Byte Magazine Volume 07 Number 10 - Computers in Business

This book was produced in EPUB format by the Internet Archive.

The book pages were scanned and converted to EPUB format automatically. This process relies on optical character recognition, and is somewhat susceptible to errors. The book may not offer the correct reading sequence, and there may be weird characters, non-words, and incorrect guesses at structure. Some page numbers and headers or footers may remain from the scanned page. The process which identifies images might have found stray marks on the page which are not actually images from the book. The hidden page numbering which may be available to your ereader corresponds to the numbered pages in the print edition, but is not an exact match; page numbers will increment at the same rate as the corresponding print edition, but we may have started numbering before the print book's visible page numbers. The Internet Archive is working to improve the scanning process and resulting books, but in the meantime, we hope that this book will be useful to you.

The Internet Archive was founded in 1996 to build an Internet library and to promote universal access to all knowledge. The Archive's purposes include offering permanent access for researchers, historians, scholars, people with disabilities, and the general public to historical collections that exist in digital format. The Internet Archive includes texts, audio, moving images, and software as well as archived web pages, and provides specialized services for information access for the blind and other persons with disabilities.

Created with abbyy2epub (v.1.7.0)

owerfu

68000-Powered

Once again you get a big stride forward with Cromemco.

This time it's our new DPU Dual Processor Unit. It givesenormous power to Cromemco computer systems such asOur System One shown here.

Compares with mainframes

With the new DPU you get the almost unbelievablypowerful 68000 processor and its 32-bit data-handlingcapabilities combined with its 16 Megabyte address space.

In other words with the System One/DPU combinationyou get a small machine that's the equal of superminis andmainframes in some areas.

8-Bit and 68000 software

The dual part of the DPU refers to its on-board Z-80Aprocessor. With this you have access to existing CP/M*software.

DPU card with error-correctingmemory and controller cards

for tomorrow

But besides being compatible with this wealth of existing8-bit software, the System One/DPU has available a wholefamily of new 68000 system software. This includes a widerange of high-level software such as our 68000 Assembler,FORTRAN 77, Pascal, BASIC, COBOL, and C.

Beyond all this there's a version for the 68000 of ourwidely admired CROMIXt Operating System. It's likeUNIXt but has even more features and gives multi-taskingand multi-user capability. In fact, one or more users can runon the Z-80A processor while others are running on the68000. Switching between the Z-80A and 68000 is auto-matically controlled.

The System One itself is a bus-oriented machine that hasoptions for color graphics, for 390K or 780K of floppystorage, a 5 MB hard disk option, communications capabil-ity, and multi-processor capability using our I/O processorcard.

Powerful new micro.Powerful software.

System One CS-1H

Highly expandable

With the System One/DPU combination, you gettremendous expandability. Right now you can have up to 2MB of RAM storage. You get this with our new MemoryStorage cards and our Memory Controller. The Controllerfully supports the 16 MB storage space of the 68000, allow-ing you vast future expansion capability.

Further, the memory has built-in error detection andcorrection, a feature normally found only in much morecostly systems.

Present customers can field-upgrade their Cromemcosystems to use the DPU and still be able to run their presentsoftware using the Z-80A on the DPU. It's one more

3102 Terminal

instance of Cromemco's policy of providing obsolescenceinsurance for Cromemco users.

Low priced

With all this performance you might not be ready for thelow price we're talking about. With 256K of RAM and 780Kof floppy storage, the price of the System One/DPU is only$5495. That's hard to beat.

So contact your rep now. He'll fill you in on the manymore features that this outstanding and powerful machineoffers.

'CP/M is a trademark of Digital ResearchtCROMIX is a trademark of Cromemco. Inc.JUNIX is a trademark of Bell Telephone Laboratories

iTM

Q Cromemcoincorporated280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 • (415) 964-7400Tomorrow's computers today

Circle 114 on inquiry card.

MUlTI-PROCESSINO/INmUGENT BO

I/O INTERFACES

COLOR GRAPHICS

f*\

11-MBYTE

HARD CHSK

DRIVE

EXTENSIVESOFTWARESUPPORT

What Cromemco computer cardcapability can do for you

The above diagram shows in a func-tional way one of the most completelines of computer cards in the industry.

Look it over carefully. It could be wellworth your while.

These are all cards that plug into ourS-100 bus microcomputers.

You can also assemble them into acustom system in convenient Cromemcocard cages.

MULTI-PROCESSING ANDINTELLIGENT I/O

The range of capabilities and versatilityyou can draw upon is enormous.

In processors, for example, you have achoice of CPU's including our extremelyuseful new I/O Processor. This can beused as a satellite processor to do off-lineprocessing, multi-processing, and to formintelligent I/O. It opens the door to awhole new group of applications andtasks. Ask us about it.

»HIGH RESOLUTIONCOLOR GRAPHICS

Again, you can have beautiful high-resolution color graphics with our colorgraphics interface. You can select fromover 4000 colors and have a picture witha resolution at least equal to qualitybroadcast-TV pictures.

ind

G

You have an unprecedented selectionof memory including our unusual 48Kand 16K two-port RAMs which allowhigh-speed color graphics.

LOTS OF STORAGE

These days you often want lots of diskstorage. So you can select from our diskcontroller card which will operate our 5"and 8" floppy disk drives (up to 1.2megabytes). Or select our WDI interfaceto operate our 11-megabyte hard diskdrives.

POWERFUL SOFTWARE ANDPERIPHERAL SUPPORT

There's much more yet you can dowith our cards. And, of course; there's aneasy way to put them to work in our 8-,12-, and 21 -slot card cages. Our PS8power supply makes it simple to get thesystem into operation.

Finally, Cromemco offers you thestrongest software support in the industry

Cromemco'"

i n c o rpo r ate d280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040Tomorrow's computers today

Circle 115 on inquiry card.

with languages like FORTRAN,COBOL, ASSEMBLER, LISP, BASICothers. There is also a wide choice fromindependent vendors.

To top it all off, you can draw from asubstantial array of peripherals: ter-minals, printers, color monitors and diskdrives.

There is even more capability thanwe're able to describe here.

NOW AT HALL-MARKAND KIERULFF

For your convenience Cromemcoproducts are now available at Hail-MarkElectronics and Kierulff Electronics. Contact these national distributors for immediate product delivery.

CROMEMCO COMPUTER CARDS• PROCESSORS — 4 MHz Z-80 A CPU, single cardcomputer, I/O processor • MEMORY — up to 64Kincluding special 48K and 16K two-port RAMSandour very well known BYTESAVERS® with PRONprogramming capability • HIGH RESOLUTIONCOLOR GRAPHICS — our SDI offers up to 754 >482 pixel resolution. • GENERAL PURPOSE IN-TERFACES— QUADART four-channel serial corrmunications, TU-ART two-channei parallel andtwo-channel serial, 8PIO 8-port parallel, 4PIC4-port isolated parallel, D+ 7 A 7-channel D/AandA/D converter, printer interface, floppy disk con-troller with RS-232 interface and systendiagnostics, wire-wrap and extender cards for youdevelopment work.

(415)964-7400

lit The Queue

ilTE

Volume 7, Number 10

October 1982

Features

29 Beyond the Peaks of Visicalc by Jack

Bishop / Three new software packages help fiscalplanners study large, complex financial models.

40 Build the Microvox Text-to-SpeechSynthesizer, Part 2: Software by Steve

Ciarcia / Rules for conversion of plain Englishtext to phonemes govern the operation of thisSC-OlA-based device.

68 What Makes Business Programming

Hard? by James L. Woodward / A banker/programmer describes some of the pitfalls in writingsoftware that handles "routine" business tasks.

80 Adapting Microcomputers to Wall Street

by Robert Franz / Microcomputers are fast becomingcrucial tools for financial managers.

96 Putting Peal-World Interfaces to Work,Part 1: Monitoring Physical Quantities with theTRS-80 by William Barden Jr. / A summary oftechniques for interfacing the TRS-80 to the "real-world" and a look at some of the transducers thatprovide practical applications.

1 28 The State of Industrial Robotics by J.

Michael Callahan / Industrial robots are playing anincreasingly important role in manufacturing. Herewe look at some of the fundamentals of robotdesign and describe some robot subsystems.

146 Marketplace by Robert Dickinson / You can

become an entrepreneur and pit your companyagainst the competition in this two-playertelecomputing game for the TRS-80 Model III. It's thesixth-place winner in the BYTE Game Contest.

1 76 Ringquest by Gordon Mills / You'll need tomuster up more than the usual amount of gamestrategy for this adventure that sometimes penalizesthe aggressive player. It captured fifth place in theBYTE Game Contest.

210 The Case of the Purloined Object Code:Can It Be Solved? Part 2: Approaches toSoftware Protection by Richard H. Stern / An

expert on software-protection law tackles thetough issues.

254 User's Column: A BASIC and PascalBenchmark, Elegance, Apologies, and FORTH by

Jerry Pournelle / A microcomputer user assesses thespeed and convenience of some languages currentlyavailable.

291 An Introduction to the HumanApplications Standard Computer Interface, Part1: Theory and Principles by Chris Rutkowski / Six

years' effort has already gone into developing aninterface design that promises to make computingpower more accessible to the general consumer.

315 The Personal Computer as an Interfaceto a Corporate Management InformationSystem by N. R. McBurney II / Designing anintelligent terminal program for the Apple II Plus.

360 Software Arts' TK Solver by Gregg

Williams / Software Arts' new "toolkit" equationsolver is like an electronic calculator for algebra.

380 Naming Your Software by Stephen A.

Becker / Registered trademarks provide the bestprotection for your software creations.

406 Program Your Own Text Editor, Part 2:Install the Video-Display-Oriented Text Editoron Your System by Richard Fobes / A listing of thetext editor's source code with numerous commentsconcludes this two-part article.

Reviews

224 Radio Shack Compiler BASIC by Rowland Archer392 Wyse Technology's WY-100 Terminal by Mark Haas400 Edu-Ware's Statistics 3.0 by Brownlee Elliott447 Systems Plus: FMS-80 by Jack L. Abbot

Nucleus

6

18

26,

312

385,

390451452455459466467471525526527

Editorial: Some Answers to Frequently Asked

Questions

Letters

386, 454, 468 BYTE's Bits

Programming Quickies: Generating Mohr's Circle

390 Book Reviews: Personal Documentation for

Professionals, Means and Methods; Visicalc: Home

and Office Companion

BYTE's Bugs

Clubs and Newsletters

Ask BYTE

BYTELINES

Event Queue

Books Received

Software Received

What's New?

Unclassified Ads

BOMB, BOMB Results

Reader Service

Page 29

Page 40

Page 128

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 3

m

Editor in ChiefChristopher P. Morgan

Managing Editor

Mark Haas

Technical Editors

Gregg Williams. Senior Editor;

Richard S. Shuford. Curtis P. Feigel,

George Stewart, Arthur Little,

Stanley Wszola, Pamela Clark, Richard Malloy;

Phillip Lemrnons. West Coast Editor; Steve

Garcia, Mark Dahmke. Consulting Editors;

Jon Swanson, Drafting Editor

Copy Editors

Beverly Cronin, Chief;

Faith Hanson, Warren Williamson, Anthony J.

Lockwood, Hilary Selby Polk, Elizabeth Kepner,

Nancy Hayes, Cathryn Baskin; Margaret Cook,

Junior Copy Editor

Assistants

Faith Kluntz, Debe Wheeler, Beverly Jackson,

Lisa Jo Steiner

Production

David R. Anderson, Assoc. Director;Patrice Scribner, Jan Muller, Virginia Reardon;Sherry McCarthy, Chief Typographer;Debi Fredericks, Donna Sweeney,Valerie Horn

Advertising

Thomas Harvey, Director;Marion Carlson, Rob Hannings, DeborahPorter, Vicki Reynolds, Cathy A. R. Drew, LisaWozmak; Jacqueline Earnshaw, ReaderService Coordinator; Wai Chiu Li, Advertising/Production Coordinator; Linda J. Sweeney

Circulation

Gregory Spitzfaden. Manager;

Andrew Jackson. Asst. Manager;

Agnes E. Perry. Barbara Varnum,

Louise Menegus. Jennifer Price.

Sheila A. Bamford;

James Bingham. Dealer Sales;

Deborah J. Cadwell. Asst;

Linda Ryan

Marketing

Wilbur S. Watson, Marketing Coordinator;

Timothy W. Taussig. Marketing Production

Coordinator

Controller's Office

Daniel Rodrigues. Controller;Mary E. Fluhr, Acct. & D/P Mgr.; KarenBurgess, Jeanne Cilley, Linda Fluhr.Vicki Bennett, L. Bradley Browne

Traffic

N. Scott Gagnon. Scott Jackson.Kathleen Reckart

Receptionist

Jeanann Waters

Publishers

Virginia Londoner. Gordon R. Williamson;

John E. Hayes. Associate Publisher;

Cheryl A. Hurd, Michele P. Verville, Publisher's

Assistants;

Officers of McGraw-Hill Publications Com-pany: Paul F. McPherson, President; ExecutiveVice President. Gene W. Simpson; Senior VicePresident-Editorial: Ralph R. Schulz; VicePresidents: R. Bernard Alexander; Kemp Ander-son. Business Systems Development; Harry L.Brown, Special Markets; Robert B. Doll, Circula-tion; James E. Hackett, Controller; Eric B. Herr.Planning and Development; H. John Sweger,Jr.. Marketing.

Officers of the Corporation: Harold W.McGraw Jr., Chairman and Chief ExecutiveOfficer; Joseph L. Dionne. President and ChiefOperating Officer; Robert N. Landes, Senior VicePresident and Secretary; Ralph J. Webb,Treasurer.

* II

wus

In This Issue

ccording to a survey conducted by the Eastern Management Group, of t

JO.OOO personal computers installed by the United States by the enc

1, 64 percent were operating In businesses However, even with 900,i

sonal computers in U S. business establishments, only 1 out of every .

ite-collar workers is equipped with his own machine Obviously, t

ket for personal computers within the business world is just getting off t

md. But someday, as Robert Tinney's cover playfully illustrates, mfcrocc

rs will very likely necome permanent fixtures on Wall Street Robert Fra

ribes how one brokerage firm has made microcomputers work to its

itage. James L. Woodward, a Boston banker, discusses some pitfalls

ness programming in What Makes Business Programming Hard?'

op reviews three popular financial-planning systems in "Beyond

ks of Visicalc." N. R. McBurney II describes "The Personal Computer as i

rface to a Corporate Management Information System." Gregg Williams

s at Software Arts' new TK Solver. In "An Introduction to the Human Ap-

tions Standard Computer Interface" (the first of a two-part article), Chris

owski discusses new directions in which the personal computer may be

ling. Steve Garcia concludes his two-part article on the construction

■ Microvox text-to-speech synthesizer, William Barden puts real-world int

s to work, Jerry Pournelle discusses BASIC and P^sc^l benchmarks,

continue the countdown on our Game Contest winners

BYTE is published monthly by BYTE Publications Inc. 70 Main St. Peterborough NH 03458. phone |603)924-9281. a wholly-owned subsidiary of McGraw-Hill, Inc. Office hours: Mon-Thur 8:30 AM - 4:30 PM, Friday8:30 AM - Noon, Eastern Time. Address subscriptions, change of address, USPS Form 3579, and fulfillment ques-tions to BYTE Subscriptions, POB 590, Martinsville NJ 08836. Second class postage paid at Peterborough, NH.03458 and additional mailing offices. USPS Publication No. 528890 |ISSN 0360-5280). Canadian second classregistration number 9321. Subscriptions are S19 for one year, S34 for two years, and S49 for three years in theUSA and its possessions. In Canada and Mexico. S2I for one year. S38 for two years. S55 for three years. S43 forone year air delivery to Europe. $35 surface delivery elsewhere. Air delivery to selected areas at additional ratesupon request. Single copy price is S2.95 in the USA and its possessions, S3.50 in Canada and Mexico. S4.50 inEurope, and S5.00 elsewhere. Foreign subscriptions and sales should be remitted in United States funds drawn ona US bank. Printed in United States of America.

Address all editorial correspondence to the editor at BYTE, POB 372, Hancock NH 03449. Unacceptablemanuscripts will be returned if accompanied by sufficient first class postage. Not responsible for lost manuscripts orphotos. Opinions expressed by the authors are not necessarily those of BYTE. Entire contents copyright © 1982by BYTE Publications Inc. All rights reserved. Where necessary, permission is granted by the copyright owner forlibraries and others registered with the Copyright Clearance Center |CCC) to photocopy any article herein for thebase fee of S1.00 per copy of the article or item plus 25 cents per page. Payment should be sent directly to theCCC, 21 Congress St. Salem MA 01970. Copying done for other than personal or internal reference use withoutthe permission of McGraw-Hill is prohibited. Requests for special permission or bulk orders should be addressed tothe publisher.

BYTE® is available in microform from University Microfilms International. 300 N Zeeb Rd. Dept PR. AnnArbor Ml 48106 USA or 18 Bedford Row. Dept PR. London WC1R 4EJ England.

Subscription questions or problems should be addressed to:BYTE Subscriber Service

P.O. Box 328Hancock, NH 03449

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

<X 50

*' "W ****

corn

SALES BY CATEGORY

25 25

15 20 25 15

.

** ■--.--* -^v

i ne

\

\

\

ADD QUALITY GRAPHICS

IPTl

The OEM's best choice for graphicsis MicroAngelo;" the single boardgraphics display computer fromSCION. Install MicroAngelo in yourMultibus or S-100 host and let thisintelligent display processor bringyour screen to life with full graphicsand text. MicroAngelo features 512by 480 pixel graphics and 40 line by85 character text displays.

Save development time and overhead withSCREENWARE™, SCION's high level display firmwarelanguage. SCREENWARE provides point, vector, region,circle, flood, crosshair, light pen interface, trackingcross, screen load and dump, split screen, macro, andfull terminal emulation commands. Use MicroAngeloboth as your main console and as your applicationsoftware's display screen.

MicroAngelo's on-board processor frees your host pro-cessor and bus to perform other tasks, while on-boardmemory and firmware reduce the size of your applica-tion programs. With our direct, easy interface to anyhigh level language, you are no more than a simple sub-

routine call away from /powerful capabilities. Use one Micro-Angelo for monochrome graphicsdisplays. And combine two or moreMicroAngelos to create high resolu-"*" tion color graphics.

MicroAngelo is the OEM's choice becauseit is a powerful self-contained graphics displaycomputer that is easy to add to your host. A graphicsdisplay computer that is proven reliable in over 1000field installations. A graphics display computer that is soaffordable you don't have to design your own.

Think SCION for your graphics display needs.Think MicroAngelo. Call us at (703) 476-6100.

*OEM quantity 25 price for Multibus or S-100 board.

if the image is important

12310 Pinecrest Rd./Reston, VA 22091(703) 476-6100 TWX: 710-833-0684

Circle 343 on inquiry card.

Circle 134 on inquiry card.

fOOt-note, n. 1. a note orcomment at the end of apage, referring to a specificpart of the text on the page.2. an essential program forthe serious WordStar user.

FOOTNOTE™ brings full foot-noting capabilities to WordStar™.

FOOTNOTE automatically num-bers both footnote calls and foot-notes, and formats the text,placing footnotes on the bottomof the correct page. At the user'soption, the footnotes can also beremoved from the text file to aseparate note file.

Footnotes can be entered singlyor in groups, in the middle or atthe end of paragraphs, or in acompletely separate note file. Afterrunning FOOTNOTE the user canre-edit the text, add or deletenotes, and run FOOTNOTE againto re-number and re-format theWordStar file.

The price is $125., and includesPAIR, a companion program thatchecks that printer commandsto underline orset in BOLDFACEare properly terminated. FOOT-NOTE and PAIR require 48KRAM and CP/M 2.x, CP/M-86 orIBM PC DOS, and WordStar.Formats: 8" SS/SD, 5V*" North-Star DD, Micropolis Mod ll/Vec-tor/MZ, Superbrain 3.0, Apple IIwith CP/M, 5Va" and 8" Xerox820, HP-125, HP-87, Televideo,IBM PC (specify DOS or CP/M-86), IBM DisplayWriter withCP/M-86.

SOFTWARESOFTWAREDIGITAL/MARKETING

DOM./MARKETING™

7^-

C>S3r'«?

Ifc'viVifonfr

FOOTNOTE and PAIR trademarks of PRO/TEM Software. Inc.

WordStar trademark of Micropro Int'l

CP/M and CP/M-86 trademarks of Digital Research

^_

PRO/TEM

Editorial

Some Answers to

Frequently Asked

Questions

by Chris Morgan, Editor in Chief

One thing an editor gets is questions. It's part of the game. Readers and peo-ple I meet always have questions about microcomputers and various aspects ofthe microcomputer industry. Some of the questions are easy to answer, othersare not so easy. This month I've taken some of the more frequently asked ques-tions and tried to answer them—or sidestep them gingerly, as the case may be.

What's the Best Computer to Buy?

Actually, most people who ask this question don't really expect me to namea specific brand, and I don't give one. Usually they're looking for generalguidelines or a friendly push in the right direction. Often they want to knowwhat my own favorite computer is. (See below for that answer.)

Buying a microcomputer is a highly personal process, similar to being fittedfor clothes. You have to find the right style, the right retailer, and (if neces-sary) the right tailor to make alterations. Before I could recommend a com-puter to you, I'd first have to get to know your likes and dislikes, your needs,and your budget. Only then would I risk making a timorous recommendation.

So you see, the selection process is really up to you. To begin, think aboutwhat tasks you want the computer to perform. If you have some familiaritywith microcomputers, you should consider your likes and dislikes. And, ofcourse, you must be mindful of your budget. After you've gathered all this in-formation, do some reading and make a list of candidate models. Do somemore reading. Read reviews and articles that discuss the computers on yourlist. Talk to people who own these machines. If you don't know any owners,find out if a computer club in your area has users groups devoted to thosecomputers. And if you're not sure whether there is a computer club in yourarea, check our monthly feature Clubs and Newsletters as well as our most re-cent Clubs and Newsletters directory, last published in the April 1981 BYTE(page 158). Attend some of the meetings and get to know the members. You'llfind it's a wise investment of your time.

Another important step is to visit some computer stores without your check-book. Don't buy a computer on impulse. It's like marrying someone the dayyou've met. Anyway, sales personnel in a reputable computer store won't tryto foist a computer on you as soon as you come through the door. Instead,they'll probably repeat the litany of items I listed above. They know only toowell what happens when a human/computer match is not made in heaven.

Spend time in the showroom with the computers you're thinking about buy-ing. If you're an experienced programmer, you'll quickly discover the littleidiosyncrasies that can add up to headaches later. Even if you're relatively newto computers, you'll learn a lot from deciphering the owners manuals. Today'smanuals are vastly better than the hastily written and typed photocopies of afew years ago. But beware—documentation still has a long way to go.

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

You Get More Out onPercom Disk Systems.

Field-proven designs. 100% testingsolid dealer support — these arereasons you can expect to get

more out of Percom disk storage

systems.

Expect It:

-

FLOPPY MINI-DISK STORAGE SYSTEMS

Percom floppy diskdrives are compat-ible with selectedmodels of Atari,Commodore. IBM,Radio Shack andTl personal com-puters.Percom drives aredouble-density rated.Formatted on-linestorage capacity istypically 160,000 toover 180,000 bytes fordrives, twicethat amount for dual-headeddrives.

Prima jrage systems

{available for Atari, IBM andTRS-80* Model III personalcomp elude Percom

double-density disk control-lers, software, power supplies and cabling.Add-on units include a drive (or drives) and power

;ures

Prices start at $299 for economy add-on drives,$599 for primary drive s- sterns

?e why you can expect more out of quality Percom disk stor-ioday. Or, call Percom toll-free for

;.'■■.■■■ ' - ' ..-••■'■ .'. '

WINCHESTER DISK STORAGE SYSTEMS

■ .

Since the Percom smart, hard-disk controller handles fromone to four drives, you can have from 5 million to 120 millionbytes of f capacity.

/ fi urse add-on units cost

h ause they neither need

nor include a controller.

Percom Winchester disk storferns are now availablefor Apple, IBM PC and RadioShack computers. Watch forannouncements of versions foer computers, includingi minicomputers.

Pri^oc ctart at unHor "RO^OO

YES...I'd like to know more about Percom disksystems. Please rush me information.

Send to: PERCOM DATA COMPANY, INC. Oept BD211220 Pagemill Road, Dallas TX 75243

name

street

city .

state

zip

PEFQOM

phone number

I'm interested in Winchester disk storage for my...Apple (mdl) DIBM PC Radio Shack (mdl)

Tuf flfpi i/jf Pmr*i f

IIIL Iflllvl. m LUf LL

11220 Payemill Road • D^Sl • <214> 340-7081

1

■ Radio Shack (mdl) CTexas Instruments 99/4

I'm interested in floppy disk storage for my..Atari (mdl) Commodore (mdl)

JIBM PC

PRICES AND SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANQE WITHOUT NOTICE,

: .:■' "■■■'■ .:■ ^ ^ ; : ;v : :.■:■.■

Thecompany

known for its

state-of-the-art

hardware,

now has

softwareto match.

iented version of the well-known Pascal/Z'"mpiler for Z-80K based machines running thegital Research CP/M-MP/M II- operating systems,enhances the use of Pascal as a business pro-gramming language. It gives you greater precision,efficiency and flexibility.

InterEdit™ screen editor is designed so thatnovice computer-users can create, edit and save fileswith a minimum of keystrokes. InterEdit features anautomatic paragraph indent, making it extremelyuseful for intensive typing programs.

InterProof spelling checker and corrector is anall-in-one utility. InterProof checks the words in anytext file against its 14,000 literal word dictionary, andautomatically corrects the word spelling.

InterComp™ source compare utility eliminatestime wasted reading and re-reading revisions. It'sideal for word processing and programmingapplications.

All Ithaca InterSystems software runs on anyIthaca computer system and on any Z-80 basedmachine running CP/M-MP/M. You'll find that Ithaca'sservice after the sale is just as advanced as hard-ware and software products. We believe in what wesell and support our products... after the sale.

For more information on these new softwareproducts, just call 800-847-2088,or in New York State 607-257-0190.

Get the facts about Pascalbefore you buy. Don't buy a Pascalcompiler until you've read "The FactsAbout Pascal". Call us for a free copy.

Ithaca

We think as fast as you do.

Ithaca InterSystems, Inc.

1650 Hanshaw Rd., P.O. Box 91, Ithaca, N.Y. 14850

TWX 510-255-4346

• Pascal/BZ, Pascal/Z, interComp, InterProof and InterEdit are trademarks ofIthaca InterSystems, Inc.

• Z-80 is a registered trademark of Zilog, Inc.

• CP/M-MP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

Circle 207 on inquiry card.

Editorial

Established companies such as Apple, IBM, and RadioShack have good documentation for the most part. Wemake a lot of noise about bad documentation here atBYTE, and you'd be wise to consult our product reviews.

Should I Buy a Computer Now or Wait for theNext Generation?

I'll risk a generalization and say, "Buy now." Yes,there's always the chance that your brand-new machinewill be supplanted by a newer model the day after youbuy it, but that's a fact of life in this industry. (Anyway,by the time the new model is actually available—which isoften six to twelve months or longer in this industry—aneven newer model is announced, ad infinitum.) Better tolearn as much as possible on a present model than sitaround waiting for the elusive new one. If the same at-titude prevailed among car shoppers, no one would ownany cars. Much of what you learn on any existingmachine will probably be useful in working with any newmachine you might buy—the technology isn't changingthat fast. And manufacturers are more careful these daysabout making their machines as upward-compatible aspossible. So your old software can in many cases run onthe new models. Switching from one brand of computerto another complicates matters, however. You may beout of luck in some cases and have to buy new software.

Which Operating System Will Be the Standard?

Probably no one operating system will overpower therest, just as no one high-level language has eclipsed therest of the field. I predict that in a few years the typicalmicrocomputer will have any operating system you wanton-board in firmware, whether it be UCSD Pascal, MS-DOS, CP/M-86, Onyx, Unix, or what you will. It willsimply become an economic necessity because the ulti-mate driving force in this market is software, not hard-ware. Hardware is the means to the software end. Goodsoftware ultimately creates a hardware base to take ad-vantage of it, but the reverse is not always the case.

If I had to make a prediction, I'd say that MS-DOS andCP/M will be the dominant operating systems in a fewyears, even though CP/M is an 8-bit operating system.Eight-bit machines are not going to go away for a longtime. The economic arguments for their longevity are ir-refutable. One such argument points to the installed userbase of CP/M machines. MS-DOS will probablydominate by virtue of the sheer number of licenses beinggranted lately to U.S. and Japanese manufacturers.

Which Processor Will Be the Leader in Five Years?

The Intel 8086 is the likely choice based on currentsales (the 8086 dominates the 16-bit market at present)although the Motorola 68000 will have a significant shareof the market. The 68000 has appeared in several newdesigns and will continue to grow in popularity based onits architecture and instruction set, both of which have

Circle 403 on inquiry card. t

iBfliBfliBfliiiffliiaiBfliiaiBfliiaifli

897 N.W. Grant Ave. • Corvallis, Oregon 97330 • 503/758-0521

I

7j

Never having to type the word

"CATALOG," or trying to remember

how to get from one part

of a program to another!

If you could do these functions, and many

more like them, at the STROKE of a SINGLE

KEY, would you? We thought you would! So,

we invented the Enhancer ][ and the Function

Strip. More than just another lower case

adapter, the Enhancer ][ is an intelligent

keyboard processor. Now characters, strings

of data, commands and statements can all be

stored in your Enhancer ][ for immediate recall

by pressing JUST ONE KEY!

Features that you would expect only on larger

systems now can be yours. EASILY! For

instance, wouldn't you like auto-repeat, and hi-

speed repeat? How about a type-ahead buffer?

Even user-definable function keys are available

for greater input flexibility.

The Videx Enhancer ][ and Function Strip; it

really is the Dawn of a New Era for Apple ][™.

Suggested Prices

| ENHANCER ][ 149.00

I FUNCTION STRIP 79.00

Package Deal 215.00

Apple |l is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.Enhancer )[ and Function Strip are trademarks of Videx, Inc

Editorial

been praised by programmers. It's still too early to callthe 32-bit market.

What's Your Favorite Computer?

I honestly have a hard time with this question. I'veprobably worked with the Apple II longer than with anyother machine, and it's a favorite of mine. But you canplay Star Raiders only on the Atari 400 and 800 com-puters, and I dearly love Star Raiders and Atari graphicsin general. I could continue in this vein for several moreparagraphs, but my real sentimental favorite is the oldIBM 11301 used while a student at Rensselaer PolytechnicInstitute. I had it largely to myself one summer, and inmany ways it was an early personal computer. It had afast FORTRAN compiler and some nifty mathematicalsubroutines to come to the aid of a poor graduate studentreeling under a semester's worth of partial differentialequations. I'm still recovering from that course.

What Computer Do You Have at Home?

I don't. I have to rest sometime.* * *

This Thing Called Videotex

Videotex has been getting a lot of press lately and thathas prompted a number of questions. The main questionis "What is it?" Currently its definition and even its spell-

ing are in a state of flux, but a basic meaning has evolved.Videotex is a system of encoding graphic or textual infor-mation on a host computer, transmitting this informationover telephone lines, displaying this information on ahome television equipped with a special decoder, andrelaying information back to the host computer. In effect,videotex transforms home TV sets into color-graphicsterminals. It is differentiated from teletext in that teletextprovides information transfer in one direction only,usually via the television broadcast signal in the verticalblanking interval. (An example of teletext in use is theclosed-caption system for the hearing-impaired used byPBS, CBS, and NBC.) It's easy to see why videotex hasreceived so much coverage and generated so much in-terest. Its potential market is huge. After all, it's limitedonly by the number of phones and TVs in use.

A controversy has developed over which methodshould be used to encode videotex information. AT&T issupporting a system called North American PresentationLevel Protocol (NAPLP), which is a refinement of theTelidon system used in Canada. IBM is supporting thePrestel system, which is used in the United Kingdom.Currently the NAPLP system seems to be winning out: ithas just been adopted as a standard by both the AmericanNational Standards Institute (ANSI X3L2.1) and theCanadian Standards Authority (CSA-T500).

The Context MBA is available now at:

California

Computer City/Brea 714/996-0800Computer City/Santa Ana 714/549-7749CompulerLand/Almaden 408/267-2182ComputerLand/Belmont 415/595-4232ComputerLand/Buriingame 415/348-7731ComputerLand/Fremont 415/794-9311ComputerLand/Hayward 415/538-8080ComputerLand/Newport Beach 714/975-0953ComputerLand/Pasadena 213/449-3205ComputerLand/Sacramento 916/920-8981ComputerLand/San Diego 714/560-9912ComputerLand/San Diego North 714/434-7001ComputerLand/San Fernando Valley 213/716-7714ComputerLand/San Francisco-Financial 415/546-1592ComputerLand/San Francisco-Market Street

415/864-8080ComputerLand/San Francisco-Van Ness 415/673-6640CompulerLand/Sonoma 707/528-1775ComputerLand/South Bay 213/371-7144ComputerLand/Stockton 209/473-1241ComputerLand/Thousand Oaks 805/495-3554ComputerLand/Ventura 805/656-7711ComputerLand/West Covina 213/960-6351ComputerLand/West Los Angeles 213/559-3353Computer Plaza /Santa Barbara 805/687-9391Gateway Computer Center/Cerritos 213/865-4444Gateway Computer Center/Huntington Beach

714/895-3931

Connecticut

ComputerLand/Danbury 203/748-2300ComputerLand/Fairfield 203/255-9252ComputerLand/Hartlord 203/561-1446ComputerLand/New Haven 203/288-5162ComputerLand/Stamtord 203/964-1224

Delaware

ComputerLand/New Castle County 302/738-9656Georgia

ComputerLand/Atlanta

ComputerLand/Smyrna 404/577-2449

Illinois

ComputerLand/Arlington Heights 312/870-7500ComputerLand/Champaign 217/359-0859ComputerLand/Downers Grove 312/964-7762ComputerLand/Johet 815/741-3303ComputerLand/Lake County 312/949-1300ComputerLand/Naperville 312/369-3511ComputerLand/Niles 312/967-1714ComputerLand/Northorook 312/272-4703ComputerLand/Oak Lawn 312/422-8080ComputerLand/Peoria 309/688-6252

ComputerLand /Schaumbuig 312/843-7740Mam Street Computer Co./Oecater 217/429-5505

Indiana

ComputerLand/Merrillville 219/769-8020

The Computer Room/South Bend 219/277-1600

General Microcomputer/South Bend 219/277-4972

Kaniaa

ComputerLand/Leawood 913/341-5335ComputerLand/Lawrence 413/841-8611ComputerLand /Overland Park 913/492-8682ComputerLand/Topeka 913/267-6530Maine

ComputerLand/Portland 207/774-1309

Massachusetts

Business Data Systems/Hanover 617/878-7888ComputerLand/Boston 617/482-6033

Michigan

ComputerLand/Ann Arbor 313/973-7075ComputerLand/Grosse Pointe 313/772-6540ComputerLand/Southlield 313/356-8111Computer Mart/Ann Arbor 313/665-4453Computer Mart/Flint 313/234-0161Computer Mart/Kalamazoo 616/329-1000Computer Mart/Lansing 517/351-1777Computer Mart/Livonia 313/540-3928Computer Mart/Tn-Cities 517/790-1360Computer Mart/Troy 313/649-0910The Computer Room/Grand Rapids 616/949-2802The Computer Room/Kalamazoo 616/343-4634Minnesota

ComputerLand/Bloomington 612/884-1474ComputerLand/Hopkins 612/933-8822ComputerLand /Minneapolis 612/333-3151

Missouri

ComputerLand/Gladstone 816/436-3737ComputerLand/Independence 816/461-6502ComputerLand/St Joseph 816/364-4498

Hew Hampshire

ComputerLand/Nashua 603/889-5238

New Jersey

ComputerLand/Morristown 201/539-4077

ComputerLand/Princeton 609/882-1400

New York

ASO Otlice Systems/Poughkeepsie 914/473-9400ComputerLand/Nassau County 516/742-2262ComputerLand/New York City 212/840-3223ComputerLand/Suflolk County 516/499-4484ComputerLand/White Plains 914/328-0144

Datel Systems/New York City 212/921-0110

Future Data 212/964-6666

Morris Decision Systems/New York 212/742-9590

North Carolina

ComputerLand/Durham 919/493-5402

Ohio

Micro Electronics/Columbus 614/481-8041

Oregon

ComputerLand/Multnomah County 503/295-1928ComputerLand/Salem 503/371-7070ComputerLand /Portland 503/620-6170

Pennsylvania

ComputerLand/Dresher 215/542-8835

Computer Land /Harrisburg 717/763-1116

ComputerLand/Lehigh Valley-Allentown 215/776-0202

ComputerLand/Paoli 215/296-0210

Computer Land/Philadelphia

Texas

ComputerLand/Dallas 214/363-2223ComputerLand/Fort Worth 817/292-71)4ComputerLand/Houston Bay Area 713/488-8153ComputerLand/North Dallas 214/235-1285ComputerLand/Southwest Houston 713/977-0909ComputerLand/Tyler 214/581-7000ComputerLand/Houston Westwood 713/270-1200Utah

Personal Business Computers/Cedar City 801/586-2648Personal Business Computers/Salt Lake City801/486-4839

Virginia

ComputerLand/Charlottesville 804/973-5701ComputerLand/Richmond 804/741-3502ComputerLand/Tysons Corner 703/893-0424ComputerLand/Woodbridge 703/491-4151Washington

ComputerLand/Bellevue 206/746-2070ComputerLand/Federal Way 206/838-9363ComputerLand/Lynnwood 206/774-6993ComputerLand/Renton 206/271-8585ComputerLand/Seattle 206/223-1075ComputerLand/Tacoma 206/383-4951CompulerLand/Vancouver 206/695-1540Washington. DCComputerLand/Washington, DC 202/835-2200

Wisconsin

ComputerLand/Madison 608/273-2020Canada

Computet Mart/Windsor 519/966-5757

10 October 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 105 on inquiry card.

The Context MBA turns theIBM Personal Computer into a powerfulmanagement tool.

The Context MBA is a remarkable new softwarepackage that transforms the IBM Personal Computerinto a powerful management tool. C-MBA combinesspreadsheet, graphics, word processing, database andcommunications functions in one totally integratedprogram.

C-MBA was developed specifically for managers,not computer experts. Because it's easy to learn anduse, you can produce results in hours that used totake days or even weeks.

Helps Managers Review, Analyze and Report

Review Information: Tie into your company'scomputer, a financial information service, electronicmail network or virtually any other computer system.C-MBA saves information and lets you retrieve, exam-ine, edit or print it with a few keystrokes.

Analyze Alternatives: Use the electronic spread-sheet to create realistic business models simply andeasily. With the drudgery removed you can work theproblem to the best solution instead of to the point ofexhaustion.

Report Results: Compose, edit and print reports,letters and business graphs. Make revisions yourself,faster than you can explain them to your secretary.Because C-MBA is an integrated system, it's easy toincorporate data from your spreadsheets intoyourtext.

C-MBA Integrates Five Powerful Functions

Modeling: Create a giant spreadsheet of figuresand text. Change one number and every effected fig-ure is recalculated. Search or sort models to quicklyfind the information you want.

Business Graphs: Build pie, high/low, bar, line,area and scatter graphs of data in your spreadsheet■Using simple graphing commands. Thanks to C-MBA'sunique design, graphs change automatically as youupdate the spreadsheet.

Word Processing: C-MBA's executive word proc-essor makes concisely edited reports easy to prepare.A few keystrokes let you automatically insert tables ofnumbers or graphs from your spreadsheet anywherein your report.

Database: A vast electronic library makes storingand finding information easy and natural.

Communications: C-MBA includes a data com-munications and conversion function which allowsinformation from mainframe computers to be used inyour models or databases. You can even use C-MBAfor electronic mail.*

The C-MBA is sold only by selected computerretailers who have completed special training coursesto help managers get the most fromthe program. AndC-MBA features exceptionally clear, highly detaileddocumentation.

IBM is a trade mark of IBM* Version 1 of the C-MBA will notinclude communications. Version 1 owners will receive a freeupgrade to version 2 which will include communications. TheMBA is currently available for the IBM Personal Computer andrequires two disk drives and 256k of memory. Versions for othersecond generation personal computers are under development.

©COPYRIGHT 1982 CMS. INC.

Context Management Systems

Management Software for Personal Computers

23864 Hawthorne Boulevard

Torrance, CA 90505

(213) 378-8277

Telex: 181149 WEST LSA

SOURCE IDTCA442

Circle 106 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982

11

ORDfRING:

THE MICROHOUSE ORDER CENTER IS OPEN 9:00 AM-8:00 PM EASTERN TIME MONDAY THROUGH FRIDAY.

CALL TOLL-FREE FOR ORDERS, PRICE QUOTES, ANDAVAILABILITY:

1-800-523-9511

IN PENNSYLVANIA, AND FOR TECHNICAL SUPPORT:

1-215-868-8219

MSCROUNE

MICROHOUSE OFFERS 24 HOUR COMPUTER SHOPPINGWITH MICROLINE. MICROLINE IS A COMPUTERIZEDORDER-ENTRY SYSTEM, SIMILAR TO ACCESSING TIMESHARING SYSTEMS, MICROLINE ENABLES YOU TOACCESS SPECIFIC INFORMATION ON OVER 1000MICROCOMPUTING HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE PRO-DUCTS, IN ADDITION TO NUMEROUS SUPPLIES ANDACCESSORIES.

MICROLINE GIVES YOU THE OPTION OF ORDERINGAS MUCH AS YOU WANT, AS OFTEN AS YOU WANT.MICROHOUSE WILL PROCESS YOUR ORDER WITHIN24 HOURS.

1-215-868-1230

MICROLINE OPERATES AT 300 BAUD. 8 BITS, NOPARITY, 1 STOP BIT.

SHIPPING:

ADD 2% TO ALL ORDERS. DIFFERENCE WILL BECREDITED. OUTSIDE CONTINENTAL UNITED STATESADD AN ADDITIONAL $5.00.

ALL ITEMS SHIPPED UPS GROUND. OTHER SHIPPINGMETHODS AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST.

PAYMENT1

ACCEPTED PAYMENT BY PERSONAL CHECK, MONEYORDER, COD., MASTERCARD OR VISA. PURCHASEORDERS REQUIRE PRIOR APPROVAL.

MICROLINE PAYMENTS BY PERSONAL CHECK, MONEYORDER, COD., MASTERCARD OR VISA ONLY.

PENNSYLVANIA RESIDENTS ADD 6% SALES TAX.

MICROHOUSE1444 LINDEN STREETP.O. BOX 498BETHLEHEM, PA 18016

PRICES AND SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGEWITHOUT NOTICE.

Buy the FranklinACE Computer for

and get a

monitor*

ALL ITEMS SUBJECT TO AVAILABILITY.

AMERICA'S

MICROPROSOFTWARE

THE MICROCOMPUTER PEOPLE

Circle 429 on inquiry card.

Editorial,

Another major question is "What does this controver-sy mean for personal computer users?" Fortunately, nomatter which videotex standard is adopted, personalcomputer users should be able to decode either one withonly minor modifications to their machines. In fact, per-sonal computers will be able to generate videotex pagesas well as receive them: Apple Computer Inc. is about torelease its teletext board.

Look for articles on videotex in future issues of BYTE.We plan to review a newly released book on videotex,present a series of articles describing the NAPLP systemin detail, and devote a section of an issue to videotex.

In the meantime, it should be mentioned that for theprice of a videotex decoder, a person could probably buya home computer that could do all the decoder does plusmuch more.

Correction

In my August BYTE editorial, "Keeping Our Techno-logical Edge," I incorrectly stated that Professor RajReddy had left Carnegie-Mellon University's Robotics In-stitute to work at the World Computer Center in Paris.David Lewin, Carnegie-Mellon's Director of Science andTechnical Information, sent me a polite letter stating that"for the past year Professor Reddy has been on sab-batical, but he remains most definitely at Carnegie-Mellon as director of our Robotics Institute. As a directorof the World Center, he has been shuttling to Paris fre-quently, but Pittsburgh remains his home base. ProfessorReddy would appreciate it if you would inform yourreaders that, paraphrasing Mark Twain, the reports ofhis departure are greatly exaggerated." We regret theerror and hope it has not caused any confusion. ■

WHICH OF THESE DEVICES CONNECTSTO YOUR APPLE II®DUAL-COMM PLUS ?

(a) Any Serial Interface Printer

(b) Any Modem

(c) A Speech Synthesizer

(d) A Spooling Printer Adapter

(e) Another APPLE II

(f) A Display Terminal

(g) Any of the Above

(h) Any Two of the Above

•uoaeuijojui ajoiu joj £ xi8 weiuoo jo jaqiunu aojAjasjapeaj am 3\omq h sj ja/wsue joajjoo au.i :H3MSNV

The DUAL-COMM PLUS adds two fully independent serial I/O interfaces to your APPLE II. Each serialinterface can be set to respond to its own APPLE slot number or both interfaces can be operated from the sameslot location. Slot locations are selected by two thumbwheel switches on the card, one for each serial port.Because each serial port has its own crystal-controlled baud rate generator, each port can be individually selectedfrom 50 to 19200 baud. Either serial port can be used as an input port, an output port, or both. The on-boardfirmware provides special support for printers and modems but the card can also be used with general purposeserial devices such as a voice synthesis unit, video disks, or any number of other RS232 peripherals.

ADDITIONAL FEATURES: ■ On-board firmware provides extensive printer and U/L case terminal/modem support. Great with an80 x 24 card (especially the Full-View 80) and a Novation CAT or Hayes Smartmodem. BCan be programmed for async, sync,or even SDLC operation. Supports interrupts. Uses Z80 SIO chip. "Works with the APPLE II PLUS, APPLE PASCAL, Z80SOFTCARD, and 80 column cards (especially the BIT 3 FULL-VIEW 80) "Each port has a 4 character FIFO receive data buffer.■ Jumper plug permits user to "customize" the RS232 connections. ■Two 1 0 inch cables with RS232 connectors are included.

Other quality products by

FULL-VIEW 80: 80 x 24 display cardfor APPLE II or ATARI 800

MEMORY PLUS: 16K RAM card forAPPLE II or 32K RAM card for theATARI 400/800

n-31111

COMPUTER CORPORATION

8120 Penn Avenue South, Suite 548

Minneapolis, Minnesota 55431

(612)881-6955

Circle 47 on inquiry card.

Iradema'k of Apple Computer.

ered trademark of Novatii

14 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

PRINTMATE.

136 COLUMNS OF WONDERFUL

"It's wonderful!" You'll hear those wordslot when your PrintMate 150 first

rrives. Seems everyone has a favorite

eason for loving it. The way it stream-lines billing. Prepares easy-to-readfinancial reports. Effortlessly producescorrespondence—when you need it.In fact, PrintMate is ideally suited to justabout any business application—eventhe ones you dream up yourself.Personal. Change type styles for em-phasis. Add bold headlines. Stretch outwords for I M P A C T. PrintMate makesit easy to personalize your printing. AndMPI's inexpensive application packages(called AP-PAKs) let you choose at least1 5 different type styles. Mix them on thesame line, or tailor a new type style tosuit your business image. All with a print

jality that's great for correspondence.

exible. PrintMate lets you select virtual-ly any type size, so you can print up to226 crisp characters on a single line.PrintMate accepts any width paper—

from 3 to 15 inches. So it's wide enoughfor PILL statements. Narrow enough formailing labels. And perfect for every-thing in between.

Versatile. With PrintMate's extensivegraphics capabilities, you'll enhancesales reports with charts and graphs.Create characters for bulletin board an-nouncements, or clarify technical infor-mation with illustrations. Mix graphicswith words in any combination. No otherprinter can match PrintMate's graphiccapabilities. The applications are asunlimited as your imagination.Fast. If you're concerned about printingspeed, PrintMate 150 won't keep youwaiting. With thruput of up to 366 linesper minute, it's one of the fastest smallbusiness printers anywhere.Inexpensive. Compared to other printers,MPI's suggested retail price of $ 1 245 forthe PrintMate 150 is unbeatable. And itoffers more features at this low price,too.

No matter which small business systemyou use, PrintMate is the ideal compan-ion. You might say it's ingenious. Youcould say it's innovative. But after ex-periencing the 136-column PrintMate150, you'll probably say, "It'swonderful!" And you'll say it for yearscome.

To learn more about MPI's line ofAmerican-made PrintMates, contact yourlocal microcomputer dealer or return thecoupon below. Or call (801) 263-3081.

Micro Peripherals, Inc.

Circle 264 on inquiry card.

D Please send literature on MPI's

PrintMates.D Call me regarding a dealership.

Name

Com party

Mailing address

City, state, zip

Area code, phone no.

Return to: Micro Peripherals, Inc.4426 South Century DrSalt Lake City, UT 84107

ARE YOU STILLPRINTING

WITHOUT USINGA MKROBUFFER?

WHY?

USING YOUR COMPUTER

TO DRIVE YOUR PRINTER

IS A WASTE OF TIME.

While your printer is running, yourcomputer is tied up . All you cando is twiddle your thumbs untilis finished.

[ROBUFFER ALLOWS YOUTO PRINT AND PROCESSSIMULTANEOUSLY.

You just dump your printing datadirectly to Microbuffer, whoosh!,and continue processing.

Microbuffer accepts data asfast as your computer can sendit. It first stores the data in itsown memory buffer, then takescontrol of your printer.

It's that easy.

THERE IS A MICROBUFFER

FOR ANY COMPUTER/PRINTER

COMBINATION.

Microbuffers are available inCentronics-compatible parallelor RS-232C serial versions.

FOR APPLE II COMPUTERS,Microbuffer II features on-boardfirmware for text formatting andadvanced graphics dumproutines. Both serial and parallelversions have very low powerconsumption. Special functionsinclude Basic listing formatter,self-test, buffer zap, andtransparent and maintain modes.The 16K model is priced at $259and the32K, at $299.

FOR EPSON PRINTERS, Microbufferis $159 in either an 8K serial or a16K parallel version. The serialbuffer supports both hardwarehandshaking and XON-XOFFsoftware handshaking at baudrates up to 19,200. Both inter-faces are compatible with Epsoncommands including Graftrax-80and Graftrax-80+. Both are user-expandable to 32K.

ALL OTHER COMPUTER/PRINTER

COMBINATIONS are served by thein-line, stand-alone Microbuffers.(Pictured here, twice actual size.)

Both serial and parallel ver-sions are expandable up to 256K.

POWER

The serial stand-alone will sup-port different input and outputbaud rates and handshake pro-tocol. The 32K model starts at$299, $349 for 64K, and 64K add-ons (for up to a total of 256K) arejust $179.

SIMPLE TO INSTALL.

Microbuffer II is slot-independent.It will fit directly inside the AppleII in any slot except zero.

Microbuffer for your Epsonmounts easily in the existingauxiliary slot directly inside theEpson printer.

The stand-alone Microbuffer isinstalled in-line between virtuallyany printer and any computer.

MICROBUFFER FROMPRACTICAL PERIPHERALS.

When you think of how much

time Microbuffer will save,

can you afford to not have one?

PRACTICAL PERIPHERALS, INC.T31245 LA BAYA DRIVEWESTLAKE VILLAGE, CA 91362(213)991-8200

Circle 307 on inquiry card.

MKROBUFFtR

Nov. 29-Dec. 2, 1982

L^Vegas ConventWWKSenterllas Veejay Nfiyfl1"13 i-t^m

■ ■ •■•-■• "

MmMmmM

Letters

On the Way to a Standard

I was very pleased to see and readThomas Kurtz's "On the Way to StandardBASIC" (June 1982 BYTE, page 182).Many BASIC users are not even aware ofthe current standard for BASIC, muchless the proposed standard. I found itespecially interesting to read about thethinking behind some of standard'sfeatures.

I hope BYTE will serve as an openforum on the proposed standard during itsratification period, and I hope this periodis fairly short because this sound proposalwill benefit all BASIC users. Still, I wouldlike to see several parts of the standardchanged or improved.

I think that, for the beginning program-mer, one of the nicest features of mostBASICs is that BASIC is an interactive in-terpreter as well as a good interactivelanguage. By an interactive language Imean one in which it is easy to program adialogue between a program and a user ata terminal. An interactive interpreter isone that interacts with the programmerwhile he is writing and debugging his pro-gram. With an interactive BASIC inter-preter a programmer can insert a STOPstatement anywhere in his program; ex-amine and change variables; list, edit,delete, or add statement lines; and thenresume execution anywhere in the pro-gram with the CONTINUE or RUN linenumber command.

Let's look at a sample program thatconforms to the proposed standard to seehow the standard precludes an interactiveinterpreter.

10 REM SAMPLE PROGRAM

20 GOTO 40

30 DIM A(25,25)

40 LET A(21,15) = 13.5

50 PRINT A(21,15)

60 END

The array will be dimensioned to 25 by25, even though the logical program flowdoes not pass through line 30, because ac-cording to the standard an array will bedimensioned in a lower-numbered linethan any line referencing the array. Howdoes the interpreter know about line 30?The interpreter must do a pre-scan of yourprogram after you type RUN but before itactually starts executing your program.This pre-scan prevents a BASIC inter-

preter's being truly interactive. (To com-ply with this phrase of the standard andbe interactive, the interpreter will have tobe large or slow or both.) This problemcould be easily fixed by changing the stan-dard to read that an array will be dimen-sioned in a lower-numbered line than anyline referencing the array, and the logicalprogram flow will pass through the linethat dimensions the array.

The TI-99/4 BASIC does a pre-scan,and I find it inconvenient to debug pro-grams on the TI after having used aMicrosoft BASIC and one of DataGeneral's BASICs, which do not use a pre-scan. The TI-99/4 interpreter does notallow you to edit a program statementand then use the CONTINUE command.

It's very important that developers andusers of BASIC interpreters for microcom-puters and small minicomputers read andcomment on the standard.

Howard G. Drake, Product SpecialistBASIC LanguagesData General Corp.239 West Main St.Westboro, MA 01581

The public-comment period is now inprogress for the BASIC standard beingdeveloped by the X3J2 technical commit-tee of the American National StandardsInstitute (ANSI).

Copies of the Draft Standard can be ob-tained from Dr. Kurtz at Dartmouth Col-lege, Hanover, NH 03755. Interestedreaders may send comments on the DraftStandard directly to Ronald E. Anderson,BASIC Standards Liaison, University ofMinnesota, 2122 Riverside Ave., Min-neapolis, MN 55454. . . R. S. S.

Praise for RSCOBOL

Two letters to the editor appeared in theJuly 1982 BYTE ("Turn the Tables," page22) commenting on my review "COBOLfor the TRS-80 Models I and III" (March1982 BYTE, page 384). Both readersseemed to feel that I was less than en-thusiastic about the product, so I wouldlike to clear the air immediately. As Istated in the review, I believe thatRSCOBOL is "professionally done andwell suited to the TRS-80." Mr. Ericksonnotes that I failed to mention what he con-siders the most outstanding quality of the

system—the fact that it works as adver-tised. However, he bases his statement onthe use of Ryan-McFarland COBOL onCP/M, not the TRS-80 version I re-viewed. Although the TRS-80 version isof very high quality, I found several bugs;some of these have since been fixed, somehave not.

Mr. Pokorny claims I did a grave in-justice to RSCOBOL. (He immediatelyweakens his argument by making a coupleof needless and groundless ad hominemremarks.) Almost every feature Mr.Pokorny mentions in his letter receivedsignificant attention in my review. Theeditor's FIND and CHANGE commandsare completely explained. The compiler'soutput options are thoroughly described.Mr. Pokorny asks rhetorically, "What arethe true trade-offs to ISAM (indexed-sequential access method) files?" A fulldiscussion appears on pages 408 through411 of my review. On the topic of pro-gram segmentation, I stated thatRSCOBOL provides "the most dynamicmemory-management system that I haveseen in any TRS-80 language" (page 404);on run-time speed, "my overall impres-sion of run-time performance isfavorable" (page 406).

Mr. Pokorny seems particularly upsetwith my statement that RSCOBOL'sISAM file method, although powerful, islimited by disk space to very small ap-plications. He uses a TRS-80 Model III; ifhis machine is standard, it has double-density, 40-track drives. The Model I, onwhich I reviewed the system, uses single-density, 35-track drives—less than halfthe space of the Model III. "Very small" isclearly a subjective concept; that is why Iintentionally provided the formula givenby Radio Shack to calculate file size basedon record size, number of keys, etc. Pro-grammers should be able to determine,based on the information given in myreview, whether RSCOBOL's ISAM filescan meet their requirements.

If my review left doubts in anyone'smind, let me stress again that RSCOBOLis a fine product. I wish I could afford aTRS-80 Model 16 with 512K bytes ofmemory and a hard disk to test my suspi-cions that it is a superior product in thatenvironment.

Rowland Archer Jr.Flint Ridge Apartment 59Hillsborough, NC 27278

18 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

OEM's, system integrators and dealers! Join us inthe winners circle with our high performance equipmentand the best discount schedule and dealer plan in the industry.Call or write: Dealers inquiries circle 187. All other inquiries circle 188.

With the reputation of the fastest 8 bit microcom-puter on any race course, IBC has designed its 16 bitcomputer entry for world class competition. The all newENSIGN™ multi-slave processor architecture hasperformance that rivals the largest and most expensive16 bit mini-computers and small 32 bit mainframes at afraction of their cost. The ENSIGN supports up to 32 usersusihg the OASIS-16™ or UNIX™ operating systems. Eightbit IBC Cadet owners can easily upgrade their system toan ENSIGN configuration as both systems share acommon cabinet, disk drives

OUTSIDE THE USA

WITHIN THE USA

'integrated Business Computers

IBC/ DISTRIBUTION

21592 Marilla Street

Chatsworth, CA 91311

(213) 882-9007 TELEX NO. 215349

UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories, ONYX Is a trademark of ONYX Systems Inc.; OASIS isa trademark of Phase One Systems; ALTOS Is a trademark of ALTOS Computer Systems.

4185 Harrison Blvd., Suite 301Ogden, UTAH 84403(801) 621-2294

and power supply.

XftC

Microprocessor Type

Microprocessor Speed

8MHz

OASIS-16 Operating System (Max Users)

32

UNIX Operating System (Max Users)

Disk Speed I/O (MB/Sec.)

81

Seek (Milli Sec.)

35

Main Memory (Max)

8MB"

Disk Storage (Max)*

1.000MB

'Using Standard Supplied Disk Controller

• '2 MB Available Now 8 MB Available 1st Quarter 198?

■"Not Supported

Letters i

Moral Issues:Everybody's Business

I was interested and slightly disap-pointed by Martin J. Weitzman's letter(see the June 1982 BYTE, page 36), whichberated your magazine for publishing aletter from Steven Pacenka (February1982 BYTE, page 30) concerning nuclearissues. Weitzman further suggested thatBYTE should not publish any letters deal-ing with moral or social issues. I must begto differ.

We should remember that while ourcommon tie is a technical one, we arenevertheless a subsection of society.Discussion of the moral and social con-cerns of our field cannot be left to anyoneelse. The computer revolution will mostlikely have a profound effect on our soci-ety. Therefore, because we are the oneswho can most clearly see the future, weare the ones who must provide leadershipand foresight.

For that reason I support open discus-sion of how computers affect our world.We should encourage BYTE and othercomputer magazines to become forumsfor consideration of these moral andsocial issues, and we should each taketime to help make ours a computer-literate society.

Brett Wuth

Box 971

Pincher Creek, Alberta

TOK 1W0 Canada

More on IBM

I am writing in reply to Louis Kovacs'letter in the June 1982 BYTE (page 28). Iwill not attempt to defend customer"gouging" by IBM because I believe nosuch thing has taken place.

Mr. Kovacs seems to have the miscon-ception that personal computer manufac-turers are solely out to do hobbyists afavor and not to make a reasonable profit.I am sure that if Mr. Kovacs decided to gointo business he wouldn't stay there long.

IBM, by all accounts that I have read,spent many intensive man-years develop-ing the Personal Computer, not to men-tion the overhead of tooling up for pro-duction, management costs, labor to buildthe machines, and so forth. I can't con-ceive of anyone expecting a manufacturerto sell its product at the cost of the com-

ponents alone. IBM's reselling of Epsonprinters or Tandon drives as part of acomplete package should allow the firm torecover its overhead plus a profit; other-wise, why be in business?

If Mr. Kovacs feels that IBM is chargingtoo much for its product, the best way toinform IBM is by not purchasing the Per-sonal Computer. If enough peopleboycott the computer, they will probablyforce IBM to either drop the price or dropthe product completely. I doubt either ofthese will happen, though, because a lotof paying customers feel that the PersonalComputer is worth the price.

As for employee discounts on the Per-sonal Computer, of course IBM is not be-ing "altruistic." This practice encouragesemployees to use the Personal Computeron their own time to develop new IBMsoftware in return for royalties. No doubthundreds of professionals at IBM willdevote countless hours to this task, hop-ing to create at least one excellent pro-gram, and IBM is wise to tap this re-source.

Finally, it's unreasonable to expect anycompany to service products that usershave modified (e.g., by installing theirown Tandon drives) because the companycannot know if the modifications were in-stalled correctly, if the added parts meetthe specifications of the design, and soforth. Also, while many different driveshave the same interface requirements,power-supply requirements, and mount-ing holes and can be substituted safely,the company does not carry documenta-tion on the other drives and could noteasily service such modified products.

I believe Mr. Kovacs should reassess hisposition; it is unrealistic to think that anycompany is in business just for the fun of it.

Raymond A. James

1373 Taft St.

Lemon Grove, CA 92045

I would like to add this letter to themany you have received concerning IBM'sPersonal Computer. I bought a PersonalComputer a few months ago, and while Ihave been generally pleased with it, Ithink you have neglected to mention someof its more important weaknesses. I alsothink that you haven't looked very care-fully into the kind of service-after-the-saleoffered by this rather large and imper-sonal multinational corporation. (See

Gregg Williams's "A Closer Look at theIBM Personal Computer," January 1982BYTE, page 36.)

In BYTE's first-ever article on the Per-sonal Computer ("The IBM PersonalComputer: First Impressions," October1981 BYTE, page 26), Phil Lemmonslavished praise on the IBM design staff forputting so many interesting graphicsfeatures on one machine. Unfortunately,many of these features are of little use tome in serious applications. Instead ofcommands that will allow me to set win-dows, viewports, scaling factors, androtation factors and do three-dimensionalgraphics, I get simple line-drawing com-mands, circle generators, a PAINT com-mand whose usefulness I cannot fathom,and a graphics definition language that isalso of little use to someone who wants tomake plots and graphs instead of SpaceInvaders games.

Microsoft and IBM have been curiouslyinconsistent with the way in which theyhave modified BASIC to get IBM PersonalComputer BASIC. The PRINT USINGcommand in this version is less flexiblethan the same command in other versions,such as HP-85 and Tektronix. For exam-ple, with IBM's BASIC I cannot conve-niently imbed spaces within a line, I can-not define a format once and then use itagain, and it is extremely inconvenient toprint a group of numbers with differentformats on the same line.

Personal Computer BASIC does notallow multiple-line define function (DEFFN) statements, nor does it have the abili-ty to pass arguments to a subroutinecalled with GOSUB. This makes writingeven moderately efficient code very dif-ficult. Try writing a factorial function inIBM's BASIC; it will make you cry forNorth Star's multiple-line DEF FN syntax.

Another problem with the PersonalComputer graphics is the inability to putcharacters at a given x,y coordinate. Thismeans that when I am drawing a graph Ican't put axis labels anywhere I choose; 1am forced to put them in the 25-line by80-column matrix. Furthermore, there isno axis-drawing ability in Personal Com-puter BASIC; this must be done by theuser, which takes considerable machineand programmer time.

I had hoped that these were weaknessesthat IBM would want to know about andfix expediently. I conveyed my sugges-tions directly to IBM and had to wait be-tween two and five months for answers to

20 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

THE FIRST

AND LAST WORD

IN LETTER-QUALITY

OUTPUT:

SPIN WRITER.

There's only one word for a com-prehensive printing system in theletter-quality office printer/terminalmarket: Spinwriter. NEC's Spinwriter3500 Series includes ten models-all of which bring new dimensionsto letter-quality printing.

With each Spinwriter 3500,you get the benefits of a superior,medium speed 35 CPS printmechanism plus more.

Ten Totally NEC-built FormsHandlers. Of all printer companies,only NEC designs and manufacturesits own comprehensive family offorms handlers. All of them are user-changeable, to handle all your formsquickly and easily. There's a single-sheet feeder that's user-upgradeableto add a second bin or envelopefeed. There's also a cut-sheet guide,a bi-directional tractor, demanddocument tractor with tear bar andcopy separator, manual inserter andbottom feed.

Remarkable Uptime Standards.

Standards which have made theSpinwriter a legend. A 3,000-hourMTBF—more than two years be-tween failures! And no preventivemaintenance or routine lubrication.Ever. And, with only 3 easy accessmajor spares, MTTR is reduced toonly 15 minutes!

Word Processing Assist.

To simplify use, the terminal canperform WP tasks like automaticbi-directional printing, automaticproportional space printing, auto-justification, line centering, automaticbold and automatic shadow printing.In all of Spinwriter's many type styles,in thimble print elements of up to128 characters.

Immediate Interfacing WithYour System. Choose from tenprinter or terminal models withQume, Diablo, Centronics, IBM PC,RS-232C interfaces. Spinwriter 3500sare also functionally compatible withSpinwriter 7700 and 5500 Series.

The Spinwriter 3500 Series.Reliable, quiet, compact, flexible,and easy to use. From NEC. Thefirst—and last—word for betterletter-quality output.

SEC

NEC Information Systems, Inc.

NEC Information Systems. Inc. BE10825 Militia Drive, Lexington, MA 02173

□ Have a representative call me.

□ Send me more information on theSpinwriter 3500.

Name

1

Title

Telephone

Company

Address

Spinwriter is a trademark ot Nippon Electric Co., Ltd.Circle 274 on inquiry card.

fe

t

H^HHHH^^^HB

Letters.

my letters. IBM's responses were noncom-mittal, general, rehashed from itsmanuals, and hence thoroughly useless. Itlooks like IBM is going to wait for themarket to decide what will sell and letsomeone else write the software.

L. Ravi Narasimhan1700 Argonne Dr.Concord, CA 94518

Maintenance Alternatives

It's about time you informed yourreaders of the alternatives to maintenanceand service problems that a personal com-puter buyer faces (see "MaintenanceAlternatives for Personal Computers" byLewis A. Whitaker, June 1982 BYTE, page452). I own a Radio Shack TRS-80 ModelI and am very disappointed with RadioShack's repair service. I was once chargedin excess of $300 for service although theunit was never fixed. (I have since readthat my problems were caused by bad in-terface connectors).

Because of these problems, I purchaseda Hewlett-Packard HP-85 computer. Un-fortunately, one month after the 90-daywarranty expired, the system quit. I sentthe unit to an HP service center, and afterspending another $300 I had my systemback.

I blame the computer dealer for not in-forming me that a service contract (whichI now have on my system) was availablefor $15 per month. I recently purchased adisk drive, and its service contract costs$9 per month. (These contracts are for"bench," or off-site service.)

The HP service has been excellent, andafter over a year of use I've had no otherproblems.

I would advise owners incapable ofrepairing their personal computers to buysome kind of service contract. (I find theHP service contracts to be more reason-able than others.)

William R. Spencer Jr.5421 Crandin Rd. ExtensionSalem, VA 24153

P-LISP for the Apple

In the June 1982 BYTE, Jeff Bonar andSteve Levitan reviewed App-L-ISP from

Datasoft Inc. (page 220). Our companyalso markets a version of LISP for theApple II that we feel is far superior to theDatasoft product.

Our version, P-LISP, not only supportsall the standard LISP functions, but alsoincludes high-resolution graphics,floating-point math, random-access files,support for assembly-language program-ming with PEEK, POKE, and CALLstatements, and a memory-managementscheme that lets you allocate or protectany page in memory. You can even usethe extra 16K bytes of memory on alanguage card, if you have one. All AppleDOS functions are supported, as isONERR for very powerful error process-ing capabilities. We also support use ofthe TRACE command for functions andstring atoms.

For documentation, instead of supply-ing Winston and Horn's LISP book andthen trying to make the software followthe book, we have available The P-LISPTutorial. This book was written for usspecifically to work with P-LISP.

We welcome inquiries from BYTEreaders about our products.

Stewart M. Schiffman, President

Gnosis

4005 Chestnut St.

Philadelphia, PA 19104

Flying ANT

In Richard Campbell's fine article on airnavigation, "Omni Aviation NavigationSystem" (June 1982 BYTE, page 468), heintroduced a program that, utilizingtrigonometric techniques, could simulatethe VOR (very-high-frequency omni-range) readings of an airplane in flight. Hethen observed (in the "Modifications" sec-tion) that this program would lend itselfwell to high-resolution graphics displaysof simulation space, the To/From flag, theCDI (course deviation indicator), and soon.

Such a program does indeed exist andhas many additional features. Air Naviga-tion Trainer (ANT) is available for theApple II computer from Space-Time As-sociates (20-39 Country Club Dr., Man-chester, NH 03102, (603) 625-1094) for$40. ANT is a real-time simulation involv-ing a world of six VORs, two NDBs (non-directional beacons), and other land-marks. In this program you must actuallynavigate by making heading, airspeed,

and OBS changes, adjusting for the effectsof the wind (selectable), viewing theground track (selectable and scale-adjustable), etc. All maps and cockpit in-strumentation are in graphics. Sound ef-fects, including Morse station IDs, add tothe realism. Four different simulations anda VOR demonstration for beginners areincluded.

Ken WinogradSpace-Time Associates20-39 Country Club Dr.Manchester, NH 03102(603) 625-1094

Double Densityfor the Osborne 1

As a long-time user of the Osborne 1, Iwas greatly interested by Mark Dahmke'swell-written analysis of this superior com-puter ("The Osborne 1," June 1982 BYTE,page 348). Permit me, however, to make afew remarks and additions to his findings.

First, the command FMT is now FOR-MAT with the new ROM.

Second, concerning the numeric key-pad (and the numeral keys on the regularkeyboard), you needn't choose eithernumerals or preprogrammed functions.Without the control key the numeralswork as usual; with the control key thealternate function is used.

In answer to the justified complaint thatthe disks hold only 92K bytes of data (for-matted), help is on the way. The double-density option mentioned in the articlehas been announced and should be avail-able by the time this letter is published.According to Adam Osborne, who wroteme two weeks ago, both single- anddouble-density options will be supportedby the installed hardware and the accom-panying software.

Again, thank you for a lucid review of agreat machine.

Felix Schnur

18 Murray Hill Rd.

Scarsdale, NY 10583

The double-density option for theOsborne 1 has been delayed due to designproblems related to the data-separatorchip being used. Osborne designers havegone back to the drawing board and nowexpect the option to become available thisfall. . . M. H.

22 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 401 on inquiry card.

Verbatim Datalife™ flexibledisks now come in a bold,new storage box. But moreimportant, they now come toyou with a five year warranty.*

We can give you a war-ranty this long because we'reconfident the way we makeDatalife disks will makethem perform better, lasteven longer.

All of our Datalife disksfeature seven data-shieldingadvances for greater diskdurability, longer data life.To protect your data fromhead-to-disk abrasion. Toshield your data against lossdue to environmental condi-tions. To insure a longerlifetime of trouble-free data

recording, storage andretrieval.

Every Datalife disk isextensively tested under themost extreme conditions.Critically-certified to be 100%error-free. Assuring you anadded margin of perfor-mance, no matter what theoperating conditions.

And we back it up witha five year warranty. Fivetimes longer than the in-dustry standard. BecauseVerbatim is the standardof excellence.

For flexible disks youcan depend on-a lot longer-call (800) 538-1793.In California, or outsidethe US. call (408) 737-7771

collect for the name of yourVerbatim dealer.

If you want longer datalife, keep all your data onVerbatim Datalife. Our nameis the promise. Our warrantyis the proof.

Datalife

Datalife

\ferbatim

Here's the most exciting part ofVerbatim's new packaging.

When you say yourdisk drive has mote juicethan Apple's, be preparedto cut one open.

The problem with Apple's disk drivestems from the core.

There are a lot of good reasons whydealers all over America aren't recommend-ing Apple's disk drive. And one of the mainreasons is Rana Systems' new Elite Seriesof Apple II compatible disk drives.

It's easy to see why Appleshas beenhaving some major slipped disk problems.Just look at their antiquated head positioner.

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc.24 BYTE October 1982

It's plastic. Just like a toy. That's why it cantake multiple passes to get the information^^^^J_ needed. And why the

■HpV\ inf°rmafon on your diskj' r \ \\ can appear obscured and—|j p I J] unreadable. If Apple'sW™ f3^ J J positioner doesn't accu-\~LZ^ / rately center the head

Apples primitive plastic positioner OVSt yOUl G313 ITaCKS, 'IS

Awor^le.buts.oppy.waytocap. nQ bargajn gtf gpy p^g

Rana's state of the art technology leadscrew and metal band positioners givevastly improved speed and accuracy.

Rana knows the head positioner is theheart of the machine, so we didn't cut any

corners. To most accu-rately place the headover the data area weuse finely machinedlead screws and metalband positioners.Theyprovide you with thefastest and clearestdata recognition onthe market. With threeto four times fasteraccess, track to track. With far greater pre-cision than Apple's, to give you virtually100% data integrity.

More juice on Apple's inferiority.

There's another big problem Apple haschosen to ignore. The irritating scratchingnoise that occurs when it is searching forinformation. Rana, on the other hand, hasbuilt the Elite Series to be virtually noiseless.

And more importantly, Rana has anadvanced write protect feature whichmakes it impossible to lose your information.A simple touch on the front panel's mem-brane switch gives you failsafe control.Apple of course only has a notch or tab,which gives you only minimal protection.

With the superior Elite controller card,you can control up to four floppy disks usingonly one slot. With Apple's you can only usetwo. Of course, you can still plug intoApple's controller card, but down the lineyou'll want to switch to Rana's and saveyourself a slot.

Elite also gives you morebyte per buck.

Even our most economical model, theElite One, gives you 14% more storage thanApple's. 163K versus Apple's 143K. Withour Elite Two offering 326K and our top-of-the-line Elite Three offering a 356% storageincrease at 652K. That's almost comparableto hard disk performance, all because ofour high density single and double sideddisks and heads.

Elite Three 652K +356%

Elite Two 326K+128%

Elite One 163K+14%Disk II 143K

And the cost? Just look at the chart.272 Bytes per dollar for Apple, versusbetween 363 to 767 Bytes per dollar forours. They're not even close.

flUff

—

•mm

F— 1

... '

dS

1 ~jnI I

ft5

{■■.':, . :

•■•.-.

Apple Disk II

Elite One

Elite Two

Elite Three

The real beauty of it isn'tthe beauty of it.

There is no comparison to the lean,clean design of the Elite Series to Apple's5 year old model (which by the way hasnever been updated). It's our superiortechnology, operating economy, increasedstorage and faster step that makes us thebest performing and hottest selling diskdrive in America.

So give us a call or write for more infor-mation. It doesn't take a lot of courage to cutinto an Apple when you outshine them asbrilliantly as we do.

RanaSystems

20620 South Leapwood Avenue, Carson, CA 90746 213-538-2353. For dealer information calltoll free: 1-800-421-2207, In California only call: 1-800-262-1221. Source Number: TCT-654Available at all participating Computerland stores and other fine computer dealers.

Circle 332 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982

25

Call SYNCOM. We've got afriendly way of solving things.

We figure you don't needany more stress. You've gotenough just getting yourword or data processingwork done.

So, whenever a floppydiskette-anybody's floppydiskette-fails to initializeor read/write properly, callSyncom.

Talk with a person who will helpyou analyze the problem. Environ-ment. Equipment. Handling. Or thediskette itself.

Your Syncom distributors or localdealers are already using our

trouble-shootingstaff as part of theirservice.

We'll talk you throughstep-by-step and helppinpoint what theproblem is.

But, for the timeswhen you'd preferto get quietly to thebottom of the matter your-self, why not jot these numbersin the margin of the Error Codespage of your operator's manual.800-843-9862; 605-996-8200Or write: Syncom, Box 130Mitchell, SD 57301

SYNCOM

Manufacturer of a full line of flexible media

Letters,

Short but Sweet

I have one comment regarding R. S.Peterson's letter in the June 1982 BYTE("Cruel but Fair," page 34): typical mili-tary thinking.

R. D. Peterson

16 Manorshire Dr., Apt. 6

Fairport, NY 14450

It's a Small World,After All

I find it disturbing to read, in such a finepublication as BYTE, technically in-competent (if not deliberately misleading)advertising. I refer to the advertisementby Microstuf Inc. on page 121 of the June1982 BYTE. I have seen this advertisementin earlier issues but assumed it would notappear again.

In the first place, the headline reads".001 Second From Wall Street," and thefirst sentence seems to equate that to amicrosecond. If that weren't glaringenough, the people at Microstuf have alsomoved western Kansas to within 186 (or.186?) miles of New York City, unlessthey know of some other Wall Street orhave found a data-transmission mediumfaster than light.

Steve Hendrix

Route 8 Box 81E

New Braunfels, TX 78130

BYTE's Bits

IBM to Exchange Easywriters

Current owners of IBM Easywriter 1.0can exchange that version at authorizedIBM Personal Computer dealers for therecently introduced Easywriter 1.1. Ac-cording to IBM, the new version is faster,easier to use, and features enhanced capa-bilities such as the ability to storedocuments as individual DOS files and toconvert and merge Visicalc print files intoEasywriter documents.

To exchange versions, provide yourdealer with the inside cover page of theEasywriter 1.0 manual as proof of pur-chase before December 31, 1982.■

A Oivition of Sen war

Circle 377 on inquiry card.

CompuStar

TM

CompuStar's 255-User Controller

The Best Made Better

When we unveiled our CompuStar'"multi-user terminal system just over ayear ago, we thought we had created themost powerful, lowest-priced multi-usercomputer we would ever manufacture.We were wrong. Today, we've madeour best even better!

Our newly redesigned CompuStar™boasts the same performance statisticsthat made its predecessor such an over-night success, plus a host of exciting newfeatures. CompuStar users now get theadded benefits of dual character set ca-pability, an expanded library of visualattributes including reverse video, un-derlining and below-the-line descenders,an enhanced disk operating system andMicrosoft BASIC — all at no extra cost!And single-user systems now start at aslittle as $2995.

There are four types of CompuStar"'workstations (called Video ProcessingUnits or VPU's) that can be connectedinto a variety of central disk systemswith 10 to 96 megabytes of multi-userstorage.

Up to 255 VPU's can be tied togetherto form a massive multi-user network.Or, you can start with only a single VPUand easily expand your system as yourprocessing needs become more sophis-ticated. But whether you start with oneor one-hundred VPU's, you'll probablynever outgrow your CompuStar. Un-like other systems, you configure theCompuStar the way you wantit . . . connecting any combination ofVPU's in a "daisy chain" fashion into thecentral disk system. And since eachVPU has its own twin Z80 processors,its own CP/M* operating system and afull 64K of internal memory, (not tomention disk capacities of up to 1V2million bytes), overall system responsetime remains unbelievably fast! And that'sa claim most of the other multi-uservendors just can't make.

Inside our new CompuStar you'll finda level of design sophistication that'sdestined to establish a new standardfor the industry. A series of easy-to-service modular components has ■ been

engineered to yield the most impressivereliability figures we've ever seen. ButCompuStar users are not only thrilledwith our system's performance (and themiserly few dollars they spent to get it),they also have the peace of mind ofknowing that Intertec's comprehensivecustomer protection and field serviceprograms will insure their total after-the-sale satisfaction.

For more information on what justmay be the last multi-user microcompu-ter you'll ever ( have to) buy, askyour dealer today about our all newCompuStar™ system. Or, contact us atthe number and address below. We'llgladly explain how we've made ourbest . . . even better!

=INTE3TEC

Cdata

=SYSTEMS.

'Microsoft is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation. 'Registered trademark of Digital Research.

2300 Broad River Rd. Columbia, SC 29210(803) 798-9100 TWX: 810-666-2115

Circle 203 on inquiry card.

The World's First

.^*.-??«?''=-

i

- - -j.

'

;. F 6

I/O Ports

Z-80A™ CPU,

Floppy Disk Controller,

64K of Memory, Serial & Parallel

all on a SINGLE S-100 BOARD!

Don't Buy Another One of Those 3 Board Sets Till You See What One Can Do!

Advanced Micro Digital has beenproducing the SUPER QUAD forsome time now and it's truly one ofa kind. Just plug this board intoany S-100 mother board andhook-up your disk drives to it, Itflies. Runs with CP/M, MP/M, andturbo-DOS. You can also plug inadditional boards, I/O, hard diskcontrollers, etc. SUPER QUAD Is aBUS master. The cost of this boardis one third to one half of whatyou have been paying for thethree board set. Just take a lookat these features:

NOTE: off-board DMA supports

IEEE S-100 Standard

Z-80A CPU

64K of Bank Select Memory as

well as extended addressing

Double density floppy diskcontroller. Both 8 or 5V»" DiskDrives

2 serial & 2 parallel I/O ports

(RS-232 and intelligent hard

disk interface).

2K or 4K of monitor EPROM

Runs with CP/M®, MP/M® and

turbo-DOS™

One year warranty.

Free copy of superbios disk

Now it's time to replace orthrow away the old S-100boards and plug the SUPER QUADin. Save space, money and power.

Retail price is $875.For more information write or call: Sales Dept,

Also introducing SUPER/SLAVE torun multi-processing operatingsystems such as turbo-DOS™. With128/64K of memory, serial &parallel I/O, you can plugmultiple of the slaves with themaster and each user will have itsown CPU and memory local.

12700 B Knott St. • Garden Grove CA 92641 • (714) 891-4004

® Registered Trademark of Digital Research Gap. Circle 8 on inquiry card

™ Registered Trademark of Software 2000 Inc.

TELEX: 678401 tab irin

e Copyright 1981 Advanced Micro Digital Co

Beyond the Peaks of Visicalc

Desktop Plan II, Microfinesse, and Plan80 letfinancial planners handle large and complex models.

Jack Bishop

916 Maple Ave.

Evanston, IL 60202

Planning, particularly financialplanning, has always been associatedwith some level of mystique. In an-cient times, planners studied thestars, consulted with oracles, or ex-amined the entrails of animals. Eventoday, our modern statistical tech-niques are considered by some to beas mystical as the reading of tealeaves. But mystical or not, the goalof financial planning has always been

About the Author

]ack Bishop is a strategic planner andeconomist who has degrees in both chemicalengineering (B5) and business (PhD). His firstassociation with computers dates back to thedays of vacuum tubes (IBM 709).

Visicalc is a trademark of Visicorp.

Editor's note: Until very recently, Microfinessewas distributed by Osbome/McGraw-Hill ofBerkeley, California, and it was there that all ofthe author's dealings took place. At press time,the developers of the software, P-E ConsultingGroup of Egham, England, were handling thedistribution, but they are actively seekinganother firm to take over distribution in theU.S. . . .R.M.

the same: to manage availableresources in the most profitable way.The goal of the three softwarepackages reviewed here is to do justthat.

One of the main advantages offinancial planning is that it provides arationale for making financial deci-sions. Long-range plans can be usedto evaluate such issues as the meritsof borrowing how much, when, andat what terms. Effective planning alsolets a manager anticipate cash needsin time to avoid the expense of last-minute borrowing.

These three software packages areintended to help us reduce financialand other types of plans to numbers.The claims for the packages includebudgeting, planning, control,finance, and cash management. Themarketers also suggest that their soft-ware can analyze sales, capital, infla-tion, interest rates, real estate, pro-ductivity, cost and variance,research-and-development projects,and so on.

That's quite a list, but all threepackages achieve the goal of pro-

viding powerful yet simple financialmodeling tools for a modest cost.With a fair degree of training and ex-perience in the accounting field, youwill find any of these packages a cost-effective tool. For those without suchtraining, I hope this article may pro-vide a bit of background.

Financial Modeling

Long-range planning, often called a"modeling exercise," can extendbeyond mere numbers to mirror theorganization of a business. Variablessuch as labor, material, and capitalrequirements can be charted by day,week, month, or year. Such a modelties concepts together and suggestsrelationships between people, pro-ducts, and money.

It is important to realize that,without an understanding of the"real" world, the best model isuseless. Hence the key to constructingworkable models is a strong sense ofhow the world works and what is im-portant. With these factors in mind,the software can help you developfinancial insight.

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 29

At a Glance

Name

Desktop Plan II

Type

Financial Planning-Plus

Manufacturer

Visicorp (Personal Software)2895 Zanker Rd.San Jose, CA 95134[408) 946-9000

Language

BASIC

Price

S250

1 system disk1 backup disk

Documentation

199-page manual

Equipment required

Apple II or II Plus32K bytes [or more)1 disk (or more)Printer recommended

Audience

Financial professionalsIndependent business professionals withMBA or equivalent

Name

Name

Microfinesse

Plan80

Type

Type

Financial Planning-Plus

Financial Planning-Plus

Manufacturer

Manufacturer

P-E Consulting Group Ltd.

Business Planning Systems Inc.

Park House

Two North State St.

Egham, Surrey

Dover, DE 19901

England TVV20 OHW

(302) 674-5500

(formerly distributed by Osborne/McGraw-

Hill)

Language

CP/M

Language

Pascal

Price

S295

Price

1 system disk

S495

4 system disks

Documentation

Software protection chip

139-page manual

Documentation

Equipment required

139-page manual

Apple and standard CP/M system

56K bytes (or more)

Equipment required

2 disks (or more)

Apple II Plus

Editor to create and modify text files

48K bytes (or more)

Terminal with:

2 disks (or more)

cursor addressing

80-132 column printer

clear screen

Pascal language system

Audience

Financial professionalsIndependent business professionals withMBA or equivalent

Audience

Financial professionalsIndependent business professionals withMBA or equivalent

The Limits of Visicalc

Visicalc was the pioneer of finan-cial planning programs formicrocomputers, and my first love.Its greatest strength is its extreme flex-ibility. With it I can quickly lay outthe basic structure of a model (thenumber of years, the main elementsof income and expense, and so on).But the development of a model is a"cut and paste" process; it is neverright the first time. Lines have to bechanged. And lines have to be added.

As time went on and I added moreline items, more years, morebusinesses, and so on, this "more isbetter" syndrome led me out ofmemory so many times that I decidedto look for additional software. Ineeded something that would handlemore information but provide theflexibility and ease of use Visicalcgave me. This review is the story ofthat search.

Getting Started

Desktop Plan II, from the wonder-ful folks who brought us Visicalc, isthe simplest package to use. And iteven lets you transfer Visicalc files tothe format required for Desktop PlanII. But the documentation in thepackage I bought left something to bedesired: after I read page 4 in section1, I expected to find page 5; instead, Ifound page 5 of the table of contents.I still wonder if I missed somethingimportant. Such mistakes are usuallythe exception, but even minor exclu-sions can throw you off.

In addition, a few helpful featureswere missing. Color highlights in themanual would let some of us flipthrough quickly and others savoreach word. Tabs for each sectionwould be helpful in each of thesepackages. A pocket card summariz-ing the key points on the operation ofthe system would also be a welcome

addition. I use many computersystems and languages, each with itsown syntax and mechanisms, andsuch pocket cards are invaluablereferences.

On a positive note, I appreciate theheavy paper stock of the DesktopPlan II manual. Manuals tend toreceive quite a bit of abuse. DesktopPlan II sets a decent standard forothers in its use of heavy paper.

Developing a model on DesktopPlan II is fairly simple. As with anysystem, modeling begins by writingout the line items on a sheet of paper(sales, cost of goods, and so on). Thenext step is defining the mathematicalrelationships between line items. Thiscan be as simple as "gross marginequals sales minus cost of goodssold." Having written the modeldown (after 15 years of developingmodels of one sort or another, I con-fess to doing much of this in my

30 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

head), I simply type the data into themachine. With Desktop Plan II, thedata entry moves easily, followed bycalculation rules selected from themenu or programmed in BASIC onthe side. (More about these calcula-tion rules later.)

As far as time is concerned, withVisicalc I could develop a simple in-come statement and balance sheet,with some ratios, in a couple ofhours. That includes some simpleprojections for the future values andsome time for "prettying up" thereports, but no forecasting routines.The same sort of model took a littlelonger with Desktop Plan II, but nolonger than half a day. Although itgave me some extra power and Isaved the time I usually spend clean-ing up the Visicalc reports, the addedstructure of Desktop Plan II involveda little more time.

Plan80 doesn't really start the sameway. Copying the single disk is sim-ple, and running through the routinesto customize the system to myAnadex CM13L was reasonablystraightforward, even though this ter-minal was not among those listed inthe manual. Forty-five minutes later,after only a few problems, I was ableto boot the copy disk, type "Plan80,"and enter the name of one of theseven examples. Working through theexamples on the Plan80 disk ispainless, but watch out for a long,slow-breaking pitch on page C-7 ofthe manual:

To create a new Plan80 applica-tion you use a program, calledan editor. ... If you have afavorite program for composingletters and reports, then use it tocreate text files containingPlan80 statements.

Sounds great, but moving back andforth between my editor and thePlan80 code wears my patience thinvery quickly. And if you don't have afavorite editor, or any editor, you'rein trouble.

Unlike the Desktop Plan II manual,Plan80's 8V2 by 11 format is difficultto balance on your lap along with thedata, notes of the model structure,and whatever. And while the manual

Maximum Number of Lines

Periods

10182030

DesktopPlan II

270140N.A.N.A.

Plan80

304200183130

Micro-finesse

250250250166

Table 1: A summary of maximum model sizes (lines) versus the number of periods(columns). Plan80 and Microfinesse offer an advantage in that you can run largerproblems. Note: N.A. = not available.

for Desktop Plan II includes picturesof the screen, Plan80's instructionsare vague because the authors don'tknow what editor I am using. Thefirst time I could really see Plan80itself was when I ran the programafter I set up the model using theprescribed structure and conventions.I read the first 60 pages of the manualwithout really tumbling onto thisfact.

My two-hour Visicalc model andfour-hour Desktop Plan II modeltook more than eight hours withPlan80. I gained some more poweralong the way but sacrificed someease; I was still left with a report thathad formatting problems.

Microfinesse—with four disks tocopy and Pascal routines to patch in-to the copies, not to mention the"software protection chip" to replacemy game paddles in the paddleport—intimidated me at first. Finally,I was able to figure out which disksshould be inserted into which drives,and when. But the manual could bemore explicit. Again, the rows andcolumns are the first things to set up,but they are very hard to change.After having to rewrite a model fromscratch, you'll be sure to plan the nextone very carefully. The manual pro-vides a convenient overview of theprocess, but the instructions on thescreen don't quite seem to match themanual. A rewrite of the manual withscreen displays (a la Destop Plan II)and walk-through answers would bea vast improvement. So would distin-guishing a "one" from an "el."

Microfinesse, the most powerful of

the three packages, can be a bit over-whelming at the start. The first modelI did took all day, and that's just anestimate.

Model Size Limits

One of the major advantages thesepackages have over Visicalc is theirability to handle fairly large and com-plex models. Early Visicalc modelshad about 150 rows and 20 columns(for months, quarters, or years), butfor many applications that was notenough. An industrial or retail planfor a given period of time in thefuture should also include an equalnumber of months or years of his-tory. This means that you would need30 to 50 columns for a monthly planand 15 to 30 columns for an annualplan. With fewer than about 20 col-umns, you must force the analysis tofit the model, an undesirable state ofaffairs. By this standard, both Plan80and Microfinesse improve onDesktop Plan II (see table 1). Not thatDesktop Plan II won't work well formost models, especially those that re-quire fewer data points—it will. Buttake the number of columns into ac-count before buying.

Another drawback to DesktopPlan II is its inflexibility in terms ofsize. A key phrase in the DesktopPlan II manual explains:

The entries defining the size ofthe model cannot be changedfor this model any time after the"Y" response.

This means you should spend some

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 31

Desktop Plan II Plan80

Define rows and

columnsEnter valuesChoose calcula-tion rules

Insert titles of

rows and columnsEnter valuesDefine calculation

rules

Microfinesse

Insert titles of

rows and columnsEnter valuesDefine calculation

rules and structureChoose items for

report

Table 2: The basic structure of the modeling packages. The different structures ofeach package don't seem to offer any clear advantages.

PROFIT CONTRIBUTION

GOVT W-lINST ACTS38CONSUMER 21

Photo Is Microfinesse's graphics options include pie charts and bar charts.

time carefully planning the modelbefore you start to lay it out, or facethe risk of having to go back and redoeverything. All packages requiresome commitment to size at the start,but Plan80 offers the greatest degreeof flexibility of the three. DesktopPlan II's size constraint and inflex-ibility make it the most limited in thisregard.

Structure

The structure of a program largelydetermines its capabilities and flex-ibility. A program that creates aseparate file of calculated values orreports, for example, is easier to leaveto someone else for printing or fur-ther analysis.

Microfinesse is designed to accom-modate as many as 15 differentreports. The other two packages letyou format reports after developingthe model, and of these Desktop PlanII offers the simplest but least power-ful report structure. The report struc-ture provided by Microfinesse is itsmost powerful selling feature.

All three programs provide aseparate model-definition structure,which is an easy form to use. DesktopPlan II walks you through the con-struction of the model, one step (rowor column) at a time, not necessarilyin sequential order. Plan80 andMicrofinesse ask you to developcalculation rules but do providepowerful functions for quick and ac-curate model development (moreabout these later). Microfinesse,however, seems to have manufactur-ing problems, bad luck, or both,because the model development op-tion on my copy had unexplained er-ror codes.

While some structural differencesin the programs exist (see table 2), noone method is clearly superior to theothers. For my purposes, I prefer toput in the data that is readilyavailable, develop some rules (rela-tionships), test them out, get somemore data, and so on. None of thesepackages is as suited to that kind ofeclectic development as Visicalc.However, Microfinesse, which setsup a names structure right away, letsme work with abbreviations, ahelpful addition. And Plan80 offers

32 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

the option of names or row numbers,a handier method in practice thanyou'd think.

Making Changes

Somewhere, other than in text-books, is a model that is actually builtright the first time and does not re-quire changing. Until I find it, I lookfor software that lets me learn andexpand so that I can improve mymodels and then contract, simplify,and improve them even more. Onlyone package of the three, Plan80,seems to address this need directly.

Microfinesse lets you make changesby saving single rows — anuisance—but you can save the rowsof a small model, grouping them intoa larger structure to develop a new,improved version later. That's a lot oftrouble, and I have a feeling that re-entering the data would be easier.

Desktop Plan II suggests that Ileave blank lines for subsequentchanges. This point is well taken andwould be enhanced if the program letme renumber lines and move blocksof code around in the structure of themodel.

Plan80 models, built by your owneditor outside of Plan80, have a greatdeal of flexibility. Why the marketershaven't pushed this is beyond me.The ability to move the whole struc-ture of the model around is probablyPlan80's best feature.

Graphics

As a fan of the ability of graphicsto present the results of modeling, Ilooked forward to the graphics allthree packages promised. I expectedto be able to do the following:

• select line, bar, scatter, or pie charts

• mix line and bar charts

• set the scale for both horizontal andvertical axes

• set titles anywhere on the page

• select up to five curves per graph

• plot changes in earnings versuschanges in sales or assets—a marginalincome analysis

Alas and alack, three promises, onedelivery—and even that is not with-out severe limitations.

The first Microfinesse graphics disk

-0»NOTCH MflNUfACTUS ISC COHPANYFINANCIAL -RCJtC*i:N:-ISCai 13—

238303

22SS83'224983223283J221583

2:81831216483-2147831213383'

fl J JA U U

o a 2

b \ j? mra8c58ra.!§LES

Photo 2: An example of Desktop Plan II graphics.

I received had a bad sector, so I hadto wait for a replacement. Fortunate-ly, it was worth the wait. The litera-ture promised line or bar charts, piecharts, and a color slide show.Microfinesse's performance proved tobe spectacular (see photo 1). Its op-tions include title slides, choice of col-ors, and center- or left-margin posi-tioning. In addition, the user controlsthe order in which the slides arepresented (in forward or reverseorder). The user sets the timing. Allof these features are built intoMicrofinesse. Still, the x axis islimited to 24 values, too few formany of my needs, but possibly plen-ty for yours. Of course, being limitedto one line on a chart at a timeprecludes many analyses and muchpower. But keyboard entry of graphicdata provides such additional cap-abilities as adding an economic con-text to a sales projection.

Desktop Plan II offers the second-best graphics of the three (see photo2). I can get line or bar charts but notthe mixture of the two that I find veryuseful. I can also save the picture toprint with my Epson later—a vast im-provement over a pile of computerpages (you can print the graph direct-ly if you have a Silentype). A featurethat would let the user set an initialconfiguration to print with his par-ticular equipment would be a wel-

come addition. Autoscaling the axesis a real nuisance, and I hope thatsubsequent versions remove thisrestriction. My attempt to plot smallvalues messed up the screen and hungup the system.

Plan80's graphics capabilities leavea lot to be desired (see photo 3). Thescaling on the x (horizontal) and y(vertical) axes is crude and onlynominally under my control. I foundthe commands difficult to use becausethe options are paged "underneath"the class of the option (the type ofgraph—bar, two bars, scatter,cumulative—is visible for only an ins-tant and then disappears behind theword "TYPE" again). The simplisticstructure of the graph renders ituseless to me. However, highlightingthe data points on the screen is a nicetouch. The literature asserts that theability to get a hard copy of the graphis in the works, and such a featurewould be welcome—if I thought thebasic graphics routines were worthprinting. The graphics routines needimprovement; revamped parameterhandling and more observations andcurves would make the packageuseful. If I were the author of theseroutines, I'd scrap them.

While the graphics capabilities ofthe Microfinesse package approachedmy expectations, the others were asource of great disappointment to me.

October 1982 © BYTE Publication! Inc 33

ANALYSIS

H 1852 + n \

x x \ \

x x \ \

\ \ \ \

x \ \ \

\— 1639 ♦ \ \

x v \ \

x x \ \

H x \ \

x \ \ \

\— 1426 + \ n

x \ \ x

v- L_Z\- \ \—"

x \ \ \

\— 1213_+ ^ ^

^ x =—\

x \ \ H—x

x \ \ x

x x- -\ v

x x + LAST CM.

<ESCAPE,D-ISPLAY,SPACEBAR,<,>> 1

Photo 3: An example of Plan80 graphics.

growth rates, would display a betterunderstanding of the user's needs.The presentation of an example alongthese lines might result in thedevelopment of more powerfulsecond-generation offerings.

The allocation rules Microfinesseprovides are more powerful than theyseem and offer the potential to take atop-down approach, allocating theshortfall in a profit plan to individualproducts and salespeople, for in-stance. Wow!

In general, however, a model'sbasic structure is the simplest part;count on doing that yourself. Thefunctions provided by Plan80 andMicrofinesse will help you around afew of the curves, but you must doanything fancy off-line, with theresults plugged back into these struc-tures.

Certainly microcomputers havegreater graphics potential than thesepackages indicate.

Built-in Functions

The functions that are built into thesoftware enable someone who doesn'tknow what a net present value is, forexample, to calculate one to moredecimal places than common sensedictates. I have mixed emotions aboutfeatures such as this. If I don't under-stand the power (and assumptions) ofa function, I hope that I have thegood sense to read about the assump-tions and limitations associated withit. It's always a good idea to avoid us-ing tools you don't understand.

Desktop Plan II, to my mind, hasthe most limited and inconvenientfunctions of the three packages (table3), but its authors do let you write anumber of custom rules. It didn't takeme long to discover that the custom-rule feature was by far the best formost of my models, while I ignoredmost of the built-in rules. The stan-dard row-and-column manipulationsseemed very clumsy to use.

The data-generation functionsDesktop Plan II provides for forecast-ing are adequate for simple purposes,but not very powerful. Plan80 andMicrofinesse solve the problem bymaking the user write the whole

model off-line, but provide anumber of special functions keyed tofinancial modeling.

The depreciation options, most ful-ly laid out in Plan80 and moremodestly in Microfinesse, are aworthwhile addition. I am, however,disappointed not to find routines forfunding debt or to enable a multi-variate regression analysis ofhistorical data for use in establishinga basis for the projection of the futureof an ongoing business.

Because all three packages touttheir ability to deal with monthly andquarterly data, I expected to see somestatistical routines for dealing withsuch data. No such luck. Movingaverages, more advanced seasonaladjustment, exponential smoothing,and so on are possible but may be dif-ficult for the authors to include. Theabsence of such routines is a real loss.I wasn't really surprised to findmultivariate regression routines miss-ing, but I do believe statisticalroutines have a place in any modelingpackage.

The ability to move smoothly fromhistorical data through data genera-tion is somewhat cumbersome in allthree packages. Examples that com-bine historical and projected sections,such as those that show calculatedhistorical growth rates and sales pro-jections derived from assumed

Examples and Reports

Examples of how a softwarepackage works let us see the cap-abilities of the program and learnsome tricks as well. These examplesare particularly helpful because theymay give us insight into the structureof a model that the authors intendedand for which they developed theirprograms. A sample of each of thereports hints at the reporting flexibili-ty more than any "tricks" the authorsmight share with us.

Sophisticated reports are distin-guished by a number of little touches,including centered titles andheadings, footnotes, the time anddate stamped on each page, goodpagination, true-column underlines(rather than a bunch of dashes thatuse up a line), commas to indicatethousands, a leading "$" at the headof a column, and a variety of ways toexpress "zero" (0, blank, — ) andnegatives (—, brackets ) and so on. Inthe modeling business, two featuresare absolutely required: the stamp ofthe date and time on each page, andthe ability to dump the equations(similarly date- and time-stamped)easily. Modeling involves many dif-ferent alternatives ("What if . . . "),and without the time and datestamped, you might forget which setof reports came from which set ofassumptions or calculation rules.

34 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Desktop

Micro-

Plan II

Plan80

finesse

Arithmetic and

add, sum

add, sum

add, sum

trigonometric

subtract

subtract

subtract

multiply

multiply

multiply

divide

divide

divide

percent

percentmaximumminimumlookup

percent

absolute

absolute

absolute

natural and

natural and

natural and

common logs

common logs

common logs

exponential

exponential

exponential

sin, cos,

sin, cos,

sin, cos,

tan, etc.

tan, etc.

tan, etc.

square root

square root

square root

integer

integerfraction

integer

Depreciation

straight-line

straight-line

decl. balance

decl. balance

sum of year's

digits

decl. bal.-

str. line

Time phasing

time shift

lag

lag

Investment analysis

net present

net present

value

value

IRR

IRR

Forecast generation

interpolation:

arithmeticgeometric

growth:

growth:

simple

simplecompoundallocation:equalpro-rata

Table 3: A summary of built-in functions.

Desktop Plan II provides a single,but straightforward, example of aprogram (listing 1). The reports aredate-stamped but not time-stamped.The overall look of the report is state-of-the-art for a mainframe about 10years ago. The equation list (listing 2)will take some getting used to. As forcustom rules, you're on your own;the list gives the calculation rulesonly, which I find very cumbersome.

The single example provided withMicrofinesse offers little clue to thepower of the program(s). I could haveused about five more examples show-ing how to take advantage of the ef-fort expended in the development ofthis product. The quality of thereports, too, leaves a great deal to bedesired (listing 3). The report is date-stamped, but the rest of it looks as ifit were designed by engineers for

engineers (as an engineer as well as amanager, I admit to being oversensi-tive to the cosmetics of a good presen-tation). Looks like scissors and rub-ber cement are the solution to pagina-tion. Equation lists are similarlystraightforward (listing 4), withoutthe cosmetic care that went into thegraphics. I hope the authors will con-sider adding to the reporting sectionthe little things that can mean somuch to help communicate the resultsof the analysis, such as commas to in-dicate thousands.

Plan80, which offers seven pro-gram examples, has moved in thisdirection, but the examples are onone side of a page while the rules areon the back side (thank goodness forphotocopiers). Plan80 reports aresimple and utilitarian (listing 5). Forequation lists, I am left to the quality

of the editor I was forced to bring tothe party. Some tricks in putting dataand row headings into the report ob-viously exist. But several hours withthe manual have yet to reveal someimportant ones.

Sensitivity Analyses

After you develop the first few sim-ple models, you may wonder, "Whatwill happen to profits (and borrow-ing) if the sales growth is reduced?"Or "How much can sales fall and thebusiness still break even?" The wayyou develop the model is one majorkey to the ability to do such analyses.An original model design that in-cludes many ties between variablesprovides this capability. Only Micro-finesse, however, offers a specificfunction to aid in this kind of work. Ifyou are skilled in modeling, you

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 35

Listing 1: A report produced by Desktop Plan II. The look is reminiscent of that available on mainframes about 10 years ago. Thetime stamp (7:41 p.m.) had to be done by hand.

TOPNOTCH MANUFACTURING COMPANYFINANCIAL PROJECTIONSFISCAL 19—

TOPNOTCH JUNE B 1982 - 7:41PM

ASSUMPTIONS

PRIOR YEARS MONTHLY SALES (5)

MONTHLY GROWTH RATE <7.) <6>

RETURNS 8< ALLOWANCES (7. SALES) <7)

VARIABLE SALES COST (7. SALES) (8)

MATERIAL COST (7. SALES) (9)

HOURLY LABOR RATE CIO)

NUMBER OF DIRECT LAB. PERSONS (11)

FACTORY BURDEN RATE (7.) (12)

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

3000

218000

2.0

....

7.0

....

47.5

-

7.25

-

20

-

30.5

-

! 15000 217000

INCOMEFORECASTED GROSS SALESRETURNS & ALLOWANCES

NET SALES

COST OF GOODS SOLDMATERIAL COSTLABOR COST

FACTORY OVERHEAD-FIXEDFACTORY OVERHEAD-VARIABLE

TOTAL COST OF GOODS SOLD

GROSS MARGIN

OPERATING EXPENSESSELLINGMARKETING

GENERAL fe ADMINISTRATIVEENGINEERING S>. DEVELOPMENTRENTTELEPHONE 8<. UTILITIES

TOTAL OPERATING EXPENSES

NET PROFIT BEFORE TAXES

(22)(23)

(26)

215000

(32)

•

(33)

....

(34)

3100

(35)

(39)

...

(41)

■-

(52)

4300

(53)

7900

(54)

12500

(55>

8900

(56)

3100

(57)

1700

(59)

-

(65)

—

Listing 2: A Desktop Plan II equation list.

CALCULATION RULES NAMED BASIC.RNUMBER DESCRIPTION

COMMENTi COGS=GM-SALES

1 10-SUBTRACT A ROW FROM ANOTHER

COMMENT: EBCIT=GM-OP.EXP.

2 10-SUBTRACT A ROW FROM ANOTHER

ROW 1 ROW 2 ROW 3 COL 1 COL 2 COL 3

10

11

17

17

COMMENT: COC+CONSOLIDATIONS9-ADD TWO ROWS

14

15

51

17

36 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 3: A report produced by Microfinesse. (Top) A profit and loss statement. (Bottom) Net present value and part of the sensitivi-ty report. Note that in this part of the report it is difficult to tell which columns the data refer to.

REPORT 2 :

PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNTS

30.1.1985 SCENARIO A

BTR 1

BTR 2

BTR 3

BTR 4

1982

BTR 1

BTR 2

BTR 3

BTR 4

1983

9192

SALES

73641

77156

73371

96635

320802

78174

84343

81980

104588

349085

93

94

GROSS CONTRIBUTION

28987

30403

28943

37967

126299

30730

33165

32244

41085

137224

95

LESS OVERHEADS:-

96D

STAFF

9000

9000

9000

9000

36000

9900

9900

9900

9900

39600

97D

TRANSPORT

6000

6000

6000

6000

24000

6600

6600

6600

6600

26400

98D

OTHER

4300

4300

4300

4300

17200

4730

4730

4730

4730

18920

99100

DEPRECIATION

5750

5606

6041

5890

23287

5743

7174

6995

6820

26732

,

101102103

TOTAL OVERHEADS

25050

24906

25341

25190

100487

26973

28404

28225

28050

111652

OPERATING INCOME

3937

5497

3602

12776

25812

3757

4761

4019

13035

25572

104

105106

INTEREST

3201

2852

3021

3106

12179

2681

3608

4593

4222

13103

107

PROFIT BEFORE TAX

736

2645

580

9671

13633

1076

1153

(573)

8813

10469

108

====================

=========

===*<====

=========

IttSSSKS

B ===IIKB

========«

ex:::ss3=

=========

=========

»=======

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

RATIOS

116

117

S CONTRIBUTION/SALES

39.36

39.40

39.45

39.29

39.38

39.31

39.32

39.33

39.28

39.31

118

X PRE-TAX PROF/SALES

5.35

7.12

4.91

13.22

7.65

4.81

5.64

4.90

12.46

6.95

119

X PTPRF/T0TAL ASSETS

1.46

2.07

1.28

4.42

2.31

1.38

1.44

1.24

3.95

2.00

120

DEBT/EQUITY

0.58

0.52

0.62

0.51

0.56

0.45

0.79

0.75

0.64

0.66

121

122

BREAKEVEN SALES

63638

63207

64240

64116

68617

?2235

71761

71406

AT 18.00 DISCOUNT RATE CUMULATIVE PRESENT VALUE OF PROFIT BEFORE TAX736.34 2977.99 3394.78 9280.80 9835.84 10339.75 10127.39 12894.04

RESULTS OF SENSITIVITY RUNS

20.00 PERCENT CHANGE IN SALES73640.60 77156.20 73370.55 96635.00 78174.25 84342.50 81980.25 104588.0RESULTS IN PROFIT BEFORE TAX736.34 2645.14 580.33 9670.93 1076.10 1152.81 (573.28) 8813.10

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 37

Listing 4: A Microfinesse equation list: straightforward, but without the cosmetic carethat went into the graphics.

<**#****** START OF MODEL *********>

<* -DIGIT LTD. - *)

<* THIS MODEL PRODUCES

THE FOLLOWING REPORTS:

-CONTRIBUTION SUMMARIES-PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNTS-BALANCE SHEETS-CASH FLOW STATEMENTS

DIGIT LTD. PRODUCES TWO PRODUCTS,CALCULATORS AND DIGITAL WATCHES.THE TIME HORIZON IS TWO YEARS ANDTHE PERIODS ARE QUARTERS. *)

PROCEDURE CALCULATE;

BEG IN

WITH FINESSE'- DOBEGIN

<* CALCULATERS *)

CSALVAL:=CSALVOL *CUPRICE jCDCOST:=CSALVOL*CUCOST;CCONT:=CSALVAL-CDCQST;CCPROPS:=CCONT/CSALVAL*100;

<* DIGITAL WATCHES *>

DSALVAL:=DSALVOL *DUPRICE;DDCOST:=DSALVGL*DUCOST;DCONT:=DSALVAL-DDCOST;DCPROPS:=DCONT/DSALVAL*100;

(* CONTRIBUTION SUMMARY #>

SALES:=CSALVAL+DSALVAL;DCOSTSi=CDCOST+DDCOST:CONT: «=SALES -DCOSTS;CPROPS:=CONT/SALES*1005

Desktop

M icro-

Plan II Plan80

finesse

Getting started

* * * *

* *

Model size

* * * *

* * *

Structure

* * * * *

* * *

Making changes

* * * *

* * *

Graphics

** _

* * *

Built-in functions

* ***

** *

Examples and reports

* ** ** *

* *

Sensitivity Analyses

* *

* * *

Consolidation

* * * *

* *

Errors

* ** ***

*

* fair

* * good

*** excellent

Table 4: A summary of the relative strengths of the three software

packages in terms

of several key characteristics.

could do such analyses with the othertwo packages, but Microfinessemakes this degree of sophistication abit more automated and easy touse—a valuable plus for even themost skilled analyst.

Consolidation

The ability to consolidate theresults of a number of smallbusinesses is one of the main reasonsfor using one of these packages. Withthis consolidation capability, you areto a large extent freed of the limita-tions of handling everything within,for example, 48K bytes of memory.You can bring in one business at atime without overloading thememory, consolidating as you go.You can also build models for oneproduct at a time, consolidatingseveral to develop the structure of aproduct line. At this point you couldadd the common costs of the productline, avoiding the distortions of theallocation of common costs. Similar-ly, you can consolidate the productlines into small businesses, divisions,and large corporations. A mainframecan handle this easily, but themicrocomputer is constrained by itscore size and the size of the disk ituses for storage (fortunately, theselimitations are rapidly vanishing).Caution: consolidations with each ofthese packages can take some time,substantially more than you may beused to with a large computer.

Errors

If you make an error in the midst ofmodel development or execution, theclarity of the error messages is veryimportant. Having suffered throughIBM manuals ("probable program-mer error") at 2 in the morning, I lookfor error sections that are easy tofind, complete, and useful in fixingthe error. I instinctively bristle atunhelpful error-code lists.

Microfinesse lists three types of er-rors (including "nondetected," prob-ably the worst) and refers me to theApple Pascal Language ReferenceManual. May the fleas of a thousandcamels infest those who take that cop-out. Obviously the authors did itbecause going into Pascal languageerrors is beyond their concerns in

38 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 5: PlanSO reports are simple and utilitarian.

PLAN80 EXAMPLE *4Reinvestment o-f Earnings Model

Income StatementInvestment IncomeInterest ExpenseAdmin ExpenseDepreci ation

Profit Be-fore TaxTaxes

Net Income/Loss

Balance Sheet AssetsCash

InvestmentsPhysical AssetsAccum Depreciation

Total Assets

OpeningBalance

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

-

270-81

-175-14

271-81-20-26

295-90-22-21

353

-107

-23

-17

429-129

-25-12'

-

-

144

43

162

49

206-82

263105

— —

101

113

123

158

=====

=====

=====

=====

=====

—• — — —c=

1000

104

900

50

-14

179904100-40

293983100

-62

353

1176

100

-79

414

1429

100

■90

„ „_ _

— ~

-

1000

1040

114:

1314

1551

1852

Balance SheetDebtEquity

Li abi1itiei

Total Liabilities

500

500

1000

540500

1040

542600

1143

600714

1314

714837

1551

857995

1851

Assumptions

New Physical AssetsYeild on InvestmentCost for DebtTax Bracket #1Tax Bracket #2Tax Bracket #3Tax Rate #1Tax Rate #2Tax Rate #3

-

50

50

-

~

._

....

0.300

0. 300

0. 300

0. 300

O.

300

-

0. 150

0. 150

0. 150

0. 150

0.

150

99

99

99

99

99

...

199

199

199

199

199

...

0.200

0.200

0.200

0.200

0.

200

0. 300

0.300

0. 300

0. 300

0,

, 300

0. 400

0.400

0. 400

0. 400

0.

400

model building. Consequently, youmust be aware that when you runMicrofinesse you have to carry thatextra baggage. And in the case of myfavorite, "System I/O Error," I mustsay I no longer care what a "S#0 P#57I#158" is.

Plan80 has 36 error codes alongwith some common-sense advice thatincludes instructions on how to readand react to the error-handlingroutines—not bad!

Desktop Plan II includes a sectionon errors, but no index. Errors in thecustom rules (for calculations) referyou to the Apple manuals, which arepreferable to the old IBM manuals Iuse as a standard. This is no big prob-lem, but be prepared to balance yourworksheets, the program manual,

and the Apple manuals on your lap atonce.

Conclusion

If you don't have any financialtraining, these packages are a wasteof money because they don't provideyou with enough crutches to help. Ifyou can find a corner computer storethat stocks and can explain these,you'll be lucky. Generally, you haveto buy this sort of package on faith.

However, if you have a fairamount of financial training, youcan't go far wrong with any of thesepackages. For a professional, thepayback on your investment can bemeasured in a few weeks based on myexperience. It will take you a day tobuild the first model, and in a week or

so you should be fairly comfortablewith any of the packages. Althoughno one package is clearly superior tothe others, each has something forsomeone (see table 4). All are cost-effective tools.

The power of the microcomputer,with packages such as these, ischallenging those who supply time-sharing modeling for business use.But don't expect such niceties asleading dollar signs, commas betweenthe thousands, true underlining, andso on. Do expect a decent, profes-sional product, more akin to a ModelA than either a Model T (build-your-own Visicalc) or a Rolls-Royce (a laIFPS, SIMPLAN, XSIM, et al.). Andremember: a model is only as good asthe skill of the modeler. ■

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 39

Oarcia's Circuit Cellar

Build the MicrovoxText-to~Speech Synthesizer

Part 2: Software

Rules for conversion of English plain text to phonemes govern theoperation of this SC-OlA-based device.

This is the second of two articles onthe design and construction of an ad-vanced text-to-speech voice syn-thesizer that can be used as aperipheral device in most small com-puter systems. Its features (listed intable 1) include phoneme-basedspeech synthesis, 64 inflection levels,software handshaking, and the abilityto produce music and sound effects.In addition, the synthesizer recog-nizes and echoes the entire printableASCII (American Standard Code forInformation Interchange) characterset, plus the control charactersReturn, Linefeed, Escape, andBackspace.

The voice synthesizer is sold undertwo trade names: Microvox (fromThe Micromint Inc.) and Intex-Talker(from Intex Micro Systems Corpora-tion). I'll call it the Microvox in thisarticle.

Special thanks to Dianna Visek for her work on

the text-to-speech algorithm.

Votrax is a trademark of Federal Screw Works.

Copyright © 1982 by Steven A. Ciarcia.All rights reserved.

Steve Ciarcia

POB 582

Glastonbury, CT 06033

The hardware of the Microvox,described in detail last month andshown in photo 1, consists of ageneral-purpose 6502-based micro-computer with a voice-synthesizeroutput section. This month, I willconcentrate on how text-to-speechalgorithms work in general and onhow the Microvox's programoperates.

The Votrax SC-01A

chip allows the

construction of English

words and phrases

from phonemes.

Text-to-Speech Conversion

By the end of the first or secondgrade, most people have the ability toconvert written text in their nativelanguage into speech. This conver-sion has three basic steps:

1. the visual recognition of thecharacters in the printed text

2. the mental conversion of thesecharacters into the appropriate

commands to the mouth, tongue,larynx, and lungs3. movement of the body parts tomake the sounds

We shall now look at how a computercan simulate the second and third ofthese tasks.

The specific commands necessaryto produce synthetic speech vary ac-cording to which speech synthesizer isbeing used. The Votrax SC-01A chipused in the Microvox is designed toallow the construction of Englishwords and phrases from the pho-nemes (basic speech sounds) of theEnglish language. (The phonemesused in the Votrax system are listed intable 2 on page 42.) Simulation ofstep 2 consists of converting a se-quence of known characters intocommands to voice-synthesis cir-cuitry, which simulates the vocalcords and mouth.

The basic task of the control pro-gram in the Microvox is to convert astring of characters making up anEnglish-language phrase into the cor-responding string of phonemes. In ad-dition, as will be discussed, the com-

40 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Photo 1: An assembled Microvox speech synthesizer, which can pronounce texts consisting of English words from their representa-tion as ASCII characters according to fixed pronunciation rules. The Microvox contains a general-purpose 6502-based microcom-puter programmed to control the Votrax-SC-OlA-based speech-synthesis circuitry.

puter should try to produce the ap-propriate intonation for eachphoneme.

Phrases can be converted tophonemes in three ways:

1. translating whole words tophonemes by looking the words upin a table, with one table entry foreach word

2. breaking words into syntacticallysignificant groups of letters (calledmorphs) and looking up thephonemes corresponding to eachgroup of letters

3. applying a set of rules to letter pat-terns and individual letters inwords

Let's examine these in order.

Whole-Word Lookup

Possessing the appropriate copy-right license, you could store a stan-dard pronouncing dictionary, such asA Pronouncing Dictionary of Ameri-can English by Kenyon and Knott(reference 6), in computer memory.The input text could then be brokeninto its constituent words. After this,

each word could be looked up in thedictionary and replaced with its cor-responding pronunciation. This sim-ple lookup program would containno more than 1000 bytes.

There are, however, two disadvan-tages with this method. First, becausea lot of high-speed, randomly accessi-ble storage would be needed to store asufficiently large vocabulary, search-ing the list for each word might taketoo much run time. Second, whole-word lookup fails completely whengiven a word not in the dictionary; anunusual word, a newly coined term,or a proper name could cause failure.For the next few years anyway,whole-word lookup seems unpromis-ing for most applications.

Morph Analysis and Lookup

Professor Jonathan Allen of theMassachusetts Institute of Technolo-gy has developed a pronouncingsystem, MITALK-79, that is basedupon analysis of morphs, the letterrepresentations of constituent parts ofwords. In a recent article (seereference 1), he points out that a dic-tionary of 8000 morphs is sufficient to

deal with more than 95 percent of thewords in typical texts. Also, becausenew morphs are seldom formed, themorph dictionary rarely needs up-dating. In the few cases where the

1. Phoneme-based speech synthesis

2. 6502 control microprocessor

3. 64 crystal-controlled inflectionlevels

4. 700-character buffer (optionally ex-pandable to 2.7k characters)

5. 6K-byte plain-text-to-phonemealgorithm

6. Full ASCII printable-character-setrecognition and echo, plus fourcontrol codes

7. Adjustable data rates (150 to 9600bits per second)

8. RS-232C and parallel input inter-faces

9. Phoneme access modes

10. Serial X-on/X-off software hand-shaking

11. User-expandable memory

12. 1-watt audio amplifier with volumecontrol

13. On-board power supply

14. Music and sound effects

Table 1: Major characteristics of theMicrovox text-to-speech synthesizer(and of its alter ego, the Intex-Talker).

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 41

HexadecimalPhoneme

000102030405060708090AOBOCODOEOF101112131415161718191A1B1C1D1E1F202122232425262728292A2B2C2D2E2F303132333435363738393A3B3C3D3E3F

Phoneme

Symbol

Code

EH3

EH2

EH1

PAO

DT

A2

A1

ZH

AH2

13

12

11

M

N

B

V

CH

SH

Z

AW1

NG

AH1

001

00

L

K

J

H

G

F

D

S

A

AY

Y1

UH3

AH

P

O

I

U

Y

T

R

E

W

AE

AE1

AW2

UH2

UH1

UH

02

01

IU

U1

THV

TH

ER

EH

E1

AW

PA1

STOP

Duration(ms)

59

71

121

47

47

71

103

90

71

55

80

121

103

80

71

71

71

121

71

146

121

146

103

185

103

80

47

71

71

103

55

90

185

65

80

47

250

103

185

185

185

103

71

90

185

80

185

103

90

71

103

185

80

121

59

90

80

71

146

185

121

250

185

47

Example Word

jacket

enlist

heavy

no sound

buffer

make

pa/I

pleasure

honest

inhib/t

/nhibit

inh/bit

mat

sun

bag

van

c/iip

shop

zoo

lawful

thing

father

looking

book

/and

trick

judge

hello

get

fast

paid

pass

tame

jade

yard

miss/on

mop

past

cold

p/n

move

any

fap

red

meet

win

dad

after

salty

about

uncle

cup

bold

aboard

you

June

the

thin

bird

ready

be

call

no sound

no sound

Note: T must precede CH to produce "CH" sound.D must precede J to produce "J" sound.

Table 2: The 64 Votrax SC-01A phonemes defined for the English language. Most ofthese correspond to speech sounds, but two produce silence and one causes speechsynthesis to stop.

morph approach fails, MITALK-79uses the letter-to-phoneme approachdescribed later.

Dr. Allen's system offers the best-quality output of any currently avail-able text-to-speech system. Its pro-cessing and memory demands, how-ever, stretch the limits of the presentgeneration of microcomputers. If youallow 5 bytes for each morph and 5bytes for its pronunciation, themorph dictionary will occupy 80,000bytes. The algorithm for findingmorphs considers all possible ways inwhich each word can be decomposed.Thus, it requires too much processingpower to achieve real-time perfor-mance with a typical 8-bit micropro-cessor. Using a 16-bit computerwould, of course, increase through-put, but the total cost of the systemwould be significantly higher.

Letter-to-Phoneme Rules

Letter-to-phoneme rules are anecessary supplement to word ormorph lookup because there will in-evitably be words or morphs notfound in the system's dictionary. Byeliminating or at least greatly reduc-ing the size of word and morph dic-tionaries, and relying mainly onletter-to-phoneme rules, it is possibleto construct a text-to-speech programthat will easily run in real time on an8-bit microprocessor and will providesatisfactory performance with 4K to8K bytes of memory.

Probably the best of the publishedrule-based text-to-speech algorithmsis that developed by a team at theNaval Research Laboratory (referredto as NRL; see reference 5). The text-to-speech algorithm embodied in thesoftware of the Microvox is derivedfrom the NRL algorithm, which com-bines word, morph, and letter rules ina single table of about 400 rules. Thistable contains subtables for each let-ter of the alphabet.

A minimum set of rules for Englishtext-to-speech conversion is shown intable 3 on page 48. With these rules, itshould be possible to achieve intelligi-ble, albeit less than perfect, speech.

Each rule in table 3 supplies a pro-nunciation for the character stringenclosed in parentheses; each paren-thetic string may also have a right

42 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Expanding disk storage on your Apple III * ™can be an expensive proposition.

But Micro-Sci has a better proposition tor you,because our disk drives for the Apple III give yougreater capacity and performance for everydollar spent.

And no compatibility problems. The A3 isadirectreplacement for Disk III drives, and the 70-trackA73 and 140-track A143 are supplied with a driverthat is easily added to the SOS driver module,affording extra storage and fast seek rates for all ofthe programs that run under that operating system.

"Registered Trademark of Apple Computers, Cupertino. California.

Circle 249 on inquiry card.

All three are the same bxA" size as your built-indrive and use the same diskettes.They also use your Apple Ill's controller and

/j-sa

MICRO-SCI

power, saving an expansion slot and no AC powercord. And they can be mixed in any combinationon the daisy-chain. At 572 KBytes, the A143 makesa truly viable backup device for the ProFile Hard Disk.

At 286 KBytes, the A73 gives you a lot morecapacity than a Disk III drive.

The A3 offers identical capacity— and is anexcellent choice for second drive compatibility inthe Apple II emulation mode.

So see your Micro-Sci dealer today.

He'll show you how to up your Apple Ill'sperformance the affordable way.

Micro-Sci is a Division of Standun Controls, Inc.2158 SOUTH HATHAWAY STREET • SANTA ANA, CALIFORNIA 92705 • 714/662-2801International Dealer Inquiries... IMC International Markets Corp. Telephone: 714/730-0963 •

• TELEX: 910-346-6739Telex: 277782-ROBYUR

can for additional sOtlware prices.

APPLE SOFTWARE

SUPERSORT 160.00

MAILMERGE....: 95 00 Ml ■ m • m ,m „

speustar :::::&£ To order or for information[call

Introducing"almost wholesale"

"SED"- LETTERS TO BE MATCHEDIN INPUT STRING

'("-LEFT CONTEXT SEPARATOR

LEFT CONTEXT"#"- RESULTS IN CALL TOSUBROUTINE TO MATCH ONEOR MORE VOWELS

I" -RIGHT CONTEXT SEPARATOR

"=" -RIGHT CONTEXTTERMINATOR

"."-PHONEME CODE SEPARATOR

";" -RULE TERMINATOR

Z", "D" - PHONEME CODES

RIGHT CONTEXT"("-RESULTS IN CALL TOSUBROUTINE TO MATCH ANONALPHABETIC CHARACTER

Figure 1: Interpretation of the format of the text-to-phoneme rules of table 3, on thenext page.

C START )

FIND FIRST CHARACTERIN ENGLISH STRING

DO ALL CHARACTERS WITHINPARENTHESES MATCH CORRESPONDINGI CHARACTERS IN ENGLISHSTRING!5

, DOES RULE FOR LEFT

I CONTEXT MATCH CORRESPONDING

CHARACTERS IN ENGLISH. STRING?

DOES RULE FOR RIGHTI CONTEXT MATCH CORRESPONDINGCHARACTERS IN ENGLISHSTRING?

APPEND PHONEME CODES

PROM Rill F TO PHONEME BUFFER

~rr~v/ oonn MULTI-PURPOSEII IZr\ tl£\J\J OSCILLOSCOPES

THE PERFORMANCE/PRICE STANDARD

Now! A 60 MHz Tektronix scopebuilt for your bench.

In 30 years of Tektronix oscil-loscope leadership, no otherscopes have recorded theimmediate popular appeal ofthe Tek 2200 Series. The Tek 2213and 2215 are unapproached for theperformance and reliability theyoffer at a surprisingly affordableprice.

There's no compromise withTektronix quality: The low cost is theresult of a new design concept thatcut mechanical parts by 65%. Cutcabling by 90%. Virtually eliminatedboard electrical connectors. Andobviated the usual cooling fan.

Yet performance is written all overthe front panels. There's the band-width for digital and analog circuits.The sensitivity for low signal mea-surements. The sweep speeds forfast logic families. And delayedsweep for fast, accurate timingmeasurements.

The cost: $1100 for the 2213*.$1400 for the dual time base 2215.

You can order, or obtain moreinformation, through the TektronixNational Marketing Center, wheretechnical personnel can answeryour questions and expeditedelivery. Your direct order includes

probes, operating manuals, 15-day return policy and full Tektronixwarranty.

For a demonstration stop by yourlocal Tektronix Sales Office.

ORDER TOLL FREE

1-800-426-2200

Ask for Department J0338

In the state of Washington,Call (206) 253-5353 collect.

•Price FO.B. Beaverton. OR

Ttektronix

COMMITTED TO EXCELLENCE

Copyright © 1982 Tektronix, Inc. All rights reserved. 135

f(A)! = UH2;

' !(IN)=I1,N;

' (SH) = SH;

(AR) = AH1,R;

I .

(!)$ + :#= I;

#(SED)!=Z,D;

A \ #:(AL)!=UH,L;

(l)$+ =AH2,I2;

S •

(S)S = ;

(AL)$ = AW1,UH3,L;

l(0 = n;

•(S) = Z;

1(A) = AE1;

J (J)=D,J;

k (S) = S;

B (B)=B;

!(THE)!=THV,UH2;

K (K) = K;

(T0)!=T,IU,U1;

(CH) = T,CH;

T

(THAT)!=THV,AE,T;

C

(C)+=S;

L

(L)L=;

(TH) = TH;

(C)=K;

(L)=L;

(TI)0 = SH;

V

^T) = T;

D (D)=D;

M (M)=M;

U

(U)$$! = UH1;

#:(E)!=;

N

(NG)=NG;

(U) = Y1,IU,U1;

!:(E)!=E1;

(N) = N;

#:(E)D! = ;

/

V

(V) = V;

E

(ER)=ER;

(0F)!=UH2,V;

■

#:(E)S!=;

0>

(0R) = AW,R;

W

!(WAS)!=W,AH1,Z;

(EE)=E;

l(0N)=UH2,N;

(W) = W;

(EA) = E;

V

(E)=EH1

P (P) = P;

X

(X)=K,S;

F (F)=F;

Q

(QU)=K,W;(Q) = K;

Y

#:$(Y)I =2E1;(Y) = 3I1;

G (G) = G;

/

R (R)=R;

Z

(Z) = Z;

H J (H)# = H;

'

(H) = ;

( ) = PAO;

Table 3: A minimum set of text-to-phoneme rules for the English language, as usedby the Microvox text-to-speech synthesizer. These rules are derived from analgorithm developed at the Naval Research Laboratory. The rule format is inter-preted in figure 1 on page 46, and special symbols used in the rules are listed in table4.

Symbol Function in Rule String

! Causes call to subroutine that attempts to match any nonalphabetic

character in English input string. It match fails, reports failure. If matchsucceeds, moves rule-string pointer forward by one character in rule andmoves input-string pointer forward by one character in English string.

# Causes call to subroutine that attempts to match one or more vowels

(A, E, I, O, U, or Y). If match fails, reports failure. If match succeeds,moves rule pointer forward by one character in rules and moves stringpointer forward by number of vowels matched in English input string.

: Causes call to subroutine that attempts to match zero or more consonants.

Match always succeeds. Moves rule pointer by one character in rules andmoves string pointer by number of consonants matched in English inputstring.

+ Causes call to subroutine that attempts to match a front vowel (E, I, or Y).

If match fails, reports failure. If match succeeds, moves rule pointer byone character in rules and moves string pointer by one character inEnglish input string.

