting down in a chair.

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Another result . can be annoyed customers.

3M Static Control Floor Mats create an island of protection.

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With 3M Static Control Mats, you keep static from coming between you and your customers.

3M Static Control Floor Mats and Runners create inexpensive islands and pathways of protection around and between sensitive areas. Static, charges drain harmlessly from operators and other personnel as they walk, stand or sit.

Available in a choice of colors, and in many sizes, 3M Static Control Mats are carefully engineered for performance, comfort, durability, ease of

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Send coupon to: Data Recording Products Division/3M, 223-5N, 3M Center, St. Paul, MN 55144. Or, if you've already put up with static problems too long, call this toll-free number for the name of a distributor] or dealer near you: 1-800-328-1300.

Free catalog shows 3M's complete selection of mats and runners.

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I NAME I

COMPANY ADDRESS _

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Mail to: Data Recording Products Division/3M. 223-5N, 3M Center. St. Paul, MN 55144

3M Hears You...

Circle 450 on inquiry card.

3M

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Photo 5: The power cord, on/off switch, and circuit breaker are located on the back of the unit covered by a plastic panel with velcro strips,

scroll horizontally. Also, you must run Setup (a utility program) and choose whether the four arrow keys on the keyboard are to work in Wordstar or in CP/M. Apparently, you can't have both. Otherwise, Wordstar operates just as it would on any other computer.

Supercalc may be the best buy on the system. Similar to Visicalc, Supercalc lets you set up electronic spread sheets for budgeting, balance sheets, or just about any columnar information.

Supercalc may be

the best buy

on the system.

CBASIC and MBASIC are provided so you can test BASIC programs with interpretive MBASIC, then compile them with CBASIC to run faster. Both are fairly standard versions of BASIC.

Utilities

Utilities provide the user with the basic tools necessary to manipulate the computer system and data. I found the utility called Setup, which comes with the Osborne 1, to be the most useful. It allows you to change certain characteristics of the system. For example, Osborne included a number of standard printer protocols in the BIOS. These allow the computer to communicate successfully with a variety of printers. You can choose between standard serial (no protocol), Qume (ETX, ACK), Diablo (XON, XOFF), Centronics, or PET IEEE-488. You can also change the serial-port data rate to 300 bits per second (1200 bps is the default). You may choose a different screen size —52 for a fixed screen, 128 for scrolling —or you can enter a width of your own choice, such as 80. The automatic horizontal scrolling mode can be enabled or disabled, and the four arrow keys can be set to work either in Wordstar or in CP/M.

358 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 205 on Inquiry card.

UPMANSHIP.

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For our dealer info package, call (213) 559-9330.

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Circle 416 on inquiry card.

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i ii ■ i

3

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mini

Computer Suppliers, Inc.

25 Chatham Rd., Summit, N.J. 07901 Since 1973

(201) 277-6150 Telex 13-6476

©Mini Computer Suppliers, Inc. 1979

Photo 6: The Osborne 1 when closed up. The handle makes it easy to carry, but the sloping keyboard (which becomes the bottom) makes it sit at an angle. It has the feel of a lightweight sewing machine.

The keys on the numeric keypad can be programmed as function keys if you don't plan to use them to do numeric entry. The 0 through 9 keys can be redefined using Setup to any sequence of characters. For example, you could define the "0" key to be "XDIR", which would enter the extended directory display command (in CP/M).

When you make system changes with Setup, typing "X" when asked for the destination disk will return you to the CP/M level without saving the changes on disk. They will remain in effect only until you reset the system or power down. However, system changes can be stored permanently on one or more disks so the options are active the next time you boot the system with that disk.

FMT is a utility that will format a disk for use with the Osborne 1. Because the computer cannot use softsectored disks before they are formatted for a particular track/sector layout, you must run this program on all new disks.

The Copy utility allows you to make a complete copy of a disk for backup purposes, or just the data or user portion, or the system or CP/M portion. A separate pro

360 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 319 on inquiry card.

Apple' en CASTELLANO

id Tercer Medio presenta su

sistema administrative

(T.M.A.) para Apple

Disenado de acuerdo con los principios contables aceptados en todos los pafses de habla hispana.

APLICACIONES COMERCIALES Y CIENTIFICAS

• CONTABILIDAD GENERAL

Diario General Resumen del Diario Consulta parcial al Diario Mayor General Balance de Comprobaci6n Balance General Ganancias y Perdidas Catalogos de Cuentas Consultas por pantalla

CUENTAS POR COBRAR

Catalogo de Cuentas Listado de Transacciones Antigiiedad de Saldos Saldos por Veneer Relacion de Cobranzas Relacion de Pagos Estado de Cuentas Consultas varias por pantalla

INVENTARIO Y FACTURACION

CONTROL DE BANCOS

PERT/CPM

CUENTAS A PAGAR

CONTROL DE COSTO DE OBRAS

VENTAJAS DEL SISTEMA T.M.A.

• Son completamentes conversacionales.

• El chequeo de la informacion es instantaneo.

• Los reportes impresos o por pantalla guardan los formatos generalmente aceptados.

• Estdn pensados para adaptarse a cualquier empresa.

• Toda la informacion esta instantaneamente disponible

• Precision Expandida.

• Numeros de hasta + 999.999.999.99

on inquiry card.

Tercer Medio

Sistema de Informacion C. A.

APARTADO DE CORREOS 62533 CARACAS 1060 - A - VENEZUELA TELEX: 27.876 - CPB TH - VE. TELEFONOS: 283.60.88 - 284.74.68

Apple es marca registrada por APPLE COMPUTER INC.

gram called Backup will direct you through a backup procedure to save your files.

Documentation

Many popular personal computers have such poor documentation, I am amazed the average user can make any sense of it. The Osborne 1 comes with one of the most impressive user's manuals I have seen. No doubt Adam's publishing background helped in this area. The manual begins by showing how to set up the computer and gives you a tour of all its connectors, the video display, the keyboard, and the disk drives. It then explains how to handle floppy disks and how to "boot" the CP/M operating system.

For many users, the lack of simple start-up instructions can be the first in a long series of frustrations. When the Osborne 1 is first turned on, the display tells you to insert a disk in drive A and press the Carriage Return key on the keyboard. Most other personal computer manufacturers assume the user understands this.

After CP/M is loaded from disk into memory, the display lists a menu of options such as "Just starting" and "Self portrait." Each of these menu entries gives the user a quick explanation of the hardware and software of the computer and how to use it. Even without the bound instruction manual, most users would be able to run the system after a few hours of experimenting.

Another advantage to the Osborne 1 is that all disks

that come with the system have a copy of CP/M on them. Each disk is a "master." You can insert any of the disks into drive A, and the system will boot properly. While this doesn't mean that you won't have to make backups, it does mean that some of the frustration is eliminated when you first use the system. Most companies give you just one copy of the disk operating system, expecting that you will make backup copies yourself. Of the disks provided with the Osborne 1, one is a CP/M system disk and another is a CP/M utilities disk. Also included are ready-to-go disks with Wordstar, Supercalc, MBASIC, and CBASIC on them.

Conclusions

•The Osborne 1 definitely has a lot going for it. It has the best features of all the business computers, plus enough software to satisfy all but the most demanding of requirements.

•It is well designed with a rugged all-in-one enclosure, making it easy to move and set up. •The major complaints have been the stark "military" look and the small video display (52 characters wide). Also, 5V4-inch disks hold only 100K bytes of data, just under half that of a single-density 8-inch disk. •Apart from these limitations, the Osborne 1 comes closer to being the ideal business system for low-end applications. ■

Give Your TRS-80* a Tremendous Boost with RACET computes Software

RACET computes Utility Software makes the TRS faster, more efficient, and easier to use. Our programming aids improve your productivity. Our reputation is for products that are professional In design and work as advertised!!!

FIELD PROVEN HARD DISK DRIVES AND OPERATING SYSTEM

Now you can use RACET's Hard/Soft Disk Operating System (HSDS) with the ARM Winchester Disk Drive on the Model II. This cost effective combination provides 15 Megabytes per drive including ECC Error Correction Code and an advanced sequencer to further ensure data integrity. An incremental backup to (loppy is provided so that only those sectors that were changed from the last backup are saved. A full monthly service contract is available at $30 per month per drive.

The HSDS Software has more than One Year's FIELD Experience. The latest HSDS version adds several enhancements including maintenance of system files on the hard drive, files as large as the disk, the ability to segment the disk as logical drives, definable directory size, and many utilities including bulk copies between floppy and hard drives, multiple purge, Superzap, and Directory Catalog System. Full program compatibility with TRSDOS 2.0a is maintained. Mixed floppy and hard drive operation is supported.

HSDS is available for the Cafheo, Cynthia Bull, Corvus, Data Peripherals, and Santa Clara Systems hard disk systems as well as the ARM Winchester Drive. ARM 15 Megabyte Drive Subsystem $3895. HSDS Software $400

Cameo 5/5 Cartridge Drive $5995. Cynthia Bull 10/10 Drive $7995

new product • Model II Fast Backup Utility • $75

5 to 10 times faster backups!!! Full disk backup (including verify) 55 seconds!!! on two drive system — 2:15 on single drive system. In business, time is money and one BACKUP is worth 1000 tears!!

new product • INTEGRATED BUSINESS SYSTEM •

ISAM File Structure — Multi-Company Capability. Modular structure. Each module includes complete user documentation which guides the user through installation and allows "practice" using a sample data base. When ready, the user simply names his data base and begins. The Integrated Business System program set includes General Ledger, Accounts Receivable, Accounts Payable, Payroll. Inventory, General Journal, Asset Management and more. Business Programs $250/module Mod III, $300/module Mod II, $795 for all four Mod III, $995 lor all four Mod II. General Ledger and Accounts Receivable available now. Accounts Payable and Payroll 1 st Quarter 1982.

p" RACET COMPUTESt

' n'lnw 181 asSFl I riiitf m nRAMn.c pa nocci

1330 N. GLASSELL SUITE M, ORANGE, CA 92667

CIRCLE READER RFSPONSE BELOW FOR FREE CATALOG CHECK. VISA. M/C CO 0 . PURCHASE ORDER

•TRS-80 IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF TANDY CORPuKATION TELEPHONE ORDERS ACCEPTED (714] 997-4950

362 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 507 on inquiry card.

GET THE MOST FROM YOUR NEC PC-8001 WITH RACET computes SOFTWARE!!

RACET NECD0S $175 RACET NECD0S does more lor your PC-8001 than any other DOS. It's faster more efficient and easier to use. It's loaded with extra features to let you stretch the limits of your system. This advanced operating system works with the ROM MBASIC lo give lull compatibility with color and other BASIC commands USER FRIENDLY — Emphasizes Integrity. No MOUNT or REMOVE commands111 Excellent protection from improper diskette swapping. AGAIN. HELP, FIND and REF commands. File password protection.

ADVANCED DESIGN. RACET NECD0S utilizes the computer in the 8031 for most disk I/O functions minimizing memory utilization in the PC-8001. The Dynamic Transient Area (DTA) allows multiple transients to be scatter loaded and relocated in memory simultaneously. This unique capability optimizes use of valuable memory, yet provides an almost limitless growth potential. ADVANCED FEATURES. All DOS functions and commands may be used directly in a BASIC program!!! Special RUN option allows merging of programs retaining all variables in memory. Fixed block spanned records. AUTO and DO commands Machine language loads and saves. MATPRiNT and MATINPUT to disk Complete directory. ALL supervisory calls documented and available to the machine language programmer. Superzap utility included.

CONVERT TRS-80* PROGRAMS TO RACET NECD0S WITH 'PROTRAN' $99.95

COMPLETE utilities for file transfer and BASIC program conversion Model III diskettes may be read directly. Model I and II via RS-232 Transfer BASIC programs, data files, or machine language files. NO support is provided lor conversion of machine language files or PEEK'S, POKE'S, or USR's to function on PC-8001. Includes Mod I, Mod II and RACET NECD0S Datadisk with complete documentation on conversion requirements and syntax differences.

MULTI-KEY SORT'MKS' $60

SUPER FAST Machine Language In-Memory Sorts. Three-key sort on 500 elements in 4 Seconds!!! Simple one-line BASIC functions — SORTV and S0RTC verbs. Mixed ascending and descending keys.

KFS-80 KEYED FILE SYSTEM $150

Machine language BASIC ISAM utility provides keyed and sequential access to multiple hies. Simple interface to BASIC. Binary tree keyed-tile index system provides rapid access to records.

RACET computes software for the NEC Is distributed by the Waybern Corporation and is available from your local NEC Dealer.

IK Waybern Corporation

13911 Enterprise Dr., Garden Grove, CA 92643 (714)554-4520 • (213)222-7514

CIRCLE READER RESPONSE BELOW FOR FREE CATALOG RACET COMPUTES

Circle 385 on Inquiry card.

■mg0b-**'»<*~

Are you and your small copier giving each other breakdowns?

It's a vicious circle.

You get a small copier without realizing how many copies you'll be making.

You overwork the copier and it has a breakdown.

Then you can't get your work done and you feel like you're ready for a breakdown.

It's nobody's fault, certainly not the small copier's. It just wasn't built to handle big work loads.

Which brings us to the Minolta EP 530R. It can take on work loads that would overwhelm an ordinary small copier.

And it takes big-copier options. Like a sorter. A document feeder. And a counter to keep track of how many copies ^

you've made.

It has a self-diagnostic system to catch small problems before they become big headaches The Ep 5j0R

The bigger small

It makes copies up to 11 x 17". And it has Minolta's exclusive micro-toning system for crisp, clear copies. From edge to edge. It even makes reduced copies.

If you don't need copy reduction, you can get the EP 530R without the R. The Minolta EP 530.

So get the bigger small copier. And give yourself a break instead of a breakdown.

For the name of your nearest authorized Minolta dealer, look under our trademark in the Yellow Pages. Or call toll-free 800-526-5256. In New Jersey, 201-797-7808.

c 1982 Minolta Corporation

copier.

MINOLTA

Circle 322 on inquiry card.

Hardware Review

Applescope Stores Dual Traces

Gregory MacNicol

211 Maple

Santa Cruz, CA 95060

Imagine an easy-to-use digital-storage oscilloscope with a computer's high-resolution video display. The Applescope, selling for $595, is just that and more. If you've ever used an oscilloscope and wanted to store the display, whether just to examine it for a few seconds or to

At a Glance

Name

Applescope

Manufacturer

R. C. Electronics Inc. 7265 Toulumne St. Goleta, CA 93117 (805) 968-6614

Dimensions

Two printed-circuit boards, 7.6 by 23 cm (3 by 12 inches) each

Price

S595

Hardware required

Apple II computer with 24K bytes of memory and two free expansion-bus slots

Power requirements

+ 5 V at 420 mA; - 5 V at 50 mA; +12 V at 80 mA; at 80 mA

12 V

Features

Single- or dual-trace storage oscilloscope, I ^s to 999.999999 seconds per division time scale, 25 mV to 8 V per division voltage scale [±11.1 V maximum input), 44 kfi input impedance, up to 1020 samples pretrigger or posttrigger, 1024-byte memory buffer with DMA, 2K-byte software in EPROM

Audience

Any user of oscilloscopes, especially in the fields of education, medicine, and audio

Warranty

Covers parts and labor for 90 days from date of purchase

make a permanent record, you can already appreciate the Applescope's foremost virtue. Even if you want to show timing relationships, graph slow audio-spectrum sweeps, create Fourier transforms, or smooth data, the Applescope can help.

For those who have never used an oscilloscope, this tool will allow you to learn about digital-storage technology without great expense. Although the Applescope is geared toward the experienced amateur, the 48-page manual makes the unit easy to use.

Construction

The circuitry of the Applescope interface is simple when compared with typical digital-storage oscilloscopes on which the plethora of knobs tends to confuse the user. All functions of the device are activated through simple keyboard entries.

The Applescope consists of two printed-circuit boards (see photo 1) that separate the digital and analog circuitry to avoid noise problems. The quality of the boards is

Photo 1: Applescope's two boards. Noise is reduced by separating the analog and digital circuitry. The boards are connected by a 20-conductor flexible cable.

364 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Made by Seikosha, AXIOM'S new GP-]00 is the finest printer a little money can buy. It uses standard 8-1/2 x 11 paper and has AXIOM'S fabulous graphics interfaces for Apple,TRS-80, Atari, PET, HP and more! See the GP-100 at your AXIOM dealer today!

Seikosha is the leading company of the worldwide Seiko Group.

/mm

AXIOM CORPORATION

1014 Griswold Avenue, San Fernando, CA 91340 -Telephone: (213) 365-9521 -TWX: 910-496-1746

Circle 51 on inquiry card.

.188 UOLT/DIU B 8.00 UOLT/DIU TRACE A TRIG A > PRETRIG = 888 TIHE SCALE 882.881 888 SECONDS/DIU INPUT COMMAND = I

.198 UOLT/DIU B §.88 UOLT/DIU TRACE A TRIG A > PgETRIG =888 TIHE SCALE 882.881 888 SECONDS/DIU INPUT CONNAND = ■

2c

8.88 UOLT/DIU B TRACE A B TRIG A > TIHE SCALE 888.802 888 INPUT COMMAND « I

8.88 UOLT/DIU

PRETRIG = 858

SECONDS/DIU

8.88 UOLT/DIU B 8.88 UOLT/DIU

TRACE A B TRIG A > PRETRIG = 058

TIHE SCALE 888.882 888 SECONDS/DIU INPUT COMMAND I

Photo 2: Images produced by Applescope. Photos 2a and 2b demonstrate the expansion function: 2b is the first segment of 2a, expanded along the horizontal axis 64 times (expansion by 256 is possible). Photos 2c and 2d show a combination of the pretrigger and expansion functions: 2d is the expansion of 2c, where the pretrigger parameter was set at 50 samples. Note the three-line status display at the bottom of the screen.

very clean and professional; all parts are labeled. All 45 integrated circuits are installed in sockets, allowing easy maintenance.

Both channel A and channel B inputs enter through a small 5-pin connector manufactured by Berg. Personally, I don't like this arrangement because probes made by most manufacturers use BNC connectors. (There is, however, a $95 option that includes two standard probes and their mating BNC connector. This is a sensible addition to the unit that both makes it easier to use and reduces input-signal noise.)

Operation

The installation procedure is easy; however, the manual provided does assume that you have prior knowledge of electronics. Setup requires that you go into the Apple II's monitor program, change the interrupt code, and execute the G (go) instruction specifying the

expansion-slot location of the Applescope's digital board. The manual does not help you to distinguish between the analog and the digital board.

All instructions to the software are entered through 22 keyboard codes. They control settings for the trigger, voltage scales, time scale, sweep mode, expansion factor, and pretrigger (see photo 2). Pretrigger is a feature that allows you to view a record of the trace that occurred before or after the trigger point. This is great for digital troubleshooting when you wonder what happened first; for instance, it might let you find a glitch, or voltage transient, that occurred several clock cycles before a problem became obvious.

How It Works

If you were to try to design an Applescope, you would encounter two problems: size and power limitations. Laudable but invisible to the user, the ADC (analog-to

366 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

I

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The high speed, cool, reliable static ram without waitstates.

Our RAM67 static RAM offers low power for cool operation and high reliability. It is the first SI00 memory of its size to offer battery back up. The RAM67 will run without waitstates with any present SI00 bus CPU. Advanced features of the static RAM67:

□ Low power CMOS RAM

□ 100 ns access time

□ No wait states with our 10 MHz Lightning One™

□ 8/16 bit operation

□ Phantom disable

□ Battery back up option

If you need high performance and high reliability at an affordable price, the RAM67 is the memory for you.

128K RAM $1495.00

Battery back-up option $100.00

The Lightning One

The Lightning One is the fastest S100 CPU board presently available. The 8086 processor with its two co-processors, the 8087 and 8089, provide exceptional data manipulation, numeric processing and I/O handling capability.

The Lightning One features:

□ 8086 or 8088 16 bit processor

□ 4,5,8, or 10 MHz jumper selectable operation

□ Optional 8087 and 8089 co-processors

□ Onboard monitor with diagnostics

□ 9 vectored interrupts expandable to 65

RAMS

When you need mini-computer performance at micro-computer prices, the Lightning One should be your choice. Benchmarks available. Prices start at $395.00

Other LDP Products

In addition to the RAM67 and Lightning One, Lomas Data Products offers the following fine products:

□ HAZITALL System Support

2 serial ports, 2 parallel ports, clock/calendar, 9511 or 9512 math support (option), hard disk controller host interface A & T, $325.00

□ LDP72 Floppy Disk Controller

Single or double density operation, single or double sided disks, controls both 8" and 5 Vt" floppy

For 16 bit computing on the S100 bus, come to the leader...

LDP

drives, digital data separator for adjustment free reliable operation ....

A & T, $274.95

□ LDP128/256K Dynamic RAM

^^^_ An advanced dynamic RAM with static like performance. An ideal choice for large memory configurations where cost is an important consideration. No DMA, or reset restrictions .... A & T, 128K $795.00, 256K $1395.00

□ LDP88 8088 CPU Board

Ideal for inexpensive systems requiring the processing power of a 16 bit instruction set. The LDP88 has up to 8K of on-board EPROM, IK bytes of RAM, 1 serial RS232 port, 9 vectored interrupts, 5 MHz operation. Useable as a single board 8088 processor A & T, $349.95

Software Available

□ CP/M-86*

Full track buffered BIOS, memory disk support, double density format $300.00

□ MP/M-86*

Full MP/M-86 implementation, hard disk and floppy disk support, plus memory drive. 1, 2 and 5 user configurations.

□ MS-DOS"

The IBM Personal Computer operating system, includes macro assembler $250.00

□ Other software:

BASIC86, BASCOM86, FORTRAN86, C, FORTH.

'CP/MS6 Gr MP/M-86 trademark of Digital Research. **MS-DOS trademark aj Microsoft. Ughtnitlg One trademark ofIjomas Data Products, btc.

Dealer and O.E.M. inquiries invited.

LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS, INC.

729 Farm Road, Marlboro, Massachusetts 01752 □ Telephone: 617-481-2822

Circle 269 on inquiry card.

Go with McGraw-Hill's

ft

THE PASCAL HANDBOOK. By

Jacques Tiberghien. 471 pp. A single reference manual that tames this unruly language. Every feature of Pascal isexplained in a brilliantly organized format that covers the major Pascal dialects, including Jensen and Wirth's original definition, with the CDC implementation . . . the proposed ISO Standard . . . UCSD Pascal . . . Pascal 1000 (HP1000). . .OMSIPascal-l.,.and Pascal/Z.

582365-9B $35.00

(Counts as 2 of your 3 books)

MICROCOMPUTER INTERFACING.

By Bruce Artwick. 352 pp., 117 illus. In this up-to-date, complete design guide you'll find the detailed descriptions and explanations necessary to enable you to select, build, and interface microcomputer systems to virtually all applications. Advanced interface devices and methods are thoroughly examined and illustrated. 789/436B $26.00

(Counts as 2 of your 3 books)

TAKE ANY 3 BOOKS FOR ONLY $1°° EACH when you join the COMPUTER PROFESSIONALS' BOOK CLUB (values up to $75.00)

program

iCFViei

COMPUTER CAPACITY. By Melvin J. Strauss. 288 pp.. tables and charts. The key purpose of the book is to provide both senior management and DP practitioners with a methodology for identifying and quantifying issues of capacity and demand within the data center without becoming entrapped by language problems 582317-9 $24.95

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF COMPUTER SCIENCE. Edited by Anthony Ralston and C. L. Meek. 1,500 pp., 60 ///us., 100 charts, 7 x 10 format. This first and only in-depth coverage of the entire field of computer science in a single volume is comprehensive and completely up to date.

769/01XA $60.00

(counts as 3 of your 3 books)

BUILD YOUR OWN Z80 COMPUTER.

By Steve Ciarcia. 330 pp., diagrams, softbound. Written for people who don't need an introductory electronics handbook. Its admirably achieved objective is to present a practical, step-by-step analysis of digital computer architecture and the construction details for a complete and functional microcomputer. 109/621 $15.95

DATA STRUCTURES USINC PASCAL. By Aaron M. Tenenbaum and Moshe J. Augenstein. 544 pp., IIlus. With its emphasis on structured design and programming techniques, this definitive work takes you on a trailblazing journey through Pascal. Separate chapters aredevoted tothestack, recursion, queues and lists, Pascal list processing, trees, graphs and their applications. 582230-X $23.95

AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING HANDBOOK. Edited by The Diebold Group. 976 pp., 269 illus. Written by a staff of internationally recognized authorities on ADP, this comprehensive handbook explains systems, programming and the languages, communications processes, and the design and installation of today's computers. 168/075B $49.95

(Counts as 2 of your 3 books)

APPLE PASCAL: A Hands-On-Approach. By Arthur Luehrmann & Herbert Peckham. 426 pp., spiralbound. Finally, a how-to-usePASCAL book for Apple computer users that makes a complex language as easy as (forgive us!) applesauce. Takes you from "total ignorance" all the way up to very impressive competence in the use of that rather complex language, PASCAL. 491/712 $14.95

MICROPROCESSORS/MICROCOMPUTERS/SYSTEM DESIGN. By

Texas Instruments LearningCenter and the Engineering Staff of Texas Instruments, Inc. 634 pp., illus., outsized 7lk x IOVa format. The book takes you through the development of memory-to-memory architecture, shows you the components, and details programming methods and techniques. 637/58XB $26.95

(Counts as 2 of your 3 books)

THE ADA PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE. By I. C. Pyle. 293 pp., illus., softbound. Written primarily for practicing programmers of embedded computer systems, this book provides a full presentation^ the power of Ada. It will also prove of great interest to other programmers as well as to managers of programming projects. 582447-7 $14.95

MICROPROCESSOR APPLICATIONS HANDBOOK. By David F. Stout. 472 pp., 284 illus. This BIG book on SMALL chips will help you make your systems timely, versatile and cost-effective. The 16 expert contributors provide in-depth treatments of both hardware and software so you can completely analyze, design, construct and program.

617/988B $35.00

(Counts as 2 of your 3 books)

OPERATING SYSTEMS. By Harold Lorin & Harvey M. Deitel. 378 pp., 56 illus. With the relationship of operating systems to both hardware and the systems software environment, this timely book offers stimulating insights and opinions on basic questions —what operating systems should be and what they should do. 582354-3 $19.95

EXPERIENCE!

THE SOUL

tOFANEWj

JMCHINE

* Tracy Kidder j#

AUTOMATIC

THE DEVILS DP DICTIONARY. By

Stan Kelley-Bootle. 160 pp., softbound. This devilishly clever little book is guaranteed to fill anyone who has ever slaved over a hot terminal with savage delight. Some 500 computer words and terms are misdefined. from abacus to your program. 340/226 $7.50

SOFTWARE DEBUGGING FOR MICROCOMPUTERS. By Robert C. Bruce. 351 pp.. illus. Takes you through the fundamental methods for finding errors, glitches, and faults in programs . . . goes on to techniques for tracking down and exterminating program bugs . . . then combines these techniques into a complete debugging plan. 582075-7 $18.95

PERSONAL COMPUTING: Hardware and Software Basics. Elec tronics Book Series. 224 pp., 175 illus., SV2 x 11 format. Gives you comprehensive guidance to the present state of the art in personal computers —an overall survey of the technology and methods available to perform various tasks, facts about the work others are doing— and just how they are doing it. 191/514 $24.50

THE SOUL OF A NEW MACHINE. By

Tracy Kidder-PULITZER PRIZE WINNER-293 pp. You may have already lived what happens in this true story ... or you may never live what happens here. But if your life touches computers in any way, you'll finish this book in one stayup-all-night reading. 582439-6 $13.95

Z80 USERS MANUAL. By Joseph Carr. 326 pp., with diagrams, charts and tables. Takes you through every opportunity the ZAP can offer. It covers Z80 pin definitions, CPU control signals, support ships, interfacing peripherals, and much more. It also includes a 177page Z80 instruction set so you can study the instructions on a oneby-one basis. 582336-5 $18.95

ELECTRONIC GAMES: Design,

Programming, and Troubleshooting. By w H

Buchsbaum and R. Mauro. 335 pp., 338 illus. Information you need to design, program, and troubleshoot electronic games is right here in this widely popular handson guide.

087/210B $26.95

(Counts as 2 of your 3 books)

THE WORD PROCESSING HANDBOOK. By Russell A. Stultz. 237 pp., with tables and diagrams. This book gives you the basics —and the many extras —that you need to cope intelligently with the outsized choice of word processors on the market today. It provides a comprehensive understanding of what they do, and which one to select. 582463-9 $17.95

BIT-SLICE MICROPROCESSOR DESIGN. By John Mick and Jim Brick. 398 pp. All in one place —the crucial information you've been needing about the 2900 family of bitslice microprocessor components. This remarkable "first" designs right before your eyes not just one but two complete 16-bit machines! 417/814 $24.00

Be sure to consider these important titles as well!

6502 SOFTWARE DESICN. By L. J.

Scanlon

582138-9 $12.95

STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING:

Theory and Practice. By R.C

Linger, H.D. Mills, & B.I. Witt 788/537 $22.95

THE BYTE BOOK OF PASCAL. Edited by B. W. Liffick

789/6738 $25.00

(Counts as 2 of your 3 books)

COMPUTER PERIPHERALS FOR MINICOMPUTERS, MICROPROCESORS AND PERSONAL COMPUTERS. By L.C. Hohenstein 294/518 $19.50

16BIT MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE. By T. Dollhoff 582003-X $24.95

PRINCIPLES OF INTERACTIVE COMPUTER GRAPHICS. By W. M.

Newman & R. Sproull

463/387B $28.95

/Counts as 2 of your 3 books)

THEORY & PRACTICE OF MICROPROCESSORS. By K. G. Nichols & E. J. Zaluska

582414 OB $36.50

(Counts as 2 of your 3 books)

COBOL BOOK OF PRACTICE AND REFERENCE. By R. L. Grauer 582316-0 $19.95

THE SCIENCE OF PROGRAMMING.

By D. Gries

582452-3 $19.80

SOFTWARE VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION. By M. S. Oeutsch 580501-5 $21.95

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■ BIG SAVINGS —Build your library and save money too! Savings ranging up to 30% or more off publishers' list prices —usually 20% to 25%.

BONUS BOOKS —You will immediately begin to participate in our Bonus Book Plan that allows you savings of between 70% —80% off the publishers' prices of many professional and general interest books!

■ CONVENIENCE —12-14 times a year (about once every 3-4 weeks) you receive the Club Bulletin FREE. It fully describes the Main Selection and alternate selections. A dated Reply Card is included. If you want the Main Selection, you simply do nothing —it will be shipped automatically. If you want an alternate selection —or no book at all —you simply indicate it on the Reply Card and return it by the date specified. You will have at least 10 days to decide. If, because of late delivery of the Bulletin you receive a Main Selection you do not want, you may return it for credit at the Club's expense.

As a Club Member you agree only to the purchase of 3 books during your

first year of membership. Membership may be discontinued, by either you

or the Club at any time after you have purchased the 3 additional books.

Other Mi (.ran Hill Book Clubs:

Accountants' and Controllers' Book Club • Architects' Book Club • Chemical

Engineers' Hook Club • Civil Engineers' Book Club • Electronics and Control

Engineers' Book Club ■ Mechanical Engineers' Book Club

For more information! write to:

McGraw-Hill Book Clubs

1221 Avenue of the Americas, 26lh fl„ New York, NY 10020

McGraw-Hill Book Clubs Computer Professionals' Book Club P.O. Box 582, Hightstown, New Jersey 08520

Please enroll me as a member and send me either (he ENCYCLOPEDIA OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, billing me only $3.00. or any three ot-her books, billing me only $1.00 each, plus local tax, shipping and handling. I agree to purchase a minimum of three additional books during my first year of membership as outlined under the Club plan described in this ad. A shipping and handling charge is added to all shipments.

□ □

Check here if you want ENCYCLOPEDIA OF COMPUTER SCIENCE (769/01X).

Check here if you prefer three other volumes, and indicate below by number the books you want. A few expensive books (noted in the description) count as more than one choice.

Name

Address/Apt.

City/State/Zip

Corporate Affiliation

This order subject to acceptance by McGraw-Hill. All prices subject to change without notice, Offer good only to new members. Orders from outside the U.S. cannot be accepted.

P39558

ANALOG BOARD

20 CONDUCTOR CABLE

DIGITAL BOARD

APPLE BUS

Figure 1: Block diagram of Applescope's circuitry. The interface occupies two slots on the Apple lis expansion bus; the amplifiers and conditioning circuits for analog input signals are kept separate from the digital electronics to reduce interaction and noise.

digital converter) has been carefully designed to work within the Apple II's interface requirements; otherwise, the power supply would sizzle from overuse.

The Applescope's major components are shown clearly in figure 1. All input signals are clamped to ±11.1 volts (V); the two channels are individually amplified. The analog board digitizes the processed signals through two modified tracking ADCs; 1024 samples (512 in dual-trace mode) are obtained at 0.286 microseconds per sample.

The digital board has IK bytes of memory on-board that temporarily stores the digitized data as it comes in. This board also has the triggering logic, DMA (direct memory access) support logic, and the PROM (programmable read-only memory) that contains the Applescope's operating software.

Data is eventually transferred over the Apple II's bus in two's-complement form and is read at locations 0C00 through OFFF hexadecimal. This data is stored on disk in its raw form. Roughly 200 milliseconds later, this information is displayed on the video monitor as an oscilloscope trace with 280- by 160-pixel (picture element) resolution. The various parameters and settings chosen are displayed at the bottom of the screen as three lines of text.

Because uses of the Applescope might vary, the designers have provided places for extra capacitors and resistors on the analog board. The idea is that additional components might be necessary in some applications to alter the response of the clamping and amplifying circuits. These vacant locations are all labeled.

THIN is IN!

State-of-the-art 8" disk drive subsystems give you o remarkable 2.4 MB in the space of a single-drive cabinet, 4.8 MD storage capacity in the space of a 2-drive cabinet. Perfect add-ons fot IBM, Apple, Radio Shock and all 8" Shugorr compatible computets.

Systems Introductory Price

Retail

2-Drive $1695

$1995

4-Drive $2995

$3495

2-Drive Horizontal $ 1 750

$2050

write protect switch option — $30/drrve

Columbia microsystems, Inc.

905 E. Broadway, Columbia, MO 65201 (314) 875-8900

Circle 499 on Inquiry card.

370 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

*ADDS*

VIEWPOINT TERMINALS. $495

DEC COMPATIBLE CRTS

IVT-100] $995

(VT-100 AVO& PRINTER PORT $1295

(VT-132) $1395

IVT-100 COLOR| $2295

|VT-132 COLOR| $2495

DATA GENERAL COMPATIBLE

|D100 & D200| $995

(D100 & D200 COLOR $2295

MODEMS

300/1200 212A COMPATIBLE $699

ECONOMY PERIPHERALS INC.

(404) 952-0213

Circle 500 on inquiry card.

SPEECH SYNTHESIZER

ItedHKt

$70 Each (5 or more, i-HJ-f-m+4-t $55 each) Order in Ones or Thousands

The SC-01A Speech Synthesizer is a completely selfcontained solid state device. This single chip phonetically synthesizes continuous speech of unlimited vocabulaty.

The SC-01A contains 64 different phonemes which are accessed by a 6-bit code. Computer interlaces and text-to-speech algorithms also available for product development. Voirax is a Irademark ol Federal Screw Works

Call 1-800-645-3479, in N.Y. 1-516-374-6793

MICROMINTINC. 917 Midway Woodmere, N.Y. 11598

Call lor quantity pricing.

Circle 501 on inquiry card.

The MICROMINT Z8 BASIC COMPUTER/CONTROLLER board represents a milestone in microcomputer priceperformance. It is cheap enough to be programmed directly in a high level language, and efficient enough to be battery operated if required. The entire computer is 4" by 4V2" and includes a tiny BASIC interpreter, 4K bytes of program memory, one RS-232 serial port and two parallel ports, plus a variety of other features. Using a powerful Z8 microcomputer chip and Z6132 4K X 8 RAM, the Z8 BASIC COMPUTER/CONTROLLER board is completely self-contained and optimized for use as a dedicated controller. The unit is assembled and tested and comes with over 200 pages of documentation. The price, in single quantity, a tiny $195. * Optional power supply ( + 5,+ 12 and-12V) $35. Please include $4 for shipping and handling.

'Call Micromint for quantity pricing

Z8 MICROCOMPUTER

• On board tiny BASIC interpreter.

• Parallel and serial I/O ports.

• 6 interrupts. RS-232 CONNECTOR

•Just attach a CRT terminal and immediately write

control programs in BASIC.

4K BYTES OF RAM •Z6132 4K X 8 low power quasi-static

RAM. EPROM pin compatible.

SWITCH SELECTABLE BAUD RATES •110-9600 BPS. FULLY EXPANDABLE

• Data and address buses available for 124K memory and I/O expansion.

• 2 onboard parallel ports.

• 7.3728MHZ crystal for fast control operations. JUMPER SELECTABLE MEMORY OPTIONS

•4K RAM, 2716 or 2732 EPROM operation.

LOW POWER •Consumes only 1V2 WATTS at +5, +12

and -12V (optional power supply available).

To Order: Call Toll Free 1-800-645-3479

For Information Call 1-516-374-6793

MICROMINT INC. 917 Midway Woodmere, N.Y. 11598

Micromint will put both a

computer development system

and an OEM dedicated controller

in the palm of your hand

for only $195.

11 K'X'YWVV

As featured in Byte Magazine, July, August, 1981.

IB is a trademark of Zilog Inc.

A .455 UOLT/Dj TRACE A B TRIG B '. TIME SHALE mhm.mmm fifiINPUT COMMMAND

i.SS LI ML Mi in PRETRIG=O0O SECONDS/DIU

Figure 2: Hard copy is available from a printer. Figure 2a is a simple sine wave that shows Applescope's resolution. Figure 2b demonstrates that Applescope suffers from neither overshoot nor crosstalk.

.188 UOLT/DIU TRACE A TRIG A > TIME SCALE 002.801 000 INPUT COMMAND > I

3.00 UOLT/DIU

PRETRIG = 888

SECONDS/DIU

Photo 3: Typical audio-spectrum plot. Information collected during the input cycle is stored on disk and may be used or modified by other Apple programs.

Software

Remarkably, the Applescope's software is all packed into 2K bytes of EPROM (erasable programmable readonly memory). The software contains all the commands and display directives that the average user needs. There is also a disk-based software package, available for $49, that lets you do signal averaging, real-time display update, and exact voltage measurement. Provision is made for hard copy from a printer (see figure 2).

The Applescope's manufacturer, R. C. Electronics, has promised to provide customized software for specialized applications. Other companies are showing interest in this type of software. For example, W. H. Nail Company in Oroville, California, is providing physiologic-related software for educational use that includes biofeedback, heart-rate analysis, and histograms—all with hard-copy output. I can also see a need for a logarithmic package that displays signals with a decibel scale for audio work.

Sound Applications

Because I'm involved with speaker design, I went about applying the Applescope to create a spectrum plot of speaker-system response. Setup was a snap: I wanted a 20-Hz-to-20-kHz near-field spectrum plot as might be seen on standard audio test equipment. Normally this would mean using a Polaroid camera to photograph an oscilloscope screen while an audio generator made a 70-second sweep of the spectrum. With the Applescope (see photo 3), I simply set the time scale at eight seconds per division and triggered it and the generator. The labeled result was displayed, printed out, and put in my notebook for reference. This was easier, faster, and less expensive than the Polaroid technique.

A product of this sort has tremendous potential. So far, a mix of current and future applications might include audio and speech analysis, physiologic recording, biofeedback applications, education, chart recording and documentation of analog data, and fast Fourier transform experiments.

Conclusions

The Applescope acts like a digital-storage oscilloscope, storing information in memory and freezing the signal image on screen. It is very well designed and constructed. However, before you pull the plug on your trusty Tektronix, it is important to determine the Applescope's limitations. While it is excellent for digital signals slower than 3.5 MHz, the Applescope, like any tool, requires careful use. The images it produces can suffer from aliasing and Apple-bus noise—problems not encountered in an analog oscilloscope. (The display time is quicker with an analog oscilloscope too.) If you need fast response or work with high voltage, keep your analog oscilloscope around, but if you require graphic display of digital data or sophisticated storage of signal traces, the Applescope is the tool you need.l

372 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

\

'

\\\\ \\\

FTL makes Applesoft faster!

FTL is the easy way to speed up your Applesoft programs. You can run all your Applesoft programs with no changes, and without 'compiling' them. Plus, FTL doesn't reduce your available memory. The key is ALF's AD8088 Processor Card, which adds a fast, 16-bit computer to your Apple. FTL, the Formula Transfer Link, sends Applesoft formulas (*, /, t , LOG, EXP, COS, SIN, TAN, and ATN) to the card for fast processing. FTL runs programs that compilers won't, like programs with embedded assembly language. But FTL is compatible with most Applesoft compilers, so you can use TASC or Expediter II and FTL for even faster execution!

ALF's dependable Processor Card easily meets Apple's 2 watt power recommendation. The Apple's 6502 processor runs at full speed while the Processor Card runs programs from its on-board memories. Several AD8088's can be used simultaneously.

WITH ALF's FTL

10 PRINT "2 3 ": 20 FOR B = 5 TO

1000 STEP 2 30F0RC=3TU

S0RIBISTEP2 40 IFB/C = INT

(B/QTHEN70 50 NEXT 60 PRINT B." ": 70 NEXT B

Program to compute prime numbers from 2 to 1000

execution time in seconds

FTL is just one use for the powerful AD8088 Processor Card. There's a Multiple Event Timer (MET) for timing critical routines in your programs, with resolution to 50 uS for scientific applications. Coming soon are MSDOS (the IBM Personal Computer's DOS), CP/M-86, and a fast 3-D highres graphics card that connects through the AD8088's versatile expansion port.

$345 is the suggested price for the AD8088 Processor Card with FTL and MET. An Apple II with Language Card (or 16K RAM Card) and disk drive is required. See your local Apple dealer, or write for more information.

Trademarks: "Apple": Apple Computer. "TASC", "MS-DOS": Microsoft. "Expediter II": Einstein/Goodrow, "CP/MB6": Digital Research.

ALF,

144B Estes Denver, CD 8Q215 [303] 234-OB71

ATARI HOME COMPUTERS

ESljMMl^l

"_-_-.-------------_"-;lH

A

ATARI

ruimi: mini

iTAfB400

4

Texas Instruments

ATARI 800

16K...$679 32K ...$749 48K...$819

410 Recorder $76.00

B10 Disc Drive $449.00

822 Printer S269.00

825 Printer S629.00

830 Modem $159.00

820 Printer $269.00

850 Interlace $-169.00

New DOS 2 System $29.00

CX30 Paddle $18.00

CX40 Joy Stick $18.00

CX853 16K RAM $89.00

Microtek 16K RAM . . $69.00

Microtek 32K RAM $139.00

Ramdisk (128K| $449.00

Inteck 48K Board $249.00

One year extended warranty $70.00

481 Entertainer $83.00

482 Educator $130.00

483 Programmer $57.00

484 Communicator S344.00

ATARI HOME COMPUTER PROGRAMS

HOMEOFFICE

CX404 ATARI Word Processor S119.00

CX8102 Calculator $29.00

CX412 Dow Jones Investment Evaluator S99.00

CX4109 Graph II. Joystick optional $17.00

CX4104 Mailing List $20.00

CX4115 Mortqaqe & Loan Analysis $13.00

CX4103 Statistics 1 $20.00

CX8107 Stock Analysis $20.00

CXL4015 TeleLink 1 . $23.00

HOME STUDY

CX4101 An Invitation to Programming 1 S20.00

CX4106 An Invitation to Programming 2 $23.00

CX4117 An Invitation to Programming 3 S23.00

CX4107 Biorhythm $13.00

Conversational Languages (ea.) $46.00

CX4121 Energy Czar $13.00

CX4114 European Countries & Capitals $13.00

CX4108 Hangman. Joystick optional $13.00

CX4102 Kingdom $13.00

CXL4007 Music Composer $47.00

CX4123 Scram, uses joystick $20.00

CX4112 States & Capitals $13.00

CX4110 Touch Typing S20.00

HOME ENTERTAINMENT

PAC MAN $35.00

CENTIPEDE $35.00

CAVERNS OF MARS $32 00

CXL4013 Asteroids $35.00

CXL4004 Basketball $27.00

CX4105 Blackjack $13.00

CXL4009 Computer Chess $33.00

CXL4012 Missile Command $35.00

CXL4008 Space Invaders $35.00

CXL4011 Star Raiders $42.00

CXL4006 Super Breakout $33.00

CXL4010 3-D Tic-Tac-Toe $27.00

CXL4005 Video Easel $24.00

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES AND AIDS

CXL4003 Assembler Editor $47.00

CXL4002 ATARI BASIC $47.00

CX8126 ATARI Microsoft BASIC $70.00

CXL4018 PILOT $72.00

CX405 PILOT (Educational) $105.00

ATARI 400

16K...$329 32K ... $478 48K ... $555

ATARI PROGRAM EXCHANGE:

Eastern Front '41 $25.50

Avalanche $15.50

Outlaw $15.50

747 Landing Simulation $15.50

Babel $15.50

Dog Daze $15.50

Downhill $15.50

Attack! $15.50

Blackjack-Casino $15.50

Reversi II $15.50

Domination S15.50

Solitare S15.50

Disk Fixer $15.50

Supersort $15.50

Data Management $15.50

Chameleon $15.50

Instedit $15.50

Insomnia $15.50

My First Alphabet $25.50

Mapware $18.00

Number Blast $11.50

Family Cash Flow $15.50

Weekly Planner $15.50

Bowler's Data Base $13.00

Banner Generator $11.50

Crystal Software

Bermuda Fantasy S26.00

Beneath Pyramids S20.00

Galactic Quest $26.00

House ot Usher $20.00

Forgotten Island S26.00

Haunted Palace $33.00

Compumax (Acct. Rec. Gen. Ledger.

Inventory. Payroll, ea.l $110.00

Synapse

File Manager 800 $69.95

Dodge Racer 519.00

Chicken S24.00

Slime $24.00

Nautilus $24.00

Disk Manager $24.00

Foil Apocalypse S24.00

Assembler S39.00

Protector $24 00

EXPY

Ricochet $14.50

Crush Crumble & Chomp $24.00

Star Warrior S29.00

Rescue at Rigel $24.00

Datestones $16.00

Invasion Orion S18.50

Mission Asteroid $22.00

OnLine

Jaw Breaker $27.00

MouskATTACK S31.00

The Next Step $34.00

Sottporn $27.00

Wizzard & Princess $29.00

Arcade Plus

Ghost Hunter (cassette) $24.00

Ghost Hunter (disk) $30.00

KByte

KBYTE Krazv Shoot Out (ROM) $39.00

K-DOS $69.00

Visicalc $179.00

Letterperfect (Word Processor) S109.00

Data Soft Textwizzard $89.00

TI-99/4A $299

PHA2100 R F Modulator $29.00

PHP 1600 Telephone Coupler $179.00

PHP 1700 RS-232 Accessories Interface $179.00

PHP 1800 Disk Drive Controller $239.00

PHP 1850 Disk Memory Drive $389.00

PHP 2200 Memory Expansion &32K RAM) $319.00

PHP 1100 Wired Remote Controllers (Pair) S31.00

32K Expansion $329.00

PHP Printer Solid State $319.00

PHM 3006 Home Financial Decisions $26.00

PHM 3013 Personal Record Keeping S43.00

PHD 5001 Mailing List $60.00

PHD 5021 Checkbook Manager S18.00

PHM 3008 Video Chess $60.00

PHM 3010 Physical Fitness $26.00

PHM 3009 Football S26.00

PHM 3018 Video Games I $26.00

PHM 3024 Indoor Soccer $26.00

PHM 3025 Mind Challengers $22.00

PHM 3031 The Attack $35.00

PHM 3032 Blaslo $22.00

PHM 3033 Blackjack and Poker S22.00

PHM 3034 Hustle S22.00

PHM 3036 Zero Zap $18.00

PHM 3037 Hangman $18.00

PHM 3038 Connect Four $18.00

PHM 3039 Yahtzee $22.00

Tombstone City 21st Century S34.00

Munch Man S34.00

T I INVADERS $34.00

CAR WARS $34.00

Printers

Centronics 739-1 $519.00

Centronics 739-3 $619.00

Diablo 630 Special $1799.00

Epson

MX80 w/Graftrax $449.00

MX80FT Call

MX100 Call

NEC

8023 $549.00

7730 Call

7720 Call

7710 Call

Okidata

82A $499.00

83A S749.00

84 S1129.00

Citoh Starwriter

F10-40 CPS $1469.00

F10-55 CPS Call

Prowriler $479.00

Talley

8024-7 S1399.00

8024-L $1629.00

MPC Apple Parallel Board & Cable $69.00

IDS

Paper Tiger SCall

Prism $Call

2 Meter RS232-RS232 S29.95

Cables Available For Most Interfacing Purposes

Computer Covers

ATTRACTIVE DUST COVERS FOR YOUR COMPUTER AND DISK DRIVE.

Commodore VIC-20. $6.99

Atari 400 $6.99 Commodore 8032. $14.99

Atari 800 $6.99 Commodore

Atari 810 $6.99 8050/4040 $10.99

All Atari Covers are All Commodore covers

Be'ge- are Royal Blue.

Most software tor Atari 400/800 available on cassette or disk.

computer mail order west

CALL TOLL FREE

Franco

Habla

Espanol

800- 648-33 11

IN NEVADA. CALL (702) 588-5654

P.O. BOX 6689. STATE LINE. NEVADA 89449

374 BYTE June 1982

Circle 113 on inquiry card.

Wm HEWLETT mJcM PACKARD

HP»85 s1899

80 Column Printer S799.00

HP-125 S1999.00

HP-83 S1699.00

HP'85 16K Memory Module $169.00

5' • " Dual Master Disc Drive .. S1769.00

HP'87 S1769.00

Hard Disk w/Floppy S4349.00

Hard Disk $3440.00

"Sweet Lips" Plotter S1149.00

HP»41CV Calculator .... $239.00

41C S1B9.00

11C 5104.00

12C S114.00

34C S114.00

38C $114.00

HP-41 Printer S340.00

HPIL CALCULATOR PERIPHERALS

IL Modual S104.00

Digital Cassette $449.00

Printer/Plotter S419.00

Card Reader $164.00

Optical Wand $99.00

NEC

8001A S749.00

8031 S749.00

8012 S549.00

Accounls Receivable S295.00

Word Processing S395.00

General Accounting S295.00

Inventory Control S295.00

Job Cost S295.00

Disks

Maxell

MD I (box oMO) S36.00

MD II (box ot 10) $46.00

MFD I (8") S44.00

MFD II (8" Double Density) $54.00

Syncom (box ol 10) $29.00

(scommodore

BUSINESS MACHINES

SOFTWARE

Word Pro 5 Plus S319.00

Word Pro 4 Plus $299.00

Word Pro 3 Plus 5199.00

Commodore Tax Package 5589.00

Visicalc $179.00

Medical Billing $449.00

The Source $89.00

OZZ Information System 5289.00

Dow Jones Portfolio $129.00

Pascal $239.00

Legal Time Accounting S449.00

Word Craft 80 $289.00

Power $79.00

Socket-2-Me $20.00

Jinsam scall

MAGIS SCall

CPA SCall

Real Estate Package $799.00

The Manager $209.00

Softrom $129.00

BPI Inventory Control $319.00

BPI Job Costing S319.00

BPI Payroll $319.00

BPI General Ledger S329.00

Creative I SAM $79.00

Creative General Ledger $229.00

Creative Accounts Receivable $229.00

Creative Inventory $229.00

VIC 20 $249

CBM 8032 $1039

COMPLETE

CALL FOR AVAILABILITY AND PRICE FORNEWVIC-64

16K VIC Expansion $99.00

VIC 6 Pack Program S44.00

VIC 1530 Commodore Datassette $69.00

VIC 1540 Disk Drive S499.00

VIC 1515 VIC Graphic Printer $339.00

VIC 1210 3K Memory Expander $32.00

VIC 110 8K Memory Expander $53.00

VIC 1011 RS232C Terminal Interlace $43.00

VIC 1112 VIC IEEE-488 Interface $86.00

VIC 1211 VIC 20 Super Expander $53.00

VT 232 VICTerm I Terminal Emulator S9.00

VIC 1212 Programmers Aid Cartridge S45.00

VIC 1213 VICMON Machine Language Monitor , , S45.00

VIC 1901 VIC AVENGERS S23.00

VIC 1904 SUPERSLOT S23.00

VIC 1906 SUPER ALIEN S23.00

VIC 1907 SUPER LANDER S23.00

VIC 1908 DRAW POKER $23.00

VIC 1909 MIDNIGHT DRIVE 523.00

4032 S969.00

4016 $769 00

8096 Upgrade Kit $399.00

Super Pet $1599.00

2031 $529.00

8250 Doubled Sided Disk Drive $1699.00

5 Megabyte Hard Disk $2399.00

8050 $1299.00

4040 $969.00

8300 (Letter Quality) S1799.00

8023 $769 00

4022 $599 00

Pet to IEEE Cable $37 00

IEEE to IEEE Cable $46.00

Tractor Feed for 8300 $240 00

C"° • l/IC=20 " \

/ *. f..»..(.ij..ii|. i,itf.|..|..f..| i \ i .-. i

a

7

■\

Terminal S13.00

Un Word S13.00

Grafix Menagerie $11.00

VIC PICS S15.00

Ticker Tape $13.00

Banner Headliner $13.00

RS 232 $39.00

VT 106A Recreat on Pack A $44.00

VT107A Home Calculation Pack A S44.00

VT 164 Programmable Character/Gamegraphics. $12.00

Household Finance $27.00

VIC Games S19.00

VIC Home Inventory $13.00

VIC Rec/Ed II S13.00

VL101 Introduction to Computing $19.00

VL 102 Introduction to BASIC Programming S19.00

VM110 VIC 20 Programmers Relerence Guide . . S15 00

Apple

Call for availability and prices on all Apple computers and peripherals.

In-stock items shipped same day you call. No risk, no deposit on C.O.D. orders. Prepaid orders receive free shipping within the continental United States with no waiting period for certified checks or money orders. All prices shown are cash prices. Add 3% for Mastercard and Visa. NV and PA residents add sales tax. All items subject to availability and price change.

Televideo

910 $579.00

912C $699.00

920C $749.00

925C S749.00

950 $939.00

Call lor computers 802 SCall

Monitors

Amdex 12 B&W $129.00

12 "Green $139.00

13" Color $349.00

NEC

12" B&W $169.00

12" Color $339.00

Tl 10 Color S349.00

Zenitli ZVM 121 (Green) S119.00

Modems

Livermore Star . Si 19 00

Hayes

Smart S239.00

Chronograph S199.00

Novation Auto S239.00

D Cat S169.00

Cat 5159 00

Micromodem II S279.00

Micromodem 100 S309.00

Nev. & Pa. residents add sales tax.

computer mail order east

CALL TOLL FREE

800-233-8950

INTERNATIONAL CALLS AND IN PA. CALL (717) 327-9575

477 E. THIRD ST.. WILLI AMSPORT, PA 17701

Patricio

Habla

Espanol

Circle 113 on Inquiry card.

BYTE June 1982 375

Software Review

NEWDOS/80 Version 2.0

Mahlon G. Kelly

268 Turkey Ridge Rd.

Charlottesville, VA 22901

NEWDOS/80 Version 2.0 is the latest in a line of DOSes (disk operating systems) produced by Apparat for the Radio Shack TRS-80. The series was started with NEWDOS 2.1 so as to overcome deficiencies in Radio Shack's original DOS, TRSDOS 2.1. Since then the process of evolution and change has resulted in what may be the most powerful operating system for any microcomputer.

A disk operating system determines the whole environment within which the user works. The DOS controls not only input and output from a disk, but also all of the operating commands, the configuration of the system (disk-drive types, data density, and so on), the data-file types, various extra features in BASIC, and new editing procedures. NEWDOS/80 Version 2.0 (hereafter called V2) enhances all of those features of a DOS and provides several important utility programs as well, such as Superzap, an excellent machine-language monitor for disk files and main memory, a new disassembler, and an enhanced editor/assembler.

A disk operating system is complex. In unaltered form,

At a Glance

Name

NEWDOS/80 Version 2.0

Language

Z80 machine language

Type

Disk operating system

Manufacturer

Computer

TRS-80 Model 1 or III with disk drives

Apparat Inc.

440 South Tamarac Parkway

Denver, CO 80237

|303J 741-1778

Price

S149

Documentation

More than 260 pages in three-ring binder

Audience

Any TRS-80 user with a need for advanced DOS

Format

5'A-inch floppy disk

V2 occupies nearly an entire 35-track disk—that's almost 90,000 bytes (although parts can be deleted to provide space on a single-drive system). The source code for the system is some 10,000 lines long. More than 800 combinations and permutations of commands, statements, and so on are possible. The user's manual is more than 260 pages long and it's lean; there's no redundancy or wordiness.

Features

V2's features are comprised of three parts: commands, enhanced BASIC language features (including new file structures), and utility programs. Commands include things like DIR, COPY, and FORMAT; i.e., instructions that are issued directly from the keyboard to the operating system but do not invoke user programs. Among the BASIC enhancements are new statements and commands, new editing features, and new file structures. Several newly modified utility programs, such as Superzap, are provided along with a variety of other attractions. For example, simultaneously pressing the "jkl" keys sends the screen contents to the printer.

Commands

The command set for V2 is summarized in table 1. Most of the commands used by TRSDOS are found there (with some exceptions like BACKUP, which is superseded by COPY). New commands have been added, and the format and function of other commands have been changed. There's not enough space to completely describe all of the commands and their differences so I'll concentrate on the most important ones; the others should be clear from table 1.

SYSTEM and PDRIVE are V2's most important commands. They provide the tremendous flexibility that is characteristic of V2. SYSTEM allows you to set up the operating environment, that is, it specifies whether an uppercase modification is installed, whether the cursor should blink, what the cursor should look like, and so on. Figure 1 shows the result of typing SYSTEM 0 with

376 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

For serious business microcomputing,

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BYTE June 1982 377

NEWDOS/80

Version 2.0 Commands

APPEND.filesped ,filespec2

ATTRIB,filespec,(options)

AUTO,program/CMD

BASIC2 BLINK,(Y,N)

BOOT

BREAK(Y.N) CHAIN,file/JCL

CHNON

CLEAR

CLOCK,(Y,N)

CLS COPY.(options)

CREATE,filespec,(options)

DATE.nnlnnlnn DEBUG

dfg

DIR.(options)

DO,file/JCL

DUMP,filespec,(options)

ERROR.W7

FORMAT.nn,(options)

FORMS.(options)

FREE

HIMEM,(number)

jkl

KILL,filespec

Description

Append (attach) the text of filespec2 to the end of filesped. Change the protection status of filespec as specified by (options).

Executes the program with extension /CMD immediately on "booting" or powering up the system.

Activate nondisk BASIC. Enable or disable the flashing cursor.

Reboot the system. Enable or disable the Break key. Execute a job-control-language instruction file.

Start or stop chaining during a job-control-language run. Clear user memory and some parameters.

Continuously show the time in the upper right-hand corner of the screen. Clear the screen. Perform a wide variety of filecopying functions. Create a new file with specified characteristics.

Set or display the system date. Enter the debugging monitor; also accessed by simultaneously pressing "123." When pressed simultaneously enters a limited version of DOS. Show a disk directory of files. See CHAIN. Dump memory to disk. Show the error message for error number n. Format disk number nn using various options. Set printer page length and width (Model III). Display free storage space on each disk drive. Set the top of user memory at (number) or HIMEM alone displays the top of user memory. When pressed simultaneously these keys will send screen contents to printer. Remove the specified file from disk.

LC,(Y,N)

LCDVR

LIB LIST,filespec,n1,n2

LOAD,filespec

MDBORT

MDCOPY.(options)

MDRET

PAUSE

PDRIVE.(options) PRINT.filespec PROT.(options) PURGE.nn

R

RENAME.filesped ,TO,filespec2

ROUTE,(options)

SETCOM.(options)

STMT.(words)

SYSTEM.(options)

Tl ME, nn:nn:nn VERIFY,(Y/N)

WRDIRP

Enable or disable lowercase input (Model I).

Load a lowercase drive routine (Model I).

List the available commands. List on the screen the contents of filespec from line n~\ to line r?2.

Load a machine-language program with name filespec into memory.

Exit the Mini-DOS to the operating system command level.

Perform a limited disk-data copy while in the Mini-DOS. Return from Mini-DOS to execution of a program. During execution of a jobcontrol-language task, pause and wait for the operator to press ENTER.

Specify the characteristics of the disk drives.

Same as LIST, but output goes to printer.

Set the password and user protection for a disk. List the files on driveli n and give the operator the option to delete or retain them. Repeat the previously issued command.

Change the name of a file from filesped to filespec2. Direct the output and input between devices (e.g., printer, keyboard, memory, RS-232C interface).

Set the status of the RS-232C interface (Model III). Display a statement during execution of a job-controllanguage task.

Specify the characteristics of the operating system and the working environment. Set or display the system time. Require (or don't require) that everything written to disk from memory be checked. Change the protection status of disk-directory sectors to enable cross-recognition of singledensity disks between Models I and III.

Table 1: NEWDOS/80 Version 2.0 commands. Many options give this system flexibility. The word filespec refers to a file name in the format name/ext:n, where ext is a three-letter extension and n is the drive number.

my configuration. Each pair of letters is followed by a Y or N that specifies whether an option should be used or not, or each pair is followed by a number that specifies options such as the number of drives in the system. The options are summarized in table 2. Notice the great flexibility this provides and the protection that may be given to files and programs. PDRIVE is similar to SYSTEM, but it specifies the

characteristics of the system's drives. It allow great flexibility in intermixing different types of drives as well as for reading disks written on other drives. An example of PDRIVE 0 is shown in figure 2. Drive 0 is a 40-track double-density unit, while drives 1 and 2 are doubledensity double-sided 80-track units. In this configuration more than 1.5 megabytes of storage are available with three small floppy-disk drives.

378 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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SEE VS AT NCC BOOTH #A749

SYSTEM

Command

Options

AA = yn AB = yn AC = yn

AD = yn

AE = yn

AF = yn

AG = yn AH = yn A\ = yn AJ = yn AK = yn AL = nn AM = nn

AN = nn

AO = nn AP = nn AQ = yn AR = yn AS = yr7

AT =yn

AU = yn

Description AV = nn

AW = nn

enable/disable passwords. AX = nn enable/disable a run-only mode

enable/disable debounce for the Model I AY = yn enable/disable screen printing using command

jkl AZ =yn

enable/disable DEBUG invocation with command BA = yn

123 BB = yn enable/disable Mini-DOS invocation with

command DFG BC = yn

enable/disable the Break key BD = yn

not used BE = yn enable/disable uppercase or lowercase (Model I)

enable/disable the keyboard intercept routine BF = yn not used

specify the number of drives BG = yn

the number of read attempts before an error is BH = yn

found Bl = nn

specifies which drive is searched for a directory Bj = nn on default

default drive where a new file will be written BK = yn highest unprotected memory address enable/disable the Clear key

enable/disable COPY without password BL

change BASIC strings from lowercae to upper- BM

case (Model I) BN = yn take single character JCL inputs from keyboard

enable/disable repeat of input when key is held down

pause before repeat of key held down number of disk-write and verify attempts allowed ASCII code of highest character allowed to printer

ask operator for date and time when power turned on?

ask operator for date and time after RESET? allow system headers after reset? are clock interrupts at 50 or 60 microseconds (Model III)

can operator cancel or pause JCL chaining? can operator stop AUTO execution at reset? can the R command be used to repeat command?

enable/disable loading of lowercase driver at power-on (Model I)

enable/disable shifted uppercase mode (Model I) should the cursor blink? the ASCII value of the cursor character slow disk read/write when speed up modification is installed

enable/disable conversion between Model I and III single-density disks using WRDIRP or DIRCHECK not used not used

use Model I (N) or Model III (Y) directory address protocol for Model I single density?

Table 2: SYSTEM command options. A yn indicates that a yes or no response is required; an nn requires a decimal number.

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PDRIVE parameters are summarized in table 3. Notice the flexibility. The parameters can be changed in the same way as the SYSTEM command's parameters and they can also be changed en bloc. In figure 2 the asterisks beside drives 0 through 2 indicate that they are actually physical drive units (the computer knows that because of the SYSTEM option AL specification). Drives 3 through 9 do not exist; those are dummy specifications. However, if you type PDRIVE 0,1 =3,A, drive 1 will accept a disk written on a 35-track single-density drive (the dummy specification for drive 3). Parameter A tells the TRS-80 to make the change immediately; otherwise, you would have to reboot the system. Thus, the TRS-80 thinks that drive 1 is a 35-track single-density unit. Disks written on a Model III can be accessed in this way by a Model I and vice versa. Of course, you need a double-density modification (on a Model I) to read double-density disks, and to read 80-track disks you need 80-track drives. In other words, you can "retrogress"; you can access disks created on a less sophisticated system, but a 35-track drive cannot read 40- or 80-track disks. Another point is that 80-track drives skip a track when reading 40-track disks. Although it is possible to write 40-track disks using an 80-track drive, the result will not be reliably read by a 40-track drive. Therefore, it's not a good idea to convert all of your drives to 80-track units.

The meaning of most of the commands should be clear, from table 1, but some are quite complex. For example,

380

June 1982 © byte Publications tac Circle 126 on Inquiry card.

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SYSTEM 0

AA=N,AB=N,AC=Y,AD=Y,AE=Y,AF=Y,AG=N,AI=Y,AJ=Y,AL=3/3H,AM=10/AH,AN =1/1H,AO=1/1H,AP=0/OH,AQ=Y,AR=N,AS=Y,AT=Y,AU=Y,AV=30/1EH,AW=2/2H

,AX=90/5AH,AY=Y,AZ=N,BA=N,BC=Y,BD=Y,BE=Y,BF=N,BG=N,BH=Y,BI=127/7

FH,BJ=1/1H,BK=Y,BM=N,BN=N

NEWDOS/80 READY

Figure 1: SYSTEM command display. This screen shows the result of entering the command SYSTEM 0.

o* l*

2*

3

4

5

6

7

=CK,TD=E,TC=

=CK,TD=G,TC =

=CK,TD=G,TC =

=AL,TD=A,TC=

=CKL,TD=E,TC

=A,TD=A,TC=3

=CKL,TD=E,TC

=A,TD=C,TC=8

=A,TD=C,TC

=CK,TD=G,TC=

39,SPT=18 7 9,SPT=3 6 79,SPT=36 35,SPT=10 =39,SPT=1 5,SPT=10

39:SPT=1 0,SPT=20 0,SPT=20 ■79,SPT=36

TSR= ,TSR; ,TSR'

,TSR:

8,TSR

TSR=3

8,TSR

TSR=0

TSR=0

,TSR

O.GPL 0,GPL= 0,GPL^ '3, GPL >3,GPL ,GPL=2 =3,GPL ,GPL> ,GPL=4 0,GPL=

2.DDSL 8,DDSL 8,DDSL 2,DDSL= 2,DDSL ,DDSL=1 ,= 2,DDSL ,DDSL=2 ,DDSL=1 8,DDSL=

17,DDGA=2 35,DDGA=6 35,DDGA=6 17,DDGA=2

17,DDGA=2 7,DDGA=2

a7,DDGA=2 0,DDGA=6 7,DDGA=6 3 5,DDGA=6

NEWDOS/80 READY

Figure 2: PDRIVE command display. This screen shows the result of entering the command PDRIVE 0.

ATTRIB changes the protection "attributes" of a file. It has the form:

ATTRIB, filespec, (options)

The options are shown in table 4. In general, this command regulates who can access the file. I find that I have little use for this command, since all my files are open. However, I have written some teaching programs that I don't want students to see or modify. ATTRIB provides the needed security.

The CHAIN and DO commands both perform the same function. They execute a file of commands, instructions, or statements as if the instructions came from the keyboard. DO and CHAIN provide a powerful feature known as a JCL (job control language). With JCL, the computer will automatically execute a task without user input. The command file must have the suffix /JCL. The files can be written with the CHAINBLD program supplied with V2, or by using Scripsit, Electric Pencil, or other text editors.

A very simple job-control-language file, ENHBAS/ JCL, is shown in listing 1. If the command AUTO DO ENHBAS or AUTO CHAIN ENHBAS has been entered beforehand, each time the system is booted the program ENHBAS/CMD, which calls an enhancement of disk BASIC, will be executed, a variety of byte values will be entered in memory, and the system will return to the DOS command level. Without prior use of the AUTO command, the same sequence will take place if you type DO ENHBAS or CHAIN ENHBAS. Some commands are used mostly from within a /JCL file: CHNON will stop the job so that input from the keyboard will be accepted; PAUSE will stop chaining, display a message, and wait for the operator to press ENTER; STMT will display a message to the screen. Otherwise, a /JCL file will use commands, statements, and so on that are recognized by

PDRIVE

Command

Options

TI = LL

Description

Types of drive interfaces and their specifications. A combination of letters may be used:

A) TRS-80 standard

B) Omikron mapper interface (Model I)

C) Percom doubler with TRS-80 interface (Model I)

D) Apparat disk controller (Model III)

E) LNW interface (Model I) H) head settle delay?

I) lowest sector is 1; Model III TRSDOS specifications

J) tracks start at 1; not normally used

K) format of track 0 density opposite to the rest of disk. Needed for system disks when using double density on Model I or single density on Model 111. Model I reads the BOOT data in track 0 in single density; Model III does the opposite.

L) two step-pulses between tracks: lets 40-track disks be read on 80-track drives

M) disks are from Model III TRSDOS

F-G) reserved for future use

specifies single- or double-density,single- or

double-sided 5'A- or 8-inch drives

number of tracks on disk

number of sectors per track

rate of stepping between tracks

granules per lump

specify location of directory

disk area allocated for directory

Table 3: PDRIVE command options. The LL indicates that a letter must he entered.

TD = nn

TC = nn

SPT = nn

TSR = nn

GPL = nn

DDSL = r7n

DDGA = nn

ATTRIB

Command

Options

Descri

ption

INV

makes the files invisible

VIS

makes

invisible files visible

PROT = nn

specifies protection or access level of the file:

7)

LOCK no access allowed

6)

EXEC execute only; no reading or

5)

changes

READ read and execute; no editing or

4)

changes

WRITE read, execute, or change; no

3)

name changes not used

2)

NAME read, execute, change, or rename, do not delete

1)

KILL complete access, including removal

0)

FULL total and complete access

ACC = pwd UPD = pwd ASE = yn

specify the password that allows access specify the password for changing the file can the allocated file space be increased?

ASC = yn

can the

allocated files space be decreased?

UDF = yn

mark the file as updated or not

Table 4: ATTRIB command options. The pwd indicates that

a password

is required.

382 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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ANALOG to DIGITAL CONVERTERS (12, 14,16 bit accuracy; 30, 40, 100, 125 KHz Conversion rates; 16 to 256 Channels; programmable gain; timer/counters). DIGITAL to ANALOG CONVERTERS (12 bit accuracy, 3 microsecond conversion rate). 8086 CPU Board, I/O Boards 64K/256K Memory Boards, Real-time Video Digitizer and Display. Complete Systems also available for Data Acquisition, Video Digitization, and General Purpose Applications.

REQUEST OUR CATALOG FOR COMPLETE LISTING, AND SPECIFICATIONS ON THE ENTIRE TECMAR PRODUCT LINE.

EC HR

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

23600 Mercantile Rd. • Cleveland, OH 44122

TECMAR, INC.

(216)464-7410

tP'M 16 la) MP/M-86 m lltistlttt tndtmnks if OgiM Itttrtk be. PJISC-66. I0PIMH-I6 lid HSUl-16 III iijilliiK tndnilks ll kkiisift k PASCA1/M8E is I itgittiaj tlltalk ll SOU [MSIE/16 is I iigsliml Imknfk If Compiler Sylttns Inc. DS-NBDL is I repitMHl ludtnit ll Mmlus lit

CANADA: Our Ontario Distributor is OCTANT COMPUTER SERVICES INC., 146 Front Street West, Suite 485, Toronto, Ontario M5J 2L7 (416) 598-1046

Circle 442 on inauirv card.

BYTE June 1982 383

Daisy Wheel Printer.

smith-corona tp-i

SAVE $200.00 SUGGESTED RETAIL $895.00

•Letter Quality Printing •Centronics Type Parallel Interface Connects To TRS-80 & Other Microcomputers •Serial Interface Available •Compatible With Most Microcomputers •Full Form Characters 10 or 12 Pitch *Manufactured By A Name You Can Trust*

eem

SMITH-CORONA

MICRO MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS. INC.

PARCEL DIVISION - DEPT. N0.1TP 2803 THOAAASVILLE ROAD CAIRO, GEORGIA 31728

800-841-0856

GA. & INFO 1-912-377-7120

Listing 1: A job-control-language file that first enters ENHBAS, specifies certain control parameters (the two POKES), defines the printer line width at 132, and exits BASIC to the disk operating system.

ENHBAS POKE 16409,1 POKE 16419,127 CLM=132

CMD"S"

the system. For example, listing 1 could be followed with instructions to reenter BASIC, load a program, execute the program, make certain entries, and turn operation over to the user. This is useful for teaching programs where the student should not have to remember all of the details for initializing a program. In general, nearly anything that can be executed from the keyboard can be executed from a /JCL file.

COPY is V2's most complex command. It can be used to copy single files, several files from one disk to another, or everything on a disk. It also incorporates the function of formatting disks and it replaces the BACKUP function in TRSDOS and other systems. Additionally, COPY has a number of options that allow various types of drives to be used and allow copying on a single drive. It will be the first command you will use because it must be drawn on to produce copies of the source disk. COPY has six different formats. The simplest is:

COPY FILE1/FIL:1 TO FILE2/FIL:2

which will copy FILEl/FIL from drive 1 to FILE2/FIL on drive 2. An example of the general format for copying several files or a whole disk from one drive to another is:

COPY 1 TO 2,date, (options)

The date can be left out (the commas must remain), in which case the present date is put on the new disk. The option FMT will format the disk and produce a complete backup from drive 1 to drive 2; CBF will specify that the files be copied one by one; NFMT will not format the disk first. There are several other important options. For example, CFWD lets the user specify which files will be copied.

Disks from "foreign" systems can be copied, and, if you buy a Model III with the intention of transferring files from an old Model I system, the COPY command will do the job. If you have a more sophisticated system, say double-density double-sided drives and so on, your first use of COPY to backup the V2 disk could be difficult. Careful reading of the manual and use of the examples, however, will make it possible.

The command CREATE, new to V2, allows creation of

384 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 354 on inquiry card.

YOUR COMPUTER HEADQUARTERS

apple

SUPER SPECIAL!

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• Apple III plus I28K

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• 12" High Resolution Monitor

1 • OKIDATA Microline 80 Printer^

• Printer cable w/interface

• IUS Orig. Easywriter

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Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc.

ACCESSORIES FOR APPLE

Videx Videoterm-80 Col .5269!° Videx Keyboard

Enhancer II s119s°

DC Hayes Micromodem II s289" Microsoft Z-80CP/M Card >289°° Microsoft 16K Ram Card .s159" Saturn 32K Ram Card ...'199" VC Expand for Saturn Card !84" Mountain CPS

Multifunction Card >179°°

Mountain Clock !239"

Keyboard Company

Numeric Keypad '135"

Apple Pascal '209"

Apple High Speed

Serial Interface "158"

Dan Paymar

Lower Case Chip s39"

System Saverpfan with Line

Search Suppression S74B5

Apple Graphics, Tablet . .'649"" Verawriter Graphic Tablet !249°° Special! Game Paddles .. .'19"

WORD PROCESSORS

IUS-Pro Easywriter '149"

lUS-ProEasymailer ....'119"

Orig. Easywriter '79"

Apple Pie (W/P 40 Col.) ..'104"

LJK Letter Perfect M29"

Supertextll '129"

Screenwriter (70 Col.) . . . '104" Executive Secretary ....s199" Magic Window '84"

PRACTICAL PERIPHERALS

Micro Buffer II16K '214"

Micro Buffer II 32K s249"

Don't tie up your computer while your printer is printing!

FOR EPSON ONLY Micro Buffer Parallel 16K '135" Micro Buffer Serial 8K .. .'135°°

SOFTWARE FOR APPLE

Fortran 80 '154'°

A.L.D.S '99"

Basic Compiler '295°°

Tasc Compiler '149"

Cobol-80 s595°°

Context Connector '145°°

USA

Apple World '49"

3D Super Graphics '33°°

SENSIBLE

The Apple Speller !59"

MICRO PRO

Wordstar 3.0 s269"

Spell Star '169"

Mail Merge s94"

Super Sort-1 '139°°

MICROLAB

Data Factory s119"

Invoice Factory s159"

Tax Manager '119"

HOWARD SOFTWARE

Tax Preparer New 1982 . .'119" NEW! Real Estate Analyzer 2nd Addition M49"

PERSONAL SOFTWARE

Visicalc3.3 '199"

Visiplot '159"

Visidex M49"

Visitrend/Visiplot '239°°

Visiterm '79"

Visifile '199"

Desktop Plan II '199"

Desktop Plan III '253°°

THE SOURCE

Telecommunication '89°°

AARDVARK

Personal Tax Plan '104"

Individual Tax Plan '199"

SYSTEM PLUS Accounting Plus II CALL

ASHTON TATE

DBase II '524"

HIGH TECHNOLOGY

Info. Master '119°°

Store Manager >199°°

Data Master '79°°

Job Control System 5595°°

Client Billing System s279°°

SOUTHEASTERN SOFTWARE

Data Capture 4.0 40 Col. ..'49" Data Capture 4.0 80 Videx . '69"

SOFTWARE PUBLISHING

PFSNew! '97"

PFS Report New! '97"

PHOENIX SOFTWARE

Zoom Graphics '34"

Master Diagnostic

(Formerly Brain Surgeon) .'42"

STONEWARE

DB Master Vers. 3 '179"

Utility Pack I '89"

Z-Term(CP/M) '99°°

ASC II Express 3.3 '65°°

Brodebund Payroll »299"

GAME AND HOBBY

Temple of Asphai '32"

Hellfire Warrior '32"

Rescue at Rigel '24"

Crush, Crumple & Chomp . '25°°

Jabber Talky s24"

Major League Baseball ...26"

Alien Rain '21'°

Apple Panic '24"

Snack Attack '24"

Joy Breaker s24"

Space Quarks '24"

Genetic Drift '24"

Red Alert '24"

Ultima '32"

StarThief '24"

Bug Attack '24"

Sargon II '30°°

Pool 1.5 '30°°

Shuffle Board '24"

Trick Shot s32"

Dog Fight '24"

Olympic Decathlon '24"

Three Mile Island '32"

ABM '21°°

Robot War '32"

Castle Wolfenstein '24°°

Zork '32"

Zorkll '32"

Falcons °24"

Beer Run '30°°

Raster Blaster '24"

Space Eggs '24"

Gorgon '32"

Cops and Robbers '30°°

Tigers in the Snow s32"

The Battle of Shiloh '32"

The Shattered Alliance . . . '48'°

Computer Baseball s32"

Computer Quarterback . . .'32"

Sneakers '24"

TG Joystick s48"

TG Game Paddles '34°°

NEW! LOGO for Apple . . .'149"

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• Apple II plus 48K

• Apple Disc Drive II w/interface DOS 3.3

• 12" High Resolution

Green Monitor • Visicalc 3.3 Software

$207400

THE FAMILY SYSTEA/V NOW ONLY

52099

00

NEW! FIBERBUILT CASE , FOR APPLE!

• Fits Apple & 2 Disc Drives^ • Detachable Cover

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Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc.

VP-3501 Videotex Data Terminal

Turn your home TV into a

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8K Memory Expansion 53.95

Phone Modem f/VIC by Bizcom 139.95

DATACORDER (f/Cass. Prog.) 69.95

Jupiter Landers (cart.) 24.95

Super Alien (cart.) 24.95

Midnight Driver (cart.) 24.95

Household Finance(cass.) 29.95

Car Cost (cass.) 13.95

Loan Analyzer (cass.) 13.95

Amok (cass.) 15.95

Alien Blitz (cass.) 20.95

VT 106A 6 Pk. Recreational Prog 49.95

Super Expender 57.95

Snackman 14.95

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RS 232 Interface 47.95

24K Memory 179.95

Amok 20.95

Household Finance 29.95

Home Inventory 13.95

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HP 82091 M 544" Disc Drive s165000

HP 82905 Serial Printer s59500

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CORPORATE ACCOUNTS WELCOME

PRINTERS

GRAPPLER Graphic Inter/Cable .139.95 OKIDATA 82A 120 CPS, Bidirectional, Friction and Tractor Feed, Serial &

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OKIDATA 83A 120 CPS, Bidirectional, Friction & Tractor, 136 Col. Serial &

Parallel, Takes 15" Paper 719.95

Tractor Feed, (optional) 54.95

OKIDATA OKIGRAPH™ Create illustrations, Graphs, Charts or whatever a

CRT screen tells it to 69.95

CENTRONICS 739-I Graphics, 100 CPS Monospaced Mode, Right Justification,

Friction and Tractor 514.95

XEROX Diablo 630 with word processing enhancement 2299.95

Bi-directionalTractor(optional) . .204.95 NEW! C.ITOH F10-40 Parallel, Daisy Wheel, Letter Quality Printer .. .1549.95 C.ITOH 8510 Pro Writer, 120 CPS, 136 Columns, Parallel, Bidirectional, F/T, High

Resolution Graphics 509.95

NEC 8023 Pro Writer, 100 CPS, 136 Col. Parallel, Bidirectional, Tractor and Friction, High Resolution Graphics . .484.95 • • • EPSON • * •

MX-80 449.95 MX-80FT ....549.95

MX-100FT 719.95

MONITORS

SANYO VM-4509 9" B&W 169.95

SANYO DM-8112CX 12" Green . . . .269.95

SANYO DMC-6013 13" Color 449.95

NECJB1201 12" Green 179.95

NEC JC1201 12" Color 349.95

BMC 1200 154.95

©1982^^1 _

67 West 47th Street, New York, N.Y. 10036

115 West 45th Street, New York, N.Y. 10036

MAIL ORDER ADDRESS: 36 E. 19th St. New York, N.Y. 10003

(212)260-4410

TOLL FREE OUT-OF-STATE

800-221-7774 800-221-5858 800-223-5661

Items on sale for limited time only, and are subject to limited availability. Not responsible for typographical errors. This ad supersedes all other ads prior to June '82. Prices effective as of April 23, 1982, and are subject to change without notice. Ail orders subject to verification and acceptance. Minimum shipping and handling $4.95

Circle 1 on inquiry card.

Listing 2: NEWDOS/80 Version 2.0 directory. If the command DIR S, I, A, P is entered, the following information is provided: file name, number of full sectors, number of bytes in the last sector, the logical record length, number of logical records in the file, number of granules, and the number of extensions used.

NEWDOS80 08/04/81 35 TRKS

BOOT/SYS

SYS6/SYS

SYSJ.4/SYS

BASIC/CMD

DIR/SYS

SYS7/SYS

SYS15/SYS

NWD80V2/XLF

SYSO/SYS

SYS8/SYS

SYS16/SYS

CHAINTST/JCL

NWD80V2/ILF

SYS1/SYS

SYS9/SYS

SYS17/SYS

ASPOOL/MAS

CHAINBLD/BAS

SYS2/SYS

SYS10/SYS

SYS18/SYS

LMOFFSET/CMD

SYS3/SYS

SYSll/SYS

SYS19/SYS

SYS4/SYS

SYS.12/SYS

SYS20/SYS

DISASSEM/CMD

DIRCHECK/CMD

EDTASM/CMD

SYS5/SYS

SYS13/SYS

SYS21/SYS

SUPERZAP/CMD

EOF

5/000

35/000

5/000

18/000

10/000

5/000

5/000

2/054

15/000

5/000

5/000

1/050

2/002

5/000

5/000

5/000

10/000

19/059

5/000

5/000

5/000

10/000

5/000

5/000

5/000

5/000

5/000

5/000

25/000

15/000

35/000

5/000

5/000

5/000

30/000

LRL 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256

2 9 FDES 1 GRANS

RECS GRANS EXTS SIUEC....UAL

1 1 SI UA6

7 1 SIU UA7

1 1 SIU UA7

4 1 .IU U.6

2 1 SI UA5

1 1 SIU UA7

1 1 SIU UA7

1 1 . .U 0

3 1 SIU UA7

1 1 SIU UA7

1 1 SIU UA7

1 1 . .U 0

1 1 . .U 0

1 1 SIU UA7

1 1 SIU UA7

1 1 SIU UA7

2 1 . .U 0

4 1 . .U 0

1 1 SIU UA7

1 1 SIU UA7

1 1 SIU UA7

2 1 . .U 0

1 1 SIU UA7

1 1 SIU UA7

1 1 SIU UA7

1 1 SIU UA7

1 1 SIU UA7

1 1 SIU UA7

5 1 . .U 0

3 1 . .U 0

7 1 . .U 0

1 1 SIU UA7

1 1 SIU UA7

1 1 SIU UA7

6 1 . . U 0

5

35

5

18

10

5

5

3

15

5

5

2

3

5

5

5

10

20

5

5

5

10

5

5

5

5

5

5

25

15

35

5

5

5

30

Listing 3: A short program to demonstrate the generation of a cross-reference table using the command REF$.

10

LPRINT "THIS IS A PROGRAM"

20

GOTO 2000

500

FOR 1=1 TO 2

510

FOR J=l TO 5

520

IJ=I*J

530

A$="SIN OF"

540

LPRINT AS;IJ;" = ";SIN(IJ)

550

NEXT J

560

NEXT I

570

RETURN

2000

LPRINT "TO DEMONSTRATE"

2010

LPRINT "EDITING ENHANCEMENTS"

2020

LPRINT "IN NEWDOS/80 VERSION 2.0'

1: LPRINT

2030

GOSUB 500

2040

END

REF S

1

500 510

2

500

5

510

500

2030

2000

20

A

530/$ 540/$

I

500 520 560

IJ

520 540/2

J

510 520 550

RUN

THIS IS A PROGRAM

TO DEMONSTRATE

EDITING ENHANCEMENTS

IN NEWDOS/80 VERSION 2.0

SIN OF SIN OF SIN OF SIN OF SIN OF SIN OF SIN OF SIN OF SIN OF 8 SIN OF 10

.841471

.909298

.14112

-.756802

-.958924

.909298

-.756802

-.279416

.989358

-.544021

an empty, blank file, but with specified attributes and length. Generally it has the form:

CREATE,filespec, (options)

where the options control the record count for the file, the record length, specify whether the file length can be automatically extended, and whether unused file length can be cleared. Sometimes a user program expects a file to exist already or requires pre-allocated file space; CREATE allows that possibility.

The DEBUG command enters the system's debugging and monitor utility. Suffice to say, the original TRSDOS DEBUG has been praised by reviewers as an excellent piece of software, and Apparat's version is much better. One brief point, DEBUG can be entered from within a program by simultaneously typing "123."

DIR, available in all operating systems for the TRS-80, displays a directory of the files on a specified disk. For V2, it's been greatly enhanced. Listing 2 shows the directory for the V2 source disk using the command:

DIR 0,S,I,A,P

where 0 is the drive number, S displays the system files, I specifies "invisible" files, A asks for various specifications on each file (without A, the listing would show only the names), and P sends the output to the printer. I could have added U, which would have shown only those files that had been updated, and /CMD (or some other extension), which would have displayed only those files with the specified extension. Listing 3 gives the following information: the file name, the number of full sectors in the file and the number of bytes in the last sector (e.g., 12/123), the logical record length used for the file, the number of logical records in the file, the number of granules (a granule is five sectors and is used to allocate file space), and the number of extensions used.

In listing 3, eight flags describe the file, as shown at the end of each file entry. These flags explain whether the file is a system (S) or invisible (I) file, if it's been updated (U), whether it can be allocated more space (E for no), whether space beyond the end of file can be cleared (C for no), whether it has an update password (U) or access password (A), and the protection level (L, specified as a number).

The DUMP command simply writes a memory block to disk with a specified file name, start and end address, and an entry address (if it is a program). New to V2, DUMP allows the load locations for machine-language code to be changed. One important feature is that problematic main memory contents can be dumped to disk and later examined and modified as if the code were in memory by using Superzap's DMDB (display memory dump block) feature.

V2's FORMAT command is more powerful than similar commands in other TRS-80 operating systems. It allows many of the options of the COPY command and it

386 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Great Buy!

On a great terminal.

The Hazeltine 1420 display terminal delivers all the features you need for today's conversational applications at a new low price. Just $595 per terminal. A $440 reduction from list price.

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Great performance: You get a high quality, 1920character display with upper and lower case, multiple

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Hazeltine Corporation Computer Terminal Equipment Greenlawn, NY 11740 (516) 549-8800

Answers for the^jf^/^

XXXXXX <X XX .XXX.

■■xx" xx xx xx" 'XX

XX XX X XX XX XX

XX XX MX <« XX XX

XX «) XXX XX. .XX

<X >X XX "XXX1

xx xxxxx; x xx xx""

X XXXXX\

xxx xx-"xx

xx xx (X xx

xx...xx xxxxxx

xxx"-xxx xx xx

xx <x xx xxx

X XX <X XXXXXX XX XX

XXX XXX'. XX "XX" XX XX

xx xx < xxxxxs xxxxxn x xx <x xxxx:

« n ui <x"'xx <r"xx <xx xxy. « "xx

(X 1 XX XX IX XX XX <X XX <X XX <XXX\ XX XX

XX XXX XX XX...XX (XXXXX (XXXIX XX...XX XX XX\XX XX

XXX XXX <XX"'XXX XX XX XX XX (XX'"YXX XX XXXX XX

If <X XX (X (X XXX XX XXX XX X) XX XXX XX

Hazeltine 1420

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PARTICIPATING DISTRIBUTORS

ADL ENTERPRISES

(201) 328-1300

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(305) 425-5505

CAMERON COMPUTERS, INC.

(716)473-4590

Circle 491 on inquiry card.

COMPUTER DATACOM, INC.

(714) 540-6327

COMSEL CORPORATION

(703) 734-3880

DANER HAYES, INC.

(617) 894-7290

DATA SYSTEMS MARKETING

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ELECTRONIC MARKETING

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MARKETLINE SYSTEMS, INC.

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TSC DATA TERMINALS

(201) 245-6333

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J.J. WILD, INC.

(617) 449-5600

BYTE June 1982 387

Circle 148 on inquiry card.

Reliable Business Software

DATASMITH software requires no previous computer experience, so it can be used effectively by your present office staff. The menu-driven systems feature extensive error detection and correction facilities, so they are "friendly" to the user.

• GENERAL LEDGER. Everything you need to keep the books. Features easy-to-use data entry and error correction, trial balance, fast post, and a variety of comprehensive reports. Automatic error detection keeps the books in balance. Writes checks and makes journal entries in one operation.

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• DATA MANAGER. A powerful generalized data management system that iets you define, enter, update, sort, select, and print reports from a database of your own design. Applicable to almost any job where records must be kept, this system can replace literally hundreds of programs.

Put your computer to work with these sophisticated systems now. Programs are available for 48K or larger two-disk systems in your choice of code for Microsoft BASIC-801*' under CP/M"1, IBM"1 Personal Computer BASIC, or Micropolis"1 BASIC.

DflTflSMITH

Box 8036, Shawnee Mission, KS 66208, (913) 381-9118

<$

© MOD II CP/M® IQ QUIZ

Does your TRS-80 Mod II:

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1 KOU 1 ® P.O.BOX 1206. GOLETA. CA 93116. (805)685-4641

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research TRS-80 is a trademark ol Tandy Corp

Yes

No

□

□

□

□

□

□

□

□

□

□

□

□

□

□

□

□

□

□

If you

lets you specify whether only certain tracks are to be formatted. Also, it will accept default values for the disk name, password, and date. For example:

FORMAT 1,,,,Y

assigns to the disk the name NOTNAMED, the current date, and the password PASSWORD. Y tells the computer to format the disk even if data is already there.

The commands MDRET, MDBORT, and MDCOPY use a Mini-DOS that's entered by simultaneously pressing the "dfg" keys. If this is done while a program is executing (interrupts must be enabled), a subset of the system commands may be issued. You can return to the execution of the program by typing MDRET (Mini-DOSReturn) or exit to the command level by typing MDBORT (Mini-DOS-aBORT). For example, I wrote this article using Scripsit. While writing, I wanted to see the directory. I pressed "dfg" and saw the MINI-DOS READY prompt. I then typed DIR and saw the directory. I could have killed a file if I so wished. When I typed MDRET, I returned to the Scripsit program. If I wanted to exit the Scripsit program, I would have typed MDBORT. The Mini-DOS will not work with a few of the commands, such as FORMAT, but it works with most. The MDCOPY command allows a limited version of COPY from Mini-DOS.

The ROUTE command directs input and output between devices. It's best understood from some examples. In the following discussion, DO refers to video-display output, PR is printer output, RO is RS-232C output (on the Model III only), RI is RS-232C input (only on the Model III), and KB is keyboard input. Thus, ROUTE, PR,DO will "route" printer output to the screen. (This is useful if you don't have a printer and want to use programs that expect one.) ROUTE,PR,DO,PR will send output to both the screen and printer. On the Model III, ROUTE,KB,RI allows keyboard input from the RS-232C interface, while ROUTE,DO,RO would send screen output to the RS-232C. In addition, you can "route" to a machine-language routine in memory, but, unfortunately, you cannot "route" to a disk file. ROUTE,CLEAR clears everything back to the original state.

The last command, WRDIRP, is used for exchanging single-density disks between Model I and Model III machines. I'll describe it later in this article.

BASIC Language Enhancements

V2 BASIC in the TRS-80 uses memory overlays; i.e., when certain functions are called from a program, the necessary code is read from disk and "overlaid" into memory. The disk drives may turn on even when there is no input or output, allowing V2 to expand BASIC without using extra memory.

V2's most important BASIC enhancement is the statement CMD'ra" (also implemented in earlier versions of NEWDOS). The "xxx" option can be almost any system command. When this statement is encountered, the com

388 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 367 on inquiry card.

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mand is executed and operation is returned to the BASIC program. If the program includes the line:

200 CMD"DIR"

a directory will appear on the screen and then execution will be returned to the program. CMD also calls functions that are unique to BASIC. It can be used either from within a program or from the keyboard. From within a program, it allows language enhancements using the forms CMD'T" and CMD"0." The first of these has the format:

In CMD'T = function"

where In is a line number and "function" determines what happens.

Briefly, the CMD functions, POPS, POPR, and POPN, allow a variety of options in exiting FOR . . . NEXT loops. For example, they permit exiting a loop before its limit is exceeded or stopping the loop "early," ignoring the NEXT statement. The SASZ option lets you change the memory area allocated to string variables without affecting or clearing the variables; i.e., it clears string space without really executing a CLEAR. When followed by a variety of variables, ERASE clears the specified variables to zero. KEEP does the opposite; it clears all variables except the specified ones. SWAP, followed by two variables, exchanges the values of the variables. SS executes a program step by step, which provides a much more sophisticated form of debugging. In operation, SS displays the current line number. With SS, the line number where single-stepping should be started can be specified, and single-stepping can be stopped by using the suffix N.

CMD'T", DELETE lnl —ln2 will delete the program code between line numbers lnl and ln2, which lets you remove a subroutine from memory and bring in another subroutine from disk. For example:

1000 CMD"F",DELETE 25000-30000 1010 MERGE "NEWSUB/BAS"

would delete the specified lines and bring in a new subroutine named NEWSUB/BAS (which must be between lines 25000 and 30000). (Note that the MERGE function no longer requires that the new code be stored in ASCII format.) This is potentially very powerful; for example, a menu could be used to select different subroutines to be loaded at different times during execution of a program. In essence, a program can "call" a variety of subroutines from disk.

Another important enhancement provides a sorting feature by using the statement:

In CMD"0",«,(array variable list) where n is the number of elements in the array to be

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sorted. The specifications allow for ascending and descending sorts, sorting a limited part of an array, and tagging other arrays onto sorts. Both strings and numbers can be sorted. It's not possible to describe all of the possibilities here, but the function is powerful and fast.

Changes in BASIC Invocation

Bringing up BASIC from the system mode is done by using the form:

BASIC n,m,line,

where line is any BASIC program line or statement, n sets the number of files to be made available, and specifying m will set the upper limit on available memory (n,m, and line are all optional). (BASIC may still be entered by typing the word BASIC alone.) The command can be followed by RUN or LIST with a program name, and the program will be run or listed. For example, entering the line:

BASIC 5,30000,CMD"DIR":RUN"TESTPROG/BAS"

would bring up BASIC, set up five files, protect memory from location 30000 on up, display the disk directory, and start to run the program TESTPROG/BAS.

The command BASIC * is quite useful: it allows recovery of a program even after an accidental reset. If

the program is still in memory, the computer will reenter BASIC, list the program, and allow it to be executed. Of course, it will not work if something destroyed the program in memory. While BASIC is still enabled, RENEW performs a similar function by reinstating a program eliminated by the BASIC command NEW.

Editing and Program Manipulation

The original Level II BASIC provided a good lineoriented editor. V2 doesn't change this, but it adds many useful features.

The REF$ utility, for example, sends a cross-referenced list of all variables and integer numbers (mostly line numbers) to the printer (see listing 3). REF* sends the list to the screen. REFA gives all line numbers where variable A appears, and REF200 displays all references to integer 200, including line number 200. REF'The" finds all strings containing the word "The," and REF = FOR locates all references to FOR (not as strings, but in statements) in the program.

The CMD"C" utility compresses and manipulates the text of a program. CMC'C'alone removes both comment lines and spaces. CMD"C",R removes remarks alone, and CMD"C",S deletes only spaces.

RENUM renumbers a program in almost any configuration. Simply typing:

RENUM ,

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392 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 389 on inquiry card.

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will renumber everything with increments of 10 between lines. Entering:

RENUM 30000,5,15365,18112

would renumber all lines between 15365 and 18112 with an increment of five; the new numbering would start with 30000. Thus, 15365 would become 30000, 15366 would be 30005, and so on. All branches are kept track of, and you can't mix up two parts of the program. The function RENUM U is slightly different: it produces a list of all references to undefined lines (i.e., GOTO 1000 would be shown as an error if line 1000 didn't exist).

The DI and DU functions are closely related to RENUM. Entering the command:

DI 1005,2010

will displace (DI) line 1005 to 2010.

DU 1005,2010

will duplicate (DU) 1005 at 2010—but 1005 will still be at its original location. Similarly, D 1005 will delete (D) line 1005, which is the only way it can be done. You can no longer accidentally remove line 50 by typing the number 50.

Additional enhancements provided include a variety of abbreviated, single-character functions that are a great aid when writing and editing programs. For example:

"." lists the current program line "," puts the current program line into the edit mode ";" or "shift up-arrow" lists the first program line "/" or "shift down-arrow" lists the last program line "up-arrow" displays the preceding line "down-arrow" displays the following line " + " scrolls one display page down ":" scrolls one display page up

The editing character must be the first and only entry on a line; backspacing is not allowed. However, pressing BREAK will reset things, permitting character entry. These functions allow rapid and simple program editing. I find myself editing programs on the screen that would have required a printed output with TRSDOS. (TRSDOS for the Model III, however, has many of these features.)

File Types

File types are the most confusing aspect of V2, although they are intuitively easy to grasp. The file structures and input/output procedures are similar to those normally found on much larger computers. The new files are powerful, but they're hard to describe, both in a review and in the documentation (Apparat devotes 80 pages to the file types).

Both the sequential and random files supported by TRSDOS and similar systems are maintained by V2, but V2's sequential and random files have new features. First,

394 June 1982 © BYTE Publications he

Circle 124 on inquiry card.

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D Z80A'" based system. Complies with IEEE 696.1/D2 S-100 BUS specifications.

□ Single or Double Density Floppy Disk controller. Controls up to four 8" or 5%" floppy disk drives in either DMA. Interrupt or Programmed I/O mode.

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□ Four Channel Direct Memory Access Controller.

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ojwo Parallel I/O channels with one channel programmable in either DMA. Interrupt or Programmed I/O mode.

□ Memory Management capable of addressing 16 Megabytes of system memory.

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Flexibility

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Listing 4: Superzap program menu.

APPARAT

'DD'

1 DM'

'DFS'

'DTS'

'DMDB'

'VDS'

'ZDS'

•CDS'

'CDD'

'DPWE'

1DNTH'

'EXIT'

of variables as well as the space allocated to each. Both file types can be used for random access.

DRV

00

5F20

0000

0053

5953

3120

2020

0

10

5678

1234

0500

1000

FFFF

FFFF

OH

20

5F20

0000

0053

5953

3920

2020

30

5678

1234

0500

1320

FFFF

FFFF

DRS

40

5F20

0000

0053

5953

3137

2020

175

50

5678

1234

0500

0A2O

FFFF

FFFF

AFH

60

1020

0062

0042

4153

5255

4E20

70

9642

9642

3900

0804

1906

FFFF

80

1020

0000

0041

5350

4F4F

4C20

90

9642

9642

0A00

1C21

FFFF

FFFF

A0

1020

003B

0043

4841

494E

424C

B0

9642

9642

1400

1D23

FFFF

FFFF

FRS

CO

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

5

DO

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

5H

E0

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

P

F0

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

S SUPERZAP/80. INPUT ONE OF THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS: OR NULL - DISPLAY DISK SECTOR DISPLAY MAIN MEMORY DISPLAY FILE'S SECTOR ., ., „

display track's sector Utility Programs

- DISPLAY MEMORY DUMP BLOCK , ii.,, .i . ..w .!_ . 1 1 J

verify disk sectors In addition to the various utilities that have already

cop? disk tfclolt been described (e.g., REF and RENUM), V2 has several

- Cdispl.ayKpasswop.d encode machine-language utility programs, including Superzap,

- display name/type hash code DISASSEM, LMOFFSET, DIRCHECK, EDTASM,

- END SUPERZAP, EXIT TO DOS omiiimr, a „„««, PRINTER OUTPUT. APPEND ,P TO DD, DM, DFS, DTS OR DMDB CHAINBLD, and ASPOOL.

The most useful is Superzap. The menu shown in listing 4 describes its functions. The display mode (using Listing 5: A directory sector as displayed by Superzap. rj^ DM, DFS, DTS, or DMDB) gives sectors and

256-byte blocks of memory as shown in listing 5. The

2053 5953 SYS1. SYS

ffff ffff v..4! '.'.'.'.... location and other data are on the left, the hexadecimal

ffff ffff v!'.4'.....'.'.'.'.f!S byte values are in the middle, and the ASCII equivalents

*°*l mi v'.'.V.^.f.1.;;;!!! or tne hexadecimal values are on the right. If a hexa

l°£ £** -^ ■-basrun. .cmd decimal-byte value lacks an ASCII equivalent, a period is

204D 4153 ASPOOL..MAS shown

FFFF FFFF .B.B...1 _ ' . ,. r

4442 4153 ...; .chainbldbas Several editing functions are available while in Super

oooo oooo '..'..'.'.'..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. zap's display mode. The most important of these is oooo oooo ."I.."."!.".!!! MOD, which allows modification of a byte within the

0000 000° displayed sector. Here's how it works: a cursor appears

that can be moved around as you see fit; modifications a sequential file can be opened at its end with data being are made by simply typing over byte values. Preceding added at that point (Model III TRSDOS also does this). and following sectors can also be displayed. When you You would normally open a sequential file at the begin- type ENTER, the system asks if the modification should ning with the statement: be written to disk. This is how Apparat's updates (zaps)

are made on system programs. The modify option can be OPEN"0",l,"FILE/FIL" used to change file names and dates, to repair disk director

ies, and to change text files. Two other editing functions, which would open the file at the beginning only. The F and L, are available. F is quite important: it searches a statement: disk, file, or memory for a value up to four bytes. For ex

ample, entering the command F,2A,5C,33,AC would OPEN"E",l,"FILE/FIL" find those four hexadecimal bytes. Another function,

SCOPY (DD and DTS modes only), allows the displayed will now open it at the end. sector to be copied to another sector on the disk.

A second new feature is that random files can have DISASSEM/CMD is capable of disassembling object

variable logical record lengths, or LRLs. (In TRSDOS for code from a tape, disk, or memory, displaying the Z80 the Model I, the length is fixed at 256 bytes.) BASIC must mnemonics, providing a printed listing, and sending the be invoked by a statement such as BASIC 3V; the V in- generated source code to a new disk file. The source code dicates that the files will have variable LRLs. Entering the may then be modified and reassembled using the statement: EDTASM/CMD program. There are a variety of other

options, and this is a very powerful disassembler. OPEN"R",l,"FILE/FIL",128 LMOFFSET/CMD reads a machine-language program

from tape or disk, displays the start, end, and entry locawill produce an LRL of 128 bytes. This arrangement is tions, allows relocation of the program load address, opeasier than using the complex bookkeeping required with tionally sets up the program so that it can be loaded from other systems and it saves space. disk and executed under the nondisk BASIC Level II

Additionally, V2 has two file types that are found in no SYSTEM command, and dumps the code to tape or disk, other operating system: marked item files (with three I have found little need to offset program locations using subtypes) and fixed item files (with two subtypes). this routine, but its ability to tell me the start and end Marked item files are intended to be similar to sequential locations is handy. Most important, however, is its abilifiles, but they use less disk space and are easier to access. ty to dump a machine-language program from disk to Also, some other limitations of sequential files are tape (new to V2); this is invaluable for transferring proremoved. Fixed item files are similar to random files, grams to systems without disk drives, although the FIELD statement, LSET, RSET, and other DIRCHECK/CMD performs a simple but essential

buffer-formatting statements are not used. The PUT and function: it checks the disk directory. It also lists the GET statements define the sequence of storage and recall directory, characteristics of the files, and gives messages

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The professional word processing system for the Apple™ computer

GENERAL

Editing, printing, form letters, mail-merge, and electronic mail all in one package at one price?

User's manual designed for the user?

User-controlled configuration of printers, slots, drives, and 40/80 column editing?

THE MANUAL

Complete index included?

Organized as a set of lessons?

Easel-bound for ease of use?

THE DOCUMENT PRINTER

Integrates files from DB MASTER'S Utility Pack"', The Data Factory"', Visicalc™, Information Master"', and most DIF"''files.

Accepts keyboard input at print time?

Supports all major printers, including Centronics 737 and IBM ET- series?

Has IF and related commands to allow conditional printing of information based on the contents of a database or on keyboard input?

Prints page headers of arbitrary complexity?

Prints page numbers wherever you want them?

Automatically generates alphabetical index for words you specify?

Supports file chaining and file nesting?

Has multi-level outline indenting?

Has left- and right-justified tab stops?

Gives full control of all margins, dynamic text reformatting, centering, and justification?

Supports Thunderclock™ and the CCS clockcard for automatic dating?

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INTEGRATES CARD FILE FEATURES

Allows multiple card files per disk?

Allows user to define size and content of 'cards' in each file?

Generates new subset card files based on search or sort criteria for an existing file?

Incorporates one/multiple line report printer for card files?

Allows totals and subtotals during report printing?

THE DOCUMENT EDITOR

Keeps up with professional typing speeds?

User-defined phrase abbreviations?

40 or 80 character edit modes user-selectable?

Supports Smarterm"', Superterm", Videoterm™ and Full View 80"'.

Uses real shift key?

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Global search and replace?

Block operations: move, transfer, delete?

Character/word/line: insert/replace/delete?

Allows embedded commands to control special printer functions?

ELECTRONIC MAIL SYSTEM

Menu driven?

Multiple document queuing?

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relating to any problems. The error messages can be difficult to understand without careful reading of the documentation.

EDTASM/CMD is best understood by quoting the V2 user's manual:

Thirty-five months ago Apparat converted TRS-80's tape-oriented editor/assembler to:

the

1. Read text from disk as well as cassette.

2. Write text and/or object to disk as well as cassette. . .

3. Allow scrolling to display up to 15 text lines.

4. Prevent the confusing printer output associated with DEFM.

5. List symbols in alphabetical order with reference list.

6. Accept and convert lowercase to upperjcase].

The manual also states that EDTASM is a modification of Radio Shack's copyrighted product, so all users must buy the original. In addition, Apparat provides documentation for the enhancements only. If you want to use EDTASM, you must have the manual for Radio Shack's tape-based editor assembler.

CHAINBLD/BAS is a BASIC program that constructs or edits a job-control-language file (see above). The same file can be written more easily using Scripsit; however, with earlier versions of NEWDOS, you had to write a BASIC program to create the JCL file. The

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LA120 DECwriler III KSR 2,295 220 122 83

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VT100 CRT DECscope 1,695 162 90 61

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VT125 CRT Graphics 3,295 315 185 119

VT131 CRT DECscope 1,745 167 98 63

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VT18XAC Personal Computer Option 2.395 230 128 86

TI745 Portable Terminal 1,595 153 85 58

TI765 Bubble Memory Terminal . 2,595 249 138 93

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ADM5 CRT Terminal 645 62 36 24

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ADM42 CRT Terminal 1.995 190 106 72

EXCEL 12 CRT Terminal 1.695 162 90 61

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COLORSCAN 10 Color CRT 3,195 307 171 116

925 CRT Terminal 850 82 46 31

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CHAINBLD/BAS program is better than other versions that are on the market.

The ASPOOL utility speeds program execution while output is being sent to a printer. Print-data is sent to a disk buffer and from there to the printer without delaying the program. Because disk output is much quicker than printer output, program execution continues when the printer would normally be active. ASPOOL was written by a consultant (H.S. Gentry), not by the Apparat staff, and it's an excellent program. One reviewer has said that the value of the spooler equaled the price of NEWSDOS/80.

Compatibility

The TRS-80 Models I and III have different ROMs, and no operating system can make them completely compatible. Yet, the ROMs are similar, and most programs will operate on both. The main problem is the transfer of software. TRSDOS for the Model III permits a limited transfer from the Model I's single-density disks, but not the reverse. V2 allows two-way transfers, and you can copy double-density disks created on either computer. If PDRIVE and SYSTEM are set correctly, either computer can read files and execute programs written by the other. With single-density disks, the WRDIRP command may have to be used, but that's simple. V2 seems to allow as much compatibility between the two computers as is possible.

V2 for the Model I is a different system than that for the Model III. If you have both a Model I and a Model III, you will need V2 on both computers to use the disks interchangeably.

Documentation

The documentation for NEWDOS has been notoriously poor. The first versions were simply supplements to the TRSDOS documentation. NEWDOS/80 Version 2's documentation is much better. It consists of more than 260 pages of very detailed text with an index and a good table of contents, packaged in a three-ring binder. For the machine-language programmer, the documentation has a lot of technical detail. But the first-time user may have a problem. All the information you will need is in the documentation, but you need some understanding of operating systems to use it.

The text is not a tutorial for the newcomer, but Apparat has tried to include examples for the novice, and it has mostly succeeded. Although you may have to do some studying, everything is spelled out in regard to commands, BASIC enhancements, and so forth. The problem is that the documentation is written by experts for experts. For example, I doubt that anyone will be able to understand the file types without first understanding sequential and random files in TRSDOS. Reference is even made to the TRSDOS manual. If V2 is a stand-alone system, it seems odd to expect people to buy the TRSDOS manual. If you want to use the most important features of V2, you should have no problem with the documenta

398 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 451 on inquiry card.

STOP SOFTWARE

FAILURES

Using a micro in a product sounds easy... One piece of software can make the difference between success and failure.

What do you do when the software doesn't work? Over the years, we have seen many good products fail, either before or after they reached the market, because the microprocessor software did not do its job.

WHAT WENT WRONG?

Many of the failures occurred because the people programming the micro did not know how to organize a large control program. Those responsible for the product implementation were wizards at hardware design and had easily coded small micro control programs before. But the programming techniques that worked for less than 2K bytes of code simply fell apart as the program grew beyond 4K bytes.

Unfortunately, the loops and tests and flags that work so well for a small program get out of control very rapidly as the program grows. Pretty soon, some of the things the program must do are not being done fast enough. The code gets too complicated, difficult to modify and unreliable. The result: another software failure!

Fortunately, these problems can be avoided by using a program manager. You can divide your complex control program into a number of separate, more manageable programs, called tasks, each designed to do one job. For example, a Keyboard Task might handle user input; a Printer Task might generate reports. Each task can be written and tested separately and then combined to form a reliable, finished system.

The program manager, called a multitasking executive, supervises the orderly execution of these tasks, assuring that the most important jobs always get done first.Tasks appearto be executing simultaneously. It's almost like having a separate CPU for each task!

That is why professional software designers are now turning to AMX as the starting point for their product and system designs. They know that AMX will shield them from the difficulties of managing the micro, freeing them to concentrate on their application.

AMX is our multitasking executive for

the 8080, 8085, Z80 and 6809 processors. We're rather proud of it. We made AMX compact, very fast, and ROMable to meet our own application needs. Even though the AMX nucleus is less than 1400 bytes in size, it features multiple task priorities, intertask message passing with priority queuing, external event synchronization, and interval timing with 32-bit precision. Each feature is clearly explained in the AMX Reference Manual.

RELIABILITY BUILT IN

We don't know anyone who can write an executive without errors, so we thoroughly tested AMX in real applications before ever offering it as a product. That is why not one system malfunction has ever been attributed to AMX. That kind of reliability just isn't an accident.

HARDWARE INDEPENDENCE

AMX does not require a particular hardware configuration. Of course, it does need a microprocessor, but even there we offer you a choice. You control your environment. You pick the I/O method. You decide the most optimum interrupt service technique for your system. AMX will support your choice.

High level language interface modules are available separately to allow AMX to be used with most popular programming languages including PASCAL, C, PL/M and FORTRAN. Of course, you can also code in assembly language if required.

Users of the CP/M and FLEX Operating Systems can utilize our AMX interface modules to access information on diskette in realtime.

COMPLETE DOCUMENTATION

AMX can be judged by the quality of our documentation. The positive response from our users has exceeded our expectations. Our manuals are especially valuable to those just being introduced to real-time multitasking. More experienced users will appreciate the fact that we deliver AMX source on diskette to permit AMX to be moved to the software development system of your choice.

HOW TO ORDER

A specification sheet and price list are available, free. Your check or money order for $75 will purchase the AMX Reference Manual for immediate evaluation (specify 8080,8085, Z80 or 6809 processor). Add $25 for postage and handling outside USA and Canada. The standard AMX Multitasking Executive package, including source code, is available for $800 after signing our liberal license agreement.

AMX is the choice of professionals the world over. Make it yours, today.

KADAK Products Ltd.

1847 West Broadway Avenue Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6J 1Y5 Telephone (604) 734-2796 Telex 04-55670

IF

CP/M is a trademark Of Digital Research Corp.; FLEX is a trademark ol Technical Systems Consultants. Inc.: Z80 is a trademark of Zilog Corp.

Circle 253 on Inquiry card.

tion that's supplied. But if you have no experience using a DOS, then you should expect to do a lot of studying. I hope that someone will write a V2 manual for the newcomer. Apparat has not done it.

Conclusion

The TRS-80 is now served by more than nine operating systems. In my opinion, a satisfactory system must provide double-density operation, optimal compatibility between the Model I and the Model III, and flexibility in system configuration. At least two DOSes meet these criteria: LDOS and NEWDOS/80 Version 2.0. (See "LDOS—Disk Operating System for the TRS-80," by Tim Daneliuk, March 1982 BYTE, page 372.) They are both superior to any operating system I have used on any mini- or microcomputer. If they were designed for a less common machine, they would cost many thousands of dollars. In fact, if purchased separately, the cost of a few

of the utilities in NEWDOS/80 Version 2.0 would probably be more than the complete operating system.

I believe that NEWDOS/80 Version 2.0 is the most powerful operating system available for the TRS-80 Models I and III. As far as I know, it has all of the important features of other operating systems for TRS-80s. Some DOSes may have other options, such as the filtering procedures of LDOS, but those are made up for by such things as V2's BASIC enhancements, Superzap and other utilities, and by improved file types. Above all, V2's flexibility in supporting various system configurations and allowing compatibility between the Models I and III is outstanding.

Given my choice, I would rather own an Aston Martin than a Ferrari, but I recognize that the choice is subjective. The choice between NEWDOS/80 Version 2.0 and some of its competitors may be equally subjective, but it's one of the best operating systems ever designed.■

For The Best In Price, Selection and Delivery,

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7720 Call for Special Price

7725 Call for Special Price

Std. Forms Tractor $ 200

3510 $1690

DIABLO: 630-R102RO . . $1995 QUME:

Sprint 5, 55RO $2339

Sprint 5, 55KSR Call

Sprint 9, 45RO,

Limited Panel $1845

Full Panel $1969

Std. Forms Tractor $ 199

Bi-Dir. Forms Tractor $ 199

CENTRONICS:

739-1 (Parallel) $ 649

739-3 (Serial) Call for Special Price

TERMINALS

AMPEX:

Dialogue 30 $ 775

Dialogue 80 $ 939

BEEHIVE: (SMART DISPLAY)

DM5 Call

DM5A Call

DM310(3101 Emulator) Call

NOTE: IBM and Burroughs compatible terminals available. Please inquire. C. ITOH

CIT 101 $1350

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS:

745 Standard $1390

745 Std. (Reconditioned) . . . Call

810 Basic $1249

810 Package $1439

820 Package RO Package $1610

820 RSR Package Call

840 RO Basic $ 795

840 RO Tractor Feed Pkg. .$1059

COUPLERS

STAR: 300 Baud $ 124

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SOFTWARE

BISYNC-80RJE $ 769

Wordstar $ 319

Data Star $ 215

Cobol $ 789

Forms2(CobolGen.) $ 179

Mail Merge $ 99

Spell Guard $ 229

Plan 80 $ 249

Super Calc $ 249

Milestone $ 249

In addition, we can make EIA RS232 or RS449 cables to your order, and supply you with ribbons, printer stands, print wheels, thimbles for all printers listed. And many, many more items. CALL NOW.

All items shipped freight collect either motor freight or UPS unless otherwise specified. VISA and MasterCards welcomed; add 3% for credit card purchases. Virginia residents, add 4% Sales Tax. For fastest delivery, send certified check, money order or bank-wire transfer. Sorry, no C.O.D. orders. All equipment is in factory cartons with manufacturers' warranty. Prices subject to change without notice. Most items are in stock now.

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400 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 447 on inquiry card.

EPSON

PRINTERS & ACCESSORIES

If you buy your EPSON somewhere else you'll probably pay too much! Common Features of the MX80, MX80FT A MX 100 Printers

* 80 characters per second * Tractor/pin feed paper flow

* Replaceable print head by user * Extreme reliability

* User projjramable from BASIC " 12 type fonts under software control

* Bi-directional logic seeking prlnthead * 9x9 & 9x18 matrix

' 96 ASCII characters * Programable form feeds

* Programable tabs (vert./horz.) * Compressed/expanded letters ' Cartridge ribbons * Parallel interface standard

* Self-test mode * Double strike & emphasized modes

MX80. ...The Printer that started it all. All of the above features plus extreme ease of use. CompleteTRS80 block graphics set as well as user selectable international symbols. Gives correspondence quality printing in several user selectable modes. Dip switch pins may be set for dedicated applications. Complete forms programability from BASIC software.

MX80FT All the features of the MX80 but with FRICTION feed as well for the use of single sheets of paper or roll paper. An exceptional buy for the user needing the single sheet capability. In the compressed mode 132 characters can be printed acrossthe width of a page which means it can be used for any printouts that normally need a 15 inch wide printer.

MX100... An exceptional printer with a extra quiet printhead and extra heavy duty construction for the intense use of a business environment. Does not havethe TRS80 graphic blocks but comes standard with Bit-Image graphics which allow the user control of individual dots for designing specialized graphs, symbols, etc. A best buy for business use.

MX70 For the budget minded a excellent entry level printer. It has most all of the features mentioned above including Bit-Image graphics in place of the TRS80 graphic blocks set. The Printer is unidirectional only. Expandable text can be printed but not compressed. Only single density printings is supported on the MX70. An inexpensive heavy duty printer.

BEST prices on Epson Printers All Printers & accessories in STOCK now!!!

EPSON ACCESSORIES, INTERFACES & CABLES

GRAPHTRAX 80 option (bit-image/italics).$79 EPSON PACK 2 - GRAFTRAX

CABLE Model I interlace 4 Model III $35 version for MX80, SOFT & MX100. This

$25 if purchased with EPSON printer package includes updated versions of

CABLE 4 INTERFACE to Model I key board..$85 modules in original Epson Pack. A screen

APPLE interlace 4 cable $89 oriented BIT IMAGE GRAPHICS generator util

GRAPPLER Apple hi resolution graphics..$Call 'V is provided. Create your special

iccc r„.»rfo^» i -ohiwrnu/D,.!! «7o characters, symbols, etc. directly on your

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ATARI cable (must have 850 interface) $35 c\u<jBS coqe to generate graphics and will

SERIAL RS232 2k buffered int. card $149 save needed code as BASIC program line to

RS COLOR computer to Epson card/cable..$59 disk. Then MERGE these into your BASIC pro

8ram. Also demo programs showing use of •J*P»8*ari,Phies. Full documentation.

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EPSON MX70

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EPSON MX80

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EPSON MX80 FT

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LINE PRINTER VII RS

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NEC 8023 A

$495

C. ITOH8510

$495

OKI DATA 82A

$499

OKI DATA 82A w/tractor

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OKI DATA 83A

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LINE PRINTER VIII RS

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CENTRONICS 739paral

el $599

CENTRONICS 739 seria

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OKIDATA84/200cps

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LINE PRINTER VI RS

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CENTRONICS 704

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ANADEX 9500/01 2k but

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LINE PRINTER V RS

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Centronics 352 / 200 cps

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Centronics 353 / dual m

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super letter quality

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LETTER QUALITY Daisy Wheel / Splnwrlters

C. ITOHF-10/40cps $1595

DAISY WHEEL MRS $1695

NEC SPINWRITERS

3510RS232 $1795

3530 Centronics pa'lel $1795

7710 Read Only $2375

7710 R/O w/tractor $2575

7720 kybd w/tractor $2750

7730 R/O parallel $2375

7730 R/O par.w/tract. $2575

DIABLO 630 R/O $2350

DIABLO 630 keyboard $2850

QUME 9/35 R/O $1850

QUME 9/35 keyboard $1950

QUME 9/45 limited $2295

QUME 9/55 limited $2395

Interfaces & cables available for most printers with any TRS80, Apple, Atari & most other computers. $$$$CALL FOR PRICES!

LINE PRINTERS

CENTRONICS 6080/81

600 lines per minute high speed band printer. For serious business applications. 608I standard $7676

6080 quietized cabinet $6399

HIGH RESOLUTION MONITOR

NEC green monitor NEC color monitor

$179 $349

ALTOS COMPUTERS $CALL

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MODEL II 64k $3248

MODEL I11 Drive Expansion...$995 MODEL II2 Drive Expansion..$1495 MODEL II3 Drive Expansion.$1995

Radio Shack HARD DISK $3995

TCS1 Drive/single cabinet $849

TCS 1 Drive/triple cabinet $949

TCS 2 Drive/triple cabinet...$1424 TCS 3 Drive/triple cabinet...$1899 TCS uses original Shugart drives

MODEL 16 1 Drive $4499

MODEL 16 2 Drive $5199

DT-1 DATA TERMINAL $629

Add 5,10 or 20 megabytes of storage to your TRS80, Apple, Atari, Heath, Zenith, Intertec, IBM, S-100and many others. One or several computers can share a hard disk. Get simultaneous access to data for multiple users. Available NOW at SUPER SAVINGS!

DEALERS-You can buy CORVUS from us for lest. Call & SAVE.

COLOR COMPUTERS

Orginal mfg. warranty on these items:

4K Level 1 $308

16K Level 1 $439

16K Extended Basic $459

32K Extended Basic $569

Color Disk 0...$499 Disk 1...$349

TCS 180 day Limited warranty on TCS items:

16K Level 1 $369

16K Extended Basic $439

32K Extended Basic $499

32K Upgrade Kit (TCS) $79

EPSON/COLOR lnt.& cable $59

MDDPI III <iYQTFM«5 The following come with quality TCS ■■••wivi-l. " ■ «* ■ w ■ i-lwlw memory and our own 180 day limited warranty. No warranty when customer opens computer or adds internal components.

MODEL III 16k TCS $788

MODEL III 32k TCS $818

MODEL III 48k TCS $848

The following with Radio Shack Warranty:

Model III 16k $818

Model III 32k $918

Model III 48k $1018

Model III 48k 2 Drives RS232.$2049

MODEL III DISK EXPANSION KITS

We use the highest quality fiberglass controller boards with double sided glass eooxy board and gold plated contacts in our TCS systems. The finest switching POWER SUPPLY available is also provided The aluminum MOUNTING HARDWARE has slotted holes for easy installation of the drives and includes all the power and data cables necessary to install the controller, drives and power supply.

Our disk drives are made by Tandon the same company that makes the drives used by Radio Shack. These drives are 40 track, double density. 5 millisecond stepping rate and are fully burned in for 48 hours. These drives have the same specifications as the drives used by Radio Shack. No soldering or modifications to existing circuitry is necessary. The following kits are available:

KIT 1 Controller, Power Supply & Mounting Hardware $379

KIT 2 Controller, Power Supply, Hardware & 1 Disk Drive $595

KIT 3 Controller, Power Supply, Hardware & 2 Dlfk Drive* $819

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B-TREE Library (organize your home library keyed by author) $39.95

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Circle 448 on Inquiry card.

RVTF T„n<» lOB?

Book Reviews

Beneath the Apple DOS

Don Worth and Pieter Lechner Quality Software Reseda, CA, 1981 166 pages, softcover, SI9.95

Reviewed by Rob Moore

Warner Hill Rd.

RFD #5

Deny, NH 03038

Beneath the Apple DOS, by Don Worth and Pieter Lechner, is the first publication that truly explains the innermost workings of the Apple II's disk operating software.

Since the Apple Disk II first became available to the public, users have been trying to gain access to the inner DOS routines with varying degrees of success. With the exception of the low-level RWTS (read-write-track-sector) disk drive, Apple Computer Inc. has never published the source listing or any other information to help the user access the DOS internals.

The reasons for this are understandable. Many people have difficulty with assembly language and publication of the DOS information could result in a tremendous influx of phone calls to Apple from users with questions. Also, Apple's DOS represents a large development expense and the source listings are proprietary. They were never designed to be accessed internally by the casual user.

Beneath the Apple DOS removes most of the mystery. The book describes the operation of the Apple DOS from the file buffers at one end to the RWTS routines at the other. The book contains numerous diagrams, tables, and example listings of assembly-language programs

using DOS features that are normally inaccessible to the user. I did notice one significant error, but it doesn't affect the accuracy of the rest of the information.

Following the introduction and a short history of Apple DOS, the third chapter provides an excellent discussion of the Apple disk format. Even though much of this information has been previously published, it's presented in such a clear and organized fashion that it will be helpful even to disk "experts." After discussing tracks and sectors, the authors describe how data is actually written on the disk surface. Although the authors have an excellent grasp of the DOS software, their discussion of data bits and clock bits stored on the disk surface is almost entirely incorrect. (This was verified with Randy Wigginton, author of the DOS RWTS routine at Apple Computer Inc. For an explanation of the actual storage method see the accompanying "Apple Disk Storage" text box.) Once past the point where the authors describe the physical bitstorage method, the information is again correct (as far as I know) and very useful.

The balance of the book is excellent. The material is well organized and presented in a clear, understandable manner. In particular, Chapter Six — "Using DOS from Assembly Language"—provides all the details necessary to directly control the Apple disk, use the DOS RWTS routines, or access the disk with the DOS File Manager.

The information describing the File Manager routine has never before been published and will be invaluable to any programmer writing disk utilities or applications programs that require a special interface to DOS files. Using

Apple Disk

FM Recording

The disk-storage method described in Beneath the Apple DOS is called FM (or frequency-modulated) recording. This is the industrystandard single-density recording method and can typically store 80.6K bytes of memory on a standard 35-track 5Vi-inch floppy disk.

On an FM-recorded disk, each bit of data is stored as a "clock" bit followed by the presence or absence of a "data" bit. The clock bits each define the beginning of a time "window" (or bit cell) in which a data bit may be present and are necessary to deal with the timing shifts caused by rotational speed variations.

While FM recording is reliable and easy to decode, it is relatively inefficient because two bits are written for each actual data bit stored. More efficient encoding

Storage

methods can increase the amount of usable data stored on each disk track.

GCR Recording

The Apple Disk II achieves its 143K-byte storage capacity through a modified form of GCR (or group-coded recording). Rather than storing alternate clock and data bits, Apple's form of GCR assembles 6 data bits into an encoded 8-bit group and writes the group to the disk without interleaved clock bits. So, where FM recording would write 12 bits, the Apple actually writes 8 bits to gain a 50 percent increase in effective density.

Apple's GCR encoding rules are very well described in Beneath the Apple DOS. // all references to clock bits are disregarded, the information is correct and very useful.

the File Manager, the programmer can easily create, open, access, and close DOS files with complete access to all of the file internals. For example, you may cue the File Manager to read or write any single byte or range of bytes within any file of any type. (The Apple FID and MUFFIN programs use the File Manager to accomplish their functions.)

The book also contains a complete list of all DOS entry points and key addresses along with descriptions of several ways to customize DOS. The authors provide five example programs to il

lustrate direct control of the disk, use of the RWTS routines, and use of the File Manager.

For those interested, the authors briefly discuss diskprotection methods and bit copiers. The discussion is general, however, and does not describe specifically how to "break" protected disks or how to protect your own.

In conclusion, Beneath the Apple DOS is an excellent book. It's the only one of its type and should be part of every Apple assembly-language programmer's library. The authors deserve congratulations.!

li.n» 10«-> fcl RVTF P.ihliraUnn^ Inr

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Circle 209 on Inquiry card.

System Notes

Adapting "Harvesting the Sun's Energy" for the Commodore PET

Jerry Berry

11558 East Wesley Ave.

Aurora, CO 80014

My July 1981 BYTE with "Harvesting the Sun's Energy" by George Mobus (page 48) arrived just as I was completing the framework for mounting solar collectors at my home in Aurora, Colorado. I wasted no time in adapting his program, which helps determine the amount of solar energy received by a flatplate collector, to run on my PET, which uses the upgraded ROMs (read-only memories). Though the majority of the changes necessary were in the print routines, it was also necessary to replace the backslash with the PET colon for multiple statements on a single line.

The program in listing 1 directs the questions and

answers to the PET video display and then formats and directs the output to a printer (identified as device #4 on the PET IEEE-488 bus). Lines 140 to 250 perform this function and can be modified if a different output channel or device is desired. Lines 240 to 244 set up the format for the printer and assume that a formattable printer, such as the Commodore 2022, is available.

A run for my Aurora location is shown in listing 2. A comparison of this run with others at various tilt angles convinced me that 55 degrees was the best compromise between winter performance and overall yearly heat gain.B

Listing 1: BASIC program adapted to run on the Commodore PET with the upgraded ROMs. It calculates the total energy falling on a flatplate collector for various combinations of tilt angle, azimuth (south = 0°), and location. This program is an adaptation of the one by George Mobus that appears in the July 1981 BYTE, page 50.

10 REM...COMPUTE AND PRINT DRILY SOLAR

30 REM...FLUX ON FLAT PLATE COLLECTOR

35 REM...FROM JULV 81 EVTE,0.E.M0EUS

40 RESTORE

50 CLOSE 1 •• CLOSE 2 : CLOSE 3

SO PRINT"3"

70 DIM Iai) :F=rr/180

30 PRINT"TABLE OF BEAM RADIATION SOLAR

90 PRINT:PRINT

100 PRINT"ENTER DATA (DECIMAL VALUES;'

110 PRINT: INPUT "LATITUDE".;L-"L=L*F

120 PRINT •• INPUT "TILT ANGLE", T ■'T=T*F

130 PRINT •' INPUT "AZIMUTH ANGLE" , fl : A=A*F

140 OPEN 1,4

150 CMD 1

ISO PR I NT "3".; TAB (26:

170 PRINTTAB(24)"BT!

171 PRINT

172 PRINTTAB(10>,"LATITUDE

404 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

AS REQUESTED"

"TABLE OF SOLAR RADIATIOH" PER SQUARE FOOT PER HOUR"

".;L/F.;

TILT ANGLE

T/F.:" AZIMUTH^ ".; fl/F

Listing 1 continued on page 406

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! Installation Manual for fig-FORTH, contains FORTH

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DEALER & AUTHOR INQUIRIES INVITED

Ordering Information: Check, Money Order (payable to MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS, INC.), VISA or MasterCard accepted. No COD'e or unpaid PO's. California residents add 6V4 % sales tax. Shipping costs in US Included in price. Foreign orders, pay In US funds on US bank, Include for handling and shipping by Air: $5.00 for each Item under $25.00, $10.00 for each item between $25.00 and $99.00 and $20.00 for each Item over $100.00. Minimum order $10.00. All prices and products subject to change or withdrawal without notice. Single system and/or single user license agreement required on some products.

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Circle 327 on Inquiry card.

BYTE June 1982

405

System Notes —————^—■^^^—^^—

Listing 1 continued:

174 PRINT

ISO PRINT :PRIHTSPC<35>.;"S0LHR HOUR"

1*50 PRINTSPCC'18^ i "MORNING";SPC< 12>.; "NOON"; SPCdO), "AFTERNOON' 208 PRINT" MONTH".:: FOR J=7 TO 12 : PRINTSPC<2) i J J ■ NEXT J

210 FOR J= 1TO 5:pRINTSPC<2); J; -NEXT J ■'PRINT" TOTAL"

220 PRINT'SPC<3)-'F0R I = 1 TO 70-'PRINT"=";-NEXT I:PRINT"*"

230 PRINT#1:CLOSE 1

240 OPEN 2,4,2

24i PRINT#2'" 99 93999 9'39 339 99'3'J 9999" J

242 PPINT#2-" 9999 999 999 999 999 999 99999"

244 CLOSE 2

250 OPEN 3,4,1

260 FOR Q=l TO 12

270 READ N^H=75:P=0

280 FOR E = 1 TO 11

290 Hl=H*F^OOSUE 350:I<E> = I:H=H~15:P=P+ICB)

300 NEXT E

318 PR I NT#3, SPC < 5 > ; Q; ■' FOR 2=1 TO 1L PR I NT#3,1(2); : NEX i

320 NEXT Q

330 PRINT#3:CLOSE 3

340 PRINT"END OF RUN":END

350 REM ...SUBROUTINE TO COMPUTE

360 REM.... SOLAR INSOLATION PER HOUR

370 I=42y*(1 + (.034*CQS < 368*N/3b5*'F)> )

380 D=23.45*SIN(360*<284+N)/3b5*F>:E=D*F

390 S=SIN'::L>*SIN(D> + (COS(L>*COS<rj>*COS<Hl>>

400 M=SQR <1229+(614*8 > t2)-(614*S)

410 IF M>94.976 THEN El=0:GOTO 438

428 E1=EXP<-.65*N>

430 E2=EXP-:-.095*M)

440 1=1*.56*(E1+ E2)

450 C=SIN<D>*<SIN<L>*COS<T)-<COSCL>*SIN<T)*COS<fl>>)

468 C=C+COS(D;i*COS(Hl>*(COS(L>*COS(T) + (SIN(L)*SIN(T)*COS(Fl

470 i":=C+COS (D > *S IN < T ) *S IN <H > *S IN '■■ H1 >

480 I=I*C-R=INT<I>:0=.I-R

490 IF 0>.5 THEN I=R+l:COTO 516

500 I=R

510 IF KS THEN 1=0

520 RETURN

53Q DHTH21,52,88,111,141,172,282,233,264,294,325,355 REfiDV.

FRINT#3,F

Listing 2 is on page 408

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The LASTING MEMORY1" uses byte-wide electrically eraseable PROM's (E2PROM's) to bring ease of firmware development and non-volatile memory to the S100 bus. An E2PROM programmer on this 32K (8 bit only) board generates all required timing and voltages. Single bytes can be erased and written using normal memory write instructions. E2PROM's can be operated and programmed in the same socket. All sockets also accomodate static RAM's and 2716 type EPROM's. Prices for the LASTING MEMORY1" start at $299 without memory IC's. Call or write for pricing on additional configurations.

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System Notes ———————————^———^——mm^m—

Listing 2: Sample output of the program in listing 1. By running the program for various values of tilt angle, I determined that 55 degrees provided the best compromise of winter performance and overall yearly heat gain.

TABLE OF SOLAR RADIATION BTUS PER SQUARE FOOT PER HOUR

LATITUDE

: 39. S

TILT ANGLE-'

45

AZIMUTH'

0

SOLAR

HOUR

noRNiNi:

j

NOOK

1

AFTERHL ii

MONTH

_____

9

10

11

12

1

2

:sssss

4

5

TOTAL

i

66

143

207

243

264

243

207

143

66

1534

2

20

95

173

233

mmVmm

237

k'yii'

233

173

35

20

1315

3

41

116

194

253

301

316

301

253

134

116

41

2138

4

43

123

138

2ci9

299

313

233

259

138

123

43

2163

5

49

120

130

247

284

237

284

247

190

120

43

lit11 i

6

48

117

185

240

276

lioo

276

240

185

117

48

2020

mm

t

49

119

183

245

mm Vim

235

282

245

189

113

43

2063

8

49

122

136

256

236

303

236

256

136

122

43

2147

3

41

115

132

256

238

312

238

256

132

115

41

2116

10

19

33

170

235

lit i y

232

235

170

33

13

1882

11

64

140

204

246

261

246

204

140

64

1563

12

50

127

131

,_ J-.!

247

"w

131

127

50

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Circle 26 on inquiry card.

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©CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research.

Circle 42 on inquiry card.

BYTE June 1982 409

T AFT

Terminal Apple with File Transfer

Low-cost telecommunication capability for the Apple II

Has your Apple computer ever sat around alone and unused on a Saturday night? TAFT (Terminal Apple with File Transfer) is a short but useful program that turns an Apple II into a simple CRT terminal. With it, you can access the host computer at school or work and reach data in computer bulletin-board systems.

TAFT has two main functions. First, it handles the interchange of individual characters between a serial communications port, the keyboard, and the CRT display to make the Apple function as a simple terminal. Second, the program transfers the contents of text files (bidirectionally) between the Apple floppy-disk drives and the host computer disk storage.

Like any CRT terminal, your Apple can give commands to, and interchange data with, a host computer. The host computer could be located in the same building as the Apple or, with the aid of a modem (modulator/demodulator) and your telephone, it could be across the country. Rather than staying late at work to finish what you're doing on the host computer, you can have dinner with your family at home, use your Apple II to call the host computer, and finish your task later in the evening. The user load on the host computer during off hours is prob

About the Author

Tom Gabriele has been an electrical engineer for more than 15 years. He is interested in the application of microcomputers to music and chess.

Tom Gabriele

Cardigan Rd.

Timonium, MD 21093

ably much lighter. Therefore, the host computer can give you more of its undivided attention and will exhibit faster response and throughput.

TAFT Ignores any input

from Its keyboard and

communication line

while It writes the

contents of Its receive

buffer to disk.

You should be able to use TAFT, without modification, as a terminal with any host computer. As written, however, TAFT will exchange disk files only with a DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) VAX-11 timesharing host computer running the standard VMS operating system. (VAX and VMS are trademarks of DEC.) But without access to a VAX-11, you can still use TAFT to exchange files with your host computer because only two of its Applesoft statements (280 and 630) are "VAX-specific." The purpose and content of both statements are thoroughly described here, allowing you to easily modify TAFT to exchange files with other hosts.

TAFT communicates with its host computer using the RS-232 serial interface. The only hardware required by TAFT is a serial I/O (input/output) interface board. (An appropriate board is available from

Electronic Systems, POB 21638, San Jose, CA 95151, telephone (408) 448-0800.) This board provides the full-duplex (send and receive simultaneously) bipolar voltage input/output as specified by the RS-232 standard. It is available without parts as a "bare board"; with all parts as a kit; and assembled and tested. (I purchased the kit and had it assembled and working in one evening.)

The RS-232 serial interface is asynchronous, meaning that the serial sequence of bits for each character is synchronized independently—making a separate clock signal unnecessary. The data-in, data-out, and ground signals from this board may be connected directly to the host computer at one of its RS-232 ports. Alternately, the board can be attached to a modem for remote communication with the host computer.

TAFT has been extensively tested with the serial board speed set at 300 bps (bits per second), about 30 characters per second. The majority of readily available, inexpensive modems operate at this data rate and most are compatible with the Bell-103 standard. Although 30 characters per second may seem a little slow (and it is for large file transfers), it permits you to immediately monitor what the host computer is sending as it is sending it. Faster data rates flash the characters by on the screen too rapidly to be read. If the Apple is directly connected to the host computer, much faster data rates are practical.

Since the heart of the program's

410 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE June 1982 411

character-handling portion is written in assembly language, it should be able to operate as a terminal and transfer files at speeds much higher than 300 bps. A problem could develop with high-speed file transmission from the Apple to the host if the Apple sends characters faster than the host can accept them. Some hosts will send a Control S character back to the terminal telling it to delay sending more characters. When the host can once again accept the transmission, it will send a Control Q, telling the terminal that it's okay to continue.

A problem may arise with rapid (greater than 300 bps) file transmission because TAFT ignores the host computer while it is sending the contents of a disk file. If when verifying the contents of a "high-speed" transfer you discover portions of the file missing, you may assume that the host lagged behind the Apple II. Should this occur, a simple solution is to insert a short delay (by means of a FOR . . . NEXT loop) after each line of characters is transmitted. Use the shortest delay that avoids any character loss for your host. This

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problem should not arise at 300 bps operation, a data rate that should be acceptable to even the slowest host computer.

To handle high-speed file transfer from a host to the Apple, TAFT buffers (temporarily stores) the entire contents of the received file in main memory (RAM) as it is received. TAFT does not store early portions of the incoming file on disk while portions of the file are still being received. If it did store them, TAFT might lag behind high-speed transfers, losing some data as a consequence.

This design decision limits the largest file size transferable from the host computer to the Apple II. The file cannot be larger than the RAM buffer of a 48K-byte Apple II. The buffer begins at memory address 6144 (decimal) and ends at memory address 36864. Therefore, the largest file transferable to the Apple II is 36864 - 6144, or 30,720 bytes (or characters), a large file by normal Apple standards. The size of a file sent from an Apple to a host is limited only by the Apple disk's capacity.

TAFT has three modes of operation: terminal mode, transmission mode (file transfer from Apple to host), and reception mode (file transfer from host to Apple).

Terminal Mode

You will use TAFT most often in the terminal mode, where it begins operation. Terminal mode is used to sign the host on and off, to give the host any command, and to receive the host's response. The only reason to ever leave the terminal mode would be to transfer a disk file.

In the terminal mode, every character from the Apple keyboard is sent to the host immediately, except one: the Control T. When a Control T is keyed, TAFT exits from the terminal mode. The Control T was chosen to exit because this control character does not have a special function on most host computers, and "T" is a good mnemonic for file Transfer. (If your host computer supports Control T functions, you can choose another control character to exit the terminal

412 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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mode. Listing 2, which is the assembly-language form of the data in lines 930-1030 of listing 1, explains how to modify TAFT to use whatever control character you choose.)

The Apple keyboard does not have three keys that are very useful in terminal-to-host communication: a delete key that removes the previous character, a horizontal-tab key, and an open-bracket key, "[". TAFT provides all three key functions by assigning these ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) values to other keys. When you press the back-arrow key, TAFT sends an ASCII Delete character. Press the forward-arrow key, and TAFT sends an ASCII Horizontal Tab character. And when you press a Control M, TAFT sends the ASCII "[" character. (The close-bracket character "]" is already available on the Apple keyboard as a shift M.)

Since an unmodified Apple can display only uppercase characters, all lowercase characters received from the host computer are automatically converted to uppercase prior to display. (If your Apple displays lowercase ASCII characters, you can defeat conversion by changing the "32" "0" in the middle of the data

statement in line 970.)

In summary, the terminal mode simply sends all keyed characters to the host and displays all characters coming from the host.

Transmission Mode

After leaving the terminal mode (by keying Control T), you can enter the transmission mode by answering Y or YES to the first on-screen prompt, FROM APPLE TO HOST? TAFT then requests the name of the Apple source file to be transferred and the name this file will be given at the host computer. The Apple source file must be a text file.

TAFT displays each line of the file (delimited by a carriage-return character) after its transmission to the host. Any lowercase characters in the transferred file will appear as gibberish. The file transmission mode ends by displaying a brief end-oftransmission message, clearing the screen and returning to the terminal mode.

You can verify that the file was transmitted by commanding the host computer to transmit the contents of its new file back to the Apple. Since TAFT is now in the terminal mode, the received characters would be dis

A$ = operator responses and host commands to be sent to the host.

AF$ = name of Apple disk file.

BOO = the DOS or Applesoft error number if one occurred. The value is PEEKed from

location 222 (see page 114 on the Apple DOS 3.2 manual). C$ = utility storage for a single character and operator case-conversion decision. C = numeric value of received character. CAS = the Control A character. CNV = operator case-conversion decision, 0 or 1. CZ$ = the Control Z character, indicating end-of-file to the host. D$ = the Control D character for accessing DOS functions from BASIC (see page 29 of

the Apple DOS 3.2 manual). HOTAP = calling address of the host-to-Apple file-transfer, machine-language

program. I = loop index. L$ = the line of characters currently being composed before being written to the new

file or displayed. LAST = address of the 1-byte output buffer for characters to be sent on the communication line. OUTCHR = character-output machine-language, routine calling address. PLACE = loop index used as the address to store machine-language code bytes. PTR = memory address where the machine-language portion of the file-reception mode

will store the address in the receive buffer of the last character received. R$ = the carriage-return character. TERMA = calling address of the machine-language subroutine to implement the

terminal mode; TERMinal Apple. VF$ = name of the host file being read or written. X = the numeric value of a machine-language byte of code.

Table 1: The variable names and functions of TAFT.

played on the Apple screen for direct verification. (Most host computers have a TYPE or similar command to do this.)

Reception Mode

If you answer anything but Y or YES to the first prompt, the next question is whether you want to receive a host-resident file. If the reply is Y or YES, TAFT prompts you to input the name of the source file to be received from the host and the name by which the Apple will store the file. Any existing file with this name will be overwritten. The new Apple file will be a text file, so it can be an input file to any Apple program or sent to this or another host using the previously described TAFT file transmission mode. You can also specify whether incoming lowercase characters are to be converted to uppercase. After this final operator input, TAFT begins the file-transfer process. It sends a message to the host requesting transmission of the specified file contents. Each received character is immediately displayed to you.

Upon receiving an end-of-file character (Control Z) from the host, TAFT ignores any input from its keyboard and communication line while it writes the contents of its receive buffer to disk. This operation is performed in Applesoft, rather than machine language, so the disk-write operation requires patience. Upon completion of the Apple disk file, TAFT gives you an end-of-transmission message and automatically initiates a disk catalog so that you can immediately verify that the new file has been added. When you finish reviewing the catalog, press any key and TAFT will return to the terminal mode.

Use the following procedure to terminate TAFT operation: exit the terminal mode with a Control T, decline both transmit and receive file-transfer prompts, and respond Y or YES to the QUIT? prompt. Any other response to the QUIT? prompt will return TAFT to its terminal mode. It is important that you exit TAFT in this manner; otherwise only a small amount of memory (RAM) will be

Text continued on page 420

414 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

TIM III

The Nori'Programming Approach to Data Base Management

Data Base Management

Data management packages were created to save time and money in the development of software solutions to information problems. Many have been designed to accomplish just that, although most have only the programmer in mind. Sure they would save time in the long run, but what of the initial investment in time and effort required to learn the new language? What about the non-programmers in the world who would like an easy yet powerful applications generator? The solution is one of the most highly acclaimed software packages of our time, T.I.M. III.

WhatisT.I.M.?

T.I.M. is Total Information Management. Programmers love it due to its original solutions to classic data management problems. Nonprogrammers adore it since they can use it to achieve the same results as with other more complicated programming-like packages.

What Makes T.I.M. So Simple to Use?

We at Innovative Software, Inc. designed TI.M. from day one with the end user in mind. Maybe he is a programmer who doesn't have time to learn a new language. Or perhaps a neophyte who fears coding pads and lines numbered by tens. We felt that a data management package should be able to be used by anyone from a systems analyst to a secretary. That's why TI.M. takes a full menu-driven approach, uses multiple HELP screens, and has a manual that sets a new standard in documentation.

The Manual

Many people believe that the manual is just as important as the software itself a view that we at Innovative Software, Inc. tend to share. The manual for TI.M. is divided into two sections, the Reference section and the Primer. The Reference section describes all of TI.M.'s commands and subcommands. This is done in English, not in technical terms or in our own language. Even if you have

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never seen a computer before in your life, you'll be able to read and understand our manual immediately. The second section is a primer which goes through several examples for you, again in plain English. These true-to-life examples take the beginner by the hand, and instructs him what to do and when. You will be able to see for yourself that TI.M.'s only limitation is the imagination of the user.

Features of T.I.M.

T.I.M. has all of the features one has come to expect from a data management package, as well as many new ones. For example, a word processing interface that allows you to merge information from a TI.M. file with letters or other documents created by a word processor. Now you can automatically send personalized letters to hundreds or thousands—quickly and easily. TI.M.'s Select command enables you to pull specific information from a file. For example. "All customers who live in a certain ZIP code, whose last name begins with the letter A to L, whose balance due is less than $50.00." A sophisticated report generator and even a list generator are also included.

How powerful is TI.M.? With a maximum record size of 2400 characters and the ability to keep up to forty fields sorted properly at all times, T.I.M. is powerful enough to handle just about any application. TI.M. can handle over 32,000 records per file, and two files can be linked together for reports if your application requires a many-to-one relationship. TI.M. also includes all of the same editing commands as your word processor, thus making data entry and editing a snap. You can also pull selected records from one file to place them into another. Files may be restructured to add or subtract fields and/or change field lengths or types.TI.M. even has it's own utility for backing up hard disks onto floppies.

Where to Find T.I.M.

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Circle 488 on inquiry card.

BYTE June 1982 415

Listing 1: TAFT (Terminal Apple File Transfer) program written in Applesoft BASIC.

lO REM *******************************

20 REM ** T A F T *

30 REM ** Terminal Apple with *

40 REM ** File Transfer *

50 REM ** by Tom Gabriele *

60 REM *******************************

70 HIMEM: 6143: REM *17FF

80 PTR = 254: REM *FE

90 D* = CHR* (4):R* = CHR* (13):CA* = CHR* (1):CZ* = CHR*

(26)

IOO OUTCHR = 36959: REM *905C = OUTPUT ROUTINE CALLING

ADDRESS

110 LAST = 36973: REM *906D = STORAGE ADDRESS FOR OUTPUT

CHARACTER

120 HOTAP = LAST + 1

130 TERMA = 36864: REM *9000 = ALC STARTING ADDRESS

140 GOSUB 930

ISO HOME : PRINT "ENTERING HOST TERMINAL MODE."

160 CALL TERMA: REM TRANSFER TO ALC

170 INPUT "FROM APPLE TO HOST? <Y/N)";A*

180 IF LEFT* (A*,l) = "Y" THEN 260

190 INPUT "FROM HOST TO APPLE? (Y/N)";A*

200 IF LEFT* <A*,1) = "Y" THEN 570

210 INPUT "QUIT?";A*

220 IF LEFT* (A*,l) < > "Y" THEN 150

230 HIMEM: 38400

240 PRINT : PRINT "GOOD-BYE!": PRINT

250 END

260 INPUT "APPLE SOURCE FILENAME?";AF*

270 INPUT "HOST DESTINATION FILENAME?";VF*

280 A* = "CREATE " + VF* + R*

290 FOR I = 1 TO LEN (A*)

300 POKE LAST, ASC ( MID* (A*.1,1))

310 CALL OUTCHR

320 NEXT I

330 ONERR GOTO 520

340 PRINT D*;"OPEN ";AF*

350 PRINT D*;"READ ";AF*

360 L* = ""

370 GET C*

380 POKE LAST, ASC <C*>

390 CALL OUTCHR

400 IF C* = R* THEN GOTO 430

410 L* = L* + C*

420 GOTO 370

430 PRINT R*;D*

440 PRINT CA*;L*

450 GOTO 350

460 REM EOF DETECTED, FINISH TRANSFER

470 POKE LAST, ASC (CZ*)

480 CALL OUTCHR

490 GOSUB 920

500 FOR I = 1 TO 50O: NEXT I

51 O GOTO. 150

520 BOO = PEEK (222)

530 PRINT D*;"CLOSE ";AF*

540 IF BOO = 5 THEN GOTO 470

550 PRINT "ERROR NUMBER ";BOO;" OCCURRED."

560 GOTO 470

570 REM FILE TRANSFER FROM HOST TO APPLE

580 INPUT "HOST SOURCE FILENAME?" ; VF* Listing 1 continued on page 418

416 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 1 continued:

590 INPUT "APPLE DESTINATION FILE?";AF*

600 CNV = O

610 INPUT "UPPER CASE CONVERSION? <Y/N>";C*

620 IF LEFT* <C*,1) = "Y" THEN CNV = 1

630 A* = "3TYPAPL " + VF*

640 FOR I = 1 TO LEN <A*>

650 POKE LAST, ASC ( MID* (A*,1,1))

660 CALL OUTCHR

670 NEXT I

680 FOR I = 1 TO lOOO: NEXT Is REM DELAY FOR ECHO OF COMMAND

IN 560 TO CLEAR.

690 POKE LAST,CNV

700 CALL HOTAP

710 UL = 256 * PEEK (PTR + 1) + PEEK (PTR)

720 ONERR SOTO 890

730 PRINT D*;"OPEN ";AF*

740 PRINT D*;"DELETE ";AF*

750 PRINT D*;"OPEN ";AF*

760 PRINT D*;"WRITE "xAF*

770 L* = ""

780 FOR I = 6144 TO UL: REM STARTS AT HIMEM+1

790 C = PEEK (I)

BOO IF C < > 13 THEN L* = L* + CHR* (C): SOTO 820

810 PRINT L*:L* =

820 NEXT I

830 PRINT D*;"CLOSE " ; AF*

840 PRINT D*: GOSUB 920

850 PRINT D*;"CATALOG": PRINT D*

860 PRINT "PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE."

870 GET C*

880 GOTO 150

890 BOO = PEEK (222)

900 PRINT ''ERROR NUMBER ";B00;" OCCURRED."

910 GOTO 830

920 PRINT : INVERSE : PRINT "END OF TRANSFER.": NORMAL : PRINT

: RETURN

930 DATA 173, 145, 192, 41, 128, 240, 17, 32, 56, 144, 173,

144, 192, 32, 63, 144

940 DATA 9, 128, 32, 240, 253, 32, 51, 144, 44, O, 192, 16,

227, 173, O, 192

950 DATA 44, 16, 192, 201, 148, 240, 55, 32, 74, 144, 141,

109, 144, 32, 95, 144

960 DATA 76, O, 144, 169, 96, 76, 58, 144, 169, 160, 164, 36,

145, 40, 96, 201

970 DATA 97, 144, 6, 201, 123, 176, 2, 73, 32, 96, 201, 157,

208, 3, 169, 91

980 DATA 96, 201, 136, 208, 3, 169, 127, 96, 201, 149, 208,

2, 169, 9, 96, 173

990 DATA 145, 192, 41, 1, 240, 249, 173, 109, 144, 141, 146,

192, 96, O, 169, 24

lOOO DATA 133, 255, 160, O, 132, 254, 174, 109, 144, 169, 13,

141, 109, 144, 32, 95

1010 DATA 144, 32, 164, 144, 32, 164, 144, 201, 26, 240, 22,

224, O, 240, 3, 32

1020 DATA 63, 144, 145, 254, 9, 128, 32, 240, 253, 200, 208,

232, 230, 255, 76, 132

1030 DATA 144, 132, 254, 96, 173, 145, 192, 41, 128, 240,

249, 173, 144, 192, 96

1040 FOR PLACE = TERMA TO TERMA + 175 - 1

1050 READ X: POKE PLACE, X

1060 NEXT PLACE

1070 RETURN

1080 REM (C) 1981 by Tern Gabriele

418 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Text continued from page 414:

available to the next program to be run. (Before terminating TAFT operation, you should remember to sign off or log off the host computer.)

Understanding TAFT

Discussion of the program in listing 1 is divided into four parts:

• Initialization of constants and POKEing the machine-language code into high memory

• Terminal mode

• File transfer from Apple to host computer

• File transfer from host computer to Apple

The Applesoft BASIC statements used to implement each of these four parts are described next so you can master the programming techniques used and modify TAFT to your own needs (see listing 1).

Initialization

Line 70 causes the TAFT program to be stored below memory location 6144. This insures that locations at and above that address are free to hold the machine-language code and the file-transfer receive buffer. Should the user make any significant additions to TAFT, it is necessary to increase the number of the memory address, in this case, 6143. For convenience, that number should always be one less than an even multiple of 256 (in this case, 6143 = 24 X 256 - 1). If this number is changed, two other constants in lines 780 and 990 must also be changed. The lower limit of

Symbol Table

SLOT

$01

IN PORT

$C090

STATUS

$C091

OUTPRT

$C092

CH

$24

BASL

$28

PTRLOW

$FE

PTRHI

$FF

START

$9000

DOWN

$9018

UNFLSH

$9038

INCONV

$903F

MSBLAB

$9010

FLASH

$9033

ENDOUT

$905E

OUTCON

$904A

LAST

$906D

OUTCHR

$905F

FLDWN

$903A

ENDINC

$9049

DELETE

$9051

TAB

$9058

HOTAP

$906E

INCHR

$90A4

CLOOP

$9084

ENDHST

$90A1

NOCONV

$9092

Table 2: Sy

mbol tab

e for listing

2, show

ing subroutine label

■ and their

assigned

locations in

memory

the FOR . . . NEXT loop in line 780 must be the even multiple of 256; in this case, 6144. The last number in the data statement in line 990 must be the integer multiplier of 256; in this case, 24.

Line 80 defines the memory address where the machine-language portion of the file-reception section stores the address of the last character received. The address is held in the receive buffer for later use by its Applesoft portion. This 2-byte character address is stored in the two highest memory locations in page 0 of Apple memory, locations 254 and 255 (see table 1 for all TAFT variables).

Line 90 initializes control-character variables. CZ$ contains a Control Z character, which is used as an end-offile character. This is a very common convention. In the unlikely event that your host computer requires a different end-of-file character, simply change the "26" in this statement to the decimal equivalent of the alternate control character (once its most significant bit is set to zero).

Line 100 defines the address of the machine-language subroutine used to output a character on the serial communication line.

Line 110 defines the address of the character to be output by the machine-language subroutine located at OUTCHR. To send a character, TAFT simply POKEs the character's ASCII code into location LAST and CALLs OUTCHR.

Line 120 defines the CALLing address of the host-to-Apple machinelanguage subroutine, HOTAP. This address is located immediately after the 1-byte character buffer LAST.

Line 130 defines the calling address of the terminal-mode machine-language subroutine TERMA. The machine-language code stored at (and above) this address contains references to its own location and is therefore said to be nonrelocatable. This means that the machine code cannot be moved in memory and that the values of TERMA, OUTCHR, LAST, and HOTAP defined in this line and previous lines cannot be changed without major modifications to lines 930 to 1030.

Line 140 calls the Applesoft subroutine to store machine-language code.

Lines 920-1030 contain the 175 decimal equivalents of machine-language code to be stored in sequential memory locations. To change the character to exit from the terminal mode, you must change the "148" in line 950. To determine the new value, turn to page 7 of your Apple II Reference Manual and consult the table listing all Apple keys and their associated ASCII codes. The "$" before each two-character entry means that each code is given in hexadecimal notation, so a conversion from hexadecimal to decimal is required. For example, the Control T entry is "$94". Take the more significant character, multiply it by 16, and add the less significant character to that product. In this example, 9 X 16 + 4 = 148. This is the origin of "148" in line 950. Those interested in 6502 assembly language can review the assembly-language listing of the program that produced these 175 values (see listing 2). The listing is thoroughly' commented, so even if you have no assembly language experience, you should be able to follow what the machine-language portion of TAFT is doing. This program uses ROM-based subroutines at high addresses in Apple memory to do such things as display a character on the Apple screen. (A complete listing of the contents of this ROMbased monitor begins on page 155 of the Apple II Reference Manual.)

For TAFT to use it, the serial I/O board must be installed in slot 1 of the Apple. If the slot is already in use, five values must be changed in these data statements to permit installation of the serial board in another slot. Add 8 to the slot number that you wish to use and multiply that sum by 16. (In the case of slot 1, this final product is 144.) The new value must replace the 144 near the end of statement 1030 and the 144 in statement 930, between the 173 and the 192. Add 1 to the product computed above. This new value must replace 145 in statements 930 and 1030. Finally, add 2 to the product com

420 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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puted above. This new value must replace 146 in statement 990.

Lines 1040-1060 store the 175 machine-language bytes that were defined in lines 920-1030. Note that the lower limit of the FOR . . . NEXT loop begins POKEing bytes at the exact address defined in line 130.

Terminal Mode

Most host computers automatically echo every character when operating in a full-duplex communication link. That is, each character the host receives from a terminal is returned to

that terminal to verify that it was received correctly. In the terminal mode, the echoed character is displayed so that you can monitor the development of any communication problems. This process happens so quickly that you don't realize the interchange has taken place. The TAFT terminal mode is written entirely in machine language to keep any delay, from key depression to character display, as short as possible.

Line 150 clears the screen and informs you that TAFT has entered the

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terminal mode.

Line 160 transfers control to the machine-language terminal subroutine that was POKEd into memory.

Lines 170-180 determine if you want to transfer a file from the Apple to the host computer. If so, these lines transfer control to the transmission mode, Part 3 of TAFT. Line 170 executes upon return from the machinelanguage terminal subroutine. This return is caused by keying a Control T.

Lines 190-200 determine if you want to transfer a file from the host computer to the Apple. If so, they transfer control to the reception mode, Part 4 of TAFT.

Lines 210-220 determine if TAFT operation is to be terminated. If not, control reverts to the terminal mode in Part 1 of TAFT.

Line 230 resets the upper memory limit available to Applesoft (see pages 141-142 of the DOS manual).

Lines 240-250 politely terminate the program.

Transmission Mode

Line 260 requests the name of the Apple disk file to be sent to the host and stores it as AF$.

Line 270 requests the name for the new file to be created on the host disk and stores that name as VF$.

Line 280 composes the host-compatible command to create a file on the host disk, with the name specified in VF$. The command is stored as A$. (This line will probably have to be changed to use TAFT with a host other than a VAX-11. Most hosts will have a simple command for creating a disk file and then accepting input from the terminal. In this case, the VAX command CREATE is followed by the specified file name and a carriage-return character. If your host computer does not use the term CREATE, then adapt line 280 to your own host system by using the appropriate host command as the first part of A$.)

Lines 290-320 send the host command (composed in line 280) to the host computer. The FOR . . . NEXT loop successively stores each command character in the 1-byte charac

422 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 2: The 6502 assembly-language portion of TAFT. This 175-byte listing corresponds to the data in lines 930 to 1030 (see listing 1).

*

t Assembly Language Portion

* of the Apple T^i—minsiX Program

* with Bidirectional File Transfer

*

* written by Thomas L. Gabriele *

» 15 JUNE 1980

*

SLOT EQU 1 Serial board slot number.

INPORT EQU SL0T**10+*C080

STATUS EQU INP0RT+1

OUTPRT EQU STATUS+1

CH EQU *24

BASL EQU *28

PTRLOW EQU *FE LS byte of address

PTRHI EQU *FF HS byte of address

ORG *9000 Beginning address

*

* Has a character come in ? *

9000-AD91C0 START LDA STATUS Read status of slot.

9003-2980 AND #*80 Save only input buffer full bit.

9005-F011 BEQ DOWN IF BIT=0 Branch

*

* A character has been received. *

9007-203890 JSR UNFLSH Remove cursor.

900A-AD90C0 LDA INPORT Read input port.

900D-203F90 JSR INC0NV Call input conversion subroutine.

9010-0980 .MSBLAB ORA #*80 Set the MSB.

9012-20F0FD JSR *FDFO CALL C0UT1, output.

9015-203390 JSR FLASH Put up cursor.

*

* Has a character been keyed ? *

9018-2C00C0 DOWN BIT *COOO Go back & read again until 901B-10E3 BPL START the MSB is set.

*

* Process the keyed character. *

901D-AD00C0 LDA tCOOO Get the last character keyed.

9020-2C10C0 BIT *C010 Clear keyboard strobe.

9023-C994 CMP #*94 If CTRL T, return.

9025-F037 BEQ END0UT Branch to return to BASIC.

9027-204A90 JSR 0UTC0N Call the output conversion subroutine.

*

* Output the character. *

902A-8D6D90 STA LAST Save the character to go out. 902D-205F90 JSR OUTCHR Call the output routine. 9030-4C0090 JMP START

Listing 2 continued on page 426

424 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE June 1982 425

Listing 2 continued:

%

* Manage the flashing cursur.

* 9O33-A960 FLASH LDA #*60 Code = Flashing space. 9035-4C3A90 JMP FLDWN

9038-A9A0 UNFLSH LDA #*A0 Code = Normal space. 903A-A424 FLDWN LDY CH 903C-9128 STA <BASL),Y

903E-60 RTS

903F-C961

9041-9006

9043-C97B

9045-B002

9047-4920

9049-60

* Received character conversion subroutine *

Compare with a lower case "a".

Is it a lower case?

Compare with a lower case "z" + 1,

Is it lower case?

Convert to upper case.

End of input conversion routine.

INCONv CMP #*61

BCC ENDINC CMP #*7B BCS ENDING EOR #*20

ENDING RTS

904A-C99D

904C-D003

904E-A95B

9050-60

9051-C988

9053-D003

9055-A97F

9057-60

9058-C995

905A-D002

905C-A909

905E-60

% Output character conversion subroutine. *

Is it a CTRL M?

If not, skip down and test for next character.

Open bracket character.

Store the character.

Is it a back arrow character?

If not, skip down.

Delete character.

Store the character.

Forward arrow?

If not, skip down.

Horizontal tab character.

End of output conversion routine.

0UTC0N CMP #*9D

BNE DELETE LDA #«5B RTS

DELETE CMP #*88 BNE TAB LDA #*7F RTS

TAB CMP #*95

BNE ENDOUT LDA #9

ENDOUT RTS

* Output character to serial board * 905F-AD91CO OUTCHR LDA STATUS 9062-2901 9064-FOF9

LDA LAST STA OUTPRT RTS

9066-AD6D90 9069-8D92C0 906C-60

Read slot status. AND #*01 Save only output buffer empty bit. BEQ OUTCHR Poll until buffer empty.

Get the last character.

Write output port.

End of output routine.

906D-00

AST DFB O Storage for last character.

Host to Apple file transfer coding.

Initialize assembly lang variables.

Initialize the buffer pointer high byte.

Reset index register.

Inititialize the buffer pointer low byte.

Load the conversion flag.

carriage return character and disgard the host echo. Send carriage return character.

Listing 2 continued on page 428

906E-A918

HOTAP

LDA

#*18

9070-85FF

STA

PTRHI

9072-A000

LDY

#o

9074-84FE

STY

PTRLOW

9076-AE6D90

LDX

LAST

* * *

Send a

carri.

9079-A90D

LDA

#13

907B-8D6D90

STA

LAST

426 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 340 on Inquiry card.

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It's a 2V2 lb. computer terminal and modem.

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Listing 2 continued: 907E-205F90 9091-20A490

908490879089908B908D908F9092909490969099909A909C909E

20A490 C91A F016 E000 F003 203F90 91FE 0980 20F0FD CS D0E8 E6FF -4C8490

JSR OUTCHR JSR INCHR

Discard echo of carriage return character.

*

* Character acquisition loop

*

CL00P

JSR INCHR CMP #26 BEQ ENDHST CPX #0 BEQ NOCONV

Get the next character.

Is it a CONTROL Z?

I-f so, branch.

Case conversion -Flag set?

If hot, bypass conversion subroutine call

JSR INCONV Convert lower case. NOCONV STA <PTRL0W),Y Store the incoming character.

ORA #*80 JSR *FDF0 I NY

BNE CLOOP INC PTRHI JMP CLOOP

Set the most significant bit.

CALL C0UT1

Point to next byte.

Get next character.

Point to next page of memory.

* End of transmission

* 90A1-84FE ENDHST STY PTRLOW Save the file length. 90A3-60 RTS

* * * IN

Input characte

90A4-AD91C0

3HR

LDA STATUS

90A7-2980

AND #*80

90A9-F0F9

BEQ INCHR

90AB-AD90C0

LDA INPORT

90AE-60

RTS

Buffer full bit. Loop if nothing. Get character.

ter buffer before calling the machinelanguage output routine.

Line 330 defines where control is to pass when the end of the Apple file is encountered or if any other error condition should occur.

Lines 340-350 prepare the specified Apple sequential text file to be read.

Line 360 initializes, with a null string, a string variable that will buffer (hold) characters sent until an entire line is accumulated. This line will be displayed on the Apple screen with a single PRINT command (see line 440).

Line 370 obtains the next character from the Apple source file.

Lines 380-390 send the ASCII code of that next character out the serial communication line.

Line 400 echoes the entire line to the display if the character just sent was a carriage return.

Lines 410-420 append that character to the string to be echoed and go back to get another character from

the source file if the last character was not a carriage return.

Lines 430-450 echo the line to the Apple II display and go back to redefine the disk file as the source of characters asked for by the GET in line 370.

Lines 460-480 send a Control Z character as the end-of-file indication to the host computer so it will close the new file and stand by for the next command. The use of a Control Z character for this purpose is a fairly common protocol. If, however, your host computer doesn't echo commands typed from the TAFT terminal mode after a transfer to the host is complete, then the host probably uses a different end-of-file character. (The host computer won't echo your terminal-mode commands because it doesn't know that the file transfer is completed and it is putting your terminal commands into that file as well.) If this occurs, find out what character (or sequence of characters)

should be used as the end-of-file marker, then modify these lines appropriately. If more than a single character is required, you can use a construct similar to the one contained in lines 290-320.

Line 490 calls the one-line subroutine that displays the TRANSFER COMPLETE message.

Line 500 delays a moment.

Line 510 transfers control back to the terminal mode.

Line 520 begins error-handling routine by saving the error code in variable BOO.

Line 530: whether the error was a normal detection of the end of the source file or an unwanted error condition, the source Apple file is closed immediately.

Line 540: if a normal end-of-sourcefile condition was detected, transfer control to the code that sends the endof-file marker.

Lines 550-560: if it wasn't a "normal" error condition, you are in

428 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

BYTE'S Best @^HI Qellsp List

,0^~ —*■«•«**"

"TjAw*^

Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar,

Volumes I, II, & III by Steve Ciarcia

Collections of Steve Ciarcia's perennially popular columns from BYTE Magazine, these three volumes are sure to please home computer users and electronics hobbyists. Volume I includes power conversions, programming EPROMs, remote terminal interfacing, touchinput video display, and more. Volume II, focusing on projects which interface the personal computer with the home, features useful applications such as a computer-controlled home security system, computerized appliances, input-output expansion for the TRS-80, and even a computercontrolled wood stove. Volume HI offers low-cost construction projects such as an ultrasonic rangefinder, handheld remote computer control, two speech synthesizers, and a remote-control motorized platform, to name just a few.

Build Your Own Z80 Computer

This complete guide to building a working computer offers

engineers, students, and hobbyists an exciting alternative to buying a computer. With clear

instructions, Steve Ciarcia fully explains how to build a basic single-board micro-computer

based on the Zilog Z80 microprocessor. The finished product features a 1 K-byte operating

system, serial and parallel ports, hexadecimal display, audio cassette mass storage, and easy

expansion to include a video terminal.

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Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar. Vol. II $ 1 2.95

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Call Toll-Free 800/258-5420

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Please add .75 per book to cover shipping cost.

B6

Circle 76 on inquiry card.

formed which error occurred before TAFT transfers to the end-of-file marker code.

Reception Mode

Line 580 requests the name of the host source file to be sent to the Apple and stores it as VF$.

Line 590 requests the name of the new Apple file to be created and stores that name as AF$.

Lines 600-620 ask you if you want conversion of lowercase characters to uppercase and stores your decision in variable CNV.

Line 630 composes a command to the host computer to send the contents of the file (specified in VF$) followed by a Control Z (end-of-file marker) and stores that command as A$. This is the second and last TAFT statement that is VAX-11 hostspecific. For a different host, this statement must be changed. If your host computer automatically sends an end-of-file character other than a Control Z, simply change the "26" in the data statement in line 1010 to the

decimal equivalent of the control character your host uses. TAFT will then look for this character as the end-of-file marker. Unlike the host command composed in line 280, this command is not terminated with a carriage-return character. The following explains why.

Lines 640-670 send the host command composed in line 630 to the host computer.

Line 680 waits for the echo of the command characters, sent by lines 640-670, to return from the host. You don't want to begin accumulating characters for the new file too quickly or you will find the host echo of the command characters at the beginning of that file. Since a carriage return has not yet been sent, the host will not perform the command (that is, send the file). Therefore, this delay will not cause us to miss any file contents.

Line 690 informs the machine-language subroutine whether the lowerto-uppercase conversion is to be performed (see lines 600-620).

Line 700 transfers control to the

machine-language subroutine, HOTAP, for file reception. After setting up the address pointers used to store incoming characters in the receive buffer, HOTAP sends the carriage-return character to the host computer to complete the command. Because HOTAP is a fast machinelanguage routine, it readily receives and stores characters as they come from the host.

One final subtlety is that after sending the return character, HOTAP ignores the first character coming from the host—the echo of that return character. All characters that follow will be saved in the receive buffer. This procedure is relatively time insensitive, and should work on any host. Finally, HOTAP stores the 2-byte address of the last character received at PTR and PTR + 1, which is used in the next line.

Line 710 computes the address from the two binary bytes previously stored by HOTAP and re-stores this address in the Applesoft variable UL.

Line 720 defines where program

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430 June 1982 © BYTE Publications tac

Circle 106 on inquiry card.

If it flies on aerospace software, Kearfott...and you... may well help create it.

As a company engaged in dozens of major projects that depend on software advances in flight, orbiting, command, communications or controls, we can offer you the opportunity to work in a DP complex that's as sophisticated as the ring laser gyroscope system we're developing for the Tomahawk-2 MRASM Cruise Missile. Or as advanced as our JTIDS communications terminal.

In engineering and scientific programming, your realtime software designs wi operate airborne computers and support everything from aircraft navigation systems to inertial measurement units on the Space Shuttle.. .guidance controls for the Trident missile... ASW .. .scanning beam landing systems. . .and much, much more. Have a background in simulation, linear systems, firmware for SW validation, Kalman filtering or FORTRAN? Then find out about our firmware projects.

In MIS —the expanding sphere that helps give Kearfott's rarefied environment a very solid basis—you'll run the gamut. Accounting. Finance. Payroll. Inventory and manufacturing controls. All involve COBOL programming, CICS, MVS, IMS. and data base design and telecommunications.

At our Data Center, you'll be joining an elite software systems group that maintains IBM and Amdahl mainframe computers with supporting software that includes MVS/SE-2, SE/A. JES 2. IMS DB/DC, CICS, TSO, WYLBUR, ACF/VTAM, ACF/NCP SAS, information systems. And more.

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Circle 412 on inquiry card.

BYTE June 1982 431

control is to pass if an error occurs while storing the new file on disk.

Lines 730-760 prepare the sequential text file to be written on the Apple disk, using the name you specified. Any other disk file with this name will be overwritten.

Line 770 initializes (to the null string) a string variable that will be used to write an entire line of text to the disk.

Lines 780 and 820 create a FOR. . .NEXT loop to process each character stored in the receive buffer, at addresses beginning at HIMEM + 1 and going up to the address computed in line 710.

Line 790 gets the next character from the receive buffer.

Line 800: if this character is not a carriage return, then the line of text is incomplete. Therefore, this statement appends it to the string being composed and passes control to line 820, which returns for the next character.

Line 810: if the character was a carriage return, then the line of text is

complete. This statement writes it to the new disk file and reinitializes the composing string variable L$ to the null string.

Line 830 closes the new Apple file.

Line 840 temporarily stops disk operations and gives you a prompt indicating the end of a valid transfer.

Lines 850-880 display a catalog of disk files (to show the new file just generated) and wait for you to press any key to re-enter the terminal mode.

Lines 890-910: in the event of an error, this section displays the error number before closing as much of the new file as was written to that point.

Whys and Wherefores

As our society becomes increasingly computer-based, the home that can access the computer at the bank, store, or library will be the home that gets the best service. TAFT can be the first step toward ensuring that you have access to these new services.

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Commercially, TAFT can form the basis for many profitable home activities. Although the processing power of host computers surpasses that of an Apple II, the smaller computer has the advantage of more costeffective peripheral devices. In other words, although a large computer can process much data rapidly, the Apple II is better equipped to display the answers to people and to get their responses.

For example, the host computer may have a number of alternate solutions to a problem in bus routing, stock ordering, plant layout, or molecular structure. Using its graphic-display capability, the Apple II could present these solutions in a manner more easily understood than pages of printout. You could communicate your selection or "grading" of the host output back to the host computer for further processing or final output. Through its own processing and disk storage, an Apple II with terminal and file-transfer capability can make the most efficient use of a mainframe's computer time.

The most obvious commercial use of TAFT would be as a data capture station. Consider moving traditional keypunch operations to your home. The Apple would capture the data (i.e., make it machine readable) and communicate that data, using TAFT, to the customer's host computer. An Apple with a text editor becomes an off-line, key-to-disk system. Or the more exotic input devices of voice input or graphic tablet could be used to efficiently capture the data. Regardless of the exact functions, TAFT allows you to deliver the output data product directly to the client computer.

Some may find these ideas impractical—others do not. Alvin Toffler devotes a chapter of his recent book, The Third Wave, to the emerging trend of "electronic cottage industries" where workers "telecommute" with their employers. As usual, individual entrepreneurs will spearhead the initial exploration of these new modes of providing service. Perhaps TAFT can help you and your Apple II "catch the wave."H

432 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 8 on Inquiry card.

Collector edition BYT

The Byte covers shown below are available as beautiful Collector Edition Prints. Each full color print is 11" x 14", including 1V2" border, and is part of an edition strictly limited to 500 prints. The artist, Robert Tinney, has personally inspected, signed and numbered each print. A Certificate of Authenticity accompanies each print guaranteeing its quality and limited number.

The price of a Collector Edition Byte Cover is $25, plus $3 per shipment for postage and handling ($8 for overseas airmail). Collector Prints 9, 10, 11 and 12 can be purchased as a set for $80, as can Prints 13, 14, 15 and 16.

Collector Edition Byte Covers are also available in the beautiful mat and frame shown above for $60 each (if Set 9-12 or Set 13-16 is ordered framed and matted, the price per set is $200). The mat is a neutral gray which blends with most decors, and the

black 12" x 16" frame is trimmed in silver. The print is mounted under non-glare glass.

Framed and matted prints are shipped UPS—no delivery to P.O. boxes. Because of expense and breakage, no framed prints are shipped overseas. Please allow 46 weeks delivery for framed prints. To order use the coupon below; Visa and Master Charge orders may call Toll Free.

SOFTWARE PIRACY THE PROGRAMMING ROUTE

Print 9 - J25 Print 10 - $25

FORTH Print 11 • $25

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Ask BYTE

Conducted by Steve Ciarcia

Signals Got Crossed

Dear Steve,

I am currently using a Soroc IQ-120 terminal with a North Star system. What would it take to hook up a "slave display" (without a keyboard) to the Soroc so that I can monitor what's happening from a few yards away?

I've tried connecting a Motorola composite-video monitor to the Soroc's auxiliary port, and I have tried the same thing with an Amdek 100, with sorry results. I have tried connecting these monitors in parallel with the Send and Receive lines coming out of the computer (one at a

time, that is), and all I could get was a screenful of blackand-white lines. Obviously, something is not being translated correctly.

According to Soroc technicians, any composite video monitor should work when connected to the auxiliary port (of course, a CHR$(27)

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+ CHR$(64) must be included in the beginning part of the program being run to set up the IQ-120 so that the auxiliary port is on). Well, it doesn't work.

Can you tell me if this is due to a program error, or do I need additional hardware to modify the system, or is it simply impossible? Have I been wasting my time and money accumulating useless monitors? N.B. Sadorian Montebello, CA

The Soroc IQ-120 is designed to take an RS-232C serial-input signal and convert it to characters that are displayed on the screen. To do this, it takes the serial input, converts it to parallel, and stores it in memory. Then, using a character generator and shift register, it generates the bit stream that forms the characters on the screen. It's after fJn's stage that a composite-video signal (made up of data and horizontal- and vertical-sweep information) is generated.

This signal is what is fed to the monitor portion of the terminal. To use a "slave" monitor, it would have to be connected after the shift register.

You are confusing the RS232C data input with a composite-video signal. The auxiliary port is used to attach a printer or modem to the terminal and to provide serial digital data, not a compositevideo analog signal.

Since you already have a monitor, get a video board that will take the RS-232C input and generate the composite-video output. (One such board is available from Standard Microsystems Corp., 35 Marcus Blvd., Hauppauge, NY 11788, 516 273-3100.) This board can be

434 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

connected to the Soroc's auxiliary RS-232C port and the board output connected to the slave monitor. . . . Steve

A Shifty Problem

Dear Steve,

I have a 48K-byte OSI (Ohio Scientific) C4P DMF computer that can produce lowercase characters. It serves my purposes very well, except for one annoying feature: the shift-lock on the keyboard.

From time to time, I use a typewriter as well as the computer, so the fact that the two machines have substantially different keyboard layouts is a great inconvenience. 1 produce all my correspondence on the computer using a word-processing program, which is much to my liking. But a problem arises when I try to program in BASIC: I cannot conveniently enter text that has lowercase characters, because the fingering is wrong.

I see no need for the two shift keys to be independent and dissimilar in function. The shift-lock should be an all-caps keys. It should only "unlock" the alphabetic keys. Has anyone attacked this problem7 Do you know of any way I can get relief from this problem? Carl M. King Sarasota, FL

/ do not know an easy solution to your uppercase/lowercase problem with the OSI C4P computer. The most practical solutions are:

'Rewrite the keyboard routine. This is located in ROM (read-only memory) at location hexadecimal FDOO. This would require installing a new PROM (programmable ROM).

•Use an auxiliary keyboard and attach it through the parallel-input port that normally reads the existing keyboard. This, too, will require a soft

ware driver to function properly.

I would vote for the second method as the lesser of the two evils. . . . Steve

One-Alarm Question

Dear Steve,

I have an application that requires a low-power audible alarm. What I need is the type of alarm that's found in an electronic watch or calculator,

but I don't want to destroy a

watch to get one. Can you

help me find a source for

them7

Brian Gravenhorst

Chicago, IL

Here is a list of manufacturers that make miniature audible alarms. While none are designed to fit into a watch, they are quite small and consume little power. I hope this solves your problem. . . . Steve

Star Micronics Inc.

Suite 2308, Pan Am Building

200 Park Ave.

New York, NY 10166

(212) 986-6770

Knowles Electronics Inc. 3100 North Mannheim Rd. Franklin Park, IL 60131 (312) 455-3600

Mallory Capacitor Company Mallory Components Group POB 372

Indianapolis, IN 46206 (317) 636-5353

* • • SYSTEMS INTEGRATION SPECIALISTS * • •

HOUSTON INSTRUMENTS

PLOTTERS Standard & Intelligent models w/surface areas of 8'/2" x 11" to 11" x 17". Front panel electronic controls. DMP-2 . ..$ 935. DMP-3 ...$1,195. DMP-4 .$1,295. DMP-5 . . $1,455. DMP-6 ...$1,685. DMP-7 ...$1,865.

HAYES MICRO MODEM 100 .... $359. Smartmodem $251. Chronograph $224.

EPSON MX 80 $475.

MX80 F/T ... $575. MX 100 ... $725. RS232 ...$ 70. 2K BUFFER ..$140.

3M SCOTCH® DISKETTES-Discounts

TELETYPE MODEL 45 Cluster controllers, terminals, printers. IBM 3270 compatible; Bisync or SNA/SDLC protocol. Up to 32 devices on one cluster at 9600 baud. Highly cost effective!

TEI MAINFRAMES, S-ioo

MCS 112 ...$620. MCS 122 ...$745.

RM12 $655. RM22 $790.

OEM & Qty. discounts offered

TARBELL zso CPU $395.

New I/O card 4S + 2P $347.

Double Density Controller $435.

PMMI S-100 Modem $385.

Compatible w/telex & Twx. 51 to 600 baud. On board pulse dialer.

NEW ITEMS AVAILABLE Summa

graphics Bit Pads • ALTOS systems • Microline printers • PIICEON

CORVUS HARD DISK SYSTEMS 6.7MB ...$3,005. 11.3MB ...$4,655.

20.SMB $5,595.

For S-100 and most other systems.

TELETYPE

Model 4320 AAK $1,140.

Model 43ASR, 8 level, 1" tape . . $2,595.

MEMORY MERCHANT

64K RAM $716.

BABY BLUE: Z-80B, 64K RAM substitutes for IBM memory card in IBM PC. Enables you to run Z80, CP/M software $600.

w/Wordstar & Mail Merge totally configured for IBM keyboard $980.

TELEVIDEO 950 $980.

3 pg. memory upgrade $150.

MICROANGELO GRAPHICS

SUBSYSTEM W/LIGHTPEN . $2,300.

Without light pen $1,930.

Graphics card alone $ 975.

Screenware Pak II $ 350.

TEKEM Tektronix emulator $ 350.

Color systems from 4 to 256 colors. Basic color system (4 colors) $2,330.

IDS PRISM COLOR PRINTER $1,795. Enhanced 560 w/software selectable colors; high speed printing at 200cps.

KONAN SMC-100 hard disk controller.

S-100, 2400MB control $1,469.

Complete KONAN line available.

COMMUNICATIONS SOFTWARE

Enables communications from a micro to a terminal or to another micro, mini or maxi computer. HAWKEYE GRAFIX Source Code . . $500.Object Code . $75.

MICROSOFT COBOL-80 $560.

BASIC-80 (interpreter) $270.

BASIC COMPILER $305.

FORTRAN-80 $380.

X-MACRO-86 $275.

muLISP/muSIMP $190.

MICROPRO Wordstar $290.

FORMULA ALL-IN-ONE data base + w/p + accounting software $595.

QUICKSCREEN $149.

Create reports or forms on CRT,

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SEE OUR AD ON FACING PAGE

June 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc 435

Ask BYTE

The End of 8-Blt Epoch?

Dear Steve,

I'm thinking of getting a microcomputer so that I can write and sell software. However, since IBM has introduced a 16-bit computer, and I had planned to buy an 8-bit Atari 800,1 fear that Atari will follow IBM's lead and replace the 800 with a 16-bit computer after I make my purchase. Then I will own an outdated piece of junk. Do you know if Atari is about to convert to 16 bits?

Harry Sices Hanover, NH

•2.2K

la

h> 23 kHz Ji_ TRANSDUCER

The future trend of computers will certainly include 16-bit and possibly 32-bit machines, but 8-bit machines will definitely not become "outdated pieces of junk." Look to the bright side of 8-bit machines:

'they have been around for several years

'virtually every home computer is an 8-bit machine 'documentation and software abound for these machines

+12V

8

vCc

TRG

THR

GROUND

.0.001/iF

r

m

rh

IK

ADJUST FOR 23 kHz

m

'at least a half million of them are in use

I doubt that you will see 16-bit computers taking over in the near future, so don't fear buying an 8-bit machine. If your goal is to write and sell software, you will certainly have a larger market with the 8-bit machines. Atari even offers the part-time programmer an advantage, since it will help market good software written for its machine.

At this time, I am not aware of any effort by Atari to market a 16-bit machine, but I assume that Atari may eventually feel market pressures to do so. . . . Steve

Sensing Motions

Dear Steve,

I'm interested in adding sensors to my driveway and connecting them to my security system. In the articles that you've written on security systems, you mentioned that you were using sensors in your driveway. (See "Build a

Computer-Controlled Security System for Your Home," Part 1, January 1979 BYTE, page 56; Part 2, February 1979 BYTE, page 162; Part 3, March 1979 BYTE, page 150.) What devices do you use?

I'm planning on installing two sensors about 10 feet apart mounted on split-rail fence posts. (That way I can sense the direction of movement.) I will have to run at least 250 feet of wire from the house to the sensors. The distance from the source to the sensor across the driveway is about 12 feet. Any ideas that you have would be greatly appreciated. Charles Finn Fayetteville, GA

/ have tried a number of different sensors in my driveway, and I found that the most reliable is a microwave motion-detector combined with an ultrasonic beam that goes directly across the driveway.

I have a fairly long, U-shaped driveway. The ultrasonic transmitter (see

lb

16-42mH MILLER 6211

0.001MF

r

T

-Jf

rs"23 kHz

L> TRANSDUCER

;22K

•22fl

N2907 /^N\ ■ SINK \*J/

HEAT REQUIRED

470fl

ioon

—wv, *

IN Rxl

^,,T MOD

OUT !N

IC1 LM1812

+ 5V ft

LM309H

OUT

IGND Tj^lOfiF

/t)

il.5K

IC3 7404

;0.01/jF

m

,0.01/iF

+ I2V

OUT

IC 2

NE555

•t*2K

< ADJUST FOR 23 kHz

;o.oimf

m

iO.OOl^F

Figure 1: Ultrasonic transmitters.

436 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

THE ANN ARBOR AMBASSADOR "300

Why settle

For an emulation when you can have an AMBASSADOR 300 ?

AAA 300

DECVT100*

AAA 300

DEC*VT100*

Display Lines

60

24

Send/Print Controls

12

0

Screen Size

15"

12"

Send/Print Modes

30

0

Cursor Controls

22

15

Operator Convenience Mode

24

10

Graphic Renditions

6

5

Programmable Keys

48

0

Tab Controls

12

4

Line Drawing

Yes

Yes

Erase/Edit Controls

25

4

Non-Volatile Setup

Yes

Yes

Form-Filing Controls

10

0

Non-Volatile Control String

Yes

No

The Ann Arbor Ambassador 300 supports most of your VT100* software without asking you to give up other features you'll like. Its selectable 60-line display lets you see more of your program or report. And you still get all the capability of the standard Ambassador. Things like editing, formatting, printer output and programmable function keys.

For more information, call Ann Arbor Terminals at (313) 663-8000.

'DEC and VT100 are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation,

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BYTE June 1982 437

Ask BYTE.

TTL LEVEL OUT

LOGIC 0

SIGNAL PRESENT

LOGIC 1

SIGNAL NOT PRESENT

Number Type +5V GND +12V

IC1 LM1812

IC2 NE555

IC3 7404

14

5, 10, 15 12

1 7

Figure 2: Ultrasonic receiver.

figure 1) projects a 12-foot beam across the driveway to an ultrasonic receiver (see figure 2, above). It has a usable range of about 20 feet. (These are the circuits from my articles.) The transmitter is built into a couple of small, sealed aluminum boxes and mounted across the road. Further down the driveway, where the space opens up, I have a microwave motiondetector. I used microwave because the standard infrared and ultrasonic motiondetectors have too many false alarms. While the microwave units cost much more ($300 or so), their reliability makes up for the difference in price.

In your application, it sounds as though you can use an ultrasonic transmitter/ receiver pair aimed across the driveway. When something passes through the beam, the connection is broken and the logic-level output of the

receiver changes. The 250 feet of wire you mentioned shouldn't inhibit operation. You may find it advisable to add a level-shifting transistor to the output of the receiver. This will give you a 0- to 12-volt signal, which will be easier to transmit 250 feet.

I'd be interested in hearing from you after it's set up. . . . Steve

A One-Shot Solves All

Dear Steve,

In your article "Build an Intelligent EPROM Programmer" (October 1981 BYTE, page 36), why did you implement the 50-ms (millisecond) programming pulse in hardware instead of using a software loop? George Kaplan Spring Valley, NY

J implemented the 50-ms programming pulse on my EPROM programmer in hardware rather than software for simplicity. It was easier for me to add the "one-shot" circuit than to set up a software timing loop (regular readers of the Circuit Cellar will notice a definite tendency toward hardware solutions). However, either method is perfectly satisfactory. If I had used a software timing loop, the

write pulse would have been tied to pin 18 through the 74LS04 and 7406 circuits in the same manner that pin 20 of the 2716 was tied (see figure 4b, October 1981 BYTE, page 43). If you take this route, be sure that a constant high level is not applied in the programming mode. The one-shot circuit gives built-in protection against this happening. . . . Steve ■

In "Ask BYTE," Steve Ciarcia answers questions on any area of microcomputing. The most representative questions received each month will be answered and published. Do you have a nagging problem? Send your inquiry to:

Ask BYTE

c/o Steve Ciarcia

POB 582

Glastonbury CT 06033 If you are a subscriber to The Source, send your questions by electronic mail or chat with Steve |TCE317) directly. Due to the high volume of inquiries, personal replies cannot be given. Be sure to include "Ask BYTE" in the address.

438 Junt 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Got a computer?

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Wang (Ours) $4 ea. $3 ea. S2 ea. Ricoh (Orig.) S6 ea. S4 ea. S3 ea. (Cloth ribbons will be available shortly.) 'Minimum order 3 pancakes with instructions. Add 25 percent for orders of less than 1 doz. We "trade" for RELOADABLE used cartridges. Write for price lists on diskettes, printwheels and other ribbons. Order our new 150 page book HOW TO RELOAD MULTI-STRIKE DAISY WHEEL WORD PROCESSING RIBBONS. $49. This book puts you in business reloading ribbons at home.

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Circle 417 on Inquiry card.

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I ■

News and Speculation about Personal Computers

Conducted by Sol Llbes

R,

Landom Rumors: Add

the following items to the NCC (National Computer Conference) rumor list I gave in last month's BYTELINES: Hitachi is expected to show a personal computer prototype with specifications very similar to the IBM machine. It will use the Intel 8088 processor and will also have three operating systems: MSDOS, CP/M-86, and Pascal. It should be on the market before year-end. . . . Also expected at NCC is a scaleddown version of the Star work station from Xerox, expected to sell for 50 percent less and to be called (what else?) the Starlet. Incidentally, although the Star was a hit at last year's NCC, I am not aware that any units have been shipped to customers. . . . Other anticipated new entries at NCC include a videodisc-to-microcomputer interface and a videodisc with a 250-megabyte legal database from Xedex, New York, and a 120K-byte, 6809-based multiuser system, with a Unix-like operating system, from Cimix, Chicago, Illinois. . . . Also at NCC you can expect to see at least four manufacturers running Microsoft's Xenix multiuser DOS on their systems.

Look for Panasonic to shortly introduce a $199 personal computer; a color version will sell for $299. Later the firm expects to introduce voice I/O for the unit. Options will include memory expansion, disk drives, joysticks, and an 80-column printer. Software packages will include word processing and business applications under standard CP/M and Apple CP/M. . . . Several IBM look-alikes are expected on the market shortly.

R,

Landom News Bits:

Digital Research has confirmed what was previously rumored in this column, namely that it is working on a 68000 implementation of the CP/M disk operating system. Hitachi is expected to be the first to use it. . . . Vector Graphic has reported a 156 percent increase in income for the last quarter of 1981 — $1 million, up from $395,000 the year before. Sales for the quarter were $9.68 million. . . . Commodore reported that its net income rose 63 percent on a sales increase of 55 percent for the second half of 1981 ($124 million). . . . Diablo reportedly will shortly begin making videodisplay terminals. . . . Cromemco, Mountain View, California, has disclosed that it is working on a 2-megabyte S-100-card memory, designed primarily for its new 68000 system. With just eight cards, the user can have 16 megabytes of directly addressable memory! . . . C & G Engineering, San Leandro, California, has introduced "IBM-ulator" for S-100 CP/M systems. Using an 8088 processor card, the IBM-ulator can read and write CP/M-compatible files from and to an IBM 5'/4-inch disk. . . .Later this year Toshiba will introduce a dotmatrix printer with a 24-pin head mechanism capable of producing fully formed characters at 100 characters per second (cps) and draft-formed characters at 160 cps. . . . New England Digital Corporation, White River Junction, Vermont, and Hazelcom Industries Ltd., Toronto, Ontario, have announced machines with piano-like keyboards that transcribe

whatever music is played on them.

M

arketlng Is the Name of the Game: Com

puterland Corporation has disclosed that it is planning to set up franchised stores that will sell only software. The company's goal is to have 400 software stores open by 1984. . . . Sears is so delighted with the performance of its five computer stores that it will shortly open 45 more in 17 cities. The stores will be known as "Business System Centers" and will employ an expected 300 sales personnel. The Sears stores currently carry IBM, NEC (Nippon Electric Company), and Vector Graphic computer systems, Tl (Texas Instruments) and HP (Hewlett-Packard) calculators, Exxon and Olivetti typewriters, Saxon copiers, and Wang word processors.

There is no doubt that success in the personal computing marketplace now is less a function of having a welldesigned product than of having adequate distribution. I recently made a brief survey of all the computer stores in the 10 largest U.S. cities to determine system distribution. I checked Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Washington, DC, and I discovered that in these cities a total of 165 computer stores were carrying 37 different makes of computers. Ranked in order, the 20 leading systems and the number of dealers for each system were: Apple, 120; Atari, 60; HP, 43; IBM, 38; Commodore, 37; Vector

Graphic, 35; Radio Shack Computer Centers, 34 (fullline stores not included); Cromemco, 30; Tl, 21; North Star, 18; Dynabyte, 18; Data General, 16; DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation), 15; Zenith, 15; and Altos, 15.

Some interesting conclusions can be drawn. First, Apple is far and away the most popular with dealers, probably due to the large amount of advertising done by Apple that, in effect, presells the system for the dealer. Second, most of the leading systems are made by large companies to whom computers are only a small part of the total business. Most of the companies that grew out of garages, so to speak, are now only a small part of the industry. Third, none of the Japanese suppliers has yet achieved acceptance from computer stores. I found only six dealers who carried the NEC system, and only one carried the Sharp system.

I

ntegrated Circuits: Fujitsu has disclosed that it will shortly begin providing samples of a 64K-bit CMOS EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory). . . . DEC will soon start supplying the integrated circuits used in its base-level PDP-11 machines. . . . Motorola is making final plans to introduce the MCM2816, an EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) that will be a pinfor-pin replacement for the popular 2716 EPROM. The company will follow this shortly with a 32K-bit version. The days of the ultraviolet

440 Junt 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

At last, full feature general business software for micro-computers.

Officially authorized derivations from the popular MCBA® mini-computer packages, these packages have been eased down to micros and made even more user friendly.

The mini versions of these packages are distributed by over 900 OEMs and dealers, and are in use at over 9,000 end user sites worldwide.

And already these micro versions themselves are in use by thousands of end users.

Written in RM/COBOL™, these packages run underCP/M®, OASIS'", UNIX®, COS-990 ® and other operating systems.

They run on dozens of brands of micro-computers, including properly configured models from Radio Shack II,

"Our current recommendation for a big five accounting package is MBSI"

Computer Dealer magazine January, 1982

Apple III, Zenith, Hewlett Packard 125, Xerox 820, ALTOS, ONYX and many more.

Tens of man-years have gone into these packages, which comprise over 230 programs, 165,000 lines of structured source code, and 1,800 pages of user and technical documentation.

Our claim is simple:

THIS IS THE BEST MICRO-COMPUTER GENERAL BUSINESS SOFTWARE AVAILABLE.

And we stand behind that with a moneyback guarantee.

If s no accident that Computer Dealer magazine recently endorsed MBSI software.