$ Causes call to subroutine that attempts to match one consonant. If match

fails, reports failure. If match succeeds, moves rule pointer one characterin rules and moves string pointer one character in English input string.

Causes call to subroutine that attempts to match a voiced consonant(B, D, G, J, L, M, N, R, V, W, or Z). If match fails, reports failure. If matchsucceeds, moves rule pointer one character in rules and moves stringpointer one character in English input string.

Table 4: Special symbols used by the text-to-phoneme rules. When the program en-counters one of these symbols in a rule, a special subroutine is called to match pat-terns of characters in context.

context and a left context, as shownin figure 1 on page 46. The algorithmfor interpreting the rule expressions isas follows.

The processor recognizes the firstcharacter of the input plain-Englishtext string; it skips down the list tothe first applicable rule (one that con-tains the character in question as thefirst character in the parentheticstring) and attempts to match therule's parenthetic string to the inputtext. If there is no match, the processis repeated with the next rule ap-plicable for the letter. If there is amatch on the parenthetic string, anattempt is made to match first the leftand then the right context. If eithercontext match fails, the processorproceeds to the next rule. The finalrule for each letter contains a paren-thetic string of just the letter with noleft or right context, thus guarantee-ing an eventual match for any letterin the input text. Once a match hasbeen achieved, the phoneme codes in-voked by the rule (shown to the rightof the equal sign in the rule expres-sion) are transferred to a phonemebuffer. Note that some rules invokeno phonemes.

During the attempt to match acharacter string, the processor mayencounter a special symbol (such as"§", ":", or "!") in the rule expression.In such a case, the symbol is lookedup in a table in memory, and the cor-responding subroutine, one of severallisted in table 4, is called. For in-stance, the symbol "$" calls a subrou-tine that tries to match any singleconsonant. After a successful matchof one consonant, the rule pointermoves to the next character in therule, and the input-string pointermoves to the next character in the in-put string. If the rule pointer en-counters a "§", a similar matchingsubroutine for vowels is invoked.When a matching attempt of this typefails, the subroutine reports failure,and the processor skips to the nextrule.

How to Use the Algorithm

The operation of the text-to-speechalgorithm can best be illustrated byfollowing the translation of a specificphrase into the Votrax phonemes

48 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Alspa

Makes the FastestFloppy-based fy$

Microcomputers

in the Industry...

and in the classroom, the hospital, the office ..

Ease

of use,/ ALSPA utilityprograms makeit happen.

/^\>

Durable,

\, j * J rugged metal*is chassis.

Serviceable

boards andassemblies useconnectors.

HERE IT IS!

Fastest

possible exe-cution speed,optimized I/O.

Flexible,

3 RS-232,1 parallel,and 1 Hard diskport standard.

MassStorage,

floppies to2.4 MBytes,hard disk to44 MBytes

Minimum

size andweight, only 18lbs. in Vz cu. ft.

Professional,

uses 8-inchdrives.

Maximum

softwareavailabilitywith CP/M O.S.

Inexpensive,

computersstart at $1995.

300 Harvey West Blvd. 95060 (408) 429-6000

CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research, Inc. Circle 13 on inquiry card.

listed in table 2. Our example will bethe phrase " the national debt ".

Following the algorithm and itsrules, matching uppercase and lower-case letters identically, we begin tofind the pronunciation of this phraseby translating the initial blank to theshort silent phoneme represented bythe mnemonic PAO. Then the "t" of"the" leads us to the rules for the let-ter T. The first T rule's parentheticstring exactly matches "the", and theexclamation point ("!") symbols forright and left context match thespaces on each side of "the" in theEnglish input text; therefore, we addthe phoneme codes THV and UH2 tothe list of phonemes to be spoken,which are stored in the phoneme buf-fer. The space after "the" in theEnglish text becomes PAO.

We then come to the "n" of "na-tional", which sends us to the rulesfor the letter N. Although matchingfails for the "NG" rule, it succeeds for"N". We then add the phoneme N tothe output buffer. Next, we proceedto the letter-A rules. The first A rule

is not matched because the "a" in "na-tional" is not followed by a nonalpha-betic character, as demanded by theexclamation point. The next threerules also fail to match because "a" isnot followed by "r" or "1". The finalrule does match, and we add AEl tothe phoneme buffer.

We now return to the T rules,matching "ti" with "o" as the rightcontext and adding the phoneme SHto the buffer. We consult the O rules,matching "on" with "i" as the left con-text; we place the phonemes UH2 andN in the phoneme buffer.

Now we are up to the second "a" in"national". We return to the rules forthe letter A. The first rule failsbecause the letter we are trying tomatch is not followed by a nonalpha-betic character. The second rule failsbecause the second "a" in "national"is not followed by an "r".

However, the third rule succeeds.The "al" in "national" matches the"AL" in the rule. Checking the leftcontext, moving from right to left, wefirst encounter a colon (":"), which

€VY*lTt*

DAISY WHEELPRINTER

$795

shipping

FEATURES

• Typewriter operation with nothing to disconnect • lO. 12 or 15 characters perinch switch selectable • Portable with carrying case • Entire interface mountedinternally in the Olivetti Praxis 30 typewriter • Underlining • Cables available formost computers • Service from Olivetti dealers • Centronics compatible parallelInput • Built in self test • Cartridge ribbon • 2nd keyboard switch selectable.

("BYTE WRITER

125 NORTHVIEW RD., ITHACA, N.Y.(607) 272-1 132

14850

means we must match zero or moreconsonants to the left of the "al". Wematch "n" and then proceed leftwardto a number sign ("#"), which meanswe must match one or more vowels.This we do with "io". When we checkthe right context, we find that "al" isindeed followed by a nonalphabeticcharacter, satisfying the rule's ex-clamation point. The rule thus suc-ceeds and we transfer UH and L to thephoneme buffer. Last, we translate" debt ", each character matching onits last rule.

We end up with the followingphonemes in the buffer: PAO, THV,UH2, PAO, N, AEl, SH, UH2, N,UH, L, PAO, D, EH1, B, T, and PAO.Except for the inclusion of the Bphoneme for the normally silent "b"in "debt", this is a good translation.Only a much larger set of rules wouldcontain a rule to handle the silent "b".If you have control over the inputEnglish text, you could change thespelling of "debt" to "det" and avoidthe offending phoneme.

Intonation

Providing realistic intonation ismuch more difficult than choosingthe correct phonemes. Most intona-tion patterns are not represented inEnglish spelling. Achieving the prop-er intonation may require gram-matical parsing of a sentence or evenknowing the writer's state of mind.Probably the best that can be doneshort of very detailed analysis is touse the algorithm developed by BruceSherwood (see reference 9), which in-volves raising the pitch on stressedsyllables, raising it at the start ofsentences and before commas, andlowering the pitch before the periodat the end of a sentence. Before aquestion mark, the pitch is raised,unless the sentence begins with aquestion word (who, what, when,where, etc.), in which case it islowered. .

Punctuation and Abbreviations

Punctuation and abbreviations canalso be converted into words and pro-nounced by the text-to-speech algo-rithm. A simple rule that works formany abbreviations is to pronouncethe individual letters in an abbrevia-

50 October 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 58 on inquiry card.

WHEN WE ANNOUNCEDTHE COMMODORE 64 FOR $595, OUR COMPETITORS

SAID WE COULDN'T DO

THAT'S BECAUSE THEYCOULDN'T DO IT.

The reason is that, unlike our competitors,we make our own IC chips. Plus all the parts of thecomputer they go into.

So Commodore can get more advancedcomputers to market sooner than anybody else.And we can get them there for a lot less money.WHAT PRICE POWER?

For your $595* the Commodore 64™ givesyou a built-in user memory of 64K. This is hundredsof dollars less than computers of comparable power.

Lest you think that the Commodore 64 issome stripped-down loss leader, a look at itsavailable peripherals and interfaces will quicklyconvince you otherwise.

SOFTWARE THAT WORKS HARD.

The supply of software for the Commodore64 will be extensive. And with the optional plug-inZ80 microprocessor, the Commodore 64 canaccommodate the enormous amount of softwareavailable in CP/M?

Add in the number of programs available inBASIC and you'll find that there are virtually noapplications, from word processing to spread-sheets, that the Commodore 64 can't handle withthe greatest of ease.

PERIPHERALS WITH VISION.

The Commodore 64 interfaces with all theperipherals you could want for total personalcomputing: disk drives, printers and a telephonemodem that's about $100, including a free hour'saccess to some of the more popular computerinformation services. Including Commodore's ownInformation Network for users.

RUN YOUR BUSINESS BY DAY-SAVE THE EARTH BY NIGHT.

At the end of a business day, theCommodore 64 can go into your briefcase and ridehome with you for an evening's fun and games.

Because of its superior video quality (320x200pixel resolution, 16 available colors and 3D Spritegraphics), the Commodore 64 surpasses the best ofthe video game machines on the market. Yet,because it's such a powerful computer, it allows youto invent game programs that a game machine willnever be able to play; as well as enjoy Commodore'sown video game cartridges.

ATTACK, DECAY, SUSTAIN, RELEASE.

If you're a musicologist, you already knowwhat an ADSR (attack, decay, sustain, release)envelope is. If you're not, you can learn this andmuch more about music with the Commodore 64'smusic synthesizing features.

It's a full-scale compositional tool. Besides aprogrammable ADSR envelope generator, it has 3voices (each with a 9-octave range) and 4 wave-forms for truly sophisticated composition and play-back—through your home audio system, if you

■ Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price: July 1, J 982. Disk drives and printers are not included in prices. The 64's price may change without notice.CP/M® is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

Circle 75 on inquiry card.

wish. It has sound quality you'll find only onseparate, music-only synthesizers. And graphicsand storage ability you won't find on any separatesynthesizer.

DON'T WAIT.

The predictable effect of advanced technol-ogy is that it produces less expensive, more capableproducts the longer you wait.

If you've been waiting for this to happen topersonal computers, your wait is over.

See the Commodore 64 soon at your localCommodore Computer dealer and compare it withthe best the competition has to offer.

You can bet that's what the competition willbe doing.

r

Commodore Business Machines

Personal Systems Division

P.O. Box 500, Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428

Please send me more information on the Commodore 64™

H

Name.

.Title.

Company.

Address

City

Zip

.State.

.Phone.

L

O commodore

COMPUTER

BT-10

.0|

Code Function

!A pronounce all punctuation

!C pronounce by direct phoneme input

IDx set phrase-terminating delay, from x= 1 (0.1 second) to x = 8 (0.8 second)

!D9 set mode for phrase termination only by return character

!E each-letter pronunciation

IF set flat (monotone) intonation

\Hbr set handshaking busy o and ready r characters

!l set automatically inflected intonation

!K/ synchronize speech using character / as signal

!L line-by-line pronunciation

!M pronounce most punctuation

IN play musical notes (see table 5b)

!0 turns Microvox on-line

! Px set intonation base pitch

!Q turns Microvox off-line

IRx set intonation clock rate; x= 1 is lowest rate, x= 16 highest

!S pronounce some (unusual) punctuation

!T pronounce by text-to-speech algorithm

!W whole text pronunciation

!X/ changes command-code signal character to /

Table 5a: A list of most of the control codes and sequences used by the Microvox,with their functions.

Code Function

opv play a note of time value v at pitch p in octave o

op + v play a sharped note, otherwise same

op-v play a flatted note, otherwise same as first code

Rv observe musical rest of duration equal to time value v

(o is a digit from 1 to 7; p is a letter from A to G; v is a number from 1 to 256)

Table 5b: Control codes used by the Microvox in music mode.

tion consisting entirely of consonantsand to pronounce abbreviations con-taining vowels as words. This ruleworks well for the names of somecomputer companies, such as CDCand DEC. Unfortunately, it failsmiserably for IBM.

Operator Interaction

The Microvox is a stand-alone in-telligent peripheral device that con-verts ASCII-character text intospoken English. The Microvox is at-tached to the source of ASCII text (acomputer, terminal, or modem)through either a serial or parallelcommunication link. Operation ofthe Microvox is similar to that of aprinter except that the output consistsof sounds instead of black marks onpaper.

The Microvox has many selectablefunction options that make possible a

high level of intelligibility in manydifferent applications. These optionsare activated by device-control codestransmitted to the Microvox alongwith the text.

In general, Microvox control codesare in the following form:

! (letter)(option)(option)

For example:

!D3

Most of the control codes are listed intable 5.

The exclamation point is a signal tothe Microvox that a control codefollows. If you wish, you can set it upto use any other character as thecontrol-code signal. This is done bygiving the following instruction:

(old signal character)\(new signal character)

For example:

!X$

which changes the control signal froman exclamation point to a dollar sign.From this state of affairs, the com-mand

$X!

will change the control signal fromthe dollar sign back to the exclama-tion point. Device-control codes canbe embedded anywhere in the texttransmission; they are not spoken.

Device-Control: Handshaking

If a standard parallel or an RS-232C serial connection is used, thesending computer hardware candetect and examine the ACK (Ac-knowledge) or RTS (Ready to Send)signal to determine whether theMicrovox is ready to receive acharacter. However, many popularmicrocomputers lack the hardware todetect the RTS handshaking signal.Furthermore, the RTS signal cannotbe used for this purpose if the com-munication path includes a modem/telephone link. In the Microvox,special software-handshaking signals,described below, are provided to con-trol the flow of input text. (In general,hardware handshaking through RTSor ACK is preferable wheneverpossible, because it relieves the hostcomputer's processor of the hand-shaking chore and allows use ofhigher data rates.)

Software handshaking is activatedby setting switch section 3 of DIP(dual-inline pin) switch SWl on theMicrovox's circuit board to the closedposition. (The open position allowshardware handshaking.) The par-ticular characters that the host com-puter should recognize may beselected by the command

M(busy character)(ready character)For example:!H@#

52 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

The Most Versatile Integrated System Available! — Without Compromise.

From the crystal clear monitor with atrue typist keyboard to the highperformance switching power supply—anengineered solution—the 5000 IS systemis designed with IEEE standard S100 Busarchitecture, giving you the flexibility andcompatibility expected of an industrialgrade computer.

Now you can have 1 MByte Floppies,25 MByte Winchesters with ECC,extended RAM memory (beyond thebasic 64K), various peripheral controllers,and best of all, the 5000 IS can serve as

the host processor of a multi-user, multi-processing system. Up to four I/Oprocessors may be resident in the 5000IS, each with its own Z80 Micro-processor, 64K of memory and two SerialI/O Channels.

With this flexibility you can configurethe highest performance, lowest costmulti-processing system available.

Memory parity—of course! Two yearwarranty—naturally!

For complete information andspecifications on the 5000 IS plus the

location of your nearby IMS Internationaldealer, call or write today!(714) 978-6966 or (702) 883-7611

2800 Lockheed WayCarson Citjs NV 89701

Telex: 910-395-6051

INTERNATIONAL

We Build Computers As If Your BusinessDepended On Them.

See us at Fall COMDEX booth 1144 for more surprises!

IMS INTERNATIONAL DISTRIBUTORS:

Argentina Canada France India Korea Netherlands So. Africa Sweden United Kingdom

Australia Chile Greece Israel Malaysia New Zealand Singapore Switzerland U.S.A.

Austria Ecuador Hong Kong Italy Mexico Philippines Spain United Arab Imerates West Germany

Circle 190 on inquiry card.

ITI»I

Ihe-bus-

INDUSTRIAL QUALITY BOARDS FOR THEIEEE-696/S-100 BUS

*\V^ kill felt M* ill f

itilllfefefcl*

CPU GROUP

CPU 68000

CPU 68000M

• MC68000 processor

S • MC68451 MMU

• 8 MHz operation

• 16-Mbyte addressing

• Single-user

• Segmented memorymanagement

• Multi-user

MEMORY CROUP

EPROM

• 32/64KROM

• 16-bit data paths

• 24-bit addressing

HL

rH

CMEM

• 8K/16K/32KCMOS

• 6 MHz for 8/16-bit

• Non-volatile withLi battery

rH

DMEM

• 256K dynamic RAM

• 24-bit addressing

• 230 ns access

I/O GROUP

CLK-24C

SI04

• Real time clock

| • 4-port serial I/O

: • LSI CMOS chip

j • 256 bytes of FIFO

• Li battery backup

, • DMA transfers

' • 24-bit memory addr.

,r

IEEE-

696/

S-100

BUS

jr

ANALOG GROUP

TL

VIC 4-20

• 4 channels

• 20 mA outputs

• 12-bit performance

• Accepts AOM-12inputs I

AOM-12 (D-to-A)

• 12-bit ±V4L.S.B.

• 0-10V, ±5V, ±10Vjumper select outputs

TL

AIM-12 (A-to-D)

• 32 S.E. channels

• 25 p-sec conversion

• 12-bit resolution

TL

X

Sales representatives inmost metropolitan areas.

OEM and Dealer pricingis available.

system reliability/system integrity

2530 San Pablo Avenue • Berkeley • CA 94702 . (415)549-3854 . 172029 SPX

After receiving this command, theMicrovox will send the at-sign char-acter to the computer when it isunable to receive more data; it willsend the number sign to the computerwhen it is again ready to receive data.It is the responsibility of the host-computer programmer to write thesoftware necessary to use softwarehandshaking.

Finally, it is possible to use theMicrovox with no handshaking bysimply invoking the software-hand-shaking mode and ignoring the hand-shaking transmissions. In this case,you must insert timing delays in thetext-transmitting program so thatdata will not be sent to the Microvoxfaster than it can handle.

Text Synchronization

For many applications, it is impor-tant to synchronize the output speechwith other outputs from the com-puter, such as text or graphics ap-pearing on the display screen. For in-stance, an instructional program mayrequire placing a picture on the screenwhen certain speech output beginsand placing a question mark on thescreen when the speech ends. For syn-chronization, the following commandmay be used:

[^.(synchronization character)

For example:

!K#John!K%Marsha!K$

After receiving this text string, theMicrovox will send a "§" back to thecomputer just before starting to say"John"; it will send a "%" to the com-puter just after saying "John" and justbefore starting to say "Marsha"; andit will send a "$" character to thescreen just after saying "Marsha".None of these special synchronizationcharacters will be spoken. It is theprogrammer's responsibility to usethe incoming synchronization charac-ters to coordinate the screen displaywith the speech.

Phrase Termination

Many aspects of English pronun-ciation are controlled by the contextin which a given letter or word is

54 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 140 on inquiry card.

Circle 394 on inquiry card.

iifi^i 11111111

Sill

ltj9j

[r

ml - ———-

»

Have you put aside buying a color monitor

But, have you looked at the newcolor monitor? _ _

l |U 11;I • ■•_!!

of 3399.00 for the RGBvision I,RGBvision II?

DO WE HAVE GOOD NEWS FOB YOU!

BSSSMSWE *"and lBM pc w,,hou,

interface modules thrnuah the TAXAN "RGB-It" card

■gss^^SS-fflvldBOdIcul,and16

Can you ,ea», aKord to-a. ^J-^ESTS *

the TAXAN RGBvision monitors? bee youi

demonstration.

TAXAN

TSK ELECTRONICS CORPORATION

TAXAN 12" green i>iw~-•-»-■model KG12N. features an 8OO 1resolution at center. 2000 char

1524 Highland Avenue

Duarte, Calitorma 91010

A subsidiary of Kaga Denshi

^vs-JBSSBSsasassa^-

spoken. For this reason, the Micro-vox can wait to receive a completephrase before translating from text tospeech. If you don't specify other-wise, the Microvox will wait totranslate a phrase until it has receivedone of the following phrase-terminat-ing characters:

1. a period followed by two spaces ora return character

2. a comma, semicolon, colon, ex-clamation point, or question markfollowed by a space or return

3. a return character

For some types of output, such ascomputer programs or poems, youwould want each line read as aseparate phrase. For others, such asordinary English narrative text, youmay not want a return character toterminate a phrase. You have two op-tions to deal with this situation.

The command "!W" means "whole-text pronunciation." If this option isselected, a return character will not

terminate a phrase unless one of theconditions of rule 1 or 2 above isfulfilled.

The command "1L" means "line-by-line pronunciation." If this option isselected, a return character willalways be treated by the Microvox asterminating a phrase. When the Mi-crovox is first turned on, it is in theline-by-line mode.

Rather than always send a specialsignal to terminate a phrase, you maywish to have the Microvox treat aphrase as terminated if a certain delayoccurs without any phrase terminatorbeing received. Possible applicationsof this option include situationswhere the user does not fully controlthe output. For instance, suppose theMicrovox is passively connected to atransmitting device that doesn't sendany of the terminating characterslisted above (maybe it sends "STOP"instead). In such a case, there is noway to insert phrase-terminationcharacters in the output stream.However, if the Microvox is set to

ALF COPY SERVICE

FAST • RELIABLE • LOW COST

you need your software duplicated quid1niently, ALF's disk copying service is the answer. Mostorders are shipped in less than a week. Every disk we copyis verified bit by bit and guaranteed 100% flawless. Stan-dard formats include Atari, Apple (including nibble-copy-proof and double-boot formats), and TRS-80 model 1.

Our "no frills" pricing means you don't have to buy extrasyou don't need. Of course, we have the frills too — includ-ing custom printing and packaging. Call us today forcomplete details.

BLANK 3MDISK $1.65

BOX OF 100

^*r«

COPIED 3MDISK $1.95

MULTIPLES OF 50

ALF (303)234-0871 1448ESTES DENVER, CO 80215

treat a half-second delay withoutreceipt of information as the end of aphrase, computer output will not belost or ignored.

The following option providestimed-delay phrase termination:

l\D(delay time)

The delay parameter, which rangesfrom 1 to 8, varies the delay from 0.1second to 0.8 second. (If too short adelay is used, a phrase may betranslated in pieces, resulting in oddintonation or pronunciation, becausethe Microvox uses the context of let-ters and words to determine their pro-nunciation.)

The command !D° is a differentcase; it makes the Microvox wait fora phrase-terminating character even ifit has to wait forever. (This is thedefault mode.) Generally speaking,!D° should be used with slow datasources such as a keyboard.

This selectable-delay feature is par-ticularly useful for the visually dis-abled. It can allow a blind program-mer to use a standard unintelligentterminal by connecting the Microvoxto receive the output from both theuser and the computer. If the delay isset to 0.1 second, keys pressed by theuser will be echoed as spelled letters(because the slight delay betweenthem will be treated as an end ofphrase), but output generated by thecomputer will be spoken as completelines because there generally will beno significant delay between charac-ters. The delay can be varied to fit theparticular application.

Intonation

The pitch at which individualphonemes are pronounced can becontrolled automatically by the text-to-speech algorithm, be kept fixed, orbe altered by user command. Some ofyou will prefer automatic inflection,because of the variety it gives to thespeech, even though the inflection isoften not accurate. Others think acomputer should sound like a com-puter and will prefer flat speech. Stillothers may wish to experiment withcontrolling the pitch to optimize in-telligibility. This control can extendto even make the Microvox sing.

56 October 1982 © BYTE.'Publications Inc

Circle 324 on inquiry card.

, mill ■ 1

a. 1

iaI

J

j

j

u

J

1

J

j

y

u

i j

!'^H

J

j

j

J

w

1

i i

;ioi

1

4>jJ

JMf! I

s

.■:■.!•:* ]

09"*

^M**i|

JIM

,i i ,i ,i I

) ^■w-r.j,'—«£-™ "™

Hj

Illll

"jTJj

0 i- 0 a j>

1

ii i iin

3

One picture is wortha thousand numbers.

Introducing the new wide-tape Quasar" 4-ColorPlotter, driven by the portable with the speed andpower of a desktop computer.

Coupled with the sophisticated Quasar Hand-HeldComputer, this advanced, 80-character plotter turnsdry statistics into dramatic graphics anytime, any-where. Makes analysis easier, presentations moreexciting.

The Quasar HHC is actually a desktop computeryou can take with you. Its heart is a fast, powerful6502 microprocessor, with powerful programminglanguages—Microsoft BASIC, SnapBASIC andSnapFORTH, and high-memory capacity of up to8KB RAM and 16KB ROM internal, expandable withexternal Memory Modules and ROM's or EPROM's incapsules. Operates on rechargeable NiCad batteriesand retains data with power off.

The Quasar mainframe has a complete range ofintelligent peripherals including a new 40-CharacterPrinter, Telephone Modem/Cassette Interface,RS232 Interface, Color TV Adaptor, I/O Adaptor thatworks with up to 6 peripherals.

That means the Quasar HHC system can be yourpersonal computer and database.or portable terminalthat interacts with a large, central computer, or sup-plementary system to host computers for data retriev-al, collection and transfer.

An expanding array of snap-in software includesmodelling programs for "what if" alternatives, pro-grams for time-billing professionals, financial calcula-tions, and many others for scientific, engineering,marketing and business applications.

For a complete information kit, write Quasar HHCDept., or use Reader Service Card.

du

Portable Computer Systems

For HHC system tailored to your specific application contact System House/OEM: Quasar HHC Distributors:

American Medical Instruments Cyber Diagnostic Corp. Impact Technologies Group, Inc Systems 7 Inc 5PC._Ele?tr^rlics lnterNetAlbany, CA Aurora, CO Salisbury, NC Houston f X ' Pl"sburgh, PA San Francisc

415-525-1113Insta-Data Systems,Simi Valley, CA805-522-9629

303-695-8751

Salisbury, NC704-637-6183

San Francisco, CA

713-468-4394 412-782-3770 800-227-4258

Pentagon Industries, Inc. System Exposure Agent Computer Services, IncChicago, IL Dunedin, FL Columbia City, IN

312-867-9200 813-736-5154 219-422-6552

415-781-0175Straitline Marketing Inc.New York, NY212-445-4225

QUASAR COMPANY, Division of Matsushita Electric Corporation of America, 9401 West Grand Avenue, Franklin Park, IL 60131 (312)451-1200

YOU SAVE WHEN WE BUY FOR YOUAS YOUR AGENT. We are a commercial buyingcompany. Our fee is one-fourth of what we save you off list price.

We offer:

• Better prices

• Exporting

• Leasing

• Full service and support

• Access to 500 manufacturers

• Assembly, integration, testing

All prices shown include our fee. These are just a few of theproducts we can buy for you:

COMPUTERS

Alpha Micro 1000 VW

$ 5,960

IBM Personal comp.

CALL

Alpha Micro 1030

12,047

Baby Blue

CALL

Alpha Micro 1051

17,634

Davong5meg. H.D.

1,575

AlspaAC1-2/SS

2,320

Seattle boards

CALL

Altos 8000-10

6,295

IBC Cadet

4,211

Altos 8600-10

7,586

Micromation

CALL

Altos Series 5-15D

2,182

NEC 16 bit system

CALL

Altos Series 5-5D

4,372

NEC 8000 64K PC system

2,266

Apple 2 + 48K

1,208

NorthStar Advantage

2,750

BMC 20 B

5,422

NorthStarAdv.H.D.5

4,395

Calif. Comp. Sys. 300-1A

4,414

NorthStar Hor.64KQD

2,650

Compupro/Godbout

26% OFF

Onyx 5001 MU-6

7,350

Sys.816/A

4,050

Onyx 8000 MU-10

7,900

Sys.816/C

6,630

Sanyo 2000

2,708

Corvus Concept

CALL

Seattle System 2

3,251

Cromemco System 1

2,946

TelevideoTS-802

2,600

Cromemco System 2

3,400

TelevideoTS-802H

4,545

Cromemco 68000 System 1 4,395

TelevideoTS-806

5,200

DECVT-180xx

3,344

Vector 2600

3,895

Dual

12,636

Vector 3005

5,495

Dynabyte

26% OFF

Vector 4

CALL

Eagle II

2,350

Victor 22% OFF

PRINTERS

NEC 3510

CALL

NEC7710R/0

2,325

Brother, parallel, daisy

853

NEC 7720 KSR

2,685

C.ltohF-10, daisy

1,400

NEC/Sellum1,16K, tractor

2,595

C.ltoh Comet II, dot

799

Qume9/45full panel

2,045

Diablo 620, daisy, 25 cps

1,260

Qume9/55full panel

2,180

Diablo 630, daisy

2,098

Smith Corona TP-1, daisy

681

IDS Prism 80

740

Tally

CALL

IDS Prism 132 column

1,430

Texas Instr. Tl 810

1,285

DISK DRIVES, MODEMS, ETC.

Amdek Color II term. 694 Houston Instr. DMP-2 841

Ventel 212 +modem 765 Houston Instr. DMP-4 1,195

Corvus 10 meg. H.D. 3,825 Houston Instr. DMP-7 1,693

DECVT-100terminal 1,390 Morrow20meg.H.D. 3,650

Mastercard, VISA at 3% handling fee. Prices subject to change withoutnotice. Minimum fee $150. 15% restocking charge.

EXPORT SERVICES available. We are

buying agents for overseas computer dealers

and distributors. International Telex470851

THE PURCHASING AGENT

1635 School Street, Suite 101, Moraga, CA 94556Call Toll Free 800-227-2288 In California (415) 376-9020

The hardware in the Microvoxallows control of pitch in two dif-ferent ways. The Votrax SC-OIAspeech-synthesis integrated circuithas four selectable pitch levels. In ad-dition, the output pitch can be variedby selecting 1 of 16 different rates forthe clock signal fed into the SC-OIA.When the Microvox is first turned on,the synthesizer chip is set to pitchlevel 1 (low) and base speech rate 5(defined below). The intonation isgenerated by an algorithm that selectsan appropriate clock rate for eachphoneme. To turn on or off theautomatic clock-rate setting, you cansend the command

!F

(which stands for flat intonation),and the output rate will stay at thebase rate. To restore automatic clock-rate variation, you can send the com-mand

58 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 319 on inquiry card.

II

which stands for inflected intonation(by algorithm).

The intonation algorithm adds toor subtracts from the base rate toderive the final voice pitch. Using the!l mode, however, limits output toonly four base-rate pitch-level shifts.

You may decide to operate withoutautomatic inflection on all text-to-speech translation and yet desire toadd certain pitch changes on specificwords or phonemes. This can be easi-ly done on the Microvox, because thebase pitch and clock rate can be con-trolled independently and changed atany time. The control code is of theform

!Px

where x is a digit from 1 through 4;x = l selects the lowest pitch withpitch increasing according to thevalue of x.

You may also decide to control theclock base rate with a command ofthe form

!Rx

where x = l yields the slowest rate

Circle 179 on inquiry card. >

More Apple II owners choose HayesMicromodem II than any other modemin the world. Compare these features be-fore you buy. You should. It's your money.Thousands of other Apple II ownershave already compared, consid-ered, and are now communicat-

ing-all over the U.S.A.-with ]

Micromodem II. The best mo- —dem for the Apple II. The mostmodem for your money.

A complete . £■:';'data communi-cation system.Micromodem IIis not "basepriced" plusnecessary "options.'' It's a complete, high-performance data communication system.The printed circuit board fits — quicklyand easily— into your Apple II, eliminat-ing the need for a serial interface card.And the Microcoupler™ Uncludedl con-nects the Apple II directly to a standardmodular telephone jack. Auto-dial and-answer features are built-in. Operationcan be full or half duplex, with a trans-

mission rate of 300 bps. And it's Bell 103compatible and FCC approved.

Now there's Hayes Terminal Pro-gram, too! Developed by Hayes speci-fically for Micromodem II, this new

Terminal Program allowsyou to access all the greatfeatures of your modemin a matter of seconds.With it, you can useyourCP/M." DOS33 or Pascal for-^ matted diskettesto create, send, re-ceive, listand deletefiles. Hayes TerminalProgram is a complete,stand-alone disk.And because it'smenu driven, vou can

options to set your communica-tion parameters — as well aschange hardware configuration—directly from the keyboard. It even al-lows you to generate ASCII characters thatare normally not available from Apple

keyboards, further extending your capa-bilities. Incoming data can be printed(on serial or parallel printers) as it's dis-played on your screen.

Software sold with Micromodem IIor separately. A Terminal Program diskand user manual now come withMicromodem II; or. if you already haveone, you can buy the Terminal Programseparately.

If you're ready to communicatewith other computers, to access infor-mation utilities, timesharing systems, or

for Micromodem II. Come on. Compare.

Consider.

Micromodem II is already the best-selling modem for the Apple II. Now.

with Hayes' new Terminal Program, it's

better than ever.

Don f settle for any-thing less. Availableat computer storesall across America.

Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc.

5835 Peachtree Corners East

Norcross. Georgia 30092 (404) 449-8791

Your Apple II

just isn't the same without

Hayes Micromodem IE

NEW!

Terminal Program

from Hayes!

icromodem II and Microcoupler are trademarks of Ha;CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Resear

)le is a registered trademark of Apple Computer. Incter Products. Inc. Sold only in the U.S.A.

Circle 81 on inquiry card.

INTELLIGENT

PRINTER

INTERFACE

Free Your Computer from theMundane Task of Printing

'"■^

Imagine being able to use yourcomputer seconds after beginning anextensive printout.

Visualize your printout with pagebreaks, page numbering and titles,margins of your choice, indentedcarryover lines, on any size paper!

Appreciate the time and money youwill save by not waiting for yourprinter.

SooperSpooler, a buffered printerinterface, maintains control over yourprinter while you go on using yourcomputer for more productiveactivities. Eliminate waiting while yourprinter pecks through a longdocument. SooperSpooler acceptsinformation from your computer at upto 3000 characters per second andfeeds it to your printer as fast as it canhandle it—without using any of yourcomputer's memory or time!

SooperSpooler features include:

• I6K Memory (62K optional)

• Buffer Status Readout

• Space Compression

• Pagination

• Sin

- ^..ngle Sheets

• Headers and Page Numbering

• Indentation on Carryover Lines

• Self Test Routine

• Features also Software Controllable

• Plugs into Most Computer Systems

• 16K Parallel I/O Unit—$349.00!

• Serial I/O Option—$95.00

• 46K Memory Option—$159.00

SooperSpooler by Compulink—The missing link that gives yourmicrocomputer mainframe printing.

'

COMPULINK

CORPORATION

1840 Industrial Circleongmont, CO 80501 (303) 651-2014

Send for brochureDealer inquiries welcomeCall for information: 800-525-6705

and lowest level for the given basepitch, and a: = 16 yields the fastestbase rate. The text examples to followwill demonstrate this function.

Punctuation Modes

The Microvox has three modes forpronouncing punctuation. The useroptions are:

IA (all mode—all punctuation pro-nounced)

!M (most mode—all punctuationpronounced except return,linefeed, and space)

IS (some mode—only unusual punc-tuation pronounced)

When the Microvox is turned on, it isin "some" mode.

Major-Mode Options

The Microvox can operate in fourdifferent major modes: text-to-speech, text-to-spelled-speech (pro-nouncing each letter), phoneme-code,and music. When the Microvox isturned on, it begins in text-to-speechmode.

Text-to-Speech Mode

In the text-to-speech mode, selectedby the !T command, the Microvoxuses the algorithm previously de-scribed to attempt correct pronuncia-tion of all phrases sent to it.However, no program of reasonablesize can possibly contain all the rulesand exceptions for the pronunciationof English. Moreover, since theMicrovox lacks understanding of thetext, it cannot tell which of twohomographs is intended. For in-stance, when the text contains theword "read", the Microvox cannotknow if the present or the past tense ismeant.

When you must have the expectedpronunciation, you can modify thespelling. By typing "red" or "reed" in-stead of "read", you can be sure to getthe pronunciation you want. If "hic-cough" is pronounced strangely, try"hiccup". Often, it helps to break aword into syllables. Compare thepronunciation of "typewriter" and"type write er". Getting recognizablerenditions of foreign words will re-quire considerable ingenuity, because

the Microvox works on the principlesof English pronunciation. Compare"parlez vous" and "parlay voo".

Spelled Speech

The spelled-speech mode, activatedby the IS command, is useful for ab-breviations and words that a usermight have difficulty in understand-ing. When this option is selected,every letter is pronounced separately.It is often useful to use the !A punc-tuation mode in conjunction with thespelled-speech mode, so that all punc-tuation is also pronounced.

Phoneme-Code Mode

The Microvox can also accept in-put in the form of Votrax phonemecodes (see table 2). A space must beleft between the phoneme mnemon-ics. For example, the input string

ICAEND PA0 THV UH2 PA0S E PA0 I Z PA0 B Ol AY 13L I NG PA0 H AH T PA1

will cause the Microvox to say "andthe sea is boiling hot."

Either the flat- or automatic-intonation mode can be used withphoneme-code input. If the automaticintonation is off, the output pitch willcorrespond to the base rate. If it is on,intonation will be like that for theequivalent text. If there are erroneousphoneme codes, the erroneous mne-monics will be spoken as if they weretext. Pitch and rate codes can bemixed with phoneme codes to pro-duce singing.

Music Mode

Since last month's article was writ-ten, a few changes for increasedoverall capability have been made tothe Microvox's controlling software.As a result, the music mode nowworks in the following manner.

The music mode is turned on by thecommand IN. The notation shown intable 5b is used. The seven playableoctaves centered about middle C areindicated by numbers from 1 to 7.Each octave contains notes identifiedas A, B, C, D, E, F, or G. Sharps areindicated by the suffix character " + ",flats by " — ". Time values are selectedby numeric arguments used as multi-

60 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

. And Now, A 100 MHzScope Built for YOU!

Leading a new generation of oscilloscopes, B i KPrecision ranked third in the number of oscilloscopessupplied to industry with over 30 years of experience In thedesign, engineering and production of test equipment hasput their considerable expertise Into the 1500 QUAD-CHANNEL, EIGHT TRACE, 10OMHz oscilloscope bringing anew ultra-high performance/price standard that no otherscope manufacturer can touch at our Incredible price.

Until now, if you wanted a 100MHz oscilloscope ofuncompromising quality, you paid dearly.

The 1500 offers ail the capabilities you might demand froma lab grade oscilloscope. Capabilities such as the increas-ingly popular feature of trigger view is not only provided onthe A channel but the B channel as well. Other featuresinclude selectable 1 Mn or 50n inputs which prevent highfrequency impedance mismatches that can cause seriousmeasurement errors. When working with low frequencies,the 20 MHz bandwidth filter, a real must on any high speedscope, eliminates high frequency noise.

What truely separates the 1500 from the rest of the pack isit's unique ability to display four digital signals not relatedin frequency simultaneously. If desired a delayed portion ofeach waveform can be displayed providing eight traces.

Function switching on the 1500 is performed by touchsensitive lighted pushbuttons with electronic switchinglogic with non volatile RAM. This unique design increasesuser convenience and reliability by eliminating a significantamount of mechanical switching and cabling.

Circle 309 on inquiry card.

The 1500 employs a high efficency switching power supplyto deliver cool regulated power for long trouble-freeperformance, at the lowest weight only 16.5 lbs. for the en-tire scope.

Other refinements include a 6" diag. 8 x 10 cm illuminatedgradicule high-brightness domed mesh 16 KV retangularCRT, beam finder button, LED UNCAL indicators, singlesweep operation, variable holdoff as well as alternate orchop operation with two selectable chop frequencies. Probecalibrator for both current and voltage probes. CH1 andCH2 gating pulses are provided for interfacing withexternal equipment. Also provided is a CH150sroutput fordriving an external counter preventing the need for anexternal "T" adapter and the associated impedance miss-matched problems it causes. The output may also be cas-caded into CH2 providing 500 uV sensitivity at 100 MHz.

Two x10 100MHz Probes are included with the 1500.Optional accessories that you may wish to purchase are:BJBKPLC100 Snap-on front panel cover $26.00BJBKPLCI50 Vinyl earring case for $32.00

probes and cables

B & K Precision backs the 1500 with a one year warrantyand has nation wide service available.

The cost? Remarkably reasonable especially when youcompare it to the other leading 60MHz or 100MHz Dualtrace oscilloscopes. This price breakthrough is madepossible by priority one electronics unequalledbuying power. As the largest distributor of high per-

formance oscilloscopes, we were able to place the largestorder for scopes in B & K's history. We were able to obtainspecial pricing that allows us to pass on to you a

$755.00 savings while the supply lasts.

$1495.00

BJBKP1500

ORDER TOLL FREE

1 -(800)-423-5922

(CA, AK, HI CALL:)

(213)709-5464

PRIORITY r'oHE^i ELECTRONICS <

9161 Deertng Ave.. Chatsworth.CA 91311

CREDIT CARD ORDERS MAY BE PAID BY VISA ORMASTER CHARGE OR, IF YOU PREFER, YOU MAY SENDYOUR CHECK OR MONEY ORDER ALONG WITH $15.00SHIPPING & HANDLING FOR EACH SCOPE. Californiaresidents add 6Vfe% Sales Tax. Prices good throughOctober. Limited to stock on hand. U.S. PREPAID ORDERSONLY.

pliers to an internal time constant; thearguments' values may range from 1to 256. Rests are indicated by "R".When in the music mode, sending Mi-crovox the character string "3F + 4"causes it to play a four-period-longnote at a pitch of F sharp in the thirdoctave. "R16" causes a 16-period-longrest. The separate tempo commandhad to be omitted.

Default Options

When the Microvox is turned on,certain default conditions are inforce. They are equivalent to enteringthe following commands:

!P1 lowest pitch

!R5 clock base rate 5

!F flat intonation

!T text-to-speech mode

IS some punctuation

!L line-by-line pronunciation

!D9 wait for return

IO Microvox on-line

!H@# handshake with @ and #

Any of these options can bechanged simply by sending the proper

control code to the Microvox, eithertransmitted separately or embeddedin text. For example, if the Microvoxis connected to a terminal, typing"This is a test." and hitting Returnwill result in that phrase being spokenwith no intonation. To add automaticintonation, you can type

II This is a test.Return

From this point on, all spoken textwill have automatic inflection unlessyou resume flat intonation by typing"IF".

As previously mentioned, intona-tion can be added selectively or bythe automatic algorithm. Let's look atfour ways of commanding the Micro-vox to pronounce the same sentence:

1. (text-to-speech mode, no addedinflection)

ITIF

Please enter your access number.

2. (automatic inflection in text-to-speech mode)

ITII

Please enter your access number.

3. (selected inflection in text-to-speech mode)

ITIFIP1IR5

Please !R8enlR5ter !R7yor IR5ac-

cess number.

4. (phoneme-input mode with select-ed intonation)

IFICIP1IR5

P L El Y Z PA1 PA1 PA1 PA1IR9 EH1 EH3 N IR5 T ER PAlY IR8 02 02 02 IR5 R PAlIR7 AE1 IR5 K S EHl EH3 S PAlN UH1 M B ER

These examples demonstrate variousways in which you can increase theintelligibility of the synthesizedspeech by programming the Micro-vox. You can use the text-to-speechmode with either selective orautomatic intonation, or you can op-timize pronunciation by choosing ex-actly the pitches and phonemes youwish.

An exaggerated example of com-bined pitch and phoneme control can

Ihte^talker

The Professional Voice QualityText-to-Speech Synthesizer

Unlimited Vocabulary

64 Programmable levels of inflection

Built-in 6K text-to-speech algorithm

Ihtek

INTEX-TALKER brings a new dimension to interactivecomputer communications with a new high level of speechintelligibility and voice quality. Available as a stand aloneperipheral or at the board level. Custom versions forOEM accounts.

At Only $295.00 INTEX-TALKEROffers These Features:

• Phoneme based speech synthesizer chip

• 64 crystal controlled inflection levels -digitally programmable

• 6K text-to-phoneme algorithm

• 750 character buffer (3,000 character optional)

• Complete ASCII character set recognition and echo. Adjustable Baud Rate (75-9600)

• RS232C and Parallel connectors

• X-on/X-off handshaking

• Phoneme access modes

• User expandable memory

• Music and sound effects capability(programming language for notes included)

• Onboard amplifier and power supply ±12V; +5V

• Spelling output mode

Order Now

Call the number below to order or request additionalinformation. Master Charge or Visa accepted. Charge toyour credit card or send a check for $295.00 plus $4.00delivery. Add 4% sales tax in Michigan.

Dealer inquiries invited

Intex Micro Systems Corporation

755 West Big Beaver Road ■ Suite 1717Troy, Michigan 48084Telephone: 313/362-4280

62 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Sophisticated program development editingwith useful word processing features andpowerful TECO commands and macros.

Performance

Fast and easy 'What you see is what you get' editing of files up to one disk in length. Completely replaces ED and reduces yourediting time by 90%. Includes search and replace, text move and copy, complete file handling and printing. Insert a specified linerange of another file anywhere in the text, and change disks while editing. Unique automatic indenting for use with Pascal, PL/1,'C'and others. Special features for assembly language and Cobol. Even if you already have a good word processor, VEDIT" sprogram development features, powerful command structure, and exceptional speed will greatly increase your productivity.

User Oriented

Fully adapts to your system with a menu driven customization for keyboard layout, CRT selection and more. Includes a statusline with cursor's line and column positions, an 'Undo' key and recovery from full disk conditions (you can delete files or changedisks). VED1T is significantly enhanced twice a yearand you can opt for our popular and inexpensive update option. And we offerdirect technical support you can count on, including custom patches for new CRT terminals.

Text Buffers, Macros

Ten buffers can hold text, macro commands or complete files. These may be edited, loaded and saved on disk. Macros performrepeated or complex editing operations. (Perform 40 search/replace on 20 files automatically, for example.) Buffers allowextensive 'cut and paste', including portions from multiple files.

Word Processing

Includes word wrap, adjustable margins, reformatting of paragraphs, word and paragraph functions, and printing withimbedded printer control characters. May be used stand-alone or in conjunction with most text output processors.

Hardware Support

CRT version supports over 40 terminals including the VT-100. Utilizes 'smart' terminal capabilities for fast screen updating.Your keyboard layout can use any function and cursor keys. Memory mapped version offers high speed, flexibility and supportsbank select (SSM VB3). Startup command file can initialize programmable function keys, VEDIT parameters and more.

Ordering

Please specify your microcomputer, video board or theCRT terminal version, 8080, Z80 or 8086 code and diskformat.

VEDIT - Disk and Manual

For8080orZ80 $150

ForCP/M-86orMSDOS $195

Manualonly $18

VCOM - Z80 CP/M disassembler produces labels, ASCIIstrings and cross reference. Exceptional speed. .. .$80

CP/M-86 for IBM Personal Computer offers horizontalscrolling, screen line editing, CRT emulation, filetransferwithMSDOSandharddisksupport $285

NEW Terminal and file transfer communicationprogram for IBM PC, IBM Displaywriter and otherCP/M-86 and MSDOS systems $70

Xerox 820 • Apple II Softcard • TRS-80 II and ISuperBrain • Zenith Z89 • DEC VT180 • TelevideoNorthstar • Cromemco • Altos • Vector • MicropolisMP/M • CP/M-86 • MP/M-86 • MSDOS

IBM Personal Computer and IBM Displaywriter

CP/M and MP/M are registered trademarks of Digital Research, Inc. Apple II is a registered trademark of AppleComputer, Inc. Softcard is a trademark of Microsoft. TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corporation IBM PersonalComputer is a trademark of International Business Machines, Inc.

1955 Pauline Blvd., Suite 200

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103(313) 996-1299

CompuView

PRODUCTS, INC.

Circle 101 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982

63

actually allow Microvox to sing, asdemonstrated by a bar of "HappyBirthday":

!C !P3 !R3

H H H AE1 AE1 AEl AEl AEl AEl

P P !P2!R5 Y Y Y!P3!R5 B ER ER ER ER R

TH TH TH TH !Rl

D Al Al Al Al 13!R9 T IU IU IU IU

Ul Ul Ul Ul Ul

!R7 Yl IU IU IUUl Ul Ul Ul Ul Ul

and a scale of D through E:

!C

!P1 !R1 D D El El Y Y Y

!P1 !R5 El El El Y Y Y

!P1 !R11 EH1 EH1 EHl EH2 F F F

!P2 !R5 D J J El El YY Y

!P2 !R11 Al Al Al Al Al Y

!P2 !R14 B B El El Y Y Y

!P3 !R11 S S El El Y Y Y

!P3 IR15 D D El E Y Y Y

!P4 !R11 El El El Y Y Y

Since there are only 64 pitch levels,which were set up for speaking ratherthan singing, the range of octaves issomewhat limited. Singing is prob-ably the most dramatic example ofprogrammable pitch control, butPavarotti doesn't have to worryabout his job.

In Conclusion

Speech synthesizers raise the levelof communication between man andmachine. Today, they are regularlyused in telephone-answering systems,elevators, fire-alarm systems, annun-ciators, and nonvisual-communica-tion aids. The price/performanceratio of voice synthesizers no longerlimits their uses.

The Microvox is a second-genera-tion voice synthesizer with many pro-fessional features. Nothing is sealedfrom inspection, and the schematicdiagram isn't kept in a vault some-place. Circuit Cellar projects aremeant to be built and enjoyed.

If you had asked me four years agowhy anyone would spend money on aspeech synthesizer, I wouldn't havehad an easy answer. Today, how-ever, after designing four speech syn-

thesizers and reading hundreds ofreaders' letters each month, I've cometo regard speech synthesis as a newtechnology that's only begun to beused to its full potential.

Next Month:

Build the Circuit Cellar MPX-16computer system, which is based onthe Intel 8088 and is bus-compatiblewith the IBM Personal Computer. ■

References

1. Allen, Jonathan. "Linguistic-basedAlgorithms Offer Practical Text-to-Speech Systems." Speech Technology,Volume 1, Number 1 (Fall 1981), page 12.

2. Ciarcia, Steve. "Build a Low-CostSpeech-Synthesizer Interface." BYTE,June 1981, page 46. (Reprinted in Ciar-cia's Circuit Cellar, Volume III, Peter-borough, NH: BYTE Books, 1982, page133.)

3. Ciarcia, Steve. "Build an Unlimited-Vocabulary Speech Synthesizer." BYTE,September 1981, page 38. (Reprinted inCiarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume III, Peter-borough, NH: BYTE Books, 1982, page168.)

4. Ciarcia, Steve. "Build the Microvox Text-to-Speech Synthesizer, Part 1:Hardware." BYTE, September 1982,page 64.

5. Elovitz, Honey Sue, Rodney W. Johnson,Astrid McHugh, and John E. Shore."Automatic Translation of English Text toPhonetics by Means of Letter to SoundRules." United States Naval ResearchLaboratory Report 7948, 1976. (Con-densed version published in IEEE Trans-actions on Acoustics, Speech, and SignalProcessing, Volume 24 (1976), page 446.)

6. Kenyon, John S. and Thomas A. Knott. APronouncing Dictionary of AmericanEnglish. Springfield, MA: G. & C. MerriamCompany, 1953.

7. Kucera, H. and W. N. Francis. Computa-tional Analysis of Present-Day AmericanEnglish. Providence: Brown UniversityPress, 1967.

8. Miastkowski, Stan. "Add a Voice to YourComputer: The Votrax Type 'N Talk."Popular Computing, June 1982, page 81.

9. Sherwood, Bruce. "Fast Text-to-SpeechAlgorithms for Esperanto, Spanish,Italian, Russian and English." Interna-tional Journal of Man-Machine Studies,Volume 10 (1978), page 669.

10. Sherwood, Bruce. "New Technology Pro-vides Computer Voices for Education."Speech Technology, Volume 1, Number 1(Fall 1981), page 24.

Editor's Note: Steve often refers to previousCircuit Cellar articles as reference material foreach month's current article. Most of these pastarticles are available in reprint books fromBYTE Books, McGraw-Hill Book Company,POB 400, Hightstown, NJ 08520. Ciarcia's Cir-cuit Cellar, Volume I, covers articles that ap-peared in BYTE from September 1977 throughNovember 1978. Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar,Volume II, contains articles from December1978 through June 1980. Ciarcia's CircuitCellar, Volume III, contains the articles thatwere published from July 1980 throughDecember 1981.

To receive a complete list of Ciarcia'sCircuit Cellar project kits available from theMicromint. circle 100 on the reader serviceinquiry card at the back of the magazine.

The following are available from:

Intex Micro Systems Corporation

Suite 1717

755 West Big Beaver Rd.

Troy, MI 48084

(313) 362-4280

1. Intex-Taiker, the assembled, tested,and FCC-approved version of theMicrovox text-to-speech synthesizer.With power supply and documenta-tion...$295.

OEM availability and pricing will bediscussed on request. Please add $4 forshipping on all Intex-Talker orderswithin the United States; please add$20 for shipping on overseas orders.Residents of Michigan please include 4percent sales tax.

The Micromint Inc.917 MidwayWoodmere, NY 11598(516) 374-6793

(for technical information)(800) 645-3479

(for orders only)

1. Complete kit for building theMicrovox text-to-speech voice syn-thesizer, including the SC-01A and allother components, enclosure, powersupply, and documentation.. .$215.

2. Votrax SC-01A voice-synthesizer in-tegrated circuit...$50 each. OEM quan-tities are available.

Please add $4 for shipping on allMicrovox orders in the United States;please add $20 shipping on overseasorders. Residents of New York pleaseinclude 7 percent sales tax.

64 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

■ ■

V

r&** %i~*P}l

%+Fi:

MHM

'T^

■

' ■

■ r , , .

■ ■

•«*,,**

m

• . ■'**«

■

an

%

■

Mt ''

■JM

■

I «• «*

■

t>J$"

■

J

■ »»■ i

JS-.fl^

■ ■

•

Mbe*j

EPSON

ze, of course, is a deadyay. But don't let the sizei.TheHX-20isnotato[lorified calculator.Ifs a computer., real computer, with 16K[ (optionally expandable 132K), and 32K ROM (optional!expandable to 64K), RS-232Cand serial interfaces, a full-sizASCII keyboard, a built-inprinter, a scrollable LCD screeand sound generation. A micrcassette and ROM cartridge«available as options.Viva la difference!In fact, the only differences be-tween the Epson HX-20 and anordinary computer are:

1) The HX-20 is small en.to fit inside your brn

2) If 11 run on its own inpower supply for 511hours, and fully ret iless than eight;

3) It gives you up togram functions at I ;of a button;

4) It lets you inter'peripherals liktSeries printers for c ipondence quality o.theCX-20Acc>i

for remote coi ia barcode reader fctoryco: an au

cassette for loadi isaving progra i i

5) It lets you shut tiVoff while presc!grams in RAMbut far fron i

■ :! ■ than $t

rightThe perfect traveling compdWith the Ioptional RAM ibe able to usi

any whencadmium Ipower, all-CMOS mthe HX-20 running!hours. And even if youHX-20 off, a lowmaintains all proin RAM.

Little screen, big pictuThe HX-20-LCDs< iieulbn

swer to tlyou get a big sen?" You just

EPSON

*** MENU ***CTRL--1 Initialize

1 MONITOR

2 BftSIC

PRINTEROFF ON

PAPERFEED

PAUSE MENU BREAK

PF1

PF2

PF3

PF4

^w! m^ Hi w^i tt^ kmm s^

size.

Optional Microcassette

HX-ED

•••••••••••••••••

9 '9- "9 -9 9 9 9 9 • 9 9" 9 9 9 9 9f w

•••••••••••••••••

p ; -.„ „„■ __ . ,

^^inMif^^ M C - 3 0 ^Sjwji^JS'

Mil MUM* i '

MICRO CASSETTE DRIVE

• REC

PF5

So with the HX-20, you can doprogramming, word processingand data entry just like you'vegot a big screen, up to 255 char-acters wide, with easy-to-readupper and lower case letters,numbers and punctuation andany 20 column by four line partof it visible by user command.Built in hardcopies.The HX-20's built-in 24 columndot matrix impact microprinterhands hardcopies to you at 42LPM, in a crisp, precise 5x7 ma-trix. It even has bit addressablegraphics to give you a pint-sizedsales chart, and enough interna-tional symbols to print mostWestern languages.

Epson makes more and betterprinters than anyone else in theworld. Need we say more?The best is yet to come.When you hold an HX-20 in yourhand, you're not only holding alot of capacity, you're holding alot of expansion.

There's a standard cassette in-terface, a cartridge interface, theRS-232C and serial interfaces,and a system bus that lets youexpand RAM and ROM capa-bilities. There's even a floppy discdrive for maxi capacity in a minipackage.The Epson edge.Surprised that a computer like theHX-20 should come from Epson?You shouldn't be. Because we'vebeen building computers in Japansince 1978. And we've been prac-ticing ultra-high-quality precisionmanufacturing for a lot longerthan that.

We didn't jump right into theAmerican microcomputer mar-ket. We could afford to bide ourtime; to wait for the product thawas going to stand America onits ear.

This is it.

The Epson HX-20.

HlrrlB 1Sft nn inquiry nard

;t

MERICA, INC.

COMPUTER PRODUCTS DIVISION

3415 Kashiwa StreetTorrance, California 905053) 539-9140

What Makes BusinessProgramming Hard?

A banker/programmer describes the pitfallsin writing software to handle routine business tasks.

Where lies the difficulty in businessprogramming? Why is it that you canpay $100, $1000, or $100,000 for ageneral business package—receiv-ables, payables, payroll, and generalledger—and perhaps end up beingdissatisfied or even suing the vendor?Of the many reasons, three stand out.

First, business programming seemseasy but isn't. Everyone knows howto do a payroll: you multiply hoursby pay rate to determine gross pay,figure the withholding taxes, deductthem and other withholding items tofind net pay, add them all up to getthe total payroll, and print pay-checks. I know a major companywith a skilled programming staff thatpaid $1 million to an outside vendorfor a completely general payrollpackage and considered it a bargain.

Once written, business programsare hard to test. Ten years ago weheard stories about paychecks writtenfor $0.00 or even for negativeamounts. While most payroll systemswritten recently check for deductions

James L. Woodward, Vice-President

State Street Bank and Trust Company

225 Franklin St.

Boston, MA 02101

larger than gross pay, this problem il-lustrates the obscure special cases thatcomplicate attempts to thoroughlytest a business system.

Second, good business program-mers must be equally at home in thesterile, precise, and rigid world of thecomputer and the comparatively

It is only recently and

gradually that the

customer has become

aware of the value of

"bulletproof" software.

sloppy, error-ridden, and free-formworld inhabited by most businesspeople. People who function well inboth worlds are rare. As a result,while modern interactive softwarepackages almost always do every-thing they are supposed to, the usualquestions are whether the averageuser can make them do anything,

whether the menus and prompts canbe understood by the clerk-operator,and whether the documentation, if itexists, can be understood by anyoneat all.

Third, business programs must runin a difficult environment. By defini-tion they operate on large stores of in-formation that has been entered intothe system from a variety of sources.The programs must struggle desper-ately to keep those files free from er-ror, must protect the files constantlyfrom human error (and possible sabo-tage) and from the tribulations ofpower failure and head crashes, andmust all the while be alert for theerrors that almost certainly arealready in the information base.

Lack of user sophistication is a con-stant problem. The million-dollarpayroll package will almost certainlybe run by skilled people in a well-structured and well-managed opera-tion; the people running it will haveread the manuals and had extensivetraining courses as part of the pur-

68 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 215 on inquiry card.

NOW: A COMPLETE CP/M PASCAL FOR ONLY

HERE'S THE PASCAL YOU'VE BEEN READING ABOUT.

AND, WITHOUT EXCEPTION, THE REVIEWS CALL JRT PASCAL

A SUPER PRODUCT FOR AN AMAZING PRICE!

LnfoWorld

Software Report Card

JRT Pascal

Version

2.0

I'lirformaiifw □ □ □ 0

Documentation D O 0 Q

East: of Use; D D □ 0

Urror Handling D D Q 0

From INFOWOHLD magazine, August 16,1982

SAME SYSTEM

WE SOLD FOR $295!

So how can we makethis offer?—why the unbe-lievable deal? Very simply,we think all software is overpriced. We want to build volume withthe booming CP/M market, and our overhead is low, so we'repassing the savings on to you.

AND AT NO RISK!

When you receive JRT Pascal, look itover, check it out. We invite you to compareit with other systems costing ten times asmuch. If you're not completely satisfied,return the system—with the sealed disketteunopened—within 30 days and your moneywill be refunded in full! THAT'S RIGHT-COMPLETE SATISFACTION GUARANTEEDOR YOUR MONEY BACK!

In addition, if you want to copy thediskette or manual—so long as it's not forresale—it's o.k. with us. Pass it on to yourfriends! BUT ACT TODAY—DON'T DELAYENJOYING PASCAL'S ADVANTAGES—AT$29.95, THERE'S NO REASON TO WAIT!

JT(T80\L

I need the 51A" diskette for D Northstar D Osborne D Apple-CP/M□ Heath, Hard Sector □ Heath, Soft Sector □ Superbrain.I need the a 8" SSSD diskette.

Send to

JRT SYSTEMS1891—23rd AvenueSan Francisco, CA 94122

Phone415/566-5100

Name-

. Address-

City-

State .

Zip.

O.K. You've sold me. Send me JRT Pascal; I understand that if I'mnot completely satisfied, I can return it within 30 days—with thesealed diskette unopened—for a full refund.(Please allow 2-3 weeks for delivery.)

Q Check D C.O.D. D MasterCard D VISA

(CA residents add sates tax. Add $6 for shipping outside North America.)

Card #_

-Exp.-

Signature

"CP/M is a Digital Reserach TM.

A 56K CP/M system is required.

chase. The hundred-dollar packagemust run (or at least fail safely) whenhandled by raw beginners who maynever have seen a computer before.

Murphy's Law is an ever-presentphenomenon: if anything can gowrong, it will. Memory and diskspace are always full to their limits,and if you buy more of either, theusage will rapidly expand to fill thenew capacity. (Those of us with a fewyears of experience behind us knowthat Murphy dreamed up his apho-rism when, after a long session on aUnivac I, a vacuum tube blew just

before the machine would havestarted delivering results. We alsoknow that he was an optimist.)

The Factors Involved

The heart of the problem is thatthere are so many different ways tohandle the same business functions.For example, a firm can pay employ-ees daily, weekly on a fixed day of theweek (except in holiday weeks whenthe day will change), every otherweek on a fixed day of the week, onceor twice a month on a fixed day of theweek or weeks, and once or twice a

• •• FEATURING 8 and 16 BIT S-100 SYSTEMS* • •

WE OFFER A WIDE RANGE OF CRTs, PRINTERS, GRAPHICS EQUIPMENT, SOFT-WARE FOR ALL SYSTEMS. EACH SYSTEM COMPLETELY TESTED, INTEGRATED,READY FOR PLUG-IN OPERATION WHEN YOU RECEIVE IT. WE TAILOR & CON-FIGURE SYSTEMS TO MEET YOUR BUDGET AND NEEDS. WE CUSTOMIZE SOFT-WARE TO YOUR SPECS. WE WELCOME YOUR REQUEST FOR TECHNICAL INFOBY PHONE OR LETTER.

CAD-GRAPHICS 16: Architects • Designers • Engineers • Create, store and editdrawings. Use arrays, zoom, windows. Completely interactive hardware/softwarepackage includes 990016 bit microcomputer, high resolution graphics display, digitizer,plotter. Does the work of a $200,000. system for $10,200. CP/M® optionally available.

IMS 2 yr. warranty on boards! SX systems w/8" or 5V4" drives, optional 10, 20, or 40MB Winchesters, built-in tape back-up, Z-80 S-100 bus. 5000 system with integratedscreen now available. On site service for NY quad-state area.

MULTI-USER IMS: MPU/slave cards give each user CPU, 64K, 2 serial ports.

TURBODOS: Single or multi-user. Spectacularly FAST CP/M® compatible OperatingSystem. Cuts link/edit time in half. Z80 Code interrupt driven. Up to 6X faster thanCP/M; up to 35% increased disk capacity. For IMS, CCS.

CROMEMCO: 68000/Z80 dual processor systems starting at $4,670.

Also, new Z-80 personal computer w/integrated screen, Model C-10 $1,695.

VICTOR 9000:8088 business system, 128K RAM. 132 x 50 line screen. Dual 5Vt" drivesw/2.4 MB capacity. Higher res graphics than IBM PC. . . .$4,995. Price includes bothCP/M® 86 and MS-DOS. Letter quality and/or dot matrix printer additional. Elegant,completely interactive business software and word processing offered.

MASTER MAX: Z80 single card computer, 4 slot, S-100, w/dual 8" drives $2,540.

See details in this issue of BYTE, page 196.

LOMAS DATA 8086 SYSTEM: Complete Lomas card set in TEI12 slot mainframe,

86-DOS, dual Shugart 801s, Televideo 912, assembled & tested $4,599.

Options: Double sided drives, 8087 & 8089. CP/M1" 86, Winchester interface.

SEATTLE 8086 SYSTEMS Featuring 86-DOS, the IBM PC Operating System.

SYSTEM 1:8 MHZ CPU, 64K Static RAM, in TEI mainframe $2,695.

SYSTEM II: with 128K Static RAM $3,550.

S-100 BOARDS OR BOARD SETS: Godbout, Systems Group, SD Systems, SSM,Tarbell, Morrow and others. Discount prices.

MAX BOX DISK DRIVE SUBSYTEM mfg by John D. Owens Assoc. Dual drivecabinet w/regulated power supply, fan, complete internal cabling. Ready to plug in.W/2 Shugart 801 $1,275 W/2QUME DT-8 dble sided drives $1,605.

Prices subject to change without notice Write or call for free catalogue

JOHN D. OWENS Associates, Inc.

12 Schubert Street, Staten Island, New York 10305212 448-6283 212 448-2913 212 448-6298

month on a fixed day of the month.In addition, bonuses can be paid atodd times, payment for people oncommission is handled differently,and so on. People can be paid by thepiece, hour, day, week, month, oryear. If the rules for federal contrac-tors apply and the employees arenonexempt personnel, they will bepaid at a time-and-a-half rate forwork exceeding 8 hours in a day or 40hours in a week, or for work done onthe sixth day of the week, unless theyare part-time or it is a holiday week.If they're exempt, they can be paidnothing, straight rate, or time and ahalf after 40 hours. If the federal rulesdon't apply, others will.

One federal tax rule applies toeveryone, except people who get apayment from the government be-cause their incomes are low, peoplewho pay no taxes because they havemany deductions, and so forth.Because the IRS is firm, forceful, andfeared, it's important to compute thefederal tax accurately and to handlethe no-tax status correctly.

But federal taxes aren't the onlyones to consider. Several states haveno state income taxes to worry about,but tax regulations in various cities inother states bring the total to morethan 50 different rules for calculatingstate and local withholding taxes.Add to these the various state rulesfor calculating unemployment andworkers' compensation, along withthe various forms that must beprinted, and you begin to understandwhy Automatic Data Processing,which makes a successful business outof paychecks, writes 1 out of 10 pay-checks in the United States.

Business programmers must alsoovercome the peculiarities of thecalendar. "That's simple enough,"you say. But is it? Start with thehour. It's made up of 60 minutes,right? Wrong, if you figure time cardsin hours and hundredths of an hour,as many companies do. Many ofthese companies have time clocks thatprint decimal hours. When you startfiguring in months, quarters, andyears, your program really gets in-teresting. You can always follow thestandard Gregorian calendar. This is

70 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

fine, except that having periods endon different days of the week is anuisance, so that there are severalschemes for improving on PopeGregory's system. The most popularalternative uses 13-week quartersconsisting of two 4-week "months"and one 5-week "month" (the order isusually 4-4-5 but sometimes 5-4-4).The "months" and quarters end on aFriday or Saturday; the year-end isalways on the same day of the week.Because this year has only 364 days,once every few years you must addan extra week in the last quarter tokeep it more or less in synchroniza-tion with the Gregorian calendar. Theother popular artificial scheme usesthirteen 4-week "months." This yields13 equal periods for comparison pur-poses, but names for the periods areconfusing. Most people numberthem; some use the 12 names we allgrew up with and throw in an extra(Midsummer's month?).

Any of these methods can use fiscalyear-ends that are not the end ofDecember. Most businesses end theirfiscal year on or near the end of acalendar month; for the vast majori-ty, that month ends one of the fourcalendar quarters. In addition tothese choices, all must close out theirpayroll books on the calendar quar-ters for Uncle Sam.

There are more complications; forexample, not every business followsthe same accounting procedures. Butenough of this. Let's just say that theworld of business is a mess; and formany programmers, adapting to thisis both their bread and butter andtheir nightmare.

Program Testing Tests People

The complications that hamper thedesigning of business programs alsomake testing difficult. Oddball casesare a plague: no-tax-status, peoplewith negative net pay because of ex-cess deductions, the employee whoworks a 105-hour week when yoursystem allows only 99.9, or the nullcharacter (ASCII zero) that gets into aname and fouls up its matchingwithin the program but can't bedetected on a printout or the videoscreen. Because there are so many

odd combinations of low-probabilityevents, completely comprehensivetesting may be impossible. The pro-grammer must rely on an intimateknowledge of the program, itsstrengths and its weaknesses, anddevise tests to attack the weak points.This task is difficult for most pro-grammers. Testing and fixing bugs isa painful process, and the program-mer may be reluctant to really attackhis own code and try to make it fail.Indeed, many programmers tend todeliberately avoid testing areas theyknow to be weak. Some software

houses have had success with hiringbright and aggressive high school orcollege students to test the company'sprograms. The drawback to this ap-proach is that students may not havethe necessary background. The prop-er testing of accounting packages, forexample, requires a tester with someknowledge of accounting.

Testing has another inherent dif-ficulty: it certainly doesn't pay in theshort run. The hours spent testingwill not initially help sales as much asthe same hours spent adding featuresto the application. It is only recently

IBM PC USERS

COLUMBIA DATA IBM PC look-alike.

More features, lower prices. CompletelyPC hardware & software compatible &interchangeable. Write for details.

SEATTLE RAM PLUS w/FLASH DISK

64K RAM + SERIAL I/O . $380.

128KRAM + SERIAL I/O SSOO.

192KRAM + SERIAL I/O S620.

256K RAM + SERIAL I/O S740.

64K Chip Kit $120.

Each RAM card has an RS232 serial portwhich uses IBM supplied software.Boards socketed for easy upgrade. Flashdisk allows high speed access to files nor-mally stored on diskette.

8080/8086 EMULATOR runs CP/M®on IBM PC. All I/O runs at operatingsystem speed $200.

AMDEK COLOR II MONITOR . $8io.MICROSOFT RAMDrive Expands

physical memory AND implementsRAMDrive. Allows high speed access tofiles normally stored on diskette

64K $420. 128K $590.

192K $760. 256K $930.

IDS PRINTERS

PRISM 132 color $1,795.

PRISM 132 black $1,395.

PRISM 80 color $1,615.

PRISM 80 black $1,255.

BABY BLUE: Z-80B, 64K RAM substi-tutes for IBM memory card in IBM PC.Will run Z80, CP/M® software. . . .$540.w/Wordstar® & Mail Merge™ totallyconfigured for IBM keyboard $800.

CORVUS HARD DISK SYSTEMS

6.7MB ...$3,035. 11.3MB ...$4,745.20.5MB $5,695.

EPSON MX 80 $475.

MX80F/T ...$575. MX 100 ...$725.

3M SCOTCH DISKETTES FOR IBMPC744 ss/sd (5 box minimum) $ 26.

MICROBYTE IBM-1 Five slot expansionchassis $805.

IBM PC software. .. Too extensive to listhere. We are evaluating new productsfor the IBM PC as they are announced.Please call us for complete, up-to-datelisting.

S-100, PERIPHERALS, DATA COMMUNICATIONS, ETC.

IBM 3270 USERS - Teletype Model 45

Cluster controllers, terminals, printers.Bisync or SNA/SDLC protocol, local orremote connect. Up to 32 devices on onecluster. Cost effectivel Fast delivery!

MICROANGELO GRAPHICS

SUBSYSTEMW/LIGHTPEN ...$2,300.

Without light pen $1,930.

Graphics card alone $ 975.

ScreenwarePakllorTEKEM . . .$ 350.Color systems from 4 to 256 colors.Basic color system (4 colors) .. . .$2,330.

HOUSTON INSTRUMENTS

PLOTTERS Standard & Intelligent models

w/surface areas of 8V2 "xll" to 11 "x 17".

DMP-2 . ..$ 935. DMP-3 ...$1,195.

DMP-4 ...$1,295. DMP-5 . $1,455.

DMP-6 ...$1,685. DMP-7 ...$1,865.Hi Pad Digitizer $755.

HAYES MICRO MODEM 100 $359.

Smartmodem. $251. Chronograph. $224.

PMMI S-100 Modem $349.

PER SCI: Model 299B $2300.

TEI MAINFRAMES, S-ioo

MCS112 ...$680. MCS122 ...$820.RM12 $720. RM22 $870.

COMMUNICATIONS SOFTWARE

Micro to terminal to micro to mainframeto modem. HAWKEYE GRAFIX $500.

TELETYPE

Model4320AAK $1,140.

Model 43ASR, 8 level, 1" tape . . . $2,595.

SOFTWARE: Micropro, Microsoft,Ashton-Tate & many others at discountprices.

IA7TT rvDnPT Overseas Callers: TWX 710 588 2844

WL-. fcAl UK 1 phone 212 448-6298 or Cable: OWENSASSOC

JOHN D. OWENS Associates, Inc

SEE OUR AD ON FACING PAGE

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 71

11 r< Ki

J Mil1 fJ

iijMiii

over

IBM

and 11

Before you buy a desktop computer, compare theseimportant North Star features with both the IBM PCand the Apple III. Priced from $3599, the North StarADVANTAGE gives you more than twice the disk storageper dollar of either the IBM PC or the Apple III.

Only North Star offers both 8 bit and 16 bit power.

With our new North Star ADVANTAGE 8/16, you can runindustry standard 8 bit CP/M" software plus new 16 bitsoftware (including software available for the IBM PC).

Better business graphics.

The North Star ADVANTAGE comes complete withgraph preparation software, and its screen precisionbeats both IBM and Apple.

Low-cost expandability and service.

The North Star ADVANTAGE provides cost-effectiveexpandability to meet your growing needs: from 8 bitto 16 bit power, from single user to multi-user networksand from floppy disk to higher capacity Winchesterstorage. And only North Star offers you a choice ofcarry-in or on-site service. For the name of the NorthStar dealer nearest you, call toll-free

1-800-447-4700

(Illinois 1-800-322-4400).

FOLLOW THE STAR \d

NorthSorr

14440 Catalina Street,San Leandro, California 94577

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research Inc

and gradually that the customer hasbecome aware of the value of "bullet-proof" (bug-free) software.

One of the great advantages of pro-gram generators (aids to programdesign and coding that we hear talkedabout a great deal and that are actual-ly beginning to appear) is that itshould be possible to design programtesters that take advantage of a pro-gram generator's structure and testboundary and other difficult condi-tions.

Structured, modular programmingis also much discussed as a way toease testing. This view has merit, butit's a moot point—a programmerwould have to be crazy to try to writea comprehensive business package ina nonmodular fashion. The package Iknow best runs more than 50,000lines of a high-level language in morethan 500 separate modules. To saythat these modules have made thepackage easier to test is certainly true,but it would have been impossible towrite, much less test, without break-ing it into pieces.

Error and Change

People are born, they die, theymove, their pay goes up and some-times down. Their names are mis-spelled, more than one John Smithworks for the company, peoplepunch the wrong time cards, anoperator punches the wrong hours,the power stops, and the computerstops. All these factors cause errors ina company's information base thatshould be easily reparable by theoperator at the terminal without ex-posing the system to further errors,careless or intentional.

It is almost never possible to throwaway your data base and start again;whatever the damage, it must berepaired or replaced by a backup,which must then be brought up todate. The vendor, customer, andemployee information for a million-dollar company may add up toseveral megabytes, all of which hasbeen tediously entered at some sort ofkeyboard, one byte at a time. Thefastest keyboard operators in the landcan enter 25,000 bytes per hour, 1megabyte per week. If you can find

72 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 279 on inquiry card.

THE MULTI-USER FRIENDLY 256K MEMORY BOARD WITH

COMPRO

i"

No Compromise in Performance

□ Main-frame type memory mappingfor optimal BANK SWITCHEDapplications or 24-BIT extendedaddressing

D Operates in any S-100 SystemIEEE/696+ornonlEEE

□ DMA operation fully supported+

□ 8/16 data transfer protocol*

□ Up to 6 MHZ with no wait states; Upto 10 MHZ with automatic wait stateassertion

□ Parity error detection*

□ Double parity in 16-BIT operation

No Compromise in Features

D All memory/refresh cycle timing isgenerated ON BOARD providing easyCPU independent characterization

D Ideal for use with the new generationof operating systems: CP/M-80™*CP/M-86,T"* MP/M-11™* MP/M-86,'"*OASIS,™" UNIX™***

No Compromise in Quality

□ Multilayer board and bus signalfiltering for noise-free operation

□ Thorough 100% final test and burn-in

No Compromise in Versatility

□ Manual provides source listing andcomplete installation guide forMP/M-II™* BANK SWITCHEDmulti-user applications

□ For the CP/M-2.2™* user:Manual includes implementations of'Virtual Disk' for solid state disk/fileapplications

No Compromise in CustomerSupport

□ Comprehensive technical manual

□ User hot-line

□ Full one year parts and labor warranty

tin accordance with IEEE-696 standardRegistered trademarks of: 'Digital Research."Phase I, and '"Bell Labs

ORDER NOW

(213) 887-5737

If you wish, send a check ormoney order for $1,379 (inCalifornia add 6% sales taxwhere applicable).

Manual available at $25.00 eachrefundable with order.

MACROTECH International Corp.,22133 Cohasset St., Canoga Park,California 91303

MACROTECH International Corp.,22133 Cohasset St., Canoga Park,California 91303

In the U.K. call "0621" 828-763

Circle 228 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982

73

one of these paragons of flyingfingers, you could have him or herreenter a megabyte or two, but youremployees would miss a week's pay-check and you wouldn't be able tosend out any invoices for a while. Onthe other side of your ledger, youwould have to tell your vendors thatthe computer is down; if they haven'theard that one from you before,they've heard it from someone else.But as a practical matter, no million-dollar company can afford to reenterits entire database under the pressureof the everyday work load.

All these possibilities dictate theuse of a backup. The system mustallow you to make foolproof backupseasily. If backups aren't easy, theywon't be done regularly, and whenthe backup must be used, a lot ofcatch-up entries will be needed to up-date it. I believe in making backupsdaily so that you can always updatethe backup with only a day's work.

Operators will make other mis-takes. They may give alphabetic

responses to prompts that expectnumbers, or they will stop a programat some point if the machine takeslonger than expected to perform anoperation. The program must checkevery entry as much as possible. Isthe entry legal? Is it within an appro-priate range? The program shouldmake it difficult to enter a weekly,monthly, or annual salary in responseto a prompt that expects an hourlyrate. If an operator enters an employ-ee number, the employee nameshould be displayed for verification.None of this will eliminate all er-rors. If Joe worked 5 hours, an opera-tor should not be able to enter 50without the program's producing aquery: "Are you sure?" But only Joewill notice the error if the operatormistakenly enters 4 hours. Mostmainframe computer systems allowfor critical data to be keyed twice;any differences are resolved by asupervisor. This procedure radicallyreduces random errors because inorder to survive keying by two dif-

Best Buys in Computer Science

The Origins of DigitalComputers

Selected PapersThird EditionEdited by B. Randell

Review of the First Edition"This superb book is by far the best extontcollection of historical material about theearly development of digital computingmachines. ..should set a standard ofexcellence for future historians of computerscience and technology."

—Historic Mathematico

1982/598 pp./126 illus./cloth $29.50ISBN 0-387-11319-3

Selected Writings onComputing

A Personal PerspectiveEdsger W. Dijkstra

A volume of uncommon technical andhistorical interest, this unique book presentsa representative sampling of technical andpersonal selections from the writings ofEdsger W. Dijkstra, a founder ofprogramming methodology.1982/approx.272pp./10illus./cloth$28.00ISBN 0-387-90652-5

The Science of Programming

David Gries

"David Gries is well known in thecomputing field for his writing on difficultbut important topics, and this may well behis most important book...This volumebelongs in every technical library andevery college library."

—Choice1981/366 pp./cloth $19.80ISBN 0-387-90641-X

Programming in Modula-2

N. Wirth

More than just an introduction toprogramming, this text provides athorough grounding in the languageModula-2. The book provides anintroductory chapter, but those with a basicunderstanding of programming willbenefit most.

1982/176 pp./4 illus/cloth $13.50ISBN 0-387-11674-5

Save time, order by phone!

(800) 526-7254 U.S.A.

(201) 348-4033 New Jersey

r£L^ Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.

^L Dept. S5820 P.O. Box 2485

LgFj Secaucus, NJ 07094

ferent operators, the same errorwould have to be made in the sameplace by both operators. It does not,however, eliminate errors caused byillegible documents; both operatorsmay interpret the difficulty the sameway. Repeat keying is less frequentlydone on mini- and microcomputers;they tend to have systems relying onthe ability to verify some data basedon information in the files, the abilityto fix problems after the fact, andluck. Perhaps this approach is amistake.

Friendly Software

It's no accident that the author ofseveral highly successful businesssoftware packages is a student ofpsychology who gave up studying forhis PhD when his software looked asif it would be more interesting andprofitable. His software background,while sound, is much more limitedthan his knowledge of the quirks ofhumanity. Many microcomputer pro-grammers fall into the trap of writinggood code that produces results in-comprehensible to the user. Avoidingthe trap is hard because most pro-grammers learn their trade writingprojects for their own use and inspec-tion. Cryptic prompts and legends arenot only easy for the programmer,but they also save valuable time andspace. Furthermore, developing trulyeffective user interaction requiresrepeated polishing. Classes in pro-gramming all too often emphasizegood code, not good interaction.(This focus is appropriate, to apoint—the program must run correct-ly before anyone will care if it is easyto use.)

This is not to say that one shouldwrite prompts and commands inwhat Digital Equipment Cor-poration's TECO word-processormanual calls "War and Peace mode."The intent is clarity first and then, ifpossible, brevity. The ideal is to pro-vide clear and concise prompts and aHelp function that can be activated atany time by pressing a special key orby simply typing "help" or a questionmark after any prompt. In any case,the result should be a two-to-five-lineexplanation of the prompt, the possi-

74 October 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 365 on inquiry card.

Circle 174 on inquiry card.

CEnic

5.25" Fixed /Removable GENIE Cartridge DrivesI.B.M. • APPLE II • RADIO SHACK

The Genie Cartridge Drive is a revolutionary new 10 Megabyte Hard DiskDrive that includes a 5 Megabyte removable cartridge. The cartridgeDrive system simply plugs into your computer, and includes allnecessary software and hardware. Genie drives are compat-ible with most popular software,and each cartridge replacesover 30 double-densityI floppy disks.

FEATURES

• 10 Megabytes of on-line storage.

• File sizes to 5 Megabytes.

• Power-on self-test.

• Easy back-ups in minutes.

• System expandable to eight drives.

• Built-in error detection and correction.

• No preventative maintenance required.

• Comes complete with all necessary software

and hardware.

• MTBF 8000 Hours.

• Built-in fan.

• Operates 110/220 VAC 50-60 Hz.

• One year limited warranty.

"Manufacturer's suggested retail price. Includes all required components.IBM Personal Computer is a registered trademark of IBM Corporation.Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.Radio Shack is a registered trademark of Tandy Corporation.

Removable Cartridge. Imagine, 5 Megabytes inthe palm of your hand. These small cartridges areonly .75 inches thick and 5.50 inches square. Thedisk itself is completely sealed from the outsideand all its hazards by a sliding door that opensonly once the cartridge is firmly seated inside thedrive. Long term availability of this cartridge isassured by its adoption by several well knownmanufacturers including Dysan, the world leaderin computer mass storage media.

On/y $399500*

Available at your local computer dealer

ElllE

COMPUTER CORPORATION

31127 Via Colinas #802=~3 Westlake Village, CA 91362

(213)991-6210

ble responses, and their implications.(Because the required volume of textcannot usually be stored in memory,the Help function requires the abilityto access the disk to get the text, arestriction that has its ownproblems.) At the very least, a Helpresponse should refer to a particularpage in the documentation.

Speaking of documentation, mylocal bookstore has four books thatdescribe the use of the CP/M operat-ing system but only one on the morecomplex intricacies of Visicalc. Whileit would be a mistake to read too

much into this limited example, theVisicalc documentation is a model ofclarity that requires little elaboration,it should be required reading forevery company selling software. Icannot speak so well of the CP/Mdocumentation, at least of the versionI received.

Why is it so hard to write promptsand documentation and to designoutput formats? Paradoxically, goodprogrammers are so familiar withtheir programs that they find it verydifficult to step into the shoes of thenovice user; furthermore, they are so

1200 BAUD

BIZCOMP's 212A-Compatible Intelligent Modem™Sets the Pace in Quality and Reliability

BIZCOMP just moved its Intelligent Modem family into high gear with theModel 1012 -- a full-duplex 300/1200 FCC-registered modem with theadvanced features you want: Auto-dial, auto-repeat dial and auto-answer.Attached to any terminal, you have automatic keyboard dialing atyourfinger-tips. Or, connect the 1012 to a mini/micro for computer-computer electronicmail or auto-polling applications.

With the BIZCOMP 1012, you have a no-hassle upgrade from 300 baud toachieve a fourfold improvement in throughput. And it's software compatiblewith BIZCOMP's popular 300 baud Model 1022.

Take a lesson from computer professionals everywhere: The way of thefuture is 1200 baud. The path of the future is BIZCOMP 1012. Call us todayfor the name of a BIZCOMP Authorized Distributor near you.

BIZCOMP Communications . ..

Why not start with the best?

BIZCOMP

P.O. Box 7498 • Menlo Park, CA 94025 • 415/966-1545

Copyright© 1981 Business Computer Corporation

familiar with the general concepts ofcomputers that it is hard for them toexplain disks and files and all theother things that programmers takefor granted.

Some time ago, C. P. Snow, novel-ist and physicist, wrote about "TheTwo Cultures" (New Statesman, 6October 1956), referring to the divi-sion between the arts and thesciences. We now appear to be devel-oping two different cultures as thecomputer becomes part of our dailylives; the division is between com-puter programmers and naive users.It is possible to bridge the gap be-tween programmers and users; thesoftware published by Visicorp hasdone it repeatedly. Bridging the gaprequires people more expert in ap-plications than in software; peoplewho prefer dealing with people toworking with computers. As I lookaround at chief executive officers ofsuccessful software houses, I see ar-ticulate, people-oriented executiveswho are perfectly comfortable withcomputers. This is no accident. Cer-tainly several successful programshave been written by the "wild-eyedguru," the computer genius whoworks 36 hours at a stretch and wearsblue jeans and has unkempt hair, butthat breed is at a disadvantage. Ashardware becomes more capable andless expensive, it will require a muchless intimate knowledge of the com-puter to write software that runs fastand well. The wild-eyed guru willlose the competitive advantage he hasto the applications- and people-oriented businessperson who happensto be a programmer.

Where does all this leave us? Forthe programmer who thoroughly un-derstands the intricacies of the appli-cation, who is able to write bullet-proof code, who is then willing toshoot cannons at the spots he knowsare weakest, and who also truly un-derstands the strengths and frailties ofnot just the average user, but of theweakest one—for such a paragon,business programming is not a prob-lem. The rest of us must examine ourown weaknesses and shape them upthrough study, practice, and helpfrom fellow programmers. ■

76 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 48 on inquiry card.

ou havee apple..

nam net a

iTjlI

of apple add-ons

Vista

COMPUTERCOMPANY,INC.

Available through your!oca! computer deaier.

jWfas#*w

■GB75©Typewriter Interface

Apple to IBM Electronic 50, 60,75 Typewriters Interface ■Reads IBM keyboard in parallelwith Apple keyboard ■ Sup-ports the IBM code functionsusing an escape sequence ■Types at about 13 characters persecond ■ Prints from Integeror Applesoft programs ■ Sup-ports the "Control I Number N"parallel line length mode se-quence ■ Has switch selec-table upper/lower case I/O 60,66, 78 continuous from feedpage lengths, 40+video, 80, 95,132 character line lengths

Suggested price $225.00

TIMECARD III©

Multi-function time utility fortheAPPLE III computer system.Containsthe yearof the century,the month, the date, the day ofweek, the hour, the minute, thesecond. ■ A countdown timerwith a range of one millisecondto 999 hours, 59 minutes, 59seconds, 999 milliseconds ■Selectable 12 or 24 hour timeformats ■ Diagnostic errorreporting ■ Fully compatiblewith the APPLE SOS operatingsystem

Suggested price $195.00

ircle 418 for Dealers only Circle 419 for OEM

>•" ,f.

MODEL 150 TYPEAHEAD BUFFER

■ Up to 40 character type aheadcapability ■ Enter commandsor data while your Apple is pro-cessing previous instructions

■ Compatible with all Applecomputers, keyboards andsoftware ■ No cuts — nojumpers — no software patchesrequired ■ Includes completeinstructions for quick and easyinstallation

Suggested price $49.95

A800© FLOPPY DISKCONTROLLER

■ High speed DMA transfer ofdata (1 micro-second/byte) ■Documentation provided — in-cludes theory of operation,schematics and diskettes ■Uses all standard Apple DOScommands (OPEN, CATALOG,LOCK, DELETE, LOAD, etc.)except for INIT which has beenimproved and enhanced in aVista format routine ■ Com-patible with Apple DOS 3.3,Pasca!1.1 and CP/M 2.2 (with theZ80 soft card by Microsoft)"2K x 8 PROM contains Autobootfunctions and all eight-inch

s only Circle 420 for all other inquiries

driver code allowingcomplete compatibility withApple DOS 3.3

Suggested price $545.00

PROM DEVELOPMENTSYSTEM©

■ Menu driven program devel-opment monitor ■ Programs2708, 2716, 2532, 2732and 48016EPROMS ■ Simulates PROMfrom RAM 4K ■ Data and ad-dress interface for operatorlocation and control ■ Com-plete user documentation

Suggested price $495.00

VISION 80

■ Full upper and lower casecharacter with 3 dot descenders

■ 9x10 dot matrix per line U.S.(9x11 Europe) ■ 128 ASCIIcharacter set ■ BASIC, FOR-TRAN and Pascal languagessupported ■ Z80'" and CP/M"comtible ■ Compatible withall standard Apple'" peripherals

COMPUTERCOMPANY,INC,

Vista

Shift and lock for upper■per case ■ Source switchesBetween 40x24 and 80x24 soft-ware and hardware ■ Rated #1video card by Softalk and CallApple

Suggested price $325.00

VISION 40

Softscreen programmable char-acter/generator card for thApple II computer ■ Allow:use of DOS tool kit upper/lowecase character sets in Apple 40column mode ■ Permits crea-tion of new alpha/numeric andgraphic characters under Am-inatrix ■ Ideal for non-Englishlanguage applications ■Compatible with most popularword processing software pack-ages

Suggested price $175.00

VISION 20

■ Cost effective ■ Compat-ible with the latest Apple II ■Complete easy to follow instal-lation guide ■ 120 day war-ranty ■ Immediate deliverySuggested price $29.95

1317 E. EdingerSanta Ana, CA 92705

Circle 404 on inquiry card.

* Copyright 1981 Vista Computer Company. Inc.'"Apple Computer Company. Inc

(714) 953-0523

"■Digital Research, inc,:#Designed by Burtronix

■

'

/

'■//•-■

■

■

EIGHT USERS TO GO

Pick up an Altos 16-bit, UNIX-based

computer system today, and get minicomputer

networking power at a microcomputer price.

Looking for a powerful, yetaffordable, 8-user computer systemthat has everything your businessneeds, including communications?

Then get your hands on an ALTOS®field-proven, XENIX7UNIX~-basedACS8600 microcomputer.

Our powerful 16-bit 8086 ispacked with an 8089 for disk/memoryinterface, an optional 8087 mathprocessor and an intelligent Z80" I/O,which share the workload for fasterexecution and response.

A unique memory managementand protection system subdivides up

INTER-ALTOSLOCAL NETWORK

ACS8600-1Z20 MBytet Winchester1-8 USERS

ALTOS-NET/ i

UNET

2780

3780

3270

SDLC

X.Z5

to one megabyte of memory (500K ofRAM is standard), automatically giv-ing each user the maximum available.Built-in Error Detection/Correction(ECC) maintains system integrity. Andit's all available today on our highlyreliable, fully socketed, proven singleboard.

Altos has exactly what you needfor a smooth migration into theoffice of the future. Communicationsand local networking support, includ-ing Ethernet" and ALTOS-NET" forinter-Altos networking. Large datastorage capacity—integrated Win-chester, floppy and tape back-up in awide range of configurations andcapacities, from 20 to 80 megabytes,starting with the ACS8600-12 with 20MBytes and the ACS8600-14 with 40MBytes. Plus support of popularmulti-user operating systems likeXENIX/UNIX, MP/M-86" and OAS1S-16.

Produced in the heart of Cali-fornia's technologically fertile SiliconValley, Altos microcomputers are theprofessional choice of Fortune 500companies, computer service organ-izations, major software developers,and even mainframe computermanufacturers.

Founded in 1977, Altos hasalready delivered more than 25,000multi-user systems to major OEMcustomers. Plus Altos maintains aworldwide sales and service network.

So when you want a multi-user,multi-tasking computer system thathas the communications capabilitiesyour business demands, and youwant it today, pick up an Altos. Forfurther information, call our toll-freenumber or write:

Altos Computer Systems,2360 Bering Drive,San Jose, CA 95131.Telex 171562 ALTOS SNJor 470642 ALTO Ul.

Packed withfresh ideasfor business

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

800-538-7872

(In Calif. 800-662-6265)

Circle 14 on inquiry card.

ALTOS is a registered trademark and ALTOS-NET is a trademark of Altos Computer Systems. Ethernet is a trademark of Xerox Corp. MP/M-86 is a trademark of Digital Research. Inc. OASIS-16 is a productof Phase One Systems. Inc. XENIX is a trademark of Microsoft and is a microcomputer implementation of the UNIX operating system. UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories. Z80 is a trademark ofZilog. Inc. UNET is a trademark of 3Com Corp. 8086. 8087 and 8089 are products of Intel Corp.© 1982 Altos Computer Systems

Adapting Microcomputersto Wall Street

Microcomputers are fast becoming crucial toolsfor financial investors.

Microcomputers are streaming intoWall Street's canyons. In its short ex-istence, the microcomputer hasbecome a versatile tool and an impor-tant supplement to mainframe com-puters already at work in financial in-stitutions. The microcomputer's use isspreading and diversifying so quicklythat the task of encapsulating all of itsapplications is both fascinating andfrustrating.

Yet using the microcomputer to thefullest is one of the challenges facingWall Street. The financial communitydepends on speed. Timely knowledgeand new ideas produce a trading ad-vantage. Traders, brokers, under-writers, analysts, and investmentmanagers need complex financialanalyses fast. They need communica-tions that can tell them everything

About the Author

Robert Franz is managing director of cor-porate systems at Warburg ParibasBecker—A. G. Becker, an international finan-cial firm. He has spent most of his career in thefinancial community, previously serving aspartner in charge of New York systems con-sulting for financial industries for the account-ing firm Arthur Anderson & Company. Mr.Franz has an Apple of his own at home.

Robert Franz

Director of Corporate Systems

Warburg Paribus Becker—A. G. Becker

55 Water St.

New York, NY 10041

from the latest earnings of a Califor-nia company to the current state ofthe Brazilian coffee harvest. Invest-ment firms need access to massivecomputers that account daily for theflow of money and securities. Afirm's systems department combinescommunications, word processing,and database and analytical support.The volume of securities and moneyalso generates an enormous need formanagement information—trackingprofitability, products, and areassubject to failure.

Serving Two Masters

Complicating the implementationof microcomputers is the need toserve two distinct types of managerson Wall Street. The first type are theentrepreneurs whose livelihoods arecommissions and volume. They havelittle time for training and lowtolerance for anything that is notreliable and ready-to-go when itreaches the desk. Back offices sup-porting these entrepreneurs usuallyemploy the second type of manager,those who are more systems-oriented.They process the flow of informationand provide the framework thatkeeps firms functioning. Managers ofthis type may or may not have

greater patience than entrepreneurswith getting software and machinesto work properly.

On Wall Street, we are concernedwith not one or two microcomputersbut dozens. They should be linked tothe in-house mainframes and to anynumber out of house. Moreover,firms are faced with providing bothprompt assistance when trainingemployees on microcomputers andsuccessful hands-on experience forskeptical executives. Wheneverything works correctly, applica-tions are limited only by managerialimagination. When things go wrong,financial professionals may distrustthe merits of the machine and subse-quently not take advantage of thiskey tool in the quest for the all impor-tant competitive advantage.

Microcomputers at Becker

Warburg Paribas Becker—A. G.Becker is a full-line internationalfinancial institution with offices ineight countries. In fiscal 1981, thefirm's total purchases and sales ofdebt securities alone exceeded $860billion. Becker serves as the back of-fice for more than 300 brokeragefirms throughout the world and formore than 600 "market makers" (ex-

80 October 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

THE LANIER TYPEMASTER TRIAL OFFER

See it do the work of three ordinaryelectrics in the space of one.

I ft

A TRIAL OFFER*

DESIGNEDTO IMPRESS YOU.

We want you to seeexactly how productiveand easy to use theTypeMaster can be. Sowe'll set up the equip-ment. We'll train anyone person you choose.And we'll let you try thesoftware thats right foryour business.

NO PROBLEM® TYPING

IN THE SPACE OF AN

ORDINARY ELECTRIC.

We designed the Type-Master with the printerbuilt into the top. Togive you No Problemtyping in one compactunit. You'll get letter-perfect pages printedin less than 40 seconds.And you can store upto 40 of those pages oneach memory disc.

AN INVESTMENTTHAT PAYS OFF.

Because theTypeMasteris much more efficient

thanordinaryelectric typewriters, we estimatethat it can pay for itselfin a year... or less.For example, while onedocument is printingout, your secretary canbe typing another onthe screen. So workgets done faster, andthere's time to handleother jobs.

SEEING IS BELIEVING.

After using the Type-Master for a few weeks,you'll see how it getsyour typing back faster,looking better and rightthe first time. You'll alsosee how responsive weare in training, serviceand support. With allthis in mind, we thinkyou'll want to keep theTypeMaster.

But don't take ourword for it. Prove it toyourself in your ownoffice.

"Trial charges may be partially applied to yourTypeMaster purchase.

There's only one place tojudge the real value of LardersTypeMaster: in your own office.With your own people. On yourown work. Thats the idea behindour Trial Offer, lb let you see howthe TypeMaster can do the workof three ordinary electrics.

Send us this coupon to set up an immediate appoint-ment. Or call (800) 241-1706. Except in Alaska andHawaii. In Georgia, call collect (404) 321-1244.

©1982 Lanier Business Products, Inc.

Mail to:

Lanier Business Products, toe,

1700 Chantilly Drive N.E., Atlanta, GA 30324

.'82Byte 476BI2

Name

Title

Phone

Best time to oa

Firm

Address

County

City

Tip

Makers of the TypeMaster"*No Problem® Typewriter, No Problem Shared System™ and BZ-i™ Work Processor

Circle 219 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982

81

pert stock traders) who trade on U.S.security exchanges and prefer to havetheir bookkeeping done outside.

For accounting, Becker relies onboth in-house processing and a ser-vice bureau but is constructing a com-puter center in Chicago that will han-dle its worldwide network and willintegrate microcomputers into the ac-counting system.

As managing director of corporatesystems for Becker, I became in-terested in personal computers forseveral reasons. First, I own anApple, which I use at home andwhich is linked by phone to my of-fice. Second, Becker, like mostorganizations I am aware of, has agroup of managers who do notnecessarily work for the systemsdepartment but who own microcom-puters and have pushed for their use.In fact, the rapid entry of microcom-puters can be attributed primarily tothese managers. In some cases, thesemanagers started their drive beforethe systems department had formed aresponse to the uncontrolled growth

in the use of microcomputers atBecker. And third, microcomputersrepresent the leading edge oftechnology, which must be capital-ized on and integrated into a firm'soverall systems-support plans.

Getting Involved

Becker's systems policy attempts tocapitalize on the capabilities of main-frames and microcomputers. We ap-prove each acquisition and make surethe intended use can be achieved. Wedo this because, unfortunately, ifcomputer novices believed claimsmade by some voices in the industry,they would not achieve the full poten-tial provided by microcomputers. Wealso want to ensure that themicrocomputer is not employedsimply as a costly status symbol.

The corporate systemsdepartment's role is to provide un-biased information and to guard theintegrity of the network. The systemsdepartment evaluates suggested uses,machines, and software, and it aids inprocurement and installation. We

I-Queue

.. .the intelligent buffer that frees yourIBM Personal Computer from the time-consuming printing function.

I-Queue accepts data at processorspeed (over 4000 characters per sec-ond) and sends it to the printer* atwhatever speed the printer canaccept.

I-Queue can store 16K of RAM,which is approximately 7 pages ofaverage printout (optionally expandable to 65K for storage of 28 aver-age pages). Standard featuresinclude complete paginationand formatting capabili-ties, a reprint buffer, aclock/calendar and many other design enhancements usually found onlyin sophisticated word processors.

Available direct or from participating PC dealers. Distributor and dealerinquiries invited. For new brochure, write, or call our 800 number.

'Fully compatible with IBM printer and all Centronics interface printers.IBM Personal Computer is a trademark of IBM.

AVAILABLE FROM STOCK-WITH CLOCK/CALENDAR &COMPLETE DEMO PROGRAMS: $49565K MEMORY EXPANSION OPTION: $175

IPORIPHOX inc.

149 Palmer RoadSouthbury, CT 06488800-221-0732 In NY: (212) 961-2103

then prefer to back away when usersin our firm can clearly go it alone.Where there is need for custom pro-gramming, we will help. For prospec-tive microcomputer users, we providea center where managers can trymachines and software before pro-curement. We also have a portable"Apple Cart" for those who do notneed a machine full time. This cart,which holds a microcomputer andprinter, can be wheeled from office tooffice.

Our involvement provides advan-tages. First, the systems department isa clearinghouse. When managers findnew applications, they have a way ofsharing them with others. Second,Becker gains through central purchas-ing. We have an arrangement with amajor supplier that provides morethan respectable savings on hardwareand some software. Third, we pro-vide on-site maintenance. In NewYork, for example, all microcom-puters are under a single contractguaranteeing same-day service from 8a.m. to 6 p.m. Fourth, Becker main-tains some standardization.

Our "plain vanilla" machine is anApple II Plus with a side-port fan. Wechose it because of the widespreadfamiliarity of our employees with theApple, availability of software, andconsiderations of procurement andmaintenance. Becker's Apples nor-mally have 80K bytes of memoryachieved by adding the Saturn32K-byte RAM (random-accessread/write memory) to the 48K-bytemachine. We also use VC Expanderto display Visicalc in 80 columns.Monitors have 12-inch green-phosphor screens with the exceptionof a few Electrohome color RGB (red-green-blue) sets. Disk drives are stan-dard Apple II drives. Besides the Ap-ple computers, Becker uses amodified Sharp PC 1211 electronichand-held calculator.

Our selection of printers is eclectic.The Epson MX-100 is most popular,but we also use Integral Data Systems(IDS) 560Gs, IDS multicolor Prisms,Houston Instrument 8-pen plotters,and a daisy wheel or two. Printerchoices are dictated by both user needand the same considerations we hadin choosing the Apple II Plus.

82 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 303 on Inquiry card.

Check The ChartBefore You ChooseYour New 16-BitComputer System.

Columbia Data ProduNew Multi-Personal CompilerFeaturing IBM-PCp Compatibility,Excels In Professional, BusinessAnd Industrial Applications.Check it out.

OMPUTERcan use software and hardware origin illy intended fm

. while enjoying the

■

Die opi MS-DO:

mailable soon.

mpatible software pack-

nal and professional business and indus-

irge selection of higher level languages

ling BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL,

MACRO Assemble

i 16-Bit 8088 hardware configuration pro-K RAM with parity, two RS-232 serial ports,ter port, interrupt and DMA con-lual floppy disks with 640K storage, Winchesternd keyboard interfaces, and eight IBM-PC compat-ible expansion slots. and lists for only $2995. Winches-

'eaturing cache buffercontrc lanced disk access performance are

also a. it $4995.

So, whc ) grow, why gamble and hassle

with independent third party hardware and operatingsystem vendors which may or may not be compatible .not to mention the hidden expense and frustration ofimplementing peripheral drivers in the different operat-ing systems and upgrades? Who needs the f inger-pomtingwhen things don't work ouf?

After you review our chart, you will agree . for overall16-Bit microprocessor superiority, expandability, flexi-bility, compatibility and real economy, Columbia Data isyour total source.

Our Multi-Personal Computer . . . the 16-Bit systemborn to grow!

Get yours now Circle 73 on Inquiry card

HHHHHF

pporled py Company!

3ARD i Supported by Company)

Europe:P.O.Box 1118450 Moenchengladbach 1Vest GermanyTelephone 02161-33159Telex 852452none MS-DOS and XENIX are

E3SH

OUR PRICES

WILL GET YOUR

ATTENTION.

OUR SERVICE

WILL KEEP IT.

SOME OF OUR PRODUCTS:

TELEVIDEO COMPUTERS

LIST SELL3295 2065

TS-801 ComputerTS-802 Computer/

TerminalTS-802H Computer/

Terminal

3495 28355995 5045

NORTHSTAR COMPUTERS

ADVANTAGE

ADV-2Q-64K 3999 Call

HORIZON

HRZ-2Q-64K 3599 Call

HRZ-1Q-64K-HD5 6695 Call

ZENITH DATA SYSTEMSMONITOR

LIST SELL

ZEN-VM-121

12" Green Screen

Monitor 160 110

Ask us about other fine ZenithProducts.

TELEVIDEO TERMINALS

LIST SELL

910 Terminal 699 585

925 Terminal 995 745

950 Terminal 1195 945

TELEVIDEO SOFTWARE

LIST SELLTELE SOLUTIONSWordStar PlusCalcStarPackaged ForTelevideo 790 500

PRINTERS

LIST SELLOkidata82A 719 490

Okidata83A 1195 740

We also handle NEC, Epsonand Smith-Corona. Call forprices and availability.

*Ofc

MICROPRO SOFTWARE

WordStar

Apple WordStar-

16 SectorSpellStarMailMergeDataStarSuperSortApple MailMerge-

16 Sector.CalcStar

LIST SELL495 275

375 235

250 155

150 89

350 235

250 165

Call295 190

PLUS MANY OTHERFINE PRODUCTS:

UNDER NEW OWNERSHIP

Don't let anyone tell youthat service and prices area trade-oft. We're proof youcan have both.

Our service begins evenbefore you call. Becausewe've taken the trouble toselect the most reliableequipmentand productsfor sale.

We'll discuss your needsand help you make theright decision. Then we'lltest and configureequipment to be sureit's compatible with

CALL TOLL FREE:

800-854-7635

,1 EC BE R-

your system. We'll eveninitialize your software.

Our repair parts stock andtechnical expertise will helpyou keep your system up,and hold maintenancecosts down.So go ahead and be

amazed byour lowprices, butremember: the best isyet to come.

Prices change daily-call for current pricing.

In California call714-562-7571

8775 Olive Lane. Suites I & J, Santee. CA 92071

Generally, Becker uses wide-columnprinters for spreadsheets, a mainstayin the financial business.

A few machines, used by peopleperforming custom programming ordirectly assisting others, have extrafeatures. These systems have theHayes Micromodem II for com-munications, Mountain Computerclocks, Z80 cards, multiple Saturnboards for 128K-byte memory, and adiversity of tailored plug-ins forspecific software.

Becker has made few attempts tostandardize software because needsand personal familiarity vary widely.However, linked software packagessuch as the "Visi" series fromVisicorp, the Star series fromMicropro, and DB Master are usedwidely. The most useful software isthe electronic spreadsheet, followedby database and then word process-ing. Custom programming is neededthroughout the firm, and it is rarelydone by us. My philosophy is to let ithappen. Many applications do not re-quire the systems department's in-volvement, and it would constrictmanagers to force them to clear eachapplication with us. This, of course,has implications for documentationwhen other managers take overmachines already in place.

Applications

Becker employs microcomputersbasically in four areas, but utilizationwill certainly be extended as moremachines are installed. Today, micro-computers support direct trading,operations, special financial analysisand projects, and mainframe access.

The first use is a direct competitiveweapon to gain advantage over otherfirms. The second use supplementsmainframe processing to obtainmanagement information. Specialfinancial analysis and projects consistof the small or one-time programs forwhich there is no need to install main-frame software. Finally, employeeswanting mainframe access use themicrocomputer as a terminal.

Sharp trading: You make profits inforeign currency interest-rate ar-bitrage by playing off current andfuture values of money and securities.The trader tries to spot favorable dif-

84 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 31 on inquiry card.

: A I

. W

intttift

V

• ^p^

^^^^^^

7? ..,-

wm Wi

1

1

!^*

Wm31

i ■■■■.'',-,1

k

w«—-

^"•e-BSan

"

INTRODUCING THE SAFT

STANDBY POWER SYSTEM. IT KEEPS

YOU FROM LOSING YOUR MEMORY

WHEN THE LIGHTS GO OUT.

If the power fails while you're reading this ad,everything your computer knows could be lost.

In an instant, information crucial to the smoothoperation of your business can vanish without a trace.Memories can be flushed, disks can be damaged.

That's why you need the Saft Standby PowerSystem. In the event of a blackout or brownout,it takes over instantly—before the computer can tellthere's anything wrong—and supplies 200 watts of

iSW

More power to you.

Circle 338 on inquiry card.

power for 20 minutes. Which gives you plenty of timeto get off the machine safely, without missing asingle byte.

And during normal operation it acts as a line filter,protecting against damaging voltage spikes.

Ask your dealer about the Saft Standby PowerSystem. It's the first standby system designed specifi-cally for small business computers. And offered at asmall business price.

Saft Portable Battery Division, 931 Vandalia St., St. Paul, MN 55114 (612) 645-8531

ferences in rates in the marketplacebetween, for example, the peso andthe dollar in both the present spotmarket and the forward futuremarket, which can be any number ofdays ahead. Because of the variablesinvolved, arbitrage is complicated,and calculations, if done by hand,take 40 minutes or more per transac-tion. A systems person at Beckerdiscovered that time could be reducedto about 5 minutes through use of amodified Sharp PC 1211 electronichand-held calculator and CE-122printer with cassette interface.

He chose the Sharp calculatorbecause preprogrammed calculatorsare difficult to work with, while thismachine's 1.8K bytes of memory is ineasily maintained BASIC. The calcu-lator was custom programmed withforeign exchange equations but, moreimportant, was made user-friendlythrough a query system. The 16 func-tion keys were programmed andrelabeled as input and outputvariables. The mode button, whichallows access to the program, was

disabled to prevent the program fromfalling into competitive hands. Thetrader uses function and numeric keysto enter data, and then the machineprints eight lines of results on papertape.

The calculator provides iterativesolutions to the following kind of

We established a

system with three

Apples to help traders

find the most

advantageous buy/sell

positions on any

exchange.

problem. An investor wishes to makea 93-day investment of 5,900,100French francs (FF). The spot rate is5.90010FF to the U.S. dollar, whilethe forward rate for 93 days is6.0500FF. Becker has a primary cer-tificate of deposit (CD) maturing in93 days that will yield 17.9500 per-cent, and the investor will accept

27.7500 percent using a 360-day year.Will the investor accept the CD, and,more important, can Becker makeany money from selling it?

The program calculates the U.S.dollar equivalent of the foreign in-vestment, determines the U.S. dollarposition and the franc position at theend of the deal, calculates the foreigninterest payment, and determines thecost in U.S. dollars of the forwardposition and the U.S. dollar profit(which is $1,236.83). Finally, itcalculates the break-even foreignyield in francs (28.24075 percent), thebreak-even foreign rate (6.04285),and the premium or discount (in thiscase, 10.29075 percent).

The Sharp calculator is so inexpen-sive that we keep backups on the shelfrather than have a maintenance con-tract. The principal trader is delightedwith it.

We established a more complicatedsystem with three Apples to helptraders find the most advantageousbuy/sell positions on any exchange.Two Apples serve as intelligent ter-

What is

Unique-NISS™?

1

An unprecedented forecastingsoftware support service thatprovides you with one-on-oneinteraction with our staff ofprofessionals.

2

Maximize your personal productivitythrough the use of our forecastingsoftware, a one-year serviceagreement, newsletters and promptaccess via our toll-free hot lines.

The leading forecasting softwarepackages available today for theleading personal computers.

Call us now and profit from theintegration between you, thediscerning end-user, and NISS, theunequalled direct support service.

NATIONAL INTEGRATED SOFTWARE SERVICES, INC.

1-800-525-SOFT

In Colorado (303) 694-1994

8800 East Arapahoe Road, Englewood, Colorado, 80112

BY 10/82

86 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 271 on Inquiry card.

If you have an I.B.M. computer from their largest3081 to their smallest Personal Computer, we havethe right workstation for you. The Compucart is thefirst economically designed, fully lockable, mobilecomputer/terminal workstation.

The Compucart's ERGONOMIC design means that not only is thekeyboard at the correct height for comfortable interactive entry, butit is adjustable both horizontally (back and forth) and vertically toaccommodate both the user and the hardware. The design further meansthat the keyboard, the work and the screen are all in your comfortableLINE OF SIGHT. The Compucart is engineered to minimize fatigue andto improve the user-computer interface.

ONLY the Compucart offers SECURITY by returning the computer to theclosed position when not in use or running unattended, the double walledtambor door is closed and the whole workstation is secured with one lock.For a terminal user it means that you can comfortably step away from yourdesk while you are logged on and access to your terminal is restricted.

The Compucart is mobile to allow multiple users to take full advantageof the multifunction features of modern computers and NETWORKS.Mobility also means BACKUP for a terminal or workstation that is down.

The Compucart, even with all its features, requires minimum floor space(about 4 sq. ft.) and is the engineered workstation that suits both youand the hardware to conserve the human resource and keep yourHARDWARE and SOFTWARE...SECURELY TOGETHER FOR YOU!

_ 201 North Rome Ave. P.O. Box 2095 Tampa, FL 33601-2095Ph. (813) 251-2431 (in Florida) Call Toll Free 1-800/237-9024

Circle 421 on inquiry card.

minals hooked to a third that acts as areceiver with an RS-232C port, whichpicks up broadcasts from a networkof satellites and local microwaves andshows prices on the monitor screensof the other two Apples within 2 to 3seconds of the time the prices appearon any floor. Certain types of infor-mation, such as advantageous tradedifferences, are automatically flaggedand blink on the screen while thescreen shows recommendations foraction. The third machine, which isplugged to a color pen plotter forgraphing, prints out data from the

two terminals for analysis. About 95percent of the software is custom pro-gramming that includes trendsanalysis, graphics, activity prompts,and electronic mail to all branches.This is combined with database soft-ware, electronic spreadsheets, andword processing to yield the finalresult. The system is, we believe,Unique and gives traders a distinct ad-vantage over counterparts by speed-ing identification of buy/sell oppor-tunities.

Operations: The incorrect tradingticket is one of the more irritating

Ttuie up your LA36

The DS120 Terminal Controller makes your LA36perform like a DECwriter® III.

The Datasouth DS120 gives your DECwriter® II the high speed printingand versatile performance features of the DECwriter® III at only a frac-tion of the cost. The DS120 is a plug compatible replacement for yourLA36 logic board which can be installed in minutes. Standard featuresinclude:

• 165 cps bidirectional printing

• Horizontal & Vertical Tabs

• Page Length Selection

• 110-4800 baud operation

• 1000 character print buffer

• X-on, X-off protocol

• Self Test

• RS232 interface

• 20 mA Current Loop interface

• Top of Form

• Adjustable Margins

• Double wide characters

• Parity selection

• Optional APL character setOver 5,000 DS120 units are now being used by customers ranging fromthe Fortune 500 to personal computing enthusiasts. In numerous instal-lations, entire networks of terminals have been upgraded to take advan-tage of today's higher speed datacommunications services. LSImicroprocessor electronicsand strict quality control en-sure dependable performancefor years to come. When ser-vice is required, we willrespond promptly and effec-tively. Best of all, we can de-liver immediately throughour nationwide network ofdistributors. Just give us acall for all the details.

data

computer corporation

4216 Stuart Andrew Blvd. . Charlotte, North Carolina 28210* 704/523-8500

occurrences in brokerage. Keypuncherrors, an incorrect security price, orthe wrong quote price can causebuy/sell orders to be rejected byservice-bureau accounting. When thishappens, the tickets must bereprocessed at a cost of $15 each.Because Wall Street works on verythin margins most of the time, this ex-tra cost quickly damages the bottomline. At Becker, "Cancels and Cor-rects" are always a potential problembecause the firm serves as back officefor so many other operations. Severalthousand tickets pour through thebrokerage department monthly. Thebest answer for such failures is to spottrends as soon as possible and thenget to the source for correction and, ifnecessary, billing. With handreprocessing, this was virtually im-possible to do.

A relative novice in computers andproud holder of a PhD in Frenchliterature who works for our broker-age administration solved thereprocessing problem with fourcustom programs on an Apple. Hisfirst program, completed in sevenlong days, is in 1200 lines of BASIC.The menu-driven query system has ascreen with a setup option for restart-ing each month, daily updates com-bining "Cancels and Corrects" formore than 300 offices, a dumproutine to print current data to hardcopy, a specific-records feature toselect any office from the 300, an op-tion for new office entries, and aduplicate backup disk line to preventloss of data. Each record gives count,date, office number, account number,number of trades, data verification,and an edit list. The program has 20error codes for the most frequentfailures.

During the month, a clerk enters"Cancels and Fails" daily, a processthat takes about two hours. At theend of the month, he hands the diskof information to the analyst, whoprocesses it through three 50-line pro-grams that analyze the data severalways (e.g., by number of total com-pleted trades, by office, by account,and by error code). This system hasproved to be a low-cost solution totracking of failures—something thatwe could not justify because of cost

88 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 128 on inquiry card.

THE BEST GETS

Available NOW!ComboPlus withReal-Time-Clock

as shown Model MR-128SP

Fully field upgradeable

64K-256K Parity Checked Memory

Parallel Printer Port (IBM compatible)

Real-Time-Clock (MS-DOS support standard, CPM/86 support available)

Async Com. Port (IBM compatible)

Other products available for IBM PC: 1) 2780/3780 Bisync Emulation package; 2) Advance Com. card - Async, Bisync,SDLC, HDLC; 3) Expansion parity memory - 64K-256K; 4) Disk++ (memory, Async & disk host adaptor; 5) Original MemoryCombo; 6) Async Communication Card - (1 or 2 ports); 7) Wire Wrap Card (13.1" X 4"); 8) Extender Card.Ask for AST products at your local Computerland stores.

Circle 3 on inquiry card.

R€S€RRCH INC.

2691 Richter Ave, Suite 104, Irvine, CA 92714 (714) 540-1333

Dealer inquiries welcome

Circle 327 on inquiry card.

INCOME TAXACCOUNTING

"QuickTax

has the finest

software

I've ever seen

for the

Accounting

and Tax

Professional.

The programs are so well designedand supported, we had no start-upproblems."—Ronald Braun, C.P.A.

1040 TAX PROGRAM *995

• ALL MAJOR FORMS & SCHEDS.

• PRINTS ON IRS FORMS, MULTI-PART FORMS, OR OVERLAYS.

• INDIVIDUAL OR BATCHPROCESSING.

• AUTOMATIC CARRY FORWARDOF PRIOR YEAR DATA.

• DIAGNOSTIC REPORTS.

• LETTER OF INSTRUCTION.

• AUTOMATIC CLIENT BILLING.

• MAILING LISTS/LABELS &ENVELOPES.

• UNLIMITED SUPPORTINGSCHEDULES.

Simple and easy to use!PLUS:

P ROFORMA/TAX ORGANIZERSTATE MODULES AVAILABLETAX PLANNINGDEPRECIATION SCHEDULE

ALSO AVAILABLE:GENERAL LEDGERCLIENT WRITE-UPAFTER THE FACT PAYROLLAMORTIZATION SCHEDULETIME AND BILLING

ALL QUICK TAX PROGRAMS COME WITHONE YEAR WARRANTY & SUPPORT.

See your nearest computer dealer.Or, call or write tor more information.Quick-Tax Software is available for Xerox 820,IBM, PC, Radio Shack, DEC, Vector Graphic,Northstar.and other CP/M based computers.

CP/M is a registered trademark of Di9ital Research, Inc.DEALER DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE.

319 Clawion St Dept bm

S.I., N.Y.C., IM.Y. 10306

(212) 351-6143

Q#

Lid

90 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

under manual reprocessing.

This same "novice" shortly fol-lowed with a Visicalc application,transforming logarithmic to linearcurves, which helped determine asliding commission schedule for op-tions sold in our London office. Hedid his first iteration with a handcalculator and it took six hours. Heused Visicalc for the first time on thesecond run and reduced his time totwo hours. The remaining six itera-tions, also on Visicalc, were com-pleted in 20 minutes apiece.

Becker's Puerto Rico securityunderwriting department uses Per-sonal File System and PersonalReport for primary record keeping onclient contacts. The three-man groupin Puerto Rico maintains nine datafields, including the name of theBecker corporate-municipal person incharge of the account, the name ofthe Becker institutional securitysalesperson in charge, company nameand address, client contact, anaccount-activity status code, a sales-presentation status code, and a sum-mary of all prior contacts. The sys-tem generates list sheets, priorities,and transactions for each member tofollow up. More important, it recordscompleted transactions by size andincome earned and provides com-parative analysis over several years.Further, the group has adaptedVisifile (another of the Visicorpseries) to track expenses by client, in-cluding out-of-pocket and timeallocations. Reports provide com-plete budget analysis. Visifile waschosen because its files can be usedwith Visicalc and Visiplot.

Special analysis and projects: In thecomputer services group, the numberof personnel in two cities—Chicagoand New York—fluctuates between180 and 200. This causes constantcomplications in budget tracking,project assignments, and hiring.Frankly, standard corporate reportsare not frequent enough to allow forflexible planning and expense track-ing.

In this regard, Visicalc has proveda blessing. A department analystdevised a multicolumn format that in-cludes name, position number, basesalary, bonus percentage, bonus

amount, and annualized direct com-pensation, which includes bonus,fiscal-year adjusted compensation ifthe person is a new-hire or turnover,actual direct compensation, and totalcompensation including benefits.This yields a 12-month figure, an ad-justed total personnel cost, brokendown by individual, section, report-ing structure, and job title. I canmonitor this report at my conve-nience, and that gives me much morecontrol of total personnel costs.

We adapted Visicalc further to dopersonnel staffing analysis. Hardwareand software projects are listed bybusiness area broken down by monthof the year and man-months to com-pletion. Staff deployment is trackedover time and projected into the nextfiscal year. When projects change, Isee instantly the impact on the totaldepartment and have much moreflexibility in moving personnelaround the firm to give support.

In the brokerage department,Visicalc has proved successful forportfolio analysis of prospectiveclients. Becker, unlike many WallStreet firms, does not serve the smallinvestor and, for the most part,restricts its activities to clients whoare "asset enhancers." These are suc-cessful people who have beenbuilding their portfolios for severalyears and are now looking for waysto maximize the yields from the in-vestments they have. Needless to say,in the 1970s and 1980s, with thevolatility of the financial markets,high interest rates, and inflation anddisinflation, enhancement of assets isnot a simple exercise. Moreover, thekinds of financial investments that aperson can purchase have exploded innumber, and, of course, each has itsown characteristics.

The electronic spreadsheet is usedto determine risk and payoff posi-tions, income flow, and tax status ofchanging mixes to yield dollaramounts of potential gains or losseson an investment. This is especiallyvaluable in getting away from theusual recommendation of "we like thestock" to the more meaningful "if therecommendation works, you gain xdollars and your portfolio looks likethis. If it does not work, you lose y

Who says Accountingis simple?

l"S . ';..■' I ;:■.'■■ .'■%>.■ :..■■■■.| ■' :. V-

H

'«W^fl

&^®\. I—r-ttfl ,

V\fedac

Over 40,000BPI account-ing systemshave been put to use by almost every con-ceivable type of business. Why? Our soft-ware is simple to understand and easy touse, yet powerful enough to meet theneeds of almost every business.

Our accounting software systems havebeen proved again and again by people inall walks of life. And most of them had noprevious computer experience.

With some accounting software, if youhave questions, getting answers can bedifficult or even impossible.

BPI Systems has a service departmentas close as your telephone. Questionsabout any of our products will be an-swered promptly and accurately. With-out a service charge to you.

BPI Accounting Software is compatiblewith most microcomputers availabletoday. In fact, our accounting systems areapproved, distributed, and sold by almostall of the top computer manufacturers.

Our General Accounting System maybe all the accounting software you willever need. If you have more specializedneeds, you can choose any of our totallyintegrated systems including Accounts Receivable, PayrollInventory Control, JobCost, Accounts Payable, and Profes-sional Time Accounting. Alone or incombination, they are the easiest to usebusiness accounting systems availabletoday.

BPI Systems offers proven reliabilitybacked by a customer service commit-

ment second to none in the account-ing software industry.

Ask for a demonstration byyour computer dealer orwrite us for moreinformation.

You'll see that our software

is simple to understandand easy to use.

SIMRY,THE MOST POWERFUL

SOFTWARE IN BUSINESS.

3423 GUADALUPE/AUSTIN, TX 7870S/S12-454-2801Circle 53 on inquiry card.

LINEAR CIRCUITS

TLQ62CP - 96

LM361 - 1 75

74? 60

TLOMCN - 1.10

LV377 1 60

TLQ84 - 1.50

LM380 - 96

LM301/74B - .30

LM383 -2 50

t«b so

LMX7 - 30

IM306 - .75

LM310 - 1 10

LM311 - SO

LM339 - 66

LM348 90

LF361 - 7S

LF353 - 1.25

LF366- 1 25

LF356- 1 36

LM36B- SO

THIS MONTHSSPECIALS

RAM's

21ML-4

MK4802 J3-2KX8

8.95

93L422 BIPOLAR

5.95

41»2«K

9.95

2147 J34KX1

STATIC

6.95

DISC Controllers

1791

1793

29.0035.00

0765C

... 25.00

68000L8.

$70.00 1

CRT Controllers

TMS9927NL 5 9.95

8275

.... 16.95

REGULATORS

LM317T $1.75

340T-5, 6, 8, 9, 12,15. 18or24V . .$ .85

50 LAS1412+12V 3A$3.95.

78M05 $ .35

4194D $ .95

LM305G $ .75

320T5.12.15or24 $ .90

RS232 CONN

OB25Pmale . $2.75D8 25S female 3.75

HOODS 1.25

74LS SERIES

- 36 74LSt97

74LS22174LS240 ■74LS24156 74LS24274LS2431.25 74LS24474LS245-45 74LS24774LS24874LS251.95 74LS25350 74LS2S7 -74LS258 -.38 74LS25940 74LS26674LS27374LS279 -« 74LS28048 74LS283 -70 74LS290 -70 74LS29380 W-S298.65 74LS320 -.80 74LS365 -80 74LS366 -

POSTAGE RATESADD 10% FOR ORDERS UNDER $25.00ADD 5% FOR ORDERS BETWEEN $25.00 AND $50.00ADO 3% FOR ORDERS ABOVE $50.00

TERMS:FOB CAMBRIDGE. MASS SEND CHECK

OR MONEY ORDER. MINIMUM TELEPHONE,C.O.D. PURCHASE ORDER OR CHARGE $20.00MINIMUM MAIL ORDER $5.00.

SEND $.25 FOR OUR CATALOGFEATURING TRANSISTORS &RECTIFIERS. 145 HAMPSHIREST . CAMBRIDGE. MASS. 02139

SOLID STATE SALES

P.O. BOX 74 B

SOMERVILLE, MASS. 02143

TEL. (617)547-7053

toll free 1-800-343-5230

FOR ORDERS ONLY

Data-Vu™

(A DBMS) by

so Powerful,

YcnrThe ProfessionalIt's For Tnej-

SO FflenQlji Thinkers Soft,

t?s For Personal Use ^

Everyone has heard that the cost of computing is going down, but by the time you're finishedwith a Database Management System you can rely on you've spent hundreds and maybethousands of dollars. At Thinkers Soft Inc.. the price of computing is more reasonable thanyou think. Data-Vu'" by Thinkers Soft Inc., has three features which makes it one of the mostpowerful data management facilities available for the price.

1. Automatic Form Generator

Allow you to generate forms on the screenand use them as a personalized tool to enterdata on the data base.

2. Relational Database ManagerDesigned for the small firm or professionalwho would like a convenient but inexpensivedata base management system.

3. The Report Generator ProgramSpecifically designed to retrieve informationfrom the data base with simple statements,perform arithmetic operations, and formatthe data intoeasily understood reports usingword processing commands.

ALL THIS FOR

$129.

(Disk &Manual)

$35.00 for manual only.

Available Soon: CP/M 86 version.Minimum system requirement: 40K CP/M*.Specify Diskette Format.$2 additional shipping costs per diskettePrices subject to change without notice

'Registered trademark of Digital Research. Inc

Call Us Today:

Dealer Inquiries Invited

P.O. Box 221, 221 Clinton RdGarden City, N.Y. 11530

Thinkers Soft, Inc.

(516) 294-8104

We Accept Master Charge

dollars and your portfolio looksthus." This brings a measure of reali-ty to investors, gives them clear direc-tions, and helps the broker closesales. The asset-enhancing investor isusually more sophisticated thansomeone who has newly entered themarket, and it is my guess that mostwill look for this brokerage serviceshortly.

Mainframe access: The use ofmicrocomputers as terminals to ac-cess big computers may become thesingle most common application ofthe microcomputer on Wall Street.This is not yet so. However, the ad-vantages of reaching into largerdatabases becomes clear with thefollowing example.

A major department with high cashflows uses an Apple as a dumb ter-minal hooked to its account in a ma-jor bank. The hookup uses HayesMicromodem II screen dialing. Whenlinked to the bank's computer,Becker's controller enters a passwordand the account number. The screenshows account history, actual cashposition, wire transfers, deposits, andwithdrawals.

Prior to the hookup, the bankwould report by telephone on thestate of the account once a day,although the bank's computer sweptthe account four times a day. Withthe computer, each monitoring ofcash flow is instantly available. Thishas proved particularly beneficialwhen money is wired frequently intoand out of the account. The timely in-formation allows the accountant tokeep much tighter control onbalances.

Conclusion

We are indeed on the brink of anew era for systems support. Theability to take maximum advantageof the technical achievements will becrucial. Right now, we are onlybeginning to see the possible applica-tions of microcomputers. We stillhave much to learn about their vastpotential. As I've described, ourfirm—both users and systemspeople—welcome the microcom-puter, for both our own benefit andthe benefit of our clients, with greatenthusiasm. ■

92 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 438 on inquiry card.

SYSTEMASTER

The Next Logical Step

Teletek FDC-I, The First Step

A CPU, floppy disc controllerand I/O all on one board.Until SYSTEMASTER® themost powerful IEEE-S-100 boardon the market.

Teletek SBC-I, The Second Step^

A board designed for use in high performance, multiprocessing systems. SBC-Icombines its own CPU,serial and parallelports, 128K of segmented memory and FIFO.

SYSTEMASTER®, The Next Logical Step

Teletek's newest product — a breakthrough in S-100board design. SYSTEMASTER® is a complete system.No other boards are required. It doesn't even requirea bus!

But, when used with an S-100 bus, SYSTEMASTER®has even more capabilities. You can readily expandto multi-user or multi-processor systems usingSYSTEMASTER® as the master board.

SYSTEMASTER® Features:

• Floppy controller: controls mini and/ormaxi drives; variable independently-adjustable pre-write compensation.

■ CPU:4MHzZ80A• Two RS-232C ports.Two full parallel ports.• 64K bank-selectable memoryvariable from 32K to 60K.Remaining memory is fixed at top of64K address space.• DMA: allows transparent data transfer tofloppy disks and other devices withoutCPU wait states.Relocatable EPROM/ROM/PROM: 2K, 4K or 8Kwith deselect capability.Real-time clock.

Operating systems available: Digital Researchor Turbodos.

Parallel ports may be connected to Teletek's PSCboard for RS-422 capability.

FELETEK

© Teletek 1982

9767F Business Park Drive Sacramento, CA 95827 (916)361-1777Circle 384 on inquiry card.

The Panasonic portable computer

We've improved the way

I ink .„ Panasonic.

It will improve the way yousolve problems. And thei solutions come from the£ portable computing poweryou have at yourfingertips. You can take itwith you on planes, cars,boats, anywhere, becauseit fits into a suitcase. You canbe more cost effective in thefield, because you'll haveaccess to more information formaking on-the-spot decisions.You'll have the incredibleadvantage of being able totelecommunicate from anywhereyou are. It gives you a wholenew world of computing.Portable computing.