So if you' re a re-seller looking for first class micro-computer software, contact us today.

Micro Business Software, Inc. Dover Rd., Dept. BY2 Chichester, NH 03263 U Phone: (603) 798-5700

MCBA. RM/COBOL. CP/M. OASIS. UNIX. COS-990 are trademarks respectively of Mini-Computer Business Applications. Inc.; Ryan McFarland Core.: Digital Research; Phase One Systems. Inc.; Bel! Laboratories; and Ryan-McFarland Inc.

BYTELINES.

EPROM eraser appear to be numbered. . . .

IBM News Items: Software Techniques, Alexandria, Virginia, has published a report that provides engineering data on the custom integrated circuits and proprietary devices used in the IBM Personal Computer system. It includes schematics, parts lists, timing diagrams, etc., not provided by IBM in its documentation. The report costs $5000. . . . Xedex Corporation, New York, has introduced a plug-in Z80 processor card with 64K bytes of memory (similar to the Microsoft Softcard for the Apple II) that allows an IBM Personal Computer to run CP/M-80 software. The price is $600. Xedex hopes that IBM users will take advantage of this until there is a decent amount of software available for the IBM system. ... IBM is expected to open soon a Personal Computer manufacturing plant in France. . . . Several Computerland stores are reportedly offering quantity discounts on the IBM Personal Computer. . . . Corvus Systems, San Jose, California, is rumored to be working on a networking system for the Personal Computer that should be available later this year. . . . Several C compilers for the Personal Computer are due for release this summer.

IBM has also introduced a robot, called the 7535 Manufacturing System, that can be programmed using an IBM Personal Computer system with a special version of IBM's new robotics language called AML (A Manufacturing Language). The robot is built in Japan and will cost $28,500. The program costs $5575. IBM is also test-marketing the RS-I robotic system, which has an arm that can move in six directions and a twofingered hand. The RS-I is

presently being used to assemble IBM computers.

ATpple Happenings:

Microsoft's Z80-based processor card for the Apple III will be marketed exclusively through Apple Computer Inc. Microsoft disclosed that 20 percent of all Apple lis are using the company's Softcard with CP/M. . . . Franklin Computer Corporation, Pennsauken, New Jersey, has introduced a computer that is compatible with the Apple II. The machine will do everything the Apple II does except display color graphics (that would infringe on Apple patents). The Franklin computer, however, has extra keyboard functions, more memory, and sells for $300 less than the Apple II. 1 suspect that Franklin should find several mail-order dealers very interested in selling its product. . . . Several imitations of the Apple II are reportedly being made in the Far East. Apple is investigating action against these copiers as the machine is protected by four or five patents.

WP/M News: Digital Research reports that CP/M-80 has now been implemented on over 450 different computer systems. Can there be any doubt that CP/M is the standard for single-user 8-bit disk-operating systems? . . . Lifeboat Associates, New York, has released EM-86, a software module that will allow CP/M-86 software to run under the control of Microsoft's MS-DOS without any modifications. The module costs $75. . . . Dasoft Design Systems, Aloha, Oregon, has introduced a design-automation system called Magic. Running under CP/M, it aids in the design of circuits, documentation, and printed-circuit generation. It

includes a design editor, device library, schematic generator, and more. It produces camera-ready artwork and is priced at $729. . . . Virtual Microsystems, Berkeley, California, has introduced a CP/M-80 simulator for DEC PDP-11 and VAX-11 systems. Running as a task under RSTS, RSX, or Unix, it allows the reading and writing of standard 8-inch CP/M disks and the running of CP/M programs.

M

IS-DOS Versus CP/M:

When Microsoft wanted to implement many of its languages and applications packages on the Apple II, the company chose what it considered the easiest, fastest, and most economical way to do it: creation of a "hardware bridge"—a Z80 processor card for the Apple II that allows the running of CP/Mbased versions of Microsoft's software.

There is no doubt that CP/M has become the most successful microcomputer DOS. It has the broadest support from language- and applicationsoftware suppliers and publicdomain software (I challenge anyone to tell me, with any accuracy, how many software packages are currently available for CP/M-based systems). CP/M has been licensed, according to Digital Research, on over 450 different types of systems (this probably translates into over 450,000 actual machines).

Microsoft, with extensive experience in system software development, last year decided to introduce its own DOS, called MS-DOS, naturally (for Microsoft disk operating system). Actually MS-DOS was created a few years earlier by Seattle Computer Products for its 8086-based S-100 system when the company gave up waiting for Digital Research to introduce

CP/M-86. Microsoft acquired exclusive rights to the DOS, hired its author and invested a considerable effort in enhancing it.

The battle lines have now been drawn—picture CP/M as Goliath and MS-DOS as David. In just six short months, MS-DOS has gained a strong foothold in the singleuser/single-task DOS marketplace. The greatest coup, of course, is the IBM Personal Computer: although IBM has announced three different operating systems for the Personal Computer, at this writing only one is available—MS-DOS. Microsoft has further announced that MSDOS has already been implemented on 20 different machines and that 32 more (11 of which will be from Japan) should be announced by year-end. In other words, MSDOS will have been implemented on over 50 machines by the end of 1982.

Microsoft took a close look at CP/M—its strengths and particularly its weaknesses—in developing MSDOS. There is little doubt that the firm has created a DOS that is much more userfriendly, faster, with many more advantages, and fewer disadvantages than CP/M.

One of MS-DOS's biggest disadvantages appears to be the lack of a floppy-diskformat standard that allows users of different systems to exchange disks. One of CP/M's greatest advantages is that software vendors can supply CP/M software on 8-inch single-density softsectored disks and cover most of the CP/M marketplace (although the increasing popularity of 5'/4-inch disks is becoming a problem). Microsoft is attempting to convince its MS-DOS original equipment manufacturers that a 5'/4-inch disk format is important. With IBM's help the 5'/4-inch format may become

442 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

NNC HAS A NEW LOOK

We've given our Series 80 microcomputers a bold new look. Now you can have a computer that will enhance the appearance as well as improve the efficiency of your installation.

Our new die-cast front panel has improved the integrity and strength of the chassis, while adding protection for the reset switch. And, behind our pretty face you'll find a solidly-built, high performance computer that is ideal for stand alone as well as multi-user, multi-tasking applications.

The Model 80W shown below features an IEEE standard 4MHz Z80 CPU, 64KB of Dynamic RAM, 2 Serial and 3 Parallel ports, 10MB Winchester disk storage, 8" Floppy disk drive for file loading and backup, professionally prepared documentation, and has complete upgrade capability.

Here are several reasons why NNC should be your next computer:

RELIABILITY—standard proven components, quality

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COMPATIBILITY-NNC utilizes CP/M* and OASIS* operating systems which provide access to extensive single and multi-user application packages.

SERVICE ABILITY-NNC's modular design and use of standard, readily available, quality components improves maintainability and minimizes down time.

See the new look of NNC at your nearest computer dealer. He'll be glad to demonstrate the Series 80 and show you the total beauty of NNC computers.

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BYTELINES.

a standard. In other words, while machines may be able to read other formats, they should at least be able to read the standard format.

Microsoft has announced that this fall it will introduce Version 2.0 of MS-DOS; among the new features are a visual shell, more user friendliness, network interface (so the system can be used as a work station in a local network), improved utilities (print spooler, debug, etc.) and standard terminal interface including graphics using ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard escape sequences. Microsoft has disclosed that it is working on MS-DOS enhancements (version 3?) that will include MS-DOS recoded in the C language for easy conversion to other microprocessors, a C compiler to be included with MS-DOS, file I/O transparency across networks, and diskless work stations. Microsoft has also revealed that it is working on language enhancements that will include support for the Intel 8087 floating-point math processor.

As an aside, Microsoft, a privately held company, disclosed that last year it grossed $16 million and this year it expects to double that figure.

M,

lore 32-Bit Micros:

Bell Laboratories and Hewlett-Packard have disclosed that they will shortly begin manufacturing 32-bit microprocessor integrated circuits. The Bell Labs version is called Bellmac-32A. It is a full 32-bit microprocessor; the data and address buses, internal and external, have 32 lines. All of the registers are 32 bits wide and all instructions operate directly on 32-bit data words. The device, which has close to 150,000 transistors, can directly address a gigabyte of memory. It has been

designed with the Unix operating system and the C language in mind.

The HP 32-bit device is a set of ICs that will be used in a new product to be introduced in about a year. The set includes the processor, memory controller, read/write and read-only memory, I/O processor, and clock generator. The processor is on a ^-inchsquare chip that has three to eight times the circuit density of any current IC, according to HP, and contains 450,000 transistors.

M

lotorola Adds to 68000 family: Motorola has reached an agreement with six other semiconductor manufacturers whereby the companies involved will design new devices to add to the MC68000 family of microcomputers. The joint contributions of Motorola and the six members of the design group (Mostek, Signetics, Rockwell, Hitachi, Thompson CSF, and Philips) allow the addition of far more products to the 68000 product line than any company could do by itself. The new products announced are 8-bit-bus and 32-bit-bus versions of the 68000 microprocessor, a virtual-memory version of the 68000, and a floating-point mathematics processor. Some of the products will not be available until late 1983 or early 1984. The following is a brief look at the announced products.

The 68008 is a 48-pin version of the 68000 that has data and address buses compatible with conventional 8-bit microcomputers. Motorola obviously hopes it will find a market analogous to that of Intel's 8088, an 8-bit-bus variation of the 8086 microprocessor. The 68008 will address one megabyte of memory. Samples will be

available in the fourth quarter of 1982.

The 68020 is reported to be the beginning of a 32-bit family of microprocessors. It will have 32-bit-wide data and address paths and will come in several configurations, the largest of which will be a package with 100 pins. Because of mechanical problems with a device of this size, Motorola is discarding the dual-inline design of present ICs for a new package. The address space of this largest configuration will be 4 billion bytes of memory. The 68020 will have several interesting features, including a cache memory, a 16-MHz clock (allowing it to execute 1.5 million instructions per second), and an interface to auxiliary coprocessors. One interesting technical note: the chip, which is primarily conventional NMOS (negative-channel metal-oxide semiconductor), will have a small portion of grafted-on CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) circuitry. According to Motorola, this will significantly reduce power consumption. Motorola is calling this new process HCMOS III or "merged MOS." Samples are promised for the fourth quarter of 1983.

The 68881 is a floating-point math coprocessor that is said to be the first of a line of coprocessors for use with the 68020 microprocessor and other members of the 68000 family. The unit will handle several degrees of precision, conform to the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) floating-point standard, coprocess with the 68020 whenever possible, and do over 150,000 operations per second. It will also use the HCMOS III technology described above, and samples will be available by the fourth quarter of 1983. The 68452, a bus-arbitration

module, and the 68440 dual DMA (direct memory access) coprocessor will be introduced in late 1983 or early 1984.

The 68010 is a microprocessor, pin-compatible with the 68000, that will work with the existing 68451 Memory Management Unit (MMU) to create a microcomputer that implements virtual memory (i.e., the majority of the memory will actually reside on a disk and will be swapped in and out of random-access memory automatically). . . . G.W.

•Spreadsheets Proliferate: Visicalc, introduced in late 1979, was the first spreadsheet program. Now about 24 such programs are on the market. Visicalc, without doubt, is the most successful, and to a great extent it has made the Apple II the success that it is.

But Visicalc has some limitations: restricted memory capacity; crude editing, text processing, and formatting; and lack of conditional statements. However, the most serious shortcoming has been the lack of a CP/M version.

Competing spreadsheet programs have capitalized on these limitations. Most run under CP/M. Some offer modeling-language extensions to allow manipulation of the work sheet itself (e.g., Microplan, Plannercalc). Some allow different spreadsheets to associate with one another by means of a sheetlinkage feature (e.g., Multiplan, Calcstar, Forecaster). One (NEC Report Manager) even allows a three-dimensional sheet. Many allow their spreadsheets to share data with other programs.

It is also interesting to note that some software suppliers now offer versions for minicomputers. One supplier (Digicalc) offers a spreadsheet

444 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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PHOSFORM

Allows you to easily design, write and modify programs that use fill-in-the-form input. An editor and a set of portable input routines help you quickly create and custom design forms to fit your needs. Form headings and the order of information are easily changeable. The PHOSFORM editor will document the finished form. PHOSFORM and applications are portable and run on any terminal.

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BYTE June 1982 445

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NEW tools for lab data management. FAST plots of 4 data sets with SCROLLING in 4 directions, ZOOM scaling on X and Y axes, 2 types of graphic CURSORS and on-screen STATUS REPORT. PLOTS A/D INPUT while sampling. ADD, SUBTRACT, MULTIPLY, DIVIDE, INTEGRATE, DIFFERENTIATE, AVERAGE or NORMALIZE data sets with SIMPLE COMMANDS. Ideal lor spectra, chromatograms, rate curves, etc. Includes SAMPLE DATA on disk with 28-PAGE MANUAL.

SPECIAL! All 3 programs on one disk, only $120. Since each program uses the same data format on disk, data may be shared.

BUY THESE PROGRAMS AT YOUR LOCAL DEALER OR ORDER DIRECT. For more information, ask for FREE brochure or send $5 for any manual {$12 for all 3), deductible with purchase. Add $1.50 shipping on all orders. For fastest service, call in your VISA or Master Card order.

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Apple II Version "As Featured in Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Byte Magazine, September 1981.

The Sweet-Talker voice synthesizer allows you to add speech of unlimited vocabulary to your computer. Utilizing the VotraxSC-01 A chip, you can output any message by programming individual phonemes. Comes in two versions; one plugs directly into your Apple II, the other connects to any computer with an 8-bit parallel printer port. + 12 volts and + 5 volts required for parallel board. •Contains 64 different phonemes ST01 Sweet Talker Parallel accessed by a 6-bit code. Port Board AST $139.00

• Automatic and manual inflec- ST02 Sweet Talker Apple II

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program for DEC VAX machines at only $6,000.

^■olor-Graphlcs Costs Drop: Color-graphics-display terminals are being introduced at new low prices, some under $1000. This is expected to bring color graphics into the business marketplace. In fact, in a few more years, color may become standard. Leading the way now is Intelligent Systems Corporation (ISC), Norcross, Georgia, which is shipping a color-video terminal priced at $995 for single units. Televideo and Applied Digital Data Systems Inc. are expected to introduce competing units by year-end. The ISC unit can display eight foreground and eight background colors on a 13-inch video screen. It includes function keys and firmware for drawing vectors, bar graphs, and point plots. (Incidentally, Megatek Corporation, San Diego, California, has announced a three-dimensional color-graphics terminal: prices start at $50,000.)

Color-printer prices are dropping quickly too. Integral Data Systems has a color impact printer for under $2000 that produces eight colors using a four-band ribbon. Integrex Ltd., England, has developed a color printer based on the Epson MX-80 that it sells for $1995.

A host of companies are producing color pen plotters. The lowest in cost is currently the Radio Shack 6-pen plotter at $1995.

The Japanese have not yet entered this market, although they are known to be developing color printers. When they do enter, substantial price reductions can be expected.

■ loppy-Disk News: Last year 568,000 double-sided

5%-inch disk drives were made. This year the figure should double to 1.1 million drives. Also, track densities are increasing. The 96-tpi (track per inch) density will soon dominate the market. The result is that companies such as Micropolis have announced 5'/4-inch drives with 2-megabyte storage capacities. Delivery of these drives has been slowed pending the availability of improved disks. Better materials are necessary because uneven disk coating and thermal and hygroscopic distortion of the disk surface increase errors.

Several companies have announced they will soon start production of 1.6-inch-high 5'/4-inch drives. Thus two drives will fit into the space previously occupied by one drive. Half-high 8-inch drives are already available.

Sony's 372-inch disk drive is being used in Sony's wordprocessing system. However, because it is available from only a single source, other manufacturers have been leery of designing it into their products. Sony has announced that it will soon introduce a dual-sided version of the drive.

r fnally, 68000 Software: I receive many letters from readers of this column regarding the availability of 68000-system software and low-cost hardware. The following, I think, answers most of the questions raised. It should be noted that Intel introduced its 8086 16-bit microprocessor in 1977— almost five years ago. The first systems using the 8086 became available the following year. However, it was not until 1980-81 that the first DOS development software became available. And it is only now, in 1982—five years later—that applications soft

446 June 1982 © BYTE Publications uic

Circle 502 on inquiry card.

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Circle 64 on inquiry card.

Overcome CP/M Limitations

TurboDOS

• CP/M Compatible Virtually any CP.M {ver. 2.x) program will run under TurboDOS without modification. Fully media compatible with standard CP/M-format diskettes.

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• Double-Sided Drive Support Provides 1.25 MBytes of Storage per 8" double

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• Enhanced Automatic Print Spooling Run multiple printers simultaneously. Supports multiple queues and printers on spooling versions, standard.

• Advanced Mainframe-like Features Includes read-after-write validation of all disk update operations, type-ahead buffers, incremental disk backup utility, password/log-on security, system date and time functions, accepts string of multiple commands, and many other capabilities not available under CP'M or TRSDOS. Multi-user networking versions also available.

Versions for TRS-80 Mod It & Xerox 820. Print spooling option $50 additional. Adaptable to any Z80-based computer.

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BYTE June 1982

447

BYTELINES <

ware packages are beginning to appear.

The 68000 was introduced by Motorola in 1980, and the first 68000 system became available last year. The disk operating systems are only now becoming available, and languages should start becoming available early next year. Therefore, I do not expect to see any significant amount of 68000 applications software becoming available until 1984.

I doubt that the 68000 will have much of an impact on the single-user/single-task personal computer market. Its great strengths will be in the multi-user/multi-tasking market competing against traditional minicomputers. Keep in mind that Microsoft's 68000 DOS (Xenix) requires 50K bytes of 16-bit-wide user memory, as compared to 8086 DOS (MS-DOS), a

single-user/single-tasking DOS that occupies only about 5K bytes of memory. I am not currently aware of any companies developing low-cost 68000-based personal computer systems. I would appreciate hearing from anyone who knows of one.

Large Direct-view LCD:

Kylex Inc. of Mountain View, California, a subsidiary of 3M Company, has developed a new type of alphanumeric liquid-crystal display (LCD) called the TAD (thermally addressed dye) display that has been incorporated into what is possibly the largest direct-view panel LCD ever made: a 6- by 7-inch, 288- by 357-pixel flat display screen. Each pixel is 15 hundredths of an inch square, and in alphanumeric use 24 lines of 50 characters each can be

displayed. The TAD display could make possible a new generation of portable computer terminals.

The TAD technology uses a so-called guest molecule of dichroic dye attached to host molecules of liquid crystal; the two types of molecules have a similar physical structure. In the normal nematic molecular orientation, the dye is invisible. When the liquid-crystal molecules are reoriented in the display, the dye molecules are also reoriented, causing the dye to become visible.

For the liquid-crystal molecules to be changed in orientation, they must first be heated; in the display one row of pixels is heated at a time by an electric heating current passed through heating elements in the panel. The heating places molecules into random orientations, allowing

the dye to show up. Then, while all the molecules in the row are cooling down, the pixels that are to be restored to the blank state (i.e., dye not visible) are addressed along the appropriate column by pulses of current.

A unique property of the TAD display is the permanence of its images. Because the pixels must be heated for their states to change, they do not revert to blankness when not in use. You can unplug a TAD display from its control circuitry and keep it in a drawer for a year—and when you take it out, it will still show the image it contained when it was unplugged.

The TAD display is driven by a control module containing a Z80A microprocessor, 4K bytes of read/write memory, 16K bytes of read-only memory, and various other components; the control

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WORD PROCESSING (WORDSTAR] . 425 CP/M OPERATING SYSTEM 175

2395 2995 2325

TO ORDER: Please send cashier's check, money order or personal check (allow 10 business days to clear): VISA and Master Card credit card service add 3%. Shipping, handling and insurance in U.S. add 3% (minimum $5). California residents add 6% sales tax. Foreign orders add 10% for shipping. Equipment is subject to price change and availability. All equipment carries factory warranty. TELEX: 697120 DATAMAX-SDG

COMPUTER HORIZON

16766 Bernardo Center Drive, Suite 110B, San Diego, CA 921 28 (714) 565-7092 (800) 854-1941

448 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 244 on Inquiry card.

Circle 110 on Inquiry card.

Circle 396 on inquiry card.

Circle 177 on inquiry card.

S 100 USERS

WZl*-*%a fegggfw w,>m!»

=*yj3w HSuCZulas: ■■<

INTERFACE 9-TRACK TAPE DRIVES

With the DTI - DMA Tape-Unit Interface

• Transfers data via DMA up to 200K bytes

per second

• Allows full control over all tape-drive functions

SPEED

NUMBER-CRUNCHING SOFTWARE 5-10 X's AND MORE

With the FMP Fast Math Processor

• Kit or assembled

• 32-bit floating point operations

for arith., trig., exponential, etc. functions

• Or 64-bit floating point operations for arithmetic functions

Both the DTI and FMP meet the IEEE S-100 standard. Software is available.

For further information contact:

A MEMBER OF THE SPC GROUP

SPC TECHNOLOGIES, inc.

P.O. Box 248, Arlington, VA 22210 (703) 841-3632

SINGLE BOARD COLOR VIDEO

AND SOUND GENERATOR KIT S350'

COLOR VIDEO KIT S320

•STANDARD KIT INCLUDES TMS9918. ADD S25 FOR TMS 9918A

COLOR VIDEO PROCESSOR

• Text, Graphics, Animation • 16 Colors • 256x192 Resolution • NTSC Composite Video Output • Uses TMS 9918

• Includes I/O Mapped 16K Video Memory • 3D Simulation with 32 Video Sprites • 2 Byte X-Y Positioning • Real Time Clock • 8 Level Interrupt Selection • Inexpensive RF Modulator allows easy connection to any color TV • Video over Video and Extended Graphics II Mode with TMS 9918A •

PROGRAMMABLE SOUND GENERATOR

• Music, Sound Effects, ToneSignaling, Ultrasonics • 27 Hz to 111 KHz Range • 3 Programmable Analog Channels with Separate Frequency, Volume and White Noise Control • 10 Selectable Envelope Wave Shapes under Software Control

• Two 8-Bit Programmable I/O Ports for use as External Keyboard/Display Interface • Power Amplifier for driving External Speaker •

Texas residents add 5% sales tax. Prices include complete documentation with programming examples. PC board is solder-masked with gold contacts. Add S100 lor assembled and tested units. Send $14.50 for 120 page manual, refundable with order Compatible with 280. 8085 and 8080 at 2 or 4 MHz on S-100 buss.

EDA

ELECTRONIC DESIGN ASSOCIATES

P.O. Box 94055 Houston. Texas 77018 (713)999-2255

SAVE $$

[apple computer

APPLE COMPUTER SYSTEMS SOLD ONLY IN STORE. CALL FOR PRICES.

RAM MEMORY

FOR TRS-80. APPLE II 16K SET4116's (200 NS)

24.95

General Information:

We carry a large selection of

hardware and software by other

companies Send for our

catalog.

We are an authorized repair

center for APPLE, ATARI,

NORTH STAR, AND EPSON.

DISCOUNT PRICES

A

ATARI

400 16K 349.00

800 16K 699.00

410 Recorder 89.00

810 Disk 449.00

822 Printer 359.00

825 Printer 779.00

830 Modem 159.00

850 Interface Module 179.00

CX853 RAM 89.00

CX70 Light Pen 64.00

CX30 Paddle 18.00

CX40 Joystick 18.00

VERBATIM DISKETTES

Box of 10 5V,," 29.50

Box of 10 8" 39.50

NoithStar

ADV-2Q-64K ADV-1Q-64K-HD-5

3150.00 519500

HRZ-2Q-64K

HRZ-1Q-64K-HD-5

HRZ-1Q-64K-HD-18

5 MB HARD DISK

18 MB HARD DISK

2795.00 4695.00 6295.00

2350.00

4195.00

SAVE $$

PRINTERS

EPSON

MX-70 299.00

MX-80 469.00

MX-80 F/T 569.00

GRAFTRAX 90.00

INTERFACE (APPLE) 75.00

CABLE (APPLE) 22.50

IDS

560G 1450.00

PRISM 1795.00

NEC

3510 35CPS 1995.00

7710 55CPA 2650.00

8023A 599.00

OKIDATA

MICROLINE 80 389.00

MICROLINE82A 549.00

MICROLINE 83A 849.00

MICROLINE 84 1245.00

C.I.T.O.H.

STARWRITER 25CPS 1595.00

STARWRITER 45CPS 2195.00

FORMS TRACTOR 275.00

PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. MARYLAND RESIDENTS ADD 5% SALES TAX

FREDERICK COMPUTER

PRODUCTS, INC.

TO ORDER CALL: (301) 694-8884

5726 INDUSTRY LANE

Store Hours:

MON.THRU THURS. FRI. AND SAT.

9:30 AM-9:00 PM 9:30 AM-5:00 PM

FREDERICK, MD. 21701

Circle 193 on inquiry card.

BYTE June 1982

449

Circle 190 on inquiry card.

AIM for Control

For process control or industrial development systems, put Rockwell's AIM 65 to work for you. Use off-the- s

shelf AIM-Mate ^j^ Series and STD BUS expansion prod' ucts to configure the sys tern you need.

The AIM 65 includes: typewriter, alpha numeric LED display, and fast thermal printer.

Plug-in options include: memory (to 48K), ROM languages, parity protection, video display, floppy disk storage, STD BUS expansion cage, TTL and real world interfaces, and complete system software.

Call or write for complete AIM-Mate Series information.

Ill FORETHOUGHT l^=PRODUCTS

87070 Dukhobar Road, Eugene. Oregon 97402 (503) 485-8575

BYTELINES,

TELEPHONE VOICE RESPONSE

The V100 interactive voice synthesizer

with telephone interface is an Apple li®or IBM Personal

Computerfa compatible, low-cost, solution to remote

data base access arrangements.

$39500

vioo-a

• Direct telephone connection, auto-dial/answer

• Touch-tone1" generation and detection

• Includes 1000 word, LPC allophone vocabulary

• Software tor sentence/library construction

• Expandable with 300 ($150) or 1300 ($495) high quality LPC words

For a demonstration call toll free (800) 538-7002 In California call (408) 942-1595

WTOST ©@IMP®KMtj©M]

2405 Qume Dr., San lose, CA 95131 (408) 942-1037

module keeps track of the temperature of the pixel rows to keep the display operating within the most efficient range while using a minimal amount of energy.

The inventor of the TAD technology, Dr. Sun Lu, described his research in a paper delivered in May at a conference of the Society for Information Display. . . . R. S. S,

w ideo Games Battle in

Court: Pac-man has replaced Space Invaders in computergame popularity. In fact, Pacman has generated nearly $1 billion in arcade sales. Atari is now selling Pac-man cartridges for its home units and expects sales to top that of the arcade version. Warner Communications, Atari's parent company, expects that Pacman will gross more money than its Star Wars film. But there are problems. Magnavox is marketing a game called K.C. Munchkin that Atari claims is "a knockoff of Pac-man." Atari took Magnavox to court and succeeded in enjoining the latter from marketing the game on the basis of copyright infringement; however, a second ruling stayed the first ruling until a full trial could be held.

Pac-man was licensed from Namco of Japan by Bally Manufacturing Corporation,

which also licensed the arcade version of Space Invaders (Atari sells the home cartridge version). Bally is now shipping Ms. Pac-man games to arcades, and this is expected in cartridge version also.

M mpology Due: In my February 1982 BYTELINES column I reported on Condesin, a small research and development company using a new technology to develop a 4-megabit nonvolatile memory. I reported the company as being in Cupertino, California. I have been informed that the company has moved to Texas. As yet I have not been able to locate its new address.

Wftuote of the Month:

"There are eight different

ways to insert a disk into a

drive. . . only one of which is

interesting."

Eddie Currie, Vice President

Lifeboat Associates

MAIL: I receive a large number of letters each month as a result of this column. If you write to me and wish a response, please include a selfaddressed, stamped envelope.

Sol Llbes POB 1192 Mountainside, NJ 07092

BYTE's Bits

Graphics Printing System

If you are interested in the Graphics Printing System mentioned in the January and February 1982 BYTEs (see pages 443 and 222, respectively), please note that Progressive Software has gone into bankruptcy and will no longer sell or support the program. However, Crow Ridge Associates is selling and sup

porting the program. It should be noted that the system must be used with the Apple serial interface card with the P8A PROM (programmable read-only memory). It costs $109.95. Contact Crow Ridge Associates Inc., POB 90, New Scotland, NY 12127, (518) 765-3620. ■

450 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 460 on Inquiry card.

Circle 456 on inquiry card.

MODEM HEADQUARTERS

Connect any computer or terminal to the phone lines!

1200 Baud — 120 Characters per Second

Penril 300/1200 $739

Bell 212A identical. Full duplex, RS232. 1200 and 300 Baud. Originate/auto-answer. Phone connection via RJ11C standard phone jack. One year warranty. Self-test. Fits under phone.

300/1200 Auto-Dialer $225

Allows any computer to automatically dial out through

the Penril 300/1200.

300 Baud — 30 Characters per Second

Phone Link Acoustic Modem $129

Originate and Answer. Half/Full duplex. RS232. Operates with any standard telephone. Indicators for On, Carrier, Self-test. Send Data, Receive Data. One year warranty.

Micro-link $179

Originate/Auto-Answer, Half/Full duplex. RS232. Phone connection via RJ11C standard phone jack. Indicators for On, Carrier Detect, Self-test, Send Data, Receive Data. Two year warranty. Fits under phone.

ADDS Viewpoint CRT $529

GE2120 Printing Terminal $1,799

150 CPS. 300/1200 Baud.

GE2030 Printing Terminal $999

60 CPS. 300/1200 Baud.

All equipment is in stock. Your satisfaction guaranteed. Any product may be returned for full credit. Write or call for full product information.

U.S. ROBOTICS iNc

203 N. WABASH SUITE 17IB CHICAGO, ILL BOBOI

34B-5B50

»

Circle 72 on inquiry card.

Buckeye

DESK TOP ENCLOSURES

ASK ABOUT OUR NEW BRACKET MOUNTING SYSTEM FOR DWC CASES

DWC-1-0850 T $54.70

DWC-1-1133 60.60

DWC-1-1600 68.80

BKS-2-0850 $41.50

BKS-2-1133 44.80

BKS-2-1600 48.30

Send check for case in width desired.

Call or write for detailed literature

The Buckeye Stamping Co.

555 Marion Rd., Columbus, OH 43207 614/445-8433

YOU'VE NEVER SEEN DISCOUNTS LIKE THESE!

SYSTEM ONE SYSTEM 1H

$2999 5395

SYSTEM THREE $5999

NEW CROMEMCO PRODUCTS

8 and 16 BIT DUAL PROCESSORS CSID2E(256KRAM) CSID5E(512KRAM)

CSIH D2E (256K, 5 Meg. H.D.) CS3D5E(512KRAM)

CS3HD40E(5Meg.H.D.,4Meg.RAM)

$4299 4999 5999 7299

20995

MORE SPECIALS

SYSTEM TWO $3995 SYSTEM Z2H 7495

VIDEO TERMINAL 3102 $2099

MAXELL DISKETTES Boxes of 10

MD1 MD2

$39.95 49.95

FD1 FD2

$42.95 57.95

ATARI 800 $ 699 Tl 810 Printer 1349 QANTEX Printer 1049 ADDS Viewpoint 599 ADDS Regent 25 879

EPSON MX80 $ 499 EPSON MX80 FT 599 EPSON MX100 759 S0R0CIQ130 699

DEC LA34 949

CALL FOR INFORMATION ON NORTHSTAR,

HAZELTINE, INTEGRAL DATA SYSTEMS, LEARSIEGLER, MORROW DESIGNS, QUME,

OKIDATA, TELEVIDEO, DIGITAL MICRO SYSTEMS, CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS

All prices are CASH. American Express, Visa, Master Card, add 5% Prices subject to change without notice

DATA DISCOUNT CENTER

P.O. BOX 233, Greenvale, New York 11548

576-869.8537

BYTE June 1982 451

Maintenance Alternatives for Personal Computers

Repair service options to consider before you buy a computer

and preventive maintenance steps to perform

once you've made the purchase.

Whether you have already chosen your personal computer or are in the process of making that important decision, there is something you must consider that is as important as bits, bytes, bauds, and software—maintenance. Suppose you sat down to work at your system and found that the video terminal wouldn't light, the printer wouldn't print, or the computer just wouldn't compute. Where would you turn for help? Ideally you should determine the options for repairing your system before buying

About the Author

Lew Whitaker has spent 20 years in sales and marketing, primarily with companies in the magnetic media field. He was the Western Regional Manager for the Computron (BASF) magnetic tape company and has worked for Data Devices, KYBE Corporation, and Innovative Computer Products. He has had a number of articles published in the Journal of Data Management, Interface Age, and Digital Design.

Lewis A. Whitaker

18360 Oxnard St.

Tarzarta, CA 91356

it. However, even if you have purchased a computer already, you do have options for obtaining service.

A recent incident taught me the importance of planning maintenance

You can take steps to

maintain the

components of your

computer before a

failure occurs.

alternatives before disaster strikes. A friend, who had purchased a personal computer through a mail-order catalog, saw his printer stop in the midst of printing a long document. He called me frantically to ask where he could go to have someone fix his machine quickly. Not having an immediate answer, I looked in the Yellow Pages under "computer main

tenance." That heading referred me to "computer store," where I found listings for twelve businesses. At this point, I decided that it might be interesting to call each company myself. I called them and the results were surprising, to say the least. Three were no longer in business, four specialized in computer games and video equipment, four were more interested in selling new computers and didn't service my friend's type of equipment anyway, and only one store said it would take a look at the machine if I brought it in. I wondered whether the results of my little survey were typical. If it proved difficult to get quick and efficient service in computer-conscious West Los Angeles, what could the personal computer user in more remote areas expect?

It was not many years ago that all data-processing or scientific computer installations had on-site field

452 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 168 on inquiry card

Circle 358 on inquiry card.

LINE VOLTAGE*"

TRANSIENT SUPPRESSORS

Features Parallel Operation 5000 Hits

CfyAfotf AND Gfyjl&l

'A

5000 Hits/Second

TM

PROTECTS:

•Computers

• Micro-Computer Systems

• Word Processors •Cash Registers

• Power Supplies

MARC

INDUSTRIES. INC.

PROTECTS AGAINST:

• High Energy Voltage Transients

• On-Otf Switching •Lightning Induced Transients

• Inrush of On/Ofl Power

Clipstrip Clipper 977E 67BF

® ©

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED LISTED LISTED

7133 Rutherford Rd. Baltimore, Md. 2120 (301) 298-3130 800-638-9098

BUY DIRECT

TRS-80S Full Line

WE PAY SHIPPING in the 48 continental states on prepaid

orders of $100.00 or more. NO TAXES are collected on out-of-state shipments. WE ACCEPT Visa, MasterCard and American Express, or

you can save additional money by paying cash.

TOLL FREE ORDER NUMBER 800/531-7466

Pan American Electronics

1117 Conway • Dept. B

Mission, Texas 78572

Phone 512/581-2766

Telex Number 767339

FORT WORTH BRANCH

2912 N. Main Ft. Worth, Texas 76106

Phone 817/625-6333 Telex Number 794836

TM — Trademark of Tandy Corporation

CUSTOM PRODUCTS

DESIGN • LAYOUT MANUFACTURING

64K STATIC RAM

FULLY STATIC MEMORY

SPECIALIZING IN

QUALITY

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AND TEST EQUIPMENT

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MAINFRAMES, CPU'S, MEMORY

I/O, OEM VARIATIONS

TT-10

TABLE TOP MAINFRAMES

MULTIBUS® PRODUCTS

MULTIBUS IS A TRADEMARK OF INTEL CORP.

ELECTRONIC CONTROL TECHNOLOGY, INC.

763 Ramsey Ave., Hillside, NJ 07205 (201) 686-8080

Circle 176 on inquiry card.

BYTE June 1982 453

Circle 466 on inquiry card.

SUPTCBRAIN

4

4r

#

PRICE BREAKTHROUGH

SUPERBRAIN II $1895

350K Disk-64 RAM

SUPE3BRAIN QD ... $2275

00K Disk-64K RAM

SUPE3BRAIN SD ... $2655

1.5 MB Disk-64K RAM

List

DAZY CHAINED $495 $350

(Includes All Hardware and Software)

STARGRAPH

List $3890 $ Call Includes 350K Disk-64K RAM.

Emulates Tektroni>!"4010 Graphics

Terminal, Supports SAS-Graph and all

Tektronix Plot 10 Software.

(Larger Configurations Available)

90 DAY MONEY BACK GUARANTEE*

120 DAY EXTENDED WARRANTY**

Ordering Information: Money Orders, Cashier Checks or Bank Wires Welcome. Personal or Company Checks, allow 15 days to clear. Surface Freight Standard FOB Origin. Include your telephone number. No COD's, Please. Prices are subject to change without notice. Order desk hours are 9 to 5 CST.

CALL OR WRITE (214) 931-9069

WESTST*R Micro

16990 Dallas Parkway-Suite 151 Dallas, Texas 75248

* Refunds are Prorated. "Extended Warranty offered by WestStar.

SuperBrain is a Registered Trademark of Intertec Data Systems.

Dazy Chainer is a Registered Trademark of Gemini Computer, Inc.

StarGraph is a Registered Trademark of Tektronix.

engineers with proper training and enough spare parts to solve whatever problem might arise within a system. Service contracts for computer systems were mandatory and were written as part of the system purchase or lease. The development of solidstate chips has not only accelerated the trend toward smaller and less expensive computer systems but has also greatly improved reliability. There is still a huge segment of the market that addresses large-scale computer systems, which require onsite or on-call field engineers. As the computer system shrinks in size and cost and as the reliability of all components increases, however, there is a need for practical alternatives for computer maintenance. It does not make sense for the Apple or PET user to retain a full-time field engineer. But where should the user go if he wanted to obtain the services of a qualified engineer to perform on-site maintenance? Are there local places where he can bring his machine for service? Must he send his machine back to the factory for even the simplest repairs? Is there anything that the average nontechnical person can do at home to keep costs down and efficiency up? What are the alternatives from which a personal computer user can choose before the first component failure ruins his love affair with his computer?

Where to Go for Help

Computer stores: Many computers are sold through computer stores. In addition to the best-known manufacturers, a number of smaller companies sell their computers through these same stores. The questions that the buyer should ask the seller are the same as if the product under consideration were an automobile or a kitchen appliance: Does the seller offer a maintenance contract? What is the length of the warranty? What does the warranty include? Is the repair site local or are repairs made at a distant facility? Does the seller do the work or does he farm it out to a third party? Does the service provider offer loaner units?

Investigation has shown that there is no such thing as an industry-wide,

standard service policy for small computers. My initial disappointing experience in searching for a service company prompted me to make a wider investigation throughout the Los Angeles area. I found that most computer stores offered maintenance of the computers that they sold, but most were also reluctant to discuss turnaround time for repairs. Often they were not even able or willing to quote their hourly service rates. Radio Shack was the only store that had a printed parts and labor price sheet available to the customer. Certain manufacturers, such as Radio Shack and Apple, offer extensions of their warranty, which guarantee that a user can bring his system in for repair anytime during the covered period However, while Radio Shack service policies are uniform from store to store, the same cannot be said for Apple service policies. I discussed service of Apple computers with several retail outlets. While some were vague at best about turnaround and uncertain about hourly rates, other Apple retail outlets welcomed inquiries into their service policies, offered quick turnaround for most problems, and not only stated rates for service but estimated the time each type of problem would require.

The price of an annual service contract varies from company to company, but it appears that about $2000 is average for an extended warranty contract for a complete personal computer system. Whether you wish to spend the money to purchase a maintenance contract is obviously a personal decision. It is an expensive undertaking to be sure, but a computer sitting idle is both expensive and sad.

Manufacturers: I asked three manufacturers about their factorydirect service policies. Digital Microsystems, Vector Graphic, and Intertec all had similar policies. They preferred the user to go to a local service outlet, but each offered to service the unit at the factory if the customer wished, whether the unit was under warranty or not. The objections to having a machine returned to the factory are simple: time and trouble. Seldom does anyone have the time to

454 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 473 on Inquiry card.

WINTERHALTER & ASSOCIATES, INC.

SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER

Circle 285 on inquiry card.

Software for Your Microcomputer

313 N. First. Ann Arbor, Ml 48103 313-662-2002

ADVANCED GRAPHICS SOFTWARE NOW—FOR MICROCOMPOTERS!

512 x 240

RESOLUTION

FOR COMPUSTAR® SUPERBRAIN® TRS-80® MODEL II Z-89/90

USE WITH

HARDWARE RETROFIT from §59500

XCEL

GRAPHICS SOFTWARE

•Symbol Generator •Graph Plotter •3D Generator •Surface Plotter •Graphics Terminal

Emulator •Screen Printer

ANADEX

EPSON

IDS

$175.00 $175.00 $345.00 $395.00 $395.00

$65.00

A><

p

,^s

(213) 320-6604

ZJ5cL\|VI,AXTEK:iII\JC. 2908 Oregon Court,Torrance, CA 90503

Available in Europe from Micronex Ltd., Chew Magna, England 3042 (STD 027-589 3042)

i^ec ,.,]*„•,,■(, kademar* TanOyCofj)* SupuibraU, nadomatK Inleffljc Data Syslunss

LEASE YOUR FLEET FROM THE COMPANY

THAT MANAGES THE LARGEST FLEET

IN THE WORLD.

When you lease from Hertz you get something no other leasing company can offer you: Hertz experience.

We can lease you any make, any model and any number of cars. And no matter what your leasing needs are you'll find Hertz has a plan to meet them.

So call 1-800-847-4068 or write to Kevin McDonald, Hertz Hgrbz Car Leasing, 3 Entin Road, Parsippany, New Jersey 07054.

And get the same company that manages the #1 fleet in the ffiHe^/easesFords and olher„necars world helping you manage yours.

Circle 211 on inquiry card.

BYTE June 1982 455

Circle 348 on inquiry card.

WOryx software

GUARANTEED LOWEST PRICES!

We will match any advertised price. Just show us the ad.

ORDER TOLL FREE - Outside Wl 1-800-826-1589

ACCESSORIES

Mountain Expansion Chassis 625.

CPS Multifunction 199.

100.000 Day Clock 375.

Mountain Clock 252.

A/D + D/A 299.

CCS 12K R0M/PR0M Board 99.

CCS A/0 Converter Board 99.

CCS Serial Asynch. Board 139.

CCS Calendar/Clock Board 99.

VOTRAXType-n-Talk 375.

ABT Pascal Tools I or II 75.

Scitronic Remote Controller 249.

ApplB Speed Controller 69.

Applescope(your Apple as an Oscilloscope) 595.

Scope Driver 49.

Videx Enhancer II 149.

K&D Enhancer 115.

Videx Character Sets 29.

Echo Speech Synthesizer 225.

Upper/Lower Character 39.

ALS Smarterm 379.

ALSZ-Card 269.

SSM A10 s/p interface + cable 195.

Percom Doubter II 167.

PRINTERS

EpsonMXBOW/GralhTrax 495.

MX80F/T 615.

MX 100 CALL

NEC8023A 515.

Okidata 82A 535

83A 785.

84 CALL

MONITORS

Amdek 300 Hi Res Green 196.

Color II Hi Res CALL

NECJB1201M. 12" Hi Res Green 215

JC1201M. 12" Lo Res Color 349.

Sanyo 12" Hi Res Green 275.

13" Color w/Sound CALL

KAGA Green-Inset 172

MODEMS

Hayes Smartmodem 225.

Chronograph 198.

Micromodem 295.

DISK DRIVES call

. . . AND MANY MORE!

Prices valid for stock on hand and subject to change without notice.

For Software

see our other ad, page 308

Please:

• Wisconsin residents ■ add 4% sales tax

• Add $2.50 (or shipping per software and small item. Call regarding others.

We Welcome:

• Visa, Mastercharge - (Add 4%)

• Checks (Allow 1-2 weeks for clearing) COO (Add $1.50 per shipment)

I

ORDER TOLL FREE - Outside Wl 1-800-826-1589

For Technical Info & in Wisconsin:

715-848-2322 Oryx Software

205 Scott St., Dept. BB P.O. Box 1961 • Wausau, Wl 54401

0

pack a bulky machine and ship it back to a factory. No one I know keeps the original cartons long, and that helps make long distance shipping complicated. In addition, few owners can afford to be without their machines for the time required. For practical reasons, therefore, factory maintenance should be considered a last resort. But it is comforting to know that a last resort is there if you should ever need it.

Third Party Maintenance: In addition to computer manufacturers and the retail outlets that promise to service what they sell, there is a network of independent service organizations. These companies, such as TRW, Dow Jones, and Sorbus, will write a contract on peripherals. Service organizations work under license to manufacturers and are often the only authorized repair service for a product. Large, nationwide organizations do have their advantages. You can move from Los Angeles to New York and still be assured of finding maintenance. They also perform service on site. The disadvantage of contracting with this type of organization is that you pay for the overhead; rates are high.

A different type of service organization is now emerging: the small, local service company willing to service more than one type of machine, either on site or on a carryin basis. These companies will offer both an extended warranty contract or a one-time charge for time and materials. Rates quoted for this type of service were $35 to $60 per hour, with a two-hour minimum for on-site service. Remember, however, that there is more to service than cheap rates. The least expensive service contract may not prove least expensive in the long run.

How to Help Yourself

As stated above, early selection of a reliable repair service is strongly recommended. However, you can take steps to maintain the components of your computer before a failure occurs. The following are some simple and effective steps that a personal computer owner can take to care for his or her equipment.

Central processor: This is the "brain" of the computer and fortunately one of its most reliable parts. Because the average personal computer system draws power in the range of 3 to 5 amps, you should not overload the same circuit with other appliances. Overloading a circuit could result in power surges that could blow a fuse or cause unpredictable problems. A typical indication that a fuse has blown is that absolutely nothing happens when the power switch is turned on. If a fuse does blow, replace it with the size recommended by the manufacturer. If the fuse continues to blow, you must call the previously selected service company. Another problem that can affect the operation of the central processor is static electricity. Static electricity, that annoying and shocking "zzzap" so common indoors in winter, can cause data loss or even component failure. An antistatic mat or an antistatic spray is an excellent investment to prevent such failures.

Floppy-disk drive: This peripheral device is the one most likely to fail outright or marginally, causing disruption of processing or actual loss of data. Fortunately, the disk drive is also the peripheral that can benefit most from careful maintenance. Often, the problem is with the floppy disk itself. You should use only topquality, fully tested, "certified" disks. However, even use of the best disks cannot guarantee that problems will not occur. Magnetic disks require careful handling. The slightest bit of dust or oil between the recording head and the disk surface can cause improper contact. This can prevent data from being written on the disk and can interfere with reading data too. The following rules for floppydisk care are industry standard. You would be wise to follow them carefully.

1. Do not put fingers, pencils, or other objects through the headaccess slot in the vinyl jacket.

2. Keep disks away from large motors or other magnetic fields.

3. Do not bend, fold, or wrinkle the disk's vinyl jacket.

4. Do not write on the vinyl jacket.

456 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 318 on inquiry card.

Photo 1: Contaminants on the read/write head of a floppy-disk drive.

5. Write on a label before affixing it to the jacket.

6. Keep the disk in its envelope when the disk is not in use.

7. Keep the disk and envelope in a protected storage area.

8. Keep disks in an area with a temperature range of 50° to 110 °F.

9. Avoid blowing cigarette smoke on the disks.

Caring for the disks is only part of the problem. Equally important is proper care of the recording head. During operation, the read/write head rides on the surface of the disk. When a ceramic head is in constant contact with a rapidly rotating magnetic disk, there is the continual potential for head contamination. Contamination, in the sense used here, means that oxide from the disk is loosened in minute particles and smears onto the surface of the recording head. With oxide particles covering the recording surface of the head (see photo 1) magnetic signals can neither be recorded nor read. Until quite recently, the only way to rid a disk head of contamination was to have a qualified engineer dismantle a drive and manually clean the head surface by gently and carefully scrubbing it with a cotton swab soaked in alcohol. This procedure was both time consuming and potentially dangerous to the drives. A number of head cleaning devices are now

available to the user who wants to do the cleaning himself. (For a list of manufacturers, see table 1.) These head cleaning kits, which are available for both 8- and SVi-inch drives, are of three types:

• Dry cleaners consist of a package of one, two, or three disks per box. The disk is a piece of standard Mylar substrate with a nonabrasive polyester material bonded to it. It is sealed inside a standard vinyl jacket. Examples of this type of cleaner are Compu-Clean and BASF—both European imports.

• Wet/dry cleaners typically consist of two cleaning disks and one bottle of cleaning solution. The cleaning disk is a slightly porous, flexible piece of nonwoven, nonabrasive polyester. It is sealed inside a modified jacket. One side of the jacket has a wide cutout, and the other side, a removable tab. (For single-sided drives, the tab stays in place; for dual-sided, the tab is removed.) The user applies cleaning solution to a third of the disk through the cutout. The disk is placed in the drive as is a normal magnetic disk. The heads are accessed and the disk is left in place for 15 to 20 seconds. While in operation, the disk rotates and cleans by means of a wet/dry, wet/dry action on the heads. Examples of this type of cleaner are 3M and Innovative Computer Products.

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FORTHWRITE combines the power of MMSFORTH with the best features ol SCRIPSIT (trademark of Tandy Corp ) and WORDSTAR (trademark ol MicroPro) Learning becomes easy thanks to on-line Help screens, excellent keyboard mnemonics and screen prompts, a good manual and sample documents. "Include'' feature permits internal chaining ol documenls, text blocks (and address files), custom keyboard entries, etc. Ouldenting, multiple-line odd and even headers and foolers, screen windowing lo 255 columns, MOPE

Standard serial and parallel printer drivers with in-line printer control codes are provided, plus TRUE PROPOR TIONAL drivers with tabbing for the NEC Spinwriter and TRS-80 Daisy Wheel II printers, subscript, superscript and boldpnnt on the above and Epson/IBM printers, a printer spooler and MUCH more

Print capacity is limited only by disk space (multiple documents can be chained at printout and up to 8 disk drives can provide contiguous data space), while editing takes advantage ol the exceptional speed of in-mernory operation. A print-to disk option permits examination of (or matted output without hardcopy

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June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 457

Circle 420 on inquiry card.

CP/M DATA ENTRY

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RADAR is a high speed data entry system that will run on any CP/M system providing a "3741" style key-to-disk environment. RADAR is ideal for replacing KEYPUNCH machines and older, slower key-,to-disk systems like the 3741's and 42's.

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Operator Prompts

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In addition to "heavy-duty" data entry, RADAR is also the ideal "front-end" for many applications programs, providing aquisition and retrieval of keyed data with a degree of reliability simply not possible with any other technique. RADAR can cut programming time by more than 30%, simply because there is no longer any need to write the "input" portion of a program, just let RADAR handle it!

Write or call for free brochure. The RADAR manual is also available separately for $25.00.

SOUTHERN COMPUTER SYSTEMS, Inc.

P.O. Box 3373A Birmingham, AL 35255 Phone: 205-933-1659

• Wet cleaners use a nonabrasive material totally saturated with an alcohol-based cleaning solvent. A recent entry from Verbatim Corporation uses this concept. It consists of a nonabrasive, polyester disk which has been presaturated with a solution and sealed in a foil pouch. To use, the saturated disk is removed from the pouch, placed in a specially provided disk jacket, and then inserted in the drive. After allowing the disk to rotate under the head for 30 seconds, the jacket is removed from the drive and the used cleaning disk discarded. Hard-disk drives (cartridge or Winchester): While floppy-disk drives have heads that actually touch the disk surface, hard-disk drives have heads that "fly" on a thin cushion of air—in some cases as thin as 20 microinches. Even more than with a floppy-disk drive, it is important that the surface stay perfectly clean. When a hard disk is rotating at more than 2000 revolutions per minute with a head only 20 microinches above the

surface, a bit of dust or contamination can destroy not only the delicate recording head but the surface as well (see figure 1). Cleaning the disk cartridge surface (removable single platter cartridges, not Winchesters) is generally recommended three to four times per year, depending on the operating environment. Firms in major cities across the country perform cleaning and testing services as required. Examples of companies that perform this type of service are Scopus, Randomex, and PMI. If you have a large enough library of disk cartridges to warrant your own inhouse cleaning equipment, cleaners or cleaner/inspection devices are available from Burroughs Corporation, NCR, DEC, Randomex, Data Devices, and Innovative Computer Products. Other than performing a periodic disk cleaning and keeping the area where disks are stored and operated free from dust, there is little more a user of hard-disk equipment can do. If a removable disk is at all

THE EFFECT OF DIRT ON A MAGNETIC DISK

Figure 1: Hazards for hard disks: the smoke particle, the fingerprint smudge, and dust. Because only a minute cushion of air holds the read/write head above the disk surface, contaminants dwarfed by a human hair pose serious problems.

Company

Address

Data Recording Products Division

3M Center

St. Paul, MN 55144

Computer Resources Corporation

4650 W. 160th St. Cleveland, OH 44135

Verbatim Corporation

323 Soquel Way Sunnyvale, CA 94086

Innovative Computer Products

18360 Oxnard St. Tarzana, CA 91356

BASF Systems Corporation

Crosby Dr Bedford, MA 01730

Table 1:

Some manufacturers of cleaning kits for

the read/write heads of floppy-disk

drives.

458 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 258 on Inquiry card.

suspect (e.g., if it has been roughly handled, dropped, or left in an environmentally harsh area), have the disk tested before attempting to load it on the system. Replacement of diskdrive heads is costly.

Printers: Because a printer is an electromechanical device, it can often be the source of annoying maintenance problems. The computer printer is much like a typewriter. It functions well until a buildup of paper particles and household dust interferes with operation. The printer then requires an expensive, professional cleaning. Other than having a maintenance contract, all a user can do is keep the print mechanism free from accumulated ink and paper dust. Commercial cleaning kits are available for wiping contamination from the print elements. These kits are sold by companies such as Texwipe, Innovative Computer Products, and a number of nationwide catalog distribution companies such as INMAC and Visible Computer. Clean typing elements will give sharp, clear print. You should have a plastic cover to protect the printer when it is not in use.

Conclusions

Although personal computers today are more compact and much more reliable than computers of 20 years ago, they are still a complex combination of electronic and mechanical components. Preventing problems is the best maintenance most personal computer owners can perform. Cleaning kits are available for disk drives, printers, and video screens. Mats and sprays are available to prevent static electricity. Plastic covers are available to protect computers and peripherals from dust. Keeping your computer free of contamination and trouble is by far the least expensive of the maintenance methods available to personal computer users.

When preventive maintenance is not enough and you need professional help, be sure that you have thoroughly researched the available service options. The decision you make will affect not only your pocketbook but also your mental health.■

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June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 459

System Notes

Text-Handling Routines in Extended BASIC

Roger Greenhalgh 4905 Old Mill Place Raleigh, NC 27612

As home computers have grown in popularity, their uses have developed in four general categories: games, problem solving, financial analysis, and word and file processing. Most users eventually want some sort of text-handling capability.

Many good text handlers already exist, but for those who would like to compile their own, I'll describe a group of BASIC subroutines designed to work together (see listing 1). You can use them complete as listed, in part, or as instructions for generating your own.

These subroutines operate by means of an interactive method. Text is entered, then commands are entered for actions on the text. Most commands issue prompts that augment the indication of what is wanted. Many commands, for example, prompt for the range of line numbers of the text to be operated upon. (This method contrasts with that of embedding commands into the text as it's entered. The interactive

mode was chosen so that fewer symbols and less structure need to be remembered.)

Table 1 lists brief descriptions of each subroutine (a more in-depth description of each follows); BASIC statement numbers are included in parentheses. Inevitably, the specific characteristics of my personal-computer system show through. These are pointed out where deemed significant.

Subroutine Descriptions

LN: line number (170). The system assigns and maintains line numbers sequentially for each line of text. LN holds the number for the next line to be entered. The LN command lets you set LN to any number. Existing text at LN and higher numbers will be overwritten as additional text is entered. (In my system, the date is extracted from the operating system and placed in line 1.)

LL: line length (210). LL determines the line length desired for text justification.. It's initialized at 65 but can be changed at any time. Of course, input text can exceed this number. It's used only for text justification.

N: next text entry (230, 500 through 580). In response to N, the symbol * (asterisk) is displayed at position LL to visually indicate the line length. Then the prompt GOTO is issued. If your response is 0, the line of text entered will be placed at LN. All text lines entered subsequently will be placed at LN + 1, LN+2, etc. When the text entered for a line is the word exit, the system reverts to the command prompt. If your response to GOTO is a specific line number, the text entered will be put into that line, replacing any existing text. The system then reverts to the command prompt.

SH: shift text (180, 700 through 770). SH results in the prompt FROM, TO, INTO. All lines of text

460 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 363 on inquiry card.

indicated by the range FROM, TO are shifted into a new area, beginning with line number INTO. Shifting can take place both up and down the page without concern about overwriting. Text is erased from the old area. For example, if lines FROM 5, TO 10 are shifted INTO 4, then line 5 goes into line 4, line 6 into line 5, etc. If they are shifted INTO 12, then line 10 goes into line 17, line 9 into line 16, etc.

Shifting is invoked by the system when justification causes paragraph overflow.

The instructions at line 700 determine the direction of shifting. Lines 710 through 740 cause shifting down the page. Line 730 adjusts the value of LN to indicate the new line number for the bottom of the page. Lines 750 through 770 cause shifting up the page. Here the value of LN is not

Command Action

Prompt

LN

line number

SET LN =

LL

line length (initialized at 65)

LL = XXSET LL =

N

next text entry

GOTO XX SPECIFIC LINE. 0 FOR NEXT LINE AFTER TEXT AND CONTINUE. 'EXIT' TO COMMAND.

SH

shift text

FROM, TO, INTO.

CO

copy text

FROM, TO, INTO.

T

tab setup

TABS T1 T2 T3 ?

TP

table position setup

P1,P2,P3,P4,P5?

E

ends

All following request range of lines FROM, TO.

D

display text

TAB

tab text

J

justify text

COL

columnize data

P

print text

C

center text

1

indent text

INDENT X SPACES.

F

find

'FIND' WORD CONVERT TO UPPER?

Y-YES. WHICH LINE? OF HOW

MANY LINES?

R

replace

'FIND' WORD CONVERT TO UPPER?

Y-YES. REPLACE WITH CONVERT TO UPPER?

Y-YES.

SO

sort records

WHICH LINE?, OF HOW MANY LINES?, SORT WORD FROM LEFT?

CA

caption text

'PRINTS LINE WITH LINE NUMBER' CAPTION?

CONVERT TO UPPER? Y-YES.

U

uppercase conversion

S

save file

ENTER FILE NAME.

G

get file

ENTER FILE NAME.

0, ANY-PLACE AT LINES

SPECIFIED IN SAVE. N, ANY-PLACE AT LINES

STARTING WITH N.

Notes:

[ yields uppercase for next letter. Tab or columnize to next

position. On 'CRASH' GOTO

150, continue. The date is

loaded into line 1.

Table 1: A simple

quick-reference chart showing capabilities of the text-handling

routines.

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June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 461

System Notes

altered because the area shifted may not be from the bottom of the page.

CO: copy text (190, 1400). All text in the range indicated in response to the prompt FROM, TO is copied into the area starting with the line number INTO. Text is not erased from the old area. Copying allows various textediting experiments without losing the original input. Protection against overwriting on down-page copying is not provided.

T: tab setup (220). Three tab positions are provided in this routine. The prompt TABS displays existing values. Three inputs are required in response to the prompt. Tabs not needed can be set far to the right. If more tabs are needed, they can be entered for a second pass through the text.

TP: table position setup (240 through 270). When printing tabular data, it's desirable to line up the units positions of all entries in a column. This routine defines units positions

for five columns. The prompt displays the present values and requires five inputs; those not needed can be set far to the right.

Note: all the following commands prompt by line numbers for the range of the text to be operated on; the prompt is FROM, TO. If the response is entered as 0,0, all lines from 1 to LN are used. If XX,0 or XX,XX is entered, only the single line XX is used. If XX,YY is entered, lines XX to YY are used.

E: end (200). Simply stops program execution and exits to the immediate mode of the BASIC interpreter.

D: display text (320, 600). All lines in the range are displayed with line numbers.

TAB: tab text (330, 800 through 820, 1800 through 1930). This routine causes text to be tabbed out to the positions indicated by TP. The routine searches lines in the range specified for the embedded symbol ] (right bracket). When the right

bracket is found, enough spaces are inserted into the text so that the next character after ] will be placed in the column indicated by the next higher TP position.

Line 800 tests to determine whether or not any of the TP positions is other than zero. Line 1820 searches for the position of any ], and line 1830 ends the processing of that line if none is found. Lines 1840 through 1860 determine the column of the next-higher TP position. Lines 1900 through 1910 generate the proper number of spaces, and line 1920 inserts them into the string.

J: justify text (340, 900 through 1100, 1600 through 1790). The justification routine handles in turn each line of text in the range specified. If a line is too long (i.e., exceeds LL), words are stripped off the right end. These overflow words are added to the beginning of the next line.

For a line shorter than LL, spaces are added to fill the line out to LL.

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462 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 195 on Inquiry card.

Circle 186 on Inquiry card.

Circle 317 on Inquiry card.

Listing 1: Text-handling routines. This program is written in Extended BASIC. The routines may be used as they appear by simply running the program or they may be incorporated into user programs as necessary.

00160 00110

00120

0C130 00140

00150 00160 00178

00180 00190 00200 00210

88228

00230 00240 00250 00260 08270 00230 00290 00300 00310 00320 0O330 80340 06350 00360 08370 88338 00398 08408 88410 08428 00438 80440 80450 08468 88588 00510 80528 80530 08548 00558 08568 88578 88588 88680 00708 88718 0O720 00738 00748 00750 00760 88770

80300

80S 18 88328 80308 00910 60920 08930 00940 09950 80960 00970 80930 00990 01000 01010 01620 61036 01040 01050 01866 01070 01030 01030

"SET LH= "JHsN=H-l!QOT0 150 ;Hl,fl2,C3:GOSUB 760:GOTO 156 ;ftl,fl2,C3:G0T0 1460

ET LL= ";L:G0T0 150 T1,T2,T3;INPUT T1..T2,T3:G0T0 150 ":G0T0 500

DIM If«255):N=l:DIM P<55

FOR R=l TO 9

I*< 1 )»!*< 1 >+CHR*< PEEK < 8382+Pl))

NEXT fl

L=65

C$="":C1=0:C2=0:C3=0

LINE INPUT "COMMAND ";»

IF C$="LN" THEN PRINT "N="JN+liINPUT

IF C*="SH" THEN INPUT "FROM,TO,INTO

IF C*="CO" THEN INPUT "FROM,TO,INTO

IF C*="E" THEN END

IF C*="LL" THEN PRINT "LL=";L:INPUT

IF C$="T" THEN PRINT "TABS

IF C*="N" THEN PRINT TRB<L:>

IF C*0"TP" GOTO 286

PRINT "TABLE POSITIONS ";P<5>;" ";P':4)J" ";P<;3>;

INPUT P<5),P<4),P<3),PC2),P<n

GOTO 150

INPUT "FROM,TO ";C1,C2

IF C1=0 THEN Hl=l:R2=N:G0T0 320

IF C2=0 THEN fil=Cl:fl2=Cl:G0T0 320

Rl=Cl:fi2=C2

IF C*b"D" GOTO 600

IF C*="TRB" GOTO 800

IF C*="J" GOTO 900

IF C*="P" GOTO 1260

IF C*="I" THEN INPUT "INDENT

IF C*="Cfl" GOTO 2366

IF C$="U" GOTO 2908

IF C*="COL" GOTO 2008

IF C*="F" GOTO 2308

GOTO 1560

GOTO 2608

GOTO 3200

GOTO 3308 GOTO 2208

'}p<2);° ";p<i)

PfiCES "iC3:Sf="":G0T0 1388

";C1

:N=ti-i:GOT

KB):NEXT Ft! GOTO

IF W="C"

IF C$="R"

IF C*="S"

IF C*=,!fj"

IF C*='SO

GOTO 158

INPUT "GOTO

IF C108 GOTO 573

PRINT "INPUT1

H=N+1

line input juao

IF I$<N)="EXITn THEN I$<N>=

GOTO 538

LINE INPUT " INPUT" il$<CD

GOTO 158

FOP fi=Mi TO FUspRIKT Ft;" "1

IF C3<ft! GOTO 750

FOR ff=fU TO H2

I*<C3+ft2-R>=I?<'fl2+fll-f?): I$<R2+fli -R.) = ' "

NEXT Pulp N<C3+32-fti THEN N=C3+R2-Hi

RETUFN

FOR H=fii TO R2

r*<C3+R-R13=I*'*.fl>:l*<«>="

NEXT R:RETURN

IF Tl AND T2 AND T3=8 THEN GOTO 156

FOR F=R1 TO a2:SJ=r*<F>:G05LiB 1366

I*<F)=S$tPRIN7 FJ" "»I$<F):NEXT F:GuT0

S3*="":S5=8

FOR F=ftl TO 82

S2*=LEFUa*>:F+l>,i:>:S5=0

IF S2*=" " OR S2$="" THEN S5=l

s*=i*<f):gosub 1600:i*<f>=s* print Fj" ";i*':f:>

IF S5=l AND S3«>"" GOTO ^040

NEXT F

fl4=R2iHl=N:S5=l

IF S3*="" GOTO 150

fl4=R4+l:Nl=Nl+l

fll=R4:C3=R4+l:R2=Nl-l

GOSUB 700: S*="" t GOSUB 1666:1 * < A4 !> =S*

PRINT R4j" "JI4Cfl4J!G0T0 996

Nl=N:S5=l:R4=F:R5=fl2

IF S3*="" THEN Al=F+l:fl2=A5:G0T0 960

R4=R4+l:Hl=Hl+l

Al=A4iC3=R4+i:fl2=Nl-l

GOSUB 700:R5=A5+1

St="":GOSUB 1600:I*<R4)=S*

152

Listing 1 continued on page 464

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System Notes

Listing 1 continued:

01100 GOTO 1050

01200 OPEN "AT:" FOR URITE AS FILE tl

01210 FOR fl=Rl TO H2:F'RINT tl, I*<fl>!NEXT H

01220 CLOSE #i:G0T0 150

01300 FOR Fl=i TO C3iS*=S*+" "iHEXT fl

01310 FOR fl=Rl TO R2sI*<fl>=S*+I#<fl>

01320 PRINT fl;" "5l*<ft)!NEXT fi=G0T0 150

01400 FOR fl=ftl TO R2:I*<C3+R-fli:> = I*<fi>:NEXT RsGQTO 150

01500 FOR H=fil TO fl2

01510 B=LEN<I*<fl))

01520 [>=INT<(L-B)/2)

01538 FOR F=l TO D

01548 I*<fl)=" "+I*<fi:>

01550 NEXT F

01560 NEXT fl

01570 GOTO 600

01600 S*=S3*+S*iS3*="":31*=" "

01610 B=LEN<5$>

01620 IF B<L-10 OR B=L THEN RETURN

01630 IF B>L GOTO 1730

01640 C=L-B:P=1

01650 IF 0=0 THEN RETURN

01666 fl=MRTCH<S*,Sl*,P)

01670 IF R=P THEN P=P+l:G0TO 1660

01630 IF fi=B OR fl=0 THEN P=1:S1*=S1*+" ":G0T0 1660

01690 IF FKL-20 fiHD RND<1».7 THEN P=R+1:G0T0 1660

01700 S2*"l£F7*CS$>fi>+" "+RIGHT*<S*,B-fl>

01710 C=C-l:P=fl+2:B=B+l:S*=S2*

01720 GOTO 1650

01730 R=l

01740 Si*=MID*(S*,L+2-R,1)

01750 IF Sl*<>" " THEN fl=fl+l:G0T0 1740

01760 S3*=RIGHT*>:S*,B-L-2+fl)

01770 IF S5=0 THEN 53*=S3*+" "

01730 S*=LEFT*(S*,L+l-fl>

01790 GOTO 1610

01300 T5=0

01310 S2$= T4=LEH<S*>

018-20 R=HRTCH<S$,"3",n

01830 IF fl=S THEN RETURN

01340 IF R<T1 THEN T5=T1:G0TQ 1330

01350 IF R<T2 THEN T5=T2:GQT0 1330

61360 IF fl<T3 THEN T5=T3:G070 1330

01870 GOTO 1920

01330 IF fl=T5 GOTO 1920

01900 FOR T6=fi TO T5-1

01910 52*=S2*+" ''iHEXT T6

01920 S3*=LEFTt(S$,fl-l)+32i-+RIGHTt(S*,T4-fl)

61930 S*=S3*:GQT0 1810

02000 FOR fl=fll TO A2

02610 B=l:S2*=""

02020 P=l'1flTCHa*<R),"]",B>

02030 IF P=0 GOTO 2188

02040 FOR M=l TO 5

02850 IF FK=T<M) THEN B«TCM)»GOT0 2870

02060 NEXT M

02070 FOR 0=1 TO T>;i'D-P+i:S2*=S2»+" "sHEKT G

02030 Slt=LEFT*(I*<R)<T(H-l)>+S2*+nID*a*'.fl>,T<H-l) + l,F'-T>;t'l-D-l)+RIGHTt':i*<R),P+l>

02090 I*<R)=S1$:G0T0 2020

02100 PRINT Rj» "JI*<R)iNEXT fl:G0T0 150

02208 INPUT "WHICH LINE?,OF HOW MANY LINES?,SORT WORD FROM LEFT? ";L1,L2,W

02210 FOR fl=fli+Ll-l TO fi2+Li-i STEP L2

02220 Wi=0:Si=0:C=i!S=0:Si*="":S2#=""

02230 Sl<»>MIMCI$<fl)<C<l>sC»C+i

02240 IF 51**" "THEN Si=8=GOTO 2380

82250 IF SI**" "GOTO 2380

02260 S=l

02270 IF S1=0 THEN U1=W1+1:S1=1

02230 IF UKH) GOTO 2230

02290 S2*=S2*+S1*:GOTO 2230

02300 IF S=0 GOTO 2230

02310 IF WKU GOTO 2230

02320 S4*':fi)=S2*

02330 NEXT R

62340 R3=R2+L2-1

02350 S=0:R2=fl2-L2

62368 FOR J=fll+Ll-1 TO R2+L1-1 STEP L2

62378 IF S4*<J5<=S4*<J+L2) GOTO 2450

62388 Sl*=S4*<J)!S4f<J)=S4*<J+L2)

62390 S4*<J+L2)=S1*

12 Johnson Street, Milford NH 03055-0423

464 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 153 on inquiry card.

Listing 1 continued:

02408 82410 02420 02433 02440 02450 02460 02479 02500 02510 02520 02530 02540 02550 02560 02570 02600 02610 02620 02630 02640 02650 02660 02670 02689 02698 02700 02710 02720 02300 02310 02320 02830 02340 02350 02360 02370 02900 02910

03080

03B10 03020 03030 U3040 £3260 03210 03220 03230 03240 03300 03310 03320 O3330 03340 03350 03360 03370

';L1,L2

FOR fi-J-Ll+1 TO J-L1+L2

Sl*=I*<fl>!l*<fl)=I*(fl+L2)

I*(fi+L2)=Sl*

NEXT R

S=l

NEXT J

IF 5=1 GOTO 2350

fl2=R3'.G0TO 600

LINE INPUT "'FIND-' WORD "JF*

LINE INPUT "CONUERT TO UPPER? V-VES ";U*

IF U*="V" THEN S*=F*sG0SUB 3800:F*=5*

INPUT "WHICH LINE?,OF HOW MftHV LINES?

FOR FMH+U-1 TO H2+L1-1 STEP L2

IF MflTCTKI*<fl),F*, i:><>0 THEN PRINT HJ" "iUdft'j

NEXT R

GOTO 150

LINE INPUT "'FIND' WORD ";W*

LINE INPUT "CONUERT TO UPPER? V-VES ";U*

IF U$="V" THEN S*=U*:GOSUB 3000:W$=S*

D=LEN<U*>

LINE INPUT "REPLACE WITH "}X$

LINE INPUT "CONUERT. TO UPPER? V-VES ";L»

IF U*="V" THEN 5**X*iGuiUB 3830sX*»S*

FOR fi=Rl TO R2

E=LEN':i*CR»

J=liRTCHat'.fl.\Wf..i>:lF J=0 THEN NEXT RiGOTO 150

S*=LEFT*<I*<fl)JJ-l>*X*+P.IQHT#<I*<ft)*E-J-D+l)

»<fl)=»5*!PRINT HJ" ";I*(fl)

GOTO 26S0

T7=0:IF Tl OR T2 OR T3<>3 THEN T7=l

FOR J=R1 TO R2

PRINT Jj" "JI$<J)!LINE INPUT "CAPTION? ";F*

LINE INPUT "CONUERT TO UPPER? V-VES 'JU*

IF U*="V" THEN S*=F*:ijOiUB M08«F*=S*

['=LEN(F$):E=LEN(Ii'i:.J)J

M< J)=r*+RIGHT*\ I*< J>, E-D>

PRINT J;" ";I$U>tNEXT JsGOTO 150

FOR F=fll TO R2!S*=I*<F):G05UB 3000

I*<F')=S$:PRINT F;" ";I*(F);NEXT F:GOTO 150

fl=l!OLEN<S*)-l

B=MflTCH(S*,"[",fl5

IF E=0 THEN RETURN

S*=LEFT*<S*j B-i )+C'HR»(RSC(i'iID*':.S*, B+l > 1 ':• >+32>+R1GHT*<S*j C-B)

fl=B+l:C-C-i:G0T0 3010

LINE INPUT "ENTER FILE NfiME "iOt

OPEN C* FOR WRITE RS FILE #1

PRINT #l,fil:pRINT #i,R2

FOP fi=Rl TO R2:PRINT #1, I$<fi>:f€XT R

CLOSE #l:GOTO 150

LINE INPUT "ENTER FILE NAME "JC*

OPEN C$ FOR READ RS FILE #1

INPUT #1,R3:INPUT #1,R4

R2=R1+R4-R3

IF fll=3 THEN Rl=R3:fl2=R4

N=MRX<N,R2)

FOR fl=fll TO R2JLINE INPUT #1,I*(fl>:NEXT fl

CLOSE #l:GOTO 150

Spaces are added randomly with an algorithm that favors the left side of the line. If a line is shorter than LL by more than 10 positions, it is assumed to be the last line of a paragraph and is not justified.

A blank line or a space at the beginning of a line is assumed to mark a new paragraph. Beginning spaces are preserved (not added to by the justification). If a line overflow occurs at the end of a paragraph or at the end of the range, the shifting routine is called to shift the following text down page.

Lines 900 through 970 handle each line and test for the end of the

paragraph. Lines 980 through 1030 handle range overflow. Lines 1040 through 1100 handle paragraph overflow. Lines 1600 through 1640 add previous overflow to the current line and find line length. Lines 1650 through 1720 insert spaces to pad out the line to LL. Lines 1730 through 1790 strip off line overflow at a word boundary.

COL: columnize data (390, 2000 through 2100). The columnize-data routine allows handling of tabular data while maintaining the data's lined-up units positions. The column positions desired for the low-order digits are specified by the user with

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June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 465

System Notes.

the TP command. Of course, this routine can be used with text as well as data.

The routine searches each line from left to right, looking for the symbol J. The column containing this symbol is compared with TP columns, and the TP with the next-higher column number is selected. The substring that ends one column to the left of the ] is moved to the right so that it will end in the selected TP column. The length of this substring spans from the nextlower TP column plus one to the column holding the symbol ], minus one. Spaces are inserted to fill between the substring and the lower TP. The number of spaces equals the column number of the selected TP minus the column number of the symbol ], plus one.

No program precautions are made for data that exceed the distance between adjacent TP columns. Where a table entry is to be passed, use successive ] symbols.

P: print text (350, 1200 through 1220). This routine prints the text in the range specified on the output printer. Because it is assumed the output represents the final document, line numbers are omitted.

C: center text (410, 1500 through 1570). In some circumstances, it's desirable to center report and paragraph headings. The lines in the range are operated upon, and centering is performed relative to LL. The length of the line is compared with LL, and enough spaces are added to the left to obtain centering.

I: indent text (360, 1300 through 1320). All lines in the range are indented the number of spaces indicated by the user. A string of spaces is added to the beginning of each line. This routine can be implemented after text has been entered and justified in preparation for adding a numbering scheme using the caption routine.

F: find (400, 2500 through 2570). Find prompts the user for a find word

that is used as a search argument. This argument can be a word, phrase, or part of a word. It can be converted to uppercase.

All lines in the range that contain the search argument are displayed with line numbers. If records of more than one line are involved, the search can be limited to a specific line in each record. In such a case, the range is specified as covering the area from the first line in the first record to the first line in the last record. The routine prompts for which line of how many lines. The search is done by detecting the first match, if any, in a line. Lines 2500 through 2530 prompt for the necessary input. Line 2550 determines whether or not a match occurs and, if so, prints the line.

R: replace (420, 2600 through 2720). The replace routine operates in much the same manner as the find routine. A search string and a replace string are entered; either can be con

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466 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 112 on inquiry card.

Circle 352 on inquiry card.

Circle 239 on inquiry card.

verted to uppercase, and the two strings need not be of the same length. Searching is not terminated when the first match is made, allowing multiple matches and replacements in the same line. Since this is the main editing routine and singleline operation is the norm, recordhandling capability has not been included.

Lines 2600 through 2660 prompt for the find word and the replace word and call uppercase conversion if indicated. Lines 2670 through 2720 search for a match and, where found, insert the replacement. Line 2690 tests for no match and advances to the next line.

SO: sort records (450, 2200 through 2470). This routine allows sorting of complete records. A restriction: the sort word must be in the same position in all records, determined by counting words from the left of lines. Assume records have the form:

First-name Last-name

Street

City State Zip

To sort on Last-name, in response to the prompt WHICH LINE?, of HOW MANY LINES?, SORT WORD FROM LEFT?, the input would be 1, 3, 2. The range specified covers the area from the first line of the first record to the first line of the last record. To sort one-line records, the input is 1, 1, X.

The routine copies the key sortword from each record and creates a file of these words. Then a bubble sort is used to sort this new file. As each transposition is made in this file during the bubble sort, the lines of the corresponding records are also transposed. Lines 2100 through 2330 copy the key words into the sort file. Line 2210 assures selection of the proper line in each record. Lines 2340 through 2470 contain the bubble sort and handle record transpositions.

CA: caption text (370, 2800 through 2910). The CA command replaces the leftmost characters in a line with a caption string. A different

caption can be used with each line in the range specified. The length of the string replaced equals the length of the caption.

This feature has two possible uses. First, text can be justified, then indented. With CA a numbering scheme can be inserted into the left margin. Second, data can be put into columns and item identifiers can later be entered.

U: uppercase conversion (380, 2900 through 3040). Some systems (at least mine) handle only uppercase in the display, while the printer will handle both uppercase and lowercase. To generate uppercase, the symbol [ (left bracket) is used in front of each character to be capitalized. Thus, input text displayed as [text appears on the printer as Text. The subroutine searches each line of text for the symbol [. When one is found, a fixed amount is added to the next character for the code conversion.

S: save file (430, 3200 through 3240). Save file permits storage of the text in a file. The BASIC commands are specific to my system, which uses a disk. Length of the record is determined by the line numbers entered as FROM, TO. The routine prompts for the file name, which must be used to obtain the file again.

G: get file (440, 3300 through 3370). This is the companion command to Save file. The file with the name specified is returned. The range is used to determine where on the page the file is to be placed. For the range 0,X (where X is any number), the entire file is placed at the same lines used in the SAVE command. If the range is N,X, the entire file is brought in, starting at line number N.

Short and Sweet

These subroutines are intended to help those of you who want to build text handling into your own programs. The program as listed will run on some systems with Extended BASIC and work for manually manipulating text. The interactive scheme is, perhaps, the most important point, as it should help to make your programs user-friendly. ■

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June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 467

Omni Aviation Navigation System

Simulate aircraft instrument navigation using simple trigonometry.

V!.,':',, J... P "

CALIFORNIA VAlLEYl/Si

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Computer simulation is a practical and, in many cases, an economical method for training people to respond to situations they have never actually experienced. Rising fuel costs in recent years have forced airlines to make more frequent use of simulation in pilot training and testing. The cost of training a pilot in an empty Boeing 747, for example, is astronomical. Training by simulation not only cuts that cost, it also allows the pilot to practice emergencies that could pose grave dangers if practiced in a real aircraft. Simulation also is gaining popularity in general aviation, especially for aircraft instrument training.

For beginning pilots, one of the most time-consuming and difficult aspects of flying is navigation using

Photo 1: Typical VOR as represented on an aircraft navigation map. The information block contains the station's frequency and the three-letter code it broadcasts.

468 June 1982 © BYTE Publications he

the very high frequency Omni-directional range system, commonly known as VOR or Omni. This article presents a program for simulating Omni on a nonspecialized computer system.

More than 800 Omni stations in the United States make up the Federal Airways Network, with many more stations worldwide. Aircraft navigation charts indicate Omni stations with a compass rose accompanied by a station-identification block (see photo 1). The station-identification block gives the frequency of the station, along with the three-letter identification code the station transmits.

The station also transmits an infinite number of radials. But because of the resolution of the aircraft navigation receiver, we can pretend there are only 360 radials—one for each degree of a circle, radiating from the center of the station like spokes from a wheel. The station's 0° radial points to the north, the 90° radial points east, the 180° south, and the 270° west. If you know what radial you are on, you can draw an LOP (line of position) along that radial and through the center of the station on a map. With two Omni stations, you can draw two LOPs. The intersection of these two lines is the position of the aircraft (see figure 1). You can fly toward a station by choosing a course that is the reciprocal of the radial you are on or away from the station by making your course match the radial (see figure 2). If this sounds confusing, imagine trying to keep it all straight while learning to fly the airplane at the same time.

The Omni station works by modulating its radio output with two 30-Hz (cycles per second) sine waves. One is called the reference wave, the other the variable wave. The radial of your position is determined by the phase angle between the two waves. At the 0° radial, the waves are in phase; at the 90° radial, they are 90 degrees out of phase; and so on around the circle.

To illustrate this concept, let's build an imaginary station that operates like a real one. Picture the station as a box topped with a wheel that rotates clockwise in a horizontal plane. In the center of the wheel is a

STATION 1

STATION 2

AIRCRAFT POSITION

LOCATION DETERMINATION

Figure 1: An aircraft's position may be determined using two VOR or Omni navigation stations. By drawing the respective radials, the pilot can plot the current location as the intersection of two lines on a map.

W 270° RADIAL

30°RADIAL 30°COURSE FROM STATION

90° RADIAL E

RADIALS AND COURSES

Figure 2: Standard layout for the radials as broadcast by a VOR station. Note that an aircraft traveling along the line is on a course 180° opposite the value of the radial when it is heading to the station.

June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 469

NORTH

WHEEL ROTATING 1° PER SECOND

LIGHT BEAM

WATCH READS

150 SECONDS SO

WE ARE ON 150° RADIAL

OMNI SIMPLIFIED

Figure 3: This simplified model diagrams the function of the VOR aircraft navigation receiver. In this model, the wheel rotates clockwise one degree per second, and a strobe light flashes when the radial beam is at 0°. The current radial is found by counting the number of seconds between the flash of the strobe and the sighting of the radial light beam.

FIDUCIAL MARKER

COURSE

DEVIATION INDICATOR

(LEFT, RIGHT NEEDLE)

5° DOT 10° DOT

COURSE CARD

TO/FROM INDICATOR AND WARNING FLAG

OMNI BEARING SELECTOR

RECIPROCAL MARKER

VOR INDICATOR

Figure 4: Layout of a typical VOR indicator. The course card is rotated via the Omni Bearing Selector until the Course Deviation Indicator is centered. The value indicated by the fiducial marker is the aircraft's direction relative to the Omni station.

strobe light. A lamp shining outward with a highly directional beam is mounted on the edge of the wheel. The wheel rotates at one degree per second, and the strobe blinks when the lamp on the wheel is pointing due north. To determine what radial you are on, start your stopwatch when you see the strobe flash, and stop it when you see the light on the wheel. The number of seconds on your watch is the radial where you are located (see figure 3).

Instead of a stopwatch, the pilot of an airplane uses a navigation receiver with a VOR indicator (see figure 4). Assume that you, the pilot, wish to fly directly to the station. You turn the OBS (Omni Bearing Selector), causing the course card to rotate. The card rotates until the CDI (Course Deviation Indicator) centers. Next you examine the To/From flag. If it says "From", the plane's position is on the radial shown under the fiducial marker—a course taking it directly away from the station.

Because you want to go toward the station, you must keep turning the card until the needle again centers (a 180° rotation) and the flag reads "To". If the flag read "To" the first time the needle centered, you would have left the OBS alone. The course shown under the fiducial marker is the direction in which you must turn the airplane to go to the station. It's also the reciprocal of the radial of your position. As previously stated, you fly to the station by flying the reciprocal of the radial (because radials point out from the station).

Once the radial is determined, you point the airplane in the direction displayed and follow the needle (CDI) to the station. If the needle drifts left, turn left until it centers. In other words, if the needle points left, the plane is to the right of its intended course and vice versa. The 5° and 10° dots tell how far off course you are. This relationship holds true as long as the course under the fiducial marker is roughly the same as the aircraft heading. The needle shows aircraft location with regard to the selected course, but it shows nothing about the aircraft heading. It's up to the

470 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 498 on inquiry card.

X CO-ORDINATE

99

• STATION (15,15)

PLANE (70, 85)

SIMULATION SPACE

Figure 5: Possible computer display of the relative locations of a target aircraft and an Omni station for a simulation of actual operation. Note that the coordinate origin is at the top left of the simulation space.

pilot to control the aircraft so that the VOR indicator readings make sense.

Assuming you hold your course straight to the station, sooner or later you will fly directly over it, into an area called the "Cone of Confusion." The To/From flag gets highly agitated, settling down to a "From" reading once the plane passes the station. You are now on the actual radial shown on the indicator. As long as you follow the needle, you will fly directly away from the station.

As you may have gathered by now, it's no easy task to learn to use this system while also flying an airplane. The program given in listing 1 simulates the Omni system, allowing you to learn and practice without using fuel in the calm privacy of your computer area.

How It Works

The small world in which our simu

lated flying takes place is a 100-point by 100-point square (see figure 5). The y scale is inverted from normal (with the origin at the top left of the space), as in an Apple II. One point is chosen as the location of the Omni station, another as the airplane's current position. When provided with the course set on the VOR indicator, the program computes the radial, To/From flag, and CDI display.

The program starts with remarks, then jumps past a group of subroutines to the main routine. The subroutines are at the front to speed up operation of the program. The main routine consists only of a sequence of subroutine calls.

Subroutine 1 first requests both the coordinates of the station and the aircraft location. In both cases, it needs the x coordinate first, followed by the y coordinate. Subroutine 2 inputs the numbers, making sure the number in

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Listing 1: Program that emulates the operation of the Omni Aviation Navigation System. Using a Cartesian-coordinate space to calculate the relative positions of two specified points in that space (an aircraft and a VOR station), the program determines the radial of the first point relative to the second. Note that the variable O is used for user input of the Omni Bearing Selector setting.

10 REM THIS IS A PROGRAM TO EMULATE AN OMNI NAVIGATION SYSTEM

20 REM

30 REM 0MNI1 01/17/80

40 REM

50 GO TO 1430

60 REM *** SUBROUTINE 1 ***

70 REM GET CO-ORDINATES OF OMNI STATION

80 PRINT "INPUT X CO-ORDINATE OF STATION";

90 GOSUB 660

100 XO=N

110 PRINT "INPUT Y CO-ORDINATE OF STATION";

120 GOSUB 660

130 Y0=99-N

140 PRINT

150 GOSUB 660

160 X1=N

170 PRINT

180 GOSUB 660

190 Yl=99-N

200 REM REDUCE ORIGIN TO O AND DETERMINE QUADRANT

210 X2=X1-X0

"INPUT X CO-ORDINATE OF AIRCRAFT",

"INPUT Y CO-ORDINATE OF AIRCRAFT";

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472 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 408 on inquiry card.

Circle 182 on inquiry card.

Listing 1 continued:

220

230

240

250

260

270

280

290

300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400

410

420

430

440

450

460

470

480

490

500

510

520

530

540

550

560

570

580

590

600

610

620

630

640

650

660

670

680

690

700

710

720

730

740

750

760

770

780

790

800

810

820

830

840

Y2=Y1-Y0

REM CHECK FOR SPECIAL ZERO CASE

IF X2O0 THEN 290

IF Y2>0 THEN R=0

IF Y2<0 THEN R=180

IF Y2=0 THEN R=0

GO TO 630

IF Y2O0 THEN 340

IF X2>0 THEN R=90

IF X2<0 THEN R=270

IF X2=0 THEN R=0

GO TO 630

REM FIGURE QUADRANT

IF X2>0 THEN 430

IF Y2>0 THEN 400

REM BOTH X Z< Y NEGATIVE

Q=3

GO TO 490

REM X NEG, Y POS

0=2

GO TO 490

IF Y2>0 THEN 470

REM X POS, Y NEG

Q=4

GO TO 490

REM X POS, Y POS

Q=l

REM COMPUTE PRIMARY ANGLE USING ABSOLUTE X&Y

REM ANGLE=ARCTAN OF OPPOSITE/ADJACENT

REM CONVERT TO DEGREES RADJANS*180/PI

P=ATN((ABS(Y2)/ABS(X2>))#180/PI

ON Q GO TO 540,570,590,610

REM COMPUTE RADIAL

R=90-P

GO TO 630

R=270+P

GO TD 630

R=270-P

GO TO 630

R=90+P

GO TO 630

PRINT " THE RADIAL WE ARE DM IS";

PRINT R

RETURN

REM *** SUBROUTINE 2 ***

INPUT N

IF N>99 THEN 670

IF N<0 THEN 670

RETURN

REM *** SUBROUTINE 3 ***

REM GET OBS SETTING

PRINT "INPUT THE OBS SETTING"

INPUT 0

IF 0<0 THEN 730

IF 0>360 THEN 730

RETURN

REM #** SUBROUTINE 4 *#*

REM REDUCE RADIAL R TO STANDARD CIRCLE(OBS=0)

R=R-0

IF R<0 THEN R=R+360

REM SET TO/FROM FLAG F

REM 1=0FF, 2=T0, 3=FR0M

IF X2O0 THEN 890 Listing 1 continued on page 474

Circle 22 on inquiry card.

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Listing 1 continued:

850

CF Y2O0 THEN 890

860 F=l

870 REM FLAG IS OFF DIRECTLY OVER STATION

880 RETURN

890

[F RO90 THEN 920

900 F=l

910 RETURN

920

[F RO270 THEN 950

930 F=l

940 RETURN

950

[F ROO THEN 980

960 F=3

9 70 RETURN

980

[F RO180 THEN 1010

990 F=2

1000

RETURN

1010

IF R<90 THEN 1050

1020

IF R>270 THEN 1050

1030

F=2

1040

RETURN

1050

F=3

1060

RETURN

1070

REM *** SUBROUTINE 5 *#*

1080

REM FIGURE LEFT/RIGHT NEEDLE M

1090

REM ON A SCALE OF 0 TO 10

1100

REM WITH 0=LEFT, 5=CENTER, 10«RIGHT

1110

IF ROO THEN 1140

1120

N=5

1130

RETURN

1 140

IF R-O180 THEN 1 170

1 150

N=5

1160

RETURN

1170

IF R>180 THEN 1260

1180

REM PROCESS LEFT NEEDLE

1190

IF R>90 THEN 1230

1200

IF R>10 THEN R = 10

1210

N=(10-R)/2

1220

RETURN

1230

IF R<170 THEN R=170

1240

N=5-( ( 180--R) /2)

1250

RETURN

1260

IF RC350 THEN 1290

1270

N=((360-R)/2)+5

1280

RETURN

1290

IF R>190 THEN R=190

1300

N=<CR-180)/2)+5

1310

RETURN

1320

REM **# SUBROUTINE 6 ***

1330

ON F GO TO 1340,1360,1380

1340

PRINT "OFF"

1350

GO TO 1390

1360

PRINT "TO"

1370

GO TO 1390

1380

PRINT "FROM"

1390

PRINT ":,'!! !0i ! ! ! ! "

1400

PRINT TAB(N);"*"

1410

RETURN

1420

REM *** MAIN PROGRAM ***

1430

GOSUB 60

1440

GOSUB 710

1450

GOSUB 780

1460

GOSUB 1070

1470

GOSUB 1320

474 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 293 on inquiry card.

(6a)

/y

83

87

• STATION (16,88)

91

• AIRCRAFT (8,91)

95

i

i i

i i

i

4

8 12

16 20

2*

(6b)

16i

12

8

4

STATION (16,13)

• AIRCRAFT (8,8)

_1_

_1_

_1_

4 8 12 16 20

REDEFINE Y SCALE BY SUBTRACTING FROM 99

24

(6c)

-X

• AIRCRAFT (-8,-5)

(O.O)ORISIN AND STATION LOCATION

+x

CONVERT TO CARTESIAN CO-ORDINATES BY SUBTRACTING STATION CO-ORDINATES FROM AIRCRAFT'S

Figure 6: Procedure followed by the program in listing 1 to transform the coordinate information into a form from which the actual radial may be calculated. 6a gives the raw data as displayed on a computer screen. In 6b the y coordinates have been converted to a normal scale by subtracting their values from 99. Finally, the space is converted to a standard Cartesian space with the VOR station at the origin by subtracting the station coordinates from the aircraft's position.

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N 0*

A

QUADRANT S

QUADRANT m

Circle 116 on Inquiry card.

QUADRANT I

0,0

90° E

QUADRANT TJ

180*

S

QUADRANTS AND DIRECTIONS Figure 7: Standard Cartesian coordinate space as used with the Omni system.

put is not less than 0 or greater than 99. The program will simply request another number if an out-of-range response is given. Since the y coordinate is upside-down compared to a normal system, the y input is subtracted from 99 to compensate. Next, subtract the station's x coordinate (X0) from the airplane's x (XI) and the station's y (Yl). This operation adjusts the whole coordinate system to a standard four-quadrant Cartesian plane, with the station at the origin (figure 6). Notice that the relationship between the airplane and the station does not change during the transformations. Only the labels of the points' positions change. X2 and Y2 now define the aircraft location.

A Cartesian coordinate system is divided into four quadrants. In this program, the dividing lines between the quadrants are considered the four cardinal compass points (see figure 7). To determine which radial you are on, you must know the quadrant of your location. Before finding the quadrant, however, you must test for the special case of being on one of the

cardinal lines. You can accomplish this by testing for x or y equal to 0. If x is 0 and y is positive, you are on the 0° radial. If x is 0 and y is negative, you are on the 180° radial; if y is 0 and x is positive, the 90° radial; and if y is 0 and x is negative, the 270° radial. If both are 0, you are directly over the station. If you are indeed on a cardinal radial, you can print which radial it is and exit subroutine 1.

If you are not on a cardinal radial, use the following test to determine your quadrant (Q). Both x and y positive means quadrant 1; x and y both negative means quadrant 3, x positive and y negative means quadrant 4; and x negative, y positive means quadrant 2. After this test, Q equals 1, 2, 3, or 4, and this number is used to perform an n-way branch to compute the final radial. The next step toward your radial is finding the primary angle using the absolute values of x and y (now labeled X2, Y2). This primary angle, labeled P, is computed with the formula: p _ arctan (opposite side) adjacent side

Circle 109 on inquiry card.

a COURSE SET TO 0

270

ISO

I LEFT, FROM

D RIGHT, FROM

TH RIGHT, TO

W LEFT, TO

CDI AND TO/FROM DETERMINATION USING STANDARD CIRCLE

Figure 8: Cartesian representation of the interaction of the Course Deviation Indicator and the To/From Indicator used to determine the heading of an aircraft relative to a given VOR radial, in this case 0.

Because my computer, a Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-11/45, thinks in radians, I convert to degrees by multiplying by 180 and dividing by 7T. The final BASIC equation looks like this:

P = ATN((ABS(Y2)/ABS(X2))) *180/PI

With the primary angle computed, we can do our branch on Q and find the final radial (R). If Q is 1, R equals 90 - P. If Q is 2, R equals 270 + P. For a Q of 3, R is 270 - P, and for a Q of 4, R equals 90 + P. The last step of subroutine 1 is to print out the radial computed.

Now that the program knows the

radial of the airplane's location, you can compare that to the selected course, generate the CDI position, and compute the To/From flag reading. Subroutine 3 gets the ball rolling by requesting the OBS setting (O), which must be between 0 and 360 if you don't want the program to reprompt for input.

The CDI and To/From displays would be easier to understand if they were based on a standard circle with the OBS set to 0 (see figure 8). Subroutine 4 adjusts the current radial to standard form by rotating R the same number of degrees needed to set the OBS to 0. If R goes negative, it's added to 360 to keep the value positive. The To/From flag (F) can now be set to 1 for Off, 2 for To, or 3

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for From. X2 and Y2 are checked to see if they both equal 0. If so, the plane is directly over the station, and the flag is set to Off. If they don't equal 0, you compute To or From. According to the standard circle, a radial from 271 to 89 is a From, while a radial from 91 to 269 is a To. Radials of 90 and 270 both rate an Off, since the plane is directly abeam the station. Subroutine 4 follows these rules and returns with F set appropriately.

Your last major task is to determine a needle value (N) to figure out the position of the CDI. A needle value of 0 is full left, 5 is center, and 10 is full right. Using a tab statement, the needle position will control the position of an asterisk which will appear under a scale marked at 2° intervals. The positions correspond to CDI needle position on a real VOR indicator.

Subroutine 5 does the chore of deciding the value of N. First it checks for a radial- of 0° or 180°, either of which would center the needle and set

N equal to 5. Next, the subroutine decides if it's a left or right needle by seeing in which half of the standard circle the radial falls. Once this is checked, you must look for a difference of more than 10° between the radial and the 0°-to-180° line. If the difference exceeds 10°, the needle makes a full-scale deflection, setting N to either 0 or 10, depending on direction. With N computed, subroutine 6 prints the proper To/From flag value and the course deviation indication. This marks the end of the program.

Modifications

This program lends itself very well to a computer with a graphic display, such as the Apple II. The high-resolution graphics mode can be used to show the simulation space, and you could write a routine using the game paddles to position the airplane in the space. One paddle button would mark the station location, and the other could cause the OBS setting to automatically increment. The

To/From flag and CDI could also be animated with graphics, and the program could run continuously. As the airplane moves around the station, the VOR indicator would give the same indications it would provide under actual flying conditions. You could also add another station for practicing such navigation problems as identifying airway intersections.

Conclusion

Would-be pilots can familiarize themselves with the basics of VOR operation by running this simulation of the Omni navigation system. You can make the program more realistic by adding a second VOR station as suggested. Although this simulator provides invaluable experience for pilot trainees, it can become an entertaining and informative game for nonpilots with the addition of improved graphics and an operational theme. Simulation is an exciting computer application that combines the serious, the technical, and the enjoyable. ■

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Clubs and Newsletters

Independent Group for the IBM Computer

IPCO is an independent group representing IBM Personal Computer users and owners. Its goal is to open communications between owners and users, and the IPCO Info newsletter is one means of attaining this goal. IPCO Info contains evaluations of hardware and software, articles with programming hints, and information requested by its readers. The group plans to establish a software exchange of ownerdeveloped software. For more information, contact IPCO Inc., POB 10426, Pittsburgh, PA 15234.

Hobbyists Meet In Denver

The Denver Amateur Computer Society (DACS) meets on the third Wednesday of each month at the Educational Plaza, 7350 North Broadway, North Denver, Colorado. Meeting time is 7 p.m. Meetings are made up of workshops or tutorial sessions, business, and formal presentations or demonstrations. The club produces a newsletter, Interrupt, which is packed with notes from special-interest groups, news of other clubs' activities, and tutorials. Annual dues are $12. This broad-interest group can be contacted at POB 1235, Englewood, CO 80150.