Software Solutions —Now

there's an exciting new softwaresystem for the 6502microprocessor that gives you moresolutions to your problems.The popular language software for the portable computer includesExtended Basic Compiler/Interpreter, SnapFORTH and Microsoft Basic.®The Panasonic portable computer also has a wide range of specificsoftware programs for your specific problems, such as:

The Scientific Calculator—An incredibly powerful tool that solves mathematical problems for thescientist, engineer, and professional wherever they go.

Portabudqet — It's your portable personal financial manager. It gives you up-to-the-minute personalcontrol. It allows you to be your own record keeper, savings advisor, accountant, bill manager, creditand charge account guide, investment counselor, portfolio keeper, and tax assistant. Overall, ithelps plan your personal financial life, portably.

Portacalc —Gives you the portability and the flexibility to automatically analyze numerical problemswherever and whenever they arise. You can assess "what if" alternative business problems,comprehend key variables in business, and dynamically analyze problems on engineering projects.

Portawriter — It allows you to write, edit, and format information. And, you can telecommunicate theinformation from wherever you are. Whether you're in the boardroom, hotel room, or even on a golfcourse, Portawriter gives you full editing and formatting capability for notes, reports, letters, newscopy, tables, lists, forms, orders, you name it.

Portaloq — It is an easy, precise tool for time-billing professionals without a minute to lose. Whetheryou're on the road or in the office, you can log time, compile bills, generate billing reports, and trackthe work of your highly paid employees. Portalog gives you improved timekeeping productivity.

Telecomputing 2™ — It lets you telecommunicate with your data base. You can establishcommunications between headquarters and field forces. Exchange files and programs betweeremote stations. Access timesharing services and store data in a large computer's mass storage.You can also upload and download program data.

with a wide range of new software,you solve problems.

Portaflex—A master program that allows you to create solutions for applications, such as:

a Inventory Control—Analysis and control of inventory while you're on the job.

a Order Entry—A customized system for any sales order entry. It offers you productivity, and theadvantage of faster order entry.

□ Field Service — Retrieve, diagnose, and analyze your field service data wherever you are in the field.

□ Auditing and Accounting —Custom auditing and accounting, anywhere you are in the field.a Estimating —Versatility for flexible bidding and estimating at your job site.

Software Development Tools for the Customizer—Create your own custom programs and burnthem into your EPROM so your program is recorded in nonvolatile form.

Simply take a desk top microcomputer* insert the software development discs, create your ownprogram, de-bug that program, compile the program, then "burn-in" your problem-solving EPROM.

♦Presently offered for Apple II Plus.

Hardware Specifications —

The Panasonic portable computer offers 6502microprocessor (1 MHz) technology.

a It offers 4K or 8K internal nonvolatile RAM

□ 48K internal ROM

□ Built-in Ni-Cad rechargeable battery packo External AC adapter/recharger

° 26-character liquid crystal display

a 65-key completely redefinable keyboard

Introducing Peripherals for Additional Solutions —

Modular peripherals let you customize your system.

□ Multiple RS-232C serial interfaces

a Asynchronous modem with cassette interface

(110 or 300 baud)n 40-character microprinter (thermal dot matrix printing)o 8K or 16K RAM memory expansion packsa X-Y four-color plotter (up to 80 characters per line)a TV adapter (32 characters X16 lines with color

and graphics)

The Panasonic portable computer. It's improved the way you solve problems. Because we believeits portable modules and multiple software applications can vastly improve your productivity. And thatcan be an important solution to your profit problems.

The portable computer from Panasonic. We've improved the way you solve problems.

LLTlk Panasonic. It's changing the way the world uses computers.

Please send me more information.

Panasonic Company, Hand-Held ComputersOne Panasonic Way, Secaucus, New Jersey 07094

Name (PLEASE PRINT).Title & Company

Dealer Inquiries Invited

« Type of Business,^fc Address

iyu ' ...uuu City_

1

.State.

.Zip.

Phone Number (

Panasonic

just slightly ahead of our time.

Circle 300 on inquiry card.

Putting Real-World Interfaces

to Work

Part 1: Monitoring Physical Quantities

with the TRS-80

In this article and the next one,which concludes the series on theRadio Shack TRS-80 Model I, ModelIII, and Color Computer, I'm going topresent some ideas on easy ways tomonitor such "real-world" physicalquantities as temperature, pressure,light intensity, magnetic fields, vibra-tion, water level, shaft position, rota-tional speed, and others. All of thesequantities can be measured with thethree computer systems, and most ofthem can be measured quite easilyand with a high degree of accuracy.

Review of Techniques

Before I discuss the actual circuitsand implementation for these devices,I'll recap the various ways you can in-terface the three computer systems tothe real world. I've shown youvarious projects and interfacing tech-niques in the previous articles of thisseries. However, it will help to haveall of the interfacing options sum-marized in one place. The following isa consolidation of the general inter-facing techniques, includingreferences to previous articles forspecifics.

About the Author

William harden Jr. has written many bookson microcomputer programming and design,including Z-Eighty Microcomputer DesignProjects (Howard W. Sams, 1980).

William Bard en Jr.

28122 Orsola

Mission Viejo, CA 92692

Reading Switch Closures

When a simple switch must be readfor slowly changing real-worldevents, such as in burglar alarms, thecomputer can read an on-off condi-tion in various ways. Most of themethods simply involve reading asingle bit of an input/output port.One word of caution: the switch mayhave to be "debounced" as it rapidlymakes and breaks contact before set-tling down to a steady state.

Method 1 (Model HI and ColorComputer): Connect a single-pole,double-throw (SPDT) switch to +3and —3 volts (V) as shown in figure1. The center switch and ground leadsrun to pins 2 and 4 of the TRS-80cassette jack. Read the switch byINP(255) AND 1 on the Model III andby PEEK(&HFF20) AND 1 on theColor Computer. Good for wire runsof approximately 50 feet.

Method 2 (Color Computer): Con-nect a single-pole, single-throw(SPST) switch between pins 3 and 4of the right joystick plug of the ColorComputer as shown in figure 2. Readthe switch by a PEEK(&HFF00) AND1. Connect between the same pins onthe left joystick plug and read by aPEEK(&HFF00) AND 2. Good forwire runs of approximately 50 feet.

Method 3 (Color Computer): Con-nect an SPST switch and two resistorsto the joystick inputs as shown infigure 3. Four lines may be read byJOYSTK(O), JOYSTK(l), JOYSTK(2),

and JOYSTK(3), respectively. An"on" value will be about 0, and an"off" value will be about 32. Test forvalues greater than or less than 16.Good for 50 feet or so.

Method 4 (Color Computer): Con-nect an SPDT switch and +6 V and

— 6 V as shown in figure 4. Connectground and the center contact of theswitch to pins 3 and 2 of the ColorComputer's RS-232C jack. Read theswitch by a PEEK(&HFF22) AND 1.Good for about 50 feet.

Method 5 (Models I/III and ColorComputer): Build a general-purposeI/O interface that attaches to the sys-tem I/O bus. Two interfaces, one forthe Model I/III and one for the ColorComputer, were described in "AGeneral-Purpose I/O Board for theColor Computer" and "A General-Purpose I/O Board for the TRS-80Models I and III" in the June 1982 andAugust 1982 issues of BYTE (pages260 and 291, respectively). These in-terfaces provide up to 24 lines thatcan be used to read switch closures orother inputs, at the expense of com-plexity in construction.

Method 6 (Models I/III): Connectan SPDT switch between +6 V and

— 6 V as shown in figure 5. Connectground and the center switch leads toone of four inputs on the RS-232Cport. Read the four lines by an OUT232,0 followed by INP(232) AND N(N = 128, 64, 32, or 16). Furtherdetails are given in "Using the Model

96 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

How To Sell More Software

No 3 in a series ofsoftwaie marketing bulletins

trom Prompt Doc Inc

THE PromptDoc

Manual Maker

You know better user manuals sell more software, buthow do you make better user manuals? How do youidentity just the right details to motivate prospective

users to buy? How do you organize these details into asequence that makes sense to first-time users while itprovides ongoing reference to veterans? How do youformat and package a manual so it's attractive enough toget attention yet clear enough to be readily understood?And, how do you do all this at a pace that keep upwith your product release schedule? The Prompt Doc®Manual Maker is the answer.

Introducing Computer-assisted Writing

Imagine a software product that prompts you throughthe process of planning, outlining and writing a usermanual and even supplies boilerplate introductory andtransitional text. Envision reducing your user manualpreparation process to this:

1. Identify manual, select boilerplate chapter filesfrom menu

2. Edit chapter table of contents to tailor sequenceand terminology to your product needs

3. Pause while computer modifies boilerplate chaptersto match edited table of contents and builds askeletal manual in preformatted CP/M® text files

4. Useyourword processortoedittheskeletal man-ual into a working draft, supplying product detailsas prompted

5. Tell computer to purge prompts and instructionsfrom working draft, and build new Table of Con-tents; publish review draft

6. Review the draft for accuracy and usability; revise,polish and publish as instructed by documen-tation

Compared to your current process that may soundmore like a software maker's dream than a real product.It's a dream all right—a dream come true called thePrompt Doc® Manual Maker. It's the only product of itskind.

Consider These Benefits

Improved productivity—with Prompt Doc® you cangain as much as 40% on typical manual writing jobs.

Project control—with prestructured modular chapters,writing tasks can be segmented without losing continuity.

Manual uniformity—by product, by product line, bycompany.

Quality assurance—the boilerplate files help assurecompleteness and usability; the Prompt Doc® Writer'sGuide gives publishing instructions.

Proven performance—based on the Prompt Doc®methodology, the structures and outlines have beenproved in myriad applications for the past four years;now we've tailored it specifically for the commercialsoftware vendor.

Reasonable Price

$245 for software and two manuals, $45 for manualsonly. This productwill begin paying for itself the minute youstart using it and continue making you money each timeyou publish a manual. What could be more reasonable?

CP/M® Compatible;llses Your Word Processor

Now available for use with WordStar® and other wordprocessors on the Apple® II with the Softcard® and onstandard CP/M® systems.

Use The Coupon Now

You know a better way tomake better manuals canenhance your competitiveposition. Why wait anotherminute? Complete the couponnow and mail it to PromptDoc®, 833 West ColoradoAvenue, Colorado Springs,CO 80905. Or, if you'd rathernot wait for the mail, call(303)471-9875.

PromptOac

8

See our seminar ad in this issue.

Prompt Doc is a registered trademark ol Prompt Doc, Inc. Appleand AppleII are registered trademarks of Apple Computer Inc. Softcard is a registeredtrademark of Microsoft Corporation. CP/M is a registered trademark of DigitalResearch, Inc. WordStar is a registered trademark of M icroPro InternationalCorporation.

I need the Prompt DocManual Maker now! Sendacopyto:

Name

Address,

Telephone (

Configuration: □ Apple IID Other_Send manual only.

D CP/M □ 8" CP/M

My check is enclosed for $

You may charge my VISA

Account #

Amount $

Signature

.□ UPSC.O.D.__ Master Card

Expiration Date_

□ I need more information. Send it to the address above.Dealer inquiries invited.

Circle 317 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 97

Circle 162 on Inquiry card.

EXPOTEK

2723 W. Windrose • Suite 3Phoenix, Arizona 85029

1-800-528-8960

GUARANTEEDLOW PRICES

APPLE CARDS

16KRAM-$99 Z80 CARD - $279

Videx Card — $249 Smart Term — $179

32K Atari Card — $99.50 Clock CARD — $229

ALTOS

5-15D — $2290 5-5D — $4399

ANADEX

9500A —$1290 9501A —$1290

HUHHI ATARI . : ' JHMH

400-16K - $289 800-16K — $659

410 —$79 810 —$435

825 —$569 .'-• 850 —$149

CITOM

F-10P —$1380 F-10S —$1525

Prowriter8510AP — $489 8510ACD —$610

I DATA SOUTH

DS120—$595 DS180—$1259

DIABLO630RO —$1945 620 —$1295

EPSON

MX80FT — $515 MX80 — $439

MX100 —$699 Graphic Rom — $45

tMnaji imTri tinf aBiil1500 — $995 ESPRIT - $515

MICRO SCI A2$350 — Apple Drive/Card — $400

MODEMS

HAYS - MICROMODEM — $290

HAYS — SMARTMODEM — $229

Penril — 300/1200 (212A) — $695

MONITORS

BMC Green — $95 Color RGB — $550

Amdek 3000 — $159 Color — $380

Sanyo-Green — $225 Color — $335

NORTHSTAR

Advantage — $2795 Horizon 64QD — $2795 •

NEC

8023— $489 7710 — $2350

PK mpi - SiHH88G — $550 99G — $650SOROG1.20 -$659 135 —$689

TELEVIDEO

910 —$569 925 —$730920-$735 950-$915

Mfc Tl ■ mmmmmm

10 — $1240 820 — $1795ZENITH

219— $699 Z89 —$2129OKIDATA

M80 — $320 M83A — $699

M82A — $425M84P —$1059 M84S — $1225

SOFTWARE HB|

Ail Major Brands — $CALLDISKETTES/BOXES

ephant — $20 Scotch — $25 Dysan — $35

All Prices Subject To Change

Customer Service602-8630759

CASSETTECONNECTOR(5 PIN DIN)

50 OR MORE-0F UNSHIELDEDCABLE

NO. = NORMALLY OPEN

Figure 1: Remote-switch closure can be detected in the Models I/III and Color Com-puter by using an SPDT switch, which switches between +3 V and —3 V and reads thestate of the line through the cassette port.

SPSTN.O.

GROUND

LSW

SPSTN.O.

GROUND

RSW

PIA ADDRESS$FF00

NO. - NORMALLY OPEN

Figure 2: Another method for reading a remote switch in the Color Computer is to inputthe state of the switch through the joystick switch port. Two channels may be read.

98 October 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Performance Breakthrough

. . the CYBERDRIVE for the IBM Personal Computer

13.5 or 27 million bytes of disk capacity in a single cabinet withan integrated mini-cartridge tape for secure data backup.

Setting an exciting new microcomputer standard, theCYBERDRIVE1 combines a full package of features.

It offers new, higher performance levels, with an inte-grated business-oriented backup device.

As the CYBERDRIVE is made available for other systems,media transfer is assured regardless of the host hardware orOperating System.

The CYBERDRIVE slashes the seek time dramatic-ally—e.g. the usual 5 Megabyte stepper-motor Winchesterdisk offers average seek time typically in the range of 100 to200 milliseconds (incl. head settling).

With the CYBERDRIVE, the average seek time acrossmore than five times as much data is only 33 milliseconds(incl. head settling).

This basic speed, coupled with disk cache buffering anda peak transfer rate of 1 million bytes per second, make theCYBERDRIVE a performance champ!

The integrated mini-cartridge tapes used for backup ofdata allow dumping of (for example) 10 million bytes of datain about 10 minutes... much faster than other tape or floppydisk backup techniques. Hardware read-after-write errorchecking is incorporated in the tape device.

us

...And don't fail to ask about our superb lineup of seriousbusiness software (also offered in CYBERDRIVE format)including:

RM/COBOL2 compiler-the micro industry standard.MBSP RM/COBOL general business applications (derived

from MCBA4 minicomputer packages)... thousands

in use... money back guarantee... source program

license.CRT!1 from Cybernetics (COBOL Reprogramming Tool!)-Program generator for RM/COBOL to ease pro-gram development and maintenance . . . an

alternative to a Data Base System.CBASIC25 & CBASIC865 compilers... for aficionados of

useful BASIC.

The software is available on a variety of industry-standanOperating Systems including CP/M5-MP/MS (both SO & -86),OASIS6, PCDOS, and UNIX7. Inquire for specific details andprices.

Trademarks ol:

8

rd

O Copyrt^M 1««2 by Cybwrwtfca Inc. AN rtt

and specifications subject to change without notice.

m ^^

l Cybernetics m<Minicomputer Business Applications Inc 5 Dtgiiai |

Ryan-McFadand Corp 3 Micro Business Software incch inc 6 PTtasw One Systems loc 7 BeH Laboratories

8041 NEWMAN AVE., SUITE 208

HUNTINGTON BEACH, CA 92647

714/848-1922

From Aspen Software

The Only Complete Document Proofreading SystemFor CP/M*, TRS-80* and IBM-PC Word Processors

P[PP»n

KADEn

Featuring Random House® Dictionary

• Complete Accuracy-looks up every word;does not use less accurate root wordanalysis, plus Random House Dictionary

■ • Full Interactive Correction-standard

• Instant Access to Dictionary

• Compact-Random House Dictionarysupplied in sizes to fit your system(50,000 words standard)

QRAMMATik™

Beyond Spelling Checking

• Detects typos, punctuation andcapitalization errors, misused wordsand phrases

• Analyzes Writing Style

• Suggests Alternative Usages

= NO ERRORS

"The programs together (Proofreader andGrammatik) offer a dynamic tool forcomprehensive editing beyond spellingcorrections."

—Dona Z. Meilach in Interface Age, 5/82"Grammatik is the perfect complement to aspelling check program."

—Dr. Alan R. Miller in Interface Age, 5/82"If you use a word processor and a spellingchecker, then you should investigate the uniquecapabilities of this program. Grammatik is asurprisingly fast and easy to use tool foranalyzing writing style and punctuation."

-Bob Louden in InfoWorld, 12/81"For the user who is as tight with his dollar as I,Proofreader is the program of choice."

—Stephen Kimmel in Creative Computing, 3/82"Anyone involved with word processing in anyway. whether writing manuals, letters,brochures, newscopy, reports, etc. is encouragedto get the excellent program Grammatik."

—A.A. Wicks in Computronics, 6/82

Grammatik and Proofreader are compatible with allCP/M, MS-DOS (incl. IBM-PC), and TRS-80 wordprocessors. Current CP/M formats: standard 8",Northstar. Omikron, Osborne, Apple. Please call/orwrite for details of minimum system sizes and availabilityof additional disk and operating system formats,Shipping costs included. Please specify your systemconfiguration when ordering. Dealers inquiriesinvited.

Proofreader

Grammatik

Both

CP/M, MS-DOS

$129.00

$150.00

$250.00

TRS-80 Model II

ri/a

$99.00

TRS-80 Mod. I/Ill

$89.00

$59.00

$139.00

Random House is a registered trademark of RandomHouse, Inc. Other registered trademarks: CP/M: DigitalResearch; TRS-80: Tandy Corp.; MS-DOS: Microsoft;IBM: IBM; Proofreader, Grammatik: Aspen Software Co.

Aspen Software Co.

P.O. Box 339-B Tijeras, NM 87059(505) 281-1634

•50k

n

| 50k \

50k

| 50k

JOYSTk (0)

I 50 k

JOYSTk (3)

k \SPST3 |50K \SPST2 <50k \ SPST 1 |50k \SPST 0

Figure 3: In a third method for the Color Computer, the JOYSTK function reads thevoltage of a voltage divider connected between +5 V and ground.

6VHill-

6V

H'1"-

» SPDT SWITCH

RS-232CDIN-TYPECONNECTOR(MALE )

50' OR MORE OF

UNSHIELDED CABLE

Figure 4: A fourth method of remote-switch detection for the Color Computer involvesuse of the RS-232C interface.

I/III RS-232C Port" in the July 1982issue of BYTE, page 360. Good for 50feet or so.

Method 7 (Models I/III): Connectan SPST switch between pin 2 andpin 21, 23, 25, or 28 of the printerport, as shown in figure 6. Read theswitch by a PEEK(14312) AND 128,64, 32, 16 for the Model I or INP(248)AND N (N = 128, 64, 32, or 16) forthe Model III. Not recommended forruns of more than a few feet.

Controlling Slowly ChangingExternal Devices

Using the computer to control ex-ternal devices is more difficult, aspower must be provided to switch thedevices on and off.

Method 1 (Models I/III and ColorComputer): Use the cassette relay tocontrol another relay, as shown infigure 7. Turn the relay on in theModel I by an OUT (255,4), in theModel III by an OUT (236,2), and inthe Color Computer by a POKE&HFF21,60. (Use a value of 44 to turnthe Color Computer relay off.) Donot use for outputs that change morerapidly than once every few secondsor so. Either set of lines may be hun-dreds of feet or more.

Method 2 (Models I/III and ColorComputer): Use the cassette relay andan optocoupler, as shown in figure 8.Turn the circuit on as in method 1.The wire runs can be very long.

Method 3 (Models I/III and Color

100 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 266 on inquiry card.

STEP UP TO B!

PERFORMANCE!

NEW PRODUCTS

(qty. 1-3 prices)

STD801 and 811 CARD CAGES.

Black anodized aluminum card cages withmotherboard. Specify bottom mount (801) orback mount (811). $225 (8 slot motherboard),$265 (12 slots).

STD 881 "NEMA-12"STEELENCLOSURE. Intended for unfriendlyindustrial environments. Splash-proof boxncludes 8 slot motherboard, card cage,neoprene-backed card retainer (keeps cardsin place if unit is subjected to vibration), andswitching power supply ( + 5V@ 10A, ±12V1A per side). Switch selectable 115/230 VAC. $595.

S-100 ZB-1 EXTENDER BOARD. ZIF

connector greatly simplifies board testingand substitution. Includes fuses on + 8V and± 16V lines, ground post, 41x17 hole klugearea(0.1 "grid),and power-to-board switchWith LED indicator. $159.

■1

II

;-T SI1

(qty. 25 + prices)

STD 211/231. Schannel bpto-isolated input board. $116.40STD 221.8 channel SPST reedrelay output board. $101.40STD 201. Schannel TBI AC(4A/117V) output board. $137.40STD 101. Extender board (8.4"). $35.40STD 001. Flat cable terminated prototyping board. $29.40STD 002. Edge connector terminated prototyping board. $32.40STD 003. Terminal block terminated prototyping board. $35.40STD MBD*. 8 slot or 16 slot high speed motherboard. 8 slot $81,16 slot $105STD RAM * 16K X 8 static memory card. $195STD CPU Z*. 4 MHzZ80CPU board. $201S-100 ICB-10 Controller Board. Opto-isolators accept input data; output drives 8 reed relaysfor real-world interface. $131.40

For more information, call Mullen Computer Products at (415) 783-2866 or write MCP Inc., Box 6214,Hayward, CA 94544. In the Northwest (WA, OR, ID, NEV, N. CA), contract Magna Sales(300 120th Ave.

E. Bldg. 3, Suite 115, Bellevue, WA 98005; head office 3333 Bowers Ave/Suite 295, Santa Clara, CA95051).

'Manufactured by CompuPro; available through MCP Inc.. an affiliate of Godboul Electronics. All prices subject to change without notice.

ERG/68000

MINI-SYSTEMS

Full IEEE 696/S100compatibility

HARDWARE OPTIONS

D 8MHz or 10 MHz 68000 CPUD Memory ManagementD Multiple Port Intelligent I/OD 64K STATIC RAM (70 nsec)D 256K Dynamic RAM, with full

parity (150 nsec)G 8" D/D, D/S floppy disk drivesD 5MB-32MB hard disk drives

□ Full DMA host adaptorD 20MB tape streamer

□ 10 to 20 slot backplaneD 30 amp power supply

SOFTWARE OPTIONS

D 68KFORTH1 systems language

with MACRO assembler and

MET A compilerD Fast Floating Point packageD Motorola's MACSBUGD IDRIS2 operating system with

C, PASCAL, FORTRAN 77,

68K-BASIC1 compilers

Trademark 'ERG, Inc.

•Whitesmiths

30 day deliveryith valid Purchase Order

OEM prices available

For CPU, Integrated Card Sets

or Systems.

pineal Research Group, Inc.P.O. Box 1176Milton, WA 98354206-631-4855

CONNECTIONCTSDSRCDR I

AND VALUE1286432

16

6V

H|'F

SPOT

~°^

I

GROUND

NOTE.

MALE RS-232C DB-25-TYPECONNECTOR SHOWN

Figure 5: Remote-switch detection for Models I/III using one to four RS-232C signalsand switching between +6 V and —6 V.

^SPST-o >o

L*> SEE TABLE

BELOW FORPIN NUMBER

->

> LINE PRINTER

( CENTRONICS BUS)CONNECTOR

>

* PIN USED

AND VALUE

SWITCH OFF SWITCH

ON

21232528

128

643216

1

111

0000

Figure 6: Switch detection in Models I/III via the status lines of the Centronics port.This method is not recommended for wire runs longer than a few feet.

Computer): Use the general-purposeinput/output board described in theJune and August 1982 issues of BYTEto drive up to 24 lines. Use eitherrelays or optocouplers with each line.See the articles referenced for furtherdetails.

Reading In Analog Signals

Real-world quantities such astemperature and light intensity can beconverted to electrical analogs(counterparts) such as voltage andresistance. Although I'll discuss thisparticular topic in more detail later,here are the general approaches:

Method 1 (Color Computer): Readin an analog voltage of 0 V through 5V by referencing it to ground andconnecting the input to one of thefour joystick channels, as shown in

figure 3. Use JOYSTK(X) to get theinput value in the form 0 through 63.Convert to the proper voltage or real-world equivalent. This method isgood for conversions of dozens oftimes per second. See "Color Com-puter from A to D" in the December

1981 BYTE (page 134). For faster con-version speeds (up to 8K samples persecond), see "Voice Synthesis for theColor Computer" in the February

1982 BYTE (page 258) for a high-speed Color Computer analog-to-digital converter. Lines to "current-driven" transducers may be hundredsof feet or more.

Method 2 (Models I/III): Build theanalog-to-digital converter describedin "Build a Joystick A-to-D Converterfor the TRS-80 Model I or III,"January 1982 BYTE (page 160). This

102 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

How I con getthe informationI need. Fromonywhere.Immediately.

To do business, I need informationfrom a lot of places.

Sales figures from Cincinnati.

Production costs from Philadelphia.

Personnel levels from our ad-ministrative offices three blocks away.

And — sometimes — I need up tothe minute market prices from TheSource . Whatever I need, I get it.Immediately. That means that Idon't waste time waiting. And Idon't have to make decisions basedon old information. Even if it's just aday old.

Information from anywhere.Immediately. With

CRO

>SSALK

Crosstalk allows your CP/M or MS-DOS based computer system to ac-cess almost any dial-up computer,capture and store the data, andtransfer files between any twoCrosstalk systems with completeerror checking. Even when disk for-mats are incompatible.

To get your information, Crosstalkcan automatically dial any dial-upsystem, capture on-line data foranalysis off-line.

Crosstalk saves you and yourcomputers time. It saves youmoney. And, best of all, it gets youthe information that you need,when you need it.

Now available for IBM PC

"Microstuf.lnc.

1845 The ExchangeSuite 205

Atlanta, GA 30339(404)952-0267DEALER INQUIRES WELCOME

CROSSTALK is o trademark of Microstuf, Inc.

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research Inc.

The Source is a servicemark of Source Telecomputing, Corp.

a subsidiary of The Readers Digest Association, Inc.MS-DOS is a trademark of Microsoft, Inc.

Circle 256 on inquiry card.

Circle 276 on inquiry card.

personal computer

UCSD

p-System™IV.1

A superior implementation of the UCSDp-SYSTEM is available NOW for your IBMPersonal Computer.

Network Consulting has added manyfeatures that the professional programmerwill find useful. These features are notavailable from any other sources.

• Hard disk support for Corvus, Tall GrassTechnology and others

• 25% more floppy storage, without addingor modifying hardware, retaining compat-ibility with standard IBM diskettes

• Double sided and double sided/doubletracking stepping floppy disk drive sup-port

• Up to 800K on each mini-diskette

• RAM disk support (a pseudo-floppyvolume that uses up to 512k RAM)

• 8086/87/88 macro assembler

• Extended memory support

• Adaptable system support available foradding custom I/O drivers

• Remote Terminal support

• XON/XOFF flow control for serial printers

• A library of program modules and otherutilities

• Disk write verification

• and more!

Standard p-System features include:

• Standard I/O redirection (including com-mand files)

• Dynamic program overlays

• Support for asynchronous processes andconcurrency primitives in Pascal

• Fast Pascal p-code compiler

• Fast FORTRAN and Basic p-Code com-pilers also available

• A powerful screen oriented editor

• A filer for handling both files and volumes

• A Native Code Generator that processesyour Pascal, Fortran and Basic programsto convert parts of them to native machinecode

• Dynamic runtime binding of separatelycompiled programs and units

• Turtlegraphics for easy graphics displays

• Print spooler for background printing

• Symbolic debugger

USCD p-SYSTEM fromNetwork Consulting

The only serious choice for business

TM The Regents of the University of California

To3j|»

Network Consulting Inc.

A106- 1093 W. Broadway

Vancouver, B.C.

Canada V6H 1E2

(604) 738-3500

-O

INTERNALZENER DIODES(IN982 )

TO "REMOTE"PLUG

o-

TO

"MOTOR ON"LOGIC

o-

NORMALLYOPEN

INTERNAL 5V RELAYRATINGS' 3/4 A

-o

€>

FRONT VIEW

CASS0UT<3

Figure 7: Cassette remote-control output can control small loads directly or can switch alarger relay. This method is applicable to all three systems.

CASS0UT<3

47K

-TJ> 0 VOLTSIF ON+5 VOLTSIF OFF

0PT0C0UPLERTIL111 l(RS276-132)

/77

Figure 8: An optocoupler can be used in place of a relay to control remote devices in theModels I/III or Color Computer.

converter plugs into the printer portand will convert at rates of thousandsof samples per second. Lines withproper transducers may be hundredsof feet or more. Two analog channelsare provided.

Method 3 (Model III): Build theanalog-to-digital converter describedin "Model III A to D Revisited," Sep-

tember 1982 BYTE (page 398). Thisconverter is extremely accurate butslow (6 samples per second). It allowsonly one channel and voltage inputsof 1.25 V through 3.75 V.

Method 4 (Models I/III and ColorComputer): Use a voltage input to avoltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)such as an LM366 (Radio Shack part

104 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

>*fc^

i opportunity awaiprofeslWJnUs who' chooscareers at the National Sel'From the verythe growth .' speciali;

these NSA career fields:

'f

Electronic Engineering: Thereare opportunities in a variety ofresearch and development projectsranging from-individual equipments tovery complex interactive systems invol-ving large numbers of microprocessors,mini-computers and computergraphics.Professional growth is enhanced throughinteraction with highly experienced NSAprofessionals and through contacts intheindustrial and academic worlds. Facil-ities for engineering analysis and designautomation are among the best available.

Computer Science: At NSA you'lldiscover one of the largest computerinstallations in the world with almostevery major vendor of computer equip-ment represented. NSA careers provide

ixturesofsuchdisciplinej^s^stems ''-.lysis and d^jg^sjfen^pfapplica-* programdfngTdata bjse manage-

r 'variety ofmathematic^i'bis'ciplines*' Specificassignments might include solvingcommunications-related problems,performing long-range mathematicalresearch or evaluating new techniquesfor communications security.

Linguists: NSA offers a wide rangeof challenging assignments for Slavic,Near Eastern and Asian language majorsinvolving translation, transcription andanalysis/reporting. Newly-hired linguistscan count on receiving advanced train-ing in their primary language(s) and canplan on manyyears of continued profes-sional growth.

The Rewards at NSA

NSA offers a salary and benefitprogram that's truly competitive withprivate industry. There are assignmentsfor those who wish to travel and abundantgood living in the Baltimore-Washingtonarea for those who wish to stay close to

ipnreff»c»nai

fc§cre*NQna| iities are just minute

[ SUDUrDclf b£ft< rlftlljl I.

I|>A career_-J, write to Mr. William Shores,Recruitff?e*"nt Officer, Nation.0' «^">'-»-•Agency, Attn: M322 (WES),|G. Meade, Maryland 207:

U.S^^jfizenshipffequired.

\ The National;) Security

^^y Agency

Where learning never ends.

Edix+Wordix isn't the most

popular, most easily learned or leastexpensive word processor. It's onlythe best.

Editor + Formatter=Word Processor

Most word proces-sors try to do toomuch at once: textentering and cor-recting, line filling,pagination and printing. Unfortunately, theydon't have time to do anything really well.Edix + Wordix divides word processing intoediting and formatting. So it does things verywell indeed.

Edix. You use Edix to enterand correct your document(or program). Its advancedfeatures include multiplescreen windows, multiplebuffers, side-to-side scrolling,block moves, powerful patternsfor searching, and a help key.There's even an onlinecourse to get you started.It's the world's finest microcomputer screen editor.

Wordix. Once you've pre-pared your text with Edix,imbedded commands tellWordix how to format itinto lines, paragraphs, H§

pages and sections. Wordix automatically hyphen-ates, positions footnotes, numbers sections andbuilds a table-of-contents. It can incorporateinformation from data files into your document,so you can use yourmailing list to gen-erate form letters. Itlets you predefinecustomized formatsfor letters, memos,reports and books.

In short, you can concentrateon content while Wordix takescare of form.

Edix + Wordix. Your documents

are too important to trust

to a word processor that

does everything at once and

nothing well. You need

an editor that knows

editing, and a formatter

that knows formatting.

You need Edix+Wordix.

Call or write for

detailed specifications.

Requires 128K IBM PC

m with DOS.

TECHNOLOGY

Emerging Technology Consultants, Inc.

Box 154 Louisville, Colorado 80027 303 447-9495

Available at ComputerLand8 and other fine computer stores

""Trademark of Emerging Technology Consultants, Inc.

106 BYTE October 1982

Circle 155 on inquiry card.

number 276-1724) to create a frequen-cy analog that can be measuredthrough the cassette port. Thismethod would be similar to the tech-nique in method 3 above but wouldmeasure the frequency of a squarewave rather than the duty cycle.

Outputting Analog Voltages

Voltage levels may be used to con-trol direct-current (DC) motors(through DC amplifiers), create musicor speech synthesis, or for other real-world functions.

Method 1 (Models I/III): Thepreviously referenced analog-to-digital converter (January 1982

BYTE) uses a digital-to-analog con-verter that will provide outputvoltages from .24 V through 4.74 V in64 steps. Speed can be tens ofthousands of outputs per second withan assembly-language driver pro-gram.

Method 2 (Color Computer): TheColor Computer has a built-in digital-to-analog converter that outputs 0 Vthrough 5 V in 64 steps at speeds ofthousands of outputs per second.Output can be routed to the cassetteoutput line.

Method 3 (Models I/III): Thecassette output line can be providedwith three voltage levels: 0 V, 0.45 V,

and 0.86 V by OUT 255,X (X = 2, 0,1, respectively). Output may be donetens of thousands of times per secondin assembly language.

Reading In Rapidly ChangingOn/Off Signals

A number of methods to read infrequency analogs of real-worldquantities are available. It's not toodifficult to convert a physicalparameter to voltage and then con-vert the voltage to frequency. Youcan then measure either the period orduty cycle of the incoming signal towork back to the original quantity. Insome cases the signal may have to be

This personused to developapplications for

the Z-80 marketwith the bestof them.

^H&QM]

Circle 351 on inquiry card.

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 107

*'

&

4

512KB WITH RS232-C PORTIBM PERSONAL COMPUTER

MEMORY!

Illllllllllllllll

xm»€

iiit i i ; i i t i i

j 11.. * „»,»..*», •.». • » *, t .1 .i i i t * j i i i •

I * ( • a • * • t t i |

W

SINGLE BOARD 512KB WITH RS232-CIBM PERSONAL COMPUTER MEMORY

Designed Specifically for IBM's PERSONAL COMPUTER is ChrislinIndustries newest CI-PCM+ and CI-PCM Memory Modules.

• Pin-to-pin compatibility.

• Full one year parts and labor warranty.

• Onboard parity with interrupt on parity error.

CI-PCM without RS232-C

256K x 9 $475.00

• Off the shelf deliveries.

• Addressable as a contiguous block in 64KB increments thru1 megabyte.

CI-PCM+ with RS232-C512K x 9

$895.00

DON'T ASK WHY WE CHARGE SO LITTLE, ASK WHY THEY CHARGE SO MUCH.

CChrislin Industries, Inc.31352 Via Colinas • Westlake Village, CA 91362 • 213-991-2254TWX 910-494-1253 (CHRISLIN WKVfi)

108 BYTE October 1982

Circle 68 on inquiry card.

processed to eliminate noise orbounce. In general, the greater thefrequency, the shorter the lines mustbe. Use twisted-pair or shielded wire,and you can have lengths of 50 feet ormore.

Method 1 (Models I/III): TheModel I cassette-tape input circuittakes a series of 500-bit-per-second(bps) pulses, rectifies them, and looksfor the DC level at the proper time. Itwould be possible to input a range ofpulses at about 500 to 2000 pulses persecond and read them from the cas-sette port (255, bit 7). This methodcan also be applied with the Model IIIusing the 500-bps circuitry, but it's

best to use method 2 below, which ismore reliable.

Method 2 (Model III and ColorComputer): The 1500-bps cassettelogic uses a zero-crossing detector.The incoming waveform should beabout 2 V to 4 V peak-to-peak andmust go negative. AC coupling or adual power supply comparator can beused to generate the waveform. See"Ports of Entry and Soft Breezes forthe Color Computer and Model III"in the May 1982 issue of BYTE (page162). The data is read by INP(255)AND 1 for the Model III orPEEK(&HFF20 AND 1) for the ColorComputer.

Method 3 (Color Computer): TheColor Computer RS-232C port RDline can be used to input a string ofpulses and can be read very rapidlyby PEEK(&HFF22) AND 1. Thewaveform must be in quasi-RS-232Cformat (logic 0 greater than +3 V,logic 1 less than -3 V). See May 1982BYTE.

Method 4 (Models I/III): Use thefour RS-232C input lines describedunder "Reading Switch Closures,Method 6" above. The waveformmust be in standard RS-232C format.

Method 5 (Models I/III, and ColorComputer): Build the general-pur-pose input/output board referenced

This person used todevelop applicationsfor the 8086/8088market with the « c cbest of them.

)0{pj^crM]

Circle 352 on inquiry card.

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 109

This person developsapplications for the entiremarket, including the Z-80,8080,8086/8088,6502,LSI-ll/PDP-11,9900, and theM68000 with the best there is.

The Universal MOperating System.™

Why does this application developer look so happy, youmay ask?

Because, unlike others in his field, he's one of the smartones. He uses the UCSD p-System™ from SofTech MicrosystemsIt's the first truly universal operating system ever developed. Itlets him develop an awesome array of high-quality applications.And it's equally at home with an IBM PC, TRS-80™ Model II,Apple Ilf Osborne 1™TI Business System 200™ Zenith Z-89fHewlett-Packard HP-87™ Philips P-2000™ the new DECProfessionals™ or any other micro in the market.

That makes our developer one of the elite. Becausehe'll never have to worry about locking himself intoan operating system that will eventually lockhim out of the market.

A Universal Operating System. At last.

Whether it's a Z-80, 8086/8088, M68000,6502, or you name it, the p-System is portableacross any popular microprocessor made any-where today.

And we don't mean just at the source codelevel, either. We mean you can develop your pro-gram, on any machine, then compile to object code(p-code), and it's totally transportable.

You get it done right the first time. Every time. For any machine.Now you can design for the whole market.Once and for all.

The p-System actually enables you to broaden your customer basewithout significant reinvestment in programming, time and time again.Simply because it's the only OS that runs the same object code programson all popular 8- and 16-bit microprocessors. No matter who makes them.No matter who uses them.

110 BYTE October 1982

Circle 353 on inquiry card.

And that's only the beginning. There's more to the p-System philosophy.Much more.

Take programmer productivity, for example. We know how muchwork you put into programming, so we understand the importance of stream-lining that process. So we saw to it that the p-System allows you to reuseprogram components, time and time again.

It's been our experience that as much as 50% of the code developedfor one application can be reused on others. And you can also create yourown library of utilities suited to solving your own unique problems.

Try finding that on some other operating system.

All the tools you need for the job. Any job.

When you write your programs with the p-System, you can use anycombination of UCSD Pascal?" FORTRAN-77and BASIC. Each languageoperating effectively with the others. So you can finally take advantage ofthe best features of each language — in a single program. And you also geta complete, fully integrated set of software development tools to makeyour job even simpler. Naturally. Including a screen editor, macro assemblers,and a debugger, as well as add-ons such as TURTLEGRAPHICS, NativeCode Generators, and even Print Spoolers.

Our admirers have impeccable credentials.

In case you wondered who else believes in our Universal OperatingSystem, there's the fact that the p-System is licensed by most of the majorhardware manufacturers around. Manufacturers like IBM, DEC, TI, HP,Commodore, Osborne, Philips, and Zenith. You know, all those "little guys!'

And the p-System's reliability is well-documented. Has been since 1977.And this, coupled with the upward compatibility of source code programs,has given the p-System five years of proven, documented field testing. Bythe toughest critics in the business.

Given all this, it's easy to see how your productivity canbe enhanced.

Now you can develop higher quality applications faster, less expen-sively, and more dependably than ever before. For a much larger market.

All at the same time.

All on one machine.

All without worrying about some hardware enhancement limitingyour business opportunities and leaving you with no other choice thanpeddling popcorn or ice cream on some lonely street corner.

If you don't believe it just take a look at our Applications Catalogto prove it.

At last, using the p-System, you can design programs once.

Once and for all.

Mm^w

iii

I hear you, SofTech Microsystems. Please send mea brochure on the p-System, the world's only UniversalOperating System. And keep me off the streets.

NAME

micROSvsTemi

Please send coupon to:

SofTech Microsystems, 9494 Black Mountain Rd.

San Diego, CA 92126, or call (714) 578-6105 B1

TITLE

COM PAN Y_ADDRESS.CITY

_STATE_

_ZIP_

TELEPHONE

_EXT^

UCSD p-System and UCSD Pascal are trademarks of the Regents of the University of California; Universal Operating System is a trademark of SofTechMicrosystems; TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corp.; Apple II is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc.; Osborne 1 is a trademark of Osborne ComputerCorp.; Business System 200 is a trademark of Texas Instruments; Z-89isa trademark of Zenith Corp.; HP-87 is a trademark of Hewlett Packard Inc.;P 2000 is a trademark of Philips Electronics; and Professional is a trademark of Digital Equipment Corp.

III

Circle 354 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982

111

Expand your IBM PC

s1895°°

For6M Bytes

Aslittle as

S3500

Add-In Winchester Disk System

(PC)2's Add-In Winchester Disk System is housed within theIBM chassis and is easy to install directly into the floppy slot,reducing desktop space. Also available in 12 and 18 M Bytescapacity. When you order our PCM-100-2 our DS-DISK softwareis offered at no extra charge.

Memory Expansion Board

(PC)2's Expansion Board offers 4 TIMES the amount of memoryoffered by IBM. P.C. Configurations can be set at 64K, 128K,192K and 256K Bytes. Board can be easily upgraded in 64Kcapacities. Upgradability is the key!

Asynchronous CommunicationsController

1 or 2 line capability on one card.

Totally compatible with IBM software and diagnostics.

Combination Memory/AsynchronousController Board

(PC)2 high capacity memories are combined on one board withsingle or double ported asynchronous communicationscontrollers to create the (PC)2 Combination Memory Expansion/Asynchronous Controller Board. (PC)2 Combo Boards are fullyupgradeable in 64K increments up to the 256K byte boardcapacity and are configured with support for one or twoRS-232C Ports.

Larger quantity pricing is available. For further details call (PC)2 Today.

Phone or Write Now! (408) 749-9313

(PC)2, 510 Lawrence Expressway No. 678 Sunnyvale, CA 94086

Postage and Handling included within continental U.S.A.

One year warranty on all board products.

MasterCard, Visa, Checks and C.O.D. accepted.

PLUG COMPATIBLES FOR PERSONAL COMPUTERS

above. This provides up to 24 linesthat may be read tens of thousands oftimes per second. Do not use longruns of cable unless using opto-isolators or current-driven schemes.

Outputting Rapidly ChangingOn/Off Signals

There are not as many commonreal-world applications for this topic,but I'll sketch some of the methods:

Method 1 (Models I/III): Use thecassette output line to send squarewaves of up to 3kHz or so. Output isaccomplished by OUT (255,1) fol-lowed by OUT (255,2) in BASIC orby equivalent assembly-languagecode. The waveform will swing be-tween 0 V and 1 V.

Method 2 (Color Computer): TheTD line of the Color Computer can betoggled on and off by writing alter-nate Os and Is to address hexadecimalFF20, bit 1. The resultant waveformwill be at standard RS-232C levels(-12 V and +12 V).

Method 3 (Models I/III): Two RS-232C signals in the Model I and fivein the Model III can be toggled on andoff. The TD line of the RS-232C can-not be toggled on and off except byoutputting a predefined character.However, by repeatedly outputting acarefully chosen character and con-trolling the bps rate, you can generatea repeating on-off sequence of knownfrequency. The waveforms will be atstandard RS-232C levels. See "Usingthe Model I/III RS-232C Port" in theJuly 1982 BYTE for details.

Method 4 (Models I/III and ColorComputer): Build a general-purposeinput/output board, and you can tog-gle up to 24 separate lines tens ofthousands of times per second. Out-put will be at TTL (transistor-transistor logic) levels and will swingbetween 0 V and about +4 V.

Now that I've reviewed the possibleinterfacing methods, I'll present somedata on specific devices and methodsof measuring real-world quantities.I've tried to use only relatively com-mon devices here, ones that will notcost more than about $15. Most ofthem can be obtained at Radio Shackor a similar type of electronics partsstore. I'll start with the simple onesand work up to the more exotic.

112 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 422 on inquiry card.

A Complete GraphicsDepartment For Just $1995

Realize day-in and day-out solid performance froma quiet and capable desktop plotter. Ifs true. For only$1995' the Houston Instrument HIPL0T™ DMP-29 willprovide you with world-class multi-color hard copygraphics, and deliver a level of quality and perfor-mance that you would expect in a plotter costingthree times as much.

It's a hard worker. The DMP-29 goes about its jobwith amazing speed and precision, Unbeatable resolu-tion and repeatability are yours in both 8V2" x 11" and11" x 17" formats, and 8-pen capability assures you offast attention-free flexibility when multi-color output isrequired. High pen speed combined with an ad-dressable resolution of O.OOl" assures fast, accurateand stepless traces.

Ifs friendly. You can call 21 different functions directlyfrom the front-panel membrane keyboard. Ifs toleranttoo. The DMP-29 will modestly protect itself from user

errors, as when attempting to place a pen in analready occupied stall.

And ifs smart. An extensive set of firmware routinesmakes life easier for the user. A small sampling of thebuilt-in talent inherent in the DMP-29 includescharacter generation, circle, arc and elipse synthesis,line type variations, viewport/windowing, clippingand scaling.

For more information on the hard working, friendlyand smart DMP-29 plotter, contact Houston Instrument,RO. Box 15720, Austin, Texas 78761. (512) 835-0900. Forrush literature requests, outside Texas call toll free1-800-531-5205. In Europe, contact Houston Instrument,Rochesterlaan 6, 8240 Gistel, Belgium. Telephone059/27-74-45.

BAUSCH & LOMB (§)

Circle 36 for literature.

Circle 37 to have a representative call.

U.S. Domestic price only^M Trademark of Houston Instrument

4P005

Need to Measure YourCorporate Communications?

Want to define your company's image? Measurecompetitive strengths? Determine the acceptance of yourcompany publications? Gauge reactions to your annualreport? Determine the effectiveness of your corporateadvertising? Monitor the impact of important trends anddevelopments on your company's business?

Call McGraw-HillResearch

Backed by 30 years of researchexperience covering scores ofmarkets and fields, McGraw-HillResearch professionals designcustom projects that can make abig difference in the success ofyour corporate communicationsefforts. The Corporate Commu-nications Research Center willmeet your research needspromptly, at a reasonable price.

Put McGraw-Hill Research to workfor you.

For a quote or proposal, callJoan Bullen, Director-CorporateCommunications ResearchCenter at (212) 997-3517 orEleanor Nicoletti, Project Director,at (212) 997-3095. Or, write Corpo-rate Communications ResearchCenter, 1221 Avenue of theAmericas, New York, NY 10020

m

m

If it's a communications problem, weprobably pioneered the solution.

HIS CONTRIBUTIONS WERElDE POSSIBLE BY YOURS.

114

When you give to the United£gro College Fund, you help sup-Irt 41 private, four-year collegesgraduate schools. Colleges thatcould be training a black profes-ional you may need some day.Send your check to Unitedegro College Fund. Box B. 500E. 62nd Street. New York. N.Y10021. We re, nptaskiqrj foraandout. just a hand.

i do it aione.

GIVE TO THE UNITED NEGRO COLLEGE FUND.

A mind is a terrible thinq to waste.

A public: seivtceor this matja/inednd the Advertising Council.October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

2-WIRE CABLE,16" LONG

Figure 9: This Window Sensor device is asimple mercury switch that can be used todetect rotation in addition to securityviolations.

Detecting Break-ins

The first device I'll look at is theRadio Shack Window Sensor (partnumber 49-516) shown in figure 9.

This is simply a mercury (I assume)switch mounted inside a disk. Thedevice comes apart into two pieces;the back cover has sticky tape thatcan be used to stick the cover to awindow or other smooth surface. Thefront section, containing the switch,can be rotated around the securedback to any position.

The intended purpose of the deviceis to act as a window security sensor.The device is stuck to a window androtated so that the switch is just off orjust on. If the window is broken, ortapped hard, the switch will toggle asthe device rolls or pitches forward orthe mercury sloshes around.

This device is somewhat simple-minded but can be made into a work-able roll indicator or level sensor asshown in figure 10. The advantagesare that it's modular, comes with thebacking, and is supplied with a shortcable.

A Vibration Detector

The Window Sensor describedabove is really not very sensitive.Certainly, window breakage will setit off, but for sensing moderate vibra-tion, it is ineffective.

Radio Shack's Mini Shock/Vibra-tion Detector (part number 49-521),

Vol.1

llnsideApple

no. 1 M m

Apple adds a whole new cast of characters.

As you may already know, boththe Apple" II and III can drive virtuallyevery printer on the market.

Regretfully, not every printer onthe market can offer you the same levelof service and support you'd expectfrom Apple. So the same kindly, com-petent dealer who healed your Appleovernight may have no idea how to fixyour Samurai Ichiban daisywheel.

(instead of the usual 30-35), it'sthe speediest letter quality printer inits price range.

It also offers a full 130-character print wheel. (Thecurrent standard is a not-so-full 96 characters.)

Plus varied pitches andspacing, form or line feed,operation pause-seemingly \kunimportant talents until youdiscover your machine doesn'thave them.

Both the Apple Letter Quality andDot Matrix printers come with self-teaching diskettes. So your Applecomputer can tell you how to use yourApple printer.

That's why we thought it would benice, maybe even profitable, to offera full line of printers that would look likeApples, last like Apples, with Applewarranties and Apple dealer serviceand Apple documentation.

We even gave them Apple names:

The new Apple Dot Matrix Printer.

The new Apple Letter Quality Printer.

And the new Apple Thermal Printer.(Which is really the old, reliableSilentype!")

Taking it from the top, our 7x9Apple Dot Matrix Printer is a superbmachine for correspondence-qualityprinting. With exceptionally legible,fully-formed characters, it gives youa choice of eight different type sizesand five different fonts. It can also giveyou proportional spacing. Plus boldfaceprinting, underlining, varied pitches,varied line spacing and more.

With 144x160 dots per squareinch, our Dot Matrix can put allkinds of high resolutiongraphics on paper—frombar charts and line graphsto digitized portraits.

The Apple Letter QualityPrinter, on the other hand, isthe preferred machine for just that.I n fact, for any word processing or dataprocessing applications wheregraphics aren't a primary concern.

For one thing, it lets you get thewords out faster. At a blazing 40 cps

(800) 538-9696 (California (800) 662-9238). Apple Computer Inc., Advertising and Promotion Dept. 20525 Marram Ave , Cupertino, CA 95014

Naturally, all our printers — includingthe sturdy, inexpensive Silentype™—aredeliberately designed to take fulladvantage of all the advantagesbuilt into every Apple computer.The interfaces are clean, theelectronics compatible. Soyou don't have to go peekingand poking to adapt printcommands or parameters, orspend your summer vacationkluging an interface. Which isa lot more than we can say for theSamurai Ichiban.

All of which should stimulate you,we hope, to see the newest Applesup close.They look good, even on paper.

Circle 22 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 115

REST POSITION(CIRCUIT CLOSED)

45° CLOCKWISEROLL INDICATOR

ROTATED 45°(CIRCUIT CLOSED)

ROTATED 50°(CIRCUIT OPEN )

WATER

^-SENSITIVITY

f ADJUSTMENT SCREW

* ^WEIGHT

NORMALLY CLOSED,OPENS ON VIBRATION

Figure 10: The Window Sensor used as a roll indicator and as a water-level sensor.

Figure 11: This vibration sensor is quitesensitive and, when sitting 36 inches awayon a table, will detect a penny droppedfrom a height of 2 inches.

tive setting, it will detect a pennydropped from a height of 2 inches andlanding 3 feet from the sensor; thesensor was secured to a wooden tablein this test. In fact, that is fairly sensi-tive, and it would certainly make anexcellent security sensor or earth-quake detector.

If you care to experiment with thisdevice and have a Color Computer,use

100 B = &HFF00

110 IF(PEEK(B) AND 1) = 0

THEN GOTO 110120 SOUND 100,40:GOTO 110

however, is very sensitive. It is shownin figure 11. This device is designed todetect vibration from forced entryand tampering with the device itself.The figure gives a side view. The con-tacts are normally closed, but theyopen when vibration moves thedevice. The large mass of the uppercontact gives it a great deal of inertia,

and because it resists movement, thecontacts open when vibrated or dis-turbed.

How sensitive is it? (This soundslike a late evening talk show. . . .)The specs show settings for 1 to 21grams as contact pressure. This issomewhat difficult to translate intopractical effects, but at its most sensi-

to read the right joystick switch andsound an alarm when the sensorbreaks contact. The 80-times-per-sec-ond sample rate should detect everyswitch activation.

Glass Reed Switches

A glass reed switch is shown infigure 12. These switches are glass-enclosed magnetic reeds with axialleads. The contacts on the reeds close

116 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 424 on inquiry card.

FT1DHE BYTESPER DOLLAR*

It's true! The AVT-2 personalcomputer-fully Apple™compatible - gives youmore bytes per dollar than the market leader.

1

-^■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■fc^^

t • r

«... 1 „.., 2

I 1

'■■'►• KM* '

'•'

WTEH3SI

■

'■■^|;,,:.:;

Check the Specs

• Basic 64 K byte RAM memory upward expandablein 256 K byte cards to a maximum of four cardsgiving 1 M byte potential.

• 6502 Central microprocessor.

• 16 K byte ROM memory.

• EPROM-resident software.

• Composite B/W video output.

• Optional board generator for PAL, NTSC or RGB color signal.

• 40 col. x 24 line character display in B/W or color system.

• B/W graphic display 280 x 192 or 280 x 160 with 4 text lines.

• 16 Color graphic display 40 x 48 or 40 x 40 with 4 text lines.

• 6 Color graphic display 280 x 192 or 280 x 160 with 4 text lines.

• Full-feature detached keyboard with 65 keys and cursor steering.

• Seven Apple™ compatible slots for plug-in peripherals.

• Additional slot for color generation card, or programmable CTRcontrol card or light pen interface card or 80 char, x 24 linegeneration card.

• Double 5'/4 inch floppy disk drives, optional.

• Cassette and utility strobe output.

• 4 Annunciator outputs.

* The AVT-2 has a basic 64 K memory compared to 48 K of standard Apple II™.To find out how much cheaper the AVT-2 is, write or telex for a personal quote: AVT Trading A.G.,Chamerstrasse 50, CH 6300 Zug, Switzerland. Telex 865267 GSAG.

Number of Magnets

Close Distance(inches)

X.%*

%

Open After Close Distance(inches)

%V/.1%

Table 1: Open/close characteristics of a typical glass reed switch.

-1/8" DIAMETER

MAGNETIC REEDSSEPARATED BY 1/64"

Figure 12: The magnetic reed switch can be used to detect a magnetic field and is effec-tive for sensing applications where physical contact cannot be made.

S2

<S

J I I l_T

MAGN

ETIC REED SWITCH

CH

Figure 13: An example of magnetic-read-switch sensing. The model railroad car ac-tivates the reed switch as it passes over the device.

when a magnetic field is brought nearthe switch. The switches are very in-expensive; Radio Shack sells apackage of 10 for $1.98 (part number275-1610).

Glass reed switches can be used asdetection devices when no physicalcontact is possible. A typical applica-tion, for example, might be detectionof passage of a model railroad car, asshown in figure 13. Another good ex-ample would be measuring the rota-tional speed of a shaft by mounting a

glass reed switch near the cir-cumference of a disk mounted on theshaft. A magnet mounted on the diskwould actuate the switch when itpassed nearby on every revolution.The number of revolutions could beeasily counted by a computer with abuilt-in debounce circuit or software.The obvious question here is, justhow sensitive is the reed switch? Toanswer that, I used Radio Shackceramic magnets (part number64-1875). These are rectangular

magnets as shown in figure 14, whichcan be stacked together. They are not"super" magnets, but a garden vari-ety with a "lift force" of 1/8 pound.(A typical 6-inch bar magnet similarto the one you might have used inhigh school physics class has a liftforce of about 1 pound.) The ceramicmagnets are ferrite-based and veryresistant to demagnetization.

Table 1 shows the number ofmagnets required, the "close"distance, and the "open after close"distance for the reed switch describedabove. You can see that a reedswitch/magnet combination couldeasily lend itself to a variety ofcomputerized sensing applications,especially if a more powerful magnetwere used.

Of course, it's one thing to talk ingeneralities about what to do andquite another to do it. To prove tomyself that it was feasible to measurerotational speed using reed switches, Irigged up the test setup shown infigure 15. A small DC motor drove adisk with two magnets, identical tothe type I've been talking about. Areed switch was mounted about V*inch away from the circumference ofthe disk.

The program shown in listing 1 wasthen entered into the Color Computerafter first performing a CLEAR200,&H3EFF to protect the RAM(random-access read/write memory).This program is identical to the one in"Ports of Entry and Soft Breezes forthe Color Computer and Model III"(May 1982 BYTE) except that (1) thejoystick switch port is read instead ofthe cassette port; (2) you're lookingfor a 0 in place of the 1; and (3) ashort time delay was introducedbefore execution to connect theswitch leads. (You'll recall that thejoystick switches share two of thekeyboard rows; connecting theswitch lead before execution createsspurious keyboard characters in theclosed-switch state.)

The program first asks for an inter-val and time delay parameters. An in-terval value of 16474 corresponds toabout Vi second. A time delay of 20milliseconds (ms) was used to de-bounce the switch closure. With themotor turning at 240 rpm (4 revolu-

118 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Display Manager

The competitive edge in applications development.

You can significantly reduce development time andprovide better application programs with Display Managerfrom Digital Research. Display Manager lets you inter-actively design displays faster than ever before, and ensuresthat whatever features your CRT supports can be used bythe program, automatically. Since Display Manager sup-ports most CRT attributes, including flashing, reverse/ideo, underlining, and highlighting, your program is moredramatic and easier to use, no matter what CRT you use.You can even test a prototype application without a lotjf costly and laborious coding. In short, Display Manager

Circle 136 on inquiry card.

!fi

DIGITALRESEARCH

The creators of CP/M "

saves time, provides CRT independence and saves memory.

Display Manager works with Digital Research's com-mercial programming languages, Pascal/MT+,~ PL/I-80,""and CB-80,™ the CBASIC" Compiler. Combined withDisplay Manager, they add up to the most powerful pro-gramming packages you can buy. So try Display Manager,the advanced productivity tool that makes your CP/Mcompatible programs better than the competition's. Formore information, call Digital Research, (408) 649-5500or (408) 649-3896, or write to 160 Central Avenue,

Pacific Grove, CA 93950.

Europe

Vector International Research Park

B-3030 Leuven, Belgium, 32 (16) 20-24-96

Telex: 26202 VECTOR

Far East

Microsoftware Associates

6 Floor A.Y. Building, 3-2-2 Kitaaoyama

Minato-ku, Tokyo 107, Japan, 03-403-2X20

Telex: 2426875

Circle 153 on inquiry card.

CHOOSE...

An Apple Desk

A compact Bi-Level desk ideal for the Apple com-puter system. This 42" x 29Vi" desk comes with ashelf to hold two Apple disk drives. The top shelf foryour TV or monitor and manuals can also have anoptional paper slot to accomodate a printer. It isshown here with the optional Corvis shelf which willhold one Corvis disk drive. The Corvis shelf is avail-able on the 52" x 29Vi" version of the Apple desk.

A Universal Micro Desk

W5

The Universal Micro desk accommodates the S-100type microcomputers. The desk is available in foursizes: T7.75 inch, 19.06 inch, and 20.75 inch wideopenings with 24 inch front-to-rear mounting space.The fourth size is a 20.75 inch wide opening with a26.50 inch front-to-rear mounting space.

A Mini Rack

Mini racks and mini micro racks have standard vent-ing, cable cut outs and adjustable RETMA rails.Choose a stand alone bay or a 48", 60", or 72" deskmodel in a variety of colors and wood tones. Acustom rack is available for the Cromemco.

A Printer Stand

The Universal printer stand fits the:

Centronics 700'sDec LA 34NEC SpinwriterLear Siegler 300's

Diablo 1600's&2300'sT.I. 810 & 820Okidata SlimlineAnadex 9500's

Delivery in days on most styles in stock. Dealersinquiries invited.

ELECTRONIC SySTEMS

FURNITURE

COMR4N<d

17129 S. Kingsview AvenueCarson, California 90746Telephone: (213)538-9601

-REED SWITCH

(

MAGNET

T

•OPERATES WHENWITHIN 3/16"

DOES NOT OPERATEWHEN SO ORIENTED

Figure 14: A typical ceramic magnet can be used- to operate a reed switch or otherdevices. Ceramic magnets retain their magnetism well but are not powerful.

Listing 1: This BASIC program incorporates machine-language code that is relocated tohigh memory to sense joystick switch inputs in the Color Computer. Switch debouncetime and window time may be specified.

110

120130140150160170180190

200

210220225230248250260270

DATA 190..63..250.. 16, 142, 0, 0.. 48, 31, 31

DATA 16,77,43,13,182,255,00,132,1,38

DATA 242,49,33,141,7,32,236,16,191,63

DATA 254,57,52,16,190,63,252,141,6,48

DATA 31,38,250,53,144,52,16,142,0,111

DATA 48,31,38,252,174,100,48,136,223,175

DATA 180,53,144

FOR I*&H3F88 TO &H3F3E

READ A'POKE I,A

NEXT I

DEFUSR0=&H3F00

INPUT "INTERVAL

FOR J=0 TO 3808'NEXT J

POKE &H3FFA,INT<IC/256> .

POKE &H3FFC, INK DC--256 > ■ POKE 8.H3FFD, DC

A=USR0''. 8 ':>

B*B+r*EEK< &H3FFE >*256+PEEK< &H3FFF > > PRINTB

GOTO 258

DELAY".; I CDC

POKE 8.H3FFB, IC-1 NT< IC256 >*256INT<DC-'256>*256

120 October 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

How To Sell More Software

No, 4 in a series ofsoftware marketing bulletinsIrom Prompt Doc, Inc.

A one-day seminar on WritingUser Manuals That Sell

You know better user manuals sell more software, but how doyou make better user manuals? How do you identify just the rightdetails to motivate prospective users to buy? How do you organ-ize these details into a sequence that makes sense to first-time users while it provides ongoing reference to veterans? Howdo you format and package a manual so it's attractive enough

to get attention yet clear enough to be readily understood?And, how do you do all this at a pace that keeps up with yourproduct release schedule? This seminar has the answers.

If you're an individual software author or a software companyin the business of publishing or selling software, or if you'd liketo be, you can benefit from this seminar. Unlike seminars thatconcentrate on the academic do's and don'ts of technicalwriting and formatting, this seminar gets down to the businessvalue of the user manual as a marketing and sales tool that helpsyou get more users and keep them.

Developed and conducted by software marketingprofessionals with over 50 years of collective expe-rience in writing software manuals for the commer-cial market, this seminar is loaded with facts andideas on these subjects:

Manual Design

How to make content, organization, page layout,and document format work to your sales advantagewithout spending a fortune.

Training vs. Reference. Can one manual do both?

How to implement the techniques of tutorial writinginto a well organized reference format that provideseasy access for later questions.Packaging That Controls Point of Sale

How to make your manuals work for you at thepoint of sale to help the dealer present your softwarein its most competitive light-both on the shelf andon the demonstration machine.

Automated Manual Writing

How to let the software document itself whereverpossible, and how to use word processing systemseffectively to obtain maximum value from automatedjblishing tools.

Seminar Manual

All attendants will receive a detailed"How To" manual on writing and pro-ducing user manuals for commercialuse. Many past attendants have praisedthe manual and other handout materialsas being worth the price of attendanceby themselves.

Schedule:

October 5October 7October 19October 21

New YorkAtlanta

San FranciscoLos Angeles

November 2November 4November 16November 18

DenverSeattleDallasChicago

Only $145 With Our Guarantee

Price includes lunch and materials. We offer a 10%discount for companies sending more than one person.

Get Details Today!

Space is limited so make your reservation now. Usethe coupon to enroll now, or to get enrollment details,simply call Michele Keplinger (303) 471-9875.

PromptDoc

833 West Colorado Avenue Colorado Springs, CO 80905

See our software ad in this issue.

®

How To Enroll

Please reserve

seats in (cityL

_seminar on (date)_

Please check appropriate items:

_My check is enclosed for $

_You may charge! to my MasterCard

account number which expires on.

Signature-

VISA

198_

Names and Titles of Registrants:

Company Name

Mailing Address & Telephone^

Tuition Refund Guarantee

If you aren't satisfied this seminar is everything we say it is,just tell us in writing why you're dissatisfied, return the seminarmanual, and we'll send you a full tuition refund.Ask About Our Other Services( ) Send information on other seminar offerings( ) Send information on in-house seminars( ) Send information on the Prompt Doc® structured

documentation service( ) Send information on the Prompt Doc® Manual Maker

software package

BYTE October 1982 121

Circle 33 on inquiry card.

FancyShmancy

Elaborate microprocessor develop-ment systems cost a lot of money, andthey can close off your engineeringoptions by locking you into just one ortwo kinds of chips. Sound familiar?Weil, read on-we've got a better idea.

Use your desktop computer; anythingthat will run CP/M* is fine. With ourmicroprocessor cross-assemblers youcan produce software for eleven of themost popular chip families, and moreare on the way.

In two years on the market, our cross-assemblers have gained a reputationfor quality, performance, and reliabili-ty. Hundreds of industrial R&D labsand several major semiconductorhouses have found these products afast, cost-effective way to developtheir microprocessor software. We in-vite you to join them.

CP/M CROSS-ASSEMBLERS

Extremely fast absolute assemblers,running under CP/M. Generate objectfile (Intel hex or Motorola S-record for-mat) and listing from standard assem-bly language for the target processorslisted. Features include comprehen-sive syntax checking, listing control,nested conditional assembly, and in-sertion of external source files. All ver-sions listed have been thoroughlyfield-tested and are available now.

XASM05 6805

XASM09 6809

XASM18 1802

XASM48 8048/41

XASM51 8051

XASM65 6502

XASM68 6800/01

XASM75 NEC 7500

XASMF8 F8/3870

XASMZ8 Z8

XASM400 COP400

Assemblers $200.00 each

except XASM75 $500.00

Visa and Mastercard accepted. We ship on 8"single-density and Softcard+ 5.25" diskettes. Askus about other formats. OEM INQUIRIES INVITED.

• Trademark of Digital Research+ Trademark of Microsoft

AVOCET /XSYSTEMS INC.

804 S. STATE ST.. DOVER, DEL. 19901

302-734-0151

BY82 y

1.5- 6VDC

TO COLOR COMPUTERRIGHT JOYSTICKSWITCH PIN ANDGROUND

Figure 15: A magnetic-reed-switch sensing application to detect magnets rotating on adisk. Accurate sensing of 240 rpm (revolutions per minute) was observed, and sensing isprobably possible at two or three times this speed.

tions per second), test results were ac-curate, given that some counts maybe missed due to the BASIC overheadof about 38 ms per call to themachine-language code, as shown inthe listing.

Hall-Effect Switches

Another magnetic-field-operateddevice is the Hall-effect switch. Hall-effect switches are used in keyboardsand similar applications. These arephysically small electronic devices

similar in size and shape to a tran-sistor.

The schematic diagram of a Hall-effect circuit is shown in figure 16.The switch operates with a 5 V to 16V power supply and is normally off.

The device turns on (output goes toground) when a magnetic field of 300gauss is present. Hard to relate to thereal world? Five stacked Radio Shackceramic magnets operated the Hall-effect switch at a distance of about Viinch. The conclusion to be drawn is

Circle 265 on inquiry card.

MAGNET

■SWITCHES AT ABOUT 1/4"FOR 5 RADIO SHACK64-1875 MAGNETS(STACKED)

LED

:• 680*1

-C3+12 VOLTS DC

-<Oground

THIS LEAD NORMALLY HIGH.IT GOES LOW WHEN DEVICEEXPOSED TO MAGNETIC FIELD.

Figure 16: A Hall-effect switch is a solid-state device that is not as sensitive as a magneticreed switch.

that these switches should be usedwith more powerful magnets, unlessyou're prepared to live with closersensing distances than the reedswitches require.

A Pressure Switch

Another switch that should bementioned here is the Sensitive AirPressure Switch (part number 41,623)from Edmund Scientific in Barr-ington, NJ 08007. This is an extreme-ly sensitive air-pressure switch thatoperates from the pressure differencebetween two inlet ports. It can beused as a high-wind alarm, flow-rateswitch, fan-failure switch, or the like.To give you an idea how sensitive itis, blowing at one of the ports from afew inches away will activate the

switch. This is a single-pole, normallyopen switch that will handle only 10milliamperes (mA) of a resistive (notinductive) load, but it makes an ex-cellent computer system switch formonitoring real-world conditions.The 10 mA limit is no restriction inthe type of interface I'm talking abouthere. In case of doubt, keep resistancegreater than 500 ohms when workingwith 5 V, or greater than 600 ohmsfor 6 V.

Next month 111 conclude thisspecial two-part article ontransducers by looking at some veryinteresting devices, including ther-mistors, an LM334 temperature sen-sor, a tachometer wand, a DC motorgenerator, a solar cell, and an ac-curate pressure transducer. ■

Call for MTI's lateprice reductions.

Ask about our "QED" discounts.VISA & MasterCard orders accepted.

VIDEO TERMINALS gSL

VT100 DECscope $ 1595

VT18X Persona! Computing Option 2395

VT101 DECscope 1195

VT131 DECscope 1745

VT132 DECscope 1995

ADM 3A (dumb terminal) 595

ADM 5 (dumb with visual attributes) 645

ADM 31 (two page buffer) 1095

ADM 21 (full editing/visual attributes) 690

ADM 22 (ergonomic/edit/visual att.) *

ADM 24 (ergonomic/graphics/256 fifol *

ADM 32 (ergonomic ADM 31) •

ADM 36 (DEC system terminal) *

ADM 42 IS-page buffer available) *

Tl 940 (high performance, 1-page buffer) 1650

Hazeltlne Esprit 575

Hazeltine Executive 80 Model 20 1345

Hazeltine Executive 80 Model 30 1695

GRAPHICS TERMINALS

VT 125 (DEC FteGIS firmware) 3280

VT 100 (Tektronix 4010 emulation) 3250ADM 3A (Tektronix 4010 emulation) 1795ADM 5 (Tektronix 4010 emulation) 1845

VT100w/TI810plot. (Tektronix emu.) 5920

300 BAUD TELEPRINTERS

LA 34-AA DECwriter IV 1095

Diablo 620RO spi (letter quality) 1385

Diablo 630RO spi (non-expandible) .. 2095

Diablo 630RO (letter quality) 2295

Diablo 630 KSR (letter qualityl 2695

Tl 743 (portable thermal printer) 1190

Tl 745 Iport./built-in coupler) 1485

Tl 765 (port./bubble/b-i coupler) 1947

600 BAUD TELEPRINTERS

Epson MX-80 645

Tl 825 KSR impact 1570

Tl 825 KSR pkg 1795

1200 BAUD TELEPRINTERS

Epson MX-100 895

LA 120 RA (receive only) 2095

LA 120 AA DECwriter III 2295

LA 100 RO Letterprinter 1975

LA 12-A (port./modem/coupler) 2840

Tl 783 (portable thermal printer) 1480

Tl 785 (port/built-in coupler) 1760

Tl 787 (port/internal modem) 2125

Tl 810 RO impact 1475

Tl 810 RO pkg. 1650

Tl 820 RO impact 1850

Tl 820 RO pkg. 2025

Tl 820 KSR impact 2025

Tl 820 KSR pkg 2195

Lear Siegler 310 ballistic 1945

2400 BAUD

Dataproducts M 200 (2400 baudl 2595

DATAPRODUCTS LINE PRINTERS

B-300 (300 Ipm Band Printer) 5455

B-600 (600 Ipm Band Printer) 6930

B-100O (1000 Ipm Band Printer) 11330

BP-1500 (1500 Ipm Band Printer) 19700

(Controllers available for most minis & micros)

ACOUSTIC COUPLERS

Omnitec 715 (300 baud orig./full duplex) 170Omnitec 710 (300 baud orig/half & full) 242Vadic V A 3413 (300/1200 orig.) 845

MODEMS

GDC 103A3 (300 baud Bell) 395

GDC 202S/T (1200 baud Bell) 565

VA 3212 (Bell 212-A compatible) 825

VA 3451 (orig./ans. triple modem) .... 885

VA 3455 (1200 baud orig./ani.) 770

VA 2450 (Bell 201 comp) 725

VA 103 (300 baud modemphone) 235

•Please call for quotation.

mti

Applications Specialists & DistributorsComputer Terminals, Peripherals & Systems

NewYork:

516/621-6200,212/767-0677,518/449-5959

Outside N. Y.S.: 800/645-6530

New Jersey: 201/227-5552

Ohio: 216/464-6688

October 1982 © BYTE Publications tac 123

The Broadest Line ofBack Up the Fastest

/e now have the full line of Digital Research languages and productivity tools for use

CompuPro hardware!

X

iii fiimiimiiiiiHin

Disk 1. High speed DMA floppy disk controller. $495, $595 CSC.

Disk 2. High speed DMA hard disk controller for SA4000/Fujitsu F2300interface. $795, $895 CSC.

Disk 3. High speed DMA hard disk controller for SA1100/ST506 interface.Avail. Q4.

RAM 16.64K X 8 or 32K X16 - works automatically with 8 or 16 bit systems.$650, $750 CSC.

RAM 17.64K X 8; ultra low power. $599, $699 CSC.

RAM 21.128K X 8 or 64K X 16 — works automatically with 8 or 16bit systems. $1350, $1450 CSC.

RAM 22. 256K X 8 or 128K X 16 — works automatically with 8 or 16bit systems. Avail. Q4.

M-DRIVE. The first "solid-state disk drive" can increase operatingspeeds up to 3500%. M-DRIVE software with 128K of static RAM,$1198; with 256K of RAM, $2395.

RAM 20. Extended addressing or bank select. RAM 20-8K:$210, $280 CSC. RAM 20-16K: $285, $355 CSC. RAM 20-24K: $355, $425 CSC. RAM 20-32K: $425, $495 CSC.

Two Qume Trak 824 drives provide over 2,400,000 bytes ofstorage. With all-metal enclosure, Disk 1, rugged powersupply, cables, and software: Digital Research's CP/M® 2.2and CP/M-86™, Sorcim's SuperCalc-86™ spreadsheet,and Ashton-Tate's dBase II™ data base manager! $3295

Call (415) 562-0636 for the location of theCompuPro Authorized SalesCenter nearest you. CompuPro products are backed up by a one yearlimited warranty (two years for boards qualified under the CertifiedSystem Component high-reliability program).

CompuPro division, Godbout Electronics,

>uPro

fompu

Pro |"KompuPro

omponenfs

^t%| |^^ and industrial cc

l jrcLiMifiii-J-jTi CompuPro system

H5i [^J components deliver results in

the toughest business, scientific,and industrial computing environments ...from IBM,to NASA, to the local pizza parlor.

When you're integrating a high-level computingsystem, choose the same components chosen bythe pros: IEEE 696/S-100 from CompuPro.

Interfacer 1. Two RS-232C serial ports. $249, $324 CSC.

Interfacer 2. Three parallel ports plus RS-232C serial port. $249,$324 CSC

Interfacer 3-5. Five RS-232C serial ports (2 sync/async, 3 async). $599,$699 CSC.

Interfacer 3-8. Eight RS-232C serial ports (2 sync/async, 6 async). $699,$849 CSC

Interfacer 4. Three RS-232C serial ports, one parallel port, oneCentronics/Epson parallel port. $395, $495 CSC

tHiiiiium iiiiiiiiiml iiiliflimiifliiiii

Clock/calendar; RAM/ROM/math processor options; RS-232C serial port; j *interval timers and interrupt controllers; much more. $395, $495 CSC

::it

Shielded with active termination. 6 Slots, $140, $190 CSC; 12 Slots,$175, $240 CSC; 20 Slots, $265, $340 CSC

Multi-user system front end processor with 16Kon-board RAM$649, $749 CSC.

"Bits, Bytes, and Buzzwords" is a primer for those who want toget started right in business computing. $2.50. Request #B3."CompuPro Product User Manuals: 1975 -1980". $20."CompuPro Product User Manuals, Volume 2". $25."Interfacing to S-100/IEEE 696 Microcomputers". $15.Individual technical manuals also available.

With shielded/terminated 20 slot motherboard, powersupply, fan, dust filter, rugged all-metal construction. $825.

3ox 2355, Oakland Airport, CA 94614

ompuPro I —I CompuPro

ompul

nilmm

The Broadestis also the

When you need a job done now, you need CompuPro CPUs. To maximizethroughput, all boards run at the top speed allowed by currenttechnology. And like other CompuPro products, ^^^

our CPUs are designed to keepon running, day in and dayout, to maintain peak ^m

system efficiency. ■ ; I ^ff

• > i r • «■ ■ - * ■-'? ■ * fl ■ ~ '- . ■—

.;.."" It

I i

The latest in our line of ground-breaking CPUs has all the importantfeatures you need for today's — andtomorrow's — 16 bit computing. This 68000based board features non-segmented memory toaccess a full 16 Megabytes, meets all IEEE 696/S-100 specifications, and works with 8 and/or 16bit memory. CPU 68K also includes a socket forthe optional MMU (memory management unit)chip, has provision for 8K X 16 of on-boardEPROM, and may share the bus with CompuProslave processors to run 8 bit software. Perhapsmost importantly, CP/M 68K™, as well as anadvanced FORTH operating system for CPU 68K,will be available soon.

If you're excited about the 68000, we thinkyou'll be equally excited about CPU 68K. $695(8MHz), $850 CSC (10MHz).

The 8086 CPU is supported by moresoftware than any other 16 bit CPU—andCPU86/87 lets you take advantage of that ultra-efficient 16 bit software now. This advancedboard also has sockets for the 8087 math co-processor and 80130 operating system firmwarechips, works with 8 or 16 bit memory (you mayeven mix both types of memory in the samesystem), and can share the bus with CompuProslave processor boards to run existing 8 bitsoftware.

Now CPU 86/87 is an even better value:thanks to a price breakthrough from Intel, we'vereduced the 8087 price to $300 so you can crunchnumbers more economically than ever before.

CPU 86/87 answers the need for a top quality16 bit IEEE 696/S-100 board with extensivesoftware support. $695 (8 MHz), $850 CSC(10MHz). Factory installed 8087, add $300. (Clockspeeds limited to 5 MHz with 8087.)

Call (415) 562-0636 for the location of th<

CompuPro products are backed up by a one

under the Certified System Componen

CompuPro division, Godbout Electronics

ompuPro

Line of CPUs

For business, scientific, and industrial applications, CompuPro CPUs arethe key to high throughput and high performance computing.Whether you need 8 bit, 16 bit, or 8 and 16 bit

operation, CompuPro s fine familyf of high speed CPUs deliver

the performance, quality,fc» and reliability you need

for any seriousI ^^ computing

^i jf^; J M i > application.

I

"B'iflSi.U,

#&

This is the original, much imitated dualprocessor board. The 8088 CPU, which runs at8 MHz, is an 8 bit bus version of the 8086 16 bitCPU. The 8088 has full 16 bit internalarchitecture and runs all 8086 software, butinterfaces with memory and I/O over an 8 bitbus. This insures compatibility with presentday machines while providing the speed andpower of a true 16 bit computer. The 8085 CPU,which runs at 6 MHz, is a sophisticated 8 bitprocessor which runs existing 8 bit software.

CPU 8085/88 accesses up to 16 Megabytesof memory, and meets IEEE 696/S-100specifications. When you need the best ofboth worlds — 8 bit, 16 bit, or 8 and 16 bit —CPU 8085/88 delivers results in high-levelcomputing applications. $425, $525 CSC.

iPro Authorized Sales Center nearest you.ear limited warranty (two years for boards qualifiedligh-reliabiltiy program). circle 82 on inquiry card.

ox 2355, Oakland Airport, CA 94614

CPU Z is an 8 bitworkhorse which not onlyincludes all standard Z80 features,but also has the necessary options toinsure backward compatibility with most olderS-100 mainframes. This means you can upgradeolder systems to efficient, higher speedoperation.

Meeting all IEEE 696/S-100 specifications,CPU Z zips along at 6 MHz for high performancein single or multi-user installations. And,there's provision for adding up to 8K X 8 of on-board memory (2716/2732 EPROMs or 6116RAMs).

When you need a premium 8 bit Z80 boardthat is at home with the latest (as well as someof the earliest) S-100 systems, CPU Z is theanswer. $295, $395 CSC.

I CompuPro I — I CompuPro I — I Compuf

The State of Industrial Robotics

What today's robots can do and what the future holds.

Having grown up a fan of IsaacAsimov (see reference 1) and havingwatched countless reruns of Lost inSpace, I always think of a machinewith human characteristics when theword robot is mentioned. The imageof R2D2 from the movie Star Warsmust appear in many people's mindswhen they hear robot; however,robots that walk, talk, and exhibitother humanlike behavior are still notpractical.

Today's industrial robot (the most

About the Author

Mike Callahan is a consulting engineer andgeneral partner at the firm Jackson andCallahan Engineers. He specializes in energysystems analysis, energy management, micro-computer applications, and technical software.

UNIMATE2000, UNI MATE 4000, and AP-PRENTICE are all registered trademarks ofUnimation. PUMA and VAL are trademarks ofUnimation.

J. Michael Callahan

Jackson and Callahan Engineers

Old Colony Rd.

Eastford, CT 06242

common kind) is not as glamorous assome of us imagine, but it plays an in-creasingly important role in manufac-turing. (The automobile industry istoday's single largest employer ofrobots. Photo 1 shows three robotsdoing spot welding on an assemblyline.) Present applications include butare not limited to spot welding, grind-ing, spray painting, machine-toolloading, and die casting. Some of thepoints covered in this article are theclassification of industrial robots and

Acknowledgments

The author would like to thank Robert A.Lisak of New Haven, Connecticut, for takingmost of the photographs used in this article.Both Ellen Mohr of Unimation and JosephBianco of ASEA made this article possible byproviding detailed information about theirsystems and allowing tours of their facilities toget a firsthand look at their products. Addi-tional thanks goes to Ellen for making availablephotographs 1 and 16.

a description of robot subsystemssuch as sensors, end effectors, controlsystems, and power/drive systems.

Also, I have described some robotmanufacturers and the systems theysell. I have included references and alist of robot manufacturers so that ifyou are interested, it will be easier foryou to obtain details.

Let me emphasize that the materialpresented here is only a description ofthe existing technology and is notmeant to provide detailed designcriteria. I will not be covering thesociological merits or shortcomingsof industrial robots, nor the economicjustification for the use of robots in amanufacturing facility. There arestrong arguments both for andagainst the use of robots, and to dealwith this issue fairly would take aseparate article. As for the eco-nomics, I feel each particular applica-tion must be looked at in detail, and Ido not want to take the time to de-

128 October 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 372 on inquiry card.

Which Spreadsheet lets you:

Use every cell (never see "out of memory")Consolidate multiple spreadsheetsSplit the screen asoften as you want

VisiCalc NO

SuperCalc NO

CalcStar NO

Scratchpad

The Ultimate Spreadsheet

Scratchpadfeatures include:

■ Virtual Memory (never see "out of memory")Every cell on the spreadsheet can be used.Don't be misled, other spreadsheets tell youhow "big" the matrix is, but you can only usea very small portion. With Scratchpad's virtualmemory feature you can use EVERY CELL!

■ Consolidation (not just merging but alsocombining spread-sheets) This makesScratchpad almost three dimensional.

■ Unlimited Screen Splitting

■ If/Then

■ Merge

■ Unlimited Title Locking

■ Long Strings Supported

■ Help file

■ Variable column width

■ Built in financial functions

■ Built in math functions

■ Variable formats

■ Automatic and selective recalc

■ Interface to Stats-Graph graphic package

■ More

For virtually all CP/M, CP/M-86, and MSDOS compatible systems, includingthe IBM PC.

Available from fine dealers everywhere, ordirectly from SuperSoft.

Requires:Scratchpad:Manual Only:

44k

$295.00$ 15.00

Japanese Distribution:

ASR Corporation International

3-23-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-Ku,

Tokyo 105, Japan

Tel. (03) 437-5371

Telex, 0242-2723

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. VisiCalcis a registered trademark of Visi-Corp. SuperCalc is a registeredtrademark of Sorcim. CalcStar is a registered trademarkof Micropro.

FIRST IN SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY P.O.Box 1628 Champaign, IL61820 (217)359-2112 Telex 270365

Photo 1: Three Unimation robots welding on an automobile assembly line. Spotwelding and arc welding are two areas in which robots are used extensively by theautomobile industry.

velop a representative example. Ifthese topics interest you, seereferences 2 and 3.

Definition and Background

The Robotics Institute of Americadefines a robot as "a reprogram-mable, multifunction manipulatordesigned to move material, parts,tools, or specialized devices throughvariable programmed motions for the

performance of a variety of tasks."The key words in this definition arereprogrammable and variety. Robotscan be programmed for a number ofdifferent functions, whereasautomated machines are designed ex-clusively for a specialized function.Therefore, in some applications,robots are superior to fixed-taskautomation. Robots can execute aseries of spot welds during the

assembly of a particular car modeland can easily switch welding pat-terns as required for other models.No retooling is necessary. As a matterof fact, if a robot is no longer neededfor welding it can be reprogrammedfor other functions such as toolloading or material handling.

Unimation Inc. of Danbury, Con-necticut, introduced the first in-dustrial robots to the U.S. during the1960s for use in die casting. Later,Unimation became the leading U.S.robot manufacturer and, in 1981, had$56 million worth of sales and morethan 5000 robots in operationworldwide. A number of other com-panies also manufacture or distributeindustrial robots in the United States,among them Cincinnati Milacron ofCincinnati, Ohio, and ASEA Inc., aSwedish company with offices inWhite Plains, New York. ASEA's In-dustrial Robot Division is one of themajor participants in the U.S.robotics market. This year it has add-ed four engineering centers and a newmanufacturing facility. A number oflarge U.S. firms have also announcedplans to enter the market, the mostnotable being General Electric andIBM.

At the end of 1981, an estimated14,000 robots were in operation inJapan, 4400 in Western Europe, and4100 in the United States. Even

ENHANCE YOUR COLOR COMPUTER WITH THESE OREAT PROOUCTS!

MACRO-80C DISK BASED EDITOR/ASSEMBLER

This is a powerful macro assembler, screen oriented editor and machine languagemonitor. It features local labels, conditional assembly, printer formatting and crossreference listings. Assemble multiple files. Program comes on Radio Shackcompatible disk with extensive documentation. Price: $99.95

MICROTEXT COMMUNICATIONS

Make your computer an intelligent printing terminal with off-line storage! UseMicrotext for timesharing interactions, printing what is received as it is receivedand saving text to cassette, and more! Price: $59.95

PI80C PARALLEL PRINTER INTERFACE

Use a parallel printer with your Color Computer! Serial-Parallel converter plugs intothe serial port and allows use of Centronics-compatible printers. You supply theprinter cable. Price: $69.95

THE MICRO WORKS COLOR FORTH

Color Forth is easier to learn than assembly language, executes in less time thanBasic and is faster to program in than Basic. Rompack comes with 112-pagemanual containing glossary of system-specific words, full standard FIG glossaryand complete source. A fascinating language designed for the Color Computer!Price: $109.95

SDS-80C SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM

SDS-80C is a Rompack containing a complete editor, assembler and monitor. Itallows the user to write, assemble and debug assembly language programs withno reloading, object patching or other hassles. Supports full 6809 instruction set.Price: $89.95

80C DISASSEMBLER

Runs on the Color Computer and generates your own source listing of the Basicinterpreter ROM. Documentation includes useful ROM entry points, completememory map, I/O hardware details and more. Cassette requires 16K system.Price: $49.95

GAMES: Star Blaster • Pac Attack • Berserk • Cave Hunter * Starfire • Astro Blast • Starship Chameleon •Adventure: Black Sanctum * Adventure: Calixto Island *

THE

Also Available: Machine Language Monitor i ] Books □ Memory Upgrade KitsParts and Services Call or write for more information

^©[^D^S3 P.0.BOX1110DELMAR.CA92014

California Residents add 6% Tax

Master Charge/Visa and

COD Accepted

714-942-2400

130 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 251 on inquiry card.

Circle 373 on inquiry card.

Two Great Languages!Two Great Compilers!

Ada

Required by the Department of Defensefor all its programming, Ada is a highlystructured, sophisticated language, wellsuited to both applications and systemsprogramming.

SuperSoft Ada is a native code, fullyrecursive, two pass compiler which gener-ates ".COM" files. While currently a subset,SuperSoft Ada supports most features ofthe standard Ada language.

Required by the Department of Defensefor Ada copyright protection: "This compileris presently an incomplete implementationof the Ada programming language. It isintended that this compiler will be furtherdeveloped to enable implementation of thecomplete Ada programming language, andthen to be submitted to the Ada Joint Pro-gram Office for validation."

Because of the DOD requirement, Ada iscertain to become a dominant languagesoon. Begin learning and using Ada nowwith SuperSoft Ada.

(Requires: 48KCP/M)Ada Compiler: $300.00Manual Only: $ 25.00

Ada and C are available for virtually all CP/M,CP/M 86, and MS DOS compatible systems.

SuperSoft "C" is a professional qualitycompiler suitable for any programming task.It has been transported for use on the 8080,Z80, Z8000, and 8086 families of micro-processors. We plan to transport our "C"compiler to the 68000 and other newenvironments as they come into use. Thismeans you will have an easy transporting taskas you grow into the next generation ofmicrocomputers.

SuperSoft "C" supports most features ofUnix version 7 "C" It produces a highlyoptimized code making it possible to avoidassembly language coding for most tasks. Thecompiler is a two pass system, with pass oneproducing an intermediate code, and withpass two translating and optimizing to producethe assembly code of the target computer.This makes hand optimization of criticalsections possible.C (Z80, 8080): $250.00C (8086): $500.00

C (Z8000): $500.00

Manual Only: $ 15.00

Japanese Distribution:

ASR Corporation

3-23-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-Ku

Tokyo 105, Japan

Tel. (03J-437-5371

Telex. 0242-2723•Ada is a trademark of the Department of Defense(Ada Joint Program Office)CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research

■J

1

FIRST IN SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY P.O.Box1628 Champaign, IL 61820 (217)359-2112 Telex 270365

CARTESIAN COORDINATES

CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES

POLAR COORDINATES

REVOLUTE COORDINATES

Figure 1: Four different arm geometries used in robotics. In order to move the end of therobot arm to any point in space, there must be at least three degrees of freedom.

though U.S. robot manufacturers feelthey lead in research, they admit thatthe Japanese lead in the application ofrobotics, for a number of reasons. InJapan, the government demonstratesan active interest in robotics becauserobots increase productivity andenhance the Japanese economy.There is also a shortage of labor inJapan, so the workers are not as resis-tant to robots as American workers.In fact, Japanese workers often will-ingly accept robots in the workplace.U.S. management is usually focusedmore on short-term profit than onlong-term planning and, therefore, isless able to respond appropriately toproductivity declines. Future projec-

tions place total robot sales for theUnited States at over $1 billion in1990.

Robot Fundamentals

A way of classifying robots is ac-cording to their level of technologicalsophistication. The first category in-cludes low-technology robots that arenot servo controlled (i.e., theirmovements are powered directly,with no feedback or self-correction),have a limited number of programsteps, and usually demonstrate goodrepeatability. The next category in-cludes medium-technology robotsthat utilize servo mechanisms for ac-curate position and velocity control.

These robots contain microprocessorsor minicomputers as the basic controlelement, and because of the flexibilityassociated with the digital computer,you can easily reprogram their se-quence of operations. (Today'srobots, which are featured in this arti-cle, fall into this second category.)The last level of classification in-cludes high-technology robots withall the features of medium-technologyrobots but with one important addi-tion, external sensors that provide in-formation about the external environ-ment and considerably enhance per-formance. Video cameras, proximitysensors, and tactile sensors are ex-amples of external sensors that mightbe found on advanced robots. Only afew robotic systems in operationtoday incorporate external sensors,and these should still be consideredexperimental.

In order to be useful, a robot musthave the following attributes:

• a hand to grip a workpiece

• an arm to move the hand in threeplanes

• a wrist with two or three articula-tions

• sufficient power to move limb andworkpiece around

• manual controls so that an operatorcan control limb motions

• a memory to store a sequence of in-structions

• a means of executing a sequence ofinstructions stored in memory

• ability to function at speeds equalto or greater than a person

• reliability

The above attributes are provided bytwo major component systems in anindustrial robot: the power/drivecomponents (such as the arm, wrist,and end effector) and the controlsystem (consisting most often of adigital computer and feedback sen-sors).

The primary purpose of thepower/drive system is to position atool or other end effector anywhere inthe sphere of influence of the robot.In order to accomplish this, a robotarm must have at least three articula-tions. Figure 1 illustrates the differentpossible arm geometries that are used

132 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 374 on inquiry card.

mmmmm

m

Keep Your Computer Healthy,

with the Industry Standard in SystemMaintenance Programs.

Diagnostics 11

Diagnostics II is the finest set of system maintenance routines In addition to being extremely thorough, every test in

available for microcomputers. It thoroughly checks all five Diagnostics II is also "submif-able. The output of the tests

i areas of your computer system, pinpointing hardware can be logged to disk for later review,

problems to help keep your computer in perfect working order (Requires 32k CP/M)

The areas of your computer which are tested include: Diagnostics II: $125

Memory, Printer/Terminal, Disk, and CPU Manual only: $15

Disk Doctor

Disk Doctor automatically recovers otherwise unrecoverableinformation from fcrashed" diskettes. It also un-erases files.

Maybe it was a lijlate at night to bdiskette "crashedata or prograi

Disk Doctor waconsists of fiveoperation.

htning storm, static from the rug, or just tooworking. Whatever the cause, when the" or a file is accidentally erased, valuablecan be permanently lost,designed to recover this "lost" information. Itards, each performing a specific recovery

Ward A:Ward B:

WardC:WardD:WardE:

Disk Doctor \hard disks.

Vdhfies diskettes and locks out bad sectors.

Places copyable information from a "crashed"file in a good

fill

Cppies diskettes without stopping for bad sectors.

i-erases files.I splays a directory of recoverable erased files.

3s not designed for use with double sided or

(Requires: 48k CP/M, two drives for complete operation)

Disk Doctor: $100

Manual only: $ 15

Available from fine dealers everywhere, or directly from

SuperSoft.

Japanese Distribution:

ASR Corporation International

3-23-8, NishirShimbashi, Minato-Ku

Tokyo 105, Japan

Tel. (03) 437-5371, Telex 0242-2723

Diagnostics II available for virtually all CP/M, CP/M-86,and MS DOS compatible systems.Disk Doctor available for virtually all CP/M, andCP/M-86 compatible systems.

CP/M and CP/M-86 are registered trademarks of Digital Research.

■J

I

FIRST IN SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY P.O.Box1628 Champaign, IL61820 (217)359-2112 Telex270365

*

^IMAT£

■

r*

^^hlM*!)!,!^. fcl fcl fclli^ll*! * ».^>lfc<

» Photo 2: The Unimate 2000 is a good example of a robot with polar-coordinatearm geometry.

Photo 3: The ASEA robot model number IRb-60 shown here at the ASEA ap-plication laboratory in White Plains, New York, illustrates the revolute-armgeometry.

ROTARY MOTION

WRIST YAW W WR

1ST SWIVEL

Figure 2: Six program-controlled articulations of a typical general-purpose polar-coordinate robot.

in robotics. Each geometry has its ad-vantages and disadvantages depend-ing on the particular application. Forexample, the revolute-coordinateconfiguration would be more ap-propriate for picking parts out of abin, while a polar-coordinate systemwould be more appropriate for trans-ferring parts between metal-cuttingmachines. Photos 2 and 3 showrobots with polar-coordinate andrevolute-arm geometries.

The most general-purpose robotwill have six degrees of freedom as il-lustrated in figure 2. As well as hav-ing the ability to move the end of thearm to a specific point in space, therobot should have three more ar-ticulations at the wrist in order toorientate the end effector for the jobat hand. Photo 4 shows a wrist withthree articulations: swivel, yaw, andbend.

Usually, two methods are used tomove the elements of a robot.Hydraulic drive is used for largerobots where heavy loads are en-countered, and electric drive is usedin smaller robots where accuracy isimportant. This is not a hard-and-fastrule but, in general, is true. Pneu-matic drive is sometimes used onrobots but, because of poor positionand speed control, is less popular.

Hydraulics is a popular drivemethod because hydraulic cylindersand motors are compact and providehigh power and force. With properfeedback, hydraulic drives can offergood position and velocity control. AUnimate 4000, shown in photo 5 withits cover off, is a good illustration ofthe mechanisms of a hydraulic-drivenrobot. Hydraulic cylinders that pro-vide a linear motion are often used inrobots because they are inexpensiveand reliable. Photo 6 showing aUnimate 4000 undergoing a test witha 450-pound weight should give youan idea of the lifting capability as wellas the mechanical complexity of ahydraulic robot.

The electric-drive method forrobots with less demanding lifting re-quirements primarily uses motorswith gear trains or linear actuators.Where position accuracy is essential,electric drive is usually the ap-propriate and cost-effective choice.

134 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 375 on Inquiry card..

V ■ '.

ITRAN IV

SuperSoft makes full WATFIV FORTRAN IV availablefor microcomputers. SuperSoft/SSS FORTRAN meetsand exceeds the ANSI 1966 standard. The compilersupports many advanced features including variablelength character strings and recursive subroutines withstatic variables and complex variable types. Fullycompatible RATFOR is also available.

Features:

Code generation: ".COM" FILES. External routines

may be called. Relocatable format.Data types: Byte, integer, real, double precision,

complex, logical, character and

varying length strings.Operations: All standard operations plus string

comparisons, assignments, and .XOR.Constants: Hexadecimal, decimal, and

character literals with features to

imbed control characters.Statements: ANSI 1966 standard with multiple

statement lines.Controls: Map, List, and Symbol table output

options.I/O: Read, Write, Append, Rewind, Close,

Delete, Rename, Search, Sequential

and Random I/O on disk files.

Supports all CP/M devices.

For virtually all CP/M (Z-80 only), CP/M-86, andMS DOS compatible systems. This includes the IBM PC.

Available from fine dealers everywhere or directlyfrom SuperSoft.

FORTRAN (Z80): $375.00

FORTRAN (8086): $425.00

RATFOR: $100.00

FORTRAN Manual 0<; $ 25 00

CORRECTOR

The Spelling Corrector That's ThreeWays Better Than The Rest!

Corrector is the best spelling correction systemavailable.

■ It is the most powerful

■ It has the most complete dictionaries

■ It is the easiest to use

Most Powerful

Corrector doesn't just proofread text—it analyzesmisspelled words, suggests correct spellings, producescorrect spellings directly in the text, and automaticallycorrects misspellings each time they appear.

Also, Corrector allows full dictionary manipulation:creating, renaming, merging, transfering to other disks,printing out entries, deleting words, or eliminating adictionary.

Most Complete Dictionaries

Corrector comes complete with its own 20,000 worddictionary. You can create dictionaries or expand currentones. Corrector allows up to nine separate dictionaries.

The entries in Corrector's dictionaries are compactedto give you the greatest number of entries and toincrease the speed of operation. Corrector is VERY FAST.

Easiest To Use

Corrector takes less than ten minutes to learn. Allcommands are listed in rows. To invoke a command yousimply type an "X." A complete HELP file is includedwhich explains all commands.

Corrector works with virtually all CP/M editors andword processors using ASCII files. This includesStar-Edit, Word-Star, Magic Wand, Ed, and most others.

Requirements: Z-80 only, CP/M, 48k (more recommended)

Corrector: $250.00

Manual Only: $ 15.00

Japanese Distribution

ASR Corporation International

3-23-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-Ku.

Tokyo 105, Japan

Tel. (03)437-5371

Telex 0242-2723.

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research

FIRST IN SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY P.O.Box1628 Champaign, IL61820 (217)359-2112 Telex 270365

Photo 4: Three wrist articulations are usually required toposition an end effector. Bend, swivel, and yaw motionsare possible with the configuration shown here.

Photo 5: The design and engineering of a hydraulic robot isnot a trivial task, as is demonstrated here.

Photo 6: All Unimation robots are thoroughly tested beforethey are shipped to a customer. This robot is executing a se-quence of steps with a 450-pound weight attached in orderto test all motions.

Photo 7: The Unimation Puma robot has an all-electricdrive and is used where the lifting requirements are minimaland accuracy essential.

136 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Li.-'il

■jtj.-- /~^

mtk m. *&** f

Photo 8: The control system of the Puma robot resembles a personal computersystem.

^BfcfwJw . ^^^^^^1 "

1

r ii

ic^ftr4

Mag

j*

; <P -V"; lSfieJ

Photo 9: X/ie complexity of an elec-tromechanical control unit is il-lustrated by this inside view of anASEA model number IRb-6 controlconsole.

The ASEA robot shown in photo 3uses an all-electric drive.

The control system for a robot isextremely important and usuallyquite complicated. The main functionof the control system is to direct themotions of all the robot's elements. Itmust allow for human override aswell as automatic operation. Anotherfunction is to allow for a sequence ofinstructions to be entered and thenexecuted.

At present there are two methodsto program the movements of arobot. The first is for a humanoperator to move the robot throughthe appropriate sequence of motions,using the manual controls. The con-trol system "remembers" this se-quence then plays it back at a latertime. This can be viewed as teachinga robot a set of operations and allowsfor very easy programming.

The second method uses explicit in-structions. The motion of the robot iscontrolled by issuing a sequence ofcommands that the robot under-stands. One command might be tomove the end effector to a specificpoint in space, which would requirethat the robot interpret the instruc-

tion and generate control signals thatmove the limbs in such a way that theend effector moves to the correctplace.

With a control scheme using ex-plicit instructions, you can programthe velocity and acceleration of eachmovement and choose the path theend effector will take. Unimation hasa commercially available robotlanguage called VAL that uses thisprogramming method. Currently,VAL controls Unimation's smallelectric-driven robot, the Puma,which is shown in photo 7.

The control system for the Puma isshown in photo 8. The control systemis like a small personal computersystem. Note the keyboard, videodisplay, and floppy-disk drive. Thecomplexity of the control system andpower/drive circuits for an elec-tromechanical robot is illustrated inphoto 9, which shows the inside ofthe control console for the ASEAmodel number IRb-6 robot.

End effectors are one of the majorreasons robots are so versatile.Robots use end effectors for grasping,welding, glueing, and spray paintingjust to mention a few tasks. The re-

quirements for grippers are numerousand can be very specific. For forgingapplications, heavy-duty grippersthat can withstand great temperaturesare needed. Handling flat metal sheetsrequires either vacuum or magneticgrippers. For machine-tool loading,special grippers that hold a number ofdifferent tools are necessary. Thereare special grippers that can handleglass tubes and plate glass.

The creative design of differentgrippers allows robots to performmany different tasks. Photo 10 showsa simple general-purpose gripper usedon the Unimate 2000 series robot.Aside from picking up objects, theend effector may be a special-purposetool, such as the welding torch shownin photo 11 or the high-speed cuttingtool shown in photo 12.

As mentioned earlier, it is desirableto have a number of articulations atthe wrist so that the end effector canbe positioned correctly. Photo 13shows an end effector that has adeburring tool as well as a proximitysensor and a microswitch, both ofwhich are used to sense the positionof the workpiece. In this example,only two wrist articulations are need-

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 137

■ ' ^■'I^B^F ^V I

^

Photo 10: General-purpose gripper used by the Unimateseries 2000 robot.

Photo 11: The end effector on a robot does not necessarilyhave to be a grasping tool, as illustrated here by this arc-welding tool.

Photo 12: A high-speed cutting tool, used to cut plastic andfiberglass sheets into different shapes, is shown attached tothe end of an ASEA robot.

Photo 13: A multifunction end effector with a deburringtool, proximity detector, and microswitch. The wrist ismoved around to place either the deburring tool or sensorsagainst the workpiece.

138 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Photo 14: The Unimation Apprenticeis an example of a special-purposerobot designed to meet the demandingrequirements of arc welding.

Photo 15: An ASEA model lRb-6 is a scaled-down model of the larger ASEA robot.It has a lifting capacity of 13 pounds and position accuracy of 0.008 inch.

Specificat

ons for Seven Industrial Robots

Unimation

ASEA

Apprentice

Puma250

Puma Unimate600 2000B

Unimate4000B

IRb-6 IRb-60

Number ofdegrees offreedom

5

6

6 3 to 5

3 to 6

5 to 6 5 to 6

Repeatability(inches)

0.040

0.002

0.004 0.050

0.080

0.008 0.016

Load capacity(pounds)

10

2

5 300

450

13 132

Programmingcapacity(no. of points)

N/A

N/A

N/A 2048

2048

15,000 15,000

Power required(kilowatts)

1.0

0.5

1.5 11.0

34.0

2.0 7.0

Cost

($ x 1000)

39

50

54 55

89

75 95

Table 1: Representative sample of industrial robots available on the market today.Note the range of cost and capacities; this gives designers leeway to produce roboticsystems for a wide variety of purposes.

ed for the task. It is possible to movethe end effector around the workpieceto put either the tool or the sensors inposition by bending the wrist jointthen exercising a yaw motion.

Systems and Applications

Up to this point, I have beendiscussing the components of in-dustrial robots. Now I would like totalk about systems that are available

and how they compare to each other.Performance measurements used tocompare robots are position,repeatability, number of degrees offreedom, power requirements, maxi-mum-lifting capacity, number of con-trol options, and, of course, cost.Table 1, which outlines the specifica-tions for seven different robots,presents a representative sample ofwhat is available on the market.

Photo 14 shows the Unimation Ap-prentice robot, which is relativelysmall and easily movable. It wasdesigned for on-site arc welding inconfined spaces (such as the rib sec-tions of a ship hull). ASEA also sells asmall electric-driven robot (see photo15). The conclusion I draw from table1 is that a large number of differentsystems are available and a designerhas a lot of flexibility in choosing asystem.

Table 2 gives a breakdown of thefive major industrial applications forrobots. The die-casting industry wasthe first to apply industrial robots. Arobot can load a die-casting machine,quench the part, and trim off excess

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 139

Robot Vendors

■MMilill

—II—I

ASEA Inc.

4 New King St.

White Plains, NY 10604

(914) 428-6000

Automatix Inc.

217 Middlesex TurnpikeBurlington, MA 01803(617) 273-4340

Binks Manufacturing Co.9201 West Belmont Ave.Franklin Park, IL 60131

(312) 671-3000

Cincinnati Milacron4701 Marburg Ave.Cincinnati, OH 45209(513) 841-8100

Gametics Inc.15645 SturgeonRoseville, Ml 48066

(313) 778-7220

General Electric Company3198 Chestnut St.Philadelphia, PA 19101(215) 823-2000

Industrial Automates Inc.6123 West Mitchell St.Milwaukee, WI 53214(414) 327-5656

I.S.I. Manufacturing Inc.31915 Groesbeck Hwy.Eraser, Ml 48026(313) 294-9500

Manca Inc.Leitz BuildingRockleigh, N] 07647(201) 767-1100

Mobot Corporation980 Buenos Ave.San Diego, CA 92110(714) 275-4300

Nordson Corporation555 Jackson St.Amherst, OH 44001(216) 988-9411

Pickomatic Systems Inc.37950 CommerceSterling Heights, Ml 48077(313) 939-9320

Planet Corporations1820 Sunset Ave.Lansing, MI 48917(517) 372-5350

Prab Conveyors Inc.Robot DivisionPOB 21215944 E. Kilgore Rd.Kalamazoo, MI 49003(616) 349-8761

Rimrock Corporation1700 Rimrock Rd.Columbus, OH 43219(614) 471-5926

Seiko Instruments

2990 West Lomita Blvd.Torrance, CA 90505(213) 530-3400

Sterling-Detroit Co.261 East GoldengateDetroit, Ml 48203(313) 366-3500

Thermwood CorporationPOB 436Dale, IN 47523(812) 937-4476

Unimation

Shelter Rock LaneDanbury, CT 06810(203) 744-1800

et&*e*G**&

Bell 212 compatible -1200 Baud

Full duplex

120 CPS over any standard phone li le

Microprocessor design has invaded the n iodemworld. Our new 1200 baud modems pack Bell 212compatibility into 10 integrated circuits :>y tarthe lowest parts count of any 212 moderravailable, the extremely low parts counttranslates directly into long life, outstandi lgreliability and low production costs sa\ mgspassed on to you in a lower price

The Micro Link 1200 features originate a idanswer capability The Auto Link 1200 in< ludesthese fedtures plus duto-answer. Both u litsare FCC certified for direct connection to thephone lines via a standdrd RJ11C phon 3 jackand include RS232. Self-Test, and a on« yearlimited warranty

Take advantage of higher technology at lowercost. Call for full product specification ; andtoday.

Micro Link 1200 $449* Auto Link I200 $549*

uggested I

price quantity or e

M

U.S. ROBOTICS IMC.

Circle 397 on inquiry card.

We created SCREENMASTER™ forpurely selfish motives. Basi-cally, we wanted to make ourjob easier and faster.

After many man-yearsof effort, our systems re-searchers—collaborating withour application developers-created a Screen ManagementSystem with unprecedenteddata entry and display capabil-ities.

Our application peoplewere understandably posses-sive about SCREEN MASTER.But it worked so incrediblywell we couldn't justify keep-ing it to ourselves. So wedecided to make it availableto programmers everywhere.

SCREEN MASTERinterfaces with all the popularprogramming languages(PL/1, PASCAL, C, FORTRAN).It also inter-faces withour state-of-theart Data BaseManagement Systern, MDBS 111.

to be independent of terminaltype. You don't need to re-compile just to use a differentterminal.

For more information,fill in the coupon or contactyour local 1SE office.

Developed by:

Micro Data BaseSystems, creatorsof SCREENMASTER, MDBS,and other finesoftware products, one ofthe world's leading softwareR&D firms.

, one of

That means that anapplication developercan at last end the productivity bottle-neck caused by other screen handlingapproaches.

SCREEN MASTER allows one-timedefinition of frames which may be usedin any number of window definitions.Once defined, a window may be used inany number of screens. And once ascreen's defined, it may be used in anynumber of programs.

SCREEN MASTER providesdictionary-driven control over color,intensity, blinking, prompting, editing,validating, positioning of screen ele-ments, etc. During data entry, SCREEN

Offered by:

InternationalSoftwareEnterprises,

an international consortiumof the world's leading softwareand consulting firms, repre-senting over5,000 pro-

fficc i on 31 ^

that's so good we almost Ps«

friendly tools for buildinguser-friendly applications.

Introducing theScreen Management System

kept it for ourselves.

MASTER automatically performsa vast range of integrity checking anddata editing.

HELP messages for each screencan be displayed with a single key strokeat any time during screen processing.The current screen is automatically re-stored after the HELP session.

SCREEN MASTER is program-independent. Modification of screenlayouts and characters can be madewithout recompiling any of the applica-tion programs.

SCREEN MASTER is terminal-inde-pendent. It allows all application software

For more information, contact:

ISE-GSA—in the United States and Canada

(312) 577-68001SE-PACTEL—in the United Kingdom and Ireland

01-828-77441SE-ADV/ORGA—in West Germany

(041) 23 23 60/61

in Austria and Switzerland

01-251-0270ISE-CEGOS—in France

620-61-61ISE-DATEMA-in Norway

02-67-0880

in Sweden 08-834020ISE-COLRUYT—in the Benelux countries

32-2-356-3880ISE-TIETOTEHDAS-in Finland

0-5261.

5B402

In the U.S. and Canada, contact:

ISE-GSA

85 West Algonquin Road

Suite 400

Arlington Heights, Illinois 60005

(312) 577-6800

Outside U.S. and Canada, contact

your local ISE Representative or

ISE-lntemational

350 West Sagamore Parkway

West Lafayette, Indiana 47906

(317) 463-4561

SCREEN MASTER and MDBS III are trademarks of MDBS, Inc.

Tell me more about SCREEN MASTER.

Name-Title

Company-

Address

City_

-State-

Phone-

My computer is:_Processor

—

Operating System-

Programming Language-Application

Circle 206 on inquiry card.

Visit us at Booth No. 3260 COMDEX show in Las Vegas

Photo 16: The Apprentice robot in action,welding a steel structure.

material. Robots are especially suitedfor die casting because of the harshenvironment that exists in a foundry.Welding is another area whererobots have been used extensively.Photo 16 shows a Unimation Appren-tice arc welding. Good arc weldingrequires close control of the weldinggun along the weld path. It is essentialthat both position and speed are con-trolled to obtain a uniform weld withno unnecessary metal buildup orblowholes. Robots provide the posi-tion and speed accuracy needed in arcwelding as well as in spray painting.For spray painting, it is importantthat the robot be able to follow a

Spot

Welding

ToolLoading

Foundry

SprayPainting

AssemblyLine

Other

35%

20%

15%

15%

10%

5%

Table 2: The five major modern applications for robots. As the science progresses,robots will be used for a variety of industrial purposes, so the percentage of "other"uses will become larger.

predefined path in order to obtain auniform coat of paint. For details ofrobot applications, see references 4and 5.

The Future

All of the examples here are ofrobots that can follow only a specificset of instructions. They are notcapable of receiving informationabout their surroundings and adapt-ing to changing conditions. In thenext five years, advances will bemade in the areas of sensor tech-nology and the application of intelli-gence to robotic systems, giving arobot the capability to respond to avariety of environmental situations.Specifically, advances in vision andartificial intelligence will allow robotsto become more adaptable.

At General Motors Research Lab-oratories, work is being done on avision-based robot system that canrecognize and pick up different-shaped objects moving on a conveyorbelt. Advances in sensor technologywill make proximity and tactile sen-sors commonplace on robots.

Another issue that must be dealtwith in the near future is thestandardization of robotic sub-systems. Standardization should notlimit new and innovative design butshould allow for a common means ofinterfacing robots to computer-aideddesign/computer-aided manufactur-ing systems. We will certainly see ad-vances in robot-control languages,such as VAL, in the near future. ■

References

1. Asimov, I. /, Robot. New York: Fawcett,1978 (pap.).

2. Chen, W. Year of the Robot. DilithiumPress, 1981.

3. Dodd, G. and Rossol, L. (Eds.), ComputerVision and Sensor-based Robots. NewYork: Plenum Press, 1979.

4. Engelberger, J. Robotics in Practice—Management and Applications of In-dustrial Robots. New York: AmericanManagement, 1981.

5. Glorioso, R. and Osorio, Fernando C.Engineering Intelligent Systems: Con-cepts, Theory, and Applications. NorthBillerica, MA: Digital Press, 1980.

$$ READ THIS IF YOU WANT TO SAVE MONEY $$ALL HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE FROM 10%-35% OFF!

APPLE BUSINESS SOFTWARE

Visicalc

$189

Versaform

$299

Supercalc

$210

DB Master

$185

DB Master Util. Pak 1 &2

$ 79

Format II

$275

Pro Easywriter Combo 1

Accounting Plus II

Call

INVOICE PLUS I

for

FMS-80,81,82 I

Best

dBASEII

Prices

VISICORP Software /

*THE LAST ONE*

The program that writes

programs! WE HAVE IT!

Call

Last One Manual

$ 25

APPLE PERIPHERALS

Thunderclock

$125

Mountain Computer Prod

Call

Videx Products

for

Microsoft Products

Best

Corvus Products

Prices

♦ INTRO SPECIAL*BASIS 108 Computer

w/choice of drives Call

Any 4 APPLE Games $100

80 Col. Visicalc PreBoot Call

* NEW PRODUCT LINES*IBM Software and

PeripheralsAtari SoftwareTRS-80 SoftwareNECPC8001AALTOS ComputersATARI 400 & 800

♦ SPECIAL* MICROSOFTPREMIUM SYSTEM, inclAMicrosoft Z-80 Card I AllMicrosoft 16K Card \ forVidex 80 Column Card (OnlyVidex Soft-Switch I $625CP/M User's Guide /

* DISKETTE SPECIALS *Maxell MD-1 (Box of 10) $ 32Maxell 8" (Box of 10) $ 41

Call

for

Best

Prices

COMMUNICATIONS

Hayes Micromodem II $275Hayes Smart Modem $235

Hayes Chronograph $225

Novation Apple Cat II $335

Micro Courier $210

ProZTerm Call

PRINTERS & INTERFACESNEC Spinwriter 7700/3500 CallOkidataMicroline83A $745

Anadex Products

CCS Interface Cards

Qume and Diablo

EPSON w/Graftrax Plus |

Micro Buffer II

Grappler

MICRO PRO

Wordstar

Supersort

Mail Merger

Data Star

Spell Star

Calc Star

CP/M 8" Versions

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Xerox 820 Computer Call

Xerox Peripherals CallMONITORS

NECHi-Res12"Green $129

NEC RGB 12" Color $995

Sanyo Monitors Call

Amdek Monitors CallMISCELLANEOUS

Micro Sci Drives Call

16-Bit Apple Card Call

TG Joysticks/Paddles Call

ABT Keypads $ 99

System Saver Fan $ 77

Minimum order S100 Cashiers checks ana moneyorders accepted Add 3% lor VISA or MC Add 3%lor shipping/insurance/handjing. UPS No CODPrices subject 10 change Call to verity Order hours9-6 PDT. Mon-Fri Personal checks allow 20 daysto clear All products with lull manufacturer s war-ranty, lactory sealed Calit residents add 6% salestax.

OMMUNI

INC.

AL

1400 GRANT AVE. / NOVATO, CALIFORNIA 94947

IMMEDIATE DELIVERYPHONE ORDERS CALL COLLECT

415-892-7139 or 415-897-1414

142 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 76 on inquiry card.

9}ml§

FOR TRYING CONTROL DATAFLEXIBLE DISKS RIGHT NOW.

2 FREE IN EVERY BOX.

Now you have two more reasons to try Control Data flexibledisks. Two free disks in every specially labeled box of 10 be-ginning July 1st. That's 12 disks, or 20% more in every box.

Control Data flexible disks are dependable. They're guaran-teed error-free so you can count on them to perform timeafter time. We manufacture and test every disk to exactingstandards. It's one reason many users choose our mediaabove all others.

Control Data disks are available in both 8-inch and 5-1/4-inchsizes, in a variety of formats. And from now until Dec. 31,1982,you get two free in every specially labeled box—just fortrying them.

If there isn't a participating distributor near you, call toll-free800-328-6207

FLEXIBLEOLflrf

DISTRIBUTORS

ARIZONA

Tucson, Specialty Computer Ribbons & Supplies

602/293-6861

CALIFORNIA

Escondldo, JesUn Products

714/489-0121

Lodl, Visible Computer Supply

209/334-9487

Los Angeles, The Supply Depot, Inc.

213/873-6337

Orange, Data Bits, Inc.

714/633*650

Orange County, The Supply Depot, Inc.

714/750-1367

San Fernando Wiley, The Supply Depot, Inc.

213/704-7075

San Francisco. The Supply Depot. Inc.

415/881-7800

Slml Valley, The Supply Depot Corp.

805/583*505

COLORADO

Denver, Data Pro Ltd

303/777*655

FLORIDA

Hlaleah. KAR Printing

305/557-4782

Miami. Data Pax

305/446-9291

GEORGIA

Atlanta, Data Associates, Inc.

404/252-9818

ILLINOIS

Chicago. Thomas Computer Corp.

312/944-1401

Chicago, Transaction Storage Systems

312/922-0076

St. Charles, Visible Computer Supply Corp.

312/377-0990

IOWA

Cedar Rapids, Network Business Forms, Inc.

319/365-8691

MARYLAND

Baltimore, The Supply Depot. Inc.

301/252-4992

Gaithersburg, basy's

301/977-6900

Jessup, Data Storage, Inc.

301/953-2424

MASSACHUSETTS

Wobum, Data Research Associates

617/938-0425

MICHIGAN

Southtleld, Transaction Storage Systems

313/557-3036

MINNESOTA

Bloomington, Allanson Business Prod.. Inc.

612/881-1151

Minneapolis. Sexton Data Products

612/941-5880

MISSOURI

Hazelwood, Specialty Computer Ribbons & Supplies

314/731-0808

NEW JERSEY

Engelwood, Data Research Associates

201/569-2620

NEW YORK

New York, Data Research Associates

212/564-2232

OREGON

Eugene, Western Paper Company

503/686*361

Jacksonville. Computer Exchange

503/772-3803

Portland, Western Paper Company

503/288-5646

OHIO

Cincinnati, Transaction Storage Systems

513/621-1518

Columbus, Transaction Storage Systems

614/221-1788

PENNSYLVANIA

Berwyn, Used Computer. Inc. (UCI)

215/647-1881

TEXAS

Austin, Business Data Products

512/453-5129

Dallas. Philbo Enterprises

214/358-1200

Houston, Suntex Data Supplies

713/783-5270

San Antonio, Bull's I Data

512/656*367

San Antonio, Transcontinental Dlstrib.

572/824*781

UTAH

Salt Lake City, Rebel Enterprises, Inc.

801/261-3300

VIRGINIA

Fairfax. Data Research Associates

703/385-3414

WASHINGTON

Kent, Western Paper Company

206/251*300

Pasco, Western Paper Company

509/547-1633

CONTRpL DATA

Circle 107 on Inquiry card.

YOUR PROGRAM HERE

144 BYTE October 1982

The best software forthe IBM Personal Computer.Could it be yours?

Attention, all programmers. Here's achance to reach the top.

If you've written software that's completedand runs on the IBM Personal Computer, wecould be interested in publishing it.

(We also could be interested if it runson another computer. If we select your software,we'll ask you to adapt it to our system.)

But be advised.

Our expectations are great.

Because the software we publish must begood enough to complement IBM PersonalComputer hardware. In fact, the more you takeadvantage of all our hardware capabilities (seethe box at right), the more interested in yoursoftware we become.

Think about incorporating color graphicsinto your program, for example.

Use sound. Consider the power of ourkeyboard and remember to utilize the tenprogrammable function keys.

In all cases, we're interested in "friendly"software—with emphasis on quality and wideappeal. Programs with the greatest chanceof being published must be easy to use, offera better way to accomplish a task and providesomething special to the user.

What kinds of programs? All kinds.

Education. Entertainment. Personal W

finance. Data management. Self improvement.*ifcGames. Communications. And yes, business.

We select programs that will make theIBM Personal Computer an even more useful toolfor modern times.

IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER SPECIFICATIONS

User Memory Display Screen Permanent Memory

16K-512Kbytes* High-resolution* (ROM) 40K bytes *

Microprocessor 80 characters x 25 lines Color/Graphics16-bit, 8088* Upper and lower case text mode:

Auxiliary Memory Green phosphor screen * \(, colors *

256 characters andsymbols in ROM*

l

2 optional internal Operating Systems

diskette drives, 5Va", DOS, UCSD-p System

160K bytes or 320K

bytes per disketteKeyboard83 keys, 6 ft. cord

attaches to

system unit*10 function keys*10-key numeric padTactile feedback*DiagnosticsPower-on self testing *Parity checking*

Graphics mode:4-color resolution:

320h x 200v*Black & white resolution:

640h x 200v*Simultaneous graphics &

text capabilityCommunicationsRS-232-C interface12 character styles, up to Asynchronous (start/stop)

132 characters/line* protocol

9x9 character matrix * Up to 9600 bits per second

CP/M-86+Languages

BASIC, Pascal, FORTRAN,MACRO Assembler,COBOL

Printer

Bidirectional *

80 characters/second

L.

♦ADVANCED features for personal computers

So, if you think your software is the best,consider submitting it. If its accepted, we'll takecare of the publishing, the marketing and thedistribution. All you have to do is reap thebenefits of our new royalty terms. And you're freeto market your program elsewhere at any timeeven if you license it to us.

We're offering the ladder. Think abouttaking the first step.

For information on how to submit yourprogram, write: IBM Personal Computer,External Submissions,Dept. 765 PC, Armonk,New \ork 10504. === =»

The IBM Personal ComputerA tool for modern times

For an authorized IBM Personal Computer dealer near you (or information from IBM about quantity purchases) call 800-447-4700. In Illinois, 800-322-4400. In Alaska or Hawaii, 800-447-0890.tUCSD p-System is a trademark of the Regents of the University of California. CP/M-86 is a trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

Circle 189 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 145

Marketplace

Robert Dickinson

POB 3004

Thousand Oaks, CA 91362

If you've always suspected that youhave the kind of entrepreneurialtalent that could have launched thePet Rock, this may be the game foryou. Called Marketplace, it gives youthe opportunity to test yourmanagerial expertise in a simulatedbusiness environment.

Marketplace is different in that it isa telecomputing game. I wrote theprogram for two TRS-80 Model Illswith 48K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory), eachwith RS-232C interface boards,modems, and disk BASIC. Twoplayers can play over the phone orhardwire two Model Ills together viaRS-232C ports.

Because most of the game is writtenin BASIC, you can rewrite the pro-gram to run on one computer only, inwhich case the players can take turnsat the keyboard. I find, however, thatplaying the game over the phone addsan interesting dimension.

Game Description

In Marketplace you assume yourplace as general manager (GM) of acompany. Your company is one oftwo that produce a high-technologyproduct. Naturally, the firms com-pete directly with each other for thesame market. Your success as amanager is measured by the amountof cash your company has on hand(retained earnings) at the end of agiven time period. Years and quartersof years are the standard units oftime. If the competition's retainedearnings are greater at the end of agiven period, you will be ousted bythe shareholders. (Cruel, but true;remember, we promised realism.)

Several conditions are given. Thedemand for your product is quiteseasonal, but the seasonally adjusteddemand seems to be increasing stead-ily. The buyers in your market arevery sophisticated; they base theirdecisions to buy or not to buy the

product on the level of technology itprovides as well as its purchase price.Product technology (determined bythe program) divided by the priceequals the cost/benefit ratio (CBR) ofthe product. If your CBR is betterthan your competitor's, you will sellmore of your product. The public,which responds emotionally to yourcompany's reputation in themarketplace, will buy or pass by yourproduct in accordance with thatreputation. The market share for eachcompany is determined by the tech-nological sophistication of the pro-duct, its selling price, and the com-petitor's reputation. (The exact inter-relationship is given later.)

Your company has a very good—infact, infallible—market researchstaff. Each quarter the staff providesthe following data on your competi-tion: product technology, marketreputation, demand, units sold, unitprice, and retained earnings. But

146 October 1982 © BYTE Publication! Inc

while the members of your marketresearch staff are skilled at reportingwhat happened last quarter, they arecompletely incompetent at predictingwhat may happen next quarter. Tospare themselves such humiliation,they have categorically refused to tryto predict the future.

In addition to a market researchstaff, your company boasts a producttechnology research and development(R&D) staff, a manufacturingtechnology R&D staff, and an adver-tising department. The producttechnology R&D group, which isresponsible for improving the pro-duct, does its job reasonably well.Still, R&D is at best a risky enter-prise; spending money on it does notalways yield results. In fact, the ef-forts of this group seem to result in in-creased technology only 25 percent ofthe time.

Success is a mixed blessing becauseimproved product technology bringswith it the company's inevitable (andexpensive) expansion. Of course, itcosts money to upgrade the manufac-turing facility. And any inventory onhand becomes practically worthlesswhen the new product goes into pro-duction (the inventory is generallysold for surplus at 10 percent of itsformer market value). Finally, it costsmore to make the new and improvedproduct. But (lest you forget) this is acutthroat business, and your com-pany must remain competitive.

The manufacturing technologyR&D group explores new productiontechniques and processes in an at-tempt to control production costs,which increase every quarter due toinflation. As competent as the prod-uct R&D group, the manufacturinggroup yields results about 25 percentof the time. When a new process isdeveloped and then implemented,manufacturing costs drop. Still, toupgrade the manufacturing facilitycosts money. The product, however,remains the same, so there are noadverse effects on the inventory.

The advertising group spends its

budget trying to convince potentialbuyers that your company is greatand your product is worth buying.They are moderately successful,again yielding results about 25 per-cent of the time. Advertising expen-ditures do not affect any otherrevenues, but they do deplete your re-tained earnings.

As general manager you are re-quired to perform several duties atthe beginning of each quarter. You setthe production lot size; determine thebudgets for the product technologyR&D, manufacturing R&D, and ad-vertising departments; and fix the

Marketplace consists of

three programs: two in

BASIC and one in

machine language.

selling price for the product. The sell-ing price must take into account thevariable production costs per unitand the fixed costs associated withdoing business; of course, both in-crease constantly as a result of infla-tion. In addition, if the product R&Dor the manufacturing R&D groupshave improved their respective tech-nologies, you as general managermust decide whether you should up-grade your facility to take advantageof these new technologies.

Game Quantification

Now let's fill in the areas wherenumeric values are required by look-ing at Marketplace's output displaysand input prompts. The first value tobe quantified is the degree of difficul-ty of the game. The Task Managerprogram will prompt for this valueimmediately after the communica-tions link is established. A level ofdifficulty of 4 evens up differences inskill levels between the players. An 8turns minor differences into for-midable advantages for a more ex-perienced player. A 7 makes for agood "hardball" game.

Table 1 shows a quarterly report

display from the Marketplace pro-gram. Each column contains tworows of numbers. The lower row ofvalues is your competition'sparameters and is therefore in-complete.

The first value shown under thePROD TECH heading is the currenttechnology of the product you aremarketing. It begins at 1.0 andtypically increases to about 1.6 after asimulated 10 years of play. The sec-ond value shown is the technologyavailable, which increases when youspend money in $100,000 incrementson product R&D. (There is a proba-bility of 0.25 that any $100,000 incre-ment will increase the availabletechnology by 0.1.) The value shownon the second row under PRODTECH is the competition's currentproduct technology. You do notknow the competition's availabletechnology.

The values shown under the MFGTECH heading are the current andavailable manufacturing technol-ogies, respectively. As with PRODTECH, this value starts at 1.0 andwill increase to about 1.6 after 10years of play (simulated years, thatis). The available technology in-creases when you spend money in$100,000 increments on manufactur-ing R&D. (Again, there is a probabili-ty of 0.25 that any $100,000 incre-ment will increase the available tech-nology by 0.1.) You are not aware ofthe competition's manufacturingtechnology.

MKT is the value of your reputa-tion in the marketplace. It starts at0.5 and will increase to a maximum of1.0. This value increases when youspend money in $100,000 incrementson advertising. (For every $100,000increment you spend, there is a 0.25probability that your market reputa-tion will increase by 0.05.) The sec-ond row of the display is the competi-tion's market reputation.