ACS

The Atlanta Computer Society's (ACS's) monthly publication, The ACS Newsletter, is filled with tips on better programming, news of club activities, and product

reviews. The ACS members have established a number of active special-interest groups, including ones for 8080/Z80, 6800 series, Apple, and Atari microcomputers as well as a robotics group. Other club interests are maintaining a program library and a CBBS (computerized bulletin-board system), which can be contacted by calling (404) 394-4220. Contact the ACS, POB 888771, Atlanta, GA 30356.

IBM Group Forming

A users group for the IBM Personal Computer is being formed in the Anaheim area. For details, contact Bob Martynec, 2633 East La Palma, Apt. 8, Anaheim, CA 92806, (714) 776-9376.

Atari Group In Orange County

The Atari Computer Association of Orange County meets on the third Tuesday of each month at the Allstate Savings and Loan in Westminster, California. The group produces a newsletter that has summaries of club meetings, tips on better Atari programming, and book reviews. For details, contact the Atari Computer Association of Orange County, Suite 150, 141 Westminster Mall, Westminster, CA 92683.

Public-Domain Pascal Software

The Pascal/Z Users Group is a nonprofit organization that maintains a large body

of public-domain software. Most of the software is geared toward the Pascal user, but some software is available in source and COM files and Z80 assemby language. In single-sided singledensity IBM soft-sectored format, the disks cost $10, postage paid. Your purchase includes a commitment to reply by return mail. A list of available software can be obtained by sending the club a large, self-addressed envelope with two stamps. The group also produces the bimonthly Pascal/Z Users Group Newsletter, which is available for $9 a year. The newsletter has information on Pascal-related products, industry news, and letters from readers. Contact the Pascal/Z Users Group, 7962 Center Parkway, Sacramento, CA 95823. ■

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Books Received

Apple BASIC: Data File Programming, A Self-Teaching Guide, Leroy Finkel and Jerald R. Brown. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982; 303 pages, 15.5 by 23 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-471-09157-X, $12.95.

Applied Multidimensional Systems Theory, N. K. Bose. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1982; 411 pages, 14.6 by 22.3 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-442-27214-6, $29.50.

Business Data Processing, 2nd edition, Barbara J. Burian and Stuart S. Fink. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982; 494 pages, 17.5 by 23.5 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-13-094045-3, $18.95.

Computer Capacity, A Production Control Approach, Melvin J. Strauss. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1981; 265 pages, 17.5 by 25.5 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-442-26243-4, $24.95.

Computer Choices, Beware of Conspicuous Computing, H. Dominic Covvey and Neil Harding McAlister. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1982; 225 pages, 14.6 by 22.3 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-20110113-0, $8.95.

Digital Principles and Applications, 3rd edition, Albert P. Malvino and Donald P. Leach. New York: Gregg/ McGraw-Hill, 1981; 490 pages, 14.6 by 22.3 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-07-039875-5, $24.10.

Interfacing Microcomputers to the Real World, Murray Sargent III and Richard L. Shoemaker. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1981; 288 pages, 15.5 by 23 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-20106879-6, $14.95.

Introduction to Microcomputer-Based Digital Systems, James W. Gault and Russell L. Pimmel. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982; 429 pages, 15.5 by 23 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-07-023047-1, $26.95.

Local Networks, W. R. Franta. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1981; 481 pages, 15.5 by 22.5 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-669-03779-6, $39.95.

Management by Multiple Objectives, A Modern Management Approach, Sang M. Lee. Princeton, NJ: Petrocelli Books, 1981; 225 pages, 14.6 by 22.3 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-89433-083-7, $17.50.

Microprocessor Applications Handbook, David F. Stout. New York: McGrawHill, 1981; 464 pages, 15 by 23 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-07-061798-8, $35.

Microprocessors for Measurement and Control, David M. Auslander and Paul Sagues. Berkeley, CA: Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 1981; 310 pages, 18.3 by 23 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-93198857-8, $15.99.

Microprogramming, Concepts and Techniques, Ben E. Cline. Princeton, NJ: Petrocelli Books, 1981; 169 pages, 14.6 by 22.3 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-89433-133-7, $20.

The Micro Revolution, Living with Computers, Peter Laurie. New York: Universe Books, 1981; 225 pages, 13 by 20.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-87663-560-5, $7.95.

Pascal Program Development with Ten Instruction Pascal Subsets (Tips) and Standard Pascal, Michael Kennedy and Martin B. Solomon. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982; 532 pages, 16.5 by 22.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-13-652735-3, $17.95.

PET/CBM BASIC, Richard Haskell. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982; 154 pages, 20.6 by 27.3 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-13-661751-4, $12.95.

PET Games and Recreations, Mac Oglesby, Len Lindsay, and Dorothy Kunkin. Reston, VA: Reston

Publishing, 1981; 245 pages, 14.6 by 22.3 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-8359-5529-X, $9.95.

Problem-Solving on the TRS-80 Pocket Computer, A Self-Teaching Guide, Don Inman and Jim Conlan. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982; 255 pages, 18.3 by 23 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-47109270-3, $8.95.

Programming Language Translation, R. E. Berry. New York: Halsted Press, 1981; 175 pages, 14.6 by 22.3 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0470-27305-4, $41.95.

Queuing Theory: A Problem-Solving Approach, Leonard Gorney. Princeton, NJ: Petrocelli Books, 1981; 184 pages, 15 by 23 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-89433-128-0, $20.

Real Time ProgrammingNeglected Topics, Caxton C. Foster. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1981; 190 pages, 23 by 15.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-201-01937-X, $9.95.

Software Manual for the Elementary Functions, William J. Cody Jr. and William Waite. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1980; 269 pages, 15 by 23 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-13 822064-6, $17.95.

Software Engineering Economics, Barry W. Boehm. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1981; 767 pages, 23.5 by 17.5 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-13-822122-7, $32.50.

Structured BASIC Programming for Business, 2nd edition, V. Thomas Dock. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing, 1982; 131 pages, 18 by 24 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-31463167-4, $11.95.

Understanding Microprocessors, B. S. Walker. New York: Halsted Press, 1982; 110 pages, 14.6 by 22.3 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-47027286-4, $12.95.

The TRS-80 Means Business, Ted G. Lewis. New

York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982; 194 pages, 15.5 by 23 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-471-08239-2, $12.95.

Understanding Computer Systems, Harold W. Lawson Jr. Rockville, MD: Computer Science Press, 1981; 164 pages, 15.5 by 23 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-914894-31-5, $9.95.

Using Programmable Calculators for Business, C. Louis Hohenstein. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982; 296 pages, 15.5 by 23 cm, softcover, ISBN 0471-08551-0, $10.95.B

This is a list of books received at BYTE Publications during this past month. Although the list is not meant to be exhaustive, its purpose is to acquaint BYTE readers with recently published titles in computer science and related fields. We regret that we cannot review or comment on all the books we receive; instead, this list is meant to be a monthly acknowledgment of these books and the publishers who sent them.

BYTE's Bugs

Tree Searching Yields Bugs

In Gregg Williams's article, 'Tree Searching" (see the September 1981 BYTE, page 76), he stated, ". . . it is clear that the shortest route is ADBC, with a distance (cost) of thirteen." My calculations arrive at ADCB as the shortest route with a cost of twelve.

Michael L. Steiner, M.D.

Suite 100

3044 Sunset Ave.,

Rocky Mount, NC 27801 ■

480 June 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

1

Infinity

2 Einstein Universe

*% Nesting

Tree

Three in a series of t-shirts by Scott Kim

What happens when you mix computer graphics, letters and illusion?

Inversions.

Wear one and your next encounter may be the one that goes beyond words.

More than 60 original inver

sions can be seen in the new book, Inversions: A Catalog of Calligraphic Cartwheels by Scott Kim. Inversions is available through your local bookstore or by calling Byte Books' toll-tree number, 800/258-5420.

"Scott Kim s Inversions ...is one of the most astonishing and delightful books ever printed... Over the years Kim has developed the magical ability to take just about any word or short phrase and letter it in such a way that it exhibits some kind of striking geometrical symmetry." — Martin Gardner, Scientific American

Infinity:

□ white on black

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Einstein Universe:

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Nesting Tree:

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Check or money order only. Sorry, noC.O.D. Dealer inguiries invited.

Circle 77 on inquiry card.

Event Queue

June 1982

June

Cooperative Education Program, various sites throughout the U.S. This series of more than 100 data-processing courses is presented by Q. E. D. Information Sciences Inc. Course topics include systems development, structured methodologies, database, telecommunications, management, and human relations. These twoto five-day courses are tailored for analysts, designers, programmers, managers, and other users. For additional details, contact the Manager of Education Programs, Q. E. D. Information Sciences Inc., Q. E. D. Plaza, POB 181, Wellesley, MA 02181, (800) 343-4848; in Massachusetts, (617) 237-5656.

June

Courses and Seminars from Sira Institute, various sites throughout England. Sira Institute is sponsoring seminars on a wide variety of subjects, ranging from microprocessor familiarization to design and development of microprocessor-based equipment. For details, contact Conferences & Courses Unit, Sira Institute Ltd., South Hill, Chislehurst, Kent BR7 5EH, England.

lune

Datamation Institute Seminars on Information Management, various sites throughout the U.S. Databases and communications, systems performance, data-processing management, word processing, office automation, computer graphics, and topics of general interest are among the areas to be covered by these two-day seminars. Fees range from $495 to $595. For schedules of times and places, contact Karen Smolens, the Cen

ter for Management Research, Datamation Institute Seminar Coordination Office, 850 Boylston St., Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, (617) 738-5020.

June

Education and Training

Seminars, various sites throughout the U.S. and Europe. Among the seminar topics offered by STSC Inc. and APL*Plus International are "Nested Arrays," 'Intermediate APL," and "Advanced APL Programming Techniques." For complete details on these and other seminars, contact the Seminar Administrator, STSC Inc., 11 Clearbrook Rd., Elmsford, NY 10523, (914) 347-5560. In Europe, contact APL*Plus International, Tour Neptune, Cedex N°20, 92086 Paris La Defense, France, Tel: 773.79.64.

June

Intensive Two-day Seminars for Professional Development, various sites throughout New England. Among the seminars to be offered by Worcester Polytechnic Institute are "Fundamentals of Data Processing," "Distributed Systems: The Architecture and Utilization of this Revolutionary Technology," and "Microprocessors: Hardware, Software, and Applications." Registration fees range from $445 for a two-day program to $990 for a seven-day executive institute. For complete details, contact Ms. Ginny Bazarian, Office of Continuing Education, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, (617) 793-5517.

June

Knowledge Engineering in the 1980s, Chicago, IL. Expert Systems are computer programs that reason in tasks that require considerable human

expertise, such as locating computer malfunctions, monitoring intensive care patients, analyzing noisy signal data, and diagnosing medical problems. This one-day executive briefing provides an introduction to the potential benefits and costs of Expert Systems. For further information, contact Dina Barr, Teknowledge, 151 University Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94301, (415) 326-6827.

June

The Master Method of Selling Small-Business Systems, Westlake Village, CA. This one-day seminar is designed for mini- and microcomputer manufacturers and software vendors who sell small-business systems. The seminar fee is $150. For details, contact Seminar Information, M. W. L. Inc., 32038 Watergate Court, Westlake Village, CA 91361, (213) 889-2607.

June

National Computer Graphics Association Seminar Program, various sites throughout the U.S. Topics include "Successful Business

Graphics," "Business Graphics for Financial Analysis and Decision Making," and "Applications of Computer Graphics to Transportation Problems." Seminar fees are $395 for association members and $425 for nonmembers. For complete details, contact Eloise Wenker, NCGA Seminar, 2033 M St. NW, #300, Washington, DC 20036, (202) 466-4102.

June

One- and Two-day Professional Development Seminars,

various sites in the greater Boston area. Among the courses being offered by Boston University are "Business Writing for Results," Im

proving Customer Service," and "Assertive Management." Registration fees range from $295 for a one-day program to $445 for a two-day program. These seminars can be conducted within your company. For details, contact Ms. Joan Merrick, Center for Management Research, 850 Boylston St., Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, (617) 738-5020. For information on the in-company seminars, contact Ms. Elaine Dee at the same address.

June

Productivity '82, various sites throughout the U.S. and Canada. This two-day show features hands-on demonstrations of Hewlett-Packard's newest computer and application solutions ranging from personal and small-business computers to the top-of-theline computer systems for office computing, distributed data processing, and factory automation. Sixteen different seminars are held each day on such topics as using personal computers, choosing financial and applications software, and preparing easy-to-read graphics. Additional information can be obtained from local Hewlett-Packard sales offices or from Rudanne Clark, Hewlett-Packard, 3000 Hanover St., Palo Alto, CA 94304, (415) 857-7247.

June

Sensors & Systems '82, various sites throughout the central and western regions of the U.S. This series of three-day conferences will cover all aspects of sensor technology from temperature sensors through to displacement, velocity, acceleration, magnetic field, and moisture. Other topics to be covered include signal conditioning, digital interfaces, and system interfaces. Contact Network Exhibitions, 785 Harriet Ave.,

482 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Campbell, CA 95008, (408) 370-1661.

June-July

Courses from Integrated Computer Systems, various sites throughout the U.S. Among the courses being offered are "Microprocessor Software, Hardware, and Interfacing," "Hands-on Microprocessor Troubleshooting," "Speech Synthesis and Recognition," and "Digital Image Processing and Analysis." Complete course listings including dates, locations, course outlines, and fees are available from Integrated Computer Systems, 3304 Pico Blvd., POB 5339, Santa Monica, CA 90405, (800) 421-8166; in California, (800) 352-8251.

June-July

Meetings, Seminars, and Programs from the Electronic Industries Association (EIA), various sites throughout the U.S. Among the events planned are the Government/Industry Executive Roundtable '82 and a symposium on 'Telecommunications: Trends and Directions." Contact EIA, 2001 Eye St. NW, Washington, DC 20006, (202) 457-4981.

June-July

Technical Classes from Zilog,

Campbell, CA. Zilog is offering a series of one- to five-day technical classes at its California-based training facility. Topics range from "Microprocessors: A General Introduction" to "Zeus/System 8000 User." Contact Zilog, Training and Education Dept., 1315 Dell Ave., Campbell, CA 95008, (408) 446-4666.

fune-luly

New York University SEHNAP Summer Sessions,

New York University, New York, NY. Among the courses being offered by the School of

Education, Health, Nursing, and Arts Professions (SEHNAP) are "Computer Graphics for Instruction," "Microcomputer Technology I," and "New Technology for Interactive and Individualized Instruction." These graduatelevel courses are designed for teachers, administrators, and other professionals. For more information, contact NYUSEHNAP Summer Sessions, 60 Press Building, New York University, New York, NY 10003, (212) 598-2772.

June-August

Database Concepts and Design, various sites throughout the U.S. Sponsored by the American Management Associations (AMA), this five-day seminar is designed for dataprocessing managers, system designers, and other personnel involved in database activities. Topics include an overview of the database environment; evaluating and measuring performance, costs, and results; determining organizational needs and the systems and software to meet them; and implementing, integrating, and supporting the database within company plans and budget. Highlighting this seminar is a comprehensive review of database products. Individual fees are $850 for AMA members and $975 for nonmembers. Team discounts are available. Contact AMA, 135 West 50th St., New York, NY 10020, (212) 586-8100. To register by phone, call (212) 246-0800.

June-August

Engineering Summer Conferences, Chrysler Center for Continuing Engineering Education, North Campus, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. Among the conferences being offered are "Interactive Design with Computers," "Applied Numerical Methods," and "Robotics:

Concepts, Theory, and Applications." For complete details, contact Engineering Summer Conferences, 200 Chrysler Center, North Campus, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, (313) 764-8490.

June 9-11

The International Conference

on Consumer Electronics

(ICCE), Arlington Park Hilton, Arlington Heights, IL. The technical program will include papers and panel discussions on such topics as personal computing, computeraided design techniques, home information systems, and videotex, teletext, videodisc, video-cassette recorders, and cameras. Exhibits will be featured. This conference is sponsored by the Consumer Electronics Group of the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). Contact the IEEE, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854.

June 11-13

South Florida Microcomputer Conference and Exhibition,

Broward Community College, North Campus, Fort Lauderdale, FL. This show will feature low-cost seminars, a trade show, and a used-computer flea market. The focus will be on the use of computers in small businesses, education, science and engineering, and word processing, as well as on hobbyist and consumer concerns. For details, contact Tom Blayney, Emergent Inc., 9466 Saddlebrook Dr., Boca Raton, FL 33434, (305) 483-5248.

June 13-16

The Fifteenth Annual Conference of the Association of Small Computer Users in Education, Chatham College, Pittsburgh, PA. This conference will include papers and demonstrations on the educational and administrative uses

of computers. Other topics include robotics, Pascal programming, computer literacy, and the use of packaged software in computer courses. For more information, contact Jan Carver, Computer Center, Chatham College, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, (412) 441-8200.

June 13-16

The 1982 American Society for Information Science (ASIS) Mid-Year Meeting,

University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN. The theme for this conference is "Information—The Critical Difference." Among the topics to be explored are linking information to the user, information as a commodity, quality assurance in information, and attributing value to information. Speakers, panel sessions, and technical sessions sponsored by special-interest groups will highlight this conference. For more details, contact ASIS, 1010 Sixteenth St. NW, Washington, DC 20036, (202) 659-3644.

June 13-17

NCGA '82, The Third Annual Conference and Exhibition of the National Computer Graphics Association

(NCGA), Anaheim Convention Center, Anaheim, CA. This conference will feature more than 20 tutorials and 60 technical sessions. Computer graphics products will be exhibited. Presentations from business, government, and academic graphics experts will be featured. Contact the NCGA, Suite 330, 2033 M St. NW, Washington, DC 20036, (202) 466-5895.

June 14-16

The Fifteenth Power Modulator Symposium, Hyatt Regency Baltimore, Baltimore, MD. This symposium will focus on the technology, devices, and systems associated with rep-rated power

June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 483

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(601) 467-8231

Event Queue.

modulators, including switches, auxiliary devices, energy storage, radio-frequency systems, and low-frequency generators. For details, contact Leonard Klein, Palisades Institute for Research Studies Inc., 201 Varick St., New York, NY 10014, (212) 620-3377.

June 14-16

The Nineteenth Design Automation Conference, Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, NV. This conference will focus on the computer-aided design of digital systems. Topics of interest include analog circuits, architectural and mechanical design and analysis, design verification, simulation, physical design and layout, documentation, testing, and databases. Other conference features include workshops and commercial exhibits. For further information, contact Bryan Preas, VR Information Systems, 5818 Balcones Dr., Austin, TX 78731.

June 15-17

The 1982 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium, Hyatt Regency Hotel, Dallas, TX. The theme of this symposium is 'Thirty Years of Microwaves." Papers and tutorials on a wide range of topics, including computeraided design and measurement techniques, microwave field and network theory, as well as satellite communications/microwave systems, will be presented. Contact J. R. Griffin, Texas Instruments Inc., Mail Stop 3432, POB 405, Lewisville, TX 75067, (214) 462-5693.

June 15-17

The Office Automation Show/Conference, Barbican Centre, London, England. For details on this show and conference, contact Clapp & Poliak International, 7315

Wisconsin Ave., Washington, DC 20014, (301) 657-3090.

June 15-18

Electromagnetic Compatibility Workshop, Washington, DC. For details on this course, contact Don White Consultants Inc., State Route 625, POB D, Gainesville, VA 22065, (703) 347-0030.

June 16-18

The Twentieth Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics,

University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. This meeting features papers on syntax, computational semantics, discourse analysis and speech acts, machine translation, as well as the mathematical and theoretical foundations of computational linguistics. For additional information, contact Don Walker, Artificial Intelligence Center, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, (415) 859-3071.

June 20-25

DP Training Managers' Workshop, Chicago, IL. This workshop is intended for individuals with less than 18 months' experience in coordinating data-processing training programs. Participants will learn to establish inhouse education programs that will meet management objectives and ensure a high return on their organization's investment in training. The registration fee is $850. Contact Linda Hubacek, Deltak Inc., 1220 Kensington Rd., Oak Brook, IL 60521, (312) 920-0700.

June 22-24

Electromagnetic Interference Control and Noise Mitigation in Power and Telephone Systems, Washington, DC. For details on this course, contact Don White Consultants Inc., State Route 625, POB D,

484 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 57 on inquiry card.

Gainesville, VA 22065, (703) 347-0030.

June 23-26

Productivity 82, Seattle University, Seattle, WA. This conference is sponsored by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and the Canadian Information Processing Society (CIPS). Productivity 82 is designed to emphasize the use of computers to improve productivity in industry and in the office, as well as to improve productivity in the programming of computers. Papers and panel discussions will be featured. For more information, contact Productivity 82-ACM/CIPS, 10636 Main St. #276, Bellevue, WA 98004.

June 28-30

COMDEX/Spring '82, Atlantic City Convention Hall, Atlantic City, NJ. For details on this conference and exhibition, contact the Interface Group, 160 Speen St., POB 927, Framingham, MA 01701, (800) 225-4620; in Massachusetts, (617) 879-4502.

June 28-30

National Educational Computing Conference (NECC-82), Radisson-Muehlebach Hotel, Kansas City, MO. This conference features papers, sessions, panel discussions, and exhibits of educational computing products. Among the topics to be addressed are "Computer Use in the Physical Sciences," "Computer Education for Teachers," and "Computer Science, Engineering, and Information Systems Education." For more information, contact E. Michael Staman, NECC-82 General Chairman, Computer Services, 305 Jesse Hall, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211.

July 1982

July 6-9

Peripheral Array Processors for Signal Processing and Simulation, University of California, Los Angeles, CA. The fee for this course is $795. For further details, contact Marc Rosenberg, University Extension, 6266 Boelter Hall, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, (213) 825-1047.

July 11-15

The International Manufacturing Systems Conference '82, Convention Center, Buffalo, NY. The conference theme is 'The Technology of Productivity." More than 100 experts will conduct seminars on a wide variety of topics. Exhibits, vendor presentations, and plant tours are planned. Contact Roy Combs, International Manufacturing Systems Conference, 186 North Water St., Rochester, NY 14604, (716) 232-3950.

July 11-25

The Twelfth Annual Summer Institute for Media Arts, Endicott College, Beverly, MA. A wide variety of seminars and workshops will be offered, including computer animation, video production, and computer graphics. For more information, contact the Summer Institute for Media Arts, POB 83, Lincoln Center, MA 01773, (617) 259-0068.

July 13-14

Controlling Electromagnetic Interference, Hyatt Hotel at LA Airport, Los Angeles, CA. This seminar is sponsored by Electronics magazine, a McGraw-Hill publication, and is designed for electronics industry professionals who must

make technical or cost decisions based on an understanding of electromagnetic interference. Topics of discussion include intersystem problems, designing against environmental noise, how to determine the best frequency for a given application, and the structure and use of intrasystem electromagnetic compatibility models. The fee is $595; inplant programs can be arranged. Contact Ms. Barbara Bancroft, McGraw-Hill Seminar Center, Room 3112, 305 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10017, (212) 687-0243.

July 14-17

Data Dictionaries, Marina City Club, Los Angeles, CA. The fee for this course is $750. For details, contact the Continuing Education Institute, Suite 1000, 10889 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90024, (213) 824-9545.

July 18-22

The Fourth General Assembly

of the World Future Society,

Sheraton Washington Hotel, Washington, DC. The conference theme is "Communications and the Future." All areas of the communications field from telecommunications to interpersonal communication will be covered. The impact of new technologies on society will be explored. Contact the World Future Society, 4916 St. Elmo Ave., Bethesda, MD 20014, (301) 656-8274.

July 19-21

Summer Computer Simulation Conference (SCSC), Marriott City Center Hotel, Denver, CO. The SCSC covers all aspects of computer simulation methodology and applications. Technical sessions and presentations on mathematical methods, model design, simulation languages,

and validation techniques will be featured. Information is available from Harvey Marks or Philicia Marks, Transaction Technology Inc., 7648 Capistrano Ave., Canoga Park, CA 91304, (213) 346-5376.

July 21-23

The Computer: Extension of the Human Mind, Eugene Hilton Hotel, Eugene, OR. This conference is sponsored by the University of Oregon College of Education. Workshops, speakers, and presentations on the use of computers in education will be held. Topics of interest include preparing teachers to teach with computers, the ethical and social issues associated with computers, and how computers assist learning. The conference fee is $95; students enrolled in the university's summer session can register for $55 and earn a single credit hour. For additional information, contact Judy Ohmer, College of Education, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, (503) 686-3405.

July 26-30

SIGGRAPH '82: The Ninth Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, Boston, MA. This conference is sponsored by the Association for Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics (ACM SIGGRAPH). More than 140 exhibitors will display the latest in computergraphics hardware, software, and services. A series of courses and technical sessions on a variety of topics, including device-independent graphics software, low-cost graphics, business graphics, solid modeling, and computeraided design, will be offered. Other features include a multimedia computer-graphics art

June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 485

Event Queue.

show and computer-generated films. For information, contact SIGGRAPH '82, Convention Services Dept., Ill East Wacker Dr., Chicago, IL 60601, (312) 644-6610.

]u\y 27-30

Database Systems: Comparison, Design, Applications, and Trends, Marina Del Rey Hotel, Marina Del Rey, CA. For more information on this course, contact the Continuing Education Institute, Suite 1000, 10889 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90024, (213) 824-9545.

August 1982

August 15-19

The Second International Computer Engineering Conference and Exhibition, Sheraton Harbor Island Hotel, San Diego, CA. This conference is

sponsored by the Computer Engineering Division of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). More than 50 exhibitors will display computer-engineering products, information, and services. The conference will feature technical sessions on more than 60 topics ranging from interactive graphics, personal computing by means of programmable calculators, computer-aided design and manufacturing, and robots. For complete details, contact the ASME, 345 East 47th St., New York, NY 10017, (212) 644-7100.

August 16-20

The National Conference on Artificial Intelligence,

Carnegie-Mellon University and the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. Among the topics to be addressed are expert systems,

robotics, computational vision, programmable automation, game playing, and knowledge representation. Other features include an exhibition program and a twoday tutorial program providing a nontechnical look at key areas of artificial-intelligence research. Complete conference details are available from the American Association for Artificial Intelligence, 445 Burgess Dr., Menlo Park, CA 94025, (415) 328-3123.

August 17-20

Electromagnetic Compatibility Design and Measurement

for Control of Electromagnetic Interference, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. For details on this course, contact Don White Consultants Inc., State Route 625, POB D, Gainesville, VA 22065, (703) 347-0030.

August 24-26

Electromagnetic Compatibility Design of Printed-Circuit Boards and Electronic Modules, Los Angeles, CA. For details on this course, contact Don White Consultants Inc., State Route 625, POB D, Gainesville, VA 22065, (703) 347-0030. ■

In order to gain optimal coverage of your organization's computer conferences, seminars, workshops,, courses, etc, notice should reach our office at least three months in advance of the date of the event. Entries should be sent to: Event Queue, BYTE Publications, POB 372, Hancock NH 03449. Each month we publish the current contents of the queue for the month of the cover date and the two following calendar months. Thus a given event may appear as many as three times in this section if it is sent to us far enough in advance.

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CUBIE MOVIE

.Puts the fun intosolving your Rubik cube

TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corporation which is not associated with this product.

TM

Rubik Cube is a trademark of

ideal Toy Corporation which is

not associated with this product.

No matter what combination your Rubik cube has, the Cubie Movie can solve it.

HOW IT WORKS

• Solve Rubik's cube by typing the colours of your scrambled Rubik cube into your TRS-80 (requires 32K RAM).

• A Rubik cube will appear on the screen and wi Rubik cube.

• By following the cube on the screen, you will actually solve your Rubik cube. By hitting the space bar on your terminal you can stop and start the program to go at your own speed.

TO ORDER

Send $20 by cheque, Visa, or Mastercard to Five Stones Software, P.O. Box 1369, Station B, Ottawa, Ontario. K1P 5R4. Ontario residents add 7% provincial tax. All Canadian residents add 9% federal tax. The program is distributed on Model I, Level II cassette tape.

begin moving the sections to solve your

486 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Software Received

Apple

Apple Spice, a set of assembly-language routines to supplement Applesoft for the Apple II Plus. Floppy disk, $29.95. Adventure International, 507 East St., POB 3435, Longwood, FL 32750.

Borg, an arcade-type game for the Apple II Plus. Floppy disk, $29.95. Sirius Software Inc., 10364 Rockingham Dr., Sacramento, CA 95827.

Eliminator, an arcade-type game for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $29.95. Adventure International (see address above).

Executive Briefing System, a system to develop and present visual information for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $199. Professional Software Technology, 180 Franklin St., Cambridge, MA 02139.

Foosball, an arcade-type game for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $29.95. Sirius Software Inc. (see address above).

Key Perfect, a program to verify keyboard program entry from a printed listing for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $29.95. Micro-Sparc Inc., POB 325, Lincoln, MA 01773.

P-LISP, a LISP interpreter for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $199.95. Gnosis, 4005 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19104.

Rubik's Cube Unlocked, solves Rubik's Cube puzzle for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $24.95. Double-Gold Software, 13126 Anza Dr., Saratoga, CA 95070.

Saga §1 Adventureland, an adventure-type game with graphics for the Apple II Plus. Floppy disk, $19.95. Adventure International (see address above).

Track Attack, an arcadetype game for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $29.95. Broderbund Software, 1938 Fourth St., San Rafael, CA 94901.

Twerps, an arcade-type

game for the Apple II Plus. Floppy disk, $29.95. Sirius Software Inc. (see address above).

VC-Manager, a Visicalcfile manipulator for the Apple II Plus. Floppy disk, $65. Micro Decision Systems, POB 1392, Pittsburgh, PA 15219.

CP/M

C/80 Version 2.0, a compiler for the C programming language for CP/M (Z80). 8-inch floppy disk, $49.95. The Software Toolworks, 14478 Glorietta Dr., Sherman Oaks, CA 91423.

Microshell 1.1, an operating system with Unixlike features for CP/M (Z80). Floppy disk, $150. New Generation Systems Inc., 2153 Golf Course Dr., Reston, VA 22091.

Catalog, a disk-cataloging system for CP/M (Z80). 8-inch floppy disk, $75. SRX Systems, 2812 Westberry Dr., San Jose, CA 95132.

FloBASIC 1.1, a preprocessor that helps produce structured programs in BASIC for CP/M (Z80). 8-inch floppy disk, $90. Terrasoft, 25 Bryan Rd., Rowayton, CT 06853.

Texas Instruments

Mission Impossible, an

adventure-type game for the TI-99/4. Floppy disk, $29.95. Texas Instruments Inc., 13500 North Central Expressway, POB 225012, Dallas, TX 75265.

Strange Odyssey, an adventure-type game for the TI-99/4. Floppy disk, $29.95. Texas Instruments Inc. (see address above).

TI Invaders, an arcadetype game for the TI-99/4. Command module (ROM cartridge), $39.95. Texas Instruments Inc. (see address above).

Voodoo Castle, an adven

ture-type game for the TI-99/4. Floppy disk, $29.95. Texas Instruments Inc. (see address above).

TRS-80

AW Rats!, an arcade-type game for the TRS-80 Models I and III. Cassette, $14.95. Creative Thaumaturgy, POB 107, Forest Park Branch, Dayton, OH 45405.

Crunch, an arcade-type game for the TRS-80 Models I and III. Cassette, $14.95. Creative Thaumaturgy (see address above).

Earthquake San Francisco 1906, an adventure-type game for the TRS-80 Models I and III. Floppy disk, $20.95. Adventure International, 507 East St., POB 3435, Longwood, FL 32750.

Electric Pencil 2.0, newest version of the word processor for the TRS-80 Models I and III. Floppy disk, $89.95. IJG Inc., 1260 West Foothill Blvd., Upland, CA 91786.

Lion's Head Adventure, an adventure-type game for the TRS-80 Models I and III. Cassette, $14.95. Creative Thaumaturgy (see address above).

Sfinks 3.0, a chess-playing program for the TRS-80 Models I and III. Cassette and floppy disk, $39.95. William A. Fink, POB 5912, Lighthouse Point, FL 33074.

Space Invader, an arcadetype game for the TRS-80 Models I and III. Cassette, $14.95. Creative Thauma

turgy (see address above).

Super Color Writer 1.0, a word processor for the TRS-80 Color Computer. Cassette, $49.95. Nelson Software Systems, POB 19096, Minneapolis, MN 55419.

Trashman, an arcade-type game for the TRS-80 Models I and III. Cassette, $14.95. Creative Thaumaturgy (see address above).

ZX80

ZX80 IK Disassembler, a

disassembler and memory test for the 4K-ROM ZX80 and the Microace. Cassette, $9.95. Lamo-Lem Laboratories, POB 2382, La Jolla, CA 92038.

ZX81 IK Disassembler, a disassembler and memory test for the 8K-ROM ZX81 and the Microace. Cassette, $9.95. Lamo-Lem Laboratories (see address above).

Other Computers

AC Circuit Analysis, analyzes complex electronic circuits for transfer function or impedance for the Atari 800. Floppy disk, $39.95. L. W. James and Associates, 1525 East County Road 58, Fort Collins, CO 80524.

Ezlabel, a mailing-list and label-printing program for the IBM Personal Computer. Floppy disk, $39.95. Systemics, 3050 Spring St., West Bloomfield, MI 48033.■

This is a list of software packages that have been received by BYTE Publications during the past month. The list is correct to the best of our knowledge, but it is not meant to be a full description of the product or the forms in which the product is available. In particular, some packages may be sold for several machines or in both cassette and floppy-disk format; the product listed here is the version received by BYTE Publications.

This is an all-inclusive list that makes no comment on the quality or usefulness of the software listed. We regret that we cannot review every software package we receive. Instead, this list is meant to be a monthly acknowledgment of these packages and the companies that sent them. All software received is considered to be on loan to BYTE and is returned to the manufacturer after a set period of time. Companies sending software packages should be sure to include the list price of the packages and (where appropriate) the alternate forms in which they are available.

June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 487

Software Review

Micro-Decision Support System/Finance (DSS/F)

Robert Moskowitz

22200 Tioga Place

Canoga Park, CA 91304

Micro-Decision Support System/Finance (DSS/F) is the first of what may be a new generation of supersoftware packages: programs with immense capabilities and multiple automatic functions shoehorned into a microcomputer.

Rusty Luhring of Ferox Microsystems Inc. of Arlington, Virginia, wrote DSS/F. Luhring is a computer veteran with professional experience on mainframe systems. Before he began to develop DSS/F, he worked for a prominent time-sharing company where he was responsible for the technical support of large users with complex financial-modeling needs.

He bought an Apple II microcomputer about two and a half years ago and learned Pascal. Overcoming some microcomputer limitations, Luhring created a very sophisticated software package that runs more like commercial programs on large computers than just another version of Visicalc.

Operation

In its current version, DSS/F requires the Apple Pascal system, two or three floppy-disk drives, and a dualpurpose hardware key that comes with the package. Once you have the Pascal prompt on screen and the key plugged into the game-paddle socket, you are ready to execute but not yet ready to produce useful results.

DSS/F builds and reports on a financial model from a series of separate files. By convention, the files carry a common root name and various suffixes to indicate their contents. (The disk name needed to call a file can be set up as a default value to save keystrokes.) MODEL.LOG might be the name of a file that defines the rows, columns, labels, and formulas that make up the model. This file tells the computer how to compute and compare

At a Glance

Name

Micro-DSS/Finance

Type

Financial-modeling software

Manufacturer

Ferox Microsystems Inc. I 70 I North Ft. Meyer Drive Suite 61 I

Arlington, VA 22209 (703) 841-0800

Publisher

Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Business and Professional Division Jacob Way Reading, MA 01867

Price

S 1499: extended service policy: S275 a year

Format

5 'A -inch floppy disk

Language Used

Pascal

Computer Needed

Apple II with 48 K bytes of memory: two or three disk drives: Pascal language system: 80 or 132 column printer

Documentation

100-page introduction and tutorial manual: 200-page reference manual, both wire bound

Audience

Financial managers, executives, and other business people interested in desktop computerized financial modeling or in providing such capabilities to specialists unfamiliar with computer operating procedures

488 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

all the values in the model so as to generate valid, meaningful results. You construct this logic file with the DSS/F Editor program, and you must compile it before you can use it the first time. If you make any changes to this file, you must compile the new version before you can rerun your model.

Following the name example above, the file MODEL.DATA contains the raw input data on which the MODEL.LOG file will operate. One way to use the DSS/F system is to enter all your data via the Editor, save it as a regular MODEL.DATA file, then go through the steps to run the model. Unfortunately, this tends to limit your spontaneity and cut down on the interaction between you and the DSS/F model. To minimize this limitation, enter data from the keyboard during the model run. Special temporary data commands allow you to change old values in mid-run and very quickly see the modified results. This approach saves a great deal of time and trouble and allows for "sensitivity analysis," or repeated runs of the model with only minor adjustments to find an optimum set of results.

If you run a DSS/F model without any MODEL.DATA file in memory, you would generate a null set of results. But you are then free to use the various commands to enter temporary data, manipulate it, and even save the computed results in a special disk file. DSS/F lets you retrieve and modify these files as easily as the regular MODEL.DATA files. When used in this manner, the system is much more interactive than virtually any timesharing system.

Additional files that make up a complete model package include a MODEL.REP file that specifies the fullscale reporting format you will use and a MODEL.WS file that contains the derived information needed to print a work sheet. These work sheets are automatically keyed to the rows and columns of the model you are constructing. More on these and other file types later.

So Many Numbers

Each of the files you need is constructed with the DSS/F Editor. The Editor assigns line numbers to the file as you go, but you must key into the line a row number that corresponds to the position of that line of logic or data in the model. The Editor-supplied line numbers are needed for line-oriented editing commands, such as Insert, Delete, Fix, and so forth. You can safely let the computer take care of these. But the computer does not give you much help with the row numbers, and they are the glue that holds the model together and makes it work.

Earlier versions of DSS/F were limited to a matrix size of 1919 data cells, or intersections of rows and columns. Your matrix could be 19 by 100 elements, 5 by 380, and so on. You could fill all available cells quite easily. (But the consolidation features made it possible to combine the results of separate models, and so work around this memory limitation.) The latest update of DSS/F, however, includes a virtual-storage routine that supports up to 32,000 data cells in a single financial model—a vast expansion in capacity.

DSS/F and Market Positioning

DSS/F is an unusual package in several ways. First and most obvious, its $1500 price tag for a single disk of programming is very steep by personal computer standards. Second, and less obvious, it is published by Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Addison-Wesley is well established as a publisher of business-oriented materials in print. Taking a flyer on Apple II software seems quite a leap for such a company.

The venture makes more sense if you turn the picture around and look at it from the point of view of mainframe time-sharing users. The organizations employing these people may already spend up to $30,000 a year or more for computerized financial modeling. From their perspective, the DSS/F system is dirt cheap, even if you include the cost of the Apple II, disk drives, and the Pascal language system.

From this perspective, DSS/F is highly interactive too; you can get it running and do several iterations of a model in less than an hour right on your desk, whereas with a mainframesupported modeling system you may need weeks simply to establish a model that works and do the first iteration.

As you look at the DSS/F package in this way, you begin to see the importance of the emphasis on user support, the orientation of the system toward paper-and-pencil preparation for computer runs, and the capabilities for automated^ operation by novices. All of these are marked similarities to, or advantages over, traditional time-sharing systems.

Program author Rusty Luhring readily admits much of this. "It is not as interactive as Visicalc," he recently confided, "but it is a whole lot more interactive than the mainframe systems our customers are used to. And while it does require a measure of familiarity with computers and programming to operate, it 'thinks' much more like a financial manager does than most of the time-sharing systems I have worked with."

All this adds up to a new critter in the Apple barnyard. If DSS/F proves itself over the long term—and as of now there is no reason to believe it won't—it may signal the approach of a new wave of software/hardware super-systems that vastly increase the basic Apple II's capabilities and, at the same time, command a vastly increased price.

In operation, DSS/F is very much oriented to row and column numbers. You must keep them straight and be able to refer to them accurately if you want to get anywhere with your model. You can enter the rows of data in any order you wish: the computer builds the same model regardless. As long as the logic specified and the data for it to use carry the correct row numbers, the results will be what you want.

One initially confusing feature is the convention that says all data values must be entered as decimal numbers (1.0, 2.3, 1000000.0, etc.), while any integers (1, 2, 3, etc.) are automatically interpreted as row numbers. (I wish that "R" could be used to specify row numbers, so I wouldn't have to reprogram my brain to match the computer's numerical understanding.)

Another confusing element is the sheer volume of similar numbers: row numbers, line numbers, coded instruction numbers, disk-drive numbers, and data values

June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 489

can blur together and leave room for an embarrassing sequence of silly mistakes. For example, if you insert a value where you need a code number, or a row number where you need a line number or a value, the model will twist itself out of shape, confounding your results but not always flashing an error message.

You can juggle all these numbers successfully in your head only for some of the simpler models. Almost as soon as you try to model a real financial situation, such as a home purchase or the break-even analysis on a new product line, you find yourself swamped in digits. You need a pencil and plenty of paper to dig yourself out. I found frequent printouts extremely helpful too. With a printout of the logic in front of me, for example, I could locate much more quickly the line or row number I wanted to access. Without hard copies of your files, you'll spend a lot of time listing groups of logic or data statements on the screen and trying to remember long series of numbers to key in somewhere else.

Start with the Logic

To start a new model under DSS/F, you must construct a MODEL.LOG file that defines and structures the model. You have no model, and you cannot see any calculated results until you have the correct logic compiled (which may cause up to a five-minute delay each time you do it) and operating on temporary data (or a bona fide MODEL.DATA file). This means that in practice, DSS/F is too slow and cumbersome for simple models and spontaneous "what if" games. It's like outfitting yourself for a weekend in the wilderness—you don't go to all that trouble every time you want to take a walk in the park.

In fact, a quick way to give yourself a headache is to approach a financial-modeling problem by trying to give DSS/F some figures, manipulate them, give it some more data, change a few values, manipulate them slightly differently, and progress in this manner until you have an adequate working model. You cannot easily feel your way along. DSS/F requires more discipline, planning, and preparation. It trades off some simplicity of operation and interactiveness for sophistication and flexibility on the high-end applications.

To use DSS/F properly, you will want to do a lot of paper-and-pencil work before you reach for the keyboard. As with the time-sharing systems you may be familiar with, you must have a firm grasp of what you are doing and where you are in the modeling process in order to make good use of your microcomputer's vast new capabilities.

But once you have a plan for the model you want to construct or once you have a basic financial model debugged and operating, it is very simple with DSS/F to get the model running and test a series of different values.

Real Power

The real power of DSS/F lies in its ability to handle complexity and in its graphics and reporting capabilities. Here is a brief rundown on some of the features that

Enhancements

Ferox Microsystems plans to announce several enhancements to DSS/F soon. Some of these will eliminate problem areas identified in this review. Enhancements will include:

• a menu-creation capability that will allow users with no computer knowledge to access the full power of DSS/F by simply selecting from a customized menu (no commands or file names required)

• the ability to refer to rows by variable names as well as row numbers, making it easier to create and modify logic files and avoid confusion between row and column numbers

• "goal seeking" or "backward iteration" will allow the user to reverse the calculation, entering a desired outcome (say, a particular target profit) and DSS/F will calculate the input values required to create that outcome

Ferox also plans to announce database-manager, statistical, and communications packages, along with a pen-plotter graphics package—all with DSS/F interfaces. All Ferox software runs on the Apple II, Apple III, TRS-80 Model II, and IBM Personal Computer.

make the DSS/F system flexible, powerful, and useful for large-scale modeling applications.

Automated work sheets: Once you have the logic file debugged and compiled, you can use the Report function to scan the logic and generate a MODEL.WS file. Printing this file generates a neatly formatted data-collection work sheet. The work sheet emerges from the printer with titles, labels, and appropriate spaces for all the data needed by the logic. If your model uses the built-in Loan, Depreciation, or Tax-Loss Carry-Forward functions, the computer even adds appropriate prompts for needed data to the work sheet without being asked.'

In practice, you can generate these work sheets for others in your company to fill in, others who may have no understanding of computer modeling and no idea that a computer will later crunch their numbers. This feature saves you time, can increase the accuracy of data used, and even makes keying in the data easier because the work sheet is set up and labeled to fit the MODEL.DATA file structure your model needs.

JOB files: These are like Apple II Exec files. They offer a way to preprogram control of the computer and have it step itself through repetitive or complicated processing sequences. The JOB files are created in the Editor mode and saved under the MODEL.JOB name convention before the JOB mode is entered.

To run the computer in this mode, at the Command prompt, you enter JOB. The computer asks for the file containing the commands. When you give the proper file name, the computer goes off and does its business without you. In the JOB mode, DSS/F is fully capable of loading files, processing data, and printing the results while you do something else. You may appreciate this feature if you want to automate a frequent sequence of modeling commands so you can start the computer, leave the room, and pick up the finished printout later.

490 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

GEN files: This type of file controls the computer to prompt for data, insert that data where needed in the model being run, and generate customized reports as needed. GEN files are extremely valuable in conjunction with the data-gathering work sheets and the JOB files if you want to set up the system to give novices access to DSS/F's most advanced modeling capabilities without giving them the extensive training and computerfamiliarization experiences they might need to work the system on their own.

While it takes a lot of work, you can use the GEN system to create a totally user-friendly self-controlled financial-modeling system. GEN files contain commands, prompt lines, and up to 20 variables. Available GEN commands include Ask (for input), Get (a file), Write (a file), Job (execute a JOB file), When (test for a condition), and Add and Subtract.

Using the GEN mode and its When commands, for example, you can cause DSS/F to display a menu of numbered choices on the screen, accept keyboard input in response, and then follow a complicated procedure that prompts for financial data from the work sheet, processes it, and produces a printed Report—all automatically. In addition, you can set up other GEN files to prompt the user for specific data to be manipulated within a model as it runs.

Consolidating: A set of commands within the DSS/F system allows you to extract portions of data sets and add them to or subtract them from other portions of other data sets. From several sets of data, you can extract a single row (line item), a single column (time period), or multiple rows and columns. What's more, you can engage a previously created GEN file that prompts for specifications and does the consolidation for you. This makes monthly reporting of sales by product, for example, or projected profit by division a very simple matter. You can create separate models for each of the basic subdivisions within your organization, and then consolidate performance or projections as needed. With the updated virtual-memory capacity, you can build one giant model and simply extract the portions of it you want for any specific report.

While it may take some time and planning to do this consolidation or extraction the first time, you can put the required commands into GEN or JOB files and execute the sequence again later with only a few keystrokes. By putting in the proper on-screen prompts, you can arrange DSS/F to do even the most complicated work for the most naive user.

Built-in functions: DSS/F has a large repertoire of preprogrammed functions it can execute on cue. Briefly, for a given cash-flow stream: NPV computes the net present value, MULTINPV does this for several discount rates, NPVPERPET does it as if the stream were perpetual, IRR gives the internal rate of return for the stream, and PAYBACK computes the number of periods needed to recover the initial investment.

DEPR calculates the depreciation on a given investment item according to five parameters you provide in

code, including life, depreciation method, residual value, half- or full-first-year depreciation, and optimal year switch-over options.

Various LOAN functions let DSS/F automatically calculate interest, principal, remaining balance, and periodic payment for a loan according to four parameters you provide in code, including interest rate, number of payments, and starting month.

Tax Loss Carry Forward automatically carries forward into each year of your model any losses applicable from prior years.

A LOOKUP function allows you to specify a table, such as a tax table, and then refer to it in your modeling computations. You set up a table by putting values in columns 1 and 2 which define an interval for each row. Then in another row you list the rows that make up the table.

The LOOKUP function will go to the table, find the appropriate interval into which a search value fits, and then pull out whatever result value is found in the requested column of that row. For example "4 LOOKUP 8 for 10" will do the following: take the value in row 4 (column by column), look it up in the table specified in row 8, find the proper row of that table, and pull out the value in column 10 of that row. The result will be returned, column by column, to the row where the LOOKUP command was placed.

A variety of logical operators and LOOP functions allow more sophisticated manipulation of specific data. If some formulas contain circular references, you can cause DSS/F to solve the model repeatedly until it finds the answer to these "simultaneous equations."

Very Fancy Reporting

While DSS/F may have good points and bad points relative to other microcomputer financial-modeling programs, it is clearly on top when it comes to reporting.

Specific formatting commands tell the computer what values to print, in what order, and where on the page. The computer easily handles pagination, form length, brackets for negative numbers, decimal conventions, and other niceties, as well as providing extensive options for titles and headings, columns, underlining, mixing text and data, and more. It even has a special command to turn the matrix sideways, converting rows to columns and columns to rows.

DSS/F can also be set up to prompt for information as it prints and then to include the keyboard response in subsequent printing.

Specifications for formal reporting must be established using the Editor and saved in a special MODEL.REP file. This can take time. To get a quick response, you can obtain results without a MODEL.REP file. You simply specify the rows and columns you want to see, and DSS/F displays them on the screen (the QD command) or the printer (the PRINT command).

Another output mode is DATAVIEW. This subsystem of DSS/F actually processes data and logic together in real time and displays the results. But it is an interactive mode, and allows you to give various commands to cause

June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 491

selected rows and columns of calculated results to appear. In this mode, the TD command allows you to enter temporary data from the keyboard and have it processed without constructing a MODEL.DATA file and without interrupting the model run.

If you like a set of results, you can save the calculated results to the disk for later retrieval. In the DATA VIEW mode, DSS/F accepts many disk-access, data-entry, and data-manipulation commands.

One nice feature is the ability to set up incremental changes in values, say a 10 percent increase, that is handled automatically by the computer. This saves keystrokes because the computer will accept an initial value and a change factor and use them to fill in an entire series of data values.

Graphics

Once you have your calculated results, DSS/F offers extensive graphics options for displaying them. By ending the modeling session and running the DSS graphics program, you can turn data files or the data currently in memory into pie charts, bar charts, or line graphs quite easily. The computer will calculate the ranges automatically or accept your input and automatically print monthly labels. Color graphics are also no problem.

As with DSS/F reports, its graphs give great freedom for titling, labeling, and highlighting various parts of the finished graphic. You can use a previously saved graphspecification file or wing it as you go. The system provides for such capabilities as stacking up to eight sets of values into a single bar chart.

The hardware key in your game-paddle socket resembles and functions as a slide-projector remote control. It can be used to call up a series of previously constructed graphic images onto the monitor screen, almost exactly as if they were actual slides. It's uncanny to see this feature operate, and it's potentially useful for cutting the time and trouble of actually preparing slides from computer graphics output. Once you change the disk name to TRAY and save your previously prepared graphics images as SLIDE1, SLIDE2. . .SLIDE17, the rest is as easy as pushing a button.

Error Handling

DSS/F's error messages, like all its command prompts, are in English (that is to say, they avoid the common problem of being vague or cryptic). I found the errortrapping and error-handling routines quite good and very friendly. For example, illegal commands are met with the response: "Don't recognize that one. Try again." DSS/F does have some confusing elements not totally accounted for. If you try to run a GEN file with the wrong command, for example, the system responds with a lot of garbage. This can happen more often than you think, because it is very difficult for a person to keep accurate track of all the files involved in a DSS/F model package.

Similarly, it was very common for me to confuse line numbers and row numbers. In both editing the files and running the models, I got confusing and wrong results.

And I got unwanted results when I failed to include the needed decimal point in a data value or included one in a row number (where it is never needed). I suppose that experience with the system would eliminate many of these human errors, but these quirks make learning the system more difficult than it should be.

Documentation

I found the 300 or so pages of instructions, reference materials, tutorials, and miscellaneous command lists an extremely valuable and accurate package. Other than a few typographical errors, the package is well written, accurate, and informative.

More to the point, Luhring and his associates are very strong on user support. Satisfied users of the package say that Luhring has nursed them through both silly and complicated problems without a murmur of discontent or any effort to point the finger of blame. For the price of this software, which places it in a different market position from most software for the Apple II, you would expect such treatment. It's good that the user can feel confident of getting it.

Conclusions

• DSS/F is a sophisticated and comprehensive financialmanagement tool that can be a valuable aid to people who have a frequent need for complicated financial planning, modeling, or investment comparisons. All who used it expressed admiration for its sophistication and flexibility.

• Its graphics capabilities are excellent; it handles much of the work automatically and turns data files into visuals very efficiently.

• DSS/F is capable of automatic operation, on-screen prompting, and real-time presentation of its results in both numeric and graphics form. This makes it a flexible tool for processing as well as displaying financialmodeling data.

• The program does not live up to all the claims AddisonWesley makes for it, though. Contrary to what AddisonWesley says, the program requires the user to be quite familiar with standard computer operations and procedures and to think in computer—not only financial—terms.

• DSS/F trades quicker familiarization, speedier modeling, and a greater degree of user interaction for enhanced reporting, graphics, calculating, and automated capabilities. It does not compete with cheaper, simpler, and easier modeling programs. Instead, it adds a new high end to the existing levels of Apple II computer capabilities.

• For most financial-planning situations suitable for a microcomputer, using DSS/F is something like using an elephant gun to kill a rabbit. It will do the job, but with a measure of overkill. In practice, the hefty price tag will probably limit the number of small-computer users who will turn to DSS/F. For those who can afford it, though, DSS/F is certainly a very powerful financial-modeling tool.B

492 June 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Technical Forum

Conditionals in LISP

Use the COND primitive as a decision-making function.

M.S. Howard

83 Yi Partition St.

Saugerties, NY 12477

LISP is a programming language invented to implement list processing, which is a suitably vague term that denotes all the useful things you can do that involve building lists of objects and other lists, and taking them apart. For example, useful things include translating a high-level language into machine-executable code, bookkeeping, and algebra.

The most useful aspect of a programming language is that it allows programs to be written that mimic problems and situations in the real world. This requires that a program be able to perform actions (make decisions) which are conditioned on the current state of the world (the environment and current data). The ability to make decisions is accomplished in most languages, such as FORTRAN and Pascal, by using the IF statement. Special classes of conditional action are built in to support iteration, with termination depending on a maximum number of counts (DO loops, FOR . . . NEXT loops, etc.) or on some logical predicate's operation on the current environment and data (REPEAT . . . UNTIL . . . , etc). LISP achieves all this using the COND primitive. This article discusses the application of this primitive to emulate the less general constructs of other languages. This is done to explain the syntax and to demonstrate the generality of the COND primitive. (For an overview of the LISP language see the August 1979 BYTE.)

Syntax of COND

It's necessary to know a little about LISP in order to

discuss the syntax of COND. LISP is a language that essentially takes a function in a Polish notation form and evaluates it. The general syntax is:

(function arg 1 . . . arg N)

Please note that I haven't specified anything about the nature of the function, how it is defined, what the arguments are, how many there may be, or even if N must be a known fixed number. LISP doesn't need that information. Basically, you can have almost any type of function that you can define on any type of data structure that you can represent by using tree structures of objects and numbers. The arguments must be definable, e.g., objects with names, numbers, or some function applied to some arguments. If an argument is in a functional form, the system will evaluate it, etc. (If this sounds interesting, read a book on LISP, then go find a computer and play with it for a while.) The language system usually knows an initial set of functions which you don't have to build yourself. These are called primitives.

COND, a LISP primitive, takes a variable number of arguments. The arguments are of the form:

(predicate el . . . eN)

The predicate is a legal expression which is evaluated. If its value is not NIL (a special LISP list which is analogous

June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 493

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Technical Forum

to 0 or the empty set), then each of the expressions el through eN is evaluated. The value of the entire COND expression is taken as the value of the last expression evaluated, i.e., the value of eN. In other words, COND is about as general a CASE statement as has been invented.

Simulations

Let's see how COND corresponds to the more common types of conditionals. First we will try to simulate the IF . . . THEN . . . ELSE . . . statement:

(COND

((predicate of the IF) (the THEN clause)) ( T [this is not NIL] (the ELSE clause)))

The first predicate is the only one we care about, so the second predicate is designed to make sure that the ELSE clause is performed when the IF clause is false. So far, COND appears to have no advantage over IF . . . THEN . . . ELSE . . . , but this is not the case (COND is more general).

Now let's try the CASE OF var DO . . . statement:

(COND

((EQUAL var easel) ell . . . elN) ((EQUAL var case2) e21 . . . e2N)

((EQUAL var caseM) eMl . . . eMN))

Here COND signals the evaluator to test if var is EQUAL to easel, case2, etc., and to do the appropriate things under those conditions.

More Syntax

To perform other conditionals mentioned at the beginning of this article we need to use recursion. Most programmers consider recursion a nasty word because it is not structured. The fact is that recursive structures, which have been around for a long time, are not all that hard to deal with. Everyone who has taken high school algebra is familiar with proof by induction. This is a fundamental recursive technique and pervades mathematics. The principal problem with recursive programs up to now has been the need for a lot of memory and the slow speed of execution. The memory-size problem was caused by the expense of high-speed memory and the fear that if the program isn't bound by the memory requirements at compile time, it may not fit in the machine. The fact is that high-speed memory is getting cheaper than birdseed, and very few legitimate problems ever really eat up the whole machine.

The second problem is execution speed. I am on shaky ground here, but I am told that the LISP at MIT does number crunching (which LISP is not supposed to do

494 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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well) as speedily as the DEC FORTRAN compiler (using the same computer) working on similar (or maybe the same) problems. This doesn't mean that LISP is necessarily great for number crunching, but it does mean that an interpreted language which encourages recursive programming at every turn need not be all that slow.

Recursion

Now that I have tackled a few prejudices, let's examine what recursion is. Basically, recursive programming is a means of setting down a procedure for writing a program at execution time, as opposed to iteration or standard programming, which is writing a program at compile time. Does this mean that we are writing self-modifying code! Not at all. In fact, we are avoiding any nontemporary modification of the state of the computer. The code which we write is not modified. It allows the language interpreter to construct a sequence of routine calls which will solve a given problem at execution time. It just so happens that the sequence of routine calls is problemdependent and so varies from execution to execution. The state of the system after the program has been executed need not be different from what it was prior to execution, and none of the original instructions need be modified. How many times have you messed up a program by mod

ifying a globally defined variable down in some BASIC or Pascal subroutine, and not known what happened when your program blew up7 Recursive programming exterminates a lot of those types of bugs before they hatch.

Now that we have recursion, we need to be able to establish function definitions. A language must allow the programmer to associate a name with a function and so invoke a desired function at will. The mechanism used by LISP is the primitive LAMBDA. The syntax of LAMBDA is:

(LAMBDA list-of-variables things-to-do)

The list-of-variables is a LISP-type list of the dummy variables which are used in the function definition. For example, these are the variables you normally see in algebra when you write:

i(x,y,z)

The things-to-do are the instructions for applying the function. In order to use the function you usually need to name it. This is done in a variety of ways, depending on the particular LISP system you are working on. The University of Wisconsin allows two forms:

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Technical Forum,

(SETQ name (LAMBDA etc.)) (CSETQ name (LAMBDA etc.))

The difference between the two functions has to do with the way the interpeter retrieves information from memory, and as such is beyond the scope of this article. Just remember that it is possible to name a function.

Recursion in Use

Now that recursion is out of the way, let's simulate a WHILE . . . DO . . . statement:

(SETQ f (LAMBDA args (COND

((WHILE clause) things-to-do (f modified-args)) (T termination-conditions))))

This function works by first checking the WHILE clause to see if it is time to quit. If it is, the function does whatever is necessary upon termination time. If it is not time to quit, the function continues, then calls itself to check the WHILE clause, etc.

Now let's simulate a REPEAT . . . UNTIL . . . statement:

(SETQ f (LAMBDA args tasks-to-be-REPEATed (COND

((termination (i.e. The UNTIL) clause)

termination-things)

(T (f modified-args)))))

This listing is similar to the WHILE . . . DO . . . statement above. This is because the two forms are essentially the same. The only difference is when the termination clause is tested. The WHILE . . . DO . . . and REPEAT . . . UNTIL . . . forms do not allow for combined forms such as:

(SETQ f

(LAMBDA args

things-to-be-repeated upon every application

(COND

((termination clause) termination things) (T things-to-do if termination clause is false (f modified-args)))))

This is a simple combination of the two forms.

Conclusion

The usual application of COND in a LISP program is a combination of all the above forms. This is tough on beginning LISP programmers, principally because they generally come from restricted programming environments. They attempt to jam LISP constructs into forms they are familiar with. This doesn't work, because LISP primitives are usually either more general than anything they have (e.g., COND) or more primitive than what they are familiar with (e.g., LAMBDA). They usually don't have much trouble with SETQ because this equates to ': =' or whatever assignment primitive their languages use. But they have an awful time with SET. This feature of LISP, which always associates both a value and a label with an object, opens up all sorts of interesting areas, such as the difference between a function which returns a value and one which has "side effects."■

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Programming Quickie

Listing the Disk Directory in CP/M-based Pascal

Daniel S. Hunt

822 Green Valley

Newbury Park, CA 91320

You'll often want to obtain a listing of the disk-file directory while operating directly from within an application program. It saves time and simplifies operation.

Because not all CP/M-based languages offer a built-in directory-search-and-list function, you have to create your own. The "getdir" program described here (see listing 1) is a directory-search-and-list program written in Pascal/MT. It will run alone, or you can modify it to run as a subroutine in a host program. Its output is much the same as that of the DIR command in CP/M. Identical results can be obtained in PL/I-80, FORTRAN, and CBASIC by using the algorithms of "getdir" to write assembly-language equivalents where needed. Descriptions of the Search First and Search Next function calls to the CP/M operating system are described in the CP/M 2.0 and 2.2 Interface Guide.

The core routine of "getdir" is procedure "gdir". Through procedure "search" it calls CP/M to obtain a directory locator code, which points to the file name most recently placed in the input buffer. "Search" uses CP/M Search First (17) and Search Next (18) functions, which are placed in register C. Register DE holds the pointer to a 12-byte FCB (file control block). This FCB is represented as "title", an array indexed from 0 to 11. Byte 0 in the array indicates the disk number, converted after user input from an ASCII "a" or "b" to a binary 1 or 2. The next eight positions are the file name, followed by the three positions of the extension. They are filled here with question marks to indicate to CP/M that any name found is to be listed.

When "search" returns the directory code, it is multiplied by 32 and added to hexadecimal address 80 (128 decimal), the base of CP/M's file I/O (input/output) buffer. The result, assigned to "dirptr", is the address immediately preceding the 11-character string that will hold a valid file name from the directory. Now that you

have control of the string, you can print it, transfer it to storage for later use, or remove names that you don't need displayed.

Procedure "printname" moves the newly found FCB at "dirptr" to a working string called "prntitle", where it is converted to readable form with spacing and colons. The variable "nmctr" limits the output of each line to four names so that the directory will be correctly displayed on a 64-column screen (see listing 2 on page 501).

Procedure "list", which calls "gdir", performs several vital functions. It is kept separate from "gdir" because you may want to modify one or more of its functions. "List" asks you which disk unit is to be searched and resets the CP/M system in preparation for listing the directory. Reset is mandatory; otherwise CP/M gets lost and throws garbage into the I/O buffer.

In Pascal/MT, an extension to the standard language allows an external procedure, with the absolute address of "bdos", to perform the reset function. If your compiler does not offer such an extension, "setdisk" may be replaced with the following assembly-language equivalent:

mvi c,resetf ;resetf equ 13

call bdos ;entry point at 0005

In CBASIC this function is performed by the built-in statement INITIALIZE, which must be used before calling an assembly-language version of "getdir".

The third function of "list" is the assignment of a string to the variable "title". This determines whether all names or only specific names are returned in register A by the Search First and Search Next calls. If "title" is chr(0) + "???777????7", then everything on the default disk would be returned. If "title" is chr(2) + "77777777DAT", then only those file names on disk B with the extension DAT would be returned. ■

June 19B2 © BYTE Publications Inc 497

Programming Quickie,

Listing 1: The "getdir" program, written in Pascal/MT, version 3.2, will search a CP/M disk and provide you with a listing of the disk directory from within an application program.

program getdir;

(* Directory Search and Print... *) (* By Daniel S. Hunt, April 3, 1981 *) (* Pascal/NT 3.2, CP/M 2.2, Sol-20 *)

type filenametype = packed array[0..11] of char;

procedure external[5] setdisk(func : integer);

function ucase(inchar : char) : char; begin {convert lower to upper case}

if (inchar >= 'a') and (inchar <= 'z') then ucase := chr( ord( inchar) St $5f)

else ucase := inchar; end;

procedure gdir(var title : filenametype); const

eodir = 255; {CP/M end of directory} var

prntitle : filenametype;

ch : char;

i : integer;

dirptr : integer;

func : integer;

nmc.tr : integer;

dircode : integer;

procedure search(var title:filenametype;

var dircode : integer; func : integer); const

bdos = $0005; var

fcb : integer;

ret*a : integer; begin

fcb := $5c; {fcb address}

move(title,fcb~,12); {12 = fcb length}

inline(

498 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1 continued:

'lhld / Ecb /

'xchg /

•lhld / func / 'raov c,l /

'call / bdos /

'mov l,a / 'mvi h / $00 /

'shld / rega); dircodc := rega; end;{search}

{fcb address to regs.OE}

{search function to C} {returns directory code}

{reg.A passed back, via dircode}

procedure printname; begin

moveCdirptr",prntitle,12);

if nmctr = 1 then {only at start of line do we...} begin {...precede name with unit name} {by translating back to uppercase letter.} cb := title[0] ;

ch := chr(ord(ch) + ord('@')); write(ch); end; write(' : '); for i := 1 to 8 do {cbars[1..8] of filename}

write(prntitle[i]); write(' '); for i := 9 to 11 do {3-character extension}

write(prntitle[il); if nmctr = A then

begin {on end of line, return, reset counter} writeln; nmc t r : = 0; end end; {printname}

begin {gdir} nmctr := 0;

func := 17; {cpm search first} search(title,dircode,func); func :■ 18; {cpm search next} while dircode <> eodir do begin

nmctr := nmctr + 1;

{calculate index, print and search for next}

Listing 1 continued on page 500 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 499

Programming Quickie ■

Listing 1 continued:

dirptr := 128 + (dircode * 32);

printname;

search(title,dircode,func);

end end; {gdir}

procedure list; var

tide : filename type;

ch : char;

func : integer; begin

title := '????????????'; {bytes 1..11 all wild cards}

write('LIST DISK DIRECTORY: Unit A or 13? ');■

read(ch);

{translate disk name to binary}

ch := ucase(ch);

ch := chr(ord(ch) - ord('(3'));

title[0] := ch; {byte 0 is disk unit number}

{re-set cp/m, default dma buffer to 80 hex} func := 13; {mvi c,resetf} setdisk(func); {call bdos} writeln; gdir(title); writeln; end;

begin (*main*)

repeat list until false; end.

If you won't read these 7 signals of cancer,..

You probably have the 8th.

: American Cancer Society

1* Change in bowel or bladder habits.

8. A sore that does not heal.

3. Unusual bleeding or discharge.

4.Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere.

©•Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing.

6.Obvious change in wart or mole.

7. Nagging cough or hoarseness.

O. A fear of cancer that can prevent you from detecting cancer at an early stage. A stage when it is highly curable. Everyone's afraid of cancer, but don't let it scare you to death.

Listing 2: Sample output from "getdir" showing both the A and B disk directories.

p.etdir

LIST DISK DIRECTORY: Unit A

or B? a

A : STAT

COM

EDIT

COM

. SYSF

"COM

: PIP

COM

A : AUTO

COM

SETBIT

COM

. GNTOKEN

LIB

: DRAW

SRC

A : PAS

COM,

PROMOLIB

SRC

: PASCAL/B

RTP

: PIERRORS

TXT

A : P2ERRORS

TXT

GDIR

DOC

■ GDIR

BAK

: GDIR

LIB

A : CRTLONG

LIB

TRAILMIN

LIB

: P2/BCD

OVL

: SOLIO

LIB

A : VIEW

COM

LTEST

SRC

LTEST

COM

: LTEST

BAK

A : ITEST

BAK

ITEST

COM

ITEST

SRC

: TTYLONG

BAK

A : TTYLONG

LIB

GETDIR

SRC

GETDIR

BAK

: GETDIR

COM

LIST DISK DIRECTOT

<Y: Unit A

or Br

' b

B : QUMESTAR

COM :

PIP

COM :

STAT

COM

• RND/IO

SRC

B : WRITEHEX

LIB :

P2/FLT

OVL :

STDLIB

SRC

• GNB

LIB

B : PASCAL/F

RTP :

FLTCOMP

COM :

VNB

LIB

. NEWDB

SRC

B : GNR

LIB :

CATALOGX

SRC :

PARSTEXT

SRC

SID

COM

B : CRTLONG

LIB :

GDIR

LIB :

PIERRORS

TXT

: DCONV

LIB

B : 6NSTR

LIB :

DUMPSUBS

o i v-L/ ■

SETBIT

SRC

DISKMAP

LIB

B : DEMOIO

SRC :

P2ERRORS

TXT :

PARSFRAC

LIB

PARSERS

SRC

B : SCONV

LIB :

CLONGTRM

LIB :

PARSE10

LIB

. WSMSOS

COM

B : SOLIO

LIB :

WNSTR

LIB :

TTYLTRM

LIB

RDCONSF

LIB

B : UTILMISC

LIB :

CALC

SRC :

PRI NTAT

SRC

FNAMPARS

LIB

B : CHAROPS

LIB :

HEXC

LIB :

TTYLONG

LIB

READHEX

LIB

8 : TTEST

SRC :

SETMEM

LIB :

READSTR

LIB

GETSYM

LIB

LIST DISK DIRECTOF

',Y: Unit A

or Br.

»

SLUDER HAS HIGH PE WE ARE A AUTHORIZED CompuPro Products, Seattle Computer, BOOT & RUN. Our Budget Line LUXURY LINE SHOWN CENTER Godbout CSC 10MHz 8086, RAM 16, Disk 1, I/O I CP/M 86 m Qume DT8's & C.V.T on drs $4395. CSC CPU Z,64K,(2)8" 3895. CSC 85/88,64K,(2)8" 3995. Lomas Systems with C.V.T 10MHz 8086,128K, 3995. MPM86 86,256K,DRS 4795. Seattle Sys I,Drs 4145. Seattle Sys II,DRS 4745. Prism 80 w/options 949. CP/M86 & MPM86 are trademark

SLUDER P.O. BOX 95

RFORMANCE 6MHz to 10MHz SYSTEMS EOR EVERYONE

System Center and Authorized DEALER For Lomas Data and Morrow Designs. ALL SYSTEMS SHIPPED READY TO is in an Intearand Cabinet with 10 slot MB w/drives

BUDGET LINE NOT SHOWN 6MHz CPU Z,64K,(2)8" $2695. 6MHz 85/88,64K,(2)8" 2695. 8MHz 8086, 64K,(2)8" 3095. Above are Godbout Systems Lomas Data Products Below s10MHz 8086,128K,(2)8" 2995. MPM86,8086?256K,(2)8" 3695. Morrow Decision IBasic 1295. Decision 1 System 3150.

Godbout Disk II 596.

Godbout 8086 A&T CPU 521.

ES C.Itoh FJO par. 40cps 1395.

s of Digital Research ALL Prices Subject to Change / UeMmirut&n., CA 92683-0957 (774) 895-7746

Circle 413 on inquiry card.

June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 501

What's New?

PUBLICATIONS

Microcomputer Business Guide

Your Fortune in the Microcomputer Business,

a two-volume series, serves as a complete reference guide for anyone wanting to break into the microcomputer industry. The first volume surveys the market, shows you how to select the right product or service and get necessary capital, and details the steps to follow when establishing a business. The second volume deals with the problems and decisions that must be faced when business starts rolling.

Each volume of Your Fortune in the Microcomputer Business costs $20. For further details, contact Wildfire Publishing Co., 326 Toro Canyon Rd., Carpinteria, CA 93013, (805) 684-1489. Circle 550 on inquiry card.

TRS-80 Interfacing Guide

The TRS-80 M1/M3 Interfacing Guide describes the APIO-80 all-purpose I/O interface for the TRS-80 Models I and III. The guide offers information on how to control AC circuits with relays or triacs; how to control moisture, light, and voltage sensors; and how to control analog I/O. Also described are basic software techniques such as controlling individual bits and creating programmable waveforms. Additionally, the guide has in

formation on interfacing a TRS-80 to a telephone for remote applications. The guide is available for S2.50 from Syntex Electronic Innovations, Department 86, POB 4034, Lancaster, PA 17604. Circle 551 on inquiry card.

Computer Science Catalog

The 1982 edition of the North-Holland Computer Science Catalog has information on 130 books and 25 journals covering all branches of information processing. The catalog is available free of charge from Han van Eybergen, North-Holland Publishing Co., POB 103, 1000 AC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Circle 552 on inquiry card.

Wordstar 3.0 Literature

A 16-page brochure that describes the 3.0 Wordstar word-processing program is available from Micropro International. The brochure illustrates the standard operating capabilities of the program and its new features, which include horizontal-scroll and columnmove capabilities and easyto-understand menus. Descriptions of the Spellstar and Mail Merge programs are provided. For your copy, contact Micropro International Corp., Literature Department, 1299 Fourth St., San Rafael, CA 94901, (415) 457-8990. Circle 553 on inquiry card.

A user ouoe

TO THE

UNIX

SYSTEM

Guide to Unix

A User Guide to the Unix System by Jean Yates and Rebecca Thomas is an introduction to the structure, software, and capabilities of this popular operat

ing system. Written with the beginner in mind, this book explains how to log on to the system, enter the shell, handle files, send mail, and create directories. Other features include an introduction to Unix's sophisticated utility programs and information about Unix system software, related products, university facilities, user groups, and newsletters.

The book is available in paperback for $ 15.99 from Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 630 Bancroft Way, Berkeley, CA 94710, (415| 548-2805. Circle 554 on inquiry card.

Management by Multiple Objectives

Management by Multiple Objectives (MBMO) is both a procedure and the title of a new book by Sang M. Lee. MBMO is an approach to integrating management systems and modern management technology to achieve many objectives. MBMO addresses a major shortcoming of management by objectives: how to reconcile mutually exclusive objectives to best meet the

goals of the entire organization.

Management by Multiple Objectives provides a basic understanding of MBMO concepts and techniques as well as the resources required to design and carry out an effective MBMO system. It is available for SI7.50 from Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 135 West 50th St., New York, NY 10020, (212) 265-8700. Circle 555 on inquiry card.

Games for PETs

Paymasters Mac Oglesby, Len Lindsay, and Dorothy B. Kunkin have designed a collection of computer games and recreations for computergame enthusiasts of all ages. PET Games and Recreations has games that test your ability to plot winning strategies, that cast you in the role of a detec

tive, and even games that help develop counting and language skills.

In hardcover, PET Games and Recreations costs $14.95. The softcover price is $9.95. For details, contact the Reston Publishing Co., 1 1480 Sunset Hills Rd., Reston, VA 22090, (800) 336-0338; in Virginia. (703) 437-8900. Circle 556 on inquiry card.

502 June 1982 © BYTE Publications be

I

What's New?

Introduction to Microprocessors

From Chips to Systems: An Introduction to Microprocessors, by Rodnay Zaks, is written for owners and users of personal and business computers. Containing more than 320 illustrations, the book explains what a microprocessor is, what it does, and how it performs its tasks.

From Chips to Systems: An Introduction to Microprocessors is available in softcover for $14.95 from Sybex, 2344 Sixth St., Berkeley, CA 94710, (415) 848-8233. Circle 557 on inquiry card.

Programming the Apple

Programming the Apple by John Campbell and Lance Zimmerman contains enough information to keep even the best programmer occupied for a long time, yet beginners can also benefit from it. The book has more than 330 illustrations that help readers understand Apple program development and testing, graphics, and operating systems. A glossary and a bibliography are provided.

Programming the Apple costs $24.95. Contact Mesa Research Inc., Route 1, Box 1456A, Waco, TX 76710, (817) 848-5272. Circle 558 on inquiry card.

Computer Simulation of Cryptography

Computer Simulation of Classical Substitution Cryptographic Systems by

Rudolph F. Lauer is packed with BASIC programs that let users simulate virtually any classical substitution cipher system. A number of cryptanalytic programs that assist readers in solving problems are given in each chapter. Other features include information on and a comprehensive list of U.S. cryptographic patents, a treatise on cryptanalysis, background information on various systems, discussions on cryptographic problems, and problems to be solved.

Computer Simulation of Classical Substitution Cryptographic Systems is available in softcover for $24.80 from Aegean Park Press, POB 2837, Laguna Hills, CA 92653, (714) 586-881 1. Circle 559 on inquiry card.

SYSTEMS

Super/Net

The Super/Net, a singleboard S-100 .computer system, runs under the CP/M or MP/M operating systems. The board consists of a 64K-byte bank-select dy

namic RAM (random-access read/write memory), a Z80A processor, a 2K-byte 2716 monitor EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory), 5!4and 8-inch floppy-disk controller, two serial and two parallel ports, and a Z80A counter/timer circuit for real-time interrupts.

The Super/Net meets IEEE-696 S-l 00 bus specifications and has a suggested retail price of $ 1 125. Contact Advanced Micro Digital Corp., Suite E, 7201 Garden Grove Blvd., Garden Grove, CA 92641, (714) 891-4004. Circle 560 on inquiry card.

Multiuser System

Supports Work

Stations

The 5032 Multishare is a multiuser, multitasking system that can support up to five work stations. The 5032 features a 32-megabyte 8-inch Winchester hard-disk drive, a 6-MHz Z80B processor, and an expanded 128K-byte RAM (random-access read/write memory) that provides 56K bytes per terminal. Additionally, the 5032 has an extended version of the CP/M operating system and the ability to support a serial and a parallel printer simultaneously. Standard software includes Microsoft BASIC, the Scope editor, and ZSM assembler.

Available options include a four-track 15megabyte cartridge-tape unit for system backup. The basic 5032 Multishare System, comprised of a video console, keyboard,

chassis with independent power supply, the Winchester drive, and a floppydisk drive, costs $13,995. Additional terminals cost $ 1995 apiece; the backup tape drive costs $3695. Contact Vector Graphic Inc., 500 North Ventu Park Rd., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, (805) 499-5831. Circle 561 on inquiry card.

Business Computer

The basic Victor 9000 business computer has 128K bytes of memory, internally expandable to 256K or 52IK bytes. Standard features of this 16-bit machine include disk-storage capacity of 1.2 megabytes, detachable keyboard with a user-defined function key, a 10-key numeric keypad, and a tiltand-swivel video monitor with dual-format operation. In the normal format, the monitor can approximate a typewritten page of 80 characters by 25 lines. In the expanded mode, under program control, the character generator can display 132 characters by 50 lines. The screen can simultaneously display highresolution graphics, bar charts, pie charts, diagrams, and schematics. It's

June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 503

What's New?

capable of addressing up to 800 horizontal dots by 400 vertical dots.

The Victor 9000 is available for $4995. Contact Victor Business Products, 3900 North Rockwell St., Chicago, IL 60618, (312) 539-8200. Circle 562 on inquiry card.

Eagle Comes with Software

The Eagle II small-business computer is supplied with its own software. Users merely select the suitable software package to use the Eagle for word processing or accounting applications. In the accounting mode, a single entry simultaneously places information into the appropriate accounts: general ledger, accounts receivable and payable, inventory control, payroll, sales or purchase order, and so forth. The Eagle's doubleentry accounting system automatically checks for errors.

In the word-processing mode, the Eagle displays information onscreen for editing, rearranging, storage, or output to a printer. Operating instructions can be accessed by a help key.

The Eagle II is CP/Mcompatible, and its mass storage is expandable to more than 10 megabytes. It features both a standard typewriter keyboard and a numeric keypad. The Eagle II is available for $4995 from Transnational Computer Corp., 1545 Old Bayshore Highway, Burlingame, CA 94010, (415) 692-7525. Circle 563 on inquiry card.

6502-based Desktop System

The MTU-130 is a 6502-based desktop computer that can address more than 64K bytes of RAM (random-access read/ write memory) without explicit bank-switching commands. The MTU-130 has a 256K-byte address space, 480 by 256 high-resolution graphics, up to 4 megabytes of storage on floppy disk, 80K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory), and antipiracy hardware that allows software vendors to protect their work. The system's 96-key keyboard features a full numeric keypad, cursor keys, and 10 programmable function keys. Other features include a one-watt audio amplifier, a 5- by 3-inch speaker, slots for four expansion boards, rear connectors for RS-232C and two parallel I/O ports, and switched AC outlets. The MTU-130's 80-character by 25-line display features a full-screen editor.

System software includes an advanced disk operating system called CODOS, which has Unixstyle files, device-independent I/O, and, according to the manufacturer, the abili

ty to locate and load a 32K-byte file in less than 3 seconds. Microsoft BASIC is provided and has been enhanced to allow programs to specify "libraries" of additional commands. Standard libraries include graphics and operating-system interface commands. Also provided is a fourvoice music package that uses the system's 8-bit analog-to-digital converter. The MTU-130 is available from Micro Technology Unlimited, 2806 Hillsborough St., POB 12106, Raleigh, NC 27605, (919) 833-1458. Circle 564 on inquiry card.

Cromemco Unveils Desktop Computer

Cromemco's System One desktop computer is designed for single- and multiuser applications. The basic System One comes with Cromemco's Z80Abased central processing unit, 64K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory), a printer interface, and dual quad-capacity 5/4-inch floppy-disk drives that can provide up to 780K bytes of storage.

Standard features include diagnostics that provide a quick test to see that the memory, controller, and disk drives are operating properly. Software support includes the Writemaster word-processing program, the Slidemaster graphics package, and a databasemanagement system. Available software includes Structured BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL, C, RATFOR, and LISP.

The Model CS-1 System One, with a choice of operatings systems including Cromix, is available from Cromemco dealers for $3995. Contact Cromemco Inc., 280 Bernardo Ave., Mountain View, CA 94043, (415) 964-7400. Circle 565 on inquiry card.

JBE 1 Single-board Computer

The 6502-based JBE I is a single-board microcomputer with room enough for 16K bytes of EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory), 4K bytes of RAM (randomaccess read/write memory), eight parallel ports, and a serial port. All address and data lines, power supply, RDY (ready), interrupts, and DMA (direct memory access) are brought off the board to a 50-pin edge connector.

Three JBE 1 versions are available: a fully populated board, a partially populated board, and a bare board. Documentation includes a 6502 programming manual and complete documentation for a 6522

504 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

VIA (versatile interface adapter], interfacing with an AD/DA (analog-todigital/digital-to-analog) converter, solid-state switch, EPROM programmer, and a parallel-input speech synthesizer.

Available options include a monitor and tiny BASIC. The fully populated JBE 1 costs S349.95, the partially populated version is S249.95, and the bare board costs $89.95. The EPROM with Tiny BASIC is available for $19.95; the EPROM with monitor costs $ 19.95. Information is available from John Bell Engineering Inc., POB 338, Redwood City, CA 94064, (415) 367-1137. Circle 566 on inquiry card.

New Computer from Hewlett-Packard

The HP-87 microcomputer features an 80-column by 24- or 16-line highresolution video display with 16K bytes of dedicated RAM (random-access read/write memory). Standard features include 48K bytes of enhanced HP (Hewlett-Packard) BASIC in ROM (read-only memory) and 32K bytes of RAM, expandable to 544K. All RAM is automatically configured into a single block when the HP-87 is switched on. Additionally, all memory can be used for program execution and data storage. Other system highlights include CP/M and HP-85 compatibility and a built-in interface, the HP1B, which can communicate with a wide variety of

Hewlett-Packard peripherals.

Among the options available for the HP-87 are Visicalc Plus, a serial RS232C interface, a Centronics-type parallel printer, and add-on RAM modules of 32K, 64K, and 128K bytes. Software available for the HP-87 includes HewlettPackard CP/M software, Micropro's database management programs, and the Wordstar word-processing system.

The HP-87 is available at local Hewlett-Packard dealers for $2495 to $7995, depending upon optional equipment. For the location of your nearest Hewlett-Packard dealer, call (800) 547-3400. In Alaska, Hawaii, and Oregon, call (503) 758-1010. Circle 567 on inquiry card.

S-100 Computers

Tecmar's new series of S-100 microcomputers are based on the 16-bit 8086 microprocessor. The Tec-86 includes the 8086 with vectored interrupts; 64K bytes of dynamic RAM (random-access read/write memory) or 32K bytes of static RAM, expandable to 1 megabyte; two serial RS232C ports; three 8-bit parallel ports; EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory) boot for the CP/M-86 operating system; double-density floppy-disk controller; dual 8-inch Shugart Associates' floppy-disk drives; and power supplies. The Tec86W has all these features

plus a 31-megabyte Winchester hard-disk drive and 256K bytes of RAM.

Systems software includes CP/M-86, Microsoft BASIC-86, and Pascal/ M86. The Tec-86 costs $3990; the Tec-86W costs $9990. For details, contact Tecmar Inc., 23600 Mercantile Rd„ Cleveland, OH 44122, (216) 464-7410. Circle 568 on inquiry card.

SOFTWARE

Unix Features for CP/M

Microshell is a userfriendly interface program that brings the power of the Unix operating system to any 8080-, 8085-, or Z80-based CP/M 2.2 system. Compatibility with CP/M programs is retained, but the user can enter multiple commands on a line, send normal output to a file rather than to the screen, and take input from a file instead of the keyboard. Microshell performs automatic disk-drive searches, eliminating the need for disk-drive prefixes to file names. Other features include direct execution of commands from a file without using the submit facility, user-defined prompt with drive or user number, user-customized search path to accommodate floppy- or hard-disk configurations, and an expanded submit facility. The Unix pipe facility is carried out using temporary files.

Microshell is available on 5'/4- or 8-inch disks, including manual, for $ 150. For

further details, contact

New Generation Systems

Inc., 2153 Golf Course Dr.,

Reston, VA 22091, (703)

476-9143.

Circle 569 on inquiry card.

Disk Catalog System

Catalog, a master diskcataloging system for CP/M-based 8080/Z80 computers, builds and maintains a compressed master database that's packed with information pertinent to each file. File displays include file name, file type, file size, and disk numbers with file- and user-entered notes. Among its other features are disk-content displays with the date of last entry and space used, and a quick summary of all disks including disk number and date last entered into database.

Catalog operates on CP/M versions 1.4, 2.0, and 2.2, and requires two disk drives and 24K bytes of memory. Catalog is available for $75, plus $2 shipping and handling, from SRX Systems, 2812 Westberry Dr., San Jose, CA 95132, (408)926-9411. Circle 570 on inquiry card.

BASIC Language Extension

BLX (BASIC Language Extension) is a structured programming tool that makes readable BASIC-80 or CBASIC programs possible. BLX provides an assortment of structures for program flow control, consis

June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 505

What's New?

tently formatted listings to highlight program structure, automatic indentation of structures, remark positioning, and subroutine separation. It produces two outputs: a "pure" BASIC file and a formatted listing file.

Designed to be used with 44K-byte CP/M operating systems, BLX costs S95, including documentation. The documentation alone costs $20; the BLX translator with documentation is available for S65. For further details, contact Quelo, 843 Northwest 54th, Seattle, WA 98107, (206) 784-8018. Circle 571 on inquiry card.

6809 Pascal Compiler

Omegasoft's nativecode Pascal compiler runs under the MDOS, XDOS, Flex, DOS69, or OS-9 operating systems. The singlepass compiler rapidly translates Pascal into optimized 6809 assembly-language code. It permits long integers that allow representation of dollar amounts without the speed penalties of double-precision real or BCD (binary-coded decimal) implementations. Full dynamic-variable allocation is provided by means of the NEW, DISPOSE, MARK, and RELEASE procedures. Random-access files are supported. Other features include a symbolic debugger, run-time library with source code, and utilities to assist in creating a chain file for automatically linking a user's program with the run-time library.

The native-code Pascal compiler requires a 48K-byte system. Options include a relocatable assembler and linker. The compiler is supplied with a language reference handbook and a configuration manual detailing operating-system-dependent features. The suggested price is S425. The assembler and linker cost S75. Contact Omegasoft Industrial Products Group, POB 70265, Sunnyvale, CA 94086.

Project Management System

The Visischedule program lets you create onscreen schedules of projects and tasks that incorporate all pertinent data, including costs, manpower, resource leveling, and scheduling constraints. Immediate response is given to your "What if?" schedule changes, complete with effects on subsequent events. Visischedule can chart and print out start and stop dates, slack time, holidays, and deadlines for as many as 160 projects. Visischedule can generate computer reports providing critical-path information, cost estimates, deadlines, and prerequisites of all or some of the project tasks.

Visischedule requires an Apple II or II Plus with a minimum of 48K bytes of memory and two disk drives. It's available for $300 from Visicorp, 2895 Zanker Rd., San Jose, CA 95134, (408) 946-9000. Circle 572 on inquiry card.

Electric Blackboard

The Electric Blackboard is a multiwindow full-screen text editor that runs on any Z80-based microcomputer running under the CP/M operating system. The Blackboard lets you divide your display screen into vertical and horizontal windows as narrow as one column or as thin as a line. Text is edited directly in each window, and results are seen immediately. Windows can be created or deleted as needed. The Blackboard lets you load, save, erase, move text, replace strings, and perform other functions when you want and in any window, independently of the other windows. Other features include automatic horizontal and vertical scrolling, keystroke saving, largeand wide-file editing, automatic memory management, a picture cursor that lets you set the direction that the cursor will move after a character is typed, the ability to display two or more separate pieces of text, and easy rendering of diagrams, flowcharts, and graphs.

Having a great I inc. Uish gou vert programing here.

Ig the vagi gour billing program Atf a bug in it. I think its a type coercim problen in gour nev language, lei m know what you think. 1 Lovti C.I.

The Electric Blackboard, including a learning guide, a reference manual, and a quick-reference card, costs less than $200 and is available from Santa Cruz Software Services, 1711 Quail Hollow Rd., Ben Lomond, CA 95005, (408)336-2170. Circle 573 on inquiry card.

Smart Security Analysis

The SMART (Securities Market Analysis, Reporting, and Transaction) system is designed for institutional money managers and sophisticated investors. SMART gives the Apple II Plus the ability to retrieve, store, graph, and analyze securities and economic data. A portfolio module provides capabilities for maintaining and reporting data and transactions for securities portfolios. SMART lets you automatically access data from one or more remote databases over telephone lines and prepare graphic displays in a variety of formats. Analytic tools include moving averages, exponential smoothing,

506 June 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

What's New?

momentum, trend lines, and user-defined formulas. SMART, which is available for SI950, requires a 48K-byte Apple II Plus, two disk drives, a micromodem, a monitor, and a printer. For more information, contact Software Resources Inc., Suite 310, 186Alewife Brook Parkway, Cambridge, MA 02138, (617) 497-5900. Circle 574 on inquiry card.

SMC BASIC on Fortune 32:16

Fortune System's 32:16 microcomputer is now available with SMC BASIC, a business-oriented interpreter with keyed-access capabilities, dynamic-memory management, and fast execution. SMC BASIC allows the IDOL databasemanagement system and other business-applications software to be run on the 68000-based Fortune 32:16. For further details, contact SMC Systems and Technology Inc., Proprietary Systems Division, POB 6800, Bridgewater, NJ 08807, (201)685-9000. Circle 575 on inquiry card.

Farm and Ranch

Management

Programs

American Small Business Computers' Farm and Ranch Management programs are designed for the Radio Shack TRS-80 Models I, II, and III. Developed at the Oklahoma State University's Agriculture division, program titles include Beef Projection, Feed

Lot, Government Program, Feed Formulator, and Pasture Projection. Program prices range from $ 15 to $100. Contact American Small Business Computers, 1 18 South Mill St., Pryor, OK 74361, (918)825-4844. Circle 576 on inquiry card.

Color Adventures

Your Apple II can be the setting for Scott Adams's series of high-resolutiongraphics Adventures. The graphics are compressed and drawn using more than 100 colors. In addition, the programs support the Votrax Type 'N Talk voice synthesizer. Adventureland, the first adventure in the series, is available for $29.95 from Adventure International, Department G, POB 3435, Longwood, FL 32750, (800) 327-7172; in Florida, (305) 862-6917. Circle 577 on inquiry card.

CP/M Users Compat

Compat, a disk-utility program that provides CP/M users with complete access to IBM System 3740 formatted disks, offers total .file-compatibility between CP/M and IBM 3740 disks. With Compat, IBM data can be read into and can be processed by a CP/M system, and vice versa. Additionally, IBM 3740 disks can be created on a CP/M system. Compat costs $99.95 and is available from Starr Computer Systems Inc., 6126 Melissa Ln„ Omaha, NE 68152, (402) 571-1722. Circle 578 on inquiry card.

PERIPHERALS

Portable Terminal with Printer

The Execuport 4120 is a multiprocessor-based portable terminal system with a thermal printer. The 4120 can produce high-resolution characters up to 233 characters per line, complete with fully formed lowercase descenders, at speeds of up to 120 cps (characters per second). Two character fonts are available: 9 by 11, which can print both standard

and high-resolution copy at 10 characters per inch, and 5 by 7, which produces a I63/4-charactersper-inch compressed print. System operating modes can be changed through keyboard instructions.

The 4120 is offered with a choice of modems and modem combinations that operate at 300 bps (bits per second) and 1200 bps. Through its RS-232C port, the 4120 can communicate at data rates up to 9600 bps. Provisions are available for as much as 56K-byte RAM (randomaccess read/write memory). For further details, contact Computer Transceiver Systems Inc., East 66 Midland Ave., POB 15, Paramus, NJ 07652, (201) 261-6800. Circle 579 on inquiry card.

Small-System Network Capability

Radio Shack's Network 3 Controller can link 16 nondisk TRS-80 Model Ills to a master Model III disk computer. With the Network 3 in command, each work station can simultaneously run a disk-based program while functioning as if it were an independent, diskequipped unit, complete with disk load and store commands. The Network 3 lets each work station select any program from a menu of programs on the host computer and employ a printer (optional) attached to itself or to the host computer. Print requests to the host com

puter are automatically queued.

The TRS-80 Network 3 Controller requires a TRS-80 Model III with a minimum of 32K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory), one disk drive, and an RS-232C interface for its host. Individual work stations require a TRS-80 Model III with a minimum of 16K bytes of memory, Model III BASIC, and an RS-232C interface. The Network 3 Controller is available for $599 at Radio Shack stores, Computer Centers, and participating dealers. Circle 580 on inquiry card.

June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 507

What's New?

Add Versatility

The Synergy-Card is a 16K-byte RAM (randomaccess read/write memory) card capable of adding a parallel printer port (Centronics standard), a serial RS-232C port, two interval timers, a real-time clock/ calendar, and a BSR X-10 interface to an Apple II, It can save up to five Apple slots while reducing power consumption. Serial data rates are software-selectable from 50 to 9600 bits per second.

Options for the SynergyCard include two programmable-interval timers that allow the Apple to do multiprogramming by producing regular interrupts so

to Your Apple

that programs can be run on a priority basis. An optional clock/calendar, supplied with batteries, is capable of automatically storing file creation time and date plus displaying day of week, month, year, hour, minute, second, and millisecond . The BSR X-10 interface option lets the Apple control any plug-in electrical device.

The Synergy-Card costs $195, including a user's manual. The options range in price from $20 to $59. Contact Spies Laboratories, POB 336, Lawndale, CA 90260, (213) 644-0056. Circle 581 on inquiry card.

Logic Analyzer

The Kanel A2-1 logicanalyzer card can analyze TTL-compatible MOS (metal-oxide semiconductor) and TTL circuits. Designed for the Apple II, the card has 32 data input probes and 16 data output probes that are connected to the card by three ribbon cables. Software-supplied displays enter signals as columns of 1 s and 0s. Additionally, from one to 16 inputs can be used for a trigger pattern.

The A2-1 is supplied with sample routines in BASIC, Pascal, and assembly language that can help you write custom programs for programmed stimulus-and-response interaction with circuits to be tested. The A2-1 logical analyzer costs $400 and is available from the Kanel Corp., Department A, 1025 Reynolds Rd. B202, Johnson City, NY 13790. Circle 582 on inquiry card.

Letter-Quality Printers

Southern Systems introduces two letter-quality daisy-wheel printers. The Model 3500 operates at 33 cps (characters per second), and the Model 7700 operates at 55 cps. Both feature parallel or serial interfacing (synchronous or asynchronous), automatic proportional spacing, and ribbon cartridges. The printers' formshandling options include bidirectional tractor feed, cut-sheet guide with automatic loading, single-bin cut-sheet feeder, and a dual-bin adapter. Wordprocessing options include proportional-space printing, half-linefeed, negative half-linefeed, automatic bold printing, shadow printing, and underscore.

For complete details on these printers, contact Southern Systems Inc., 2841 Cypress Creek Rd„ Fort Lauderdale, FL 33309, (305) 979-1000. Circle 583 on inquiry card.

Family of Printers

The IPS-5000-C is the featured member of Dataroyal's new line of intelligent printers. The 5000-C is a 165-character-per-second impact dot-matrix printer with increased programmable memory, graphics abilities, international character sets (optional), and a variety of user-selectable print styles. Standard features include a 500-character FIFO (firstin/first-out) buffer, X-ON/XOFF protocols, paper and forms-handling widths from 3 to 15 inches, and

the ability to print originals plus five copies. The 5000-C has both a parallel Centronics-type interface and an RS-232C interface, which operates at data rates from 110 to 9600 bits per second. Mean time between failures is 1500 hours at 100-percent duty cycle and paper density.

Members of the IPS-5000 family range in price from $1 100 to $1695; quantity discounts are available. For further details, contact Dataroyal Inc., 235 Main Dunstable Rd., Nashua, NH 03060, (603)883-4157. Circle 584 on inquiry card.

New Televldeo Products

Televideo Systems has added four new items to its product line. The first, the Intelligent I, is a smart video-display terminal. It features 64K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory), which gives it local-processing capabilities. The Intelligent I has a suggested retail price of $ 1695. The second product, the Model 970 video-display terminal, is an extension of the company's Model 950 smart terminal. It has expanded memory and additional operating and printing functions.

The final two products are mass-storage devices for the TS806 computer, a multiuser system with 64K bytes of RAM, a 10-megabyte 5 ]A -inch Winchester disk drive, and a 500K-byte floppy-disk stroage unit. The TS806C is a tapecartridge unit that provides 17.2 megabytes of backup

508 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

tape-storage capacity. The TS806H gives the TS806 computer an additional 10-megabyte, 514-inch Winchester disk drive. The TS806C has a suggested retail price of $3995. The TS806H costs $3600. For complete details on these and other products, contact Televideo Systems Inc., 1170 Morse Ave., Sunnyvale, CA 94086, (408) 745-7760. Circle 585 on inquiry card.

Video-Cassette

Recorder Control Board

The AM-610 is a VCR (video cassette recorder) controller board that uses a standard VCR and videocassette tapes for data backup and transfer of user-selected files. The AM-610 provides fileoriented backup and a directory, so users can selectively record or retrieve random and sequential files. A single video tape can back up as much as 100 megabytes of data, depending on the tape's length, the mixture of random and sequential files, and the amount of recording redundancy desired. When used with an Alpha Micro time-of-day clock and a programmable VCR, the AM-610 can provide automatic backup capabilities.

For complete details, contact Alpha Micro, 17881 Sky Park North, FOB 18347, Irvine, CA 92713, (714) 957-1404. Circle 586 on inquiry card.

Local-Network Component

The Model 71 is a shorthaul modem that serves as a local-network component for any RS-232C device. It can operate at distances of 2 to 10 miles, at speeds of up to 9600 bps, full-duplex, using two twisted cable pairs, or simplex, using a single twisted pair. Designed for asynchronous operation, the network must provide DC continuity and be of the nonload type. The Model 71 draws its power from the host device.

In single units, the Model 71 costs $87; quantity discounts are available. For details, contact Remark Datacom Inc., 4 Sycamore Dr., Woodbury, NY 11797, (516) 367-3806. Circle 587 on inquiry card.

MISCELLANEOUS

Manifest System Streamlines Shipping

The Parcel Manifest System is designed to streamline small package shipping. The system performs shipping functions such as weighing the parcel, calculating shipping charges, and selecting the least costly carrier; prints manifests; and compiles daily, monthly, and yearly shipping

reports. The system consists of a Z80-based microcomputer, a line printer, an electronic scale that sends data directly through an RS-232C interface, and software. The standard unit is equipped to handle both UPS (United Parcel Service) and U.S. Postal Service carriers and is designed to manage 3000 parcels in an eight-hour period. Modules for other carriers are available.

The Parcel Manifest System costs $8995. For complete details, contact Tandata Corp., Suite Six, 3336 East 32nd St., Tulsa, OK 74135, (918) 747-2071. Circle 588 on inquiry card.

Power-Line Monitor

The Inmac Power-Line Monitor can save you the expense of unnecessary repair calls by helping you determine whether a system shutdown is due to a faulty system or a power problem. The device keeps track of the power fed to computers and other sensitive equipment using 120 volts AC. It can pinpoint six different types of problems: power failure, low-or highline voltage, voltage spikes

or dropouts, and high-frequency noise. Line problems are indicated by LEDs (light-emitting diodes) and by a user-selectable alarm. The Inmac Power-Line Monitor costs $295; quantity discounts are available. For details, contact Inmac Corp., Department 23, 2465 Augustine Dr., Santa Clara, CA 95051, (408) 727-1970. Circle 589 on inquiry card.

CP/M 2.2 for TRS-80 Model III

The CP/M 2.2 operating system is now available for the TRS-80 Model III, thanks to Parasitic Engineering. Shuffleboard III uses a memory-mapping technique that lets the TRS-80 use standard CP/M. It comes with 16K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory); 2K bytes of ROM (read-only memory) expandable to 8K bytes; and Maxi-Disk CP/M 2.2, which supports singleor double-density 5 ]A -inch disk drives and enhances the keyboard and screen. With the Maxi-Disk, the keyboard can generate all 128 ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) and all CP/M control characters. Additionally, the screen can handle both nondestructive cursor movements and direct cursor addressing.

Shuffleboard III plugs directly into two sockets within the TRS-80; soldering and cut traces are not required. Shuffleboard III costs $495, including manuals and installation instructions. For more information, contact Parasitic

June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 509

What's New?

Engineering Inc., 1101 Ninth Ave., Oakland, CA 94606, (415) 839-2636. Circle 590 on inquiry card.

Miniature

Microprocessor

Crystals

Statek has unvieled a series of 1-MHz to 1.25-MHz quartz crystals that are 48 times smaller than the industry-standard HC-33 crystal package. Designed primarily for microprocessor-clock circuits, the crystals occupy only 10 percent of the board space required by conventional crystals. A 1-MHz version, the CX-11, is available with leads in a low-profile, hermetically-sealed ceramic package for use in printedcircuit board construction. Another version is leadless and can be used for direct surface mounting on printed-circuit boards or hybrid circuits.

In ten-unit lots, the crystals cost S 1 1.39 each. For details, contact Statek Corp., 512 North Main St., Orange, CA 92668, (714) 639-7810. Circle 591 on inquiry card.

Computer Camps

The following is a list of computer camps and where to send for further information.

Champlain College Computer Camp, Room #4A, Box 670, 163 South Willard St., Burlington, VT 05402, (802) 658-0800.

Computer Camp, Registrar, J. Hamilton Welch Academy, 3049 McGregor Blvd., Fort Meyers, FL 33901, (813) 334-6044.

Computer Camp Inc., Suite G, 1235 Coast Village Rd., Santa Barbara, CA 93103, (800) 235-6965; in California, (805) 969-7871.

Family Computer Camp, Conference and Information Center, Clarkson College, Potsdam, NY 13676, (315) 268-6647.

Lake Forest Computer Camp, Lake Forest College, Sheridan and College Roads, Lake Forest, IL 60045, (312) 234-3100.

National Computer Camp, POB 624, Orange, CT 06477, (203) 795-3049 or (203) 795-9495.

Tar Heel Career Camps Inc., POB 2328, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, (919) 967-6996.

Virginia Tech Computer Camp, Carisa Blaylock, College of Education, 300 War Memorial Gym, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, (703) 961-5587.

High-Speed UARTs

The COM 8018 and the COM 1863 are high-speed UARTs (universal asynchronous receivers/transmitters) that operate at data rates of up to 62.5

kbps (thousand bits per second) at a 1-MHz clock rate. The COM 8018 has a high-accuracy mode in which the master transmitter and receiver clocks are 32 times faster than the data, rather than the standard UART speed of 16 times. This allows a higherdistortion margin in the receiver-data sampling, which, in turn, improves the data accuracy in noisy environments. When its high-accuracy mode is disabled, the COM 8018 is pin-compatible with industry-standard UARTs. The COM 1863 has the same features as the 8018, with two exceptions: it does not have pull-up resistors or the high-accuracy mode.

Both devices are available in ceramic and plastic 40-pin DIPs (dual inline packages). In 100-unit lots, they cost S4.20 (plastic) and S13 (ceramic) each. Contact Standard Microsystems Corp., 35 Marcus Blvd., Hauppauge, NY 11788, (516) 273-3100. Circle 592 on inquiry card.

Microcomputer Reference Cards

Foldable, shirt-pocketsized microcomputer-system reference cards are available from Nanos Systems. Each card has a complete summary of the system as well as its reference manuals. The cards are printed on heavy-stock paper stretch-wrapped in plastic for protection. Cards are available for a wide assortment of systems, including TRS-80 Model I

BASIC and assembler, PET BASIC, Heath H-8/89 BASIC, Sinclair ZX80/81, and Atari BASIC and assembler. Card prices range from S2.95 to S5.95; quantity discounts are available. For further details, contact Nanos Systems Corp., POB 24344, Speedway, IN 46224, (317) 244-4078. Circle 593 on inquiry card.

Where Do New

Products Items

Come From?

The information printed in the new products pages of BYTE is obtained from "new product" or "press release" copy sent by the promoters of new products. If in our judgment the information might be of interest to the personal computing experimenters and homebrewers who read BYTE, we print it in some form. We openly solicit releases and photos from manufacturers and suppliers to this marketplace. The information is printed more or less as a first-in first-out queue, subject to occasional priority modifications. While we would not knowingly print untrue or inaccurate data, or data from unreliable companies, our capacity to evaluate the products and companies appearing in the "What's New?" feature is necessarily limited. We therefore cannot be responsible for product quality or company performance.

BYTE's Bugs

New Address Correct Price

The new address for the Datasouth Computer Corporation is POB 240947, Charlotte, NC 28224. Also, the DS180 printer, mentioned in the March 1982 BYTE (see page 483), costs $1595. We apologize for this error. ■

510 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 429 on inquiry card.

SUNNY LOW LOW COST

POWER SUPPLIES

(LINEAR & SWITCHING) FOR S-100, DISK DRIVES

KIT 1, 2 & 3 For S-100

R3

For Three 8" or 5V4" Disk Drives

S-100 POWER SUPPLY KITS (open frame with base plate, 3 hrs. assy, time)

S3 2 in 1 Unit for S-100 and two 8" or 51A" Disk Drives. It fits most Disk System Mainframes.

ITEM

USED FOR

@ + 8 Vdc

@ - 9 Vdc

@ + 16 Vdc

@ - 16 Vdc

@ + 28 Vdc

SIZE W x D x H

PRICE

KIT 1 15 CARDS SOURCE 15A

KIT 2 SYSTEM SOURCE 25A

KIT 3 DISK SYSTEM 15A

1A

2.5A 3A 2A

2.5A 3A 2A

4A

12" 12" 14"

5" x 4%"

5" x 47/s" 6" x 4%"

54.95 61.95 69.95

DISK DRIVE POWER SUPPLY "R3" regulated, open frame, assy. & tested 59.95

SPECS: +5V @ 6A OVP, -5V @ 1A +24V @ 6A, SHORTS PROTECT. 2 SIZES AVAIL., 1) 9" (W) x 61A" (D) x 4%" (H), 2) 9" (W) x 4%" (D) x5'A" (H)

OPTION: 1) REPLACE + 24V BY + 12V, 2) FOR SIZE 1 ONLY, ADD + 12V @ 1A, AT AN ADDITIONAL $12.00.

IDEAL FOR THREE 8" or 5V4 FLOPPY DISK DRIVES, SUCH AS SHUGART 801/851, SIEMANS FDD 100-8/200-8 OR 100-5 ETC.

* DISK SYSTEM PWR SUPPLY "S3" open frame, assy. & tested, compact size: io"(w)x6-(d)x5"(h)io2.95

REGULATED OUTPUTS FOR DISK DRIVES: +5V @ 5A, -5V @ 1A. +24V @ 5A (OR +12V @ 5A). „ .„„ pnriTcrT PP„ nl ITPIITC,

UNREGULATED OUTPUTS FOR S-100: +8V @ 14A.+ 16V@3A. with riVP r RH NT FOR + w

A COMPLETE UNIT FOR DISK SYSTEM WITH THE MAINFRAME CONTAINING 12 SLOTS & TWO minuvrunoun run -i-ov.

POWER TRANSFORMERS (with mounting brackets)

ITEM PRIMARY SECONDARY #1 SECONDARY #2 SECONDARY #3 SIZE W x D x H

T1

110/120

2x8 Vac,

15A

28 Vac, CT, 2.5A

3%'

x 35/b" x 3Vs"

22.95

l2

110/120

2x8 Vac,

25A

28 Vac, CT, 3.5A

3%'

x 4%" x 3Vs"

28.95

'3

110/120

2x8 Vac,

15A

28 Vac, CT, 2.5A

48 Vac, CT, 2A

3%'

x 4%" x 3Va"

30.95

'4

110/120

2x8 Vac.

6A

28 Vac, CT, 1.5A

48 Vac, CT, 3A

33,a'

x 344" x 3%"

23.95

'5

110/120

2x8 Vac,

6A

28 Vac, CT, 2A

3"

x 3" x 2V2"

15.95

SHIPPING FOR EACH POWER SUPPLY: $5.50 in Calif.; $8.00 in other states; $18.00 in Canada. For each Transformer $5.00 in all states; $12.00 in Canada. Calif, residents add 6% sales tax.

ATTENTION O.E.M.'S price YOUR SPECIAL NEEDS OR DESIGNS OF TRANSFORMER, LINEAR & SWITCHING PWR SUPPLY WILL BE MADE TO ORDER AT SUNNY LOW LOW COST & FASTEST DELIVERY.

MAILING ADDRESS: P.O. BOX 4296 TORRANCE, CA 90510

SUNNY INTERNATIONAL

(TRANSFORMERS MANUFACTURER) (213) 328-2425 MON-SAT 9-6

SHIPPING ADDRESS: 22129V2 S. VERMONT AVE [ TORRANCE, CA 90502

(r

A Message to our Subscribers

From time to time we make the BYTE subscriber list available to other companies who wish to send our subscribers promotional material about their products. We take great care to screen these companies, choosing only those who are reputable, and whose products, services, or information we feel would be of interest to you. Direct mail is an efficient medium for presenting the latest personal computer goods and services to our subscribers.

Many BYTE subscribers appreciate this controlled use of our mailing list, and look forward to finding

=^\

information of interest to them in the mail. Used are our subscribers' names and addresses only (no other information we may have is ever given).

While we believe the distribution of this information is of benefit to our subscribers, we firmly respect the wishes of any subscriber who does not want to receive such promotional literature. Should you wish to restrict the use of your name, simply send your request to BYTE Publications Inc, Attn: Circulation Department, 70 Main St, Peterborough NH 03458. Thank you.

*5s

TANTALUM CAPACITORS

LM-.iF :i'.V 5/41.00 10UF35V - * 40 n-j'S^v i si 00 2;UF10V . s 30 tiiUf j'jV 5 itOO ,5UFi6v .VS1.00

LINEAR CIRCUITS

NEDGEBOAHDCC

'JP.iGMTA'.GLt e

RS232 CONNECTORS

DB25Pmale S2.75 DB25S female 3.76

HOODS 1.60

UART's

AY5-1D13 - 3.75

TR1602B - 3.95

PT1482B - 3.25

3900 .48 LM307 - 30 LM308 - .75 LM324 - 65 LM339 - 65 LF351 - . LF353 - 1 I.F3S5 - 1 LF356 - 1

M377 M380 M38Z M383 ; M386 M387 I M393 - I M553 2 M55E .M556 - . S64B - 3

1.75 749 - .95

1.76

CA75B CA3018 CA3078 - 1 5C CA3O80 - 95 CA3086 - .95 CA3140 - 1 : LM2901 - 95 8038CC " N5536A - I TL062 CP TL0&1CN

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- 3.90

INTERFACE & DRIVERS

FD1791 34.95 8130 2 50 8834 2 00 8T380 2.00

1483 .90 8830 2.50 8837 7.00 MM5321 950

2.D00 18.432 20.000

TOGGLE SWITCHES

2060 - DPDT

3.000 5.000 8.000 3.579 6.000 10.000 4.000 6.144 18.000

REGULATORS

723

.50

78M05 5 .35

78L05 S .45

LM305G S .75

320T5,12.15or 24 S .90 340K-12. !5ar24VS1.50 340T-5, 6. 8. 9. 12,

15, 18or24V S .85 LAST412. 12V3AS3.95

CPU'S & SUPPORT CHIPS

995 Z80P10

74LS SERIES

5 75

74LS00

74LS02

6.00

74LS03

12.95

74L304

5.75

16.95

7.1LS05

2.50

r

11.96

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4.95

It.95

74LS14

1.95

74LS15

74LS20

4.00

1.95

74LS26

3.00

2.95

74LS30

l 25

74LS32

THIS MONTHS SPECIALS

8080A - s3.75

2764-25 - 39.95

8264 (4164-21 64K BAM $ a.95

TMS9927NL controller $9.95

8275 CRT CONTROLLER - 16.95

4116-2 - '.85

2114L $1.65

FD1791 13 - 28.95

2732 -32K ROM - 11.95

GOOD THRU JUIM-1982

7JLS5I 74L.S54 74LS73

74LS74

741688 74LS90 74LS92

TERMS:FCB CAMBRIDGE. MASS. SEND CHECK OR MONEY ORDER. MINIMUM TELEPHONE, COD. PURCHASE ORDER OR CHARGE S20.00 MINIMUM MAIL ORDER $5.00.

SEND S.25 FOR OUR CATALOG FEATURING TRANSISTORS & RECTIFIERS. 145 HAMPSHIRE ST.. CAMBRIDGE. MASS. 02139

SOLID STATE SALES

P.O. BOX 74 B

SOMERVILLE, MASS. 02143

TEL. (617) 547-7053 toll free 1 -800-343-5230

FOR ORDERS ONLY

BYTE June 1982 511

Build and Enhance

\.

your Apple ' software library at affordable prices. For the FIRST time — PACKED disks with 60 outstanding

programs.

Your Apple ' needs programs!

At last you have an opportunity

to use your Apple" to its fullest

capacity!

FIPPLEWflRE IMC.

extensive variety of programs including:

offers on each disk an

Business ■ Printer • Graphics

Games • Text • Music

Utilities • DataBase • Finance

Science • Engineering • and many

others with 3.3 DOS for easy demuff ining.

First 3 disks available at $59.95 each Order all 3 for a free bonus disk. Call now toll free: 1—800-327-8664 Fla. Residents: 305—584-7004 Please add $3 for postage & handling.

6400 Hayes St.

Hollywood, FL 33024 ■■■

"TM Apple is a registered Irademark of Apple Computer Co.

Circle 30 on inquiry card.

RAM:64K-200nS(128refresh) - 8/$69

Color R.F. Modulator Kit: - $9.95 14A S-100 Power Supply Kit-$29.95

(for line cord and circuit breaker, add S8.95) 47-63 Hz, 95-250 VAC wilh RFI filter Included.

:16V @2A

Enclosed versions now available for: NEC, IBM, Apple III (your choice). Call lor Data.

New! RGB %gff

Resolution!

• High Contrast Black-Stripe Tube

• Ultra Stable Convergence

• 90 Day Warranty

• 15.7 KHz Mlcroangalo CAT 100, IBM

13"- $359"°

525x420 lines. 32 lbs

19"-$389°°

525x620 lines, 48 lbs.

(Displays 80 characters on IBM)

Active 12' Cable to IBM with "Intensity" Input—J75.00

Dentin' Electronics

735 Loma Verde, Palo Aito, CA 94303 • 415-493-5930

Dealerships Available

Circle 152 on inquiry card.

dQisi*tuper

LETTER QUALITY

PRINTERS

Olivetti PRAXIS Electronic Daiaywheel Model 30/35 Typewriter-Printer

non-ASCII Interface versions from $649

Buffered Centronics version Buffered RS-232 Terminals

Brand new units with 90 day warranty and case. We supply ribbons and printwheels.

Dealer Inquiry Welcome

SYSTEMED CORPORATION IJJJJM

P.O. Box 18, Mountain City, Tennessee 37683 Phone (615) 727-6000

MEMOREX

FLEXIBLE DISCS

WE WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLD!! Call Free (800)235-4137

for prices and information. Dealer inquiries invited and CO.D.'s accepted.

VISA

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd. San Luis Obispo, CA 93401, In Cat. call (800)592-5935 or 1805)543-1037

Circle 353 on Inquiry card.

OMEGA

The Last Disassembler You Will Ever Need!

Mnemonics Externally Defined

Zilog, Intel, PASM Supplied

ASCII/HEX Preconditioner

Can Externally Def. Equates

Optional Address Listing

ASM/PASM/M80 Compatible

DB statements forcible over user specified range

$150. complete/$25. manual only for further information contact

COMPUTER TOOLBOX, INC.

1325 East Main St.

Waterbury, Ct. 06705

Phone (203) 754-4197

Circle 119 on Inquiry card.

Beech Enterprizes

6109 South I Street

Tacoma, Washington 98408

(206) 472-1094

Printers — Epson, Okldata, Nee, Anadex, Others

Epson MX-70 315.00

Epson MX-80 445.00

Epson MX-100 745.00

Anadex DP9500, DP9501 ....1265.00 IDS 560 1104.00

Boards — Microsoft, Vldex

Z80 Softcard by Microsoft ... .287.00 16KRamcard by Microsoft ....146.75

Computer systems — aiios, Teievideo, nec NEC - 64K Ram, 2 Disk, 7 Expansion Slots CRT 2379.00

Other Products S Software Available. $ Call

Hard Disk, Visicalc, Modems, Monitors, Furniture

Terms: Certified checks, personal checks, money orders. Allow 2 weeks for personal checks to clear. Equipment is subject to price change and availability.

Save $ on Computer Books!

We offer a 10% discount on computer books from AddisonWesley, Wiley, Sybex, and Murach.

Fast, reliable service and low shipping charges for mail orders.

Write for FREE catalog (or stop in to see us in lower Manhattan).

DOWNTOWN BOOK BAZAAR, Dept. B

172 Fulton St. (near World Trade Ctr.) New York, N.Y. 10007

Circle 162 on inquiry card.

NOW! 176K TOTAL RAM

For the '89 • 3 MP/M II© Compatible Banks •"Invisible Disk" CP/MSoftware Included

Only $595.00

MAGNOLIAS

MICROSYSTEMS

2264 -15th AVE. W • SEATTLE. VWA 98119

[206] 2B5-72B6 [BOO] 42B-2841

CP/M" & MP/M II' are registered trademarks of Digital Research, Pacific Grove, CA,

Circle 280 on Inquiry card.

LABELS

15/16"x3V4" white pressure

1 up - pin feed sensitive

PRICE INCLUDES SHIPPING

Packed 5M per box - Min. order 1 box -S14.95

Check with order - Mass Residents add 5% Sales Tax

CHECK-MATE

P.O. Box 103, Randolph, MA 02368

Telephone: 617-963-7694

CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-343-7706

Circle 434 on Inquiry card.

Circle 59 on Inquiry card.

Circle 87 on Inquiry card.

Circle 131 on Inquiry card.

Apple Cards and Hardware

16KRamBoardbyConComplnduslries 69

Hayes Micromodem II 299

Novation Apple-Cal 339

Videx VldeoteimBOCoUimncard 249

Videx Keyboard Enhancer II 129

2-60 Softcard by Microsoft 299

16K RamCard by Microsoft 159

Thunderclock Plus clock-calendar card 129

Smarterm 80 Column card 299

Corvus Winchester Hard Disk Drives CALL

ALF 3 Voice Music Card 199

ALF 9 Voice Music Card 149

Lazer Lower Case Plus + 55

Lazer Keyboard Plus + 99

23 Key Numeric Keypad by Keyboard Co 120

Joystick II by Keyboard Co 45

6809 CPU Card iThe Mill) by Stellation 319

AIO Serial & Parallel Interlace by 5SM AST 169

Music System (16 voices) 299

A/D + D/A Interlace 279

Expansion Chassis (8 slots) 569

IntrolXlOConliollerCard 169

Clock/Calendar Card 225

CPS Multi-Funclion Card 175

SuperTalker SD-200 159

Romplus + Card 135

Romwrilei Card 149

Symtec HiRes Light Pen 210

Sup-R-Fan venlilalion system lor Apple II 45

SVA2VX4Megabyter8" Disk Controller 645

Apple III Joystick 55

SVA 2 + 2 Single Den. 8" Disk Controller 345

Microtek 16K RamBoard 129

Versawnler Digitizer Tablet 229

Asynchronous Serial interface card by CCS . , 139

Centronics Parallel interlace card by CCS 119

We carry all California Computer System Cards CALL

We slock many more items for the Apple II.

Please call or write lor current pice list.

Software tor the Apple

VisiCalc version 3.3 1B9

VisiFile (NEW data base manager), 189

VisiTrend/VisiPlol 229

VisiDex 189

VisiTerm 85

Desktop Plan II 189

DBMasler 189

Wordstar (Apple 80-col version) by MicroPro 299

Easywnler Word Processor (80 col) 199

Tax Preparer '82 version 129

Real Estate Analyzer 129

Creative Financing 139

Personal F iling System (PFS) 79

PeachireeAccounling Software CALL

Systems Plus Acclng Software CALL

VIC'20 $249

BK Ram Carlridge lor VIC-20 . $50

3K Ram Cartridge for VIC-20 S34

Datasetle Cassette I/O Unit S69

VIC IEEE-488 Interface S79

VICSuperExpander $54

RS-232 Communicator Interface $40

16K Memory Card by Microtek $99

Single Disk Drive CALL

VIC Modem CALL

VIC Printer CALL

Video Monitors

Amdek'Leedex Video 100 12" B6YW 129

Amdek/Leedex Video 100G 12" Green Phospher ... 149

Amdek (Hitachi) 13" Color vWaudio output 389

Amdek Color II 769

NEC 12" Green Phospher Display JB-1201M . . .CALL

NEC 12" Lo Res Color Display . . CALL

NEC 12" Hi-Res RGB Color Display CALL

Sanyo9" B&W Display 185

Sanyo 9" Green Display 199

Sanyo 12" B&W Display 269

Sanyo 12" Green Phospher Display 285

Sanyo 13" Color Display 449

Zenith 12" Green Phospher Display 139

Printers

Anadex 9501 w/2K Butler 1349

C. Itoh Starwriter F-10 1595

Epson MX-70 CALL

Epson MX-80&MX-80 FT CALL

Epson MX-100 CALL

NECSpinwn!ers(Lates1 models) CALL

QumeSprinl Daisywhec-ls (Latest models) CALL

Diablo 630 Daisywheel <10 CPS CALL

NEC 8032 Impact Dot Matrix 629

Paper Tiger IDS-560G w/graphics 1099

New! Prism 80 by IDSw/color 979

New! Prism 132 by IDS w/color 1649

OkidataB2AvW1ractOi , 469

OkidataB3A w/tractor 725

Okidala 84A CALL

16K RAMBOARD by ConComp

for Apple II Computers

A&T

$69

RAMBOARD KIT $50

lEHgnzijg

Through RAM cai

NEC

IEC PC-8001A has all these features and much xpandibllity you want, expandability you gel. ■ the use ol the PC-8012A AtO unit, total system -i be extended to 160K. The PC-8031 Dual Disk Is 266K ot floppy disk storage at your command.

H001A Microcomputer (32K)

Dual Disk Drives -.»,,

I/O unit with 32K ram CALL

The Wedge 32K Expansion mod

NEC 8023A Punier FOR

Peachtree Business Software f-ct

Repoil Managei BEST

Wordstar by Miciopro nnts+v

32K Meinorv Caid PRICE

XEROX. SA/H

B20 System with 5-%" drives CALL

820 System with 8" drives

Xerox 630 (RS-232) Punier FOR

Forms Iractor loi printer

Xerox B20 5-Vi"CP/M 22 BEST

XeroxB20 8"CP/M2.2

Systems Plus soltware lor Xerox PRICE

Qcommodore NEW! Commodore 64

8032 Computer with 32K

4022 Dol Matrix Printer

4040 Dual Disk Drive (5")

8050 (5") Dual Drive System CALL FOR

16K Pel

32KPel BEST

32KPeI..

SuperPel PRICES

OZZ Information Wizard

Visicalc

A ATARI

Alari800(16K) CALL

Atari 400 W/16K 349

410 Program Recorder .85

810 Disk Drive 449

825 80 col. 7x8 Dot matric impact printer 595

822 40 col. Quiet Tnermal Printer 275

850 Interface Module 159

Atari 16K Ram Module 69

Axion Ramcram 32K Module 199

Caverns ol Mars on Disk 32

Microtek 16K Memory Board 69

==^s=« ACCESSORIES

— — — — "-^ ^AVAILABLE?

•— ■ — V NOWI jT

IBM Joysticks

Easywriier II CALL

Visicafc

256K Dynamic RamCard FOR

Expansion Chassis

Time Master BEST

Scribe Tender

Scribe Master PRICE

We Carry More IBM Accessories. Please Call.

Ordering Information: Phone orders using VISA MASTERCARD, AMERICAN EXPRESS. DINER'S CLUB CARTE BLANCHE, bank wire transfer, cashier's or certified check, money order, or personal check (allow ton days to clear). Unless prepaid with cash, please add 5% for shipping, handling and insurance (minimum 5.00) California residents add 6% sales lax. Foreign cuslomers please add 10% tor shipping, (minimum 50,00). OEM's, Instilutions and corporation please send lor a written quotation. All equipment is subject to price change and availability withoul notice. All equipment Is new and complete with manufacturer's warranly (usually 90 days). Showroom piices may differ frm mail order prices.

Send Orders To:

GQDDSOaDDQQff

Mail Order

833B Center Drive La Mesa, CA 92041

o:nh::,s. v**) 698-8©88

ORDER TOLL FREE

800-854-6654

FREE SHIPPING*

♦ Call for .details

FLOPPY DISK DRIVES

SPECIAL!!!!!!!! QUME DATATRAK 8

Virtually the industry standard. High quality/ reliability. Full featured, double sided, double density. Tarfdon TM 848 $545

$525 quantity 1, $499 quantity 2 up.

TANDON DOUBLE SIDED, DOUBLE DENSITY MINIS

TM100-2 . . . . 48 TPI (500 KBYTES) $325

Compatible with Northstar, Cromemco, TRS-80

TM100-4 .... 96 TPI (1000 KBYTES) $425

Compatible with Zenith, Heath, etc.

TANDON 5V4*' HARD DISKS

TM 602 (5MB) $1195

TM603(10MB) $1295

CONTROLLERS

Tarbell single density kit ... . Tarbell single density A&T.. Tarbell double density A&T

CCS 2422 w/CPM 2.2

Godbout Disk 1

$195 $310 $425 $350 $450

MDA MXV-21 LSI-11 controller (RX-01, RX-02 compatible) $1050

MISCELLANEOUS

2 Disk drive enclosure $ 95

(fits Siemens, Shugart, Qume)

CP-206 power supply $110

(powers two floppies)

Mini-Enclosure with power supply

1 drive $ 85

2 drives $120

Cable Kits 2 drives $ 35

3 drives $ 40

4 drives $ 45

Diskettes ss $39/10 - ds $59/10

CPU

CCS 2810 $ 275

Godbout Z-80A $ 275

Godbout 8085A $ 295

MEMORY

CCS 2065 64K dynamic $ 595

CCS 2116 32K static $ 625

Godbout RAM 1 7 64K $ 675

I/O

CCS 2710 4 SIO $ 325

Godbout Interfacer 1 $ 225

Godbout Interfacer 2 $ 225

Elect rolabs

POB 1608, Palo Alto, CA 94302 (415) 965-7040

NEW !!!!

Qume Sprint 9 DAISY WHEEL PRINTER .. $2395

45 CPS, RO. Available in KSR version. Call for further particulars. Ribbons: $125/case Bidirectional tractor feed $225

NEW !!!!

ABM 85 Video Terminal . . $ 895

— Detachable keyboard

— Televideo 920, ADM 3A compatible

— High resolution green phosphor (23 MHZ)

— Extra multi-bus or S-100 slot for stand-alone capability

Terms of sale: cash or checks, MC/ VISA. Min. order $25. CA residents add 6% tax. Prices subject to change without notice. All goods subject to prior sale.

Circle 175 on Inquiry card.

BYTE June 1982 513

Like-new products

i 'C5»: »g- as

- [sm9, •<■ m i

1

~- tBOO)2Z&1DD8

±J ~

*""" Mt\lalr*to<*pBnf

For free catalog,

phone toll-free (800) 225-1008

In Massachusetts (617) 938-0900

GENSTAR REI SALES COMPANY

19527 Business Center Dr., Northridge, CA 91324

H BASF *£.

SAVE 40% Z3JK

51/ " Specify soft, Price/10 »* 10 or 16 sector

1 side/single density $26.70

1 side/double density 31.90

2 sides/double density 37.10

8/ i Specify soft or 32 sector 1 side/single density 26.70

1 side/double density 31.90

2 sides/double density 41.60

CHECKS - VISA ~ MC - C.O.D. 1313) 777-7780 ADD $2 SHIPPING

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

27204 Harper Ave.

St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081

rf+CPR

CPR

The Vital Link

CPR Is an advanced text formatter offering

fast, flexible word processing for the

UCSD p-System.

CPR functions include pagination, underlining,

proportional spacing and a lot more.

CPR is available now on 8" diskettes for p-Sys

tem versions II and IV including 175 page users*

manual . . . $199.00.

Users' manual alone .. . $30.00

4 UCSD p-System" la u ttudemarh ol the Regents ol Ihe University ot California,

Chopin

J ASSOCIATE

11568 Sorrento Valley Rd Suite 11

SOFTWARE FOR SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS

San Diego, CA 92121 (714) 452-9340

Circle 201 on Inquiry card.

Circle 271 on inquiry card.

Circle 86 on Inquiry card.

PC/FORTH

Complefe FORTH program development systems for the IBM® Personal Computer. Packages include interpreter/compiler with virtual memory management, line editor, custom screen editor, assembler, decompiler, utilities, file and record access modules, and many demonstration programs. 100 page user manual .... $100.00

Floating point arithmetic extensions and cross compiler available at additional cost.

Ready to run under PC-DOS or CP/M-86® Standalone version available soon. 64 kbytes RAM and two disk drives recommended. (IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corp. CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.)

Laboratory Microsystems

4147 Beethoven Street

Los Angeles, CA 90066

(213) 306-7412

ANALOG «■► DIGITAL DIGITAL** ANALOG

CONVERSION MODULES

SOFTWARE CAIN CONTROL

fonvcrycift firm - mixable high and low inputs g from 1 to 1024 l:.? i,ii ■.Mm(ik; onrj hold ampul™* rVihcmnd (jitroftiniial 16-channcl nnolutj to dotal nit (h m 11 in ii y programmable gain instrumentation amplifier - custom UxirU tcsl - S-100 • £ to 15 khz conversion time miroltfu hnjh <vid Inuj inptjK - ipm from I '<> HEM 12'bit sample ond hold amplifier 6 channel differential lA-rhonnd - analog to digital high accuracy [jriHjforrwnfibli; (join in',trumi',ntntion

■iimiii if i iiniiTiirfiTni ii uTTTrn i nun i in i ■

For additional details about the AD-100-4 and other fine California Data Corporation 100% Individually tested, high reliability products, circle the reader service card number below or for faster response write or call us.

CALIFORNIA DATA CORPORATION

3475 Old Conejo Road, Suite C-10 Newbury Park, CA 91320

(805) 498-3651

CHIPS* „

THE INFLATION FIGHTERSI

4116 300ns 8/S11.00 4116 250ns 8/S 12.00 41 16 200ns 8/$l3.00 4116 150ns 8/S I 6.00 21 14L 300ns 8/S 16.25 2114L 200ns 8/S 17.00

•4164 !50nsS7.90

•6116 150ns $8.00

Z80A CPU S5.50 ea. 8251A $4.75 ea.

2716-1 <5V)350ns8/$7.OOea.S7.50ea. 2716 (5V)450ns 8/S3.75 ea.S4.15 ea. •2732 (5V)450ns 8/S7.25 ea. $9.00 ea. 2532 (5V)450ns 8/S9.75 ea. S10.00 ea.

Allow up to 3 wks. for personal checks to clear.

Please include phone number. Prices subject to

change without notice.

Add S3.50 Shipping & Handling

Wash, residents add 6.6% Sales Tax

CHIPS & DALE P.O. Box 31607 Seattle, Wash. Zip 98103

1-206-524-9126

Master Charge VISA accepted.

Circle 259 on inquiry card.

Circle 81 on Inquiry card.

Circle 89 on inquiry card.

IEEE-488 TO TRS-80* INTERFACE Everything needed to add powerful BASIC GPIB-488 controller capability to TRS-80 Model 1 or 3, Level 2 or DOS with a minimum of 16K.

JEL

488-80C For Model 3 Operation

488-80B For ModaJ 1 Operation

I ! -*=.

Model 488-80B or 488-80C Price: $375.

+ shipping, insurance & tax WHEN 0RDEH/NG SPECIFY DISK OR TAPE

SCIENTIFIC ENGINEERING LABORATORIES

11 Neil Drive • Old Bethpage, NY 11804

Telephone: (516) 694-3370

* Trademark ol Tandy Corp.

There is no affiliation between Scientitic

Engineering Laboratories and Tandy Corp. or

Radio Shack.

Circle 400 on Inquiry card.

A

ATARI

400 16K $319.00

400 YOURS lo32K or 48K CALL

800U6K) 659.00

410 RECORDER 84.00

810 DISK DRIVE 449.00

850 INTERFACE 169.00

830 MODEM 149.00

825 PRINTER 575.00

481 ENTERTAINER KIT 85.00

482 EDUCATOR KrT 125.00

483 PROGRAMMER'S KIT 60.00

484 COMMUNICATOR KIT 309.00

Prices subject to change without notice. Shipping extra. No tax out of state. Ca. residents add appropriate taxes.

WE ARE AN AUTHORIZED ATARI SALES AND SERVICE CENTER

1^ COMPUTERTIME, INC.

^^■^ P.O. Box 216

Kenlfleld. CA 94914

CALL TOLL-FREE In California

800-227-2520 800-772-4064

Circle 123 on inquiry card.

"ELF"interface, Converts Your Typewriter Into Printer

Finest print quality • Low cost ' Easy Installation • ouick delivery ' Fits IBM seiectric and Electronic

Typewriters ' Models for all popular computers

Call or write for more Information,

today!

- we export to all countries

LMU INTERNATIONAL INC.

rfc JL 5115 Douglas Fir Rd.

calatjasas, ca 91302 U.S.A.

TOl: 1213) 710-1M4 TLX/TWX: 910 494 2100

Circle 238 on inquiry card.

Why use their flexible discs:

Athana, BASF, Control Data, Dysan, IBM, Maxell, Nashua, Scotch, Shugart, Syncom, 3M, Verbatim or Wabash

when you could be using

MEMOREX

high quality error free discs?

CE quant.

100 price

Product Description Part # per disc ($)

8" SSSD IBM Compatible (128 B/S, 26 Sectors) 3062 2.09

8" SSSD Shugart Compatible, 32 Hard Sector 3015 2.09

8" SSDD IBM Compatible (128 B/S, 26 Sectors) 3090 2.74

8" DSDD Soft Sector (Unformatted) 3102 3.14

8" DSDD Soft Sector (128 B/S, 26 Sectors) 3115 3.34

8" DSDD Soft Sector (1024 B/S, 8 Sectors) 3104 3.34

8" DSDD Burroughs B-80 Comp., 32 Hard Sector 3092 3.34

51A" SSSD Soft Sector (Unformatted) 3401 1.94

51/4" SSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring 3481 2.34

5Va" SSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring 3483 2.34

51/4" SSDD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring 3485 2.34

5V4" DSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring 3491 3.09

51/4" DSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring 3493 3.09

5W DSDD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring 3495 3.09

SSSD = Single Sided Single Density; SSDD ■ DSDD = Double Sided Double Density

Single Sided Double Density

Memorex Flexible Discs...The Ultimate in Memory Excellence

Quality

Memorex means quality products that you can depend on. Quality control at Memorex means starting with the best materials available. Continual surveillance throughout the entire manufacturing process. The benefit of Memorex's years of experience in magnetic media production, resulting, for instance, in proprietary coating formulations. The most sophisticated testing procedures you'll find anywhere in the business.

100 Percent Error Free

Each and every Memorex Flexible Disc is certified to be 100 percent error free. Each track of each flexible disc is tested, individually, to Memorex's stringent standards of excellence. They test signal amplitude, resolution, low-pass modulation, overwrite, missing pulse error and extra pulse error. They are torque-tested, and competitively tested on drives available from almost every major drive manufacturer in the industry including drives that Memorex manufacturers. Rigid quality audits are built into every step of the manmanufacturing process and stringent testing result in a standard of excellence that assures you, our customer, of a quality product designed for increased data reliability and consistent top performance.

Customer-Oriented Packaging

Memorex's commitment to excellent does not stop with a quality product. They are proud of their flexible discs and they package them with pride. Both their packaging and their labeling have been designed with your ease of identification and use in mind. The desktop box containing ten discs is convenient for filing and storage. Both box labels and jacket labels provide full information on compatibility, density, sectoring, and record length. Envelopes with multi-language care and handling instructions and and color-coded removable labels are included. A write-protect feature is available to provide data security.

Full One Year Warranty—Your Assurance of Quality Memorex Flexible Discs will be replaced free of charge by Memorex if they are found to be defective in materials orworkmanship within one year of the date of purchase. Other than replacement, Memorex will not be responsible for any damages or losses {including consequential damages) caused by the use of Memorex Flexible Discs.

Quantity Discounts Available

Memorex Flexible Discs are packed 10 discs to a carton and 10 cartons to a case. Please order only in increments of 100 units for quantity 100 pricing. We are also willing to accommodate your smaller orders. Quantities less than 100 units are available in increments of 10 units at a 10% surcharge. Quantity discounts are also available. Order 500 or more discs at the same time and deduct 1 %; 1,000 or more saves you 2%; 2,000 or more saves you 3%; 5,000 or more saves you 4%; 1 0,000 or more saves you 5%; 25,000 or more saves you 6%; 50,000 or more saves you 7% and 100,000 or more discs earns you an 8% discount off our super low quantity 100 price. Almost all Memorex Flexible Discs are immediately available from CE. Our warehouse facilities are equipped to help us get you the quality product you need, when you need it. If you need further assistance to find the flexible disc that's right for you, call the Memorex compatibility hotline. Dial 800-538-8080 and ask for the flexible disc hotline extension 0997. In California dial 800-672-3525 extension 0997. Outside the U.S.A. dial 408-987-0997.

Buy with Confidence

To get the fastest delivery from CE of your Memorex Flexible Discs, send or phone your order directly to our Computer Products Division. Be sure to calculate your price using theCE prices in this ad. Michigan residents please add 4% sales tax. Written purchase orders are accepted from approved government agencies and most well rated firms at a 30% surcharge for net 30 billing. All sales are subject to availability, acceptance and verification. All sales are final. Prices, terms and specifications are subject to change without notice. Out of stock items will be placed on backorder automatically unless CE is instructed differently. Minimum order S50.00. International orders are invited with a $20.00 surcharge for special handling in addition to shipping charges. All shipments are F.O.B. Ann Arbor, Michigan. No COD's please. Non-certified and foreign checks require bank clearance.

Mail orders to: Communications Electronics, Box 1002, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A. Add S8.00 per case or partial-case of 100 8-inch discs or S6.00 per case or partial case of 1 00 5 Winch mini-discs for U.P.S. ground shipping and handling in the continental U.S.A. If you have a Master Card or Visa card, you may call anytime and place a credit card order. Order toll-free in the U.S. Call anytime 800-521-4414. If you If you are outside the U.S. or in Michigan, dial 313-994-4444. Order your high quality, error free Memorex discs today. Copyright 1982 Communications Electronics"

High Quality Error Free

MEMBER ...p-.

VISA

MasterCard

Order Toil-Free! (800)521-4414

In Michigan (313) 994-4444

For Data Reliability—Memorex Flexible Discs

a

COMMUNICATIONS ELECTRONICS™

Computer Products Division

854 Phoenix D Box 1002 D Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A.

Call TOLL-FREE (BOO) 521 -4414 or outside U.S.A. (31 3) 994-4444

Circle 99 on inquiry card.

BYTE June 1982 515

"""Heath Users

Double Your 5%" disk storage capacity without adding a drive.

Get twice as much from your H88 or H89 microcomputer. Our FDC-880H floppy disk controller, in conjunction with your 51/," drives, for example, expands memory capacity from 256 bytes to 512 bytes per sector.

And it handles single and doublesided, single and double-density, 8" and 5%" drives — simultaneously.

Call 714/275-1272 today or write for details.

Ol

C.D.R. Systems Inc.

Controlled Data Recording Svstems, Inc. 7667 Vickers St., San Diego, CA 92111

CROSS REF. PROGRAM

for MBASIC & BASCOM

Source Files M80 and CP/M's ASM

MXREF will list all program variables, functions, key words, strings, constants and line number references in alphabetical order. 1000 variable names allowed. Requires an 8080 or Z80 running CP/M ver. 1.4 or later and at least 48K RAM. Price $96.00. Manual only $15.00. Add $5.00 COD. MXREF available in CP/M format on 5" NorthStar or 8" single or double density soft sector.

COMPUTER TOOLBOX INC.

1325 East Main St.

Waterbury, CT. 06705

(203)754-4197

FEEL TRAPPED

BETWEEN

CAPACITY AND

COST?

Processor Interface introduces trie Cartridge Disk Controller for trie S-100 bus, Configurable for 12 sector 2315 and 5440 type disk drives (1.25-10 Mbytes per drive) Complete with CPM* CBI0S. disk formatter diagnostics and technical manual low cost $595.00

W

Manual only $25 00 the performance you need at a cost you can afford

Processor Interfaces, Inc. P rjlBox154A Elm Grave. Wl 53122 414-785-1245

Circle 83 on inquiry card.

Circle 102 on inquiry card.

Circle 373 on inquiry card.

1 [$219.95,

5%" Floppy Disk Drives

(single side-single or double density) TANDON Model tm 100-1 r CDC Model 9409

2 or more— $214.95 ea.*

IBM personal computer direct plug in.

Zenith monitor ZVM-121 12" green phosphor

$119.95 ea.*

Floppy Drive Power Connector Kit $28.00"

CALL NOW - TOLL FREE

800-824-7888 all states except CA. 800-852-7777 for CA residents. Ask for Operator #99.

MC/V/SA or C.O.D. with certified check or money order. Kansas residents add 3% sales tax.

•Plus shipping.

For info caH: 316-683-9225

316-685-9445

923 Longfellow Street Wichita, KS 67207

$GOLD DISKS

CP/M® Compatible

Z-80 Software

Z-80 DISASSEMBLER An easy to use program to create •ource (.ASM) files from executable (.COM) files ppp

EZ-TEXT WORDPROCESSOR EZ-TEXT will format $ your text file the way you want It

5-8" SD/DD PPDl

Bower-Stewart Si Associates

POST OFFICE BOX 1389 HAWTHORNE. CALIFORNIA 90250

213-532-1237

Trademark Digital Research

MBLER

•175

?PD

ESSOR

;75

A ATARI

Entertainer Kit 88 00 Atari 800 16K 710.00

Programmer Kit 56 00 Atari 400 16K 359 00

Communicator Kit .320 00 Atari 410 Cassette 80.00

Microsoft Basic 72 00 Atari 810 Disk . 480.00

ALL ATARI SOFTWARE 20% OFF

Plus Loads of 3rd Party Software!

V0TRAX TYPE'N'TALK: 340.00

ALSO EPSON & CENTRONICS PRINTERS

ZENITH & TELEVIDE0 TERMINALS

BBI Mail Order is a company made up of computer professionals. We are able to provide low prices as well as technical support. Give us a call and find out why we consider the Atari the best home computer on the market today. You won't be disapointed.

I

.v BBI Mail Order

'■/.%{./ Specializing in Atari Home Computers

' *~ P.O. Box 365

vi-ij^f Newton Highlands. MA 02161

h/ J (617)964 3080

Circle 199 on inquiry card.

Circle 69 on inquiry card.

Circle 58 on inquiry card.

RS-232 PROBLEMS?

LET THE RS-232 TESTER HELP YOU SOLVE YOUR COMPUTER INTERFACE PROBLEMS. DESIGNED TO CONNECT IN SERIES WITH ANY RS-232 INTERFACE, IT DISPLAYS THE STATUS OF SEVEN OF THE MOST IMPORTANT LINES: TRANSMIT DATA, RECEIVE DATA, REQUEST TO SEND, CLEAR TO SEND, DATA SET READY, CARRIER DETECT, AND DATA TERMINAL READY. THE RS-232 TESTER REQUIRES NO POWER AND MAY BE LEFT IN THE LINE PERMANENTLY.

$39.95 POST PAID B & B ELECTRONICS

BOX 47S/MENDOTA, IL 61342

SCR SUPER-BUYS

SI 0.00 MIN. ORDER HANDLING/SHIPPING.. $2.50

UPS ANYWHERE IN CONTINENT*!. US

1982 BUYERS GUIDE

NOT JUST ANOTHER rnrr

CATALOGUE BUT A FREE BUYERS GUIDE

"OF THE FUTURE"

1. UHF-VHF CONVERSION KIT.

Complete with PC board, all required c; 110)95 components; Jumper wire; cobhel with speak- ' ea

er, and comprehensive brochure Incl. schematic, board layout, mounting and hook-up diagrams, potts list, and assembly and setup( Instructions. All parts are industrial prime quality,

2. NEWZENITH ZVM-121 HIGHLEGIBILITY CRT MONITOR. Feo- S11795 tures 12" green phosphor CRT. with 15 Mhz ea Bandwidth. 40 or 80 chorocter widths dre

operator swItch-seleclGb-le. Fully compatible

wtth 80-column Apple cards, etc

OUTSIDE CAL 800-854-8660 INSIDE CAL (714) 527-2554

SCR ELECTRONICS INC.

VISIT OUR NEW SUPER CENTER 5303 Lincoln Ave., Cypress, CA 90630

Pay by CHECK M.O.. VISA. M/C

Color Computer 4K Model III 16K $310

$839 W/16K Ext. Basic

Model III 48K $459

2disc & RS232C w/32K Ext. Basic

$2059 $525

BUY DIRECT. These are just a few of our great offers which include Printers, Modems, Computers, Peripherals, Disc Drives, Software and more. call TOLL free 1-800-343-8124

computer

Write for your piUS

Wa have the lowest possible fully warranteed prices and a full complement of Radio Shack Software

free catalog

245A Groat Road Littleton. MA 01440 / ^^ 617. 486. 3193 ^J

Circle 52 on inquiry card.

Circle 404 on inquiry card.

Circle 114 on inquiry card.

1

BELIEVE IT!

Washington Computer Services

a" affiliate o« *™*™gj™» est. 1912

CUSTOM COMPUTER ROOM WIRING SINCE 1960

97 Spring Street, New York, New York 10012

TO ORDER: CALL OUR TOLL-FREE NUMBER: (800) 221-5416 In N.Y. State and for technical information: (212) 226-2121

HOURS: 9 AM-5:30 PM (EST) Monday-Friday TELEX: 12-5606 CABLE: WASHCOMP NYK

PRINTERS

150 cps bidirectional - 9x9 dot matrix, quietized case, 136 col, vertical form control and many other functions WOIV$950

The best price/performance ratio available. RS-232 serial to 19,200 baud x-on, x-off add $25 / Thy ^ Teletype 40, 300 LPM-typewriter quality, RS- from Only

* * 232 interface. This quality printer is available in many $3200 configurations including forms access, quietized case, etc. Teletype 43 from $995

TeletypeM>-200. 340 cps dot matrix (similarto Data Prod. M-200) $2799 NEC Spinwriter-55 cps, bidirectional, letter quality

R.0.7710 $2560 KSR7720 $2799

DIABLO 630-40 cps, bidirectional, daisy wheel, plot/graph $2349

QUME Sprint 9/35 cps, daisy wheel $1944

C. ITOH Starwriter, 40cps, daisy wheel, F10 $1550

EPSON MX-80,100, 80 cps, 9x9 dot matrix $CALL

ANADEX 9500/9501, up to 200 cps, high resolution dot $1325

OKtDATA Microtine 82A, bidirectional, friction /pin feed $525

Microline83A, bidirectional, 120cps, uses15"paper $799

Tl—810.150cps, Basic $1449

Package-Compressed print, vertical form control $1630

MANNESMANN MT1705 200 cps, 7x9,132 col $CALL

TALLY MT 1805 200 cps, 7x9+ NLQ 40x18 matrix SCALL

CENTRONICS SCALL

739100 cps, nx9 dot matrix, Full Graphics $567

122120 cps, International set, Full Graphics $899

DEC LA-34 $1085

IDS PRISM, 132 col..color $1785

TERMINALS pmmi modem $359

AMPEX DIALOGUE30, 80, 81 SCALL

TELEVIDEO 910 C (multi-terminal) $610

925C $795

950C $950

SOROCIQ120 $729

HAZELTINE ESPRIT $669

DECVT-100 $1575

WYSEWY-100 (ALTOS 1) NEW! $CALL

Similar savings for our HAZELTINE and LEAR SIEGLER lines

SOFTWARE

MBASIC-80

$275

MBASIC COMPILER

$285

FOHTRAN-80

$349

COBOL-BO

$574

PL/1-80

$425

PASCAL MT+V5.5

$398

WHITESMITH'S C

$660

BSTAM.BSTMS

$200

CB-80

$420

PEARL (LEVEL 3)

$549

LIFEBOAT SOFTWARE

SCALL

PEACHTREE

SCALL

GRAHAM-DORIAN

SCALL

STRUCTUREDSYST.

SCALL

VANDATA/OSBORNE

$500

WORDSTAR

MAILMERGE

DATASTAR

DBASE II

CONDOR III

MILESTONE

SUPERCALC

FMS-80

SELECTOR V

SPELLGUARD

SUPERSOFT

$300 $110 $230 $525 $716 $235 $221 $649 $396 $236 $CALL

AMERICAN BUS. SYST.SCALL ACCOUNTING PLUS SCALL TURBODOS(MULTI) $500 TURB0D0S(1 USER) $220

8" DISK DRIVE SALE

8"SHU.GARTSA801R $450 8"SHUGARTSA851R $669 2for$1289

QUMEDATATRACK8 $589 2 for $1110

Enclosure, power supply for 2 8"drives A & T $350

MORROW DISCUS 2D + CP/M® , MICROSOFT BASIC, CONT. $950

HARD DISK SPECIALS

CORVUS 5MB, 10MB, 20MB Constellation Multiplexer and Mirror Backup MORROW 26MB + controller + CP/M 2.2®, M basic $4495 $3821

®ww controller, CDC Hawk Drive (5 fix, 5 rem) $7995 $6795

^^ controller, Western Dynex (5 fix, 5 rem) $5995 $5099

l^k Winchester 5% drives complete with case, cable,

4ffl~. software, S-100 controller. Adapter avail for use with

^pXCOMPany z-so system. Cartridge drive controllers avail.

5MB APPLE S-100 2-89 $2898

10MB xeroxaltos OEM discountsavailable! r.s. mod. n $3398

EEg<

5% ", 8" and 14" Winchester/taoe

subsystems avail.

FULLY CONFIGURED RUSINESS SYSTEMS

The following are some examples of the fully assembled and tested business _and scientific computer systems which we offer.

8000SX, multi-user, multi-processor, turbo DOS SCALL

CPM 2.2. FULL 2 YEAR WARRANTY!

6800016 bit multi-user UNIX V.7 $CALL

INTERNATIONAL

ITER 808616 bit, 128K RAM, Syst. #2 $3499

r— j Call us for best prices on these high quality 2nd

I rouP| generation boards and systems.

,|F California These high quality, reliable products have made CCS |gj Computer defacto industry standard for S-100 products —I Systems Assembled and tested: 2200 H.D. Mainframe $517 2810AZ-80 CPU, serial port $316

2065C64K dynamic RAM $409 2422AFIoppyCont, CP/M 2.2 $427

CCS 2210A w/floppy controller, 1 serial port $2116

CCS 300-1 Aw/1.2 MB floppy drives, 2 serial, 2 parallel ports $CALL

DIGIAC l-ine Computers SCALL

f5\(o)[B)S©OOfr ^e 0,fer 9enerous discounts on the Compupro line of lillUEi.K™oNics Hjtm fast, quality 8 and 16 bit boards

„ _. M. ADVANTAGE SCALL

NortnSrar & horizon

NEClow prices on PC-8000 series $CALL

DELTA S-4500 10 User, Multi-Processor, 40 MB hard 17 MB tape SCALL ALTOS single and multi-user systems SCALL

□esibns Decision 1 ■ CP/M Microsoft Basic, UNIX $CALL

XEROX.

List $2995 SCALL

Similar savings on the full lines of CCS, SSM, NNC, MORROW, DELTA, NORTHSTAR, ITHACA INTERSYSTEMS, GODBOUT, NEC, TELEVIDEO, IMS ZENITH, ADDS, DEC, DATA GEN., ATARI, DYNABYTE, TECMAR, DUAL

LOOK HERE! AMPEX

Call us for ALL your softwear needs Dialogue 80

Systems Houses, Educational Institutions, & Government Agencies Given Special Consideration

ALL OF OUR PERIPHERALS CAN BE CONFIGURED FOR RADIO SHACK® MODEL II

DEALER and INTERNATIONAL INQUIRIES WELCOME

For fast delivery, send certified check, money order or call to arrange direct bank wire transfer. Personal or company checks require two to three , weeks to clear. All prices are mail order only. Prices subject to change without notice; call for latest prices. Prices include 3% cash discount. N.Y. j residents add sales tax. Qantex is a trademark of North Atlantic Industries, Inc. Radio Shack® is a trademark of the Tandy Corp. CP/M® is a raj

trademark of Digital Research. All sales subject to our standard sale conditions (available on request). |S|j||^

I

Circle 464 on Inquiry card.

BYTE June 1982 517

fompudwnje

Such A Deal!

Have You Ever Considered USED EQUIPMENT?

Want To Save Lots?

We Carry All Brands of

Used Minis and Micros*

(DEC - DG - APPLE - TRS-80, ETC.

Call or Write for FREE List of Bargains:

Compuchange

Box 4151

Anaheim. Ca. 92803

(714) 535-1990

AUDEX-1 the EAR & MOUTH for AIM-65

• Recognition and Response in One Unit •Built-in Amplifier and Speaker

• Dynamic Microphone Included •You can make your own vocabulary

• Good-Speech Quality

•Up to 98% Recognition Accuracy •Easy-to-follow UaerB Manual

• Ina3l/3" x 5V*" x 1W" Box

• Assembled and Fully Tested

$169.00 68. plus shipping and handling charge: U.S. $3.50 Overseas, 10%

NJ Residents, add 5% sales tax.

— VISA, Mastsrcharge Welcome —

AUDEC CORPORATION (Dept. L1)

728 Larch Avenue

Teaneck, NJ 07666 (201)692-^729

«

Scotch'

DISKETTES

SAVE 40% SS&S.

51 / / I Specify soft, Price/10 /4 10 or 16 sector

#744 1 side/sgl dens $26.70

#7440 1 side/dbl dens 31.20

#745 2 sides/dbl dens 38.40

8i i Specify soft or 32 sector

#740 1 side/sgl dens 27.30

#741 1 side/dbl dens 35.80

#743 2 sides/dbl dens 43.60

CHECKS - VISA - MC - C.O.D. 1313)777-7780 ADD $2 SHIPPING

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

27204 Harper Ave.

St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081

Authorized Distributor *^MM

Information Processing Prodcc".s *jKfl

Circle 102 on Inquiry card.

Circle 45 on inquiry card.

Circle 272 on inquiry card.

S-100 VOICE

The ARTICULATOR board allows you to record, store, and playback any vocabulary on your S-100 computer. Input speech is digitized by the ARTICULATOR and send to the computer via an on-board port for storage at 1K to 2K bytes/sec. This data is then sent back from the computer to the ARTICULATOR for very high quality playback. On-board VOX switching minimizes memory storage requirements.

PRICE — $350 A&T AVAILABLE NOW

Quintrex, Inc.

4461 Indian Creek Parkway

PO Box 7384

Overland Park, KS 66207

HY-TYPE 1 & 11 • QUME

Circle 382 on inquiry card.

INTELLIGENT PRINTER INTERFACE

16,000 BYTE BUFFER I STAND ALONE PARALLEL I SERIAL INPUT IBAUD RATES ■ 50 to 19,2001 OPTIONS INCLUDE: GRAPHICS • REVERSE PRINT • BOLD PRINT UNDER SCORE • REPRINT OF BUFFER ADJUSTMENT OF LINES PER INCH CHARACTERS PER INCH SELECTION DOUBLE LINE CUSTOM OPTIONS ALSO AVAILABLE

A & T FROM $450.00 BARf: BOARD $1 25.00

MASTER CARD & VISA ACCEPTED

TtfA^^^CTRONICS^TijT

P0 BOX 526 KNIGHTDALE, NX 27545 1919) 266 9411 |

Circle 463 on inquiry card.

WANT HELP?

COBOL PROGRAMMER'S AIDE (CPA)

Provides extensive assistance in CODING, DEBUGGING. MAINTAINING and DOCUMENTING your Cobol programs - Improve your efficiency and productivity - EASY TO USE - MENU DRIVEN - A PRACTICAL SET of TOOLS - An INVALUABLE AIDE. CPA features:

• SOURCE ANALYZER & CROSS REFERENCE

• SOORCE EDITOR & REFORMATTER

• SOURCE OVERVIEWER

• DOCOMENTATION PRINTER

• PARAMETER FETCHER SUB-PROGRAM

• COMPREHENSIVE MANUAL and more Available tor CP/IJ/T. CDOS3 or CROMIX' users utilizing C0B0L-80" or Cromemco Cobol Satistaction guaranteed or full refund! For Program Samples and information call or write

Automated Programming Methods, Inc. 2212 DupontDr., 17141851-8686 Irvine, CA 92715

Trademarks 'Microsoft.aDigital Research, 3Cromemco

A .XV

Circle 48 on Inquiry card.

NEW! M-68000

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER

llffll

xm

j|J w»m Mil

I "

'Sfii

FEATURES!

16 hit Muluiult HM ( PI uprmlint* IOMHi. 20Kb)lnt>l~<iribuafilU« hlitk HAM. i*K bjln uf Da board EPSOM (pace, 7 loth of pri.irili«d ■ul'»rcKirrd Interrupt*, 1 mtmur> cip.nu'.m bum |up lo 15*Kl. 1 KfM commumcuion p.m. (RS-1JK |. l*-blibidl(Kiionilrurillfl purl. 6100 rxnphtr.lntomud.l.on hut. Sttt-Mt COUflltf/ i.i.rr r ■■ -hi. • rehired inlrnupli. an bund ml Itmt clack, MfhMR inmpiliblr Hllh

Mtfarati MEXMKOM buird. PtUCEt

Mr XMKIJM .:,n, inunilai in lib* hPKOM'n

MtlOOO (PI 4 nifnturi miU PROM

-Shipplnf *nd hindline (linmrilic)

1W.»5 112000 511500

EMS

mmi-fur

714-553-0133

Convert your TRS-80 into a

DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM

Z-80 In-Circuit emulation and EPROM/EEPROM programming in a single compact unit.

Debug stand-alone

systems with

program in

TRS-80 RAM,

then copy working program into PROM.

Only $329 including personality module for 2716,2516,2758,2508,2532,2816, 2808,48016.

ORION INSTRUMENTS

172 Otis Ave, Woodside, CA 94062 (415)851-1172

Circle 171 on inquiry card.

Circle 346 on inquiry card.

TYPESETTING

from your own

COMPUTER

Type your manuscripts, catalogs, or other text into your word processing computer.

Send it to us on a diskette or via- a modem transmission and we'll send you camera ready film copy.

Computer typesetting provides high quality, easy to read copy at a fraction of the cost of conventional typesetting.

Call or write for instructional brochure that includes typestyle selections, formatting instructions, and examples.

Dream Electronics

131 N.W. 2 nd. St. 1-503-7524833 Corvallis, Oregon 97330

Circle 164 on inquiry card.

ARE YOU OUT OF CONTROL?

OUR 6502 BASED MICROCOMPUTER HAS EVERYTHING UNDER CONTROL

THE COMPUTER "SLIM"

• 6502 MICROPROCESSOR

• 2K BYTES RAM •2KOR4KEPROM

• FOUR 8 BIT I/O PORTS

• POWER ON RESET

• CRYSTAL CLOCK

• BUFFERED SYM-AIM BUS PRICE 81-260A $199.95 ASSM.

81-260K $149.95 KIT

81-260B $ 39.95 BARE BOARD

THE PERIPHERALS

RAM EPROM MEMORY

• 32K BYTES OF RAM OR EPROM

PRICE 81-330A $ 99.95 ASSM. W/O MEMORY 81-330B $ 49.95 BARE BOARD

6 SLOT MOTHER BOARD

• .750" BOARD SPACING 44 PIN BUS PRICE 81-320A $ 99.95 ASSEMBLED

81-320B $ 49.95 BARE BOARD

24 HOUR REAL TIME CLOCK

• FOUR DIGIT LED DISPLAY

• ON BOARD POWER SUPPLY PRICE 81-350A $149.95 ASSEMBLED

81-350B $ 49.95 BARE BOARD

THE COMPUTER "SLIM"

ALL BOARDS ARE 4.5 X 6.5 WITH GOLD EDGE CONNECTORS SOLDER MASK BOTH SIDES

ANALOG I/O INTERFACE

• 16 ANALOG INPUT CHANNELS

• 2 ANALOG OUTPUT CHANNELS PRICE 81-292A $199.95 ASSEMBLED

81-292B $ 49.95 BARE BOARD

12 PORT PARALLEL I/O BOARD

• 12 8 BIT I/O PORTS — 6 6522S PRICE 82-036A $169.95 ASSEMBLED

82-036B $ 49.95 BARE BOARD

MONITOR + TINY BASIC 2532 $39.95

19" RACK MOUNTING

CALL 415 592-8411 INFORMATION.

FOR MORE

OUR SALES PEOPLE WILL BE GLAD TO DEMONSTRATE OUR PRODUCTS AT YOUR COMPANY. OEM PRICING AVAILABLE.

John Bell Eivgiiveeriivg, live

ALL PRODUCTS ARE A VAILABLE FROM JOHN BELL ENGINEERING, INC. • 1014 CENTER ST., SAN CARLOS, CA 94070 , ,

ADD SALES TAX IN CALIFORNIA • ADD 5% SHIPPING & HANDLING 3% FOR ORDERS OVER $100

10% OUTSIDE U.S.A.

VISA

SEND FOR CATALOG

(415)592-8411

WILL CALL HOURS: 9am ■ 4pm

YOU CAN SAVE SSS

5%" DISKETTES (Soft or Hard Sector) Box of 10

Single Side/Double Density $25.25

Double Side/Double Density $31.25

Altos • North Star • Zenith Data Systems

RIBBONS FOR:

Anadex DP 9500/9501 $14.00

Centronics 700 Series

Zip Pack (Package of 3) $ 8.25

Cartridge $ 8.50

D.E.C. LA-34 (Box ol 6) $30.00

Diablo 630 (Box of 6) $25.90

Epson MX 70-80 $12.95

NEC Spinwriter (Box of 6) $24.00

Okidata Microline 80 (Pkg of 3) $ 8.90

Qume (Boxes of 6)

(Black) $19.00

(Red. Green, Blue or Brown) $16.00

Texas Instruments 810 (Bx of 6) $19.00

Plus many others - Call tot mote infotmation

CHECK ■ MASTER CARD - VISA Accepted

Add $3.00 for Shipping & Handling:

Illinois Residents Add 6% Tax

ILLINOIS COMPUTER PRODUCTS CO.

P.O. Box 112 ,., ... CCnn

Mt. Prospect. IL 60056 (3lZ) ZZ8*559jj

Circle 221 on Inquiry card.

TIRED OF CHANGING CABLES ANDTURNING KNOBS?

ASCI SWITCH

• Computer Controlled or Manual

• Command Code User Selectable

• Select one of two Peripherals

• Select one of two Computers

• Asynchronous to 19200 Baud

• No External Power Needed

Call or write

ADVANCED SYSTEMS CONCEPTS, INC.

P.O.BOX Q, ALTADENA, CA. 91001

(213) 684-5461 or 794-2308

Dysan

•/CORPORATION

Solve your dtoc problems, buy 100% unlace toted Dyun dWuMn, All order* •hipped from ■lock, within 24 hour* Call toll FREE (800) 235-4137 for price* and Information. VWa and Master Card accepted.

'pacific exchanges

100 Foothill Blvd San Luis Obispo. CA 93401 (InCal. ca" (805)543-1037)

Circle 353 on inquiry card.

Get more out of your

Apple with the MICRO

on the Apple Series

Vols. 1,2, & 3

$24.95 ea.

+ $2.00 shipping each volume Each book includes more than 30 programs— . all on DISKETTE

Machine Language Aids I/O Enhancements Runtime Utilities Graphics & Games Hardware & Reference Information To order toll free:

1-800-227-1617 ext. 564 I nCA 1-800-772-3545 ext. 564

MICRO INK, Inc. P.O. Box 6502 Chelmsford, MA 01824

LOOK TO THE FUTURE...

EPROM-32

The only EPR0M programmer you need!

• IEEE-696 (S-100) EPR0M programmer for single supply (+5V)EPR0Ms.

• Programs current IK. through 16K (dyiel EPROMs plus future 32K EPPOMs.

• EPROM can be verified through a port or located in memory space for verification and use.

• Personality Modules adapt board to different EPROM types: PM-1 -2508. 2758 PM-3-2732, 2732A PM-6-68764

2516,2716 PM-4-2564 PM-7-2528

PM-2-2532 PM-5-2764 PM-8-27128

• Single zero-insertion-pressure socket accommodates both 24pin and 28-pin EPROM packages.

• On-board DC-to-DC converter with adjustable regulator for programming voltage.

- Double-sided PC board with solder masks, silkscreen and gold-plated contact lingers.

• 8080/Z80 control software includes commands for programming, verification, disk I/O and editing.

■ Comprehensive user's manual contains source listing of control software.

Micro Dynamic* (assembled & tested!

Corporation Pr'ce includes EPR0M-32. documenpn RnY 17^,77 lalion and two Personality Modules

ii S"iS*TiiJ«n (specify). Additional Modules-$7.95.

MempniS, IN an if Control softwafe on 8 Inch sinple densJ(901)-75b-0619 tyCP/M-compatiblediskette-S9.95.

MasterCard & Visa

TN residents add 6% sales tax.

Circle 310 on inquiry card.

AUTO-DIAL/ AUTO-ANSWER

MODEM FOR

The MICROCONNECTION" can dial and answer the telephone, run printers, decode busses, transcribe transmissions, answer/originate and direct-connect to the telephone system. Lots of terminal and host software too. For more information write or phone:

the microperipheral corporation

2643a- 151st PI. N.E. Redmond. WA 98052 (206) 881-7544

■ RS232 MICROCONNECTION'm

Circle 13 on inquiry card.

Circle 486 on Inquiry card.

Circle 313 on inquiry card.

Beautiful Plots with

PLOTPAK™

PLOTPAK is a complete plotting library that runs under FORTRAN-80 and includes drivers for the following screens and plotters:

• MicroAngelo MA 512

• ADM + Renographies

• TEK 4010 compatible terminals

• Houston Intruments DMP-4

• HP plotters 7225B and 7470 •Radio Shack Printer/Plotter

PLOTPAK(.REL file): $275.

PLOTPAK source code

plus two drivers: $365.

r^

l i Computer Company

^ ■" DIVISION OF Sea Data Corporation

One Bridge Street, Newton, MA 02158 TEL. (617) 244-8190 TLX: 951107

Expansion Memory

The IBM Personal Computer

• Parity generation & checking

■ Fully assembled, quality tested

• One year warranty

PART. NO.

UNIT

PRICE

AIM-256-01B

64KB

$349.

AIM-256-02B

128KB

$499.

AIM-256-03B

192KB

$639.

AIM-256-04B

256KB

$769.

AIM-256-00B

Bare board.

$ 99.

AIM-256-09B

64KB EXP. KIT

$149.

ADOS4 0

FOR SHIPPING AND HANOI ING

P.O. Box 5306 Richardson, TX 75080

(Texas residents add applicable sales tax)

VISA, M/C24hr. order line (817)571-7171

Dealer inquiries invited

Circle 71 on Inquiry card.

Circle 33 on inquiry card.

LOGICAL ANALYSIS

m\im@W log

WRITTEN IN BASIC for any BASIC SYSTEM WITH INSTR AND LEFT SIDE MID$ FUNCTIONS. WILL REDUCE ANY BINARY STATE, MULTIVARIABLE EQUATION TO ITS MINIMUM FORM. "DOES FOR LOGIC WHAT THE CALCULATOR DID FOR ARITHMETIC."

SOURCE LISTING $5.00

SCIENTIFIC TECHNIQUES

P.O. Box 8453 GREENSBORO, N.C. 27419

Circle 401 on inquiry card.

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CROMEMCO

CROMIX USERS

ADDING MEMORY? buy the memory

MERCHANT S-100 64K STATIC RAM AND SAVE

3 WAYS:

SAVE UP TO $400 OVER COMPETING 64K

DYNAMIC RAM CARDS SAVE POWER WITH THIS COOL RUNNING

DESIGN SAVE YOUR STOMACH BY ELIMINATING

DYNAMIC RAM BIT ERRORS THAT

CAUSE SYSTEM CRASHES. WE OFFER AN UNPRECEDENTED 18 MONTH LIMITED WARRANTY ON THIS FIELD-PROVEN CROMEMCO COMPATIBLE RAM.

64 K RAM MODEL MM65KLBS $759

TO ORDER. SEND CHECK, MONEY ORDER, VISA OR MASTERCHARGE WITH YOUR ORDER OR

CALL (512) 837-7596 MICROSYSTEMS ASSOCIATES

4309 EVEREST LANE, AUSTIN, TX 78759

Cromemco and Cromix are trademarks of Cromemco, Inc. Memory Merchant is a trademark of Memory Merchant, Inc.

NEC PC-8000 Computer System

!!!■ HHL.

;v,;-.-vT;'v-v:.«>

•PC-8O01A Keyboard

... $809.88

•PC-8012AI/O Unit

... $534.88

PC-8023A-C Printer

. $499.88

•PC-8031A Disk Drives

... $809.88

PC-8032A Add-on Drives . .

... $709.88

PC-8041A Monitor

... $184.88

NC-8500 Wedge

$514.88

'Additional 5% discount for corrplete system purchase HIGH TECHNOLOGY AT AFFORDABLE PRICES

I Orders & Information

HE BOTTOM (603>673-8857

^^^^™»LINE Orders Only

(800)-343-0726 12 Johnson Street, Milford NH 03055

Make a Living at

"21"

A Blackjack Program

unique in its ability to

teach card counting

strategies.

The program will elfectively teach card counting strategies with more precision and speed than previously possible. Five proven strategies are taught, each with increasing complexity. Twelve user-atlerable rules enable learning strategies specific to any casino in the world. Incorrect player actions are signaled and remembered for subsequent use. Other learning aids are also included, and ol course normal casino-style blackjack ca;i be played at any time. Send for brochure.

CP/M with cursor addressable screen.

xanadu engineering

1653 minorca • costa mesa, ca 92626

CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research.

Circle 315 on inquiry card.

Circle 66 on inquiry card.

Circle 475 on inquiry card.

ELIZA IS HERE!

AT LAST A FULL IMPLEMENTATION ot the original ELIZA program is now available to run on your microcomputer1

Created at MIT in 1966. ELIZA lias become the world's most celebrated artificial intelligence demonstration program ELIZA is a non-direclive psychotherapist who analyzes each statement as you type it in and then responds with her own comment or question — and her remarks are often slantingly appropriate'

Designed to run on a large mainframe. ELIZA has hitherto been unavailable to personal computer users except in greatly stripped down versions lacking the sophistication which made the original program so fascinating

Now. our new microcomputer version possessing the FULL power and range of expression of the original is being oflered at !he inlroductory price of only S25. And if you want to find out how she does it (or leach her to do more) we will include the complete Source Program lor only $20 additional

Order your copy of ELIZA today and you'll never again wonder how to respond when you hear someone say "Okay, let's see what this computer of yours can actually do!"

ELIZA IS AVAILABLE IN THE FOLLOWING DISK FORMATS:

1 Standard 6 inch single density lor all CP/M based computers S25 tor ELIZA COM - add $20 lor Miciosoti BASlC-80 Source

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH GROUP

921 NORTH LA JOLLA AVENUE iHM LOS ANGELES. CALIFORNIA 90046 gM/tk vrs*' I (213) 656-7368 (213) 654-2214 ^Qg ' MC, VISA and CHECKS ACCEPTED

ELECTRONICS

PO Box 508. Back Bay Annex Boston, MA 021 1 7

2114,150ns $2.63

2708 3j*4

2716 5.46

4116,150ns 1.94

4116,200ns 1.86

4164 8JJ0

6116.P-3 064

8086 24JJ0

Call For Our Pricebook

We've Got It All (617) 876-5258

• IBM PC

• PC/GAMES I — An anthology ol 5 games BLACKJACK GOLLUM'S TUNNEL MORTAR. MARS LANDER and KISMET 64K 1 disk drive S 20

• PC/FORMAT —An interactive screen formatter designed specilically for !he PC Supported by Pascal Fortran and Basic (external subroutines) S 99

HARDWARE (Personal Systems Technology INC > — 1 Year Warranty

■ 64K Expandable (256K> Ram Board S299

• 12BK Expandable 1256K) Ram Board $4f:0

• 256K Ram Board $7f*)

• 65K Expansion Kit lor Ram Board $175

• Dual-Line Asynch Controller Board 150- 19.2K Baudi $159 LITERATURE

• Discounl Buyer's Guide lo the IBM PC S 3

Cat Residents Add6'- Sales Tax MOVISA accepted Hardware/Software include S3 50 sluppmg £ handling

Micro Express

(714) 859-7575 '

3857 Birch St.. Ste. 109 Newport Beach, CA 92660

Circle 36 on inquiry card.

Circle 440 on inquiry card.

Circle 298 on inquiry card.

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Design Line Micro Work Stations

• A complete range of work stations designed specifically to house all micro-computers.

• Delivered heavily packed, in self-assembly form needing only a Phillips screwdriver and a few minutes of your time to assemble

• Manufactured from 1" all wood particle board surfaced with hard-wearing melamine veneer, in either Oak or Walnut.

• Dealer and Distribution prices on request.

• For more information on our full range of work stations write or call 301-223-8900.

ATLANTIC CABINET CORPORATION

P. O. Box 100, Williamsport, Maryland 21795

NEW PRODUCTS

CRT-1

INTELLIGENT VIDEO BOARD 4K X 8 DISPLAY RAM, 4K X 4 ATTRIBUTE RAM KEYBOARD INTERFACE. LITE PEN INTERFACE. PCBD. ...$38.95, KIT.... $259.95 MEM-4 65K X 8 RAM/ROM USES TMS 4016 RAM OR 2716 ROMS EXTENDED ADDRESSING BANK SELECTABLE ON UPPER 16K.

PCBD $38.95

KIT LESS MEMORY $99.95

A&TLESS MEMORY....$135.95

WAMECO INC.

P.O. BOX 877 EL GRANADA CA 94018 (415) 728-9114

Circle 286 on Inquiry card.

Circle 44 on inquiry card.

Circle 462 on inquiry card.

SPECIALS on INTE6RATED CIRCUITS

6502

7.45

10/6.95

50/6.55

100/6.15

6502A/6512A

8.40

10/7.95

50/7.35

100/6.90

6520 PIA

5.15

10/4.90

50/4.45

100/4.15

6522 VIA

6.45

10/6.10

50/5.75

100/5.45

6532

7.90

10/7.40

50/7.00

100/6.60

2114-L200

2.45

25/2.30

100/2.15

2114-L300

2.25

25/2.10

100/2.00

2716 EPROM

5.50

5/5.15

10/4.80

2532 EPROM

9.90

5/9.45

10/8.90

6116 Hitachi 2Kx8 CMOS RAM 9.90

5/9.45

10/8.90

4116-200 ns RAM

8 lor 15

Zero Insertion Force 24 pin

Socket

2.00

S-100 Wire Wrap Socket

2.40

A P Products 15% OFF APHobby-Blox 15% OFF

MODEM SPECIAL $99

SIGNALMAN Mk1 from Anchor Automation

DIRECT CONNECT Modem with RS232 Cable and Connector included Fully compatible with all Bell 103 modems. 0 to 300 bps. lull duplex. Irequency shilt keyed modulation, automatic ANSW/ORIG selection, direct connect, audible lone carrier detect indicator, self-contained battery powered

PET/CBM Version (Mk1 P) $169

For Commodore Computers, the Signalman Mk1P includes connector, cable, and machine language software

COMPACK INTELLIGENT TERMINAL PACKAGE S115

Combines intelligent RS232 port hardware Irom cgrs Microtech with EHS Intelligent Terminal software to allow you to conned any RS232 Modem to PET/CBM

RS232 MODEM- STAR IEEE 488 MODEM-STAR

SALE $128 SALE S199

We carry Apple 11+ from Bell & Howell

I6K RAM Card for Apple

95

CASH MANAGEMENT SYSTEM $45

Easy to use. Keeps track of cash disbursements, cash receipts, cash transfers, expenses for up to 50 categories.

FORTH for PET by Cargile/Riley $50

Full FIG model with all 79 Standard extensions. MitKimpllir lor FORTH for independent object code 30

KMMM PASCAL lor PET/CBM $85

Includes translator for true machine language object code.

EARL for PET/CBM 65

Editor, Assembler, Relocator, Linkeditor.

SupirSnphlcs - BASIC Lingmgi Extensions 40

Fast Machine Language Graphics routines for PET/CBM.

commodore

CBM-PET SPECIALS lllt SALE

8023 Printer-136 col. 150cps bi-directional (995) 775

8300 Daisy Wheel - 40 cps bi-directional (2250) 1750

8032 80 x 25 CRT. business keyboard (1495) 1100

Super Pet (1995) 1600

8096 Beard (extra 64K RAM for 8032) (500) 400

8050 Dual Disk Drive- 1 megabyte (1795) 1345

8250 Dual Disk Drive - 2 megabyte (2195) 1760

CBM IEEE Modem (395) 199

4016 full size graphics keyboard (995) 795

4032 full size graphics keyboard (1295) 999

4040 Dual Disk Drive - 330.000 bytes (1295) 999

2031 Single Disk Drive - 165.000 bytes (695) 550

4022 Tractor Feed Printer (795) 630

C2N External Cassette Deck (75) 65

Used CBM/PET Computers CALL

WE WILL MATCH ANY ADVERTISED PRICE

*** EDUCATIONAL DISCOUNTS ***

Buy 2 PET/CBM Computers, receive 1 FREE

PETSCAN I $345 base price.

Allows you to connect up to 20 CBM/PET Computers to shared disk drives and printers Completely transparent to the user Perfect lor schools or multiple word processing configurations Base conliguration supports 3 computers

VIC 20

VIC 1515 Printer VIC 3K RAM VIC 8K RAM VIC 16K RAM VIC 1540 Disk Drive VIC Invaders VIC Jupiter Lander

259

335

36

54

112

500

24

24

VIC Superslot VIC Super Alien VIC Maze in 3-D VIC Cosmic Debris VIC Amok (UMI) VIC Snakman VIC Rubik's Cube VIC Night Rider

24 24 12 9 17 13 13 11

TNW 1000 Serial Interface 110

TNW 488/103 with DAA 450

Computers First Book ol PET /CBM 11

WordPro 3 Plus - 32K CBM. disk, printer 195

WordPro 4 Plus - 8032, disk, printer 300

VISICALC for PET. ATARI, or APPLE 190

SM-KIT - PET ROM UtlHttti 40

Programmers Toolkit - PET ROM Utilities 35

PET Spacemaker II ROM Switch 36

2 Meter PET to IEEE or IEEE to IEEE Cable 40

Dust Cover for PET 8

IEEE-Parallel Printer Interlace for PET 110

IEEE-RS232 Printer Interface for PET 120

The PET Revealed 12

Library of PET Subroutines 12

4 PART HARMONY MUSIC SYSTEM for PET

The Visible Music Monitor, by Frank Levinson, allows you to easily enter, display, edit and play 4 pari harmony music. Includes whole notes thru 64ths (with dotted and triplets), tempo change, key signature, transpose, etc. The KL-4M unit includes D to A converter and amplifier ready to hook to your speaker. KL-4M Milk Burl with VMM Pnirj* S60

DISK SPECIALS

SCOTCH (3M) 5" 10/2 45 50/2.35 100/2 30

SCOTCH (3M) 8" 10/2.60 50/245 100/240

WE STOCK VERBATIM DISKS

Try the new Verbatim Head Cleaner Kits BASF 5" or 8" 10/2.00 20/1.95 100/1.85

Wabash 5" Wabash 8"

10/2.00 10/2.00

20/1.95 20/1.95

100/1.85 100/1.85

WE STOCK MAXELL DISKS

Diskette Storage Pages Disk Library Cases Disk Hub Rings

8" - 50 (S> 7.50

10 for 3.95

2.85 5" - 2.15

5" - 50 @ 6.00

CASSETTES - AGFA PE-611 PREMIUM

High output, low noise. 5 screw housings.

C-10 10/.56 50/.50 100/48

C-30 10/.73 50/.68 100/66

All other lengths available. Write for price list.

SPECIALS

EPSON MX-S0 Priitir EPSON MX-S0 F/T Priitir EPSON MX-70 Priitir EPSON MX-100 Priitir

Centronics 739 Printer with dot graphics 575

STAHWR1TER Daisy Wheel Printer F10 1445

Zenith ZVM-121 Green Phosphor Monitor 119

DC Hayes Smartmodem 230 Watanabe Intelligent Plotter 1195 6-Pen 1445

BMC BM12A Green Phosphor Monitor 100

BMC BM1400BLUC 13" Color Monitor 285

BMC RGB 13" Color Monitor 329

ALL BOOK and SOFTWARE PRICES DISCOUNTED

Synertek Systems

SYM-1 Microcomputer SALE 199

SYM BAS-1 BASIC or RAE 1/2 Assembler 85

KTM-2/80 Synertek Videc and Keyboard 349

KTM-3/80 Synertek Tubeless Terminal 385

Tehith

data systems

Z90-80 64 K

Z90-82 64 K, 1 double dens, drive

Z89-0 48K

Z89-1 48K, 1 drive

Z67 10 Megabyte + Floppy Drive

Z37 1.3 Megabyte Dual Floppy

Z25 High Speed Printer

Z19 Video Terminal (VT-52 compatible)

ZVM-121 Green Phosphor Monitor

All Zenith Software discounted

2170 2395 1950 2150 4495 1495 1195 670 119

ATARI"

SPECIALS

BOO Computer 400 - 16K 810 Disk Drive 825 Printer 850 Interlace Inside Atari DOS Paddle Pair Joystick Pair 16K RAM 32K RAM Pilot

Write for

675

330

440

629

170

18

19

19

69

99

68

Microsoft BASIC

MISSILE COMMAND

ASTEROIDS

STAR RAIDERS

Space Invaders

Music Composer

Chess

Super Breakout

PAC-MAN

CENTIPEDE

First Book of Atari

72 32

32

37 32 45 30 30 36 36 11

prices on other Atari items.

252 Bethlehem Pike Colmar. PA 18915

215-822-7727

A B Computers

Circle 5 on inquiry card.

WRITE FOR CATALOG

Add $1.25 per order for shipping. We pay balance ot UPS surface charges on all prepaid orders. Prices listed are on cash discount basis Regular prices slightly higher. Prices subject to change.

"SOW***

GRAPH-PAK

Fortran compatible interactive plotting package based on CALCOMP standards. Output is to MicroAngelo or to pen

plotter $270.00

(CP/M and Microsoft Fortran-80 required.)

SPRINT

Hardcopy program for MicroAngelo.

Output is to IDS. or EPSON graphics

pnnlers. CP/M compatible S125.00

Laboratory Computer Systems, Inc.

139 Main Street. Cambridge, MA 02142 (617)547-4738

• Trademark of SCION Corp

Circle 291 on Inquiry card.

UNLEASH YOUR ATARI!

USE ANY STD. PARALLEL OR SERIAL PRINTER

CM-1000 — $289

• EIA std. ser. port that really works

• 8 bit parallel port (use with 825 ptr.)

• Software selectable port addressing

• Configurable char, translation

• Bi-direct. communications ADD 80 CHARACTER VIDEO

CM-1000/V—$489.00

• Includes CM-1000 above

• Adds full page width process. Incl. other funct.

• 128 char.Software modifiable char, set, incl. U & LC

CM-1000 & 1000/V INCLUDE

• Configuration program

• No physical changes to computer

• And much, much more!

Compu-matE corp.

6305 Arizona Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90045 • (213) 991-7098

S100 Intelligent

Color Graphics

• 8085 6K Prom 8K Ram 6847

• SubLogic Graphics software in onboard Prom

• 32 Graphics commands including shaded polygons, circles, boxes, lines, rays

• Horizontal and vertical text

• 256h x 192v Hi Resolution •128h x 192v4color

$395

California Computer Graphics

25 Avenida Dr.

Berkeley CA 94708

(415) 540-5698

Circle 82 on Inquiry card.

it

maxell

Floppy Disks

SAVE 40% "3Z2SX

51/l " Specify soft, Prlce/10 '•♦ 10 or 16 sector

MD1 or MH1 SS/DD $33

MD2 or MH2 DS/DD 47

MD1-DDM SS/OD/96TP1 43

MD2-DDM DS/QD/96TP1 53

8"specify soft or 32 sector

FD1 orFH1 SS/DD 43

FD2 or FH2 DS/DD 53

CHECKS — VISA — MC — COD. 1313) 777-7780 ADD $2 SHIPPING

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

27204 Harper Ave.

St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081

T.H.E. SMART e TERMINAL

Software that turns your Atari 400 or 800 into a real smart terminal. Send and receive data from all popular data services. Works with cassette or disk for upload/down load. 16K min. Availableat Atari Dealers Worldwide or directly from Binary. VISA/MC/ AMEX/COD/CHECK. Cassette $47.95 Disk $49.95 add $2.50 P & H U.S., $5.00 overseas.

BilMfW

TM

Computer Software

3237 Woodward Ave.

Berkley, Ml 48072

(313) 548-0533

BINARY CORPORATION

Circle 61 on inquiry card.

MICROPROCESSOR CRYSTALS

1.000, 18432. 2 000. 3 276B MHz J.Mtictl

35795. 4.000. 4.1934. 4.9152. 5.000.

50688, 6000. 6144. 6 400. 7 3728.

8.000. 10000, 1431818. 18 000. 196608

20 000, 22 1184. 32 000 MHz 2.00 «ich

TUNING FORK CRYSTALS (3mm x 8mm Mlnatural

32 768 KHz 30 • <10KHz

6QHz CRYSTAL TIME BASE

1.00 each

Inquire

Assembled

Kit

5.00 each

4.00 eich

We also carry BECKMAN PRODUCTS, please Inquire:

D/A. A/D Converters. Resistor Networks. Trimming Potentiometers, Precision Potentiometers, Displays. Digital Multimeters

GET ACQUAINTED OFFES:

BECKMAN DMM TECH 300 BECKMAN DMM TECH 310 BECKMAN DMM TECH 330

UQ.OQeicn 135.00 eich 185.00 eich

Add sales tax in California Postage: 5% of lolal order ($1 00 minimum). Insurance St 50

SIGMATEK INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION

327 Clarkin CI., Walnut Creek, CA 94598 P.O. Box 5007. Concord, CA 94520

Circle 104 on inquiry card.

Circle 273 on inquiry card.

Circle 411 on inquiry card.

•

APPLE TREE GENEALOGY SYSTEM

for your APPLE H+Computer

• Professional-level Family Recordkeeping System

" 100O Names (variable-length)

° Hierarchical Data-Structure

• Easy to Use

" Fast Memory-Resident Scroll

0 Unique Label Control Matrix

° 100 User-Definable Fields

The Linkage Analyzer1" 0 Customize Your Own Reports ° Automatic Proofreader Report ° Self-teaching Tutorial ° Backed by *l Years Gen. Computing " Apple II + *t8k 0OS 3-3 (1 or 2 Drives)

m ■■ | || | J. Fiske Software Systems,Inc | J T"22 One University Place

$69-95

New York, NY 10003

NYC/NYS Add Tax

'mssm

Apple - Apple Computer

Apple Tree"/The Linkage Analyzer - JFSS

NEW! S-lOO BUS COMPATIBLE

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER WITH VIDEO OUTPUT

USES!

FEATURES]

»MHZZ-»A-(uploSKolltmOMtt^»4KSt«lcRAM,(tw8BlTinpwporl».i)iw8B{T

output port, on* H BIT mut mum poll with minmipi, cempotii video outpul 180x24},

vidro :llnliiili"> (irvrnr mini, iiiiil.'ilin,-. Iilinhmjl. yrjlili'i c.l|i.ilnlitltl

PRICE)

Ban- btwid with docun*i.(alM>n W995

Mi.mr.or ind vxko irtmnul loflwui an EPROMl MS 00

Soim* latino Iwlh Mu.moi puitlutrl SIS 00

Hard id find Pins Kit (crytllJ <«ul doc iink I'HOM'il J1S 00

714-553-0133

Your FORTH Q95

Questions Answered ^ ppd

30 minute audio cassette and 8-page booklet tell what FORTH is, how it works and gives pros & cons of using FORTH for all kinds of applications.

Learn FORTH C795

Fundamentals for J/ ppd

Two floppy diskettes with interactive tutorial designed to teach FORTH fundamentals quickly, easily and inexpensively. Requires CP/M operating

System. CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research.

rOK I l Workshops now being scheduled nationwide

For orders or information contact:

hi Laxen & Harris, Inc.

1 ^p.' 24301 Southland Dr., #216 Hayward, CA 94545 (415) 887-2894

•Post Paid. We accept VISA, Mastercard 8, Checks.

Circle 245 on Inquiry card.

Circle 172 on Inquiry card.

Circle 260 on Inquiry card.

AJC/

fELECTRONICS

FULL LINE ALL PARTS & COMPUTER PRODUCTS

P.O. Box 4430X Santa Clara, CA 95054

'Will calls: 2322 Walsh Ave. (408) 988-1640

Same day shipment. First line parts only. Factory tested. Guaranteed money back. Quality IC's and other components at factory prices.

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Phone orders only (800) 538-8196

7«0TTL

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7404N 7409N WON M14N 7420N 7J30N 7442N 7445N 7«7M 744BN 7474N 7475N 7485N 7489N 7490N 7435N 741COH 74107N 74123N 7-I125N 74U5N 741 MM 741 SIN 74I54N 74157N 74I61N 74162N 74I63N 74174H 74175M 74190W 74192N 74I93N 74221H 7429AN 74365N 74366N 74367N

74LI00 TIL

74LSOON

74LS02N

74LS04N

74LS05N

74LS08N

74LST0N

741SJ3N

74LS14H

74LS20N

74LS22N

74LS28N

74LS30N

74LE33N

74LS38N

74LS74H

74LS75N

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74LS93N

74LS95N

74LST07N

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74LS113N

74LS132N

74LS136N

74LSI51N

74LS155N

74LS157N

74LS162N

74LSI63N

74LS174H

74LS190N 1

74LS221N 1 IS

74LS25BN 65

74LS367N 69

LINEAR

CM04S .90

CA3046 110

CA3081 1.80

CA3082 1.90

CA3089 3.40 LM301ANIAH 34

LM305H B7

LM307N 35

LM308N 98

1M3KK I 25

LM311HN 64

LM317T 1.65 CD4017

LM317K 375 CO4018

UttIB 143 CD4019

LM320K-5 135 CD402O

LM320K-12 1 35 CD4021

LM320K-15 1 35 CD4022

LM320T-5

LM320T-8

LM32QT-12

LM320T-15

LM323K-5

LM324N

LM339N

LM340K-5

LM340K-B

LM340K-12

LM34QK-15

LM340K-24

LM340T-5

LM340T-8

LM340T-12

LM340I-15

LM340T-18

LM340T-24

LM350

LM377

LM380N

LM381

LM382

LM709H

LM723H.N

LM733N

LM741CH

LM741N

LM747H/N

LM74BN

LM1303N

LM1304

LMI305

LM1307

LU1310

LM1458

LM1B12

85 CD4023

85 CD4024

B5 C04025

85 CD4026

95 CD4027

59 C04028

99 CD4029

1 35 CD4O30 '35 CD4035

35 CO4040

35 CD4042

35 CD4043

75 CD4044

75 CD4046

75 CD4049

75 CD405O

75 CD4051

75 C04D60

5 50 CD4066

2 29 CD4068 1 00 CD4069 1 60 CO4O70 160 CD4071

59 CO4072

49 CQ4073 85 CO4075 35 CQ4075 35 CD407B 75 CD40B1

50 CO40B2 1 75 CD4116 1 10 CD4490 127 CO4507

1 10 CD4508

2 75 CD4510 55 CD4511

8 25 CC45I5

2 49 CD4516

1 75 CD4518

225 CU4520

59 CD4527 1 25 CD4523

95 CD4553

55 CD4566

1 30 CD45B3

39 CD45B5

65 CD40192

1 00 74C00

1 50 74C04

I 00 74C10

4 75 74C14

60 74C20 60 74C30 B5 74C48

1 49 74C74

50 74C76

55 74C90

B9 74C93 74C154

Mo D CONVERTER 74C160

803BB 4 50 74C175

B700CJ 13 95 74C192

B701CN 22 00 74C221

8750CJ 13 95 74C905

9400CJV.F 7 40 74C914

ICL71Q3 9 50 74C922

8T26 1.69 UART/flFO

8128 195 AY5-1013

BT97 .99 3341

8T9B 99

MO&MEMORYRAM prqm 2101-1

.c .702A 4

■85 2532 17

125 270B 2

■65 2716TI B

*95 2716 5 Veil 5.

3 75 B/2716 S Volt 39

2 99 2732 «

2112-2 2.99 2 58 7

2114 2.24 37411 39

2114L3O0n5 2.50 mi ja

21141 450ns 2 37 874B-8 34

'\16200ns 250 B755A 34

M.» NB2S23 2.

3-M NB2S123 3.

|*5 NB2S126 5.

f'|3 N82S129 4

8 93 N82S13I 4

'50 NB2S136 B.

3.50 NS2S137 B.

000 DMB577 2

2 50 8223 3. CONNECTORS 30 pin edge

2102AL-4 2102HN-2L 2104H-4 21078-4

8'JIIG 200ns

MM52B0

MM5321

MM5330

P5101L

42D0A

OE9S l 95

OA15P 2 10

DA15S 3 10 I

CompleiB Sol 9 50

Slnp.alr.hKII 26.35 '

Auto Clod Kll 17.95

Digital Clock Kll 1B.75 RESISTOR! V, wilt S% '

10 per type .05

100 pat type 015

1000 per type 012

5000 per tyJM 0085

350 piece pack, ■

5 per type 6 95

11 watt 5% per lype 05 DIP SWITCHES

4-position B5

8-posihon 95

KEYBOARDS

56 key ASCII keyboard ki

TMM2D16

16 50 "

CLOCKS MM5311 MM53I2

MM5314 3 9U

MM53E9 1.95

MM5841 14.45 MMS8E5 7 95

CT7010 895

CT7G15 8.95

MM5375AA/N 3 90 MM5375AGM 4.90 16.50

44 pin edge qc B6 pin edge Qn 100 pin edge

?¥ inn nin ortno

2 50 2.75

69 95

.00 LEOS

3 95 RedTOIB 15

495 Green. Yellow T01B 20

Jumbo Bed 25

IC SOCKETS Gimi, Orange. Yellow Jumbo .25

Soldar Tin Low Protlla Cllpllla LED Mounting Cllat 4 BO

PIN 1UP PIH 1UP (spec red. imbetgresn.yello-i clear]

.14

22 .30 24 30

I.M2111

LM2902

LM3900N

LM3905

LM3909H

MCI458V

HE550N

NE555V

NE556A

NE565A

NE566V

um;v

NE570R

7549ICH 75492CN 75494CN

7207

720a

6502A 6504 6522 6530 6532

7.50 15 95

9.50 18 .67 40

6850 B080A 8085A Z80A ZBOB Z80 P10 ZBOA P10 Z80 CTC ZBOA CTC Z80 DAfll ZBOA DART Z80 DMA Z80A DMft ZD0S10.'"

3.50 3 95

95 ICL7107 1425

CMOS

CD4000 CD40O1 CD4D02 CD40O6 CD4007 CO400B CD4009 CD4010 CD4011 CD4012 CQ4013 CO4014 CO4015 CD4016

74C923 74C925 74C926 74C927 INTERFACE

20 MH;

6 00 32 MHz

ifloe 3276B Hz

651l 1.8432 MHi

5g5 3 5795 MHi

cat 2.0100 MHz

B65 2 097152 MHz

|BOt 2 4576 MHz

1B 75 3.2768 MHz

,7 50 5 0688 MHz

77'5D 5 185 MHz

23 95 5JM3 MHz

Z80AS1O0 2895 6 5536 MHz

ZBOS10' 15 00 U'S'S„MH'

WIRE WRAP LEVEL 3 SPECIAL PROOUCTS PIH PIN 2.5 MHz Freq. Counlur Kit 37.50

14 .55 24 .93 30 MHz Fred Counier Kil 47.75

n0 1.00

1.59 AC TRANSFORMERS FRAME 6V 500 ma 6 3V CT 600 m aw 12V 250 ma

™ 12.6V CT 600 m ill 12 6VCT2amps 5 95 12V 395 12 6VCT4amp 8.60 12V 2 amp lqt 126VCT8amp 10 BQ 6. 9, 12 VDC tin 24V CT 100 ma 3 95 300 ma 3 gg 24V CT 600 ma 4 95 9 VDC 500 m

WALL PLUG

S4 00 IOV2amp S7 95

4 60 12V 250 ma 2.95

1.95 12V CT 250 ma 3 75

95 12V 500 ma 4.50

5.95

B MHz

Z80AS1O'! 23.90

Z80S1Q.7 23.95

ZB0AS102 28.95

ZBO0CTC 17 95

ZBOB P10 17 95

8212 I 85

22.1

1 20

1.95

3 95 DISPLAY LEDS

3-95 MAN72/74

3-95 DL704

3" DL707DL707R

395 OL727/72B

3.95 QL747/750

335 fND359

395 FND500 507

395 FND503/51O

395 ;

10/807

CA/CA .300 7

CC 300 12

CA 300 1 0

CA'CC 500 1 9

CA'CC 600 1.4

CC 357 7

CC CA 500 .9

CC'CA 500 .9

CC CA .800 2.2D

KEYBOARD ENCODERS AY5-2376 11.95

AY5-36IH1PHO 17 95 74C922 5.49

74C923 5 50

HO0165-5 7 95

8251

8253 8255

6257

8259

1802CEpUs 13 95

1602Epla; 17.95

1B61P 5.95

4 95 D Connector! RS232

4 75 QB25P

8.95 DB25S

4.75 DE9P

10 digrl display

7520 Claire< photocells

TIL31I Hex

MAN4610 CA 40

MAN4640 CC 40

MAN4710 CA .40

MAN4740 CC 40

MAN6640 CC 56

2 95 MAN6710 CA 60

3 50 MAN6740 CC 60

.25

95

4116 200ns Dynamic RAM 8 514.90

Apple Peripheral Kits

SERIAL I/O INTERFACE 0 to 30.000 baud, D.T.R., Input & output from monitor or basic, or use Apple as intelligent terminal. Bd only (P/N 2) 514.95, Kit (P/N 2A) $51.25, Assembled (P/N 2C) $62.95.