DEMAND displays your and thecompetition's demand for the pro-duct. SOLD contains information

ober 1982 © BYTE Publications

RESULTS FOR YEAR:

1 QUARTERN MARKETPLACE VER 1.1 (M)

PROD TECH1.0 1.01.0

MFGTECH1.0 1.0

MKT DEMAND SOLD COST PRICE0 50 100 100 2500 30000.50 100 100 3000

INVENTORY0

RET EARN1500.0

PROD R&D MFGR&D ADVERT FIXED COST0.0 0.0 0.0 65.0

Table 1: A Marketplace quarterly report. The values in the first row beneath theheadings are the parameters for your company. The second row contains your com-petitors parameters. The dual values under PROD TECH and MFG TECH are,respectively, the current technology used and the technology available. MKT is themarket reputation. COST and PRICE are in dollars per unit. RET EARN, PRODR&D, MFG R&D, ADVERT, and FIXED COST are all in thousands of dollars.

about the number of units you andthe competition were actually able tosell. Marketplace is set up so that youwill sell everything you can—that in-cludes units manufactured during thequarter as well as units in inventory.If you overproduce, the surplus goesinto inventory. The only way youcan affect the DEMAND is via theproduct technology and market-

reputation factors. Units SOLD areall units available plus production.

COST, the last quarter's variablemanufacturing cost per unit, is ex-pressed in dollars and adjusted for in-flation every quarter. It may bedecreased by 10 percent for every 0.1increase in the manufacturing tech-nology you use. COST is increasedby 5 percent for every 0.1 increase in

A$$fc*

"t\&

4&£$>°

" :*iv%l

«8$&£IZ

fcf>

• «££**«

N\

o*<-

to «S*

"VS..**

$49 &■

»n*1

*P

J*0«^

the product technology used. Thecompetition's manufacturing cost isnot available to you.

PRICE, the selling price of yourand the competition's product in themarketplace last quarter, is expressedin dollars. It is input via a Market-place prompt every quarter and isunaffected by any other parameters.If you bring a new product technol-ogy on line, any units in the inven-tory are sold for 10 percent of thatprice.

INVENTORY is the number ofunits you had on hand at the end ofthe last quarter. This value is affectedby production, sales, and product-technology upgrades.

RET EARN, your company's re-tained earnings balance, is expressedin thousands of dollars (i.e., $100,000is displayed as 100.0). This value isthe net result of all activity within thecompany; it is a cumulative amount.The next three headings—PRODR&D, MFG R&D, and ADVERT—are the amounts expended lastquarter for these functions (also inthousands of dollars). You are, ofcourse, not privy to the competition'sbudgets.

FIXED COST, the cost of operatingthe company whether or not anyunits are manufactured, is not withinyour control. You and your com-petitor have the same fixed costs,which increase as a result of inflationeach quarter.

Listing 1 shows Marketplaceprompts. Marketplace first checks tomake sure there is sufficient cash onhand to meet the fixed costs, thendeducts these costs from your re-tained earnings. There are noprompts for this process. If you haveimproved the product technologyavailable through R&D, Marketplaceprompts for the amount you want toupgrade. (Don't forget that changesto the product require that you investretained earnings to upgrade themanufacturing facility.) Similarly, ifyou have improved the availablemanufacturing technology, you willbe prompted for the amount youwant to upgrade, which again re-quires an investment of capital to im-prove the manufacturing line. A zero

148 October 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 333 on inquiry card.

feacuRes

A GALAXY of features makes the LN.W80remarkable computer. As you explore theLNW80, you will find the most complete,powerful, ready to run, feature-packed per-sonal and busih'iss computer ever made intoone compact'solid unit.

UALITY CONSTRUCTION - Instrumenta-)n quality construction sets LNW80 com-puters apart from all the rest. Integrated intothe sleek solid steel case of the LNW80 is aprofessional 74-key expanded keyboard thatincludes a twelve key numeric keypad.

HIG.H RESOLUTION GRAPHICS& COLOR-

The stunning 480 X 1 92 resolution gives youtotal display control - in color or black andwhite. The choice of display formats is yours;80, 64,40 and 32 columns by 24 or 1 6 lines in -any combination of eight colors.

PERFORMANCE-Lift-off with-a 4MHzZ80ACPU for twice the performance. The LNW80outperforms all computers in its class.

.Emm

fM 1 ^

MODEL I COMPATIBILITY - The LNW80 is

fully hardware and software compatible withthe Model I. Select from a universe of hardwareaccessories and software - from VisiCalc® tospace games, your LNW80 will launch youinto a new world of computing.

FULLY LOAQED - A full payload includes anon-board singte and double density diskcontroller for 5 1/>" ind 8" single or doublesided disk drives. RS232C communicationsport, cassette and parallel printer interfacesare standard features and ready to go. Allmemory is fully installed - 48K RAM, 16Kgraphics RAM and 12K ROM complete withMicrosoft BASIC.

Our down to earth price won't send you into

orbit

m

LNW Research Corp.

,-.2620 WALNUT Tustin. CA. 3&680

'14)641-8850 (714) 544-51

Monitor and Disfc'dnves nortncludedTM Personal Software. Inc."

Circle 221 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 149

Point Range

P < = 0.20.2 < P< =P > 0.5

0.5

Cost forProduct Upgrade

$300,000

$800,000

$1,500,000

Cost forManufacturing Upgrade

$250,000

$800,000

$1,000,000

Table 2: Costs required to upgrade the product and manufacturing technologies.When the product technology is upgraded, any inventory on hand is sold for 10 per-cent of the last quarter's market price.

Listing 1: Marketplace prompt sequence. All entries are checked for gross errors anddisplayed for the players' approval. If a player rejects any of the values, the programloops back and starts the input prompt sequence again.

INPUT VALUES FOR QUARTER 4

PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY POINTS AVAILABLE .2

POINTS TO UPGRADE? .1

INVENTORY SOLD FOR 10% OF MARKET VALUE

MANUFACTURING POINTS AVAILABLE .2POINTS TO UPGRADE? .1NEW MFG COST: 2363

MAXIMUM LOT SIZE 375

LOT SIZE ? 200

RETAINED EARNINGS: 412.5

PRODUCT R&D BUDGET (IN $000)? 100

MANUFACTURING R&D BUDGET (IN $000)? 100

ADVERTISING BUDGET (IN $000)? 100

SELLING PRICE? 3500

MSG TO OPPONENT? SAMPLE MESSAGE

PARAMETERS FOR THIS QUARTER

LOT SIZE: 200

PRODUCT R&D BUDGET: 100.0

MFG R&D BUDGET: 100.0

ADVERTISING BUDGET: 100.0

SELLING PRICE: 3500MSG: SAMPLE MESSAGEVALUES OK (Y/N)? Y

response to either prompt, which isacceptable, results in no upgrade.(Table 2 shows the cost schedule forboth product and manufacturingtechnology upgrading.) The max-imum lot size, based on remainingfunds, is then computed anddisplayed as an aid for your decision-making. Next, Marketplace promptsyou for LOT SIZE. You maymanufacture no units or up to themaximum lot size at any time. RE-TAINED EARNINGS is then dis-

played so that you will know howmuch money you have left to fundthe product, manufacturing, andadvertising budgets for this quarter.Zero is an acceptable value for any ofthese items. Marketplace will promptfor the product R&D budget inthousands of dollars.

Remember: the program will onlyaccept amounts in $100,000 incre-ments. You may input a 1 ($1000) andMarketplace will spend it, butnothing else will happen. Similarly, if

you enter 101 ($101,000), the extra$1000 will have no effect. Market-place will prompt for the manufactur-ing R&D and advertising budgets andspend the money according to thesame algorithm as for producttechnology. SELLING PRICE is next.This is the price per unit, or value ofyour product in the marketplace, andit is expressed in dollars (notthousands). Marketplace places onerestriction on this value: it can't bezero (if you get a "divide by zero" er-ror, the program dies). Otherwise,sell your product for the price youwant. (Hint: don't forget that the costdisplayed under COST in the quarter-ly report is only the variable cost;your price should be marked upenough to cover the FIXED COST aswell.) The last prompt is for amessage to your competition. If youhave nothing to say, just hit ENTER.After you have quantified thesevalues, Marketplace will feed backyour inputs for you to check. If allvalues are acceptable, input a Y andwait for the next cycle of the game.

Game Play

Marketplace consists of three pro-grams: two in BASIC and one inmachine language. Both BASIC pro-grams provide identical interfaces tothe player, although they functionrather differently. One program is theoverall Task Manager. The other pro-gram, the Slave, is primarily a book-keeper and interface to the otherplayer. The communications equip-ment and technique used determinewhich player runs which BASIC pro-gram. If the players communicate viamodem, the player with the modemoperating in answer mode should runthe Task Manager program. Bothmodems must be operated in the full-duplex mode. If both players havemodems with answer-mode capabili-ty, you can arbitrarily decide whichcomputer will originate data. If youplan on hardwiring the Model Ills(RS-232C to RS-232C), you may alsomake an arbitrary decision. Theplayer who runs the Task Managerloads and starts the program (listing 2is a copy of the screen display for theentire dialogue).

150 October 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

■

fc£tWMi«Nts main *#'»fltrs

(I

ill

lit

s™

«*«•» ■W****** — V*-, A

«•*(*'

i <wsss*

*\\»""'

X

How to chart your company's fortunewithout spending one

It's a fact. A single chart or graph can tell you instantly what ittakes hours to interpret from printouts or other raw data.

Now, with the Strobe 100 Graphics Plotter and Softwarepackage, you can create superb hardcopy graphics directlyfrom your computer. And you can do it for a fraction of the costof most other systems.

The Strobe System transforms complex data intodynamic, colorful visuals with afew simple commands from yourcomputer. Charts and transparen-cies that once took hours to pro-duce are plotted within minutes.Information can be presented asbar charts, pie charts, curves orisometrics in a variety of colors.And with a resolution of 500points per inch, the Strobe 100matches or surpasses the qualityof plotters costing thousands ofdollars more.

You can also save and modify your graphics throughStrobe's menu-driven programs. A broad selection ofsoftware—including a VisiCalc*-compatible program-is now available.

When the Strobe Graphics System is interfaced to yourcomputer, an 8-1/2 x 11 inch sheet of paper can speak any-one's language—visually. Visit your local dealer and learn

how to start charting your for-tunes today. Because a perspectiveon the present can also be yourwindow on the future.

STROBEJ

x^ incorporate i) y

The Strobe Graphics System

Seeing is believing

Strobe Inc.

897-5A Independence AvenueMountain View, CA 94043Telephone 415/969-5130

Circle 369 on inquiry card.

•VisiCalc is a trademark of VisiCorp.

Big saleonKsi

16K...S 149.9532K... $199.9548K... $249.9564K... $299.95

New JAWS-IB

The Ullrabyte Memory Board

Due to the tremendous success of our JAWS I, wewere able to make a special purchase of first-qualitycomponents at below-cost prices for JAWS-IB. Andwe are sharing our cost saving with you. But don't besurprised if the next time you see this ad the priceshave gone up substantially. Better yet, order now,and get the best memory on the market at the bestprice on the market.ONE CHIP DOES IT ALL

laws-IB is the Rolls-Royce of all the S100 dynamicboards. Its heart is Intel's single chip 64K dynamicRAM controller. Eliminates high-current logic parts.. delay lines... massive heat sinks... unreliabletrick circuits. JAWS-IB solves all these problems.LOOK WHAT JAWS-IB OFFERS YOUHidden refresh ... fast performance ... low powerconsumption . .. latched data outputs . .. 200 NS4116 RAM's . . . onboard crystal ... RAM Jumperselectable on 8K boundaries ... fully socketed ...solder mask on both sides of board... phantom line. .. designed for 8080, 8085, and Z80 bus signals ...works in Explorer, Sol, Horizon, as well as all otherwell-designed S100 computers.

► 10-DAY MONEY-BACK TRIAL: Ity a fully wired ^j

and tested board for 10 days—then ellher keep ^H

It. return It for kit, or simply return It In working ^H

condition. ^

Continental U.S.A. Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut:

TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE 800-243-7428

From Connecticut Or For Assistance:(203) 354-9375

Please send the items checked below:JAWS-IB kit:

□ 16K $149.95*

□ 32K $199.95*

□ 48K $249.95*

□ 64K $299.95*

JAWS-IB Fully Assembled, Wired & Tested:

D 16K $179.95*

D 32K $239.95*

D 48K $299.95*

D 64K $359.95*

D EXPANSION KIT. 16K RAM Module, to expandJAWS-IB in 16K blocks up to 64K. $59.95

*AJI prices plus $2 postnee and insurance ($4.00 Canada!.Connecticut residents add sales tax.

Total enclosed: $

Q Personal Check □ Money Order or Cashier's Check

J, VIS A D Master Card (Bank No. )

. Exp. Date .

SignaturePrintName

City .State .

.Zip.

I^NETRONICSR&DLtd.

iKll 333 Litchfield Koad. New Milford, CT 0677BI

Listing 2: Initial input required to load and run the Task Manager program. Note thatthe memory size is set to 65000 to save space for the assembly-language communica-tions routines. If you are using a "smart modem" you must set it before running thisprogram.

TRSDOS Ready

BASIC

How Many Files?

Memory Size? 65000

TRS-80 Model III Disk BASIC Rev 1.3

(c)(p) 1980 by Tandy Corp. All Rights Reserved.

Created 5-Jul-80

37,671 Free Bytes 3 Files

READY

>RUN "MARKETTM/BAS

NEED TERMINAL EMULATOR FOR COMMUNICATIONS LINK?

(CURSOR WILL DISAPPEAR, 'BREAK' RETURNS HERE)?N

TRYING FOR COMMUNICATIONS LINK

TRYING FOR COMMUNICATIONS LINK

Listing 3: Initial input required to load and run the Slave program. As with the TaskManager program, memory size must be set to 65000. Again, you must set a smartmodem before running this program.

TRSDOS Ready

BASIC

How Many Files?

Memory Size? 65000

TRS-80 Model III Disk BASIC Rev 1.3

(c)(p) 1980 by Tandy Corp. All Rights Reserved.

Created 5-Jul-80

37,671 Free Bytes 3 Files

READY

>RUN "MARKETSL/BAS

NEED TERMINAL EMULATOR FOR COMMUNICATIONS LINK?

(CURSOR WILL DISAPPEAR, 'BREAK' RETURNS HERE)?N

WAITING FOR COMM

Both programs have simple ter-minal emulators built in. You'll needthe emulator only if you need to com-municate with the modem or com-munications equipment. I have aHayes Smartmodem and must set itscharacteristics to initiate the com-munications. If your modem has onlyswitches (e.g., Radio Shack's ModemI), then bypass the terminal emulator.The Task Manager program will out-put a test character. The other playernow starts the Slave program andoriginates the modem communica-tions (listing 3 is a copy of the entiredialogue). The Task Manager'smodem answers, the computers linkup, and play begins.

The game will end only under two

conditions: if one or both players runout of money (i.e., you don't havesufficient retained earnings to coveryour fixed costs) or if the playersreach a predetermined point in timeor dollar amount and quit. The win-ner is, of course, the player with thelargest retained earnings. In the firstinstance, the Marketplace programsinvoke the terminal emulator func-tion in each machine; the players canthen "chat" via the modems. In thesecond instance, Marketplace cannotdetect an end condition and continuesindefinitely.

Communications

The interaction of the two com-puters in Marketplace depends heavi-

152 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

j*w*"i

■r\

■ ■■ .

*»*«.*'"

.■*

-'£*',

#

♦«^r

\* * . _ ~H ^

C- j N

«•' ^Qf ■ ,-0

i "HV'

;*S£r

v^o^V

.^PV

3s - -• •<

,6%

*.*.,

$425

64K STATIC RAM BOARD

Does your current 64K board have these features?

FEATURES

• Conforms to IEEE 696 standard.

• 8 or 16 bit data transfers.

• 24 bit addressing.

• Bank select in 32K-32K or 48-16K.

• Banks selectable/deselectable on DMA.

• Responds to phantom pin 67 or 16.

• 2Kx8 static rams with 2716 pin out.

• Power consumption is typically 600 ma.

• Banks on or off on power up.

• Banks addressable to any of 256 possible ports.

• 8MHz with 150ns parts standard faster speeds available on request.

• Available partially loaded as a 32K board.

• Multiple bank residence.

• Phantoms read only, or read and write.

• Generates onboard M-WRITE, or uses bus M-WRITE.

• Twoseperate banks, independently addressable on 16K boundaries.Banks may be overlapped.

Omniram 64 United States & Canada Prices Only

64K

150ns. Hitachi Rams $425

100ns. Toshiba Rams $550

Board Without Ram $200

.32K$300$395

INTELLIGENT VIDEO I/OFOR S-100 BUS

The VIO-X Video I/O Interface for the S-100 bus provides featuresequal to most intelligent terminals both efficiently and economically.It allows the use of standard keyboards and CRT monitors inconjunction with existing hardware and software. It will operate withno additional overhead in S-100 systems regardless of processor orsystem speed.

• HIGH SPEED OPERATION

• PORT MAPPED IEEE S-100 INTERFACE

• FORWARD/REVERSE SCROLL or

• PROTECTED SCREEN FIELDS

• CONVERSATIONAL or BLOCK MODE (opt)

• INTERRUPT OPERATION

• CUSTOM CHARACTER SET

• CONTROL CHARACTERS

• ESCAPE CHARACTER COMMANDS

• INTELLIGENT TERMINAL EMULATION

• TWO PAGE SCREEN MEMORY

VIO-X1 -80X25 5X7A&T $295.00

Conversational Mode

VIO-X2 -80X25 7X7A&T $345.00

Conversational & Block Modes

FULCRUM

computer products circle 417 on inquiry card.

Distributed by:

WW COMPONENT SUPPLY INC. 1771 JUNCTION AVENUE • SAN JOSE. CA 95112 • (408) 295-7171

For European enquiries and sales contact: Fulcrum (Europe) England. Phone 0621-828-763

Circle 64 on inquiry card.

INVESTMENI ANALYSISFROM CENTENNIAL

CENTENNIAL SOFTWARE/410 17TH ST. SUITE 1375/DENVER, CO 80202/(303) 595-9193

STOCK-FOCUS

Find out how tow is low and how high is high.Using capital structure and performance data, Stock-focus objectively calculates the underlying value of astock, The system was first developed by the manage-ment science department of a major money centerbank, and is now in use by investment advisors, trustcompanies and brokerage houses. On your screen,Stock-focus will plot an estimate of lowest value, highestvalue and the current price. You then decide what tobuy, sell or hold.

REAL-FOCUS

Exhaustively analyze potential real estate invest-ments using the Wharton School's approach to realestate analysis. In minutes you can project profit, costs,and IRR for any project over a 10 year period. Real-focus accounts for amortization, debt, income, operat-ing expenses, taxes, depreciation, and cash flows forboth after-tax holding and the results of sale. WithReal-focus you can analyze any potential investmentfrom a single building project to a complex time-phasedplanned unit development.

THE FOCUS TECHNIQUE

FOCUS is CENTENNIAL SOFTWARE'S newapproach to Program Architecture, providing a nat-ural interaction between microcomputers and users.It provides worksheet style input screens, free accessto all program segments, and the ability to com-

bine individual results files for portfolio analysis. Youalso receive a usable reference manual, menu helps,a program glossary, multiple report formats and spool-ing. With our FOCUS technique even the most com-plex programs are versatile and easy to use.

COMPUTER

MEMORY-K

REAL-FOCUS

STOCK-FOCUS

IBM PC 64 $179.00 $189.00

Apple (plus) II 48 149.00 159.00

TRS-801 48 149.00 159.00

TRS-80II 64 179.00 189.00

TRS-80 III 48 149.00 159.00

ALL PROGRAMS IN DISK BASIC

IBM is a trademark of IBM, Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer Corp.. TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corporation.

ORDER N0WI FILL IN OR CALL 800-525-2003 (Toll Free)

PROGRAM NAME_

NAME

ADDRESS

. COMPUTER.

. MEMORY.

PHONE * .

D

ACCOUNT #_

EXP. DATE

( fflicrcStieir ccrirJucts jcir tf m compilerwitr mere fewer ttia.fi

What is MicroShell?

• A normal CP/M program whichadds a powerful set of com-mands to all programs runningunder CP/M.

What will MicroShell do?

• Automatic Disk and User Management -Finds your programs from another driveor user number-automatically! Savetime and precious disk space.

• Powerful Redirection Capability - Sendscreen output to a file or printer. Sendprinter output to a file. Take program in-put from a file instead of the keyboard.

• Much More - Multiple commands on aline, more powerful and faster "submit"capability, user-definable prompt andmany more features.

Dealers - MicroShell gives you:

• A user-friendly interface to the computer.

• Automatic execution of an applicationprogram at startup.

•Setf-running demonstrations of yourfavorite software packages.

Will MicroShell run on my computer?

•Requires CP/M 2.2. Available on 8" and5" disks (North Star, Heath, Apple-CP/M,Osborne, SuperBrain and IBM-PCw/Baby Blue.

Give me some examples!

• Run Wordstar or dBase II fromany disk drive or user area.

• Save the screen from a pro-gram for later use or to editinto a report. Save printer out-put in a file.

• Put commands into a file and haveMicroShell supply them to the pro-gram from the file.

• Change MicroShell's prompt to soundthe bell on your terminal when a pro-gram is done!

Software Developers - MicroShellgives you:

• A powerful UNIX-like development en-vironment for CP/M with somefeatures that even UNIX doesn't have!

• The Ability to collect the output of aprogram in a file and ease thedocumentation chore.

Call or Write Today!

MicroShell $150.00Manual Only $25.00

VISA, MC accepted

VA residents add 4%

Overseas orders add $20.00

for air mail

4

NEW

GENERATIONSYSTEMS, inc.

Asnton Tale

2153 Golf Course DriveReston, Virginia 22091Phone: (703) 476-9143

ORDER LINE 800-368-3359

ly on three routines placed in highRAM. These routines provide ter-minal emulation and the ability totransmit and receive streams ofcharacters. Listing 4 shows theassembly-language program for theseroutines. The terminal emulator oc-cupies lines 230-420. The specialtransmit (XMIT, lines 470-670) andreceive (RECV, lines 700-940)routines are discussed below.

Two main types of communicationare used for Marketplace: single-character and string transmission.The single-character dialogues areused by the Task Manager for pro-gram synchronization and control,the string dialogues for data. Single-character transmissions are donedirectly with BASIC function calls tothe built-in RS-232C routines in lowROM (read-only memory). Using asimilar technique to transmit orreceive a stream of characters isunreliable at bit rates much higherthan 150 bits per second (bps). In-stead, I chose a technique of readingand writing string buffers withBASIC PEEK and POKE and receiv-ing and transmitting these bufferswith machine-language code. Thisresults in a very high bps rate at theexpense of the microprocessor timerequired to format the buffers in andout of BASIC. The XMIT routine(listing 4, lines 470-670) simplytransmits the number of charactersdefined in BUFCT (line 970) from thememory area beginning at BUFF (line980). After all the characters havebeen transmitted, the routine returnsto the caller. XMIT uses the ModelIll's single-character transmit ROMroutine. The RECV routine (lines700-940) fetches characters via theModel Ill's ROM code, counts them,and places the characters in BUFF.The character count goes intoBUFCT. This process continues untilan ASCII (American Standard Codefor Information Interchange) carriagereturn character is encountered.

Marketplace BASIC Programs

I use pseudocode to structure myprograms. Unfortunately, RadioShack's BASIC does not easily ac-commodate structuring techniques,

154 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 440 on inquiry card.

trQfc Home Computer*This is the one?

A lot of computers offer a lot. Only onein its price range offers the most. The TIHome Computer

Better to begin with. Anyone can startright away with our Solid State Software ™Command Cartridges. Dozens of programsare available in home management, educa-tion and entertainment.

Easy to expand. Our Peripheral Expan-sion System gives you plug-in cards formemory expansion, P-Code capabilities, adisk drive controller and the RS232 Inter-face. You can also add a modem, speech

synthesizer, disk drive and 80 column dotmatrix printer.

Programming flexibility. TI BASIC isbuilt into the Home Computer But it canalso handle TI Extended BASIC, UCSDPascal*Version IV.O, TI LOGO II, TMS9900 Assembly Language and TI PILOT.Programs can be stored in the optionalMini Memory Command Cartridge.

High-Tech specs. 16-bit microprocessor,16K bytes RAM (expandable to 52K).26K bytes internal ROM, up to 30K bytesexternal ROM. 3 simultaneous tones from

110 HZ to 40,000 HZ. High resolution video.U. &.1.C Single line overlay for 2nd function.Control & function keys. 16 color graphicswith 4 modes & sprites.

Sound impressive? Compare a TI HomeComputer with the competition and reallybe impressed. You won't evenneed a computer to tell you thisis the one. —-\

TexasInstruments

) 1982 Texas Instruments

'UCSD Pascal is a trademark of the Regents of the University of California

Circle 389 on inquiry card.

J_l

Affo reliableDepend ability

From comctec

, MonochromeVideo Display

Easy AccessKeyboard

HandsomeWoodgrain Cabinet

The vgr-io nowonly $1500

FEATURES

Finally a video graphics termii al with more features thanother comparable models, fcr only $1500.00. You'll getthe emulated Tektronix 4O10 Series in graphics mode,true scrolling alpha-numerics A/ith screen editing, 640H x380V resolution or 640H x 240V resolution, high resolutionP31 phosphor monitor, optional P39 monitor, ASCII and APLcharacter sets, true overstril- e on APL, optional 4 pagememory gives 4 independenr screen images, selectableby user or host, VT ICO Emulation option allows use withsystems dedicated to the DEC® VT lOO Terminal, com-pletely self-contained RS-232 Compatible data commu-nications terminal.

OPTONS

-| P39 Monitor P.O.A.4 Page memory $250.00VT lOO Emulation $20000

Contact us today and take advantage of this specialprice. The VGR-IO is brought to you by COMDEC, acompany pioneering the evolution of affordablegraphics.

P.O. Box 8050

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48107

(313)973-8422

Listing 4: The assembly-language listing for the terminalemulator program and communications routine used by theMarketplace game. This code resides in high memory starting ataddress 65001 (decimal).

FDE9005A005000550033002B41E841F0

FDE9 CD2B00FDEC B7FDED 2806FOEF FE01F0F1 C8F0F2 CD05FEFDF5 21E841FDF8 CD5000FDFB 7EFDFC E67FFDFE 28E9FEOO CD3300FE03 18E4FE05 F5FE06 CD5500FE09 2002FEOB FlFEOC C9FEOD FlFEOE 18F5

FE10 E5FE11 D5FE12 F5FE13 2153FEFE16 1154FEFE19 7EFE1A B7FE1B 280CFE1D 1AFE1E E5FE1F 05FE20 CD55O0FE23 DlFE24 ElFE25 13FE26 35FE27 20F4FE29 FlFE2A DlFE2B ElFE2C C9

FE2DFE2EFE2FFE30FE33FE36FE37FE38FE39FE3AFE3DFE3EFE3FFE42FE44FE46FE47FE48FE4AFE4CFE4DFE4FFE50FE51FE52

E5

05

F5

2153FE

1154FE

AF

77

E5

D5

CD5000

01

El

3AE841

E67F

2809

12

34

FEOD

2803

13

18E9

Fl

Dl

El

C9

0001007FFDE900000 Total

001000011000120001300014000150001600017000180001900020000210002200023000240002500026000270002800029000300003100032000330003400035000360003700038000390004000041000420004300044000450004600047000480004900050000510005200053000540005500056000570005800059000600006100062000630006400065000660006700068000690007000071000720007300074000750007600077000780007900080000810008200083000840008500086000870008800089000900009100092000930009400095000960009 700098000990Errors

RSINIT

RSRCV

RSTX

VDCHAR

KBCHAR

RCVBF

IXBF

ORG 0FDE9HEQU 90EQU 80EQU 85EQU 51EQU 43EQU 16872EQU 16880

65001 TO BASICROM RS232 INITIALIZATIONROM FETCH A CHARACTERROM SEND A CHARACTERROM DISPLAY A CHARACTERROM FETCH A KEYBOARD CHARRAM ONE CHAR BUFFERRAM ONE CHAR TX BUFF

THIS IS QUICK AND DIRTY TERMINAL EMULATOR

CALL KBCHAR

OR A

JR Z.RSIN

cp oi

RET ZCALL XMIT3LD HL,RCVBFCALL RSRCVLD A,(HL)AND 7FHJR Z.KEYINCALL VDCHARJR KEYINPUSH AFCALL RSTXJR NZ,AGAINPOP AFRET

POP AFJR XMIT3

; CHECK KEYBOARD

[NOTHING CHECK RS232

;L00K FOR BREAK KEY TO GET BACK

;SEND IT

;P0INT TO RAM BUFF

;INVOKE RAM ROUTINE

;IF NO WAIT.0-NO CHAR;ELSE DISPLAY IT;GO BACK FOR MORE;SEND KEYBOARD CHAR

;W/ NO WAIT,NZ=NO XMIT

;RECOVER CHAR AND TRY AGAIN

NOW WE HAVE THE SPECIALIZED XMIT S RECV ROUTINES FORTHE GAME

PUSH HLPUSH DEPUSH AFLD HL.BUFCTLD DE.BUFFLD A,(HL)OR A

JR Z.XMITNDLD A,(DE)PUSH HLPUSH DECALL RSTXPOP DEPOP HLINC DEDEC (HL)JR NZ.XMIT2POP AFPOP DEPOP HLRET

;PT TO COUNTER;PT TO BUFFER

;COULD BE EMPTY;IT IS;GET CHAR

;KEEP SENDING

PUSH HL

PUSH DE

PUSH AF

LD HL.BUFCT

LD DE.BUFF

X0R A

LD (HL),A

PUSH HL

PUSH DE

CALL RSRCV

POP DE

POP HL

LD A,(RCVBF)

AND 7FH

JR Z.RECVND

LD (DE),A

INC (HL)

CP 0DH

JR Z.RECVND

INC DE

JR RECV2

POP AF

POP DE

POP HL

RET

BUFCT DEFS 1BUFF DEFS 127

END KEYIN

;SET UP POINTERS;SET COUNTER TO ZERO

;STRIP TO 7 BITS

;EXIT ON A NULL CHARACTER

;LOOK FOR CR;TIS

;KEEP GOING

156 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 74 on inquiry card.

Listing 5: The Task Manager program.

10 '

20 ' THIS IS THE MARKETPLACE TASK MANAGER PROGRAM30 '

Listing 5 continued on page 158Circle 376 on inquiry card. »

At last, two books to show you how to makeBASIC mean business.

Executive

■°R BUSINESS

y Douglas Hergert,lis book will show youhow to use a small computer to completebusiness tasks faster, more efficiently. It's asolid, practical introduction to BASIC, theprogramming language most commonlyused in microcomputing

You'll learn to use the computer to:

• write sales reports and financial statements

• produce graphs and charts

• calculate depreciation and present value

• perform cost/volume/profit analysis

• plus much more!

Realistic sample programs illustrate eachent of the language, and exercises atnd of each chapter encourage you to ex-plore new ways of using BASIC on your own.A special feature is a section which intro-duces three other programming languages:COBOL. FORTRAN and Pascal.

Executive Planning With BASIC, X.T. Bui,Ref. B380. $12.95. This fascinating bookpresents a collection of BASIC computerprograms for the most up-to-date businessdecision models. It explodes the myth thatprogramming is for computer specialistsonly. The executive will quickly learn how toaccelerate and improve decision-makingand planning methods by using a micro-computer.

Here is an overview of what's covered:

DECISION MODELS UNDER CERTAINTY■ Cost-Volume-Profil: Finding the Break-Even Point

• Linear Programming: The Simplex Method • InventoryManagement: The EOQ Formula

DECISION MODELS UNDER UNCERTAINTY

• Sequential Decision Model: a Decision Tree forDiscounted Expected Values • Critical Path Analysis andPERT • A Simulation Model lor Optimal Queuing

FORECASTING MODELS

• Exponential Smoothing • Linear Regression • MultipleLinear Regression

INVESTMENT MODELS

• Financial Ratio Analysis • Discounted Cash-FlowModels • Portfolio Management -"Aid Models

SYBEX has the most comprehensive libraryavailable, from introductory to business tohardware, programming and assemblylanguage titles; all written by computerprofessionals. The thorough, readable ap-proach of SYBEX books is favored by both non-technical people and computer specialists.

To order these books or get a free catalog,fill out the coupon,or call TOLL-FREE800/227-2346, (within Calif.) 415/848-8233.

Charge my

Card*

Tola! Amount Enclosed $

"Signature _

NAME - ■

! ADDRESS '_,___

'CITY; _,

Iree catalog LJ BASIC for Business Sl2,S5Executive Planning with BASIC S12.95 > *

SI.SQ/Bortk UPS Q 7S?/Book 4th Class$8.0u78ook Overseas Mail VISA. MasterCard

American ExpressExp. date:

STATE

TSYBEX

Mail to: SYBEX, Inc.2344 Sixth St., Dept. A-11Berkeley, CA 94710

,*J^-

Listing 5 continued:

'RECEIVE'XMIT

'SINGLE CHAR IN BUFFER

'SINGLE CHAR OUT BUFFER

'300 BAUD

'NO PARITY,1 STOP,8BIT WORDS

'NO WAIT FOR NOW

'RS232 INITIALIZED

'TURN WAIT ON

-DIFFICULT)";DD

40 CMD"L","RS232/CMD"

50 '

60 'ROUTINE TO SET RS232 AND ESTABLISH COM

70 '

80 CLEAR 1000

90 DEFUSRO-90

100 DEFUSR1=80

110 DEFUSR2=85

120 DEFUSR3=&HFE2D

130 'RECEIVE STRING

140 DEFUSR4-5HFE10

150 'XMIT STRING

160 DEFUSR5=&HFDE9

170 'TERMINAL EMULATOR

180 BF=&HFE54

190 'TRX STRING SUFFER

200 BC-&HFE53

210 'TRX STRING LENGTH

220 IB-16872

230 OB«16880

240 POKE16888.&H55

250 POKE 16889,&HEC

260 POKE16890.&H00

270 X«USR0(0)

280 CLS

290 PRINT"NEED TERMINAL EMULATOR FOR COMMUNICATIONS LINK?"

300 INPDT"(CURSOR WILL DISAPPEAR, 'BREAK' RETURNS HERE')"lAS

310 IF A$»"Y" OR A$="y" THEN X-OSR5(0)

320 PRINT"TRYING FOR COMMUNICATIONS LINK"

330 POKEOB,ASC("w")

340 X=USR2(0)

350 FOR 1 = 1 TO 1000

360 NEXT

370 X-USRl(O)

380 IF CHR$(PEEK(IB) AND 127)<>"h" THEN 320

390 POKEOB.ASCC'g")

400 X=USR2(0)

410 FOR 1=1 TO 1000

420 NEXT

430 POKE16890.&HFF

440 X-USRO(O)

450 RANDOM

460 PRINT:INPUT"DEGREE OF DIFFICULTY (4=EASY,

470 IF DD<4 OR DD>8 THEN 460

480 Tl-1

490 FKD-1.

500 T2-1

510 Fl(2)=l.

520 T3-1

530 T4-1

540 Ml-0.5

550 MO$=""

560 MIS"""

570 Fl<3)=.5

580 Cl-2500

590 C2-3000

600 Fl(5)=3000

610 CX-2500

620 FX-6.5E4

630 11=0

640 Si-100

650 Fl(9)=100

660 R1-1.5E6

670 F1(6)-1.5E6

680 Bl=500

690 B2-100

700 B4-100

710 Ql = l

720 Yl-1

730 DIM QF(4)

740 QF(D—0.5

750 QF(2)-0.5

760 QF(3)=0

770 QF(4)=-0.2

780 Pl$="#».# ###.# ttt.t ♦##.# #.« #######- ###»###- ##### #####"

790 P3$="»#.# #.## *####♦#- »####»- #»##"

800 P2$ = "######»- ####».#- tiMM.t- **»**.*- ######.#- #»###.#-"

810 P4$ = " ##«##.#-"

820 GOSUB 970 'CLS &DISPLAY LAST QUARTER

830 LR=R1

840 GOSUB 1240 'GET THIS QUARTER PARAMETERS

850 PRINT: PRINT: PRINT"PARAMETERS FOR THIS QUARTER:"

860 PRINTUSINC'LOT SIZE: #####";L1

870 PRINTUSINC'PRODUCT R&D BUDGET: ######.#";D1/1000.

880 PRINTUSINC'MFG R&D BUDGET: ######.#";D2/1000.

890 PRINTUSINC'ADVERTISING BUDGET: ######.#";D3/1000.

900 PRINTUSINC'SELLING PRICE: ###W';C2

910 IF LEN(MO$)>0 THEN PRINT"MSG:";MO$

920 INPUT"VALUES OK (Y/N)";Z$

930 IF Z$="Y" OR Z$="y" THEN 950

940 R1=LR:GOTO 830

950 GOSUB 2000 'PROCESS

960 GOTO 820

970 '

980 'ROUTINE PUTS UP DISPLAY

990 '

1000 POKE 16916,0

1010 CLS

1020 PRINT"RESULTS FOR YEAR:

1030 PRINTTAB(40);"MARKETPLACE VER 1.1(H)"

1040 PRINT" PROD TECH";

1050 PRINTTAB(16);"MFG TECH";

1060 PRINTTAB(26);"MKT";

1070 PRINTTAB(33);"DEMAND";

1080 PRINTTAB(45);"SOLD";

1090 PRINTTAB(52);"COST";

1100 PRINTTABC58);"PRICE"

1110 PRINT USINGP1S;T1,T3,T2,T4,M1,B2,S1,C1,C2

QUARTER:";Q1;

11201130114011501160117011801190120012101220123012401250126012701280129013001310132013301340135013601370138013901400141014201430144014501460147014801490150015101520153015401550156015701580159016001610162016301640165016601670168016901700171017 201730174017501760177017801790180018101820183018401850186018701880'1890190019101920193019401950196019701980199020002010202020302040205020602070208020902100211021202130214021502160217021802190

PRINTUSINGP3$;F1(1),F1(3),B4,F1(9),F1(5)

PRINT"INVENTORY";

PRINTTABC10);"RET EARN";

PRINTTAB(20);"PROD R&D";

PRINTTAB(31);"MFG R&D";

PRINTTAB(42);"ADVERT";

PRINTTAB(50);"FIXED COST"

PRINTUSINGP2S:I1,R1/1000,Dl/1000,D2/1000,D3/1000,FX/1000

PRINTUSINGP4$;F1(6)/1000

PRINT

POKE 16916,7

RETURN

'ROUTINE UPDATES PARAMETERS FOR NEXT QUARTER RUN

IF L£N(MI$)>0 THEN PRINT:PRINT"MSG: ";MI$

MI$=""

IF R1>FX THEN 1340

CLS:PRINT:PRINT"YOU LOST ! I ! !l ! ! ! I ! ! I .' ! "

INPUT"NEED TERMINAL EMULATOR";AS

IF A$-"Y" OR A$="y" THEN POKE16890.0:X-USRO(O):X-USR5(0)

STOP

R1-R1-FX

IF F1(6)>FX THEN 1400

CLS:PRINT:PRINT"OPPONENT IS BROKE. YOU WIN !!!!!"

INPUT"NEED TERMINAL EMULATOR";A$

IF A$="Y" OR AS-"y" THEN POKE16890,0:X-USRO(O):X-USR5(0)

STOP

PRINT:PRINT"INPUT VALUES FOR QUARTER ";

IF Ql+1>4 THENPRINT1:ELSE PRINTQ1+1

IF T3>T1 THEN GOSUB 1640 'UPGRADE PROD TEGH

IF T4>T2 THEN GOSUB 1820 'UPGRADE MFG TECH

PRINT

PRINT"MAXIMUM LOT SIZE ";

PRINTUSING"#######";R1/C1-1.

INPUT"LOT SIZE ";L1

IF R1-L1*CK0 THEN PRINT"YOU CAN'T AFFORD IT": Ll-0: GOTO 1470

R1-R1-L1*C1

PRINTUSING"RETAINED EARNINGS: ttttt.t ";R1/1000.

INPUT"PRODUCT R&D BUDGET (IN $000)";D1:D1=D1*1000

IF R1-DK0 THEN PRINT"YOU CAN'T AFFORD IT":Dl-0: GOTO 1510

R1-R1-D1

INPUT"MANUFACTURING R&D BUDGET (IN $000)";D2:D2»D2*1000

IF Rl-D2<0 THEN PRINT"YOU CAN'T AFFORD IT":D2"0:GOTO 1540

R1-R1-D2

INPUT"ADVERTISING BUDGET (IN $000)";D3:D3-D3*1000

IF Rl-D3<0 THEN PRINT"YOU CAN'T AFFORD IT":D3-0:GOTO 1570

R1-R1-D3

INPUT"SELLING PRICE";C2

MO$»""

INPUT"MSG TO OPPONENT";MO$

RETURN

'ROUTINE UPGRADES PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY

PRINT

PRINT"PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY POINTS AVAILABLE ";T3-T1

INPUT"POINTS TO UPGRADE";PT

IF PTXT3-T1) THEN 1680

IF PT»0 THEN RETURN

IF POO. 5 THEN 1780

IF PT>0.2 THEN 1760

IF R1-3E5<0 THEN PRINT"YOU CAN'T AFFORD IT":GOTO 1670

R1-R1-3E5:C1=C1*(0.5*PT*1.):T1=T1+PT:GOTO 1800

IF R1-8E5<0 THEN PRINT"YOU CAN'T AFFORD IT":GOTO 1670

R1=R1-8E5:C1-C1*(PT*0.5+1.):T1»T1+PT:GOTO 1800

IF R1-1.5E6<0 THENPRINT"YOU CAN'T AFFORD IT":GOTO 1670

R1-R1-1.5E6:C1=C1*(PT*0.5+1):T1«T1+PT

R1-R1+I1*C2*.1:I1-0:PRINT"INVENTORY SOLD FOR 10? OF MARKET VALUE"

RETURN

'ROUTINE UPGRADES MFG PROCESS

PRINT

PRINT"MANUFACTURING POINTS AVAILABLE ";T4-T2

INPUT"POINTS TO UPGRADE";PT

IF PT>(T4-T2) THEN 1860

IF PT-0 THEN RETURN

IF PT>0.5 THEN 1960

IF PT>0.2 THEN 1940

IF R1-2.5E5<0 THENPRINT"YOU CAN'T AFFORD IT":GOTO 1850

R1=R1-2.5E5:C1=C1-C1*PT:T2=T2+PT:G0T0 1980

IF R1-6E5<0 THENPRINT"YOU CAN'T AFFORD IT":GOTO 1850

Rl-Rl-6E5:Cl-Cl-Cl*PT:T2-T2+PT:GOTO 1980

IF R1-1E6<0 THENPRINT"YOU CAN'T AFFORD IT":GOTO 1850

R1=R1-1E6:C1-C1-C1*PT:T2=T2+PT

PRINTUSINC'NEW MFG COST: #«M#";C1

RETURN

'ROUTINE CRUCHES THE NUMBERS AND UPDATES THE QUARTER

0,1 = 0,1 + 1: IF Ql>4 THEN Q1=1:Y1 = Y1 + 1

'DID ANY TECHNOLOGY INCREASE

IF INT(D1/1E5)<1 THEN 2110

FOR 1-0 TO Dl STEP 1E5

IF RND(0)>.75 THEN T3-T3+.1

NEXT

IF INT(D2/1E5)<1 THEN 2150

FOR 1*1 TO D2 STEP 1E5

IF RND(0)>.75 THEN T4-T4+.1

NEXT

IF INT(D3/1E5)<1 THEN 2200

FOR 1=1 TO D3 STEP 1E5

IF RND(0)>.75 THEN Ml=Ml+.05

NEXT

IF Ml>1.0 THEN Ml-1.0

Listing 5 continued on page 160

158 October 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 308 on inquiry card..

PGS

PrincetonGraphic Systems

High Resolution RGB Color MonitorDesigned for the IBM Personal Computer

FEATURES

□ 80 characters x 25 lines

□ 690 dots horizontal resolution

□ 16 colors

□ .31 mm dot pitch tubeD non-glare, black matrix

□ plugs directly to IBM PC

$795

r Princeton Graphic Systems' new HX-12 high resolution color

,Tn t^«QnH +S,Sned With aP NEC 31 mm dot Pjtch CRT ^ give youup to 690 dots horizontal resolution. You need not compromise thedisplay quality of your system with monitors rated at less than theb40 horizontal dots generated by your IBM PC The PGS HX-12delivers 16 supercolors, 80 characters x 25 lines. It is the best

tPhlCpr IZv?onCe, *? direCt drive monitor in the mark^t today. Get,n?,r irm d andd.scover for yourself how well it complementsyour IBM Personal Computer.

PrincetonGraphic Systems

195 Nassau Street

Princeton, New Jersey 08540 □ (609)683-1660 □ TLX: 685 7009 PGS Prin

Listing 5 continued:

Bring the flavor of Unix

to your ZSO CP/M system

with Unica

"Unicum: a thing unique in its kind, especially an example o/ writing.Unica: the plural of unicum."

The Unica: a unique collection of programs supporting many features of theUnix operating system never before available under CP/M. The Unica aremore than software tools; they are finely crafted instruments of surgicalquality. Some of the Unica are:

be binary file compare, display differences in hex

cat • catenate files (vertically)

cp - copy one or more files, even between users

dm disk mapper, reports free blocks and directory space

fid file identification by unique numbers (CRC's)

he - horizontal file catenation and column permutation

In • create file links (multiple names for one file)

Is - intelligent directory lister, optional multi-columns

mv - move (rename) files, even between users

rm - remove (delete) files, with optional verification

sc • source file compare, with resynchronization

sfa - set/reset file attributes, optional verification

sp - spelling error corrector, with 80,000 word dictionary

sr • search multiple files for a pattern

srt - in-memory file sorter, optional duplicate line omission

tee - pipe fitting (copy input stream to multiple outputs)

tr transliterate (translate character codes)

wc - word counter, counts characters, words, and lines

wx • word extractor, copies each word to a separate line

Each Unicum understands several flags ("options" or "switches") whichcontrol program alternatives. No special "shell" is needed; Unica commandsare typed to the standard CP/M command interpreter. The Unica packagesupports several Unix like facilities, such as filename user numbers:

sc data.bas;2 data.bas;3(compares files belonging to user 2 and user 3);Wildcard patterns:

rm -v *tmp*(types each filename containing the letters TMP and asks whether to deletethe file);I/O redirection:

Is -a >proj.dir(writes a directory listing of all files to file "proj.dir");Pipes:

dm b: | sr free >lst:(creates a map of disk B:, extracts those lines in the map which contain theword "free", and prints them on the listing device).

The Unica are written in XM-80, a low level language which combinesrigorously checked procedure definition and invocation with the versatilityof Z80 assembly language. XM-80 includes a language translator which turnsXM-80 programs into source code for MACRO-80, the industry standardassembler from Microsoft. It also includes a MACRO-80 object library withover forty "software components", subroutine packages which are called toperform services such as piping, wildcard matching, output formatting, anddevice-independent I/O with buffers of any size from 1 to 64k bytes.

The source code for each Unicum main program (but not for the softwarecomponent library) is provided. With the Unica and XM-80, you cancustomize each utility to your installation, and write your own applicationsquickly and efficiently. Programs which you write using XM-80 componentsare not subject to any licensing fee.

Extensive documentation includes tutorials, reference manuals, individualspec sheets for each component, and thorough descriptions of eachUnicum.

Update policy: each Unica owner is informed when new Unica orcomponents become available. At any time, and as often as you like, you canreturn the distribution disk with a $10 handling fee and get the currentversions of the Unica and XM-80, with documentation for all new or changedsoftware.

The Unica and XM-80 (which requires MACRO-80) are priced at $195, or$25 for the documentation. The Unica alone are supplied as *.C0Mexecutable files and are priced at $95 for the set, or $15 for thedocumentation. Software is distributed only on 8" floppy disks for Z80 CP/Mversion 2 systems. All orders must be paid in advance; no COD's orpurchase orders, please. Quantity discounts are available. Shipment outsideof the US or Canada costs an additional $20. Bank checks must be in USfunds drawn on a US bank.

Knowlogy

P.O. Box 283-CWilsonville, Oregon 97070

Visa/Mastercard customers call (503) 639-3420 for next day shipment.CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research. Unicum and Unica are trademarks ofKnowlogy. Unix is a trademark of Bel! Telephone Labs. XM-80 is a trademark ofScientific Enterprises. Z80 is a trademark of Zilog Inc.

160 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

220022102220223022402250226022702280229023002310232023302340235023602370238023902400241024202430244024502460247024802490250025102520

2530

25402550256025702580259026002610

2620263026402650266026702680269027002710272027302740275027602770278027902800281028202830284028502860287028802890290029102920293029402950296029702980299030003010

'NOW WAIT FOR SLAVE TO CATCH UP

POKEOB.ASCC'a")

X-USR2(0)

X-USRK0)

IF CHR$(PEEK(IB) AND 127)<>"b" THEN 2210

'TELL OTHER MACHINE TO SEND THEN GO FOR MSG

POKEOB,ASC("s"):X-USR2(0)

X-USR3(0)

J-PEEK(BC)

X$-""

FOR 1-1 TO J-l

X$-X$+CHR$(PEEK(BF*I-1))

NEXT

FOR N-l TO 9

K-INSTR(1,XS," ")

IF K-l THEN X$"RIGHT$(X$,J-2):J-J-1:G0T0 2340

FHN)-VAL(MID$(X$,l,K-lj)

J-J-K

X$-RIGHTS(XS,J-1)

NEXT

'NOW COMPOTE TOTAL DEMAND

B3=BUBl*QF(Ql) + Bl/2*(RND(0)-0.5)

NF-1.01*RND(0)*0.01

C1-C1*NF

F1(4)-F1(4)*NF

FX-FX*NF

CB-Tl*10000/C2:CB-CB»CB*(Ml-0.5)/2:CB-CBlDD

CC-Fl(l)*10000/Fl(5):CC-CC<-CC*(Fl(3)-0.5)/2:CC-CC(DD

B2-INT((CB/(CC+CB))*B3)

B4-INKB3-B2)

IF B2XI1 + L1) THEN:R1-RH-(I1«-L1)*C2:S1-I1+L1:I1«0:

ELSE R1-RHB2*C2: I1-IHL1-B2: S1-B2

IF B4>(F1(7)*F1(8)) THEN:F1(6)-F1(6)+(F1(7).F1(8))*F1(5):

Fl(9)-FK7)tFl(8):Fl(7)-0:ELSE Fl(6)»FH6)*B4*Fl(5):Fl(7)-Fl(7)tFl(8)-B4:Fl(9)-B4

'PREPARE OUTBOUND MSG

XS-""

X$-STR$(T1)»" "

XS-XS*STR$(C2)*" "♦STR$(RI)t" "♦STR$(M1)*" "»STR$(Fl(4))X$-X$»" "*STR$(F1(6))»" "♦STR$(F1(7))»" "+STR$(B3)*" "X$-X$t" "»STR$(B4)»" "♦STR$(F1(9))+" "+STR$(B2)+" "*STR$(S1)«"♦STRS(FX)»" "*CHR$(13)J-LEN(X$)POKEBC.JFOR 1-1 TO J

P0KEBF-H-1,ASC(MID$(X$,I, 1))NEXT

'NOW SEE IF MACHINE IS READYPOKEOB,ASC("c")X-USR2(0)X-USRl(O)

IF CHR$(PEEK(IB) AND 127)<>"d" THEN 2680X-USR4(0)

IF LEN(MO$)-0 THEN 2860P0KE0B,ASC("m")X-USR2C0)X-USRK0)

IF CHR$(PEEK(IB)AND127X>"s" THEN 2740M0S-M0S*CHR$(13)J-LEN(MOS)POKE BC,JFOR 1-1 TO J

P0KEBF+I-1,ASC(MID$(M0$,1,1))NEXT

X-USR4(0)GOTO 28901 IF NO MESSAGEPOKEOB.ASCC'n")X-USR2(0)X-USRl(O)

TT$"CHR$(PEEK(IB) AND 127)IF TT$="m" OR TTS»"n" THEN 2920 tELSE 2870IF TT$-"n" THEN RETURNP0KE0B,ASC("s")X-USR2(0)X»USR3(0)J-PEEK(BC)MI$-""

FOR 1-1 TO J-lMI$-MI$*CHR$(PEEK(BF*I-1))NEXTRETURN

Listing 6: The Slave program.

10 '

20 ' THIS IS THE MARKETPLACE SLAVE PROGRAM

30 '

40 CMD"L","RS232/CMD"

50 '

60 'ROUTINE TO SET RS232 AND ESTABLISH COM

70 '

80 CLEAR 1000

90 DEFUSRO-90

100 DEFUSR1-80

'RECEIVE

110 DEFUSR2-85

'XMIT

120 DEFUSR3-&HFE2D

130 'RECV STRING

140 DEFUSR4-SHFE10

150 'XMIT STRING

160 DEFUSR5-&HFDE9

Listing 6 continued on page 162

to now, bubble technol-ogy has been the exclusivedomain of large computersystems. Now, MPC Peripher-als has boldly venturedwhere no one has gonebefore — successfullychanneling the same state-of-the-art bubble technologyinto the personal computerfield.

introducing the MPC BubbleMemory Disk Emulator forthe Apple II. A compactboard with 128K bytes ofnon-volatile data storage.

; DOS commandsthree times faster than astandard floppy disk drive.Uses less power. Functionsquietly, efficiently and error-free in any hostileenvironment.

The rugged, solid-statebubble memory is totallynon-volatile, unlike disk,there are no moving parts towear, on-board errorcorrection plus automaticpower-down in the event ofoutright power failure orbrown-out ensures absolutedata storage reliability.

once again, we offer you a

TWO YEAR WARRANTY — an

expression of productconfidence unprecedentedin this industry.

mpc Peripherals Corp.9424 Chesapeake DriveSan Diego, CA 92123

Tel. (714) 278-0630

Circle 263 on inquiry card.

The Bubble has landedinthe orchard

"'.E.""^"^ J*:, lite'

NEV

FORTRAN

l!

$199.95

DISKETTE AND MANUAL

Just a beautiful compiler

that's a pleasure to use!

Perfect for Teaching Fortran.

Perfect for Learning Fortran.

Perfect for Scientists and Engineers. Advanced features include

IF.. THEN.. ELSE., constructs, COPY statement, a very nice

TRACE style debugging, and 150 verbal error messages. What's

more, you can intermix In-line Fortran and Assembly Language

statements for those special Micro needs! Get yours, today!

" NEVADA >

PILOT

1*149.95

DISKETTE AND MANUAL

Why has Nevada PILOT

become so popular? It's

definitely easier to learn than

Basic. The documentation

(146 pages) by Professor Starkweather is exceptional! And, it

meets all the PILOT—73 standards with many new features.

You can quickly write user-interactive programs much easierthan with Basic. Order yours now! Diskette and manual comeswith 10 FREE programs.

Listing 6 continued:

NEVADA

• H#

i

$199.95

DISKETTE AND MANUAL

Nevada COBOL is based upon

the ANSI—74 standards with

many advanced features. It's

field-proven with thousands of

users world-wide in Business, Government and Education. The

excellent documentation (153 pages) is used as a classroom text

at a number of colleges.

Because of Nevada COBOL's superior design, it requires abouthalf the memory of competitive COBOL compilers. This majoradvantage is just one reason many business programmers areswitching to Nevada COBOL

And, lots of students are using Nevada COBOL because it's theaffordable, easy to use COBOL! Order yours now!

Also available: COBOL Application Packages Book 1 ..$24.95Nevada SORT ...$119.95 Nevada EDIT ...$119.95

All our software requires the CP/M operating system, 32KRAM, one disk drive, CRT or video display and keyboard.Available on 8" standard single density or 5%" diskettes forApple II, Osborne I, North Star, Micropolis Mod II, Superbrain,TRS—80, IBM—PC and many other microcomputers. Dealer,Distributor, O.E.M inquires invited.

COD'S WELCOME

o

ELUS COMPUTING

600 41st Avenue,

San Francisco, CA 94121

Wj_

€&

(415) 751-1522

Tiaoemartu CPIM Cfcgttai fieueiwcn. TflS - 80 Tanov Co,p. Apple R. Apple Computet Inc Osborne tOsOotne Compute, Corp. IBM. International Business Machines ©196? Ellis Computing

'SIGNLE CHAR IN BUFFER'SIGNLE CHAR OUT BUFFER'300 BAUD

'RS232 INITIALIZED

170 'TERMINAL EMULATOR

180 BF-&HFE54

190 'TR STRING BUFFER

200 BC-&HFE53

210 'TR STRING LENGTH

220 IB-16872

230 06=16880

240 POKE16888.&H55

250 POKE 16889,&HEC

260 POKE16890.&H00

270 X-USR0(0)

280 CLS

290 PRINT"NEED TERMINAL EMULATOR FOR COMMUNICATIONS LINK?"

300 INPUT"(CURSOR WILL DISAPPEAR,'BREAK' RETURNS HERE)";A$

310 IF A$="Y" OR A$="y" THEN X-USR5(0)

320 POKE16890.&HFF

330 X-USR0(0)

340 FOR 1=1 TO 1000:NEXT

350 PRINT"WAITING FOR COMM"

360 X=USR1(0)

370 IF CHR$(PEEK(IB) AND 127)<>"w" THEN 360

380 P0KE0B,ASC("h")

390 X=USR2(0)

400 X=USR1(0)

410 IF CHR$(PEEK(IB) AND 127)<>"g" THEN 350

420 RANDOM

430 Tl-1

440 FKD-1.

450 T2-1

460 Fl(2)-1.

470 T3-1

480 T4-1

490 M0S-""

500 MI$=""

510 Ml-0.5

520 Fl(3)=.5

530 01=2500

540 C2-3000

550 FK51-3000

560 CX=2500

570 FX-6.5E4

580 11=0

590 Sl-100

600 Fl(9)=100

610 R1-1.5E6

620 F1(6)=1.5E6

630 Bl-500

640 B2=100

650 Ql-1

660 Yl = l

670 DIM QF(4)

680 QF(1>—0.5

690 QF(2)=0.5

700 QF(3)=0

710 QF(4)—0.2

720 P1S="»#.# ###.# ###.# ttt.t

730 P3$-"###.#

740 P2$-"tttttttt- tttttt.t-

750 P4$=" ttlttt.t-"

760 G0SUB 910 'CLS &DISPLAY LAST QUARTER

770 LR=R1

780 G0SUB 1180 'GET THIS QUARTER PARAMETERS

790 PRINT:PRINT:PRINT"PARAMETERS FOR THIS QUARTER:"

800 PRINTUSING"LOT SIZE: ttttt" ;\,1

810 PRINTUSINC'PRODUCT R&D BUDGET: tttttt.t";D1/1000.

820 PRINTUSING"MFG R&D BUDGET: tttttt.t";D2/1000.

830 PRINTUSING"ADVERTISING BUDGET: tttttt.t";D3/1000.

840 PRINTUSING"SELLING PRICE: tttttt";C2

850 IF LEN(MO$)>0 THEN PRINT"MSG: ";M0$

860 INPUT"VALUES OK (Y/N)";Z$

870 IF Z$="Y" OR Z$="y" THEN 890

880 R1=LR:GOTO 770

890 GOSUB 1940 'PROCESS

900 GOTO 760

910 '

920 'ROUTINE PUTS UP DISPLAY

930 '

940 POKE 16916,0

950 CLS

960 PRINT"RESULTS FOR YEAR:";Y1;" QUARTER:";Ql;

970 PRINTTAB(40);"MARKETPLACE VER l.l(S)"

980 PRINT" PROD TECH";

990 PRINTTAB(16);"MFG TECH";

1000 PRINTTAB(26);"MKT";

1010 PRINTTAB(33);"DEMAND";

1020 PRINTTAB(45);"SOLD";

1030 PRINTTAB(52);"C0ST";

1040 PRINTTAB(58);"PRICE"

1050 PRINT USINGP1$;T1,T3,T2,T4,M1,B2,S1,C1,C2

1060 PRINTUSINGP3$;F1(1),F1(3),B4,F1(9),F1(5)

1070 PRINT"INVENTORY";

1080 PRINTTAB(10);"RET EARN";

1090 PRINTTAB(20);"PROD R&D";

1100 PRINTTAB(31);"MFG R&D";

1110 PRINTTAB(42);"ADVERT";

1120 PRINTTABC50); "FIXED COST"

1130 PRINTUSINGP2S;II,Rl/1000,Dl/1000,D2/1000,D3/1000,FX/1000

1140 PRINTUSINGP4S;F1(6)/1000

1150 PRINT

1160 POKE 16916,7

1170 RETURN

1180 '

1190 'ROUTINE UPDATES PARAMETERS FOR NEXT QUARTER RUN

1200 '

1210 IF LEN(MIS)>0 THENPRINT:PRINT"MSG: ";MI$

1220 MI$=""

1230 IF R1>FX THEN 1280'

1240 CLS:PRINT:PRINT"Y0U LOST !!!!!!!!!!!!"

t.tt ttttttt- tttttttt- ttttt ttttt"t.tt ttttttt- tttttttt- ttttt"

tttttt.t- tttttt.t- tttttt.t- tttttt.t-"

162 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 154 on inquiry card.

Listing 6 continued on page 164

|e most important peripheral for your

Apple II.

I

JUST CLIPS ON.NO MOUNTING ORHARDWARE REQUIRED.

COLOR MATCHED TOAPPLE II.

© LISTED

For Cooling

As soon as you move to 64K RAM or80 columns you need SYSTEM SAVER.

Today's advanced peripheral cardsgenerate more heat. In addition, the cardsblock any natural air flow through the AppleII creating high temperature conditions thatsubstantially reduce the life of the cards andthe computer itself.

SYSTEM SAVER provides correctcooling. An efficient, quiet fan draws freshair across the mother board, over the powersupply and out the side ventilation slots.

For Line SurgeSuppression

The SYSTEM SAVER provides essentialprotection to hardware and data fromdangerous, power surges and spikes.

By connecting the Apple II powerinput through the SYSTEM SAVER, poweris controlled in two ways: 1) Dangerousvoltage spikes are clipped off at a safe 130volt RMS level. 2) High frequency noise issmoothed out before reaching the Apple II.

For OperatingEfficiency

SYSTEM SAVER contains two switchedpower outlets. As shown in the diagram,the SYSTEM SAVER efficiently organizesyour system so that one convenient, frontmounted power switch controls SYSTEMSAVER, Apple II, monitor and printer. Theheavy duty switch has a pilot light to alertwhen system is on. You'll never use theApple power switch again!

MONITOR

i apple» IW-

i PRINTER

POWER

$8995 at your local dealer ororder direct by phone or mail from:

Kensington Microware Ltd.300 East 54 Street, Suite 3LNew York, NY 10022(212) 486-2802

When ordering by mail include payment of$89.95 plus $2.50 for handling. New YorkState residents add 6V4% sales tax.By phone payment can be charged toVISA or MASTERCARD.

Dealer inquiries invited.

Circle 216 on inquiry card.

<m KENSINGTONm MICROWARE

Listing 6 continued:

•UPGRADE MFG TECH

1250 INPUT"NEEU TERMINAL EHULATOR";A$

1260 IF A$-"Y" OR A$«"y" THEN POKE16890,0:X«USRO(0):X=USR5(0)

12 70 STOP

1280 R1=R1-FX

1290 IF F1(6)>FX THEN 1340

1300 CLS:PRINT:PRINT"OPPONENT IS BROKE. YOU WIN !!!!!"

1310 INPUT"NEED TERMINAL EMULATOR";A$

1320 IF A$="Y" OR A$="y" THEN POKE 16890 .0: X=USR(0) :X=USR5(0)

1330 STOP

1340 PRINT:PRINT"INPUT VALUES FOR QUARTER ";

1350 IF Ql+1>4 THENPRINT1:ELSE PRINTQ1+1

1360 IF T3>T1 THEN GOSUB 1580 'UPGRADE PROD TECH

1370 IF T4>T2 THEN GOSUB 1760

1380 PRINT

1390 PRINT"MAXIMUM LOT SIZE ";

1400 PRINTUSINC"0#»««";R1/C1-1.

1410 INPUT"LOT SIZE ";LI

1420 IF R1-LI*CK0 THEN PRINT"YOU CAN'T AFFORD IT": Ll-0: GOTO 1410

1430 R1=R1-L1*C1

1440 PRINTUSINC'RETAINED EARNINGS: #####.* ";R1/1000.

1450 INPUT"PRODUCT R&D BUDGET (IN §000)";D1:D1=D1*1000

1460 IF R1-DK0 THEN PRINT"Y0U CAN'T AFFORD IT": D1=0: GOTO 1450

1470 R1-R1-D1

1480 INPUT"MANFACTURING RSD BUDGET (IN $000)" ;D2: D2-D2*1000

1490 IF Rl-D2<0 THEN PRINT"YOU CAN'T AFFORD IT":D2-0:GOTO 1480

1500 R1=R1-D2

1510 INPUT"ADVERTISING BUDGET (IN $000)";D3:D3=D3*1000

1520 IF Rl-D3<0 THEN PRINT"YOU CAN'T AFFORD IT":D3=0:GOTO 1510

1530 R1=R1-D3

1540 INPUT"SELLING PRICE";C2

1550 MO$-""

1560 INPUT"MSG TO OPPONENT";MO$

1570 RETURN

1580 ■

1590 'ROUTINE UPGRADES PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY

1600 '

1610 PRINT

1620 PRINT"PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY POINTS AVAILABLE ";T3-T1

1630 INPUT"POINTS TO UPGRADE";PT

1640 IF PTXT3-T1) THEN 1620

1650 IF PT=0 THEN RETURN

1660 IF PT>0.5 THEN 1720

1670 IF PT>0.2 THEN 1700

1680 IF R1-3E5<0 THEN PRINT"YO0 CAN'T AFFORD IT":G0T0 1610

1690 R1=R1-3E5:C1»C1*(0.5*PT*1.):T1=TI*PT:GOTO 1740

1700 IF R1-8E5<0 THEN PRINT"YOU CAN'T AFFORD IT":GOTO 1610

1710 R1=R1-8E5:C1=CI*(0.5*PT+1.):T1=T1+PT:GOTO 1740

1720 IF R1-I.5E6<0 THENPRINT"YO0 CAN'T AFFORD IT":GOTO 1610

17 30 R1=R1-1.5E6:C1=C1*(PT*0.5*1):T1=T1+PT

1740 R1=R1*I1*C2*.1:11=0:PRINT"INVENTORY SOLD FOR 10% OF MARKET VALUE"

1750 RETURN

1760 '

17 70 'ROUTINE UPGRADES MFG PROCESS

1780 '

1790 PRINT

1800 PRINT"MANUFACTURING POINTS AVAILABLE ";T4-T2

1810 INPUT"POINTS TO UPGRADE";PT

1820 IF PT>(T4-T2) THEN 1800

1830 IF PT-0 THEN RETURN

1840 IF PT>0.5 THEN 1900

1850 IF PT>0.2 THEN 1880

1860 IF RI-2.5E5<0 THENPRINT"YOU CAN'T AFFORD IT":GOT0I790

1870 R1=R1-2.5E5:C1=CI-C1*PT:T2=T2+PT:GOTO 1920

1880 IF R1-6E5<0 THENPRINT"YOU CAN'T AFFORD IT":GOTO 1790

1890 R1=R1-6E5:C1=C1-C1*(PT):T2=T2+PT:G0T0 1920

1900 IF R1-1E6<0 THENPRINT"YOU CAN'T AFFORD IT":GOTO 1790

1910 R1»R1-1E6:C1»C1-C1*PT:T2=T2+PT

1920 PRINTUSINC'NEW MFG COST: #####";C1

19 30 RETURN

1940 '

1950 'ROUTINE CRUCHES THE NUMBERS AND UPDATES THE QUARTER

1960 '

1970 Q1=Q1*1:IF Ql>4 THEN QI=1:Y1=Y1+1

1980 '

1990 'DID TECHNOLOGY INCREASE

2000 '

2010 IF INT(D1/1E5)<1 THEN 2050

2020 FOR 1-0 TO Dl STEP 1E5

2030 IF RND(0)>.75 THEN T3=T3 + . 1

2040 NEXT

2050 IF INT(D2/1E5)<1 THEN 2090

2060 FOR 1=1 TO D2 STEP 1E5

2070 IF RND(0)>.75 THEN T4=T4t.1

2080 NEXT

2090 IF INKD3/1E5X1 THEN 2140

2100 FOR 1-1 TO D3 STEP 1E5

2110 IF RND(0)>.75 THEN Ml=Ml+.05

2120 NEXT

2130 IF Ml>1.0 THEN Ml-1.0

2140 'NOW WAIT FOR MASTER

2150 'PREPARE OUTBOUND MESSAGE

2160 X$ = ""

2170 X$«STR$(T1)»" "+STR$(T2)t" "+STR$(M1)*" "+STR$(C1)

2180 X$-X$»" "*STR$(C2)»" "+STR$(R1)+" "+STR$(I1H" "

2190 X$=X$+STR$(L1)»" "♦STR$(S1)+" "+CHR$(13)

2200 X-USRl(O)

2210 IF CHR$(PEEK(IB) AND 127)<>"a" THEN 2200

2220 POKE OB,ASC("b")

2230 X=USR2(0)

2240 X-USRKO)

2250 IF CHR$(PEEK(IB) AND 127)<>"s" THEN 2200

2260 J-LEN(X$)

2270 POKE BC,J

2280 FOR 1=1 TO J

2290 POKEBF+I-1,ASC(MID$(X$,I,1))

2300 NEXT

2310 X=USR4(0)

2320 X=USR1(0)

2330 IF CHR$(PEEK(IB) AND 127)<>"c" THEN 2320

2340 POKEOB,ASC("d")

2350 X=USR2(0)

2360 X=USR3(0)

2370 J-PEEK(BC)

2380 X$=""

2390 FOR 1=1 TO J-l

2400 X$"X$+CHR$(PEEK(BF+I-I))

2410 NEXT

2420 GOSUB2690

2430 FKD-X

2440 GOSUB2690

2450 F1(5)«X

2460 GOSUB2690

2470 Fl(6)-X

2480 GOS0B269O

2490 F1(3)=X

2500 GOSUB2690

2510 C1=X

2520 GOSUB 2690

2530 R1=X

2540 GOSUB 2690

2550 Il-X

2560 GOSUB 2690

2570 B3=X

2580 GOSUB 2690

2590 B2=X

2600 GOSUB 2690

2610 S1=X

2620 GOSUB2690

2630 B4=X

2640 GOSUB 2690

2650 F1(9)=X

2660 GOSUB 2690

2670 FX-X

2680 GOTO 27 50

2690 K-INSTR(1,XS," ")

2700 IF K=l THEN X$ = RIGHT$(X$,.1-2):J-J-1:GOTO 2690

2710 X=VAL(MIU$(X$, I.K-1))

2720 J=J-K

2730 X$=RIGHT$(X$,J-1)

2740 RETURN

2750 X=USR1(0)

2760 IF CHR$(PEEK(IB) AND 127)="n" THEN 2850

2770 POKEOB.ASCC's")

2780 X=USR2(0)

2790 X-USR3(0)

2800 MI$=""

2810 J-PEEK(BC)

2820 FOR 1-1 TO J-l

2830 MI$"MI$+CHR$(PEEK(BF + I-D)

2840 NEXT

2850 IF L£N(MO$)=0 THEN POKEOB,ASC("n"):X-USR2(0):RETURN

2860 POKEOB,ASCC'm")

2870 X=USR2(0)

2880 X-USRKO)

2890 IF CHR$(PEEK(IB) AND 127)<>"s" THEN 2860

2900 MO$=MO$+CHR$(13)

2910 J-LEN(MO$)

2920 FOR 1=1 TO J

2930 POKEBF+I-1,ASC(MID$(MO$,1,1))

2940 NEXT

2950 POKEBC.J

2960 X=USR4(0)

2970 RETURN

Listing 7: Pseudocode for the executive section of theMarketplace game. The line numbers in parentheses perform thestated function; the first set is for the Task Manager programand the second is for the Slave program.

Load machine-language code (40) (60)

Define machine-language code entry points (90-260) (90-260)

Initialize RS232C port (270) (270)

If terminal emulator required then call EMULATOR (290-310) (290-310)

Establish communications link (320-440) (320-410)

Initialize program variables (450-810) (420-750)

Do Forever: (820-960) (760-900)

Call DISPLAY last quarter (820) (760)Do until next quarter values OK: (830-910) (770-880)Save current value of retained earningsCall GETVALUES (840) (780)Feedback input for review

If values not OK then restore retained earningsEndloop

Call PROCESS (950) (890)Endloop

164 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 286 on Inquiry card. ■

OF ALL THE THINGSYOU BUY,

HOW MANY ARE

fGll

Ml

WARRANTED 5 YEARS?

Few disks stand the test of time.Because few are built to theprecision standards or certified tothe critical levels of Omni'scomplete line.

Each Omni disk is rated for 12million passes without disk-related errors or significant wear.Each is certified error-free at aminimum of twice the error-

threshold of your system. Andbuilt to exceed all industryspecifications including those ofANSI, ECMA, ISO and virtuallyevery drive manufacturer. So youcan count on them for the longhaul. We guarantee it.Call toll-free (800 343-7620) foryour nearest dealer. In Mass., call617 799-0197.

Omni Resources, 4 Oak Pond Ave.,Millbury, Mass. 01527

Dealers. Software houses.

Check our prices, services andspecifications. We offerduplicating, formatting, privatelabeling, small minimums, fastdelivery and copy protectionschemes on disks for virtuallyany system.

THE DISK GOOD ENOUGHTO BE WARRANTED 5 YEARS

Task Manager

Slave

Parameter

Variable

Variable

Product Technology

used

T1

T1

available

T3

T3

competitor's

F1(1)

F1(1)

Manufacturing Technology

used

T2

T2

available

T4

T4

Market Reputation

your company

M1

M1

competitor

F1(3)

F1(3)

Unit Demand

your company

B2

B2

competitor

B4

B4

Units Sold

your company

S1

S1

competitor

F1(9)

F1(9)

Unit Price

your company

C2

C2

competitor

F1(5)

F1(5)

Retained Earnings

your company

R1

R1

competitor

F1(6)

F1(6)

Variable Costs

C1

C1

Fixed Costs

FX

FX

Inventory

11

11

Product R&D

D1

D1

Manufacturing R&D

D2

D2

Advertising

D3

D3

Base Demand

B1

Seasonal Demand

B3

Inflation

NF

CBR Task Manager

CB

CBR Slave

CC

Table 3: Definitions of variables used in the Task Manager and Slave programs.

Listing 8: The GETVALUES subroutine used by both the Task Manager and Slave pro-grams. The numbers in parentheses refer to the line numbers in the respective programs;the Task Manager program is first and the Slave program is second.

Display any message from opponent (1270) (1210)If game lost: (1290-1330) (1230-1270)

Display message

If terminal emulator required then call EMULATOR

StopEndif

Reduce Retained EarningsIf game won: (1350-1390) (1290-1330)

Display message

If terminal emulator required then call EMULATOR

StopEndifIf Product Technology Available > Product Technology Used then call Product Upgrade

(1420)(1360)If Manufacturing Technology Available > Manufacturing Technology Used then call

Manufacturing Upgrade (1430) (1370)Compute and display maximum lot size (1450-1460) (1390-1400)Prompt for and error check the following: (1470-1620) (1410-1560)

Lot Size

Product R&D budget

Manufacturing R&D budget

Advertising budget

Selling Price

Message to opponent

so I will explain how the programsfunction and flow in pseudocodeterms and leave you to work throughthe BASIC listings of the programs.The BASIC listing for the TaskManager program is shown in listing5, and the Slave program is shown inlisting 6. Table 3 lists the importantvariables and their BASIC names foreach program.

Listing 7 is the pseudocode of theexecutive section for both the TaskManager and the Slave programs.Both programs set the RS-232C portto 300 bps, no parity, one stop bit,and an 8-bit word. (For other set-tings, refer to the TRS-80 Model IIIOperation and BASIC LanguageReference Manual, pages 41-48.)

The "establish communications"step requires some explanation. Ingeneral, the Task Manager (lines320-440) does not know if the Slaveprogram is on-line when it tries to in-itiate communications, so the TaskManager simply sends a control char-acter, pauses, listens, and repeats theprocess. It keeps this up until it re-ceives a recognizable test character.This requires that the RS-232C portbe initialized to the "no wait" condi-tion—when the receive routine is in-voked, it returns immediately,whether or not a character has beenreceived. The Slave program (lines320-410), on the other hand, in-itializes its RS-232C port to the "wait"condition. The Slave simply has tolisten for the test character and sendan acknowledgment when it receivesa character it understands. After thecommunications link is established,the Task Manager resets its port tothe "wait" condition for the re-mainder of the program. (The ter-minal emulator must have a "nowait" condition established before itis called.)

The executive section uses threesubroutines. The DISPLAY subrou-tine uses simple print statements. TheTask Manager DISPLAY subroutineis found in lines 970-1230; the Slave'sis in lines 910-1170.

The GETVALUES subroutine(pseudocode shown in listing 8) is thesame for the Task Manager and theSlave. The two points to consider

166 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Finallyyou can afford

to satisfy

your lust for

power

Mimm w\. \m0 m

PLOT UNPlOT REM RUN RAND RETURN IF INPUT POKE PRINT

cEf £23 GO Q9 00 OS CM HI CM ul

> \ , -S TAN INT RND STRS CHRS

NEW SAVE C'V

flj kI3 iTFI

ARCSIN ARCCOS ARCTAN SGN ABS SQ

CLEAR CONT Ci. S SCROLL NbXl

S9fS9ICflIStSCE

VBS SQR VAL LEN

SCROLL NEXT PAUSE

IN KEYS NOT

For $99.95 you can have afoil powered personal computer.

Most people know by now that theZX81 from Sinclair Research is thelowest priced personal computer inthe world.

But serious program-mers are looking for morethan a low price. They'relooking for true computerpower. And that's wherethe ZX81 surprises a lotof people.

Just look at the keyboard and you'll getsome idea of theZX81 's power. Ithas more than 60 Sinclair programs areavaflabfe

BASIC commands20 graphic symbols, and completemathematical functions. And there'seven more power that you can't see.A breakthrough in personalcomputers. The ZX81 offers featuresfound only on computers costing twoor three times as much.Just look at what you get:

• Continuous display, including mov-ing graphics

• Multi-dimensional string and nu-merical arrays

• Mathematical and scientifie functions accurateto 8 decimal places

• Unique one-touchentry of key wordslike PRINT, RUNand LIST

• Automatic syntax er-ror detection and easyediting

• Randomize function useful for bothgames and serious applications

• Built-in interface for ZX Printer

• IK of memory expandable to 16K

• A comprehensive programmingguide and operating manual

The ZX81 is also very convenient touse. It hooks up to any television set toproduce a clear 32-column by 24-linedisplay. And you can use a regular cas-sette recorder to store andrecall programs by name.What you get. Whenyou order your ZX81, youget everything you need tostart programming.It comes with connectorsfor your TV and cassetterecorder, an AC adaptor, anda free programming guide andoperating manual that com-pletely documents the capabil-ities of the ZX81.Options and add-ons. Like any

full-powered computer, the ZX81 canbe expanded and upgraded.

Its IK memory can be expandedto over 16K just by plugging theSinclair Memory Module ontothe back of the unit. The costis only $49.95.

Sinclair has also publishedpre-recorded programs on cas-settes for your ZX81. We're con-stantly coming out with new pro-grams, so we'll send you our latestsoftware catalog when you orderyour computer.

How did we do it? Thequestion most often askedabout the ZX81 is, "Howcan so much computerpower cost so little money?"16K Memory Module The answer is that SinclairResearch simply took a differentapproach. Our only goal was to makeprogramming power as affordable aspossible. So we developed a radicalnew design that cuts costs dramati-cally without cutting computer power.For example, our unique Master Chipreplaces as many as 18 chips used inother personal computers.

The success of the ZX81 speaks foritself. It is now the fastest-selling per-sonal computer in the world. And westand behind our product. If anythinggoes wrong in the first 90 days, we'llrepair or replace your unit free of

charge. Even after that, you can takeadvantage of our national service-by-mail facilities for a minimum fee.Order now and try it out for 10days. Simply send the coupon alongwith a check or money order. Forfaster delivery, call our toll-free num-ber and use your MasterCard or VISA.

You have 10 days to try out theZX81. If it isn't all we say it is, justsend it back and well refund yourmoney.

Why wait any longer? With the Sin-clair ZX81, you can finally afford tohave the computer power you've al-ways wanted.

Call toll free 800-543-3000. Askoperator #509. In Ohio call:800-582-1364; in Canadacall: 513-729-4300. Askfor operator #509.Phones open 24 hoursa day, 7 days a week.Have your MasterCardor VISA ready.These numbers are fororders only. If you just wantFree guide to programming information, pleasewrite: Sinclair Research Ltd.,2 Sinclair Plaza, Nashua, NH 03061.

To order call toll free: 800-543-3000.

AOCOOcAOBY

MAIL TO: Sinclair Research Ltd.,One Sinclair Plaza. Nashua. NH 03061.

PRICE* QTY. AMOUNT

ZX81

$99.95

1 16K Memory| Module

$49.95

1 Shipping andI Handling

$4.95

$4.95

•U.S. dollars

TOTAL

1 Name

1 Address

| City

state

Zip

1

Sinclair technology is also available in Timex/Sinclaircomputers under a license from Sinclair Research Ltd.

BEHIND EVERYGOOD SINCLAIRIS A MEMOPAK

If you own a Timex-Sinclair 1000 orZX81 computer, you should have aMemopak behind it. From increasedmemory to high resolution graphics,Memotech has a Memopak to boost yoursystem's capabilities. Every Memopakperipheral comes in a black anodisedaluminum case and is designed to fittogether in "piggy back" fashion to enableyou to continue to add on and still keep anintegrated system look.

Printer Interface-^ s^ Memopak RAMHigh Resolution Graphics

Order at no risk

All Memotech products carry our 10day money back guarantee. If you're notcompletely satisfied, return it in ten daysand we will give you a full refund.And every Memotech product comes with asix month warranty. Should anything bedefective with your Memopak, return it tous and we will repair or replace it free ofcharge. Dealer inquiries welcome. To orderany Memotech product call our toll-freenumber 800/662-0949 or use the ordercoupon.

rmeFiQPW

hbo_

i. .11.1. JW 11.1.1 J

CORPORATION

7550 West Yale Avenue

Denver, Colorado 80227

(303) 986-1516

TWX 910-320-2917

ffrrnorPn (.'i

BBSBS—1

i Mail to: Memotech Corporation,'Code: BY 10

7550 West Yale Ave., Denver. CO 802271•Price Qtjt Total

I 64KRAM

$179.95

] 32KRAM

109.95

I 16KRAM

59 9S

' Centronics Parallel Printer Interface

104.95

J RS232 Printer Interface

13995

' High Resolution Graphics

144.95

1 Shipping and handling

4.95

M95

. * All prices quoted in U.S. dollars

Tax**

** Colorado residents please add sales tax□ Check D MasterCard □ Visa

Total

Exp.

j Name

Address

[_city

State

Zip 1

Memopak 64K RAM The 64K RAM extends thememory of your Sinclair by 56K to a full 64K. Itis directly addressable, user transparent, isneither switched nor paged and accepts suchbasic command as 10 DIM A (9000). TheMemopak 64K turns your Sinclair into apowerful computer suitable for business,recreational and educational use. No additionalpower supply is required.

Memopak 32K RAM The 32K RAM Memopakoffers your Sinclair a full 32K of direcdyaddressable RAM. Like the 64K Memopak, it isneither switched nor paged and enables you toexecute sophisticated programs and store largedata bases. It is also fully compatible withSinclair's or Memotech's 16K RAM to give you afull 48K of RAM.

Memopak 16K RAM The Memopak 16K RAMprovides an economical way to increase thecapabilities of your Sinclair. And at the sametime, it enables you to continue to add on otherfeatures with its "piggy back" connectors. It iscompatible with the Sinclair 16K or a secondMemopak 16K or Memopak 32K to give 32K or48K of RAM respectively.

Memopak High Resolution Graphics TheMemopak HRG contains a 2K EPROM monitorand is fully programmable for high resolutiongraphics. The HRG provides for up to 192 by 248pixel resolution.

Memopak Printer Interface The memotechCentronics parallel or RS232 printer interfacepaks enable your Sinclair to use a wide range ofcompatible printers (major manufacturers'printers available through Memotech atsignificant savings). The resident software in theunits gives the ASCII set of characters. BothMemopak printer interfaces provide lower casecharacter capabilities. The RS232 Interface isalso compatible with modems.

New products coming soon Memotech willsoon be introducing four new Sinclaircompatible products: a high quality, directconnection keyboard, a digitizing tablet, a 16KEPROM and a disk drive. Watch for our futureadvertisements.

Listing 9: Pseudocode for Task Manager's PROCESS subroutine. This subroutinemanages all data and performs number-crunching for both Task Manager and Slave.Numbers in parentheses refer to the Task Manager program only.

Update Quarter and Year counters (2030)

For each 100,000 increment of Product R&D budget: (2070-2100)

If random number > 0.75 then increase Product Technology Available by 0.1EndloopFor each 100,000 increment of Manufacturing R&D budget: (2110-2140)

If random number > 0.75 then increase Manufacturing Technology Available by 0.1EndloopFor each 100,000 increment of Advertising budget: (2150-2180)

If random number > 0.75 then increase Market by 0.05Endloop

If Market > 1.0 then set Market = 1.0 (2190)Wait for Slave program to reach this point (2200-2240)Request parameter message from Slave (2250-2260)Call RECEIVE (2270)

Unload RECEIVE buffer to BASIC string (2280-2320)Parse and convert string to required program variables (2330-2390)Compute the following for both programs: (2430-2530)

Total Demand

Inflation

Unit Demand

Units Sold

Inventory

Retained EarningsConvert Slave program variable to strings and load XMIT buffer (2570-2660)Tell Slave message is ready and call XMIT when requested (2670-2720)If any outbound messages to opponent: (2730-2850)

Load XMIT buffer

Tell Slave message is ready

Call XMIT when requestedEndifIf any inbound messages: (2860-3000)

Request Slave to send

Call RECEIVE

Unload RECEIVE buffer to message stringEndif

here are that each program has suffi-cient information to determine wheneither player wins or loses and thatthe retained earnings are reducedeach time an item is bought. The re-quirement to reduce retained earningsas items are purchased dictates mostof the flow of this subroutine. In ad-dition, each value is checked to en-sure that sufficient funds are availablebefore any action is taken. The twosubroutines PROD UPGRADE andMFG UPGRADE handle the adjust-ment of the product and manufactur-ing upgrades and reduction of re-tained earnings. After all values havebeen input they are fed back to theplayer for final approval. If any valueis rejected, you must reenter all of theothers. This may seem burdensome,but during play it lets you reevaluateyour strategy.

The PROCESS subroutine is themost interesting portion of the pro-gram. Initially, I envisioned both pro-grams doing their own computations,which would simplify both the trafficbetween the computers and the pro-gramming. Unfortunately, thatwasn't possible because each com-puter would have had to use theBASIC random-number generator in-itialized to a different starting pointand would have drawn different ran-dom numbers. Environmental factorssuch as inflation and demand wouldalso have been different for each pro-gram. So I decided to have one pro-gram do all of the environmentalcomputations and share the informa-tion. The only thing left to do was tofigure out how to accomplish that.The general solution to the problemfollows.

1. compute specific parameters foreach computer

2. have the Slave program report itsupdated values to the TaskManager

3. have the Task Manager computethe environmental parameters

4. give the Slave the new values

Although the PROCESS subrou-tine pseudocode for the TaskManager is different from that for theSlave, the key to Marketplace is theinteraction of these two routines. Thefollowing discussion presents theTask Manager's point of view (seelisting 9). (To understand the com-plementary processes, refer to theSlave pseudocode in listing 10 anytime an action by the Slave programis mentioned.) After the quarter andyear counters have been updated, thepayoffs for all the R&D and advertis-ing budgets are determined. Thesevalues are computed locally by eachcomputer. At this point, the pro-grams must be synchronized to ac-complish the data transfer. The TaskManager sends a test character andwaits for an acknowledgment. If theproper test character is received, theTask Manager tells the Slave to begintransmission and calls the machine-language receive routine. Then theTask Manager converts the received-character string to numericparameters and computes the remain-ing values. The outbound data stringis prepared and the Slave is informedthat a data message is ready. Whenthe Slave requests the message, themachine-language transmit routine iscalled and the message is sent. Thetext dialogue between the players ishandled in a similar manner.

Closing Notes

I have focused on the first genera-tion of Marketplace. Many readerswill recognize that the programsdescribed here have overlooked aplethora of possible interactions. Forexample, production capacity isunlimited, the product demand is in-elastic, technologies once gainedthrough R&D have an unlimited shelf

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 171

cmm ram RSHU comra srsia itauxs:

« Mtotmmmmni

» 1m swlaf pMl

* eiidi » x a fine screen

» HI* resolution M pfto«(*er (Ml) display

« Full si» detttdudile ktstoard

« M kfs maeric «e#ad

* ftixiiarj RS-Z3JC port

ii cp/n z.i Oatt^m s»»*«»

« Bicrositft BASIC ■ ¥w. 5.2

« MwdStar 3.8 *ra Procestinf

* 48,888 Ita-d Spelling Checker

i fWerful Electronic Spreadsheet

i fccthStar OMpstible BSZIC Language

Full size smart terminal with detachable keyboard

4MHz, Z80A™CPU64K RAM main memory200 Kbyte 51/4" floppy disk(Osborne, Xerox, IBM formats)Two serial ports

Complete software package,including:

CP/M Operating SystemWordStar* Word ProcessingMicrosoft"' BASIC 80NorthStar compatible BAZIC®Spelling CheckerElectronic Spreadsheet

^^>

sy

c

You can't buy morecomputer for less.

$1790 is the total retail price of the complete MicroDecision™ System you see in this ad. And thatincludes the computer with a disk drive, a full sizesmart terminal, and over $ 1800 worth of software.No other business computer available today offersso much for so little (a comparable Apple systemcosts almost twice as much).The Micro Decision is a bargain any way you lookat it. The computer alone, with all that softwareand one disk drive is only $1195. If you want toadd another disk drive, the price is still great: just$1545. And the smart terminal is only $595. Retail.As for the microcomputer itself, our Micro Decision

includes a 64K CP/M® 2.2 Operating System. That'sthe industry standard operating system that givesyou access to over 2000 business programs (avail-able right now—right off the shelf).

If you'd like more information, or to find out aboutour substantial quantity discounts, call us at (415)430-1970. We'll introduce you to more Morrow.And less price.

LOOK TO MORROW FOR ANSWERS TODAY

MORROW OE5IGN5

600 McCormick St.

San Leandro, CA 94577

(415)430-1970

Circle 261 on inquiry card.

n

:>

s*,

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

Z80A is a trademark of Zilog, Inc.

WordStar is a registered trademark of MicroPro, Inc.

Microsoft is a registered trademark of Microsoft

Corporation

BAZIC is a registered trademark of Micro Mike's, Inc.

Micro Decision is a trademark of Morrow Designs

<s>

Listing 10: Pseudocode for Slave's PROCESS subroutine. This subroutine transmits andreceives messages. Numbers in parentheses refer to the Slave program only.

Update Quarter and Year counters (1970)

For each 100,000 increment of Product R&D budget (2010-2040)

If random number > 0.75 then increase Product Technology Available by 0.1EndloopFor each 100,000 increment of Manufacturing R&D budget (2050-2080)

If random number > 0.75 then increase Manufacturing Technology Available by 0.1EndloopFor each 100,000 increment of Advertising budget (2090-2120)

If random number > 0.75 then increase Market by 0.05Endloop

If Market > 1.0 then set Market = 1.0 (2130)

Convert program parameters to strings and prepare XMIT string (2160-2190)Wait for Task Manager to reach this point (2200-2250)Load XMIT buffer from XMIT string (2260-2300)Call XMIT when requested (2310)

Wait for Task Manager to say message is ready (2320-2330)Tell Task Manager to send (2340-2350)Call RECEIVE (2360)

Unload RECEIVE buffer to BASIC string (2370-2410)Parse and convert string to required program variables (2420-2680)If any inbound messages (2750-2840)

Request Task manager to send

Call RECEIVE

Unload RECEIVE buffer to message stringEndifIf any outbound message (2850-2970)

Tell Task Manager message available

Load XMIT buffer

Call XMIT when requestedEndif

life, and fixed costs are really ar-bitrary. My intent was to exploretechniques for a two-machinedialogue and to create a game that re-quired its players to use the best com-puters available—their own mentalfaculties. Marketplace in its currentform requires a great deal of thoughtand planning on the part of its playersto balance the parameters. It is veryeasy in this game to get behind thecurve and be destroyed by the com-petition.

Success at Marketplace depends onhow well you ride the "curve" of ris-ing prices by improving your pro-duct's level of technology, maintain-ing your market reputation, andkeeping your retained earnings high.

The author has offered to makecopies of his programs available toBYTE readers. Send a blank disk and acheck or money order for $15 to

Robert Dickinson

POB 3004

Thousand Oaks, CA 91362

t^T-

SuperBrain II"- CompuStar" Network Systems

Excellent dealer & EOM discounts • Module replacement

CMC's own national on-site service • Advertising co-op

Toll-free Ordering & technical assistance • After-sale support

CMC ALSO OFFERS

Six-month warranty • Optional green phosphor screen

High resolution graphics • Enhanced DOS software with advanced files

System support training directory, diagnostics, disk editor, communications

in our facilities software and others

SOFTWARE, PERIPHERALS FOR SUPERBRAIN COMPUSTAR

SOFTWARE

Accounting PlusWordstardBase IIMicroplanProfitplanBisynch 80CBasic II

, =INTE?TEC'^SYSTEMS.

MicrosoftM BasicFortran 80Cobol 80

M/T Pascal

P/L1 80

Spellguard

Spellstar

PRINTERS

Datasouth

Epson

C. Itoh

Okidata

NEC

Starwriter

F10

MODEMS

Anderson-JacobsonCAT Novation

HARD DISKS

CMC TargaCorvus

MEDIA

DysanVerbatim

MISC.

Line FiltersPower Supplies

CMC INTERNATIONAL

A Division ot Computer Marketing Corporation

11058 Main Street, Suite 220

Bellevue. Washington 98004

TELEX: 152556 SEATAC

CompuStarHard DiskSystems

10mb, 32mb & 96mb

Control Data Corp.

Phoenix Drives

9448-96 CMD

9448-32

LOWEST PRICESANYWHERE!

For Information Call (206)453-9777To Order, Call Toll-free 1-800-426-2963

DEALER INQUIRIES. GSA. GOVERNMENT. EDUCATIONAL BIOS INVITED

SugefBiaii ano CwnctiStat are tegistettw ttadettwxs ot intettec Qjla Systems Cotportiott

174 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 69 on inquiry card.

iff ifIill. f«««« f fif

^ : •

N

^CJEw

1 -

ina

Why pay hundreds more fora four (as in QUAD) function IBM PC board?

This may be the only board you need toexpand your IBM personal computer. Stan-dard with three functions; memory up to256K, clock/calendar with battery back-up,and asynchronous serial (RS232C) port,(COM1 or COM2). On the same board aparallel printer port can be added for an extra$50. All the options you may ever need if youhave the color graphics adapter. If you havethe monochrome/printer adapter, you cansave the $50, unless you plan to run twoparallel interface printers. Or you may addthis option later if needed.No corner cutting here

You may think that since this board costs somuch less there has to be a catch. The catch isyou have to put the board in yourself, and seta switch to tell your computer the board isthere. It's all done in less than ten minutes.Ourclear instructions with illustrations makeit a snap. The board is a four layer design withrows of nine memory chips for full paritychecking. Each board is solder masked, silkscreened, and has gold plated contacts. Thememory chip locations are all socketed. Allcomponents are premium grade, meet IBMperformance specifications, and are burnedin and tested prior to shipment. The highlyrated design is well proven with severalthousand boards in the field providing reliableservice.

How much memory?

We offer the board with 64K, 128K, 192K, or256K of memory. Buy only the memory youneed or your budget allows. Quite frankly wedon't think you can put your own untestedchips on as cheaply, and ours are prime #1chips, burned in , tested, and warrantied forone year. We have found the 192K board tobe the most popular because coupled with the64K in your computer this gives you a full256K of memory. The board can hold up to256K (a total of 320K with the 64K in thePC).

Clock/calendar & clip-on batteryThat round thing in the picture is a lithiumbattery. It may last as long as five years sinceit is only needed when the computer is turnedoff. Note the holder it is in. The under $4.00battery just slips out and a new one slips in.

No soldering required as with some otherclock boards. The clock/calendar sets the timeand date when your computer is turned on.This is done with a program which we sendyou on a diskette. The clock on the board isset using the IBM DOS commands TIME andDATE.

The offer you shouldn't refuse

Our spreadsheet offering, SUPERCALC, isthe best one we have seen for the PC. It hasall the features of the popular VISICALCprogram, with some extra features that makeit much more useful and convenient. SUPER-CALC will address up to 512K of memoryand if you order it with your board we will sellit to you for the unheard of price of $176.This offer is only available at the time youorder your board.When you buy from us?

Service and support are the keys when youbuy any product. How many mail ordercompanies take the trouble to write theirown installation instructions? How manyinclude schematics with their boards? Howmany offer a diagnostic program for just $10that let's you check out your board so youdon't send it for service until you know therereally is a problem? Who else charges noextra for credit cards, COD fees, or shippingcharges? How many will face our acid test?The acid test

Qubie Distributing gives you our 30 daysatisfaction guarantee on all board purchases.If you are not completely satisfied we willreturn the entire cost of your purchase aswell as pay the postage to return it. If you can

get one of our competitors to give you thesame guarantee, buy any other board youthink compares and return the one you don'tlike. We're not worried because we knowwhich one you'll keep. On top of this we giveyou a one year parts and labor warranty, anda one year extended warranty for $50. War-ranty repairs are done in 48 hours or we willsend you a new board.

WaWM

Yo

u don't have to wailJust send the following to the add

below:;

Name & street address.Memory size.

Optional parallel port? "~>

SUPERCALC & cables you wantYour daytime telephone number.A check or money order.Visa & MasterCard buyers may substittheir credit card number and expirationdate for the check. Or call us and save theip to the mailbox.

TO ORDER BY PHONE:

Outside California (800) 421-7103In California (213) 870-37H

PRICES: 64K $375 192K $499

128K $439 256K $599(Includes serial port, and clock/calendaOPTIONS:Parallel Port (LPTl or LPT2) $50

SUPERCALC for IBM 176

Cable for Epson Printer 35

Cable for Serial Printer or Modem 25Memory Diagnostic Diskette 10

Extra Speedy Delivery:By UPS surface freight prepaid. For $5extra we will ship it blue label air service'.We ship credit card and bank check ordersthe same day we receive them. Personal orcompany checks take 18 days to clear.

Circle 416

QUBIE'DISTRIBUTING

1

1 JOrStmwart ttraatSanta Monica, CA i

Ringquest

Gordon Mills

6 Denehill

Bradford, West Yorkshire

BD9 6AT England

Photo 1: The screen display for Ringquest. The map ofthe mines is drawn as you travel through the passages and

The main object of most adventure games is to fightmonsters and grab all the treasure you can carry. Ring-quest, inspired by Tolkien, encourages a different pointof view. You have the opportunity to offer friendship to amonster and pursue your quest by less violent means. Ofcourse, for more hardened players the game also offersthe traditional modus operandi for dealing withmonsters: using swords and spells.

I had been interested in creating a fantasy game since1979, when I acquired an 8K-byte Commodore PET.Having read about adventure games in magazines, I

wondered if I could pack one into a computer that hadonly 7K bytes of program storage. Eventually I managedto do just that, using a game I had come across as mymodel. (See 'The Origin of Ringquest" for details of thegame's evolution.) Later, I modified the game to run onmy new Apple II with 48K bytes of RAM (random-accessread/write memory). A description of the resulting ver-sion of Ringquest follows.

Playing the Game

The object of the game is, as you might expect, to findthe ring and remove it from the mine. When you set outon each new quest, the only thing you can be certain of isthat you will be exploring a set of caves and passagescompletely different from any you have met before. First,you'll descend into the center area of the mines. Yourmoves will be displayed on a map that shows passagesand caves (see photo 1). When you enter a cave for thefirst time, you will usually see both a monster andtreasure—unless you fall into one of the undergroundstreams, that is, in which case you will be carried off tosomewhere else in the mines (fortunately, only 5 percentof the caves contain these streams). Initially, more thanhalf of the monsters you see will be Red Ores, whosefighting ability is inferior to yours when you start. Asyou acquire weapons, your chances of meeting strongermonsters will increase.

'Treasure" also includes weapons. These are alwaysacquired in the same order and always improve yourfighting ability. But if you greedily set about taking allthe gold bars you can, your fighting ability will be re-

duced in proportion to the amount of gold you have ac-quired. In any case, the number of gold bars you cancarry is limited.

All the main game operations are decided by randomfunctions: selection of passages and caves, monster typesand treasure, the monsters' reactions to friendly over-tures, and the combat. Nevertheless, the field fordecision making is wide. For example, you can retreatfrom any cave after entering it, decide whether to attackthe monster or try for friendship, retire from a fight ifhurt, and decide to fire an explosive charge. The latternot only unblocks rockfalls but sends such great re-verberations through the cave system that many of themonsters move to different caves. Of course, violentbehavior is discouraged, so after you fire a charge yourcharm rating and injury resistance will be lower.

If you are carrying at least one bar of gold when youenter a cave that contains no treasure or fewer than fivebars of gold, and you try for friendship with the monster,it will demand some gold from you. The bartering pro-tocol that operates in the caves is as follows:

(1) If you do not possess the number of bars the monsterdemands but comply with the demand, the monsteris offended and always attacks.

(2) If you refuse to comply with the demand, themonster is not offended, and you can decide to offerfriendship again, to attack, or to retreat.

(3) When you offer friendship again, the monster maydemand more or fewer gold bars.

(4) If you do possess the number of bars the monster

demands and comply with the demand, you increaseyour chances of friendship by a factor roughly inproportion to the number of bars the monsterdemanded.(5) If the monster chooses to be friendly, you can thentake any treasure that is inside the cave when youenter in exchange for the treasure you have acquiredalready.

Winning at Ringquest requires both luck and a com-bination of skills. It may be many hours before you findthe ring and many more before you figure out how to ac-quire it and take it out of the mine; until then, you have ascore to aim for. The ring itself plays a role in the scoringsystem. For instance, you stand a much greater chance ofsuccess if the ring is in sector 2, but you gain only about100 points for taking the ring out of sector 2, while yougain 200 points if you manage to bring it safely out of sec-tor 1.1 don't know what the highest possible score mightbe, because I have never successfully removed the ringfrom sector 1, but it should be possible to get nearly 300points. Time is the main constraint, and the approximate-ly 960-second allowance for traveling through each sectorseems all too short when you are desperately engaged inbarter with a Gray Elf who seems determined to ignoreyou I

As in more traditional adventure games, you mustwork out one or two strategies for yourself. It wouldn'tbe fair for me to divulge them here and spoil your enjoy-ment I I can, however, offer some advice. You can obtainthe ring only by visiting many caves, so you have to

move fast and try to avoid long-winded bartering and re-tracing your steps through already-visited caves. You canuse underground streams to your advantage during thefirst few minutes in each sector, because they let yourapidly seek more caves, but avoid them as you approachthe time limit. Very occasionally, you may find yourselfcompletely blocked, but this normally occurs only in thevery early stages of the game. If you have a gunpowderflask, you can press E to create an exit at your currentposition. If you run out of explosives, just press E to endthat quest and start again.

The Origin of Ringquest

The model I used for Ringquest took up 18K bytes ofRAM on a 32K-byte PET. The game could be played byup to four players whose object was to obtain the mostgold and return to the entrance. The PET graphics sym-bols, which create a network of passages between caves,were stored in a 40 by 25 array so that when you entereda cave, the screen cleared and you were offered informa-tion about a monster and treasure. If the monster did notkill you (which happened very quickly most of the time),the cave map was redrawn using POKE statements. Thisprocess, which required 13 seconds each time, was frus-trating, but there was a certain fascination in not know-ing which monster would appear next.

I was determined to modify the program to fit into 7Kbytes. My main objectives were to eliminate the long

1982 VERSION IFR SIMULATORApple II Plus DOS 3.3

Features a lifelike panel that simulates theairplane instruments that are used for flying andnavigating in clouds. FLY IFR LANDINGS,PATTERNS, and CROSS COUNTRY in severalareas of The United States. $50.00 at yourcomputer store or direct from:

PROGRAMMERS SOFTWARE

2110 N.2nd St.

Cabot Arkansas 72023

(501) 843-2988

delay in redrawing the screen map, even up the chancesfor the player facing a monster, and reduce the chances(quite high in the original game) that a player might findpassages blocked in every direction. First I decided todesign a single-player game. Then I decided to make useof my limited knowledge of machine language to write aroutine to store the screen display in the upper IK bytesof RAM.

By using machine language to store the screen display,I was able to dispense with the really large arrays. But Istill needed arrays to store the details of the caves con-taining monsters and treasure; that would lend continuityto the game and exercise the players' judgment. I chose a3 by 50 array so that each cave had its position, monster,and treasure. Then I reduced the chances of meeting deadends by doubling the chances of encountering both four-way passages and caves. Finally, I introduced an originalidea: the gunpowder flask, which could blast throughpassages when the way was blocked.

I retained a "rockfall" feature from the seed game; arockfall in one of the passages occurred at random butwith increasing frequency as the game proceeded. Be-cause you could "score" your treasure only if you re-turned to the mine entrance, this, in practice, limited thetotal number of moves. The goal of the game was still toacquire gold and return safely. By carefully pruning allnonessential features, I completed the first version, whichI called "Mines of Moria," in three weeks. The gameproved very popular when tested out among family,colleagues, and friends, but I was still not satisfied. Forthe game to be a true adventure, I wanted it to have agoal that transcended the mere acquisition of wealth. Thesolution, obvious enough in hindsight, was the idea of aRingquest.

After some thought, I made the following changes:

(1) arranging for the ring to appear only after the MagicSword has been obtained and used to kill a Balrog

(2) including a scoring system of points for acquiringgold and silver charms and vanquishing certainmonsters

(3) adding a time limit and a time/score display to thescreen map

(4) letting the player withdraw from a fight when in-jured

(5) introducing a gold-bartering system if the playeroffers friendship to one of the monsters

(6) stipulating that, when a cave containing the ring isfinally found, another condition placed on the playermust be satisfied or the ring will be spirited away toanother cave

(7) including a Time Spell, which would occasionally beavailable from a wizard, to extend the normal timelimit

(8) adding an Invisible Cloak that, if obtained, would letthe player enter any cave and take the treasure; thecloak also carried with it such drawbacks as prevent-ing you from fighting a monster or gaining informa-tion about your status

178 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 316 on Inquiry card.

Now Put The Power

OfTheT^p/FreeFor-On Your Computer!

How many t,mes have you wanted a program that wouldinstantly let you create a database to enter, save and retrieveinformation without having to spend hours figuring out how toTMMpTp CTd data baSe mana9ement syftem? Triethat can be used for appointment calendars, client andprospect hsts, personal and business inventories, recipes

StmHp/K 'Fndexes' • ■the "st 9oes on and on- 3SS-

uses Snm ft.r 'S T'tten 'n °Ptim^d machine code anduses random files, it runs fast enough to be used in "real time"applications like telephone logs, price lists, and catalogs

■ Electronic Index CardsStored Automatically in Alphabetical Order

■ Keywords

Printing"1' Number- " ^^ 0n CardS f°r L°°kup and

■ Built-in Screen Editor

Full Featured with Word Wrap

■ Wild Card Searches

For Card Title and/or Key Words

■ Hard Copy Options

Uses Standard Printer Paper or 3" by 5" Index andRolodex Cards

" ^N°Ie8Si0n81 Self-Training Tools

Fully Illustrated Manual, Video Tape Training Available

TM

WHAT IS THE TXWI^SYSTEM?

orhTS/LiSff?ENT/rRKE™G PLANNING systemor TMMP/ is a fully integrated, screen oriented, softwareenvironment. Each powerful TMMP/software package can bernnth Z \nU?lber °f ™Mp/P^kages can be puttogether with the TMMP/Front-End to give you one integratedsoftware system. The TMMP/standard alsomeanhat onceyou learn how to use one TMMP/software package, it's easyto learn any other TMMP/program. For instance the key youTMMP/nnSHrt J" °n,e ™MP/Pr°duct is the same in all "™^Pr0ducts and !t ls used the same way. The

wS?h^nfn,^t-.b°X" a"0WS QUICk and error free data en^with unique help screens that allow you to read "Help"

without erasing the information you're working on. Like data

can be transferred from one TMMP/package to another For

instance information created with the TMMP/FreeForm can

TMMPC/ )! aC°eSSed by the ™MP/Manager andIMMP/Manager data can be used directly by the TMMP/Calcto create electronic spread sheets! Excellentmanuals videotape training programs; the list goes on and on. The TMMP/softwareis the new generation of software you've been waiting for a"d isrl8SS d6Sk *> «»*«"•> ■"* *0 su9permlcrdos

Available from you local computer

TUSC! °P °rder diPeCt'postpaid'f rom

NOW! IBM-PC (PC/DOS) S149 98NOW! IBM-PC rCP/M-86) $14998NOW.'UniFLEX $19898

NOW! CANON CX-1

(See Your CANON Dealer)

OS 9 SOON CP/M

DEC PDP/11 [RT-11) SOONOthers Call Or Write

N

TMMP/FreeForm Video Tape Train-ing Program

VHS or Beta Format SI 50.00

; -Matic Format SI 70.00

SI 49C31 63 6

Circle 400 on inquiry card.

2431 East DouglasWichita, Kansas 67211

T J*'' TMMP/FreeForm. TMMP/Calc.teT^nrt Tll^T' ™MP/F™t-End. TMMP/Wn-qnff,f n 9° are trade™rks of the United

Pnc S Pr nn? ^^ 'S a "Remark °' Canona'™^ °0S ls, a «* name of InternationalBusiness Machines Inc. CP/M and CP/M-86 are a2s'e.r=A trademark of Digital Research Inc. PDPTnrn HQ a ar! trj"Jemarks °< Digital EquipmentCorp. QS-g is a trademark of Microware. UmFLEX isa trademark of Techn.cal Systems Consultants Inc.

BYTE October 1982

179

Buy From Us and Save Your Green

Toll Free ssr 800 - 854- 6654

CALIFORNIA ft INFORMATION (714) 698- 8088

• IS Day No Risk Policy

/.

G«VG*-

• Serving people everywheresince 1977

* We accept allmajor credit cards.

* Most Orders ShippedWithin 24 Hours

f

4

■k We will try to meetor beat any currentlyadvertised price.

SEC

Tg-u* COMPATIBLE===i-i ACCESSORIES

w&m

PC-6000

Please call lot details.

The serious fun machine for liv-ing, learning, working and play-ing.

PC-8001A Microcomputer (32K) CALL

PC-S031A Dual mini-disk drives CALL

PC-8012A I/O unit, 32K. 7 slots 489"

FDCI/Oport 139"

NEC 8023 Printer 489"

32K Memory Add-on card 169"

PenTec 2 port RS-232 card 15500

RenTec Wedge Expansion W/32K 489"

RGB lo Composite Video Converter. . 129M

NEC PC-8001 Software

NEC CP/M Operating System 125"

FORTRAN by Microsoft 349"

General Accounting Syslem 249"

Accounts Receivable System , 249"

Inventory Control System 249"

Payroll System 249"

Job Cost System 249"

Select Word Processing w/speller .... 349"

Report Manager 149"

Games Pack 1 Alien, Space War 29M

Games Pack 2 UFO Galaxian. Bomber. . 29"

WordStar by Micropro 299M

Datastarby Micropro 249"

Mailmerge tor NEC WordStar 109"

Spellstar by Micropro 169"

Supersort by Micropro .

Basic-80 Compiler by Microsoft ..... 3490'1

' "0 by Microsoft 319"

Cobol-80by Mien

Racet NEC DOS 139"

Term II Communications Pkg .149"

FileFax System 149"

Protran (converts TRS-80 software) . . . .99"

KFS80 ISAM Package 139"

More Software and Accessories everyday

64K memory card by microsoft 379"

128K memory card by " 499"

192K memory card by" 869"

256K memory card by " 799"

64K ram chip upgrade kit 169"

Serial Async. Comm. card w/1 port 129"

Serial Async. card with 2 ports 249"

Clock Calendar card 106"

Combo Card by Apparat 235"

Joystick for IBM 55"

Expansion Chassis CALL

Baby Blue ZBO w/64K &.CP/M CALL

Percom mini-floppy drives (add-on)... CALLTandon TM 100 mini-floppy drives CALL

IBM compatible software

Continental Home Accountant Plus .129"

T.I.M. Ill by Innovative 349"

SuperCalc 239"

SuperWmer 299"

Easywnter it 269"

Easy Speller 1*9

Easy Filer . .279"

ftfcrcfro

Wordstar by MicroPro 299"

MallMerge by MicroPro 129"

^7 VlSlCORP

VisiCaic (Slandard) 169"

Vi3iCalc/256K 199"

VisiTrend/Plot 239"

VislDex 199"

VisiFile 199"

Desktop Plan I 249"

• Free Shipping'(Pre-PaidCash Orders)

BASIS ©

The Alternative

THE FRANKLIN ACE FEATURES

• Apple II Compatible

• 64K RAM User memory .»e

• Upper and lower case (<*1

• Typewriter style keyboard »*°i»^*

• Twelve key numeric pad -e * . 4e

• Alpha lock shift key «\e* ^o'

• VisiCaic friendly \oy

• 50 wait power supply

• Built in Fan

The Franklin ACE 1000 is a professionalpersonal computer that Is hardware andsoftware compatible with the Apple II andincludes many features not found on theApple unit. All programs written for the AppleII will run o the ACE 1000 without modifica-tion including those using high and lowresolution black and white graphics. TheACE 1000 is plug compatible with Apple. Allperipherals that operate in the Apple II willoperate in the ACE 1000 without modifica-

I

• Apple II Compatibility in both peripheralcards and software

• 6502 and Z-80 CPUs

• 64K RAM, expandable to 128K

• RGB and Composite Video Output

• Selectable 80 or 40 column display

• High Resolution Graphics: 6 colors,280 x 192 with four lines of text

• 8 bit Parallel I/O interface

• Detachable Keyboard: All standard ASCIIcharacters and keyboard functions,upper/lower case, and a numeric keypad,cursor control block, and 15programmable special function keys

• Built-in hardware for mounting two 5V.inch mini-floppy disk drives

Six Apple II compatible slots for plug inperipheral cards

PLEASE CALL US FOR MORE DETAILS

Qcommodore

UIC*20

The Friendly Computer

ii—mi ■ i in hi ' 'i

$199

VIC 20 Personal Computer 244"

VIC 1540 Single Disk Drive 469"

Dataseite Cassette I/O unit 65"

Joystick Controller 10"

VIC 1515Graphic Printer 329"

VIC Super Expander 54"

3K Ram Cartridge 34"

8K Ram Cartridge 49"

16K Ram Cartridge 99"

VIC IEEE-488 interface 79"

VIC RS-232C Terminal Interface . ..' 39"

UMI SOFTWAREFOR VIC-20

VICalc- Viable Calculator (T) 11"

ViCat-Visible Catalog (8K)(T) CALL

ViCheck - Checkbook Mgt. (8K) (T) 19"

ViTerm- Dumb Terminal (T) 16"

Basic Programmers Utility ROM ....... 27"

Spiders of Mars (C) 39"

AMOK(C) 31"

AMOK (T) 15"

Meteor Run (C) 38"

Alien Blitz (C) 32"

Alien Blitz (T) 19"

Simon (T) 7"

Kiddie Checkers (T) 7"

3-D Maze (T) 11"

Raceway (T) 11"

Kosmic Kamikaze (8K/T) 20"

Kiddie Pak I (4 Tapes) 31"

Super Four I (4 Tapes) 39"

The Alien (8K/T) 19"

Renaissance-Othello (C) 39"

SkyMath(SKT) 12"

LongDIve (8K T) 12"

SpaceDiv (8K/T) 12"

Super Hangman (6KTT) 17"

T - Tape, C = Cartridge. 8K = 3K expansion

MODEMS

Anchor Automation Signalman Mark 1. 8

[Novation |;g

Novation Cat acoustic modem 149"

Novation D-Cat direct connect ...... .149"

Novation Apple Cat ... . . . . ..... 319"

Q)Hayes

Hayes Stack Smartmodem 245"

Hayes Stack Chronograph 199"

Hayes Apple Micromodem II 289"

Universal Data Systems

Direct Connect Modems

103 LPOrig/Ans. 300 baud 165"

103J LP Ong./Auto-ans. 300 baud 199"

202 LP Orig./Ans. 1200 baud 229"

202SLPOrig./Autoans 1200 baud .24

DISKETTES

Dysan5Vi"(Soft, 10 or 16 sectored) 10/39"

Dysan 8" Sgl. Den./Sgl. Sided 10/54"

Verbatim 5 V." (Soft. 10 or 16 sect.) 10/29"Verbatim 8" Sgl. Den./Sgl. Sided . . 10/34"Scotch 3M5V." (Soft, 10 or 16 Sect.). 10/26"Same as above in quantity of 100 . . 245"Scotch3M8" Diskettesall tvoes. . CALLScolch 3M Drive Head Cleaning Kit

29™

s

Buy From Us and Save Your Green

Toll Free ss" 800 - 854- 6654

CALIFORNIA ft INFORMATION (714) 698-8088

• 15 Day No Risk Policy

* We accept allmajor credit cards.

* Most Orders ShippedWithin 24 Hours

• Serving people everywheresince 1977

• We will try to meet * Free Shipping*or beat any currently (Pre-Paidadvertised price. Cash Orders)

Circle 104 on inquiry card.

SHOP THE GREEN PAGES

FOR

DISCOUNTS

ON

APPLE PERIPHERALS!!

APPLE II COMPATIBLE

PRINTERS A ATARI

SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE

^P VlSlCORP

VlsiCaic 185"

VlslCalc Templates (New!) CALL

VislFHe (Data Base Manager) 185"°

VisiTrend/VislPlot 199"

VislSchedule (New!) 238"

VisiTerm 89"

VisiDex 18S"

Desktop Plan II 185*°

fjif

Tax Preparer 119"

Real Estate Analyzer 119"

Creative Financing 119"

mkfoPro

WordStar" by MicroPro 199"

MailMerge* by MicroPro 79"

SpellStar* by MicroPro 115"

DataStar* by MicroPro 169"

CaicStar* by MicroPro 115"

Supersort I* by MicroPro. 115"

WordStar Customization Notes 269"

/HrCnpSOfT

MICROSOFT SOFTCARD PREMIUM SYSTEM(Includes: Softcard, RAMCard, VldexVideolerm 80 Col., Softswitch, OsborneCP/M User Guide) List . . 755" only 659"

Microsoft TASC Applesoft Compiler . ,149"

Fortran-80" 149"

A.L.D.S 89"

Basic Compiler* 269"

Cobol-80* 499"

Time Manager. 129"

Super Text II Word Processor Muse .. .119"

PFS: Personal Filing System 79"

PFS: Report 79"

DB Master 165"

Systems Plus Accounting Software . . CALLPeachtree Accounting Software* . . . .CALL

Continental Accounting Pkgs 189°°

'Reqiires a Z-80 Soft-Card

CP/M Software

mkroPro

WordStar 289"

Supersort . 189"

MailMerge 109"

DataStar 239"

SpellStar 189"

CaicStar 235"

/MKOpSOfT

BASIC 80 289"

BASIC Compiler . 309"

Fortran 80 359"

Cobol 80 569"

Macro 80 17900

mu MatWmuSIMP 215"

mu LISP^muSTAR 169"

d BASE II 499"

PLAN 80 249"

CBASIC 115"

PASCAL MT + Ver. 5.5 399"

Spellguard 299"

PASCAL 2 329"

SUPERCALC 225"

j Mountain Computer

CPS Multi-Function Card 169"

Music System (16 voices) 299"

AID + D/A Interface 279"

Expansion Chassis (8 slots) 569"

Clock/Calendar card 229"

SuperTalker SD-200 149"

Romplus+ card 129"

Keyboard Filter ROM forRomplus 40"

CopyRom for Romplus 40"

RomWrtter card 149"

RamPlus 32K ram add-on (w/16K) 149"

£SVA>

Sorrento Valley Associates

SVA2 + 2Sgl. Den. 8" Disk Cont CALL

SVAZVX4 MegabyterS" Disk Cont. , .CALLApple Cache 256K by SVA CALL

THE KEYBOARD COMMNY

Joysticks by Keyboard Co .44"

23 Kay Numeric Keypad by " 115"

IjJQp M&R

Sup-R-Fan 45"

Sup-R-Terminal 80 column card 299"

CONCOMP

16K RAMBoard assembled & tested .. .69"16K RamBoard by CCI in kit form 50"

Miscellaneous

Forth (Apple compatible) Drives CALL

IEEE-488 Interface by SSM 389"

Adwai Video Processor Mod CALL

Videodisk-Apple Interface 475"

Echo II Speech Synthesizer 219"

Symtec Lightpen 210"

The Mill-6809 Processor 319"

Lazer Lower Case Adapter 55"

Houston Inst. Graphics Plotter CALL

SYNERGY Multi-Card CALL

Prometheus VersaCard 219"

Versawriter Digitizer Table .......... 249"

Grappler Printer interfaces 139"

Microbuf fer II 32K (specify prntr.) 289"

Microbufferll 16K (specify prntr.) 249"

8K Serial Buffer Card for Epson 149"

16K Parallel Buffer l/F for Epson 149"

We have more Items too. . . Please Call Us.

//-sci

. * CORVUS SYSTEMS

Corvus Winchester 5 Mb Disk 2950"

Corvus Winchester 10 Mb Disk 4295"

Corvus Winchester 20 Mb Disk 5195"

Mirror Back-Up 699"

/HKRQBOFT

Z-80 SoftCard by Microsoft 289"

16K RamCard by Microsofl 155"

ThunderClock/Calendarcard 199"

Smarterm 80 column card 289"

Videx VideoTerm 80 column card 245"

Videx Keyboard Enhancer I (orig.) 75"

Videx Keyboard Enhancer II 129"

Novation £2

Novation Apple Cat modem 319"

Expansion-Mod 39"

Handset 29"

BSR X-10 control interface mod 19"

Touch-Tone Firmware ,', CALL

CH Hayes

Hayes Micromodem II 289"

Hayes Smartmodem 245"

Hayes Chronograph 199"

Vista

COMPUTERvCOMPANV ii

Vision-80 Col. card by Vista 255"

Prom Development System by Vista .. 355"8" Disk Drives by Vista CALL

IF YOU DON'T SEE

WHAT YOU NEED

LISTED, PLEASE CALL

APPLE IICOMPATIBLEDISKDRIVES

"IP

A2 with controller 469'

A2 w/o controller 399'

A40 with controller 479'

A40 without controller 389'

A70 with controller 599'

A70 without controller 499c

16K RamBoard

FORAPPLE II

$5000

Rnaaex

DP-9501 w/2K buffer 1149"

<3S C. Hon

F-10 40 CPS (parallel) 1399"

F-10 40 CPS (serial) 1450"

ProWriter 8510 10" (parallel) 489"

ProWriter 8510 10" (serial) 579"

ProWriter II 1550 15" (parallel) 699"

ProWriter II 1550 15" (serial) 749"

EPSON

MX-80 T Type III w/graphics CALL

MX-80 F/TType III w/graphics CALL

MX-82 F/T Type III w/graphics CALL

MX-100 Type III w/graphlcs CALL

Epson Graxtrax 80 ROM 59"

™'inl.-Kr.i]l).1|.!S\slrim,l.K

Prism 80 without color option ....... 1049"

Prism 80 with color '. 1299"

Prism 132 with color 1589"

Apple Prism color software 55"

NEC

8023 Impact Dot Matrix 489"

3510 33 CPS serial 1749"

3530 33 CPS Centronics parallel 1749"

Bi-directional tractor for 3500's 229"

7710 55 CPS serial 2349"

7730 55 CPS Centronics parallel 2349"

Tractor for 7700 series 229"

OKJDATA

Okldata Microline80(ltdquan.) 319"

Okidata 82A w/tractor, 80 col 469"

Okidata 83A w/tractor 132 col 725"

Okidata 84A 132 col. serial 1189"

Okidata 84A 132 col. parallel 1029"

Smith Corona Printer Parallel 649"

MONITORS

KIT

>4fS/IDEK

Amdek Video 300 12" Hi-Res Green . . .169"

Amdek Video 100 12" B&W 129"

Amdek Color I 13" Color w/audio 379"

Amdek Color II Hi-Res RGB monitor. . .769"Amdek Apple II DVM RGB card 169"

SEC

NEC 9" Hi-Res Green monitor 179"

NEC 12" Hi-Res Green monitor 169"

NEC 12" Composite Color monitor 349"

NEC 12" Hi-Res RGB Color monitor., .799"

9 SANYO

Sanyo9" B&W 169"

Sanyo 9" Green monitor 179"

Sanyo 12" B&W 189"

Sanyo 12" Green (New case style!) . . .269"Sanyo 13" Color Monitor 369"

Zenith 12" Green n

Atari 800 (16K) 679"

Atari 800 W/32K . . . 729" W/48K 769"

Atari 400 (16K) 329"

Bit 3 80 Column Card for 800 299"

410 Program Recorder 79"

810 Disk Drive 439"

850 Interface Module 169"

Epson cable for 850 module 34"

Atari Joysticks (pair) 20"

Axlon Ramcram32K module 149"

Atari 16K Module by Microtek 89"

ATARI Software

EDU-PAK Educational 14 Tape Series .149"

VisiCalc for Atari (D) 185"

Word Processor (D) 119"

Personal Finance Management (D) ... .47"Dow Jones Investment Evaluator(D) . . .99"

Microsoft Basic (D) 69"

Macro Assembler & Text Editor (D) 69"

Conversational French (T) 49"

Conversational German (T) , 49"

Conversational Italian (T) 49"

Conversational Spanish (T) , 49"

Pac-Man (cartridge) 34"

Centipede (cartridge) 34"

Asteroids (cartridge) 34"

Missile Command (cartridge) 34"

Star Raiders (cartridge) 39"

Space Invaders (cartridge) 34"

Caverns of Mars (disk) 34"

Assembler/Editor (cartridge) 49"

We carry all ATARI software and hardware.

/ "§•!•••

Control Everything In your Home

BSR Ultrasonic Command Console .... 39"

BSR Appliance Module 18"

BSR Lamp Module 17"

BSR Timer Module 65"

SUPPLIES

Orange AC Surge Protector6 119"

Lemon AC Line Filter 50"

Executive Library Case 5- 54" , 24"

Cableworks Cables (all sizes) ,...,,, CALL

Plexiglass cover for Apple II 24"

5-'/i" Disk Bank Storage Box 5"

8" Disk Bank Storage Box 8"

GENERAL RIBBON PRODUCTS

NEC Multi-Strike Ribbon 8"

NEC Black Fabric Ribbon 8"

Qume Multi-Strike Ribbon 4"

Qume Black Fabric Ribbon 5"

Diablo Multi-Strike Ribbon 6"

Diablo Black Fabric Ribbon 6"

AnadexDP-9500 Cart. Ribbon 14"

C. Itoh 8000 Nylon Ribbon 5"

CBM 2020-2022 Nylon Ribbon 5"

Paper Tiger Black Nylon Ribbon 3"

Epson MX70/80 Cartridge Ribbon 12"

Epson MX 100 Cartridge Ribbon 24"

oust covens

Apple II 9"

Disk M Only 5"

Apple II & 2 Drives 13"

Apple Dual Disk Cover 7"

Apple Ml Computer 13"

Epson MX-80 Cover 11"

Sanyo 9" Monitor cover 9"

Atari 800 9"

Televideo Terminal 9"

Amdek 12" B&W 10"

NEC 12" &NTSC Color 9"

Diablo 630 RO Printer

NEC RGB Color Monitor

Epson MX-100 Cover

Fourth Dimension

Has a Drive For Any

Size Application

Making an APPLE II computer a serious business system is aneasy, plug-in proposition. Fourth Dimension's complete line ofAPPLE-compatible disk drives has what it takes to increase datahandling, storage, and back-up capabilities. All drives haveadvanced read/write electronics that virtually eliminate readingerrors and a track-zero microswitch that makes boot and trackaccess smooth and quiet. The entire line of drives performsefficiently with popular operating systems (DOS 3.2.1, DOS 3.3,Pascal, and CP/M).

Over 6000 units are on-line around the world, operating just asthey should, being protected by a 12-month parts and laborwarranty. Get serious... take a look at Fourth Dimension... andplace your order today!Look at these APPLE-compatible products:Super Winchester/Floppy Drive Unit • 5W Winchester drive, 10 or20 megabyte capacity • 51A" floppy drive, double-sided 80-track(655,000 byte capacity) • Self-contained switch mode powersupply • 35/80 track switch-selectable operation • Simpledatatransfer for back-up purposes • Reads half-track softwareSuper Drive — 5W Floppy Drive Unit • 35 track, single or double-sided format (143,360 byte capacity) • Excellent Winchesterback-up unit • Data integrity standards meet or exceed pro-fessional user requirements • Plug-in APPLE-compatibleDual 35/80-Track Super Drive Unit • Two switch-selectable 35/80track, 5%" floppy drives • Mains-powered, large capacity storageunit (120 VAC) • 35 track capacity = 286,000 bytes • 80 trackcapacity = 655,000 bytes

Supporting Products • 16K RAM card • Z80 card (APPLE) •Standard parallel printer interface • 80 x 24 video card

• Enhancer diskette for 80 track use

New Products — Coming Soon • IBM PC compatible disk drive andcontroller • Commodore VIC 20 compatible 5'A" floppy drive &controller • 256K RAM card • Z80 card (IBM PC)Utilizes Siemens, Teac and Seagate technology.

Call Fourth Dimension Systems for prices and specific productdetails. Worldwide distributor inquiries invited. Quantity dis-counts available in many countries.

• California-Advanced Computer Products (714) 558-8813 • NewJersey - Floppy Disk Services. Inc. (609) 771-0374 • Oregon - RCE(503)479-4711 • Texas-Jade Computer Products (214) 458-2782

• Virginia - Electronics Associates (804) 420-2361

-**U*Atf|

DIMENSION

SYSTEMS

Fourth Dimension Systems

1101 South Grand Ave.Suite A

Santa Ana, CA 92705(714) 835-6202

APPLE, APPLE II, DOS 3.2.1, DOS 3.3 are registered trademarks of APPLE Computer. Inc.

Pascal is a trademark of UCSD.

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

IBM PC registered by International Business Machines Corporation.

VIC 20 is a registered trademark of Commodore Business Machine Corp.

(9) including a second mine sector that could be enteredby exiting the original mine sector but that did notallow you to reenter the first; the ring would be pre-set to be in one of these sectors and would thereforenot be found in the other

(10) adding a system of messages to give the player infor-mation concerning the whereabouts of the ring andwhat to do under certain circumstances

Including all the above in a new version of the game re-quired extensive machine-language routines that in-volved using the RAM normally reserved for the cassettebuffers. The game instructions had to be stored in screencode at the end of the program. After display, at the startof the game, they would then be overwritten by thevariables store. Tackling each new item requiredwholesale rewriting to save a few bytes here and there(including using a renumbering facility on another avail-able 32K PET). This made debugging more difficult, buteventually I achieved every one of my goals. I evenmanaged to add such extra touches as descriptions ofeach monster.

The Apple Version

Some weeks after completing the PET version, I ac-quired an Apple II. I put Ringquest to one side in favor ofmy interest in developing a "structured" BASIC system.After experimenting with a set of standards proposed bythe British MUSE (Microcomputer USers in Education)Society, it became clear that transferring programs fromone microcomputer to another would be much easier if anumber of simple rules were followed. My next task wasto convert Ringquest to operate on my new Apple II,which was not particularly easy.

There were two main technical problems. First, theApple II lacked "dedicated" graphics, which meant that Ihad to create a special set of 27 shapes to use on the high-resolution graphics page 1. I selected page 1 so that Icould use the "window" to display information aboutscore and time, etc. Second, I wrote the PET version withvery little formal structure (in order to save as muchspace as possible) and placed the main subroutines nearthe start to speed up the operation of the game.

For the first problem, I used my own Shape Utility pro-gram to build the necessary shape table. I had to store thepositions of the shapes on the screen in an array. Iretained the principle (from the PET version) of storinginformation about the contents separately from informa-tion about the position of each cave.

Listing 1 illustrates how I solved the second problem.The first 9 lines contain initialization. The next 13 linesform a control section with line 590 being the key—thevariable Z is set to direct the flow of the game to the 12main modules. Originally, I had intended all subroutinesthat were hardware-dependent to be at the end of the pro-gram to facilitate rewriting for different computers. Butby the time I realized that 6K bytes (which is all that myApple II had available below the high-resolution page 1)would be a limiting factor, it would have meant a major

182 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 167 on inquiry card.

MORE THAN EVER, ATARI HOME COMPUTERSARE SPEAKING YOUR LANGUAGE.

With more program languages than ever to choose from, younow have more opportunities than ever to utilize the amazingcapabilities of the ATARI 800™ Home Computer.

Whether you're a beginning programmer, or at the fore-front of the art, you'll find an ATARI programming languagethat can make your task quicker and simpler than everbefore. Just look at what ATARI has to offer:

ATARI Microsoft BASIC—Now we offer the industrystandard, the most powerful Microsoft BASIC yet. Withsimple commands, it allows you to take advantage of uniqueATARI hardware features such as our well-known player/missile graphics. For ease of programming, it includesn-dimensional arrays for numerics and string handling. Andimportantly, conversion procedures are simple.

ATARI Macro Assembler—Faster and more powerful thanany ATARI language before, the ATARI Macro Assembleralso allows you to access more memory space. And it's excel-lent for I/O interface and manipulation of such features as:player/missile graphics, sound registers and peripherals.In addition, the macro processor and "include" file libraryfeatures speed-up program development considerably.

Fig-FORTH—For specialized programming needs, suchas educational or game applications, ATARI Fig-FORTH isuniquely effective. Fig-FORTH combines power and sim-plicity in an efficient 10K size, with characteristics of aninterpreter and the speed of machine language code.

ATARI BASIC-An affordable and easy to use BASIC thatrequires only 8K of memory. It allows you to take advantage ofthe spectacular ATARI graphics and sound capabilities.

And its immediate mode error messages greatly simplifydebugging.

ATARI Assembler Editor—An excellent tool to assist theassembler-programmer in creating, editing and debuggingassembly programs.

PILOT—ATARI PILOT is an exceptional learning language,with built-in "turtle" graphics to let you create spectaculardesigns and pictures with very short programs. Simple oneor two-letter commands allow you to create a dialogue withthe computer. And a single "match" command can performcomplex text evaluation and pattern-matching instandy.

ATARI Pascal—An excellent high-level language forteaching structured programming, and for developing andmaintaining programs. In addition to offering all the featuresof the ISO Pascal standard, ATARI Pascal offers uniqueextensions that allow you to take advantage of ATARI graphicsand sound capabilities.

ATARI is constandy developing new ways to help you getmore out of your ATARI 800 Home Computer. So watchfor more innovative and exciting programminglanguages from ATARI in the future.

For more information, write to ATARI, Inc.,

Dept. C1Z, P.O. Box 16525,

Denver, CO 80216. ATARI"

© 1982 ATARI, Inc. Ail Rights Reserved uvMMMMMMa

*Available from the ATARI Program Exchange

ATARI HOME COMPUTERS

We've Brought The Computer Age Home™

A

Circle 30 on inquiry card.

rewrite to locate the main program above page 1.1 intro-duced CALL statements so that I could eliminate as muchof the text as possible from the main program and store itabove address 6000 hexadecimal (see listing 2).

Having completed the Apple version, which includedall the features of the original PET version, I finally re-viewed the whole game. I wanted to include other im-provements or desirable additions that could be carriedout on the Apple II. After extensive Ringquest sessions, Idecided to make a minor technical improvement by alter-ing the routine for selecting the treasures in a cave so thatweapons, silver charms, and so on were more evenlydistributed.

The only other change was prompted by my colleagueTom Stonier, a strong believer in downplaying aggres-sion in computer games. In the PET version, the beststrategy was to attack a monster when you knew thatyour fighting ability was greater. To modify this so thatfriendliness increased the player's chances for achievingthe quest required one very minor programming change:every "attack" in the Apple version is penalized by areduction in the player's capacity for carrying treasure.This penalty is not obvious in the early stages of thegame, but it could be crippling at the climax.

Technical Details

The Ringquest program runs on an Apple II with 48Kbytes of RAM. The main program (listing 1) takes exactly6K bytes of memory as listed. I advise you to shorten (butnot eliminate) one or two REM statements to ensure thatyou do not encroach on high-resolution graphics page 1.The shapes table, some data, and many of the strings arestored in addresses from 6000 to 6820 hexadecimal. Youmust type this data in (see listing 2) before you run listing3. To type in listing 2, access the monitor with aCALL-151 and enter the code.

As with any machine-language program section, youshould save it upon entering it in by typing

BSAVEQX,A$6000,L$820

Then carry out the following checks in immediate mode:

(1) CALL24700 should save the current screen. EnteringHOME and then CALL24720 should restore thesaved screen.

(2) Typing POKE232,0:POKE233,96:ROT=0:SCALE = 1 :HOME:HGR:FORI = 1T027:DRAWIATI*8,50:NEXT should result in a set of the27 shapes used in drawing the screen map.

(3) CALL the following numbers in turn: 26339, 26115,25431, 25570, 26427, 26083, 26622, 26383, 25780,26480, 26167, 25378, 25584, 25616, 25469, 25330,25753, 25714, 25673, 26534, 26588, 25971. All shouldproduce recognizable phrases or messages.

To reduce the amount of memory required for the mainprogram, four screens are stored in addresses 5000 to

Text continued on page 206

184 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1: Main program for the Ringquest game. The game runson an Apple II with 48K bytes of RAM.

50 PRINT CHR* <4);"BL0ADQ0"

80 L0MEM: 270 0 0

82 HC0LOR- 7: R0T» OJ SCALE" IIA

== 70o: poke: 232,0: poke: 233,96:i_ = io:ss = l:kk = 15:d *

L.:0 * 25280IF = l: HGR t TEXT

: home:

100 DIM A<34,19),M*(20>,T<99,3),

B<i4>,F<i4>: def en r<i> =

INT ( RND (1) * I):S* ■ "YOU HAVE ":3R * EN R(2) + 1

110 EOR K = 1 TO 7 J EOR J - 1 to3 J FOR I ■ 1 TO 5tA*<J,K) =:A*<J,K> + CHR* < PEEK (261A9 + I + 5 * J + 15 * K))t NEXTI J K

120 FOR I = 1 TO 14:F<I> = PEEKCO. + I) led) * PEEK (Q + 1A

+ I)t NEXT IJ FOR I * 1 TO7JC<I) = PEEK (Q + 28 + I)J[)<!> * PEEK (Q + 35 + I)SE<I) m PEEK (0 + 42 + I)t NEXTI

150 FOR I » 1 TO 9J READ M*(10 +I): NEXT ItM* * " GOLD BARS"i FOR I ■ X TO 51 READ M*<5 +I>»N*(I)tM*<I) =: STR* (I) +M*: NEXT ItM*<0) = "GUNPOWDER FLASK"tI* = "INJURY RESISTANCE ":M*(1> = LEFT* <M*<1>, I...)

160 DATA "RED ORC","DWARF","WEREWOLF","SNAKE","GREY ELF","WIZARD","BALROG","UNDERGROUNDSTREAM","CLOAK OF INVISIBILITY"

180 DATA "CLUB","DAGGER","SILVER

CHARM","WAR-AXE","GREEN UNG

UENT","RAPIER","BELT & POUCH

'V'MAGIC SWORD","TIME SPELL"

,"**THE RING**"

510 GOSUB 1000: IF 7. THEN 590: REMTITLE

520 GOSUB 1100: IF Z THEN 590 J REMINFO

530 GOSUB 1200: IF Z THEN 590: REMNEWSECTR

540 GOSUB 1400 : IF Z THEN 590! REMMOVE

550 GOSUB 160 0: IF Z THEN 590i REMCAVE

560 GOSUB 1800: IF Z THEN 590: REMFIGHT

570 GOSUB 2000: IF Z THEN 590: REMTREASURE

580 GOSUB 220 0: REM EXIT

590 ON Z GOTO 530,540,550,560,570,520,580,60 0,610,620,630

60 0 GOSUB 240 0: IF Z THEN 590: REMBLAST

610 GOSUB 260 0: IF Z THEN 590t REM

STREAM620 GOSUB 280 0: IF Z THEN 590 J REM

7FRIENDListing 1 continued on page 186

Circle 202 on inquiry card. —+

PKASO

Printer Interface Family

.

H

'**<**

K PKASO,

^B Users ManualPKASO

*

, ...

O lnterf<

aces

come completewith Cable,InstructionalDiskette andComprehensiveManual.

■

■

M

3r,

■ H

■ 4'

I ■

■

The PKASO family makes youand your Apple II or Apple ///a master of text and graphics.

PKASO makes it easy to use the features of yourprinter—select character sizes, vary line spacing,even print in colors. Simple PKASO commandsmake these features usable from the keyboard or aprogram.

PKASO also adds features to your system. Press afew keys and get a snapshot "dump" of the imageyou see on the screen—text or graphics. Add newcharacters and symbols that you couldn't printbefore, using our SuperFont™system. Add ournew PipeLine™ printing buffer and your printercan take its time while you and your Apple moveon to the next task. The PipeLine is a modular add-on to the standard PKASO board.

The PKASO interface is designed for Apple II andApple /// in all the popular configurations. It printsin full color on the IDS Prism Printer, and in strikingblack on C. Itoh, Centronics, Epson, IDS, NEC, andOkidata matrix printers.

r,**!**

NEW!

The PKASO PipeLine™ print-ing buffer keeps your printerfrom tying up your computer.

■ 8K to 64K Bytes ofMemory.

■ Micropressor controlled.

■ Compression! Increasescapacity to millions.

■ Clear buffer and selectmodes easily.

Interactive Structures Inc.146 Montgomery AvenueBala Cynwyd, PA 19004Telephone: (215) 667-1713

Listing 1 continued:

630 GOSUB 30 0 01 REM END

10 00 REM TITLE

1010 I == 841 GOSUB 540 0 1 IF G --~~ 8

3 THEN Z == 1JTM * 11020 IF G ■-•= 83 OR G ■ 66 THEN RETURN

1040 FOR X - 11 TO 17t GOSUB 5100: FOR I ■ 1 TO 30 0: NEXT I,X

1050 IF G « 03 OR G » 66 THEN RETURN

1060 GOTO 1010

1100 REM INFO

1110 I ■ 80: GOSUB 5400 J GOSUB 44

oo: get a*:tm ■ 1: return

120 0 REM NEWSECTR1210 z = o:v « 15 + FN R(5>:W m9J GOSUB 5300: GOSUB 57001CS■ GS + i: RETURN140 0 REM TRYMOVE

1410 J ■ o:z = o: if g * 82 thenxc ■ - xc:yg ■ - yc:q » 5 -

g:g ■ 0: GOTO 150 0142 0 GOSUB 560 0 J GOSUB 610 0:Q ■

G ■•■• 72: IF G « 69 THEN Z - 8

: RETURN1430 IF G = 70 AND A(M,N) • 9 THEN

Z = 7: RETURN1440 IF G < 1 OR G * 4 OR G > 5 THEN

14201460 Q ■ G -■ (Q - 5):XG ■ (Q = 3)- (Q ■ 2):YC ■ (G = 4) - (G= 1)

1500 m = m + xc:n * n + yg: IF N *

M ■ 0 OR M ■ 34 OR N = 19 THEN

m ■ m - xc:n = n - yc: GOTO

1420

1510 t = a(m,n>:ki = o:u - o:r ■

OJ IF A(M,N) » 0 THEN T * B(FN R(14) + DJK1 ■=■ 11A(M,N>= T1530 FOR 1=1 TO 4: IF T « F(3 *

G - 3 + I) THEN R = 111 » 41540 NEXT i: FOR 1=1 TO 4: IF

R =■ 1 OR S - F<12 - 3 * G +

I) THEN U = i:i ■ 41550 NEXT i: IF U ■ 1 OR T = 11 THEN

GOSUB 5900:Z ■ 2: RETURN1560 S ■ T: GOSUB 660 0: IF T <

7 THEN Z ■ 21570 RETURN1600 REM CAVE1605 SC = SD + 2 * TT + C: GOSUB

6120: GOSUB 4500: IF T(H,1) *

T(H,2) > 30000 THEN Z = 2: RETURN

1610 GOSUB 7000: IF P THEN 16351620 Y - FN R(L>: IF N(Y) > .5 +

VV / L AND Y < > 6 THEN 162

0

16i

GOSUB 48001T(VV,1)

gikvv

,2) = YJ IF Y = 6 AND ((WW >6 OR (WW > 4 AND (MM < 3 ORSR < > CS>>> OR (WW ■ 6 AND(X ■ 18 OR CL = 1 OR RA ■ 1))) THEN 1620

16301635

16401650

16551660

1670168016901700

1710

172017301740175017601770

N(Y) » N(Y) + (Y < L)

WW = WW + (WW ■ 5) * (MM ■ 3

>:x = T(h,i>:y ■ t(h,2>: if

X = 15 AND CL = 0 AND FN R(5) = 1 AND RA = 0 THEN Y = 19

IF X = 16 AND FN R(A) < TM

/ 3 THEN Y = L

TEXT : HOME J CALL 26295: VTAB3: IF A = X THEN J - 0: PRINT

m*(Y) :z

RETURN

IF WW = 6 AND Y ■ 6 THEN RA

■ 1

PRINT M*(X>: GOSUB 5100: IFX = 13 AND CL > 0 THEN CALL26339 5 CALL 26622tCL ■ 0:Y -A

IF A > Y THEN PRINT 5 PRINT"WITH "M*(Y)

IF X - 18 THEN Z ■ 9: RETURN

IF CL THEN CALL 26383tZ ■5: GOSUB 700 0: RETURN

VTAB 20: CALL 25780: CALL 24634:BB - 960 - tm: IF BB <0 THEN Z ■ 11! GOSUB 550 0: RETURN

IF BB < 180 THEN PRINT "SECTOR "CS" COLLAPSES IN " INT(BBV'SECS"

IF MM ■ 1 THEN CALL 25330:MM « 2

GOSUB 610 0 J IF G * 82 THENZ = 2: GOSUB 530 0: RETURN

IF G = 7 0 THEN Z ■ LJ RETURN

4:i(K == K

> 76 AND

180 01810

1820

1830

184 0

18451850

18601870

1380

IF G = 65 THEN Z -K - 11 RETURN

IF G < > 66 AND GG < > 83 THEN 1730I = 80 * (G = 66) + 92 * (G76) + 88 * (G ■ 83)1 GOSUB 5400: GOTO 1650

REM ATTACK

z - o: :f2 ■ c(x - d:fi - F2

1R = 01 IF AU = 0 THEN VTAB

18: PRINT "THE "M*(X)" FIGHT

S BACK":F2 » F2 x .8

AU - o:B = SS + FN R(7):g =

Fl + FN R(7): GOSUB 7000: GOSUB

7000

HOME JR * R •♦• 11 PRINT "ROUND "R: IF B > G THEN 1870

IF B < G THEN D = INT ((D -G + B) * L) / LI GOTO 185 0

CALL 26115: GOTO 1820

IF D > 0 THEN CALL 26141: VTAB7: PRINT "YOUR "IVIS "Dl GOTO1900Z = 111 RETURN

PRINT 1 PRINT "THE "M*(X)"IS" J :F2 *> F2 - B + g: IF F2 <1 THEN PRINT " DEAD": GOTO1940

F2 - INT (F2 * L) / LI PRINT" WOUNDED": VTAB 7\ PRINT "ITS "I$"IS "F2: GOTO 1820

Listing 1 continued on page 191

186 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

IbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbI

Peripheralsunlimited.

FANTASTIC PRICES!

OUR FAST SERVICE, PRODUCTSELECTION AND OUR CUSTOMERS'SATISFACTION MAKE US #1.

ZENITH

Microsoft Z-80 softcard

$214

Microsoft RAMCARD

$129

Z-90-64K DO

$2588

Z-19 Terminal

$777

Z-121 Monitor 12"

$149

ATARI COMPUTERS

Atari 800 16K

$649

Atari 400

$318

Atari Interface Module

$174

Atari 810 Single Disk

$444

Atari 830 Modem

$166

Programmer

$59

Entertainer

$84

Star Raiders

$34

16K Mem. Exp. for Atari

$74

32K Mem. Exp. for Atari

$114

NEC PRINTERS

7710/30 Spinwriter R/O7720SpinwriterKSR3510/30 Spinwriter R/O

CALLCALLCALL

NEC DOT MATRIX

PC-8023

Call for prices on ribbons,

$474etc.

MORE PRINTERS

Anadex 9500/9501

$1295

An ad ex DP-9000

$1049

OkidataMicroline82A

CALL

Okidata Microline 83A

CALL

OkidataMicroline84

CALL

Tractor (OKI 80 + 82 on

iy)

$60

Diablo 630

$2044

MONITORS

Sanyo 12" GRN Phosphor

$266

Sanyo 12" Black + White

$239

Amdek 12" 300 GRN Phosphor

$149

Amdek 12" Color

$319

Amdek Color II

$779

NEC 12" GRN Phosphor

$149

NEC 12" Color

$344

EPSON PRINTERS

MX-80w/Graphics CALL

MX-80 FT (Friction + Tractor) CALL

MX-100 (15" Carriage) CALL

Call for prices onRibbons, Cables and Interfaces

NEC-PC 8000Series Microcomputer

PC-8001A Computer w/32KPC-8012AW/32K + Exp. SlotsPC-8031ADual Mini DiskPC-8032A Add-on Mini Disk

Call for Software Prices

$888$588$888$777

FOR THE LOWESTPRICE CALL

TOLL FREE

1-800-343-4114

ORDERING INFORMATION

Our order lines are open 9AM to 6PMEST Monday thru Friday. Phoneorders are welcome; same day ship-ment on orders placed before 10AM.Free use of Mastercard and VISA. Per-sonal checks require 2 weeksclearance. Manufacturer's warrantyincluded on all equipment. Prices sub-ject to revision. C.O.D.'s accepted.

For service, quality and delivery call:

PERIPHERALS UNLIMITED

(617)655-7400

62 N. Main St. • Natick, MA 01760

Circle 302 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982

i

//

■ AM400

\

a

■i

1

A

ATARI

400

16K ... s24932K ... $36948K ... $469

$76.00

$449.00

822 Printer

$269 00

$589 00

$159.00

$259.00

$169.00

CX40 Joy Slick

$18.00

CX8S3 16K RAM

$77 95

800

16K ... $64932K ... $72448K ... s769

Microtek 16K RAM $74.95

Microtek 32K RAM $119.95

RamdiSk (128K) $429.95

Intec 48K Board $219.95

Intec 32K $119.95

One year extended warranty $70.00

481 Entertainer $69.00

482 Educator $130.00

483 Programmer $49.00

484 Communicator $344.00

. HOT ATARI-JK GAMES JK

PAC-MAN $35.00

Centipede $35.00

Caverns of Mars $32.00

Asteroids $29.00

Missile Command $29.00

Star Raiders $39.00

I Canyon Climber $25.00

Protector $24.00

Mouskattack $31.00

Jawbreaker $27.00

Ghost Hunter $24.00

KBYTE

ROM CARTRIDGE GAMESFOR YOUR ATARI

Krazy Shoot Out $39.00

Krazy Kritters $39.00

Krazy Antics $39.00

Kstar Patrol $39.00

STICK STAND %

ARCADE ACTION FROM YOUR '■SSli^

ATARI JOYSTICK \>

Telecommunications

Modems

Hayes

Smart $239.00

Chronograph $199.00

Micromodem II $279.00

Micromodem 100 $309.00

Novation Auto $239.00

D Cat $169.00

Cat $159.00

Anchor Modem $79.00

AMDEKMONITORS

300G $169.00

Color I $339.00

Color II $699.00

Color III $429.00

OTHERS

Zenith 9 ■ (Green) $109.00

BMC 12" Green $85.00

VISICORP

' VISICALC

Apple II + $189.00

Atari $189.00

Commodore $189.00

IBM $189.00

| Also available are:

VISIOEX VISIPLOT

VISIFILE VISITERM

VISIPACK VISITREND

SOFTWARE

We stock manufacturer's and third party softwarefor most all computers on the market! Call todayfor a copy of our new

CATALOG

You'll find programs by Atari, APX, Data SoftCrystal Software, EPYX, Synapse, OnLine, ArcadePlus, KBYTE, Magis, Canadian Micro, ProfessionalSoftware, Creative Software, BPI, VISICORP, Com-modore, NEC and of course our own!

FRANKLINACE 1000

64K Personal Computer

Hardware, software and

peripheral compatable with theApple II and even has some fea-tures not found on the Apple.

MICRO-SCI Apple ll/Franklin compatable Disk Drives!

Call now for best price!!

PERQOM

Finally, a dual disk drive forthe Atari 800/400. Both singleand dual drive models readboth sides of the disk! Willread all disks written for Atari810. CALL FOR INTRODUCTOR Y PRICE!

SEC

COMPUTERS

8O01A $749.00

8031 $749.00

8012 $549.00

PRINTERS

8023 $549.00

7710/7730 $2399.00

3510/3530 $1789.00

MONITORS

JB-1201 $179.00

JC-1201 $349.00

JC-1202 $899.00

SANYO 1000 COMPUTER $1599.00

Maxell Disks

MD I (box of 10) $36.00

MD II (box ot 10) $46.00

MFD I (8") $44.00

MFD II (8" Double Density) $54.00

Syncom (box of 10) $29.00

Computer Covers

Commodore VIC-20 $6.99

Atari 400 $6.99 Commodore 8032 $14.99

Atari 800 $6.99 Commodore

Atari 810 $6.99 8050/4040 $10.99

west

I In NevadaI CALL

(702)588-5654

8QQ- 648

II

P.O. Box 6689Stateline.NV. 89449

(VI

HEWLETTPACKARD

HP* 85 $1969

HP"87 $1799.00

HP-125 $1999.00

HP»85 16K Memory Module $169.00

5V«" Dual Master Disc Drive $1799.00

Hard Disk w/ Floppy $4349.00

Hard Disk $3549.00

"Sweet Lips" Plotter $1199.00

80 Column Printer $649.00

ca

HEWLETTPACKARD

HP41CV

CALCULATOR

s239

HP41C $189.00

HP 11C $79.00

HP 12C $114.00

NEW 15C $119.00

NEW 16C $125.00

HPIL PERIPHERALS IN STOCK!

h EPSON

PRINTERS

MX 80 w/Graltrax $449

MX 80 FT III CALL

MX 100 CALL

ADA 1600 Parallel Printer to CBM $119.00

ATC-1 Parallel Printer to Atari $29.00

AP 80 Apple Parallel Card & Cable $69.00

IBM 1 Parallel Printer to IBM $32.00

In-stock items shipped same day youcall. No risk, no deposit on CODorders. Pre-paid orders receive freeshipping within the continental UnitedStates with no waiting period forcertified checks or money orders.All advertised prices include a 3%cash discount from normal credit cardprices. NV and PA residents add salestax. All items subject to availabilityand price change.

CBM 8032

s999

c*

Word Pro 5 + $319.00

Word Pro 4 + $299.00

Word Pro 3 + $199.00

The Administrator $379.00

InfoPro Plus $219.00

Power $79.00

TelevideoTerminals

910 ..912C920C.925C.

960 ..

$579$699$749. $749$950

802 $Call

802H $Call

B16 $Call

806 $Call

TEC

PRINTERS

Starwriter

F10-40CPS $1399.00

F1055CPS $1749.00

Prowriter 8510A $499.00

Prowriter 1550 $799.00

ADA 1450 Serial Printer to CBM $119.00

ATC-2 Serial Printer to Atari $29.00

AP S10 Apple Serial Card & Cable $95.00

CENTRONICSPRINTERS

739-1 $519

739-3 $619

2 Meier RS232RS232 Cables $29.95

- ALSO -

Diablo 630 Special $1799.00

Talley 8024L $1629 00

IDS Prism CALL

Daisywriter CALL

Commodore

Business Machines

CBM 64 CALL

4032 $969.00

8096 Upgrade Kit $369.00

Super Pet $1599.00

2031 $529.00

8250 Doubled Sided Disk Drive $1699.00

D9060 5 Megabyte Hard Disk $2399.00

D9090 7.5 Megabyte Hard Disk $2699.00

8050 $1299.00

4040 $969.00

8300 (Letter Quality) $1799.00

8023 $769.00

4022 $499.00

Pet to IEEE Cable $37.00

IEEE to IEEE Cable $46.00

Tractor Feed tor 8300 $240.00

VIC 20s179

t\y**ii¥»wiy»'hi Vi

VIC 1530 Commodore Dalassetle $69.00

VIC 1540 Disk Drive $499 00

VIC 1515 VIC Graphic Printer $339.00

VIC 1210 3K Memory Expander $32 00

VIC 1110 8K Memory Expander $53.00

16K VIC Expansion $94.00

VIC 1011 RS232C Terminal Interlace $43.00

VIC 1112VIC IEEE-488 Interface $86.00

VIC 1211 VIC 20 Super Expander $53.00

VIC Mother Board $99.00

Smith-CoronaTP-I

s649

Letter Quality

Daisy Wheel

12 CPS Text Printer

OKI DATAPRINTERS

82A $469.00

83A $599.00

84 Parallel $1099.00

84 Serial $1249.00

NOTE

Okidata 82A and 83A Printers come equippedwith both parallel ports & RS232 Serial ports.

ADDITIONAL MANUFACTURER'S DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE TO QUALIFIED EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

800-

477 E.THIRD ST.WilliamsportPA 17701

IN PA

CALL

(717)327 9575

How many timesmust yourcomputer stopjust to talkto your printer?

Your computer talks faster thanyour printer can listen. Expensivetime is lost forever. SPOOL/64, a64k byte hardware print spooler,keeps your computer processingwhile your printer is printing. Nomore waiting. No more wasting.

SPOOL/64 buffers your printoutput and transmits theinformation to your printer at theprinter's specific print rate. Itbuffers up to 13 minutes of printoutput (at 80 characters persecond).

SPOOL/64 plugs directly intoboth your printer and

routines. And SPOOL/64, usedwith your software spooler, cangive you the highest performancespooling available.

computer, accepts input fromparallel Centronics cables (serialRS-232 available soon), and itsuser programming feature allowsyou to download your ownprograms so SPOOL/64 canhandle sophisticated print

Apparatlnc.

4401 So. Tamarac Parkway, Denver, CO 80237 (303) 741-1778

'ON GOING SUPPORT FOR MICROCOMPUTERS"

SPOOL/64 utilizes 64k of dynamic RAM, aZ-80 CPU, a 2716 ROM and a copy of thesource program for the object code in theROM is included. >

SPOOL/64, priced at just f999Tis the most cost/effective printspooler on the market. Evaluateperformance. Evaluate price.Then let SPOOL/64 get yourcomputer back talking to you.Call or write Apparat today for afree brochure. Dealer inquiriesinvited.

190 BYTE October 1982

Circle 21 on inquiry card.

Listing 1 continued:1900

19101940

1950

20002010

2020

2030

2040

2060

2070

!080

2090

210022002210

120

2230

22452250

22602270

2280

CALL 26167? GOSUB 350 0: IFG ■ 89 THEIN G ■ 82: GOSUE: 5300:Z - 2X RETURN

GOTO 1820T<H,1) ■ AtSD = SD + <X « 14) + (X = 17) * 2: IF MM <3 OR Y < > 6 THEN MM - MM +(X = 17) * (MM - 2): GOSUB 7000: RETURN

ww ■ ww - i:kh,2) » a:y » a

:RA * 0: CALL 25378? GOSUB 440 0: GOSUB 53 0 0 XZ -■ 2X RETURN

GOSUB 530 0:Z

6 THEN

REM TREASURE

IF A - Y THEN

= 2: RETURN

VTAB 10: IF Y AND Y

PRINT S$JTTJM«

PRINT : PRINT "DO YOU WANTA "M*<Y>: GOSUB 3500

IF G = 78 THEN GOSUB 530 0XZ = 2: RETURNF = F + (Y = 0)i IF Y = 6 THEN

ww ■ ww + i:m*(6) ■ n*<ww>:m

M ■ MM + (MM - 0) * (WW - 5):SD = SD + INT (WW * TM * CS / 960)

Tl = TT + Y * (Y < 6): IF Tl> KK THEN HOME : CALL 2543

i: gosub 7000: gosub 5300:z -

2: RETURN

SS = SS + 5 * (Y = 6) + (TT -

Ti> / s:tt = ti:c = c + (Y =7>:d = D + 5 * (Y = 8>:kk mKK + 3 x (Y = 9): IF Y = 19 THENCL = 1

TM = TM - 60 x (Y = L)JT(H,2)=A:MM=MM+(Y=6)x(M3): IF J AND J

M

T(H,2) ■ JZ = 2$ GOSUBREM EXIT

x = cs - 2:1

6 THEN

5300: RETURN

4 IK

INT (2 xTM / 960) + 2 x SR + X:E1 =i: TEXT : HOME : IF MM = 4 THEN

CALL 26427:SC = SC + 100 x(3 - SR): GOSUB 320 0

ON I GOTO 2270,2230,2270,2230,2230,2250,2260,2230,2250,2250,2260,2250

PRINT : PRINT "ENTRY TO SECTOR "1 - X" BLOCKED": CALL 25584: IF SR - X < > 1 THEN

CALL 25616

GOSUB 440 0: IF G = 32 THEN

GOSUB 530 0:Z = ZX RETURN

IF G < > 81 THEN 2230

TEXT : HOME J PRINT S*"FAILED - ": PRINT : PRINT N*(5>"WAS IN SECTOR "SR: GOSUB 3200

CALL 25469

CALL 25570 J GOSUB 6100: IFG - 49 THEN Z = ZX GOSUB 5300: RETURN

IF G = 50 THEN Z - It HGR :TM m IX FOR I - 1 TO 33: FOR

Listing 1 continued on page 192

Cet The Most from Vour NEC PC-8001With RACET computes Software!!

RACET NECD0S does more for your PC-8001 than any other DOS. It'sfaster, more efficient and easier to use. It's loaded with extra featuresto let you stretch the limits of your system. This advanced operatingsystem works with the ROM NBASIC to give full compatibility with colorand other BASIC commands.

EMPHASIZES" INTEGRITY. NO MOUNT or REMOVE commands. Excel-lent protection from improper diskette swapping AGAIN. HELP. FINDand REF commands. File password protection.

ADVANCED FEATURES. All DOS functions and commands may be useddirectly in a BASIC program!!1 Special RUN option allows merging ofprograms, retaining all variables in memory. Fixed block spannedrecords AUTO and DO commands. Machine language loads and saves.MA1PRINT and MATINPUT to disk. Complete directory. ALL super-visory calls documented and available to the machine language pro-grammer. SuperzapjrtHitymcluded

• NEW *

THE most popularavailable on the Ncommands. Print fihanapjjfljj£flL«£asett»»r4f§i!itat,.,j«n||MoiBeiaiijres tjt-worfl'on S'.oh&K system!

* *

rocessor in

features.

isk!! Sellable tabs

'ioeo drivers DICfAI\

id messages!! And much more'"

costing ti^e times as much111 Runs

99.95

world nowpdded printIndent and/IATIC cas-

iSHFI ' * # $75

. Anything you work

the Eleqric Spread-

Mailed tfltHcreen or printer 'What if questions

IcastPej^Hil budnet^fial estate investment. Net1

Cash How estim ^SsiriesSdorms. Works on 32K or

'0 operators plus histogram plot, levise spreadsheet

Select preprogrammed ooerators lor linn column, or

ecimnls. Manual

• NEW* ADVANCED PRW& MING BASIC +• $60

THE functions and commands ir^Bis package give you extendedcontrol over data and youi PC-oOOf system. These extensions toNBASIC provide complete conversion'of time and date functionsincluding days between dates and Julian dates. Extended stringfunctions include justify, truncate, center, rotate, translate, shift,pack, and search. Array functions include masked search of bothsorted and unsorted arrays, and insert in sorted arrays.

MULTI-KEY SORT MKS' $60

SUPER FAST Machine Language In-Memory Sorts. Three key sort on500 elements in 4 seconds1!1 Simple one-line BASIC functions - SORTVand S0R1C verbs. Mixed ascending and descending keys

BASIC PROGRAMMING UTILITIES BASUTIL $60

COMPRESS. EXPAND. PRETTY. XREF Cross Reference Utility. Great formodeling, debugging and structuring BASIC programs

KFS-80 KEYED FILE SYSTEM KFS-80' $150

MACHINE language BASIC ISAM utility provides keyed and sequentialaccess to multiple files. Simple interlace to BASIC. Binary tree keyed-file index system provides rapid access to records.

CONVERT TRS-80* PROGRAMS TO RACET NECD0SWITH PR0TRAN' $99.95

COMPLETE utilities for file transfer and BASIC program conversion.Mod III diskettes may be read directly: Mod I and II via RS-23?Transfer BASIC programs, data files, or machine language tiles. NOSUPPORT is provided for conversion of machine language tiles orPEEK'S. POKE'S or USR's to function on PC-8001 Substantial knowl-edge ol IRS BASIC and NBASIC required. Package designed forsoftware authorsAVAILABLE FROM YOUR LOCAL NEC DEALER or from RACET COMPUTES

CHECK. VISA. M/CC 0 0.PURCHASE ORDERTelephone Orders Accepted(714)997-4950

If- RACET.

COMPUTES ltd"

Integrity in Software1330 N. Glassed, Suite M, Orange, CA 92667 (714) 997-4950

4

re ——1

•TRS-80 IS A TRADEMARK OF TANDY CORPORA HONELECTRIC PENCIL IS A IRADEMARKUF MICHAtl SCHRAVLR1 "ELECTRIC SPREADSHEET IS A TRADEMARK OF DAN G HANt V «, ASSOlIAII S

Circle 330 on Inquiry card.

October 19K © BYTE Publications Inc 191

PRICE BREAKTHRU-

BUU!

IT'S A MIRACLE!!

SMITH CORONA TPI

Daisy Wheel Printer

Std. Opts.: Serial (RS232VParallel, 10/12 pitch-Please Specify <Cable Extra— *Factory Warranty

$639.°°

LIMITED SUPPLY

TANDON FLOPPY DISK DRIVES

For Mod I, Mod III, IBM-PC, 061)1) * Aftf-lretc. inc. PS & case ^^UU **UlR

Add $100 for 80 track $ tM ^% JC OO

Floppy Disk Case and Power I S9^3 ■

Supply—$49.95 ^^

Available as Bare Drives DSDD * 40tk

•SSDD —Single Side Double £ ^ffc ^^k ■■ AA

Density, DSDD—Double Side *Pm^ M~M m*k. ^V

Double Density

MIRACLE of the MONTH

S-ICQQOO 9-6 Meg S^^QQ

I W«J*7Complete complete I m ^^

I w ^ w CompleteFamous Manufacturer 6.3Meg WinchesterDisk SystemInc. Power Supply, Case.Cables & DOS Assembled &Tested—120 Day WarrantyAvailable for IBM-PC

9.6 Meg SOQQ

complete I ■ ^w

12.6 Meg

complete $AAAA

(2 drives) &W9?

19.2 Meg

complete SA70Q

(2 drives) 4b f 9 9

Coming Soon—Mod III & IBM Internal WinchesterMOD I- Floppy-Winchester Combo, pkg.

"LAST but not LEAST"

*899♦1349♦1549

add*70

DOS + $99

TRS-80 Mod III 48K

+1 Floppy disk*

+ 2 Floppy disks*

RS 232CAdd $100 ea. for 80 tk drives—TRSDOS & Manual $21 —

' Available Separately as complete kits— 1 dr $440 2dr. $630

BACK better than EVER

Terms-COD or Prepaid Only DISK SUPPLY CO.

F.O.B. Shipping Point Suite 439

(215)461-5437 "U * ~~.

Prices Subject to Change 111 S. Olive St.

without Notice. Media, PA 19063

TRS-80 Trademark of Tandy Corp.

Listing 1 continued:

Q = 1 TO 18tA<I,G> » 0: NEXT

Q»I* RETURN

2290

GOTO 2270

2400

REM BLAST

2410

IF F = 0 THEN HOME : TEXT

: CALL 26480: GOSUB 320 0

2420

f = f - i:d = d - 2:c = c -

i:p = ot for i = 1 to yvi gosub

480o:T(i,i) ■ g: next i: gosub

5500

2430

FOR I = 1 TO 5tV = M + (I =

3) - <I = 4>:w - N + (I = 1)

- (I = 2): IF A<V,W> - 11 THEN

A(V,W> m ltK ■ lit GOSUB 670

OtK - it GOSUB 680 0

2440

NEXT UK = A<M,N> + it GOSUB

67001K = 2J GOSUB 680 0tZ = 2

tA<M,N) = its » It RETURN

2600

REM STREAM

2610

GOSUB 7000t PRINT t IF FN

R(2> THEN PRINT "YOU LEAPT

2620

2660

2670

2800>810

28202830

OVER THE "M*(18)tZ ■ 5t GOSUB

7000t RETURN

K = 8t GOSUB 670 0tK » 7t GOSUB

6800t CALL 26534t IF CL THENCALL 26588tCL - 0

M ■ FN R(33) + ltN = FN R(

18) + It IF A(M,N) < > 0 THEN

2660GOSUB 5800tV ■ MtW

8tS = 7tZ = 2t GOSUB

M,N) - St TEXT tPOKE •- 16297,0REM 7FRIEND

I = FN R<L) + CtE = L - E<X- L)t IF (< Y < 5 AND Y > 0)OR Y ■ ft) AND TT > 0 THEN Y= Y * <Y < 6)5 GOTO 2840IF MM = 3 AND Y ■ 6 THEN J ■

30tNN = At GOTO 2850

J - OtNN = T(H,2)t GOTO 2870

" NtK =6800tA(GOSUB 530 0t! RETURN

2840 J = 5 - YtJ ■ FN R(J) + ltN

N = J + Y2850 HOME t PRINT "THE nM*(X)" D

EMANDS "JtM*t GOSUB 350 01 IF

Y = 0 THEN Y ■ A2860 IF G « 78 THEN Z = 3t RETURN

2870 HOME t PRINT "THE "M*<X)?t IF

I < [XX - L) - J / 2 OR TT <

J THEN PRINT " ATTACKS YOU"

tAU = ltZ ■ 4t RETURN2880 IF I > E - J / 2 THEN

" IS FRIENDLY"tTT = TT

S = SS + J / 5tT(H,2) *

7000tZ * 5t RETURN2890 PRINT " IGNORES YOU"tZ

RETURN30 0 0 REM END3010 TEXT t HOME t PRINT S$"BEEN

KILLED": IF BB < 0 THEN CALL

26083320 0 VTAB 5: PRINT "YOUR QUEST S

core is msc:tm == o: call 257

53: CALL 25714: GET A*: IF A

Listing 1 continued on page 194

PRINT

- j:s

nn: gosub

- 3t

192 October 1982 © BYTE Publication! Inc

"My computer helped me writeThe Final Encyclopedia. I wouldn't trust

anything less than Scotch" Brand Diskettesto make a long story short"

Gordon R. Dickson,Science Fiction Author,Minneapolis, Minnesota

Gordon Dickson: a small business-man whose product is his ownimagination. He's written more than40 novels and 150 short stories;his newest work is The FinalEncyclopedia. He uses his personalcomputer and word processingsoftware to maximize his production.All his words—his product-are stored on diskettes. He calls upsentences and paragraphs ondemand, and gets more rewrite outof the time available. So he dependson Scotch diskettes to save himselfproduction time.Dependable Scotch media canwork just as hard for you. EachScotch diskette is tested before itleaves our factory, and certifiederror-free. So you can expect it toperform exactly right.Scotch 8" and 51/4" diskettes arecompatible with computer/diskettesystems like TRS-80, Apple, PET,Wang and many others. Get themfrom your local 3M distributor. Forthe one nearest you, call toll-free:800/328-1300. (In Minnesota, callcollect: 612/736-9625.) Ask for theData Recording Products Division.In Canada, contact 3M Canada,Inc., Ontario.

If it's worth remembering,

it's worth Scotch

Data Recording Products.

3M Hears You...

Circle 391 on inquiry card.

ForTheBestlnPrice, Selection and Delivery,

Call NowTOLL FREE

800-368-3404

(In VA, Call Collect 703-237-8695)

AMPEX'INTERTEOTEXAS INSTRUMENTS'GENERAL DATA

COMM.»ANDERSONJACOBSON«C.ITOH»QUME • BEEHIVE*

DATASOUTH'DIABLOCENTRONICS • NEC 'PRENTICE

ONLY S1975ONLY $2350ONLY S2750

EBBEBB

mmmnnHm

INTERTEC:

64K DD-

64K QD*

64KSD- (96TPI)'(includes M/Soft BASIC)DDS-10Meg(Hard Disk)

NEC:

7710 -.$2196

7715 Call for Special Price

7730 $2196

7720 Call for Special Price

7725 Call for Special Price

Std. Forms Tractor $ 200

3510 $1690

DATASOUTH: Call

DIABLO: 630-R102 $1995

630-R110 $1795

630-R153* $1745

•(for IBM PC, Apple II, TRS-80)630-K104 (KSR) $2385

620-SPI $1195

QUME:

Sprint 9, 35 KSR $1840

Sprint 9, 45RO, Lim. Pan $1845

Full Panel $1969

Sprint 9, 55 F.P.Ex.Mem. $2186Sprint 9,55RO,Ltd.Ex.Mem.$2095Bi-Dir. Forms Tractor $ 199

»J:I.'.II.'H«AMPEX:

Dialogue 30 $ 775

Dialogue 80 $ 939

BEEHIVE: (SMART DISPLAY)

DM5 Call

DM5A Call

DM310 (3101 Emulator) Call

NOTE IBM and Burroughs compatible ter-minals available Please inquire

C. ITOH

CIT101 $1350

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS:

745 Standard $1390

745 Std (Reconditioned), , . Call

810 Basic $1249

810 Package $1439

820 Package RO Package $1610820 KSR Package Call

840 RO Basic $ 795

840 RO Tractor Feed Pkg $1059

Banana

PRENTICE STAR: 300 Bd $ 124

i-iih-ijutI

QUME:

Data Trak 5. . . $300 or 2 for $549Data Trak 8 . $525 or 2 for $999

BISYNC-3780 $ 769

Wordstar $ 289

Data Star $ 199

Mail Merge $ 99

Spell Guard $ 229

Plan 80 $ 249

Super Calc $ 249

Wordstar (IBM PC.) $ 289

Mail Merge (IBM P.C.) $ 99

dBase II $ 529

CalcStar $ 189

SuperSort $ 186

Nevada Cobol $ 176

Special! While They Last!

SOROC TERMINALS

IQ 120

IQ 130

IQ 140

ONLY S62bONLY S525ONLY S981

MaslefCann

In addition, we can make EIA RS 232 or RS 449cables to your order, and supply you with rib-bons, printer stands, print wheels, thimbles forall printers listed. And many, many more items.CALL NOW.

All items shipped freight collect either motor freightor UPS unless otherwise specified. All prices alreadyinclude 3% cash discount. Purchase with credit carddoes not include discount. Virginia residents, add4% Sales Tax. For fastest delivery, send certifiedcheck, money order or bank-wire transfer. Sorry, noCOD. orders. All equipment is in factory cartonswith manufacturers' warranty (honored at our depot.)Prices subject to change without notice. Most itemsin stock.

TCRftlflflLS

brail

■ 4

tnr

.

Terminals Terrific, Incorporated, P.O. Box 216, Merrifield,

VA 22116, 800-368-3404 (In VA, Call Collect 703-237-8695)

194 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 387 on inquiry card.

Listing

3230

321035 0 03510

353 0110011:1.0

150 0

1510

1520

18 0 0101 0

182 051 0 05110

530 05310

510 05110

513 05500

56 0 05610

1 continued:

% - "Y" THEN RUN 80

IF A$ * "N" THEN END

GOTO 32 0 0

REM Y/N

C: A L L 2 5 711! G 0 S U B 61 0 0 J IFG < > 78 AND G < > 89 THEN3510

RETURN

REM CONT

C A L I.. 2 5 6 7 31 G 0 S U B 610 0 i R E T U R N

REM FILLCAVE

FOR I =» 0 TO 99J IF T (1, 0 ) *33 * N + M THEN H ^ IIP ■> 11

RETURN

NEXT IIVU = W - CW ■ 99) *99 + 1U(W,0) ■ 33 * N ■♦• MlP = OJH * W! RETURN

REM GETMONSTERG b FN RCL9 - WW) + WW J IFG < 11 THEN G * 11

RETURN

REM BKETCHM

FOR I ■ 1 TO 3 J VIAE (2 + I) t HTAB 30 J PRINT A*<I,X •••■ L>1 NEXT i: VTAB It RETURN

REM MAP

TEXT : HOME 1 POKE ■■•■ 16301,01 CALL 25971: RETURN

REM SCREEN

POKE 21721.1: CALL 21720: IFI ■ 86 THEN R<1) * TT1RC2) *KKJR(3> « SSJR<1) ■ DtR<5) ■

c:r<6) ■ f: for i « i to 6: viae

(1 + 2 * I): HTAB 20: PRINT

R(i): next I

G0SUB 6100: RETURN

REM SHAKE

FOR I ■ 1 TO 20: TEXT J HOME: POKE ■■■■ 16301,0; NEXT 15 RETURN

REM ROCKFALLMl * FN R(33> + i:Wl - FNRCL8) + UK ■ A<V1,W1) : IF K

« 0 OR K ■ 7 OR K « 9 OR (M

■ VI AND N ■ HI") THEM RETURN

5620

563057 0 05710

5720

58 0 05810

IF FN R<5) ■■■■■■ 1 THEN v" ;:= Ml

;w ■■■■■■■■ wi; go sub 67(jo:k ■ us gosub

68 0 0 SACV1 ,W1 ) :;:: 11

RETURN

REM NEWMAP

FOR X * 8 TO 261 STEP 8J DRAW21 AT X»0: DRAW 21 AT X»152:

NEXT X: FOR X = 8 TO 111 STEP8J DRAW 26 AT 0,X: DRAW 26 AT

272,x: next x;m = yjN =: w;k =

1 0 : G 0 S U B 6 8 0 0 J A ( M , N ) = 9 : S ■9

DRAW 2 0 AT 0,0; DRAW 22 AT272,0; DRAW 18 AT 0,152: DRAW5 AT 272,152: RETURN

REM SPIRALU ■ 20 JH = 20: GR : COLORE 15: FOR E « 1 TO 22 STEP 31 FORQ a 1 TO 2 * EtV - K> + (Q <E) * ( - 1) A E t W * W + (Q >

Listing 1 continued on page 196

Smith Corona TP-1 TEXT PRINTER

UPS DELIVERED

120 words/min (12 cps) with full letter-qualityEither parallel or RS-232C interfacing available (specify)10 or 12 pitch (characters per inch) available (specify)Friction feed on 10H" printable line; takes 4-part forms

Okidata Printers

MICROLINE 80 $349M

MICROLINE 82A »439»

80/82A TRACTOR «59»

MICROLINE 83A «694«»

OKIGRAPH ROM *44M

RS-232C 2K BUFFER M59"

MICROLINE 84 Parallel

200 cps »1044M

MICROLINE 84 RS-232C

200 cps »1164M

Anadex Printers

DP-9500A

DP-9510A

DP-9620A

>1469»«

•1469" »1569»

Brother Printers

DAISyWRITER 2000—IncludesParallel, RS-232C, IEEE488,& Current Loop interfaces

standard »1089M

CABLES «49M

TRACTOR »149M

Centronics Printers

CENTRONICS 122 «979M

CENTRONICS 739

Parallel Interface «564M

CENTRONICS 739

RS-232C Interface «679M

739 COLOR OPTION «79M

IDS Printers

PRISM 80 S999M

Includes Sprint Mode, Dot Plot,and Cut Sheet Guide

PRISM 132 1699"

4-Color Graphics, Sprint Mode,Dot Plot, and Cut Sheet Guide

CALL FOR PRICES

On NEC Spinwriters, Qume &Diablo Daisywheels. QUANTEX,DATASOUTH, DIP, MPI and otherprinters available.

TEC Printers

DMP85 S469M

Generic version of NEC &Prowriter printers. Features 120cps, bi-directional, logic-seeking,1.3K buffer. 5 fonts, 8 sizes on9x9 matrix, w/proportional print,true descenders, & Greek/Mathfont. 160 x 144 dots/inch Hi-Resgraphics matrix, 1/144" line feed.Friction & tractor standard, rearpaper path. Parallel only.

NEC PC-8023A-C »509«>

C.ITOH PROWRITER S499M

C.ITOH PROWRITER

Parallel & RS-232C »614M

CJTOH PROWRITER 2 . . . . »734"C.ITOH PROWRITER 2

Parallel & RS-232C «794M

F-10/40 STARWRITER 40cpsParallel or RS-232C .... *1499MF-10/55 PRINTMASTER 55cpsParallel or RS-232C .... »1799»8F-10 TRACTOR •289"

Cables & interfaces available forthe Apple, Atari, CBM/Pet, IBM PC,Osborne and TRS-80S

Hayes Smartmodem

HAYES SMARTMODEM . . . »229MHAYES 1200 BAUDSMARTMODEM $574"8

MODEMS

HAYES MICROMODEM II . S299M

SIGNALMAN MARK I <89M

NOVATION AUTO CAT . . *224MNOVATION APPLE CAT . . »334MNOVATION 1200 BAUD

AUTO CAT S569M

NOVATION 1200 BAUD

APPLE CAT »579M

USI Pi Series

20 MHz bandwidth, 1000-line-at-center resolution, 80 columns by24 lines—the USI Pi-3 with amberscreen redefines quality. Ambermakes any display easier to read allday, every day. Used by THEBOTTOM LINE'S president, theUSI Pi-3 Amber Monitor comes withhis personal recommendation.

USI Pi-1 (9" Green) M64M

USI Pi-2 (12" Green) .... »174MUSI Pi-3 (12" Amber) . . . «199"USI Pi-4 (9" Amber) S169M

Amdek Monitors

AMDEK 300G 13" '179"

AMDEK Color I «379M

AMDEK Color II

High Resolution RGB .... «799M

AMDEK Color III (RGB) . . S499M

Zenith Monitors

ZENITH ZVM-121(12" green) . . ..

s139l»

IBM ProductsQuadram

QUADBOARDS

Memory in 64K blocks (up to256K), a Centronics-compatibleparallel I/O with hardware to anexternal port, an asynchronousRS-232C communications port(DB-25 male external), and aclock/calendar with on-boardbattery—all of this on oneQUADBOARD. Exceptional qualii& design leaving remaining IBM PCslots free for other applications

64K QUADBOARD «439M

128K QUADBOARD S539M

192K QUADBOARD $629M

256K QUADBOARD *719M

64K MEMORY CHIPS

(PKG. 9) "99"

QuCeS Inc.

Big Blue for the IBM PC featuresa Z80 microprocessor running at55 MHz, 64K memory, a Cen-tronics-compatible parallelport, the RS-232C port anon-board calendar/clock, & ahard disk interface.

BIG BLUE *519M

QuCeS Hard Disk subsystems forthe IBM PC.

6mB HARD DISK «2489M

12mB HARD DISK s2839"»

24mB HARD DISK «4229M

Xedex

BABY BLUE

»539»

Microsoft

64K RAMcard s274»

64K MEMORY CHIPS

(PKG. 9) *99M

Maynard Electronics

FLOPPY DISKCONTROLLER

M89*

Tandon Drives

40 TRACK, SS40 TRACK, DS

$229>$319«

IBM PC Software

We carry a full line of IBM PCSoftware. Also Apple/Fran Winsoftware. Ask about our SoftwarSociety discounts.

Orders & Information: CALL (603)-673-8857

Orders Only: CALL (800)-343-0726

No Hidden Charges

No surcharge for credit cards—No charge forUPS shipping—Stock shipments next dayAll equipment shipped factory fresh withmanufacturer's warranty—We accept CODsOpen PO's not accepted—$50 minimumorder—No foreign orders accepted

Prices subject to change—call for quotes

jftware

-

HIGH TECHNOLOGY AT AFFORDABLE PRICES

THE BOTTOM■ ►LINE

. .. DM

Milford NH 03055-0423

BYTE October 1982

195

Listing 1 continued:

E) * < ■- 1) A EJ PLOT V,W5 NEXT

Q,EJ RETURN590 0 REM DRAW-NOMOVE5910 W * MJW a NJK ■■■■■ Ti GOSUB 68 0

OtM 8= M - XCJN » N - YC! RETURN

610 0 REM GETCHR

6110 G ■■■■■■■ PEEK < •■• 16384) - 128J IFTM > 0 AND G < 0 THEN VTAB23JTM « TM + 0,077t PRINT INT(TM)" SEGS SCORE "SC" SECTOR "CSt GOTO 6110

612 0 P O K E - 16 3 68» 0 J R E T U R N

660 0 REM MAPMOVE

6610 U « M ••• XCt.H ■ N - YC5K * A<V»W> + 11 GOSUB 67 0 0JK - K -i: GO SUB 6800 5 V =:: MSW ■ NJK ■A(V,W): IF ICI. < 1 THEN GOSUB67 0 0

663 0 K * K + 11 GOSUB 68 0 0 J RETURN

67 0 0 REM CANCEL.

6710 XDRAW K AT V * 8.,N * 8} RETURN

68 0 0 REM DRAW

681.0 DRAW K AT V * 8»W * 8J RETURN

70 0 0 REM DELAY

7 010 POR I = 1 TO A5 NEXT IJTM -TM + II RETURN

Listing 2: Shape table, data, and strings used with the Ringquestgame. This data defines the shape of the maze and the strengthsof the player and monsters in addition to providing some of thetext and prompts on the screen.

ANNOUNCING:

THE MASTER MAX

$2540.

Z-80 S-100 SYSTEM W/DUAL 8 " DRIVES

FEATURING:

S-lOO, IEEE 696 4 SLOT MOTHERBOARD

Z80 AT 4MHZ SINGLE CARD COMPUTER including:

64K RAM (64KX1 chips) / 2 serial ports (ZSIO) / 2 eight bitparallel ports, one usable as intelligent Winchester interface(ZPIO) / On-board EPROM (2732) / NEC floppy disk controller /all devices interrupt driven / real time clock

CP/M2.2®

Dual Tandon 8 "drives, single sided, double density, 1.2 MB. Quali-ty, regulated power supply. Three empty slots for expansion.Compact, light weight, modular construction.Dimensions: 17% "wide, 5^"high, 23"deep.OPTIONS:

220 volt, 50HZ operation at no extra charge

Doublesided,doubledensity8"drives,2.4MB:Add $335.

Turbodossingleuserwithspooler: Add $100.

Turbodos multiuser with spooler: Add $550.

We can also provide you with terminal, printer, other peripheralsand software from our extensive catalogue.

CALL OR WRITE FOR FURTHER DETAILS OR FOR DEMONSTRATIONPrices subject to change without notice.

WEEXPORT

&. JOHN D.OWENS «E

Associates, Inc.12 Schubert Street, Staten Island, New York 10305

(212) 448 6283 (212) 448 6298 (212) 448 2913

TWX: 710 588 2844 CABLE: OWENSASSOC.

Please See Our Other Ads in This Issue on Pages 70- 71

196 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

6000

.61BF

6000-

IB

FF

CA

00

DA

00

EF

00

6008-

FC

00

13

01

ID

01

37

01

6010 •■••

4F

01

5D

01

6D

01

83

01

6018-

9D

01

AA

01

CI

0.1.

CE

01

6020-

E7

01

F4

01

OC

02

16

02

6028™

30

02

3B

02

55

02

5F

02

6030™

79

02

83

02

9D

02

A7

02

6 038-

CI

02

A2

00

BD

48

60

9D

6040™

AA

04

E8

E0

10

DO

F5

60

6048-

02

A0

A8

D3

C5

C5

A9

A0

6050-

C2

D2

C9

C5

C6

C9

CE

C7

6058-

C9

CF

CE

D3

FF

FF

EF

EE

6060-

A0

00

88

B9

00

5F

99

0 0

6068™

07

CO

00

DO

F5

60

A6

18

6070™

BE

65

60

A6

19

8E

68

60

6078-

20

6 0

60

60

A9

04

85

18

6080™

A9

5C

85

19

2 0

6E

60

E6

60 88-

18

E6

19

E0

5F

DO

F5

60

6090-

A9

5C

85

18

A9

04

85

19

6 0 98-

2 0

6E

60

E6

18

E6

19

E0

60A0-

07

DO

F5

60

A2

00

BD

8C

60A8

03

9D

00

80

E8

E0

20

DO

6080-

F5

60

FF

FF

FT

FF

EF

FF

60B8-

FF

FF

FF

EE

FF

FF

FT

FF

60C0-

FF

FF

FF

FE

FF

FF

FE

FT

60C8-

FF

FF

49

36

3E

3F

2E

2D

60D0-

36

2E

24

2C

2D

3C

3E

24

60D8-

3C

00

35

37

2D

24

4D

2D

60E0-

3E

37

2D

96

3F

2E

35

3F

6 0E8-

DF

3F

2C

25

3F

04

00

49

60F0™

36

3E

3F

2E

2D

36

2E

24

60F8-

24

24

24

00

35

37

2D

24

610 0™

4D

2D

3E

37

2D

3E

37

2D

6108-

3E

37

2D

3E

FF

3B

27

2D

6110™

3C

27

00

49

36

3E

3F

2E

6118-

2D

25

24

24

00

35

37

2D

6120-

24

4D

2D

3E

37

2D

3E

37

6128 -

2D

3E

3F

3F

3F

2E

2D

2D

6130-

2D

3E

3F

3F

3F

07

00

49

6138 -

3E

37

2D

3E

3F

2E

36

25

6140-

2C

36

2E

2C

25

3F

2C

2D

6148

3C

24

37

3E

24

24

00

12

6150-

24

2D

4D

2D

36

96

36

3F

6158-

DF

3F

24

04

00

11

2D

2C

6160-

2E

35

2.E

3E

36

3F

3E

3C

6168-

7.7

3C

2C

24

00

12

24

2D

6170-

4D

2D

36

96

36

3F

DF

3F

6178-

24

0D

2D

25

3F

27

2D

25

6180™

3E

3F

00

2E

6C

B6

IF

37

6188-

16

2E

24

68

16

2E

0D

25

6190™

FF

04

68

25

04

20

37

16

6198-

IF

04

20

04

00

92

2D

2D

61A0-

2D

35

3F

37

36

27

24

3F

61A8-

3F

00

2D

2D

2D

35

3F

3F

61B0-

3F

37

2D

2D

2D

B5

3A

37

61i38-

2D

3E

FF

3B

27

2D

3C

3F

61C0

.637F

61C0™

00

49

36

36

36

2E

24

2C

61C8

2D

3C

3F

24

24

00

49

09

J

Jsting 2 continued on

page 198

Finally,

a MULTI-USER micro

for professionals by

G&G Engineering

Shown: WordStar" from MicroPro

EXPANDABLE

You can start with a single userinstallation and add users as yourneeds grow. The G&G system can beeasily expanded in field—just addmore memory.

Shown: SuperCalc 86" from Sorcim

Hard Disk Based Multi-user Systems start at$10,500

MP/M 8-16 is a proprietary implementation of DigitalResearch's MP/M 86 operating system, configured forCompuPro by G&G Engineering. CompuPlot is a trade-mark of G&G Engineering. CP/M and MP/M are regis-tered trademarks of Digital Research. SuperCalc andSuperCalc 86 are trademarks of Sorcim. dBASE II isa trademark of AshtonTate. WordStar is a trademarkof MicroPro. CompuPro is a trademark of GodboutElectronics.

MULTI USER MP/M" 816™

Up to seven users can run theirown programs with their own pro-tected data or share common pro-grams and data. High speed DMAhard disk and cache memory givethis system fast access to data, soyou avoid bottlenecks.

G&G's MP/M 8-16 systems havebeen shipping since March, 1982.They are field proven/

Shown: CompuPlot'" from G&G Engineerin

8 and 16 BIT CP/M™COMPATIBLE

Each user can run the vastinventory of 8 bit CP/M programs, orchoose from the library of powerfulnew 16 bit CP/M 86 software. Yourpast investment in CP/M software isprotected, while at the same time thedoor to the 16 bit world is opened toyou.

SUPPORT

We wrote the book on 8/16 bitmulti-user systems. Our phone sup-port is the best in the business. Plus,CompuPro components in G&G sys-tems carry a two year factory-backedwarranty.

Shown: GL by Structured Systems Group

UPGRADABLE

The G&G system is based on theIEEE 696/S-100 bus and uses Compu-Pro's state-of-the-art components. Our20 slot bus guarantees that you willnever be left in a corner with obsoletetechnology. Your investment in hard-ware is protected.

Shown: dBASE II" from AshtonTate

G&G Engineering is an authorizedCompuPro systems center.

GSGENGINEERING

1922 Republic Avenue, San Leandro,California 94577 (415) 895-0798315 California Street, Suite 515,San Francisco, California 94104

Circle 171 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 197

CRT'S • PRINTERS • TELEPRINTERS

MICROMAILS

LETTER QUALITY PRINTERS

• DIABLO*

• 630 RO

• 40 CPS

• SERIAL RS232C

$1899.00

630 KSR CALL

• 630 API-RO

"INTRODUCTORY OFFER"

• 620 RO

"INTRODUCTORY OFFER'

CALLFOR PRICE $1149.00

"TAILORED TO YOURSYSTEM"

• 25 CPS

• SERIAL RSZ32C

NEC

• 7700 SERIES

• 3500 SERIESCall tor Our LOW PRICES

DEC

LA 34 DA $899.00

"LA 120 REPLACEMENT"

LA 12D .... NEW! CALL

VT100 CALL

VT101 CALL

VT131 $ 1499.00

O.UME

"ON SITE WARRANTY"

• SPRINT 9/45

•SPRINT 9/55

Call for Our LOW PRICES

TELE VIDEO

910 $569.00

912 $689.00

920 $725.00

950 $909.00

925 NEW! CALL

DEC LA 100

•DUAL MODEMATRIX PRINTER

3M

^-KTFW^ WHISPER WRITER^ "ll" ^ TWX/ TELEX -TIME SHAR

k TWX/ TELEX • TIME SHARE' COMPUTER TERMINAL

ANADEX

mmm

DP 9500/9501 $ 1125.00

DP 8000 AP $749.00

DP 9620A NEW!

6000 NEW! CALL

"LABOR SAVER"

CUT SHEET FEEDERS

as low as

$749.00

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

810/2 CALL

(Includes upper-lower case option)

810/2 VFC/CP CALL

VT1Q0/TELE VIDEO

GPAPHICS OPTION

AS LOW AS

$999.00

CALL TOLL FREE (800) 854-6028_

r

SAVE ON

MASTERCARD

C.O.D.

SHIPPING IS

PREPAID

VISA

REQUIRES

FREIGHT

ORDERS

ACCEPTED

15% DEPOSIT

COLLECT

WE SELL INTERNATIONALLY

eKliCHQKIflJi.-

P.O. Box 3297 / Santa Ana California 92703Tel: 714/731-4338 TWX: 910 595 1146

Listing 2 continued:

61D0-

61D8-

61E0-

61E8-

61FO -

61F8-

620 0-

6208-

6210 -

6218-

622 0-

6228-

6230-

6238-

624§~

6248-

6250-

6258-

626 0-

6268-

6270-

6278-

6280-

6238-

6290-

6298-

62A0-

62A8

62B0-

62B8-

62C0 -

62C8-

62D0-

62D8

62E0 -

62E8-

62F0-

62F8-

630 0-

63 08-

6310-

6318-

6320

6328-

633 0

6338-

6340

6348-

635 0-

6353-

6360-

6368-

6370-

6378-

2D 3E 373F DF 2436 3E 2436 3E 3F3F 24 2424 4D 363F 3F 373F 3F 3F2D 3C 3F2D 3E 37

3649243F3736362D2D36003F3F3F3F3636363600OE031611020350OD0602OCOF50

3692243F2D27362D2D36923F3F3F3F2E3636361812051814030 0050512OF20070 5

6380.653F

362D00373E24273535DF2D00373F3F242E6E361014071A1909A2E813OF2001A2E8

07 OF OC14 OF OC20 12 0912 09 OE20 06 090 0 BD 65EO 18 DO14 27 13OD 15 0303 01 12

2D24242E00252D00242D3F272D2D2DFF24243F363F2D2D2D2E072424212512OC0C01IE0300EO13OD2D2000E0OC050E070763F5200812

96 3F24 3C24 242D 2D12 242C 362D 2D49 3624 0 096 3F27 2424 24

3E2D2D23003F3F362C2D2D2D2D0 0242424240 516OE070 304BD2201202002BD2715200720089D60142019

3F2D2D24923F3F2725352D2D2D492424242403181008020100DO0 7020B0130DOOD142014140014OF14A 2

2E36002D359635362D3F24243635B53C2D0037243F3F35B52D36002C242416FF120B0 40 063F50 50909OC63F520080408210508OFOF00

3536493C2E3F3F2D4D2E3C003E3F3A362D2D2D3C073F3F3A3E36363635041A01140E08029D6020OCOC129D6 013051505A2E8012020BD

6380- 0 0 63 9D 28 07 E8 E0 126388- DO F5 A2 0 0 BD A5 63 9D6390- 50 04 E8 E0 17 DO F5 606398- FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF63A0- FF FF FF FF FF 14 08 0563A8 20 12 09 0E 07 20 09 1363B0- 20 09 0E 20 13 05 03 1463B8 OF 12 20 32 10 12 05 13

Listing 2 continued on page 202

198 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 252 on inquiry card.

IKOSHAP-1QO/3

GP-100A: US$389

COMMAND PERFORMANCE.

Seikosha gives you all the best features—including economy and super-clear graphics.

Unlike some graphic printers, Seikosha's newGP-100A Uni-Hammer Graphic Printer puts full dotaddressable graphics at your command. The GP-100Alets you repeat a column of data as many times asneeded with just one command. Software control enablesdouble-width character output, and the positioning isboth character and dot addressable. Designed for simpleoperation, it ranks among the most cost-efficient graphicprinters on the market. Command performance tech-nology that not only works for you now, but takes youwell into the future.

Other valuable features:

•Graphics, regular and double width charactermodes can be intermixed on the same line.

•Automatic printing. When the text exceedsthe maximum line length, there is no lossof data due to overflow.

• Self-test printing is a standard feature.•Centronics type parallel interface.•Paper width is adjustable up to 10 inches.

• Optional lnterface:RS232C,IEEE488,apple ll.etc.

Graphic Printer ft* •! Series

Available at COMPUTERLAND and other finestores in your area

Distributed by AXIOM CORPORATION 1014 Griswold Avenue San Fernando, Calif. 91340 Phone (213) 365-9521 TWX (910) 496-1746Manufactured by SEIKOSHA SYSTEM EQUIPMENT DIV. 4-1-1 Taihei Sumida-ku Tokyo Japan. Phone: 03-623-8111 Telex: 262-2620

Circle 345 on inquiry card.

How to buy awithout get

No matter how you slice it, the only way you'regoing to know if a data handling program isright for you is by running it on your computer,solving your problems, your way.

And the only database management sys-tem (DBMS) that lets you do that is dBASE II™

A DBMS like the mainframers have.

Conceptually, dBASE II is a relationaldatabase management system, like the systemIBM introduced on their mainframes last year.

Practically, dBASE II is the most powerfulDBMS made for a micro. It handles multipledatabases on a single drive and simplifies every-thing from accounting to project managementto monitoring rainfall on the Upper Volta.

With a word or two, you CREATE data-bases, APPEND new data instantly, UPDATE,MODIFY and REPLACE fields, records andentire databases. Organize months worth of datain minutes with the built-in REPORT. Do sub-field and multi-field searches, then DISPLAYsome or all of the data for any conditions youwant to apply.

And you've just begun to tap the powerof dBASE II.

Easy to look at, easy to use.

Input screens and output forms couldn'tbe easier—just "paint" your format on the CRTand what you see is what you'll get.

You can do automatic calculations onfields, records and databases, accurate to 10 digits.

200 BYTE October 1982

And you can use dBASE II interactivelyfor instant answers. Or save your instructionsand automate your data handling with two words:DO Finances, DO Rainfall, DO whatever hasto be done.

Use dBASE II to help make your choice:

Instead of asking you to pore over amanual, we'll let you try dBASE II free for 30 days.

Send us $400 and we'll send you a copyof dBASE II that you can run on a 48k Apple with

database system

inn

ed

CP/M ($700 for expanded hard-disk version).Put it through its paces. Then after 30 days,send it back and we'll return your money noquestions asked.

But we don't get many back, becausedBASE II is the one database management systemthat can really cut it.

Call (213) 204-5570 today or drop byyour local computer store for the rest of the story.

AshtonTate, 9929 Jefferson Blvd.,Culver City, CA 90230.

Circle 29 on inquiry card.

Ashton-Tate

©1982 Ashton-Tate

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research

BYTE October 1982

201

Listing 2 continued:

63C0-

13

20

31

2 0

OF

12

2 0

32

63C8-

2 0

14

OF

20

03

08

OF

OF

63D0 -

13

05

20

14

08

05

20

OE

63D8 ••-

05

18

14

20

13

05

03

14

63E0-

OF

12

A2

00

BD

BC

63

9D

63E8-

00

05

E8

EO

26

DO

F5

60

63F0-

A2

00

BD

FE

63

9D

DO

06

63F8-

E8

EO

12

DO

F5

60

10

12

640 0-

05

13

13

20

11

20

14

OF

6408 -

20

11

15

09

14

20

OF

12

641 0-

A2

00

BD

00

63

9D

50

05

6418-

E8

EO

12

DO

F5

A2

00

BD

6420-

2E:

64

9D

50

06

E8

EO

IE

6428-

DO

F5

60

10

OC

05

01

13

6430-

05

20

12

05

14

15

12

OE

6438-

2 0

14

OF

20

13

05

05

OB

6440-

20

14

08

05

20

12

09

OE

6448-

07

A2

00

BD

57

64

9D

DO

6450-

07

E8

EO

IB

DO

F5

60

10

6458-

12

05

13

13

20

13

10

01

6460-

03

05

20

02

01

12

20

14

6468-

OF

20

03

OF

OE

14

.09

OE

6470-

15

05

A2

00

BD

80

64

9D

6478-

DO

05

E8

EO

19

DO

F5

60

6480-

DO

D2

C5

D3

D3

AO

D9

AO

6488-

C6

CF

D2

AO

D9

C5

D3

AC

649 0-

AO

CE

AO

C&

CF

D2

AO

CE

6498-

CF

A2

00

BD

A7

64

9D

DO

64A0-

04

E8

EO

OD

DO

F5

60

CI

64A8 ■•■■

CE

CF

D4

C8

C5

D2

AO

C7

64B0-

CI

CD

C5

BF

A2

00

BD

03

DECLSM1Components

Dependable serviceat discount prices

Domesticand Export

.'•

mini

I

!_.

^r

—1

■■ * 1

J VV VV VV V

v L

Computer Suppliers, Inc.

25 Chatham Rd., Summit, N.J. 07901Since 1973

(201) 277-6150 Telex 13-6476

©Mini Computer Suppliers. Inc.

1979

64B8-

65

90

80

07

E8

EO

OE

DO

64C0™

Fr5

A2

00

BD

11

65

90

2A

64C8-

05

E8

EO

OE

DO

F5

A 2

00

64D0-

BD

IF

65

9D

AA

05

E8

EO

64D8-

10

DO

F5

A2

00

BD

2F

65

64E0-

9D

2A

06

E8

EO

12

DO

F5

64E8-

A2

00

BD

41

65

90

AA

06

64F0-

E8

EO

15

DO

F5

A 2

00

BO

64F8--

56

65

9D

2A

07

E8

EO

ID

650 0-

DO

F5

60

C4

CF

AO

D9

CF

6508-

D5

AO

D7

C9

D3

C8

AO

D4

6510-

CF

01

AO

AO

AO

AO

AO

AO

6513-

AO

CI

D4

D4

CI

C3

CB

12

6520-

AO

AO

AO

AO

AO

AO

AO

D2

6528-

D5

CE

AO

CI

D7

CI

09

06

6530-

AO

A 8

D4

D2

D9

A9

AO

C6

6538-

*

D2

C9

C5

CE

C4

D3

C8

C9

6540

.66FF

6540

DO

13

AO

A8

C7

C5

04

A 9

6548-

AO

D3

D4

CI

D4

05

D3

AO

6550-

D2

C5

DO

CF

D2

04

OC

AO

6558-

AO

AO

AO

AO

AO

AO

CC

C9

6560-

03

D4

AO

CD

CF

CE

03

04

6568-

C5

D2

D3

AF

[)3

C3

CF

D2

657 0-

C9

CE

C7

A 2

00

BD

A8

65

6578-

9D

50

0 6

E8

EO

25

DO

F5

6580-

A2

00

BD

CD

65

90

FO

06

6588-

E8

EO

07

DO

F5

A 2

0 0

BD

659 0-

D4

65

9D

70

07

E8

EO

0 8

6598-

DO

F5

A2

00

BD

DC

65

9D

65A0-

FO

07

E8

EO

0 7

DO

F5

6 0

65A8-

C9

CE

D3

D4

02

05

C3

04

65B0-

C9

CF

CE

D3

AO

C6

CF

02

65B8-

AO

CD

CF

D6

C9

CE

C7

BA

65C0-

AO

AO

AO

AO

AO

AO

AO

AO

65C8-

0 9

AO

AO

D5

DO

OA

AO

AO

65D0-

cc

C5

C6

D4

OB

AO

AO

D2

65D8-

C9

C?

C8

D4

OD

AO

AO

C4

65E0-

CF

D7

CE

A2

0 0

BD

Fl

65

65E8-

9D

0 0

OS

E3

EO

12

DO

F5

65F0-

6 0

42

59

6 0

41

6 0

43

41

65F8-

56

45

6 0

43

4F

4C

4C

41

66 0 0-

50

53

45

A 2

00

BO

11

66

66 0 8

9D

0 0

0 5

E8

EO

OC

DO

F5

6610-

6 0

CE

C5

C9

04

C8

C5

D2

6618-

AO

C8

D5

D2

04

A 2

00

BD

6620

2B

66

9D

0 0

05

E8

EO

OC

6628-

DO

F5

6 0

59

4F

55

6 0

41

663 0-

52

45

6 0

48

55

52

54

A 2

6638-

00

BD

45

66

90

28

0 5

E8

6640-

EO

0 9

DO

F5

6 0

02

D5

CE

6648-

AO

CI

07

CI

D9

BF

AO

A3

6650

A3

A3

AO

DB

AD

DE

AD

DO

6658-

AO

DC

AD

AF

AO

A8

CF

AO

666 0-

CF

A9

A 8

At)

DE

AO

A 9

AO

6668-

A 8

BD

A 9

AO

AO

AO

DE

DE

667 0

AO

AO

A5

AO

AO

DC

BC

DF

6678-

DF

A9

AO

7C

A 7

AO

AO

AO

668 0-

AO

A9

DF

AO

DF

AO

D5

AO

6688-

D5

AO

AO

AO

5E

AO

AO

AO

6690-

AO

CF

AO

AO

AO

AO

AB

AO

6698-

AO

6A

AO

AO

AO

DE

AO

DC

66A0-

AO

AO

D6

AO

AO

DC

AF

C9

66A8-

DC

DC

AO

AF

AF

BC

4F

DE

66B0-

4F

BE

AF

AD

BO

AO

DC

A 2

Listing 2 continued on page 204

202 Octobtr 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 259 on inquiry card.

AFTER YOU OUTGROW THEDATA GENERAL CS,

YOU'LL BE READY FOR THEDATA GENERAL CS.

The Data General CS is a highspeed, single terminal desktop com-puter with enough capacity to do allthe jobs a small business requires.

(Without requiring a small business-man to run out and buy all sorts ofoptions.)

On the other hand, depending onthe application, it's also a high speedcomputer with the ability to supportanywhere from two to nine terminals.

Then again, the Data General CS isa high speed business system with theability to handle up to 25 terminals.

All right, so just what is the DataGeneral CS? The ideal first computer,a great mid-range computer, and amulti-function business system.

For the Data General CommercialSystem is a whole family, each fullycompatible with the next one up thecorporate ladder. All the way to thelargest computer Data General makes.

Which means what you learn on one

you can use on any other. They all actand think alike. And even speak thesame universal languages: InteractiveCOBOL and Business BASIC.

So, if you succeed in business, youcan go from one terminal up to 25,from a computer that fits on a desk toa computer that fits on a wall. Withoutreally trying. Or replacing. Or rewrit-ing. Or retraining.

But not only do Data General CScomputers remove the fear of successthey remove the fear of failure. Forthey can usually help diagnose theirown problems. And help correct them.And if they can't, help is often an 800number away. And so is our world-wide service and support organization.

No wonder systems suppliers whocan buy anybody's equipment, add to itand market it, often buy ours. Nowonder 82 out of the top Fortune 100companies have Data General com-puters.

If you'd like us to put you in touchwith a Commercial System Supplierwho has computer systems which canperform general accounting, produc-tion scheduling or even keep your golfscores, fill in the coupon and return itto us.

Most likely he'll have a computersystem to suit your needs, one thatyou'll hopefully outgrow.

iw Data General

WE ENGINEERED THE ANXIETYOUT OF COMPUTERS.

Mail to: Data General Corporation

4400 Computer Drive MS C228,

Westboro, Mass. 01580Attention: Marketing Communications ServicesPlease send me info on the new Data General CS family.

Name

Title-

l_.

Company-Address—City

_Tel..

-State-

.Zip-

Circle 120 on inquiry card.

BYTE Octob€r 1982

203

Circle 177 on inquiry card.

DEVELOPMENTHARDWARE/SOFTWARE

GTEK MODEL 7128

EPROM PROGRAMMER

Compare the features:

• Microprocessor based intelligence for easeof use and interface.

• RS-232 interface and ASCII data formatsmake the 7128 compatible with virtuallyany computer with an RS-232 interfaceport.

• Auto-select baud rate, Xon/Xoff or conver-sational handshake.

• Program and read the following:

2508, 2758, 2516, 2716, 27C16, 2532.2732, 2732A, 27C32, MCM68766, 2564,2764, 27C64, 27128 .. . plus more as newtypes become available.

• Automatic use of proper program voltagebased on type selected.

• Optional support for EEPROMS

• Menu driven eprom type selection, nopersonality modules required.

• Supports Intel and Motorola data formatsas well as conversational hex formats.Formatted screen dump and block readcommands.

• Interupt driven type ahead, program andverify real time while sending data.

• Program single byte, block, or whole eprom.

• Intelligent diagnostics discern betweeneprom which is bad and one which merelyneeds erasing.

• Erasure check command.

• Busy light indicates when power is beingapplied to program socket.

• Complete with zero insertion fo-ce socketand integral 120 VAC power supply,(240 VAC/50HZ available at slight addi-tional charge)

• High Performance/Cost ratio.

Model 7128 PRICE $389.00

MODEL 7128/24 • budget version of the7128. Supports 24 pin parts thru 32Konly. Upgradable to full 7128 capacity.Model 7128/24 PRICE $289.00

Accessories

Erasers, Eproms, Cable

Gtek

INC.

GTEK MODEL 9000 SERIES COMPUTERS

•4 MHz Z80 CPU, no wait states

• 128K byte RAM with bank select

• DMA floppy disk operation with track buf-fering for fast disk I/O,

• 2 serial ports with type ahead, speeds to76.8K baud.

• Parallel printer port, with 47K interruptdriven spooler.

• Winchester interface port.

• Dual mini-floppies, FORMATTED storageto 1.6 Megabyte.

• Eight inch drives available also.

• One year warranty (90 days on drives)

High Performance/Cost ratio

Prices start at $2390.00 + CP/M*

Contact GTEK direct for quotation on

Series 9000 tailored to your specific needs.

CROSS ASSEMBLERS by Avocet Systems,Inc. (For CP/M* based machines)For the following families:6805, 6809, 1802, 8048, 8051, 6502,6800, NEC7500, F8, COP400, Z8

Cross Assembler price $200.00 each exceptNEC7500 price $500.00

* Trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

Post Office Box 289

Waveland, Mississippi 39576

(601) 467-8048

IT'S YOUR MOVE

aaA_make it now

EPSON

CARTRIDGE RIBBONS

MX-80$9.95

MX-100$12.95

Ea. vP I C.\2\J Ea.

MINIMUM ORDER OF 3 RIBBONSSAVE 10% WITH PURCHASE OF A DOZEN

VW

LABEL SPECIAL^

1 ACROSS 3V4 x ,5/,6" CONTINUOUS LABELS

NOW 2.99/M (5MMin.)

CHECK-MATE is now a distributor

of Memorex Diskettes

Check-Mate

4^

Toll Free 800-343-7706 ^g? Ma 617-963-7694P.O. Box 103 Randolph, Ma. 02368

WE ACCEPT MASTERCHARGE AND VISA

Listing 2

continued:

6AB8-

00

BO

cs

66

90

00

0'}

E8

66C0-

EO

IE

oo

F5

60

09

CF

D5

66C8-

AO

C8

CI

06

C5

AO

C5

CE

660 Q ~

D4

C5

02

C5

C4

AO

CI

AO

6608-

C3

CI

06

C5

AO

D7

C9

04

66E0-

C8

AO

CI

A2

00

BD

Fl

66

66E8-

9D

00

0 6

E8

EO

1C

DO

F5

66F0

60

D7

C8

CF

AO

02

C9

DO

66F8-

X

D3

AO

CF

C6

C6

AO

A 6

AO

670 0

,681F

670 0

C4

C5

D3

D4

D2

CF

09

D3

6708-

AO

09

CF

05

D2

FF

FF

A2

6710-

0 0

BD

ID

67

90

80

0 7

E8

6718-

EO

IE

DO

F5

6 0

09

CF

05

6720-

02

AO

C9

CE

06

C9

03

C9

6728-

C2

CC

CS

AO

C3

CC

CF

CI

6730-

CB

AO

C8

C9

C4

C5

03

AO

6738-

D9

CF

05

A 2

00

BD

49

67

6740-

9D

80

0 4

E8

EO

27

DO

F5

6748-

60

C3

CF

CE

C7

02

CI

04

6750-

05

CC

CI

04

C9

CF

CE

03

6758-

AO

CF

CE

AO

09

CF

D5

02

676 0

AO

C2

02

C9

CC

CC

C9

CI

6768-

CE

04

AO

C6

C5

CI

04

Al

6770-

A 2

0 0

BD

7E

67

90

80

0 4

6778-

E8

EO

28

DO

F5

60

09

CF

678 0-

OS

AO

C8

CI

D6

C5

AO

C4

6788-

C9

C5

C4

AO

CF

C6

AO

C5

6790-

08

C8

CI

05

03

D4

C9

CF

6798-

CE

AO

C9

CE

AO

04

C8

CS

67 A 0

AO

CD

C9

CE

C5

03

A 2

00

67A8

80

84

67

90

5 0

0 6

E8

EO

67B0-

28

DO

F5

60

09

CF

05

AO

67B8-

C8

CI

06

C5

AO

C2

CSS

CS

67C0-

CE

AO

03

07

C5

DO

D4

AO

67CG-

CI

D7

CI

09

AO

04

CF

AO

67D0 ■•■•

CI

CE

CF

D4

C8

C5

02

AO

67DS-

C3

CI

06

C5

A 2

00

BD

EA

67E0-

67

90

50

07

E8

EO

14

DO

67E8 •

F5

60

09

CF

D5

AO

CC

CF

67F0-

D3

C5

AO

09

CF

05

02

AO

67F8-™

C3

CC

CF

CI

CB

Al

A 2

00

6800-

bo

oc

68

90

80

0 6

E8

EO

68 0 8

OF

oo

F5

60

C9

CE

06

C9

6310-

03

C9

C2

CC

C5

AO

C3

CC

6818-

*

cr:'

CI

CB

FF

FF

FF

FF

FF

Listing 3: Text screen program. It produces four screens of infor-mation that can be accessed during the game to give informationon the player's status.

10 0 HOME : VTAB"RINGaUEST"S PRINT "C.23J HTAB ItOR BRIEFING OR

110 POKE 24705,84 5J CALL 247 0 0

120 HOME 5 PRINT 5E ENTERING THEA WITHTHE TASK

4t HTAB01AB 8!G.MILLS

PRINT "l:i TO■0KE

14t PRINT

HTAB 111982"5 OTAB

ri;::ss b f

START"24716,87

PRINT "YOU ARMINES OF MORIOF FINDING x*

Listing 3 continued on page 206

204 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 65 on inquiry card.

ACE 1000 COLOR

COMPUTER! List $1545

SHARP COMPUTER 249

SUPERBRAIN II

Double Density 1894

Quad Density 2274

Super Density SD 2649

COMPUSTARS

TO DEALERS CALL & SAVE

Advanced Micro Digital S-100 Super-Quad Single Board Computer. Z8064KRAM, Disk Controller,RS-232 Only $777

ALTOS — single and multi-user

ACS-8000-15D List 5990

Only 4699

ATARI 400 289

800 655

PRINTERS

OKIDATA82A 489

CENTRONICS 739-1 499

IDS PRISM 80 743

EPSON MX-80 FT 547

MX-80 459

MX-100 749

ANADEX9501A

Silent Scribe 1345

NEC #3510 Letter Quality 1689

C. ITOH F10 Letter Quality .... 1399Smith Corona TP-1 665

TRAXX SW Add-on Drives 249

Memory Merchant 16K static ... 159Central Data RAM S-100 64K ... 299Systems Group

RAM S-100 64K 449

Microangelo Video Graphics ... 985

AMERICAN SQUARE COMPUTERS isorganizing a World Wide Associationof Computer Dealers. Open a Store orStart Work Out of Your Home! WeCharge NO FRANCHISE FEE! (OurCompetitors charge a FRANCHISE FEEof from $15,000.00 to $45,000.00.) Be aWinner! Let US help YOU get startedMAKING MONEY by HELPINGPEOPLE to put COMPUTERS to WORK.Write or Phone today.

Which Computers are Best? ... Free

Insured Shipping at Low Rates.

TELEVIDEO

Televideo 910+ 518

Televideo925 718

Televideo 950 899

Televideo Computers Call

ADDS VIEWPOINT A-1B 525

ZENITH Z-19 Terminal 649

Z-89 48K Computer 2119

Z-90 64K DD 2399

ZVM-121 ZENITH

Green Screen monitor 125

INTERTUBEIII

or EMULATOR $710

AMDEK Color Monito, $329

GODBOUT COMPUPRO

Super Sixteen 8085/8088. The fastest8-16 bit computer! Runs 8 and 16 bitcode! 128K Static RAM. 6MHz CPU'sLIST 3409 SPECIAL 2873

New: Systems 816/A, B, and C with

enclosure and drives.

816/A List 5495 .... Only 4729

SEATTLE pure 16 bit computer is thefastest microcomputer by actual test!S-100. 128K Static RAM, 8 MHz 8086,22 slot Mainframe

Model #2 List 4185 Only $3195

#1 as above

but 64K List 3190 Only $2595

IBM PC memory made by SEATTLE.

Now with "Flash Disk.'' .. 192K = 52564 K = 375CALIFORNIA COMPUTER 2210A

List $1995 Only $1722

Z80. 64K, I/O. Disk controller + CPM.California main frame 484

SYSTEMS GROUP computers runFRIENDLY OASIS Call SAVE

QUAY COMPUTER

Two drives + CPM $1745

Four user MPM 208K +

Hard Disk $5945

TARBELLS

Empire I & II have two 8" disk drives.

The I is single sided, the II is double

sided.FREE Business Software

Empire I ... List 4888 ... Only 3495

Corvus Hard Disk SAVE

SSM Video BRD VB3 kit 361

Spectrum Color ASM 326

NORTH STAR

ADVANTAGE 64K Green Phosphor.The Best Business Graphics. 2 Disks,Serial Port. Options CPM — Businessprograms $2894

MICRO DECISION

"A DEAL YOU CANT REFUSE"64K RAM, Z80, 4MHz, 2 Serial Ports,Disk Controller. FREE SOFTWARE:CPM — Microsoft BASIC — BaZic—Wordstar — Calcstar — Spellstar.

List Only

with 1 SW' Disk .. $1195 ... $ 949with 2 5V Disks .. 1545 .... 1199

NORTH STAR Horizon

Powerful North Star BASIC FreeSuperb for Business & Science

Horizon Standard is now HRZ-2-64KQuad

Factory Assembled S Tested Only

Horizon-2-64K-Quad $2649

Horizon-1-64K-QHD 5 3795

Horizon RAM 64K 594

Big Sale on Multi-User

Time-Sharing SAVE

North Star Hard Disk 18Mb 3995

English to Basic Translator 75

Zbasic 2 to 5 times faster! 325

Secretary Word Processor 75

Wordstar Word Processor 278

Floating Point Board 339

Oasis Multi-User Software 699

CPM for N--Extra features 147

Micro Mike Software CALL

MICROSTAT $265

Pascal-80 539

Extra Precision BASIC 49

Northword 179

Infomanager 329

General Ledger 399

Accounts Receivable 399

Accounts Payable 399

Inventory 399

Order Entry 399

PROPAC 1299

DOS + BASIC 5.2 28

INTEGRAND main frames S-100. Manymodels to choose from

Only 200 & UP

MODEMS

DC HAYES — S-100 $329

POTOMAC MICRO MAGIC 369

SIGNALMAN 97

CAT NOVATION 159

AUTOCAT 215

DECISION I

"The IBM-360 on theZ-80 & S-100 BUS!"

Sixteen Programs running simultan-eously! Free CPM, Microsoft BASIC,and WORDSTAR with complete system!

DECISION 1 + 65K Static *

8" Disks DMA 3403

DECISION 1 +65K Static +

2 5Vi" Disks 2795

DECISION 1 +65K Static +

5" Disk + 5 Mb Hard Disk 4235

DECISION 1-3 user 256K Static ♦5" Disk + 5 Mb Hard Disk +

MICRONIX 5830

DECISION 1 — Z-80 + I/O + 65K 1915DECISION 1 — Rackmount + 20 Mb

HD - 8" DRV Reg. 6235

Inventory Sale 5415

MORROW Hard Disksup to 26 MEGABYTES

HDC-M26 $3333

HDC-M20 3333

HDC-M10 2955

DMA-M5 Reg. 1755

Inventory Sale 1500

DMA-M10 2235

DMA-M16 2795

MORROW 8" Disk

Discus 2D + CPM 600K .. Only $834

Discus 2 + 2 + CPM 1.2 Mb 1068

Add Drives 2D 599 2 + 2 = 1795Discus 2D dual + CPM . . . Only 1384Free Microsoft BASIC from MORROWwith Discus system or hard disk.

FAST FIGURE — Most powerfulspread sheet. 5V4" or 8"

99

Wordstar 278

All MicroPro Software for IBM, Apple,North Star, Morrow, etc. SAVE! CALL

Call for latest prices & availability

AMERICAN

919-889-4577

4167KivettDr

^SQUARE ^

^^ Ja

Factory Guarantees We Beat Prices

COMPUTERS

Jamestown N.C. 27282

919-883-1105

Circle 17 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 205

Listing 3 continued:

13 0

14 0

150

THE RING**": PRINT J PRINT "THERE ARE TWO SECTORS. THERING MAY BE IN EITHER, THEPOWERS OF DARKNESS HAVE"PRINT "ARRANGED THAT EACH SECTOR WILL COLLAPSE": PRINT "16 MINUTES AFTER YOU HAVE ENTERED.": PRINT "YOU CAN DEI...AY THE COLLAPSE TEMPORARILYONLY BY OBTAINING A TIME SPELI..."

PRINT : PRINT "YOU ENTER NEAR THE CENTRE OF EACH SECTORAND CAN ONLY EXIT AT THE SAME

PLACE BY PRESSING THE KEYF, YOU CAN EXIT AT ANYTIMEBUT ONCE YOU HAVE ENTERED SECTOR 2,YOU CANNOT RETURN TOSECTOR 1♦"PRINT ? PRINT "ROCKFALLB <£)

OCCUR MORE FREQUENTLY AS YOU PROCEED, IF YOU HAVE A GUNPOWDER FLASK AND ARE TRAPPED, YOU CAN PRESS E TO GIVE 4 EXITS AT YOUR CURRENT P0 SIT10 N A N D T H R 0 U G H A D J A C E N TROCKFALLS,"

.60 PRINT

INVERSE

PRINT

S3 SPACE BAR TO CONTINUE":: POKE24705,80{ POKE 24716,83: CALL247 0 0: NORMAL

SENECA ELECTRONICSSUPER DISCOUNTS TRS-80® AND OTHERS

P

TRS-80*

BELL & HOWELL" (APPLE)"

ATARI"

VIC COMMODORE"

and OTHERS...

*

mMrermaiMnnli

TRS-80" 16K MODEL III $810.00TRS-80" 64K MODEL II $2995.00ATARI" 800 W/16K $650.00VIC-20" HOME COMPUTER $245.00ALL MACHINES COME WITH FULLMANUFACTURERS' WARRANTY!!

COMPUTER FURNITURE, PRINTERS. PERIPHERALS. YOU NAMEIT. WE GOT IT. AT THE PRICE YOU WANT TO PAY. WE ACCEPTCERTIFIED CHECKS. MONEY ORDERS. VISA & MASTERCARD.SHIPPING CHARGES WILL BE ADDED TO CHARGE CARD ORDERS.

SENECA ELECTRONICS

RD #1, HARMONY. PA 16037

(412) 452-5654

206 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 346 on inquiry card.

170 HOME ! PRINT "YOU HAVE": PRINT

: PRINT "TREASURE": PRINT J PRINT"CARRYING CAPACITY": PRINT S

PRINT "FIGHTING ABILITY": PRINT: PRINT "INJURY RESISTANCE":PRINT : PRINT "DEGREE OF CHARM"180 PRINT : PRINT "EXPLOSIVE CHARGES": VTAB 23: HTAB 1{ PRINT"PRESS SPACE BAR TO CONTINUE"j: POKE 24705,88: POKE 24716,91: CALL 247 0 090 HOME : HTAB 9 5 PRINT "COMBAT

% F RIE N D L. IN E S S " J H T A B ? i P RIN T"ABILITY ANTI I FOR"20 0 PRINT "RED ORG 8 3

0 40 30"J PRINT ! PRINT "DWARF 11 21) 40 40": PRINT t PRINT "WEREWOLF14 40 5 0 10"210 PRINT J PRINT "SNAKE 17

8 0 2 0 0"! PRINT » PRINT"GREY ELF 2 0 20 6020": PRINT : PRINT "WIZARD

25 3 0 48 30": PRINT: PRINT "BALROG 3 090 10 0"

22 0 PRINT I PRINT "SCORING": PRINT

"1 PER SILVER CHARM OR DEADSNAKE": PRINT "2 PER BAR OFGOLD OR DEAD BALROG": PRINT"ZERO TO 9 FOR WEAPONS"

23 0 PRINT "OVER 100 IF ESCAPING

WITH XXTHE RING**"; PRINT I PRINT

: PRINT "PRESS SPACE BAR TO

CONTINUE":210 POKE 21705,92: POKE 21716,95

J CALL 217 0 025 0 HOME : PRINT "TO CHECK, PRES

S A KEY TO OBTAIN EACH 'S

CREEN' SUCCESSIVELY"260 FOR I » 0 TO 3J GET A*J POKE::

24721,(80 + I * 1): CALL 247

20: NEXT IText continued from page 184:

6000 hexadecimal. You can accomplish this by typing inlisting 3 and running it after listing 2 has been validated.When you enter listing 3, you may replace the pound signwith a dash. When you are satisfied that the screens areproperly formatted, save these and listing 2 by typing:

BSAVEQQ,A$5000,L$1820

You are now ready to type in the main program given inlisting 1.

Conclusion

Ringquest is a good example of the way a gameevolves. Through its various incarnations you can see theproblems I encountered and the solutions that led to thegame's final version.

The incorporation of a friendliness feature adds a newattitudinal twist to adventure games. I consider it mymost important contribution to a more caring andpeaceful society. ■

Circle 342 on inquiry card. >

iRODUCING

. . . the PERSONAL LANGUAGE* system

that mirrors your commands using

your own words I

SAVVY is a miraculous newinformation handling system.SAVVY is an automatic database

management system.SAVVY is a new level ofmachine intelligence.SAVVY, part hardware,part software, is thebeginning of trulyPersonal Computing".

SAVVY comes with:General Ledger,Accounts Receivable,Accounts Payable,Payroll, Mailing List,Document Writer andInventory Control.

Trademark: SAVVY, Robot Programmer:Excallbur Technologies Corporation.

Personal Language: SAVVY MarketingInternational.

Through SAVVY, you and yourcomputer talk to each other in yourown natural, conversationalEnglish |or Spanish, or French, etc.).

It learns from youwhat you wantdone in your ownpersonal language.

Once SAVVY learnsyour language itcan create any fileyou wish. Input,output, additions,changes anddeletions arearranged for youri* SAVVY s RobotProgrammerhas been trainedi write 100%of the programsneeded to manage yourdatabase information.SAVVY runs CP/ M *and Apple DOS

You II discover that SAVVYrecognizes your personal words,even if misspelled, or even if you usea phrase never used before ISAVVY continues to grow throughuse to become better and better atunderstanding your commands.Eventually, you will see SAVVY as amirror to your own way of thinkingand working. It is a redefinition of"user-friendly ".

SAVVY, It's the first system that trulymeans personal computingSAVVY is like no other system onearth.

SAVVY cost S950.Seeing is believing. SAVVY is ondisplay at selected computer retaillocations. Call for the name of yournearest dealer.

CP/M is a trademark of Digital

Research Corp.

Apple Is a Trademark of Apple Computer

100 South Ellsworth Streel 9th Floor San Mateo CA 94401 |415|340 033S

SAVVY

'•VWai^dJ

Before you buy any

the features of

Mean Time to Repair

Our simple design, qualitycomponents and modular constructionmake service easy and quick.Our average MTTR is a mere 15minutes.

Drawing Solutions on Screen

The 950's powerful graphics capability can

express complex data as

clear charts, diagrams, graphs,

line drawings or other visuals to facilitate

communication.

Status and User Lines

TeleVideo's 950 checks on its own

operational status. What is the edit mode? Baud rate7

Intensity mode? The 950 reports

its condition while functioning without interfering

with ongoing work.

Programmable Function Keys

The 950 is equipped with twenty-twouser-definable function keys. The operatorcan short-cut to desired programs andsave a lot of time.

Editing

TeleVideo's

sophisticated editing features

let you insert or delete characters or lines

with a wraparound feature for

maintaining data as long as

you need it on screen.

Ergonomic Keyboard

The 950's detachable keyboard is

made for operator comfort. Work close to the

screen, or place it on your lap.

You decide what is more comfortable

and productive.

And then check the

TeleVideo's 950 offers the features you'd expectin terminals costing much more than ours. Andmost of these features are also offered in our 925,at even a lower price. Both terminals are builtwith TeleVideo reliability, both engineered for highperformance.Whichever you choose, you can be assured

of the same high quality andreliability, as well as nationwide serviceby General Electric s Instrumentation andCommunication Equipment Centers.

And TeleVideo builds to sales projections,and does not keep you waiting for delivery. Thatmeans if you order 200 TeleVideo terminals

anta Ana 714-557-6095; Sunnyvale 408-745-7760; Georgia/Atlanta 404-255-9338, Texas/Dallas 214-980-9978; Illinois/Chicago Area 312-351-9350,

smart terminal, checl

TeleVideo's 950.

Tilting Screen

Just touch a knob to make the screentilt toward the viewer. There's no need for neck-craning here. The tilting screen is designedfor easy use.

Line Lock

You can frequently reserve data by freezingsome facts on screen while changingothers. This feature eliminates inadvertentchanges of field.

Buffered Print Port

TeleVideo's 950 can be used with

printers of various speeds, so you won't lose

data during slower peripheral cycles.

Transmission Speed

Our baud range is 50B to 19.2Kb, broadenough to accept data for thegreat majority of applications.

Smooth Scrolling

The 950, like all TeleVideo terminals,offers easy reading of fast-moving information, without thosejerking movements that strainyour eyes

Self-testing

Remote troubleshootingfeature determinesif a service call isreally needed, or ifthe operator can handlethe problem. Thatsaves time and money

today, we can ship them tomorrow.

To learn more about the 950, the 925 and theother terminals that have made TeleVideo theindustry leader, complete this coupon, or call:800-538-8725 (In California, 408-745-7760).

TekWdeo Systems, Inc.

m

1 TeleVideo Systems, Inc.

I Attn Terminal DivisionDept 200A1170 Morse Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94086

I would like more information about TeleVideo's 950 and 925 terminals.

NAMF.

' COMPANY TIT1.F '1 ADDRF.SS |

CITY STATE ZIP 1

. PHONF. #

L_

Suggested retail price for TeleVideo's 950, $ 1195, TeleVideo's 925, $995, excluding applicable slate and

local taxes —Continental USA , Alaska and Hawaii.

Circle 385 on inquiry cardMassachusetts/Boston6I7-668-6891, New York/New Jersey 201-267-8805; United Kingdorn/Woking, Surrey 44-9905-6464

The Case of the PurloinedObject Code: Can It Be Solved?

Part 2: Approaches to Software Protection

An expert on the law relating to software protectiontackles the toughest issues.

Part 1 of this article, which ap-peared in last month's issue, endedwith a list of things that a proper sys-tem for protecting software wouldhave to do. They are:

• accommodate the conflicting inter-ests of the various groups concernedwith the use and protection of soft-ware

• devise remedies tailored to dealwith the different ways in which soft-ware can be appropriated

•be structured for ease of access tothe system and ease of administration

• generally encourage developmentof new software without discouragingthe use of software or the growth ofthe industry

As suggested in the first part of thisarticle, the legal systems that have

About the Author

Richard H. Stern is a lawyer specializing inintellectual property and antitrust law. AsChief of the Justice Department's IntellectualProperty Section, he tried and supervised thegovernment's patent and antitrust litigation,including the computer software patent cases inthe Supreme Court. He is now in private prac-tice in Washington, DC, dealing with the prob-lems of high technology and computer soft-ware. Mr. Stern also has a degree in electricalengineering.

Richard H. Stern

Stern & Roberts

2555 M St. N.W.

Washington, DC 20037

evolved for patents, copyrights, tradesecrets, and contracts have reachedan equilibrium on these considera-tions that does not at all represent theoptimum for software.

A system designed to protect soft-ware in general, it should be recog-nized, may differ importantly fromone designed to protect just objectcode. Whether it is better to deal withsoftware protection comprehensivelyor just deal with object code dependslargely on our attitude toward

Many groups have an

interest in software

and these interests

vary widely.

protecting algorithms and concepts ofprograms ("ideas"). We can simplydevise a scheme that protects objectcode and stops there. A further con-sideration is that legislation protect-ing "ideas" is bound to face more op-position than legislation merelyagainst duplicating ROMs. (This arti-cle treats considerations involvingmore than just the object code aspectof software, but the emphasis is onobject code.)

Interests at Stake

Who are the groups with an inter-est in software and what are theirinterests? These groups include:

• proprietors and marketers of soft-ware, including licensers primarily ofsoftware itself, sellers of data-retrieval services, and sellers of com-puter hardware bundled with operat-ing systems or other software

• programmers and systems analysts

• direct users, such as banks, stores,industrial users (chemical plants,machine tool systems users), and per-sons engaged in scientific researchand engineering

• the general public, which includesthose who purchase products using ormanufactured by use of software, andwho thus may bear the ultimate costof protection for software

These interests vary widely. At oneextreme are the public and directusers of software. In the short run,they would gain the most from noprotection or minimal protection forsoftware. This is also probably truefor hardware sellers. In the long run,and viewing the question from apurely selfish standpoint, thesegroups would economically benefitmost from a legal system giving that

210 October 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

STANDARD

INTRODUCESMICRO-PRICING

MICRO-PRICING™ fromStandard Software is yourguarantee of the best values inAmerica on CP/M® and IBM PCsoftware.

Values that start with the lowestpossible everyday price on everyitem we carry — including bigsavings on the best selling pro-grams in the nation. Andthatalsoincludes this promise — if we'reable to lower our price evenfurther within thirty days of yourpurchase, well automatically re-fund the difference.

So, what do you give up to getMICRO-PRICE™ savings?

Nothing. Because we still backup every program we sell with thepromptest, most knowledgeableservice available. Got a question?Pick up the phone and callStandard. Got a program with aproblem? We'll replace it fast.Change your mind? You've got 60days to return your unopened diskfor a full refund.

Plus, we'll pick up shippingcosts on multiple orders. We'llgive you another 3% off for pre-payment. And we gladly acceptpurchase orders from qualifyingcompanies and institutions.

Now. that's top value for yoursoftware dollar. That's MICRO-PRICING™, only at StandardSoftware.

MICRO-PRICED™ software forCP/M and IBM:Digital Research®

CB-80 $419.00

CBASIC2 $ 99.00

Lexisoft®

Spellbinder $279.00

Lifeboat9

T/MAKER II $209.00

Micropro®

Mailmerge $ 89.00

Spellstar $159.00

Calcstar $209.00

Microsoft®

Basic 80 $284.00

Basic80 Compiler . $325.00Multiplan $229.00

Standard Software®

The Protector $165.00

\*w

;s2r

w

WORDSTAR

by Micopro"Simply the best micro wordprocessing package around.Now improved! CPIM, IBM,List: $495.MICRO-PRICEDAT

$279

CROSSTALK

by Microstuf"

Flexible communications formicros. Fits about everything.CPIM, IBM, others. List: $195.MICRO-PRICED <£.* -* q

For IBM only:

1.8.1.®

TIM III $399.00

I.U.S.®

Easywriterll $289.00

Easyspeller $139.00

Microsoft®

64K RAMCard .... $289.00128KRAMCard . .. $429.00

Call today for our completeCP/M and IBM softwarecatalog.

QUICKCODE

by Fox & Geller"

Powerful program gene ratorfor dBASE II. Speeds applica-tions, cuts programmin gtime. CPIM. List $295.MICRO-PRICEDAT

$2*29

SUPERCALC

bySORCIM9

Super advanced, super usefulCPIM electronic spre< idsheet.Talks to Wordstar for reportwriting. CPIM, IBM. i].ist$295.MICRO-PRICED <£ -f QQ

dBASE II

by Ashton-Tate"

The most powerful and ver-satile CPIM" data base sys-tem. Now available for IBMPC. List: $700.MICRO-PRICED S\ Ml I

SPELLGUARD

by Innovative Software"

Checks spelling on up to 40pages a minute. Perifect com-panion to Wordstar. CPIM,IBM. List: $295.MICRO-PRICED C-fQQ

standard

CORPORATION ) DF AMERICA

WMazzeo Drive, Rant iolph, MA 02368

1-617-963-72201-800-3413-0852

Hours: Mon-Fri: 8ai n-8pm, EDT. Sat: 9am-4pmOrdering Information: MasterCharge, VISA, C.O.D.3% software discou nt on prepayment by check.All items subject to availability and price change.

^signifies manufacturer's trademark.

Circle 367 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982

211

bare minimum of protection for soft-ware that would still call forth pro-duction and marketing of some soft-ware, but only the additional soft-ware that these groups need to useand are willing to pay for if they Ccin-not get it free.

At the other end of the interestspectrum are sellers and licensers ofsoftware or products embodying pro-prietary software. Unless they are"pirates," as the defendants in thevarious ROM cases allegedly were,their rational self-interest calls for thevery maximum of legal protection.

Perhaps they would recognize limitsat which their own access to usefulnew algorithms and subroutinescould be hindered.

In-between interest groups, such asprogrammers, may favor recognitionfor creators of new software. But theymay also favor their own relativelyfree access to new ideas, particularlywhen they as users modify or enhancethe earlier idea.

There is also a pervasive, hard-to-articulate public interest in severalabstract notions: encouraging pro-gress in the evolution of computer

QUALITY COMPUTER FORMS

AT PRICES YOU CAN AFFORD

WE SUPPORT MORE SYSTEMS WITHFORMS THAN ANYONE!

INVOICES* STATEMENTS • CHECKS • P.O.'S • SHIPPERS • MEDICAL FORMS

INCOWETBftSCfRIDHMS • W2'S • LETTERHEAD

Accounting Plus • Peachtree • BPI • Open Systems • Structured Systems •Vector Graphic • Howard • Radio Sha =k • Continental • Designer • Libra • Gold •IMS • Alpha Micro • Cimarron • Var Data • Durango • Dynabyte • Osborne •Briareus • MCBA • Apple • Great Plains • Emeritus

WE SUPPORT 215 SYSTEMS NOT LUSTED HERE, SO IF YOU DON'T SEE YOUR

SOFTWARE HERE CALL TOLL FREE FOR A FREE SAMPLE PACKET OF FORMS

FOR YOUR SOFTWARE.

SHE ERCUTWORD PROCESSING LETTERHEAD

SHEER CUT LETTERHPRODUCE CONTINUOUNORMAL COMPUTER PSHEER CUT USES A"TIES" PER INCH.EDGE WHEN BURST,QUANTITIES. SHEIN FOUR "CLASSICCUSTOM ORDER. EVECONTINUOUS FIRSTFOR 1,000, $235IMPRINTING, DEAL

EAD FROM CHE'.CKS TO-GO USES A NEW PROCESS TOS FORM PAPEFI THAT TRIMS CLEAN WHEN BURST.APER USES FLVE PERFORATIONS PER INCH, BUTNEW TECHNOLOGY TO PRODUCE 80 PERFS ORTHIS PRODUCES A VERY CLEAN AND UNIFORMAND IS ECONOMICAL IN BOTH SMALL AND LARGEER CUT IS AVAILABLE ON A STOCK FORM BASISLAID" PAPERS') , OR IN ANY TYPE PAPER ON ARY OTHER FOFIM CAN BE IMPRINTED TO PRODUCEAND SECOND SHEETS. BLANK PRICES ARE $60FOR 5,000 ANID $100 FOR 10,000, WITHER, AND VOLUME PRICING AVAILABLE.

CONTINUOUS AND SNAP-OUTi TAX FORMS

Call for your free 1982 con-tinuous tax form catalogue.

r/'Check s To-Go

IN CALIFORNIA8005528817

8384 Hercult; s StreetLa Mesa, C/V 92041

NATIONWIDE800-854-2750

CALL TOLL FREE fcffiMM: ((HD©) 854-2750 IN CA (800) 552-8817Your assurance of Value and Service.

use, the spread of human knowledge,the avoidance of wasteful duplicationof problem solving, and rewardingcontributions to knowledge.

The Interrelationship ofInterests, Remedies, andTypes of Infringement

The effect that a software protec-tion system has on the interests ittouches must depend on a number ofwhat may be termed legislative "vari-ables." In this context, that term ismeant to refer to (1) the aspects of thelegal system of protection as to whichthe law could do one of severalthings, and (2) the different types ofthings or conduct to which the lawcould be made to apply. The dif-ference between a good and bad sys-tem is likely to turn on whether, indifferent factual contexts, the legisla-tive variables are different, carefullyrelated to one another, or are insteadhandled in terms of gross generalities.

The relation between the remediesawarded and the type of acts that thelaw challenges is particularly impor-tant. Yet it has received negligible at-tention in previous software protec-tion proposals. Many plans proposeadoption of copyright law in toto anddo not even consider which copyrightremedies should apply to which con-duct or types of software. Other pro-posed software statutes simply list abroad range of remedies and in themost general terms direct that they beapplied "as appropriate to the circum-stances of the case." Without a stan-dard of "appropriateness," adoptingsuch an approach is an invitation forrandom, chaotic results.

The several different types of soft-ware infringement call for quite dif-ferent remedies. When a mass mar-keter of software appropriates andcompetitively markets a competitor'ssoftware package, a permanent in-junction forbidding the conductwould seem proper. But when theunknowing purchaser of a machinetool (or consumer product) embody-ing unlawfully taken object code issued, such a permanent injunctionwould seem harsh and inappropriate.Moreover, punitive damages maywell be proper against one who

212 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 66 on inquiry card.

QUAD

THEQUAD

QlHD

s

The QUAD is a relational data base man-agement system and applications devel-oper allowing the non-programmer todevelop his or her own business and per-sonal applications around a powerful rela-tional data base. Some of the applicationsyou can build with the QUAD are:

BUSINESS

• Accounts Payable

• Agricultural Management

• Construction Management

• General Ledger

• Human Resource Management

• Inventory Control

• Job Costing

• Mail List

• Order Entry■ Payroll

• Personal Scheduling

• Professional Time and Billing

• Property Management

• Sales Analysis

PERSONAL

• Appointment and Gilt Register

• Budgeting

• Car Maintenance

• Family Medical Data

• Home Improvement Information

• Income Tax Information

• Insurance Information

• Inventory Information

• Investment Information

• Recipe Information

• Shopping Lists

• Time Management

• Vacation Planning

The QUAD is designed for YOU, thecomputer user who wants to take fulladvantage of his computer.

EXTENSIVE REPORTING CAPABILITIES

The QUAD enables you to create anunlimited number of reports in any spe-cific size or form you desire using datafrom the QUAD database or another data-base. You may process and/or print dataduring any report.

PROCESSING DATA

• access information in up to 10 or morefiles during a report

• perform arithmetic calculations on anydata from any file

• update and/or create files based onreport processing

> easily compare date information forquick aging analysis

• perform up to 5 levels of subtotalingwithin each report

• retrieve records in sequential or indexedorder

• perform processing based on compari-son of data such as nested IF THENlogic

PRINTING DATA

• utilize your printer's capability byprinting on any size paper anywhereon the page

• print checks using the English equivalentfor dollar and cent values

• specify content of page headings,control headings and footings, detaillines and total lines

• pause between printing of forms

SAMPLE REPORT

POWERFUL UPDATING CAPABILITIESThe QUAD gives you two methods toupdate data within the data base. Oneway is directly through the terminal usinga data entry process. The other is throughbatch updating based on existing datawithin the data base.

• update as many as 10 or more filessimultaneously, using the batch updatemode

• totally user defined screens

• full screen editing

• record sizes up to 900 characters

• perform calculations based on dataentered and data residing in other files

• access three different help screensduring the data entry process

• utilize your terminal's video capabilitieswhen creating your terminal updatescreens

• restrict all or some data!future changes

• edit each data field for items such asphone numbers, numeric data, alpha-numeric data, date, time, social securitynumber, etc., or your own defined edits

• IF-THEN logic available during bothterminal and batch updating

SAMPLE SCREEN

oe/oe/as ado c

.

rl 'b Records

Order Entry Line

M

H lor CUSTOMER » 1005

KlauK Mens

a

sfomer'sPO Number

•325

i5.teSp.riOn

15 Martin Smith

ITEM

cam

Nuts and Bolls

ChargeExtend.

Press (ESC)H lor Help

100 00

50

50 00

OTHER FEATURES

SORT, INDEX, and REORGANIZE datafiles quickly and easily. Also link to user-written programs directly from the QUAD.Automatically generate menus to accesseach of your applications.The QUAD comes complete with anAccounts Receivable application ready foryour use and a Checkbook Balancingapplication for you to build.

The suggested retail pricefor all this is only $495.00.

Available for most CP/M compatible

hardware.

To order your copy of the QUAD, contact

your computer dealer, or call QuanTeckna

Research today.

QuanTeckna.

Research Corporation

6902 220th St. S.W. MOUNTLAKE TERRACE. WA98043 206/3646940 or 206/771 2488

CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research. Inc

OUAD and QuanTeckna are trademarks otQuanTeckna Research Corporation

Circle 323 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 213

unloads a legally protected ROM andmarkets it, but not against a pro-grammer who reasonably althoughincorrectly believes that a programthat the programmer writes is notwithin the scope of protection towhich the other party's algorithm islegally entitled. It is therefore neces-sary to develop a definite matrix ofremedies and wrongs. That is a majorpart of the discussion that shouldprecede writing any software law.

Algorithms. Almost all proposalson software law have opposed pro-tection of algorithms and concepts.

Both patent and copyright law op-pose their protection on the theorythat they are ideas, which should notbe protected as such. Ideas, theSupreme Court has said, are the cur-rency and basic tools of scientific pro-gress, which will be hamperedwithout a rule of free access to ideas.When applied to machines andbooks, that is a good principle; if ap-plied elsewhere, it may not be. Legalprotection of algorithms will hamperscientific progress only if the amountof protection is so great as to havethat effect. If a lesser amount of pro-

A sophisticated Z80™ basedmicrocomputer training system.

Only $500.

rftc

The Fox is themost cost-effectiveand versatile mi-crocomputer train-ing system on themarket today. At theheart of The Fox is a Z80 CPU, a chipwhich includes more capabilities thanany other 8-bit microprocessor.

With a large memory capacity and so-phistication found only in larger andmore expensive units, The Fox is idealfor teaching microcomputer technologyin schools, colleges and industrial train-ing environments. Other features in-clude extensive user promptingfirmware, large digital readouts, powersupply and exceptional versatility.

Compare The Fox with other low-costmicrocomputers and you will agree thatThe Fox is the way to introduce micro-processing to your classroom, labora-tory, office or home.

EDUCATORS! E&L also offersthe MTP-80, a complete modularcourse in microcomputer technol-ogy which features The Fox.

Among the many features of The Foxare:

Z80 CPULow cost

Large memory capacityUnlimited expansion with STD busSerial and parallel I/OLarge digital readoutsPower supply includedSolderless breadboarding areaStackable molded case withhandle

Call or write for complete informationor the name of your local E&L dealer/representative.

E&L InstrumentsIncorporated

61 First Street, Derby, CT06418(203) 735-8774 Telex 963536

Price applies in U.S. only and is subject tochange without notice.

™Z80 is a trademark of Zilog, Inc.

tection can reward and encouragedevelopment of new algorithmsuseful to industry and society, the neteffect of protecting algorithms will bebeneficial to progress. The question isone of degree and practicability, notan absolute. A basic problem in thisregard is articulating a standard of"merit" or "quality" that a softwareidea must satisfy before the govern-ment should prohibit second comersfrom using it freely.

In protecting algorithms and theconcepts of programs, it is as impor-tant to determine how far to protectthem in granting relief as it is to deter-mine how far to protect them in termsof defining the scope of infringement.Indeed, the two variables interact, forthey jointly determine how burden-some protection would be and howmuch of an incentive the protectionwill afford software creators and pro-prietors. In this connection, an im-portant question to consider iswhether it is so important to tech-nological progress that good newalgorithms and concepts be widelyand rapidly adopted that injunctionsand severe relief should almost neverbe allowed against the unauthorizedappropriation of an algorithm or con-cept. We might well conclude thatanyone should be allowed to use analgorithm or concept, upon paymentof a reasonable royalty, particularlywhen that person enhances it oradapts it to a new use. The concept isalien to copyright law but occurs to avery limited extent in patent law,primarily in the health and safetyarea.

Programs. Another importantquestion is whether to protect pro-grams that do not display the kind ofinventive steps or merit that would beexpected before an algorithm or con-cept would be protected. A long,debugged, tried program may be ofsubstantial commercial value andcostly to perfect even though all itsparts and concepts are known or ob-vious. It may deserve protection, butof a lesser kind or extent than a pro-gram based on a new and unobviousalgorithm.

Object Code. Defining the limits ofthe concept of infringement for object

214 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 144 on inquiry card.

Proven tools for programmers.From Microsoft.

Old friends. Eight years ago, Microsoft put BASICon the first microcomputer. Today, there are morethan 1,000,000 copies of Microsoftlanguages in use. BASIC interpreter.BASIC compiler. FORTRAN, andCOBOL. A proven set of program-ming tools. All, fully supportedby Microsoft.

The best get better. Goodtools work better if you keepthem sharp. That's why weconstantly improve the tools weoffer. Enhancing them. Increasingtheir utility. Taking full advantageof the strengths of each languageSupporting you, the user, witha full range of finely honedprogramming tools.

Technical support. When you buyour tools, you get our number. If youhave technical problems, call the Microsoftsupport staff for assistance. If we don't have theanswers now, we'll find them and call you back.

Compatible documentation. All Microsoftlanguages share a common approach to documen-tation. Starting with plain English. That meansthat even when you're learning a new language,you won't have to learn a new vocabulary.

Linkable code. All Microsoft compilers sharecommon utilities. A linker accompanies each

Circle 255 on inquiry card.

compiler. That means you can write programs intwo or more languages, taking advantage of

the specific strengths of each, then, link andrun them as a single program.

Leadership in micros. Nobodygave us leadership. We earned itthrough innovation, enhancedprogramming tools and completeuser support. Today, Microsoft is theonly software supplier to offer youa complete programming environ-ment. Including specialized languagesthat support you in a wide variety ofprogramming situations. Tomorrow, you canlook to Microsoft to make that environmenteven more productive.

Better tools. Ask your Microsoft dealerabout Microsoft's family of proven toolsfor programmers: BASIC interpreter, BASICcompiler, FORTRAN and COBOL. Each isa specialized tool for a special programming problem.Better tools. And better tools make better programs.

BETTER TOOLS FOR MICROCOMPUTERS

MKflC&OfT

^T Microsoft Corporation ^^ ■

V 10700 Northup Way ~ r

Bellevue. WA 98004

Microsoft is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation.

BYTE October 1982 215

Circle 292 on inquiry card.

COMPUTERSSUPERBRAIN II

Model list Our Price

SB II 350K byte $2495 $1875

SB II QD 750K $2995 $2250

SB II SD 1.4mb $3495 $2750

NEC

Model List Our Price

PC8001A Computer $995 $735

PC8012A I/O with 32K $649 $475

PC8031A Dual 5'A " drives ... $995 $735

ALTOS Computers Call for Lowest Price

NORTH STAR Computers Call for Lowest Price

Tandon SS/DD $21 9

Tandon DS/DD. ,.. ., $320

Model List Our Price

NEC 8023A $795 $479

Okidata Microline 82A $649 $474

Okidata Microline 83A $995 $724

Okidata Tractor Option $65 $59

C. Itoh 8510 ProWriter $795 $530

C Itoh F-10 40cps $1995 $1449

NEC 3510 or 3530 $2295 $1869

NEC 7710/7730 55cps $3085 $2375

DISK DRIVES

IBM Compatible

PRINTERS

MODEMS

Hayes Micromodem II (/Apple $379

Hayes Smartmodem $279

CAT Acoustic $190

D CAT direct connect $199

$290$219$149$159

TERMINALS

Call for Prices

Wordstar for AppleWordstar tor CP/M.

MailMerge

CalcStar

SuperCalc

VisiCalc for Apple..

dBase II

Spellguard

$220$295$89$175$195$185$475$157

$285$139$225$170$329

Software Call for Great Prices

To Order Call (206) 362-3398

Mail & telephone orders only. Mastercharge,VISA add 3%. Sorry, No COD.

PACIFICCOMPUTERS

Division of Mickel Assoc.

11056 Palatine N.Seattle, WA 98133

APPLE ITEMS

Z-80 Softcard w/CP/M & manual.

16K RAM Card

80-column Card (Videoterm)

NEC Green Monitor

NEC Color Monitor

code is important. The principaleconomic rationale for appropriatingsomeone else's object code is thecheapness of doing so as comparedwith developing, debugging, and thencompiling an independent program.This economic rationale is likely tolead to a total duplication, for other-wise some of the economy is lost.That is why, for example, the im-porters unloaded the Galaxian attractmode along with the play mode. Inunloaded-ROM cases, therefore,there should be only minimal prob-lems in defining how close to theoriginal a "copy" of object code mustbe for it to be considered an infringe-ment.

But should all duplication of ROMsbe forbidden? Suppose a public-domain source program is compiledwith a public-domain compiler andthe ROM is a standard shelf item.What is the interest protected by pro-hibition? Is this such a rare case thatwe should not worry about it? If so, itwould be better to have a simple ruleagainst unloading ROMs. If not, per-haps a more complicated rule is need-ed. Another question is whether ob-ject code should be subject to legalchallenge in situations when it is notan unloaded duplicate of someoneelse's object code, but is instead either

(1) compiled without authorizationfrom someone else's source code, or

(2) an enhancement of the originalobject code.

These questions about object codemay be considered in two contexts.One is the object-code-only softwareprotection system. The second is thecomprehensive software protectionsystem. Perhaps the first type of sys-tem cannot effectively deal with any-thing but outright duplication or theclose equivalent. The unloaded-ROMcases are the real area for this kind oflaw. To deal with more complexsituations, we must develop at leastpart of the second type of system.

The second type of system can dealwith object code both when it is dup-licated and when it is independentlycompiled. A program may be pro-tected in source code form because itis tried, debugged, and the product ofconsiderable effort or because it has

been derived from a legally protectedalgorithm. In either case, the programcould also be protectable when it iscompiled into object code. Softwarelegislation should protect object codein these circumstances if it is prac-ticable to do so. It must be recog-nized, however, that severe ad-ministrative difficulties could attendtrying to determine whether par-ticular object code is compiled from aprotected source program or derivedfrom a protected program concept oralgorithm.

Remedies in the case of object codeare particularly troublesome, perhapsmore so than anywhere else in thisfield. Infringement of object code canoccur in very different ways. At oneextreme is the wretched copyistcaught after completely unloadingand reloading a competitor's ROM,disk, or tape into a commercial prod-uct. At the other extreme is the inno-cent, unknowing consumer or com-mercial end user. Several plausibleremedy matrices exist. Clearly, onepossible approach is the followingcombination: (1) to completely let offall consumer end users, lest there be achilling effect on the general con-sumer marketing of software and endproducts embodying it; (2) to subjectcommercial end users to reasonable-royalty liability, at most; and, ofcourse, (3) to throw the whole confis-cation, injunctive, and punitive-damages book at the wretchedunloader-reloader.

Only one conclusion emerges clear-ly from consideration of the relation-ship among remedies, types of soft-ware appropriation, and the interestsin question. This is that the matterdeserves much more careful analysisthan it has ever received. Lawyersand other amateurs have in the pastpontificated on the nature of softwareand on such issues as whether its"essential character" (and thereforethe appropriate system of protection)is more like that of the subject matterof patents or copyrights. This is an in-teresting academic and metaphysicalinquiry. Perhaps the time has comefor those in the software industry tosee whether they can make moresense of the matter. I believe that the

216 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

SONICS

DELIVE

SYSTEMS.

SONICS MICRO SYSTEMS PLEDGE TO THECUSTOMER IS:

1. PROFESSIONAL TREATMENT

2. FULL TECHNICAL SUPPORT

3. DELIVERIES FROM STOCK

4. BOARD/SYSTEM LEVEL REPAIRS

W

BOARD LEVEL PRODUCTS

SBC 200

EXPANDORAM IIEXPANDORAM IIIVERSA FLOPPY II

VDB 8024

MPC-4

SINGLE USER SYSTEM

SBC 200, 64K RAM, VERSA FLOPPY II,MULTI-USER SYSTEM

'1080

'1995

SBC 200, 256K RAM, VERSA FLOPPY II,

MPC-4, COSMOSSO SYSTEMS COMPATIBLE "TURBODOS" *

WITH DOCUMENTATIONSINGLE USER "DISC-LESS" SYSTEM • • '1770

WITH CP/M 2.2

Z-80 STARTER KIT

MODEL 200 64K RAMSOFTWARE BANK SELECTRAM + ROM DISC

WITH CP/M 2.2

350

SONICS

' 345'443' 848'375'465'495« 299

'475

'1050

MICRO SYSTEMS INC

1500 N.W. 62ND STREET • SUITE 508 • FT. LAUDERDALE, FL 33309 • 1-800-327-5567

In Florida call: 305-776-7177Clientes Latinoamericanos sera'n atendidos por nuestro departamento intemacional (en espariol), bajo la

gerencia de la LCDA. Joan Voyles.

Circle 359 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982

217

Could youpass this

Red Crossswimming test?

SWIM:

1. Breaststroke —100 Yds.2.Sidestroke-100Yds.

3. Crawl stroke-100 Yds.

4. Back crawl-50 Yds.

5. On back (legs only) - 50 Yds.

6. Turns (on front, back, side).

7. Surface dive—underwater swim —20 Ft.

8. Disrobe—float with clothes —5 mins.

9. Long shallow dive.

10. Running front dive.

11. 10-minute swim.

Anybody who's taken a Red Cross swimcourse knows how tough it can be.

There's a good reason.

We believe drowning is a seriousbusiness.

Last year alone, we taught 2,589,203Americans not to drown—in the seven dif-ferent swim courses we offer all across thecountry. (Incidentally, most of the teaching—as with almost everything American RedCross does—is done by dedicated vol-unteers.)

A good many of the youngsters notonly are learning to keep themselves safe.Thousands upon thousands of them arelearning to become lifesavers.

And the life they save—it just mightbe your own.

Red Crossis countingon you.

pages of this magazine are an ap-propriate place for such discussionsto begin.

Administrative Considerations

A legal system of protection of in-tellectual property, such as software,can be run in three basic ways:

1. The system may have no prelitiga-tion formalities. The first time thegovernment ever has anything todo with the rights claimed is whena lawsuit is brought. That is howthe trade secret system and mostcontract rights operate.

2. In a "registration" system, the pro-prietor's exclusive right to the in-tellectual property is initiallysecured by filing a paper with thegovernment, describing and claim-ing the right. The government thenmore or less ministerially recordsthe claim in its files without anyserious effort to evaluate the meritsof the claim of right. That is howthe copyright system works.

3. In an "examination" system, thegovernment examines the claim ofexclusive right with some care. Theclaimant gets government recogni-tion of the right only if certain re-quirements of originality, novelty,or merit are satisfied. The ad-ministrative screening gets somedeference in any subsequent litiga-tion. That is how the patent systemworks.

The system with no prelitigationformalities makes little sense for soft-ware. It has the advantage of greataccessibility and almost zero front-end cost, but its certainty of owner-ship rights and its general predict-ability also approach zero. As ex-perience with trade secret litigationshows, there is no way to tell what isthe "property right" over which theparties are in dispute until after thelawsuit is over (and perhaps not eventhen). Moreover, a system of thistype cannot reasonably create an ab-solute, exclusive right for a softwareproprietor. At best, such a systemshould prohibit only deliberate copy-ing. The choice is really between reg-istration and examination systems.

Several factors must be considered

in choosing between registration andexamination systems. First, registra-tion systems are easier for the appli-cant to gain access to and easier forthe government to administer, in thefirst instance. But they cost more tooperate, once litigation is involved, ifthere is any issue over whether theclaim of exclusive right is justified.The reason is that the courts do notget the benefit of an expert adminis-trative agency's having screened thatissue for them. They must decide theissue without such help. The properequation for comparing costs for thetwo systems would balance off suchfactors as the probability of litiga-tion, the greater cost of litigationunder a registration system, and thegreater front-end cost of administer-ing an examination system.

The following example and itspurely hypothetical "facts" are in-tended to be illustrative of these con-siderations:

Cost to get a software certificate: $1 underregistration system; $10 under examina-tion system. (Figures include both privateand government costs.)

Proportion of registered software liti-gated: 3 percent under registration sys-tem; 1 percent under examination system.

Litigation cost per software item: $300under registration system; $100 under ex-amination system.

Assume everything else equal. Assumethat 1000 software certificates are issuedduring the time period in question underthe registration system; 950, under theexamination system.

Registration System Overall Cost(1000 X $1) + (1000 X 0.03 X $300)= $1000 + $9000- $10,000

Examination System Overall Cost(950 X $10) + (950 X 0.01 X $100)■= $9500 + $950= $10,450

Thus, society saves $450 by optingfor the registration system, assumingthese hypothetical figures. The im-portant fact to note is that the front-end cost of entering the system ap-

218 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Are you looking for a DATA BASE?

THE BEST DATA BASE SYSTEM

GBS

IS READY TO DO YOUR JOB

GBS™ $300

QUICK GEN™ $125

REPORT GEN™ $150

MENU GEN™ $ 75

CONVERT $ 60

IF YOU AREN'T A PROGRAMMER...

... our program generator, QUICK GEN, isready to help you. With QUICK GEN almostanyone — even those unsophisticated aboutcomputers — may generate powerful busi-ness programs. In a short time, you can createa program and a data file that allows an opera-tor, using menu choices, to selectively . . .review records add recordsedit records delete records

update records print out records

QUICK GEN guides you through thefollowing easy steps. When you finish, you willhave created a GBS program and a data file.