PROTOTYPING BOARD (P/N 7907) $21.95. PARALLEL TRIAC OUTPUT BOARD 8 triacs, each can switch 110V, 6A loads, Bd only (P/N 210) $19.20, Kit (P/N 210A) $119.55. APPLE II GAME PADDLES Adam and Eve $38.00. Interface Kits

SERIAL/PARALLEL INTERFACE Bidirectional, Baud rates from 110 to 19.2K, sw selectable polarity of input and output strobe, 5 to 8 data bits, 1 or 2 stop bits, parity odd or even or none, all characters contain a start bit, +5 & -12V required.Bd only (P/N 101) $11.95, Kit (P/N 101A) $42.89.

RS-232/TTL INTERFACE Bidirectional, requires r12V, Kit (P/N 232A) $9.95. RS-232/20mA INTERFACE Bidirectional, 2 passive opto-isolated circuits, Kit (P/N 7901A) $14.95.

PROM Eraser

Will erase 25 PBOMs in 15 minutes. Ultraviolet, assembled. 25 PROM capacity $37.50 (with timer $69.50). 6 PROM capacity OSHA/UL version $83.00 (with timer $119.00).

Z80 MicroProfessor $149.00

Single board computer. Learning, teaching, prototyping. 2K RAM, keyboard, displays; cassette interface. Tiny BASIC $19.00. All fully assembled.

Z80 Microcomputer Kit $69.00

16 bit I/O, 2 MHz clock, 2K RAM, ROM Breadboard space. Excellent for control. Bare Board $28.50. Full Kit $79.00. Monitor $20.00. Power Supply Kit $35.00. Tiny Basic $30.00.

Modem Kit $60.00

State of the art, orig., answer. No tuning necessary. 103 compatible 300 baud. Inexpensive acoustic coupler plans included. Bd. only $17.00. Article in June, July. Aug. Radio Electronics, 1981.

60 Hz Crystal Time Base Kit $4.40

Converts digital clocks from AC line frequency to crystal time base. Outstanding accuracy.

Video Modulator Kit $9.95

Convert TV set into a high quality monitor w/o affecting usage. Comp. kit w/full instruc.

Multi-volt Computer Power Supply

8v 5 amp, ±18v .5 amp, 5v 1.5 amp, -5v .5 amp, 12v .5 amp, -12v option. ±5v, ±12v are regulated. Basic Kit $35.95. Kit with chassis and all hardware $51.95. Add S5.00 shipping. Kit of hardware $16.00. Woodgrain case $10.00. $1.50 shipping.

Type-N-Talk by Votrax

Text to speech synthesizer with unlimited vocabulary, built-in text to speech algorithm, 70 to 100 bits per second speech synthesizer, RS232C interface $359.00. Speech IC $72.00.

Direct Connect Modem $99.00

Fully assembled in case with RS232 cable. Orig/answer, 103 compatible, 9V battery or wallplug.

INTRODUCING A BRAND NEW MICROCOMPUTER

VENTURE is a single board computer that is an adventure for the hobbyist. It is a learning, training computer as well as just plain fun for anyone who wants to get into a state-of-the-art computer at reasonable cost.

VENTURE comes in kit form or fully assembled and tested. You can get it in its minimum configuration for as little as $195.00 or take it all the way to floppy disks and voice. It can be expanded as a kit or fully assembled, at your own pace and choice.

VENTURE is a 16" by 20" main board with separale ASCII and HEX keyboards. It runs fast, almost 4 MHz, and has the capability of putting almost 1 megabyte of RAM and ROM on the board along with a variety of inexpensive options.

A 16-channel analog-to-digital converter allows use of joysticks, control functions, instrumentation, temperature sensing, etc. T1 sound generator, software controlled music, Votrax voice synthesizer and real time clock calendar add to its versatility.

A standard 60-pin bus with 5 slots, parallel ports and 2 serial ports with full handshaking (75 to 9600 BAUD) allow expansion into floppy disks, color, EPROM programmer, printer, modem of your choice. Later expansion will add a light pen, a universal user programmable music sound board, General Purpose Instrument Bus, and a high resolution color/grayscale pixel mapped video board.

VENTURE connects directly to a monitor or to your TV set through an RF modulator. And now for the heart of VENTURE ... its video display. VENTURE has a high resolution programmable video display with up to 4096 user-defined characters, alphanumeric symbols, special graphics or objects, such as space ships, etc. Each character is 8 pixels wide by 15 pixels high, with 2 grayscale

slfeniure

maps; it has 64 levels of grayscale plus video inverfcompliment and hidden screen update for a "snow" free display. The display is 512x512 pixel mapped with 2 planes of video RAM per display. VENTURE video is in short. . . astounding!

VENTURE has complete software support with full BASIC, 3 ROM monitors, disassembler/assembler/editor. It will run realtime video games, all RCA chip 8 programs and all current Quest 1802 software. VENTURE DOS will accommodate up to three 5'A" double density floppies. A complete 1802 programming book is available. All versions of VENTURE are shipped with a set of manuals written to be understood by the inexperienced as well as experienced user. On-Board Options

16 channel A to D; 5 slot 60 pin bus. 2 serial ports, parallel ports; 3 video options, 48K RAM, Votrax voice synthesizer, sound generator, EPROM; full BASIC dissassembler, editor, assembler; metal cabinet, additional power supply, ASCII keyboard real time clock calendar. Expansion Options

Floppy disk, EPROM programmer, light pen. universal user programmable music, sound board high resolution color/grayscale pixel mapped video board, General Purpose Instrument Bus. Minimum VENTURE System $195.00 Kit includes CPU and control with 4K of RAM, 1K of scratchpad, 2K monitor, 1861 video graphics, cassette interface and separate HEX keyboard with LED displays for address and output. Power supply is included along with 2 game cassettes. The main board is 16" x 20" and includes space for all of the previously discussed on-board options. Full on-board expansion can be completed for under $1000.00. Call for further details, option prices, etc.

RCA Cosmac 1802 Super Elf Computer $106.95

The Super Elf is a tremendous value as it combines video, digital displays, LED displays, and music, all on a single board for $106.95. The Super Elf expansion capability is virtually unlimited and you can do it inexpensively one step at a time. Expansion includes casstte interface, additional memory, color video, Basic, ASCII keyboard, printer, floppy, S-100 bus, RS232, etc. The Super Elf comes complete with power supply and detailed 127 page instruction manual which includes over 40 pages of software, including a series of lessons to help get you started and a music program and graphics target game. Many schools and universities are using the Super Elf as a course of study. OEM's use it for training and

R&D. A monthly newsletter. Questdata is devoted exclusively to software for the Super Elf and there are many software books available at low cost. The Super Elf computer system is now available as a series of bare boards as well as full kits and assembled.

Bare Boards: Super Eif $35.00. Super Expansion $35.00. Power Supply $10.00. S-100 Color $35.00. Dynamic RAM $40.00. Manuals $10.00. Super Basic $45.00.

Free 14 Page Brochure

Send or call for a free brochure on all details and pricing of the Super Elf and its expansion. We will get it right out to you!

Quest Super Basic V5.0

A new enhanced version of Super Basic now available Quest was the first company worldwide to ship a full size Basic for 1802 Systems. A complete function Super Basic by Ron Cenker including floating point capability with scientific notation (number range ±. 17E1H), 32 bii integer • 2 billion, multi dim arrays, string arrays; string manipulation; cassette I/O; save and load, basic,

data and machine language programs; and over 75 statements, functions and operations. New improved taster version including renumber and essentially unlimited variables. Also, an exclusive user expandable command library

Serial and Parallel I/O routines included Super Basic on Cassette $45.00.

Rockwell AIM 65 Computer

6502 based single board with full ASCII keyboard and 20 column thermal printer. 20 char, alphanumeric display ROM monitor;, fully expandable. $419.00. 4K version $438.00. 4K Assembler $29.00, 8K Basic Interpreter $59.00.

Special small power supply 5V 2A 24V ,5A assem. in frame $59.00. Molded plastic enclosure to fit both AIM 65 and power supply $52.50. AIM 65 1K in cabinet with power supply, switch, fuse, cord assem. $546.00. 4K $565.00. A65/40-5000 AIM 65/40 W/16K RAM and monitor $1295.00. RAM Board Kit (16K, $195) (32K, $215). VD640 Video Interlace Kit $119.00. A&T $149.00. Complete AIM 65 in thin briefcase with power supply $507.00. Special Package Price: 4K AIM. 8K Basic, power supply, cabinet $598.00

AIM 65/KIM/SYM/Super Elf 44 pin expansion board; board with 3 connectors $22.95. 'Send for complete list ol all AIM products.

Elf II Adapter Kit $24.95

Plugs into Elf II providing Super Elf 44 and 50 pin plus S-100 bus expansion. (With Super Expansion). High and low address displays, state and mode LED's optional $18.00.

Super Color S-100 Video Kit $99.00

Expandable to 256 x 192 high resolution color graphics. 6847 with all display modes computer controlled. Memory mapped. 1K RAM expandable to 6K. S-100 bus 1802, 8080, 8085, Z80, etc. Dealers: Send for excellent pricing/margin program.

TERMS: $5.00 mlii. order U.S. Funds. Calif, residents add 6% tax. Prices

$10.00 min. VISA and MasterCard accepted. $1.00 insurance optional. subject Shipping: Add 5%; orders under $25.00—10%. to change

FREE: Send for your copy of our NEW 1982 QUEST CATALOG. Include 8&V stamp.

Circle 381 on inquiry card.

ATARI

CM

ot

■

800 (16K>

649

400 (16K) 319

410 Recorder 74

810 Disk Drive 439

822 Printer (THERMAL) 269

825 Printer(80COLUMN) 589

830 Modem 149

850 Interface 164

853 Memory(i6K) 79

ATARI SOFTWARE

4002 4003 4006 4007 4008 4009 4011 4012 4013

BASIC CARTRIDGE ASSEMBLER EDIT SUPER BREAKOUT MUSIC COMPOSER SPACE INVADERS COMPUTER CHESS STAR HAIDERS MISSILE COMMAND ASTEROIDS

483 THE PROGRAMMER 52

4B4 THE COMMUNICATOR 299

404 WORD PROCESSOR UO

405 PiLOT (LDUC1 99 4105 PROGRAMMING 2 21 4117 PROGRAMMING 3 21 8126 MICROSOFT BASIC 66 8121 MACRO ASSEM&EDIT 66 813 CAVERNS OF MARS 29

CALL OR WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG

COSMIC COMPUTERS

228 N. PROSPECTORS RD DIAMOND BAR, CA. 91765

OPEN 7 DAYS 8am- 9pm

UNLIMITED

SHIPPING EXTRA S2 MINIMUM PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE CALIF. RESIDENTS ADD TAX

(714)861-1265

SAVE 25% ON YOUR

n

=====" PERSONAL

=M=h COMPUTER

IF YOU ARE BUYING OR UPGRADING WE CAN SAVE YOU A BUNDLE

•DISK DRIVE 1st OR 2nd $239

*16K MEMORY KIT $25

'NEC8023 & CABLE $529

•64K MEM CARD W/RS232 PORT . $450

PLUS A LOT MORE INCLUDING:

•EPSON. OKIDATA & LETTER OUALITY PRINTERS •MODEMS, COLOR MONITORS. 3M DISKETTES •KEYBOARD & MONITOR EXTENSION CORDS

••SPECIAL: 10 3M DISKETTES—$25 WITH EACH PURCHASE OF A DISK DRIVE

VOLUME DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE 800-521-0521 IN MICH: 313-429-2678

AEGIS SYSTEMS

80,000

WORDS!

WORD GRINDER IS AN ASCII DICTIONARY OF OVER BO, 000 ENGLISH WORDS WHICH IS COMPATIBLE WITH THE POPULAR PROOF READERS SUCH AS SPELLSTAR, SPELLSUARD, AND ANY OTHER PROOFER WHICH ALLOWS THE COMBINING OF ASCII FILES INTO ITS DICTIONARY. WORD GRINDER REQUIRES 3/4 MEGABYTE OF STORAGE AND IS AVAILABLE ON 1 FILE ON EACH OF 4 CP/M DISKS. ALSO AVAILABLE ON ANSI TAPE, TRS-BO, RTII, OR APPLE DISKS. PRICES START AT •125.00 FOR CP/M. ORDERSi DIGITAL WORD SYSTEMS DEPT. B, 22713 VENTURA BL. STE. F, WOODLAND HILLS CA. 91364. VISA/M.C. PHONEl 213-992-0314

SPELLSTOR IS I TRADEMARK OF M1CP0FR0 IKTEMiATlOWL COUP.

OF SDK mm., CALIF. U.S.A. SPELL6UAEB IS A TRADEKMIK OF ISA. IR5-BC IS A nMDEMMt OF TAW CORP. CP/h IS A TMKMMC OF 0I6ITAL RESEARCH.

Circle 134 on inquiry card.

Circle 14 on inquiry card.

Circle 165 on inquiry card.

"Shirtsleeves Productivity" SYSTEMS

DOCUMENTATION,

INC.

Writing and preparation of:

USER MANUALS, SYSTEM/PROGRAM MANUALS, OPERATION GUIDES/RUN BOOKS, AND OTHER RELATED TRAINING MATERIALS AND DOCUMENTATION

222 Bridge Plaza South Fort Lee, NJ 07024 (201)592-8745 (212)724-5055

Maxell Floppy Disks

The Mini-Disks with maximum quality.

Dealer inquiries invited. C.O.D's accepted. Call FREE (800) 235-4137.

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.. San Luis San Luis Obispo. CA 93401 In Cal. call (800) 592-5935 ot .(805)543-1037

Breakthrough BASIC For Mod lis

SAVE TlME & EFFORT WITH Basic IDEAS ■

If you're like most people who write BASIC programs on their TRS-80* Mod ll's, occasions arise when you must change the logic of a program written weeks, it not months, ego. Quite often, that logic has been obscured by time, and it's difficult to retrace your steps. Since BASIC is so difficult to read, your program logic can be obscured by the language Itself.

Program modifications are a SNAP with Baalc IDEAS'.

D Meaningful Variable Namas. Virtually unlimited length lets you write descriptive names. No morecryptic 2-character symbols.

D Uaar-Deflned Labala. Nondescript line numbers are no longer an integral part ot your logic You can use meaningful labels in your GOTCs and GOSUB's.

a Netted IF/THEN/ELSE/ENDIF. Up to 16 levels, span

multiple lines, simplify logic & aid readability.

Basic IDEAS" also comes with a Full Screen Editor, and it's EASY TO LEARN because It Is NOT a totally new programming language. It IS a package of Improvements lo EXISTING Mod II BASIC making BASIC easier to read and, therefore, easier to modify.

And there's more! So send for our FREE brochure for complete details and actual examples of Basic IDEAS". Complete system, fully documented, only $299.

Computer IDEAS Corporation

4229 Hall St. ■ Dallas,Texas 75219

Circle 495 on Inquiry card.

Circle 353 on inquiry card.

Circle 111 on inquiry card.

4

maaoEEEEBmsBBBBmjEEna

[BOOmS I (1 I'D I MI 5CRCXN DI'jPLftV

GRAPHICS HARDCOPY

Dumps anything on screen of ATARI 4007800 to punier All

graphics and text modes Players Missiles scaling [[rev scale

GTIA/morei Works with EPSON, Centronics 739, IDS and

Tiendcom

'ATARI is a registered trademark ot ATARI Computer Inc

See Jan 82 COMPUTE! lor review (209) 667-2888/634-8888

©r

ROTOONICS inc.

N, Golden State Blvd. IS Turlock, California 35380 c ° °

A GREAT TEAM. YOU AMD HP's SERIES 80.

85A Personal Computer S3 A Personal Computer HP67 Computing System 125 Large Screen 6^K 7470A Graphic Plotter All HP Pericherials 15% Off Hi- Calculator

Hi

m

HEWLETT PACKARD

glands Largest!

MULTI-BUSINESS COMPUTER SYSTEMS, INC.

TEL. 203-3^2-27«7 TWX. 7 10-1428-63^5

26 MAflLEOP.OUGH 51 . PORTLAND, CI. 06U8O

CROMEMCO OWNERS DOUBLE DENSITY FORTHE4FDC!!!

Tha FDCX4 Double Retrofit Board from JVB Electronics insist!) on your 4FDC single density disk controller board in seconds end doubles your disk storage II you hove a single density Cromemco system you'll wont an FDCX4. Soma features of the FDCX4ar»:

• Analog Phase-Locked Data Separator. The separator is used in all modes-Double and Single density, B" and 5" drives.

• Write Pracompanutlon-Allowi reliable Double Density operation with ParSci 277 and Shugan type 8" drives.

• SoftwarecompatibilitywithCDOS.CROMlX, and CP/M.

• Roads. Writes, and Format* double density, single density. 5" and 8" disks. Densities and sizes may be mixed.

• Installs in Seconds*Just unplug two chips from the 4FDC and plug the FDCX4 into the two vacated sockets One sokJe* joint completes installation for uaa with 8" drives No soldering at all is required it the FDCX4 will be used exclusively with 5" dnvea. No traces ere cut on the 4FDC. The 4FDC can be restored to its original state by just unplugging the FDCX4 and plugging back in the previously removed Chips.

• No Hitk 15 Day Trial Period

Price is 4229.96 including shipping in continental USA. COD. charges extra. Calif, residents include 6% sales tax. Write, call, or circle the reader service card lor further information, Dealer inquires invited.

JVB ELECTRONICS

1601 Fulton Ave. Suite 1

Sacramento, CA 95825

(916) 483-0709 (10AM-3PM Pacific)

CDOS and CROMIX are trademarks of Cromemco CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research

Circle 278 on Inquiry card.

Circle 331 on inquiry card.

Circle 252 on inquiry card.

EPROMS

1702 (Ins) 3.00

2708 (45ns) 2.99

2716 (5v 450ns) 4.75

2716-1 (5v 350ns) 8.50

2532 (5v 450ns) 8.95

2732 (5v 450ns) 8.95

2764 (5v 450ns) Call

DYNAMIC RAMS

4027 (250ns) 2.00

4116 (200ns) 1.75

4116 (150ns) 1.85

4164 (200ns) Call

STATIC RAMS

2101

21L02

2111

2114

2114L-3

2114L-2

TMM2016

TMM2016

HM6116

HM6116

HM6116

(450ns)

(250ns LP

(450ns

(450ns

(300ns LP)

(200ns LP

(200ns)

(150ns)

(200ns)

(150ns)

(120ns)

1.85 1.55 2.49 1.95 2.25 2.30 9.00 11.00 Call Call Call

LP = Low Power

3250 KELLER STREET, #9

8000

8035

8039

808OA

8085A

8088

8155

8156

8185

8741

8748

8755

8202

8205

8212

8214

8216

8224

8226

8228

8237

8238

16.00

19.00

3.90

8.50

39.00

11.00

11.00

29.00

39.00

29.00

44.00

44.00

3.45

1.80

3.75

1.75

2.45

1.80

4.50

19.00

4.75

8239

8243

8250

8251

8253

8253-5

8255

8255-5

8257

8259

8272

8275

8279

8279-5

8282

8283

8284

8286

8287

8288

8289

4.75

4.75

14.90

4.50

8.75

9.75

4.50

5.20

8.50

6.85

39.00

29.00

9.25

10.25

6.50

6.50

5.50

6.50

6.50

25.00

49.00

SANTA CLARA, CA 95050

VOLTAGE REGULATORS

280

7805T .75

7812T .75

7815T .75

7824T .85

7805K 7812K 7815K

1.39 1.39 1.39

7905T 7912T 7915T 7924T

7905K 7912K

.85 .85 .85 .85

1.49 1.49

LEDS

Jumbo Red Jumbo Green Jumbo Yellow

10/1.00 6/1.00 6/1.00

CONNECTORS

RS 232 RS 232 RS 232

Male

Female

Hood

3.00 3.50 1.20

74LS00SERIES

74LS00

74LS01

74LS02

74LS03

74LS04

74LS05

74LS0 8

74LS10

74LS11

74LS12

74 LSI 3

74LS14

74LS15

74LS20

74LS21

74LS22

74LS26

74LS27

74LS28

74LS30

74LS32

74LS33

74LS3 7

74LS3 8

74LS4 0

74LS4 2

74LS4 7

74LS48

74LS4 9

74LS51

74LS54

74LS55

74LS6 3

74LS73

74LS74

74LS75

74LS76

74LS78

74LS83

74LS85

74LS86

74LS90

74LS91

74LS92

74LS93

74LS95

74LS96

74LS107

74 LSI 09

74LS112

74 LSI 13

74LS114

74LS122

.24 .24 .24 .24 .24 .24 .24 .24 .30 .30 .40 .89 .30 .24 .30 .24 .30 .24 .30 .24 .36 .55 .55 .35 .30 .49 .75 .75 .75 .30 .35 .35 1.20 .39 .44 .49 .39 .49 .75 .95 .39 .65 .79 .65 .59 .79 .79 .39 .39 .39 .39 .4 9 .45

74LS123 74LS124 74LS125 74 LSI 26 74LS132 74LS136 74LS137 74LS138 74LS139 74LS145 74LS147 74LS148 74LS151 74LS153 74LS154 74LS155 74LS156 74LS157 74LS158 74LS160 74LS161 74LS162 74LS163 74LS164 74LS165 74LS166 74LS168 74LS169 74LS170 74LS173 74LS174 74LS175 74LS181 74LS189 74LS190 74LS191 74LS192 74LS193 74 LSI 94 74LS195 74LS196 74 LSI 97 74LS221 74LS240 74LS241 74LS242 74LS243 74LS244 74LS245 74LS247 74LS248 74LS249 74LS251

.95

2.90

.95

.79

.75

.49

.95

.75

.75

1.10

2.20

1.20

.75

.75

1.75

.89

.89

.75

.75

.95

.95

.95

.95

.95

.95

1.95

1.69

1.69

1.69

.75

.89

.89

1.99

9.50

.89

.89

.89

.89

.89

.89

.79

.79

1.10

.95

.95

1.79

1.79

.95

1.89

.79

1.20

.89

1.25

74LS253 74LS25 7 74LS258 74LS259 74LS260 74LS266 74LS273 74LS275 74LS279 74LS280 74LS283 74LS290 74LS293 74LS295 74LS298 74LS324 74LS352 74LS353 74LS363 74LS364 74LS365 74LS366 74LS367 74LS368 74LS3 73 74LS3 74 74LS377 74LS3 78 74LS3 79 74LS385 74LS386 74LS3 90 74LS393 74LS395 74LS399 74LS4 24 74LS447 74LS490 74LS668 74LS669 74LS670 74LS674 74LS682 74LS683 74LS684 74LS6 85 74LS6 88 74LS6 89

81LS95 81LS96 81LS97 81LS98

.80

.80

.80

2.80

.60

.49

1.60

3.25

.49

1.95

.95

1.20

1.79

.99

.99

1.75

1.49

1.49

1.49

1.95

.89

.89

.69

.69

.99

1.69

1.40

1.15

1.35

1.89

.59

1.79

1.79

1.59

1.59

2.89

.75

1.89

1.65

1.85

2.10

9.50

2.99

2.39

2.39

2.39

2.39

2.39

1.65 1.65 1.65 1.65

280 A CPU Z80 A PIO Z80 A CTC

5.90 5.90 7.00

Call for Complete List

MICROPROCESSOR

REAL-TIME CLOCK

MSM 5832

7.25

6500

6502

6.90

6502A

9.45

6504

6.90

6505

7.65

6507

9.90

6520

4.35

6522

9.90

6532

13.95

6551

11.75

6800

6800

5.65

6802

8.65

6808

8.45

6809

24.00

6809E

29.00

6810

3.50

6820

3.50

6828 6834 6840 6843 6845 6847 6850 3.50 6852

14.90 16.90

7.95 41.95 16.90 15.90

3.50

6860 6862 6875 6880

68B00 68B21

10.90

11.90

6.90

1.80

10.00 12.00

3.50 68B50 12.00

UPGRADE YOUR APPLE

or TRS-80

4116 200ns 8/14.00

CRYSTALS

32.768 KHZ

1.0 MHZ

1.8432

2.0

2.097152

2.4576

3.2768

3.579545

4.0

5.0

5.06B8

3.75 4.50 4.50 3.90 3.90 3.90 3.90 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.90

5.185

5.7143

6.5536

8.0

10.0

14.31818

18.0

18.432

20.0

22.1184

32.0

3.90 3.90 3.90 3.00 3.00 3.90 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.90

MISC.

Disc Controller

(BOO) 538-8800

1771 1791 1793 1797

20.95 34.95 34.95 49.95

Uarts

AY3-1014

5.85

AY5-1013

3.90

AY5-2376

12.00

TR 1602

4.25

Interface

8T26

1.65

8T28

1.95

8T95

.95

8T96

.95

8T97

.95

8T98

.95

DM8131

2.90

DS8836

1.25

DIP SWITCHES

4 Position

5 Position

6 Position

7 Position

8 Position

.85 .90 .90 .90 .95

IC Sockets ST W/W

8 PIN 14 PIN 16 PIN 18 PIN 20 PIN 22 PIN 24 PIN 28 PIN 40 PIN

.10 .12 .15 .20 .25 .25 .25 .35 .40

.49

.50

.57

.85

.99

1.30

1.40

1.50

1.80

ST = Soldertail W/W ■ Wirewrap

LINEAR

LM301

LM308

LM309K

LM311

LM317T

LM317K

LM318

LM323K

LM324

LM337K

LM339

LM377

LM380

LM386

LM555

LM556

LM565

LM566

LM567

LM723

LM733

.32

.75

1.25

.64

1.65

1.70

1.49

3.75

.59

3.90

.79

2.25

1.25

1.00

.38

.65

.95

1.45

.99

.49

.95

LM741

LM747

LM748

LM1310

MC1330

MC1350

MC1358

LM1414

LM1458

LM1488

LM1489

LM1800

LM1889

LM3900

LM3909

LM3914

LM3915

LM3916

75451

75452

75453

.29

.75

.49

2.45

1.69

1.25

1.69

1.49

.55

.95

.95

2.45

2.45

.59

.95

3.70

3.70

3.70

.35

.35

.35

CMOS

4000 4001 4002 4006 4007 4008 4009 4010 4011 4012 4013 4014 4015 4016 4017 4018 4019 40 20 4021 4022 4023 4024 4025 4026 4027 4028 4029 4030 4034 4035 4040 4041 4042 4043 4044 4046 4047 4049 4050 4015 4053 4060 4066 4068 4069 4070

.25 .30 .30 .90 .25 .90 .45 .45 .30 .30 .45 .90 .90 .45

1.15 .90 .45 .90 .90

1.10 .35 .75 .35

1.60 .60 .75 .90 .45

2.90 .85 .90

1.20 .75 .75 .75 .90 .90 .50 .50 .90 .90

1.39 .75 .39 .30 .35

4071 4072 4073 4075 4076 4078 4081 4082 4085 4086 4093 4098 4099 4502 4503 4508 4510 4511 4512 4514 4515 4516 451B 4519 4520 4522 4526 4527 4528 4531 4532 4538 4539 4543 4555 4556 4581 4582 4584 4585

80C07 80C95 80C96 80C97 80C98

.30

.30

.30

.30

.90

.30

.30

.30

.90

.90

.90

2.49

1.90

.90

.60

1.90

.90

.90

.90

1.20

2.20

1.50

1.20

1.20

1.20

1.20

1.20

1.90

1.20

.90

1.90

1.90

1.90

2.70

.90

.90

1.90

1.90

.90

.90

.90 .90 .90 .90 1.15

I IVVAlJ Computer Products, Inc.

13250 Keller Street, #9

Santa Clara, CA 95050

(800) 538-8800

Calif. Residents (408) 988-0697

BankAmericard

master charge]

TERMS: For shipping include $2.00 for UPS Ground. $3.00 for UPS Blue Label Air. $10.00 minimum order. Bay Area residents add 6X>% Sales Tax. California residents add 6% Sales Tax. We reserve the right to limit quantities and substitute manufacturer. Prices subject to change without notice. Send SASE for complete list.

Circle 161 on Inquiry card.

BYTE June 1982 527

NOT 5 MEGABYTES BUT 10!!! 10 MB Winchester Disk System

S-100 $1995 APPLE II

If you desire the speed, capacity, and

reliability of Winchester technology,

the ASC W10 is the system for you.

10 MB hard disk drive

Smart controller

S-100 or Apple II® computer interface

Enclosure

Power supply

All cabling

CP/M» Auto-configuration utility

CP/M 2.2 if required is available. Special discounts on all Micropro software products (originators of Wordstar"). For additional information circle the reader service number below. Quantity discounts available.

IHBC

i Mssuuimea P0. Box 615 I Lexington Par*. MO 20653

(301) B63-8784

I CP/M li a fOQlatorod tradamarV ot Dtglu. Ra»urcn. I Appla It a trademark oi Apple Computers. I * Trademark ol Micropro International

B'A" x 11" credll-card-type plastic MICRO CHARTS arc lact-packed microprocessor summary cards that save you time and effort with Instant access to the data you need.

$5.95

Thousands of delighted users have made the switch from black & white, folded-up, paper summaries to colorful, ready-to-use, lifetime MICRO CHARTS. You get clear info on; full ■ instruction set, disassembly. ASCII, base conversion, effect on flags, inequalities versus jumps, interrupt structure, pinout. cycle times, diagrams, notes, and much more. Two sided comprehensive MICRO CHARTS are ideal for professionals, hobbyists, and students alike. Countless reorders and compliments confirm the benefit of these inexpensive, improved programming, debugging, and learning aids. Order today and you will be delighted. We guarantee it. Unless you are 100% pleased in 14 days, a prompt full refund will be made. To order, simply send name, address, and just $5.95 per card plus $1 total postage to: Micro Logic Corp., POB 174, Dept. Z. Hackensack, NJ 07602. Specify titles and quantity: Z80, 6502, 8080 & 6085, 8048 FAMILY. BASIC ALGORITHMS. (Dealer inquiries welcome).

E-PAK

CAN YOU IMAGINE

DOUBLING THE SPACE ON

YOUR DISK?

E-PAK is a software utility which compresses data by 40% to 80% of its original size. Available for TRS-80, Apple 11 and 8" disk CP/M systems (IBM single density). Specify one of the above on your order. Allow 4-6 weeks for delivery. Send check or money order for $29.95 to:

Rolin Associates (201)870-0244

6 Orchard Road

West Long Branch, N.J. 07764

Note: N.J. Residents add 5% sales tax, $31.45.

Circle 41 on inquiry card.

GIVES FULL DETAILS OF OVER 10,000 PROGRAMS

VOL 1 MICROS • VOL 2 MINIS

The primary reference source on computer software. Comprehensive, easy-to-use, and fully up-to-date, it's essential for anyone concerned with computers — owners, users, and buyers. A total solution to all the problems of locating software.

copies of Vol 1 (micros) $39" + 2n post. copies of Vol 2 (minis) $69" + 2" posl. Address

Please send .

Check enclosed. Credit cards accepted. (Slate which)

Ace. No.

Exp Date ^^

Imprint Software

1520 Slli College, Fort Collins

CO 80524. Tal 303 482 5574

STRUCTURAL

engineering

analysis of plane frames & trusses

microSTRAN

will run on any CP/M computer

including APPLE II & TRS-80 II

• Large capacity

• High performance

• Easy to use

$350

(Manual only $30)

Write to:

Richard T. Collins

Engineering Systems Consultant

CI- Post Office Pymble, NSW 2073

AUSTRALIA

Telephone:+612 449 5554

FREE CATALOG OF

NEW SOFTWARE

AND HARDWARE

FOR THE IBM PC*

Describes all compatible hardware — memory boards & chips, clock calendars, cables, hard disks, modems, disk drives, color printers, plotters, daisv wheel printers, color monitors, baiter,' backup, lifilu pens, digitizers. Baby Blue cards, etc.

Includes all available software — wordprocesstng, database management, mailing list. medical, dental games, courseware, ordereniry. languages, operating systems, etc.

Provides price comparisons and discounts on every item.

Circle reader screice number for yoitr free copy. Call Jor more information or to get yoitF products listed.

.STAR.

Everything for the IBM'

1629 K St. NW. "551. Washington. D.C. 20006

1202) 337-5300

*TM ol InU'rruilicmal Business Machines, Corp.

Circle 222 on Inquiry card.

Circle 94 on Inquiry card.

Circle 424 on Inquiry card.

THE SBC 8671

i

,, M

'

j3 » a AL..islP»i»>

lL

m^ ^^^^g^^^i

\. '.-:■■%■'"

Z8 CONTROL

FEATURES: Zilog Z8671 microprocessor with on chip basic interpreter: 12K of on board user memory with choice of ROM, RAM, or PROM, selectable in 4K increments: RS 232 and 20 MA current loop serial I/O: 110 to 9600 baud: 8255 peripheral interface with choice of TTL. R-Pack, or Open Collector 1/0 buffers: 48 parallel 1/0 lines total: Pin compatibility with industry standard 0PT0 1/0 modules:Two8 bil counter timers with 6 bit prescalers: 6 vectored interrupts: Module bus for full expansion: All chips socketed: Industrial grade construction.

Price (1-9) $295.00

LEHMANN & ASSOCIATES

P.O. Box 566, Maumee, Ohio 43537

(419)891-0687

5 Meg

Hard Disk

$600.°°

Introductory Offer — expand to

Winchester Technology at V%

price.

Shugart SA1002 8" Hard Disk

Drive. Optional controllers for

IBM, S-100, STD BUS and others

available.

Call Dave Starr at:

computer tNiwsuin. wit

[803] 877-7471 105 S. Main St. Greer, S.C. 29615

A LOGIC ANALYZER YOU CAN AFFORD!

CHECK THESE FEATURES:

■ INTERFACES TO DUAL CHANNEL SCOPE OR MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM ■ 10 MH1 CAPTURE RATE ■ STORES 16 WORDS 16 BITS WIDE ■ 1,0,X, COMPARE WORD BIT SELECTION ■ CRYSTAL CONTROLLED INTERNAL CLOCK ■ TIME DOMAIN DISPLAY ■ DATA DOMAIN STATE TABLE DISPLAY IN BINARY.OCTAL AND HEX +

■ VECTOR GRAPHIC DATA PICTURE DISPLAY* ■ EASY TO USE - SIMPLE OPERATION . ocvo>^> oot<™ m* "wrraco"©*-.. |M

THE OWL MODEL PI 1160 COMES COMPLETE WITH LOGIC PROBE CUPS, OPERATING MANUAL SOFTWARE AND INTERFACE TO THE APPLE II MICROCOM

PU™' FOR ONLY $9SO.

CALL TODAY FOR FULL INFORMATION

T-SlllJT

• co^ui" r-oc'o'* »m»» "S80a'<i?E' i Comeutoi loc Taroy Ccp i Commodore foioocitvoiy

Circle 497 on Inquiry card.

Circle 107 on Inquiry card.

Circle 398 on Inquiry card.

WE WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLD

SOFTWARE

Micropro

Wordstar

$319

Mailmerge

$109

Wordstar/Mailmerge

$419

Customization Notes

$489

Microsoft

Basic 80

$289

Basic Compiler

$329

Fortran 80

$349

Cobol 80

$579

Data Base

FMS80

$649

dBASE II

$595

Miscellaneous

Computer Station

Graphics Dump

$39.95

Supercalc

$269

APPLE SOFTWARE

Micropro

Wordstar

$269

MailMerge

$99

Wordstar/MailMerge

$349

Spellstar

$129

VisiCorp

VisiCalc

$229

VisiTerm

$139

VisiDex

$229

VisiPlot

$185

VisiFile

$229

VisiTrend/Plot

$275

Miscellaneous

Micro Courier

$219

Screenwriter

$129

Entertainment

Wizard and Princess

$29

Mystery House

$24

Raster Blaster

$26

Space Eggs

$26

Sargon II

$29

Twerps

$28

Borg

$28

Castle Wolfenstein

$27

Beer Run

$28

Epoch

$32

Sneakers

$27

Midnight Magic

$32

Wizardry

$45

Time Zone

$79

APPLE ACCESSORIES

Z-80 Card by Microsoft $299

16K Card by Microsoft $159 32K Card by Saturn. Increase your

memory for VisiCalc $199

Keyboard Enhancer II by Videx $125

For fast delivery, send certified checks, money money orders, or call to arrange direct bankwire transfers. Personal or company checks require one to three weeks to clear. All prices are mail order only and are subject to change without notice. Call for shipping charges.

Videoterm by Videx $249

TG Game Paddles $49

TG Joystick $49

Keyboard Co. Numeric Keypad $139

Keyboard Co. Joystick $49

Sup-R-Mod $25

ALF 9 Voice Board $159

Station II by Trace Systems. Secure

and protect your Apple II. $119

Apple Interface Cards by CCS

Parallel #7720 $119

Centronics #7728 $115

Serial Asynch #7710 $139

Serial Synch #7712 $149

DISK DRIVES

CCI 100for the TRS-80 Model 1 5'A" 40 track

CCI 189 for the Zenith Z-89 51/4" 40 track

Corvus 5M with Mirror Corvus 10M with Mirror Corvus 20M with Mirror Corvus Interfaces

$299

$389

$3089

$4489

$5429

Call

DISKETTES - BOX OF 10

Maxell 5VV single-side $40

Maxell 5'/4" double side $54

Maxell 8" single side $45

Maxell 8" double side $59

Verbatim SVt" $26.95

Verbatim 8" $36

Verbatim Datalife Head Cleaner $10

BASF 5'A" $26.95

BASF 8" $36

RAM

16KRamKit $19

200 nano seconds 4116 chips for TRS-80; Apple E Two kits $37

Jumpers $2.50

COMPUTERS

Zenith Z-89 48K Call

Zenith Z-90 64K Call

CALL FOR PRICES ON THE COMPLETE ZENITH LINE OF COMPUTERS AND ACCESSORIES.

Dealer (National/International) Inquiries Invited.

Send for FREE catalogue

California Computer Systems

Mainframe 2200a $359

Z-80CPU 2810a $239

64K RAM 2065c $569

Floppy Controller 2422a $339

Integrated 2200 System $1999

CASIO

Pocket Computer FX702 $185

Calculator Game Watch CA90 $49.95

Joggers Watch J100 $49.95

Analogue/Digital Watch AX210 $59.95

Scientific Calculator FX8100 $49.95

PRINTERS

NEC 7710 Serial NEC 7720 KRS NEC 7730 Parallel NEC 3510 Serial NEC 3515 NEC 3530 Parallel

$2395 $2595 $2395 $1795 $1850 $1795

NEC 8023 Dot Matrix Printer $565

OLIVETTI DY 211 LETTER QUALITY

DAISY WHEEL PRINTER Parallel Only $1395

Universal $1595

Call Call Call

Call Call Call Call Call Call Call $739 Call

Epson MX-80 Epson MX-80FT Epson MX-100

PaperTiger 560 IDS Prism 80 IDS Prism 132 Okidata Microline 80 Okidata Microline 82A Okidata Microline 83A 120cps Okidata Microline 84 200cps Centronics 739 Data South 180 cps

MONITORS

Leedex 12" B& W Leedex 13" Color Sanyo 9" B & W Sanyo 9" Green Screen Sanyo 12" Green Screen Sanyo 12" B & W Sanyo 13" Color Zenith 13" Color

$109 $329 $149 $189 $249 $239 $449 $349

• • • Special of the Month • • •

Zenith 12" Green Screen

$119

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Prentice Star Modem 1-yr. guar.

$125

Novation Cat

$139

Novation D-Cat

$149

Novation Auto-Cat

$199

Novation Apple Cat II

$299

Hayes Smart Modem™

$249

Hayes Micro-Modem II

$295

Hayes Chronograph'"

$225

The CPU Sh

• I

TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE 1 -800-343-6522 —

420-438 Rutherford Ave., Dept. B06M , Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129

VISA

Hours: 9 AM - 9 PM (EST) Mon.-Fri. (Sat. till 7) Technical information call 617/242-3361

Circle 136 on inquiry card.

TWX-710-348-1796

Massachusetts Residents call 617/242-3361 Massachusetts Residents add 5% Sales Tax

BYTE June 1982

529

SuperBrain Users:

SIPERLETTER is for you!

It's the exciting bi-monthly packed with technical tips, feature articles, display and classified ads plus hardware and software reviews written just for the SuperBrain and CompuSfar user.

Now in our second year, we offer:

■ Substantial DISCOUNTS on popular nationally-advertised CP/M software.

■ A full line of hard-to-find enhanced PROMS, BIOS's and GRAPHICS packages.

■ A direct link to thousands of Intertec computer users around the world.

Subscriptions: $20 in USA $35 foreign

(Back-issues available at $3,501 To order, call or write:

SIPERLETTER

P. 0. Box 3121

Beverly Hills, CA 90212

(213) 277-2410

Circle 7 on Inquiry card.

**

*%

MEGA

i COMPATIBLE MEMORY BO ARE

FEATURES:

On Hoard Mrmi.n Mpansinn from MK la IM Rift

Mrmorv Uritr Prolrri ( iimmind

Program I onfrofled Runkine ( apahiliu in I2RK or <12k Block*

Mrmon rmir Detection

Hrtihlr Mrmnrv Rounriar? Sflrclinn

(In H„ard 1 »,, MHOS Supported \m nrhronoliv HS-212-1 fort

Prirr Siarn ai Wu< Oil

P.O BOX 16115, IRVINE, CA 92713 (714)553-0133 (714) 727 0?02

C compilers

and

Cross compilers

Available for: PDP-11 RT-11/RSX-11 6809 SDOS/FLEX

8080 CP/M

8085 CP/M Z80 CP/M

8086 CP/M86 8088 MSDOS CP/M86

OTHERS PENDING

The full C language, as described in "The

C Programming Language" by Kernighan

and Ritchie.

UNIX version 7 compatible.

Starting at $200.00

UNIX Is a trademark of Bell Labs. RT11/ RSX11 are trademarks ol Digital Equipment Corp, SDOS Is a trademark ol Software Dynamics. CP/M is a trademark ol Digilal Research. FLEX is a trademark 0( Technical Syslems Consultants

TELECON SYSTEMS

90 E. Gish Road, Suite 25

San Jose, California 95112

408-275-1659

Circle 169 on Inquiry card.

PLOTTING SOFTWARE Calcomp compatible, for

EPSON and HIPLOT with CPU, FORTRAN, and BASIC

8 s s d

PLOTWARE-z 8" Manuals only

PLOTWARE-z samples * Refundable on order

.399 ..35

ENERC0MP

P.O.BOX 28014

Lakewood, Colo.

80228

303-988-1648

PL0II11

E - x

T h e|

_B_fi_ljJ

OPTIONS

Map* Chart*

Dnftlni.

SctraUf.a

Character*,

Tormina]

Emulation

P10T1ARI

STflRTJOB

STARTJOB VERS 1.1 These Jobs Will Start At 22:00:00

Receive B. Transmit OTest.txt Crun2 Update Submit Payroll

Starting Delayed Jobs

SYSTEffl JOlUTIOflJ

S-100

Circle 433 on Inquiry card.

IS YOUR Worth Star

OUT OF SORTS?

INCREASE YOUR BASICS SORTING POWER OVER 1800%!

N*S0RT is easy to use and will perform sorts on one and two dimensional or string arrays using optional sort keys. For example, to alphabetize A$:

10 A$ = "ZYXWVUTS"\ REM Define String 2CSRT A$,LEN(A$),1\ REM Sort A$

N*S0RT interfaces to any release 4 or later North Star Basic and can be yours for only (ton

*J)Oc7 plus $1.50 shipping Calif. Res add 6% tax ^__^^ Send check VISA or M/C /mum\Complete Brochure Available

\5ZJ Software Systems

1269 Rubio Vista Road, Altadena, Calif. 91001 (213) 791-3202

Circle 173 on inquiry card.

Circle 184 on Inquiry card.

Circle 438 on inquiry card.

r

LEO ELECTRONICS, INC.

8921 S. Sepulveda #208 Los Angeles, CA 90045 (213)641*3101 (800)421-2418

WHY PAY MORE? SAVE MONEY! LOWEST PRICES ON PARTS!

FLOPPY DISKS

NEW Shugart SA4DDL $233.00

NEW Shugart SA-450 325.00

NEW Shugart SAB01R 3B9.0D

NEW Shugarc SAB51R 520.00

Duel B" enclosure, wined, power, rack mount slides, remote AC power

control 649.00

Enclosure. B" desk top, bare, unwired "75.00 ENCLOSURE DUAL MINI WITH

POWER. DESK TOP 90.00

FD206 power supply 95,OD

DISKETTES

1 yeBr warranty. 10 per plastic library cbsb, B" ..single side-single density 2S.4D

S" ..single side-double density 39.90

8" ..double Bided-double density *35."70

5Y," REINFORCED HUB lO/PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE SOFT SECTORED. ID ORIS HOLES

Bingle side-single density 29.70

single side-double density 3B. 10

double eided-double density A3.9D

TRACTORFEED PAPER

914 x 11 blank. 37QD sheets, perf 2"7.22

B^fr x 11 blue bar. 3700 sheets 24.72

OTHER TYPES OF MEDIA AVAILABLE . . . CALL FOR PRICE

]□ METAVAIM, INC. J 1B05 Ebbc Oyer Road. Suite 3D"7 Santa Ana. CA 92705 [7141 5-40-12427

SOFTWARE/HARDWARE

PROFESSIONALS CONSIDER CALIFORNIA

Program Manager/Communication Analysis to 50K

Analysis

VLSI/BiPolar Design.

CAD/CAM Design Automation

.to 38K

Analog Test Engineer to 38K

Naval Communications/Software Design to 40K

Microprocessor Hardware/ ■

Software Design to 35K

(714) 565-4332 PLEASE SEND RESUME

WESTBROOKE SEARCH, INC.

9320 Chesapeake Drive, Suite 202 San Diego, California 92123

Circle 263 on inquiry card.

Circle 292 on inquiry card.

Circle 467 on inquiry card.

Orange County • Sunnyvale

San Diego

San Fernando Valley

Los Angeles

8" Disk Drives on Sale !!!

landon^

Qume

Shugart SA801R single-sided double-density MSF-10801 R .. $394.95 ea 2 for $389.95 ea

Shugart SA851R double-sided double-density MSF-10851 R .. $554.95 ea 2 for $529.95 ea

Tandon TM848-1 sngl-sided dbl-den thin-line MSF-558481 .. $424.95 ea 2 for $394.95 ea

Tandon TM848-2 dbl-sided dbl-den thin-line MSF-558482 .. $574.95 ea 2 for $549.95 ea

Qume DT-8 double-sided double-density MSF-750080 .. $524.95 ea 2 for $498.95 ea

Siemens FDD 100-8 sngl-sided dbl-density MSF-201120 .. $384.95 ea 2 for $349.95 ea

5V4" Disk Drives on Sale !!!

Tandon TM100-1 sngl-sided dbl-density 48 TPI MSM-551001 .. $248.95 ea 2 for $219.95 ea

Shugart SA400L sngl-sided dbl-density 40 track MSM-104000.. $234.95 ea 2 for $224.95 ea

Tandon TM100-2 dbl-sided dbl-density 48 TPI MSM-551002.. $324.95 ea 2 for $298.95 ea

Shugart SA450 dbl-sided dbl-density 35 track MSM-104500.. $349.95 ea 2 for $329.95 ea

Tandon TM100-3 sngl-sided dbl-density 96 TPI MSM-551003.. $324.95 ea 2 for $298.95 ea

Tandon TM100-4 dbl-sided dbl-density 96 TPI MSM-551004.. $448.95 ea 2 for $419.95 ea

MPIB-51 sngl-sided dbl-density 40 track MSM-155100.. $234.95 ea 2 for $224.95 ea

MPI B-52 dbl-sided dbl-density 40 track MSM-155200.. $344.95 ea 2 for $334.95 ea

MPI B-91 sngl-sided dbl-density 77 track MSM-155300.. $369.95 ea 2 for $359.95 ea

MPI B-92 dbl-sided dbl-density 77 track MSM-155400.. $469.95 ea 2 for $459.95 ea

5'A" Cabinets with Power Supply

END-000216 Single cab w/pwr sup .. $69.95

END-000226 Dual cab w/pwr sup ... $94.95

Dual Disk Sub-Systems

Dual 8" Sub-Assembly without Drives

END-000420 Bare Cabinet $59.95

END-000421 Sub-Assembly Kit $225.00

END-000431 Sub-Assembly A&T ... $359.95

8" Single-Sided, Double-Density Sub-Systems

END-000423 Kit w/2 SASOlRs $999.95

END-000424 A & T w/2 SASOlRs . $1195.00

8" Double-Sided, Double-Density Sub-Systems

END-000426 Kit w/2 DT-8s $1224.95

END-000427 A&T w/2 DT-8s $1424.95

END-000436 Kit w/2 SA-851Rs $1274.00

END-000437 A&T w/2 SA-851R.1 .. . $1475.00 Circle 246 on inauiry card.

Okidata Graphics ROMs Available

Microline 82A 80/132 column. 120 CPS. 9 x 9 dot

matrix, friction feed, pin feed, adjustable tractor feed (optional)..handles 4 part forms up to 9.5" wide, rear & bottom feed, paper tear bar. 100% duty cycle 200.000.000 character print head, bi-directional/logic seeking, both serial & parallel interfaces included, front panel switch & program control of10 different form lengths, uses inexpensive spool type ribbons, double width & condensed characters, true lower case descenders & graphics PRM-43082 Friction & pin feed .... $499.95

Microline 83A 132 232 column. 120 CPS. handles forms up to 15" wide, removable tractor, plus all the features of the X2A. PRM-43083 with FREE tractor .... $744.95

Microline 84 132 232 column. 200 CPS. full dot graphics built in. handles forms up to IS" icide. plus all the features of the 83A. PRM-43084 with FREE tractor ... $1149.95

PRA-27081 Apple card $39.95

PRA-27082 Apple cable $19.95

PRA-27087 TRS-80 cable $24.95

PRA-43081 2K hi spd serial card .. $169.95 PRA-43082 Graphics ROMs 82A ....$79.95 PRA-43083 Graphics ROMs 83A ....$79.95

PRA-43088 Tractor option 82A $39.95

PRA-43080 Extra ribbons pkg. of 2 ... $9.95

Letter Quality Printer for Under $1000.00 !!!

Uses standard daisy wheels and ribbon cartridges, 16 CPS bi-directional printing, semi-automatic paper load (single sheet or fanfold), 10/12/15 pitch, up to 16" paper, built-in noise suppression cover.

PRD-11001 Centronics parallel $959.95

PRD-11002 RS-232C model $999.95

C. Itoh Starwriter F-10 Letter Quality Printer

New inexpensive 40 CPS daisy wheel printer. Full

15 inch carriage for both letter processing and

business report production. Uses standard Diablo

ribbons and wheels. Both parallel and serial

interfaces included. Small, light-weight, and

handsome.

PRD—22010 Starwriter F-10 $1795.00

Modems on Sale !!!!

SIGNALMAN - Anchor

Direct-connect automatic answer originate selection, 300 Baud fall duplex. Bell 103. includes RS-232 cable IOM-5600A Signalman $98.50 I

SMARTMODEM - Hayes

Sophisticated direct-connect auto-answer auto^dial modem, I

touch-tone or pulse dialing. RS-232C interface.programmable ■

IOM-5400A Smartmodem $249.95 | I

IOK-1500A Hayes Chronograph ... $219.95 |

IOM-2010A Micromodem II $329.95 |

IOM-1100A Micromodem 100 $375.00 |

Apple-CAT - Novation

Software selectable 1200 or 300 Baud, direct connect, auto- I answer/auto-dialse dialing, auxiliary .'{-wire RS2.'i2C serial * ' port for printer ^L

IOM-5232A Save $50.00 $325.00 I

Dallas

New Epson Printers with GRAFTRAX-plus

Epson has improved and upgraded their best selling line of printers to include their new GRAFTRAX-plus graphics package. Features now include; 9x9 matrix, bi-directional/logic seeking, line spacing to n/216, programmable forms length and horizontal tabs, skip over perf, italics fonts, international symbols, superscript/subscript, normal, emphasized, double-strike, and double-emphasized print, underlining, line drawing graphics, 60/120 DPI bit image, software reset, adjustable right margin, and true back space. Jade will also continue to offer the original style Epsons at reduced prices.

MX-80 with GRAFTRAX-plus 80 column. 80 CPS. adjustable pin feed

PRM-28080 MX-80 w/grftrx-plus .. $479.95 PRM-27080 Original MX-80 $424.95

MX-80FT with GRAFTRAX-plus same as MX80 teith friction feed added.

PRM-28082 MX-80FT w/grftrx-plus $559.95 PRM-27082 Original MX-80FT .... $529.95

MX-100 with GRAFTRAX-plus 132 column, correspondence quality, up to 15" paper, friction feed & adjustable pin feed, 9x9 dot matrix. 80 CPS. PRM-28100 MX-100 w/grftrx-plus . $754.95 PRM-27100 Original MX-100 $724.95

PRA-27084 Serial interface $54.95

PRA-27088 Serial intf & 2K buffer . . $144.95

PRA-27081 Apple card $39.95

PRA-27082 Apple cable $19.95

PRA-27086 IEEE 488 card $52.95

PRA-27087 TRS-80 cable $24.95

PRA-27085 GRA TRAX-plus $69.95

PRA-27090 Extra print head $44.95

PRA-27083 MX-80 ribbon cart $13.95

PRA-27101 MX-100 ribbon only $9.95

Printer Pal - paper holder & printer stand PRA-99080 for MX-80. FT. 82A, NEC $24.95 PRA-99100 for MX-100. 83A, 84 $29.95

I I

Place Orders Toll Free

Continental U.S. Inside California

800-421-5500 800-262-1710

For Technical Inquires or Customer Sercice cell:

213-973-7707

Computer Products

4901 W. Rosecrans, Hawthorne, Ca 90250

TKRMS of SALE: Cash, checks, credit cards, or Purchase Orders from qualified firms and institutions. Minimum Order $15.00. California residents add fi% tax. Minimum shipping & handling charge $3.00. Pricing & availihility subject to change

Computer Products

3313 South Bristol St. Santa Ana 714-549-7108

Computer Products

1291 West El Camino Real Sunnyvale 415-965-7980

Computer Products

4344 Convoy Street San Diego 714-268-4661

PLACE ORDERS TOLL FREE.

Continental U.S. - 800-421-5500 Inside California - 800-262-1710 Los Angeles Area - 213-973-7707

SD Systems

ExpandoRAM III

64K to 256K expandable RAM board

SI) Systems has duplicated the famous reliability of their KxpandoRAM I and II boards in the new KxpandoRAM III, a board capable of containing 25(iK of high speed RAM. Utilizing the new (i-IK x 1 dymanic RAM chips, you can configure a memory of 64K, 128K, 192K, or 256K, all on oneS-100 hoard. Memory address decoding is done by a programmed bipolar ROM so that the memory map may be dip-switch configured to work with cither COSMOS/MPM-type systems or with OAKIS-lype systems.

Kxtensive application notes concerning how to operate the KxpandoRAM III with Cromcmco, Intersystems, and other popular -I MHz Z-80 systems are contained in the manual.

MKM-65064A 64K A&T $475.00

M KM-65128A 12HK A&T $575.00

MKM-65I92A 192K A & T $675.00

MKM-65256A 250K A & T $775.00

Our Finest Diskettes

We proudly put our name on these high quality diskette* guaranteed to satisfy you or your money back.

5'/i" Diskettes, Box of Ten

MMD-5110103 SS, SD, OlS

MM I)—5111003 SS. SD, WS

MMD-5111603 SS. SD, I6S

MMD-5120103 SS, DD. OlS

MMD-5121003 SS, DD. 010

MMD-5121603 SS, DD. 16S

$29.00 $29.00 $29.00 $31.00 $31.00 $31.00

8" Diskettes, Box of Ten

MMD-8110103 SS, SD, OlS $31.00

MMD-8120103 SS, DD, OIS $39.00

MMD—8220103 DS. 1)1), OlS $48.00

Bargain Diskettes on Sale

MMD-5110105 MMD-5220105 MMD-8110105 MMD-8120105 MMD-8220105

5'/," SS DD OlS 5'A" DS DD OlS 8" SS SD OlS . . 8" SS DD OlS . . 8" DS DD OlS . .

$19.95 $32.95 $21.95 $32.95 $35.95

16K MEMORY UPGRADE

Add ItiK of HAM to your TSS-S0, Apple, or Exidy in just minutes. We've sold thousands of these IRK RAM upgrades which inelude the appropriate memory chips tas specified by the manufacturer!, all necessary jumper blocks, foid-proof instructions, and our 1 year guarantee.

M EX-16100K TRS-80 kit $25.00

MKX-16101K Apple hit $25.00

MKX-16102K Exidy hit $25.00

16K RAM CARD - for Apple II

Expand your Apple lo 64K. 1 year warranty MEX-16700A Sane $125.00 .'.'.' $74.95

Z-80* CARD for APPLE

I'tcu computers in one. Z-80 & 6502, more than doubles the power & potential of your Apple, includes Z-80* CPU card. CI' M 2:2. & BAS1C-80 CPX-30800A A&T $299.95

8" DISK CONTROLLER

New from Vista Computer, single or double sided, single or double density, compatible with DOS 33/3.3, Pascal. & CPM 2.2. Shugarl & Qume compatible IOD-2700A A & T $499.95

2 MEGABYTES for Apple II

Complete package includes: Two H" double-density disk

drives. Vista double density 8" disk controller, cabinet, power

supply, it- cables, DOS 3.2 3.3, CP M 2.2. & Pascc.l

compatible.

1 MegaBvte Package (Kit) $1495.00

1 MegaByte Package (A&T) $1695.00

2 MegaBvte Package (Kit) $1795.00

2 MegaByte Package (A&T) $1995.95

Apple-CAT - Novation

Software selectable 12(H) or 300 baud, direct connect, autoanswer auto-dial, auxiliary 3-wire RS232C serial port for printer. IOM-5232A Sai'e $50.00!!! $334.95

DISK DRIVES - Micro Sci

Inexpensive dish drives for your Apple A2 Direct replacement fur Apple Disk II, works with Apple II controller as first or second drive.

MSM-123101 Micro Sci A2 $399.95

MSM-123101C A2 with contrir .... $479.95

A40 40 track drive for Apple II. Improved storage capacity and speed over Apple Brand drives ■ reqaires Micro Sci controller. IOD-2340A Micro Sri A-W $399.95

A70 70 track drive for Apple II. Twice the storage capacity and three times foster than Apple Brand drives requires Micro Sci controller 1OD-2370A Micro Sci A70 $499.95

Micro Sci Controller Disk controller for up to two

Micro Sci AH) or A 70 disk drives, DOS 3,2, 3.3, Pascal, and Z-80 SoftCard compatible, includes utility disk and -It) 70 truck patch.

IOD-2300A Micro Sci controller $95.00

VISION 80 - Vista Computer

80 column v 24 line video card for Apple It. 128 ASCII characters, upper and lower case, u x 10 dot matrix with .'1 dot descenders, standard data media terminal control codes. CP M Pascal & Fortran compatible. SO tit) tfc

IOV-2400A Vi.sin Vision 80 $375.00

Joystick - T G Products

A belter joystick for vour Apple II

SYA-1512A A&T $49.95

CPS MULTICARD - Mtn. Computer

Three cards in one! Heal time clock calendar, serial interface. & parallel interface - all on one card.

ft commodore

VIC-20 Computer

Complete personal computer with ~>K It AM. full color, lit key keyboard. I dual special function keys, serial ports, cassette port, composite video output (connects to standard color T\ sell. HASIC language. & expansion port. COM-VIC20 VIC-20 $279.95

Z-80 STARTER KIT - SD Systems

Complete Z-Xt) microcomputer with RAM. POM. 1 t). keyboard, display, kludge area, manual. & workbook

CPS-30100K KIT $299.95

CPS-30100A A&T $409.95

A

IOX-2300A A & T

$179.95

AIM-65 - Rockwell

tint)2 computer with alphanumeric display, printer. & keyboard, and complete instructional manuals

CPK-50165A IK AIM-65 $424.95

CPK-50465A 4K A1M-H5 $474.95

SKK-74600008K 8K BASIC ROM ...$64.95 SFK-64600004E IK Assembler ROM $43.95

PSX-030A Power Supply $64.95

ENX-000002 Enclosure $54.95

SKK-74600020K PL fi5 ROM $84.95

SKK-74600010E Forth ROM $64.95

SFK-74600030E Instant Pascal $99.95

Special Packages

IK AIM-US, UK BASIC, power supply & enclosure

Special Package Price $649.95

Video Monitors

HI-RES 12" GREEN - Zenith

la MHz bandwidth. 71HI lines inch. PHI green phosphor, sicitchuble 40 or St) columns, small, light-weight & portable. VDM-201201 List price $150.00 .... $129.95

12" GREEN SCREEN - NEC

20 MHz, P3I phosphor video monitor with audio, exceptionally high resolution A fantastic monitor at a very reasonable price

VDM-651200 Special Sale Price $199.95

12" COLOR MONITOR - NEC

Hi-res monitor with audio & sculptured ease VDC-651212 Color Monitor $479.95

NKC-1202D RGB color monitor ... $1045.00 Leedex / Amdek

Reasonably priced video monitors

VDC-801310 13" Color 1 $379.95

VDC-801320 Color II $895.00

1OV-2300A DVM board for Apple .. $199.95

Prices may be slightly higher at our retail locations. Please call the store nearest you for local price and availability.

Circle 247 on inquiry card

Computer Products

13440 South Hawthorne Blvd. Hawthorne 213-973-7330

Computer Products

21800 Ventura Blvd Woodland Hills 213-716-6120

PLACE ORDERS TOLL FREE.

iter Products Computer Products

i/entura Blvd 4950 Beltline Road

lills 213-716-6120 Dallas 214-458-2782

Continental U.S. - 800-421-5500 Inside California - 800-262-1710 Los Angeles Area - 213-973-7707

SBC-200 - SD Systems

■/ MHz Z-80A CPU with serial & parallel I/O. IK RAM. HK ROM space, monitor PROM included.

CPC-30200A A & T $399.95

THE BIG Z* - Jade

2 or -I MHz switchable Z-80' CPU with serial I/O, accomodates 2708, 27Hi. or 2732 EPROM. baud rates from 7.5 to 9600

CPU-30201K Kit $139.95

CPU-30201A A & T •.. $189.95

CPU-30200B Bare board $35.00

2810 Z-80* CPU - Cal Comp Sys

2 4 MHz Z-80 A * CPU with RS-2S2C serial I/O port and onboard MOSS 2.2 monitor PROM, front panel compatible. CPU-30400A A&T $269.95

CB-2 Z-80 CPU - S.S.M.

2 or I MHz Z-80 CPU board with provision for up to 8K of ROM or IK of RAM on board, extended addressing, IEEE S-100, front panel compatible.

CPU-30300K Kit $239.95

CPU-30300A A&T $299.95

16K STATIC RAM - Mem Merchant

■/ MHz IKK static RAM board. IEEE S-IOO. bank selectable. Phantom capability, addressable in -IK blocks, "disablc-able" in IK segments, extended addressing, low power MEM-16171A A&T $154.95

32K STATIC RAM - Jade

2 or -1 MHz expandable static RAM board uses 21 NL's

MEM-16151K 16K4MHzkit $169.95

MEM-32151K 32K 4 MHz kit $299.95

Assembled & tested add $50.00

MEMORY BANK - Jade

•/ MHz. S-IOO. bank selectable, expandable from I6Kto64K

MEM-99730B Bare Board $49.95

MEM-99730K Kit no RAM $199.95

MKM-32731K 32K Kit $239.95

MEM-64733K (UK Kit $279.95

Assembled & Tested add $50.00

64K RAM - Calif Computer Sys

■/ MHz bank port ' bank byte selectable, extended addressing, 16K bank selectable. PHANTOM line allows memory overlay. 8080 Z-80 / front panel compatible. MEM-64565A A&T $389.95

64K STATIC RAM - Mem Merchant

tilK static S-lllll RAM card. 4-16K banks, up to 8MHz MEM-64400A A & T $594.95

64K STATIC RAM - SSM

IEEE KM! S-IOO standard, up to (SMHz'8 Bit. 12MHz 16 Bit. 2-1 Hit extended addressing, disablc-able in 2K increments MEM-64300A A&T $749.95

64K STATIC - Lab Standard

Absolute IEEE fi.lfi. S-I00 compliance. 8 or 16 Hit data paths. 16-bit ret/uest acknowledge properly implemented, supports DMA at 8MHz. switchable bank select system for use with Cromemco & Alpha Micro MEM-64900A A&T $699.95

EPROM Erasers

Ultra-violet EPROM < XME-3100A With out timer

XME-3101 With timer

XME-3200 Economy Model

$69.50 $94.50 $39.95

VERSAFLOPPY II - SD SYSTEMS

Double density disk controller for any combination ofSW'or 8" single or double sided disk drives, analog phase-locked loop data separator, vectored interrupt. CP'M 2.2 & OASIS compatible, control diagnostic software PROM included

IOD-1160A A&T $359.95

SFC-55009047F CP'M 2.2 for VF II . $99.95

DOUBLE-D - Jade

Double density controller with the inside track, on-board Z80A*. printer port. IEEE S-100, can function on an interrupt driven buss

IOD-1200K Kit $299.95

IOD-1200A A&T $375.00

IOD-1200B Bare board $59.95

DOUBLE DENSITY - Cal Comp Sys

SW and 8" disk controller, single or double density, with onboard boot loader ROM, and free CP/M 2.2* and manual set. IOD-1300A A&T $374.95

MPC-4 - SD Systems

Intelligent l-port serial 1 O card, onboard Z-80A. 2K RAM. 4K PROM area, on-board firmware, fully buffered, vectored interrupts, four CTC channels, add to SD Board set for powerful multi-user system IOI-1504A A&T W/software $495.00

I/0-4 - S.S.M.

2 serial 10 ports plus 2 parallel I/O ports

IOI-1010K Kit $179.95

IOI-1010A A&T $249.95

IOI-1010B Bare board $35.00

1/0-5 - SSM Microcomputer

Two serial & 3 parallel I/O ports. I101H.2K Baud IOI-1015A A&T $279.95

1/0-8 - SSM Microcomputer

Eight software programmable serial 1 O ports, lit) -19.2K

Baud, ideal for multi-user systems

IOI-1018A A&T $449.95

PROM-100 - SD Systems

271)8. 2716. 2732 EPROM programmer w software

MEM-99520K Kit $189.95

MEM-99520A A & T $249.95

PB-1 - S.S.M.

2708. 2716 EPROM board with built-in programmer

MEM-99510K Kit $154.95

MEM-99510A A&T $219.95

EPROM BOARD - Jade

16K or 32K uses 2708's or 2716's, IK boundary

MEM-16230K Kit $79.95

MEM-16230A A&T $119.95

ISO-BUS - Jade

Silent, simple, and on sale - a better motherboard 6 Slot (SW X 8%")

MBS-061B Bare board $19.95

MBS-061K Kit $39.95

MBS-061A A&T $49.95

12 Slot (9V," x 8tt")

MBS-121B Bare board $29.95

MBS-121K Kit $69.95

MBS-121A A&T $89.95

18 Slot I14'/i" X 8%")

MBS-181B Bare board $49.95

MBS-181K Kit $99.95

MBS-181A A&T $139.95

Single User System

SBC-200. 64K ExpandoRAM II. Versafloppy II. CP/M 2.2

$1095.00

4 MHz Z-80A CPU, 64K RAM, serial I/O port, parallel I/O port, double-density disk controller, CP/M 2.2 disk and manuals, system monitor, control and diagnostic software.

Board set with 256K of RAM .... $1295.00

-All boards are assembled and tested

The Bus Probe

So your computer is down. And you don't have an oscilloscope. And you don't have a front panel... You're not alone • most computers have their occasional bad days. But without diagnostic equipment such as an oscilloscope (expensive!) or a front panel (expensive!), it can be very difficult to pinpoint the problem. Even if you have an extender board with a superfast logic probe, you can't see more than one signal at a time. You're stuck, right?

Not anymore; Jade is proud to offer our costeffective solution to the problems mentioned above. THE BUS PROBE. Whether you're a hobbyist with a cantankerous kluge or a field technician with an anxious computer owner breathing down your neck, you'll find THE BUS PROBE speeds your repair time remarkably. Just plug in THE BUS PROBE and you'll be able to see all the IEEE S-100 signals in action. THE BUS PROBE allows you to see inputs, outputs, memory reads and writes, instruction fetches, DMA channels, vectored interrupts, 8 or 16 bit wide data transfers, plus the three bus supply voltages.

TSX-200B Bare board $59.95

TSX-200K Kit $119.95

TSX-200A A&T $149.95

ISOBAR - GSC

in

SSBEB^SSSiSa-r^

VB

:^..-- _-

Isolates <£• protects your valuable equipment from high voltage spikes & AC line noise, inductive isolated ground, 1.5 amp circuit breaker. U.L. listed

EME-115103 3 socket $39.50

EME-115105 4 socket $49.50

EME-115100 8 socket $54.50

EME-115110 9 socket rackmount ....$74.50

Prices may be slightly higher at our retail locations. Please call the store nearest you for local price and availability.

Ircle 247 on Inquiry card.

WE HAVE IT!

System One

TOMORROW'S COMPUTERS NOW! from

Cromemco

^^ 64K-Z80A

n

System One

System Two

wifh dual sided mini floppys,

-$3349- -$3749

Multi-User and Hard Disk versions available.

CROMIX'. or MP/M® or OASIS® Systems now available from MiniMicroMart running CROMIX (or MP/M or OASIS) on a CDC Phoenix (96MB-16 re moveable—80 fixed) hard disk.

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

CS-1 Computer System NEW

(similar to CS-2 but only 8 slots). List $3995 $3349 CS-1H, w/5mg Hard Disk NEW

List $6995 $5895

CS-3, features 4MHz CPU w/64K of RAM,

Dual-sided PerSci 8" floppy disk drives (RS232C Interface),

List $7995 $5895

N£^

HD-5, 5mg add-on Winchester Hard Disk, Fit ICS-26CS-3I

USt $3495 $2949

HDD-11, 11 Megabyte Hard Disk System.

List $6995 $5945

HDD-22, 22 Megabyte Hard Disk System,

List $11,995 $10,195

TERMINALS & PRINTERS

CRT Terminal 3102, (80 characters/line, 24 line displayl.

List $2295 $1949

Letter Quality Printer 3355A,

(55 characters/second, 15" platen, tractor-feed,

List $3495 $2969

NEW LOW PRICE ON 64K MEMORY BOARD

List $995 our price $599

Check with us on new low prices for Multi-User CROMIX® Systems.

CROMEMCO BOARDS

SCC Single Card Comp.List $494 $419

ZPU Z-80 CPU 2/4MHz.List $395 $335

16KZ Dyn.RAM Mem.List $495 $419

48KTP 2 Port 48K Mem.List $1495. . . . Call

64KZ Dyn.RAM Mem.List $1195 $819

16FDC Disk Com.,DD.List $595 $499

8K Bytesaver II Prom.Prog.List $295 . . . $249 32K Bytesvr.PromCard(2716s)List$345 $295

TU-ART I/O Interface.List $345 $275

D 7A Digital/Analog Inter.List $295 $249

8PIO 8 Port Par.Inter.List $295 $249

4PIC 4 Port Par.Inter.List $395 $335

QDRT4Ch.Syn/Asyn Inter.List $595. $499

IOP Int.l/O Processor.List $695 $589

PRI Printer Inter.Card.List $245 $209

16KPR 16K PromMem.Card.List $245 $209

CGI TV Dazzler.List $395 $335

SDI Hi-Res Col.Graphics.List $795. . . $675

EXC 2 Extender Board.I isl $65 WWR 2 Wire Wrap Board.I ist $65.

CROMEMCO SOFTWARE

(specify 8" or 5 54 "I

CROMIX Multi User.l isl $595

FDA Macro Assembler.List $295

FDB 16K Extended BASIC.List $195. . .

H)C COBOL Compiler.List $595

FDF Fortran IV Compiler.List $295

FDRRATFOR incl.Fortran IV.List $395 .

S1B32K Struc.BASIC.Lisl $295

SGS Sup.Dazzler Graphics.I ist $595. . DBM DntaBs.Mcjt.lw/reportlList $295.

WPS Word Proc.Sys.Lisi $295

TSS Trace Sys.Simulator.List $195 WRMR WritemasterWrd.Pro.List $595 .

SLMR Slidemaster.l ist 5595

SPMR Spellmaster.l isl $295

I-OMR Fontmaster.l ist $595

$38

$38

$279 $249 $165 $299 $179 $335 $165 $299 $249 $249 $95 $499 $499 $249 $499

CS-O Computer System

w/SCC & MCB-216, List $1295 $1099

CS-O/D Computer System

Z80SCC CPU, 64KZ, 16FDC, *---_

List $2995 $2545

DDF Dual Double-Sided 5" Drives for CS-0 List $1295 $1,099

All prices, F.O.B. shipping point, subject to change \ll "tiers subject to withdraw! without notice. Advertised prices reflect a 2"''o cash discount, (order prepaid prior to shipment). C.O.D.'s and credit card orders are 1" a highe)

MiniMioroMart, Inc.

943 W.Genesee St. BOX 2992K Syracuse, NY. 13204 (315)422-4467 TWX-710-542 0431

Circle 321 on inquiry card.

Super Specials on SUPERBRAINS®

SUPERBRAIN® DD, $1994

Through July 7, 1982 SD, $2369

SD, $2799

INTERTEC has introduced a new model, the SD (super density) with dual double sided 80 track drives-TWICE THE CAPACITY OF THE QD-. The SD SUPERBRAIN is available from Mini MicroMart for $2799

SUPERBRAINS come with CP/M; with the addition of an appropriate printer, and the necessary software you can have a complete data processing and /or word processing system.

You can take advantage of

our MicroPro word processing

software special. WordStar for only $269;

We will include MailMerge with WordStar for $358 or

for only $489 you get the full package— WordStar, MailMarge and SpellStar

MiniMicroMart stocks the full INTERTEC line.

MICROSOFT 80 is only $279 and a complete accounting package—GL, A/R, AiP, and payroll are available to run in MICROSOFT BASIC for only $269

You can add capacity to your SUPERBRAIN by adding their 10 megabyte DSS Hard Disk. We offer it for only $2995- We include the adapter cable to the SUPERBRAIN (if requested) at no extra charge.

zNTRIEC COMPUSARCV\TA DtSKSTORAGt

ESYSfEMS SYSEM

-^.-... ^■^,|M.-»-ftlj

If you need a distributed processing system, INTERTEC has lowered prices on their full series of COMPUSTARS- the VPU 10, the VPU 20 the VPU 30 and the VPU 40. Virtually any number of these can be daisey chained to share one of their hard disks, or they can be utilized as a

stand alone computer, justlikeaSUPERBRAIN. -CALL US FOR PRICING

SUPERBRAINS and COMPUSTARS come with two built in serial ports, so you can support two printers or a printer and a modum. Among the printers suitable for the SUPERBRAIN are: Centronics 730-3, the 739-3, the 704-9 the Tl 810s or 820s, or Okidata 82s, 83s or84s(serial version) the IDS PRISM series is also suitable. If you choose to use an Epson, you will also have to buy one of their serial interface boards. If you want a letter quality printer there is the NEC 3510 or 7710, the Diablo 630 or the Qume Sprint 9/45.

All prices, F.O.B. shipping point, subject to change. All offers subject to withdrawal without notice. Advertised prices reflect a 2% cash discount (order prepaid prior to shipment). C.O.D.'sand credits cards are 2% higher.

MiniMicroMart, Inc.

943 W. Genesee St. P.O. Box 3002 Syracuse, N.Y. 13220 (315) 422-4467 TWX 710-542-0431

Circle 321 on Inquiry card.

BYTE June 1982 535

ALL MllUHAMMSl 100% (.1 VRAM 1 1.1)!

CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES

7400 SERIES

7400

.19

74136

.50

7401

.19

74141

.65

7402

.19

74142

2.95

7403

.19

74143

2.95

7404

.19

74145

.60

7405

.25

74147

1.75

7406

.29

74148

1.20

7407

.29

74150

1.35

7408

.24

74151

.65

7409

.19

74152

.65

7410

.19

74153

.55

7411

.25

74154

1.40

7412

.30

74155

.75

7413

.35

74156

.65

7414

.55

74157

.55

7416

.25

74159

1.65

7417

.25

74160

.85

7420

.19

74161

.70

7421

.35

74162

.85

7422

.29

74163

.85

7423

.29

74164

.85

7425

.29

74165

.85

7426

.29

74166

1.00

7427

.29

74167

2.95

7428

.45

74170

1.65

7430

.19

74172

5.95

7432

.29

74173

.75

7433

.45

74174

.89

7437

,29

74175

.89

7438

.29

74176

.89

7440

.19

74177

.75

7442

.49

74178

1.15

7443

.65

74179

1.75

7444

.69

74180

.75

7445

.69

74181

2.25

7446

.59

74182

.75

7447

.69

74184

2.00

7448

.69

74185

2.00

7450

.19

74186

18.50

7451

.23

74190

1.15

7453

.23

74191

1.15

7454

.23

74192

.79

7460

.23

74193

.79

7470

.35

74194

.85

7472

.29

74195

.85

7473

.34

74196

.79

7474

.35

74197

.75

7475

.49

74198

1.35

7476

.35

74199

1.35

7480

.59

74221

1.35

7481

1.10

74246

1.35

7482

.95

74247

1.25

7483

.50

74248

1.85

7485

.65

74249

1.95

7486

.35

74251

.75

7489

4.95

74259

2.25

7490

.35

74265

1.35

7491

.40

74273

1.95

7492

.50

74276

1.25

7493

.49

74279

.75

7494

.65

74283

2.00

7495

.55

74284

3.75

7496

.70

74285

3.75

7497

2.75

74290

.95

74100

1.00

74293

.75

74107

.30

74298

.85

74109

.45

74351

2.25

74110

.45

74365

.65

74111

.55

74366

.65

74116

1.55

74367

.65

74120

1.20

74368

.65

74121

.29

74376

2.20

74122

.45

74390

1.75

74123

.55

74393

1.35

74125

.45

74425

3.15

74126

.45

74426

.85

74128

.55

74490

2.55

74132

.45

CMOS

74C00

.35

4019

.45

74C02

.35

4020

.95

74C04

.35

4021

.95

74C08

.35

4022

1.15

74C10

.35

4023

.35

74C14

1.50

4024

.75

74C20

.35

4025

.35

74C30

.35

4026

1.65

74C32

.50

4027

.65

74C42

1.75

4028

:80

74C48

1.20

4029

.95

74C73

.65

4030

.45

74C74

.85

4034

2.95

74C76

.80

4035

.85

74C83

1.95

4040

.95

74C85

1.95

4041

1.25

74C86

.95

4042

.75

74C89

4.50

4043

.85

74C90

1.75

4044

.85

74C93

1.75

4046

.95

74C95

1.75

4047

.95

74C107

1.00

4049

.55

74C150

5.75

4050

.55

74C151

2.25

4051

.95

74C154

3.25

4053

.95

74C157

1.75

4060

1.45

74C160

2.00

4066

.75

74C161

2.00

4068

.40

74C162

2.00

4069

.35

74C163

2.00

4070

.35

74C164

2.00

4071

.30

74C165

2.00

4072

.30

74C173

2.00

4073

.30

74C174

2.25

4075

.30

74C175

2.25

4076

.95

74C192

2.25

4078

.30

I 74C193

2.25

4081

.30

74C195

2.25

4082

.30

74C200

5.75

4085

.95

74C221

2.25

4086

.95

74C373

2.75

4093

.95

74C374

2.75

4098

2.49

74C901

.80

4099

1.95

74C902

.85

14409

12.95

74C903

.85

14410

12.95

74C905

10.95

14411

11.95

74C906

.95

14412

12.95

74C907

1.00

14419

4.95

74C908

2.00

4502

.95

74C909

2.75

4503

.65

74C910

9.95

4508

1.95

74C911

10.00

4510

.95

74C912

10.00

4511

.95

74C914

1.95

4512

.95

74C915

2.00

4514

1.25

74C918

2.75

4515

2.25

74C920

17.95

4516

1.55

74C921

15.95

4518

1.25

74C922

5.59

4519

1.25

74C923

5.95

4520

1.25

74C925

6.75

4522

1.25

74C926

7.95

4526

1.25

74C927

7.95

4527

1.95

74C928

7.95

4528

1.25

74C929

19.95

4531

.95

74C930

19.95

4532

1.95

4000

.35

4538

1.95

4001

.35

4539

1.95

4002

.25

4543

2.70

4006

.95

4555

.95

4007

.29

4556

.95

4008

.95

4581

1.95

4009

.45

4582

1.95

4010

.45

4584

.95

4011

.35

4584

.95

4012

.25

4702

12.95

4013

.45

4724

1.50

4014

.95

80C07

.95

4015

.95

80C95

.85

4016

.45

80C96

.95

4017

1.15

80C97

.95

4018

.95

80C98

1.20

74SO0 SERIES

74S00

.44

74S85

2.39

74S163

3.75

74S280

2.90

74S02

.48

74S86

1.44

74S168

4.85

74S287

4.75

74S03

.48

74S112

1.59

74S169

5.44

74S288

4.45

74S04

.79

74S113

1.98

74S174

1.09

74S289

6.98

74S05

.79

74S114

1.50

74S175

1.09

74S301

6.95

74S08

.48

74S124

2.77

74S181

4.47

74S373

3.45

74S09

.98

74S132

1.24

74S182

2.95

74S374

3.45

74S10

.69

74S133

.98

74S188

3.95

74S381

7.95

74S11

.88

74S134

.69

74S189

14.95

74S387

5.75

74S15

.70

74S135

1.48

74S194

2.95

74S412

2.98

74S20

.68

74S138

1.08

74S195

1.89

74S471

9.95

74S22

.98

74S139

1.25

74S196

4.90

74S472

16.85

74S30

.48

74S140

1.45

74S197

4.25

74S474

17.85

74S32

.98

74S241

3.75

74S201

14.95

74S482

15.60

74S37

1.87

74S244

3.98

74S225

8.95

74S570

7.80

74S38

1.68

74S251

1.90

74S240

3.98

74S571

7.80

74S40

.44

74S253

7.45

74S257

1.39

74S51

.78

74S157

1.19

74S258

1.49

74S64

.79

74S158

1.45

74S260

1.83

74S65

1.25

74S161

2.85

74S274

19.95

74S74

.69

74S162

3.70

74S275

19.95

EPSON PRINTERS

C/3 111

o

rr01

-I UJ

3q

i i

LED DISPLAYS

LED LAMPS

.29

HP 5082-7760

.6"

CC

14 Pin 3"

.99

MAN 72

.3"

CA

14 Pin .3" i

.99

MAN 74

.3"

CC

14 Pin .3"

1-99

100-up

.75

FND-357(359)

.375"

CC

10 Pin .2"

Jumbo Red .10

.09

.99

FND-500(503)

.5"

CC

10 Pin .6"

Jumbo Green .18

.15

.99

FND-507 (510)

.5"

CA

10 Pin .6"

Jumbo Yellow .18

.15

MX-80 MX-80/FT 5^9?* MX-100 J2&1

16K APPLE* RAM CARD

Upgrade your 48K Apple* II to full 64K.

Fully software and hardware compatible with Apple language card and microsoft Z80 card. Eliminates the need for Applesoft or Integer Basic ROM card when used in conjunction with DOS 3.3 Allows you to run Apple Fortran or Pascal.

Available as bare board kit, or completed and tested board.

BARE BOARD $ 40.00

KIT 89.95

ASSEMBLED &

TESTED 109.95

"Apple is a trademark of APPLE COMPUTER INC.

«,,»

[master charge]

JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

1224 S. Bascom Avenue

San Jose, CA 95128

800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA)

(408)995-5430 • Telex 171-110

Circle 249 on inquiry card.

■ '

HOURS: Mon. - Fri., 9 to 5; Sat. 11 to 3

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE!

TERMS: For shipping include $2.00 for UPS Ground, $3.00 for UPS Blue Label Air. $10.00 minimum order. Bay Area residents add 6V2% sales tax. Calitornia residents add 6% sales tax. We reserve the right to limit

quantities and substitute manufacturer. Prices subject to change without notice. Send SASE for complete list.

M.I. MERCHANDISE 1009? GUARANTEED!

CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES

ZENITH MONITOR

MODEL ZVM-121

* 12" P-31 Green phosphor

* SELECTABLE 40 or 80 CHARACTERS PER LINE

* 75 MHZ BANDWIDTH

$11995

ORDER TOLL FREE

800-538-5000 800-662-6279

• • • •

We Will

Beat Any

Competitors

Prices • • ••••••

A copy of this policy is available upon request.

A LETTER FROM THE PRESIDENT

Al JDR Microdevices, Inc. 100% customer satisfaction is our goal! Our first priority make sure that all of our customers receive our world famous JDR service:

GUARANTEED LOWEST PRICES!

If you see an item advertised elsewhere for less, tell us • we will match or beat their price.*

FRIENDLY STAFF!

SPEEDY SERVICE!

To make doing business with JDR a pleasant experience.

To speed your order on its way in one day with superb accuracy.

To better help us serve the needs of our customers, we have installed a new IBM Sysfem 34 Computer. This will enable us to reach our goal of 100% Customer Satisfaction, but we need your help - please use your customer number whenever ordering. Your permanent customer number can be found on the left-hand side of your computer printed invoice.

I would like to take this opportunity to thank all of our customers for making JDR one of the fastest growing electronic firms in the world!

A copy of this policy is available upon request

DISKETTES

5V4"

ANTHANA ss sd soft 24.95

WABASH sssdsoft 24.95

VERBATIM ss so soft 29.95

VERBATIM 10 SECTION HARD 29.95

8"

VERBATIM ss so soft 44.95

Jeffery D. Rose

BOOKS BEST SELLERS

OSBORNE/MC GRAW-HILL

Apple II User's Guide 14.95

CRT Controller's Handbook 6.99

68000 Assembly Language

Programming 16.99

CBASIC User Guide 15.00

The 8086 Book 16.99

SYBEX

Your First Computer 8.95

The CP/M Handbook 14.95

From Chips to Stystems 14.95

The PASCAL Handbook 18.95

Microprocessor Interfacing Techniques 17.95

APPLE* FAN $69°°

• OUTLET ON THE REAR OF THE FAN FOR A MONITOR ■ CONTROLLED BY THE SWITCH

• ULTRA-QUIET APPLE FAN DRAWS COOL AIR THROUGH YOUR COMPUTER

• ELIMINATES DOWN TIME

• SAVES REPAIR CHARGES

• INCREASES RELIABILITY

• CLIPS ON—NO HOLES OR SCREWS

• LONG LIFE, LOW NOISE MOTOR

•Apple is a trademark of APPLE COMPUTER, INC.

ADDON

DISK DRIVE

For Apple* II

I* Includes metal cabinet

• Color matches Apple*

• 35 Tracks/single side

• Includes cable

• Use with Apple* II Controller!

$375

OO

JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

master charge

1224 S. Bascom Avenue

San Jose, CA 95128

800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA)

(408)995-5430 • Telex 171-110

Circle 249 on inquiry card.

HOURS: Mon. • Fri., 9 to 5; Sat. 11 to 3

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE!

TERMS: For shipping include $2.00 for UPS Ground, $3.00 for UPS Blue Label Air. $10.00 minimum order. Bay Area residents add 6Vfe% sales tax. California residents add 6% sales tax. We reserve the right to limit quantities and substitute manufacturer. Prices subject to change without notice. Send SASE for complete list.

All Ml RCH.WDISl 100$ (.1 ARAN 1 1 hi)'.

CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES

STATIC RAMS

Each

100

pes

2101

256x4

(450ns)

1.95

1.85

5101

256x4

(cmos) (450ns)

4.95

3.95

2102-1

1024 x 1

(450ns)

.89

.85

2102L-2

1024 x 1

(LP) (250ns)

1.69

1.55

2102L-4

1024x1

(LP) (450ns)

1.29

1.15

2111

256x4

(450ns)

2.99

2.49

2112

256x4

(450ns)

2.99

2.79

2114

1024x4

(450ns)

8/16.95

1.95

2114L-2

1024 x 4

(LP) (200ns)

8/19.95

2.35

2114L-3

1024x4

(LP) (300ns)

8/18.95

2.25

2114L-4

1024x4

(LP) (450ns)

B/17.95

2.10

2147

4096 x 1

(55ns)

9.95

call

TMS4044-4

4096 x 1

(450ns)

3.49

3.25

TMS4044-3

4096 X 1

(300ns)

3.99

3.75

TMS40L44-2

4096 X 1

(LP) (200ns)

4.49

4.25

MK4118

1024 x 8

(250ns)

9.95

call

TMM2016

2048 x 8

(150ns)

call

call

HM6116-4

2048 x 8

(cmos) (200ns)

call

call

HM6116-3

2048 x 8

(cmos) (150ns)

call

call

HM6116-2

2048 x 8

(cmos) (120ns)

call

call

HM6116LP-4

2048 x 8

(LP) (cmos) (200

ns) call

call

HM6116LP-3

2048 x 8

(LP) (cmos) (150ns) call

call

HM6116LP-2

2048 x 8

(LP) (cmos) (120ns) call

call

Z-6132

4096 x 8

(Qstat) (300ns)34.95

call

LP =

Low Power

Qstat = Quasi-Static

DYNAMIC RAMS

TMS4027

4096 x 1

(250ns)

2.50

2.00

MK4108

8192x1

(200ns)

1.95

call

MM5298

8192 x 1

(250ns)

1.85

call

4116-120

16384 x1

(120ns)

8/29.95

call

4116-150

16384 x1

(150ns)

8/18.95

1.95

4116-200

16384 x 1

(200ns)

8/13.95

call

4116-250

16384x 1

(250ns)

8/13.90

call

4116-300

16384 x 1

(300ns)

8/13.80

call

2118

16384 x 1

(5v) (150ns)

4.95

call

MK4816

2048 X 8

(5v) (300ns)

24.95

call

4164:200

65536 X 1

(5v) (200ns)

call

call

4164-150

65536 X 1

(5v) (150ns)

call

call

EPROMS

Each

8 pes

1702

256x8

(1us)

4.95

4.50

2708

1024 x 8

(450ns)

3.75

3.50

2758

1024 x 8

(5v) (450ns)

9.95

8.95

TMS2516

2048 x 8

(5v) (450ns)

6.95

5.95

2716

2048 X 8

(5v) (450ns)

4.95

3.95

2716-1

2048 x 8

(5v) (350ns)

9.00

8.50

TMS2716

2048 x 8

(450ns)

9.95

8.95

TMS2532

4096 X B

(5v) (450ns)

9.95

7.95

2732

4096 X 8

(5v) (450ns)

9.95

7.95

2732A-2

4096 X 8

(5v) (200ns)

call

call

2764

8192x8

(5v) (450ns)

call

call

TMS2564

8192x8

(5v) (450ns)

call

call

5v = Single 5 Volt Supply

EPROM ERASERS

Capacity

Intensity

Timer

Chip

(uW/CM')

PE-14

6

5,200

83.00

PE-14T

X

6

5,200

119.00

PE-24T

X

9

6,700

175.00

PL-265T

X

20

6,700

255.00

PR-125T

X

16

15,000

349.00

PR-320T

X

32

15,000

595.00

JUNE SPECJflLS

2K x 8 STATIC

TMM-2016(200NS)

8I695

HM6116(200

8I795

64K DYNAMIC

4164 (200NS)

8/895 A

16K DYNAMIC

4116(200NS)

8/1395A

16K EPROMS

2716 (450NS) 81395 e,

32K EPROMS

2532 or 2732 (450NS)

8/7

PRICES GOOD FOR THE MONTH OF JUNE ONLY 3LEASE MENTION JUNE SPECIALS WHEN ORDERING.

Order by

PROMS

National Part No.

Funcllon

EQUIVALENT PART NUMBERS

Tl

SIG

MMI

Harris

74S188

32x8 OC

18SA030

82S23

6330-1

7602

2.95

74S287

256x4 TS

14S10

82S129

6301-1

7611

3.25

74S288

32x8 TS

18S030

82S123

6331-1

7603

2.75

74S387

256x4 OC

14SA10

82S126

6300-1

7610

2.95

74S471

256x8 TS

18S22

6309-1

10.95

74S472

512x8 TS

18S42

82S147

6349-1

7649

10.95

74S473

512X8 0C

18SA42

82S146

6348

7648

10.95

74S474

512x8 TS

18S46

82S141

6341

7641

12.95

74S475

512x8 TS

18SA46

82S140

6340

7640

12.95

74S478

1KX8TS

28S86

19.95

74S570

512x4 00

27S12

82S130

6305

7620

5.95

74S571

512x4 TS

27S13

82S131

6306-1

7621

5.95

74S572

1kx4 OC

24SA41

82S136

6352-1

7642

9.95

74S573

1kx4TS

24S41

82S137

6353-1

7643

9.95

87S180

1kx8 0C

28SA86

82S180

6380-1

7680

19.25

87S181

1kx8TS

28S86

82S181

6381-1

7681

16.25

87S184

2kx4 OC

24SA81

82S184

7684

17.20

87S185

2kx4TS

24S81

82S185

7685

16.95

87S190

2kx4 OC

28SA166

82S190

76160

39.95

87S191

2kx8 TS

28S166

82S191

76161

39.95

74LS00 SERIES

74LS00

.25

74LS169

74LS01

.25

74LS170

74LS02

.25

74LS173

74LS03

.25

74LS174

74LS04

.25

74LS175

74LS05

.25

74LS181

74LS08

.35

74LS189

74LS09

.35

74LS190

74LS10

.25

74LS191

74LS11

.35

74LS192

74LS12

.35

74LS193

74LS13

.45

74LS194

74LS14

1.00

74LS195

74LS15

.35

74LS196

74LS20

.25

74LS197

74LS21

.35

74LS221

74LS22

.25

74LS240

74LS26

.35

74LS241

74LS27

.35

74LS242

74LS28

.35

74LS243

74LS30

.25

74LS244

74LS32

.35

74LS245

74LS33

.55

74LS247

74LS37

.55

74LS248

74LS38

.35

74LS249

74LS40

.35

74LS251

74LS42

.55

74LS253

74LS47

.75

74LS257

74LS48

.75

74LS258

74LS49

.75

74LS259

74LS51

.25

74LS260

74LS54

.35

74LS266

74LS55

.35

74LS273

74LS63

1.25

74LS275

74LS73

.40

74LS279

74LS74

.45

74LS280

74LS75

.50

74LS283

74LS76

.40

74LS290

74LS78

.50

74LS293

74LS83

.75

74LS295

74LS85

1.15

74LS298

74LS86

.40

74LS324

74LS90

.65

74LS352

74LS91

.89

74LS353

74LS92

.70

74LS363

74LS93

.65

74LS364

74LS95

.85

74LS365

74LS96

.95

74LS366

74LS107

.40

74LS367

74LS109

.40

74LS368

74LS112

.45

74LS373

74LS113

.45

74LS374

74LS114

.50

74LS377

74LS122

.45

74LS378

74LS123

.95

74LS379

74LS124

2.99

74LS385

74LS125

.95

74LS386

74LS126

.85

74LS390

74LS132

.75

74LS393

74LS136

.55

74LS395

74LS137

.99

74LS399

74LS138

.75

74LS424

74LS139

.75

74LS447

74LS145

1.20

74LS490

74LS147

2.49

74LS624

74LS148

1.35

74LS668

74LS151

.75

74LS669

74LS153

.75

74LS670

74LS154

2.35

74LS674

74LS155

1.15

74LS682

74LS156

.95

74LS683

74LS157

.75

74LS684

74LS158

.75

74LS685

74LS160

.90

74LS688

74LS161

.95

74LS689

74LS162

.95

74LS783

74LS163

.95

81LS95

74LS164

.95

81LS96

74LS165

.95

81LS97

74LS166

2.40

81LS98

74LS168

1.75

TRANSISTORS

PN2222

10/1.00

100/ 8.99

2N2222

.25

50/10.99

2N2907

.25

50/10.99

2N3055

.79

10/ 6.99

2N3904

10/1.00

100/ 8.99

2N3906

10/1.00

100/ 8.99

1N4148(1N914)

25/ 1.00

1N4004

10/ 1.00

VISA

JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

1224 S. Bascom Avenue

San Jose, CA 95128

800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA)

(408)995-5430 • Telex 171-110

HOURS: Mon. • Fri., 9 to 5; Sat. 11 to 3

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE!

TERMS: For shipping include $2.00 for UPS Grouni $3.00 for UPS Blue Label Air. $10,00 minimum orde Bay Area residents add GV?% sales tax. California res dents add 6% sales tax. We reserve the right to lim quantities and substitute manufacturer, Prices subjec to change without notice. Send SASE for complete lis

Circle 250 on inquiry card.

ai.i.merchandise; \m°/( guaranteed!

c:all us for volume quotes

Z-80

2.S Mhz

Z80CPU

6.00

Z80CTC

5.95

Z80-DART

15.25

Z80-DMA

17.50

Z80PIO

6.00

Z80SIO/0

18.50

Z80-SI0/1

18.50

Z80SIO/2

18.50

Z80SIO/9

16.95

4.0 Mhz

Z80-ACPU

6.00

Z80-CTC

8.65

Z80A-DART

18.75

Z80ADMA

27.50

Z80APIO

6.00

Z80ASIO/O

22.50

Z80A-SIO/1.O

22.50

Z80AS10Vi2

22.50

Z80ASIO/9

19.95

6.0 Mhz

Z80B-CPU

17.95

Z80BCTC

15.50

Z80B-PIO

15.50

ZILOG

Z6T32

34.95

Z8

39.95

IC SOCKETS

1-99

100

8 pin ST

.13

.11

14 pin ST

.15

.12

16 pin ST

.17

.13

18 pin ST

.20

.18

20 pin ST

.29

.27

22 pin ST

.30

.27

24 pin ST

.30

.27

28 pin ST

.40

.32

40 pin ST

.49

.39

ST = SOLDERTAIL

14 pin WW

.69

.52

16 pin WW

.69

.58

18 pin WW

.99

.90

20 pin WW

1.09

.98

22 pin WW

1.39

1.28

24 pin WW

1.49

1.35

28 pin WW

1.69

1.49

40 pin WW

1.99

1.80

8200

8202

34.95

8205

3.50

8212

1.85

8214

3.85

8216

1.80

8224

2.50

8226

1.80

8228

4.90

8237

19.95

8238

4.95

8243

4.45

8250

14.95

8251

4.75

8253

9.25

8253-5

9.85

8255

4.75

8255-5

5.25

8257

8.50

8257-5

8.95

8259

6.90

8259-5

7.50

8272

39.95

8275

29.95

8279

9.50

8279-5

10.00

8282

6.65

8283

6.65

8284

5.70

8286

6.65

8287

6.50

8288

25.00

8289

49.95

WW = WIREWRAP

CONNECTORS

RS232 MALE 3.25 RS232 FEMALE 3.75 RS232 HOOD 1.25 S-100ST 3.95

S-100 WW 4.95

DIP SWITCHES

4 POSITION .85

5 POSITION .90

6 POSITION .90

7 POSITION .95

8 POSITION .95

8000 SERIES

8035

7.25

8039

7.95

INS8060

17.95

INS8073

29.95

8080

3.95

8085

7.95

8085A-2

11.95

8086

59.95

B087

Call

8088

39.95

8089

89.95

8155

7.95

8156

8.95

8185

29.95

8185-2

39.95

8741

39.95

8748

29.95

8755

32.00

9000 SERIES

9316 9334 9368 9401 9601 9602 96S02

1.00 2.50 3.95 9.95 .75 1.50 1.95

DATA ACQUISITION |

ADC0800 ADC0804 ADC0809 ADC0817

DAC0800 DAC0808 DAC1020 DAC1022 MC1408L8

5.55 4.95 5.25 10.95 4.95 4.95 8.25 5.95 4.95

6800

68000

6800

6802

6808

6809E

6809

6810

6820

6821

6828

6840

6843

6844

6845

6847

6850

6852

6860

6862

6875

6880

6883

68047

68488

68B00

68B02

68B09E

68B09

68B10

68B21

68B45

68B50

call

4.95

10.95

13.90

19.95

19.95

2.95

4.95

4.95

14.95

12.95

34.95

25.95

16.95

12.25

3.45

5.75

10.95

11.95

6.95

2.95

24.95

24.95

19.95

10.95 22.25 29.95 29.95 7.95 12.95 35.95 12.95

6800 = 1 MHZ 68B00 = 2 MHZ

ORDER TOLL FREE

800-538-5000 800-662-6279

6500 SERIES

1 MHZ

6502

6.95

6504

6.95

6505

8.95

6507

9.95

6520

4.35

6522

8.75

6532

11.25

6545

22.50

6551

11.85

2 MHZ

6502A

9.95

6522A

11.70

6532A

12.40

6545A

28.50

6551A

12.95

CRYSTALS

32.768 khz

1.0 mhz

1.8432

2.0

2.097152

2.4576

3.2768

3.579535

4.0

5.0

5.0688

5.185

5.7143

5.9904

6.0

6.144

6.5536

8.0 10.0

14.31818 15.0 16.0 18.0 18.432 20.0 22.1184 ,32.0

3.95 4.95 4.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95.