1. Create a screen of labels and headingsusing a full-screen editor

2. Define data fields, including type and format

3. Position data fields on the display by mov-ing the cursor

4. Write equations that perform calculationson the displayed data

Also of help to the non-programmer isour report generator REPORT GEN. Withit you may create programs that can producea wide range of customized reports. Checkout these features of REPORT GEN:

Complete file printout

Summary printout to yourspecifications

One line per record, or

Multiple lines per record

Print from up to three related files

Compute subtotals and totals

Finally, there is MENU GEN. It ties allof your programs together and permits anoperator to work exclusively from menus.QUICK GEN, REPORT GEN, and MENUGEN all require GBS to operate.

IF YOU ARE A PROGRAMMER . . .

. . . you need GBS. It is a powerful, fully pro-grammable, relational database managementsystem. You can access 3 different filessimultaneously, and work with as many filesas you need within a single program. Use one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-one rela-tionships. GBS allows data files to span fourdisk drives. Up to ten indexes may be usedsimultaneously with each data file, and theyare automatically updated when records areadded or indexed fields are changed.

GBS uses disk space well by compress-ing screens and program tables, and byrequiring only 24K of disk space to index adata file of 5000 records. When you runapplications, GBS need not be available ondisk, thus freeing often valuable disk spaceand avoiding tedious overlays of programcode.

When you program GBS, all the tools areimmediately available. You may program andtest without requiring an outside editor,assembler, or compiler. Thus, changes maybe made and tested in seconds.

You program GBS by making tableentries using a full screen editor. The tabularstructure allows GBS to execute your appli-cations and those created using theGENerator programs extremely rapidly.

You may construct screens with a fullscreen editor. Later, your programs will dis-play these screens with a single instruction.You may use subroutines to shorten andorganize your programs. The fields in a recordmay be referenced like an array. And for thoselearning to use GBS, there are valuableHELPs available on call.

START USING GBS NOW.

GBS is up and running on most popularCP/M* based computers, like those made byApple, Tandy, Xerox, Sharp, NEC, Osborne,Televideo, Hewlett Packard, Vector, Toshiba,Altos, and more.

If you are now using an older, slower database management system, you can move upto the power of GBS and adapt your currentdata files with the help of our optional utilityCONVERT.

You can order GBS with confidencebecause we guarantee it! If GBS isn't allwe say it is, and more, simply return it within30 days for a full refund. This offer is for alimited time only, so please act immediately.Discuss these terms with your local computerstore manager — he may be a participatingGBS dealer.

Call Today

Contact us today for additional infor-mation or to take advantageof our special 30-day Money BackGuarantee.

GBS — it's the bestbusiness decisionyou can make, fortoday and for thefuture.

QUALITY SOFTWARE

6660 Reseda Blvd., Suite 107Reseda, CA 91335 (213) 344-6599

•CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research.

Circle 322 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982

219

AND SAME-DAY SHIPPINGMAKE US COMPETITIVE.

Red Baron. Home of the Nation's

NEC 8023

Outstanding Graphics, PrintQuality & Performance

144 x 160 dots/inch • Proportional Spacing

• Lower case descenders • N x 9 dot matrix

• 8 character sizes • 5 unique alphabets

• Greek character set • Graphic symbols

• 100 CPS print speed • Bi-directional logic-seeking • Adjustable tractors • Single-sheetfriction feed • Vertical & horizontal tabbingNEC 8023 Cf*ollDot Matrix List $795 gWlll

IDS Prism 80/132

Affordable Color, Speed

Dot Resolution Graphics • 9-wire staggeredprcnthead • Lowercase decenders • Over150 CPS • Bi-directional, logic-seeking

• 8 character sizes • 80-132 columns

• Proportional spacing • Optional Color

• Text justifications

Prism 80 Base List $999 CPoll

Prism 132 Base List $1,299 Qvall

NEC Spinwrlter7700 & 3500

Daisy Wheel Quality Leader

High speed, letter quality • 55/33 CPS• Typewriter quality • Bi-directional printing& proportional spacing • Quiet • OCR qualityprint • Hi-res plotting/graphing • Quick changeribbon • Optional cut-sheet feeder, horizontalor bidirectional tractors • Prints up to 8 copies.NEC Spinwriter RO

Serial Parallel 77xx List $3055 $2500

35xx List $2290 S1900

Smith Corona TP-1

Daisy Wheel Printer For Under $900

The Epson Series

High-Quality Printersat a Low Price.

Brothers HR-1 Daisy Wheel

Perfect for quality,quiet word processing.

m!iMMlMP«l

o>* \^=>

Letter quality • Standard serial or parallel datainterface • Drop-in ribbon • 144 WPM • Variousfonts available • Loads paper like typewriter •Handles single sheets for forms

Smith Corona TP-1 List $895 §u3ll

Anadex Silent Scribe

The Quiet Serial MatrixImpact Printer

^0>

^T1*^ m

Epson MX80 List $645 t*f\%i

Epson MX80FT List $745 Q03l

Epson MX-100 List $995

Full Une of Epson Accessories

Televideo CRT's

Price, Performance & Reliability

Up to 200 CPS • Dot addressable graphics •Parallel and serial interfaces standard • Switchselectable protocol • Cartridge ribbon • Foreigncharacter sets • Underlining • 1.5K to 3.5K buffer• Correspondence quality print

Anadex DP-9500A List $1,725

Anadex DP-9620A List $1,845 Cf-all

Anadex DP-6000 List $3,250 VOOII

910 List $699 $Call

925 List $995 For low

950 List $1195 Prices

• 16 CPS • Prints up to 6 copies • Bidirectional •Cloth or carbon quick-change cassette ribbon •Quiet, efficient operation for word processing •

Brothers HR-1 (Parallel) List $1,100 CPollBrothers HR-1 (Serial). ■ List $1,200 Qlrdll

Interface Equipment

Complete Stock of Options,Cables and Accessories.

CCS APPLE SERIAL Interface & Cable .ORANGE INTERFACE for Apple II

Parallel Interface Board & Cable

NOVATION CAT Acoustic Coupler

NOVATION D-CAT

direct connect modem I

COMPLETE STOCK OF EPSON

ACCESSORIES !

CUSTOM PRINTER CABLES FOR Apple,

Atari, IBM, TRS-80 (all models) !

HAYES MICROMODEM II

PRINTER STANDS: Large

Small

PRINTER RIBBONS—Most Types !

OUR PEOPLEMAKE US EXPERTS

largest Computer Printer Inventory.

The Grappler+ -

Apple® Graphics Interface

i

• Graphic and text screen dumps • Dual Hi-ResGraphics • Printer Selector Dip Switch • Apple IIIcompatible* • Inverse Graphics • EmphasizedGraphics • Double Size Picture • 90° Rotation

• Center Graphics • Works with Pascal and CPM

• No software needed fr<* ^E

Grappler + ▼"'»

* Requires software driverApple is a registered Trademark of Apple, Inc.

The Okidata Series

Hi-Res or TRS 80 Block Graphii cs

IDS Microprism 480

Prints like a daisy,priced like a matrix!

120 CPS • 9x9 Matrix • Bidirectional lor.jiCseeking printing • Lower case descender!-'.• four print styles • Optional Hi-Res Grap hies

Okadata82A List $649

Okadata 83A (w/Tractor). . List $995

• Correspondence Quality in a Single Pass •Dual Speed 75,110cps • Proportional Spacing •Bidirectional Logic Seeking Head • Platen pin orpressure feed • 24x9 dot matrix • 10,12,16.8Characters per inch • Double width Characters

IDS Microprism 480.. . List $799 §Cdll

Our People, Our Product: Both Are Specialized.

Because our salespeople are printer specialists, they know the capabilities ofeach printer—and how to match one to your exact need. Red Baron's volumestocking assures a low, low price on a wide array of major brands. We're sui reyou'll like the product and services you get from Red Baron, and we know youi IIlove our Customer Benefit Package; an exclusive at Red Baron.

Customer Benefit Package

1 Free Expert Consultation.Before you buy, after you buy. 2. TecrniiaaflStfK.Even your most involvedquestsSJqutok. helpful answers from our staff of printer techniciians^.teCatalog. Get your inform-ative cataloa with printer comparison chart and print samples today! 4L.Wama*%. The manufacturer s warfartyappS where applicable. 5. Same-Day Shipping.Your order i» shipped the same day when you caMbefore ?1 00 a m 6. Free MasterCard and Visa.Call us toll-free and charge your printer to your credit ca d7\ WeStockWhat WeSell.No bait and switch, no hassle. We make every effort to keep a large stock of ouradvertised products. 8. APO/FPO Orders Welcome.

Ot^er Quality Printersat Red Baron

Here's How To Order:

Phone orders are welcome; same-day ship-ment on orders placed before 11:00 a.m. Freeuse of MasterCard and Visa. COD'saccepted.Personal checks require 2 weeks clea ranee.Manufacturer's warranty included on allequipment. Prices subject to revision.

Call Toll Free For Catalog:

(800) 854-8275

CA, AK, HI (714) 630-3322

i

l

&

r

2^ •

jg-

C. Itoh 8510Prowriter . . .

Diablo 6306

. S845 SCallS2995 S2570

Red Boron

COMPUTER PRODUCTS

1100 N. TUSTIN #207, ANAHEIM, CA 92807

I Red Baron (

plies to unlitigated software as well aslitigated software, but litigation costsare borne only when the software isinvolved in a suit.

These factors are not the only con-siderations, however, in choosing asystem. A registration system allowsmore invalid "scarecrow" claims onthe books than an examination sys-tem does. The effect of such claims ofexclusive ownership of softwarewould probably be to some extent toinhibit legitimate enterprise in the useof software that properly belongs tothe public. This factor is very hard toquantify. In addition, it would seemclear that fewer applications will befiled in an examination systembecause of its higher front-end costs;and even fewer applications willmature into issued certificatesbecause some will be rejected.

The answer probably comes downto whether the system just protectsobject code or also protectsalgorithms and program concepts. Ifunloading ROMs and the like is ourmain concern, a registration system

should suffice. It establishes objectiveproof of who was first, and examin-ing the program for originality maybe be side the point. But if ideas are tobe protected, it is very risky to thecommunity (probably too risky) toallow a monopoly claim to be stakedwithout first examining its merits tosome degree (but this judgmentdepe nds on the scope of the monopo-ly to be granted). By the same token,it would be perfectly reasonable tohave a mixed system in whichalgo rithms were examined and ROMswere simply registered.

Dur ation of Rights

Piitents last for 17 years. Copy-right ts last for approximately 75years. Trade secret rights last untilthe secret becomes public. Contractrigh ts last as long as the parties agree,sub ject to considerations of publicpoll icy. How long should softwarerigr its last?

1 'he answer may depend on thetyp e of right in question—one to pro-hib it others' use completely or one to

WICAT

has the 68000

While others are promising, WICATSystems for nearly two years has beenquietly delivering their complete 68000computers

The System 150 is a popular desktopcomputer with large memory andhard disk, unmatched in price/performance. The System 100 is itsexpandable software compatible highperformance companion.

Concurrent's integral'" databaseand menusystem greatly acceleratethe development of applications. FullUNIX™ System 3 with no compro-mises is ready.

Concurrent can discuss your needsand help you select the properconfiguration Please write or call(513)281-1270.

Mo torola 68000. 256K memory. 10MB Winchesterdisl <. 760KB floppy, terminal, system software, choiceof I 5ascal. FORTRAN, C. Assembler. BASIC. COBOL

Si ngle user 150-1 $ 9,450

Three users 150-3 $10,850

Si x users 150-6(512K) .$12,850

Ml JLTIBUS ts a trademark of INTEL CorporationUN IIX is a trademark ot Bell Laboratories

OF TIONS: graphics, printers. IEEE 488 instrumen-tal! ons interlace, videodisk controllers. A/D boards

Concu rrent

1870 Madison Roa<i Cincinnati, Ohio 45206

Corporation

levy a small toll. The answer mayalso depend on the kind of softwarein question. The theoretical length ofa monopoly grant should be one thatmaximizes net social benefit, mea-sured by the social value of the addi-tional innovative product (software)called forth minus the total rent thepublic pays the proprietor during thelife of the monopoly—making apresent-value calculation at a suitableinterest rate. Assuming that we couldin some way make such a calculation,we might reasonably suppose that theanswer for a new algorithm wouldnot be the same as that for an old orobvious program put into a ROM.

Nothing more sensible can be saidabout this matter now, other thanthat it is another illustration of the in-terdependence of the different ele-ments of a software protection sys-tem. What is a sensible duration forrights under a software certificatedepends on the strength of therights—that is, on what constitutesinfringement of the exclusive rightand on what are the remedies.

Conclusions

The basic conclusion reached hereis to answer the question posed in thetitle, "Yes, but with much difficulty."Sensibly adjusting the variables andaccommodating the interests at stakecalls for informed resolution of dif-ficult questions of economic policy,perhaps social policy too. The pur-pose of this article is less to answerthose questions than it is to:

• raise them

• stimulate discussion among thosewith a legitimate interest in what hap-pens to software

• pave the way for well-considered,rather than naive, legislation

Software is clearly different enoughand important enough to justify itsown system of legislative protection.The question that needs an informedanswer from the software communityis "What kind of protection?" Thatanswer should be stated only afterample discussion among those withan interest in the creation and use ofsoftware. ■

222 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 102 on inquiry card.

Circle 233 on inquiry card.

Two of mankind's greatest treasures

Reflected in two outstanding peripherals

for your APPLE II

TheMBI ™APPLETIME™ Card

Fully Mountain Software compatible

Disk included with all software

Includes Datebook'" - a complete desk calendar

Time of day

Calendar date

Day of week

Program timer

International time-keeping ability

Recharging battery backup

Complete software formatting

Offset time/date/day readout

TheMBI ™ VIP Card

VIP™ Card - "Versatile Interface Peripheral"

(Available for EPSON, NEC, C-ITOH, IDS PRISM, OKIDATA

and other graphic printers soon) rK ^j M Qj

VIP " Card The Ultimate Graphics Card q) I Hh JA Centronics Parallel Interface with a Serial Port andCables featuring:

• Text and graphics screen dump routine

• Graphics with inverse & emphasized modes

• Enlarged picture mode

• Variable line length with left & right margins

• Block graphics

• 90° picture rotation

• Chart Recorder Mode

• A serial port with full RS232 capability

• Software baud rate control from 110 to 9600 baud

*Suggested List Price

ICROCOMPUTEB

4JS*N€S3

PSTR1ES-—

DMINISTRATIVE OFFICES: 1019 8TH STREET, GOLDEN, COLORADO 80401 (U.S.A.)ELEPHONE: (303) 279-8438

Annie is ,i trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. MBI, Applelime, VIP, and Datebook are trademarks of Microcomputer Business Indu

TWX: 910-934-0191

Software Review

Radio Shack Compiler BASIC

Compiled BASIC offers other advantagesbeyond faster execution.

Rowland ArcherFlint Ridge Apartment 59Hillsborough, NC 27278

Compatibility between a compa-

with every TRS-80 Model I and III.

ny's software products is extremely

Thus, TRS-80 programmers cannot

important from a marketing stand-

use this compiler on existing BASIC

point. Many people were surprised,

programs to gain faster execution and

therefore, when Radio Shack an-

other benefits of compilation.

nounced that its BASIC compiler

Why did Radio Shack make such a

(RSBASIC) would not be compatible

decision? Jon Shirley, vice-president

with the BASIC interpreter supplied

of Radio Shack's Computer Division,

At a Glance

Name

Format

Radio Shack Compiler BASIC

Three 5 'A -inch floppy disks; Model 1

version requires TRSDOS 2.3B. which is

Type

provided with the package; Model III

TRS-80 BASIC compiler development

version requires TRSDOS 1.3, which is also

system

provided

Author

Computer

Ryan-McFarland Corporation

TRS-80 Model 1 or III, 48K bytes of RAM. at

Software Products Group

least two disk drives

Aptos. CA 95003

Documentation

Distributor

Large manual with four main sections plus

Tandy Corporation

an appendix, 404 pages; complete descrip-

One Tandy Center

tion of system use, language features, and

Fort Worth. TX 76102

technical information; the manual is not a

(817) 390-3583

tutorial, it assumes the reader is familiar

with BASIC

Price

S149

Audience

Programmers in need of a BASIC compiler

Software

development system for the TRS-80 Model

Contains all software needed to run Com-

1 or III

piler BASIC on both the Model 1 and

Model III TRS-80. Includes: line-oriented

text editor; interactive BASIC development

system with editor, compiler and run-time

software; stand-alone run-time package

with debugging capabilities

224 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

discussed this point in the June 1981issue of the TRS-80 MicrocomputerNEWS. He said that the choice hadbeen between RSBASIC, written bythe Ryan-McFarland Corporation,and Microsoft's BASIC compiler,which is compatible with the TRS-80disk BASIC interpreter. In essence,Shirley said RSBASIC was chosenbecause of features—not price or per-formance. He even said you shouldbuy the Microsoft product to compileexisting disk BASIC programs.

Radio Shack's choice of featuresover compatibility intrigued me. Oneof the reasons I bought the RSBASICpackage was to see what those fea-tures were.

System Overview

RSBASIC's operation is differentfrom most compiler-based develop-ment systems. Compiler systems areusually split into several programsthat must be run individually to com-plete one cycle of modifying and run-ning a program. With such systems,you must first run an "editor" so youcan type in your BASIC program,called the "source file." Next, you runthe compiler that reads the source fileand creates a machine-language pro-gram (the "object file") from it.Sometimes, a program called a"linker" or "binder" must be run to tie

i

APTURE

Completely Redesigned.Now, the Grappler +.

The original Grappler was thefirst graphics interface to giveyou hi-res screen dumps fromyour keyboard. The newGrappler + with Dual Hi-ResGraphics adds flexibility with aside-by-side printout of page 1and page 2 graphics.Interfacing the Grappler + to awide range of printers is easyas changing a dip switch. 4K ofexclusive firmware makes theGrappler-i- the most intelligent,full-featured Apple"1 PrinterInterface made. And, theGrappler + is Apple III compatible.'

The imitations are many, soinsist on the #1 Apple GraphicsInterface on the market. Insiston the Grappler + . Availablenow at most Apple dealers.

'Requires additional software driver."Requires graphics upgrade.

©Orange Micro, Inc. 1982

ACTUAL APPLE II PRINTOUT USING GRAPPLER AND EPSON MX100

WithThe

The Grappler + Features:

• Dual Hi-Res Graphics • PrinterSelector Dip Switch • Apple IIICompatible* 'Graphics ScreenDump • Inverse Graphics

• Emphasized Graphics • Double SizePicture • 90° Rotation • CenterGraphics • Chart Recorder

Mode • Block Graphics • BellControl • Skip-over-perf • Left andRight Margins • Variable LineLength • Text Screen Dumps.

The Grappler + works with Pascaland CPM.

The Grappler + interfaces withthe following printers:

• Anadex • Centronics • Datasouth

• Epson* * • IDS • NEC • C-ltoh • Okidata* *

ea

Orange micro

9 Inc.

Circle 288 on inquiry card.

3150 E. La Palma, Suite GAnaheim, California 92806(714) 630-3620

CPM is a registered trademark of Digital Research. Inc.Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

Foreign Dealer Inquiries Welcome TX183511 CSMA

Run-time disk, includes TRSDOS 2.3B:File Size

RUNBASIC/CMDRUNBASIC/OVLSAMPLE/OBJUPGRADE/CM D

116

11

Description

Stand-alone run-time executiveStand-alone run-time overlaysCompiled sample programUtility program, converts data disks fromTRSDOS 2.3 format to 2.3B format

Program disk, does not include TRSDOS:

File

Size

Description

BEDIT/CMD

4

Stand-alone BASIC editor

LIST/BAS

1

BASIC program to print listing files pro-duced by RSBASIC

SAMPLE/BAS

1

Sample program

RSBASIC/CMD

3

Development system executive

RSBASIC/OLF

38

Development system overlays

RSBASIC/LIO

6

Development system overlays; apparentlyI/O routines

RSBASIC/LIB

2

Development system overlays; apparentlytrig functions

Table 1: Contents of Model I disks that come with RSBASIC. The Model III versionincludes the same software, but all on one disk with TRSDOS 1.3. The file size ismeasured in grans that are 1280 bytes.

together separately compiled pro-grams and produce a single objectfile.

After all this, you can finally runyour BASIC program. If it has anybugs, you must start the entire pro-cess over again by running the editorto find and correct the bugs in yoursource file. This process is time-consuming; it can easily take 5minutes or more to go through asingle cycle.

By contrast, RSBASIC operatesmore like the TRS-80 disk BASIC in-terpreter. Typing RSBASIC from theTRSDOS READY prompt puts you"in" RSBASIC; from there, you givecommands to create, edit, and runBASIC programs, as in disk BASIC.If you run a program that has notbeen compiled, RSBASIC compiles itautomatically before running it.

In reality, RSBASIC, like mostother compiler development systems,is composed of multiple programs.However, RSBASIC automaticallybrings its component programs intothe computer from disk as needed, in-stead of requiring you to run them ex-plicitly from TRSDOS.

The comparison between RSBASICand the disk BASIC interpreter goes

even further—RSBASIC does notproduce Z80 machine code. It com-piles BASIC programs into an "inter-mediate code" that is then interpretedby a run-time package. If you want tosell programs compiled underRSBASIC, your customers must pur-chase a copy of this run-time packagein order to use your programs. Youare explicitly prohibited from givingthe RUNBASIC program away withyour own RSBASIC compiled soft-ware.

The RSBASIC package is distribut-ed on three disks: two for the TRS-80Model I, which I use, and one for theModel III. Both packages contain thesame software, summarized in table

I. The Model I system requires twodisk drives, as the "developmentsystem" part of RSBASIC is too largeto fit on a disk that also containsTRSDOS. The development systemconsists of the files listed under "Pro-gram Disk" in table 1.

One of the more impressive thingsRSBASIC provides is program porta-bility between the TRS-80 Models I,

II, and III. A program compiled onany machine can be run on any otherby using the run-time system for thetarget machine. For example, you

could write a BASIC program onyour Model I, compile it, ship thecompiled code to a Model II, and runit there using the Model II version ofRUNBASIC/CMD.

Using the RSBASIC System

The easiest way to implementRSBASIC programs is to use the "fulldevelopment system." This mode ofRSBASIC is most like disk BASIC.The commands available are sum-marized in table 2; many should befamiliar to disk BASIC users.

The bad news is that this modegives you the least amount ofmemory for your programs—17,980bytes under TRSDOS 2.3B on theModel I with 48K bytes of memory.To cramp things even further, boththe source and object programs arekept in memory at the same time.

To get the most memory for a pro-gram, you must use the "stand-alonerun-time" system. Your programmust be compiled first under thedevelopment system with the objectfile saved on disk. Under the stand-alone system, 26,800 bytes of freememory are available, almost 9000more than under the developmentsystem. Furthermore, the source pro-gram is no longer taking up memory;only the object code, which is usuallymore compact, is in memory.

Two ways are provided for enter-ing BASIC source programs. One isthe editor contained within thedevelopment system; the other is astand-alone editor called BEDIT. Thedevelopment-system editor lets youadd and delete lines of text, but it hasno intraline editing mode similar todisk BASIC'S EDIT command. (Intra-line editing is the changing, deleting,and inserting of characters within anexisting line of text.) A CHANGEcommand lets you substitute onestring for another in a line or range oflines.

BEDIT is very similar to the diskBASIC editor. It does have intralineediting. It also has a CHANGE com-mand for global text-string substitu-tion. I find it annoying that althoughboth BEDIT and the development-system editor have global changecommands, they use different syntax.

Using BEDIT, you can create a

226 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 124 on inquiry card.

CommandAPPEND

AUTO

BREAK

CHANGE

CLEAR

COMPILE

DELETEDISPLAY

DUPLICATE

GO

KILL

LIST

LOAD

MERGE

NEW

OLDRENUMBER

RUN

SAVE

SIZE

STEP

SYSTEMTRACE

Description

Joins a BASIC source file from disk to the program in memory. Theappended source code is renumbered starting at the currentgreatest line number plus 10.

Automatically generates line numbers and lets you type in a BASICprogram.

Sets "breakpoints" in a BASIC program. Execution stops whenevera breakpoint is hit. Multiple breakpoints (limit not given) may be set.Substitutes one text string for another in a range of lines.Deletes all programs from memory.

Compiles a source program on disk and produces an object programon disk. Optionally produces a listing file, memory map, and cross-reference.

Deletes source code lines.

Prints the current value of a variable on the screen—DISPLAY Xprints the value of X.

Copies a block of source program lines from one place to another ina program. Renumbers the moved lines and references to them inthe program.

Continues execution of a stopped program.Deletes disk files.

Lists source program lines. A range of lines may be specified. A textstring may be supplied and only those lines containing the string willbe listed.

Loads compiled programs or subprograms from disk. Loaded pro-grams are linked automatically to programs already in memory.Merges BASIC source programs from disk with the program inmemory.

Erases source programs from memory, but leaves object programsalone.

Loads BASIC source programs into memory.

Renumbers the entire program. No means is provided for renumber-ing only part of a program.

Runs the program in memory and compiles it if necessary.Saves source programs on disk.

Tells the number of bytes of free memory remaining. Also reportsthe size of the resident BASIC program.

Executes a program one or more lines at a time. For example, afterhitting a breakpoint, you could type STEP 5 to execute five morelines and then stop.Exits to TRSDOS.

Displays the line number of the currently executing BASIC sourcecode line.

Table 2: RSBASIC commands.

source program file and save it ondisk. You can then enter RSBASICand compile or run the source pro-gram from disk. Although BEDIT ismore powerful than the development-system editor, I have found the latterto be sufficient and have not mademuch use of BEDIT.

RSBASIC requires source pro-grams to be in RSBASIC string for-mat (see discussion under Data Typesbelow) rather than as an ASCII file.This means that you cannot use aneditor such as Scripsit to editRSBASIC source files. This is unfor-tunate. It would be nice if a futureversion of RSBASIC allowed loadingand saving source files in ASCII for-mat.

One more gripe—you cannot exe-cute any TRSDOS commands whilein RSBASIC. You cannot even lookat a disk directory without exiting thesystem.

Debugging Environment

The ease of debugging programsdeveloped under RSBASIC is some-where between the extremely flexibleenvironment of disk BASIC and themore rigid approach of compilerssuch as Microsoft's.

Similar debugging commands areoffered under the full developmentsystem and the stand-alone run-timesystem. They differ mainly in theform of their arguments; where thedevelopment system uses line

BUYDIRECT!!

SQ095 Plus $4.75

shipping

12" Black & White

80 Column

15MHz

800 Lines Resolution

SAAQ5 plus $4.751010— shipping

12"P31 Green Phosphor

15 MHz

800 Lines Resolution

si09«

plus $4.75shipping

12"P31 Graphics1200 Lines Resolution

plus $9.50shipping

$389^0

13" RGB ColorUp to 80 Characters360 Dots Per Color

Apple III and IBM customersplease add $29.50 for factoryinstalled mod board for16 colors.

MasterCard / VISA / AmericanExpress / Prepaid

Call Toll Free forimmediate shipment:1-800-258-6370.

S> Apple III is a registeredtrademark of Apple Computer.

Monitors by

A

dotajed

18 Bridge Street, Salem, NH 03079Tel. (603) 893-2047TWX: 710-366-0502

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 227

SHOP FROM THE CONVENIENCE OF YOUR HOME OR OFFICEWITH THE BIGGEST SELECTION YOU CAN GET YOUR HANDS ON

CALL OR WRITE FOR OUR SPECIAL CHRISTMAS CATALOG!!

IBMP/C • APPLE • ATARI • NEC • COLUMBIA DATA •

VIC 20 • BASIS 108 • FRANKLIN ACE •

COMMODORE/PET • PRINTERS

ORDER TOLL-FREE! 1-800-854-2833

BlvWBIvWBM

ACCESSORIES

APPARAT

Prom Blaster 129

Combo Card 229

Clock Calendar 109

Spool/64(Parallel)... 299AST

>.P(us64K.... 439

3Plus128K. 599

Co'rj^ttiBlus2lilfc... 939■NV-ITYHQMP.

Big wmm mmm. 489

MICROTEK

64Kw/Panty 249

192Kw/Parity!'.'.'.'.'.'. 539 ASYh

256Kw/Parity 679

DAVONG5 Meg Hard Disk ... 156964K Mem. Expan ... 269192 K Mem. Expan... 499256KMem.Expan... 599

QUADRAMQuadboard64K .... 399Quadboard 128K... 549Quadboard 192K... 639Quadboard 256K... 679Micralazer 16K (Par) 169Microtazer 64K (Par 209Par.lnt.Card(8'cable) 109

SEATTLE

64KRam+* 359

128K Ram+* 439

192K Ram+* 549

256K Ram+* 629

♦Flash Disk Included__^ AMDEK_^_

3" Micro Drives 789

COIor II ....:.. 749

Color 114,.. if—— 439

A, XEDEX 'fiaby Blue CP/M.... 539Baby Blue Ram Plus 679

DCOCVCT

rc no T d I

trum Series. GALL

YNC Commun...CALL

DATAMAC

6 Meg Hard Disk ..

12 Meg Hard Disk..

18 Meg Hard Disk .

.2249.2495.2989

DC-1 Disk Cntr 1319

MICROSOFT

64K 389

256K 859

TEC MAR

Expansion Chassis... 789

Scribe Tender 169

Scribe Master 339

Device Master 199

Disk, Cntr, & Chassis2499

SOFTWARE

Visicalc (256K) 194

Word Star 279

Mail Merge 88

Peachtree Pkgs CALL

Volks Writer 149

Super Calc 217

Easy Writer II 258

Home Acct. Plus.... 109CP/M-86 by Cmpview 299Vedit by Cmpview... 129Vedit-86 by Cmpview 199

The Programmer 369

CP/M-86byDigital... 279Basic-80 by MSoft... 297Fortran-80 by MSoft 419M/Sort by MSoft.... 159

Easy by Denver 543

Mathemagic by ISM 69

Logon by Ferox 129

Fastscreen by Cu... 73

The Organizer 209

Crosstalk 169

E.O.Q. by Execuware 139

Fin. Anyl. Pack 229

Spell Guard by ISA... 219

Spell Guard (law)... 99

Tax Manager 199

Desk Top Plan I .... 249

Visitrend/Visiplot.... 249

Visidex 199

Joystick by TG 49

Frogger 27

Lost Colony 24

Zork I or II 29

Deadline 39

Everest Explorer 17

Call For Free Catalog

NEC

PC-6001

Features: Color • Sound • 71 Key Keyboard

• 10 Function Keys ffirmnir5""

"The Computer you've been waiting fori Home', Business,Education and Fun." - :::iwmawaam naa msi \1ACCESSORIES Available include: \SWtf*

• Expansion Unit' ^JN"* ' 4*

* Touch Panel _S?^ - \ 1I / •*•' Pnnter *«■«*» *t V* ■

SOFTWARE "\-Q^

[ e -Music Editor

• Graph Generator

-ww- . Othello - And More'

PC-8001

PC-8001 719 PC-8031 Dual Drives 718

PC-8012I/0 549 CP/M .•.•••:■• ]3§

The Wedge 489 1260 Green Monitor 129

Call For Catalog

COLUMBIA

DATA PRODUCTS, INC.

THE MULTI-PERSONALCOMPUTER

By Columbia can use Softwareand Hardware originally intendedfor the IBM® PIC. . .

• 8088 Processor

• 128K RAM

• Two RS-232 Serial Ports

• Centronics Parallel Port

• 8 Expansion Slots

• Dual Floppies with 1 MegStorage

This exciting entrant to the IBMPIC compatables is lower priced ascompared to . . .

CALL FOR PRICE AND

INFORMATION NOW

1-800-854-2833

FREE* SHIPPING

EPSON

EPSON HX-20 ^ % ~

• 16K | G^ ^

• Truly Portable

• Built-in Dot Matrix Printer

• Liquid Chrystal Display

• Micro Cassette Drive

J\\^ ATARI

400 16K 264

800 16K 664

410 Recorder.-..»,<.,.-XZ— The Bookkeeper 194

810 Disk Drive 439 The Entertainer..-..... 69

825 Printer...'.' 639 The Educatqt ... \.... 124

830 Modem:,. .159 The Programmer..... 56

850 Interlace'.... 159 The Communicator... 334

Full-View 80 279 PacMan*. .Ttvil.. 33

Joystick (Pair),: 18 Mouskattack 26

48K>bylntek 189 Choplifter..., 27

32K by Microtek 99 Frogger 27

16K by Microtek : 69 GorT ..: 33

Epson Cable 34 Microsoft Basic 69

Ram Cram ..,, 109 Word Processor 109

Ram Oisk 429 Visicalc 189

Call For Free Catalog*$25.00 if Purchased with 400 or 800

^■r ■

is commoaore

Dataset

Disk Drive

Graphic Printer, ,..8K Mem. Expander.16 K Mem. Expander.24KMem.Expander.

^I^^ara :

VIC-2C*

HARDWARE ^

64

. 319

.31939. 75139. 39. 69

Super Expander.... . 49Programmers Aid Cart 44

VicMon .

Pro. Ref. Guide..:.

Joystick. 3..,.

NEW

6 SIM Expander

Atari Cartridge Adapter

40 Col. 8K Board

MIC8K

Afron Expan. Chassis

Video Pak (40/80 col. 16K).Video Pak (40/80 col. 64 K)

43148159549

..118CALL.109..199..198.229..319

NEW FROM COMPUTER SPECIALTIES

Vic Education Pak 439

Vic Small Business Pak 449

Vic Home Computer Pak 429

Vic Communications Pak 459

SOFTWARE

ON CARTRIDGE

Spiders of Mars 36 Outworld 29

Robot Blasters 30

Meteor Run 36

SattelitesS Meteors... 36

Amok 29

Alien Blitz 29

Radar Rat Race 23

Sargon II 33

Trashman 35

Blackhole 35

Gort 23

Adventure Land 29

Pirate Cove 29

Mission Impossible... 29

The Count 29

Voodo Castle 29

Astro Blitz 38

Wizard of Wor 27

Dogpatch 27

PinballSpectacular... 27

Super Alien 22

ON TAPE

Vicalc 11

Bill Payer 14

Vic 6 Paks 44

Hsehold Fin. Pack ... 27

Vic Journal 29

Rec/EDPacklorll.... 12Call For Free Catalog!

COMMODORE 64

"APPLE LOADER"

ORDER NOW-S79!

Atari & TRS. 80 Avail.

OKIDATAML80Configured to Vic - 20

• 80 CPS• 7X9• 64 Block Shapes

Sale Price $399.00

r0*W

Z-89-81 (48K • 1 S 100K Drive) 2195

Z-90-82 (64K • 1 D 160K Drive) 2369

NEW

Z-100 CALL

13" RGB Color 599

APPLE COMPATIBLESOFTWARE

CP/M SOFTWARE

Basic Interpreter ... CALLBasic Compiler by MS289Cobol-80 by Microsoft539Fortran-80 by Microsoft146

Word Star 196

Mail Merge 69

Spell Star 109

SOFTWARE

Screen Writer II 103

Magic Window 69

SuperText II by Muse 118AppleSpellerbySensible 56Exec Secretary by S.S. 189Pro. EasyWriter by IUS 1 29LetterPRFTw/mailmergel 09

Word Handler 147

General Manager.... 109VisicalcbyVisicorp... 183PFS by Soft Pub. Corp. 69

Visifile by Visicorp 184

Visitrd/VisipltbyVisicorpI 96

PFS: Report 69

DB Master 164

PFS: Graph 89

Desktop Plan 184

WallStreeterbyM.L...219GraphMagicbylSM... 62TargetPlannerCalc... 36Math Magic by ISM... 63Home Acct. by Cont... 56UCSD P-System 468

Data Star 166

Calc Star 109

Supercalc 212

d Base 11 by Ashton-tate494G/L by Peachtree... CALLA/R by Peachtree... CALL

Peachcalc CALL

Quickcode 239

Tax Preparer'82 109

Real Estate Analyzer... 139

Bag of Tricks 29

Zoom Graphix 27

Special Effects 27

ENTERTAINMENT

Castle Wolfenstein ... 19

Flight Simulator 26

Sargon II 25

Southern Command... 43

Deadline 34

Time Zone 79

Kabul Spy 26

Zork II 26

Knightof Diamonds... 25

Wizardry 37

Atlantis 29

Crush, Crumble, Chomp 23

Snack Attack 22

Pinball: Nite Mission... 25

Frogger 24

Davids Midnight Magic 26

Apple Panic 21

Mouskattack 24

Choplifter 24

Crossfire 21

DISK DRIVES

Dual 35/80 Drive by Fourth

Super Drive by fourth

Elite One by Plana. .Elite Two by Rarta*..A-2 by Micro-Sci,.:.A-40 by Micro-Sci.A-3 by Micro-Sci ..3" Drives by AmdeS

.CALL.299..369539.379.359CALL.749

TERMINALS

TELEVIDEO

Z-19-ZT-1-

.599.589.719.789.989

..559.CALL..749

.729.629

MONITORS

NEC

JB126012" Green

JB 1201 12" Color..12" RGB(Ht-Res)

.129.329

789

AMDEK

Video 300Color I...Color II ..Color ML.DVM Board

.159.339.759.439.139

DISKETTES

SPECIAL SALE!

Box of 5Va" Disks

With 2 Year Warranty (SS/SD)

$33.99 Including Case

FRANKLINACE 1000

ELECTROHOME

13"RGB(med,ies.) ...38913"RGB(highres) 749

USI

Ambe^Screen 12" .169

COM REX

13" Color (composite) 349T3"Cofor(RGB/l B M p/c)529

•APPLE IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK

APPLE COMPATIBLEACCESSORIES

Fourth Drive 299

Fourth Controller 89

Rana Elite One 389

Rana Controller 99

Micro Sci A-2 389

Micro Sci A-40 384

Micro Sci A-70 489

3" Drives by Amdek 749Vista Slim Line 8"... CALL

8" CNTRL by Vista

16KRam(2yrWNTY) 59

32K by Saturn 199

AIO II 189

CCS 7710A 129

CPSMulti-FuncbyMtn185

Micro Modem II* 278

Smart Modem 229

Hayes 1200 Baud... CALL

Enhancer II 124

Microbufferll(16K ...209Microbufferll(32K)...229Num. Keypad (23 Key) 115Disk Emulator (294 K) 799

Sup R Mod 33

Sooper Spooler (16K) 299Z-80 by Microsoft.... 248Videoterm (80 col.)... 258Signalman Modem... 89Synergy Card by Spies 169RGB by Electrohome 159ParallelCardf6'cable) 69Z-Card by ALS 189

Versa Card 169

ThaGrapplor Plus .119

Joystick by TG 46

In Fone CALL

The Mill 319

Lower Case 29

Expan Chassis by Mtn 559Winchester Hard Disk CALL

Appll-Card 339

Strobe Plotter 659

Soft Term 109

System Saver 69

Amber Monitor by US1179Function Strip by videx 59Bubble Mem by MPCCALLApp-L-Cache 256K... 989

Vista Vision 80 269

ALF9 Voice 149

Pkasso by IS CALL

Premium Pak by M.S. 528AD+DAbyMtn(nocable)269

Apple Cat II 339

WIzard-BPO 149

Wizard-SOB 219

Thunder Clock/Cal... 119

Smarterm 80 Col 288

16 Voice by Mtn Hard 2978088 Card by ALF.... 295SynerglzerPackbyALS5 79

212 Apple-Cat If

TheClockbyMtnHard219Voice Box(w/firmware) 149The Dumpling-GX ...129

SPECIALS

Smart Modem* 1200 by Hayes 549

Grappler+ 119

5'/«" Super Drive by Fourth 299

Microprism (80 col) by IDS 629

16K Ram (2 yr. warranty) 63

Apple II software & hardware compatablei 64 K of RAM memorya Upper and lower casea Typewriter-style keyboarda Twelve key numeric pada Alpha lock shift keya VisiCalc friendlya 50 watt power supplya Built-in fan

BASIS 108

THE^ATPtRNATfV^

6502 and Z80 Microprocessors 1

64K RAM, expandable to 128K

RGB and Composite Video Output

Selectable 80 or 40 column text display

High Resolution Graphics: 6 colors, 280 x 192 or

280 x 160 with four lines of text

8 bit Parallel I/O e"RS-232c Serial I/O

Detached Keyboard. All standard keyboard functions.

Upper/Lower case characters. Numeric keypad

Curs°orbiock.and15 Progfammablespecial function keys

Built-in mounting for two 5V* inch floppy disk drives

Six Apple compatible slots for plug-In

peripherals a Game paddle I/O

a

THE PRINTERS CORNER"

OKI DATA

Microline 80 (Parallel) 359

Microline 82A (Bi-Directional) 439

Microline 83A 729

Microline 84 (Parallel). jSL, ... _^ev. 1095

Microline 84 '"'"^fttS/FrfT^hi 1195

7710. \\. •.tk-#vMBe^^^e^Bfea?--2395

77Wk--\--ZS^Mm ■SKiX2399

77im^MiPP5f 2799

PC-8023A., . .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'".'.'.....','.'.'.".'. 489

ANADEX

DP-9500SL JP^^ilH^HBP^r 1399

DP-9501 A 1399

IDS

Microprism (80 column) 629

Prism 132 (incl. sheet feed graphics, sprint, color) 1649

EPSON

MX-80 419

MX-80 F/T 538

MX-100 679

COMREX

CR-1 -S (2K Serial) 869

CR-1 -C (2K Centronics) 839

TRANSTAR

Tran 140 (40 cps, 132 col. Diablo code-compatible)! 429

C. ITO

■as!eT (Parallel. 55 cps]1(master (Serial, 55 cps)■8510 AP (Parallel)Prownter 8510 ACD (Serial)Prowriter II 1550(15" Parall.Prownter II 1550 (15' S.

QUME

9600/45 Full Panel

SMITH-CORONA

TP-1 (Parallel) 659

TP-1 (Serial) 659

TO ORDER: Phone orders invited using Visa, Mastercard,American Express or bank wire transfers. Visa, AE and MCservice charge of 2%. Mail orders may send charge cardnumber (include expiration date), cashiers check, moneyorder, or personal check (allow 10 business days forpersonal or company checks to clear). Please add 3%($5.00 minimum) for UPS shipping handling, and in-surance. APO and FPO include 5% ($7.00 minimum) forpostage. Calif, residents add 6% sales tax. Please includephone number on all orders. FOREIGN ORDERS include

1251 BROADWAY EL CAJON.CA. 92021

1% handling —shipped air FREIGHT COLLECT only.Credit cards not accepted on foreign orders. All equipmentis in factory cartons with manufacturer warranty. Openedproducts not returnable. Restocking fee for returnedmerchandise. Equipment subject to price change andavailability. Retail prices differ from mail order prices. WESHIPTHE SAME DAY ON MOSTORDERS! Min. purchase$40. Deposit required on all COD'S.'Excludes certain printers & monitors & foreign orders.

Circle 95 on inquiry card.

(714) 579-0330

numbers and variable names, the run-time system uses hexadecimal ad-dresses. The principal debuggingcommands BREAK, DISPLAY, GO,STEP, and TRACE are described intable 2.

As in disk BASIC, a STOP state-ment anywhere in your programpasses control to you whenever it isexecuted. A more flexible option isavailable that does not require editingthe program. This should be usedsince reediting causes recompilation.By typing BREAK m,n,o,.,., wherem, n, and o are line numbers, pro-gram execution stops whenever itreaches any of those lines.

A command with no counterpart indisk BASIC is STEP n. It causes thenext n lines of your program to be ex-ecuted. You can use this to executeone or more lines after control ispassed to you from a BREAK.

One thing that is sorely lacking isthe ability to change the value of avariable from the command line.Variables can only be displayed,not altered. Also missing is the ability

to execute an arbitrary BASIC state-ment from the command line, the so-called immediate execution mode.

While in RSBASIC, you can use theLIST command at any time to viewthe program you are debugging. Thisfeature contributes greatly to the easeof debugging under RSBASIC.

Under the stand-alone system, alldebugging commands must be en-tered with two characters, e.g., BRfor BREAK, DI for DISPLAY, etc.(The two-character abbreviations canalso be used under RSBASIC.) Theonly debugging command not avail-able under the stand-alone system isSTEP.

Another limitation to debuggingunder RSBASIC stand-alone systemsis the fact that source code is nolonger available. You cannot LIST oredit the program, and it is difficult todo much without a hard-copy listingof the source program as produced bythe compiler. References to programlines and variables are via addressesprinted on the compiler listing.

Error messages are rather brief,

mostly one or two words. I found itnecessary to consult the manual inmost cases. TRSDOS errors arereported by number rather than as anEnglish message. It's difficult tobelieve they did this, considering thatTRSDOS has a documented entrypoint that prints the text correspond-ing to an error number on the screen.

Language Features

The RSBASIC language has manyfeatures that are not in disk BASIC.Here are some of the more note-worthy:

Long variable names: Six charactersof every variable name are signifi-cant, e.g., RSBASIC treats NAME10and NAMEll as two different vari-ables. Disk BASIC requires variablenames to differ in the first twocharacters.

Named subprograms with pa-rameters and local variables: This ca-pability provides "external sub-programs" similar to FORTRAN sub-routines. Listing 1 is an RSBASIC

Correspondence isn't so hairy withTransend3 Electronic Mail.

•**«<*.

Don't go on a tear over paper

correspondence. Join the computer age. Correspond in

minutes, not days, with SSM's low-cost full-featured Transend 3

Electronic Mail software for the Apple II™. Transend's state-of-the-art,

menu-driven design features password security, unattended operation,

versatile text editing, and more. Supports most interfaces including 80-col.

video cards and 110/300/1200 baud modems. Call SSM or your

'g dealer for details. Also ask about Transend 1 and 2.

le^s^ Apple II is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

jf**" '--wjd^^Nk

The Transformation People.

SSM Microcomputer Products, Inc.2190 Paragon Drive, San Jose, CA 95131(408) 946-7400, Telex: 171171

230 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 366 on inquiry card.

CASH FLOWPROBLEMS?

irS NICE TO KNOW SOMEONEWHO HAS THE SOLUTION.

ft^ MicroAge is your Solution' Store . . . that means atMicroAge Computer Storeswe have a wide selectionof time-saving computer-ized business systemsdesigned specifically tosolve the daily cash flowproblems every business-man faces.

MicroAge has computer-ized business systems thatquickly and affordably allow you to regain con-trol of your critical accounts receivable... at lastmaking it possible for you to carry out effectivecollection procedures on a consistent basis.MicroAge has accounts receivable programpackages to automatically display and updateaccount information; prepare trial balanceincluding a balance-due and delinquency aging

report, and take care of dozens of other tasksthat eat into your time and profit!

Computerized business systems from the Micro-Age Computer Store are available in the $5,000to $15,000 range, to suit the individual budget ofyour small business or professional practice.MicroAge backs up every system with personal-ized service, warranty service and repair, instal-lation, systems consulting, even customer train-ing. Visit the MicroAge Computer Store in yourarea soon with your business problems, and letus help you with the solution.

/MicroAge

co/MPUTer sTore

"The Solution Store" sw

Circle 239 on inquirY-pard.

Anchorage Alaska(907)279-6688

Phoenix, Arizona(602)265-0065

Pleasant Hill. California(415)680-1489

Santa Ana. California(714)558-7789

Norwalk. Connecticut(203)846-0851

Danbury. Connecticut(203) 797-1623

Greenwich. Connectic(203)629-8171

W Palm Beach Floridc(305)683-5779

Orland Park. Illinois(312)349-8080

Indianapolis. Indiana(317)849-5161

Salma Kansas(913)823-7596

Lexington, Kentucky(606)278-0304

Minneapolis. Minnesota(612)338 1777

St Louis, Missouri(314)567 7644

Omaha. Nebraska(402)339-7441

Albuquerque New Mexic(505)883-0955

Rochester. New York(716)244-9000

Columbus. Ohio(614)868-1550

Columbus. Ohio(614)451-8080

Oklahoma City, Oklahon(405) 728-1837

Tulsa, Oklahomc(918)250-9502

Nashville, Tennessee(615)327-9669

El Paso. Texas(915)591-3349

Houston Texas(713)440-7547

Houston, Texas(713)270-9647

Coming Soon:

Allentown, Pennsylvania Hu

Toronto, Canada(416)487-5551

^HISE OPPORTUNITY INFORMATION CALL (602) 968-3168

Hewlett-Packard on

the professional use of personal

There's a considerable differcomputer and one that really fits.

There are a lot of places where thebasic one-size-fits-all type of per-sonal computer fits in really well.But if you're like most of the tech-nical professionals we know, you'drather use a tool that was clearlydesigned for the job you're doing.That's why we've developedthese five very different personalcomputers just for people like you.And configured each one specif-

just like a real craftsman's toolfits your hand.

Now we'd like to show you, insome detail, just what we mean.

The HP-41.

You might remember the series9100 engineering computer we in-troduced in 1968 for $5000. Now,

able computing system. Add aprinter for hard-copy output. Orour 128k byte cassette for massstorage. Or add both; they'll onlytake up as much space in yourbriefcase as three paperbacks.

You can even use your HP-41 asa remote data collector, then linkit up with any HP Series 80 per-sonal compu-lse ter via HP-IL.

HP 9826

QEggggga8B£i>g&

«i

HP-87

HP-41

[\\s\\m*ttsmm\

ically to operate intechnical environ-ments. To interface with instru-ments and other computers. Togive you all the computing powerand all the high-level graphicscapability you need.

We also offer you a full rangeof printers, graphic plotters, addi-tional memory systems, input de-vices, and communications links.Plus over 5000 software programsat last count.

As a result, you can practicallydesign your own system. And havea personal computer that fitsyour professional environment

HP-85

for a base price of $250, you canhold all the power of that systemin the palm of your hand.

All by itself, this hand-heldcomputer can help a petroleumengineer evaluate gas or oil reser-voirs. Or help civil engineers docritical computationsin the field.

Add the newHewlett-PackardInterface Loop(HP-IL), and youcan turn yourHP-41 into apowerful, port-

Aii the power of our 9100 Series Desk-top Engineering ComputiNow you can hold it in the palm of your hand

The HP-85.

Complete with an integratedtape drive, printer and CRT, thistypewriter-size system fits easilyin a crowded work area. Whereyou can use its impressive number-crunching power any number ofways. For waveform analysis. Re-gression analysis. Linearprogramming.

Add the HP-IB interface,and you can control upto 14 instruments simul-taneously. Add our DataCommunications Pac andyou can tie into another

computers.

ence between the one-size-fits-all

Our 7470 Plotter. One of many peripherals

that help make our personal computers really personal.

on-site computer, a major data net-work, or a national timesharingservice.

You can even use this portablemachine to do all these same jobsout in the field. And more.

The HP-87.

The HP-87 sets a new level of per-formance for personal computersin its price range. You get built-in screen graphics, up to 544kbytes of RAM, and an 80-columnintegrated CRT. Plus the sameflexible I/O structure for controlapplications as the HP-85. Be-cause of its extended memory, youcan take advantage of a VisiCalc®PLUS worksheet with up to 16,000cells. And since the HP-87 has abuilt-in HP-IB, it's easy to add in-struments, disc drives, printers,plotters, and even a graphics tab-let. To give you even more to workwith, there's an optional CP/M®module. And all applications devel-oped for the HP-85 in BASIC areupward-compatible to the HP-87.

The HP 9826.

Designed to handle high-speeddata acquisitionand tests, the9826 has a pow-erful MC 68000CPU, a built-inflexible disc, upto 2 megabytesof read/writememory, andpower-fail pro-tection. Plus abuilt-in HP-IB in-

RS

VisiCalc9 is a registered trademark of VisiCorp.CP/M* is a registered trademark of DigitalResearch, Inc.

terface and a var-iety of other inter-face cards, soyou're free to con-centrate on test-ing. Instead of sys-tem configuration.

To give you even more flexibil-ity, you can run applications inHP-enhanced BASIC, HPL, orPascal. We've also built a CRTdisplay with advanced graphicsinto the system, so you can seeand interpret your data the in-stant you get it. And since every-thing about this system is builtfor speed, we've developed a spe-cial rotary control knob that letsyou edit programs, calibrate instru-ments, and control motor speed,all with fast analog inputs.

The HP 9836.

This full-function workstationdoes it all: design, computation,and high-speed testing. Because itgives you all the high-performancefeatures of the 9826. And thensome. With the 9836, you get abig, easy-to-read CRT. So-phisticated graphics capa-bility. Two flex-ible disc drives.Room for up totwo megabytesof memory.And an evenlonger list ofengineeringsoftware andperipherals tochoose from.And those

• Mma

1J

^T^

I

m '

HP-IB

HP-IL

are just the fivepersonal compu-ters we've devel-oped for technicalprofessionals; wealso make a fullrange of person-al computers for businessprofessionals.

So. Before you decide to adaptyour routines to fit the needs of aone-size-fits-all computer, we thinkyou should get in touch with usfirst. And see what it's like tohave a personal computer thatreally is personal.

Just return this coupon, andwell send you full information onany or all the personal computerswe make.

I Hewlett-Packard1820 Embarcadero Road, Palo Alto, CA 94303

I'd like to see which of your personal computersfits the way I work best. Please send moreinformation on these models:

□ HP-41 □ HP-85 □ HP-87 Q HP 9826

□ HP 9836

Name

Title.

Company.Address

City/State/Zip.| 77136

ra

HEWLETTPACKARD

A wide variety of interfaces for technical environments, including

HP-IB, HP-IL, RS 232, GPIO, and BCD. TCG-203

Please Circle The Product/Products for Which You Would be Interested in Receiving Information:HP-41—CIRCLE 182 HP-85—CIRCLE 183 HP-87—CIRCLE 184HP-9826—CIRCLE 185 HP-9836—CIRCLE 186

Circle 258 on inquiry card.

FOR TRS-80 MODEL I OR IIIIBM PERSONAL COMPUTER

MORE SPEED

10-20 times (aster than Interpreted BASIC.

MORE ROOM

Very compact compiled code plus VIRTUAL MEMORYmakes your RAM act larQer. Variable number of blockbuffers. 3l-cnar.-unique wordnames use only 4 bytes Inheader!

MORE INSTRUCTIONS

Add YOUR commands to Its 79-STANDARD-plusInstruction set!

Par more complete than most Forths: single & doubleprecision, arrays, string-handling, clock, graphics (IBMlow-res. gives B/W and 16 color or 200 tint color display).

MORE EASE

Excellent full-screen Editor, structured & modular

programming

Word search utility

THE NOTEPAD letter writer

Optimized for your TRS-80 or IBM with keyboard repeats,

upper/lower case display driver, full ASCII.

MORE POWER

Forth operating system

Concurrent Interpreter AND Compiler

VIRTUAL I/O for video and printer, disk and tape

(10-Megabyte hard disk available)

Full 8060 or 6088 Assembler aboard

(Z80 Assembler also available for TRS-80)

Intermix 35- to 80-track disk drives

IBM can read, write and run M.3 disks

M.3 can read, write and run M.1 disks

FORTH

THE PROFESSIONAL FORTH SYSTEMFOR TRS-80 & IBM PC(Thousands of systems in use)MMSFORTH Disk System (requires 1 disk drive, 32K RAM)

V2.0 tor Radio Shack TRS-80 Model I or III $129.95*

V2.1 for IBM Personal Computer (80-col. screen) ... $249.95"

AND MMS GIVES IT PROFESSIONAL SUPPORT

Source code provided

MMSFORTH Newsletter

Many demo programs aboard

MMSFORTH User Groups

Inexpensive upgrades to latest version

Programming staff can provide advice, modifications and

custom programs, to fit YOUR needs.

MMSFORTH UTILITIES DISKETTE: includes FLOATING POINTMATH (BASIC ROM routines plus Complex numbers, Rectan-gular-Polar coordinate conversions, Degrees mode, more); apowerful CROSS-REFERENCER to list Forth words by blockand line; plus (TRS-80) a full Forth-style Z80 assembler(requires MMSFORTH V2.0, 1 drive & 32K RAM) $39.95*

FORTHCOM: communications package provides RS-232driver, dumb terminal mode, transfer of FORTH blocks, andhost mode to operate a remote FORTHCOM system (requiresMMSFORTH V2.0, 1 drive & 32K RAM) $39.95*

THE DATAHANDLER: a very fast database managementsystem operable by non-programmers (requires MMSFORTHV2.0, 1 drive & 32K RAM) $59.95*

FORTH WRITE: fast, powerful word processor w/easy key-strokes, Help screens, manual & demo files. Full proportionalw/tabs, outdenting. Include other blocks, documents, key-board inputs, & DATAHANDLER fields—ideal for form letters(requires MMSFORTH V2.0, 2 drives & 48K RAM) $175.00*

MMSFORTH GAMES DISKETTE: real-time graphics & boardgames w/source code. Includes BREAKFORTH, CRASH-FORTH, CRYPTOQUOTE, FREEWAY (TRS-80), OTHELLO &TICTACFORTH (requires MMSFORTH V2.0. 1 drive & 32K RAM) $39.95*

Other MMSFORTH products under development

FORTH BOOKS AVAILABLE

MMSFORTH USERS MANUAL - w/o Appendices $17.50*

STARTING FORTH - best! $15.95*

THREADED INTERPRETIVE LANGUAGES - advanced,analysis of FORTH internals $18.95*

PROGRAM DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION - intro. to structuredprogramming, good for Forth $18.00*

FORTH-79 STANDARD MANUAL - official reference to79 STANDARD word set, etc $13.95'

FORTH SPECIAL ISSUE, BYTE Magazine (Aug. 1980) - A col-lector's item for Forth users and beginners $4.00*

* - ORDERING INFORMATION: Software prices includemanuals and require signing of a single computer license forone-person support. Describe your hardware. Add $2.00 S/Hplus $3.00 per MMSFORTH and $1.00 per additional book;Mass orders add 5% tax. Foreign orders add 20%. UPS COD,VISA and M/C accepted; no unpaid purchase orders or refunds.

Send SASE for tree MMSFORTH informationGood dealers sought

Get MMSFORTH products from yourcomputer dealer or

MILLER MICROCOMPUTER SERVICES

61 Lake Shore Road, Natick, MA 01760

(617)653-6136

234 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1: RSBASIC program illustrating the use of subprograms.

0 0 0 00 0 0 00000000000000 0000 00 00 00 00 0 0 000 0 00 00 00 0 0 0

0 0 0 00 0 0 00 0 0 00 01.000250 03A

0 0'* :t

0 0410 041

arm

0 0410041004E

0 05A0 0670 073

.1.0

20

30

70

80

90

110

120

130

140

150

160

16517018019020021022023023524*250260270280290300

Example showing use; of SUBPROGRAMSin RSBASIC. The) first section of codeis called the "main prosit-am". It startswith the first line and ends with theEUND statement on line 30 0.

REMREMREMREMREMREM

REM -

REM

INTEGER A--Z

DIM A<100),B<100>

REM

REM xxxx

REM xxxx

REM

FOR

Fill the

numbers

arrays A 8. B with random

3>1 TO 100

a<i>==:i:nt<rnd*io+i)b<i>=int<rnd*10+1>

NEXT I

REM

xxxx Call SUMARRAY to add upxxxx in Av print the result*xxxx same for B

REM

REM

REM

REM

CALL.

PRINT

the elementsthen do the

"SUMARRAY"; 100, AC ):"Sum of all elementsCALL "SUMARRAY"? 100, B( >:PRINTEND

"Sum of all elements

SUMOFAin A is J

SUMOFBin 13 is J

SUMOFASUMOFB

SYMBOLIC MEMORY MAPSCALARS

0 0FF010BARRAYS0 0D500DD

CROSS RE

SCALARS

I

SUMOFA

SUMOFB

ARRAYS

A

B

FINAL.

255

41828

28

INTEGER

INTEGER

0109

SUMOFB

A(100>

B(10 0>

"ERENCE LISTING

SUMOFA INTEGER

INTEGERINTEGER

180260280

140140

190270290

19020 0

!00

260280

210

SUMMARY

(00FF) BYTES OF

<01A2> BYTES OFSOURCE LINES

SOURCE STATEMENTS

PROGRAMLOCAL. DATA

x*x COMPILATION COMPLETE xxx

00000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000 0 00 0 0 000000000

Purpose? Sum up the elements ofan INTEGER array.

310 SUB "SUMARRAY"; NUM%» ARRAYS< )r SUMX

320 REM - - -

325 REM xx Example of a SUBPROGRAM xx

328 REfM

330 REM

340 REM

350 REM

860 REM

365 REM

370 REM

380 REM

390 REM

400 REM

410 REM

Inputs J

Output:

NUM% Number of elements inthe array

Afi:Fi:AY%( ) The array whoseelements are to be summed

SUMZ The sum of the elementin ARRAY%< )

Listing 1 continued on page 236

"'

II 1^ «?VSII TWIT

uyvf^/ic^oa «;<

"I viwi

IIl\AI

i^viiiy v-i^nv^7io.

IISOFT WARE

IIIFOR//PROFESSIONALS

I nffirN=>«

The day is fast approaching whencomputers will be as commonplaceas the office water cooler. TheWestico software specialists offer avariety of programs to meet theneeds of the professional looking forefficient solutions to a variety oftasks. In addition to quality soft-ware, you can count on the Westicoexperts for help and advice.Here's just a sample of the morethan 150 quality programs currentlyin stock:

MicroGANTT — Sophisticatedproject planning system whichuses Critical Path Method analysis.Interactively defines tasks whichcomprise a project and displays aGantt chart of the resulting plan.Budget costs and work hours arealso calculated and displayedautomatically. An entire projectcan be included in a more globalproject as a single task. All datais easy to modify and can be dis-played or printed. Available forIBM Personal Computer and CP/Mcompatible computers. S395/S25.PTA — Professional time accountingfor billing based on time. Maintainsclient master files, work in progressfiles, employee history files anddetailed job files. Produces detailedaccounting reports for manage-ment. $595/340.

MILESTONE™-Critical Path Methodproject management. Displays andprints project plan in a summarycost/time table, by task or as Ganttcharts. Project assumptions areeasily revised to make "What if?"analyses. $295/$30.STATPAK — Statistics softwarelibrary in Microsoft BASIC. Performsprobability calculations, oneindependent variable statistics,discrete distribution functions,continuous distribution functions,regression analysis, means testing,survey data/contingency tables,non-parametric statistics andanalysis of variance. Includesplotting and file managementmodules. $500/$40.

LEGAL BILLING AND TIMEKEEPING

— For law offices with up to 25attorneys and a total of 35 time-keepers (including paralegals,secretaries, etc.). All time andexpenses are distributed to clientaccounts or other designated over-head accounts. Produces monthlyclient review sheets and ready-to-mail itemized bills. $895/$40.SUPERCALC" — Makes it possible tomanipulate numeric data auicklyand easily. Spreadsheet simulatorlets you examine and alter numbersand text within a grid that cancover up to 63 columns and 254rows of data. Produces hardcopyreports. $295/-.

MINIMODEL — Financial planningtool. Does big financial planningjobs at micro prices for cash flowprojections, financial forecasting,venture analysis, project planningand risk analysis. Models limitedonly by disk space. Report contentand format totally under usercontrol. $495/$50.

BILLKEEPER— For professional offices— architects, accountants, engi-neers, consultants, ad agencies. Allthe features of Legal Billing andTimekeeping including analysis ofeach professional's billings, aging ofreceivables, analysis of the workeffort of each timekeeper. $895/$40.TARGET™ Planner — Interactivemodeling and planning program.Features include matrices up to1000 elements and IF, THEN, ELSE,GREATER and LESSER conditionals.Commands for MINIMUM, MAXIMUM,AVERAGE and SUM, $195/325TARGET Interchange — EnablesTARGET Planner to read and writefrom and to other data bases.$139/$15.

TARGET Task — Integrates theprocedures of Performance Evalua-tion and Review Technique (PERT)and Critical Path Method (CPM).Manipulates a project schedule toreach a desired completion date,or predetermined expense budget.$329/$25.

The Westico 24-Hour Computer Hotline (203| 853-0816(300 baud) for detailed information and quickaccess ordering^

• Westico has more than 150 programsfor professionals and businesses that usea wide variety of microcomputers includ-ing: TRS-80 Model II. Apple. VectorGraphic. Cromemco, North Star. Micro-polis, Ohio Scientific, Altos, Dynabyte,IBM, Intertec, Xerox, Zenith, NorthernTelecom, AVL Eagle and more.We're work-ing hard to be your software company.

COD, MasterCard and VISA accepted.Prices do not include shipping and are subjectto change. In CT add 7V?% sdles tax. All salesfinal.

Manual price may be credited towardpurchase of software.

Dealer inquiries invited. WES-49

Copyright © 1982 Westico, Inc.

WESTICO

The Software Express Service

25 Van Zant Street • Norwalk, Connecticut 06855(203) 853 6880 • Telex 643 788

4 WAYS TO ORDER

• Write Westico, Inc., 25 Van Zant Street,Norwalk, CT 06855.

• Call (2031 853-6880.

• Telex 643-788.

• Dial-up our 24-hour computer (300 baud)(203) 853-0816.

than'

Circle 411 on inquiry card.

Circle 99 on inquiry card.

•CP/M is a trademark ol Digila! Research

CPIM-

FRUSTRATION t

You need

POWER

... The first super program that puts YOU in controlof CP/M.*

POWER automatically numbers disk files. Just pickfile number to Copy, Erase, Reclaim, Rename, Type,etc....Your computer feeds the file names automati-cally. You do No typingl No typing errors...ever!

YOU DON'T NEED 8Y8TEM DISK IN ANY DRIVE.No more BD08 ERRORS!

YOU Test and Fix bad disksl Reclaim accidentallyerased files or programs! Single step thru memoryup or down! Search, View, Change memory or disk ina snap! See Status and File Size instantly! VerifyChecksums lor programs! Load or Save programs atany address.YOUR MAJOR POWER COMMANDS:

OIR

COPY

REN

ERA

TYPE

TYPEH

TYPEA

TYPEX

RUN

EXIT

SIZE

CHECK

STAT

USER

XUSER

TEST

SETDIR

SETSYS

SETRO

SETWR

RECLAIM

DISK

GROUP

LOG

OS

SPEED

SAVE

LOAD

READ

WRITE

READOR

WRITEGR

DUMP

DUMPX

OUMPH

DUMPA

MOVE

FILL

CM

SEARCH

JP

EX

GO

USR1

USR2

USR3

USR4

7

50 prompted user-friendly functions for housekeep-ing and a 60 page easy-read users' guide makePOWER your most often used software. You'll use iteveryday I

POWER will be the last utility you'll ever need or yourmoney back.

POWER works with CP/M & MPM systems (any diskformat). ,■■■■ ..^-^

* * * RECOMMENDED

PROFESSIONAL SOFTWARE

PROGRAMMERS ASSOC. INC.

ONLY $149 COD,

FULLY GUARANTEED

o*MSv

4 * • s

If you order POWER now!Year Subscription toPOWER HOT-LETTER

ORDER NOW!

TOLLFREE (800) 227-3800 Ext 28.IN CA: (800) 792-0990 Ext 28.

COMPUTING!

2519 B Greenwich,

San Francisco, CA 94123.

Listing 1 continued:

0 00 000 0 00 0 0 00 0 0E0 OIF-OOZE0 035

SYMBOLIC

SCALAR!!!0 062*0 060ARRAY*0 0SE

'♦20'♦30'HO450460'170'180

REM • --

REM

SUM% = 0FOR 1=1 TO NUM%8UM% = SUM% +NEXT ISUBEND

MEMORY MAP

1SUM

ARRAY<)

REAL.INTEGER

ARRAY"/ < T.)

*005C

NUM

INTEGER

INTEGER

CROSS REFERENCE LISTING

SCALARS

I 450

NUM 310

SUM 310

ARRAYS

ARRAY 310

FINAL

'♦60

450

'HO

'160

'♦70'♦60

'♦60

OF PROGRAMOF LOCAL DATA

SUMMARY

92 C0 05C) BYT I!24 (0018) BYTE21 SOURCE LINES21 SOURCE STATEMENTS*** COMPILATION COMPLETE *:**

program illustrating the use of sub-programs. It contains a subprogramcalled SUMARRAY, which adds upall the elements in an integer arrayand returns the sum.

Subprograms must physicallyfollow the main program, as in thisexample. The compiler generates aseparate memory map and cross-reference listing for each subprogram.The SUBEND statement (line 480 inlisting 1) marks the end of a sub-program.

Subprograms are executed by theCALL statement. The program inlisting 1 contains two calls toSUMARRAY, one in line 260 and onein 280. The first call looks like this:

260 CALL "SUMARRAY"; 100,A( ), SUMOFA

This calls SUMARRAY to add up the100 elements of array A and put theresult in SUMOFA. Line 280 callsSUMARRAY to add up the 100 ele-ments of array B and put the result inSUMOFB.

The first line of the subprogram(line 310) contains the keyword SUB,the name of the subprogram "SUM-ARRAY," and the parameters to

SUMARRAY. Parameters are place-holders for variables that will be usedwhen the subprogram is run. Thetype (REAL, INTEGER, or STRING;more on these later) of eachplaceholder variable must match thetype of the corresponding variable inthe CALL statement. The percentsigns (%) in line 310 are necessary inthis case to inform the compiler thatthe parameters are integers. Eventhough the main program contains anINTEGER A-Z statement (samemeaning as DEFINT A-Z in diskBASIC), you will get an error if youleave off the percent signs.

Note that subprograms are calledby name, not by line number as in aGOSUB statement. This is a nicefeature since it is much easier toremember the name of a routine thanthe line number it starts on, especiallywhen line numbers are changing dueto program renumbering. You cancall one subprogram from anothersubprogram, as well as from the mainprogram. You cannot recursively calla subprogram from itself, however.

Any variables used in a sub-program that are not listed in theheader statement (the one startingwith the keyword SUB) are "local" tothat subprogram. Therefore, within a

236 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

subprogram, you cannot accidentallychange the value of a variable in themain program. On the other hand,you cannot access variables in themain program unless they are ex-plicitly listed as parameters in theSUB statement.

From limited testing, it appearsthat you can access files that havebeen opened in the main programwhile in a subprogram. This pointdoes not appear to be mentioned inthe manual.

Subprograms make BASIC pro-gramming easier and less error-prone.They provide a way to break a pro-gram into manageable pieces that canbe coded individually. You can builda library of subprograms on disk andappend them to a program in mem-ory as needed. Since the APPENDcommand automatically renumbersas it appends, you don't have toworry about line number conflicts.Program chaining: Under RSBASIC,using the CHAIN command, one pro-gram can load another from disk andrun it. What makes this differentfrom disk BASIC'S RUN command isthe fact that you can share variablesbetween the two programs. TheCOM (common) statement lists thosevariables you want to share. For ex-ample:

COM X, Y, Z(5,5)

sets aside space for X, Y, and the 5 by5 array Z. If you chain to a pro-gram that includes an identical COMstatement, the variables X, Y, and allthe elements of Z will retain theirvalues when the second programstarts running.

This implementation of chaininguses position rather than name toconnect variables from one programto the next. For example, if a programcontaining the COM statement abovechained to another program withthe COM statement:

COM Y, X, 2(5,5)

the values of X and Y would beswapped in the new program becausetheir relative positions in the COMstatements of the two programs arereversed.

The most important use of chainingis to break a very large program intoindividual pieces when the whole pro-gram won't fit into memory at once.

Data Types

The only data type in RSBASICthat is identical to its disk BASICcounterpart is the 16-bit integer. Torepresent floating-point numbers,RSBASIC uses the type called REAL,which stores 14 digits of precision.This takes the place of single- anddouble-precision numbers in diskBASIC. REAL numbers are storedwith BCD encoding (binary-codeddecimal, two decimal digits per byte)

By restricting your

programming

somewhat, RSBASIC

disk files can be

written to be

compatible with Radio

Shack's version of the

COBOL language.

and all arithmetic performed on themis decimal.

Explaining this in detail is beyondthe scope of this review, but in prac-tice it means that you cannot getnumeric errors due to conversionback and forth between decimal andbinary internal representations. Mostprofessional accounting software usesdecimal arithmetic.

Manipulating 14-digit decimalnumbers is time-consuming,however. An RSBASIC programusing REAL numbers may run slowerthan a comparable disk BASIC pro-gram using single-precision numbers.REAL is most like disk BASIC'S dou-ble precision. RSBASIC does nothave a single-precision data type.

Strings are also implemented dif-ferently in RSBASIC. Disk BASICallocates a varying amount ofmemory for strings, using only whatis needed to store the current lengthof the string. RSBASIC allocates afixed amount of memory, based onthe length declared in a DIM state-ment. For example, the statement

DIM NAMES20

dimensions the string variable NAMEto be 20 characters long. Assignmentof a string longer than 20 charactersto NAME results in truncation. Youcan dimension a lot of variables atonce with a statement like

STRING *10 A-L

This causes all string variables begin-ning with the letters A-L to beallocated 10 bytes of memory. If youdo not use a DIM or STRING state-ment, the system will automaticallyallocate 255 bytes per string. You willquickly run out of memory if yourprogram has many strings.

This method of handling stringstrades flexibility for speed; diskBASIC'S "garbage collection" is notneeded. Garbage collection is whatdisk BASIC is doing when a programthat performs a lot of string opera-tions suddenly seems to stop; thesystem is moving strings around toreclaim space taken up by strings thatare no longer in use.

RSBASIC's method allocates afixed area in memory for each string.This may take more memory thandisk BASIC'S method since you mustset aside the maximum size you willever need for each string.

You can use arrays of all three datatypes, INTEGER, REAL, andSTRING, in RSBASIC programs.Unlike disk BASIC, which allows anunlimited (except by memory)number of array dimensions,RSBASIC limits you to two. Thismay be a problem for some applica-tions, but I have seen very few forwhich it would be.

RSBASIC Disk Data Files

RSBASIC's disk data-file structuresare completely different from diskBASIC's. In general, they are morepowerful and, surprisingly, easier touse. The three types of file structuresare sequential files, direct-access files,and indexed files (also called ISAM,for indexed sequential-accessmethod). The three different file I/O(input/output) methods are streamI/O, formatted I/O, and binary I/O.

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 237

The two types of records are fixed-length records and variable-lengthrecords.

Records can be from 1 to 256 byteslong. You can use any I/O methodwith any file type. Direct-access andindexed files require fixed-lengthrecords, but sequential files can useboth fixed-length and variable-lengthrecords. Formatted I/O is intrinsical-ly fixed length, so you can't usevariable-length records with it. In all,this gives you an overwhelming 11different ways to set up data files.

RSBASIC's sequential files are con-ceptually similar to disk BASIC'S; afile is written record by record andread the same way. You cannot reada record in the middle of a sequentialfile without first reading all thepreceding records.

One important difference from diskBASIC'S sequential files is that thereis no straightforward way to create orprocess a normal ASCII text file, e.g.,one produced by an editor such asScripsit. This is bothersome becauseScripsit provides a very handy way to

generate data files for disk BASICprograms. Text-processing applica-tions are also encumbered by thislimitation.

Direct access is similar to diskBASIC'S random-access file modebut much easier to use. You do nothave to calculate "physical recordnumbers" and "subrecord numbers."Record blocking is handled automati-cally. Regardless of record length,you can retrieve the Nth record byspecifying its record number; thesystem decides which sector(s) of thefile contain the record.

Indexed files, RSBASIC's mostpowerful type, have no counterpartin disk BASIC. A "key" must bespecified when storing a record in anindexed file. The key may or may notbe equal to some component ("field")of the record itself. The power of keysbecomes evident when you have toretrieve a record; all you specify tothe system is the key value associatedwith that record.

Note that this is a single-keyindexed-file method; you can asso-

APPLE®

APPLE II PLUS '999

Dist. by Bell & Howell

MICROSOFT

PREMIUM SYSTEM .f618

180 SOFTCARD, 16K RAM,VIDEOTERM, CPM USERS GUIDE

THE COMPUTERLEARNING TREEhas it. XedexBaby Blue forIBM: '579

VISICORP

VISICALC '189

VISIDEX *189

VISIFILE '189

MICROPRO

WORDSTAR '233 -

CALCSTAR $148

SYSTEMS

NORTHSTAR .....

TELEVIDEO ™H^«;; ,/// 830 Modm

MICRODECISION .. '1195 CXAO Paddles ..'17.98 CX853 RAM

Includes: WordStar, CalcStar- -

SpellStar, MBasic-80, Bazic

A ATARI

, 400 (16K) '298

'LOW 800 (16K) '898

850 Inter '179

PacMan .'34.95

KAYCOMPII '1795

1500 PROGRAMSs^ck

PRINTERS

NEC 7700s 'LOW

EPSON MX-80 '478

WITH GRAFTRAX

STORE HOURS:

MON.-THURS. 9:30 A. M. -9 P. M.FRI.&SAT. 10:00 A.M.-5 P.M.

PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE

TO ORDER CALL:

1-703-750-2631

7023 LITTLE RIVER TURNPIKE: ANNANDALE, VA 22003

'158'88

ciate only one key value with eachrecord. Key values can't have dupli-cates. It is the programmer's responsi-bility to decide how a unique keyshould be generated for each record.

RSBASIC supports a DELETEstatement for both direct-access andindexed files. You can delete a recordby specifying its key (indexed) orrecord number (direct-access). Once arecord has been deleted, it cannot beread again. Deleted records continueto take up space in a file. If the filegets too large, you must write yourown program to read it and build anew file without the deleted records.

Here is a rundown on the I/Otechniques:

• Stream I/O stores values in ASCIIformat. Commas are automaticallygenerated to separate data items fromeach other in the file. PRINT # is usedto write data; INPUT # to read data.Stream I/O is the easiest method touse.

• Similar to PRINT USING in diskBASIC, formatted I/O uses a formatstatement that describes the layout ofa fixed-length record. Used with adirect-access file, this accomplishesthe same goal as disk BASIC'S FIELDstatement, but with much less work.

• Binary I/O is usually the mostspace-saving storage method. Data issaved very similarly to the way it isstored in memory. I like the fact thatthe awkward conversion functions(CVI, MKI$, etc.) of disk BASIC arenot used by RSBASIC. Instead, yousimply WRITE and READ the dataand RSBASIC makes the conversionsautomatically.

Having so many data-file storagemethods to choose from is a littlebewildering at first. Fortunately, formost applications, you can stick to asmall subset of the methods: sequen-tial files using stream I/O, direct-access and indexed files using format-ted or binary I/O.

By restricting your programmingsomewhat, RSBASIC disk files can bewritten to be compatible with RadioShack's version of the COBOL lan-guage. This means that a BASIC pro-gram can read data files written by aCOBOL program and vice versa.

238 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 90 on inquiry card.

Sony mixes business with pleasure.

Sony announces a suc-cessful merger: the TCS-310.

It'll take your dictation justas well as it plays your favoritemusic.

This Sony comeswith two built-in stereomicrophones and hasmetal tape playbackcapability So bothsymphonies and statis-tics will sound greatthrough its feather-

weight stereo headphones.If you want to pack an

even smaller Sony there's the

M-1000.

It fits in your shirt pock-et. Yet it records and playsback in stereo on a micro-cassette.

It also features theadjustable MS stereomicrophone. Set it oneway for a conversationand another way for a

convention. Either way you'llget a clean and precise record-ing with good stereo separa-tion. The SonyTCS-310 andM-1000. Theymake mixingbusiness withpleasure apleasure.

THE ONE AND ONLY

O 1982 Sony Corporation of America Sony is a trademark of Sony Corporation. Models shown TCS-310 and M-1000, with MDR-1L1 headphones MDR-1L1 headphones supplied with TCS-310 and M-1000.

Circle 360 on inquiry card.

Disk BASIC Statement

RSBASIC Statement

or Function

or Function

Up-arrow for exponentiation

**

+ for string concatenation

&

&H hex number converts string of hexadecimal digits

HVL (hex number)

to an integer

CDBL(exp) converts expression to double precision

CVD(exp)

CINT(exp) converts expression to integer

CVI(exp)

CONT restarts program after STOP or BREAK

GO

DEFDBL defines variables as double precision

REAL

DEFINT defines variables as integers

INTEGER

DEFSTR defines variables as strings

STRING

DEFUSRn = address

EXT "PROG" = address

defines USRn (n ranges from 0 to 9) as a

establishes "PROG" as a

"user" machine-language routine callable

user machine-language

with USRn statement

routine callable with CALL

statement

ERROR(code) simulates error occurrence

ERROR code

INPUT "prompt string"; variable list prints "prompt string"

INPUT PROMPT =

on screen and reads values into variable list

"prompt string"; variable

list. Requires keyword

PROMPT.

INSTR (start,strl ,str2) searches one string for another,

POS(str1 ,str2)

optionally starting at position "start"

can't specify start posi-tionSEG$(string,x,y)

MID$(string,x,y) gets a substring of string starting at

position x and with length y

NEXT van, var2

NEXT with only one

Closes multiple FOR loops

variable—use multiple

NEXTs for multiple loops

ON ERROR GOTO 0

RESET ERROR

Disables ON ERROR GOTO block

PRINT@n for cursor positioning where n is a screen

PRINT CRT(x,y)

position; upper left corner is 0, lower right

x= row, y = column

corner is 1023

Seems easier to use than

PRINT®

RANDOM reseeds random-number generator

RANDOMIZE

RND(number) returns a random number from 1 to number

RND(number) returns

unless number = 0; then returns a random

same number every time

number from 0 to 1

unless number is 0, which

behaves like RND(O) in

disk BASIC

RUN "program" loads BASIC program and runs it

CHAIN program can save

variables with COM state-

ment

SYSTEM loads a machine-language tape

SYSTEM returns you

to TRSDOS

USRn(arg) calls a machine-language program and passes

CALL "PROG"; van,

argument

var2, . . . calls machine-

language program,

passes multiple

arguments

Table 3: RSBASIC statements and functions different from those in disk BASIC that

perform similar tasks.

Complete instructions are given as towhich features should be avoided ineach language in order to maintaincompatibility.

RSBASIC Statements

I have discussed RSBASIC withother owners and found that severalare not using it because of the manydifferences from disk BASIC andtheir reluctance to learn a new BASIC

dialect. If you are not willing to takeon this chore, you will not get muchout of this package. Radio Shack isopen about this and does not recom-mend converting existing disk BASICprograms to run under RSBASIC.

To give you a feeling for how dif-ferent the two languages are, I havecompiled three reference tables com-paring language statements and func-tions in disk BASIC and RSBASIC.

These tables do not include BASICcommands such as RUN and SAVE ordisk data-file statements; they arediscussed earlier in this review. In ad-dition to informing potential buyersabout the RSBASIC language, thetables should be very useful to newowners of the package who are tryingto learn the differences betweenRSBASIC and disk BASIC.

Table 3 lists statements and func-tions providing essentially the samecapability in both RSBASIC and diskBASIC, but named differently or usedslightly differently.

Table 4 shows statements and func-tions included in disk BASIC thathave no counterpart in RSBASIC.Particularly worth noting are PEEK,POKE, INP, OUT, and VARPTRbecause there is no easy way to repro-duce these in RSBASIC; you must usemachine-language subroutines.

Table 5 lists statements and func-tions that are new in RSBASIC andprovide capabilities not available i:disk BASIC.

Performance

One of the main reasons for using aBASIC compiler instead of an inter-preter is run-time performance orprogram execution speed. In general,compiled code runs faster than inter-preted code because the source code isanalyzed once to produce machinelanguage that is run directly by yourcomputer.

You can understand my surprise,then, when I noticed that theRSBASIC manual doesn't mentionfaster execution as a benefit of com-pilation. After using the system andmaking some timings, I began to seewhy Radio Shack doesn't claim aspeed advantage for compiled pro-grams. In some cases, compiled pro-grams actually run slower than theequivalent code under the diskBASIC interpreter! If you don'tbelieve that, try this short exampleunder RSBASIC and then under diskBASIC:

10 FOR 1% = 1 TO 10000:NEXT 1%

In my test, this runs more than twice

240 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Foreword byDouglas Hofstadter

INVERSIONS

a catalog of calligraphic cartwheelsby Scott Kim

m

Illusion.. .calligraphy.. .visualmagic—Scott Kim's newbook, Inversions, delights theeye and enchants the mind.Filled with intriguing designs,words that read the sameright-side up and. upside down,words-within-words, andunexpected symmetries, thesecompositions create a freshway to look at the alphabet.The text includes the visualprinciples of symmetry, letter-ing, and problem solving thatare basic to these images. Theauthor also draws parallels to

ISBN 0-07-034546-5I 28 pagessoftcover

over 50 illustrations

BYTE Books

70 Main St.,

Peterborough, N.H.

03458

Circle 427 on Inquiry card.

"Kim is the Escher-of-the alphabet. He has createda new art form that blends beauty and ingenuity andhas made it so clear to us that we can try itourselves if we so desire. It may well become thenew amusement of the literate.'' Issac Asimov

"Scott Kim has perfected a personal art form—onewith grace, elegance, subtlety, and surprises."

Douglas Hofstadter, authorGodel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid

"...sure to dazzle and delight anyone to whomwriting is dear."

The New York Times Book Review

"Scott Kim's /nvers/ons...is one of the mostastonishing and delightful books ever printed."

Martin Gardner Scientific American

related exercises in percep-tion in such diverse areas asart, music, word play, andmathematics. Scott Kim's

original inversion designs firstappeared in Omni magazine,inspiring an overwhelmingreader response. Anirresistible challenge, invertiblewriting appeals to everyonewho loves beauty inmathematics and design.Scott Kim is a doctoral stu-dent in Computer Science atStanford University.

$8.95

ORDER

TOLL-FREE

800/258-5420

Circle 198 on inquiry card.

Main/Frames

• 30 Models of Enclosures

• Assembled and tested

• Quasi-Coax Motherboards

• Power Supply

• Card cage and guides

• Fan, line. cord. fuse, power& reset switches

8" Floppy Main/Frame

8" Disc Enclosure

Phase/80 8" Floppy Mainframe

Phase/80 Desk + Mainframe

Write or call for our

brochure which includes our

application note:

"Building Computers —

A Recipe"

INrEGMMD

8620 Roosevelt Ave. • Visalla, CA 93291209/733-9288

We accept BankAmericard/Visaand MasterCharge

Disk BASIC Statement or Functionnot in RSBASIC

? abbreviation for PRINT

! single-precision type identifier, e.g., A! is single precision

&0 octal number converts string of octal digits to

binary numberCLS clears screen and homes cursor

CMD"D" enters the machine-language debugger

CMD "R", CMD "T" turns interrupts on and off,

respectively, for cassette tape I/OCSNG(exp) returns single-precision number with

value = expDEFSNG defines variables as single-precision type

ERL returns line number in which most recent

error occurredFlX(number) truncates number

FRE(string) tells amount of string space available

INP(port) reads Z80 port

OUT port, value writes to Z80 port

LEFT$(string,size) returns first "size" characters of stringRIGHT$(string,size) returns last "size" characters of string

LET var = expression

assigns value of expression to variable, LET is op-tionalMID$(str1,start,size) = str2

replaces "size" characters in strl, startingat "start," by characters from str2PEEK(location) returns contents of memory location

POKE location, value

sets memory location to valuePOINT(x.y) tells whether a particular graphics block is set

RESET(x.y) resets a single graphics block at location x,y

SET(x.y) sets a single graphics block at location x,y

RESUME n restarts program execution at line number nafter trapping an error with ON ERROR GOTOstatementRND(number) returns random number from 1 to number

unless number = 0, then a number between0 and 1

VARPTR(variable) returns address of program variableor its descriptor variable

Comments and Ways toPerform in RSBASIC

No equivalent

No single-precision type

in RSBASIC

No equivalent

Use PRINT CHR$(28);CHR$(31);

Use RSBASIC's debug-ging features or callmachine-language routineNo support forcassette tapeNo single-precision typein RSBASIC

No single-precision typein RSBASICNo equivalent

Use INT(number) if

number > =0, else use

INT(number)+1

Not needed in RSBASIC,

fixed string allocation

Use machine-language

routine

Use machine-language

routine

UseSEG$(string,1, size)

Use SEG$(string,

LEN(string)-size+ 1)

LET not allowed in

RSBASIC

Build new string usingSEG$

Use machine-languageroutine

Use machine-languageroutine

Use CRTI$ function plusBASIC code to pick pointout of graphics characterUse character graphicsinstead

Use character graphicsinstead

No equivalent inRSBASIC; use RESUMEor RESUME NEXTRSBASIC same as diskBASIC if number = 0;else use INT(RND «number + 1)CALL to a machine-language routine passesprogram variables by theiraddresses

Table 4: Disk BASIC statements and functions that have no counterpart inRSBASIC. Disk data-file statements are not included here.

as fast under disk BASIC as underRSBASIC!

I put together several benchmarkprograms and ran them under diskBASIC, RSBASIC, and Microsoft's

BASIC compiler. I wanted to test theperformance of string handling, arraymanipulation, and floating-pointarithmetic.

Let me preface the benchmark

242 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

C is better than ever.

R.l i 1 £ Whitesmiths, Ltd. is now shippingRelease 2.1 of our highly acclaimed C Co.n

6..i7 ■mdiowa ^ compilers for ten different

operatmg system families on four arch.tectures

085, Z80:

P/M,CDOS

isis-ir

ldris/B80

MC68000:

VERSAdosldris/S68k

VAX-11:

VMSUNIX/32V

'Available in source form only

kn„„n ^tdei°S'cis;^0Te:™r rores'and (ahem> ** •«

functions, pattern matching rout,nes and «tenslve,than ?ver' wlth ™« n>a 'h-dtaj And ,,, eas.et than ^Th^^t^^™*-

^«teK£2ffi£^**?gin the continental us-

A Pascal Compiler may be incKfor™S SSSmSS maCh'ne'are $U5(Xupgrade for jusr half of rhe new orire AnV °ld customers may

license fee per year. P "' And ma'"tenance is now only 25% of the

Now's the time to write or call.

P~ Whitesmiths, Ltd

Parkway Towe*. .8; 485 US R„UK, So.. ,selm, Ne„ Jeriey 08'830 m, ^

RSBASIC Statement orFunction not in Disk BASIC

X ! Y

CALL "PROG"; var list

COM var list

CRTG(x,y,string)

CRTI$(x,y,size)

CRTR(x.y)

CRTX

CRTY

DIG(string)

EXPIO(expression)

HEX$(number)

INPUT LENGTH = number

INPUT USING string

LOGIO(expression)

X MOD Y

ON BREAK GOTO n

RESET BREAKRESET GOSUBRESTORE nSUB "PROG"; var list

SWAP varl, var2XOR

Explanation

Integer division, X divided by Y

Calls a BASIC subprogram (see text) or an external

machine-language program. Variables in var list are

passed to the called program.

Allocates a common area containing the variables in

var list. These variables are preserved when you

chain to another BASIC program with the same

COM list.

Prints string containing graphics at location x,y on

screen. Seems to be identical to PRINT CRT(x.y)

string; perhaps different on Model III, unable to test.

Returns "size" characters from screen starting at

row x, column y

Moves cursor on screen by x rows and y columns

relative to current position

Returns row position of cursor on screen

Returns column position of cursor on screen

Returns number of digits in string

Base 10 exponential of expression

Returns string of hexadecimal digits with value

"number"

Specifies maximum number of characters that can

be typed in response to an INPUT statement

Allows input of formatted data from keyboard. String

specifies number and size of fields, characters to

skip over.

Base 10 logarithm of expression

Remainder of integer division of X by Y

Whenever BREAK key is pressed, start executing

line number n

Disables ON BREAK GOTO routine

Clears all pending GOSUB returns

Resets DATA pointer to line n

Establishes a BASIC external subprogram (see text).

The subprogram may be called and variables in var

list passed to it.

Exchanges contents of varl and var2

Logical Exclusive OR

Table 5: RSBASIC statements that have no counterpart in disk BASIC. Disk data-file statements are not included here.

Compilation Time (min/sec)Program RSBASIC Microsoft

0:52(0:20)0:47(0:18)0:48(0:16)0:52 (0:25)

Run Time (min/sec)DiskRSBASIC BASIC Microsoft

HILEVEL(listing 2)STRING(listing 3)STRING2(listing 4)FLOAT(listing 5)

2:40

2:20

7:27

0:04

1:59

14:56

5:14

3:13

2:00

1:22

1:31

0:43

3:09

4:37

0:36*

4:34

*See text for discussion of why this is relatively low compared to RSBASIC andMicrosoft.

Table 6: Compilation and run times for benchmark programs under RSBASIC, diskBASIC, and Microsoft's BASIC compiler. Times are listed as minutes:seconds. Twotimes are listed for RSBASIC. The first is for compilation using the COMPILE com-mand; then, in parentheses, for compilation using the RUN command.

results with the caveat that the onlymeaningful benchmark for you isyour applications program. No ar-bitrary program can prove that onesystem is faster than another in allcases. I am presenting these results asa representative sample, but they can-not and should not be taken as con-clusive evidence of anything but theperformance of these specific pro-grams.

The results of my tests are shown intable 6. Both compilation times andexecution (run) times are given for theRSBASIC and Microsoft BASIC com-pilers. Only execution times are givenfor disk BASIC as no compilation isrequired. In computing the compila-tion times, I used a utility programthat allows a file of commands to beexecuted from disk. This allows tim-ings that are independent of typingspeed.

The time interval I chose to repre-sent compilation time starts with theinvocation of the compiler and endswhen the program actually starts run-ning. This includes loading the run-time support routines for bothRSBASIC and Microsoft BASIC. Thistime is not usually counted as "com-pilation time," but I included itbecause it represents time spent underboth compiler-based systems that isnot spent under disk BASIC.

Since RSBASIC has several ways tocompile programs, I performed twomeasurements of compilation time.The first is most similar to Microsoft'soperation. To compile the first bench-mark under RSBASIC, I used thefollowing command file:

RSBASIC

COMPILE HILEVEL/BAS,

HILEVEL/CMPSYSTEMRUNBASIC HILEVEL/CMP

HILEVEL/BAS is the source file con-taining the benchmark program,already entered and saved on disk.

The fastest way to compile underRSBASIC is to type RUN with thesource file already in memory; thetimings for this are given in paren-theses after the timings for the COM-PILE command. It is not quite fair tocompare this shorter time directly to

244 October 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 151 on inquiry card.

Listing 2: Implementation of Eratostheness Sieve Prime Number Generator inRSBASIC. This benchmark program emphasizes array manipulation and integerarithmetic. Disk BASIC and Microsoft BASIC versions are identical except for substitu-tion of DEFINT for INTEGER in line 70.

Eratosthenes S:i.eveFrrom September 1H :i. sfh--l..e ve 1 LansSud:i.m Gil breath.

:l. Iteration

TO SIZE

0 0 0 0 1.0 REM -

0 000 20 REM

0 0 00 30 REM

000 0 35 REM

0000 *H) REM

0 0 0 0 SO REM

0000 60 REM

0 00 0 70 INTEGER A~Z

0000 80 SIZE --'- 81.90

0 008 90 DIM FLAGS(8191)

00013 1.00 PRINT "Only

0 01.5 110 PRINT TIME*

0024 120 COUNT - 0

0 029 1.30 I-OR I ■ 0

0031 140 FLAGS (!)

0 03C 130 NEXT I

0 043 160 FOR I ■=■ 0

0 04E 170 IF FLAGS(I)

0058 180 PRIME ■= I +

0 064 190 K * I + PRIME

0066 20 0 IF K > SIZE THEN 240

0 075 210 FLAGS<K) * 0

0 07D 220 K ■ K + PRIME

0 084 230 GOTO 20 0

0 087 240 COUNT ■ COUNT

0 08E 250 NEXT I

0 095 260 PRINT COUNTt"

0 0A2 270 PRINT TIME*

0 0B1. 280 END

Ft981a<Se

:i. meE!:YBe

NuitiTE inchiti

ber P,iS8»

ark b

rosfran

Ay

TO

SIZE

« 0 THEN 250I + 3

J,

PRIMES"

PINAL SUMMARY

265 (0109) BYTES OF PROGRAM16650 (41.0A) BYTES OF LOCAL DATA

29 SOURCE LINES

29 SOURCE STATEMENTS*:*>k COMPILATION COMPLETE ***

Microsoft's because (1) typing RUNdoes not save the compiled object fileon disk—only the COMPILE com-mand does that, and (2) not as muchmemory is available under theRSBASIC mode as under RUN-BASIC—if a program is largeenough, you must use the more com-pact RUNBASIC system as I did forthe first compilation-time measure-ments.

For the Microsoft system, I usedthe following command file:

BASCOM HILEVEL/REL =

HILEVEL/BASL80

HILEVEL/RELHILEVEL/CHN-N-EBRUN HILEVEL/CHN

The first line invokes the BASIC com-piler, called BASCOM, which readsthe source file named HILEVEL/BASand produces a relocatable object filenamed HILEVEL/REL. The secondstep invokes the linking loader L80.The next two commands tell L80 toload HILEVEL/REL, then produce afile named HILEVEL/CHN (CHNstands for "CHAIN" file) and exit toTRSDOS. The last command loadsthe Microsoft BASIC run-timemodule named BRUN and executesHILEVEL/CHN.

The ratio of compilation timesunder RSBASIC and MicrosoftBASIC was fairly uniform from onebenchmark to another. The Microsoftcompiler takes roughly two to threetimes longer than RSBASIC's slower

Dealers welcome!

BOOKSand SOFTWAREFor ATARI-PET-OSI-APPLE U-6502-VlC-20-Sinclair-Timex

ELCOMP

ATARI ATARI ATARI ATARI

ATARI BASIC - Learning byUsing

This new book is an "Action"-Book. You do more than read it.Learn the intricacy of ATAR1-BASIC thorugh the short programswhich are provided. Thesuggestions challenge you tochange and - write programroutines. Yes, it's exciting —Many of the programs areappropriate for beginners as wellas experienced computer users.(Screen Drawings, Special Sounds,Keys, Paddles + Joysticks.Specialized Screen Routines,Graphics and Sound. Peeks andPokes and special stuff ).Order-No. 164 S9.95

ATARI Learning by Using —Book + cassette or diskThis package includes the bookNo. 164 plus a cassette or disk(please specify) containing avariety of the programs whichare listet in the book.Order No.: 7220 S39.95

Games for the ATARI-ComputerHow to program your own gameson the ATARI. Complete listingsin BASIC and Machine Languageof exciting games. Tricks andhints.Order-No. 162 6 7.95

GAME PACKAGE for the ATARI

Book + cassette or diskIncludes the book No. 162 pluscassette or disk (please specify)containing a variety of the pro-grams listed in the book.Order No. 7221 S39.95

ATMONA-1

Machine Language Monitor forthe ATARI 400/800.This powerful monitor providesyou with the firmware supportthat you need to get the mostout of your powerful system.ATMONA-1 comes on a bootablecassette. No cartridges required.Disassemble, Memory Dump HEX+ ASCII, (Change MemoryLocations. Blocktransfer, fillmemory block, save and loadmachine language programs, startmach. Lang. Progr. (Printeroptional).

Comes with Introductionaryarticle on how to program theATARI computer in machinelanguage. (Available also in ROM)Order-No. 7022 S19.95

ATMONA-2 Superstepper

A very powerful Tracer to explorethe ATARI ROM/RAM area. Stopat previously selected address.Opcode or operand (cassette).Order-No. 7049 649.95

EDITOR/ASSEMBLER forATARI 800, 32K or 48K RAMExtremely fast and powerfulEditor/Assembler. (8K Source-code in about 5 seconds) IncludesATMONA-1.

Order-No. 7096 649.95

MACRO-Assemblerfor ATARI 800, 48K RAMPlease specify your system: RAM,disc or cassette.

Order-No. 7099 689.00

Add 639.00 for cartrtoge versionGunfight - For ATAHI 400/80016K RAM, needs two joysticks,animation and sound. (8K machinelanguage),Order-No. 7207 619.95

Birth control with the ATARI

(Knaus Ogino) Cass, or diskOrder No. 7222 629.95

Astrology and Biorhythm for

ATARI (cast, or disk)

Order No. 7223 629.95

EPROM Cartridge KIT for ATARI

Cartridge (bare board) with in-structions (holds two 16K or two32K EPROMs (2716,2532,2732)Order No. 7224 619.95

Order No. 7043 complete 629.95

Invoice Writing for small

business with ATARI 400/80016K RAM.

Order-No. 7022, cass. 629.85

Order-No. 7200, disc. 839.99

Mailing-List No. 7213 624.95

Inventory Contr.No.7215 624.95

NEW I ATEXT-1

This new word processor inmachine language (8K) for allATARI 400/800 computers offersthe best price performance ever.23 editor control commands,17 formatting commands, dyna-mic formatting. Vertical andhorizontal scrolling (up to 255char, per line) Include commandon disk I

Order No. 7210 cassette 629.95Order No. 7211 disk 839.95Order No. 7212 cartridgeS79.00

ELCOMP FORTH - EnhancedFIG-FORTH on disk only.Order No. 7055 639.95

How to connect your EPSON-Printer to the ATARI 400/800.

Construction article with printedcircuit board and software.(Screenprint and variable charac-ters per line).Order-No. 7210 619.95

OS^OS^OS^OS^OSlThepTs^Bwol^fOrHoSeiervmic

Introduction to OSI computers.Diagrams, hardware and softwareinformation not previouslyavailable in one compact source.192 pages.Order-No. 157 67.95

The Second Book of OHIOOrder-No. 158 67.95

The Third Book of OHIO

Order No. 159 67.95

The Fourth Book of OHIOOrder-No. 160 69.95

VIP Package - Above book plusa cassette with the programs.Order-No. 160A 619.95

The Fifth Book of OHIOOrder-No. 161 67.95

Invoice Writing Program for OSI-C1PMF, C4P. Disk and Cassette,8K RAM.Order-No. 8234 629.80

Mailing List for C1PMF orC4PMF 24K RAM250 addresses incl. phone numberand parameters on one 5 1/4 disk)Order-No. 8240 629.80

8K Microsoft BASIC Ref. Man.Order-No. 151 69.95

Expansion Handbook for 6502

and 6802

Order-No. 152 S9.95

Microcomputer Appl. NotesOrder-No. 153 £995

Complex Sound Generation

New revised applications manualfor the Texas Instruments SN76477 Complex Sound Genera-

Order-No. 154

66.95

Small Business Programs

Complete listings for the businessuser. Inventory, Invoice Writing,Mailing List and much more.Introduction to Business Appli-cations.

Order-No. 156 614.90

Microcomputer Hardware Hand-book (845 pages)

Descriptions, pinouts and specifi-cations of the most popularmicroprocessor and support chips.A MUST for the hardware buff.Order-No. 29 814.95

Care and Feeding of theCommodore PET

Eight chapters exploring PEThardware. Includes repair andinterfacing information. Pro-gramming tricks and schematics.Order-No. 150 69.95

Prototype-Expansion Board forVIC-20 (S-44-Bus).Order-No. 4844 618.95

Wordprocessorf.VIC-20,8K RAMOrder No. 4870 819.95

Mailing List for VlC-20,16kRAMOrder No. 4883 814.95

Tricks for VICs - The VIC*toryPrograms, hints and expansioninformation for VC-20Order No. 141 89.95

TIC TAC VIC

Order No. 4880 89.95

GAMEPACK I 13 Games)Order No. 4881 814.95

Dual Joystick InstructionOrder No. 4885 69.95

INPUT/OUTPUT Programmingwith your VICOrder No. 4886 69.95

16K RAM/ROM board for S44-

bus. Any combination of RAM

and ROM on one board.

(SY2128or2716)

Order NO. 613 639.95

Low cost axpanison boards for

your APPLE II. Bare board comes

with extensive description and

software.

6522 VIA-I/O Exp.

Order-No. 605 839.00

2716 EPROM-Burner

Order-No. 607 849,00

8K EPROM/RAM Card

Order-No. 609 629.00

Software for SINCLAIR ZX-81

and TIMEX 1000

Machine Language Monitor

Order No. 2399 69.95

Mailing List

Order No. 2398 819.95

Programming in BASIC and

machine language with the

ZX-81 (82) or TIMEX 1000.

Order No. 140 (book) 69.95

Learn FORTH for the ATARI

400/800, cassette or disk

Order No. 7053 619.95

ELCOMP Publishing, Inc., 53 Redrock LanePomona, CA 91766, Phone: (714) 623 8314

Payment: Check, Money Order, VISA, Mastercharge, Eurocheck.

POSTPAID on PREPAID in USA. 8 5.00 handling fee for C.O.D.

All orders outside USA: Add 15% shipping. CA add 6.5% sales tax.

ATARI is a registered trademark of ATARI Inc. APPLE is a registered

trademark of APPLE Inc. PET+VIC-20 is a trademark of Commodore.

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 245

Listing 3a: String-manipulation benchmark §1 in RSBAS1C.

00000 0 0 00 0 0 00 0 0 00 0 0 00 0 0 00 0 0 00 01406 IF06430 06700770 0870 0A6OOB?0 0 CO

10203010

50

60

70809010111213

REM - -

REM String Manipulation Benchmark

REM ■■ -■■-

REM

INTEGER A~Z

DIM A*20 v B»20 y C*20 y 6*20 t X*:l.»Y* 1

PRINT TIME*

FOR 1=1 TO 50 0 0

X**CHR* <32+INT (RND*32+1 > >Y*==CHR*<32+INT<RND*32-»-l) )A*'=STRING*<20»X*)B*«s<STRING*C2Q*Y*>C*=*SEG*<A*»5>-10> 8, SEG*<B*»5*10)IF A*>B* THEN D**=A* ELSE D»«B*NEXT I

♦li RSBASIC

14

15

160 PRINT TIME*

FINAL SUMMARY

285 (01ID) BYTES OF PROGRAM360 (0168) BYTES OF LOCAL DATA16 SOURCE LINES16 SOURCE STATEMENTS*** COMPILATION COMPLETE ***

Listing 3b: String-manipulation benchmark §1 in disk BASIC (identical for MicrosoftBASIC).

20 REM String Manipulation Benchmark *1» Disk BASIC

40 DEFINT A--Z.J CLEAR 100 0 0

50 PRINT TIME*

60 FOR 1=1 TO 50 0 0

70 A*==STRING* < 20 y CUR* < 32+RND (32) ) )80 B*"=STRING* < 20 » CHR* <32+RND < 32) ) )

90 C*~MID*(A* y 5 y10)* MID* <B* y 5 y10)

100 IF A*>B* THEN D*=A* ELSE D*'=B*

110 NEXT I

120 PRINT TIME*

compilation mode, which is mostcomparable to Microsoft's in thework it performs. RSBASIC's quickmode is consistently more than twiceas fast as its slower mode. TheMicrosoft system spends most of itstime running L80. The actual timespent in BASCOM was very short(10-15 seconds) for the benchmarksshown here.

There was considerably morevariation in the run-time com-parisons, as seen in table 6. Theywere measured using the system clockand the PRINT TIMES statement thatall three BASICs support.

The first benchmark program I ranwas the Eratosthenes Sieve Prime

Number Generator program from "AHigh-Level Language Benchmark" byJim Gilbreath in the September 1981BYTE, page 180. My adaptation ofthis benchmark for RSBASIC appearsas listing 2.

Although RSBASIC is more thanthree times faster than disk BASIC,Microsoft BASIC is more than 110times faster! Yes, it really does say0:04 in table 6: 4 seconds for the run-ning time under Microsoft's compilersystem. All three programs use in-teger arithmetic exclusively for thisbenchmark.

The second benchmark does a lotof string manipulation (see listings 3aand 3b). While trying it out, I

discovered that RSBASIC does notallow string expressions to be usedwithin string functions. Line 70 oflisting 3b is a perfectly legal diskBASIC statement that generates a20-byte string of random characters:

A$=STRING$(20, CHR$(32 +

RND(32)))

It had to be split into two pieces forRSBASIC:

X$ = CHR$(32 + INT(RND *32 +1)):A$ = STRING$(20,X$)

A couple of other syntactic dif-ferences are in the RSBASIC and diskBASIC versions of this benchmarkprogram, as you can observe by com-paring listings 3a and 3b: RSBASICuses SEG$, & , and INTEGER wheredisk BASIC uses MID$, + , andDEFINT, respectively. RSBASICdoes not have or need a CLEAR state-ment, which sets aside space forstrings in disk BASIC.

None of these syntactic changes ex-plain the rather surprising differencein execution times, especially betweenRSBASIC and disk BASIC. RSBASICis nearly three times slower than thedisk BASIC interpreter for this bench-mark! Microsoft BASIC is the fastest,a little more than one and a half timesfaster than disk BASIC. My guess isthat the slowness of RSBASIC in thiscase may be caused by the way I hadto simulate disk BASICs RND(N)function using the expressionINT(RND*N + 1). This involvesfloating-point math, which RSBASICcan perform only with 14-digit preci-sion. Disk BASIC and MicrosoftBASIC probably use 6-digit singleprecision to do RND(N).

Since RSBASIC was rather slow inthis benchmark, I put together a sec-ond string-manipulation programthat doesn't include the RND func-tion. It performs three string assign-ments (amounting to a swap of twostring variables' contents) and a stringcomparison, followed by one moreassignment based on the result of thatcomparison. The RSBASIC versionof the program appears in listing 4a;the disk BASIC and Microsoft ver-sion in listing 4b.

246 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

from

^S?c?>C,

b/TT^1]/

lSjS?,i,IMi

i£?*-**nwL

f°rtheShi

~~- adaPter an ^1° shared'Els'°n C/)ass/s p *'"« $495. 6 fhe <**

OlSE" £**«

late• t/ie

*LLiHOHEru .

:*VA*-

^and

^ore///

5?* to use.

"*»> the"Serial

DatSeet sy^'i-^re

grolfnntin9 as '^ 'o

£" °f ^ese «

and ?/ »** 2^***-., you re,,.CSe Pnces

_ y'°^c/tas/,s * a t

565' ' 64IC o > * of b,

J*0** fa $?35. - 1?fiLr ft* you £_ £«*= pric

fusion nQurrently ^ 2&K Byte* « ^^o^^ly have

^ ** *V*. 23600 2^ COAip,,^ ^^^venw..

*• f^600Me,

Listing 4a: RSBASIC version of string-manipulation benchmark §2.

0 0 0 00 00000000 00 000 0 00 0 0 00 00 00014001900 IE0029002E00330 03800460 052

String Manipulation Benchmark *2» RSBASIC

10 REM

20 REM

30 REM

40 REM

SO INTEGER A--Z

6 0 DIM A*2 0 > B*2 0 , C*2 0 y 0*2 0

70 PRINT TIME:*

8 0 A*==" ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRST"

9 0 B*=" 0.1.2345A789 0123456789"100 FOR I«l TO SO 00

:l. 10 C#»A*120 A**B*130 B*«C«

140 IF A«>B* THEN D*«*A* ELSE D*»B*150 NEXT I

160 PRINT TIME:*

FINAL SUMMARY

200 <0OC8> BYTES OF PROGRAM

346 <015A> BYTES OF LOCAL DATA:l.6 SOURCE LINES16 SOURCE STATEMENTSx** COMPILATION COMPLETE ***

Listing 4b: Disk BASIC and Microsoft BASIC version of string-manipulation bench-mark §2.

10 REM - --

20 REM String Manipulation Benchmark #2» Disk BASIC

30 REM -■■■- - -

40 DEFINT A-ZJ CLEAR 10000

50 PRINT TIME:*

55 A*== ■ ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRST"

58 B*»"01234567890123456789"

60 FOR 1*1 TO 50 0 0

70 C*«A*

72 A*»B*

74 B*=C*

80 IF A*>B* THEN D#-A* ELSE D*<*B*

110 NEXT I

120 PRINT TIME!*

RSBASIC performs more respect-ably on this benchmark, beating diskBASIC by 9 seconds. MicrosoftBASIC continued to be the perfor-mance champion, however, beatingRSBASIC by 39 seconds. I have runseveral other string-handling bench-marks not included with this review,and they follow the results of this sec-ond test quite closely: disk BASIC isthe slowest, RSBASIC is slightlyfaster, and Microsoft BASIC is usual-ly about twice as fast as disk BASIC.

The final benchmark, shown inlisting 5, tests floating-pointarithmetic on the data type with the

largest precision in each BASIC. Fordisk BASIC and Microsoft BASIC,these are double-precision floating-point numbers. RSBASIC uses typeREAL with 14 decimal digits of preci-sion.

This benchmark uses the transcen-dental functions cosine, tangent, andexponential. RSBASIC and MicrosoftBASIC are essentially in a tie on thisone. Performing real-number arith-metic like this is a torture test formost 8-bit machines such as theTRS-80 because its Z80 processordoes not have machine instructions todo it—it has to be done in software.

The run-time figure for disk BASICis misleading—disk BASIC has adouble-precision floating-pointnumber type, but its transcendentalfunctions calculate only in single-precision mode (arithmetic opera-tions are performed in double preci-sion). Thus, even though you havedeclared a variable to be doubleprecision, as soon as you use a func-tion such as TAN on it, you lose halfthe precision and might as well beusing single-precision variables.

Since all the transcendental func-tions were performed in much fastersingle precision for the run under diskBASIC, it cannot be considered fasterthan RSBASIC or Microsoft BASICin the sense of doing the same amountof work in less time. The time dif-ference is significant, however, if youonly need single precision. This isbecause RSBASIC does not offeranything equivalent to disk BASIC'Ssingle-precision type—you must usethe slower type REAL whether youneed the precision or not.

Let me summarize run-time perfor-mance for you based on the abovebenchmarks and other tests notshown here.

If your application involves mostlyfloating-point math, you will prob-ably find that neither of these com-pilers will help much and you can doas well under disk BASIC. If you usesingle precision a lot, RSBASIC willprobably be slower than disk BASICbecause it has only the slower typeREAL.

If you do lots of integer arithmetic,the Microsoft compiler can providenear machine-language speed.RSBASIC seems to be faster than diskBASIC, especially for larger pro-grams, but not as fast as MicrosoftBASIC. The benchmarks used hereshow disk BASIC in a more favorablelight than very large programswould. Disk BASIC becomes relative-ly slower as programs get larger andthe number of variables increasesbecause (1) it searches the entire pro-gram to find line numbers that aretargets of GOTOs and GOSUBs, and(2) it performs a sequential search ofprogram variables until it finds theone you are referencing or updating.Since both compilers (RSBASIC and

248 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

YOUR NECCOMPUTERGROWS WITHYOU.

NEC's Astra"—the expandablebusiness computer.

Be certain that the business com-puter you buy to solve your problemstoday won't add to your problemstomorrow.

With the NEC Astra Series, as yourbusiness grows, you can expandfrom a single user desktop versionall the way up to a powerful 16-stationsystem. Yet the software which solvesyour business problems, from finan-cial modeling to general account-ing to word processing, remainsthe same.

D I want to see a

demo of the NEC Astra.D I want more information

on the NEC Astra.

NEC Information Systems, Inc.

5 Militia Drive, Lexington, MA 02173

Regardless of your company'ssize, we have a reliable, innovativebusiness computer system to satisfyyour present as well as future needs.Solutions that don't burst at theseams as your company grows.That's the NEC commitment, a com-mitment which has helped makeNEC one of the world's largestcomputer companies.

Start your growth process.See a demo now.

To talk about where you're going,and how NEC can help you getthere, return the coupon to NECInformation Systems Inc., 5 MilitiaDrive, Lexington, MA 02173.

Astra is a trademark of Nippon Electric Co., Ltd

Circle 275 on inquiry card. 1^FC2

NEC Information Systems, Inc.

BE1082NameTitle

Company

Address

City, State, Zip

Telephone

The Benchmark in World Class Computers

Listing 5: RSBASIC version of floating-point benchmark. Disk BASIC and MicrosoftBASIC versions are identical except for use of DEFDBL instead of REAL in line 50and up-arrows instead of ** for exponentiation in line 90.

0000

io rih:m •-- - -

0000

20 REM Floating Point Benchmarkv RSBASIC

0000

30 REM -

0000

10 rem

0000

50 REAL. A--7.

00 0 0

60 DIM A< 100 >yB( 1.00 >vC< 1.00)

0 0 0 0

70 PRINT TIME*

0 01-1

BO FOR :r.==i TO 100

0 025

90 A < I > «IX*3 •♦• 1**2 + I

0050

1.00 B<I>=saR<A<I>>

0 0 AD

1 :l.0 C < I) == < COS (I >*TAN <I> ) /EXP < 1/2)

0099

1.20 NEXT I

00A0

1.30 PRINT TIME*

0 0 Al-

1.10 END

FINAL SUMMARY

215 (0 0F5) BYTES OF PROGRAM2726 <0AA6) BYTES OF LOCAL DATA11 SOURCE LINES11 SOURCE STATEMENTS*** COMPILATION COMPLETE ***

Microsoft) resolve GOTO andGOSUB targets and variablereferences at compile time, run-timeperformance should not get worse asthe program gets larger—at least notdue to these factors.

For string handling, the Microsoftcompiler is usually the fastest, butRSBASIC is typically faster than diskBASIC.

RSBASIC usually compiles pro-grams faster than the Microsoft com-piler. This must be balanced againstthe fact that you can develop pro-grams under the disk BASIC inter-preter with no compilation requiredand then compile them once for speedwhen you are through with develop-ment. Under RSBASIC, you mustcompile the program every time youhave changed it and want to run it.

Documentation

The RSBASIC package comes in alarge three-ring binder containingmore than 400 pages of documenta-tion. Some owners of RSBASIC havetold me they found the manual in-timidating. It is definitely not atutorial. If your computer expertise islimited to disk BASIC on the TRS-80,you will have a significant learning

experience ahead of you. I would ratethe general level of reading difficultyas comparable to the Level II BASICReference Manual, only RSBASIC'smanual is four times as long!

The manual contains eightchapters:

1. Operating Compiler BASIC

2. RSBASIC Commands

3. BASIC Concepts

4. Building Data Files

5. Segmenting Programs

6. BASIC Keywords

7. BEDIT Standalone Editor

8. RSBASIC Programmer's Informa-tion Section

An appendix contains a list of errormessages with expanded explana-tions. It is followed by a summarytable of all RSBASIC operators,special symbols, statements, com-mands, and functions. This table is ofquestionable value as it does not tellyou how to use anything. It onlygives a brief statement of what thingsdo and where to look in the main textfor further information. A passableindex concludes the manual. It has nocomprehensive table of contents;each section of the manual (1-3chapters) has its own.

I recommend reading chapters 1, 2,and 3 and scanning chapter 6 beforestarting to use the system. The otherchapters can be put off until needed.

Chapter 8, the "Programmer's In-formation" section, is really atechnical information chapter. It ex-plains how to link assembly-languageroutines to RSBASIC programs, howthe system uses memory, howRSBASIC stores variables internally,and the internal format of RSBASICdisk files. Software producers shouldbe encouraged to include informationlike this in documentation, as it savesprogrammers many hair-pullinghours of poring over hexadecimaldumps of memory trying to figure itout by themselves.

One disappointing gap in thetechnical information section is thelack of any documentation on how tolink assembly-language routines withthe powerful disk I/O methods pro-vided by RSBASIC.

Taken as a whole, the manual iswell done and fairly well organized.What's missing is a gentle introduc-tion to RSBASIC for the first-timecompiler user.

Conclusions

The RSBASIC compiler is a profes-sionally done package offering manyfeatures formerly unavailable to theTRS-80 BASIC programmer. Many,if not most, programs developed inRSBASIC will execute faster thanequivalent disk BASIC programs. Butif speed is the most important factor,I recommend the Microsoft BASICcompiler. The same advice holds inthe matter of compatibility with diskBASIC; if you want to compile ex-isting programs for speed, go withMicrosoft's product.

On the other hand, the RSBASICdevelopment system is closer to aminicomputer BASIC in power. Youcan write BASIC code using namedsubprograms that allow parameterpassing and local variables, use longvariable names having six significantcharacters, and make use of a power-ful disk-file system supporting ISAMkeyed files. I suggest that you take aclose look at Radio Shack's CompilerBASIC development system. ■

250 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

FOR THE IBM8 PERSONAL COMPUTER

inifiiiiiiei; - _*illlii,itol^i|fc;''tt:'

9PGCTRUM

Multifunction

Board

Memory Expandable RAM

• Expandable from 64 to 256K Bytes

• Parity generate and check

• Base address switch-selectable for any64K boundary

• No wait states

Expandable Parallel Printer Port

• Supports Centronix, Data Products or IDS interface

• Switch selection of printer port I/O address

• Selectable Interrupt level

• Adjustable flat cable clamp (strain relief)

Two Expandable

Asynchronous Communication Ports

• Single or Dual Channel, RS 232-C

• DCE/DTE selectable

• 3 wire interface support

• Full modern support

• Programmable Baud rates from50 to 19,200

FOURFUNCTIONSINDEPENDENTLYUPGRADEABLE

• Selectable Interrupt levels

• Programmable character length,stop bits and parity

• Single line configuration addressableas COMM 1 or COMM 2

PGRSOMLSYSTeNS TECHNOLOGY, IMC

22957 LA CADENA LAGUNA HILLS, CA. 92653 (714) 859-8871

^Copyright Personal Systems Technology Inc. 1982 IBM is a trademark of International Business Machines Corp.

Circle 304 on inquiry card.

I'm Nicholas van Horn the Third, but youcan call me Old Nick.

I've just made a pact with the DiscountSoftware folks and we've come up with aplan that is positively diabolical:

To get your business, we're going to sellyou any of the software you need at thelowest prices in the industry.

I'm not just blowin' smoke—I'll back upthat claim with the exclusive Old Nick'sPrice Protection Guarantee:

"I'll match any advertised price on anyitem you want to buy from us. And if—Heaven forbid—you find a lower priceon what you bought within 30 days, justshow me the ad and I'll refund thedifference!'

We won't leave you in limbo, either—ifyou've got any questions about the soft-ware after you get it, just call our Hot Lineand get the answers you need from ourfiendishly clever support staff.

All in all, unless you've got money to burn,you'll be a lot better off buying all yoursoftware from me.

Because while I may be small and horny,I'll work my tail off to make sure that youget your software for less than ever before.

Now doesn't that light your fire?

GOT A QUESTION?CALL OUR HOT LINE: 213-837-5141.

Tell 'em Old Nick made you do it.

Circle 137 on inquiry card.

DISK WITH/MANUALMANUAL/ ONLY

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE'

Medical(PAS-3) $849/$40

Dental (PAS-3) $849/S40

ASYST DESIGN'/FRONTIER

Prof Time Accounting $549/540General Subroutine $269/$40Application Utilities $439/$40DIGITAL RESEARCH*

CP/M 2.2

NorthStar S149/S25

TRS-80 Model II

(P+T) $159/$35

Micropolis $175/$25

• CP/M-lntel MDS $135

PL/1-80 $459/$35

BT-80 $179/$30

MAC $ 85/$15

RMAC $179/$25

Sid $ 65/$15

Z-Sid $ 90/$15

Tex $ 90/$ 15

DeSpool $ 49/$10

CB-80 $459/$35

CBasic-2 $119/$20

Link-80 $ 90/$10

FOX & GELLER

• Quickscreen $135/$na

• Quickcode $265/$na

• dutil $ 65/$na

MICRO-AP«

S-Basic $269/$25

Selector IV $295/$35

Selector V $495/$50

MICRO DATA BASE SYSTEMS'

HDBS $269/$35

MDBS $795/$40

DRSorQRSorRTL. $269/$10MD8SPKG. $1999/$60

MICROPRO-

WordStar $289/$60

Customization Notes $449/$na

Mail-Merge $ 99/$25

WordStar/ Mail-Merge $369/$85DataStar. ., $249/$60

WordMaster $119/$40

SuperSort I $199/$40

Spell Star $175/$40

CalcStar $259/$na

MICROSOFT'

Basic-80 $298

Basic Compiler $329

Fortran-80 $349

Cobol-80 $589

M-Sort $175

Macro-80 $144

Edit-80 $ 84

MuSimp/MuMath $224

MuLisp-80 $174

Multi Plan Call

Manager Series Call

ORGANIC SOFTWARE

TextWnter III $111/$25

DateBookll $269/$25

Milestone $269/$30

OSBORNEGeneral Ledger...Acct Rec/Acct Pay

Payroll w/Cost

All 3

All 3 + CBASIC-2

• Enhanced Osborne(Includes CBasic)PEACHTREE*General LedgerAcct ReceivableAcct Payable

Payroll

Inventory

Surveyor

Property Mgt .CPA Client Write-up

P8 Version

MagiCalc

• Peach Pak Series 4Other

$ 59/$20$ 59/$20$ 59/$20$129/$60$199/$75

.$269/$60

.$399/$40$399/$40$399/$40$399/$40$399/$40$399/$40$799/$40$799/$40Add $129$269/$25

$1195/$naless 10%

STAR COMPUTER SYSTEMS

G/L, A/R. A/R Pay $ 359

All 4 $1129

Legal Time Billing $ 849Property Mngmt $ 849

STRUCTURED SYSTEMS ■Business Packages,Call for PriceSORCIM'

SuperCalc $269/$na

Trans 86 $115

Act $157

SUPERSOFT"

Ada $270/$na

Diagnostic I $ 49/$20

Diagnostic II $ 84/$20

Disk Doctor $ 89/$20

Forth (8080 or 280).. $149/$25

Fortran $219/$30

Fortran w/Ratfor $289/$35

C Compiler $225/$20

Star Edit $189/$30

Scratch Pad $ 174/$ 15

StatsGraph $174/$ 15

Analiza II $ 45/$na

Dataview $174/$15

Disk Edit $ 89/$15

Encode/Decode II ...J 84/$15

Optimizer $174/$15

Super M List $ 68/$15

Term II $179/$15

ZapZ-8000 $450/$ 15

Utilities I $ 54/$na

Utilities II $ 54/$na

ACCOUNTING PLUS

1 Module $385/$na

4 Modules $1255/$na

All 8 $4500/$na

GLorARorAPorPay $ 79/$25

All 4 $269/$99

Inventory $ 79/$25

Compiled each $ 99/$25

UNICORN'

Mince $149/$25

Scribble $149/$25

Both $249/$50

The Final Word $270/$25

WHITESMITHS'

C" Compiler $600/$30

Pascal (incl "CI $850/$45

"PASCAL"

Pascal/MT+ Pkg $449/$30

Compiler $315

Sp Prog $175

Pascal/Z $349/$30

Pascal/UCSD4.0. . $670/$50

Pascal/M $355/$20

Tiny Pascal $ 76/$15

"DATA BASE"

FMS-80 $894/$45

dBASE II $595/$50

Condor II $899/$50

FMS-81 $445/$na

WORD PROCESSING

WordSearch $179/$50

SpellGCiard $229/$25

VTS/80 $259/$65

Peachtext $289/$45

Magic Spell $269/$25

Spell Binder $349/$45

Select $495/$na

The Word $ 65/$na

• The Word Plus $145/$na

• Palantier-I (WP) $385/$na

"COMMUNICATIONS"

• Ascom $149/$15

• BSTAM $149/$na

• BSTMS $149/$na

• Crosstalk $139/$na

• Move-it $ 89/$na

OTHER GOODIES

Micro Plan $419/$na

Plan 80 $269/$30

Target (Interchange) $125/$30Target (Planner) $189/$30

Target (Task) $299/$30

Plannercalc $ 50

Tiny'C". '. $ 89/$50

Tiny "C" Compiler $229/$50

Nevada Cobol $179/$25

MicroStat $224/$25

Vedit $130/$15

MiniModel $449/$50

StatPak $449/$40

Micro B+ $229/$20

Raid $224/$35

String/80 $ 84/$20

String/80 (source) $279/$na

ISIS CP/M Utility $199/$50

Lynx $199/$20

Supervyz $ 95/$na

CP/M Power $ 75/$na

Mathe Magic $ 95/$na

• CIS COBOL $765/$na

• ZIP $129/$12

Real Estate Analysis $116/$na

BRODERBUND

G/L (with A/P) $444

Payroll $355

INFO UNLIMITED'EasyWriter (Prof). ... $155

Datadex $129

EasyMailer (Prof). ... $134/$75

Other less 15%

MICROSOFT*Softcard(Z-80CP/M) $298

Fortran $179

Cobol $499

Tasc $139

Premium Package $699MICROPRO'

Wordstar $269/$60

MailMerge $ 99/$25

Wordstar/MailMerge $349/$85

SuperSort I »159/$40

Spellstar $129/$40

CalcStar $175/$40

DataStar $265/$60

PERSONAL SOFTWARE/VISICORP*

Visicalc3.3 $219

Desktop/Plan II $219

Visiterm $ 90

Visidex $219

Visiplot $180

Visitrend/Visiplot $259

Visifile $219

• Visischedule $259

PEACHTREE'

G/L, A/R, A/P Payor

Inventory (each) $224/$40

• Peach Pack $795

• SYSTEMS PLUSAccounting Plus II,G/L.AR. ARor

Inventory (each) $385/$na

(Needs G/L to run)"OTHER GOODIES

Micro Courier $219

Super-Text II $127

Data Factory $ 134

DB Master $184

Versaform VS1 . $350

VH1 $445

EM 'LX-M-iTTTT—■

WORD PROCESSING

IBM PC

Wordstar $289

Mailmerge $109

Easywriter $314

Easyspeller $159

Select/Superspell $535

WriteOn $116

Spellguard

(also available for

8" 8086systems). $229

SPLaw

(for Spellguard). $115

Textwriter III $189

Spellbinder $349

Final Word $270

LANGUAGE UTILITIES

IBM PC

Crosstalk $174

BSTAM $149

BSTMS $149

8" 16-BIT SYSTEMSPascal MT+ /86. SSP $429CBasic 86 $294

Pascal M/86 $445

Act 86 $157

Trans 86 $115

XLT86 $135

16-BIT 8" AND DISPLAYWRITER

CP/M 86 $294

MP/M 86 . $585

OTHERS

IBM PC

SuperCalc $269

VisiCalc $219

Easyfiler $359

Mathemagic $89

CP/M Power $65

Condor 21 $265/$35

Condor 22 $535/$35

Condor 23 $895/$35

Condor 20Q $175/$na

Condor 20R $265/$na

Statpak $449/$40

Optimizer $174/$na

Desktop Plan II $219

Desktop Plan III $259

Visidex $219

Visitrend $259

TCS G/L. A/R. A/P,

Pay, Inventory

(requires 128K

RAM) each $129

Entire Package $450

Many others available for usewith the "Baby Blue Board""8" 16-BIT SOFTWARESuperCalc $269

CP/M Power $ 65

ORDERS ONLY-CALL TOLL FREE-VISA-MASTERCHARGE1-800-854-2003 ext. 823 • Calif. 1-800-522-1500 ext. 823

Outside Continental U.S.—add $10 plus Air Parcel Post- Add $3.50

postage and handling per each item • California residents add 6%

sales tax • Allow 2 weeks on checks. C.O.D. $3.00 extra • Prices

subject to change without notice • AM items subject to availability

• ®—Mfr. trademark—Blue Label $3.00 additional per item

law

SOFTWARE

THE ULTIMATE SOFTWARE PLAN

THE DISCOUNT SOFTWARE GROUP

6520 Selma Ave , Suite 309 • Los Angeles. CA 90028

• (213)837-5141 • In t TELEX 499-0446 DISCSOFT LSA

• USA TELEX 194-634 (Attn: 499-0446)

• TWX 910-321-3597 (Attn: 499-0446)

Circle 137 on inquiry card.

User's Column

A BASIC and Pascal

Benchmark, Elegance,

Apologies, and FORTH

A microcomputer user assesses the speed and convenienceof some languages available now.

I can practically guarantee someangry letters as a result of this col-umn. Today's question is, Are allBASIC programmers brain damaged,or only some of them? It's a topic ofmore importance than you think, soI'll sneak up on it.

A Benchmark, More or Less

I'm involved in a couple of com-puter networks, and one of them hasan excellent ongoing discussion of thefuture of small computers. The othernight one of my network correspon-dents mentioned a benchmark he'dused, and the more I thought about it,the better I liked it.

Designing benchmarks is a blackart, and one I decline to get into toodeeply; but it seems reasonable tohave standard ways to compare pro-gram speeds. The danger, of course,is in losing your sense of proportionso that a few seconds in speed dif-ference is promoted into an absolutejudgment that one program or lan-guage is "better" than another. Ob-viously, speed is only one of manycriteria for determining softwareworth, particularly when it comes tolanguages.

254 October 1982 © BYTE Publication* Inc

Jerry Pournelle

c/o BYTE Publications

POB 372

Hancock, NH 03449

Anyway, what my colleague on thenet wanted was a program with aminimum of input/output (I/O). Itshould spend most of its time in com-putations, not peripherals. Thebenchmark he advocated created two10 by 10 matrices and multipliedthem. I thought about that awhileand modified it; what I ended with

Speed is only one of

many criteria for

determining software

worth, particularly

when it comes to

languages.

was a bit more general in that the sizeof the matrices isn't fixed, and while Iwas at it I put in a checksum to besure the machine got the rightanswer. Listing 1 (see page 256) givesthe program in BASIC; listing 2 (seepage 258) gives it in Pascal.

After I generated the benchmarkprogram, I ran it for a number of dif-ferent languages. The results are

given in table 1; the programs wereall run on the Compupro 8085/8088dual-processor S-100 system with a6-MHz 8085 and an 8-MHz 8088. Thetimes shown in the table are those re-quired to run the program after it isloaded.

The code sizes shown are in kilo-bytes as reported by the CP/M STATutility. If two numbers are shown inthe code-size column, one representsa required run-time package (anotherprogram that must be present for thecompiled program to run).

Unless the table states otherwise,the default precision of the languagewas used. In Pascal/MT+ thisyielded 4.65E + 05, as compared tothe "true" value of 465880 as givenby the various BASICs, and4.6588000000000E5 as given byPascal-M. CBASIC and CB/80(Digital Research's BASIC compiler)are more comparable to BASCOM(Microsoft's BASIC compiler) doubleprecision than single precision.

"No ints" means that the matrixindexes are not declared as integersand thus default to real numbervalues. As the results show, thisgreatly increases run time.

Text continued on page 262

MegaWars, a real-time space battlebetween the forces of the Colonistsand the Kryon Empire. Join an inter-alactic shootout with up to eight star-ship commanders transmitting ordersfrom the keyboard cockpits of theircraft anywhere in the U.S.A.

COMPUTER

Attacking, evading, scanning, com-municating. That's MegaWars. Easyto learn but difficult to master. That'swhy CompuServe will give one freehour to every MegaWars player enter-ing a game before December 31,1982.

rniMPi ipTCa",o"free

wUMrLIO ■ 800-848-8990.You'll receive the illustrated guide toCompuServe, America's most compre-hensive Videotex service, plus theMegaWars Commanders Briefing.

CompuServe

■

5000 Arlington Centre Blvd.Columbus, Ohio 43220

800848-8990

Circle 83 on inquiry card.

Circle 409 on inquiry card.

SUPERBRAIN H

PRICEBREAKTHROUGH

Intertec Data Systems' newSuper Brain II has all thefeatures of the formerSuperBrain, plus:

• Impressive Graphics capability

• Below-the-line descenders andreverse video

• Faster, enhanced disk operatingsystem

•Battery operated real-time clock•Microsoft Basic at no extracharge

) SUPERBRAIN II Jr. . . . $1,895

350K Disk-64K RAM) SUPERBRAIN II QD. . . $2,275

700K Disk-64K RAM| SUPERBRAIN II SD . . . $2,6551.5 MB Disk-64K RAM10 MB HARD DISK . . . $2,995(Includes Interface Cable)

List Cost(STARGRAPH. .$3,890 $ CallIncludes 350K Disk-64K RAM.Emulates Tektronix'" 4010

Graphics Terminal,Supports SAS-Graph and allTektronix Plot 10 Software

All Micro Pro™ Software50% Off List

List Cost

WordStar $ 495 $ 257

MailMerge .... $ 150 $ 78CalcStar $ 295 $ 153

Call for Similar Discounts onOther Micro Lines & Printers

90 Day Money Back Guarantee*120 Day Extended Warranty**

Ordering Information: Money Or-ders, Cashier Checks or BankWires Welcome. Personal or Com-pany Checks, allow 15 days toclear. Surface Freight StandardF.O.B. Origin. Include your tele-phone number. No COD's, please.Prices are subject to changewithout notice. Order desk hoursare 9 to 5 CST.

CALL OR WRITE(214) 931-9069

Star M

ICRO

16990 Dallas Parkway • Suite 151Dallas, Texas 75248

Listing 1: A Microsoft MB ASIC program to multiply matrices.

MAT1.ASC

10 REM A PROGRAM ID DO MATRICES

20 DEFINT I- N

25 M = 20 : N = 20

30 INPUT "Number of rows ";K

40 INPUT "Number of columns ";N

50 SUM = 0

55 INPUT "ENTER ANY CHARACTER TO START";JIVE$

60 GOSUB 150 'DIMENSION

65 PRINT "DIMENSIONED"

70 GOSUB 200 ' FILL A

75 PRINT "A FILLED"

80 GOSUB 280 ■ FILL B

85 PRINT "B FILLED"

90 GOSUB 360 ' FILL C

95 PRINT "C FILLED"

100 GOSUB 440 ' MULTIPLY

105 PRINT1 "MULTIPLIED"

110 GOSUB 540 ' SUM IT UP

120 PRINT "SUM = ";SUM

130 PRINT CHR$(7)

140 GOTO 9999

150 REM DIMENSION

160 DIM A(M,N)

170 DIM B(N,M)

180 DIM C(M,M)

190 RETURN

200 REM FILL A

210 FOR I = 1 TO M

220 FOR J = 1 TO N

230 Ad, J) = I + J

240 NEXT

250 NEXT

260 RETURN

270 REM *************

280 REM FILL B

290 FOR I = 1 TO M

300 FOR J = 1 TO N

310 B(I,J) = INT((I+J)/J)

320 NEXT

330 NEXT

340 RETURN

350 REM **********

360 REM FILL C

370 FOR I = 1 TO M

380 FOR J = 1 TO N

390 C(I,J) = 0

400 NEXT

410 NEXT

420 RETURN

430 REM **************

440 REM ************ MULTIPLY

450 FOR I = 1 TO M

460 FOR J = 1 TO N

470 FOR K = 1 TO M

480 C(I,J) = C(I,J) + A(I,K)*B(K,J)

490 NEXT

500 NEXT

510 NEXT

520 RETURN

530 REM **************

540 REM *************** SUMMIT

550 FOR I = 1 TO M

560 FOR J = 1 TO N

Listing 1 continued on page 258

256 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

For top quality performance fromyour computer, use the flexible discsknown for memory excellence. Now, buya specially marked box of 10 Memorex*5%" mini flexible discs and we'll send youan additional mini disc FREE.

tions. So for business, word processing,or personal computer applications,Memorex mini discs are sure to do thejob. And we back them with a full yearwarranty to prove it.

So see your local Memorex distribu-

Features like our uniquely sealedjacket and protective hub ring make our

discs last longer. And a soft inner linercleans the ultra-smooth disc surface

tor or dealer or call (800) 538-8200

(In California (408) 987-1893) today. Buy

a box of 10 flexible 5%" mini discs.Thensend the coupon in the box to Memorex

while in use. It all adds up to better per-formance and reliability^

for your free mini disc. It's that simple.It's a great way toimpiaveyouiL,

Our proprietary high density mediaid 100% error-free cerfc

fication guarantee reliable performancein all single or double density applica

memory and get a big bonus in computerperformance MEMOREX

A Burroughs Company

Circle 133 on inquiry card.

MMFANTASTIC PRICES!!!!FROM DIGITAL DIMENSIONS

OKIDATA

ML-80 $339.95

ML-82A $435.95

•ML-83A $709.95

*ML-84(parallel) $1,034.95

*ML-84(serial). . . $1,149.95

OKIGRAF ROMS for 82A or 83A $69.95

OKIGRAF DISK,(Apple only) $59.95

Interface boards and cables available.•Includes Tractor Feed

OLIVETTI DY211 $1,049.00

20CPS, Bidirectional, 10, 12, 15 Pitch &proportional spacing, wide carriage.

SCM-TP I $649.95

120 word/min Daisy Wheel, 10 or 12 pitch,serial or parallel interface

DAISYWRITER 2000 $1,015

Bidirectional 16.5cps, 48k buffer,Centronics, 488, RS232, 8 C. Loop

IDS

PRISM 80 $979

Includes sprint mode, dot plot and cutsheet guide

PRISM 132 $1,649

Includes all of above and 4-color graphics

C.ITOH

Prowriter (Parallel) $479

Prowriter (Serial) $619

Prowriter 2 (Parallel) $709

Prowriter 2 (Serial) $759

Starwriter F10 $1,449

Printmaster F-10 $1,699

FRANKLIN ACE 1000 $1,849

Includes 64k memory, 5Vi" disk, I/O portsand 12" monitor.

"E-Z" COLOR board $230.00

For the Apple II or Apple II Plus.16-Color, 2S6 x 192 resolution. Requires3.3 DOS. Includes demo software andE-Z COLOR Editor.

E—Z COLOR board for S100 Systems Call for price.

MicroVox text-to-speech synthesizerNo software needed, just send ASCIItext serial and parallel interfaceincluded $280

TERMINALS & MONITORS

TELEVIDIO 950 $995

TELEVIDIO 925-C $799

TELEVIDIO 910/910 Plus $599

AMDEK 13" COLOR-1 $335

NEC 12" GREEN $159

Most major software also avail, at lowprices. We can usually beat any legitimatequote on Hardware. Call for prices.

DIGITAL DIMENSIONS

190 Chapel Road

Manchester, CT 06040

1-800-243-5222

Orders Only

Orders £r Info Call

203-649-3611

'VISA welcome, Allow 2-3 weeks for

:ks. COD ok. All prices include UPS

nd freight in U.S. All orders shipped

24 hrs. CT residents add 7Vi% sales

CPM is T.M. of Digital Research, Prices

ct to change without notice.

Listing 1 continued:

570 SUM = SUM + C(I,J)

580 NEXT

590 NEXT

600 RETURN

610 REM ************************(

9999 END

Listing 2: A Pascal program to multiply matrices.

B:MATR1X20.PAS

PROGRAM matrix (input, output);

CONST

maxsize = 45;m = 20;n = 20;

VAR

i,j,k,l : integer;

A : ARRAY [1 .. m, 1B : ARRAY [1 .. n, 1C : ARRAY [1 .. m, 1

Sunm : real;

GUP, BELL : CHAR;PROCEDURE FILLA;VAR

n] OF real;m] OF real;m] OF real;

BEGIN

END;

i, j : integer;

FOR i := 1 to m DO

For j := 1 to n DO

Ati,j] := i + j;

PROCEDURE FILLB;VAR

BEGIN

i,j : integer;

FOR i := 1 to n DO

For j := 1 to m DO

END;

Procedure FILLC;

VAR

B[i,j] := trunc((i+j)/j);

i, j : integer;

Listing 2 continued on page 260

INFOWORLD

RAVES ABOUT

PERFECT WRITER!

Read for yourselfwhat InfoWorldsaid about thisincredible wordprocessor!

■ ■ Perfect Writer would be mychoice for a word processor inmy home. J •

■ ■ Perfect Writer lives up to itsname.This product appears to bea very solid piece of software.Text handling is convenient andversatile and you are given

an unusually complete setof commands.JJ

All quotes are from InfoWorld's Perfect Writersoftware review, by John Ford, June 14,1982.

■ ■ 'User friendly' is a trite, but truedescription of Perfect Writer. J J

■ ■ Personally, I found the full-screen text to be comfortable andin most respects superior.^

■ ■Thedocumentation issuperb... J J

■ ■ I believe Perfect Writer willserve individual writers very wellindeed. J J

■ ■ I can recommend the pro-gram as a model of clarity. J J

AND WE'VE GOT ITFOR JUST $249.

No wonder our phones are ringingoff the hook! After InfoWorld went wildabout Perfect Writer, it's become thehottest piece of software we handle.

Why? Because Perfect Writer issimply the best word processor you canbuy at any price and 800-SOFTWAREis selling it for just $249.That's $140

off the manufacturer's suggested retailprice of $389!

What's more, we are the PerfectWriter experts—the first dealer to stockPerfect Writer in the entire UnitedStates!

What does this mean to you?Product knowledge and support exper-

tise you simply won't find any placeelse. Plus the giant inventory, fast deliv-ery and commitment to first class serviceyou've come to expect from800-SOFTWARE.

But let us prove how good we are.Just pick up the phone and call us toll-free. We're waiting for your call.

TO ORDER CALLTOLL-FREE:

800-227-4587

In California, call: 800-622-0678

CA residents add sales tax.

Or write:

800-SOFTWARE, INC.

185 Berry Street, Suite 6820

San Francisco, CA 94107

D Purchase orders accepted.

D Prompt UPS 3 day Blue Label service

□ Call for shipping charges.

^800-SOFTWARE)

CHECK THESE OTHERGREAT PRICES:

Wordstar™ $249dBase II™ $495SuperCalc $199

AMEBICWlJEXRRESS

Copyright 1982 by CW Communlcs-tioni/lnc, Reprinted from InloWorld.

PW10

Circle 2 on inquiry card.

Circle 257 on inquiry card.

CP/JVT Users:

Access IBMwith ReformaTTer™

ReformaTTer conversion software letsyou read and write IBM 3740 disk-ettes* on your CP/M or MP/M system.

ReformaTTer is ideal for CP/M userswho want

• Access to large system data bases

• Distributed data processing

• Offline program development

• Database conversion

With ReformaTTer, you have theability to

• Bidirectionally tranfer completefiles between CP/M and IBM

• Automatically handle ASCII/EBCDIC code conversion

• Display and alter IBM 3740 direc-tory and data

Enjoy the same advantages of main-frame access that other ReformaTTerusers have. Customers like Upjohn,M&M/Mars, The United Nations,Arthur Young & Co., Sandia Labs,FMC Corp., and Stanford Universityall use ReformaTTer. So can you.

Other versions of ReformaTTer con-version software include

CP/M** DEC (RT 11)

TRSDOS Mod. II - CP/M

TRSDOS Mod. II ** DEC (RT 11)

Order ReformaTTer today for only

$249.

*IBM 3740 basic data exchange format. Refor-maTTer requires one 8" floppy drive.

(415) 324-9114

TWX: 910-370-7457

467 Hamilton Av., Suite 2, Palo Alto, CA 94301CP/M is a reg. trademark of Digital Research

Please send complete information on the follow-ing versions of ReformaTTer_

LI Please send ReformaTTer CP/M — IBM. Mycheck for $249 (plus $5 shipping. Cal.

Res. add 6'/z% sales tax).□ VISA n MasterCard.

Signature

Name

Company

Street

City

State

3 Charge to my_exp. date

Zip

Mail to MicroTech Exports, Inc.

467 Hamilton Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94301

Listing 2 continued:

BEGIN

END;

FOR i := 1 to m DO

FOR j := 1 to m DOCti,j] := DE-

PROCEDURE matmult ;B:MATRIX20.PAS

VAR

BEGIN

i, j, k : integer;

FOR i := 1 to m DO

FOR j := 1 to n DO

FOR k := 1 to m DO

Cti,j] := CIi,j] + Ati,k]*B[k,j]

END;

PROCEDURE summit;

VAR

BEGIN

END;

i, j : integer;

FOR i := 1 to ra DO

FOR j := 1 to m DO

Summ := Summ + Cli,j]

BEGIN {MAIN}

SUMM := 0;

Write ('input any darned number to start it. ');

Readln(gup);

FILLA;

WRITELNC A filled. ');

FILLB;

WritelnC B filled. ');

FILLC;

WritelnC C filled. ');

MATMULT;

WritelnC Multiplied.') ;

SUMMIT;

WritelnC Summ is : ',Summ : 8 );

BELL := CHR(7);WRITELN(BELL);END.

260 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

We're selling

with

We are overstocked!

Our warehouse runneth over with TandonDrives.

Help!

Help us clear the decks and help yourselfto significant savings on these excellentproducts.

We've always been high on Tandon. (Evenwhen we're not up to our knees in 'em.) Theyoffer an unsurpassed storage capacity, a veryadvanced dual-head design, increasedthroughput — and proven reliability.

So at these prices, you should definitelybuy a drive. Buy two. Maybe someone youknow is having a birthday soon. Buy one forthem.

Call immediately. At these prices, theywon't last very long.

Hopefully.

Tandon's TM100 series of 5-inch mini-floppydisk drives all feature Tandon's patentedread/write head design.Available in four models:

TM100-1 A single-sided, 40 track, 5.25-inchfloppy-disk drive with a storage capacity of250K bytes unformatted and a track-to-trackaccess time of 5-milliseconds 195.00

TM100-2 double-sided, 40 track per side,5.25-inch floppy-disk drive with a storagecapacity of 500K bytes unformatted and atrack-to-track access time of 5-milliseconds 275.00

TM100-3 A single-sided, 80 track, 5.25-inchfloppy-disk drive with a storage capacity of500K bytes unformatted and a track-to-trackaccess time of 3-milliseconds 250.00

TM100-4 A double-sided, 80 track per side,5.25-inch floppy-disk drive with a storage

capacity of 1000K bytes unformatted and atrack-to-track access time of 3-milliseconds 369.00

Tandon's TM848 "Thinline" series of 8-inchfloppy-disk drives all feature Tandon'spatented read/write head design. The unique"Thinline" design allows two drives to be in-stalled in the same space as a single conven-tional drive.Available in two models:

TM848-1 A single-sided, 77 track floppy-diskdrive with a storage capacity of 600K bytessingle density and 1.2 megabytes capacitydouble density (IBM format), and a 3-milli-second track-to-track access time..379.00

TM848-2 A double-sided, 77 track per sidefloppy-disk drive with a storage capacity of1.2 megabytes single density and 2.4megabyte capacity double density (IBM for-mat), and it has a 3-millisecond track-to-trackaccess time 490.00

MODEL III DISK DRIVE KITS • • • • *

Controller Kit includes all boards assembledand tested, internal controller, mountingbrackets, switching power supply, and in-stallation instructions. Handles 4 drives... 360.00

Kit #1: Controller Kit and 2 TM100-3 single-sided, 80 track drives 875.00

Kit #2: Controller Kit and 2 TM100-4 double-sided, 80 track drives 1060.00

Kit #3: Controller Kit and 2 TM100-1 single-sided, 40 track drives 720.00

Kit #4: Controller Kit and 2 TM100-2 double-sided, 40 track drives 850.00

We built a reputation on our pricesand your satisfaction.

We guarantee everything tor 30 days. No returns after 30 daysDefective software replaced free: all other software returns sub-ject to a 15% restocking fee and must be accompanied byRMA slip. No returns on game software unless defective.

We accept VISA and MasterCard on all orders — no extracharge. COD orders, up to $300.

Shipping Charges: $3 for all prepaid orders, actual ship-ping charges for non-prepaids: $3 for COD orders under 25lbs. ($6 for over) plus a $4 surcharge: add 15% for foreign,FP0 and AP0 orders. Californians add 6% sales tax, LACounty add 6'/;%.

Prices quoted are for stock on hand and subject to changewithout notice.

To order or for information call

(213)706-0333

Modem order line: (213)883-8976

31245 LA BAYA DRIVE,WESTLAKE VILLAGE, CA 91362

Circle 12 on inquiry card.

10x10

MBASIC 10.4

MBASIC

(no ints) 14.7

CBASIC 13.6

CBASIC

(no ints) 24.2

CBASIC86 13.8

CB/80 3.0

CB/80

(no ints) 10.4

Pascal/MT +

Pascal-M 8.6

BASCOM

(new BRUN library)BASCOM

(no ints)BASCOM

(old library)BASCOM

(double precision)

TimeMatrix Size

15x15

33

4542

1:17438.8

31.2

25.8

20x20

1:14

1:42.41:36

3:06.61:3919.5

1:1016.858.1

22.0

38.8

21.536.4

Code Size(kilobytes)

24 + 2

17 + 1

17 + 1

18 + 28

81816+1

16 + 2

1616 + 2

Table 1: Results of running the matrix multiplication benchmark program in severalBASICs and two Pascals. The BASIC program appears in listing 1, and the Pascalprogram in listing 2.

MBASIC, CBASIC, and CB/80allow you to input the dimensions ofthe matrices during the running of theprogram. BASCOM and the Pascalsmust be recompiled each time youchange the dimensions.

BASCOM was used with two dif-ferent libraries of relocatable object-code modules, and timings are givenfor programs compiled with eachlibrary.

(CB/80's inventor, Gordon Eubanksof Digital Research, says that thisbenchmark is probably the worst-case test for CB/80, and he is sur-prised that CB/80 fared so well, sincethe language's strong points are stringhandling and input/output.)

There were some surprises. I'dalways thought BASCOM was con-siderably faster than CB/80. Indeed,the first time I ran these tests, I gotspurious results that showed just that,and my error is instructive.

My test programs for MBASIC(Microsoft's interpretive BASIC),BASCOM, and CB/80 are as nearly

Terms COD. MC. Visa. Cashier's CheckShipping charges added to all orders

/HEDIk DISTRIBUTING

'^ADDS

§499 VIEWPOINT

&

lOMBYTE

Subsystem tor Z-80/CP/M

Based computers.

Completely assembled and tested. Suggested ret

'2695

8" FLOPPY DISK DRIVES

QumeTrak 842 SPECIALTandon TM 848-1

TM 848-2Shugart 801R

851RMitsubishi M2894 63

Remex 20004000

Dual-sidedSingle-sided, ThinlineDual-sided, ThinlineSingle-sidedDual-sided

Dual-sided, extremelyreliable [11,000 MTBF)Single-sidedDual-sided

'475.00^

425.00 qty 1545.00 qty 1395.00 qty 1

525 OO qty 1

475.00 qty 1475.00 qty 1575.00 qty 1

5'/4" FLOPPY DISK DRIVES

For the IBM Personal!Tandon TM lOO-lFor IBM Northstar CromemcoTandon TM IOO 2For Zenith Heath SPECIAL!Tandon TM 100-4QumeTrak 542

Remex PICO Drives RFC 4SORFD 960

Single-sided, 48TPI

Dual-sided, 48TPI

Dudl-sided. 96TPIDual-sided, 48TPIDual-sided, slimline, 48TPIDual-sided, slimline, °6TPI

245.00 qty 1

325 OO qty 1

395.00 qty 1310.00 qty 1375.00 qty 1475.00 qty 1

Tandon TM 602Tandon TM 603

5'A" WINCHESTER DRIVES

64 Mb9 6 Mb

1095.00 qty 11195.00 qty 1

RIBBONS

DISKETTES

QUME auicklodd multistrike

DIABLO multistrike

NEC multistrike

RICOH RP 1600 multistrike

EPSON MX-8O/MX-70

IDS -150/460/500

WANG multistrike

«w

MAXELL MD1-DDM 96TPI 5SDD 4.93 ea,MAXELL MD2-DDM 96TPI DSDD 5.61 eaScotch 745-0 48TPI DSDD 3.86 eaOYSAN 204/1D 96TPI SSDD 4.95 eaDYSAN 204/2D 96TPI DSDD 5.61 ea8": Scotch 741-0 SSDD 3.05 ea

MAXELL FDM2S SSDD 5.09 ea

All diskettes in stock tor immediate shipmentPrices quoted for minimum quantity ol IOO.FULL LINE OF RIBBONS AND DISKETTES IN STOCK! CALL FOR COMPLETE LISTING.

2.75 ed3.75 ed3.95 ed5.95 ea9.00 ea7.50 ea3.95 ea

All ribbons in stock tor immediate shipmentPrices quoted tor minimum quantity ot 12.

QUANTITY DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE — DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED!

f ■:■»».-,f»■■.<■■■ :;.--iTft va,"tX: "^vS,

10 & 20 MEGABYTE (FORMATTED)5V4" WINCHESTER SUBSYSTEMS

For Z-80 based micros which utilize the CP/M operating system . , .

CCS APPLE (with CP/M) ZENITH/HEATH NORTHSTAR

GODBOUT XEROX 820 ANY Z-60 S-100 SYSTEM

ALSPA TRS60 MOD II

OSBORNE

All units are delivered completely assembled and tested, with drive, controller,case, power supply, cabling. Z-80 interface and all requisite software. A tew features:

THE Z-80 INTERFACE;*■ Supports vectored interrupts

»» Plugs directly into the Z-80 socket on the host CPU (requires no special buss)*■ Allows for DMA operation (if you already have a DMA system)•>■ Supports MP/M. OASIS and other operating systems (with addi-tional software)

OUR SOFTWARE:

+■ Written in Z-80 assembly language

»*■ Automatically configures virtually any existing version

2.x CP/M to the hard disk subsystemi> Includes SOURCE CODE•> Requires less than 2k of overhead memory>*• Enables the user to read or write a 64k file in less than

four seconds

FULL SIX-MONTH WARRANTY!Delaer inquiries are more than welcome

«ii

262 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 235 on inquiry card.

Victor's Desktop Business Computer System

Businesses today face a basicdilemma when it comes toselecting a computer.

So-called "personal" computershave limited power and capacity.They're just too small to be use-ful to most businesses.And the larger mini computersare more expensive.

Victor has a solution to thatdilemma.

The Victor 9000 Business Com-puter is priced under $5,000.Like a "personal."

Yet the Victor 9000 has acapacity that rivals the expen-sive minis.

A close look at the chart showsyou just how the Victor 9000compares.

The Victor gives you the kind ofmemory and storage capacitybusiness applications demand.Much more than the IBM Per-

sonal Computer, the Apple III or

their competitors.

For more information,

call Victor at (800) VIC-9000.

Or Write Victor Business

Products, P.O. Box 1135,

Glen view, IL 60025

VICTOR BUSINESS PRODUCTS

SubsdiafyofKiJde.lnc.

Radio Shack

Victor

Xerox

TRS80

MAKE & MODEL

9000

IBM PC

820

Apple III

Model II

Processor Type

8088

8088

Z80A

6502

Z80A

Word Length

16 bits

16 bits

8 bits

8 bits

8 bits

Memory Size (Internal)

128-896KB

16-256KB

64KB

96-256KB

32-64KB

Storage Capacity on

2400KB

640KB

160KB

280KB

960KB

2 Floppies

(5VV)

(5'A")

(5'/4")

<5'/4")

<8")

CRT Display

Standard Format

80x25

80x25

80x24

80x24

80x24

Alternate Format

132x50

None

None

None

None

Graphics Resolution

800 x 400

640x200

None

560x192

None

Communications

Built-in Serial Ports

at no extra cost

2

0

2

1

2

Built-in Parallel Ports

at.no extra cost

1

0

2

0

1

Human Factors

Keys on Keyboards

94-104

83

96

74

76

Detached Keyboard mechanism

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Tilting Display mechanism

Yes

No

No

No

No

Swivelling Display

Yes

No

No

No

No

Desk Area Required

(Approx. Square In.

with 2 floppy disks)

310

420

470

361

500

Operating System

CP/M-86-

■>

Apple

TRS

Supplied Standard

MS-DOS

None

None

DOS

DOS

NOTE: Chart based on manufacturer*CP/M is a registered trademark of D

nformation available as of April 4,igital Research, Inc.

1982.

Serving American business for 65 years.

Circle 402 on inquiry card.

VISICALC*

35

"

* a c b

E F D ><M

•

A

rERACTIVE ELECTRONIC3RKSHEET

YES

ON LINE REFERENCE GUIDE KIS^ "NAMING" OF CELLS Rlf\

W*\J OR AREAS V*\J

■

rTT»j

' [• J rflffiilJftl '[•]

.

PR

OTECTED CELLS ^Q

MULTIPLE LINKED KIS% SORTING CAPABILITY fc.lS%WORKSHEETS IMW NU

VisiCalc was a swell idea

for then.

The next generation. First generation electronic cell or area. "Gross Profit = Sales—Cost" rather thanworksheets were a good idea. They were early software "AA44=AZ23—BK154." Which means you can workmanagement tools that could eliminate a lot of hours more intuitively. And faster.

with a spreadsheet, calculator, pencil and eraser. Enter Compare utility. Multiplan lets you link related work-Multiplan, the next generation electronic worksheet sheets so that information is transferred between themthat's as easy to use as it is useful. automatically. For instance, you can keep regional salesMake comparisons. Compare Multiplan to any of forecasts on separate sheets but link them with your overallthe earlier electronic worksheets. We've given you some company forecast. Then, just change the forecast for"prompts" above. any region, and the company forecast sheet is updatedCompare learning time. Multiplan's tutorial book brings automatically. Something you can't do with first generationyou up to speed. Fast. But Multiplan doesn't stop there. worksheets.

Multiplan's On-line Reference Guide gives you instant Compare reports. Not just the work you can do, but thehelp if you have questions. It knows where you are in way you can present it. Multiplan's flexible formattingMultiplan and offers information related to your problem, options allow you to produce presentation-quality reports,right on the screen. And its sorting capability lets you sort by either alpha-Compare ease of use. All Multiplan prompts are betic or numeric order. So a sales manager who normallyfull length words or phrases. And Multiplan provides lists sales regions alphabetically could sort by amount"naming," the ability to assign a plain English name to any sold and conveniently rank by sales performance. The

•Based on features in releases VC-202B0-AP2 and VC 156Y0-IBMof VisiCalc on the Apple II and IBM-PC respectively

MULTIPLAN

INTERACTIVE ELECTRONICWORKSHEET

COUMANO OVERVIEW

.11 i*ngm Tn. «r..n n» on* of <we •nnaoavt inla in. MKhshH

«!■•* MB tis (oni.nn [»"«"U)t of Itorigr r.rmining ind wo'K■ h.gnnrjntM KM* oil on in. w)rksn.n Tn. higWiont tin br

D'.ssmg <n> j.rmio" «.,i rn. h™ kpyi on iim u-tnj fm KroM

ninao*; Tn. Ctrl PgUp ««vs m»I 0. usM to gn 10 ion 1 [Olumn )

quickly

"** S^^eJSSw'^Ss im. „„noJ.a

i

MCI 100*. P«e

ON LINE REFERENCE GUIDE

YES

"NAMING" OF CELLSOR AREAS

YES

INDIVIDUAL

EXTENSIVE FORMATTINGCAPABILITIES

YES

VEC MULTIPLE. LINKED

I E9 WORKSHEETS

YES

YES

Multiplan is a great idea

for now.

result is a more meaningful and useful presentation of data.Compare availability. With Multiplan, you're notlimited to a single range of computers. Multiplan is avail-able for Apple* and for microcomputers that runMSw-DOS, XENIX,™ or CP/M-80* operating systems.Multiplan supports both 40- and 80- columns on theApple II.

Compare the source. Microsoft was the world's firstmicrocomputer software company. Today, Microsoftsoftware is running in well over a million installations,worldwide. Languages. Utilities. Business programs. All,maintained at the state-of-the-art.Compare for yourself. Drop into your computer store.Compare Multiplan's powerful, user-oriented featuresto any electronic worksheet on the market. If you'vebeen using VisiCalc, Multiplan's ability to directly utilizeyour VisiCalc files lets you easily upgrade to Multiplan.And that's just another of the many features designed

to make Multiplan the electronic worksheet fornow. And years from now.

BETTER TOOLS FOR MICROCOMPUTERS

MICROSOFT

Microsoft is a regis-tered trademark, andMultiplan, XENIX, andMS are trademarks ofMicrosoft Corporation

VisiCalc is a registeredtrademark of VisiCorp

CP/M-80 is a registered trade-mark of Digital Research, Inc.

Apple is a registered trademark ofApple Computer, Inc.

Circle 254 on inquiry card.

identical as I can make them. Unfor-tunately, there's an obscure bug inmy present version of CB/80: if thefirst statement in the program is aREM statement and has a line num-ber, then CB/80 cannot compile dec-larations (which tell the compilerabout a variable to be used) that im-mediately follow. Obscure or not,that bug stopped me from being ableto declare my various indexes (in thematrix expression A(I,J) the I and Jare index variables or indexes) asintegers; I had to leave them as reals(floating-point numbers). This soslowed CB/80 that I'm almostashamed to report the times, whichwere closer to interpretive MBASICthan BASCOM.

I called Digital Research and gotGordon Eubanks, and we walkedthrough the program together anddiscovered the bug, which will befixed in future CB/80 releases. Mean-while, if you try to compile this withCB/80, eliminate the line numberbefore the first REM statement, and

declare I, J, K, L, M, and N as in-tegers. I did, and with integer in-dexes, CB/80 is as fast as BASCOM.

(Note: I've found a few other waysto foul up CB/80 so that it won'tcompile declarations. I've told DigitalResearch, and I expect they'll be fixedby the time you read this; GordonEubanks is as fond of CB/80 as mostpeople are of their children, and Idoubt he'll allow any flaws to remainlong.)

I also compiled the program undertwo different Pascals and CBASIC86.In the latter case, I used CP/M-86 inmy Compupro 8085/8088 dual pro-cessor. More on CBASIC86 and thePascals later. Meanwhile, the pro-gram run times may be informative.

Speed versus Convenience

I've already written at length com-paring pseudocompiled CBASIC(which requires you to compileCBASIC programs and also use arun-time interpreter) to interpretiveMBASIC. Both have strong and weak

tv$ 10-MegabyteComputer System

10-Megabyte Hard Disk

5V4" Dual-Density Floppy Disk Back-up

8-Bit Microprocessor

(Optional 16-bit Microprocessor)Memory-Mapped Video Display BoardDisk ControllerStandard 64K RAM

(Optional 256K RAM)10-Slot S-100 Motherboard

Only$5995

COMPLETE

Nf>wFromlMSAl_

• 28-Amp Power Supply

• 12" MonitorStandard Intelligent 62-Key

ASCII Keyboard (OptionalIntelligent 86-Key ASCIIExtended Keyboard)132-Column Dot-Matrix PrinterCP/M* Operating System

You Read It Right...All for $5995/

IMSAIThinking ahead for the 8o's

Computer Division of the Fischer-Freitas Corporation415/635-7615 910 81st Avenue, Bldg. 14 • Oakland, CA 94621

"CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research. Imsai is a trademark of the Fisher-Freitas Corporation

points. Except for price, though, nowthat CB/80 is available there's little torecommend CBASIC; if you're goingto endure the inconvenience of a com-piled language, you might as well goon and buy the real thing, so that youget the speed of directly executableprograms once the compiling is done.CB/80 costs a good bit more, but ithas many added features, and it'sfast.

One of CBASIC's inconveniences isthat you can't declare any variables.If you want a variable to be an in-teger, you must end its name with apercent sign. Since CBASIC distin-guishes between the variables I and1%, this can make for rather strangebugs in your program. FortunatelyDigital Research gives you a cross-reference program; judiciously used,it can spot many errors that are other-wise obscure. If you see a variablenamed TRUE when you've onlytested against TRUE%, you knowyou're in trouble. If you look at thebenchmark times, you'll see that it'sworth a lot to use integer variables inCBASIC.

If CBASIC and CB/80 have prob-lems, so do the other languages.BASCOM and the Pascals have onevery flawed "feature" in common:they won't allow you to input arraysizes. Arrays must be dimensionedduring compilation. I think Microsoftadmits that's a bug; the Pascaldesigners seem to think it's a desirablefeature.

Anyway, it's bad enough the wayPascal does it: in order to get timesfor the different matrix dimensions, Ihad to change the program sourcecode and recompile for each. Incon-venient as this is in Pascal, it's worsewith BASCOM, which won't even letyou use constants in an array dimen-sion! For example, in Pascal it is legalto say:

m = 20;

n = 20;

and later declare an array of A[l..m,l..n] of real numbers. WithBASCOM, though, if you say:

m = 20 : n

20

266 October 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 191 on inquiry card.

a message to

our

subscribers

From time to time we makethe BYTE subscriber listavailable to other com-panies who wish to sendour subscribers promotionalmaterial about their prod-ucts. We take great care toscreen these companies,choosing only those whoare reputable, and whoseproducts, services or infor-mation we feel would be ofinterest to you. Direct mailis an efficient medium forpresenting the latest per-sonal computer goods andservices to our subscribers.

Many BYTE subscribers ap-preciate this controlled useof our mailing list, and lookforward to finding informa-tion of interest to them inthe mail. Used are our sub-scribers' names and ad-dresses only (no other infor-mation we may have isever given).

While we believe the distri-bution of this information isof benefit to our sub-scribers, we firmly respectthe wishes of any sub-scriber who does not wantto receive such promotionalliterature. Should you wishto restrict the use of yourname, simply send your re-quest to the followingaddress.

BITI

Attn: Circulation Department

70 Main St

Peterborough, NH

03458

and later say DIM A(m,n), the com-piler reports a fatal error. CBASICand CB/80 have dynamic redimen-sioning capabilities, which meansthat you can change array dimensionseven while a program is running.

If I had to do a lot of operations in-volving matrices of varying sizes, I'msure I'd prefer CB/80 to either Pascalor BASCOM in terms of conveniencealone—and CB/80 turns out to havesome speed advantages, too.

What Are We Comparing?

Benchmark comparisons of lan-guages are unfair in another way: dothe languages actually do the samething? That question can be morecomplex than you thought.

For example, the BASIC sourceprograms used in this test are as near-ly identical as I can make them. True,the syntax for declaring variables isdifferent in the various languagesused. BASCOM and MBASIC want"DEFINT I - N", meaning that allvariables beginning with the letters Ithrough N (such as "Number" or "II")will now be considered integers;CB/80 (like Pascal) wants an actualdeclaration, variable by variable(i.e., "INTEGER I, J, K, L, M, N"makes those one-letter variables inte-gers, but wouldn't affect a variablecalled Number or one called II).Neither CBASIC nor CBASIC86 willlet you declare variables at all, exceptthrough the inconvenient business ofnaming them 1%, ]%, etc. BASCOMwon't let you use variables to dimen-sion an array. Within those limits,though, the code stays pretty muchthe same.

Of course, if I were writing the pro-gram in either CBASIC or CB/80 tobegin with, it wouldn't look a lot likethe MBASIC/BASCOM program. Itwould have a lot more white spaceand would use functions (whichCBASIC lets you define) instead ofsubroutines. In the interest of fair-ness, though, I kept the programs asnearly identical as possible.

Writing the original program inMBASIC was simple. I had it runningin about 15 minutes. Translating toPascal was a lot more work, but forthe moment let's consider something

CP/MOWNERS!

MENU PROGRAMMINGLANGUAGE

MPL

ONLY $175

A revolutionary software

package that simplifies

programming while increasing

the versatility of personal

computers.

• Runs on CP/M.

• Can be used without any specialtraining in computer programming.

• Displays data menu-style.

• Organizes data by connecting

menus together.

• Utilizes menus to drive program

operation automatically.

HARD DISKBACKUP

THE BACKFIELD

ONLY $150

A software package that backsup hard disks to floppieswithout special hardware.

• Runs on CP/M.

• Backs up hard disks to floppies

and other disks.

• Can back up all files or selected

files.

• Backs up only those sections of

thedisk that are in use.

• Automatically selects files thathave changed since last backup.

AVAILABLE NOW!

(408) 395-0838

OR SEND CHECK TO:

Audio Light, Inc.

146 Town Terrace, Suite 4Los Gatos, CA 95030

MPL Requires a 24 X 80 CRT

All software is supplied on

8" single density diskette for CP/M 2.2.

•California residents add 6% for sales tax.

Dealer/OEM Inquiries Welcome

MPL is a trademark of Audio Light Inc.CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research

If

Audio Light

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 267

SANYO PLUS

©SANYO PLUS 4

Only from Scortsdole Systems, the Sanyo Plus, only $2295.

You get o Sonyo MBC-1000. on oll-in-one 64K Z-flOA (4 MHZ) computer with o built-in.12", high tes. Sonyo gteen-phosphet 25x80 disploy.

The detached keyboard features 5 special function keys ond o 10-key pod. TheMDC-1000 comes complete with a serial port, a parallel port, and room for rhteeadditional cards.

Plus we've added a disk drive to give you duol 5 1 /4" drives and a total formatted diskcapacity of 624K.

Plus Free Software:

CP/ M R : the most popular operating system.

Sanyo Basic: A superset of Microsoft Basic, the most popular version of basic.

Diagnostics and Utilities: Usuolly thrown-in only with more expensive systems.

Wordstar R 3.0: The most popular word processing software.

PlannerCalc ™ : The first spreodsheet in English.

Games: Diorythms. Trek, Porochute and 17 others - just for the fun of it.

Special Offer: Order a Sonyo Plus and we'll throw-in a complete integratedbusiness package with General Ledger, Accounts Receivable, Accounts Payable,Payroll, inventory for $99.No dealers please. F.O.D. Scorrsdole. 90 day warranty.

$2295

TELEVIDEO

ALTOS

ZENITH

NORTHSTAR

Now backed locally by T.R.W. Duilt-inCRT. detachable keyboard, dual floppysW/750K formatted capacity, 64K, CP/Mond more. Special: Telesolutions —Wordstar TM and CalcStar TM w/systemS27V

802 w/CP/M® $2795

802Hw/CP/M® .... $4759

806(10mg.) $5295

816(23mg.) $9595

800A's $1319

Our tech's favorite sysrems. From thelowest priced 3-user systems with either2 or 6 MG. storage, to 40MG. fl-user 16bit systems.

Add terminals, printers, and softwareand we con fully test ond configure yoursystem ot low prices. Back nationwideby Moore Systems Service.

Series 5-1 5D $2295

Series 5-5D $4575

8000-10 w/MP/MR .... $61758600-12 $9525

*,

%\

IBM-PC Compatible

Introducing the Zenith Z-100, its the new6/16 bit system thots CP/M, PC-DOS, andS-100 compatible. Plus it's backed by300 Zenith, service centers nationwide.Two built-in 020K 5 1/4" drives, 128Kr\AM, color graphics with control of eightcolors and 144.000 dots, five S-100exponsion slots, and a full featurekeyboard:

Z-100 $3295

Z-90-82W/64K $2395

Z-89 $2149

New low price on the incredible Ad-vantage TM. Your choice GDOS andBASIC, or GCP/M $120. Let us burn ondtest yout Advantage TM or Horizon andwe'll back it with our own fast warrantyservice.

Advonroge Call

Horizon IF

64KQuod $2665

Advonroge

w/5mg $3795

TERMINALS

PRINTERS

Viewpoint 3A Plus: New Viewpointemulates Lear Siegler Televideo, orSoroc, We're selling them at a lowetprice than others charge for older models.

$489

Zenith ZT-1' $559

Televideo 910 $579

Televideo 9252 $735

Televideo 9502 $927

Zenith Z-19 $689

Soroc IQ 130 $599

FalcoTS-1 $1069

Adds Viewpoint 60 $724

Hazeltine Espirit $499

'with built-in modem

2exrra pg. memory #30-insralled

\ ; /

i \

Scottsdale Systems^

6730 E. McDowell Road, Suite 110, Scottsdale, Arizona 85257 |

3 (602)941-5856 —

Call 8-5 Mon.-Fri.

SERVICE/ORDERING

INTEGRATION: Prices listed ore for new equipment in factory sealed boxes with manufacturer'swarranty. We will prerest your equipment, integrate your system, configure your software, providespecial cobles, etc., for an additional charge, Coll for prices.

ORDERING: MAIL ORDER ONLY. Prices listed ore for cosh. No C.O.D.s. We sell on o net 20basis to Fortune 500 companies and Universities Charge cords add 2%. Prices subject to change,product subject to availability. AZ. residents odd 5% Personal checks toke 3 weeks to clear. 0-20%restocking fee for returned merchandise. Shipping extra - products ore F.O.D. point of shipment. CP/Mand MP/M are registered trademorks of Digital Research.

\—i ■■ ■■"

NEC8023A $469

Okidoto82A $399

Okidota 83A $645

Okidoto 84 . $989

Epson MX-80

w/GTRAX $434

Epson MX-100

w/GTRAX $675

HIGH SPEEDMicroprism 80 $649

Prism 80 "Loaded" $1329

Prism 132 "Loaded $1469

Tally MT 1805 $1569

Anadex9501A $1369

LETTER QUALITY

5CMTP-1 $629

COMREXC1 $829

Daisywriter 2000 $1049

NEC 3500 w/TRAC* $1798NEC 7700 w/TRAC* $2495

'Our NEC's now include 16K bufer. add Ifirmware, borh serial and parallel inrer-faces, rracfors, 180 day warranty.

CP/M B SOFTWARE

I/O DEVICES

Wordstar $238 DoroStor $189

ColcStor $179 Supersorr 1 _.. $139

Moilmerge $78 D DASE II $489

Spellstar $149 CrossTolk $129

Software sold only w/sysrems, not warranried for suitability.

Houston Instrument:

Hi-Plot DMP-2 $849

Hi-Plot DMP-7/8 $2057

HiPadDT-11 $669

Hayes Smartmodem $219

Hayes 1200

Baud Smodem $524

else: these programs don't really dothe same thing!

That is, I wasn't interested in test-ing how long it took to load the pro-grams, nor in how long it took me totell each program the matrix sizes.Thus, I wanted to start each from thesame place, so I introduced an INPUTstatement asking for a dummy vari-able; as that variable was input, Istarted the timer. The original ver-sions of the programs invited you toenter a "number" as a way to startthings going. The BASIC programsinput the variable "JIVE"; because ithad no dollar sign, it expected anumerical value. In the Pascal pro-grams, the throwaway variable"GUP" was declared to be an integer.

Alas, I tend to forget what I'vedone in cases like these, and whilst Iwas timing the program operations,when I saw the prompt saying I couldenter any darned number to start it, Imerely hit the Return key.

BASIC expects you might do thatsometimes; it tells you that's animproper input and invites you to dosomething else.

The Pascals, however, do nothingat all\ The system acts as if it has ac-cepted your erroneous input, but infact it is waiting for you to enter anactual number; and it will wait untildoomsday if you let it. If you reallywant to check for illegal input usingPascal, you have to write your own(rather cumbersome) procedure.

Of course, the simple remedy is tocall it JIVES and declare "GUP" as aCHAR, after which both BASIC andPascal will accept anything you like,including a carriage return; and ofcourse really professional program-mers wouldn't make silly mistakeslike that. Which brings us to anotherpoint. . . .

Unpleasant Truths?

Another item that came over thenetwork was a statement by Pro-fessor Edsger W. Dijkstra, a Dutchphysicist and computer scientist ofsome fame. Professor Dijkstra issometimes credited with inventing thewhole notion of structured program-ming; certainly his paper (circa 1960)"GOTO Considered Harmful" wasvery influential in the history of com-

puter science. Many of the notions in-herent in top-down structured pro-gramming are unquestionably his.

Dijkstra has also published a paperof "unpleasant truths" about com-puters and computer programs("How Do We Tell Truths ThatMight Hurt?" reprinted in SIGPLANNotices [May 1982], vol. 17 [5], pages13-15). He says, "Nearly all com-puting scientists I know well willagree without hesitation to nearly allof [these statements]. Yet we allowthe world to behave as if we did notknow them. ..."

Here are a few of his "unpleasanttruths":

FORTRAN, "the infantile dis-order," by now 20 years old, ishopelessly inadequate for what-ever computer application youhave in mind today, it is now tooclumsy, too risky, and too expen-sive to use.

PL/1—"the fatal disease"—be-longs more to the problem set thanto the solution set.

The use of COBOL cripples themind; its teaching should, there-

WHAT A BEAUTIFUL COMPUTER!

That's the reaction we getfrom BRIDGE computer system customers.

The BRIDGE Formula for SPEED256k+MEMDSK + Cache BIOS = BRIDGE SPEED

Let's decipher the formula . , .

Take MEMDSK and Cache BIOS, two major operating system

enhancements, add 256k and perform ordinary CP/M disk operations at 4 to

20 times the normal speed on an InterSystems computer.

What does this mean? If you are a software developer, you'll know for sure.

Imagine the possibility of executing your compiler work out of memory.

How? The components of BRIDGE SPEED allow your files to reside in

memory after your first run so that with your second run you move from one

area of memory to another, rather than from disk to memory.

Imagine this . . .

• cutting disk access time by 10

• producing twice as much code per month

• minimizing disk wear

Your imagining becomes reality by using BRIDGE'S SPEED formula.

Hardware consists of:

• 6 MHz Z80 CPU with memory management system

• 256k RAM memory (expandable to 1 Mbyte)

• Disk drive options: two 8" (2.4M) or 5.25" (0.8M) disks,

or 8" or 5" hard disk

Run your stream of needs in the fast lane. "BRIDGE" the gap to a high perfor-mance Enhanced Computer System. For complete information and prices,call us at (617) 244-8190 or circle the reply number. Dealer inquiries invited.

&_<M

Computer Company

DIVISION OF SEA DATA CORPORATION

MEM-DISK is a trademark of BRIDGE ComputerCompany. Division of Sea Data Corporation.

ONE BRIDGE STREET

NEWTON, MASS. 02158 U.S.A.

PHONE: (617) 244-8190

Circle 54 on inquiry card.

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 269

fore, be regarded as a criminal of-fense.

APL is a mistake, carriedthrough to perfection. It is the lan-guage of the future for the pro-gramming techniques of the past: itcreates a new generation of codingbums.

And finally:

It is practically impossible toteach good programming to stu-dents that have had a prior expo-sure to BASIC: as potential pro-grammers they are mentallymutilated beyond hope of regener-ation.

Apparently he doesn't like manylanguages. Since he is said to havebeen one of Pascal's designers, I sup-pose he likes it, and I'll come back tothat. For the moment, let's concen-trate on his view that BASIC causespermanent brain damage.

Obviously, I don't believe that. In-deed, when first I heard it, it seemedso bizarre that I wondered if Pro-fessor Dijkstra had lost his marbles.On the other hand, he has an ex-cellent reputation for real insights; isthere a lesson in this seeminglyderanged statement? Why would hehave said it?

First, Dijkstra is from the "old"

school, from the time when com-puters were invariably served by highpriests; ordinary mortals did not haveaccess to them. Not only were thereno computers, there were no lan-guages "understood of the people"with which to approach them. Abusinessman might buy a machine,but he still had to hire priests to at-tend it—until the Dartmouth peoplewith their BASIC language began areal revolution.

There is now another school ofthought, one that most BYTE readerscome from and is almost diametrical-ly opposed to the priesthood notion.We believe that computers are forusers. Like the authors of the classicwork Algebra Made Simple, webelieve that "what one fool can do,another can." We tend to prove it,too; despite occasional nasty letters, Icontinue to believe that the realdynamism in the computer worldgrows out of BYTE-sized hackers andtheir home machines. Also, we tendto support "distributed computerpower"; lots of small machines, eachunder the control of a single user,rather than timesharing big machines.

However, the early days of ourrevolution were pretty rough. Thefirst "distributed" machines hadsevere memory limits—and BASICrequires memory for remark (REM)statements. Early BASIC used single-

letter variables, largely to save mem-ory. To save stack space (memoryagain), we tended to use lots of"GOTO" statements. The result wasuncommented spaghetti code, in-credibly convoluted and, after a fewdays, incomprehensible even to itsauthors. Naturally the high priestswere horrified. They should havebeen.

BASIC has since been much im-proved, but it certainly remains truethat you can write incomprehensiblecode in BASIC. And so what? Youcan also write some pretty obscurestuff in Pascal. If you really want tobe dense, use LISP or APL. In fact,there's no language that will auto-matically force you to use goodhabits; and while the old BASIC lan-guages, implemented on tiny ma-chines, did indeed encourage you tocommit silly excesses, I just don'tbelieve this nonsense about "perma-nent brain damage."

What Do You Want to Do,Anyway?

The truth of the matter is that thereis no one language best for all pur-poses. If what you need is a quick anddirty program to be run only onceand you need the results right now,then interpretive BASIC is very likelyto be the most powerful tool avail-able—especially if the task involves

SOFTWARE COMPATIBLE MACHINESCP/M and TRSDOS

Custom 3

MOD III & CP/M SOFTWARE COMPATIBLEDUAL 40 TRACK 5V»" DISK DRIVES8" DRIVE CONTROLLER1 YEAR WARRANTY

48K $2,233.00

64K 2,449.00

OTHER DRIVE CONFIGUR-ATIONS AVAILABLE INCLUDINGINTERNAL HARD DISK

LNWResearch

MOD I & CP/M SOFTWARE COMPATIBLEDUAL 40 TRACK 5V«" DISK DRIVES8" DRIVE CONTROLLER— HI-RES &COLOR GRAPHICS 4 Mhz SPEED—Z80APROCESSOR—FAN

48K $2495.00

96K 3095.00

48K without

CP/M 2295.00

Tandy Corp.—TRS-80. TRSDOS. Digital Research—CP/M.

FreedomBoards

CP/M CONVERSION BOARDS FORTHE TRS-80 AND LNW COMPUTERSFROM FREEDOM TECHNOLOGYINTERNATIONAL

Freedom Option....$222.00

Freedom Plus 444.00

-adds 16K of RAM

M€RIDIAN

119 N. 18th Street Phila., PA 19103(21 5)-569-2420

270 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 170 on inquiry card.

SOLUTIONS*arefree and easywith theASSOCIATE"

The ASSOCIATE is a field proven desktop microcomputer with manyfeatures: 64K memory plus 2K PROM; 720K bytes of floppy diskstorage; Z80A 4Mhz processor; DMA disk controller, interrupt controllerand timer; unique anti glare screen; typewriter style keyboard,numeric keypad and 10 function keys; and 2 RS232C ports. Optionalparallel, IEEE 488, and RS449 ports give added flexibility. Theremote or integrated hard disk option offers you needed growthcapability,

Your SOLUTIONS are supplied FREE. The CP/M operating systemprovides access to thousands of software programs. We start you outwith FREE wordprocessing by Spellbinder, FREE business planningby Microplan, FREE accounting and FREE testing programs; anexcellent combination for a total business system. To make it easy touse we have programmed the 29 programmable keys and addeaa quickly readable keyboard template for each SOLUTION. OtherSOLUTIONS and templates are available such as dBASE II, MBASIC,SuperCalc, WordStar and more. You may even program the keysand design a template to match your own chosen software.

You may select FRIENDS to assist your ASSOCIATE such as printersfrom Qume, Ricoh and NEC. Ribbons, printwheels, and disks are alsoavailable at low cost, With nationwide service and repair fromGeneral Electric you have a total package which is hard to beat. Andthe price; well, it's an unbeatable $3,450. Don't wait! Contactus today for a dealer near you and bring SOLUTIONS to your business orpersonal computing needs. Data Technology Industries, 701AWhitney Street, San Leandro, CA 94577 (415) 638-1206,TWX 910-366-2072.

Data Technology % Industries™

fti

SOLUTIONS, ASSOCIATE and FRIENDS are Trademarks of Data Technology Industries; Spellbinder is a Trademark of LEXISOF, Inc.; Microplan is a Trademark ofChang Labs; CP/M is a Trademark of Digital Research; WordStar is a Trademark of MicroPro; SuperCalc is a Trademark of SORCIM; dBASE II is a Trademark ofAshton-Tate; MBASIC is a Trademark of Microsoft.

Circle 123 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982

271

Fbach

Buy One.Get Two Free.

Buy PeachText™ Word Processor for $500. GetSpelling Proofreader using the Random House™Dictionary and the Mailing List Manager free.The retail value of this Peachpak is $1175.

^v

^V

Three for the IBM PersonalComputer All for $595.

Three of Peachtree's Series 4 accounting packagesare now available for the IBM Personal Computer.These Peachtree accounting applications serve asan alternative to the BPI product offered by IBMand are designed for businesses that don't requirethe more advanced accounting features of IBM'sPeachtree accounting packages.

Save more than 50%on Peachtree Software!

Save $1205. Three AccountingPackages for $595.

For a limited time, buy General Ledger, AccountsReceivable and Accounts Payable from Peachtree'sSeries 4 for $595. The suggested retail value of thisPeachpak is $1800.

Put a Peachpak in yourApple IF Three for $595.

Three accounting packages from Peachtree'sspecial Apple II Series are currently on sale for$595. This sale price represents a savings of $605.

(Z80 SoftCard,M and 16K RAMCard™ are required for these packages.)

For further information, contact your nearest participating Peachtree Authorised Soft-ware Centerdisplaying the ASC seal or call toll free (800) 554-4600. In Georgia call (404) 239-2045.

Peachpak, Peachtree Softwareand PeachText are trademarks ofPeachtree Software Incorporated,an MSA Company. RandomHouse is a trademark of RandomHouse, Inc. IBM is a trademark ofInternational Business MachinesCorp. Apple II is a trademark ofApple Computer Inc. SoftCardand RAMCard are trademarks ofMicrosoft Consumer Products, Inc.

Please send me further information about the special Peachpak sale.

Name:

Company: ______ ___

Address:

City:

.State:

_Zip:

I am a: □ prospective dealer □ user of software

Peachtree Software Incorporated an MSA company

3445 Peachtree Road, N.E. /8th Floor/Atlanta, Georgia 30326

PeachtreeSoftware

AUTHORIZEDCENTER

Circle 301 on inquiry card.

lots of string and text manipulations.BASIC programs tend to be slow andhard to understand, but they can beset up and debugged quite rapidly.

On the other hand, suppose youneed a big number-crunching pro-gram to handle many calculationsand lots of decisions. Suppose furtherthat it will be used for years (and thuswill probably need infrequent up-dating) and you're going to run itevery day. It should be obvious thatinterpretive BASIC is not going to dothe job. So, what do we use?

It's precisely here that one's com-puter "philosophy" becomes impor-tant. Dijkstra and his associateswould say that the most importantthing to do is sit down and analyzeyour problem. Do a lot of thinkingbefore you do any coding. If you candescribe your problem well, you willwrite a good program; therefore, youought to be a good mathematician,familiar with a variety of problem-solving devices, so that you can comeup with elegant and efficient algo-rithms.

Knowing the proper programminglanguages, such as Pascal, will helpthis analytical process, becauseknowing good languages will forceyou to think in proper structures. Theresult will be code that is readableand maintainable. It is nearly self-documented. How could it be other-wise?

The real dynamism inthe computer worldgrows out of BYTE-sized hackers and theirhome machines.

The other approach is that of thetypical microcomputer hacker, whotends to think code before he's reallyanalyzed the problem. He breaks theproblem up into chunks and codesthis and that, probably testing as hegoes, until, Lo!, the program is sud-denly done. Now comes the painfultask of documentation, which is donesloppily if at all, and six months later

r.r SAVE OVER 25%

="r= ON YOUR PC UPGRADES

Anatron Multifunction Ram Board ««Ld$450

Socketed for easy memory expansion • Each port individually disabledParallel Printer Port may be configured as LPT1 or LPT2 or LPT3• Two RS 232 ports configured as COM1 and COM2 • Base addressselectable on any 64 KB boundary*All features fully compatible with IBM PC

EVERYTHING FOR THE PC

HARDWARE SOFTWARE

• Disk Drives: • Condor DBMS

Single Sided [160 kb] $239.00 • Ed-Word® Screen Editor/Word Processor

Double Sided [320 kb] $305.00 •GRAPHDUMP

• RAM Expansion Packages for • NECPRINT [NEC 8023AC print utility]

Mother Board [16 kb] $25.00

Memory Expansion Board [64 kb] . . . .$130.00

Prices reflect 3% cash discount

• Printers [NEC, EPSON, OKI DATA] $CALL

• Monitors [NEC, TEKO, AMDEK] $CALL

• Diskettes[3M S£*;£] SCALL M{jre hardware and software coming.

• Extension Cables for: Call for details.

Printer $CALL

Monitor [two cable set] $CALL

Keyboard $CAU

AEGIS SYSTEMS

P.O. Box 401Terms FOB Saline

202 West Bennett Street, Saline, Michigan 48176

1-800 521-0521Michigan [313)429-2678

J

the poor slob hasn't a clue as to howhis program works.

Put that way, there's not muchchoice, is there? And most program-ming discussions I've seen do put itthat way. The computer expertsspeak, and the microcomputer hackerlistens all gaga; eventually the poorslob goes away convinced he doesn'tknow anything. But in the real world,things are often different. To hear thehigh priests talk, the mainframe andminicomputer worlds are filled withelegant, well-documented programs;but if you believe that, I've got a landdeal for you.

Sure, programs ought to be writtenafter much thought and incorporateonly elegant, self-documenting code;but, well, there wasn't as much timeas we thought, and documentationwas Ephraim's job only he got a bet-ter offer from Wretched House so wehad to put Pinhead onto writing it up.I mean the program was finished ex-cept for the documents, and weneeded our best programmers forsomething else, and—

Then, too, many of the high priestscame out of a worse tradition thanyou might think. I recall my earlydays in computerland, programmingthe IBM 650 RAMAC. There wasn'tan assembler: you did it all in opcodes. There wasn't much memory,except 5000 ten-digit "words" on thedrum, and you had to store your codeall over that silly drum because youcouldn't afford to waste the time tolet it go a complete revolution be-tween operations. Talk about non-structured code!

So, some of the priests got togetherto design new and better languages,with Pascal as one of the majorresults. It's a nice language, certainlysuperior to op codes and assemblersand early BASIC. It may well be thatthose destined to be professional pro-grammers should begin with Pascaland not learn BASIC at all. There is aproblem, though. Before you can domuch with Pascal, you have to learnquite a lot about your computer. At aminimum you've got to know how touse an editor to create a source file,how to invoke the compiler, and howto run your program after it's com-piled. You can't just say "PRINT 2 +

274 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 10 on inquiry card.

10 reasons why youshould call DataSourcefor software...

1

2

3.

4.

5.

Free Systems Analysis We have developeda variety of self-administered analysis tools> to help you identify those products bestsuited to meet your needs.

Competitive Prices Our volume enables usto offer you prices which are consistently• competitive. Compare for yourself, then callus toll-free 800-328-2260.

Express Service: 7 days per week, 24 hours

per day You can place orders any day of theweek at any hour of the day or night. Yourorder will be processed and shipped within24 hours for all products in stock.

Discount Structures We offer significantdiscounts to any individual, organization, oruser's group purchasing in quantity.

Key Account Program For corporationsand institutions, we offer a comprehensiveprogram: volume discounts, completemaintenance packages with an on-siteoption, specially staffed technical support,tailored training programs and creativefinancing options.

6.

78.9.10.

Unconditional Money-Back Guarantee

We stand behind everything we sell. If youare not completely satisfied with yourpurchase, return the item within 60 days andreceive a full refund.

Toll-Free Technical Support We servicewhat we sell. Our customers have directaccess to our technical staff on a toll-freebasis. 800-328-2260.

National Maintenance Network We offer avariety of maintenance agreements for bothsoftware and hardware products. Call formore information.

Flexible Payment Options We accept allmajor credit cards, checks, and moneyorders, as well as purchase orders fromcorporate accounts.

State-of-the-Art Software and Hardware

We carry a broad range of what we believeto be the best in software plus carefullyselected hardware products andaccessories. Here are just some of theproducts we carry and recommend...

Available Now From DataSource4

DBMS

dBase II -Condor IISelector VData StarSuper Sort

Ashton-Tate

- Condor

- Micro-APMicroPro

[ - MicroPro

Spreadsheets

Super Calc - SorcimCalc Star - MicroProVisicalc - Visi CorpVisicalc256K - Visi Corp

Word Processing

Wordstar - MicroProWordstar/Mailmerg - MicroProMince - Mark of UnicornThe Final Word - Mark of Unicorn

Languages

Pascal MT+ - Digital ResearchPL-1/80 - Digital ResearchBasic Compiler - Micro SoftBasic 80 - MicrosoftC Basic - Digital ResearchCB80 - Digital Research

$495$450$395$225$170

$199$185$159$205

$289$385$148$250

$425$420$310$275$125$420

Hardware

Smith - Corona TP-1C.ItohF-10C.Itoh Pro WriterC.Itoh Pro Writer-SerialHayes Smart ModemSignalman MK I Modem

Spelling

Spellguard - SorcimSpellstar - MicroProThe Word - Oasis

Business Application Modules

Structured SystemsGraham DorianArtificial Intelligence

$689$1,475$515$650$230$ 99

$225$165$ 70

$850/mod.$710/mod.$750/mod.

NEW! Only from DataSource®

EMULINKfor the IBM PC $995.00

On-Line Binarysynchronous link to the big IBMhost. Full 3270 emulation for the IBM PersonalComputer. Complete documentation includedwith diskette and board.

Please include 3% for shipping and handling. Minnesota residents, add 5% sales tax. Prices subject to change without notice

FOR MORE INFORMATION CALL TOLL-FREE

1-800-328-2260

IN MINNESOTA, CALL (612)-544-3615

American Express

MasterCard

Visa

^ -'^saten-is Corp

Your Source

DataSource Systems8 Corporation, Dept.BA, 1660 So. Highway 100, Minneapolis, MN 55416

. MosttvOavd It j.

( u

■■

_J

V/SA

AMERICAN

—'

EXPRESS.

« Q...

Circle 121 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 275

hitch Brown Deiiev<"logic seeking heads"lived in the hippie district.

Until he became anOrange Micro Printer Expert.

Printers Can Be Confus-ing. Sometimes, even theinformed personal com-puter owner is caught shortby the mound of technicaldifferences in printers. Afterone visit to Orange Micro,Butch learned a logic-seeking print head skipsover blank spaces andseeks the fastest pathto the next printablecharacter—forquick stock record

(printouts.We EducateFirst With so many differentprinters out there with as manydifferent features, we feel a printereducation is in order We take what you alreadyknow about computers and explain printers inthe same terms. Our current customers seemto like that because of the friends they refer.(Nearly 50% of our business is referral.)It's Easy To Be An Expert. Orange Microprinter specialists are there to make you feelcomfortable with your newfound printerknowledge. And when you decide on theprinter right for you, you'll know exactly whyyou picked it from all the rest. With over 35

imited Franchise Opportunities Now Available. Call (714) 630-3620

Circle 289 on inquiry card.

popular models to choosefrom, and a complete selec-tion of cables, options andinterface accessories, wehave everything you need toget your new printer up andoperating in minutes.We Have The RightPrinter For You. Bringalong your toughest printerquestions. Our salespeo-ple will answer themhonestly and practi-cally. In less time thanyou'd imagine possi-ble, you'll be a printerexpert too! After all, printers are ouronly business, so we always do a bet-ter job at finding the right one for you.Orange Micro Printer Stores3150E.LaPalma,SuiteIAnaheim, CA 92806 (714) 630-362213604 \fcntura BoulevardSherman Oaks, CA 91423 (213) 501-34863216 Scott BoulevardSanta Clara, CA 95051 (408) 980-1213

1104 Van Ness

San Francisco, CA, 94109 (415) 673-0]

5*1

5" and get an answer, as my 10-year-old did within a few minutes of sittingdown at the TRS-80.

Many will give up before they learnenough to use Pascal.

Leave that, though. What annoysme about Pascal is not the languageitself, but its enthusiasts. PerhapsDijkstra had a point to make with hisstatement about BASIC and braindamage; at least he may have earnedthe right to say something of thatsort. But we hear the minor acolytesof that priesthood echo such senti-ments in chorus, and that's anotherstory altogether.

But leave that too. What reallydrives me wild is when the Pascal en-thusiasts try to convince me that thelanguage's bugs are all features.

For example, if Pascal/MT+ triesto compile and runs across a state-ment such as

Summit = Stuff + Glop;

which the compiler can't handle,Pascal/MT+ then reports ":= ex-pected".

Or it will trundle along and sud-denly become confused. The compilermight suggest that you ought to haveput a semicolon at the end of the lineabove even though, in fact, you have.(It's generally right; alas, Pascal isvery picky about those semicolons,demanding them at the ends of mostlines but forbidding them at the endsof others.) In neither case will thecompiler remedy the defect. Some-times it's able to go on for a while sothat it finds more than one error perattempted compilation, but that's byno means assured.

Why is this? I thought I bought acomputer to take care of trivialdetails, and here I am counting beans.Yet many of the high priests willsolemnly assure you that the compilermust work this way, and any attemptto do things any other way is wrong.

Item: The CASE statement, whichsome languages call "SWITCH," is (inBASIC) generally ON. . .GOTO orON. . .GOSUB. CASE selects amongvarious alternatives. What happens ifit gets an alternative you neverthought about?

BASIC and most other languages

Circle 205 on inquiry card.

provide for a default, or allow you anELSE, or otherwise let you deal withthe situation. Pascal dumps your pro-gram. And believe it or not, the lan-guage's designers seem to think that'snot a bug, but a feature. If you getunexpected alternatives, you ob-viously didn't think things throughenough. Go back to square one andstart over. (Hard cheese if you're pro-cessing real-time data that won't waitfor you to devise a more elegant pro-gram.)

(In fact, the lack of an ELSE orOTHERWISE in Pascal's CASE state-ment is so keenly felt that most imple-mentations, including Sorcim'sPascal-M and Digital Research'sPascal/MT + , have an ELSE as an ex-tension.)

Item: Pascal makes you declare allyour variables, and the compiler nat-ters at you in unfriendly tones if youforget. However, it does not requireyou to initialize variables, nor does itdo it for you. In my benchmarkPascal program, I declared the sum-mation variable "Summ", but in anearly version of the program, I forgotto initialize it to 0. The program com-piled and ran. It just didn't give theright answer.

I could go on, citing Pascal'snotorious deficiencies in string han-dling and general I/O, but I think Ineed not pile Pelion on Ossa. Mypoint is that Pascal isn't very conve-nient; in the modern parlance, it's notreally user-friendly. Depending onwho you talk to, it may or may notbe about as good as we have, buteven its friends will generally concedethat Pascal could be improved.

Or most of its friends will concede.Alas, some will not; some insist thatPascal's unfriendliness is a feature—that the language is forcing you tothink logically and thus write elegantprograms.

Who Needs Elegance?

Much of the computer priesthoodserves a strange god: not the user,but the ideal known as elegance. Be-cause no one knows what that means(or perhaps everyone knows, buteach knows something different), ele-gance often translates as computer ef-ficiency.

There was, perhaps, a time whenthat made sense—when computerresources were scarce and makingmaximum use of them was a goodthing. Now, though, hardware pricesare falling while capabilities sky-rocket, and the goal of elegance isquestionable at best.

Let me give an example. At theWest Coast Computer Faire, I saw anew machine using the 68000 chipand got into a discussion of it withCarl Helmers, the former editorialdirector of this magazine.

"It uses UCSD p-code as the oper-ating system," I said. "That's got tobe the most inefficient thing I everheard of."

"So what?" Carl replied. "The chipis so fast you don't notice."

Now Carl is far more of a Pascalenthusiast than I (his license platereads "P-CODE"), but surely he wascorrect. Once the hardware achievescertain levels, then more efficientbecomes the enemy of good enough.This is especially true in business con-texts, where what matters is produc-tivity. In the old days, computerswere hideously expensive, and com-panies that bought more computerpower than they needed could be introuble. Unusable computer powerwas damned expensive.

That's not true now. Every year theprice of computer power falls whilethe cost of programmers rises, andnow it's usually cheaper to have toomuch computer than to have too littleand pay for "efficient" programming.

CBASIC86

CBASIC86 running on the God-bout 8088 under CP/M-86 was ac-tually slower than CBASIC82 on the8085; yet, the 8088 is a 16-bitmachine. How can this be?

First, it's obvious that CBASIC86must be a nearly literal translation ofCBASIC2. It can't possibly be op-timized for the 8088.

Second, my engineering geniusfriend Tony Pietsch points out thatgiven the first point, the 8088 hasquite a lot of potential: here a first-cutprogram is running at speeds com-parable to code that's had many pro-grammer-years of work optimizing itfor the 8080 family.

CAP-M20GP

High-Reliability 20MBYTEFIXED DISK Subsystems

GP-IB

RS-232C

GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS

• DRIVE : FUJITSU 8", 20MByte Winchester-typeMaintenance Free. • l/F : GPIB(IEEE-488/1978)

RS-232C Switch selectable • BAUD-RATE : 300 to38,400 baud(RS-232C) • COMMAND : A. R, W, E, S,and Maintenance Command •SOFTWAREMn casethat you use our GPIBIOO as a controller, we cansupport CP/M based driver. • POWER : AClOO-to-240V 150VA • DIMENSIONS : 430W X 150H X450D,25kg Aprox ©PRICE : $6200.00

F2P/F2

NewB'FD subsystems for CROMEMCO^and other general systems

^CROMEMCO is a trademark of Ci

GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS

• DRIVE : Ultra-compact NEC FD1165X 2(8"double-sided dual-density, direct drive motor), fully com-patible with Shugart SA850R

• ENCLOSURE : 160WX 230HX 500D<«»), power sup-ply and noise filter included

• PRICES :

-&F2P (signal compatible with Persci299)

$2,580.00(including FSO1250)irFSC-1250 (I/F for 16FDC & Shugart type drives

(no modification required of CDOS) $550.00

-&F2 (pin compatible with Shugart drives---$ 1, 990.00

GPIB-100

S-100 multifunction board meetingIEEE-488 specifications.

GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS

• GPIB : IEEE-488, 1975/1978 (TMS9914)

• TIMER : 100^s to 18 hours (8253) •INTERRUPT :Universal interrupt controller (AM9519) • CLOCK :Real time, battery-backup (MSM 5832) •BUSS:IEEE S-100 •SOFTWARE : All necessary handlerprograms included on 8"diskette »PR1CE '. $550.00

ALL PRICES ARE FOB TOKYO AND SUBJECT TOCHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE (Dealer inquiries invited)

International Agent : RENFUL COMPUTER LTD.

ial Cent

Rm.602, Hop Fat Commer

Kowloon, H.K.

Telex : 37546 RENFL. HX

e, 490-492, Nathan Road,Tel : 3-320498(3lines)Address ■ RENFULCOMP

Q^ntermtiomd Q&pstcms' &< ^Automation

ISkcoJtd.

HEIAN BLDG.2-6-16 OKUBO, SHINJUKU-KU. TOKYO 160 JAPANPHONE:03-232-8570 TELEX:2324496 ISATOK CABLEMSAHEIAN

October 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc 277

Circle 329 on inquiry card.

Z-80

SINGLE BOARD

COMPUTER

$49.95

The MASTER CONTROLLERBOARD contains:

-Z-80 Microprocessor72-Parallel I/O lines; three 8255s-Keyboard controller: 827912K-EPROM: three sockets for2708, 2716, 27322K-RAM: 2114s8-Sixteen bit counter timerchannels: one 8253 and oneAMD 95132-Serial I/O ports; one Z-80 SIOchip. One port is RS-232W/DB-251-High speed arithmeticprocessor: AMD 9511A bus expansion connector isprovided.

All this on one board less thannine inches on a side

BARE BOARD. With documentation. $49.95

MASTER CONTROLLER BOARD. Assembledw/all parts (no IC's) $139.95

MINIMUM KIT. Includes bare board withdocumentation, one each Z-80, 8255, 2716,four 2114's, 4Mhz crystal, and support gatesand buffers, all socketed. $119.95 A&T 199.95

MONITOR PROGRAM allows a CRT or TTYto control the MASTER CONTROLLER. Thisprogram requires the minimum kit and theserial parts kit. A programmed 2716 and listingis supplied with the monitor. $29.95Listing Only $19.95

SERIAL PARTS. Includes 8253, Z-80 SIO,1488, 1489, sockets, and DB-25 connector$49.95

MINIMUM KIT, serial parts, wATINY CON-TROLLER BASIC A»T $249.95

MAXIMUM KIT w/2-2716's (monitor programand tiny basic) less 9511 $249.95 A&T $329.95

EPROM PROGRAMMER KIT for 2708, 2716,2732, 2764 w/28 pin "Textool" socket (Req.min. kit, monitor, ser. parts) $99.95

24 KEY KEYBOARD & 8 Digit LED readout,

interfaces to 8279. Kit $59.95

Keyboard monitor and overlay for above kit

$14.95

POWER SUPPLY. 5V2A, -5Vy„A, +12Vy„A,-12Vy„A. Kit $44.95

OEM & Dealer Inquiries Welcome

USA & CANADA include $3.50 postage

and handling. We ship World Wide

please include 15% for shipping.

R.W. ELECTRONICS, INC.

3165 North Clybourn—B

Chicago, IL 60618

(312) 248-2480

Finally, my 8085/8088 didn't costme very much more than a single-processor system, and it will runCP/M-86. I'd never done that before,but it was incredibly easy: insert theCP/M-86 disk that comes with theGodbout, and hit reset. All thefamiliar CP/M commands worked. Icould read the directory of not onlymy CP/M-86 master in drive A, butalso the CP/M 2.2 disk residing indrive B.

It was easy enough to copy theCBASIC86 programs over using thePIP command, and then copy overthe program source and compile.Everything ran the first time, nohitches whatsoever. One of thesedays I'll get some CP/M-86 programsthat are optimized for the 8088 pro-cessor, and then 111 have a time bomb.Until then I can use the 8085/8088with Compupro's M-Drive, which Icontinue to use and love.

Incidentally, the disk operationsunder CP/M-8# were incrediblyslow; but Godbout, at least, suppliesthe source code to the BIOS (basic in-put/output system), and one day I'lloptimize it for my disks and con-troller. I can do that because I cancopy the BIOS sources from theCP/M-86 disk over to a CP.M-2.2disk and edit it with my regularCP/M editor.

Two Apologies

As I've mentioned before, I'venever learned PL/I. My late madfriend was quite enamored of thelanguage and had intended to teachme; but alas his condition didn't per-mit that.

Unfortunately, in a previous col-umn I reported from secondarysources that PL/I has no CASE state-ment. I was wrong, as a number ofreaders have told me in letters. PL/Idoes indeed have a CASE statementcalled SELECT. The syntax is rathermore similar to BASIC'S ON. . .GOSUB than to Pascal's CASE {ex-pression) OF. Also, unlike (standard)Pascal, PL/I provides an OTHER-WISE statement to catch cases theprogrammer didn't think of.

Secondly, a few months ago, I saidthat Microsoft BASIC'S random-access

files were not ASCII (American Stan-dard Code for Information Inter-change) and could not be accessed bythe sequential-file process. I had goodreason to think this, and indeed Ispoke with several people in Micro-soft's management who told methey'd consider changing the situa-tion.

D. W. McKee, of San Jose, tells meI'm wrong. I quote from his letter:

Although Microsoft's documen-tation does not make it clear, it isvery possible to use ASCII randomfiles. The procedure is as follows:

1. Open file as a random file in thenormal way. The record lengthmust include comma and dou-ble quote (") delimiters plus acarriage return and linefeed, inaddition to the actual data.

2. Position the pointer to thebeginning of the buffer with aGET # N, Rec.No.

3. Print each data element with aPRINT USING statement plus acomma between each data ele-ment. Appropriate use of thePRINT USING format ensuresthat you do not overfill therecord length. If you try towrite more characters into therecord than your record lengthallows, an error will begenerated. If you are sure thatthe data cannot overrun therecord length, you can use theWRITE statement, which putsthe commas in for you, but italso puts double quotes (")around all strings.

For example:

OPEN "R", #N, FilenamesF$ - "#####•##" :Fl$ = "####•##"Comma$ = ","PRINT § N, USING F$; DATA1;

: PRINT # N, CommaSPRINT # N, Using Fl$; Data2PUT | N, Rec.No

Alternative:

WRITE #N, DATA1; DATA2PUT # N, Rec.No

278 October 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

The ultimate under $1000 printing machine.

;^Q^ 1983 1984

snug****

one machine solution

to every application

For word processing, plottingand just plain printing.

Save the expense of a costly daisywheel. Eliminate the limited capa-bility of cheap matrix printers. Andget plotting in the process!! Get theall new, advanced MT160 multi-functional micro printer. You'll beamazed that such a small printercan house so much horsepower.

Capability? You name it, thisprinter's got it. A resident ReportPackage puts you in the WordProcessing world... letter qualitycharacters, proportional spacing,margin justification, auto center-ing. A resident Graphics Package

lets you plot whatever your microwants to portray. The standardprint mode lets you generate re-ports fast—speeds up to 200 linesper minute. Also, print eight diffe-rent resident character widths.There's more. Clip-on paperhandling attachments let you usefan-fold forms, letterhead, cutsheets or continuous roll paper.The control panel has a "menuselect" for machine configuration.When you look under the hood,you'll see what is meant by "solidconstruction." And the MT 160 is

plug compatible to your micro.

In short, the MT 160 is theepitome of engineering excel-lence. And it should be. Afterall,Mannesmann Tally is the technol-ogy leader in matrix printing.

MANNESMANNTALLY

8301 South 180th St.Kent, Washington 98032Phone (206) 251-5524

IN DISTRIBUTION NOW!

SYSPRINT: (214) 669-3666WAYBERN: (714) 554-8200US PLUS: (203) 234-0444i 230 on inquiry card.

PGI DISTRIBUTION: (602) 967-1421HALL-MARK: (214) 341-1147WESTERN TECHNOLOGY: (303) 779-6644TEK-AIDS INDUSTRIES: (312) 870-7400

BYTE: (415) 783-8272

WESTERN MICRO SYSTEMS: (408) 725-1660

MANNESMANN TALLY CANADA: (416)661-9783

IN TOWN!

rHE FRANKLIN

You just can't beat an ACE. Especially the Franklin ACE 1000.It's the professional personal computer with all the trump cards—it costs less, it includes 64K of RAM, upper and lower case,a numeric pad and VisiCalc* keys, all features not found onthe Apple® II.

Peripherals that work with the Apple II will work with the FranklinACE 1000. Programs that run on the Apple will run on the ACE.Totally Apple compatible ... yet, so much more!

The Franklin Ace 1000—price, power, quality, reliability—thebest deal in town. Call or write today for the name of your localauthorized Franklin dealer.

7030 Colonial HighwayPennsauken, NJ 08109609-488-1700

Circle 169 on inquiry card.

Franklin ACE is a trademark of Franklin Computer CorporationApple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc.VisiCalc is a registered trademark of Visi Corp.

MEMOREX

Flexible Discs

DIRECT DEALERSALES ONLY

Call collect for our special dealerprogram (213) 896-2485

FREE- 20% Bonus on 5W Mini-Disksthrough October 31, 1982.C.O.D.'s accepted.

U.S.

EXCHANGE

U.S. EXCHANGE

9391 Remick Ave.Pacoima, CA 91331

Circle 398 on inquiry card.

5 MegHard Disk

$600.00

High reliability ShugartSA1002 hard disk drives.

ComputerDYNAMICS

(803) 877-7471105 S. Main St. Greer, S.C. 29851

Completely assembled sub-systems for IBM-PC, S-100,Heath-89 and STD bus. $1695.Kit $1500.

Circle 87 on inquiry card.

Apple to IBM-PCDisk/File Transfer Utility

Transfer entire disks, program files,

data files or Visicalc files

UCSD Pascal to UCSD Pascal

DOS 3.3 to PC-DOS

Apple transmits through Apple serial interfacecard or equivalent; IBM receives at asynch-ronus communications adaptor or equivalent.

Pascal utilities are written in Pascal and useREMIN: and REMOUT:, DOS utilities are writ-ten in Applesoft basic and PC-BASICUtility package includes:

• Apple Disk with transmission utility source

• IBM Disk with reception utility source

• Complete documentation including source

listings, cable prints, operating instructionsand general hints.

• Both disks contain additional utilities to ver-

ify correct serial line operation

Pascal and DOS utility sets are $75 each, both

sets for $ 125. Apple to IBM cable $30.

401-751-1000

NARRAGANSETT SOFTWARE

40 WESTMINSTER STREET

PROVIDENCE, Rl 02903

Circle 270 or» inquiry card.

Like-newproducts

For free catalog,

phone toll-free (800) 225-1008

In Massachusetts (617) 938-0900

Genstar REI Sales Company

6307 DeSoto Ave Ste J / Woodland Hills, CA 91367

Circle 175 on inquiry card.

if you use CP/IW

then you need

DISK FIX!

DISK FIX is a disk editor which candisplay, edit or copy any sector of aCP/M floppy and/or hard disk. TheDISK FIX utility can be used torecover files from disks with dam-aged directories, to reconstruct fileswith bad sectors, to restore erasedfiles and to do general disk editing.DISK FIX automatically configuresto floppy and hard disks, just insertthe program disk and it is ready torun. A single CPU license is availablefor $150. Call software HOT LINE906/228-7622.

The Software Store

706 Chippewa Square • Marquette Ml 49855

Circle 313 on inquiry card.

Circle 356 on inquiry card.

4. To read these files, just enter:

GET # N, Rec.NoINPUT | N, Datal, Data2

You will note that the FIELD andrelated string conversion state-ments are not needed at all.

These files can be read andedited by Wordstar, TYPEd byCP/M, etc. I have found this to bea very easy and reliable way to setup files, particularly those involv-ing frequent addition of morerecords. . . . The first severalrecords can be used for keepingtrack of how many records are inthe file and other similar nonre-peating records.

I thank Mr. McKee, who has spentmore time studying Microsoft BASICrecord structures than I have. Avoid-ing the dreaded FIELD statementshould make life a lot simpler; I onlywish I'd been clever enough to figurethis out for myself from the Microsoftuser documents.

Learning BASIC

Predictably there's a flood of booksabout the computer revolution. I'madding to it; as I write this, two majorpublishing houses are bidding for mycomputer book, and by the time thisis printed, I'll surely have signed acontract. Both publishers have ex-pressed one concern: how will mybook be different from the flood?

Good question. I'm not sure. Butone thing is certain: I will not write abook that starts off talking about thehome computer revolution and endsup trying to teach you BASIC; andeven if I were fool enough to do that,I'd certainly not offer you a book onword processing that contained theprogram listing of a text editor writ-ten in BASIC.

The latter, alas, is what DonaldMcCunn did in his Write, Edit, andPrint: Word Processing with PersonalComputers. There's a good bit ofuseful information in the book. Hehas a decent survey of hardware, andsome cogent comments about howmachines work and what their limits

CED PLAYERS

• Plays audio/video discs

• 5 function infraredremote control

SYLVANIA VIDEODISC PLAYER

• Plays audio/video discs

• 16 function infraredremote control

• Superior video pictureresolution

• "Interactive" disc format

• Hi-Fidelity stereo soundwith two discrete channelsof audio

-Frequency response—40 to

20,000 Hz-S/N ratio—55dB(70dB

with CX)-Channel separation—70 dB-Wow and flutter—none-Harmonic distortion—0.5%

• Random access (highspeed) to individualchapter and/or specificframe

• Variable slow motion inforward and reverse (withfull picture quality)

• Still/step control forfreeze frame andjrame-by-frame play (with fullpicture quality)

• On-screen display ofchapter and frame(interactive mode)

• Interfaced control jackallows connection topersonal home computer

• True interactive operation' —permits user to controlpace for participation ininstructional andeducational programming

A fine line can make a big difference in Videodisc player

SYLVANIA

AUDIO-VIDEO

N.A.P. Consumer Electronics Corp.

Circle 269 on inquiry card.

are. Unfortunately, at $24.95 ($34.95hardbound) this is, I fear, a bookanyone could do without. There mayhave been a time when a listing ofcode for a text editor written inMicrosoft BASIC would have beenuseful, but surely that time haspassed.

His Word Worker editor may ormay not be useful; the statementnumbers run up to 12,500 in incre-ments of 5, and I'm not about to typeall that into my machine. I will saythat the code seems well commented,and if he writes code as well as hewrites English it might well work. Butye gods, having done all that, youstill have an editor in BASIC, andwhile I like BASIC for a lot of ap-plications, I think I'd rather chasegeese for pens than have to use it towrite an editor.

The same author has also done abook called Computer Programmingfor the Complete Idiot. This is a bet-ter (and at $6.95 a much cheaper)book, which BYTE readers mightconsider buying as a gift for business-

oriented friends who want to knowwhat the TRS-80 Model I and Micro-soft BASIC can do. McCunn writesclearly, and as a survey, his book hasa lot going for it.

As a BASIC instruction manual, itfalls to the ground, because thevarious BASIC commands are dis-cussed, not in any logical order, butin the order needed to type in a fairlysimple payroll program. I doubt theprogram itself would be too useful,although I could be wrong aboutthat; but it is used effectively as an ex-ample of the kinds of things BASICcan do. The level of sophisticationcan be gathered from his "chapter" ondebugging programs. The chapterconsists of fewer than 100 lines (about2 pages). It ends by telling the readerabout the command TRON (TraceOn) and the Break key.

McCunn's book isn't bad as an il-lustration of what BASIC can do, butif you want someone to learn the lan-guage, in my opinion there's only onebook: Jerald R. Brown's InstantBASIC. This first edition (with

yellow binding) of this collection ofmad drawings, corny puns, silly illus-trations, and absolutely clear instruc-tions was what Mac Lean handed mewhen he and Tony Pietsch deliveredEzekial (my first computer). Nowthere's a second edition (with pinkbinding), which I presume is im-proved. Unfortunately, I can't tell;it's simply not possible to recreate thefeelings I had when I was first tryingto use Ezekial. I do know that every-thing I'd seen before Instant BASICseemed unfriendly and incompre-hensible, and what a relief it was toget a book that had been written, notprecisely for complete idiots, but forthose who knew nothing aboutBASIC.

Understand that the book is com-pletely mad. I particularly recall arattlesnake crawling across the pagesaying "I am not a string, so don'tthread on me!" Elsewhere it showshow to calculate the speed of a snailin miles per second (which is not abad way to learn about very smallnumbers).

AIATOGETHERNOW

RM/COBOff, TurboDOS 1.2*and MuSYS Network Slaves

ATTENTION OEMs & SYSTEMS INTEGRATORS — Now youcan add minicomputer software and low cost, point-to-pointnetworks to any Z80-based microsystem. With MuSYS networkslaves and RM/COBOL, you can run most COBOL-based busi-ness applications software on your system. With TurboDOS 1.2you're free to design the network that fits, even complex point-to-point setups where masters and slaves are equals and wherehardware differences make no difference. TurboDOS breaksdown the architectural barriers to networking, and its compat-ibility with MP/M II* plus the CB-80* and RM/COBOL compilersallows you to run multiuser software right out of the box.MuSYS network slaves, such as the NET/82*, come completewith everything else you need to add stations to your system:Z80A CPU, up to 128K bytes RAM, two serial ports and manyother features. Yes, MuSYS can help you put it all together,complete with generous quantity discounts. Write or call todayfor all the facts.

"TurboDOS is a trademark of Software 2000, Inc.: MP/M II and CB-80 aretrademarks of Digital Research, Inc.: NET/82 is a trademark of MuSYS Corp.:RM/COBOL is a trademark of Ryan-McFarland.

VH LI CORP

Specialists in Multi-user Microsystems

1451 Irvine Blvd., Suite 11Tustin, CA 92680(714) 730-5692TWX: 910-595-1967CABLE: MUSYSTSTN

284 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 267 on inquiry card.

THE"ANY COMPUTER ANYPRINTER'BUFFER

//i/lil'iffJi/iSl if

Reset Ready Error

QmDFWI

Circ

Time is money. You have acomputer system because youknow that it saves you money bysimplifying procedures andreducing time normally involved inyour work. Time is an importantresource which should notbe wasted. You arewasting valuable time ifyou ever wait for yourprinter.

No waiting. Now withMicrofazer by Quadramthere is no more waiting.

Microfazers are inexpen-sive universal printer buf-fers which any computeruser cannot afford to be without.Any computer—any printer(or plotter!) whether parallel orserial. Microfazer receives informa-tion from the computer at ultrahigh speeds causing the computerto think the printer is printing justas fast as the computer can send.Microfazer holds the informationuntil your printer can handle it, andthen sends it on.

More copies. Microfazer isequipped with a copy featureallowing additional copies of thebuffered information—from one toas many as you want—with themere press of a button. When you

need your information repeated,for whatever reason, it's alwaysright there—inside Microfazer.

Microfazer™ stack. Microfazercan be stacked with popularmodems or other peripherals.Some models can plug directlyonto the back of your printer.Install it in less than 60 seconds,and choose the amount of buffer

memory you need— 8K, 16K,32K, or 64K. One model evencomes with up to 512K! You mayuse several Microfazers in series tocreate just what's right for you.Take data in from a serial computerand out to a parallel printer.Or in from a parallel com-puter and out to a serialprinter. Microfazer is just asflexible as you need it tobe.

Low price. Only $169 for8K of buffering, $189 (16K),$225 (32K) and $299 for afull 64K. Serial-to-Parallel,Parallel-to-Serial andSerial-to-Serial models have slightlyhigher prices.

irole 320 on Inquiry card.

'•"■'••■'^::'-'::':>-;':'f-:c:v:^:^

QUADRAM

CORPORATION

4357 Park Drive/Norcross, Ga. 30093(404) 923-6666

If you have friends or relatives withaccess to a computer and any interestin learning BASIC, I don't believeyou could do better than to give themthis book and sit them down in frontof a machine. (However, if they suf-fer permanent mental damage, I willnot be responsible. I've warned youof Dijkstra's views.)

Go FORTH, Young Man

Recently I got an angry letter froman Apple enthusiast suggesting that Ishould retitle this column "CP/MUsers" or "S-100 Bus Users." There'sjustice in that. Just at this moment allmy computers are S-100 bus andCP/M, and I don't write much aboutthings I don't use. However, what Ihave isn't accidental, either.

Computer capabilities change likedreams. How, then, shall we keepup? Well, we can't. But we can try,and one way is to adopt a motto:"Iron is expensive, but silicon ischeap." That is, get a good standardbus machine, and when new modifi-cations come out, you can afford to

buy a card every now and then. Of allthe readily adaptable machines I'veexamined, the S-100 bus varietyseems the most versatile and mostlikely to be in the forefront of thesmall-computer revolution. And dounderstand that when I give opinionslike this, I've discussed them with

I think I'd rather chase

geese for pens than

have to use BASIC to

write an editor.

many others who have a lot of knowl-edge and experience. Even so, I maybe wrong—indeed, the way thingschange so in this field, I'm bound tobe wrong sometimes.

Another reader asks why I ignoreFORTH, which has a respectablenumber of dedicated—dare I sayfanatic?—devotees. Alas, I continueto agree with my mad friend: FORTH

is not a higher-level language at all.Instead, it's a kind of assembly lan-guage that uses the programmer as aprecompiler.

This is not to say that you can't domagnificent things in FORTH, and in-deed I'm told that the language isnearly ideal for certain kinds of pro-grams. It's good with graphics, andAtari programmers are enthusiasticabout its power for writing gamesand drawing elaborate maps and dis-plays. (Of course, Atari programmershave a heavy incentive to likeFORTH: for a long time it was nearlythe only powerful language availablefor their machines.)

The problem is FORTH is unlikemost languages and thus takes a lot oflearning; and until recently you hadto invest a good deal of time in thelanguage before you could tellwhether it was right for you. That hasnow changed. Whether or not you in-tend to learn FORTH, you can learn alot from Leo Brodie's new book Start-ing FORTH.

I very much liked this book; in-

DO YOU KNOW WHERE YOUR COMPUTER IS TONITE ?

AMDEK

1. CONTRAST

2. POWER-BRIGHT

3. V-HOLD

4. H-HOLD

VIDEO100

12 BLACKtWHITEMONITOR

FULL FACTORY WARRANTY$7Q95

for APPLE

16 K RAM CARC

* LANGUAGE TRANSPARENT

♦6995

COEX FACTORY WARRANTY

floppyDISKETTES

51A" 100 PER BOX

ALL CERTIFIED - 100%GUARANTY$14900

ABOVE WITH HUB RINGS

$16900

VISION-8(f80x24 Video

Display Card $249

oo

Vista Computer Company's new Vision-80 board is asophisticated yet easy to use video display card forthe Apple7" computer.

FLOPPY DISK DRIVE

DESIGNED FOR $ r\ Q"795YOUR APPLE® ^Of

TRACK ZERO MICRO SWITCH

DOS 3.2.1* DOS 3.3 Fourth

PASCAL* CP/M D,s™?el0sn

CONTROLLER CARD FOR ABOV

£99°°

EXTENDER CARDSFDR APPLE. . . .*FOR I.B.M. . . . .*19?s

PROTOTYPING CARDS

Applets

IB M *49-95

NEW FROM COh^^^^^^^

EPSON TO APPLE

PARALLEL INTERFACE!

$49.95

CABLE INCLUDED

Components Express,!

1380 E. Edinger, Santa Ana, CA 92705 (714) 558-3972

NC

286 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 79 on inquiry card.

VISUAL presents ergonomic elegance andhigh performance in a low-cost terminal.

"A

:

FEATURE COMPARISON CHART

FEATURE

VISUAL50

]Hazeltine ADDSEsprit Viewpoint

LearSieglerADM-5

|Televideo

910

Tilt and Swivel

YES

NO

NO

NO

NO j

Detached Keyboard

YES

NO

YES

NO

NO

N-Key Rollover | YES |

YES

NO

NONONO

Audible Key Click

YES YES

NO

NO

Menu Set-Up Mode

YES

NO

NO

Status Line

YES

NO

NO

NO

NO

Full 5 Attribute Selection

YES

NO

NO

NO

YES

Smooth Scroll j YES

NO

NO

NO

NO

Line Drawing Character Set! YES

NO

NO

NO

NO

Block Mode YES

YES

NO

NO

YES

Insert/Delete Line YES,

YES

NO

NO

YES

Bi-Directional Aux Port 1 YES

YES

NO

YES

NO

Columnar Tabbing YES

YES

NO

NO

YES

Independent RCV/TX Rates YES

NO

NO

NO

NO

Answerback User j yr<.Programmable j

NO

NO

OPT.

NO

The VISUAL 50 represents a newapproach in low cost terminals. Although itcosts drastically less, it offers the features you expectfrom the high priced units.

For example, the VISUAL 50 enclosure is econom-ically designed in light weight plastic and can easily beswiveled and tilted for maximum operator comfort. A detachedkeyboard, smooth scroll, large 7 x 9 dot matrix characters andnon-glare screen are a few of the many human engineeringfeatures normally offered only on much higher priced terminals.Another distinctive feature of the VISUAL 50 is its emulationcapability. VISUAL 50 is code-for-code compatible with theHazeltine Esprit,™ ADDS Viewpoint,™ Lear Siegler ADM-3A™and DEC VT-52." Menu driven set-up modes in non-volatilememory allow easy selection of terminal parameters.

And you're not limited to mere emulation. As the chart shows,the VISUAL 50 has features and versatility the older, less power-ful low cost terminals simply cannot match.

The price of the VISUAL 50? Only $695 list. Call or write forfull details on the latest in the industry's finest line of videoterminals.

Service available in principal cities through Sorbus Service,Division of Management Assistance, Inc.

See for yourself

ircle 405 on inquiry card.

Visual Technology Incorporated540 Main Street, Tewksbury, MA 01876Telephone (617) 851-5000. Telex 951-539

Circle 371 on inquiry card.

SBC-880 S-100 IEEE STAND ALONE

SINGLE BOARDCOMPUTER

USESZ-80A{2 or4MHz)

FEATURES: RS232 Parallel and Serial I/O Port • Pro-grammable Baud Rate 110-9600 • Programmable Inter- OUR PRICEnal Timers • On Board EPROM • 1 K On Board RAMAssembled and Tested. Regular $325CABLE $25.00

$29500

FDC-1 S-100 IEEE 696

FLOPPY DISCCONTROLLER

USES WD1795-02

FEATURES: State ot the an digital separator • 2.2CPM Bios for SBC2/4 andFDC-1 • Drives both 5'/a" or 8" intermixed • Step Rates OUR PRICE

can also be intermixed • SD and DD Formats • DigitalPrewnte Compensation. Assembled and Tested.

CABLE $35.00

532500

S-100 IEEE REALTIME

CLOCK CALENDAR

13900

GIVE YOUR COMPUTER THE

Hour-M inute-Second-Day

Month-Year

FEATURES: Software control interupts • Onboard OUR PRICERechargable Battery maintains clock when computer

power is off. $ 1 Q OQO

Assembled and Tested. Regular 3155 ' ~

THE SYNERGY-CARD FOR YOURAPPLE II

FEATURES: Parallel Port • SerialPort • Clock Calendar • Two Inter-val Timers • BSR X-10 UltrasonicInterface • 16K RAM. $ "I QCOQ

Synergy-Card with 16K RAM and Instruction I vU

OPT-1 Adds Parallel, Serial and Timers $59.00

I 0PT-2 Adds Clock Calander (must have Opt-1) 49-00

OPT-3 Adds BSR X-10 Interface (must have Opt-V-2) 39.0O

Parallel Cable $30.00 Serial Cable $20.00

HIGH QUALITY S-100

f>

MAINFRAMES

3 Models to Pick From

FEATURES: Forced Air CoolingDB-25 Cutouts • +8VDC @ 25A and±16VDC@ 5A Power Supply • Front Panel Powerand Reset Switches • Slotsand Power Supply for 5'/«" or 8" Disc Drives

MF-t- with 8 Slots $450.00

MF+MD w/8 Slots and Power Supply for 5J&" Drives 550.00

MF+DD w/8 Slots and Power Supply for 8" Drives 700.00

Plaase add extra shipping for this item . . . $12.00

APPLE II COMPATIBLE ASCII

FULLKEYBOARD

FEATURES; N-Key Rollover FunctionOutputs • High Flexibility for Modidc

• TTL Level Outputs • On-Off Indi

• Low Power ConsumptionApple II Keyboard

COMPACT SIZE

1 Full ASCII Code

io„o,E«pa™o„ 0UR pR|CE

00

»gg°D

TANDON DISC DRIVES

TM 100-1TM100-2TM 100-3TM 100-4TM848-1TM848-2

5V«" 40 Track5)4" 80 TrackSM" 80 Track5S£" 160 Track

8" SLIMLINE8" SLIMLINE

SSDDDSDDSSDD

250K500K500 K

DSDD 1000K

DSDD 1000K

$248.00319.00320.00424.00424.00569.00

EPROM's

17 Hup 50 up

2716 $3.95 $3.55 CALL

2732 7.49 6.55 CALL

2532 8.49 7.55 CALL

2764 19.95 CALL CALL

RAM's

1-7 8 up 50 up

6116P-3(150nS) 6.50 6.30 CALL

2114L-2(2O0nS> 2.10 1.70 CALL

4164*2 (20OnS| 7.90 7.49 CALL

(150nS available) CALL

MISC

CDP-1854ACE(UART)Z-80A CPU

$4.805.29

16K RAM EXPANSION KIT

FOR TRS-80 MODEL III$12.95/8

JOGGING RADIO

WITH

HEADPHONES

•HONES ^»^^

m w PURCHA

™ r\r wnn no fl/tn,

WITH

PURCHASE

OF $300 OR MORE

jfe SUNTRONICS CO., inc.

I 12621 CRENSHAW BOULEVARD

——«— HAWTHORNE. CALIFORNIA 90250

^S^m ,„,„» HO„RS. MON.-FRI. 9:00.m to 6:30pm

WmM blUHt HUUHb SATURDAY 10:00am to 5:00pm

IN CALIFORNIA OUTSIDE CALIFORNIA TOLL FREE

(213) 644-1149 1-800-421-5775

Mail Order—Minimum Order: $10. Send Money Order or Check to:P.O. BOX 1957—Dept. R, HAWTHORNE, CA 90250. Use yourVISA or Mastercard (please include expiration date). Add $2.00postage and handling to order, California residents add 6% sales tax.

deed, I was given it in San Franciscoand idly thumbed through it in theairport bar while waiting for myplane. Next thing I knew I wastrapped. I read it while flying home,and then when I got home I continuedreading; and when you consider thatI'm not a FORTH enthusiast, and in-deed don't much care for the lan-guage, you'll have an idea of howwell Brodie writes. I can't imaginewhy a book about FORTH, illustrat-ed with goofy cartoons of a smooth-talking interpreter, a masked execu-tioner, a tonsured dictionary-writingcompiler, a numbers runner, and

various monsters would fascinate me;but it did, and indeed kept me readinglong after I decided that FORTH wasnot for me.

If after reading Brodie you decideyou want to use FORTH, I'm toldthat FORTH Encyclopedia by MitchDerrick and Linda Baker is very good.Note that I do not myself endorse it.The authors gave me the book, and itseems to be written in English; but it'sa reference work, not a text, and thusorganized in a way that assumes youknow more about FORTH than I'mever likely to. People who do knowFORTH seem to like it a lot.H

Software Reviewed

CBASIC

CB/80 (compiler version of CBASIC)

CBASIC86

Pascal/MT +

CP/M-86 operating system

Digital ResearchPOB 579

Pacific Grove, CA 93950(408) 649-3896

MBASIC

BASCOM (BASIC Compiler)

Microsoft Corporation

10700 Northup Way

Bellevue, WA 98004

(206) 828-8080Pascal-MPascal-M-86

Sorcim Corporation

405 Aldo Ave.

Santa Clara, CA 95050

(408) 727-7634

Books Reviewed

Computer Programming for the Complete Idiot

Donald McCunn. San Francisco, CA: Design Enterprisesof San Francisco, 1979.

FORTH Encyclopedia

Mitch Derrick and Linda Baker. Mountain View,CA: Mountain View Press, 1982.

8080, 8085, Z808086/8088

CP/M and Apple

$150$500$325$350$600$250

$350$395

$395$495

$6.95

$25

Instant BASIC

Jerald R. Brown. Beaverton, OR: Dilithium Press, 1982 (2nd ed., paperback). $12.95

Starting FORTH

FORTH Inc. and Leo Brodie. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1981. $19.95

Write, Edit, and Print: Word Processing with Personal Computers

Donald McCunn. San Francisco, CA: (paperback) $24.95

Design Enterprises of San Francisco, 1981. (hardback) $34.95

288 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

POPULAR.

is maKing

COMPUTING

computing more popular •

«irio simple ■ * ■ juici enjoyaDieiMonth after month after month,

■ ■

Here it is! A magazine that provides thecomputer news, how-to's, and featurearticles necessary for you to keep abreastof how computers do, and will, affectyour work and your play. Best of all, it'sdelivered in plain language, withouttechnical razzmatazz and jargon.

POPULAR COMPUTING is so excit-ing, so important, so informative, thateveryone will fully understand what'sreally happening. Every issue Is en-riched with dollar-saving productreviews, special news briefs, andfeature articles by famouscontributors (like Isaac Asimov).

POPULAR COMPUTING is amagazine that must be read tobe truly relished. That's whywe've mounted a . . .

SPECIAL INTRODUCTORY OFFER

that enables you to tryPOPULAR COMPUTINGat NO RISK whatsoever.

POPULAR.

COMPUTING

M

P.O. Box 307

Martinsville, NJ

08836

SUPER SAVINGS FOR ME...I'm enclosing my check or credit card number to take ad-vantage of this super introductory offer of 12 issues for only SI 1.97 saving me S3.03on the basic rate of SI5.00—and saving me SI8.03 off the newsstand rate of S30.00.If my 30-day review of your first issue doesn't 100% please me, I may cancel mysubscription and you will promptly refund ALL my money or give me a FULL credit onmy charge card marked below:

Mail Today to: POPULAR COMPUTING P.O. Box 307 Martinsville, NJ 08836

□ Bill me at S12.97 □ Check Enclosed for S11.97 7BA2

□ Charge S11.97 to: □ Visa □ Mastercard

Card No.

Signature

Fxnirp-;

Name (Please Print)

Address

City

Stare 7ip

Please allow six to eight weeks for processing

Teach

^ YourComputer

to Spell

The WORD Plus proofreads5,000 words/ min., looks up thecorrect spelling and, if you wish, makesthe correction for you!

The WORD Plus can hyphenate files byinserting soft hyphens so words breakprecisely.

The WORD Plus counts words, solvesanagrams, crosswords and rhymes!

The WORD Plus works! . . . withWordStar'"", Magic Wand™, Mince'",and others.

Available for CP/M™,CP/M-86™, MSDOS(IBM P.C.)and CDOS.

The WORD Plus. $150.

For more information call: Wayne Holder

WordStar is a trademark of Micro Pro. Int'l.

Magic Wand is a trademark of Peachtree Software, Inc.

Mince is a trademark of Mark of the Unicorn.

2765 Reynard Way, San Diego, CA 92103(714) 291-9489

Distributed by:SOFTWARE DISTRIBUTORS

1 800-252-4024 (in California)1-800-421 -0814 (outside California)

290 BYTE October 1982

Circle 282 on Inquiry card.

An Introduction to

the Human Applications

Standard Computer Interface

Part 1: Theory and Principles

To evolve into a consumer productthe computer must have a standard, easy-to-use format.

Chris Rutkowski

Rising Star Industries

24050 Madison St., Suite 113

Torrance, CA 90505

Many people see the personal com-puter as merely a cheaper, smaller,and slower version of its larger data-processing relatives. However, it'sbecoming apparent that the personalcomputer is an entirely different typeof machine, shaped by a tech-nological evolution that should resultin computers that work for people,rather than the other way around.

The proposed Human ApplicationsStandard Computer Interface(HASCI) was designed as an impor-tant step in that evolutionary process.It is the result of approximately sixyears of effort, proceeding from themost general considerations to a veryspecific result. I will describe this pro-cess of development in two parts.First, I will explain the theory andprinciples behind the HASCI inter-face. We'll learn why the interface is

Copyright © 1982 by Rising Star Industries.All rights reserved.

needed and what it is generally in-tended to do. Next month, in part 2,I'll describe the actual implementa-tion and design specifications of theinterface.

Theoretical Background

I entered the microcomputer mar-ketplace in 1975, during the very in-fancy of our industry. Then as now,those of us on the "inside" of the in-dustry saw visions of microcom-puters gracing every desk in theworld someday, when the industrygrew up.

Then as now, the consensus ofopinion within the industry was thatthe microcomputer would be thebright star of the future. We knew itwas so, but we couldn't prove it;therefore, financial backing was hardto come by. It is easy to forget that, in1975, the microcomputer was not yetthe darling of the venture-capital set;Wall Street had taken a bath on com-puter companies just a year or two

earlier during a recession, and ourclaims to have found a magic formulafor success fell upon jaundiced ears.The one precept on which everyoneseemed to agree was that no onecould predict such a fast-changingmarket more than a year or so in ad-vance.

In the intervening years, I've heardthat phrase a hundred times or more;I suspect you have too. It's one ofthose pieces of common wisdom thatsounds good in a speech and makesfor good press: the media repeat it,the bureaucrats who read the mediarepeat it, and the media repeat itagain. This sort of publicity is dis-couraging. Nevertheless, withblinders firmly in place, enterprisingcompanies continue the struggle todesign their way into a murky future.

The Challenge Accepted

In 1976, during the first AtlanticCity Computer Show (thank you,John Dilks, for your vision) the "can't

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 291

Circle 393 on inquiry card.

SUP6RBRRIN

The super performing, superreliable microcomputer fromIntertec Data Systems featurestwin double-density SW driveswith350Kor700Kofdiskstorage- expandable to 10 megabytes.A CP/M* Disk Operating System,64K of dynamic RAM and more.

SSUP€RPRIC€

Because we're a nationwidedistributor of SuperBrain,CompuStar, and the CompuStar10-Megabyte Disk StorageSystem, we can offer theabsolute lowest prices inthe business.

fSUP€RS€RVIC€Better yet, we offer you agreat deal of service and supportbecause we want your businesstomorrow as well as today.

• We'll burn-in your SuperBrainfor 72 hours beforewe deliver it

• We'll help with installationand configuration

• We'll repair equipment at ourservice center and replacemodules when necessary

• We'll fill your software needsor help you develop your own

• We'll match your SuperBrainwith a super printer

For more information call 609-424-4700or 215-629-1 289. To order call toll-free800-257-5217. In NJ call 609-427-4700

2 Keystone Avenue' Cherry Hill. NJ 08003* Registered trademark of Digital Research Inc.SuperBrain and CompuStar are trademarksof Intertec Data Systems.

j

f= INTERTEC

Edatas systems.

predict" motto rang loudly in myears. It was plain at the time that ifour industry was to put a microcom-puter in every home, the two essen-tials were money (lots of money) andmanufacturing capability. It was alsoplain that prediction precedes pro-duction; no company executives intheir right minds would put up themegabucks necessary to develop themicrocomputer without knowingwhere that development would lead.Tooling for extreme mass productioncosts millions; for that kind of invest-ment a one-year prediction lead wasfar from adequate.

Thus it was not until 1981 that IBMentered the personal computer mar-ket. It is to that company's credit thatits machine avoids most if not all ofthe inanities perpetrated by IBM'speers. Witness the pitiful efforts ofmost minicomputer companies to in-troduce personal computers over thelast few years; most if not all of thesemachines were obsolete before thefirst carton was shipped. The onlyprediction those companies couldmake was that their profitabilitywould plummet within a few years ifthey couldn't penetrate the micro-computer field. And in fact, this hascome to pass.

On the subject of market predict-ability, many heated discussions tookplace comparing various hardwareand software components, but Irealized that further arguments on theadvantages of one processor overanother, one operating system overanother, or one language overanother were wasted words unlessyou knew how those items related tothe evolutionary path of the indus-try—the yardstick for measuringpotential worth. And I took it uponmyself to research the question ofprediction.

Research Methodology

I chose a most unscholarlymethodology, but one well suited tothe task. Rather than dig throughstacks of ponderous marketing tomesin dusty libraries and research whathad already been done, I reasonedthat any worthwhile work was prob-ably buried so deep as to be invisible.After all, if viable principles of pre-

dictability (in terms of the computermarket) were available, why weren'tthey in use? I therefore decided toconduct a broad survey of earliertechnological industries, narroweddown to those that had reached themass consumer markets.

I scanned the marketing history oftwentieth-century Western civiliza-tion, seeking instances where highlytechnical products were convertedinto mass-market commodities over arelatively short period of time. If youthink this through yourself, you'llfind several examples, includingradio, television, electric lightbulbs,and of course the automobile.

I soon perceived a pattern in theemergence of these products thateither had gone unnoticed before orhad been erroneously classified asunimportant. To illustrate this, let'sconsider how one such productevolved.

Case Study: The Automobile

I ask you to turn your mental clockback to the year 1905 and considerthe state of the automobile market atthat time.

First, the automobile was nowherenear mass production yet. Mostmanufacturers were backyard experi-menters (I suggest that the phrase"garage shop" must have originatedsomewhere around here). They weretechnology freaks working on thehottest gadget then conceivable.

Peruse some of the popularliterature of the time; items about thecoming wave of horseless carriagesabounded. There were literally hun-dreds of fledgling manufactur-ers—every bicycle and carriage shopfancied itself to be the next PullmanCompany (the coach manufacturerthat became very successful makingrailroad cars). And what cars theymade! Although most had fourwheels, their similarity to theautomobile of today stops there.Some of those contraptions weresteered with tillers like a boat, whileothers had reins like a wagon. A fewhad three wheels. They had hand-brakes on the right and foot brakeson the left; fixed throttles and throt-tles on the dash. Few if any wereclosed in with a roof. And not one

292 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

*HF

rammm:

DEPT. B • 12603 CRENSHAW BOULEVARD • HAWTHORNE, CALIFORNIA 90250 • (213) 973-1921

THE '

Pineapple

TM

48K Color Computer Kit

Easy to assembly! All components are clearly silk screened on thecircuit board. Kit includes predrilled double sided PC Board, allintegrated circuits, sockets, professional high-impact plastic casing,keyboards, connectors and switching power supply.

Features • Numeric key pad • Game paddle jacks on both sides •• Speaker volume control on the back • Expansion slots • $C*./l C^OO

Dealer Inquiries Invited. " Twperkit

No C.O.D. orders

51/4" Flexible Disc Sale

Why buy other brands when you can buy WABASH discs formuch less and backed by 1 year factory warranty.

• PRICE BREAK-THRU ON APPLE«

DRIVE!

100% APPLE Compatible

51/4" Floppy Disc Drive

$295.00 Each$375.00 Each(with controller)

PART # DESCRIPTION

M13A211X 5WSSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring

M43A211X 5'/4"SSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring

M53A211X 5V4"SSDD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring

PRICE

10for$2.5°ea.Call for our lowprices on largerquantities.

16K RAM BOARD KIT

* Upgrade your Apple® computer to 64K with thiseasy-to-build kit. Includes 8 ea. 4116 memory chipsand all necessary I.C.s and components. Goldplated fingers.

Only $59.95 per kit

JOYSTICKS ANDGAME PADDLES

For Apple© and Pineapple"computers from TG Products.Game Paddles . . . 39.95/pairJoysticks $54.95 ea.

I 1 OUTSIDE CALIFORNIA FZH

«■ PHONE ORDERS ONLY 1 -800-672-8758 CALL TOLL FREE C3

MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS

Z80..Z80A.

.8.75 Z80A-DMA.. 28.50.9.25 2102 1.50

8080A 5.50 21L02 1.50

Z80-PIO 7.50 2114 2.95

Z80A-PIO 8.50 2114L 2.95

Z80A-SIO.... 29.50 4116 3.00

Z80A-CTC.... 8.50 1702A 4.95

2708 5.95

2716 9.60

2516 11.95

2732 15.95

2532 16.95

2764 49.95

8-pin14-pin16-pin18-pin

LP

5/ .755/1.005/1.205/1.35

IC SOCKETSWW

LP WW

5/1.915/2.405/2.655/2.98

22-pin24-pin28-pin40-pin

5/1.625/1.805/2.105/3.02

5/4.665/4.775/5.875/6.89

20-pin 5/1.52 5/4.55

MODEL NO.

VM4509

DM5109

DM8012

DM8112

DMC6013

DMC6113

99

12

SANYO MONITORS

DESCRIPTIONB&W, 10 MHz

' Green 10 MHz' B&W, 18 MHz

12" Green, 18 MHz

13" Color

13" RGB Color

LIST$190.00$200.00$250.00$260.00$470.00$995.00

SALE$169.00$180.00$225.00$235.00$425.00$895.00

SPECIAL SALE ON LE MONITORS

9" Black and White $ 9950

9" Green $120.00

12" Black and White $119.50

12" Green $139.50

r Apple is a registered trademark of APPLE COMPUTERS, INC.

SHIPPING AND HANDLING CHARGESUndar $50.00 Purchase Ovar $50 00 PurchaaInsida California 10% 5%

Minimum Order $10.00 / Calit. Residents add 6.5%Sales Tax. Phone Orders Accepted on VISA or MCONLY, NO C.O.D.'s. Prices subject to change

STORE HOURSdonVISAorMC MON-FRI — 10-7

blast to change CAT — 10-6

Circle 166 on inquiry card.

was truly practical for the averageperson. (Does this sound familiar?)

It's easy to look back at these earlymachines and say, "How quaint." It'seasy to overlook the fact that everysingle engineer and user had his or herown idea of perfection. Ideas abound-ed, and while each no doubt hadsome validity, no one could agree onwhat was valid and what wasn't. Inmodern terminology we would saythat the engineers were coming upwith possible design elements thatwere combined almost at randominto architectures (a collection ofdesign elements).

Now turn your mental clock for-ward to 1925, and consider again thestate of the automobile. Things haddefinitely changed. The auto was inmass production. Hundreds of thou-sands per year were being added to ablossoming economy. And more im-portant, we find that every car onthe road had a steering wheel and athrottle, brake, and clutch on thefloor. It had windshields and head-lights. We find that, with the excep-

tion of a relatively few details, youwould be able to climb into the typi-cal automobile of 1925 and drive itaway.

Architectural Stabilization

By 1925, the architecture of theautomobile had become standard-ized. That architecture has not alteredsignificantly in the ensuing 57 years.Today, the products that you seeparked on the streets and recognize asautomobiles are architecturally iden-tical to each other. No architecturaldifference exists between a Subaruand a Rolls-Royce.

If you check other technical mar-ketplaces (for example, that of televi-sion), you will see that this samephenomenon has occurred. First, in-dependent engineers developed awide variety of design elements.Then their ideas were assimilatedand adapted until, now, the architec-ture has ceased to change. I call thisphenomenon architectural stabiliza-tion .

In the period following architec-

tural stabilization, the design effortand creativity that were previouslyengaged in the random creation of ar-chitectures is now geared toward therefinement of the design elements thatcomprise the stabilized architecture.

This point is crucial: a stabilized ar-chitecture ends the game of randominvention and redirects the tremen-dous creative energy of engineers to abetter-focused goal—the improve-ment of the design elements. The im-provements realized may be quitesubstantial. For example, considersuspension systems. Before 1925 noautomobile had a suspension systemtruly worthy of the name. In the en-suing years such comfort itemsevolved beyond all prediction.

Thus we see that while architec-tural stabilization may seem to limitcertain aspects of design, it can andshould precipitate a design revolutionfar more exciting than pure laissez-faire engineering.

The Mechanics of Stabilization

A detailed analysis of the market-

DATA-RITE INDUSTRIES, INC.

Announces A New Personal Computer Series

The time is right. The price is right. The Astro Series Personal Computers are simply the latest, the best and themost affordable micro on today's market!

NIC-ASTRO I

$ggoo

THE BEST COMPUTER FOR BEGINNER TO

• Study BASIC Programming, • Compose andArrange Music, • Use ScientificCalculation, • 16 Digit LCD Display,

• Memory Protection for 80 Hours

NIC-ASTRO III $29900

THE MOST TECHNICAL AND POWERFULPERSONAL COMPUTER FOR. . .

• BASIC Programming, • Business Purpose,

• Scientific Calculation, • Engineering,

• Programming Education, • Centronics PrinterCompatability, • Color Graphic Operation Available

NIC-ASTRO II$-|9900

NIC-ASTRO III

THE VERY ECONOMICAL COMPUTER FOR .

• Enjoying TV Games, • Scientific Calculation,

• Training BASIC Programming, • BusinessPurposes, • Cassette Tape Interface, • VideoInterface Available

Include Check or Money Order Payable to Data-Rite Industries. IncVisa or Master Card accepted on Phone Orders

■* Printers, Video Displays and Tape Cassettes available as options.

PRICE OTY. AMOUNT

NIC-ASTRO 1

$ 99.00

NIC-ASTRO II

$199.00

NIC-ASTRO III

$299.00

Shipping & HandlingTOTAL

$4.95

L

Name

Address

City/State/Zip

TO ORDER: Data-Rite Industries, Inc., P. O. Box 976, Spokane. WA 99210Inside Wash. (509) 455-9147, Outside Wash. 1-800-541-9001

294 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 126 on inquiry card.

9600 BAUD ONLY $315.

NEW LCM-100* SYSTEM

ECONOMICAL

The LCM-100 permits economicalfull-duplex, asynchronous datatransmission over your existing 120Vpower lines. You eliminate costlyRS-232 cable installations and canachieve an efficient 9600-baud datatransfer rate with significant savings.

PLUG-IN CONVENIENCE

Each system contains two LCM-100transceivers. Use the LCM-100system to connect a terminal,processor, or printer to yourcomputer via any 120V outlet.

AID PRODUCTIVITY

Staff can quickly relocate terminals

where they are needed, reducingunprofitable waiting time, andallowing them to work at theirdesks where they are most efficient.Allows noisy printers to be placedin less disturbing locations.

COMPUTER SITE TERMINAL SITE

REDUCE OVERHEAD

Instead of dedicating fixed cables tomany office locations, use of theLCM-100 can cut costs bypermitting terminals to be quicklyand conveniently moved to whereneed exists.

All of this — both transceivers —sells for only $315.00.

Dealer inquiries invited, ask aboutour special dealer package.Orders and inquiries call:

1-800-426-8075

Alaska, Hawaii & Washington StateCall Collect

'Lino Carrier Modem

Circle 77 on inquiry card.

. COMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH CORPORATION

1720 130th AVENUE N.E. BELLEVUE, WASHINGTON 98005A SUBSIDIARY OF ENERGY SCIENCES CORPORATION (206) 881-9550

ing factors that affect each step of aproduct's life span is beyond thescope of this article. However, theresults of my investigations revealedthe following sequence of eventsleading to architectural stabilization:

• First, engineers (or technicalspecialists) conceive of a new productclass and build it for its own sake.

• Engineers then use the product.

• If the product promises to fun-damentally revise the quality of lifefor its users, the number of par-ticipating engineers will swell. (Theysense the market potential and havevisions of earning wealth and fame.)

• Eventually, this growing en-thusiasm gains popular notice, andcertain nonengineers purchase theproduct. These nonengineers find thearchitectures designed by engineers tobe difficult to use; they recommendimprovements but are willing toundergo difficulty in using the prod-uct. They are "enthusiasts."

• Increasing demand increases pro-duction, which lowers the product'sprice.

• People who are not willing toundergo substantial difficulty in usingthe product purchase it. These usersare disappointed by the currentlyavailable products. They are con-sumers—they want the benefits with-out the difficulties.

• More communication about theproduct occurs in the popular media.

• If the product does not fill a trulyfundamental need, its popularity sub-sides, leaving a core group of en-thusiasts that will then grow at aslower rate. The product will show agradual evolution of architectureacross time.

• If the need for the product is trulyfundamental, demand continues togrow, but actual market growth mayslacken.

• This growth of demand (potentialmarket) motivates engineers and en-thusiasts to redesign the product tomake it easy to operate. In otherwords, swelling demand precipitatesthe creation of a human interface thatmakes the device easy to use.

• An easy-to-use version of the pro-duct finds a ready and willingmarket.

296 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

• The first manufacturer to imple-ment ease of use soon gains a marketedge.

• Other manufacturers either followsuit or perish.

This sequence, or one closelyanalogous to it, occurs in the evolu-tion of all product markets. For themicrocomputer market, certain fac-tors have become clear. First, themicrocomputer market has not yetachieved architectural stabilization.Second, the microcomputer appearsto have all the elements necessary tocause architectural stabilization tooccur; that is, its impact on users is ofsufficient importance to force stabil-ization to occur. Third, the micro-computer market has currentlyreached that step of increased populardemand that should precipitate thedevelopment of an easy-to-use ver-sion of the product.

It's no accident that human-factorsengineering has risen to such promi-nence over the last year. It is a naturaland necessary step in the evolution ofthe product classification from a tech-nical specialist's market to an enthusi-ast's market and finally to a consum-er's market.

Thus the development of a humaninterface coupled with mass-produc-tion technology should be the key toopening the consumer market for thecomputer.

Let me digress for a moment toobserve that architectural stabiliza-tion occurs at many levels of observa-tion, not only with products such asthose discussed here but also withsubproducts—raw materials and theirelemental forms. All undergo micro-cosmic architectural stabilization.Likewise, stabilization tends to occurin structures far larger than products:nations, families, and businesses. Allexhibit variations of this same phe-nomenon. It thus appears that ar-chitectural stabilization is a fun-damental mechanism of systems evo-lution: the imposition of a mutuallyaccommodative interface betweentwo counter efforts, thoughts, forces,or intentions.

In Search of a Human Interface

The many clues that led to the de-

CALL

YOUR

LOCAL

DYSAN

OFFICE

CA: Los Angeles

(213)907-1803

Orange County

(714)851-9462

Sacramento

(916)966-8037

San Francisco/Sunnyvale

(408) 727-9552

DC: Washington

(703)356-6441

GA: Atlanta

*(404) 952-0919

IL: Chicago

(312)882-8176(800) 323-5609

MA: Boston

(617)273-5955*(617) 229-2800

Ml: Detroit

(313)525-8240

MINI: Minneapolis

*|6I2)814-7199

MO: St. Louis

(314)434-4011

NY: New York

(212)687-7122

OH: Cleveland

(216)333-3725

PA: Pittsburgh

(412)261-0406Philadelphia(609) 939-4762

TX: Dallas/Ft. Worth

*(817) 261-5312

WA: Seattle

(206)455-4725

"Includes OEM Sales

Dysan Diskettes are also available

from all ComputerLand Stores,

Sears Business Systems Centers, and

many independent computer outlets

nationwide.

For the location of the Dysan sales

outlet nearest you, contact Dysan at:

(408) 988-3472

Toll Free: (800) 538-8133

Telex: 171551 DYSAN SNTA

TWX: 910-338-2144

% Dysan

•/CORPORATIONCircle 142 on inquiry card.

WHAT IS THE

i r, I *••>!*•; J-

DISKETTE?

If you said at least S 186.50*, you're probably close.Confused? It's simple. The minimum cost of a one-sided, single den-sity 8" diskette equals the purchase price plus the cost of the timeto fully load the data onto the disc* The adjacent diagram tells the _:story. As you can see, the purchase price of a diskette is a smallfraction of the total cost of ownership. So why not pay afew cents more for the best diskette available? -J?

That's where Dysan's quality comes in. Dysan disk-ettes and mini-diskettes are manufactured tothe toughest quality standards in the industry.Every diskette is tested between the tracksas well as on the tracks to insure you 100%error-free recording over the entire discsurface. Dysan quality protects yourinvestment of S186.50.You know how costly time and datalosses can be should your "bargain"diskette be faulty. Every penny youthink you save on the purchase ofmagnetic media could cost youdearly. Why take the risk when youcan have Dysan?

O Dysan

^/corporation

Our Media Is Our Message

5201 Patrick Henry DriveSanta Clara, CA 95050

*$4.00 represents

Dysan's suggested

retail price for a one-sided, single

density 8" diskette, packaged ten

to a box. Minimum total cost of

ownership = $186.50

* S182.50 represents the cost of dataloading (approximately 22 hours at11,106 keystrokes/hour at a labor costof S8.23/hour), based on 1981 DataEntry Management Association(DEMA) National Averages.

CMC SuperSystems

-

K^IWJ

■m

«««««'»«

350K to 38 megabytes of built-in storagePlus ... multi-user capability

CMC's Su ed in seven

computers, from the Model 100 CPU terminal

which boots directly off our hard disk system,to 38 megabytes of storage in 5% " hard disksbuilt into the ;uters. in between

th?ie aie 'w 5 U" floppy driv s available in350Kb or 750Kb or 1 5 megabytes of diskstorage-

Our SuperFive, SuperTen and Super20systems offer 6. 12 or 19 megabytes, respec-tively

included also are CP/'M 2.2 operatingsystem and Microsoft Basic 80, diagnostics:,■:;• aoarnaaiaaaofo software. Standard arctwo Z80A processors operating at 4mh? fullASCII keyboard, numeric keypad and cursorcontrols, 64k RAM, battery-operated real timedock, lower - as i -ines by 80

1 'i twoRS232 ports, and other features.

CMC's SuperSystems offer you the bestprice/1 e ratio in the industry The

seven models support accounting, word pro-cessing, pc hhc applica-tions and a full range of standard softwareoperating under CP/M.

Our central hard disk system supports upto 64 users, with up to 80 megabytes of cen-tral disk storage.

High resolution pixel graphics are available.too

Cost effective? You bet! For example ourSuperFive, with 6.38 megabytes of hard diskstorage, lists for $5,995, or less than 94

CMC v, as the lust to otfer a 5'A " hard disk

in a desktop mi. - iter. We've beenshipping systems for more than a year, Nowwe le the first with a 19-megabyte mini-wmehesier.

Our systems are reliable. Just ask the hun-dreds of dealers selling our SuperSystems.We offer service and technical support, andModule ^placement, in the unlikely event youever need it.

Nationwide on-site service is availablethrougn CMC's dealer network.

Prices start at $2495

See us at Comdex. Booth No. 4128

A Division of Computer Marketing Corporation

11058 Main • Suite 220 • Bellevue, WA 98004 • Phone (206) 453-9777 • Telex: 152556 SEATACWBtB^^BMB^Bm Call Toil-Free 1-800-426-2963 MHMEMI^^Hi

STOP h£L

PRINT 1 INDEX MAIL

MENU CALC SCHED DRAW

BOLD ITALIC SIZE STYLE

File Controls

MARREL

A

I

0

2

#3

ii

%

5

V

6

a

7

*8

( )

9 0

—

+

\

o

TAB

0

W

E

R

T

'

U

1

0

P

1/41/2

f.

]

>

TA8

REL

SHIFT »LOCK

A

S

0

F

G

H

J

K

L

RETURN

SET

SH.FT

Z

X

C

V

B

N

M

?/

SHIFT

CTRL

GRAPHICSHIFT

CTRL

E>

LINE

DECTAB

*

»

=

INSERT

WORO

7

8

9

-

t

ft

5

6

+

—

-^

1

2

3

RETURN

I

0

Figure 1: The Human Applications Standard Computer Interface (HASCI) keyboard divides the computer system into a series ofmenus that link the user (as pattern recognizer) to the computer (as symbol manipulator). Virtually every application requires thatcertain fundamental actions be performable, and these fundamental actions are placed directly on the keyboard.

velopment of our proposed humaninterface (HASCI) came primarilyfrom fields far removed from the nor-mal realm of computer science. Thedifficulty was this: before an interfacecould be designed, the actual relation-ship of man and computer had to bedefined. I had concluded early on thatthe entire question of artificial in-telligence could be ignored in the de-sign of an interface, which was for-tunate since no workable definition ofintelligence exists. Rather, an inter-face involves questions of capability:What can people do, and what arethey good atl This approach provedvery profitable.

Even if you were offered a milliondollars to manually multiply twotimes two a million times, you wouldhave a very difficult time completingthe task; most humans would be psy-chologically incapable of completingthe job. Yet virtually any computercan do it easily and with remarkablespeed. Conversely, such problems as"recognize a certain person's voice,"solved by almost any infant (especial-ly if the voice belongs to the child'smother), still represent a major chal-lenge to even the finest computersand programmers.