INTERSIL

.CALIFORNIA RESIDING

ICL7103

ICL7106

ICL7107

ICL8038

ICM7107A

ICM7208

9.50 9.95

12.95 3.95 5.59

15.95

DISC

CONTROLLERS

1171

24.95

1791

36.95

1793

44.95

1795

54.95

1797

54.95

6843

42.95

8272

39.95

UPD765

39.95

1691

18.95

2143

18.95

INTERFACE

8T26

1.69

8T28

2.49

8T95

.99

8T96

.99

8T97

.99

8T98

.99

DM8131

2.95

DP8304

2.29

MISC

3341

4.95

76477

3.95

AY3-8910

12.95

MC3340

1.49

95H90

7.99

11C90

13.95

8202A

34.95

3242

7.95

MC3480

9.00

MC4024

3.95

MC4044

4.50

3205

3.50

BIT-RATE

GENERATORS

14411

9.95

BR1941

9.95

4702

12.95

COM5016

16.95

MM5307

10.95

UARTE

AY3-1014

6.95

AY5-1013

3.95

PT1472

9.95

TR1602

3.95

2350

9.95

TMS6011

5.95

IM6402

7.95

IM6403

8.95

INS8250

14.95

KEYBOARD

CHIPS

AY5-2376

11.95

AY5-3600

11.95

74C922

5.25

74C923

5.50

LM301

LM301H

LM307

LM308

LM308H

LM309H

LM309K

LM310

LM311

LM311H

LM312H

LM317K

LM317

LM318

LM318H

LM319H

LM319

.34

.79

.45

.98

1.15

1.95

1.49

1.75

.64

.89

1.75

3.95

1.95

1.49

1.59

1.25

1.25

LM320 (see 7900)

LM322

LM323K

LM324

LM329

LM331

LM334

LM335

LM336

LM337K

LM337T

LM338K

LM339

1.65

4.95

.59

.69

3.95

1.30

1.40

1.75

3.95

2.95

6.95

.99

LM340 (see 7800) LM348 1.20

LM350K

LM350T

LM358

LM359

LM376

LM377

Lm378

LM379

LM380

LM380N

LM381

LM382

LM383

LM384

LM386

LM387

LM389

LM390

LM392

LM394H

LM399H

NE531

NE536

NE555

NE556

NE558

NE561

NE562

NE564

LM565

LM566

LM567

5.60 4.60

.98 1.79 3.75 2.29 2.50 4.50 1.29 ) 1.10 1.60 1.60 1.95 1.95 1.50 1.40 1.35 1.95

.69 3.60 5.00 3.75 6.00

.39

.69

1.50

19.95

6.00

3.95

.99 1.49 1.29

LINEAR

NE570

NE571

NE592

LM703

LM709

LM710

LM711

LM723

LM723H

LM733

LM741N-8

LM741N-14

LM741H

LM747

LM748

LM1014

LM1303

LM1304

LM1305

LM1307

LM1310

MC1330

MC1349

MC1350

MC1358

LM1414

LM1458

LM1488

LM1489

LM1496

LM1558H

4.75

3.95

2.75

.89

.59

.75

.79

.49

.55

.98

.35

.35

.40

.79

.59

2.75

1.95

1.19

1.49

.85

2.90

1.89

1.89

1.29

1.79

1.59

.69

.99

.99

.85

3.10

LM1800

LM1812

LM1815

LM1818

LM1820

LM1830

LM1871

LM1872

LM1877

LM1889

LM1896

LM2877

LM2878

LM2900

LM2901

LM3900

LM3905

LM3909

LM3911

LM3914

LM3915

LM3916

MC4024

MC4044

RC4136

RC4151

LM4250

LM4500

LM13080

LM13600

LM13700

2.99 8.25 5.20 2.90 3.50 3.50 5.49 5.49 3.25 2.49 1.75 2.05 2.25

.85 1.00

.59 1.25

.98 2.25 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 4.50 1.25 3.95 1.75 3.25 1.29 1.49 1.49

Bl FET

TL071 TL072 TL074 TL081 TL082 TL083 TL084 LF347 LF351 LF353 LF355 LF356 LF357

TL494 TL496 TL497 75107 75110 75188 75189 75450 75451 75452 75453 75454 75491 75492 75493 75494

.79 1.19 2.19

.79 1.19 1.19 2.19 2.19

.60 1.00 1.10 1.10 1.40

4.20

1.65

3.25

1.49

1.95

1.25

1.25

.59

.39

.39

.39

.39

.79

.79

.89

.89

EXAR

XR 2206 3.75

XR 2207 3.85

XR 2208 3.90

XR2211 5.25

XR 2240 3.25

CLOCK CIRCUITS

RCA

CA3010 CA3013 CA 3023 CA 3035 CA 3039 CA 3046 CA 3053 CA 3059 CA3060 CA 3065 CA 3080 CA 3081 CA 3082 CA'VISS CA 3U86 CA 3089 CA 3906 CA3130 CA3140 CA3146 CA3160 CA 3401 CA 3600

.99 2.00 2.75 2.49 1.29 1.25 1.45 2.90 2.90 1.75 1.10 1.65 1.65 1.55

.80 2.99 3.49 1.30 1.15 1.85 1.19

.59 3.45

MM5314 MM5369 MM5375 MM58167 MM58174 ..MSM5832

4.95 3.95 4.96 8.95 11.95 8.95

FUNCTION GENERATORS

MC4024 Dual VCO 3.95

LM566 Function Generator 1.49

XR2206 Function Generator 3.75 8038 Waveform Generator 3.95

VOLTAGE REG'S

7805T

.79

7905T

.89

7808T

.99

7912T

.89

7812T

.79

7915T

1.19

7815T

.99

7924T

1.19

7824T

.99

7905K

1.49

7805K

1.39

7912K

1.49

7812K

1.39

79L05

.79

7815K

1.39

79L12

.79

78L05

.69

79L15

.79

78L12

.69

78L15

.69

LM317K

3.95

LM309K

1.49

LM323K

4.95

LM317T

1.95

LM337K

3.95

TO-220 K= TO-3 L = TO-92

VISA

JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

1224 S. Bascom Avenue

San Jose, CA 95128

800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA)

(408)995-5430 • Telex 171-110

Circle 250 on Inquiry card.

HOURS: Mon. - Fri., 9 to 5; Sat. 11 to 3

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE!

TERMS: For shipping include $2.00 for UPS Ground, $3.00 for UPS Blue Label Air. $10.00 minimum order. Bay Area residents add 6Vfe% sales tax. California residents add 6% sales tax. We reserve the right to limit quantities and substitute manufacturer. Prices subject to change without notice. Send SASE for complete list.

1

18 ffl 8E« MICRO If I. ill. S>U£S

15381 CHEMICAL LANE* HUNTINGTON BEACH, CA 92649 if (714) 891-2677 *

OPEN FRAME POWER SUPPLIES

* SPECIALS OF THE MONTH •

ONLY $25.00

WSW! [7J0K!

Brand new fully encoded ASCII keyboards. Guaranteed to work. With all documentation. SUPER DEAL! 40 pin dual .100 cable. +5V @ .S00MA

ONLY $55.00

Perfect for 8" or 5" drive power. Comes with Shugart type connectors but 5" type can be put on. These are overstock from our Horizontal Cabinet shown below. +5V @ 4A* +24Vor + 12V@3A« -12V @ 1A

DISK POWER SUPPLIES

PRIAM-SHUGART-CENTURY-MICROPOLIS

+5V@9A |-12V<a.8A I+24V @ 4.5A | US-384 | 89.00

SHUGART - SIEMANS - MPI 554"

+5V(?>.5A

+ 12V(s>.9A

US-340

33.50

+5V@2A

+ 12V@4A

US-323

56.25

SHUGART - SIEMANS - CDC 8"

+5V@1A

-5V@.5A

+24V@ 1.5A

US-205

52.50

+5V @ 2.5A

-5V@.5A

+24V • 3A

US-206

69.00

+5V (» 3A

-5V(5>.6A

+24V@5A

US-162

89.00

+5V@ 1.7A

-5V@11.5A

+24V@2A

US-272

69.00

+5V » 2A

+ 12V@.4A

-12V@.4A

US-HTAA

37.50

If you can beat these prices we will be truly amazed. OEM's at 500 lot pay more than this. Call or write for full spec, sheets.

COMING NEXT MONTH — HARD DISK!

S100-1 2

BREAK THE COST BARRIER! "^wtf $1350.00

NOW IS YOUR CHANCE TO GET THAT COMPUTER LOOK AT THESE FEATURES!

• 4MHZ Z-80 CPU with 2 Programmable Serial and 3 Parallel Ports

• 64K Dynamic Ram w/Extended Addressing to 1 MB

• Floppy Disk Controller with WD 1795. Runs 8" or 5" Floppys Error Free

• 30 Amp Power Supply with S-100 MOD 12 Slot Mother with Regulated Floppy Supplies as Shown Below

• Tan and Charcoal Sturdy Steel Cabinet with Space for 2 Floppy Drives at Left (8" or 5")

• DUAL DRIVE SUBSYSTEMS *

HORIZONTAL

VERTICAL

MINI

Power Supply for 2 801/851 DT8 etc. 50 Pin Ribbon Cable, 36" AC Cord, Fuse, Internal Wiring and Connectors Assembled and Tested $ 245.00

w/2 Empty 5" w/2 Empty 8" w/2 801 R Shugart w/2 851 R Shugart w/2 QUME DT-8 w/2 MPI B-51 w/2 MPI B-52 w/2 MPI B91 w/2 MPI B92

$ 87.00 $ 95.00 $1045.00 $1395.00 $1295.00 $ 675.00 $ 830.00 $ 850.00 $ 995.00

* NEW PRODUCT *

XOR DELIVERS IBM-PC HARD DISK&TAPE BACKUP!

12 megabyte high performance 5'A" Hard Disk with internal 6 meg cassette backup tape. Outstanding product makes IBM-PC really useful for business or program development. Kit includes Hard Disk Drive, Interface Card w/2 serial IO ports, Power Supply and mounting hardware. $3250.00

CP/M* $150

MP/M* $350

DISC ACCES. $50

SOME

MECHANICAL ASSEMBLY REQUIRED

IN STOCK FOR IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT

a

(Less Drives, Cables Pick-up Price)

'CP/M S, MP/M are Trademarks ol Digital Research

XOR

S-100 MOD KIT $199.00

BY XOR

For test or hobby applications complete S-100 12 Slot Sub-System power for up to 4 Floppy Disk Drives. (6 connectors supplied.)

SPECIFICATIONS UNREGULATED REGULATED

• 12 Slots S-100 +5 at 5 Amps

• +8VDC at 30Amps +24 at 4 Amps

• ±16VDC at 6 Amps -5 at 1 Amp

XOR-CPU Z-80 4MHZ, Prom 2 Serial 3 Par $255

XOR-DSK WD-1795 MINI and 8" $275

XOR-64K Bank SW Memory up to 1 Meg $389

XOR-32K Static Ram (Kit) $199

XOR-MPM IO MPM Interface Card $335

XOR-DTC Hard Disk and DTC Tape $225

XOR-SMS Hard Disk Controller $750

XOR-SER 4 Channel Serial Board $195

• IBM AND APPLE •

OedBfidDBBir '■' I %DDdBH!»l8C"j M "■'",' HtJeBtjaBM,,) "n T«*

APPLE - 16K Ram Expansion Card, works

with Microsoft Basic $99.50

APPLE - Z-80 CPU Direct replacement for

Z-80 Softcard $149.50

IBM-PC Ram Expansion Card with 64K

(256K available $475.00

540 BYTE June 1982

Circle 455 on Inquiry card.

California Computer Systems

• 2810 CPU

• 2422DskCont

• 2065C64K

• 2200A Mainframe

• CCS Apple Boards

Only—$255.00 Only —$330.00 Only —$510.00 Only —$450.00 Call for prices

CCS 2200 System Tested and Assembled

Only —$1,695.00

• SPECIAL • SPECIAL • SPECIAL •

CCS SYSTEM 2410

•FEATURES*

* DMA Disk Controller

* 2-Real Time Clocks

* 2-Serial/1-ParrelI Port

* Hardware Vectored Interupts

* Supports C/PM, M/PM, OASIS

***Comes with C/PM***

only-$2200.00

~ssm

CB2-CPU $295.00

MB10A-16K $295.00

MB64-64K $845.00

I/05-2SER 3PAR $329.00

I/08-8SER $550.00

Apple

At/0 II $225.00

A-SI/O $149.00

COMMUNICATIONS PACKAGES

TRACENDI $89.00

TRACENDII $149.00

^commodore

computer systems

CALL FOR PRICES

*S SYSTEMS 200, 300, 400 CALL FOR PRICES

YtNiTH I data

I systems

CALL FOR PRICES

aCromemco ............

CALL FOR PRICES

0 TfekMdeo

SYSTEMS CALL FOR PRICES

ED QB idi fc^

MICRO SALES

11 EDISON DRIVE * NEW LENOX * ILLINOIS 60451

CALL TOLL FREE: 1-800-435-9357 * MONDAY thru SATURDAY

(ILLINOIS RESIDENTS CALL: 815-485-4002) * 8:00 a.m. to 6:30 p.m.

TERMS: Prepayment — C.O.D. up to $100.00 — M/C Visa

$5.00 Processing and Handling added to each order PLUS

Shipping Charges. Please allow personal check to clear before shipment.

15% Restocking Charge for Non-Defective, Returned Merchandise.

FEATURES"

TERMINAL

Feather Touch Capacitance Keyboard

S-100-8

INCLUDING CP/M 2.2s AND WORDSTAR®

60 Key Standard ASCII PLUS + Hex Keypad PLUS + 8 Special Function Keys PLUS + 20 Screen Editing Keys

SOROC Type Screen Attribute Set

Half Intensity

COMPUTER

8 Slot S-100

64K Dynamic Ram

4MHZ Z-80

Double Density Disk

Controller

Programmable Baud Rate

Programmable Keyboard Set

Serial Printer Port (150-19.2K)

WITH: 8" SS/DD Drives Only $2850.00 5Va" SS/DD Drives Only $2700.00

CALL FOR QUOTE ON DIFFERENT DRIVE OPTIONS

WOHDSTAR

MONITORS

ZENITH VIDEO MONITOR—

ZVM $145.00

AMDEK MONITORS—

AMDEK Color 1 $399.00

AMDEK Video 300 $229.00

w/Green Screen

DISK DRIVES

Shugart 801's Shugart 851's Qume DT-8's Shugart 400's Tandom 5Vi

$395.00 $575.00 $540.00 $255.00 $255.00

TERMINALS

Adds Regent 20 — $570.00 Televideo 910 — $575.00 Televideo 912C — $665.00 Televideo 925C — $740.00 Televideo 950 — $950.00 Ampex Dialog 80—$895.00 Zenith Z19 — $745.00

TM of Digital Researc

PRINTERS

• C-ITOH

PROWRITER $625.00

• C-ITOH Comet I

9 x 7 Dot Matrix $450.00

• C-ITOH Comet II $810.00

132 Column Printer

9x7 Dot Matrix

• MPI-88G $725.00

• EPSON MX 80 CALL

• EPSON MX 100 CALL

• Anadex9501 $1,235.00

Graphic Printer

• OKI DATA

82A $465.00

• Microline 80 $329.00

WE HAVE NEC SPINWRITERS

CALL FOR PRICES

2E>

Apple 8" Disk Controller Card

• ZVX4 Dual Density, Single & Double Sided - Auto Boot

$395.00

• Disk 2+ 2 Single DensitySingle or Dual Sided

$300.00

Circle 455 on inquiry card.

CaI.Forn.a uiqiTA

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, CalifornJ

California Digital

STATIC* 64

Sixteen Bit Memory

$

February Price $850

30% Price Reduction

L'Ulmnc the now Hitachi SHw/2167 rani chip, the Static n-l is tlie mast current technology available is S-100 memory products. 34 bit extended addressing, Borl8 bit datapaths .iloruz with lfi bit request ind icknowledge m ike tins unique board completely compatable with tha IEEE fi!"i 5-100 busa standard. The Static B4 hafl been engineered to allow each 18K segment of mem

ible fe run-: tllow the hoard 10 fUtlv uitegrate with nil ciirri'iit brink Betertinfl sehen es including Cron '\ nnd Uph i-Miero. Operates with alt IS bit computers IncludinR Seattle Computers, Tecmar .'ind Lomas. Designed for DMA operations at clock frequencies in excess of 10 MHz Standby power consumption less than one Amp.

Ta add to the tnt.i! integrity of the product. each board is subjected to extensive high temperature burn-in nnd test procedures. CAI--6400

RELIABILITY OF STATIC

PRICE OF DYNAMIC

EPSON MX80 NEC PC-8023A

S.

450

$

535

Apple I/O f. cable (81311 129.00 Serial interface (8141) 79.00

Serial Inter.. 2K but. (81S1) 145.00

seeking, friction or tractor feed, impact printer. Complete graph! ci upper and lower case ASCII, Greek mathematics alone, with the ability lo print dot graphic screen Images directly onto paperProportional spacing and 132 columr compressed print make this low coat machine the best value in todays printer market.

^r PRINTRONIX SE V P-300 $4500 P-600 $6150

PRINTERS

Epson MX80

lipson MX80I-T Epson M3U0S Anad*x 9500 Anadex 9501 Anacow 150

IDS Paper Tgr. IDS Tiger 560 Diablo 630 Diablo 1650 Diablo 1640

Dal

ith 18

PRIiMXSO PREMXS0F

PRE MX 100

PR ASS0Q

PRA9501

PRA150

FRG460G

PRC560G

PRD630

PRD1650

PRD1640

PRD180

PRP300

P11P600

NEC/Sellum 1 NEC/Sal 16K TEC/ Star writ. Okidata 80 Okidata 82 Okidata 83 Teletype 43K Texas Ins.810 Tex. Ins 810C Centronics 730 Centronics 737 Centronics 739 Centrnx 704-9 Cenlrnx.704-11

PRN5510ps PRN5516ps

PR V 300

PRO80

PR082

PR083

PTT4320K

PRT810B

PRT810C

PRC730P

PRC737P

PRC739P

PRC704-9

PRC704-11

SYSTEMS

HEWLETT m^r^m PACKARD IP 85 COMPUTER

BELOW OUR COST

(apple

48K Memory

*1150

==,_== 3101

E S5? EV= Display = S!= Terminal

IBM Direct Priced 395 California Digital

discount $ m *>Qk\

price X &99

AMPEX

DIALOGUE 80 REDUCED PRICE

795

orpor.illon. 'I'he Dialogue HO features removable keyboard 9 (four optional) dual program keys, half intensity protected . Transmits data either block, tine or character mode. VDT-D80 shipping -17 lbs.

VIDEO TERMINALS

ADDS Viewpoint VDT-RVP 595

ADDS Regent 25 numeric cluster VDT-R25 850

ADDS Regent 30 25th status line VDT-R30 050

ADDS Regent 40 limited graphics VDT-R40 1195

ADDS Regent 50 Block mode VDT-R60 1495

Ampex Dialouge 80 two page.detatch VDT-D80

Digital Equipment VT-100 VDT-V100 1595

Digital Equipment VT-132 VDT-V132 1895

IBM 3101-10 character mode green VDT-3101 1195

IBM 3101-20 block mode VDT-31012 1395

Visual 200 VDT-V200 995

Televideo 910C (new) VDT-T910 595

Televideo 912C VDT-T912 665

Televideo 920C VDT-T920 745

Televideo 950C detatchable keybd. VDT-T950 985

Zenith Z-19 VDT-Z-19

VIDEO MONITORS

BMC KG-12C 20 MHz P31 green phosphor 169

NEC gm. 1201. 189

Zenith gm ZVM121 119

BMC color composit _ 339

Zenith color 13" 395

NEC BGB1202DH 895

EPROM ERASER

Ultra Vilot Products

*

65

UVP-11E

VISA

idise sold by California Digital is premium grade Shipping: First five pounds $2.00; each additional add $.40 — orders 10% shipping. Excess will be refunded, ia residents add 6% sales tax. C OD's discouraged, l accounts extended to state supported educational institU' tions and companies with a "Strong Dun & Bradstreet. " Warehouse: 15608 Inglewood Blvd. Visitors by appointment.

GREEN PHOSPHOR MONITOR

ihr new 7enith 7VAM21 monitor features a P-31 green phosphor tube along witJi 15 MTBfe bandwidth.

Switch selectable for 40 and HO character per line screen formats. Accepts composite video and Is fully compatable with 80 column Applp cards. VDM-L21 20 lbs.

ACCESSORIES FOR THE

COMPUTER

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS Arithmetic Processor 7811 B/C $319

Asynchronous serial interface 7710 129

Centronics Interface card 7728 95

12K PROM Module 7114 69

Calender/Clock. Bat. back-up 7424 99

Parallel Interface 7720A 99

Pronramable Timer 774QA 99

Analog/Digital converter 7.I70A 99 MICROSOFT PRODUCTS

Apple to Z-80 CPU card 379 U. C. HAVES PRODUCTS

Mieromodem for Apple 319 COMPUTER STOP PRODUCTS

Double Vision / BO Column Video 250 INTERACTIVE STRUCTURES

16 Channel A/D card AlO/2 27S

MOUNTAIN COMPUTER PRODUCTS Intro X-10 system for BSR $2

Intro X-10 card only li

16 channel AD/DA 8 bit 3

Apple Clock batterv back-up 2

Supertalker SD200 ROM Plus with filter ROM Writer/Programmer APPLE BRAND PRODUCTS Apple Language card Floppy disk with controller Floppy disk without controller Apple parallel interface SSM MICROCOMPUTER Dual serial parallel interface AlO

165

;.■-

S-100 BOARDS

Assembled • Tested • Burned in

CPU HOARDS

Calif. Computer 2B10A Z-0D DMA. 4MIIa BDC- Cri'10

Godbout Z-B0 24 bit. 4MHz

BDC-GZH0

tiiMibout BQBfi/BOSH dual 16 bit processor Hiiu-tiBu

Measurement Systems Z-BO 4 serial 2 parallel real Unit clock. B vector BDC-MZBO

SI) Systems SBC-200 Z-80 with serial A parallel I/O pons BOC-SBC!

Telctek KDC-i alnale board

CFI' "■ I'lnppy disk cositrnIJ. plus I/O

BDC-FOCI

MAINFRAMES

Calif. Computer aaooA 12 alot >

power supply ENM-C2200 TEI 12 slot table ENW-T12 TE1 22 slot table ENM-T22 (iodbout matrifrm. BNM-GMF

MEMORY BOARDS

Cidir. Computer Z08SA 6IK

dyamic memory BDM-CMB3 Calif. Computer 2016 16K

■v BD&1-C201G

: air. t

.12 K

HOM-C2C33 S85

,- Hi bit BDM-C17

D1I-E.N64 s DMH64O0 DM-.M6400

EPROM 30AHD5

Digital Rese.irch 33K. 2716

proms extra HDM-liPJL' SU Systems l'rom-100

programmer BDM-P100

NEC TM controller. DM;

arbitration I1DI -Ull

Measurement Systems 765

Dingle *v double density,

recovery BD1 -Ml

SO Systems Versafloppy n

double density H1H-V1

Tarbetl D/D BOF-TF

Morrow Design Disk Jockey

single density BDF-D3 Morrow Design Disk Jockey

double density HD1--DJ

INTERFACE BOARDS Cwlif. Con.puter 271B I/O

2 serial/a par I BDT-C2T18 Morrow Oeelpia Switchboard

2 serud.-l pari BDT-MSB Morrow Designs Mu It tboard

'.» serial/:iP. -" BDT-MMB Oodbout Interfacer One

Z serial/2 par'l HHS-Ctl Oodbout tut erfacer Two

1 serial/3 p.irl BDS-OB2

Sl'l.CIAI.II'Y BOARDS CJT Compute

«n

HDS-C)CK 1 (

■■'I- \>r

BDS-AW« Artec tiec General Purpose

proto im ird BDS-AGP

Cndboui Spectrum color

board BDS-GSC

D. C. Hav.-s S-100 Mlcro

n.od.-ni BDS-HM1

Mullen Products extender board

* lorfc probe lit HIIS-MI'HI

Mullen Products Opto-contro

hoard kit llll.s-MOC

Rotron Muffin Fan *1477

$12.00 @ 100 10.50 @ 1000

115 VAC. 7 Watts WR2A1 Factory fresh Muffin fans NOT puU-outs. EMF-4M

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

(213)679-9001

TWX 910 325-6212

AlifoRNiA DigitaI

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503

MSKE

FREE PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE INCLUDED WITH THE PURCHASE OF EVERY BOX OF DISKETTES

$

24P5

i labeli d for Cultfonria Digital by one ot si rejected producers of magnetic mciii tskette is certified double di-nsity m -io

To Insurs »xtendcd media life each ilia i manufactured with i reinforced hub-hol coarse. . plastic library c-^f is Inctede ■erv box of.lisk.-it..M. MMD-CDS(OlXiO)

I Ten boxes 22.75 One hundred boxes '-21.50

Soft Sector

5%" DISKETTES

WITH LIBRARY CASE

Your Choice

SCOTCH MEMOREX VERBATIM

Sector 16 Sector

SCOTCH

744-0

744-10

744-16

s26.50

MEMOREX

3401

3403

3405

26.50

VERBATIM

525-01

525-10

NA

26.50

DYSAN

104/1

107/1

NA

39.50

Single Side Double Density

DYSAN 104/1D 107/1D

NA

45.00

Double Side Double Density

SCOTCH

745-0

745-10

745-16

42.50

DYSAN

104/2D

107/2D

NA

49.50

DYSAN96

204/2D

NA

NA

59.50

EIGHT INCH DISKETTES

Single Side Single Density

Single Side Double Density

SCOTCH

740-0

29.50

SCOTCH

741-0

39.00

MEMOREX

3060

29.50

MEMOREX

3090

35.00

DYSAN

3740/1

39.50

DYSAN

3740/D

57.50

Thirty Two Sector

Double side Double Density

SCOTCH 174032 129.50

SCOTCH I 743-0 I 47.50

Stolen HeiilCieiinijKM 5'■• 1(" '24.95 PUUK L£ru> Cam S\ iV t.K

MEMOREX 3114 39.50

OttkcntFkpTub DukitK Fit Tub

UtftstmmW

299S

DYSAN I 3740/20 | 65.00

\PLEASE PHONE FOR VOLUME PRICING.

appliances while your away frorr. home. Completely compatible with yexir ex

istlng System .\-10 devices.

HSR Timer eight channel S65.00 Appliance Module 500 W, $13.95

Master control console 3-1.05 Latup Module 300 Wans 13.35

Ultrasonic Controller ID.95 NEW full control wall switch 14.50

WINCHESTER SUBSYSTEM

$

1250

Includes seven megabyte Wineneslei hard rink dual enclosure and potvei supply. Floppy Backup drive 19s of) additional

MEMORY

64K DYNAMIC

16K STATIC

$995

$13.95

4164 100

2167 70ns.

16K DYNAMIC

2716EPR0M

$2.io

$4,95

4116 100.s1.85

100-*4.50 1K-M.00

it -..

t

w

ti.\

2732 EPROM

SALE $7.95

STATIC

32+

IK'

21L02 IK 1. 1!) 1. Oil

2114 :iOOns. 2.83 2.75

4044-4 4BOns. 4. SO 4. 19

4044-2 250ns. 4. 85 4. 65

6116 13k 24 pin 7.95 7. SO

21S7/61S7 EOpinll.95 10.75

1.05 2. SO 4. no 4. SO G. 7S 9. 65

EPROM

2716 2732

450ns. 3.85

SV. 4.9S

tri-volt 8. SO

Intel/Fitac. 7.95 Texas Inst 12. 95 64K Eproni29.9S

3. 50

4. 00 7.95

7. 50 11. 50 27. 00

3. 25 3. 75

7.o5

7. 00

10.00

25.00

.99 1. 99

3. 75

4. 25

5. 45 9. 25

3.00 3. 30

7. 25 3. 65

9. 50 23. 50

Your Choice

direct connect

MODEM $169

iiic modem

Choose either cS thcsi

j «rc;

units.

'ho Universal D«n Systems 103LP is switch selectable brtween answer -md nnc:i:ite modes. FWty li'-n io:i eompstablc. Directly connects to the rn.w modular alephtme jack, 100'* powered Irom llie telephone line. No need to Locate modern in

i-uxiniiiv to A.c. [lower receptiele, MOU-in;iLr 3 pounds.

Juration "D' Cat connects to most of tlio new "Boll" modular handsets. Ideal for miltlple line office telephones. Requires external A.C. power, mod-dcat tLb

SWITCHES

7101 on/on

, 7103 on/off/oi

1 7107 runt, on

I 7I0B mm. on

CONNECTORS

■MUlM-aMU

5/ MALE \~3

'/T^FFFTT' l'T1 ■ I' I' i 'TTy

><s

GULD L-IDGi. CONM-.t'TGitS

Sulllns Hi-Ki-1, Snllir..s Hi-II.'l. SUUins/Altalr .

.40"

.156" Centers (standard)

22/44 Kim Kvelet 2.50 2.

30/72 IJiijitai Group S/T 5.05 5.

3G/72 Uigit.'.! Croup WAV tj.GQ 6,

43/U6 Motorola GJJOOS/T ti.GO 6.

43/8G Molo. £800 W/W 7.00 8.:

INTEGRATED CIKCUIT SOCKETS

Low Profile Wit each 100<0 pin S.10 $.09

2.00 l.!!0

"U" Type each DL'JPmali! $1.50 DEQSfemalfl 2.25 DE haoil 1.50

DA18P mala 2.;i5

DA1SS female 3.25 DA hooii 2/1' !.G0 DB2BP male 2.50 DB25S female X35

OC37S female G.00 1JC hooil 2/1' 2.25 DDSOP male 5.50 DIJ50S temiile 9.40 DD50 (mod 2ff 2.GO

RIBBON CABLE CONNECTORS 17/34 5"ilinlt 4.85 4.15 .'1.95

20/40 TRS-aO 5.85 5.05 4.7U

VISA

All morchandisc sold by California Digital is premium grade. Shipping: First five pounds $2.00; each additional add $.40 Foreign orders 10% shipping. Excess will be refunded. California residents add 6% sales tax. COD's discouraged.

nal institu

ifJ^HiTiHJM«:«nMi|«HJ:iMO»T'lUif^l^['T*Tn*t^

SEjayEEPi

15608 Inglewood Blv

NEW

OLIVETTI 801 $

Eight Inch Disk Drive

ONE

TWO

TEN

• OLIVETTI 801

single

$319

309

295

• OLIVETTI 802/851

double

425

419

410

SHUGART 801 /R

single

395

385

375

SHUGART 851/R

double

525

495

475

QUME DATA TRACK 8

double

525

495

475

ir The 8" Olivetti drives are aprox. W wider than the Shugarts.

Five Inch Disk Drives

OLIVETTI 501 /400

single

199

185

175

OLIVETTI 502/451

double

235

225

215

Upon request, all drives are supplied with power connectors and one manual per order.

230 volt 50Hz. B" atld $50.00 per drive.

Eight inch Subsystem

Two Olivetti 801 disk drives with power supply, 4" exhaust Ian complete in dual enclosure with all necessary power cables. Documentation included. 50 Lbs. CAL-2801 Signal cable add =35.00 WCA-6500

Same as above but wilh: ShugartSOtR MSD2B01 '1195 I Olivetti802 CA1280I '1250

Stitirjarl 851B MSD2B51 1450

OumeDTB MSD8DT 1450

SPECIAL

$

895\

Volumn Pricing Upon Request

Seagate Compatable 7.5 MEGABYTE

Winchester Hard Disk Drive

We have priced this so low thai the manufacturer has asked not to use their brand name in our advertising.

Industry standard Seagate plug compatable. Drive fits Into the same space as a 5%" floppy disk drive. CAL-561/2

S-lOO MOTHER BOARD

*35

IMSAI

18 Slot

CAL-M18

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

(800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

(213)679-9001

TWX 910325-6212

PALOMAR TAKES THE RISK

Join the thousands of satisfied customers who buy froi

fast response, expert technical help, an<

NEC-8023 A

High-resolution dot graphics. Proportional

spacing. Correspondent quality printing.

Bidirectional tractor and faction feed. 80. 136

col. Greek and math symbols. 100 cps matrix

printer.

List $780 Parallel $599

C. ITOH

Pro/Writer offers 8 character sizes. 5 different alphabets, and high proportional spacing, bidirectional, vert and horiz. tabs, resolution graphics. nx9 matrix. 100 cps 136 col. max. Friction and tractor feed.

8510 Parallel $549

8510 Serial CALL

EPSON-COMPLETE STOCK!

Features disposable print heads. Graphtrax. All models except MX-70 print text in two directions. MX80F/T and MX 100 have both friction and tractor feed. Unparalleled dot placement accuracy.

MX-70 (80 col.) CALL

MX-80 (80 col.) CALL

MX-80F/T (80 col.) CALL

MX-100(136col.) CALL

Interface Cards CALL

Cables CALL

VIDEO TERMINALS, MONITORS

Ampex Dialog 80 $995

Ampex Dialog 30 $795

Televideo 920C $845

Televideo 950 $995

SOROC IQ 120 $699

Zenith 12" Green $ 119

NEC 12" Green $169

Amdex 12" B/W (Leedex) $99

Amdex 13" Color Lo-Res $439

544 BYTE June 1982

LOW, LOW PRICE ON NOVELL!

Heavy duty. 150 CPS. bidirectional, tractor feed. 9x9 dot matrix. 6 or 8 lines per inch. 10. 13.6 or 16.5 CPI. EIA RS-232C or parallel interface.IMAGE 800 $995

MPI 88G/99G MATRIX

High resolution dot-addressable graphics for Apple. Enhanced correspondence quality" printing. Tractor and friction feed. Serial and Parallel Input. 100 cps Bi-directional printing.

88 G (132 col.) List $749 $549

99 G (132 col.) List $849 $599

Apple parallel I/O Card/Cable/Disk ... $110

with Graphics Prom (Ap-Pak) $ 145

IEEE I/O Card $55

Single Sheet Feeder $25

QT Cover $30

OKIDATA

(JP TO 200 CPS! Microline 82A- 80/132 col.. 120 CPS. 9x9 dot matrix, friction, pin feed or tractor feed (remoueable) rear and bottom feed. Includes bidirectional/logic seeking, serial and parallel interfaces. Double width and condensed characters, true lower case descenders and graphics.

82A $545

Microline 83A- 132/232 col.. 120 CPS. handles forms up to 15 in. wide, plus all the features of the 82A.

83A $775

Mircrollne 84SP- 132/232 col.. 200 CPS. with full dot graphics built-in. Takes forms up to 15 in. wide, plus all the features of the 83A. 84SP $ 1250

MODEMS

UDS-103 LP, direct $ 175

' 03 JLP Auto Answer $209

202 LP 1200 BAUD $259

NOVATION-CAT, acoustic $ 145

D-CAT, direct $ 155

Auto Cat $219

Apple Cat $329

HAYES-S100 Mlcromodem $349

Apple Micromodem $299

Smart Modem $245

ADLER

17.5 CPI. 10. 12. 15 and proportional spacint line correcting memory, inter-changeable pi wheels.

SE1010 Ust $1295 SAVE $3

Interface Card ADD $3

NEC SPINWRITERS

7710/7730 RO w/tractor $25

7720 KSR w/tractor $29

3510/3530 RO $17

Bidirectional tractor $2

Push tractor $3

OLYMPIA

Letter quality. Daisy wheel printer lypewi interfaces to Apple. Atari. NEC. TRS80 i RS232 Serial ports. ES 100KRO Computer printer

Ust $1690 SAVE $2

ES 100 Typewriter only Ust $ 1195 SAVE $ 2 Interface Card Only $*

(specify serial or parallel)

I/O Cable (specify serial or parallel) i

Apple Serial Card $ 1

MODEMS

BIZCOMP Super low introductory price, i over other modems! Apple—direct connec game port. No serial card needed. Saue $li more. Atari—direct connect via inlei module and telelink cartridge. Commode the only modem available. Each pkg. com cable with connectors and phone T-adapt

Apple Comm Pkg $ 1

VIC Comm Pkg $ 1

Atari Comm Pkg $ 1

Circle 357 on Inquiry card.

DUT OF MAIL ORDER BUYING!

s with confidence and know you'll receive the same uaranteed satisfaction - at UNBEATABLE PRICES!

APPLE SOFTWARE

BUSINESS

inancial Partner $ 191.99

ascal Tutor $97.99

ro Easy Writer $ 137.99

asy Writer 40 col $78.99

/ord Star (Req. Softcard) $241.99

uper Sort (Req. Softcard) $ 129.99

tail Merger (Req. Softcard) $80.99

ata Star (Req. Softcard) $192.99

pell Star (Req. Softcard) $129.99

ale Star (Req. Softcard) $ 129.99

jperTexll $117.99

le Address Book $38.99

irm Letter Module 78.99

sifiles $229.99

:sktop Plan III $275.99

isktop Plan II $229.99

siplot $185.99

sitrend/Visiplot $275.99

side* $229.99

siterm $89.99

5icalc3.3 $229.99

btory $198.99

iperspell (Req. Softcard) $435.99

3rd Processor (Req. Softcard) .... $255.99 PERSONAL/HOME

ping Tutor $19.99

•mentryMath $31.99

rsonal Filing System $74.99

rsonal Report System $74.99

gebral $31.99

mipu-Math: Arithmetic Skill $39.99

impu-Math: Fractions $31.99

■mpu-Math: Decimals $31.99

.mpuSpells: (Req. Data Disk) .... $23.99

MISC

>plesoft Compiler $ 145.99

isle Compiler 327.99

■pie-Doc $41.99

B. Master $189.99

B. Utility Pack $81.99

GAMES

ster Blaster $24.99

Traffic Controller $9.99

mple of Apshai $31.95

testones of Ryn $ 15.99

irloc's Tower $ 15.99

scueatRigel $23.99

II Fire Warrior $31.99

ir Warrior $31.99

ash. Crumble and Chomp $23.99

per Reaches of Apshai $ 15.99

e Keys to Acheron $ 15.99

ack Attack $23.99

e Prisoner $23.99

nkl $31.99

nkll $31.99

botWars $31.99

ree Mile Island $31.99

j.M $19.99

stle Wolfenstein $23.99

;ard and Princes $25.99

ssile Defense $23.99

anston Manor $27.99

i/p Destroyer $23.99

3er Strike $31.99

antoms Five $23.99

ace Eggs $23.99

APPLE ACCESSORIES

MICROSOFT

Z80 Softcard $298.99

16KRAMcard $158.99

CCS

Parallel Card $118.99

ASYTHC Serial Card $ 148.99

Clock Calendar Card $98.99

IEEE Card $ 248.99

A-D Card S98.99

MOUNTAIN COMPUTERS

ROM Plus $129.99

Keyboard Filter ROM $48.99

CPS Multifunction Card $ 178.99

Supertalker $229.99

PAYMAR

L/C Adapter-New $34.99

L/C Adapter-Old $44.99

VIDEX

Video Terminal $298.99

ADVANCE BUSINESS TECH 13 Key pad for Apple (New KBD) .. $110.99 13 Key pad for Apple (Old KBD) ... $ 1 10.99 BAR Code Reader $ 189.99

DANA Cooling Fan S39.99

LAZER Lower Case Adapter $55.99

T.G. PROD.

Game Paddles $31.99

Joy Stick $46.99

Select A Port $46.99

Wrzard-80 (80 col.) $278.99

RS232 CABLES

4 wire male-male 10 ft $19.99

9 wire male-male 10 ft $21.99

4 wire male-female 10 ft $ 19.99

9 wire male-female 10 ft $21.99

RS232 Switch Box (Use 2 terminals or printers from one output port) $109.99

FAN FOLD PAPER

(Prices F.O.B. S.P.) 9'/2Xll-20* Bond White (2700 ct.) $30.10 147/sxl 1-20" Bond White (2400 ct.) $37.10 147/sx1 1-20* Bond W Green Bar (2400 ct.) $37.10

RIBBONS

NEC $77/Doz.

Qume $45/Doz.

Diablo $66/Doz.

Anadex $ 1 35/6 ea.

Tritel $95/Doz.

TI/DEC/TTY $45/Doz.

Epson $ 13.95/ea.

MPI/Axiom/Base 2 $ 13.95/ea.

MAGNETIC MEDIA

Premium Quality At Bargain Prices

100% Certified with hub rings, box of 10

Economy Diskettes

5'A" SSSD Soft, 10 or 16 sector . . . $25.00

SSSD Soft, 10 or 16 sector $28.50

DSDD Soft, 10 or 16 sector $36.00

Quality Diskettes

5'A" SSD, Soft 10 or 16 sector $27.00

SSDD, Soft 10 or 16 sector $32.00

DSDD, Soft 10 or 16 sector $38.50

8" SSSD, Soft or 32 hard sector $28.50

DSDD, Soft or 32 hard sector . . $45.50 CALL for prices on name brand diskettes: VERBATIM DYSAN 3M SCOTCH MEMOREX WABASH MAXELL

NEC

PC-8000 Series Microcomputer System

• 2-80A CPCI 4 MHz

• 5 user programmable function keys

• 82 Keys with numeric keypad

• 160 x 100 resolution

• 80 character screen

PC-8001A Microcomputer w/32K RAM . $899 PC-8012A I/O Unit w/32K RAM

Expansion slots $ 599

PC-8031A Dual Mini-Disk Drive Unit ... $899 PC-8032A Add-On Dual Mini Disk

Drive Unit $799

ATARI SOFTWARE

Adventure * 1,2,3, (D) Adventure "4,5,6, (D)

Adventure "7,8,9 (D)

Adventure *10,1 1,12 (D) .

Adventure 1-12 (D)

Atari Mailing List (D)

Text Wizard (D)

Compu-Math/Fractions (D) Compu-Math/Decimals (D) Compu-Math/Fractions (C). Compu-Math/Decimals (C) Letter Perfect (D) Mail Merge/Utility (D)

$31.99 $31.99 $31.99 $31.99 $79.99 $19.99 $79.99 $31.99 $31.99 $23.99 $23.99 $119.99 23.99

L Letter Perfect (D) $ 119.9! Mail Merge/Utility (D) 23.95 TO PLACE YOUR ORDER CALL:

■ ///miOM TELEX

■ (7 14)744-7314 or write to: 697120

PALOMAR

Computer Products

910-105 W. San Marcos Blvd., Dept. JB, San Marcos, CA 92069

TERMS OF SALE; Cash, check, money order, bank wire transfer, credit card or purchase orders from qualified firms and institutions. Please include telephone number with order and expiraton date on credit card orders. California residents add 6% sales tax. Advertised prices are for prepaid orders F.O.B. shipping point. Add 3% for shipping in U.S. Pricing and availability subject to change without notice.

Circle 357 on Inquiry card.

BYTE June 1982

545

^I^HFO!Bt„ - TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

SS*}^"31 800-854-8230

Circle 10 on inquiry card.

T !^^COMPUTER ^WreODUCTS|

MICROPROCESSORS

16K Apple™ Ramcard

LIST 195

ACP sy495

• Full 1 year warranty Top quality — gold fingers • Expand Apple II 48K to 64K Compatible with Z-BO Sottcard'" • Allows system to run with CP/M", PASCAL, DOS3.3,COBAL,Visicalc, etc. Supplied with extra 16K RAM & has (2) LED's

32K STATIC RAM

16K4 MHz K-I 16K -1 MHz AST 32K -J MHz Ki! 1 32K 4 MHz A&T BARE BOARD

Si 59.95

217 95

5199.95-28^

• 339 00 39.95

B.ii'.'Bdw'all parts less mem 99.95

BARE BOARDS

S-100 Sound Board 8080A CPU 32K StettC RAM (21 14) 8K EPROM (2708) 2708/2716 EPROM ACP Prolo Board Vector 880C Pfolo Veclor 8803 11 Slo! MB ACP Extender with connector 13 Slol Mother Board (WMC) 9 Slot Mother Board (WMC) 8 Slot Mother BdlExpandable) Floppy PCB(8 SHUGART) S100(AY5-8910| Sound Board Apple Sound Board

S34 95 34 95 34.95 2495 34.95 22.95 22.20 29.95 1895 32.95 29.95 34.95 39 95 34 9? 24 95

UV"EPROM"

ERASER

Model UVs-11 E $79.95

H

Model S-52T

16K Memory Expansion Kits

for Apple/TRS-80

8*pcs4116 15K

200/250nS <t1 O Q^l

Specify computer Cp I C..ZJ\J

CALL FOR VOLUME PRICING

"D" SUB CONNECTORS

Unreal pnee DB37 male, DB25 female Gold PC mount with mounting holes Mlg, AMP, Specify 25 Of 37 pins

$2.50 pes, $1.95

Stepper Motor

USED IN

DATA

PRODUCTS

PRINTER $19.95ea.

1 2 VOLT BUZZER/HORN

2" DIAMETER

2/S1.99

GE D43C3

w

6,000 pes available

690 ea.

Astec RF Modulator

■HS-v.6. for

fc*** ~"' COLOR ■'■ &

B/W

S6.95 895

P/N 1082 Cnannel 3 or 4 P/N 4151 UHF Channel 33

MOSTEK

\ 290

4K

RAMS

200.000 pieces in slock —priced to move. Same as MK4027 except lmS refresh, MK4015 4Kx1 RAM.

PMI "Super Beta" LOW POWER AMPLIFIER

INTERNALLY COMPENSATED

P/NOP12GJ Vottset = 1.0 mV Ibias = 5.0mA Gain = 40V/mV (quantity limited)

4K STATIC RAM IELL-OFF

10/$9.90

Same as TMS4044 but designed specifically lor Z-80 based systems This is a full-spec 4Kx1 RAM. 450nS. Order P/N Zilog 6104-4 while supply lasts.

Zilog

Z8 CPU

with TINY BASIC Debug prog

Plus 6132 companion quasi-static RAM 29.95

l4?

$49.95

"BUNKER" LEDS rei spond to sound. Complete.

ready to wear, (2"x2").

Sold al Nieman Marcus .. .'.for 69.95 ACPS49.95 "^red, yellow, green LEO's

CONNECTORS

DB25P (RS232)

S3.25

DB25S Female

3 75

Hood

1 25

Sei with Hood, Sale

7.50

22/44 S/T, KIM

2.95

43/86 S/T, MOT

6.50

50/100 S-100 Connector W/W

4,95

50/100 S-100 Connector S/T

3 95

Full ASCII Encoded Keyboards

ItC41l28-Character, 58-Key Typewritter Format for Alphanumeric Entry

VP-606 Async serial output. Reg, S99.00

acpSALE ... $69.95

S99 00

BOOS-1

S14 95

6902P

14 95

69 00

2901

9 90

B035

14 95

995

2901A

14 95

8039

12 95

11 95

9900JL

■1995

8073N

34.95

1695

6502

9,95

6755

49.95

16 95

6S02A

16.95

8748

49 95

9 75

IMS 100

29 95

6809

30 00

J 75

6SO0

11 75

8086

49.95

14 95

68O0B

1995

68000

129 95

78H05K

78M06

7BM.G.

LM108AH

LM300H

LM301CN

LM304H

1.49 295

"&*>**

6; 16/2016 S7 95

8264-64 K 8 50

4116-2 199

41 16-2 8/12.95

2101

2102

21L02-2

21L02-4

2111

2112

2114

21141-2

2114L-4

I I,.v.,J

8155S9.95 8156 9.95 8202 29.95 8205 2.69 8212 2.75 8214 4.95 8216 2.75 8224 2.95 8226 2,95 8228 3,95 8243 9,50

8250 14.95

8251 6,50 8253 11.95 8255 4.50 8257 9.50

8259 S8.95 8275 19 95 8279 9,50 6810 4.75

6820 6.50

6821 6.50 6828 10.50 6834 16.95 6845 22.95 6847 27.95 6850 5.25 6852 5,25 6860 10 95 6862 10.95 6875 5.95 6880 2 49

68047

68488

46505

6520

6522

6530-X

6532

6551

280-PIO

Z80A-PIO

Z80-CTC

Z80A-CTC

Z80-DMA

Z80A-DMA 27 95

Z80-SIO 24.95

Z80A-SIO 29.95

S22.95 19.95 22.95 6.95 9.95 24.95 17.95 19 95 6.50 9.50 6.50 9.50 1995

MOSPROMS

2764 (8Kx8) TS 2732 (4Kx8) TS 2716/2516; 5V (2KxB>TS TMS2716, 5V. 12V 2758 5V, (450nS)

7 95

17 95 3 50

2708(450nS) S5 75 2708(650nSI 5.25 1702 A 5.75

MM5203AQ 14 50 MM5204Q 9 95

l!lb.V!l

2513-001 (SViUpcer S95Q 2513'0D5i5ViLowfii 1095 2513-ADM3i5VUb«w' 14 95 MCM6&710 ASCII ShillW 12 95 MCM{i674(lMattiSymttf! 1395

MCln667SOAipna Control 1345 1771-01 & i Wrnilloppy 24 95 1781 rJuaiFicpov 299S

1791-01 QualFNwpy 3695 179i-02Dua1FlMDy 1793 DD OS Fanny 179T DO OSFlODpy 169' DataSwntof

870C' 8 H Binary

S9 95

44 95 44 95 54 95

8703 8

ITS

940C Vdl 10 Frea Canv S75C3'rD.gitaCD 1408166 bit 14081.8 8 M DAC01 OtoA

DACG8

DAC1D0 9 95

8038 Function Generator 4 50

MC4024VCO 295

LM566VCO 195 XS2206 Funclion Generator 5 25

IRIB02BI5V I2v1 395

AV510t3l5V 12Vi 4 95

AT51014A/1612I5-14VI 6 95

AV5J0I5A-I863l5\f) 695

IM6402 7 95

IM6403 8 95

2350 USHT 9 95

1671BAsiros 2495

MC14411 11 95

4702 1HS

WD1W1 9 95

COM5016 16 95

INS8250 15 95

AY5-2376 13 75

AY5-3600 13 75

MM5740AAC B 95

ESssa

LOW PROFILE SOCKETS (TIN)

8 pin LP 14 pin LP 16 pin LP 18 pin LP 20 pin LP 22 pin LP 24 pin LP 28 Din LP 40 Din LP

3L WIREWRAP SOCKETS (GOLD)

n WW

n WW (Tin)

n WW

n WW

n WW

n WW

n WW

n WW

n WW

rt WW ;

1 35 1.26

1,53

LM305H

1.69

LM306H

3.25

LM307CN

29

LM308CN

.98

LM309K

1.49

LM310CN

1.25

LM311D/CN

.89

LM312H

1.75

LM317T

1.70

LM318CN

1.49

LM319N/H

1.25

LM320K-XX*

1.35

LM320T-XX*

1.39

LM320H-XX

1,25

LM323K

4.95

LM324N

.95

LM337K

5.95

LM338K

6.95

LM339N

95

LM340K-XX*

1.75

LM340T-XX"

1.25

LM340H-XX*

1 25

LM344H

1.95

LM348N

1.20

LM350K

5.60

LM358CN

.98

LM360N

1.49

LM372N

1.95

LM376N

3.75

LM377N

2.75

LM380CN/N

1.25

LM381N

1.79

LM383T

1.95

LM386N

1.25

LM387N

1.40

LM390N

1.95

NE531V/T

3,75

NE555V

.39

NE556N

.98

NE561T

19.95

NE565N/H

1.25

NE566H/V

1.75

NE567V/H

1.50

NE592N

2,75

LM702H

1.99

LM709N/H

.29

LM710N/H

.75

LM711N/H

.39

LM715N

1,95

LM723N/H

,65

LM733N/H

.98

LM739N

1.15

LM741CN/H

33

LM741CN-14

19

LM747N/H

.75

LM748N/H

.39

LM760CN

2.95

LM1310N

1.90

MC1330

1.95

MC1350

1.95

MC1358

1.75

74S00S .39

Ik

74S124

74S02 43

74S133

74S03 .45

74S134

74S04 .52

74S135

74S05 .52

74S136

74S08 .49

74S138

74S09 .49

74S139

74S10 ,42

74S140

74S11 .42

74S151

74S15 .42

74S153

74S20 ,42

74SI57

74S22 42

74S158

74S30 42

74S160

74S32 .49

74S174

74S38 1,19

74S175

74S40 .49

74S188

74S51 42

74S194

74S64 46

74S195

74S65 .46

74S196

74S74 .69

74S240

74S86 .72

74S241

74S112 .72

74S242

74S113 .72

74S243

74S114 72

LM1414N

LM1458CN/N

MC1488N

MC1489N

LM1496N

LM1556N

LM1820N

LM1850N

LM1889N

LM2111N

LM2900N

LM2901N

LM2917N

CA3013T

CA3018T

CA3021T

CA3023T

CA3035T

CA3039T

CA3046N

LM3053N

CA3059N

CA3060N

CA3062N

LM3065N

CA3080T

CA3Q81N

CA3082N

CA3083N

CA3086N

CA3089N

CA3096N

CA3097N

CA3130T

CA3140T

CA3146N

CA3160T

CA3190N

CA3410N

MC3423N

MC3460N

SG3524N

CA3600N

LM3900N

LM3905N

LM3909N

LM3914N

LM3915N

LM3916N

RC4131N

RC4136N

RC4151N

RC4194TK

RC4195TK

JLN2001

ULN2003

SN75450N

SN75451N

SN75452N

SN75453N

SN75454N

SN75491N

SN75492N

SN75493N

SN75494N

TL494CN

TL496CP

2.50 2.95

4,95

1.49 1.29 1,69 1.69

2.99 3.49 1,99

3.95 3.95 3.39

3,75 395 3.75 2.95

5.40 1.25

1,50

1.29 1.29 1.29 129 2 79

1.89 2.75 2.75 2.99 2.99

74S244 S2.99

74S251 1.35

74S253 1.35

745257 1.29

745258 129 74S260 .75 74S280 2.79

745287 2.99

745288 2,55

745373 3.10

745374 3 10 74S387 2.75

745471 7.95

745472 7.95

745473 7,95

745474 9.95

745475 9.95

745570 5.75

745571 5.75

745572 8,95

745573 8,95

745940 2.90

745941 2.90

DIP SWITCHES

2Posilion S .99

4 Position 1.19

5 Position 1.29

6 Position 1.35

7 Position S1.39

8 Position 1.49

9 Position 1.65 10Position 1.69

MUFFIN® FAN

The dependable, low cost, largest selling fan for commercial cooling

applications.

• 105cfm free air delivery

• 4.63" sg.x 1.50" deep. Weight - 17 oz.

SPECIAL PURCHASE

%# $9.50

68.

SUPER IC CLOSEOUT SPECIALS

ULN2003 2/S1.99 2N6121 3/51.00 8080A CPU

74LS568

74LS377

74LS241

8259

6561 RAM

LM733CN

MC1414

3/1.99 2/1 99 2/1 99 6 95 2.95 3/1 99 3/1 99

SIG 2652 74S287 2758 EPROM 74173/8T10 280A CPU 6522 6502 CPU

3.95 1.95 295 5/1 99 4 95 695 595

2.95

2102 RAM

4060 RAM 1.49

8X300 CPU 14.95

74S387 1.96

2708 EPROM 8/29.95

74LS93 3/1.00

2114 8/14 50

5027 CRT

S9.95

11C24

695

95H03

2.89

MM5320

5.99

9131 RAM

1.99

EMM4402

1.99

1103 RAM

3/1,50

8700 A/D

2/16.95

TOIL FREE

4022 1.15

4023 .29

4024 .75

4025 .25

4027 .65

4028 .85

4029 1.29

4030 .45

4031 3,25

4032 2,15

4034 3.25

4035 .95

7400 S .19

7401 .22

7402 ,22

7403 .22

7404 .22

7405 .23

7406 35

7407 .35

7408 26

7409 ,23

7410 .22

7411 .29

7412 .29

7413 .39

7414 .59

7416 .29

7417 .29

7420 .22

7421 .35

7422 .29

7423 .29

7425 .29

7426 .29

7427 .25

7429 .45

7430 .23 7432 .29

7437 .25

7438 .29

7439 .29

7440 ,19

7441 .79

7442 .57

7443 .95

7444 .95

7445 .79

7446 .79

7447 .65

7448 ,79

7450 .19

7451 ,19

7453 19

7454 19

7459 .25

7460 .23 7470 ,29

7472 ,29

7473 .34

7474 .34

74LS00S .26

74LS01 .28

74LS02 .23

74LS03 .28

74LS04 .35

74LS05 .23

74LS08 .23

74LS09 35

74LS10 .28

74LS11 .39

74LS12 ,33

74LS13 .47

74LS14 .95

74LS15 .33

74LS20 .26

74LS21 .33

74LS22 33

74LS26 .33

74LS27 .33

74LS28 .33

74LS30 .26

74LS32 33

74LS33 .55

74LS37 .45

74LS38 .39

74LS40 .26

74LS42 .79

74LS47 .79

74LS48 .95

74LS51 .26

74LS54 .29

74LS55 .29

74LS73 .45

74LS74 .42

74LS75 .59

74LS76 45

74LS78 .45

74LS83A .79

74LS85 1 74LS86 74LS90 74LS92 74LS93 74LS95 74LS96 74LS107 74LS109 74LS112

4002 .35

4006 1.05

4007 .25

4008 1.39

4009 .45

4010 45

7475

7476

7479

7480

7482

7483

7485

7486

7489

7490

7491

7492

7493

7494

7495

7496

7497

74100 2.90

74107 .32

74109 .37

74116 1.95

74121 .29

74122 ,39 74123 74125 74126 .44 74128 .59 74132 .69 74136 .75 74139 .95

74141 .79

74142 2.95

74143 2.95

74144 2.95

.49

.45

.65 .69 2.90

.59

74145

.62

74147 1.95

7414

1.20

74150 109

74151 .67

74152 .67

74153 .67

74154 1.19

74155 78 74156 74157

74158 1,65

74159 2.49 74160

.69

74LS113S 74LS114 74LS122 74LS123 1 74LS124 1 74LS125 74LS126 74LSI32 74LSI 36 74LS138 74LS139 74LS145 1 74LS148 1 74LS151 74LS153 74LS154 1 74LS155 1 74LS156 74LS157 74LS158 74LS160 1 74LS161 1 74LS162 1 74LS163 1 74LS164 1 74LS165 74LS166 2 74LS168 1 74LS169 1 74LS170 1 74LS173 74LS174 74LS175 74LS181 2 74LS190 1 74LS191 1 74LS192 74LS193 74LS194 1 74LS195 74LS196 74LS197 74LS221 1 74LS240 1 74LS242 1 74LS243 1 74LS244 1

74161 S .

74162

74163

74164

74165

74166 1.

74167 1.95 74170 1.£ 74M2 4.75 74173 74174 74175 74176 74177 74179 134 74180 74181 1.75 74182

74184 2.25

74185 2.25

74186 9.95 74188 3.90

74190 1.1

74191 1.1

74192 F.

74193 ,t

74194 X

74195 .(

74196 i

74197 i

74198 1.39

74199 1.39 74221 74251 74273 • 74276 1.89 74279

74283 1.40

74284 3.90

74285 3.90 74290 1.25 74298 74365 74366 74367 74368 74390 1.45 74393 74490 1.90

74LS245S2.20

74LS247 1.1

74LS248 1.1

74LS249 1.1

74LS251 1.4

74LS253 1.40 74LS257

74LS258 .

74LS259 2.95 74LS260

74LS261 2 74LS266

74LS273 1,75

74LS275 4.40 74LS279 74LS283 74LS290 74LS293

74LS295 1.10

74LS298 1.

74LS324 1.75

74LS347 1

74LS348 1

74LS352 1.

74LS353 1.19

74LS363 1 74LS365 74LS366 74LS367 74LS368

74LS373 1

74LS374 1 74LS375

74LS377 1.95

74LS385 1 74LS386

74LS390 1

74LS393 1

74LS395 1.70

74LS399 2.35

74LS424 2.95

74LS668 1.75

74LS670 2.29

81LS95 1

81LS96 1

81LS97 1.

81LS98 1.69

VOLUME PRICING CALL TOIL FREE

4037 S1.S

1.29 1,25

1.25

4040 4041 4042 4043 4044 4046 4047 4048 4049 4050

4051 1.10

4052 1.10

4053 1.10

4055 3.95

4056 2,95

4059 9,25

4060 1.39 4066 .75

4069 ,35

4070 .49

4071 .35

4072 ,35

4073 .35

4075 ,35

4076 1.29 4077 4078 4081 4082 4085 1.95

4094 4098 4099

2.95 2.29 2.25

14408 12.95

14409 12.95

14410 12.95 14412 12.95 14415 8.95 14419 4,95 4501 4502 4503 4505 4506 4507 4508 4510

.35

4511

4512

4515

4516

4518

4520

4555

4556

4566

80C95 1.50

80C97 1.25

1.19 1.39

2.75 1.45 1.39 1.25 4.95

■4-8230

35-1565

Mailorder P.O. Box 17329 Irvine, CA 92713

Refill: 131 OB E. Edlnger, Santa Ana CA 92705 (714) 558-8813

542 W. Trimble, San Jose, CA 95131 (408) 946-7010

TERMS: MO. Cashier's Check. Bank Wire Personal Checks allow 2 weeks lor processing Include Drivers License and credit card * s Visa. MC. AMEX, CB add 2% service Charge. Add 3% shipping 5 handling or S2. whichever is greater Add 10": lor foreign orders or US Parcel Posl Include Telephone number NO CODs Prices subjeel to change without notice Some items subject to prior sale We reserve Ihe right to substitute manufacturer Retail prices may vary.

Circle 10 on inquiry card.

IBM and APPLE COMPATIBLE BOARDS!

STB-80™ APPLE VIDEO BOARD

FEATURES:

s259

ASSEMBLED & TESTED

SOFTWARE

#1 DOS TOOL KIT PATCH DISKETTE This patches the APPLE EDITOR & ASSEMBLER for use with the STB-80.

S24.95

#2 APPLE WRITER PATCH DISKETTE This patches the APPLE WRITER WORD PROCESSOR package for use with the STB-80. $24.95

• 24 x 80 Display

• Direct Keyboard Entry for Lower Case and Special Characters Line Graphics

Software Screen Switch to Standard Apple Emulates all Basic Screen Formatting Commands

Compatible with PASCAL & CP/M Software Controllable Inverse Video by Character & Screen

fl/ew

APPLE MEMORY EXPANSION STB-16™ 16K BOARD

Assembled & Tested

Increases 48K to 64K

Compatible with PASCAL. CP/M DOS 3.3.

PILOT. COBOL. FORTRAN. VISICALC. INT

BASIC. APPLE SOFT BASIC, etc.

Easy to Install. Plug in and Go. No Cables.

No chips to Remove.

Expandable to 64K

$139

16K AST (64K UPGRADE FOR STB IB IS $189)

BOARDS

STB-64™ 64K BOARD

$299

64K A S T

* Assembled and Tested

• Uses 64K RAMS

* Four STB-16's on one Card

* Software Bank Selectable

• Compatible with 16K RAM Card Software

• DOS 3.3 Support Disk FREE with Purchase

STB-128™ 128K APPLE BOARD

MULTI-PURPOSE MEMORY BOARD & DISK EMULATOR

• 128K of Expansion Memory

• Includes DOS 3.3 Support Disk

• Eight STB-16's on one Card

• Processor Port for Direct Access Control

• Uses 64K RAMS

$549

12BK A&T

COMING SOON: VISICALC EXPANSION SOFTWARE

STB DOS 3.3 SUPPORT PROGRAM DISK

Disk Emulator (1 STB-128 or

STB-64 Req) Disk "Cache" (1 STB-128 or

STB-64 Req) Fast Basic Loader Memory Tester

DOS Relocater (Free 8K for Basic) Picture Flipper/Saver

$29

95

IFREE with STB-64 or STB-128)

7fa» IBM PC MEMORY EXPANSION BOARDS 7U&

PUT UP TO 256K ON LINE IN YOUR IBM P.C.!

64K - s399 (STB-164) 128K — s649 (STB-1128) 192K — s799 (STB-1192)

ALL ASSEMBLED & TESTED

EXPANSION KIT TO GO FROM 64K TO I92K IS $450

• Expand Your IBM to 256K Using Only one Slot.

• Available in 64. 128. or 192K Sizes

* Easy to Install. Use in Any of the 5 Expansion Slots

* Mounting Bracket. Included for Secure. Reliable Operation

* Parity — All Three Models Support Parity Error Testing

• One Year Limited Warranty on all Boards

IBM PC TM OF IBM CORP. APPLE AND APPLEWRITER TM OF APPLE COMPUTEBS. CP/M TM OF DIGITAL BESFARCH. VISICALC TM OF VISICORP.

DIGITAL RESEARCH COMPUTERS IS PROUD TO BE ANNOUNCED AS THE NATIONAL MAIL ORDER DUTLET FOR THE FINE LINE OF S.T.B. "SIMPLY THE BEST" BOARDS.

Digital Research Computers

■* (OF TEXAS) '

P.O. BOX 401565 • GARLAND, TEXAS 75040 • (214) 271-3538

TERMS: Add $2.00 postage. We pay balance Orders under $15 add 75<t handling. No COD. We accept Visa and MasterCharge. Tex. Res. add 5% Tax. Foreign orders (except Canada) add 20% P & H. Orders over $50, add 85G tor insurance.

NEW PRICES EFFECTIVE ON THE 1ST DAY OF THE COVER MONTH OF THIS MAGAZINE

"THE BIG BOARD"

^C^ OEM - INDUSTRIAL - BUSINESS - SCIENTIFIC

JINGLE BOARD COMPUTER KIT!

Z-80 CPU! 64K RAM!

*%,

■o

c

o

10 .

u.

c<M

z

u |

LU

(0 '

(T

£ U

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s

11

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3

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THE BIG BOARD PROJECT: Three years in the works, and maybe too good to be true. A tribute to hard headed, no compromise, high performance, American engineering! The Big Board gives you all the most needed computing features on one board at a very reasonable cost. The Big Board was designed from scratch to run the latest version of CP/M*. Just imagine all the off-the-shelf software that can be run on the Big Board without any modifications needed! Take a Big Board, add a couple of 8 inch disc drives, power supply, an enclosure. C.R.T., and you have a total Business System for about 1/3 the cost you might expect to pay.

*399

(\f\ (64K KIT *»* BASIC I/O)

FULLY SOCKETED!

FEATURES: (Remember, all this on one board!)

SIZE: 8V, x 13'/. IN. SAME AS AN 6 IN. DRIVE. REQUIRES: -5V @ 3 AMPS - - 12V (3) .5 AMPS.

64K RAM

24 x 80 CHARACTER VIDEO

Uses industry standard 4116 RAM'S. All 64K is available to the user, our VIDEO and EPROM sections do not make holes in system RAM. Also, very special care was taken in the RAM array PC layout lo eliminate potential noise and glitches.

Z-80 CPU

With a crisp, flicker-free display that looks extremely sharp even on small monitors. Hardware scroll and full cursor control. Composite video or split video and sync. Character set is supplied on a 2716 style ROM, making customized fonts easy. Sync pulses can be any desired length or polarity. Video may be inverted or true. 5x7 Matrix - Upper & Lower Case

Running at 2.5 MHZ. Handles all 4116 RAM refresh and supports Mode 2 INTERUPTS. Fully buffered and runs 8060 software.

FLOPPY DISC CONTROLLER

SERIAL I/O (OPTIONAL)

Full 2 channels using the Z80 SIO and the SMC 8116 Baud Rate Generator. FULL RS232! For synchronous or asynchronous communication. In synchronous mode, the clocks can be transmitted or received by a modem. Both channels can be set up for either data-communication or data-terminals. Supports mode 2 Int. Price for all parts and connectors: $49

Uses WD1771 controller chip with a TTL Data Separator for enhanced reliability. IBM 3740 compatible. Supports up to four 8 inch disc drives. Directly compatible with standard Shugart drives suchastheSASOO or SA801. Drives can be configured for remote AC olf-on. Runs CP/M" 2.2.

TWO PORT PARALLEL I/O (OPTIONAL),

Uses Z-80 PIO. Full 16 bits, fully buffered, bi-directional. User selectable hand shake polarity. Set of all parts and connectors for parallel I/O: $19.95

BASIC I/O

Consists of a separate parallel port (Z80 PIO) for use with an ASCII encoded keyboard for input. Output would be on the 80 x 24 Video Display.

REAL TIME CLOCK (OPTIONAL)

Uses Z-80 CTC. Can be configured as a Counter on Real Time Clock. Set of all parts: $9.95

BLANK PC BOARD — $149

The blank Big Board PC Board comes complete with full documentation (including schematics), the character ROM, the PFM 3.3 MONITOR ROM, and a diskette with the source of our BIOS, BOOT, and PFM 3.3 MONITOR.

CP/M* 2.2 FOR BIG BOARD

The popular CP/M* D.O.S. to run on Big Board available for $159.00.

PRICE CUT!

PFM 3.3 2K SYSTEM MONITOR

The real power of the Big Board lies in its PFM 3.3 on board monitor. PFM commands include: Dump Memory, Boot CP/M*, Copy, Examine, Fill Memory, Test Memory, GoTo, Read and Write I/O Ports, Disc Read (Drive. Track, Sector), and Search. PFM occupies one of the four 2716 EPROM locations provided. Z-80 is a Trademark of Zilog.

Digital Research Computers

** (OF TEXAS) '

P.O. BOX 401565 • GARLAND, TEXAS 75040 • (214) 271-3538

TERMS: Shipments will be made approximately 3 to 6 weeks after we receive your order, VISA, MC, cash accepted. We will accept COD's (for the Big Board only) with a $75 deposit. Balance UPS COD. Add $4.00 shipping. USA AND CANADA ONLY

•TRADEMARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH.

NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DIGITAL RESEARCH OF CALIFORNIA, THE ORIGINATORS OF CPM SOFTWARE "1 TO 4 PIECE DOMESTIC USA PRICE.

UTIC

MINI STEREO AM/FM RECEIVER

WITH HEADPHONES

For Joggers, Cyclists,

Skaters & Sports Eventsl

FEATURES: Lightweight headphones. Lett/right balance control. Full fidelity stereo sound. Additional black soft carrying case & shoulder strap. Belt clip {hands free). Operates on 3 AA cell batteries (not Incl.). Compact size: 3K," x 4%" x 1". Wt. 6 oz. Model 2830 List Price $89.95 $34.95

SPEAKERS

p«„.A0201 1.25 .99

2'/<" Round — 8 Ohm

.25 Watt (4" Leads)

Size: 2'/," x %"

p.mSF-25016 1.39 1.25 2Vj" Square — 16 Ohm

.25 Watt (4 mount, holes)

Large Ceramic Magnet

Size: 2%" x 2%" x V

MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS

80BOA/8080A SUPPORT DEVICES

DP121Z

DP42I6

oPtit*

DPS7X DP8KS OP82U NSJM1

DP62S1 DPi&l DPMb

opan?

DPSK9 DP8275

OPiin

DPB303 DPB3W DPB30I OPB30J DPS310 DPB31I

Prog. Interval Timer Prog. Porlone-al I/O (PPI! Prog. DMA Control

Prog. CRT Controller Prog. Keyooara/Dlsoliy I Syilem Timing Element

MC6ECO

MCSKHCP

MC6II0AP

MC68I1

MCUlt

MC6I30U

MC61S0

MC6JS2

MC6W0

MC6M!

MC6M0A

- 680076800 SUPPORT DEVICES

MPO witn Clock »nd RAM lHxISUilc RAM Peripheral Inter. Aaaot (MC6I20) Priority Interrupt Controller 10!*xE-BU ROM (MC64A30-!) Atynctiionoui Comm. Atnoler Synchronous Serial Date Adapter 0-600DP1 Digital MODEM

2 National Semiconductor

o RAM SALE

w

v STATIC RAMS

MM2114N-2 4K (200NS) $2.49 each

(8 EACH |ie.95/10t) 1100 EACH S195.95«ot}

MM2114N-2L 4K (200NS) Low Power ... .$2.95 each

(8 EACH 519.95/tol) (100 EACH 1225.00/lot)

MM2147N 4K(70NS) $4.95 each

(8 EACH S34.95/IOI) (100 EACH S419.95llot)

MM6116P-4 16K.I200NS) $14.95 each

(8 EACH S99.95'lot) (100 EACH S1195.00/lol)

DYNAMIC RAMS

MM4164N-20 64K (200NS) $14.95 each

(8 EACH S99.95(IOt) (100 EACH S1195.00/lot)

MM5290N-2 16K (150NS) 4116 $2.95 each

(8 EACH S19.95/IOI) (100 EACH S225.00IIOI)

MM5290N-4 16K (250NS)4116 $1.95 each

(8 EACH $14.951101) (100 each S175.00/tot)

EPROM Erasing Lamp

• Erusos 2708, 2716, 1702A, 5203U, 5204Q, etc.

• Erases up to 4 chips within 20 minutes.

• Maintains constant exposure distance of one inch.

• Special conductive foam liner eliminates static build-up.

• Built-in safety lock to prevent UV exposure.

• Compact - only 7-5/8" x 2-7/8" x 2"

• Complete with holding tray for 4 chips. UVS-11EL Replacement Bulb S16.95

UVS-11E $79.95

JOYS

JS-5K lj

ICKS

■

JS-5K 5K Linear Taper Pots $5.26

JS-100K 10QK Linear Taper Pots $4.95

JVC-40 40K (2) Video Controller in case . . , $4.95

MUFFIN® FAN

• 105cfm free air delivary

• 4.68" so,, x 1.50" depth. Weigtit - 17 oz.

• acoustical rating as low as NC-3B

• more than 10 yrs. conl. duty at 10*C

• Impedance protected

• for ambients to 70 *C

• UL yellow card CSA approved

115V, 50/BOHi, 14 Watts, 105ctm — Ultrasonlcally cleaned & tested.

MU2A1 ... .$9.95ea.

JE215 Adjustable Dual Power Supply

General Description: The JE215 is a Dual Power Supply with independent adjustable positive and negative output voltages. A separate adjustment for each of the supplies providesthe user unlimited applications for IC current voltage requirements. The supply can also be used as a general all-purpose variable power

SUPPiV- FEATURES:

* Adjustable regulated power supplies, pos. and neg. 1.2VDC to 15VDC. 1 ^ ^ * Power Output (each supply):

-- "• 5VDC # 500mA, lOVDC® 750mA,

12VDC<?> 500mA, and T5VDC@ 175mA.

Two, 3-terminal adj. IC regulators

with thermal overload protection.

ik regulator cooling

LED "on"

nriir

ator

Printed Bo

ird C

onstruc

io

120VAC ir

put

Size: 3-1/2

'w X

5-1/16

L

Quid 1-8UM Bui. Tram. (MCITZ6)

MICROPROCESSOR CHIPS

210 (fWC) CPU (MK3U0N) (!MHZ,

ZtOA [7KM! CPU (MK1IMN-*) [4MHlj

COPltt! CPU

2SJ0 MPU

JE215 Adj. Dual PowerSupply Kittasshownj . . $24.95

(Picture not shown but similar in construction to above)

JE200Reg. Power Supply Kit (5VDC, 1 amp) . . $14.95

JE205 Adapter Brd. (to JE200>±5,±9 & ±12V. $12.95

«^JE210Var. Pwr. Sply. Kit, 5-15VDC,to1.5amp. $19.95

DMMOIADC CPU MCS6W2 MPU

ISeOJSN-o NSaOSN-6 NSIW0N-* NS8O70N NSB073N PttH

ISW00JL

IM500H IM503H WMS06H MMSIOH MUtSN MMS013N MMS016N MSOMN MMM1SN

256-Bit Dym

IDM-BII Dynimlc/Accumulitor

S00/S1I-BI1 Dynjmlc

Octal 10-Bit

Octal 10-Blt iKrWIUMA, 1024-Slt Dynamic KIIN Hex U-BIt Static

aav Dual 131-Bit Static

SMV SlZ-Blt Dynamic

Firo (OuaiKt)

DATA ACQUISITION

Mostek OC/DC Convert. *SV to9V Floppy Disc RcjO AMP System 7-BII D/AConvertor fDACOaOJUCN B-BIt D/A Converter [DACOBOauCN

.//Clock MPU—B-BU (6N CPU-Sgl.Chlp CPU (Sf Sytel CPU-fi* Bytei CPU W/Basic r. CPU MPU—16-Bit

M.J5

M.9S

1T73AIM-1 3D Tune Musical MPU Chip .

DUI

SHIFT REGISTERS<ual 25-Blt Dynamic

50-Bit Dynamic

100-Bit Static

M-BIt Accumulator

DC1G

.CM70P MCHOflU

H Actlv

1 Ton I

LM334Z LMJJSZ LF3MN LF39IN

ir 1.5'/,

Rel.(.Spom/Cl ir (1 LSB] ir |0.?n Lin.)

DATA ACQUISITION (CONTINUED)

ADCMIWCCN B-BI1 A/D Converter (S-Ch. Mulll.i S.»

ADCMDCCN 1-811 A/D Converter (16-Ch. Multl.) 10.95

DAC1000LCN 10-BltD/AConv. Mlcio. Comp. (0.05%) BM

DAC10DBLCN 10-811 D/A Conv. Micro. Comp. (0.20*) B.«

DACI0»l.CN 10-BltO/A Converter (Q.05X Lin.) «.«9

DAC10ULCN 10-Bit D/A Converter (0.20** Lin.) S.«

DAC1222LCN IZ-BIt D/A Converter I0.I0S Lin.) 9.«

CD»OSlN S-Criai

AVSII

30K e

G.9S

-RAM'S

10»xi static

256x4 Static »£»* Static

102-.X4 Sialic JOOns

MMbKl

MM5262

MS2SO/2107

Mltl I6K Dynimlc 2S0ni (MM5I90N-4) 64K Dynamic ?U0ns 40%xl Fait TOni 256x4 Static 1024x1 Dynamic Fully Qecoaao

1 oyru

4096x1 Dynamic MMS290N-2 (4116) 16K Dynamic ISOnj (UPD416C-1) MMS29BJ-3A IK Dyn. 200ni (lower v, ol MM5290J)

HM6116-4 )6K (2Kx8) Sialic 200ni

E2S25 64 Bit RAM (16x40C)

UPD414/MK4027 4K Dynamic 16-Dln TMS40MUSNL 4K Static TMS404S 1024x4 Static

PROMS/EPROMS

170IA IK UV Eraiaola PROM

2T0t IK EPROM

TMS2J16 16K EPROM |-5V, *5V, *12V)

271Glntel(2S16)TI 16K EPROM (Slngls >SV)

2732lntal Tl 32K EPROM

27M IK EPROM (450ns) (Single 'SV)

2J64Q f>4K EPROM (Hitachi HIN462764)

5203 2041 PROM

32x8 PROM [Open Collector)

4096 Bipolar PROM

3!xfl Trl

-)2S;3(74S1BS) 62S115

I2S123(74S2U) B2S)»S

O I.lor

RQM

n Our i

H13(2H0) 2513(3021)

Chll

r (Li

NMOS READ ONLY MEMORIES

MCM56710P 121x9x7 ASCII Sn/rteo w/Greak

MCM66740P 121x9x7 Main Symool i. Pictures

MCM66750P 128x9x7 Alpria. Control Cna'. Gen.

MICROPROCESSOR MANUALS

fJ-210

M-2650

IP 1802

DS0025CN

DSOOWCN

INS177IN'!

INS2651N

MM58167N

Uler Manual User Manual

- SPECIAL FUNCTION

Dual MOS Clock Driver (5MZ)

MIC

COP407N

il Real r Com,

• ClOi

5.95

19.95

Av-l-9100

1.15

AV-b-9200

1.J0

AY-b-9500

J.40

AV-5-2376

3.K

74C922

74C923

MMS3190N

2&

MM 57499 N

H-DlQlt reel LED Drive :ontroller with 64-Olglt RAr,' tt LED Drive vw/N Buss Int. VAC Fluor. Driver (20-pln gM

TELEPHONE/KEYBOARD CHIPS

ton Telephone Dialer y Dialer

■A/H.I-1.

Part Ho. Poi. Conllguration Sockel

EECO Rocker DIP Switch — "Mini-Dip v" 2400 Series

THE MOST UNIQUE DIP SWITCH AVAILABLE!

MINI-DIP is designed Io retiolit all major Dianas ol Dip switches Unique features include locking red design to prevent accidental actuation and gold sell-wiping contact One-piece housing and press-til terminals prevent contamination 2-10 station Form "A'* and 1-5 station Form C." • Terminal! on .100 i 3DD (2.54. t 7.62) centers • PCB or dip socket mountains • Positive, cleaning/wiping action with gold contact • Tout seal and bottom seal

Price

24(10-2

2400-3

2400-4

2400-ABCD

2400-SC

Spin

.70

10/ 6.95

10/ 7.95

10/ B.9S

.93 • 10/ S.95

1.09 • 10/ 9.95

Pill No. Pot. Conllguration Socket

Price

2400-6 2400-7 2400-8 2400-9 2400-1 r

123456

1234567 14 pin

12345678 16 pin

123456789 18 pin

0123456769 20 pin

1.09 - 10/ 9.9S

1.19 - 10/10.95

1.29 - 10/11.95

1.39 - 10/12.95

1.49 - 10/13.95

GRAB BAG SPECIALS

GBiuo 100 places RobotlSlot Cur

Gears, Shalls. Whools, Molors

-CAPACITORS

-INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

»i«i5h.liB,g,i,.„-™«k (1510.3518. 3U; M-':

-LEOS- LAMPS - READOUTS

-RESISTORS

r.ni66 )ao <•

$10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds Only California Residents Add 6% Sales Tax Postage — Add 5% plus $1.50 Insurance Send S.A.S.E. tor Monthly Sale Flyer!

Spec Sheets — 25c Send 88c Postage for your FREE 1982 JAMECO CATALOG Prices Subject to Change

ameco

ELECTRONICS

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002 PHONE ORDERS WELCOME — (415) 592-8097

BOOKS X

National Semiconductor - Intersil — Intel \

30001 National CMOS Data Book »6.95 1

(640 pages! 74C, CD4000, and A/D Convenors

30002 National Interlace Data Book 16.95

1704 pages! DP. DS8000. DS3600, DS75O0O. otc.

30003 National Linear Data Book *11-95

(1376 pages) LM. LF. ADC. DAC, LH Series

30004 Notional Series 80 - Board Level Computer 1224 pages!.. M.95

30005 National TTL Logic Data Book J8.95

1624 pages) 74O0.LS.L,H.S, and DMBO0O Senes

30006 Above (3) 30001,3,5 as set $24.95/lot

010400 Intol Component Data Catalog S14.95

Full data sheets lor Intel's products incl. memory devices, mlcroproc periphorols 6 indust./mil. products I132S pages!

205G1Q Intol Perlpherel Design Handbook »9.35

Full data shoots, eppl. notes (or Into! peripheral device components {644 pages!

1 AG and DC Wall Transformers

W"' fol Wilh Universal Plug and

9V Batlery Snap Seleclive voltages: 6,9,12VDC. Polarity selection ( + '-). six-loot line from adapter lo plugs — six. Inch line from adapter io b-altery snap. 120V/60HZ. 300mA.

Part No. Input Output Price

AC 250 117W60HZ 12VAC 250mA S3.95

AC 500 117V/60HZ 12VAC 500mA $4.95

AC1000 117V/60H2 12VAC 1 amp $5.95

AC1700 117V/60HZ 9VAC 1.7 amp S3.95

DC 800 120V/60HZ 8VDC 400mA (batt. charger) $1,95

DC6912 (above) 120V;60Hz 6.9.12VDC 300mA $9.95

DV9200 117VI60HI 9VDC 200mA $3.25

DC900 120V/60HZ 9VDC 500mA $3.95

DC1200 120V/60HZ 12VDC 300mA $2.95

CONNECTORS

""""IZIllL..,

DB25P D-Subminiature Plug $2.95

DB25S D-Subminiature Socket $3.50

D20418-2 Screw Lock Hdwr. (2) DB25S/P 2/S.99

DB51226 Cover for DB25P/S Si.75

22/44SE P.C. Edge (22/44 Pin) S2.95

UG88/U BNCPlug $1.79

UG89/U BNCJaek S3.79

UG175/U UHF Adapter $ .49

S0239 UHF Panel Recp $1.29

PL258 UHF Adapter S1.60

PL259 UHF Plug $1.60

UG260/U BNC Plug $1.79

UG1094/U 8NC Bulkhead Recp $1.29

TRS-80 16K Conversion Kit

Expand your 4K TRS-80 System to 16K Kit comes complete with:

• 8 ea. MM5290 (UPD416/4116) 16K Dyn. Ram fns)

• Documentation for conversion

TRS-16K2 *150ns 19.95

TRS-16K3 *200ns 16.95

TRS16K4 *250ns 14.95

KEYBOARDS

ml

Datanectics 74-Key Keyboard

Uses EA 20134 Chip (Electronic Arrays). Size: 161*"L x 5'V'W x l-3/B"H. While, black, blue, grey key caps. (No Data Shooi) —

Part No. KB354 $29.95 ea.

Micro Switch 69-Key Keyboard

Uses AMI SW20350K Chip. Size: 16-3/8"L X 5V«"W x l-5/8"H Mela! Frame. Light & dark grey key caps (No Data Sheet)

Part No. KB69SD12-2 $19.95 ea.

Boschert Multi-Voltage Power Supply

5VDC. 12VDC end 24VDC

FEATURES: Voltages": 5VDC Q 25amps. 12VDC a 4amps. 4 24VDC i 4amps. Reg. Load: +5V out ±1%, +12 & 24V out *5% (20-100% load). Overvolt. & overcurr. protection. 115 or 230VAC Input. Wt. 4 Ibi. Size: 4.95" x 2.50" x 15.00"

'Total average outpul shall not exceed 200 watts. General Description: The "Boschert" Power Supply was originally designed for applicalion with ITT Advance Terminal Conlroltcr (ATC). This open frame switching power supply provides user with high cur> rent requirements common in use with computer systems, lis compact size provides versatility for mounting Into electronic enclosures. Each supply has 6 threaded fasteners (pern nu! lype) lor mounting. Specification requirements lo be used with ATC enclosed.

Part No. 200-3010 $69.95 each

— MANV OTHERS AVAILABLE • WRITE FOR INFORMATION

JE600 Hexadecimal Encoder Kit

FULL 8-BIT LATCHED OUTPUT 19-KEY KEYBOARD

The JE600 Encoder Keyboard Kit provides iwo separate hexadecimal digits produced from sequential key entriei to allow direct programming for 8-bit microprocessor or 8'blt memory circuits. Three additional keys are provided for user operations with one having a bistable output available. The outputs are latched and monitored with 9 LEO readouts. Also included Is a key entry strobe. Features: Full B-bii latched output for microprocessor use. Three user-define keys with one being bistable operation. Oebounce circuit provided for all 19 keys. 9 LED readouts to verify entries. Easy interfacing with standard 16-pin IC connector. Only +5VDC required for operation. Size: 2'A"H x 8%"W x 8W"D ibted

JE600/DTE-HK a'ASe

a 3E

•') ■■

$99.95

K19 19-Key Keyboard (Keyboard only) .... $14.95 DTE-HK (case only—3V!"HxBV."wxa*."D) $44,95^

550 BYTE June 1982

Circle 248 on inquiry card.

SN7400N SN74Q1N SN7402N SN7403N SN7404N SN7405N SN7406N 5N7407N SN7408N SN74Q9N 5N7410N SN7411N SN7412N SN7413N SN74I4N SN7416N SN7417N SN7420N SN7421N SN7422N SN7423N SN7425N 5N7426N SN7427N SN742EN SN7430N SN7432N SNJ437N SN743BN SN7439N SN7440N SN7441N SN7442N SN7443N SN7444N SN7445N SN7446N SN7447N SN7448N SN7450N SN7451N SN74S3M 5N7454N SN7459A SN7460N SN7470N

7400

74LS00 74 L 501 ML 502 74LS03 74LSQ4 74L505 74LS08 74LS09 74LS10 74LS11 74LS12 74 LSD 74LS14 74L.S15 74LS20 74LS2I 74LS22 74LS26 74LS27 74LS28 74LS30 74LS32 74LS33 74LS37 74L53S 74LS40 74LS42 J4LS47 74LS48 74LS49 74LS51 74LS54 74 L 555 74L.S73 74 L 574 74LS7S 74LS76 74 L 578 74LS83 74LSB5 74LSS6 74 L 590

74SQO 74S02 74503 74504 74S05 74S08 74 S09 74510 74511 74515 74S20 74522 74530 74S32 74S38 74S40 74551 74S64 74565 74574 74S8G 745112 745113 745114

SN7472N SN7473N SN7474N SN7475N SN7476N SN7479N SN7480N SN7482N SN7483N SN7485N SN7486N SN7489N SN7490N 5N7491N 5N7492N SN7493N SN7494N SN7495N SN7496N SN7497N SN74100N 5N74104N SN74105N 5N74107N SN74109N 5N74116N SN74121N SN74122N SN74123N SN74125N SN74126N 5N74132N SN74136N SN74141N SN74142N SN74143N SN74144N SN 74145 N SN74147N SIN74I48N SN74150N SN74151N SN74152N SN74153N S N 74154 N SN741S5N

74LS

74L592 74LS93 74LS95 74LS96 74LS107 74LS109 74 LSI 12 74LS113 74LS114 74L5122 74L5123 74LS125 74LS126 74LS132 74LS133 74LS136 74LS138 74LS139 74LS1S1 74LS153 74LS154 74LS155 74LS156 74LS157 74LS1S8 74L5150 74LS161 74LS162 74LS163 74LS164 74L5165 74 L 5168 74 L 5169 74LS170 74L5173 74 LSI 74 74LS175 74LS181 74LS190 74LS191

74LS192 74LS1S3 74LS194 74LS195 74LS197 74LS221 74LS240 74LS241 74LS242 74LS243 74LS244 74L5245 74 L 524 7 74L5248 74LS249 74LS251 74 L 5253 74LS257 74LS2S8 74 L 5260 74LS266 74LS273 74L5279 74LS283 74LS290 74LS293 74 LS298 74LS352 74 LS353 74 LS365 74LS366 74LS367 74 L 5368 74LS373 74LS374 74LS375 74LS386 74LS393 74LS399 74 L S670 B1LS95 81LS97

74S

74S124 745133 74S134 745135 745136 745138 74S139 74 S140 74S151 745153 74S157 745158 745160 74S174 74S175 74S188 745194 74S195 74S196 74S240 745241 745242

74S243 745244 745251 745253 74S257 745258 745260 745280 745287 745288 745373 74S374 745387 745471 74S472 74S473 74S474 74S475 74S570 74S571 74S572 74S573 74S940 74S941

1.49 2.95 1.19

2.49 2.49 2.49

1.45 1.35

1.35

2.95 10.95 10.95 10.95 12.95 12.95 5.95 5.95 9.95 9.95

I A-AMBER — LEDS-G-GREEN

R.RED Y-VELLOW CCLEAR

OPTO ELECTRONICS DISPLAY LEDS—

m

LED Mounting Hardware

C C :i'nl;i'. ^ C :"-<;:'bi

OvB.HolsllrorWtf.jjm.i C.C {1 Djdft/J.BuMlM

- OPT O-ISOLATORS

LITROIMIX-NATIONAL Stick Display Sale S

LED NUMERIC ARRAYS l-VWV-T

_MULn-DIGir LED NUMERIC DISPLAYS

21. D3

2/.M>_

SALE

PRICEt

2/2.95

21/.-lb 2M.U5 2I2!95

WVDC PRICE

COMPUTER GRADE CAPACITORS

g WVDC PRICE

27,000 :i?.5O0 •1(1.000

5?,noa !i5,Q0Q 58.000

or..ooo

OVER 200 OTHER VALUES AVAILABLE - CALL Ofl WRITE FOR YOUR REQUIREMENT

LOW PROFILE (TIN) SOCKETS

20 pit 22 pif 24 pit

SOLDERTAIL (GOLD) STANDARD

SOLDERTAIL STANDARD (TIN)

24 pin ST 28 pin 5T 36 pin ST

1.26 1.45

1.15 1.30

WIRE WRAP SOCKETS (GOLD) LEVEL #3

1-24 25-49 50-100

.54

Part No.

70451 PI

704SEV/Kif

7106CPL

7106EV/KII*

7107CPL

71Q7EV/KU*

7116CPL

7117CPL

7201IDR

72051PG

720SEV/Klt*

7206CJPE

7206CEV/Kit'

7207 AIPD

7207AEV/K1I

72081 PI

72091 PA

72151 PG

7215EV/Klt*

7216AIJI

7216CIJI

7216DIPI

7217IJI

7217AIPI

7224IPL

7226AIJL

7226AEV/KH'

7240IJE

7242IJA

72MIJE

7260 IJE

75551 PA

75561 PD

7611BC PA

7612BCPA

7621BCPA

7631CCPE

7641CCPD

7642CCPD

7660CPA

803BCCPD

8048CCPE

8069CCQ

8211CPA

8212CPA

Function

CMOS Precision Timer Stopwatch Chip, XTL 3V; Digit A/D {LCD Drive) IC, Circuit Board, Display 3V; Digit A/D (LED Drive) IC, Circuit Board, Display 3'7; Digit A/D LCD Dis. HLD. 3V; Digit A/D LED Dis. HLD. Low Battery Volt Indicator CMOS LED Stopwatch/Timer Stopwatch Chip, XTL Tone Generator Tone Generator Chip, XTL Oscillator Controller Freq. Counter Chip, XTL Seven Decade Counter Clock Generator 4 Func. CMOS Stopwatch CKT

4 Func. Stopwatch Chip, XTL 8-Diglt Univ. Counter C.A. 8-Digit Freq. Counter C.A. 8-Diglt Freq. Counter C.C. 4-Digit LED Up/Down Counter CA 12.95 4-Digit LED Up/Down Counter CC 14.95 LCD 4V; Digit Up Counter DR1 8-Digit Univ. Counter

5 Function Counter Chip, XTL CMOS Bin Prog. Timer/Counter CMOS Dlvlde-by-256 RC Timer CMOS BCD Prog. Tlmer/Countei CMOS BCD Prog. Tlmer/Countei CMOS 555 Timer (8 pin) CMOS 556 Timer (14 pin) CMOS Op Amp Comparata CMOS Op Amp Ext. Cmvr. CMOS Dual Op Amp Comp CMOS Trl Op Amp Comp. CMOS Quad Op Amp Com CMOS Quad Op Amp Comi Voltage Converter Waveform Generator Monolithic Logarithmic Amp

Price

14.95 24.95 16.95 34.95 15.95 29.95 18.95 17.95 2.25 12.95

12.95 6.50 13.95 17.95 3.95 13.95 19.95 32.00 26.95 21.95

11.25 31.95 74.95 4.95 2.05 6.00 S.25 1.45 2.20 5MV 2.25 5MV 2.95 5MV 3.95 10MV 5.35 10MV 7.50 10MV 7.50 2.95 4.95 21.60

50ppm Band—GAP Volt Rel. Diode 2.50 Volt Ref/lndicator 2.95 Volt Ref/lndlcator 2.95

74CQ0 74C02 74C04 74C08 74C10 74C14 74C20 74C30 74C42 74C4B 74C73 74C74 74C85 74C86 74C89 74C90 74C93

74C95 74 C107 74C151 74C154 74C157 74C160 74C161 74C162 74 C163 74C164 74C173 74 C174 74 C175 74 C192 74 C193 74 C195

74C

2.95 3.95 2.25 1.69

74C221 74C240 74C244 74 C 373 74C374 74C9Q1 74C903 74C911 74C912 74C915 74C917 74C922 74C923 74C925 74C926 80C95 80C97

1.95 2.25

2.25 2.49 2.59

10.95 5.49 5.75 7.50 7.50

LHQ002CN

LM10CLH

LM11CLH

LH0070-OH

TL071CP

TL072CP

TL074CN

LH0082CD

TL082CP

TL084CN

LH0O94CD

LM300H

LM301CN

LM302H

LM304H

LM305H

LM307CN

LM308CN

LM309H

LM309K

LM310CIN

LM311/CN

LM312H

LM317MP

LM317T

LM317K

LM318CN

LM319N

LM320K-5

LM320K-12

LM320K-15

LM320T-5

LM320T-12

LM320T-15

LM323K

LM324N

LM329DZ

LM331N

LM334Z

LM335Z

LM336Z

LM337T

LM337MP

LM338K

LM339N

LM340K-5

LM340K-12

LM340K-15

LINEAR

LM340T-5

LM340T-12

LM340T-15

LM341P-5

LM341P-12

LM341P-15

LM342P-5

LM342P-12

LM342P-15

LM348N

LM35QK

LF351N

LF353N

LF355N

LF356N

LM358N

LM359N

LM370N

LM373N

LM377N

LM380N

LM381N

LM382N

LM384N

LM386N-3

LM387N

LM389N

LM392N

LF398N

LM399H

TL494CN

TL496CP

NE510A

NE529A

NE531H

NE536H

NE540H

NE544N

NE550A

NE5S5V

LM556TM

NE564N

LM565N

LM566CN

LM567V

NE570N

LM702H

LM703CN

LM709N

LM710N

LM711N

LM723N

LM733N

LM739N

LM741CN

MC1741SCG

LM747N

LM748N

LM1014N

LM1310N

LM1458CN

LM1488N

LM1489N

LM1496N

LM1556V

LM1800N

LM1871N

LM1872N

LM1877N-9

LM1889N

LM1896N

LM20O2T

LM2877P

LM2878P

LM2896P-1

LM3189N

LM3900N

LM3905CN

LM3909N

LM3914N

LM3915N

LM3916N

RC4136N

RC4151NB

RC4194TK

RC4195TK

LM4500A

ICL803SB

LM13080N

LM13600 N

75138N

75450N

75451CN

75492

CA3010H

.99

CA3013H

2.15

CA3023H

3.25

CA3035H

2.49

CA3039H

1.35

CA3M6N

1.30

CA3059N

3.2S

CA-LINEAR

CA3060N

3.25

CA3O80H

1.25

CA3081N

2.00

CA3082N

2.00

CA3033N

1.G0

CA3066N

.85

CA3089N CA3096N CA3130H CA3140H CA3160H CA3401N CA360QN

—JUMPER AND CABLE ASSEMBLIES

STANDARD DIP JUMPERS ffg° I ;,'„.„.„„,| ;,■„ Z^TlgSZ

• repeated uuc

CD4000 CD4001 CD4002 CD4006 CD4007 CD4009 CD4010 CD4011 CD4012 CD4013 CD4014 CD4015 CD4016 CD4017 CD4013 CD4Q19 CD4Q20 C D4021 CD4022 CD4023 C D4Q24 C D4Q2S CD4G26 CD4027 CD402S CD4029 CD4030 CD4034 C D4035 CD4040

CD-CMOS

CD4041 CD4Q42 CD4043 CD4044 CD4046 CD4047 CD404B CD4049 CD4050 CD4051 CD4052 CD4053 CD4056 CD4059 CD4060 CD4066 CD4068 CD4Q69 CD4070 CD4071 CD4072 CD40/3 CD4075 C D4076 CD4078 CD4081 CD4082 CD4093

CD 4098

CD4506

C D4507

CO4508

CD4510

CD4511

CD4512

CD4514

CD4S1S

CD4516

CD4518

CD4519

CD4520

CD4526

CD4528

C D4529

CD4543

CD4S62

CD4566

CD4583

CD4584

CD4 723

CD4724

MC14409

MC14410

MC14411

MC14412

MC14419

MC 14433

MC14538

MC14541

p"'^° cL,K ™| J,™

D.u..0„«

„„

DJ14-1 B2'1I02 12 14

DJ14-2 J 924102-24 | 14

.,:■

12"

24'

SI 79

DJ14-1-14 92410612 14

vxn

i IS"

Ifo

DJ14-2-14 92410624 ( 14 DJ14314 ' 924106-36 | 14

T^Zl

,1 24

.1 36"

37I

OJ16-? 92411224 DJ16-3 1 924112 36

DJT6-2 16 92411G24

16

■;•

24

1 12

2.19

CAPACITOR CORNER

STANDARD DB25 SERIES CABLES

Vak 10 pf 22 pf 47 pf 100 pf 220 pf 470 pf

-OOlrr

50 VOLT CERAMIC DISC CAPACITORS

1-9 10-99 100+

Value

1-9 10-99 100+

.OOlyF .0047/iF .01/jF .022tiF ,047/JF .IMF 100 VOLT MYLAR FILM CAPACITORS

.12

.10 .07 1 ,022m f .047mf

.13

.11

.21 .17

■ndard fiat cable in 4

STANDARD

». Cable Length

Count

.0022rr .0047m

,01 mf .12 .10 .07 I .2?mf .33 .27 .22

+20% DIPPED TANTALUMS (Solid) CAPACITORS

S 3.95u. 10.95 b:

DB25P-4 4 Icifi

DB25S-4 4 Iciil

DBZ5P-4-P 4 feel

DBZ&P-4-S 4 feet 1 OB25P'1 DB25S 17.95 et

OB25S-4-S 4 (eel 2 DBZ5S 1B.96 8I

2-DB2&F

-1/35V

. 15/35V . 22/35V . 33/35V .47/35V .68/35V 1.0/3SV

1.5/35 V 2.2/35V 3.3/25V 4.7/25V 6.E/25V 15/25V 22/6V

2.79 11.95 2.79 2.49

17.95 18.95 15.95 15.95

7.95 15.95

2.49

$10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds Only California Residents Add 6% Sales Tax Postage — Add 5% plus S1.50 Insurance Send S.A.S.E. for Monthly Sale Flyer!

Spec Sheets — 25c Send 88c Postage for your FREE 1982 JAMECO CATALOG Prices Subject to Change

MINI. ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS

i-99 100-499 500+- Radial 1-99 100-499 500+

.47/25V .15 .13 .12

lameco

lEE5EBIZna

NEW

1982

CATALOG

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002 \2 PHONE ORDERS WELCOME — (415) 592-8097

_ , NEW!

'/'ex Number ,-

Telex 176043 S

Axial

.47/50V 1.0/50V 3.3/50V 4.7/25V 10/25 V 10/50V 22/25V 22/50V 47/25V 47/50V 100/25V 100/50V 220/25V 220/50V 470/25V 1000/16V 2200/16 V

-47/50V 1.0/16V 1.0/25 V 1.0/50V 4.7/16V 4.7/25V 4.7/50V 10/16V 10/2SV 10/50V 47/50V 100/16V 100/25V 100/SOV 220/16V 470/25V

Circle 248 on inquiry card.

BYTE June 1982 551

PRIORITY ONE ELECTR

fompuPr

,^- CPU BOARDS & CO-PROCESSOR 8086/8087 @)

<6 M 8 or JO MHz 8086 CPU with sockets lor 8087 and 80130

Part No.

Description

Usl Price Our Price J

BF6BT186A A&T 8MHz 8086 only $695.00 $625.00

BFGBAT1B6C CSC 10MHz 8086 only $850.00 $765.00

BF6BT186A87 A&T with 8087 option $1295.00 $1225.00

BFGBT1BBC87 CSC with 8067 option* $1550.00 $1456.00 '808 7 requires slower clock speeds

DUAL PROCESSOR 8085-8088

6 or 8 MHz Provides true 16 Bit Power with a standard

8 bit S-100 bus

BFGBTI812A AS. I 6Mhz $425.00 $398.00

BF6BT16I2C CSC 6/8 MHz $525.00 $498.08

CPU-Z Z80 CPU

2/4 MHz 280 CPU 24 Bit Addressing BFSBTI60A A&T $295.00

BFEBTI60C CSC 3-6 MHz $395.00

BOARDS

SYSTEM SUPPORT 1 MULTIFUNCTION BOARD

Serial port (software prog, baud), 4K EPROM or RAM

provision, 15 levels ol interrupt, real time clock,

optional math processor

Part No.

Description

Usl Price

Our Price

BFGBTI62A

BFGBTI62C

BFGBT823I

BFGBTB232

BF6BT162AMI

BFGBTI62CM1

BFGBTI62AM2

BFGBTI62CM2

Assembled & Tested CSC Math Chip Math Chip

A&TwithB231 MathChip CSCw/8231 Math Chip A&T w/8232 Math Chip CSC w/8232 Math Chip

$399.00 $495.00

$360.00 $400.00 $195.00 $195.00 $555.00 $655.00 $558.00 $655.00

MPX CHANNEL BOARD

I/O Multiplexer, using 8085A-2 CPU on board with 4K RAM

BFGBTI66A4 BFGBTI66C4

BFGBT166AI6 0FGBT166CI6

Assembled & Tested CSC

With 16K RAM Assembled & Tested CSC

$495.00 $595.00

$649.00 $749.00

$445.00 $535.00

$585.00 $675.00

INTERFACE!) 1

Two Serial I/O BFGBTI33A Assembled S Tested $249.00 $219.08

BFGBT133C CSC $324.00 $298.00

INTERFACER 2

Three parallel, one serial I/O board BFGBTI50A Assembled & Tested $249.00 $219.00

BFGBT150C CSC $324.00 $269.00

INTERFACER 3

Eight channel multi-use serial I/O board

BFGBT1746A Assembled & Tested $699.00

CSC 200 hr. 8 Port $849.00

Assembled & Tested $599.00

CSC 200hr. 5 port $699.00

INTERFACER 4

Three Serial, 1 Parallel, 1 Centronics Parallel

BFGBT187A Assembled & Tested $350.00 $315.00

BFGBT1B7C CSC $450.00 $415.00

SPECTRUM COLOR GRAPHICS

Color Graphics board with Parallel I/O BFGBT144A Assembled & Tested $399.00 BFGBT144C CSC $449.00

BFGBT2B Sublogic Universal

Graphics Interpreter Software

S-100 MOTHERBOARDS

Active termination, 6-12-20 Slot

BFGBT1748C BFGBT1745A BFGBT1745C

NEW!

$629.06 $750.08 $559.00 $629.00

$349.00 $339.00 $35.00

BFGBTI53A

A&T6 slot, 2 lbs.

$140.00

$126.00

BFGBT153C

CSC 6 slot, 2 lbs.

$190.00

$175.00

BFGBTI54A

A&T 12 slot, 3 lbs.

$1 75.00

$155.00

BFGBTI54C

CSC 12 slot, 3 lbs.

$240.00

$220.00

BF6BTI55A

A&T 20 slot, 4 lbs.

$265.00

$235.00

BFGBT155C

CSC 20 slot, 4 lbs.

$340.00

$310.00

ACTIVE TERMINATOR

Allows older S-100 motherboards to run taster and quieter BFGBT106A Assembled & Tested $59.50

(ompuPro

STATIC MEMORY BOARDS

RAM 20 - 32K STATIC RAM

RAM 20 10 MHz, 4K byte block disable, bank select or 24 bit addressing available 8, (6, 24 or 32K

JPart No.

Description

List Price

Our Price |

BFGBTI64AA8

8KA&T

$210.00

$190.00

BFG6T164AC8

8KCSC

$280.00

$260.00

BFGBTI64AA16

16KA&T

$285.00

$260.00

BFGBT164ACIB

16KCSC

$355.00

$325.00

BFGBT184AA24

24KA&T

$355.00

$325.00

8FGBTIB4AC24

24K CSC

$425.00

$385.00

BF6BTI64AA32

32KA&T

$425.00

$385.00

BFGBT1B4AC32

32K CSC

$495.00

$450.00

CMOS STATIC RAM

For a complete analysis ol the advantages ol CMOS

memory, see the "Product Description" on page 416 ot the

January Issue ot BYTE

RAM 17 - 64K CMOS STATIC RAM

RAM 17, 10 MHz, 2 Watt. DMACompatible 24 Bit Addressing BFG8T175A64 64KA&T $599.00 $550.00

BFGBTI75C64 64K CSC $750.00 $699.00

RAM 16 - 32K X 16 BIT CMOS STATIC RAM

8 and/or >6 Bit

® RAM 16 10 MHz, 32K x 16 or64Kx 8

IEEE/696 16 Bit 2 Walt, 24 Bit Addressing

BFEBT1B0A 64KA&T $650.00 $599.00

BFGBTI80C 64KCSC $750.00 $699.00

NEW! RAM 21 - 128K STATIC RAM

& RAM 21 12MHz, 128Kx 8 or64Kx 16

IEEE/696 8 or 16 Bit 1.2 Amps, 24 Bit Addressing

BFGBT199A 128KA&T $1695.00 $1010.00

BFGBT199C 128KCSC $1895.00 $1795.00

M-DRTVE SOLID STATE DISK DRIVE, y—^ 3500% FASTER! t5I9

No/ Really, But the Next Best Thing lor CompuPro 8085/88

Users. Call lor Detail on M-Drive. M-Drive requires a 6MHz CPU 8085/88 dual processor, Disk 1 DMA disk controller and System Suport 1 Multifunction

Board BFGBTMB128K 128K ol A&T meiiiory & M-QnveSollware $1198.00

BFGBTM012BKC !28Kol CSC memory 8, M-Drive Software $1398.00

BF6BTMD256KA 256Kol A&Tmemory& M-DriveSoftware $2395.60

BFEBTMD2S6KC 256K ol CSC memory & M-Drive Software $2795.00

DISK CONTROLLERS

DISK 1 FLOPPY CONTROLLER

Fasl DMA, Soil Sector, Controls 8" or 5'A" Single or Double Density. OUR BEST! A&T $495.00 $450.00

CSC $595.00 $555.00

CP/M 2.2 tor Z80/8085 with $175.00

manuals & BIOS 8" S/D disk

CP/M lor 8086 with manuals & $300.00

BIOS 8" S/D disk Oasis 8 Wl single user 8"S/D disk $500.00 Oasis 8 bit multiuser, 8" S/D disk $050.00

vrpN\ DISK 2/SELECTOR CHANNEL HARD DISK CONTROLLER

Fast DMA 2 board set.Controls 4 Shugart 4000 series

or Fujitsu 2300 type drives

BFGBTI77A Assembled & Tested $795.00 $750.00

BFGBT177C CSC $895.00 $850.00

DFGBT171A BFGBT17IC BFGBTCPM86*

BFGBTCPM96

BFGBT0AS8S

BFGBT0AS8M

S-100 MAINFRAME

110V60HZ CVT Mainframe uses famous 20 slot

COMPUPRO Motherboard. 55 lbs.

BF6BTENC20RM 20 Slot Rack Mount $895.00 $825.00

BFGBTENC2QDK 20 Slot Desk Top $825.00 $768.00

MORROW M DESIGNS I *

FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLERS & SUBSYSTEMS

DISK JOCKEY 2B FLOPPY CONTROLLER

Memory mapped controller handles 4 8" drives, single or double density

Part No.

Description

Ust Price Our Price

' 2.2

J399.00

$375.00

BFMBSBJ2268 A&T w/CP/M"

DISCUS 2D & DISCUS 2+2 SUBSYSTEMS

Each subsystem includes DJ/2B controller 8" double

density drives with cabinet, power supply, CP/M" 2.2 and

Microsoft Basic

SINGLE SIDED - DISCUS 2D

BFMDSFI216 I Drive 30 lbs. $1095.00

BFMDSF122B 2 Drive 48 lbs. $1875.00

$ 950.00 $1675.00

DOUBLE SIDED

BFMDSBF812 1 Drive 30 lbs. BFMDSBFB22 2 Drive 48 lbs.

DISCUS 2+2

SJ395.00 S2495.00

$1250.00 $2200.06

DISK JOCKEY/DMA FLOPPY CONTROLLER

DMA Controller supports 4 soft-sectored 8" drives and 4 10

sector 5'A" drives simultaneously. On board Z80A

BFMDSOJDMA A&T w/CP/M" 2.2 $495.00 $450.00

DISK JOCKEY DMA SUBSYSTEMS

Each subsystem includes DJ/DMA controller. 8" doubledensity drives or 5'A" 48 TPI drives, cabinet, power supply, CP/M- 2.2 and Microsoft BASIC

SINGLE SIDED DISCUS 2D/DMA

BFMDSDF8II 1 Drive 30 lbs. $1195.00 $1050.00

BFMBSDFB2I 2 Drive 48 lbs. $1975.00 $1775.00

DOUBLE SIDED DISCUS 2+2/DMA

BFMDSDF812 1 Drive BFMDSDF822 2 Drive

DOUBLE SIDED

BFMDS0F5I24 1 Drive BFM0S0F5224 2 Drive

30 lbs. 48 lbs.

J1495.00 S2575.00

$1325.00 $2295.00

DISCUS MDII-FLOPPY/DMA

17 lbs. $ 995.00 $695.00 32 lbs. $1695.00 $1525.00

S-100 5-26 MB HARD DISK SUBSYSTEMS

5 - 10 Mb DMA SUBSYSTEMS

Each subsystem includes DMA Hard Disk Controller,

Seagate ST506 5 Mb or ST412 10 Mb 5'A" Hard Disk,

Cabinet, power supply, CP/M"2.2 and Microsoft BASIC.

BFMDS0MAM* Software supplied on 8" IBM 3740 disk

with blank t/O and INSTALL program BFMDSDMAM*2B Soltware conligured tor Morrow DJ/2B

controller and Mutt I/O as console BFMDSDMAM*DMA Software configured lor Morrow DJ/OMA

controller and Mult I/O as console BFMDSOMAM'NS Soltwaresupliedon 5'A" 10 sector North Star disk with blank I/O and INSTALL Program Replace * in above part numbers with 5 lor 5Mb Subsystems or 10 tor 10Mb Subsystems.

DISCU5M5 ■ 5Mb Subsystems $2195.00 $1975.00

DISCUSM10 -10Mb Subsystems $3195.00 $2875.00

(order by part numbers listed above)

DISCUS HOC 20-26 Mb SUBSYSTEMS

Each subsystem includes HDCA3 I/O mapped controller, Shugart SA4008 14" 26Mb or Fujitsu 2308 8" 20Mb Hard Disk, cabinet, power supply, CP/M"2.2 & Microsoft BASIC. BFM6SHD020 Discus M20 A&T $4795.00 $3995.00

BFMDSH0C26 Discus M26 A&T $4495.00 $3895.00

I/O BOARDS

MULTI I/O

Three Serial, Two Parallel DFMOSM03200 Assembled & Tested $359.00 $329.00

SWITCHBOARD

Two serial I/O. lour parallel I/O,

one status port, one strobe port

DFM0SS824I1 $299.00 $289.00

Circle 370 on inquiry card.

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

ADVANCED MICRO DIGITAL

[_ COHPORATION,

SUPERGLUAD - ADVANCED MICRO DIGITAL

AT LAST, A FULL S-100 SYSTEM

ON A SINGLE BOARD!

• IEEE S-100 Bus Compatible • Z80A CPU @ 4MHz • Floppy Disk Controller. Single & Double Density (Supports up to 4 disk drives 5'A" or 8") • 64 Kb Memory, 16K Bank Selectable • S-100 Extended Address A16-23 • 2 Serial and 2 Parallel I/O Ports • 2Kor4KolShadowEPROM

• Real Time Interrupt Clock • One Year Warranty • Runs with CP/M, MP/M. CP/NET • All of These Features on a Single Standard Size S-100 Board

Part No. Description List Price Our Price

BFMA0SDC1 A&T w/Asych RS232 ports $875.00 $795.00 8FMADPS1 1 Asych adapter board required $ 30.00

for each serial port used

ssm

VIDEO AND I/O

VB 3 - HIGH RESOLUTION VIDEO

SO x 25 or 50 character video display Memory Mapped.

Parallel Keyboard port BFSSMH83A24 80 x 24 A&T $499.00 $440.00

BFSSMHB3UP 80 x 50 Line Upgrade $ 39.00

VB 2 • I/O MAPPED 64 x 16 DISPLAY

I/O Mapped Video Board, with Parallel Keyboard port

64 x 16

BFSSMVB24A Assembled & Tested $269.00 $229.00

VB1B MEMORY MAPPED 64 x 16 DISPLAY

Memory Mapped Video Board 64 x 16 character display

or 64 x 16 graphics display BFSSMIBIA Assembled & Tested $242.00 $220.00

I/O 4

Two serial I/O. two parallel I/O Assembled & Tested $290.00 $260.00

BFSSMI04A

NEW!

I/O 5

2 Serial, 3 parallel Including 1 Centronics BFSSHI051 Assembled & Tested $329.00 $309.00

I/O 8

8 Port Serial I/O with Timer BFSSMI08A Assembled & Tested $550.00 $495.00

HEW

CPU, RAM & PROM

CB2 Z80 CPU

2/4 MHz will accept 2716. or 2732, or RAM 8FSSMCB2A Assembled & Tested $299.00 $275.00

8FSSMZB0M SSM Z80 Monitor $ B9.00

MBIOA 16/8K 8/16 BIT STATIC RAM

16Kbyte/8K word, 24 bit extended, addressing, "M write."

Phantom disable, addressable in 4K blocks 9FSSMNB10A Assembled & Tested $299.00 $275.00

MB8A 1K/16K EPROM BOARD

1K/16K 2708 EPROM board, disable in 1K increments BFSSMMB8AA Assembled & Tested $179.00 $159.00

PBI PROM PROGRAMMER

Programs 2708 or 2716's, operates as a

4K/BK EPROM BOARD AS WELL

BFSSMPBIA Assembled S Tested $265.00 $220.00

I/O

CPU BOARDS

2810 Z80SBCCPU

2/4 MHz Z80A CPU with RS232C Serial I/O Port complete

with Monitor PROM tor 2422 Disk Controller Part No. Description List Price Our Price

BFCCS2010A Assembled & Tested $300.00

2820 Z80 DMA CPU

4MHz Z80 with 2 RS232C Serial Ports, Centronics Parallel

Port, separate data and status ports and

DMA Daisy Chain Capability

BFCCS2820 Assembled & Tested $595.00

BOARDS

2830 - 6 PORT SERIAL

Six Asynchronous RS232C Ports using three Z-80 DARTS.

Programmable baud rates. BFCCS2830 Assembled & Tested $550.00

2710 4 PORT SERIAL

4 Full handshaking F(S232 pons and optional 2K ROM BFCCS27100I Assembled & Tested $325.00

2719 2 SERIAL & 2 PARALLEL

2 RS232C ports, 2 8 bit parallel ports & optional 2K ROM BFCCS27I001 Assembled 8, Tested $360.00

2720 4 PORT PARALLEL

4 8 bit parallel ports and optional 2K ROM BFCCS272001 Assembled & Tested $275.00

2422 FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER

I/O Mapped, controls 8", single or 5'/r double density

A&T with CPM-2.2 8" S.D.

BFCCS2422A Assembled & Tested $425.00

MEMORY BOARDS

2065 64K DYNAMIC MEMORY BOARD

64K 4MHz, Z80 or 8080 compatible, bank select tor

memory expansion to 512K, DMA compatible.

BFCCS2065 Assembled 8, Tested $375.00 $350.00

2066 BANK SWITCH DYNAMIC MEMORY

64 K Memory with bank and block select switching functions tor Cromemco Cromix"' & Alpha Microsystems BFCCS2066 Assembled & Tested $450.00 $425.00

2116 16K STATIC RAM

16K 4MHz using 2114 RAMs. Maybe divided into 4K blocks

Cromemco & Alpha Microsystems compatible BFCCS2II63 Assembled 8, Tested $295.00

2032 32K STATIC RAM

32K 4MHz using 2114s. Divided into 4 BK blocks. Bankport/bank-byte scheme compatible with Cromemco and Alpha Microsystems. BFCCS2032 Assembled & Tested $500.00

S-100 MAINFRAME

12-slot motherboard with removable termination card BFCCS220001 Office Cream 35 lbs. $575.00

BFCCS220002 Blue 35 lbs $575.00

SEND $1.00 TODAY FOR THE NEW, FULL COLOR SPRING 1982 ENGINEERING

SELECTION GUIDE!

.PRIORITY rONE

9161B DEERING AVE

CPU BOARDS

CPU/68000 - 8MHz 68000 CPU

16 bit 68000 CPU with on board ROM containing

MACSBUG Monitor or Motorola 6854 I Memory

Management Unit (MMU).

Part No. Description List Price Our Price

BFDULCPU68D00 A&T with Monitor $1195.00 $1075.00

BFDULCPU68000M A&T with MMU $1495.00 $1395.00

MEMORY BOARDS

DMEM256KP-256K DYNAMIC MEMORY MODULE

256Kb with byte parity error detection tor

8 or 16 bit computers

BFDULDMF.M256 2S6K A&T $1495.00 $1395.00

CMEM NONVOLATILE CMOS MEMORY

Nonvolatile CMOS memory with 3-10 year

battery backup on board.

BFD0LCMEMB 8K A&T $695.00 $629.00

BF0OLCMEM16 16KA&T $795.00 $725.00

BF0ULCMEM32 32K A&T $995.00 $940.00

2716/2732 EPROM BOARD WITH 16 BIT DATA PATHS

Designed to hold 32Kb ot 2716 type or 64Kb ol 2732 type EPROMs, or ROMs lor read only use with 16 bit CPU

systems. BFOULEPB0M32 2716 EPROM Board AST S295.00 $280.00

BFDULEPR0M64 2732 EPROM Board A&T S295.00 $280.00

REAL TIME & DATA AQUISITION

AIM 12-12 BIT A/D CONVERTER

A/D input module with 12 bit accuracy, 32 input channels

and optional instrumentation amplifier BFDDLAIM12 A&T with Instrumentation Amp. $745.00

BFDULAIMI2B A&T without Instrumentation Amp. $060.00

AOM 12-12 BIT D/A CONVERTER

D/A output module, 4 channels, 12 bit accuracy. Optional VIC420 industrial output module (4-20Ma), 4 channels,

used in conjunction with AOM12. BFDDLA0MI2 Assembled & Tested $675.00 $640.00

BFDOLV|fJ420 Assembled & Tested $675.00 $640.00

CLK24-NONVOLATILE CLOCK/CALENDAR

Day. dale, hours, minutes, seconds, and 3-5 year battery backup on board. Read or write directly from I/O port. Jumperable lor 64Hz UNIX' or real lime applications.

BFD0LCLK24C A&T w/64Hz Interrupt $300.00 $285.00

SOFTWARE"

DIGITAL RESEARCH

BFDIRCPM CP/M 2.2 Control Program/ $150.00

Microcomputers

BFDIRMAC MAC Macro Assembler $90.00

BFDIRRMAC RMAC Relocating MAC $200.00

BFDIRSID SID Symbolic Instruction Debugger $100.00

RFDIRTEX TEX Text Formatter $100.00

BFDIRDES DESPOOL Background Print Utility $ 50.00

BFDIHCB80 CBASIC Programming Language $150.00

BFBIRCB86 CBASIC-86 Programming Language $325.00

MICROPRO INTERNATIONAL

BFMDSHDSTR Wordstar Version 3.0 $300.00

BFMDSMLMRG Mail Merge $100.00

BFMDSSPSTR Spell Star $150.00

BFMDSCALSTR Calc Star $200.00

BFMDSDATSTR Data Star $200.00

BFMOSSUPSET Supersorl $150.00

SORCIM

SUPERCALC a Superior Electronic $295.00

Worksheet

ACT I 8080/Z80 Assembler $175.00

ACT II 8086/8088 Assembler $175.00

TRANS 8086/8088 Translator $125.00

PASCAL/M REL4 8080/8085/Z-80 $305.00

PASCAL/M 8086 $495.00

BFS0RSCAL

BFS0RACTI BFS0RACTII

BFS0RTIHS

BFSORPM80

BFS0RPM86

MICROSOFT

BFMDSBAS80 BASIC-80 Version 5.X Extended

Disk Basic BFMCPBASC BASIC Compiler Version 5.X BFMDSMFT IORTRAN-80

$300.00

$395.00 $500.00

ELECTRONICS

CHATSWORTH, CA 91311 SS5« liiilIJ| ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5922 CA, AK, HI CALL (213) 709-5464

Terms. U.S. VISA. MC, BAG. Check. Money Order, U S Funds Only CAresidcnlK SHIPPING & HANDLING ol S3.00 for the firs! 3 His. plus 25t lor each addition your phone number. Prices subject to change without notice We will do mu li« appropriate freight. If you haven't received youi Spring 'IV? I iifjinocrtrifj Select orders only.

;u1d(i%SiileSTax MINIMUM PREPAID ORDER $15.00. Include MINIMUM il poiiiiil Orders ovei 50 lbs sent freight collect. Just in case, please include .1 in maintain prices through June, 19fl2 Credit Card orders will be charged in Guide by May lOlh, send$l 00 for your copy. Sale prices are lor prepaid

Circle 370 on inquiry card.

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRON I

HOW CLEAN IS YOUR POWER?

The Sola Micro/Mini Computer Ultra Isolated Regulator provides instantaneous voltage regulation, and ultra isolation from both transverse and common mode noise for any type of load. It also suppresses transients, protects against overloads and serves as a portable dedicated line. It is the ultimate in AC line conditioning equipment.

The Sola "Micro/Mini" is particularly applicable in systems involving mini or micro computers, POS equipment, microprocessors, or data terminals — where noise and transients cause errors, or low voltage and short term disruptions can result in loss of memory. The output waveshape is sinusoidal and contains less than 3% harmonic distortion, making it ideal for any electronic load.

Common mode noise rejection exceeds 120 dB for the regulator, while transverse noise rejection is better than 60 dB — true ultra isolation. Brownout protection is a real bonus feature. Input line voltage variations as great as ± 15% are instantaneously regulated to a maximum output deviation of ±3%. And, the output will remain within NEMA voltage specifications for input voltages as low as 65% of nominal.

Especially designed for office type environments, the Sola "Micro/ Mini" is truly portable and has a low sound level of 43 dB.

• Instantaneous regulation

• Regulator common mode noise rejection of 120 dB

• Regulator transverse mode noise rejection of 60 dB

• Completely portable — no installation costs

• Matches Micro/Mini computer packaging

• Complete isolation from pwer line - less than 3pFd

• Quiet operation — below normal office levels

• Operating range from -20~C to +50°C

• No loss of output for line loss up to 3 msec

• Line cord

• On-off switch

• Dual output receptacles

MINICOMPUTER RE6ULAT0RS

PORTABLE 120VAC 60 Hz SINGLE PHASE

Part No.

Maximum

Output

U Hating

Dimensions LxWxD (Approx.)

Approx.

Shipping Weight

Price List Our

DFSLS63I3070 BFSLA63131I4 BFSU6313I25 BFSU6313150

BFSUI63I3I75 BFSLJ63I32I0

70 12 x 6x

140 12 x 6x

250 14 x 8x

500 17x 9x

750 17x 9x

1000 17 x 9x

10 lbs. $186.85

BFSU63I3220 2000* 17x11 X 11

18

31 47 60 75 108

$244.90 $291.00 $404.20 $515.60 $597.20 $1015.60

$150.00 $206.40 $248.05 $344.00 $438.80 $508.25 $804.35

Output voltage is 120VAC ±3% lor an input voltage ol 95-130VAC *Unit has 30 Amp twist receptacle. Also available are Hard Wired and 50Hz Models. MINI UPS

A mini UPS goes one step furtherthana minicomoputer regulator. It provides the same voltage, noise and brownout protection plus maintains power to keep equipment running smoothly during a blackout. When a power failure occurs, the internal maintenance free battery continues powering the inverter without the use of any switching devices. This provides uninterrupted, conditioned AC power to the critical load.

A true UPS always between the AC line and critical load providing complete protection from brownouts and blackouts as well as line noise and transients. Output waveshape is sinusoidal with less than 3% single harmonic and 5% total harmonic distortion. Regulated output is ±3% when operating Irom either AC line or battery. Handles load surges and fault clearing providing 125% overload for 10 minutes, 150% overload for 10 cycles and 200% in short circuit with 2 automatic restrikes befo«e shutdown. Maintenance-free battery automatically rechareages upon return ol AC line. Oper. Temp. 0°C to 40°C. Especially designed for small, sensitive electronic equipment such as minicomputers, data terminals, P.O.S. systems. Inplul voltage, 115VAC.

PORTABLE 120VAC 60Hz UNINTERRUPTABLE POWER SYSTEMS

Maximum

Output

Dimensions

Approx.

Vfl Bating

LxWxD

Shipping

Price

Part No.

/Time

[Approx.)

Weight

Ust Ours

BFSU2600504O0300 400/IOMin 12x19x11 85 $1544.00 $1314.00 BFSLA260050400301 400/20Min 12x19x11 95 $1574.00 $1330.00 BFSU260050750300 750/lOMm 12x19x11 125 $1674.00 $1425.00 Also available are 220V 50Hz models of the above. Call lor all SOLA products not listed.

B Dysan

^/CORPORATION

WHY SETTLE FOR LESS?

DYSAN DISKETTES have long been regarded as the standard that all others attempt to duplicate. Today, Dysan still manufactures the ultimate in flexible recording media lor 5VV and 8" flexible disk drives. Both the 5'/«" and 8" diskettes are certified to be 100% error free over the entire recording surface providing you with the best insurance from data error.

5'/V DISKETTES 35/40 TRACK CERTIFIED

Sides/ PBICE Part No. Sectors Density Heads Box ol 10

BF0SNI041

BFDSN1041D

BFDSN105ID

BFDSN1071D

BF0SNI042D

Solt Soil

16 Hard 10 Hard Soil

Single Double Double Double Double

77/80 TRACK

1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 2/2

$45.00 $50.00 $50.00 $50.00 $60.00

BF0SN2052D

16 Hard 8"

Double DISKETTES

2/2

$80.00

BF0SN37401 BFDSN3740I 0 BFQSN374020

Soft Soft Soft

Single Double Double

1/1 1/1 2/2

$55.00 $65.00 $85.00

FCC CLASS 2 APPROVED DATA DISPLAY MONITORS

Part No.

Description

list Price SALE

BFSY0VM4509 9"B8,W P4. 10MHz (15 lbs.) $215.00

BFSH0DM4509CX 9"Green. P31. 10MHz (15 lbs.) $200.00

BFSV0DMB012C 12"B&W P4. 18MHz (24 lbs.) $25000

BFSY0DMB112CS 12"GReen, P31. 18MHz (24 lbs) $260.00

BFSYOVMC6013 13"Color. 16 x 64 (35 lbs) $470.00

BFS10DM6113* 13"RGB Color (35 lbs.) $995.00

'As used with IBM P.C.

$169.00 $100.00 $225.00 $235.00 $425.00 $895.00

nss

APPLE II® PERIPHERALS

A800 DOUBLE DENSITY 8" DISK CONTROLLER

• High Speed DMA TRansler ot Data (1 Microsecond/Byte)

• Uses All Standard Apple DOS Commands (OPEN CATALOG. LOCK. DELETE. L0AD...etc) Except lor INIT Which Has Been Improved and Enhanced in a Vista Formal Routine

• Compatible with Apple DOS 3.2/3 3. Pascal t I and CPM 2.2 (With Ihe 280 Solt Card by Microsoft)

• Interfaces to All Shugarl/ANSI Standard Eight-Inch Floppy Disk Drives

• 2Kx8 PROM Contains Autoboot Functions and All 8" Floppy Driver Code Allowing Complete Memory Usage Map Compatibility w/Apple DOS 3.2/3.3

BFVISA800 Controller and disk S595.00 $499.00

BFVISOIBO Vision 80 80 x 24 Display CardS395.00 $349.00 BFVIS0104 Vision 40 - 40 Column, upper/ $195.00 $175.00 lower case enhancement

MicroFrame

LIST OUR

PRICE PRICE

DESCRIPTION

1-9 10-24

12 Slot Desk

S755.00 $660.00 $627.00

22 Slot Desk

$91000 $708.00 $776.00

12 Slot Rackmount

$800.00 $715.00 $681.60

22 Slot Rackmount

3965.00 $060.00 $825.00

J10V 60Hz CVT Mainframes, the best money can buy!

12 Slot±8V 17±16V ®2A

22 Sl0t±8V @ 30A± 18V @ 4A

PART NO.

BFTEIMCS1I2 BFTEIMCS122 BFTEIRM12 BFTEIBM22

Shipping Weight: On 12 Slot Mainframes: 45 lbs. On 22 Slot Mainframes: 55 lbs.

S 100 MAINFRAME WITH 12 SLOT MOTHERBOARD AND CUTOUTS FOR 3 - SV«" FLOPPY DISK DRIVES

+8V@ 17A±16V@ 2A+?2V@ 1.2A Internal Power Cable

BFTEITF12 12 Slot desk $74500 $670.00 $636.06

BFTEIRF12 12 Slot Rackmount $855.00 $765.00 $732.00 Shipping Weight: On 12 Slot Desk: 40 lbs.

On 12 Slot Rackmount: 45 lbs.

DUAL 8" DISK DRIVE CHASSIS

For two Shugart 801R or two Qume DT-8 size drives with internal power cables provided +24V @ 1.5A +5V @ 1.0A ■ 5V ® .25A

BFTEIDFOO DeskTop $565.00 $520.00 $480.00

BFTEIRFDO Rackmount S725.00 $650.00 $630.00

Shipping Weight: On Desk Top: 40 lbs.

On Rackmount: 45 lbs. PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS is a master distributor for TEI. Dealers & OEM's call for quantity pricing.

PRENTICE

THE STAR ^ OUR MOST POPULAR MODEM We've Sold Thousands!

• 0 to 300 Oaud • Bell 103 and 113 • Exclusive triple seal acoustic chamber • Self Test • ±0 3% frequency stability; crystal controlled • Receiver Sensitivity ol -50dB on. -53dB olf • FSK Modulation • RS232 Compatible •Swllches:0nginate/0 If/Answer. Full Ouplex/TestAHalt Duplex

• lnoTcaton:Transmi! Data. Receive Data. Carrier Ready. Test

Part No.

Description

Lisl Price

SALE

BFPBNSTAB RS232. TTI. 20Ma Current LoopS199.00 $129.00

LD-Hayes

SMARTMODEM

• Aulo Answer. Auto Dial, Full or Hail-Duplex. Loop Back * Serial binary, and asynchronous data loniKtlS Willi 1 or 8 data bits. 1 or 2 slop bits; odd. even or no parity • 0-300 han.ul • HS232C interlace • Z8 Microprocessor with 2Kb control program • 40 character command butter • Size 1.5" x 5.5" x

9.6"

BFOCH0200P Smartuiodcm (Sh Wl 6 lbs) S279.00 $249.00

DFDCH0300P Chronograph (Sh wt. 3 lbs.] $249.00 $219.00

BFDCB0I00P MicmmodomlOOlSh Wt 4 lbs.)S399.00 $360.00

BFDCH290I0 CP/tvT 8" terminal Program tor above $25.00

BFDCH0000P Mlcromottein II $37900 $320.00

BFBCB2401D Dalnaml (PASCAL patch) lor above $ 50.00

554 BYTE June 1982

Circle 371 on inquiry card.

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

SEC

LETTER QUALITY QF| I IIM PRINTERS FROM ^tLLUIVl

Interfaces: • RS232C and Curtent Loop • Centronics type parallel interlace • IEEE/488 All are DIP switch selectable. Pltjonilll, P!0U>C0ii: • NEC55I0 • DIABLO630 • QUMESprint9 • IBM Personal Computer • ATARI (Centronics 737). Special Features: • Z80 CPU • 12K ROM * Standard 16K Buffer • Optional 48K Bulter • 50 -19 2K baud • Micro-coded alarm differentiates error conditions with pulse combinations • Intelligent bi-directional printing with logic seeking • Complete word processing features • Self test • Auto reprint • Auto clear error • Proportional spacing • Supports Automatic justification • Complete Vector plotting routines • Sheet feeder mode allows easy interface to most mechanical sheet feeders • 6 month warrantee • Ouiet - 60db • Front panel forms control • Universal power supply 115/220V 50/60 Hz.

BO CPS USING THE FUJITSU SP830

Description

list Price Our Price

Intelligent Printer $3495.00 $2995.00

BFSLMF86rFT

BFSLMF8648K

OPTIONS

Vertical forms tractor 4BK RAM butler

$200.00 $400.00

Call lor pricing on sheet teed options

55 CPS USING THE NEC 7700

BFSLMH77 Intelligent Printer $3295.00 $2895.00

BFSIMN77IFT

BFSLMH77BDFT

BFSLMN77CSF

BFSLMN77CSF2

BFSLMN7748K'

BFCPAM572 BFSC0B25!

OPTIONS

Vertical Forms Tractor Bidirectional Forms Tractor NEC Cut Sheet Feeder Twin Cut Sheet Feeder 48K RAM Buffer 'Must be ordered with the printer INTERFACE CABLES Centronics IBM/NEC Cable RS232C Serial Cable Call lor other cables not listed

$ 230.00 $ 400.00 $1595.00 $2150.00 $ 400.00

$80.00 $60.00

Para Dynamics

18 SLOT S-lOO MAINFRAME

CVT Power Supply, forced air cooling; security lock

120 or 220V AC at 50 or 60Hz+8V@20A. ±1693.5

BFPDH2018D Desk Top $799.00 $699.00

BFPDK2018R Rack Mount $849.00 $749.00

8 SLOT S-lOO MAINFRAME WITH

CUTOUTS FOR 2 5'A" DISK DRIVES

+6656A ■58J50MM, +8@15A, + 72@6A + 76@2, ->6(92

BFPOH2508D Desk Top $899.00 $789.00

BFPDN2508FI Rack Mount $949.00 $839.00

DISK DRIVE FACILITY

Accommodates two 8" floppy drives, of Shugart, Qume. or similar design and dimensions. 110 or 220V AC at 50 or 60Hz CVT power.

BFPDN2200D Desk Top $659.00 $579.00

BFPDH2200B Rack Mount $679.00 $595.00

Free standing cabinet. Will accept 2. 8" Floppy disks and 1. 8" Rigid disk. 18 slot card cage wilt accept the double height 10" x 10" S-100 cardsiAlpha Micro and others) CVT Power Supply.

+24V7A, + 16(°>2.2A. -!6@3.5A +8(9204, +5@5A

BFP0N28IB PRONTO $1295.00 $1129.00

PRONTO COMPLETE WITH POWER SUPPLY POWER-UP SEQUENCER

BFP0N2818S with sequencer $1395.00 $1249.00

Shipped motor freight collect

OKIDATA I

• BI-DIRECTIONAL-120 CPS* Parallel and Serial I/O

• 9x9 Matrix (Alphanumeric) • 100 Thru 1200 Baud

• 6x9 or 12 matrix lor graphics • Self Test

• 5,8.3,10,16 Characters p/lnch • Out ol paper switch

• 6 or 8 Lines per Inch • Friction or Tractor Feed

• 80 CPL&10 CPI tor S2A *3" tot4" Top of form

• 132 CPL9 10 CPI for 83A & (Switch Selectable)

84 *10 Different Character Sets

The above printers come complete with friction and tractor leed. Front panel selection of 10 different form lengths Front or bottom paper loading for up to 4 part forms and lear bar. All three printers have a parallel interface as standard. The 82A and 83A also include a 1200 baud serial interface as standard.

Part No.

Description

Ust Price SALE

BF0KI0AT82AT

BF0KBFRAPH82 BF0KIOATB3AT BF0KIGRAPH83 BF0KISER2KBF BF0KIDAT84AP

BF0KIDAT84AS

BFMBSAPLINTWC*

*Sold only with

BFEPNMX80

BFEPNMX80FT

BFEPNMXI00

BFMBSAPLINTWC* BFMBSEI1'

80 column printer w/lractor (25 lbs.) $539.00 High resolution graphics ROM 60x66 $ 75.00 132 column printer w/lractor (35 lbs.) $750.00 High resolution graphics ROM 60x66 $ 75.00 9600 Baud 2K serial buffer interface $149.00 132 col. primer parallel interface $1095.00 with graphics (35 lbs.)

132 Col. printer 9600 baud serial 2K $1250.00 interface with graphics (35 lbs.) Apple Parallel Interlace w/cable (1 lb.) $ 75.00 printers

EPSON

80col./CPS tractor feed (17 lbs.) with Tractor/Friction leed (20 lbs.) 132 COI./80CPS (30 lbs.) Tractor/Friction Feed Apple parallel interface with cable

*Sold only with printers

$450.00 $550.00 $725.00

$ 75.00

Serial interface for EPSON Printers $ 59.00

Applied Digital Data Systems Inc.

$525.00

VIEWPOINT - ADDS

Detachable keyboard, RS232 interlace and auxiliary port,

80 x 24 display, tiltable screen.

BFADDVWPR Sh. weight: 30 lbs. $699.00 $525.00

DISK CABINETS

VIOO- VISTA

• Desk or rack mountable • Internal power and data cables

• Drives pull out tor easy service and maintenance BFTflSlflOO Disk Drive Cabinet 143 lbs) $495.00 $449.00

SINGLE 8" • GLT.

Single 8" cabinet with power supply BFQTC0DC8 122 lbs.) $249.00 $225.00

DUAL 8 - Q.T.

Dual 8" cabinet with power supply BFQTCDDC88 124 lbs.) $395.00 $349.00

5" CABINETS - VISTA

BFVIS9801 Single 5" with P.S. $ 85.00

BFVIS9B02 Dual 5" with P.S. $110.00

Overseas Customers Send

$4.00 U.S. Currency or 22

International Reply Coupons

to Receive Our New Catalog

by Airmail

^PRIORITY

landon

Tandon TM-800 Thinline is exactly half the size

ol conventional floppy disk drives.

ONE

Exactly one-halt the height ol any other model. Proprietary, high-resolution, read-write heads patented

by Tandon D.C. only operation - no A.C. required Industry standard Interlace.

Three millisecond track-to-track access time (9 lbs.)

BFTNDTMB481 Single Sided $425.00 2 or more $395.00

BFTNDTM8482 Double Sided $575.00 2 or more $550.00

BFTNDTMBM Manual - not included with drive $10.00

TANDON 5V«" DRIVES BFTNDTM1001 Single Sided, 250KB 15 lbs.) $240.00' ea

2 or More $220.00

BFTNDTM1002 Double Sided, 500KB $325.00 ea.

2 or More $299.00

BFTNDTMI003 Single Sided, 500KB $325.00 ea.

2 or More $299.00

BFTNDTM1004 Double Sided, 100OKB $449.00 ea.

2 or More $420.00

BFTNDTM5M manual, not included with drive $10.00

•As used in the IBM PC.

A MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

Better Than

QUME! Better Than SHUGART!

8". Double-sided, double-density, interchangeable with 0UME & Shugart 0FMITM289463 Sh. VJeight 16 lbs. $550.00

BFMrrM289483MManual $ 10.00

2 or More $525.00 each

<JRLShugart soir

Single sided, double density • most popular 8" drive BFSH0801R $425.00 ea. or 2 or more (16 lbs) tor %m.W ea. BFSHOSA80IRM Manual tor 801R drives $ 10.00

m

INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTATION, INC.

UNIVERSAL DISK ENCLOSURES

• Accepts any combination ot 8" drives (QUME/Shugart 801R type or '.2 size Tandon type) • Also accepts hard disks • Positive pressure • Optional Disk environment monitor shows supply voltage and internal cabinet temperature • Internal power and data cables provided. UNIVERSAL DRIVE CABINET complete with power supply, fan and filter, and all internal cables tor attachment ol two 8" floppy drives. BFIIIUDE004 Dual Drive Cabinet (Sh. Wt 40 lbs) $495.00 $450.00 BFIIIUDE004EM w/Environmenfal Monitor installed $584.95 $535.00 BFIIIUDE004AUG Dual Drive cabinet with Aug- S733.00 $650.00

mentation power suply module to increase 5V supply Irom 6 amps to 9 amps for use with two hard disks or 4 Tandon drives. Also includes Disk Environment Monitor (45 lbs.) BFIIIUDERCK 19" Rack Mount kil UDE004 $ 89.95

THIN THREE DRIVE CABINET complete with power supply, and all internal cables for attachment of three thin 8" floppy drives (Tankdon type). One AC powei connector is also provided for use with lull size drive. BFIIIUOETT Three Drive Cabinet (Sh Wt 35 lbs) S495.00 $450.00 BFIIIUOETTTEM with Environmental Monitor installed $584.95 $535.00

ELECTRONICS

9161B DEERING AVE • CHATSWORTH. CA 91311 S?5£

ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5922 - CA, AK, HI CALL (213) 709-5464

Terms. U.S. VISA, MC. BAC, Check. Money Order, U S Funds Only CA residents add 6% Sales lax MINIMUM PREPAID ORDER 115.00. Include MINIMUM SHIPPINGS. HANDLING ol $3.00 tor the first 3 lbs, plus25« lor each nildiiionni pound Orders ova 50 lbs sen! height colled Just incase.please include your phone number. Prices subject to change without notice We will doom best loniatnluinpiiceslhiniighJuly, 10B2 Credit Card orders will be charged appropriate freight If you haven't received your Spring '82 Engineering Selection Guide, scud $1 00 Ini yoiu copy lodayl. Sale puces are tor prepaid orders only.

Circle 371 on inquiry card.

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

1FLUKEI

NEW 4Vz DIGIT HANDHELDS!

The FLUKE 8060A and 8062Aoffer the most powerful combination of capabilities ever in a handheld DMM, including these:

• 4'/a digit resolution »10m V, 10mA, 10M sensitivity

• 100KH2 True RMA (8060A) • 30KHZ True RMS (8062A)

• Relative Reference • Constant current diode test

• Self diagnostics • Basic DC accuracy of 0.04% (8060A); 0.05%

(8062A) The 8060A also olfers dBm. relative dB. frequency measurements to 200KH2, Auto ranging megohms to300k n ,andconduclance(2000 nS).

BFFLU8060A with safety designed test leads $349.00

BFFLUB06ZA with safety designed test leads $279.00

3'/i DIGIT HANDHELDS: THE WORLD STANDARD

II (unctions:

• dc voltage • temperature (via K-type

• ac voltage thermocouple

• dc current • peak hold on voltage and current

• ac current functions 0.1% basic dc accuracy

• resistance (8024B&8020B) 0.25% basic dc

• diode test accuracy (8021B & 8022B)

• conductance • visual logic level detection

• high-speed continuity beeper and continuity indicators Extensive overload 3'/2-digit resolution protection with 600V doublefused current input. Safety-designed test leads. Two-year parts and Two-year labor warranty. Calibration Cycle.

BFFL08024B (All 11 funclions) $239.00

BFFLU8020B (First 8 functions) $189.00

BFFLUB02IB (First 7 functions) $149.00

BFFLUB022B (First 6 functions) $139.00

8010A/8012A. Measurement versatility on the bench

7 functions • ac current

• dc voltage • resistance

• ac voltage • diode test

• dc current • conductance 10 amp current range (801OA)

2 fl and 20 n resistance ranges (8012A)

True RMS ac measurements

3'/2-digit resolution

0.1% basic dc accuracy

Holds voltage, resistance and conductance readings via 80T-H Touch

Hold Probe

Extensive overload protection with 600V double-fused current input

The 8050A. 4Vz digits at unique function and features above 7 features, plus:

• 16 selectable reference impedances • Relative reference/offset • 4l/2-digit resolution • dBm (measuring ac and dc voltage) • 0.03% basic dc accuracy BFFLUB050A 414 digit True RMS Bench DMM $369.00

BFFLU8050AO1 with Ni-Cad battery option $419.00

BFFLU80I0A 10 amp True RMS Bench DMM $289.00

BFFLU80I0AOI 801 OA with Ni-Cad battery option $299.00 BFFL08012A Low-Ohms TrueRMS bench DMM $339.09

BFFL08012AO1 8012A with Ni-Cad Battery Option $379.00 The shipping weight on bench DMM is 5 lbs.; 5 lbs. with NiCad Battery Option

# HITACHI Hitachi Denshi.Ltd.

Buy with confidence from the nation's largest HITACHI distributor

Single and dual trace, 15 thru 100 MHz. All high sensitivity Hitachi oscilloscopes are built to demanding Hitachi quality standards and are backed by a 2-year warranty. They're able to measure signals as low as 1 mV/division (with X5 vertical magnifier). It's a specification you won't find on any other 15 or 30 MHz scopes. Plus; Z-axis modulation, trace rotation, front panel X-Y operation for all scope models, and X10 sweep magnification. And 30 thru 100 MHz oscilloscopes offer internal signal delay lines. For ease of operation, functionally related controls are grouped into three blocks on the color coded front panel. Now here's the clincher: For what you'd expect to pay more, you actually pay less. Check our scopes before you decide. All scopes complete with probes.

NEW! FIELD SERVICE PORTABLES

KEITH LEY

BFHITV209

20MHz Dual Trace

w/2 hour Battery Backup

List Price: $995.00

Our Price: $859.00

■ 20 MHz. Dual Trace

» 3.5" Rectangular CRT with Internal Graticule

• Battery Operated

• Only 4.3" High by 8.5" Wide

■ 1 mV Sensitivity (to 5 MHz)

BFHITV509

50MHz Dual Trace

w/Calibrated Variable Delay

List Price: $1895.00

Our Price: $1749.00

» 50MHz, Dual Trace

• Calibrated Delayed Sweep

■ 3'/2"12KV CRT w/intemal graticule

» Lightweight - 11 lbs

» Operates on Battery Pack (optional)

• 1 mV Sensitivity (to 10 MHz)

BFHIT-V352

35MHz Dual Trace

WITH DELAY List Price; $1150.00 Our Price: $ 859.00

BFHIT-V202

20HHz Dual Trace

List Price: $850.00 Our Price: $695.00

Economically priced dual trace

oscilloscope

Square CRT wilh internal graticule

(illuminated scale)

High-accuracy voltage

axis & time axis set at #3% (certified Trace rotation system

at 10' to 35CC) Fine ad|usting, click-positioning

High-sensitivity function

1mV/div Low drift

2 Year Warranty

Dynamic range 8 div

TV sync separator circuit

Built-in signal delay line (V-352)

X-Y operation

Sweep-time magnifier (10 times)

50MHz

& 100MHz

TIME DELAY

BFNITV1050

100MHz

wilh 3rd & 4 th Trace

Trigger View

List Price: $2390.00

SALE

$1995.00

• Large, bright 8x10 cm screen

• Quad Trace Operation (Chi. Ch2. A Triggei and II tnggci)

• high sensitivity 500 v v/div(5MH/)

• High-accuracy ±2% (+10 to+35 C)

• Alternate timebase Opeialion

• 20MHz Bandwidth Limilei

• Full TV rriugeriiuj

BFHITV302B DUAL TRACE 30MHz w/delay

List Price: $995.00 Our Price: $795.00

BFHITV152B DUAL TRACE 15MHz (no delay)

List Price: $735,00 SOur Price: $595.00

CALIBRATED

BFHITV550B

50MHz

with 3rd Trace

Trigger View

List Price: $1745.00

SALE

$1495.00

■ Large. Bright 8 x 10cm screen • High sensitivity lmv/div (10MHz)

■ 5 ns/div Sweep Rate

► 3rd channel display (Trigger View) » Variable trigger hold-off

► Foil TV Triggering » Single Sweep

» Automatic Focus Correction

Handheld DMMs For Every Application and Budget

dc voltage

Easy-to-use Rotary Switches

$124.00

Large 0 6" LCD displays

3W or 4Vz dii)it accuracy

Overload protection

Externally accessible lottery & fuse

Rugged 0 I" ABS Plastic Case • Shock-Mounted PC Board ±0.5% DCV accuracy, lOMil input impederjence auto polarity and current measurement through 10A

Same as BFKTH130 except 025% accuracy $139.00 and enhanced band with on top ACV ranges See/hear display includes both over/under $139.00 threshold indicator arrows, audible tone (hat operates on all ranges S functions, and adjustable threshold 4'/2 digit, 0,05% accuracy Thermocouple (TC) based thermometer BFKTH1304 Soft Carrying Case S Stand (handhelds) BFKTH130B Deluxe Carrying Case (handhelds)

• ac voltage

• dc current

• ac current

• Resistance

• Diode Test

BFKTHI30

BFKTH131

BFKTHI2B

BFKTHI35

BFKTHB7I

$239.00 SI99.00 S 10.00 S 25.00

Bench DMMs: Solid Price/Performance Values

BFKTH109 0.25% DCV 3% digit LCD display BFKTH176 0.05% DCV 4'/2 digit LCD display

20kHz bandwidth on lower ranges BFKTHI79A 0,04% DCV 4% digit LED display

20A capability TRMS ACV BFKTH1792 BCD Output Option for SFKTH179A BFKTH1793 IEEE Interface for BFKTH179A

$189.00 $209.00

$359.00

$18900 $325.00

Einici

GLOBAL

SPECIALTIES

LOGIC PROBES

SPECIFICATIONS

MODEL

LPI

LP2

LP3

Response

50 us 80 ns single-shot event. 10MHz pulse trair

300 ns. 1.5 MHz pulse train

6 ns typical tested at 10 ns. 70MHz pulse train

Pulse Mode

High Speed Trainor Single Event

Part No. Description List Price Our Price

BF6SCLPI Standard 10MH2 w/Memory $50 00 $45.00

BFGSCLP2 Economy I 5MH; $32.00 $30.00

BF6SCLP3 High-Speed 50MH? w/Memory $77 00 $09.00 0FGSCLP4 100MHz + ECL Logic Probe $150.00 $130.00

BF6SCDPI High-speed digital pulsei $83 00 $70.00

100 PPS or single-sliol 16 AND 40 CHANNEL LOGIC MONITORS LM1 clips ovei any DIP IC up to 16 pins Eachot its 16 contacts connects to a single Inl level detector that drives a high intesnily. numbered LED readotil activated when the applied voltage exceeds a fixed 2 V threshold. Logic "I" turns LED on; logic "O" keeps LED off. BFGSCLMI $79.00 $72.00

IM-4 will insl.intlv anil clearly display the logic stales o( any digital IC of up In 40 puis 111 any nt up In 41) independent circuit points when used with its staniLiiilly supplied connectoi cable terminated with a 40-pin IC lest clip DFGSCLM4 $19900 $189.00

LOGICAL ANALYSIS KITS OFGSCLTCI ll'l.lll'IMMIlllllinllledrasi! $240.00 $220.00

0FGSCLTC2 i P.1.DPI s i MI iii molded case $27000 $245.00

Circle 372 on inquiry card.

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

page NC Drilled Boards

Page't NC* DRILLED Printed Circuit Boards offer you benefits not currently available from a conventional punched board. If you are involved in professional prototyping of PC boards, you know that a "clean" prototype is always more representative of what you can expect in your final production board. AND isn't that what prototyping is all about? If you Want lite Best... Ask for PAGE!

SPECIFICATIONS:

UL Approved.

Material: .062" (1.57mm) ttiick FR-4 epoxy glass laminated copper

per MIL-T-55561 Type GF. Hole Diameter: .042" NC drilled. Plating: Circuitry: Electrolers tin 50 x 10-6 in.

Contact fingers: .0010" gold over .0050" nickel.

Contact fingers are chamfered for ease of insertion.

SI OO BOARDS

"'■-. .... .. : ■■:

^K^^^~T^-, ■-::■•■.;■.■

WKMBEKtKKKSrmmmm

PI002 Component Side

PART NO.

DESCRIPTION

1-4

PRICE 5-9

10-24

BFPGBP1001 BFPGBPI002 BFPGBP1003 BFPGBP1004

SI 00 Bare Board S100 Horizontal Busses SI00 Vertical Busses S100 Pads Per Hole

$15.95 $13.95 $11.95

$22.95 $19.95 $17.95

$22.95 $19.95 $17.95

$23.95 $20.95 $16.95

APPLE BOARDS

P5002 Component Side

BFPGBP5001 Apple Bare Board BFPGBP5002 Apple Horizontal Busses BFPBBP5004 Apple Pads Per Hole

$15.95 $13.95 $11.95 $22.95 $19.95 $17.95 $23.95 $20.95 $18.95

GENERAL PURPOSE PLUGBOARDS

P44I3 Wiring Side

BFPG8P44I1 4.5"x6" BFP6BP4413 4.5"x6" BFPSBP4414 4.5"x6" BFP6BP4421 4.5"x9.6' BFPGBP4423 4.5"x9.6' BFPGBF4424 4.5"x9.6' BFPGBP72I1 4.5"x6" BFP6BP7213 4.5"x6" BFPSBP72I4 4.5"x6" BFPGBP7221 4.5"x9.6' BFPGBP7223 4.5"x9.6' BFPBBP7224 4.5"x9.6'

22/44 156" Bare Board $ 9. 22/44 .156" Vertical Buss $13. 22/44 .156" Pads Per Hole$14. 22/44 .156" Bare Board $10. 22/44 .156" Vertical Buss $14. 22/44 156" Pads Per Hole $15.

36/72 .1' 36/72 .1' 36/72 ,1' 36/72.1" 36/72.1" 36/72 1"

Bare Board Vertical Buss Pads Per Hole Bare Board Vertical Buss Pads Per Hole

95$ 8.95$ 7.95 95 $12.50 $11.50

95 $13.50 $12.50 95$ 9.95$ 8.95 95S13.50S12-50 95 $14.50 $13.50 95$ 8.95$ 7.95 95S12.50S1I.50 95 $13.50 $12.50 95$ 9.95$ 8.95 95 $13.50 $12.50 95SI4.50S13.50

RS232 and "D" SUB-MINIATURE CONNECTORS

PROTECT YOUR INVESTMENT PROTECT YOUR DATA WITH

r-fm ffiMMk-i

/°t

i w \

U^W,

i

M

2a

^m&a^

SOLDER TYPE

P=Plug, Male Type — S=Socket, Female Type — C=Cover, Hood

PART NO.

PRICE 1-9 10-24 25-99

BFCNDDE9P

BFCNDDE9S

BFCNDDE9C

BFCNDDA15P

BFCNBBA15S

BFCNDDA15C

3FCNDDA25P BFCNDDA25S

BFCNDDB51212

BFCNDD25H

BFCNDDB5I226

BFCNDDC37P

BFCNDDC37S

BFCNDDC37C

BFCNDDD50P

BFCN0DD50S

BFCNDBD50C

BFCN0D20418

BFCNBRS232BF BFCND573036

BFIDC5730B60

9 Pin Male $ 2.10

9 Pin Female $ 2.70

9 Pin Cover $ 1.50

15 Pin Female $ 2.75

15 Pin Female $ 3.95

15 Pin Cover $ 1.59

25 Pin Male $3.00

25 Pin Female $4.00

1 Pc. Grey Hood $ 1.60

2 Pc. Grey Hood $ 1.50 2 Pc. Black Hood $ 1.90 37 Pin Male $ 5.80 37 Pin Female $ 8.70 37 Pin Cover $ 1.80 50 Pin Male $ 8.75 50 Pin Female $11.65 50 Pin Cover $ 2.00 Hardware Set 2/Pr $ 1.00 BS232. DB25P. EIA Class1Cable8Con8Ft $19.95 Cent. 700 Series/ $ 9.00 Epson Printer Conn.

IDC Version of Above $ 9.95

$1.70 $2.10 $1.10 $2.15 $3.20 $1.10

$2.25 $3.00 $1.30 $1.10 $1.45 $4.45 $6.70 $1.30 $6.70 $8.90 $1.60 $ .70

$15.95 $6.00

$ 0.00 $8.00

CALL FOR IDC "D" CONNECTOR

'StOBtMSOM MUtmMMT.UItC.

ICN SERIES GOLD 3 LEVEL WIRE WRAP SOCKETS

• 10 in GOLD Plated Pins

• Deep Chamfered Closed Entry Contacts

• RN Side Wipe Contact Design

• Phosphor Bronze Contact Material

• Terminal Barbs Allow Self-lock into PC Board

• Rugged Socket Body Design

• Deep Chamfered Closed Entry Contacts

PRICE

STANDARD

10-24

100-249

PART NO.

PINS PCKGE. EACH

25-99 250-999

BFRNS08WWG BFRNSI4WWG BFBNSI6WWG BFBNS18WWG BFRNS20WWG BFRNS22WWG BFRNS24WWG BFRNS2BWWG BFRNS4BWWG

52 30 26 23 21 19 17 15 10

.60 .75 .85 1.00 1.20 1.35 1.35 1.70 2.20

N/A

.70

.75

.90

1.05

1.25

1.25

1.55

2.05

1.15 1.15 1.40 1.85

.45 .55 .66 .75 .91 1.05 1.05 1.34 1.60

.41 .46 .52 .71 .87 .99 .99 1.25 1.50

•MINIMUM ORDER $1.00 per line item To receive quantity prices beyond 1st column you must order EXACT multiples of STANDARD PACKAGES.

GOLD PLATED CONTACTS

TIN PLATED TAILS

NEW! SELECTIVE PLATED PINS THAT WILL SAVE V0U M0NEV BV HAVING GOLD ONLY WHERE IT COUNTS! Same as above except pins are selectively plated.

BFBNS08TWW BFRNS14TWW BFRNS16TWW BFBNS18TWW BFRNS20TWW BFRNS22TWW BFBNS24TWW BFBNS28TWW BFRNS40TWW

52 30 26 23 21 19 17 15 10

.55

.65

.75

.90

1.10

1.25

1.25

1.50

2.00

N/A .55 .65 .79 .95 1.15 1.15 1.45 1.80

.45 .50 .52 .75 .91 1.05 1.05 1.35 1.60

•MINIMUM ORDER $1.00 per line item. To receive quantity prices beyond 1st column you must order EXACT multiples of STANDARD PACKAGES.

SEND $1.00 TODAY FOR THE NEW

FULL COLOR, SPRING 1982 ENGINEERING SELECTION GUIDE

..PRIORITY

916IB DEERING AVE

^VJ

iSDBfll

With Built-in Noise Filters and' Surge Suppressors

ONE

ISOLATES SENSITIVE AND VALUABLE EQUIPMENT FHOM: Equipment interaction - Damaging High Voltage Spikes - AC line noise and hash PROTECTS AGAINST: Voltage transients caused by lightning, contact switching, turn-off of inductive components, noise due to electromagnetic coupling.

USE THE BSC ISOBAR TO ISOLATE: Microprocessor from peripherals Lab instruments from noisy equipment - Sensitive pre-amp or tape deck from power amplifier.

THE GSC ISOBAR ELIMANATES: Equipmenl interaction - Equipment damage from power line spikes and surges - Errors - False printouts Disk Skips - Audio or video hash

FEATURES: Inductive isolated ground - Sockets mdivdually filter isolated - Circuit breaker protected at 15A. VOLTAGETRANSIENT SPIKE PROTECTION: 2000 A peak for up to6 Sec duration spikes. 1000A, 8/20 Sec protection from repeated spikes.

LOAD HANDLING: 1875 W max. total load; 15A per socket. INPUT: 125 VAC, 15 amps; standard 3-prong plug. IBAR 3 - Three common outlets built-in circuit breaker, pilot light, hang-up bracket and a 6-foot cord.

List Price Our Price BFG0FIBAR3 Sh Wt. 3 lbs $59.95 $42.00

IBAR 46 ■ Four independently isolated outlets. Built-in 15A circuit breaker, pilot light, switch, and 6-foot cord. BFG0FIBAR46 Sh. Wt. 4 lbs. $79.95 $49.95

IBAR 06 - 8 outlets, grouped to form 4 independently isolated sets of two. Built-in 15A circuit breaker, on/off switch, pilot light. BFG0FIBAR86 Sh. Wt. 5 lbs. S84.95 $54.95

IBAR 9RM - Eight rear-mounted outlets grouped to form four independently isolated sets of two, plus one non-isolated convenience outlet on front face. 19" rack mount cabinet. Built-in 15A circuit breaker, pilot light, on/off switch, and 6-foot cord. BF60FIBAR9RM Sh. Wt. 6 lbs. S99.95 $74.95

RS232 Breakout Box

A must for every technician, repair man or systems integrator Databox is contained in a tough, plastic case and is powered by two, 1.5 volt penlight batteries. No power is consumed by the tester when not in use. Dimensions:2.9"x5.55"x1.45". Weight: 10 oz. w/batteries. BF0NW232B0X S199 00 $159.00

MICROCOMPUTER PRODUCTS

MEMORY 8080 SERIES

|PABT WO. PRICE PART NO. PRICE

BF4116AC20

BF2016P3

BF2114N3L

DF5257N3L

BF2732

BF2716

BF2708

Z80 SERIES

BFZ80A

BFZ80AP10

BFZ60ACTC

BFZ80ADMA

BFZ80AS100

BFZ80AS10I

BFZB0AS102

UARTS BFAV5I0I3A BFTR1B02B BFTRIB63

BFIMB402

8/SIB.O

8/S72.00

B/S28.00

8/S50.00

8/S96.00

8/S48.00

8/S20.00

$13.39 $11.19 $11.19 $33.39 $39.95 $39.95 $39.95

$5.95 $4.95

$6.95 $7.95

BFINSB080A

BFINS8085A

BFDP8212N

BFDP8214H

BFDPB21BN

BF0P6224N

BFDP8224-4N

BF0P822SN

BF0P8228N

BF0P8238N

BFINS8250N

BFINS825IN

BFINS6253N

BFINS8255N

BFINS8257N

BFINS8259N

BFINS8275N

BFINS8279N

FLOPPY DISC CONTROLLER

BFFD1771B-01 BFFDI79IB-01

$5.50

$19.95

2.95

5.25

2.95

3.25

9.95

3.50

$5.55

$5.55

$15.95

$7.50

$17.95

$6.80

$16.45

$18.00

$59.95

$24.95

$24.95 $44.95

ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5922

Terms. U.S. VISA, MC. BAC, Check. Money Order, US "unci:; Only OA residents

ELECTRONICS ..- gil f=|

CHATSWORTH. CA 91311 Ht^ liillJJ CA.AK, HI.CALL.013) 709-5464

TAx MINIMUM PREPAID ORDER ST5.00. Include MINIMUM SHIPPING & HANDLING of S3.00 for the first 3 lbs., plus ?.rit foi each additional pound. Orders nvei M) lbs. smil freight collect. Just in case, please include your phone number. Prices subject to change williout nnlice Wnwilldumii besl lorri;iiiil;irii price;; Ihiough June. 19H2. Credit Ciird orders will be charged appropriate freight. If you haven't received your Spring '1)2 Engineering Selection Gtiirte. send SI 00 lor ynur copy today! Sale prices are for prepaid orders only.

Circle 372 on Inquiry card.

Unclassified Ads

FOR SALE: Apple II with 16 K memory, Pixe-Verter. program tapes, and manuals. SIOOO. Also have five issues of Creative Computing magazine for 1977 (July-August issue missmg|. six issues 1978. 12 issues 1979. and 12 issues 1980. S2 each. Also have issues 9-12 of BYTE for 1979 and all 12 issues for 1980. S2 each. Dale Arndt. 2900 McCann Rd. Apt. 415, Longview. TX 75604, [214) 758-1479.

FOR SALE: Two MITS 8800B computers. 64 K. Two MITS disk drives, cassette I/O. serial I/O. parallel I/O, BASIC. FORTRAN. COBOL. Pascal. S3000. Steve Mastnanni. 2952 Main St.. Coventry. CT 06238. |203| 742-6727.

ATTENTION: Schools that own Apple lis with a disk: Are you tired of not having enough money for eguipmenr? I am full of ideas and methods on how to make money using your Apple. Send a SASE for free information. Greg Lindahl. 10 Arbutus Trail. Greenville. SC 29607.

FOR SALE: TRS-80 voice synthesizer, cable, manual, and demonstration tape. Four months old. S 150 or best offer Randy Rosier. 714 Brown St.. Iowa City. IA 52240. |3 19| 338-5097.

FOR SALE: E & L MMD-I microprocessor trainer in excellent working condition. Based on 8080A chip. Bug books 5 and 6. SI50. Jerry Fidel. 1365 West 7th St.. Brooklyn. NY I 1024. |2I2| 331-0028.

SELL OR SWAP: DEC PDP-8/L with 4 K core and TTY interface. PC8-L paper-tape reader/punch with interface cards

and cable. No software or manuals for either at the moment, will pass along if I get them, Datalog MC8800 ultra-high-speed printer |optical). horizontal synchronization needs adjustment, complete user/maintenance manual with schematics. I will consider offers of DEC equipment, accessories, software, or money, or any combination of these. Duane Berry. RR I. Box 105. Kempner. TX 76539. |827| 547-5536.

FOR SALE: Hazeltme 1400; S400. Hayes 80- I03A |same as MM 100. but requires DAA|. S200. AJ 841 Selectnc |senal|: S600 Industrial Micro 8 K dynamic RAM; S50 Or best olleis. All very low usage and in excellent condition Neil vVeidier. |2I2| 757-6300.

FOR SALE: Centronics P-1 printer in perfect condition Rarely used. Four rolls of paper included. Paid S430. asking S200 or best offer Philip E. Baily. M D . 4758 Kinglet. Houston. TX 77035. [713) 729-6290.

FOR SALE: OSI Challenger IP with 16 K R/W memory. 610 expander board, single minifloppy-disk drive, and Sylvanid 9-rnch monitor. Complete set of manuals and miscellaneous articles. S850 or best offer. Randy Raymond. 102 Maple Grove Way. Columbia. MO 65201. |314| 874-1 71 I

UNCLASSIFIED POLICY: Readers who are soliciting or giving advice, or who have equipment to buy, sell or swap should send in a clearly typed notice to that effect. To be considered for publication, an advertisement must be clearly noncommercial, typed double spaced on plain white paper, contain 75 words or less, and include complete name and address information.

These notices are free of charge and will be printed one time only on a space available basis. Notices can be accepted from individuals or bona fide computer users clubs only. We can engage in no correspondence on these and your confirmation of placement is appearance in an issue of BYTE.

Please note that it may take three or four months for an ad to appear in the magazine.

FOR SALE: Two single-board computers. Fan-child F8 with I K static RAM, four parallel I/O ports, one serial I/O port. 20 mA/TTY interface, Fair-bug in ROM with documentation, card edge connector, schematic, and programming manual S60. Also, 1802 Super ELF with 2 K static RAM. monitor program in PROM, fully assembled with manual, schematic, and 13 issues of the 1802 newsletter. S 75. Both for S 110. Gordon Burnham. POB I4192B. Orlando. FL 32807

WANTED: California Computer Systems S-100 boards. Need used disk-controller board (#2422J. I/O (27IS or 2/IOj. 64 K |2065J. and Z80 |28I0( in usable condition al a reasonable price. Also need a Shugart 800/801R disk drive Ed Schnridei. 8025 Coates Hwy.. Manistee. Ml 49660. (616) 723-/859,

BOMB

Dnqoina Monifr

or Box

Author(s)

BYTE

'S<

Article #

Page

Article

1

48

The Videodisc Interfacing Primer

Daynes

2

60

Build an Interactive-Videodisc Controller

Ciarcia

3

78

Videodiscs in Education

Bejar

4

108

Interactive Training in Cardiopulmonary

Resuscitation

Hon

5

142

Videodiscs and Optical Data Storage

Moberg, Laefsky

6

162

Armored Patrol

Callamaras

7

170

The Eliminator: Mayhem in Space

Pike

8

176

Galactic Chase

Wszola

9

182

On the Way to Standard BASIC

Kurtz

10

220

App-L-ISP

Bonar, Levitan

11

235

Tawala's Last Redoubt

Lesser

12

242

The Input/Output Primer, Part 5: Character

Codes

Leibson

13

260

A General Purpose I/O Board for the Color

Computer

Barden

14

286

User's Column: Terminal Madness, The

Word, Grammatik, and Then Some

Pournelle

15

302

The Atari Tutorial, Part 10: Human

Engineering

Crawford

16

321

Upward Migration, Part 1: Translators

Taylor, Lemmons

17

348

The Osborne 1

Dahmke

18

364

Applescope Stores Dual Traces

MacNicol

19

376

NEWDOS/80 Version 2.0

Kelly

20

410

TAFT: Terminal Apple with File Transfer

Gabriele

21

452

Maintenance Alternatives for Personal

Computers

Whitaker

22

468

Omni Aviation Navigation System

Campbell

23

488

Micro-Decision Support System/Finance

(DSS/F)

Moskowitz

FOR SALE: BYTE issue * I through September 1978. IntwUc Age and Compute Decisions; 1975 through 1978 issues, sioo Alan Mattal. POB 2819, Mission Vieju. CA 92&90. |/I4| 837-7540

FOR SALE: KSR43 Teletype. Like new. Tractor leed. 12-inch carriage, uppercase/lowercase, ctot-matrixprinter, transmits and receives lull ASCII set. interfaces using TTL levels, serial input/output, and standard keyboard with many extia characters and control key. Easily interfaced to TRS-80. SwTPC 6800-09. and others. Included: 1/4 box of white unlined fan-fold paper extra ribbon cartridge, interfacing ribbon cable with connector, technical reference, and owner's manuals. S 700 F, Lund, 16-06 Francis Lewis Blvd.. Whitestone. NY 11357. \2\2) 746-0946

We Interrupt This BOMB ...

For the second month in a row, Steve Leibson has captured first place. And this time it's no tie—he has it all to himself. For "The Input/Output Primer, Part 2: Interrupts and Direct Memory Access," Steve will be awarded the $100 purse. Second place goes to Ed Umlor for his review, "Integral Data Systems' Prism Printer." Ed will receive $50. Despite threats of bodily harm (and worse), we're forced to award third place to Steve Ciarcia for his article "Use Voiceprints to Analyze Speech." Well after all, Steve, you can't be first every month.

558 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Reader Service

Inquiry No.

Page No.

1 47th STREET PHOTO 385

2 A.M. ELECTRONICS 32

3 A.M.T. 256

4 A.S.T. RESEARCH 234

5 AB COMPUTERS 523

6 ABM PRODUCTS 22

8 ACCUPOWER432

9 ACTION COMPUTER 183

10 ADV.COMP.PROD. 546, 547

11 ADV.DIGITAL PROD. 239

12 ADV.MICRO DIGITAL CORP. 263

13 ADV.SYS.CONCEPTS 520

14 AEGIS SYSTEMS 526

• ALF PRODUCTS, INC. 373

15 ALLENBACH IND. 154

16 ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD. 38, 39

17 ALPHA SOFTWARE 145

18 ALPHA SOFTWARE 147

19 ALSPA COMP.SYS. 101

20 ALTOS COMP.SYS. 156, 157

21 AMDEK CORP. 209

22 AMER.SMALL BUSN.COMP 473

23 AMER.SQUARE COMP. 244, 245

24 ANCIE LABS 251

25 ANDERSON JACOBSON 34

26 ANDERSON JACOBSON 408 489 ANN ARBOR TERMINALS 437

27 ANSWER CORP. 132

28 APPARATINC83

30 APPLEWARE.INC. 512

31 APPLIED ANALYTICS 349

32 APPLIED SOFTWARE TECH 229

33 APSTEK INC. 520

34 ARBA 80

35 ARCHIVE 421

36 ARTIFICIAL INT'LRESRCH 522

37 ASAP COMP.PROD.INC. 309

38 ASAP COMP.PROD. INC. 345

39 ASAP COMP.PROD.INC. 346

40 ASAP COMP.PROD.INC. 347

41 ASC ASSOCIATES 528

42 ASHTONTATE 409

• ASPEN SFTW.CO. 28

43 ATARI 140, 141

44 ATLANTIC CABINET CORP. 522

45 AUDEC CORP. 518

• AUDIO-LIGHT INC. 334

48 AUTOMATED PRGRM METHDS 518

49 AUTOMATED BUS. MACHINE 246

46 AVOCET158

51 AXIOM CORP 365

52 B&B ELECTR. 516

53 BASF SYSTEMS 343

• BASIC BOOKS 210

54 BASIS, INC. 241

55 BAUSCH & LOMB INSTR.SYS. 81

56 BAUSCH & LOMB INSTR.SYS. 81

57 BAY TECHNICAL ASSOC. 484

58 BBI MAIL ORDER 516

59 BEECH ENTERPRISES 512

• BELL.JOHN ENGR. 519

61 BINARY CORP. 524

62 BISON PRODUCTS 269

63 BIT 3 COMP.CORP. 150

64 BLAT RESRCH & DEVELP. 447

65 BMCINTL305

493 BORLAND LTD. 290

66 BOTTOM LINE, THE 522

68 BOTTOM LINE.THE 464

69 BOWER-STEWART 516

70 BRIDGE COMPUTER 312

71 BRIDGE COMPUTER 520

72 BUCKEYE STAMPING CO. 451 407 BUSS 356

73 BYAD CORP. 165

• BYTE BOOKS 318 237 BYTE BOOKS 320

76 BYTE BOOKS 429

77 BYTE BOOKS 481

• BYTE BACK ISSUES 360

• BYTE SUBSCRIBER 511

79 BYTEK COMP. SYS. 390

80 BYTEWRITER 198

81 CALIF DATA CORP 514

• CALIF. DIGITAL 542, 543

82 CALIF.COMP.GRAPHICS 524

• CALIF.MICRO COMP. 478

83 CDR SYSTEMS 516

84 CENTENNIAL SOFTWARE 206

85 CERMETEK254

86 CHAPIN ASSOCIATES 514

87 CHECK-MATE 496, 512

88 CHECKS-TO-GO 218

89 CHIPS & DALE 514

90 CHRISLIN INDUSTRIES 329

Inquiry No.

Page No.

94 COLLINS ENGSYS.CONSLT. 528

95 COLONIAL DATA SERV. 14

96 COLONIAL DATA SERV. 181

97 COLUMBIA DATA PROD. 215 499 COLUMBIA MICRO SYS 370

98 COMMODORE BUSN.MACH. 79

99 COMMUNICATIONS ELECTR. 515

101 COMPONENTS EXPRESS 282

102 COMPUCHANGE518

103 COMPULINK CORP. 94

104 COMPUMATE524

• COMPUPRO/GODBOUT119

105 COMPUSERVE 188

494 COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 495

106 COMPUTER CHANNEL 430

107 COMPUTER DYNAMICS 528

108 COMPUTER EXCHANGE 419

109 COMPUTER FURN.& ACCSS. 477

110 COMPUTER HORIZON 448

111 COMPUTER IDEAS CORP. 526

112 COMPUTER INNOVATIONS 466

113 COMPUTER MAIL ORDER 374, 375

114 COMPUTER PLUS 516

• COMPUTER PROFESSNAL 368, 369

115 COMPUTER SHOPPER 445

116 COMPUTER SHOPPER 476

117 COMPUTER SPCLTIES. 252, 253

118 COMPUTER SPCLTIES. 273

119 COMPUTER TOOLBOX.INC. 512

120 COMPUTER TOOLBOX.INC. 516

• COMPUTER WRHSE. 205

122 COMPUTERS WHOLESALE 259

123 COMPUTERTIME INC. 514

124 COMPUTERWARE 394

125 COMPUTERWORLD INT'L. 203

127 COMPUVIEW PROD.INC. 66, 67

128 CONCORD COMP.PROD. 344 228 CONDOR COMP.CORP. 423

129 CONCURRENT CORP. 310

126 CONSULTORS INT'L 380

130 CONSUMER COMP. 311

131 CONSUMER COMP. 513

132 CONTEXT MANGMNT.SYS. 23

• CONTROL C SOFTWARE 210

133 CORONA DATA SYS. 43

134 COSMIC COMP.UNLTD. 526

135 COVER CRAFT 214

136 CPU SHOP, THE 529

137 CROMEMCO CM, 1

138 CROMEMCO 2

139 CUSTOM COMP.SYS. 195 ' CYBERNETICS INC 413

140 D & W DIGITAL 240

142 DATA ACCESS CORP 425

• DATA DISCOUNT CTR 451 487 DATA ED 44

143 DATA ROYAL INC. 233

498 DATA RETRIEVAL CORP. 471

• DATA SOURCE SYS.CORP. 202

144 DATA-RX INC. 447

145 DATA-TYPE INC. 35

146 DATAFACE 180

147 DATAPOINT CORP. 293

148 DATASMITH 388

149 DATASOUTH COMP.CORP. 231

150 DATASOUTH COMP.CORP. 412

151 DAY STAR TECH NOLOGY 117

152 DEALIN' ELECTR. 512

492 DELMART-DELUX CHKPRNTRS. 459

153 DELPHIC SYSTEMS 465

154 DELTA PRODUCTS 42

155 DENNISON KYBE CORP. 115

156 DIGITAL EQUIP. CORP 46, 47

157 DIGITAL MARKETING 6

158 DIGITAL MICROSYSTEMS 379

159 DIGITAL RESEARCH 86, 87

• DIGITAL RESRCH COMP. 548, 549

165 DIGITAL WORD SYS 526

160 DISCOUNT SOFTWARE 152

161 DOKAY COMP.PROD.INC. 527

• DOW JONES 247

162 DOWNTOWN BOOK BAZAAR 512

163 DRAKE, R.L. CO. 495

164 DREAM ELECTRONICS 518

166 DUAL SYS.CONTROL CORP. 211

167 DUPRE ENTERPR. 352

168 DYMARC IND. 453

93 DYNAMIC CONTROL SYS 92

500 ECONOMY PERIPHERALS 370

170 ECOSOFT 390

171 EDUCATIONAL MICROCOMP. 518

172 EDUCATIONAL MICROCOMP. 524

174 ELECTROHOME 159

175 ELECTROLABS 513

Inquiry No.

Page No.

176 ELECTRONIC CONTROL 453

177 ELECTRONIC DESIGN ASSO. 449

178 ELECTRONIC SPCLISTS 394

179 ELECTRONIC SYS.FURN 342

180 ELECTROTECHNICS CORP. 316

181 ELLIS COMPUTING 8

182 EMERGING TECH.CONSLT. 472

183 EMPIRICAL RESRCH GRP. 90

184 ENERCOMP530

185 EPIC COMP.CORP. 213

186 EPIC COMP.CORP. 462

187 EPSON AMERICA 284, 285

188 ESSEX PUBLISHING 494

189 EXPOTEK96

• FIVE STONES SFTWR 486

190 FORETHOUGHT PRODUCTS 450

191 FOURTH DIMENSION 137

192 FRANKLIN COMP.CORP. 200, 201 258 FREE COUPONS 459

193 FREDERICK COMP.PROD. 449

194 FRIENDS SOFTWARE 222

195 FRYE ELECTR. 462

196 FYI INC. 171

197 G R ELECTRONICS 206

198 G &G ENGINEERING 283

199 G-H COMPUTER SYS. 516

200 GENERAL SOFTWARE INC. 164

201 GENSTAR REI SALES CO. 514

202 GILTRONIX.INC. 439

203 GILTRONIX.INC. 439

204 GILTRONIX.INC. 439

205 GNOSIS 358

344 GRAPPLER, THE 277

206 GREAT PLAINS SOFTWARE 225 470 GRYPHON SYS 445

207 H&E COMPUTRONICS 355

208 HAYES MICROCOMP.PROD. 69

209 HAYES MICROCOMP.PROD. 403 491 HAZELTINE 387

210 HEATH COMPANY 125

211 HERTZ CORP.THE 455

212 HEWLETT-PACKARD 135

213 HEWLETT-PACKARD 216, 217

214 HEWLETT-PACKARD 216, 217

215 HEWLETT-PACKARD 216, 217

216 HEWLETT-PACKARD 216, 217

217 HEWLETT-PACKARD 216, 217

218 HEWLETT-PACKARD 313

219 HIGH TECH.SFTW.PROD. 131

• HILTON HOTEL CORP. 319

220 I.B.C. 33

221 ILLINOIS COMP.PROD. 520

222 IMPRINT SOFTWARE 528

223 IMS INTERNATIONAL 139

• INDEPENDENT BUS.SYS.INC. 295

225 INDIGO TECHNOLOGY 16

• INFOCOM, INC. 331

226 INFOSOFT COMP.SYS. 439

227 INNOVATIVE SFTW.APPL. 24B 488 INNOVATIVE SFTW. 415

229 INTEGRAL DATA SYS. 73

230 INTEGRAND 270

231 INTEL CORP 98, 99

232 INTERACTIVE MICROWRE. 446

233 INTERACTIVE STRUCT. 10

234 INTERCONTN.MICROSYS. 395

235 INTERMEDIA SYSTEMS 294

236 INTERTEC DATA SYS. 17 75 INTERTEC DATA SYS. 271

238 IPEX INT'L. 514

239 ISA CO.LTD. 467

240 ISE 71

241 ISE 223

242 ISOTECH.INC. 130

243 ITHACA INTERSYSTEMS 9

244 J.C.SYSTEMS 448

245 J.FISKE SFTW.SYS. 524

246 JADE COMP.PROD. 531

247 JADE COMP.PROD. 532, 533

248 JAMECO ELECTR. 550, 551

249 JDR MICRODEVICES 536, 537

250 JDR MICRODEVICES 538, 539

251 JIMSCOT, INC. 258

252 JVB ELECTRONICS 526

253 KADAK PRODUCTS 399

254 KERN PUBLISHING 236

255 KERN PUBLISHING 237 257 KRAMER SYS INT'L. 478

291 LABORATORY COMP.SYS. 524

259 LABORATORY MICROSYS. 514

260 LAXEN & HARRIS INC. 524

261 LEADING EDGE PROD Clll

262 LEHIGH VALLEY LOGIC INC. 354 497 LEHMAN & ASSOC. 528

263 LEO ELECTRONICS 530

To get further information on the products advertising in BYTE, fill out the reader service card with your name and address. Then circle the appropriate numbers for the advertisers you select from the list. Add an 18-oent stamp to the card, then drop it in the mail. Not only do you gain information, but our advertisers are encouraged to use the marketplace provided by BYTE. This helps us bring you a bigger BYTE. The index is provided as an additional service by the publisher, who assumes no liability for errors or omissions. 'Correspond directly with company.

Inquiry No.

Page No.

264 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 275 276 277 278 279 280 2B1 282 283 284 285 173

286 287

288 289 290 292 293 294 295

296 297 298

300

486 301 354 302 501 502 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 324 274 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334

335 336

337 338 339 340

341 342 343 345 346 347 348

349 350 351

352 353 357 358 359 360

361

LIFEBOAT ASSOC. 327 LNW RESEARCH 75 LOGICAL DEVICES 354 LOGO COMP.SYS. 191 LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS 367 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 496 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 514 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 518 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 524 MACROTECH INT'L. 194 MACROTECH INT'L. 194 MACROTECH INT'L. 194 MACROTRONICS 526 MAGNETIC INFORMATION 476 MAGNOLIA MICROSYS. 512 MANNESMANN TALLY 281 MARYMAC INDUSTRIES 447 MASTER COMPUTING INC. 190 MAXELL DATA PRODUCTS 15 MAXTEK 455 MBI 530

MBP SFTF.&SYS.TECH. 381 MCGRAW-HILL, GREGG DIV. 330 MCP COMPUTER PROD. 522 MEDIA DISTRIBUTING 445 MEDIAMIX 126

MEMOREX MEDIA PROD. 155 MEMORY MERCHANT 113 MEMOTECH 335 METAVAN INC. 530 MFJ ENTERPRISES INC 475 MICRO AGE COMP.STORE 167 MICRO BUSINESS WORLD 163 MICRO BUSN.SFTW.INC. 441 MICROCOM 391 MICRO DEVELOPMENTS 186 MICRO EXPRESS 522 MICRO EXPRESS CO. 474 MICRO FOCUS 199 MICRO LOGIC 528 MICRO MAGAZINE 520 MICRO MANAGEMENT SYS. 166 MICRO MANAGEMENT SYS. 384 MICRO MINT 371 MICRO MINT 370 MICRO MINT 446 MICRO PRINTER MRKTG 267 MICRO PRO INT'L. 93 MICRO SCI 143 MICRO WORKS, THE 306 MICRO-SPOT ELECTR. 18 MICROBYTE/EXT.PROCSS. 332 MICROCOMP.BUSN.IND. 37 MICRODYNAMICS 520 MICROHOUSE 12, 13 MICROMAIL 160 MICROPERIPH.CORP, THE 520 MICROSTUF.INC. 121 MICROSYSTEMS ASSOC. 522 MICROTECH EXPORTS 212 MIKOS 463

MILLER MICROCOMP.SERV. 457 MINI COMP.SUPPLIERS 360 MINI MICRO MART 196, 197 MINI MICRO MART 534, 535 MINOLTA CORP. 363 MOORE BUSN. FORMS 351 MORROW DESIGNS 193 MORROW DESIGNS 291 MOUNTAIN COMPUTER 19 MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS 405 MPC PERIPHERALS 111 MPI 161

MTI, SYSTEMS CORP. 338 MULTI BUSN.COMP.INC. 526 NEBS 178

NEC HOME ELECTR.USA 103 NEECO 339 NETRONICS 336, 337 NETWORK CONSULTING CORP 82 NEW GENERATION SYS. 204 N.N.C. ELECTRONICS 443 NORTH STAR COMPUTERS 100 NORTHERN BYTES 406 NOVATION 325 NOVATION 427 OASIS SYSTEMS 116 OLYMPIC SALES 314 OMEGA SALES 353 ORANGE MICRO 192 OREGON SOFTWARE 109 ORION INSTRUMENTS 518 ORYX SOFTWARE 308 ORYX SOFTWARE 456 OSBORNE COMPUTERS 31 OSBORNBMCGRAW-HILL 153 OSBORNE/MCGRAW-HILL 301 OSM COMPUTER 133 OWENS ASSOC. 434, 435 PACE ELECTR. 466 PACIFIC EXCHGS 476, 512, 520, 526 PALOMAR COMP.EQUIP. 544, 545 PAN AMERICAN ELEC INC. 453 PANASONIC 45

PEACHTREE SOFTWARE 76, 77 PERCOM DATA 7, 123 PEREX INC. 304

June 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc 559

Reader Service,

Inquiry No.

Page No.

362 PERIPHERALS UNLTD. 275 496 PERSONAL COMP AGE 261

363 PERSONAL COMP.SYS. 461

364 PERSONAL SYS.TECHN. 341

365 PHASE ONE SYS.INC. 377

366 PHONE I.INC. 188

367 PICKLES 4 TROUT 388 * POPULAR COMPUTING 417

368 PRACTICAL PERIPH. 24, 25

369 PRINTACOLOR 102

370 PRIORITY ONE 552, 553

371 PRIORITY ONE 554, 555

372 PRIORITY ONE 556, 557

373 PROCESSOR INTERFACES INC. 516

374 PROF.AIDS358

375 PROFESSIONAL DATA SYS. 411

376 PROGRAMMERS SOFT.EX. 16

503 PROMETHEUS PROD. 289 • PROMPT DOC.CO. 207

377 PURCHASING AGENTJHE 144

378 QANTEX DIV. 91

504 QUASAR CO. 393

379 QUASAR DATA PROD.INC. 149

380 QUCES 187

381 QUEST ELECTR. 525

382 QUINTREX, INC. 518

383 QUME CORP. 95

384 R.R. SOFTWARE 208

385 RACET COMPUTES 362 507 RACET COMPUTES 362

386 RADIO SHACK CIV

387 RANA SYSTEMS 27

388 RCA 30

389 RCE 392

390 RED BARON COMP.PROD. 106, 107

391 REITH.WALCOTT ENG. 494

392 REMOTE EVOLUTIONARY COMP. 36

Inquiry No.

Page No.

393 RENAISSANCE TECHN. 479

• ROLIN ASSOCIATES 528

394 RUPERT NEVE INC. 97

395 S C DIGITAL 328

• S-100INC484

396 S.P.C.TECH.INC. 449

397 SAGE COMP. TECH. 249

398 SAGE ENTERPRISES INC. 528

399 SANYO COMMUNICATIONS 307

400 SCIENTIFIC ENG. 514

401 SCIENTIFIC TECHNIQUES 520

402 SCION CORP 5

403 SCITRONICS 243 ' SCM CORP. 333

• SCOTTSDALE SYSTEMS 219

404 SCR ELECTR. 516

405 SEATTLE COMP PRODS 179

406 SEIKO-SHA CORP. 257

408 SHAPE INC. 472

409 SIERRA DATA SCIENCES 41

410 SIGGRAPH '82 315

411 SIGMATEK524

• SINCLAIR RESEARCH 184, 185

412 SINGER CO. 431

413 SLUDER501

414 SMOKE SIGNAL BRDCSTG 303

415 SMOKE SIGNAL BRDCSTG 303

• SOF/SYS.INC. 397

416 SOFTWARE DISTR. 359

• SOLID STATE SALES 511

417 SONICS MICRO SYS. 439

419 SORRENTO VALLEY ASSOC 350

420 SOUTHERN COMP.SYS. 458

421 SSM MICRO COMP PROD 11

• STACKWORKS 230

Inquiry No. Page No.

423 STANDARD SFTW.CORP. 114

424 STARWARE ' 528

425 STATIC MEMORY SYS 407

427 STROBE 279

428 SUBLOGIC 228

429 SUNNY INTL. 511 ' SUNTRONICS 439 7 SUPERLETTER 530

430 SUPERSOFT 128, 129

431 SYBEX 297

432 SYNCOM 40

495 SYS. DOCUMENTS 526

433 SYSTEM SOLUTIONS 530

434 SYSTEMED512

435 SYSTEMS GROUP, THE 29

436 SYSTEMS GROUP, THE 29

437 SYSTEMS PLUS INC. 221

438 SZ SOFTWARE SYSTEMS 530

439 TARBELL ELECTR. 127

440 TECH ELECTRONICS 522

441 TECMAR INC 299

442 TECMAR INC 383

443 TEKTRONIX INC. 105 169 TELECON SYSTEMS 530

445 TELETEK 89

446 TELEVIDEO INC 168, 169 141 TERCER MEDIO 361

447 TERMINALS TERRIFIC 400

448 TEXAS COMP.SYS. 401

449 THREE M COMPANY 175

450 THREE M STATIC CONTROL 357

• TINNEY.RBT.GRAPHICS 433

• TRANS WORLD AIRLINES 317

451 TRANSNET CORP. 398

452 TRAXX COMP.CORP. 151

Inquiry No.

Page No.

453 TRISTAR DATA SYS. 323

454 TSA PROFORMA 496

• TSC 227

455 U.S. MICRO SALES 540, 541

456 U.S. ROBOTICS 451

457 VECTOR GRAPHICS 287

458 VIDEX21

' VISICORP INC. 85

459 VISTA COMPUTER CO 265

• VR DATA 255

460 VYNET CORP. 450

461 WALKER.WILLIAM 439

462 WAMECO 522

463 WARN ELECTRONICS 518

464 WASHINGTON COMP.SERV. 517

465 WESPER MICRO SYSTEMS 226

466 WESTSTAR MICRO 454

467 WESTBROOK SEARCH INC. 530

468 WESTINGHOUSBLIGHT.DIV. 389

469 WESTWARE20

• WHITESMITHS LTD 422

• WICAT SYSTEMS 177

471 WINCHENDON GRP..THE 439

472 WINTEK CORP. 439

473 WINTERHALTER & ASSOC. 455

474 WW COMPONENT SUPPLY 521

475 XANADU ENGINEERING 522

476 XAVAX CORP. 146

• XEDEX CORP. 172, 173

477 XY LOGICS INC 300

478 ZO BEX 189

'Correspond directly with company

National Advertising Sales Representatives:

Northeast (617) 444-3946

Southeast (305) 628-3525

Northwest (415) 964-0706

ME, IMH, VT, MA, CT, Rl, DE, MD,

NC, SC, GA, FL, AL, MS, TN, KY

AK, HI, WA, OR, ID, MT, WY,

VA, WV, OK, TX, Upstate NY,

Hajar Associates Diplomat Bldg.

Northern California, Nevada Except

Eastern Canada

Las Vegas, Western Canada

Hajar Associates

5400 Diplomat Circle

Hajar Associates

280 Hillside Ave.

Suite 272

1000 ElwellCt.

Needham Heights, MA 02194

Orlando, FL 32810

Suite 124

Palo Alto, CA 94303

Mid Atlantic (201) 741-7744

Midwest (312) 966-0160

NY, NYC, NJ, PA

MN, Wl, Ml, IA, IL, IN, OH,

Southwest (714) 540-3554

Hajar Associates 321 Broad St.

MO, NE, KS, ND, SD, AR Hajar Associates

UT, CO, AZ, NM, Las Vegas, Southern California

Red Bank, NJ 07701

5225 Old Orchard Rd.

Hajar Associates

Suite 50

3303 Harbor Blvd.

Skokle, IL 60076

Suite H-4A

Costa Mesa, CA 92626

European Advertising

Sales Representatives:

Mr. Simon Smith

Mr. Fritz Krusebecker

Mr. Elfo Gonzaga

McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.

McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.

McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.

34 Dover St.

Lleblgstrasse 27C

Via Bracchlnl 1

London W1X3RA

D-6000 Frankfurt/Main 1

20123 Milan, Italy

England 1-493-1451

West Germany 72-01-81

88-90-617

Mr. Andrew Karnlg

Mrs. Gurlt Gepner

Andrew Karnlg & Associates

Mr. Michael Sales

McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.

Kungsholmsgatan 10

McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.

115 YosephtalSt.

112 27 Stockholm, Sweden

17 rue Georges Bizet

Bat Yam, Israel

08/51-68-70

F 75116 Paris France

866-561

Mr. Hans Csokor

720-33-42

Publlmedla

Relsnerstrasse 61

A-1037 Vienna, Austria

560 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

On the new, slicked-up, trimmed-down Starwriter F-10.

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It cranks out flawless copy at 40 cps; and its full 15" carriage lets it double in brass for both letter processing and business applications. You can plug it into almost any micro on the market (serial or parallell simply by plugging it in. And then make it keep on trucking with inexpensive, easily available Diablo com

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In its serial mode, it can print just about anything (including boldface, underlines, subscripts and superscripts!, and snap the carriage back to start the next line in less than a second. In its line mode, it prints in both directions, for even faster throughput.

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It's a nice, portable 30 pounds-about 10 pounds

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Circle 261 on inquiry card.

^•mrmt\m(^fifi'.^issis,>Vf-fr'

■ y '"'BW;*' --«*-.---*?PVf-"':

Radio Shack's TRS-80 is Your Best Choice in a First Computer

Why? Because you can start with our $999 Model III and easily—and economically—expand into a powerful, professional system!

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■ Add RS-232-C Interface

m Or Get It All with Our '2495 Model III Desktop Computer

A Radio Shack Model III is a

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Mail To: Radio Shack Dept. 82-A-131 1300 One Tandy Center Fort Worth, TX 76102

NAME

COMPANY _ ADDRESS.

CITY

STATE

Retail prices may vary at individual stores and dealers.

Circle 3(36 on Inquiry card.