An analysis of these problems sug-gests that people are much better thancomputers at recognizing patterns,while computers are much better thanpeople at manipulating symbols.

Following this logic, the ideal rela-tionship of computer and user shouldinvolve the computer as a symbolicmanipulator and the user as a patternrecognizer.

This explains the overwhelmingpopularity of word processors andspreadsheet calculators. One manipu-lates words and letters, the primarysymbols of man. The other manipu-lates numbers, man's second most im-portant symbol set.

It follows that a complete computerfor the typical user should providethe facilities for manipulating all theprimary symbols of man (words andletters, numbers, general symbols ordrawings, and the temporal relation-ships between these symbols—time).

We usually manipulate these sym-bols on pieces of paper, which ifsaved for later reference may begenerically called documents. We re-quire a means of storing, retrieving,and indexing these documents and ofcommunicating their contents tosome other person.

These considerations gave birth toa hardware-software synthesis.Rather than take the accepted path ofgeneralization—designing the com-puter interface to accommodate anyimaginable task—we conceived of aninterface that would be specificallydesigned for symbolic manipulationtasks as described herein. The HASCIkeyboard (figure 1) was the result.

Fundamental Principles

The described theoretical explora-tions led to the evolution of a numberof principles that form the rationaleof the HASCI standard. A detailedexamination of these principlesfollows.

The Computer Is a Tool

The computer as symbol pro-cessor and the user as patternrecognizer complement each otherwell. In this arrangement, the weak-nesses of each can be ignored; theirstrengths added together form asynergetic whole far more powerfulthan either, and such a blending ofstrengths is the functional property ofany tool.

A hammer uses the advantages of asteel working face (hardness andmass) combined with the advantagesof the human arm (motion andleverage) joined by an interface (thehandle) to perform some task dictatedby intellect. Similarly, the computeruses the advantages of electronics(rapid manipulation of symbols)combined with the capabilities of thehuman mind (pattern recognition),joined together by an interface (key-board and screen) in order to performtasks dictated by intellect.

In an ideal situation the relation-ship of user and tool approaches oneof transparency. The user is able toapply intellect directly to the task; the

Circle 70 on inquiry card.

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

299

tool itself seems to disappear. Thistransparency is characteristic of allexpert applications of tools—every-thing from hacksaws to racing cars.

Thus, a study of tools as a class canprovide us with a set of rules that areapplicable to a computer interface:

• The interface is a means of control-ling the tool.

• The interface must accommodatethe needs of both the application andthe user.

• The interface itself must present theinformation necessary for its use.

• Mastery of the interface may re-quire practice.

• With mastery, the interface mustbecome transparent to the user.

Clearly Label the Controls

Televisions are easy to operate.They have a limited number of con-trols. A stereo may have far morecontrols—complex models havedozens. But in each case, the controlseither produce an immediatelyobservable effect or are very clearly

labeled as to their function. In eachcase, a relatively casual comparisonof the controls on the device with theresults produced and the understand-ing provided by intellect makes oper-ation almost self-evident. Such is trueof all mass-consumed products. How-ever, on the average computer, thereare numerous functions that are in noway self-evident.

Perform this test: walk up to acomputer you're not familiar withand pretend it's the first computeryou've ever looked at. Then guesshow to save or load a file of informa-tion. Get it? No, way! You've got tostudy the manual and learn the code.You're required to learn and mem-orize the information. A littlememory requirement is a positivething: it makes the skill more valu-able. But when you must rely onmemory, the interface is effectively inyour head rather than on themachine. (Imagine the potentialhazards if a power saw were designedthis way.)

We therefore see the necessity of

providing controls for the majorfunctions of the computer and ofclearly labeling these controls. Ideal-ly, activating the controls shouldgenerate an instant feedback to theuser: not just an audible "click" toprove the button was pushed, butalso a significant change in status(such as a new message on the videodisplay) indicating that something ishappening.

Transportable Knowledge

The concept of transportableoperator knowledge refers to the factthat users of consumer products ex-pect and demand that the skills theyacquire in learning to operate onemachine be applicable on anymachine of the same class.

For example, consider the type-writer. There are minor differences inthe placement of certain controls, buta user who has learned on one type-writer can pretty well sit down at anytypewriter in the world and typeaway. This is not because the task isoverly simple: a typist must learn to

COMPARE:

INVITES YOU TOSAVE UP TO 40%

E- OUR PRICES1 OUR SERVICE

RALSTON-CLEARWATERS ELECTRONICS

536 N.E. 'E' Street Grants Pass, Or.97526

|ALL BRAND NAMES ARE REGISTERED TRADE MARKSPRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE

TltrU ■ ORDER TOLL-FREE

llnLn-800-547-2492

IN OREGON CALL (503)479-4711

SYSTEM SPECIAL! - 64K Computer, Disk Drive w/cont. & Apple DOS, 12" green $1888.00 CALL

ATARrA

EPSON withGRAFTRAX +

I.D.S.

PrismPrism 1VIC 20 $245TRS80 10% OFFCATALOG

400 (16K)800 (16K)MX-80MX-80FTMX- 10080 w/color32 w/color

LISTPRICE

.$2-99"_$899"S64ST-$745".$995"$JL795-$1995"

DISCOUNlPRICE

£799-.$645-

$1S9¥$1^795*

XSJM APPLE HARDWARE

FOURTH DRIVES

Controller - w/Apple 3DOS and Manual

$279

$639

$439

$539

$699

$1365

$1549

$319

3 $99

TERMS: MINIMUM ORDER - $100.00

SHIPPING: Add 3% of total transaction for UPS brown (ground) or 6% for UPS blue (ior any special arrangements. Minimum shipping charge $4.00

PAYMENT; Cashier's checks, certified checks, money orders, and bank wires honoredAdd 3% for Visa & Master Charge. Allow 20 days for personal checks to clear.REFUNDS: 10% restocking charge on ail returns or exchanges. No refunds on opened •GUARANTEE: All products with full manufacturer's warranty. Sanyo and Apple warr.We have full repair and service facilities for all electronic repairs with HP, Dynascan, Pi.Apple trained and certified technicians. For any technical service call them for instant iright on their benches at f50Sl 479-4150.

REPAIRS: Call for details on quality guaranteed discount repair and reconditioning serWe have been repairing electronic equipment for 1 2 years and love it!

ir), Pare

MICRO SCI DISK DRIVES(DIRECT APPLE REPLACEMENT!

A2 0ISKDRIVE $359

A 70 $479

A 40 $359

CONTROLLER $79

RANA ELITE I DRIVE $379

CONTROLLER 4 DRIVES $119

CCS 77 10 A OR D SERIAL INT $129

VIDEX 80COLUMN $239

VIDEX ENHANCER II $119

VIDEX FUNCTION STRIP $69

LOWER CASE ADAPTOR $39

16K RAM CARD

MICROSOFT OR MPC $149

ALS $139

MICROTEK BAM-1 $99

7-80 CARD (MICROSOFT) $275

MICROMODEM (HAYES) $269

SMART MODEM (HAYES) $209NOVATION MODEMS

APPLE CAT $309

AUTO CAT $209

CAT $144

D CAT $159

MOUNTAIN A/D CONVERTER $269

MOUNTAIN C.P.5. $149

KBD 23 KEYPAD $139

SUPR TERM (80) COLUMN) $299

SUP R MOD R.F MODULATOR $24

IOYSTICK (T.G.) $45

9" BSW MONITOR (SANYO) $145

12" B&W MONITOR (SANYO) $189

12"GREEN MONITOR SANYO) $229

12" GREEN MONITOR ZENITH) $119

12" GREEN MONITOR BMC) $114

13" COLOR MONITOR SANYO) $385

EPSON CABLE * INTERFACE $79

EPSON GRAFTRAX PLUS $80

HAYES CHRONOGRAPH $195

LIKE OUR PRICES? SENDEALER INQUIRI

ATARI HARDWARE

410 PROGRAM RECORDER $75

810 DISK DRIVE 1129

820 PRINTER $249

822 PRINTER $339

825 PRINTER $579

830 MODEM $149

850 INTERFACE MODULE $165

85 3 16K MEMORY EXPANSION $79

MPC 32K $105

SOFTWARE

VISICALC (ATARI)

BASIC (ATARI)

PACMAN (ATARI)

OTHER ATARI PROGRAMS

VISICALC

VISIDEX

VISIPLOT

VISITERM

V1S1TREND /PLOT

VISIPAC

M1CROLAB DATA FACTORY

DB MASTER (STONEWARE)

SUPR TEXT II

WORDSTAR

B.P.I, SOFTWARE (each)

ZORK

SARGON CHESS

GALAXIAN

VERBATIM DISKS

MAXELL DISKS

OPUS DISKS

THE SOURCE

LOCKSMITH W-

D FOR OUR CATALOG!ES INVITED!

$35CALL$179$179$145$75$214$499$229$179$109$349$319$35$29$22$29$34$23$85

300 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 334 on inquiry card.

PRINTS LIKE A DAISY...COSTS LIKE A MATRIX.

Integral Data Systems introduces theonly low-cost dot matrix printer on themarket that features Maisey™ printing.Maisey printing is a technique thatallows you to produce correspondence-quality text approaching that of moreexpensive daisy-wheel printers, but atmuch faster speeds.

How fast? With Microprism Printer's™dual speed capability, you can outputat 75cps in correspondence-qualityand UOcps in high-speed data mode.And it also features sharp, high-densitygraphics in an 84 x 84 dpi format.

You'll get cleaner, crisper outputthan you ever thought possible in asingle pass.

Other standard features of theMicroprism include proportional wML £L

spacing, text justification and, of course,software compatibility with our moreexpensive Prism Printer™ line.

The Microprism Printer is theperfect system mate that can handleall of your printing requirements...it's the best of both worlds. So ifyou've been waiting for the price ofdaisy-wheel printers to come down,or the quality of dot matrix to go up,now is the time to check out theexciting new Microprism Printer fromIntegral Data Systems.

Stop in at your local dealer todayand ask for a demonstration. If you

need the name of the dealer nearest

you, call us toll-free at (800)258-1386.Or write Integral Data Systems,Milford, NH 03055.

MICROPRISM" Jjpy Integral Data Systems, Inc

Circle 197 on Inquiry card.

Microprism Printer, Prism Printer and Maisey

are registered trademarks of Integral Data Systems,

Milford, NH.

manipulate a hundred or more keys,switches, and levers to operate themachine in differing circumstances.However, the typewriter as an ar-chitecture is fully stabilized to per-form its appointed task. All type-writers have carriage returns, ameans of setting tabs, a marginrelease, etc. These are sufficientlyclear that an inspection of anymachine rapidly reveals how to per-form these functions.

Now consider the computer. Near-ly every software writer and hard-ware designer has a unique way oftelling a computer to save and load afile. Even though virtually everyoperator needs to perform these func-tions with great frequency, everytime you change machines or pro-grams you have to learn how to saveand load all over again. (This is not tosay that any one of these ways iswrong; rather, that on a consumercomputer the basics should be done inone workable, learnable way.)

It is ironic that the data-processingand computer science industries havegiven so much attention to trans-portability of software. The benefitsof this transportability appear to ac-crue primarily to programmers, andwhile it's understandable that peopleshould create tools that they them-selves need, transportable softwareeases only the programmer's burden.Transportable operator knowledgeserves all users.

In a similar vein, it becomes clearthat arguing the benefits of 16-bit ver-sus 8-bit machines is analogous toarguing the merits of 8-cylinder ver-

sus 4-cylinder engines. Your choiceshould be based on how much pay-load you expect to haul, not whetheryou get a steering wheel with the ve-hicle. Performance from the consum-er's standpoint is the ease with whichdesired tasks are accomplished: fastand difficult is still difficult.

When we approach the matter inthis light, we realize that consumerswill expect computers, both complexand simple, to have interfaces that arevirtually identical. For all intents andpurposes, anything that can be run ona 68000 microprocessor should beable to run on an 8080; the differenceshould be in how fast and how much,not how.

In terms of operating systems,while Unix may have certain advan-tages over CP/M (or vice versa), thisis of no interest to the average user.Operating systems are tools for pro-grammers. The symbol manipulatorshould function as an intelligent inter-preter between the user and the oper-ating system, and that interpretershould function almost identically onany operating system. (Most applica-tions programs are considered as run-ning under an operating system. Theinterface, however, should be consid-ered as running over the operatingsystem. It actually mediates betweenthe operating system and the user justas would a programmer. In this casethe interface is the expert who makesthe difficult seem easy.)

Design Out Technical Choices

Early in the days of the S-100 bus, Iput together a kit for a serial interface

board (the 3P + S). It was quitemarvelous and went together easily,that is, until I got to the "jumper op-tions." There were dozens of options.You could configure the system justabout any way you might imagine:number of data bits, parity, stop bits,and so on. All fine except for onesmall problem: I was a novice com-puter user and had no possible way ofknowing which of these optionsserved my purposes. After a few daysof messing about and getting nowhereI asked a computer expert for help.He had the board configured for mysystem in a matter of minutes.

This highlights a typical problem.Because a computer can be con-figured in many ways, experts oftenwant to build in every conceivableoption because "you never knowwhat the user may want to do withthe system." However, we havealready accepted the concept that theconsumer computer is a tool formanipulating symbols. So we dohave an idea of what the user willwant to do.

Even a so-called user-friendly sys-tem may have an incredible array ofchoices. I recently bought what wasbilled as a user-friendly electronicmail system. It offers me options ofstop bits and parity and data rate—just like the old 3P + S. It alsopresents a vast array of choices ofhow to send the data: compacted for-mat, binary code, straight ASCII(American Standard Code for Infor-mation Interchange), and more. Thedesigner of this code apparently con-fused "user-friendly" with "all possi-

OCTOBER SPECIALS • t^1 XEROX 820-11 51/4" DD - $1995

FEATURES: 4MHz, Z80A, CP/M BASED, 64K RAM. 12" HI RES SCREEN (24 x 80), DD DISK CONTROLLER, THIN LINEGRAPHICS, ENHANCED SCREEN FEATURES (HI INTENSITY, REVERSE VIDEO), TONE GENERATOR, 2 RS-232PORTS, ONE PARALLEL PRINTER PORT, ALSO BOOTS AS INTELLIGENT TERMINAL

$199 OPTION PACKAGE Save $46!

• Z80B CPU SPEEDUP- Programmable to 6MH;

(Simple plug-in installation)

• DISPLAY RISER - Elevates i" or 5*, Steel Construction

• ACRYLIC GREEN SCREEN • MoWed to fit CRT

• NYLON ANTI-GLARE SCREEN - Stretches over CRT

• SYSTEM DUST COVERS - 3 covers protect CRT,

Drives & Keyboard

•PRICE INCLUDES THE NEWXEROX B20IIDISPLA Y/PROCESSOR,KEYBOARD and 2 TANDON DRIVES.

$299 OPTION PACKAGE Save $63!

• INCLUDESALLTHETHES199PACKAGEPLUS-

$149 t Box of 10 Diskettes (SVV'SS/DD) $25

$ 29 • Surge-Protected Murlipte Outlet Strip$19 (6 outlets, drcurt breaker, on'otl, Ikjht) $19

$19 • Enter Key for Numeric Keypad (installed) $ 19

• Cooling Fan fits in display'processor, quiet $ 35$29 • Parallel Printer Cable for 820-il $19

All options available separately —

PLUS ADDITIONAL SAVINGS on otherHardware & Software!

WORDSTAR

SPELLSTAR

MA1LMERGE

$225

$115S 70

DATASTAHCALCSTARSUPERSORT

$160$135$115

XEROX 820II SYSTEMS

51//'SS/DD-$1995*5VV DS/DD - $2295*8"SS/DD-$2695*8" DS/DD - $2995*

microNNEST

Sox 545,1700 Front StreetFort Benton, MT 59442CALL COLLECT TO ORDER:(406)622-5651 9-5 MDT, M-t=

V!3A, MC, Cash, CK, MfJt COD. MtJ 3% for VfSft or MC,: -Add 3% for :S*;:> H.»rjo*v}'t*. vo UPS: MSrtmum $250

302 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

i

While new printers with impressive specifications are introduced on an almost daily basis, onlytime will tell the true quality of the product. Over the past 2 years our customers have continuedto buy the DS180 printer, not only because of its impressive performance and competitive price,but also because of our outstanding track record for product reliability and customer support.

We have continually improved on the performance of the DS180 by incorporating suchenhancements as dot addressable graphics, 6 user-selectable print sizes and a 2000 characterbuffer. These features coupled with 180 cps printing, parallel and serial interfaces, adjustabletractor feed and over 40 other programmable features, make the DS180 one of the most versa-tile matrix printers available today.

Before you select your next printer, why not take a look at a time-proven performer—theDatasouth DS180.

The DS180 printer is available nationwide through our network of sales/service distributors.

data

computer corporation

P.O. Box 240947: Charlotte, N.C. 28224: 704/523-8500Tlx: 6843018 DASOU UW

Circle 129 on inquiry card.

Introducing better company

planning, company-wide, with

VisiCaic Advanced Version.

More than 300,000 businessprofessionals have discoveredhow much help our VisiCaic®program can be in planning,budgeting and forecasting.Now we can help businesseseven more.

VisiCaic

Advanced Version

does it ail

VisiCaic Advanced Versionmakes it easy to extend theproblem-solving power,speed and accuracy of the"electronic worksheet"throughout an organization.

With this program,you'll be able to leverage theknowledge of your mostknowledgeable people. Makemore productive use of moreof your staff. And do a better,faster, smarter job.

Sophisticated

planning made

easy for everyone

Using VisiCaic AdvancedVersion, knowledgeable indi-viduals within your companycan create powerful, Prefor-matted worksheets, or "tem-plates," for nearly anythingnumerical.

For example, the knowl-

"Then, doing our departmentsbudget is as easy as filling in theblanks!"

consistent financial reporting.Then others in your companywithout extensive financial orcomputer expertise can easilyuse these templates to providethe desired information ina uniform manner.

It's so easy. They simply"fill in the blanks" on the work-sheet. In seconds, the pro-gram performs all the com-plex calculations built into theworksheet, and displays theanswers to problems thatcould have taken hours tosolve by hand.

Everyonecan consider"What if...?"

The speed and versatility ofVisiCaic Advanced Versionmake it easy to explore alter-natives. Both template build-

"I create a complex, yet easy-to-use worksheet..."

The best way

to do what every

company wants

to do better

With VisiCaic Advanced Ver-sion, the people and depart-ments in your firm will beable to quickly develop theirplans, in a uniform format, foreasier consolidation into youroverall plan.

And everyone involved inyour planning process will beable to make their most productive contribution to the effort.

"The program makes it practicallyimpossible to make mistakes!"

"I ask What if?' by changing anynumber... the new results areinstantly calculated."

edge of a corporate financialofficer can be applied to createtemplates for complete and

"With just a few keystrokes Iconsolidate the worksheets..."

ers and worksheet users canchange any number in a prob-lem and instantly see the newresults. Everyone will be ableto analyze the impact of deci-sions before they make them.

Mistakes lockedout, help built in

With VisiCaic Advanced Ver-sion there's no worryabout someoneaccidentally alteringformulas, titles or anyother important information. The program can

protect all these parts of aworksheet. It can shield con-fidential data a user need notsee and also guide a user step-by- step through a worksheet.

You can also insure that auser can't enter a label when anumber is called for—andvice versa.

And if users ever needadditional guidance in com-pleting their worksheets,VisiCaic Advanced Versionprovides comprehensiveon-screen help, at a touch ofthe"?" key.

Multi-sheet

consolidation

and finished

reports, too

VisiCaic Advanced Versionmakes it easier to consolidateworksheet totals from various

"And produce presentation-qualityreports for my boss."

groups, departments ordivisions into concise, presen-tation-quality reports.

See for yourself

Visit your nearest computerstore for a demonstration ofVisiCaic Advanced Version. Orwrite us at 2895 Zanker Road,San Jose, CA 95134 for a copyof our brochure.Discover how easy itis to use electronicworksheets in your com-pany for problem-solving,company-wide.

VISICORP"

PERSONAL SOFTWARE"

© 1982 VISICORP VisiCaic and Persona] Software are trademarks of VisiCorp.

ble options accessible." (The term"user friendly" must surely rate as theinanity of the decade. When was thelast time you thought of a tool as"friendly"? "Usable" and "useful" arethe appropriate operative terms.)

Burdening the user with decisionsconcerning technical choices in noway addresses the task to which thetool will be applied, i.e., themanipulation of symbols. The systemshould automatically test the linesand choose settings appropriate forthe circumstances. The user is thenfree to concentrate on the act ofmanipulating symbols rather than onthe hardware. (This is how trans-parency is achieved).

Thus a rule of thumb evolved:technical choices irrelevant to thesymbol-manipulation task at handshould be eliminated from the user in-terface.

Predictability

In order to ease the chore of learn-ing the HASCI system, we have at-tempted to keep the system asstraightforward and predictable aspossible. We try to allow differentoperations to be performed in asimilar fashion whenever possible orappropriate. This does not requirethat there be only one way of doingeach function, however.

For example, you can move thevideo cursor by pressing cursor keys

on the HASCI keyboard. Thesearrow keys, when pressed in com-bination with the Shift key, or incombination with arguments such asWORD, move the cursor by dif-ferent units. Even complete novicesexperience little difficulty with thisscheme. Learning is accomplished byinspection and some experimenta-tion.

Burdening the user

with decisionsconcerning technical

choices in no way

addresses the task to

which the tool

will be applied.

However, experienced users mayfind this method cumbersome; mov-ing their fingers from the main key-board to type on a different group ofkeys slows them down. For the more-than-casual user, Control-letter func-tions (where you press a control keyand a letter key simultaneously in-stead of a separate cursor key) aremuch quicker. Therefore, the HASCIprocessor also recognizes control keycombinations for these same func-tions.

In this fashion both the novice oroccasional user as well as the profes-

sional are well accommodated.

Simplicity

In designing a user interface it's im-portant to keep simple things simple.More complex functions may behandled in a more complex mannerbecause these will typically be usedby more experienced users.

It's easy for experienced users toforget just how overwhelming amicrocomputer can be. We attemptto judge the value of any productsolely by the number of featuresoffered for a given price. But what ofthe neophyte? Novices can assimilateonly so much in one gulp, andthat gulp is apt to be a small one.

A year and a half ago I tested theconcept of a seven-function wordprocessor, analogous to a four-func-tion calculator. My premise was thatseven functions are absolutely neces-sary for a useful screen editor: textentry, moving the cursor, insert char-acter, delete character, save file, loadfile, and print file. With these func-tions, you can handle almost anyword-processing task. More ad-vanced functions can expand thesecapabilities and increase ease of use.

I tested the validity of this screeneditor on a number of nontechnicalusers and found that they could betaught these basic functions in a fewminutes of verbal instruction. Andwith only these functions, the system

IBM

PERSONAL

COMPUTER

CALL FOR PRICE & AVAILABILITY

16K MEMORY W/0 DRIVES CALL

64K MEMORY, 2 DRIVES. COLOR

ADAPTER CALL

64K MEMORY, 2 DRIVES,

MONOCHROME & PRINTER

ADAPTER CALL

APPLE !l SOFTWARE

VISICALC 189

VISITREND/VISIPLOT 210

VISIFILE 199

VISISCHEDULE 250

VISIDEX 199

BPI BUSINESS SOFTWARE 335

WORDSTAR 299

HAYES MICROMODEM II 299

MICROSOFT 2-80 SOFTCARD 299

CALL FOR PRICE & AVAILABILITYKAYPRO II (KAYCOMP II) CALL

MONITORS

AMDEX LOW-RES 13" COLOR I 365

SANY0 9"B&W 165

ZENITH 12" GREEN (ZVM-121) 110

NEC 12" GREEN (JB-1201) 169

TAXAN RGB VISION I 350

TAXAN RGB VISION II 525

TAXAN RGB VISION III 600

DISKETTESBASF 5 V. "SS/DD/HUB RING (10) . . .23BASF 5 V," WITH PLASTIC BOX (10) .25

Epson

EPSON MX-80 CALL

EPSON MX-80FT CALL

EPSON MX-100 CALL

NEC 8023 FRICTIONfTRACTOR. . . .499

•NEC3530SPINWRITER 1650

THE GRAPPLER INTERFACE 129

OKIDATAMICROLINE82A 575

OKIDATAMICROLINE83A 745

C.ITOH STARWRITER F-10-40PU . . 1495

C.ITOH PROWRITER8510AP 499

SMITH CORONA TP-1 650

■OLYMPIA ES100 SERIAL

PRINTER 1295

•SPECIAL OF THE MONTH

MEG PC-8000

PC-8001A 32K W/24K ROM

5-FUNC. KEYS

PC-8012A I/O & EXPANSION

SLOTS W/32K

PC-8031A DUAL DRIVES

BENCHMARK WORD PROCESSORWORDSTAR

ATARI 800 & 400

ATARI 800 (16K)

ATARI 400 (16K)

410 PROGRAM RECORDER

810DISK DRIVE

16KRAM MEMORY MODULE

850 INTERFACE MODULE

630 ACOUSTIC MODEM

ATARI VISICALC

ATARI WORD PROCESSOR

SHARP PC-1500PC-1500 HANDHELD COMPUTER .CE-150 PRINTER/CASSETTE

INTERFACE

CE-155 8K RAM EXPANSION UNIT

735

475735379

299

(800)854-1941 iyVTini wtt7f flflT (714)565-7092Outside Ca. Order Desk V^^i ■ l|^UV^I VIV|^» Technical & California

4688 CONVOY STREET, SAN DIEGO, CA 92111CALL OR WRITE FOR COMPLETE PRICE LIST

SERVING YOUSINCE 1979

RISK FREEMAIL ORDER

TO ORDER: Please send cashier's check or personal check (allow10 business days to clear). VISA and Master Card credit card ser-vice add 3%. Shipping, handling and insurance in U.S. add 3%.Minimum $5.00. California residents add 6% sales tax. Foreignorders add 10% for shipping. Equipment is subject to price changeand availability. All equipment carries warranty. Store prices maydiffer from mail order prices. ^

306 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 84 on inquiry card.

CONVERTYOUR

TERMINAL

TO NATURAL

GAS.

The possibilities are end-less with the new Microfit™instant personal computer.Use it for energymanagement. Or database management. Orcommunications. Any"personal computer application.It transforms your terminal intoa complete CP/M* system in about 15 minutes.

CP/M means thousands of ready-to-useprograms to choose from. Which means youcan convert that terminal to just about anyuse imaginable.

Buy only what you need: microcomputer,microcomputer and disk drives, or fully

configured system including terminal.

Microfit retrofits all Lear Siegler ADM-3Aand ADM-5's, in addition to Televideo 912 and920 terminals. It doesn't affect your warranty.

Microfit. It's a personal computer. And anon-line terminal. Andmuch more. Call usNationwide at (800)854-2684, California(800) 532-3717. Orwrite to the addressbelow for completeinformation.

DATA SYSTEMS MARKETING

5710 Ruffin Rd, San Diego, CA 92123.Circle 122 on inquiry card.

MICROFIT. TURNS ORDINARY TERMINALSINTO EXTRAORDINARY COMPUTERS.

*CPM is a registered trademark of Digital Research Corporation.

Circle 426 on inquiry card.

MODEM

$

129

95

No other acoustic modemgives you all these fea-tures at this low price.

The MFJ-1232 Acoustic Modem gives you acombination of features, quality and performancethat others can't match at this price.

0-300 Baud, Bell 103 compatible. Originate/Answer. Half/full duplex. RS-232, TTL, CMOSlevel compatible. Use any computer. Cassettetape recorder ports save data for reloading or re-transmission. 6 pole active filter handles weaksignals. Carrier detect LED indicates adequatesignal strength for data recognition. Quality"muffs" gives good acoustic coupling, isolatesexternal noise for reliable data transfer. Crystalcontrolled. "ON" LED. Aluminum cabinet. 110VAC or 9 volt batteries. 9x1 '/2x4 in.

Apple II, II Plus: software and cable formodem, MFJ-1231, $39.95. Plugs into gameport. No serial board needed.

It's like havingan extra port

79

95

MFJ-1240 RS-232 TRANSFER SWITCH. Swit-ches computer between 2 peripherals (printer,terminal, modem, etc.). Like having extra port.Push button switches 10 lines (pins 2,3,4,5,6,8,11,15,17,20). Change plug or cable to substituteother lines. Push button reverses transmit-receive lines. LEDs monitor pins 2,3,4,5,6,8,20.PC board eliminates wiring, crosstalk, line inter-ference. 3 RS-232 25 pin connectors. 7x2x6 in.

SOQ95 MFJ'1108 AC POWER CENTER.

JfjJ Adds convenience, prevents dataloss, head bounce, equipment damage.Relay latches power off during powertransients. Multi-filters isolate equip-ment, eliminate interaction, noise,hash. Varistors suppress spikes. 3isolated, switched socket pairs. One un-switched for clock, etc. Lighted power,reset switch. Pop-out fuse. 3 wire, 6 ft.cord. 15A, 125V, 1875watts. Aluminumcase. Black. 18x23/<x2 in. MFJ-1107,$79.95. Like 1108 less relay. 8 sockets,2 unswitched. Other models available,write for free specification sheet.

Order from MFJ and try it. If not delighted,return within 30 days for refund (less shipping).One year unconditional guarantee.Order yours today. Call toll free 800-647-1800.

Charge VISA, MC. Or mail check, money order.Add $4.00 each for shipping and handling.

CALL TOLL FREE ... 800-647-1800

Call 601-323-5869 in MS, outside continental USA

ENTERPRISES,

MFJ

INCORPORATED

921 Louisville Road, Starkville, MS 39759 j

was truly useful. In fact, some of theusers never asked if there were morefunctions. Even such a bare-boneseditor proved to be a very useful tool,about as far ahead of a typewriter asthe typewriter is ahead of clay tabletsand sharp sticks.

I am not recommending that ascreen editor be limited to these func-tions. On the contrary, I believe thatconstantly increasing the power ofthe system to manipulate symbols ismandatory and very desirable. How-ever, the basics must not be obscuredby the complexities of more advancedfunctions.

The HASCI standard calls for aselection of the most desirable func-tions to be placed directly on the key-board with dedicated function keys.Many users will never venturebeyond this—they will never feel theneed to do so. More complex func-tions can be accessed via the use ofControl-letter functions for access tospecialized menus.

Defang the Computer

Over the years I've seen dozens ofways to get bitten by a computer. Forexample, one popular computer uses8-inch drives for increased storage.There's a catch, however: the disksabsolutely must be removed from themachine before it is turned off; failureto do so results in absolute and com-plete loss of all data on every disk inthe system. Now it's easy to say,"Always remember to take out thedisks," but in fact even experiencedusers occasionally fail to remember.They get so wrapped up in the jobthey're doing (as they should) thatthey forget that the hardware itselfneeds this critical piece of attention.

Another computer hazard showsup in the use of editors. Have youever deleted something and thenwished you hadn't? I'd be surprised ifyou said no. I know of no more awfulfeeling than to have just erroneouslydeleted a document that I put aweek's work into. The system shouldbe smart enough to alleviate or entire-ly eliminate these dangers.

One answer to this problem is todeliberately place a slower menustructure in the way of any potential-ly destructive action. This often takes

the form of a query, such as: "Youraction will cause (a certain conse-quence) to occur. Please confirm thisbefore I continue."

Another solution would allow youto change any decision even after thecomputer has acted on it. This is ex-pressed as an Undo function key.Literally, this key allows you to undoor reverse your decision. For exam-ple, pressing the Undo key within amenu would take you to the priormenu. Pressing Undo within an editorafter you had made a deletion wouldbring back the deletion. However, inorder to fully defang the system, youshould not allow the operator to un-do everything. For example, supposeyou just typed in three pages of textand pressed the Undo key: would youwant the system to Undo your threepages of text? Hardly.

The HASCI concept requires thatdesigners allow people to be people,not machines. Even the best of us oc-casionally forgets the right sequenceor fails to do some required part of aprotocol. It is the responsibility of thesystems designers to defend the rightof users to be human beings.

One shortcoming of many com-puter systems involves the use ofmodes. I don't see modes as inherent-ly bad; certainly a human being doesonly one function at a time—youcan't do order entry and write a letterat the same time. However, the prob-lem in most system designs is that it isvery difficult to change between func-tions.

Suppose you are merrily typingaway and you need to calculate a fewnumbers for the document. Shouldyou have to save the file, load the cal-culator, perform the computation,print the results, and reload theeditor, all just to enter the result ofyour calculation? That's the troublewith modes. They make it difficult tochange between functions and trapthe user in the complexities of systemintegration. Common symbol-ma-nipulation tasks and document-manipulation tasks should be accessi-ble with push-button ease. HASCIallows you to change functions at willby pushing the appropriate control.Furthermore, when appropriate, if aprior function is recalled, you should

308 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

A HARD DISK COMPUTER ATA PRICE THAT'S HARD TO BEAT.

$5,995

RTI INTRODUCES "THE COMPETITOR

n

• Micro-computer: Produced by t

Applied Digital Data Systems Inc.. a subsidiaryof NCR

• CPU: 5MHz 8085A-2

• RAM: 64K Bytes, parity protected

• DISK: 5 Megabyte formatted 5(4 "HARD DISK

• Mini-Floppy: 800K Bytes formatted

• INPUT/OUTPUT PORTS:

— Serial port — console terminal (bidirectional)

— Serial port—communications up to 9600 baud

- 8 bit parallel port— Centronics type printer

- 13 bit parallel port— Letter Quality printer

• Service available through the NCRCorporation nationwide and worldwidenetwork

• Standard Software:

- MUON (CP/M Compatible multi-taskingoperating system)

- BASIC interpreter (Micro Soft)

• Dimensions: 15% " W x 15l/s " D x 8% " H

• Weight: 35 lbs.

Everything listed above...only $5,995!"The Competitor" is an integrated system, well-supported,with hard-disk and floppy backup that will run CP/Msoftware in a large variety of business applications.

We call it "The Competitor"because it is priced lowerthan many kits and hobby-grade products, yet offers morefeatures, more reliability, more support.

With it, you can start small —but not too small. Youcan run accounting (which usually requires hard disk),inventory, A/R, A/P word processing, mailing lists, bill-ing, budgeting, and more. Plus, you can expand by addingmulti-user capabilities (up to 4 terminals), more diskcapacity (10 megabytes), additional RAM memory (in64KB increments), and a second printer.

For your minimum system, you will need a CRTterminal and a printer, which are priced extra.

Terminal: ADDSViewpoint — $639.

• Movable keyboard

• Micro-technology

• Screen-tilt & Glare-reducing filter

• 6 Built-in internationalcharacter sets

Printer: Centronics Model 739—S649.

10 cpi, 16.7 cpi and elongated print at a speed of 100 cps in themono space mode and 80 cps in proportional space mode

MUON Viewpoint are Trademarks of ADDS CP/M CB80 PASCAL/MT+ are trademarks ot Digital Research CBASIC is a trademark of Compiler System. IncWordstar Mailmerge Supersort Spellstar Datastar Calcstar are trademarks ot Micro Pro International Accounting Plus is a trademark ot Software Dimension, Inc

SOFTWARE:

We've tested many CP/M packages and can assureyou that they load, run and do everything expected.

Because space is limited, we can only list a few ofthe most popular packages available from RTI.

CP/M SOFTWARE:Languages —a CBASIC $135.

D PASCAL/MT+ $315.

□ COBOL $7fi5.

$445.$135.

Word Processing-

□ Wordstar

□ Mailmerge

Accounting Plus-

n General Ledger

□ Payables

□ Receivables

Data Base Mgmt.—

a Datastar $315.

□ FORTRAND PL/1

□ CB80

□ SupersortD Spellstar

CALL

$450.$450.

$225.$225.

-price/module $629.□ Inventory D Sales Order

□ Payroll

□ Point of Sale

Entry□ Purchase Orders

Other—

□ Calcstar

Yes. Please send me...

□ "The Competitor" $5,995.

□ The Terminal 639.

□ The Printer 649.

Total enclosed $

Please add state sales tax. where applicable. Shipping

charges will be billed to you.

Please check the components and software you want.

Make check payable to Research Technology International.

Prices are KO.B. factory. Send vour order to:

JJJP

4700 ChaseLincolnwood,

IL 60646

Name-

Company.Address

City, State, Zip.Phone (_

-)-

$265.

In a hurrv? Call RTI. toll-free. 800/323-7520. In Illinois.Alaska. Hawaii, or outside the USA, phone 312/677-3000.

BYTE October 1982

309

Circle 364 on inquiry card.

Back,

by popular

demand.

Just a few years ago, illegal huntingand encroaching civilization had all butdestroyed the alligator population in thesouth. They were added to the officiallist of endangered species in the UnitedStates.

Mow alligators have made acomeback.

c*

Conservationistsintent on preserving thislegendary reptile helped thealligator get back on its feet.Once again some southernswamps and marshes areteeming with alligators.

With wiseconservation policies,other endangeredspecies have also madecomebacks ... thecougar, gray whale,Pacific walrus, woodduck, to name a few.

If you want to helpsave our endangeredspecies, join the NationalWildlife Federation,Department 106, 141216th Street, NW,Washington, DC' 20036.

find that function configured as youleft it.

In an ideal implementation ofHASCI, you should be able to turnthe machine off, then power it backup and find it just as you left it, evenif it was running a program at thetime.

What You See . . .

The phrase "What you see is whatyou get" summarizes a concept of textdisplay on word processors wherebyformatting commands no longer ap-pear as obscure codes imbedded inthe on-screen text. Instead, the com-mands appropriately modify the dis-played text so that you can see yourspecified formats on the screen beforeyou print out hard copy. For exam-ple, if you indicate that a line is to becentered, it will appear centered inthe displayed text. In addition, if youspecify a change in type style, thealtered text will appear in a graphicapproximation of that style, enablingyou to visually distinguish it from thesurrounding text.

When we got the first sample of theEpson MX-80 dot-matrix printer wayback when, it already had a terrificselection of type styles available: em-phasized, double-emphasized, com-pressed, etc. This opened up a wholenew era of correspondence-qualityprinting, where the perfection of afully formed character is gladlytraded off for vastly increased ver-satility coupled with adequatelegibility. The MX-80 was, of course,only the start. The newest printersnow offer as many as 60 or 70 dif-ferent type styles, and they also offerprogrammable character fonts. Wemay certainly expect to see the matrixdensities of these machines increasevery substantially over the next yearor two, widening still further theirperformance gap over the fullyformed character printers.

But then as now, the problem wasthat the editors and personal com-puters available were designed to dis-play on their screens only one or atbest two or three different typestyles—far fewer than even the firstMX-80 was capable of printing.

This meant that although theprinters had the capability, the com-

puters were far behind in making thiscapability available in anythingresembling an easy-to-use fashion.Most of us have had to settle for in-serting control codes using onelanguage-like protocol or another.This is clearly unacceptable because itviolates the "easy to learn" maxim.

Here is a case where very usefulsymbolic manipulation features arevery difficult to access. The answer isto design the system with thiscapability in mind, make these func-tions easy to access, and at leastwhere desktop units are concerned,place these changes right on thescreen. This establishes a feedbackloop which makes the system easy tooperate.

"What you see is what you get " ismore than a maxim. It is a crucial consideration in the effort to make thesymbol manipulators—computers—easy to use.

Consumer Quality

All the above principles and guide-lines add up to make the computer aconsumable product. With the com-puter, as with any good stereo, televi-sion, or automobile, we expect to beable to gain access to substantialcapabilities with little if any specializedknowledge. Manuals are for reference;you shouldn't need an advanced degreejust to open the box. You should beable to set up the computer, hook upthe cables in the obvious places, turn iton, and have it work right the first timeand every time. Using computers to ad-vantage should be a game thateveryone can win.

Beyond Theory

Now that the theory and principlesbehind the HASCI system have beenexplained, some obvious questionsarise: "How can this idea actually beimplemented on a personal computer?What specific keys do we need? Whatshould they do? And what should bedisplayed on the monitor screen?"

Next month, I will address thesequestions. Ill explain how an easy-to-use, consumer-quality computer shouldbe designed, and 111 discuss a new com-puter, based on this concept, thatshould appear on the market veryshortly. ■

310 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

S-100 STATIC MEMORYBREAKTHROUGH

i —

Finally, you can buy state-of-the-artS-100/IEEE 696 static memory for yourcomputer at an unprecedented savings.

Memory Merchant's memoryboards provide the advanced features,quality and reliability you need for thekind of operational performancedemanded by new high-speedprocessors.

Completely Assembled.

These memory boards are not kits,nor skeletons — but top-quality, high-performance memories that are shippedto you completely assembled, burned-in,socketed, tested and insured with one ofthe industry's best warranties.

Superior Design & Quality.

Memory Merchant's boards arecreated by a designer, well known for hisproven ability in advanced, cost-efficientmemory design. Innovative circuitryprovides you with highly desired featuresand incredible versatility.

Only first-quality components areused throughout, and each board isrigorously tested to assure perfect anddependable performance.

No Risk Trial.

We are so convinced that you willbe absolutely delighted with our boardsthat we extend a no-risk trial offer. Afterpurchasing one of our boards, you mayreturn it (intact) for any reason within 15days after shipment and we will refundthe purchase price (less shipping).

NEW S-100 PRODUCTS COMINGSOON:

* DUAL8/16BITCPU BOARD

* 128K 8/16 BIT STATIC RAM

* 256K 8/16 BIT DYNAMIC RAM

FULL TWO-YEARWARRANTY.

48K PARTIALLY POPULATED $519.32K PARTIALLY POPULATED $409.

64K RAM, MODEL MM65K16S

• 64 K x 8-bit

• Speed in excess of 6 MHz

• Uses 150ns 16K (2K x 8) static RAMS

• Ultra-low power (435 Ma. max. —loaded with 64K)

• Bank Select and Extended Addressing

• A 2K window which can be placedanywhere in the 64K memory map

• Four independently addressable 16Kblocks organized as:

— Two independent 32K banks or

— One 64K Extended Address Page or

— One 48K and one 16K bank for usein MP/M' (option)

• Each 32K bank respondsindependently to phantom

• 2716 (5V) EPROMS may replace any orall of the RAM

• Field-proven operation in CROMEMCOCROMIX* andCDOS*.

• Compatible with latest IEEE 696systems such as Northstar, CompuPro,Morrow, IMS, IMSAI front panel, Altairand many others.

OEM and DEALER inquiries invited.

The reliability of our boards,through quality-controlled production andproven performance, has enabled us toextend our warranty to a full two years.That's standard with us, not an option.This includes a 6-month exchangeprogram for defective units.

Shipped direct from stock.

All Memory Merchant's boards areshipped direct from stock, normallywithin 48 hours of receipt of your order.Call us at (415) 483-1008 and we may beable to ship the same day.

16K RAM, ModelMM16K14

■

D

(/////merchant

14666 Doolittle Drive

San Leandro, CA 94577

(415)483-1008

16Kx8Bit 16K STATIC RAM $169.

Bank Select & Extended AddressingFour independently addressable 4K

blocksOne 4K segment equipped with 1K

windowsUses field-proven 2114 (1K x 4) RAMSLow Power (less than 1.2 Amps)Runs on any S-100 8080, 4 MHz Z-80 or

5 MHz 8085 system.

Prices, terms, specifications subject tochange without notice.

•Cromix and CDOS are trademarks of CROMEMCO' MP/M is a trademark of Digital Research

Circle 238 on inquiry card.

Programming Quickie

Generating Mohr's Circle

Robert K. Fink

Sinclair Community College

444 West Third St.

Dayton, OH 45402

Mohr's Circle has always been a useful tool to semi-graphically find the principal stresses due to combinedloads. The technique lends itself quite well to a personalcomputer. In addition, a video plot of the circle adds theability to visualize the state of stress that exists at thepoint of interest. The program in listing 1, designed forthe Radio Shack TRS-80, generates Mohr's Circle forstress analysis. Even though the plot is crude due to theTRS-80's low-resolution graphics, it still enables the userto extend the computation to secure the angles of inclina-tion to the principal stress planes.

The program asks for the normal stress (S„) that existson the first plane. Then, the normal stress for a secondplane at a 90° angle to the first plane is entered followedby the shear stress (Ss) that exists at the point. The com-

puter then proceeds to convert stress components onplanes in the body to their corresponding coordinates forthe plotting of a point on a stress circle. The principalnormal stresses and maximum (absolute value) shearstress are then computed and a stress circle is drawn to anappropriate scale to fit the screen.

The units used here can be changed to any system, ascan the scale factor in lines 400 and 410, to adjust forlarger or smaller design values encountered.

By means of a few terminology changes, the programcan be converted to make Moment of Inertia calculationsfor any axis through an area. The program can also beused in a number of other Mohr's Circle areas of appliedengineering mechanics dealing with orthogonal rela-tionships. ■

(la)

(lb)

v (s,, s.)

(TENSILE)

(CCW)

Figure 1: Mohr's Circle for combined stresses. Stresses on planes in la are represented as points on the stress circle, lb.

312 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1: A BASIC program that generates Mohr's Circle for stress analysis. Tension is entered as a positive value—compression as anegative value. See text for other details on using this program.

1 ' THIS IS A SIMPLE PROGRAM TO SHOW QUICKLY, THE

2 ' PRINCIPAL AMD MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES AT A POINT

3 * THE REQUIRED INPUT IS FOR AMY TWO KNOWN ORTHOGONAL

4 ' PLANES. WHEN IN°UT IS CALLED FOR PUT NORMAL STRESS

5 ' IN AS A ♦ FOR TENSION, - FOR COMPRESSION.

6 ' THE MOHR'S CIRCLE THEM DRAWN IS POWGH BECAUSE OF

7 * THE LOW RESOLUTION GRAPHICS BUT WILL ILLUSTRATE

8 ' A GOOD REPRESENTATION OF THE STATE OF STRESS AT

9 ' THE POINT.

10 ' -- INPUT STRESS VALUES IN THE RANGE OF 20000 PSI PLOT

11 ' -- BEST, BUT SCALE CAN BE CHANGED IF SMALLER VALUES ARE

12 ' -- ALWAYS USED.

13 '

14 ' ** PRINCIPAL STRESSES BY MOHR'S CIRCLE **

15 ' ** RX FINK 3/80 VERSION 1.0 **15 • ** ** %* ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * **

17 '

18 '

19 ' ** SET UP COORDINATE FIELD **

20 CLS:PI=3.14159

30 PRINTS26,"SHEAR":PRINTS33,"STRESS":PRINTS91, "CCW>"

40 PRINT898 6,"CCCW>";:PRINTS442,"NORMAL":PRINT®506, "STRESS"

50 ©PINTS 57 3, "♦": PRINTS 51 4, "-"

60 FORX=0TO1 14: SET(X, 22) :NEXT

70 FOP. Y=0TO47: SETC 64,Y) :NEXT

90 ' ** INPUT TWO ORTHOGONAL PLANE DATA **

100 PPINTS1 61, ,*: INPUT" 1ST PLANE NORMAL STRESS (♦/-> (PSI)"; Ml

110 PRINT6225,; : INPUT" SHEAR STRESS (PSI)",'S1

120 PRINTS 19 2,CHRSC30):PRINTS225,CHR$(30):PRINTS 161,CHRSC 30);:FORT=1 TO

1000:NEXT:INPUT"2ND PLANE NORMAL STRESS (+/-) (PSI)";N2140 PRINTS161,CHPS(30)

190 ' ** CALCULATE VALUES AND PLOT TWO PLANES **200 C=CNl+N2)/2:SM=SQRCCCN1-N2)/2)C2+S1C2)210 MA=CC+SM):MI=CC-SM)

220 H=2.22857*C <N1/20000)*15)+ 64:V=22-(CS1/2000 0)* 15):SETCH, V)240 H=2.22857*((N2/20000)* 15) + 64:V=22+CC Sl/20000)*15):SET(H, V)290 FORT=1TO1000:NEXTT

300 PRINTS 168,CHRSC 30):PRINTS232,CHRSC30)390 ' ** PLOT THE CIRCLE **400 R=INTCCSM/20000)*15)410 C=INTCCC/20000)*30):CP=C+64420 FORQ=0TO2*PI STEP 0.1430 X=P*COSCQ):Y=R*SINCQ)440 H=2. 22357*X+CP: V=22-Y

450 IF CH> 127>0RC V>47)ORCH<0)ORC V<0)THEN NEXTQ460 SETCH, V) :NEXTQ

490 ' ** OUTPUT PRINCIPAL STRESSES **500 PRINTS8 50, "MAX. NORMAL STRESS = "t ABS C INTCMA) ) ; " PSI "; : I FMA<0TH

ENPRINT"COMPR." ELSEPRINT"TENSION"510 PRINTS914,"MIN. NORMAL STRESS = "IABSCINTCMI));" PSI ";:IFMI<0TH

ENPRINT"COMPR." ELSEPPINT"TENSION"520 PRINT8978, "MAX. SHEAR STRESS ■ "MNTCSM),*" PSI "; : GOTO520

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 313

MAXI MUSCLEMICRO MULTI

i

II ■!.»>

m I

SINGLE USER

SB-80/4. The affordable singleboard microcomputerwith multi-user, multi-tasking muscle and brains.

SB-80/4 A complete microsystem for the user whodemands speed and storage capacity in single or multi-user applications. Our MULTI/NET operating systemoffers true CP/M compatibility, allowing for limitlessflexi-bilty and growth.

Single Board Technology By utilizing the latest inlarge scale integration, engineers have packaged, into asingleboard, power and reliabilty usually found only incostly multi-board systems. This multiprocessor boardallows each user (up to four) a dedicated Z80A micro-processor and 64K of RAM. The master-slave architec-ture, residing in the same enclosure, supervises all userrequests for storage and peripherals through fourchannel DMA.

Memory and Disk Storage 320K of 200ns dynamicRAM combined with five (5) Z80A microprocessorsprovides the hardware to independently multi-task theoperation. A 4K byte of EPROM for bootstrap, monitorand diagonstic test is standard. On board interface forWinchester type disk controller allows from 5 to 104

megabytes of storage for applications that require largedatabase files and records. The four parallel and sixserial ports provide the muscle to support numerousperipherals.

Software INFOSOFTs MULTI/NET provides the mostefficient multi-processor operating system. This user-friendly, CP/M compatible, provides file lock-out, DMA,real time clock, and full vectored interrupt on all l/Os.BASIC, Fortran, Pascal, Cobol, and PL/1 languages aresupported.

Affordability The SB-80/4 gives you five (5) inde-pendent microprocessors in one multi-user system. It isthe power, performance, and capacity of a mini at theprice of a micro.

Dealer and OEM inquiries are welcome.Nationwide field service through INDESERV.

Colonial Data

Colonial Data Services Corp., 105 Sanford Street, Hamden, Conn. 06514 • (203)288-2524 • Telex: 956014

®CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. Inc.Circle 72 on inquiry card.

The Personal Computer as an

Interface to a Corporate

Management Information

System

Designing an intelligent terminal interface program

for the Apple II Plus

N. R. McBurney II2561 Stockbridge Rd.Marietta, GA 30062

Using the Apple II Plus to help memanage my organization was farfrom my mind when I bought themachine. In retrospect, it seems in-evitable that it would happen.

I supervise a group of programmersresponsible for writing majorbusiness application software forGeneral Electric Information ServicesCompany's (GEISCO) Mark III timesharing service. As well as using the

Mark III is a trademark of the General Elec-tric Information Services Company. Micro-modem 11 and Datacomm are trademarks ofHayes Microcomputer Products Inc. DISSPLAis a trademark of the Integrated SoftwareSystem Corporation.

About the Author

N. R. McBurney is southern region managerfor GEISCO'S Systems Development and Con-sulting Department, which is responsible fordeveloping customized business systems forGEISCO customers throughout the south.

system to produce software to solveour customers' problems, we alsomake extensive use of the GEISCOsystem to manage our business. Dur-ing the press of day-to-day activities,I found it increasingly difficult to read

My Apple II Plus gives

me more flexibility

than the more

expensive equipment

at work.

and digest all of the information thesystem made available to me. Thuswas born my excursion into interfac-ing GEISCO's system to my Apple athome.

It seems ironic that for all of thecomputer resources at my disposal,

my Apple II Plus provides me withmore flexibility than the more expen-sive equipment at work. On a Sundaymorning, I can call up the system,select the information I would like toreview, scan the text on the screen,convert the information to graphicrepresentation, and print the entirereport (see photos la-c). I can do allof this away from the office, while sit-ting in my favorite easy chair and en-joying a cup of coffee.

All of this is possible because I havedeveloped an intelligent terminal pro-gram written in Pascal for the AppleII Plus, which when coupled withcomplementary programs running onthe GEISCO system, allows me to getthe information I need in the format Iselect at any time. While the applica-tion described is unique to theGEISCO system, the concepts can beapplied to almost any commercial orin-house timesharing system.

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 315

Cd/KIS Systei km

Utimrte Utilization

2) Sales tea Realization

3) Iter! W» Revenue taateis

4) tebillaole5)-|) Ageing Analysis '

8)-

9) Survey Tracker18) Open Sort Orders11) Project Schedule

Utilities

Graphic Displays

1) Resource Utilization

2) Sales tea Realization

3) Backlog by District

4) Revenue History5)Sro¥thRate(ftajal)6) Resource ftdsquscy

?) Backlog History

8) Percent Contribution

9) HD Labor Distributionii) 6 Week Rollimj

11) District tea Per{;'ir:f

12) Monthly Processing fevenae

13) Groath Rate

1) Catalog

2) File Editor

3) Update

4) Systei Status

Kepor!, Utility, Graphic display, Ira or Suit?

Resource UtilizationFiscal yeek - 28Current ileek Year to Date

ftctual tea Pet. Actual tea

ta»n>i FwKfia? *S,4I

Pool r. $3,185 $4,646 66.8? $189,878 $94,161 116.R

Southern Systeis f35,5H $16,148 228.82 1264,265 $327,56! ~l

External Funding $3,864 17,188 43.8J $181,622 $179,288 56 tt

Pool funding $7,653 $2,254 257.8 $122,683 $72,287 169.8*4

Atlanta $18,717 $9,964 117,8 RH.3B $251,48?

External Funding $3,776 $3,788 182.8? $39,186 $??,388 143 8

Pool funding - $1,492 -X $29,481 $11,111 WM

GIF Swwt

$3,776 $5,192 72.8* $68,586

ExtfflBl Fusing $1,242 $3,288 38.K $121,938 $112,61

Ml funding

—> Press carriage return to continue <—

N5,425 nM

(lc)

Using a personal computer to com-municate with a timesharing system isrelatively trivial (if you consider thepurchase price of the related hard-ware trivial) and has been explored atlength in the popular computingpress. With integral modems such asthe Hayes Micromodem II, all youhave to do is plug in the hardwareand then follow the well-presentedand simple instructions to findyourself talking to a large mainframefrom the comfort of your home.What you end up with, however, iswhat is deridingly referred to as a

glass teletype—quieter than youraverage timesharing terminal and justas dumb! It doesn't have to be thatway.

The program I developed providesme with the following capabilities:vertical and horizontal tabbing, datacompression, real-time printing,high-resolution graphics, and screen-oriented file listing. Missing from mylist of features are file transferutilities. There are several commer-cial products on the market to ac-complish file transfer, and I find littlechallenge in reinventing wheels.

Photos la-c: The MIS menu generated byGEISCO's Mark III is displayed on myApple in photo la. After selecting thereport I want to see, the informationshown in photo lb is displayed. The ter-minal program also allows for display ofgraphic information, as seen in photo lc.

Choosing a Language

My early attempts at an intelligentterminal program were written in Ap-plesoft BASIC. Unfortunately, thiswas not a good choice; BASIC ismuch too slow. If you use all thetricks at your disposal, you can writean Applesoft program that just barelykeeps up with 30 characters per sec-ond (cps) coming from the host com-puter. In other words, with a lot of ef-fort I could write a BASIC programthat duplicates the dumb terminalcapabilities I already have at my dis-posal. (Well, any language that pe-nalizes you for placing comments inyour program can't be all good.)

The terminal program for the Ap-ple is now written in Pascal. I can il-lustrate two good reasons for thischoice by showing you what is in-volved in adding intelligence to adumb terminal program. The chartshown in figure 1 is a diagram of adumb terminal program. Using this as

316 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Chances are, when youbought your first disk drive, itwas an Apple. Now that you'reready for a second, take a lookat Quentin.

Our Apple*-Mate™ 51A" DiskDrive is fully software transparentwith Apple's DOS 3.3 operatingsystem in full and half trackoperation.

Add it to your present drive forgreater capacity and faster access.Just plug it in and go to work.

And the Apple-Mate has theseHigh Performance advantages:

ON TRACK HEAD SEEK

A precision lead screw positionsthe head onto the correct track.Time-consuming retries anddisk-to-disk copying errors arevirtually eliminated.

SIEMENS* DISK DRIVE

The apple-beige unit is builtaround the highly reliable

Siemens system with over10,000 lifetime hours. Shieldedconnecting cable also attached.

LONG TERMDEPENDABILITY

MTBF (Mean Time BetweenFailures)-—8,500 power-on hours,3nd the unit has a one-yearwarranty.

COUNT ON QUENTINFOR QUALITY

Quentin Research was buildingdisk systems for the computerindustry when Apple was a littlebud on the big computer tree.We're known for product reliabil-ity and stand behind every systemwe sell you.

But the best news may be theprice—only $335.00 (40.tracks).

A special introductory offerwhen you order Apple-Matedirectly from us.

So when you're ready to boostthe juice on your Apple, add-onthe Quentin Apple-Mate.

To order: Check, money order,Visa or Mastercard number. Calif,residents add 6% sales tax.Allow one week delivery.

I ill Li.

iQuennn

RESEARCH, INC.~^

19355 Business Center DriveNorthridge, California 91324(213) 701-1006

J

MORE JUICEFOR YOURAPPLE

SpecialIntroductoryPrice:$335.00

® Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, InctSiemens is a trademark of Siemens Corporation.'Apple-Mate is a trademark of Quentin Research, Inc.,which does not manufacture Apple computers.

Circle 425 on inquiry card.

Control CharactersSent by HostComputer

Action Taken byApple UponReceipt

Explanation

Escape(decimal 27)

tabbing

The next byte received will be inter-preted as the row (0-23) and the following byte as the column (0-79) to tab to

Control-B(decimal 2)

characterdecompression

The next byte received will be inter-preted as the number of times todisplay the following transmittedcharacter.

Control-D

(decimal 4)

switch tographics mode

Executes an initialization procedure toturn on and clear the high-resolutiondisplay.

Control-Y(decimal 25)

turn off graphicsmode

Exits graphics mode.

Control-F(decimal 6)

turn on printer

All subsequent text is sent toprinter as well as video display.

Control-E(decimal 5)

turn off printer

Exits printer mode.

Table 1: The intelligent terminal interface program uses predefined controlcharacters transmitted from the host computer to initiate an action by the Apple.

f start J

DISPLAYCHARACTER

Figure 1: A simplified functional diagramof a dumb terminal program.

a starting point, I will identify twoplaces to add intelligence to the pro-gram.

First, when you detect that a keyhas been pressed, you can check itagainst a predefined list of charactersand, if a match is found, then branchto other logic. For instance, youmight decide that pressing the Escapekey should turn on the printer.Another common approach is to usea predefined key to enter a command

or menu mode where you can selectfrom a list of options. This is the ap-proach used in the Hayes Datacommpackage. For anybody who usesPascal and wishes to communicatewith a timeshared system, I stronglyrecommend the Hayes Datacommpackage. Not only is it a very nicepiece of sofware, but Hayes Micro-computer Products Inc. includes thePascal source code. This source codeis an excellent point of departure for acustom communications interface.Many of the routines shown in listing1 are modified versions of proceduresincluded in that package.

The second place to insert in-telligence is after you detect receipt ofa character from the host computer.Again, you can check the receivedcharacter against a predefined list ofcontrol characters and take ap-propriate action. For example, whenmy intelligent terminal programreceives a control-D (ASCII decimal4), it switches to graphic mode.

Keep in mind that all of this logichas to execute in less than 1/30 sec-ond if it's going to keep up with a300-bps (30-cps) communicationsprotocol. BASIC, at least ApplesoftBASIC, can't handle that rate of I/O(and do anything useful). Apple's im-

plementation of UCSD Pascal, on theother hand, handles it very well, withprocessing power to spare. I en-courage anybody who is seriousabout programming to explorePascal. (In my opinion, and I realize Istand diametrically opposed to themajority of the readership of thispublication, BASIC is a pitifullanguage for serious programmingand of dubious value when used forits stated purpose of introducing peo-ple to programming.)

The program described in this arti-cle uses the second of the two ap-proaches: it receives a special controlcharacter from the host to initiatesome predefined action (see table 1) atthe terminal.

Examining the Program

For the most part the program isself-documenting, one of the benefitsof using Pascal (see listings la and lb,pages 320-338). The line numbers arenot a part of the program but wereadded to make discussion of the pro-gram easier. I will discuss the Ter-minal procedure in lines 285 through577, which is the primary part of theprogram. Within that group, lines384 through 433 are concerned withsystem initialization and sign-on.Once that is accomplished, the pro-gram remains in the loop defined bylines 434 through 570 until the systemsign-off.

The CASE statement beginning inline 536 is where I added intelligenceto the program. I used the approachdiscussed earlier in which a control orescape character received from thehost computer precipitates a prede-fined action. If the charactertransmitted from the host (GEISCO)is an ASCII 27, 6, 5, 4, 2, or 127(decimal), special action is taken.Otherwise, the character is passed tothe WriteChr procedure (line 565)and displayed.

Handling one of those six specialcharacters requires some convolutedlogic that can best be explained by anexample. To clarify the logic and il-lustrate how certain characterstransmitted by the host can cause apredefined action to occur, I willdescribe the events that cause tab-bing.

Text continued on page 338

318 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

How theU'55'Hmakesshort workof long problems*

Whenever you can solvecomplex problems quickly andaccurately, you're ahead of thegame. And that's exactly what theTI-55-II does for you. By givingyou 112 pre-programmed functions(like definite integrals), it allowsyou to take short cuts withoutlosing accuracy. You'll accomplisha lot more in less time whichmeans increased efficiency.

With our TI-55-II you cantackle problems you thought couldonly be solved with higher-pricedprogrammables. You're not onlygetting the standard slide rulefunctions but also statistical capa-bilities. This way you can workout linear regressions, permuta-tions and combinations, just toname a few.

The TI-55-II also gives youenough programmability to elimi-nate a lot of repetitive key punch-ing. Our Constant Memory™keeps programs and data on tap,even when the calculator is turnedoff. So once you've entered aformula, you can simply put in thevariables to get your solution. TheLiquid Crystal Display shows your

answers in standard, scientific orengineering notations — clearlyand precisely.

We also help you get themost out of your calculator withthe Calculator Decision-MakingSourcebook. It gives you step-by-step examples of the besttechniques used for solving mathe-matical, scientific and statisticalproblems. And we've included aspecial section on how to programyour TI-55-II.

So next time you're facinganother time-consumingproblem, cut it down tosize with theTI-55-II.

TexasInstruments

© 1982, Texas Instruments Incorporated.

Circle 390 on inquiry card.

Listing la: The intelligent terminal interface program for the Apple II Plus, written in Pascal. Note that the program requires linkingthe assembly-language program in listing lb before execution. The program was written to communicate with a 300 bps half-duplexservice, with "H" rather than a carriage return as a speed recognition character.

I

m

... 8

In Ci

£"fc

K£

25

*9

>- c

1

IBS

in -r-»

8 2

p

00

g

■a

C^J ~*

.3

ci ^ ro" —

■g II II

* c -* 11

<|j -*-< ^ -£

* 5 jl *i i

0Q^ £ H O

inS in in In S ?i

R

as

|

£

(—

3

in

^s

h- go

1 £*

M

35 ** a»

O Of *

cc 5 —«

-i.3

•^

-a *

X

O "Jj

e=i

o W " u"

x cu

>-

St

1

£

a7 om *■

tt^i

"S2

€

*> *i ^o ^

$

*

£

(_

5

4

c

:£

t,

te s t

t £

58

0G O- c >-. u m

h- N N. 00 CO

&

iXi

If

_-

~i

1

|

en

I

|

ro

-8

O

5

y

CJ

£J

p?

s e

oo 5o oo

00

I

si

si,

gg

as

si

£ 5

83

£■£■

La

1

r>- • n N P)CD ON O^- D>" 0~-

ro Ck Q «CV- fr1 o o

& cr. cs o

o c=> c=> c^

o <=> "=J <=• <=j

<S t^> <=> C^ <^J

C-J CD

O O O O O

IS

S

s

«

5 S

0J

to

'.J

-TD

q»

■*-

Oj

c_

-tJ

12

L_

*—1

"to

o

1

■*-

s:

ro

t—j

H

Cn

i—".

-a 5

~S

O »

H CC o

roO

1-1 CO

_o

31 _o*i rp

i

2 -h on

r-

fe- fa fa

2 fit

o

£8"

5

00

* cn it.

0E +±

2

y

I

■i{

g

£

£

ro

Ci-

Q-

O)

-:e

-*J

t-

-*-*

t-H

S^

c

«

a.

fa

o>

cn ac r^.

£ I mro •-* '■

"To "0 (- in

i g c i

ro 3 ai ro

o. crj u X Cv

XL

2

s:

g

*£L

3C

t_

3^

oo

1

i

E

1

uc;

■+* -

1—

ai

S c^

1!

8

1 =

cn

ro EH

i.

5*

o

I -

COXI On

ro Oj

ix. -ti

i -

!

i

I!

I

Gk.

in

S

c

1

1

1

-8

On

■o «ai <

JOin

I

.si

15

to di

g

C-^ CO

<r in -« n co ©■

cs & o <=> c o

CS <8b G3 "=> CD CD

O n N P) V m

C3CSCT>C»C=iC3C^C»

UT ^O K CO CN o th

c--i t-j cj Fa cj co co

CZ. C=> CLi

CO CO

in -o r-v co o*-

CD O C3 <=> C»

G>c=.c=:. o o o o o O O

CS CD «S> C3 CS

320 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Introducing

the 212

iHHHHHHI Auto-Cat by

300 BAUD is fine for the basics.But now you can get in the fast lane without getting expensive.

Our engineers have come up with a pair of customlicroprocessors, five LSI circuits and a small miracle: the212 Auto-Cat modem.

And if you've looked around, you know the $695 price ispart of the miracle.

Four times the speed. Half the size. All of the rightauto-dial/answer functions.

Your dealer has them right now. No need to waste anymore time. See him.

sted retail price

Novation

the recognized leader inpersonal communications

Circle 280 on Inquiry card.

18664 Oxnard Street, Tarzana, California 91356 • Telephone: (800) 423-5419 and (213) 996-5060

!»£$£ ~v'u H -^M1 ^1HI*. H lt_^,-

THE FIRST AND ONLYBOARD \DUR IBM PCMAY EVER NEED.

Your IBM personal computer is a veryversatile piece of equipment. Perhapsmore versatile than you realize. Newapplications and functions are beingdeveloped every day. Now with Quadboard

by Quadram you can keep your optionsopen for tomorrow's technology. Followingin the tradition of Quadram Quality, fourof Quadram's best selling IBM boardshave been combined into one board.Your remaining slots will be left free andavailable to accommodate future expan-sion needs and uses which you may noteven be able to contemplate today.

\

»-•

SsML

%>j

X-

•-% 1

mi* B

mum

;

L

-

-i _ — — — t_ _

t

i

Bffl

!

-

- ■

_HEe3eJ

liV^tfi^

38 74 L SOB,

«__JBgg™B

*&fti

fcj C40U1J 74S<1

1 /

M^

- - - «BUMm

- "^

- _-_•#>. -

OlS$$S*UB JH ! £j fi

rfl

^

1 9JJ

PROVEN DESIGN.

Quadram has been shipping IBM boardswith each of the Quadboard functionson separate boards since December,1981. They are still available as separates(including a Dual Port Async Board) forthose who desire a quality board but donot need to keep slots open for futureexpansion. And they all come with aone year warranty from the leader intechnology applications.

a£3BN&RSfi&&L3K

256K MEMORY EXPANSION.

Socketed and expandable in 64Kincrements to 256K, full parity generationand checking are standard. A Quad-board exclusive feature allows parity tobe switch disabled to avoid lock-upupon error detection. The dip switchesalso allow it to be addressed startingon any 64K block so that it takes up onlyas much as it has memory installed.Memory access ond cycle time naturallymeet all IBM specifications.

CLOCK/CALENDAR.

Quadboard eliminates the hassle ofmanually inputting the date on systemboot-up by providing for the clock andall software routines necessary forinserting the appropriate programs onyour diskettes. The internal computerclock is automatically set for compati-bility with most software routines whichutilize clock functions. On-board batterykeeps the clock running when thecomputer is off.

HI MM '

■■'■■'■-;■:■.■,■':- ■-:■:-; Mm

■ w

ALL ON ONE BOARD

Now you can utilize all the fwith Quadram's extremely flexible con-figurations. Ana it's totally compatiblewith IBM harOware, operating systems,ana high level languages. It's a full-sizeboard that can be inserted into any freesystem slot and it even includes a cardedge guide for securely mounting thecara in place.

« . ST. if* .

.1

. S *,«, . 119,11 (, t

SOFTWARE TOO!

With 0\ inrlhnnrrl urn i ror

hardware but extensive sonware ot ncextra cost;Diagnostics, utilities, and

Quad-RAM drive software for simulatinga floppy drive in memory ro super-fastSOLID STATE DISK!) are all part of the

Quadboara package

$595

installed

. i.. .■ ■

: mi::

- — *,:,;s^v ,::::::>,

irw&A

......

-

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiinii

PARALLEL PRINTER I/O.

A16 pin header on Quadboard is usedfor inserting a short cable containing astandard'DB25 connector The connectoris then mounted in the knock-outlocated in the center of the PC back-plane. The parallel port can be switchdisabled or addressed as Printer 1 or 2No conflict exists with the standardparallel port on the Monochrome boardThe internal cable, connector andhardware are all included

IPi§§aH

■'■■"'- ■'"...'- ■:■■■■'■ ':':'■:■:■':■/ '

ASYNCHRONOUS (RS232)COMMUNICATION ADAPTER.

Using the same chip as that on the IBMASYNC board, the device is software

rammable for baud rate, charac*erstop, and parity pits a male DB25connector located on the back connectoris identical to that or the IBM AsyncAdapter. The adapter is used forconnecting modems, printers (manyletter quality printers require RS232),and other serial devices Switchesallow the port to be configured as COM1or COM2 and the board fully supportsIBM Communications Software

ilBLE PRICE!u ot S595 with 64K installed, $775A'ifhl28K S895 a -f 192K arc S995with 256-

ASK YOUR DEALER.All products are sold through localpersonal computer dealers. If yoursdoes not stock Quadram,"'ease ask him to call us

QUADft\M \

4357 Park Dnve/Norcross. Ga 30093

Circle 321 on inquiry card.

,~, r~, rt (*-i

r a

s

*%

11

%- no

ft,

e■■-*

i—i

I

♦ *. «^> «v *-^ v*>

15

111

x i «

5 E m

11*1

s.l

<3

JI jlro ?b

i i

3 a-1

J UH

0i un

f

I

"6

X

■ **• ■—- II

x j; ••

I— CD

""to

s

b to to

s

16

I

3

« a

f ~

-2-J

<=> ■=; C=>

5- ■=■ •=><-i c-j c--t

cv* co *- m -c

o e o o eCJ M N (M N

11

^

§

5 6

S

2

1

.2

1

4

c5

W

5

£3

to

en

.«

I

p

s

£5

5

8

g

s

1

Hi

sp

1

If

to in

Is

ii

If

i|

ro

**•

to§

A

$

IB i

ii

£~

ft

i

X

to

4

■•*+

£

324 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

WHEN WE

Announced Sage ii,

8-bit Computers

Bit The Dust.

,.m

"-''.::5&tfHHHk

195 North Edison Vtey, Suite 14

Reno, Nevada 89502

1702)322-6868

«6 BJT.8MHZ.

68000 MICROPROCESSOR.

The new Sage I! doesn't lookexactly awesome. Some folks even

mistake it for a disk subsystem.

But the fact is. 8-bitmicrocomputers don't stand achance against it Minicomputersare shaking in their boots. Andeven a few mainframes are

Because the Sage fi is basedon the incredible 68000.

UPTOS12K,

NOT COUNTING DRIVES.

With its 24-bit address bus, theSage Jl can address 16 megabytes.

•The stopped down versionfeatures a mere 128K RAM.

On top of that, you can addanother 384K of "RAM DISK" (on-board RAM that looks Ske a super-fast disk to She operating system).

Then come the real disk drives."four choice of 40 or 80 track, 320Kto 1.3 megabyte, 5-W. A10Kprogram toads in half a second.

p SYSTEM OPERATING SYSTEM.

This optional, interactive operatingsystem makes it possible to useprograms currently running on8-bit computers.

It supports Pascal, FORTRAN77, BASIC and 68000 MacroAssembler languages and a hostof utility and applications programs.

MORE FOR THE MONEY.

Prices for the Sage II start at just$3,600 with one disk drive and128KRAM.

No otter computer in history hasoffered so much performance perunit price.

Call or write us today for thewhole story.

Circle 339 on Inquiry card.

Listing

la continued:

00256 end;

0

00257

a

0

00207

end;

00258 PROCEDURE EndSession!

1

00208

Tine != Tine-lJ

00259

&

0020?

end;

00260

BEGIN

®

00210

end;

00261

SetCR2(TrrismtEn3ble,F3lse> J

TO

3

00211

00262

SetCR2<0ffHook,F3lse>;

00212 1

WEDURE SendBresk!

00263

WriteLnCHung up - Session terMinated.');

c

00213

00261

end;

W

00211 BEGIN

00265

0

a

00215

Pok.e(CRl,97)! {Set Bits 5«6 >

00266 FUNCTION DiaKPtoneNuMberlSTRING): BOOLEAN!

5"

00216

H3it<0.15>;

00267

00217

Poke(CRl,l>!

00268 VAR I,L! INTEGER!

00218 end;

00269

Digit! char;

00219

00270

BEGIN

00220

PROCEDURE Di3lDigit(Di9it:CHAR>;

00271

L := Length(Phor*Nu«ber);

00221

00272

HriteLn;

00222

wr x: integer;

00273

HriteCNicroHoden-II dialing! ')}

00223

BEGIN

00271

SetCR2(0tfHook.,True)! {Go off hook >

00221

IF Digit IN CO'..'9']

00275

Nait(2.0)! Oteit 2 seconds J

00225

THEN

00276

FOR I != 1 TO L DO

00226

BEGIN

00277

BEGIN

00227

IF Digit='0'

00278

Digit := PhoneNtiMberCIi;

00228

THEN

60279

Write(Digit)!

00229

x- := 10

00280

Di3lDigit(Digit>;

00230

ELSE

00281

end;

00231

X != ORD(Digit)-OROCO')!

00282

HriteLn;

00232

REPEAT

00283

Dial != True!

00233

SetCR2(0ffHo(*..)F3lse);

00281

end;

00231

Hait(0.05)!

00285

00235

SetCR2<0ffHook,True!:

00286 PROCEDURE Termnai;

00236

Wait(0.05);

00287

{ Tabbing!

00237

x := x-i;

00288

i .. i . —t-

00238

until x=o;

0028900290

! Esc ! Row ! Col ! .

00239

Wait<0,55!!

'

00210

end;

00291

00211 END!

00292

Tabbing is initiated by receiving an escape character. If in escape

00212

00293

(decinal 27) is received the next byte is interpreted 3s the row (0-23)

00213

H Send a character to the node* >

00291

snd the following byte 3s the coIumti (0-79). The next chsrscter is then

00211

00295

tsbbed vis 3 GoToXY(Row,Coki«n).

00215 PROCEDURE SendCh3r(Ch:CHAR>!

00296

00216

00297

Dsts Compression!

00217

BEGIN

0029800299

00218

WHILE NOT GetSt3tus(Tr3nsmtterReqisterENpty) DO

^ i 1 1

0021?

BEGIN

00300

! tH ' n .' Chr !

00250

IF GetSt3tus(ReceiverRegisterFull)

00301

+ + 1 1

00251

THEN

00302

00252

WriteChrtCHRtPeeMDsta)))!

«83«3

Data being received in 3 conpressed forn is indicated by receipt of 3

00253

end;

00301

control-2. When received the next character is saved as the charscter

00251

Poke(D3t3,ORD<Ch));

00305

count arid the next character received is printed tlwt nany tines.

00255

HriteChr(Ch)!

Listing la continued on page 330

Announcing the Renault Alliance.

^^

COULD SOMETHINGTHIS EXCITINGMAKEBUSINESS SENSE?

• • I

1983 RENAULT ALLIANCE

EPA RO

EST MPG &£.

HWYESf

Absolutely! This is the new fleet car thatlives up to American business demands. Aunique blend of comfort, economy and technology. All designed to make Alliance a fleet ideal.

Exceptional Mileage.

In a word: outstanding!

Alliance assures

high mileage:

That's better than so-called "gas-savers" like

Escort, Chevette, Rabbit, Mazda GLC and

Horizon.

Surprising Roominess.

Because business people need room. And asprecise and compact as Alliance's externaldimensions are, it's astonishingly spaciousinside. More spacious than Horizon orChevette." With more front and rear shoulderand hip room than Chevette, Escort or Horizon.More rear leg room, too. Alliance seats 5 adultscomfortably. And though its external sizeapproximates sub-compacts Civic, GLC andRabbit, Alliance's interior dimensions place it in alarger class. Plus, it has a trunk exceptionallylarge for a car this size: 13 cubic feet. It's all justsmart use of available space.

Responsive Handling.

Alliance is snappy and agile, with a 1.4 litre,4-cylinder engine and a choice of automatic,

4-speed or 5-speed manual transmissions.

Its front-wheel drive, belted radial tires, rackand pinion steering and MacPherson strutsbring driving to life. With Alliance, driving isactually fun.

Smooth Riding Comfort.

Twin torsion-bar design, front and rear stabilizerbars and a long wheelbase work to retain astable ride. The suspension works with the otherparts of the entire car to produce excellent ridequality. Everybody rides comfortably.

Quality Fit and Finish.

This is where the workmanship tells. And this iswhere Alliance shines. Alliance utilizes an"Assembly Check" manufacturing process tomonitor critical points. The result is remarkableoverall appearance and body integrity. In sum,Alliance looks great, is solidly built and fitstogether right.

Low Costs Fleet Managers Will Love.

Now the best part: not only does Alliance sport alow initial price and get good mileage, it's alsoinexpensive to operate and maintain. Becauseevery Alliance is covered by theexclusive American Motors Buyer ProtectionPlan, offering the only full 12-month/12,000-milewarranty in the industry, plus Loaner CarService, Trip Interruption Protection and Towing

Coverage. And every Alliance is backed by theRenault Perforation From Corrosion LimitedWarranty that provides for 5 full years ofprotection against rust corrosion.t Thosewarranties are transferable upon sale and helpsupport resale when it's time to replace yourfleet. That's the built-in value of Alliance.

Check Alliance against the competition. You'lbe pleased to find that an excitingfleet car also makes excitingbusiness sense. For moreinformation, call or send in thecoupon today.

nv RENAULT

American Motors Fl

We build the American Fleet

' Please send me all the details about the new 'Alliance. Mail to: American Motors SalesCorporation, Fleet Operations, 27777 |

Franklin Road, Southfield, Ml 48034, or call(313) 827-4216.

"Use these figures for comparison. Your results may differ due to driving speed, weather conditionsand trip length. Actual highway mileage will probably be less. California mileage lower.Competitive mileage figures based on 1982 EPA guide, gasoline powered."Based on interior volume measured in cubic feet.fSee your dealer for warranty and rust program details.

Circle 18 on inquiry card.

Name-

Company-

Address.

try out the in-stock selection of

Heath/Zenith microcomputers,

peripherals, accessories

and software.

Now available at your nearby HeathkitElectronic Center, or through the Heathkit

mail order catalog.

You get more with a Heath/Zenith per-sonal microcomputer system! We offer:

ISIje^

1

iliijfc

\L~

1. Proven, high-performance hardware: Thousands of

our microcomputers are proving themselves daily, in the field.

2. Vast software library: Three operating systems(including CP/M), languages, word processors,

an electronic spreadsheet, versatile utilities and the500-program Heath Users' Group software library.

3. Self-instruction courses: Evaluation and program-ming courses from Heathkit/Zenith Educational Systems.

4. Service support: Before and after the sale -consultation by phone, carry-in service.

Test run one of our microcomputersat any of the more than 60 convenientHeathkit Electronic Centers in the U.S.

Heathkit

ELECTRONIC CENTERS S

See the white pages of your telephone bookfor store locations and telephone numbers.

Heathkit

Circle 180 on inquiry card.

•Units of Ventechnology Electronics Corporation in the U.S.

Or if you prefer, send to the address below for a

FREE catalog:

Heath Company

Dept. 334-944

Benton Harbor, Ml 49022

Please send my free catalog, describing your complete lineof microcomputer products!

In Canada: Heath Company1480 Dundas St. E.Mississauga, ONT L4X 2R7

& Listing lao

continued:

00356

Printing!

00357

p 00306

00358

I 00307

Graphics!

00359

+ ^

1 00308| 00309

00360

! W !

1 —+

00361

+ +

® 00310

1 [13 !

00362

9 00311

+ +

00363

+— +

3 00312I 00313

00361

! Text to Print !

+-~ 1 f~— h

00365

+ t

I 00311

! Con ! X ! Y !

00366

*

§ 00315

< ^ + +

00367

4

5- 00316

.

00368

,

00317

•

00369

* "1"

00318

(

00370

1 More text to print !

00319

+ h (. +

00371

00320

1 Con ! X ! Y !

00372

00321

< + h ^

00373

+ +

0032200323

i 1

00371

! C5] '

00375

+ +

0032100325

! [25] !

0037600377

When a control-6 is received the Apple-II will print every characterreceived on the Centroriics-737 printer. Printing is terminated upon

00326

00378

receipt of a control-5. Since the Centronics-737 is buffered, delay

00327

Receipt of a control-1 causes the Apple-H to switch to graphics Mode..

00379

characters must be transmitted along with the line to be printed to

00328

Graphic vectors are then transmitted to the Apple-II as above,

where

00380

allow time for printing.

00329

the X and Y coordinates are transmitted Modulo 128

. 'Con' (control byte)

00381

00330

has the following format!

00382 }

00331

00383

0033200333

76513210

00381 VAR Pen*! BOOLEAN!

00385 X,YtAddX,AddY,Tine,KharCoi.irit)N)K3seCoritrol,Row,Colurtn,I,Koi.int: INTEGER!

00331

! PXxy!

00386

Buffer! PACKED ARRAY [1..80] OF CHAR!

00335

1 (•

00387 ECGIN

00336

AAAA

00388

IF GetStatustNoCarrierPresent)

0033700338

1 1 1 1

"■ in ■»■ ■ — 1 ,m\ 1 i 11

00389

THEN

ren (U-down, l=upr-- • ...

00390

BEGIN

00339

Add 128 to X if on +!!

00391

SetCR2( Off Hoc*:, False)!

00310

Add 256 to X if on +!

A. I. } 4 Off I . . V if ni- 1

00392

SetCR2(r1ode,True) C Originate mode V,

00311

Add lift to i it on *

00393

IF NOT DiaK'325-2211') (. Atlanta GE/Mark-III low speed access number 3

00312

00391

THEN

00313

If 'Con'

is equal to 25 then the graphics rode is

terminated.

00395

EXIT(Terminal)!

00311

00396

IF KeyBoardReady

00315

Graphics Characters!

00397

THEN

00316

M398

Ch != ReadKey!

0031700318

(.

0039900100

WriteLnt'Waiting for carrier.')!Time != 30!

+ r + + 1

0031900350

! [183 ! n ! CI ! !

Cn ! +

0010100102

WHILE NOT K'eyBoardReady AND GetStatusfNoCarnerPresent)AND (Time>0) DO

rill *

00351

00103

EtGIN

00352

While in

graphics node (see above) if a control-R

is received

00101

X != Pee)«.(Data)! C Hake up ACIA >

00353

then the

next byte is saved as a character

count.

The next n

00105

Wait(l.O)! { Wait 1 second }

00351

bytes are then displayed on the graphics screen as

characters.

00106

Time != Time-1! { Wait for carrier }

00355

Listing la continued on page 332

WHEN AMERICAN BUSINESS I TS1 IE ROAD,AMERICAN BUSINESS MEETS AT HILTON

/LTOH

AMERICAS BUSINESS ADDRESS

1

>o

3

»S

91

60

a

a.

e

o

TS

9

f*;

dirate >|tor nodela conti)

3

-ft

•a

$-

COOT

vec

X

a_ 3 -a

a

CD

m m *• m ^ r^m m in in in in

!i

s

J si

no cs

••en z S

•a

3.C

C

ou

fc

oo.c

■a

N OO O^ o »i

^- «r v <»- *-

■=> ■=■ <=■ t=3 CD

332 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

M

GI1U IVIdStGr ™ - the leading CP/MrM supervisor^fU

These ana many more unique featuresmake Menu Master the frontrunnerof menu systems:

• Easy menu definition. You define a menu as easily as youwrite a letter. Anyone can design a simple menu in less than10 minutes.

.V,

ou design your own screen layout. MenuMaster does notrestrict you to any pre-defined layout.

• All video attributes are implemented. Highlighting, reversevideo, etc. are used as easily as you use bold faced printwith your word processor.

£&* WSDIAB

KEV\AI0R0

• Cursor addressing fully implemented.

• Simple commands change logged drive and user areawithout affecting menu operation.

• Built-in menu definition language featuring conditionalexpressions (if-then-else, repeat until), case sentences andmuch, much more.

• All variables are kept intact even when you leave the menuto run a program or to call another menu.

• MenuMaster will even feed your programs data as if theywere typed in at the keyboard.

Choose from these operations byentering highlighted command letter

Directory of files Status of filesCopy files Erase files

General ledger Word processing

Enter command ■

Why learn computerish - when MenuMaster speaks your language.

lenuMaster - the easy way to CP/M

Why learn and remember a lot of meaningless computer

commands when your computer can talk to you in plain

words, you can answer it just as plainly, and the computer can

make decisions based on your answers.

Anyone has the right to speak his own language. Claim your

right now. MenuMaster puts it within reach - easily and

cheaply.

MenuMaster - the only flexible menu system.

Sit down with your text editor and create your own menus. It'sas easy as writing a letter. You needn't be a programmer touse MenuMaster - but if you are, the sky is the limit.

MenuMaster - also the professional's choice.

Transform long and tedious command sequences into asingle keystroke, and let the computer remember all yourvariables for your. ManuMaster lets you easily create yourown personal virtual operating system.

mm

») BORIPHD

W INTERNATIONAL

MenuMaster - the only complete menu system.

Menus are easily defined - a simple menu is only a matter ofminutes - yet MenuMaster also incorporates an entireprogramming language: the Menu Definition Language. Thislanguage allows simple as well as advanced programmingconstructs. No other menu system offers you this. Do not becontent with less.

MenuMaster demo kit - only $30.

The demo kit contains working examples of MenuMasteroperation and a complete set of manuals. The price will bededucted when you buy a complete system.

Do you already own an old menu system?

Pity, but all is not lost. Borland will refund you $50 if youinclude an invoice with your name on it for such a system withyour MenuMaster order. This offer is limited to oneMenuMaster per customer and is valid until January 1 st 1983.

Order your MenuMaster today - only $195.

Cash, American Express, Master Charge, and Visa accepted.

world wide distribution of quality software

BORLAND LTD. 69, Upper Georges StreetDun Laoghaire • Dublin, Republic of IrelandPhone 1 802514 Dealers: use 1 802521slex 92188 BORL El

Telex 92

I hereby order:

MenuMaster demo kit(s) at $30.

MenuMaster rnmplpte cystem(s) at $195

Name

Company

Address

Phone TelexPayment

Circle 51 on Inquiry card.

^lf\/IDEK...your guide to

COLOR-I MONITOR

260(H) X 300(V) line resolution • Built-inspeaker & audio amplifier • front mountedcontrols

for IBM

(H) X 240(V) • RGB

24 character display

•16 color intensify modulation

3DEL 31QA MONITOR

Easy-view amber phosphor CRT •Com-posite video signal • 18 MH, bandwidth• 900 lines (center) resolution IBM-PC

compatible

MODEL DXY PLOTTER

Economical X-Y coordinate plotter • 10"X 14" plotting range • Centronics inter-face • ROM expandable • 4 pens, hold-ers and chart hold-downs included

YOUR COMPATIBILITY CHART

MORE COMPATIBILITY INTERFACES DUE SOON . . . CHECK FACTORY!

COMPUTER

MONITORS

PLOTTER

3" MICRO-DISC DRIVE

NOTES

VIDEO-300

VIDEO-310

COLOR-I

COLOR-II

COLOR-IIA

COLOR-III

COLOR-IV

IBM-PC

•

•

•

•

*

•

*

•

•

* Special Cabling Required

APPLE III

•

*

*

*

*

•

* Special Cabling orConverter Required

APPLE II

•

•

*

*

*

*

•

•

* DVM Board Required

ATARI 800

*

*

* Opt. Atari Cable Required

VIC-20

*

* Opt. VIC Cable Required

TRS-80

*

* Opt. TRS Cable Required

Osborne

*

* Opt. Interface Required

TI-99

*

* Opt. Tl Cable Required

Commodore-64

*

*

* Opt. Commodore Cable Req

innovative computing!

COLOR-W MONITOR

Economical RGB input monitor • 260(H)X 300(V) line resolution * 80 X 24 char-acter display capability • Commercialgrade CRT

COLOR-IV MONITOR

Superior 720(H) X 420(V) line resolution• 80 X 24 character display • analogRGB input for up to 4096 computer-con-trolled colors

MODEL 300 MONITOR

Green phosphor CRT • Composite videoinput • 18 MH;, bandwidth • 900 lines(center) resolution • Also available in am-ber phosphor

AMDISK-3 MICRO-FLOPPYDISK DRIVE

Revolutionary 3" Micro-Floppydisk drive & cartridges • 1Megabyte (unformatted) storage • Track-to-track compatiblewith 5%" floppydisk drives • Built-in power supply • Hardplastic, protective floppydisk cartridge

COMBINATION DIGITALVIDEO MULTIPLEXER

Makes Apple-ll compatible with RGB mon-itors • Modes include Apple 40 charac-ter-line text, Apple high/low resolutioncolor graphics, 80 character-line textfrom vendor board (included)

Amdek Corp. is dedicated to marketing quality compu-ter peripheral equipment to enhance the use of popularpersonal computers. Our research & development staffkeeps abreast of progress in computer techology andequipment and strives to offer you state-of-the-art ad-vances in peripheral equipment.

Amdek products are distributed nationwide and in Cana-da through major distributors. And, we have factory-trained manufacturer's representatives ready to serveyou in every major marketing area. Amdek offices arelocated in Chicago, Los Angeles & Dallas.

Just circle the reader service number, or contact us toreceive complete technical specifications on theseAmdek products.

2201 Lively Blvd. • Elk Grove Village, IL 60007(312)364-1180 TLX: 25-4786Circle 15 on inquiry card.

-a

ea

§ to

s

I

S

s

5

1

■e

1

■ i-t

f".

t-ro TO

»*

°- ~i

r—1

ro

a

+■>

■3 R

co

j

-»J -*>

tt?

<*<*

s

w

V^ '-^

sy

5 'S 8 '

en tH s-

a> Si i—

N *o li *

■ -•,—* *- on i

I—t + —» «— (fc

ro ,_,*.. ,_i cm <»~ .-•

•m un --♦ ce ■+■ •-* u_ *-■

C »h CC II Q fti C * * ■

' "£ S S S '

lu ii ii if ♦• m w u (j i

|

1g

l

9r

fi

•5

fS

.5

i

|

-<->

#3

S cm CM "

i-H *-« II

e

■5* no cm C5 a> m

t—* ro -*^ cc -*j _jl .:*:

ce ■** t> Q oj o o

O CO Q JE CT5 o_ CL.

&

oo *» pcII ■—•

JL " * A

Hi O

i—t * ii i£

2 A" I

■«-> -K.' r-. ^

6 l«.s

Q> c-4

J s

fN.cocKo^tCMn^-in'OK

I

K 00 Ch

r-v. p* hv.

m In b">

ScococorocbcocofficoKiiTuiiniriinijTinm

c=> « c=>

5? Ek

in in

s

m in

-o ISon Qkin in

2 3

2£

CN CT*

in in

w C») T-O -O -©

i

5

II

f 3

w

$

h a. t «■

a

§

f~

-s

-«•*

«>

i*

S*s

f0 JZ.

Mi-

i &2-g

CJ

flL

muj^g

'^

El <T

fc"fe

8

6

g 3

ST

•a

-4->

3 5

8 a

C55S3

a

1f 5

I.1

5 o

SSsg

§=2

3*

01

1

ca no

U_ OJ it.

-j5

SB

l-H —

££?

=>5

II C

3

i

r g

i-< t-m »•• ai

U- ** -»->

fig

lis

i

i—

a

oo cso »* cm tn >rm-0NC0C>O'-CM,.

OOrt^^^^^^H^r-tNNNC^NMCMN.,

inininininin LnininininininininLOininijTb"5inm

k^IsSSk^e^sssHsks^sPkb^^

336 October 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

BISON

PRODUCTS, INC.

A CALIFORNIA CORPORATION

We're Bullish on Low Prices

If the items you want are not listed in this ad, call us for the current price. If youadvertised price that is lower than ours, call us and we'll try to beat it.

Send Mail Orders To: Orders may be picked up at: For Ouestions or Phone

P.O. Box 9078-184 16709 Roscoe Boulevard (213)994-2533

Van Nuys. California 91409 Sepulveda, California 91406

"We accept Cash. Certified Checks. VISA and MasterCard"

All merchandise new in factory cartons with manufacturer's warranty.

Corporate and School District P.O 's accepted subject to credit approval. Enclose financial statement with order.

California residents add Sales Tax. Shipping charges added to all ord_ers.

"No refunds without prior approval" - Bison credit only on returned merchandise

QUANTITIES LIMITED ON SOME ITEMS — PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE

For Further Information Please Circle Reader Service 41

find an

Orders Ca

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

NEC PC-8001A $725

Products For Apple Computers

Here are some of the products BISON carries for AppleComputers If you don't see whaf you want here, give us acall

16K BAM Card for Apple II S 68

Microsoft Premium Pack S 569

BISON Add-on Disk Drive S 349

Parallel Printer Card with Cable S 72

D C Hayes Micromodem II S 270

Graphics Interface for NEC. Epson S 139

For more Apple information, circle reader service card 42

Products For IBM Personal Computers

Tandon Single-Sided Disk Drive S 255

Tandon Double-Sided Disk Drive w/DOS Patch . . S 340

AST 64K BAM Card S 365

ATS Clock Card S 399

9-piece set of 64K BAMs S 75

For more IBM information circle reader service card 43

PRINTERS

BISON carries all of the major brands of printers. If youneed help choosing the proper printer for your needs, calland talk to one of our support technicians

EPSON MX-80 Type III $ 425

EPSON MX-80 F/T Type III with Graftrax S 479

EPSON MX-100 with Graftrax S 649

NEC PC-8023A Friction & Tractor w/Graphics. . . . S 499

Okidata Microline 82A with Tractor - 80 Col S 460

Okidata Microline 83A with Tractor - 100 Col S 685

Okidata Microline 84PS - 200 cps Par/Ser S 999

C. Itoh Prowriter - Parallel S 485

C Itoh Prowriter - Parallel/Serial $ 610

C Itoh F-10 Starwriter - Parallel - 40 cps $1395

C. Itoh F-10 Starwriter - Serial - 40 cps S14J5

Comrex Daisy Wheel Printer - Parallel $ 855

Comrex Daisy Wheel Printer - Serial S 895

Comrex Tractor Feed S 195

For more printer information circle reader service card 44

MONITORS

BMC International

' 12" Green monitor with P-31 phospher' 15 Mhz' Excellent for 80 column display

BMC 12" Green Monitor S 88

' 13" Color Monitor' Audio and Video

' 270 Line resolution

BMC 13" Color Monitor $ 273

AMDEK Monitors

* 12" Green Phospher' Non-Glare

AMDEK Video 300 Call for Price

' 13" Color Monitor' BGB Input' For IBM/NEC/Apple

AMDEK Color II Call for Price

AMDEK Color I Call for Price

AMDEK Color III Call for Price

NEC

NEC 12" Green Monitor '. . $ 159

NEC 13" Color Monitor S 325

NEC 13" RGB Color Monitor $ 815

ZENITH

Zenith 12" Green Monitor $115

Televideo Products

TeleVideo computer terminals and desktop computer sys-tems-high price features at low prices

TeleVideo TS-802 Computer system

' 64K. 4 Mhz Z-80A. CP/M ' Dual Floppies. 720K Total' Same CBT and Keyboard as Televideo 950 Terminal' Network Expansion Capabilities

TeleVideo TS-802 $2665

TeleVideo TS-802H Same as TS-802

with one floppy and 5-MegaByte Hard Disk $4990

TeleVideo TVI-925 Terminal S 725

TeleVideo TVI-950 Terminal - TOP-OF-LINE $915

SOFTWARE

BISON carries software for all business and personalcomputer systems Just select the software you want andcall us for our current price Here are some examples ofBISONS Low Prices:

MicroPro Software

WordStar - 8"CP/M $ 250

WordStar - Apple CP/M $ 200

MailMerge - 8" CP/M $ 80

MailMerge - Aple CP/M $ 69

SpellStar - 8" CP/M $ 139

SpellStar - Apple CP/M $ 110

DataStar - 8" CP/M $ 189

DataStar - Apple CP/M $ 170

Super Sort - 8" CP/M $ 140

Super Sort - Apple CP/M S 120

CalcStar - 8" CP/M $ 149

CalcStar - Apple CP/M $ 145

06Whatever you need for your S-100 system from CPU's toMemory. BISON has it Just look at our list If you don't seeit here call for our current price

Sierra Data Sciences

S-100 Master/Slave Single Board Computers

Master - 4 Mhz. Z 80A $ 690

Slave - 4 Mhz Z 80A $625

Sierra Data CP/M $ 160

Sierra Data BIOS $ 100

Sierra Manual $ 25

Sierra Data - Winchester Adaptor $ 145

Sierra Data Turbo DOS $ 750

SUPER BISON SPECIAL

Mitsubishi 8" Double-Density Double-Sided

Floppy Disk Drive $ 425

QUANTITY DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE - CALL BISON

QT-Systems Mainframes

S-100 Mamfame and 8" Drive Enclosures

• S-100 Power H 8V/16A ' 16V'3A -16V/3A

• Drive Power 4 5V/1A -5V-6A i 24V/6A' Keyed Power Switch

• EMI Filter

• 2 Switched Power Outlets' Filtered Fan

' 15 - DB25 Cutouts

' DB37 Cutout

' IDS 50 Cutout

' Hard Disk Power Supply

' Shielded Motherboard

' Bugged Card Cage

' 9%" x 17" x21" (H xWx D)

QT 6-Slot Dual 8"' Drives $ 530

OT 8-Slot, Dual 8" Drives $ 560

OT 12-Slot Dual 8" Drives $ 620

S-100 Mainframe and 5'/," Drive Enclosures' Similar to 8" Mainframe' 7" x 17" x 20" (H x W x Dl

QT 6-Slot. Dual 5'/," Drives $ 455

OT 8-Slot. Dual 5V.," Drives $ 595

QT 12-Slot. Dual SV," Drives $ 560

QT All-in-one 8" Disk Drive Cabinet

Changeable faceplate allows use of all standard 8" floppy

and hard disk drives including:

' Shugart

• NEC

' Mitsubishi

' Tandon (Up to 4 Thin-Line)

' Qume

Features:

' Holds 1-4 8" Drives

' Power l5V/6a-5V/1A • 24V/6A

' Modular Power Supply

List Price $3495 BISON PRICE $295

DISK DRIVES

Qume #842 (Replaces Data-Trak 8) S 480

Tandon Thin 8" Single-Side Double-Density 5 382

Tandon Double-Density $ 465

DYSAN Floppy Disks

Dysan 104/15'.," Soft Sector

Box of 10 $ 35

Dysan 104/1D 5'// Soft Sector Double Density

Box of 10 $ 42

Dysan 3740/1 8" Soft Sector

Box of 10 $ 45

Dysan 3740/2D 8" Soft-Sector Double-Density

Box of 10 $ 63

For more S-100 information circle reader service card 45

Circle 305 on inquiry card.

P&T CP/M®2 isGROWING a

MOO^

$2^

es

P5

a'

row**

2°'

,ws

\e*\ 6tWe

noW'

^1$>*

f^p8"

$2*?

t*A»

C0(M

us

\0,<

SoPP'tia'

O*

Vol

bve<"

Start with a Model II floppy system andgrow into a hard disk. Since all P&TCP/M 2 systems are fully compatible,you will have no conversion worries.Special note: P&T hard disk systemsallow you the user to configure logicaldrive assignments to your specifications.Write for more details.

Prepaid VISA. M/C, or COD orders accepted.All prices FOB Goleta and subject to change.CP/M is a registered trademark of DigitalResearch TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corp.

PICKLES& TROUT

P.O. BOX 1206

GOLETA, CA 93116

(805) 685-4641

TrouT

.PROC POKE,2

RETURN

.EOJPLA

0

STA

RETURN

PLA

STA

RETURN+1

PLA

TAX

PLA

PLA

STA

ADRRLSB

PLA

STA

ADRRMSB

.BYTE BE

ADRRLSB

.BYTE 0

AORRHSB

.BYTE 0

LOA

RETURN+1

PHA

LOA

RETURN

PHA

RTS

Listing lb: A 6502 assembly-language routine that must be linked before attempting toexecute the intelligent terminal program in listing la.

PROCEDURE Pok.e(Address,DataByte:iNTEGER)

Poke procedure - standard Trix routine in Pascal won't do the trie*,with the MicroHodeM-H registers.

Two 16 bit Pascal argumentsTenporary variable for return addressSave Pascal return address

Get data byte and

put it in X register.

Throw out MSB of data bate.

Get LSB of address

and save it.

Get MSB of address

and save it.

STX op code to transfer X to address.

Low order byte of address to poke.

High order byte of address to poke.

Restore return address.

Return to Pascal calling program..END

Text continued from page 318

The tabbing process is initiated bythe receipt of an escape character(decimal 27). The next two bytes thatare received determine the row andcolumn specifically. The followingcharacter is then tabbed via aGoToXY (row, column) statement.The exact sequence of events is asfollows:

1. An escape character (decimal 27) istransmitted from the host and in-tercepted at line 537). The nextcharacter's decimal representationwill be the row to tab to, and thefollowing character will representthe column.

2. At line 538, the CASE statementcontrol variable (KaseControl) isset to 2, and the received character(N) is nullified so that the programwon't attempt to print an escape.

3. At line 454, the next character isreceived and because the CASEstatement control variable (Kase-Control) was previously set to apositive value, execution moves toline 459.

4. Because KaseControl was pre-viously set to 2, line 526 capturesthe tab value for the row.

5. At line 532, KaseControl isdecremented by one, changing itsvalue from 2 to 1.

6. Execution moves back to line 454,where another character is re-ceived, and the process againmoves to line 459.

7. Because KaseControl is now 1, ex-ecution begins at line 527. The col-umn value is set at line 528, andline 529 executes a tab to (column,row) via the GoToXY procedure.

8. Once again, statement 532 is ex-ecuted, decrementing KaseControlto 0, which causes a bypass of theCASE statement in line 459. Thisbypass continues until the Kase-Control statement is again resetafter receipt of a new escape orcontrol character.

Similar logic is used beginning withline 559 to explode compressed char-acters. This is a technique for elim-inating the repeated transmission of acharacter when you want thatcharacter to be printed more thanonce. The execution of this optionproceeds to line 521, where the bufferis filled with the required number ofcharacters by the Pascal procedure

338 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

4) BMC PC-1

BINARY SYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICATIONADAPTOR AND EMULATOR

Gives you full ability to communicate with IBM-BSCcompatible host computers.

The PC-1 provides connections for intelligent devices such as personal and mini computers, and an emulatormode for non intelligent terminals. This makes possible a wide variety of applications.

IFOR EXAMPLE:

TELEPHONE LINE

IBM-BSC CompatibleComputers

Mini Computers

Personal Computers

IFOR FURTHER INFORMATION CALL:

4*

BMC USA, IMC.

NEW YORK OFFICE

450 Barell Avenue Carlstadt, N.J. 07072Telex: 133221 BMC NY CARLPhone: 201-939-7079, 7061

Circle 50 on Inquiry card.

LOS ANGELS

20610 Manhattan Place Suite 112,Torrance, CA. 90501Telex: 698641 BMC USA TRNCPhone: 213-320-9880,9881

PERSONAL

COMPUTERS

PERSONAL

COMPUTERS

PERSONAL

COMPUTERS

Altos Call for Model & Price

Amdek Video-300 149.00

Amdek Color-I Monitor 329.00

Amdek Color-ll Hi-Resolution 13" Monitor 729.00

Amdek Color-Ill Monitor 439.00

Atari 400 16K 319.00

Atari 810 Disk Drive 449.00

Atari 850 Interface 169.00

Atari 800 16K 669.00

Daisywriter 2000 1049.00

Diablo 630 2095.00

Epson MX-70 289.00

Epson MX-80 w/Graftrax Plus 439.00

Epson MX-80 FT w/Graftrax Plus 549.00

Epson MX-100 FT Printer w/Graftrax Plus 695.00

Hayes Micromodem II (Apple II) 289.00

Hayes Smartmodem 225.00

IDS 560 Paper Tiger 1099.00

IDS Prism 80 (Color) 1379.00

IDS Prism 132 (Color) 1559.00

Mannesmann Tally MT 1705 1289.00

Mannesmann Tally MT 1802 1499.00

Microtek 16K Ramboard for Atari 800 79.00

Microtek 32K Ramboard for Atari 400 & 800 .. 119.00

Microsoft Soft Card (Z-80) 279.00

Microsoft Soft Card Premium System for Apple 579.00

Microsoft Ramcard 64K for IBM-PC 369.00

Microsoft Ramcard 16K for Apple 139.00

NEC 3510 or 3530 Spinwriter 1675.00

NEC 3515 Spinwriter 1695.00

NEC 7710 or 7730 Spinwriter 2295.00

NEC PC-8023 Printer 489.00

NEC JC1201 M(A) - Color 12" Monitor 329.00

NEC GREEN JB1201M -12" Monitor 169.00

120 CPS, Bi-directional logic seeking 9x9 dot matrix, full 96ASCII char. Set with true descenders Centronics parallel portand RS232 serial port (up to 1200 Baud) standard, 136 col,includes Okigraph dot addressable graphics, friction feed andremovable tractor. 31 lbs., 110 volt standard, 220 volt optional.

Okidata Microline - 80 Matrix Printer 329.00

Okidata Microline - 82A 449.00

Okidata Microline - 83A 729.00

Okidata Microline - 84 Parallel 1095.00

Sharp PC-1500 Pocket Computer 239.95

Sharp CE-150 Color Printer/Cassette l/F 199.95

Sharp PC-1211 Pocket Computer 135.95

Sharp CE-122 Printer/Cassette Interface for

PC-1211 99.95

Smith-Corona TP-1 649.00

Televideo 910 559.00

Televideo 925 735.00

Televideo 950 929.00

Transtar Model 140 1295.00

Videx Videoterm 80 Column Card for Apple II. 259.00

OMEGA SALES COMPANY

430 PEARL STREET, STOUGHTON, MA 02072

(617)344-6645 TOLL FREE (800) 343-0873

340 BYTE October 1982

Circle 285 on inquiry card.

OMEGA DELIVERSFOR LESS

OKIDATA MICROLINE 83A

EPSON MX-100 FT

YOUR CHOICE$695.00

80 CPS, Bi-directional logic seeking 9x9 dot matrix, full 96ASCII char. Set with true descenders, centronics-style parallelport (RS232 optional), 136 col., includes graftrax plus dotaddressable graphics, friction feed and removable tractorfeed. 21 lbs., 110 volt only.

SOFTWARE

Omega carries software by the following companies:

• American Business Systems • Ashton Tate • Dakin 5

• Innovative Software • Micropro • Microsoft

• Sorcim • Stoneware • Visicorp (Personal Software)

MAGNETIC MEDIA

Omega carries diskettes (51/4" or 8") by the listed companies:• Dysan • Maxell • Scotch • Verbatim

ACCESSORIES

Omega carries accessories for the Apple II by thefollowing manufacturers:

• D.C. Hayes • Microsoft • Tymac

• M & R Enterprises • Videx

^ *<#$*^

Stock Shipments Same Day or Next

No Surcharge for Credit Cards

All Equipment Factory Fresh w/MFT Warranty

Prices do not Reflect Shipping Charges

Mass. Residents Please Add 5% Sales Tax

PRICES ARE SUBJECT TOCHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE

We carry the complete line of Atari Hardware, Software & Peripherals.We will try to match or beat any price with similar purchase conditions.

OMEGA SALES COMPANY

430 PEARL STREET, STOUGHTON, MA 02072

(617)344-6645 TOLL FREE (800) 343-0873

Circle 285 on inquiry card.

BYTE Octobtr 1982 341

Circle 131 on inquiry card.

Announcing:

MICRO-TIMESHARING

"The Marketing Trendof the Future"

Delta Micro-Timesharing is a uniquenew approach to computer retailingthat utilizes the Delta-64 user distrib-uted processing network system,plus instructional video cassettes.

The Delta DP-Net allowspotential customers hands on use ofa Delta system in their homes orbusinesses (via modem).

Once installed, the Delta does therest. With its speed, reliability anduser friendliness, the Delta is a surebet to win customers over.

Look into Delta's Full Lineof Business Computers Today.

2l|W

DELTAPRODUCTSINC.

15392 Assembly LoneHuntington BeachCA 92649(714)898-1492

FillChar. That buffer is thendisplayed via the low-level PascalI/O procedure UnitWrite. This se-quence of logic can explode up to ap-proximately 30 characters. If acharacter is to be printed more than30 times, I have found it necessary forthe host to transmit additional delaycharacters (ASCII 0s) to allow theApple time to display all of the re-quired characters. To be safe, I addone delay character for every 25characters to be printed. For example,if I wanted to display a row of 80dashes on the Apple, I would have

the host computer transmit the se-quence shown in figure 2.

By tabbing, you can eliminate thetransmission of numerous blanks,carriage returns, and linefeeds. By us-ing character compression, you caneliminate the transmission of repeatedcharacters. Using both of thesefeatures can significantly speed thethroughput of information being dis-played by the Apple.

The Postprocessor Approach

That is all well and good, but afterI had written the third report con-

CONTROL D TO SIGNALDATA DECOMPRESSION

CHARACTER COUNT ■ 80

4

45

80

0

0

0

I

l

i

i

i i

I I

i

CHARACTERS

1

l

<

1—

Figure 2: An example of a character-compression transmission.

sisting primarily of print statementswith totally incomprehensible tab-bing and data-compression charac-ters, I began to look for a more ele-gant approach. To solve that prob-lem, I decided to avoid it. I now writeall of my standard reports to a scratchfile on GEISCO and then route thatfile through a postprocessor that in-serts all of the tabbing and data-com-pression characters where appro-priate (all under program control, ofcourse). In fact, I have written severalpostprocessors for the various typesof printers and display terminals wehave at work.

A simple but key feature of thesepostprocessors is an awareness of thedisplay format of the output device.In the case of the Apple, the post-processor is smart enough to stopafter 23 lines are displayed and print amessage for the user to press any keywhen he is ready to continue. Addi-tionally, when displaying files withembedded formfeed characters (clearscreen and go to top of page), thepostprocessor ignores all but the firstone. The elegant aspect of thepostprocessor approach is that a

342 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

APPLE • ALTOS • ATARI • MAXELL • DYSAN • EPSON • CCS • SHARP • CASIO • HP • VERBATIM • MEMOREX • SOROC • CORVUS • ADDS

= k£

MICRO

SPEC

BUSINESS WORLD INC.Information Line (213) 996-2252TOLL FREE MAIL ORDER LINES

(800) 423-5886 Outside Calil.

r^i hewlett

mLZM PACKARD

HP41 CV

OUR PRICE

$239.00

MSL 345.00 S*<* 106.00

m

MICRO SCI

APPLE 11+COMPATIBLEDRIVE

HI CONTROLLER W/0 CONTROLLER

MSL OUR PRICE MSL OUR PRICE54900 429.00 44900 379.00

5aj<* COMPARE TO I 5<k>* COMPARE TO216.00 *PPU DRIVEI 1*6.00 APPLE DRIVE

APPLE IS A REG TRADE MARH OF APPLE COMPUTER

LE MONITOR

METALCABINET

9" GRN. PHS. MONITOR

12" GRN. PHS. MONITOR

1 Yr. W«rr»nly

MSL OUR PRICE $*"*189 00 $119.00 70.00

■ n

.$e£|

AXIOM

DOT MATRIXGP100

wide paper

MSL OUR PRICE %#>*>38900 $269.00 120.00

MSL OUR PRICES*"*2495.00 $1899.00 896.00

RADIO SHACKTRS 80 MOD III

m 48K**Z DRIVE

MSL OUR PRICE S«*^2495.00 $1733.00 762.00

rrngi

PERSONALCOMPUTER

, INCLUDES

2 Drives DS/DDColor Graphic Board64K Memory

12" BMCGRN PHS

MSL3305.00

OUR PRICE$2895.00

410.00

"Subject to availability

^PPLE IS A REG TRADEMARK OF APPLE COMPUTER

APPLE II

PLUS

48K

'Subject toavailability

MSL1530.00

$1095.00

435.00

HP 125

OUR PRICE$1975.00

MSL 2750.00 S*" 775.00

DUAL MASTER DRIVE

MSL OUR PRICE 5**2500.00 1595.00 ^05.00

Qcommodore

UIC-20

COMPLETECOMMODORELINE AVAILABLE

vie-TV Modual $19.00

Vic Cassette $65.00

Vic Disk Drive $ Call

vie 6 Pak program $44.00

MSL OUR PRICE $*<*L299.00 $189.00 110.00^

dk VIC 20

EXPANSIONCHASSIS

OUR PRICE

MSL 229.00

FEATURES:

• 7 expansion slots •All aluminum construction

• Large power supplywllh torodial trans-former • 5 volt supplydirect ot the VIC 20 torcooler operation • 24

189.00S<u* 40.00

Micro VIC Printer •Detachable cover protectscartridges • Houses VICand Expansion in oneportable unit • Holderfor RF modulator • Sup-ports all VIC 20 cartrid-ges from Arfon Micro,Commodore and others

AL OF THE MONTH

Put o Genie In Vour Computer Intelligent PrinterInterface Card H|ij|jlWh|ii> nilQPPirPWorks With PMjCw B uun r"'^c

■ Integer Basic cJpr^lSl $119.00

■ Applesoft* ": MSL 159.00

■ Pascal 1.0 & 1.1 ■ wPrM —

'Applesoft Is a registered Trademark ot Apple Computer, Inc. Tgffyf*J'CP/M Is a registered trademark of Digital Research. 40.00

rTHE APPLE COMPATIBLE"ALTERNATIVE

FRANKLINBUSINESSSYSTEM

Franklin Ace 1000 system • 64K •Disk Drive with controller card • 12"green phs. video monitor.Color optional $49.00

$1695.00

SAVE $1000 COMPARED TO APPLE SYSTEM

SMITH CORONA

TPI

DAISY WHEEL

PRINTER

LetterQuality

our price $599.00

MSL vw-w.uw

895.00 S#* 296.00

CASIO FXMOOPli

PERSONAL COMPUTER

POWERFUL

CA-BASIC

NEW

AND C/M0S-RAMMSL OUR PRICE s<toc995.00 $599.00 396.00

rRj$| XEROX820

WORD PROCESSING SYSTEM(INCLUDES SOFTWARE)

MSL OUR PRICE $**,3495.00 $2749.00 746.00 J

INCLUDES

GRAFTRAX

S

OURMSL PRICE CjH*MX 80 111 645.00 429.00 216.00MX 80FT 11745.00 535.00 210.00

MX 100 n 995.00 669 00

326.00^

OSBORNE

PERSONAL COMPUTER

INCLUDESSOFTWARE

•CPM • MAIL MERGE

• WORDSTAR • CB BASIC

• SUPERCALC • M BASIC

MSL

OUR PRICE

1795.00 1595.00

3»*

NEC

STUDENT

SYSTEM

64K

0

•NEC PC 80001

•NEC PC 8012

•NEC PC 8031

12" Grn. Phs. Video Monitor

MSL OUR PRICES**2839.00 $2095.00 744.00

QcommodoreSTUDENTSYSTEM

4032 • 32K 40 COL CRT4940 - DUAL DISK DRIVEMSL OUR PRICES**2590.00$1978.00 612.00

WE RESERVE THE RIGHT TO CORRECT TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS.THIS AD SUPERCEDES ALL PREVIOUS ADS.

AJIinnmBUSINESS WORLDll*-^r^^^ WAREHOUSE

18720 Oxnard, #108Tarzana. CA 91356

(800) 423-5886 IN CA (213) 996 2252

CUTSIOE CA CALL TOLL FREE

Name (Please pnni)

Address ,

City State

Oty Make Model

Telex: 1828S2Answer: MICKO TZNA

•California residents add 5% sales lax"Add 3% Shipping & Handling - Add3% surcharge tor credit cards Orderscannot be shipped unless accompaniedby payment, including shipping, handl-ing and lax where applicable

TOTAL ORDERS

TAX IF APPLICABLE*

SHIPPINGS. HANDLING"TOTAL ENCLOSED $

Certified Check or MO.Bank Wire TransferCREDIT CARD #

Exp Dale

Allow 2 weeks clearance forpersonal check

Signature

^E^ft

MAXELL • DYSAN • EPSON • CCS • SHARP • CASIO • HP • VERBATIM • MEMOREX • SOROC • CORVUS • PERSONAL SOFTWARE • CCS

Circle 240 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982

343

Southern Region

Custom Applications

25 n

105 w100°w 95° w

90*

w

85° w

80° w

75 w

Figure 3: Map of the southeastern United States generated with pen-and-ink plotter onGEISCO's timesharing service using ISSCO's DISSPLA graphics package. (DISSPLA isa proprietary software product of Integrated Software Systems Corporation, SanDiego, California.)

FORMAT OF VECTOR WHEN TRANSMITTED FROM GEISCO:

BYTE#1 BYTE #2 BYTE #376543S10 76543210 76543210

PX*Y

>

PEN

ADD 128 TO X IF ONADO 256 TO X IF ONADD 128 TO Y IF ON

X COORDINATE

Y COORDINATE

Figure 4: The plot vector format for transmission to the Apple.

report generator needs to be writtenonly once for a standard outputdevice and the postprocessor willhandle the idiosyncrasies of everyother output device.

The ability to do graphics in a time-sharing environment with my Appleis the most intriguing aspect of thepostprocessor application for me.Many people are intimidated by com-puter graphics, but once the basicprinciples are understood, the pro-cedure is really quite simple. Con-sider the following example. The mapof the southeastern United States

344 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

shown in figure 3 was produced on aZeta plotter (Nicolet Zeta Corpora-tion) using GEISCO's system and theDISSPLA graphics package. The pro-gram that produced the map can beseen in lines 1000-1350 of listing 2.What may not be evident from look-ing at the listing is that eventually thisprogram, indeed almost all plottingprograms, can be reduced to two sim-ple commands:

1. Raise the pen and move to a givenlocation on the paper.

2. Lower the pen and move to a given

location on the paper (i.e., draw aline).

On the Zeta plotter these com-mands are accomplished in a sub-routine called Plot. Now, if I writemy own Plot subroutine and use it toreplace the version of Plot that thesystem would normally use, I cancapture all of these commands andwrite them to a file for further pro-cessing (or transmit them in real timefor that matter). My revised versionof the Plot subroutine begins at line1360 of listing 2. The statement at line1080 of the calling program tells Plotwhat file to write the captured vectorsto.

Now that all of the vectors for theplot have been captured, a postpro-cessor will read that file and send thevectors to the Apple in some suitableform. The format of the vectorstransmitted from GEISCO to the Ap-ple can be seen in figure 4. As you cansee, it takes three bytes or characters,to transmit a vector to the Apple. At30 cps, this means a theoreticalthroughput of 10 vectors per second.

Because I now have a format totransmit plot vectors, all I have to dois tell the Apple to switch to graphicsmode. In the terminal program inlisting la, I have arbitrarily selected acontrol-D (ASCII 4) to indicate aswitch to graphics mode. When theApple detects receipt of a control-Dfrom the host in line 555, it sets theprogram case-control variable (stillKaseControl) to 7 and executes theinitialization procedure. This pro-cedure, which turns on and clears thehigh-resolution display, takes con-siderably longer than 1/30 second toexecute. In fact, it takes approximate-ly 1 second. Therefore, I transmit 30nulls (decimal 0) following the trans-mission of the control-D fromGEISCO to allow time for this activi-ty. Finally, the display of the Applescreen in photo 2 is the result of thetransmission of the file of capturedvectors. The plot consisted of 5801vectors and took almost 10 minutesto display on the Apple.

Generating Characters

Before exploring the logic of theprocessing of transmitted plot vec-

Circle 432 on inquiry card. »

BASF QUALIMETRIC

A TOTALLY NEW DIMENSION OF QUALITY.

From BASF comes a totally newlevel of excellence in magneticmedia-the. Qualimetric stan-dard, a standard so advancedthat BASF FlexyDisks® are confi-dently backed by the industry'sonly lifetime warranty. TheQualimetric standard is main-tained without compromisethrough every step of BASFdesign, production, inspection,and testing...reflecting anunwavering BASF commitmentto media fidelity and durability.

Our FlexyDisk jacket, forexample, incorporates a uniquetwo-piece liner that not onlytraps damaging debris awayfrom the media surface, but alsoensures precise media-to-headalignment. The result- certified100% error-free performance,backed by BASF's exclusive life-time warranty*

For information security,tomorrow and beyond, look forthe distinctive BASF packagewith the Qualimetric seal. Call800-343-4600 for the name ofyour nearest supplier.

Enter tomorrow on

BASF TODAY

ct 8ASF for warranty

r

CALL

THE COMPUTER-LINE"

IN COLORADO

TM

mSB^S

■—^-v:-VT-Vy

j*toa^*fchm;taj;iii; g.;,■.;

With most mail-order establishments, low prices are the bottom line. ComputerWorld International believesthat it is important to be competitive by offering low prices; however, we regard service as the most importantaspect of a mail-order organization. We offer toll free lines so that you, the customer, are able to talk to fullyqualified computer specialists trained to answer all your questions pertaining to our line of microcomputers.We are renowned for our excellent after-sales support and our promptness for delivery. Peace of mind andexcellence in service is our pledge to all our customers.

IBM Personal Computer Products

QUADRAM CORPORATION

QUADBOARD

The ultimate memory board for the

IBM, featuring

• fully expandable from 64 to 256K

• parallel port

• asynchronous (RS232) serial port

• clock calendar

• RAM disk driveSCALL

INTERFAZERUsed as

• Peripheral buffer

• Multi-User Printer Controller

• Computer I'O Expander

• Incompatible Device Interface

• Peripheral Multiplexer

• Data Transfer Rate ConverterSCALL

MICROFAZER

• buffering from 8 lo 64K(4 to 32 pages of text)

• printer and computer independent

• parallel parallel serial/serialand parallel/serial available

• compute while you print!SCALL

DAVONGSystems, Inc.

Description:

The Davong Systems Memory Card is a convenient RAM memory expansion

card for use in the IBM Personal Computer

The Memory Card may be placed in any free system slot, it is completelycompatible with all IBM Personal Computer software and hardware, and runsat the same speed as IBM memory products

64K RAM $225 . 192K RAM $499256K RAM $599

Hard Disk System for theIBM Personal Computer.

ONLY $1595.00

Description:

The Davong System s Hard Disk Drive fits convemertly inside the second

floppy disk location of the IBM Personal Computer chassis, providing more

than 30 times the capacity ot a floppy diskette, plus greater speed and

reliability

The DSI-501 System is compatible with IBM software, and supports IBMDOS' The system includes all necessary components and software forinstallation12 MEGABYTES STORAGE $2195.00

TANDON DRIVE

SPECIAL

Double Sided/Double Density

320K BYTES STORAGE

TM—100—2

NOW ONLY

$274

SHIPPED ANYWHERE

IN THE CONTINENTAL U.S.A.

Call for TM-100-4

RGBColor Monitor

SPECIAL!

Princeton Graphic Systems

only $599 with cable.

690 Dots Horizontal

16 colors

Non-glare screen

Sharp looking—matches IBM

IBM SOFTWARE

ENTERTAINMENTGALACTIC ATTACK20RK IZORK IIDEADLINE

CALL FOR NEW GAMESAT UNBEATABLE PRICEST and G JOYSTICKSADAM ANDEVE PADDLES $29 95

BUSINESS

WORDSTARMAILMERGETAX MANAGER256K VISICALCVISITREND VISIPLOTVISIDEX

EASY EFFECTIVEACCOUNTING SYSTEMSUPERCALCSUPERWRITth

CALL FOR SOFTWARE NOT LISTED

$269$ 79$199$189$239$189

$389

$44 95

MAYNARD ELECTRONICS

Floppy Disk Controller with pFloppy Disk Controller with serial

XE-64XD-16

ADD RAMELITE

PROFIT SYSTEMS, INC.

Description

Asynchronous (Senal-RS232C) Communi-cation Adapter (expandable to two Ports)+ Real Time Clock/Calendar

(with software)

(Same as) ADD/3 + with built-in SecondAsynchronous Port

$139

Parallel Printer Adapter - Asynchronous(Serial-RS232C) Communication Adapter(expandable to two Ports) + Real Time

Clock/Calendar (with software) $1

(Same as) ADD/4 + with built-in SecondAsynchronous Port ,...

_

:

$199

TASC MASTER"

Intelligent Parallel Printer andAsynchronous (Serial-RS232C)Communication Adapter/Buffer(expandable to two Asynchronous Ports)

16K Memory $275

(Same as) XE-16 with 64K Memory $335

(Same as) XE-16 with built-in SecondAsynchronous Port (16K Memory) .. .. $299(Same as) XE-64 with built-in SecondAsynchronous Port (64K Memory) $369

Expansion Kit: Asynchronous (Senal-RS232C) Port (to be used with ADD 3 •ADD 4 ^ TASC MASTER XE-16 and

XE-64)

(Same as) ADD 3 + with memoryexpandable from 64K to 256K64K version

$39.95

(Same as) ADD 4 + witn memoryexpandable from 64K to 256KMK version

$429

Peripherals For All Computers

PRINTERS

NEC

Spinwnter 7710 7730

8023A

EPSON iGraflrax Plus)

IMX-80

MX-80FT

MX-100

OKIDATA

80 no tractor

80 wt*h tractor

82A no tractor

82A with tractor

83A

84A parallel

84A serial

2K Buffer

Gtaphics 82A 83A

$2339$ 489

$ 429$ 529$ 699

$ 339

$ 399S 439$ 479S 689$1029Si 139$ 55$ 79

L

C-ITOHF10 Word Quality Printer

• 40 CPS Printing

• Letter quality excellence

Now Only S1395

20cps (Parallel)20cps [Parallel Seriall136 columni Parallel136 column! Parallel Sena1All Epson NEC C-ITOh ai><l OKIDATA ool matrix printer pricesimmediate deliver inclusive ot shipping insurance and handling cINTEGRAL DATA SYSTEMSPRISM 132 Color printer #ttn all JOttons• 200 cps Sprint Mode4-color printingFriction Tractor teed

Smith-Corona TPI

ProwriterProwriterProwriterProwriter

S 469$ 619$ 699$ 749

quoted are lor

harges

51595

$ 679

MONITORS

Zenith ZVM-121 Phosphor. 15 MHZ .

NEC 1201 Phosphor 20 MHZ

NEC 0112 Composite. Color

NEC 2112 RGB Color

Amdek 300 Phosphor

Amdek Composite. Color

Amdek IBM Compabibie Color

BMC Green

BMC Composite, Color

(All BMC monitors have12 month replacement warranties)

Princeton Graphic RGB Color

For IBM

Electrohome RGBElectrohome IBM Cable

$ 119$ 179$ 335$ 899$ 179$ 349$ 749$ 89$ 279

$ 599

$ 749$ 49

MODEMS

Hayes Smartmodem. 300 baudHayes Smartmodem. 1200 baudHayes ChronographNovation CatNovation D-CatNovation Auto CatCERMETEK

1200 baud modem

$219$529$189$145$165$209$CALL

DISKETTES (51A inch)

SCOTCH WITH PLASTIC LIBRARY CASES (Boxes of 10)

(48 Track single-sided, double density) $26.50

VERBATIM DATALIFE SSDD (Boxes Of 10) . $24.95VERBATIM DATALIFE DS DD (Boxes of 10) $39.95

ELEPHANT DISKETTES SSDD (Boxes of 10) $23.95

TERMINALS

Televideo 910Televideo 912Televideo 920Televideo 925Televideo 950Adds Viewpoint

Call for Visual Terminals

$589$699$745$735$929$4!

"

TELEVIDEO COMPUTERS

TS802 $2695

TS802H $4695

TS806 (Multiuser! $5195

TS800 $1295

COMPUTE-R-CADE™

WE CARRY THE REVOLUTIONARY

GAME ARCADE BOOTH FOR

ATARI AND APPLE COMPUTERS!

CALL FOR INFORMATION

AND PRICING

Apple Computer Products

CALIFORNIA MOUNTAIN

COMPUTER SYSTEMS HARDWARE

7710 Async. Serial Int $135 CPS Multi-Function Card ... . $169

7490 GPIB (IEEE-488) Int $239 The Clock $229

7470 Ana. to Dig Converter $ 99 Supertalker $159

7711 Async Serial (Term) $135 Music System $319

7712 Sync. Serial tnt $149 Expansion Chassis $599

7721 Apple Parallel Int $109 Romwriter $139

Calendar'Clock Module $ 99 Ram Plus $149

Programable Timer $ 99

MICROCOMPUTER BUSINESS INDUSTRIES

Appletime" Clock Card $89

VIP" Card

(The Ultimate graphics interface

+ cable—Parallel and Serial) $119

(See advertisement this Byte)

80 COLUMN CARDS FOR APPLE

Wesper 80 Card $259

Vision 80 Card (Vista) $269

Videx 80 Card $249

RAM CARDS

Davong 16K Card $ 89

Microsoft 16K Card $129

T AND G PRODUCTS

Game paddles $ 29

Joy Stick $ 44

Selecta-port Expander $ 49

WE STOCK

RANA DRIVES

In our opinion, these are the best drivesavailable for your APPLE II. Call for prices.Hard Disks + 8" Disksfor Apple, TRS-80 SCALL

ALSO

APPLE ADD-ON

40 Track Compatible Drives $299

BUSINESS SOFTWARE

VISICORP, INC.

Desktop Plan III $229

Desktop Plan II $189

Visifiles $189

Visiplot $159

Visitrend/Visiplot $229

Visidex ...' $189

Visiterm $ 79

Visicalc 3-3 $189

Visipak $539

STONEWARE

DB Master $169

DB Utility Pack $ 69

MICRO PROApple CP/M

Word Star $219

Super Sort $119

Mail Merger $ 79

Data Star $179

Spell Star $119

CalcStar $119

APPLE WORD PROCESSING

On line's Sensational!

Screenwriter II $89

Silicon Valley Associates

Word Handler II $159

List Handler $ 79

Call for Continental. Dakin 5, Broderbund, Automated Simula-tions, Avant-Garde, Edu-Ware, Denver. Howard, Sirius Sensible,Synergistic Software, etc.

::

:;|;::fe;;S;;;;;;;:;™:j;i

MODEMS FOR APPLE

Hayes Micromodem II $269

Novation Apple Cat II $299

212 Apple Full Duplex (for Apple Cat II) $329

212 Apple Cat $629

212 Stand Alone Auto Cat RS232 $599

MODEM SOFTWARE

Visiterm $ 79

Transend II $119

(Complete with a FREE subscription to the SOURCE)

CPM FOR APPLE

Microsoft Z80 Softcard $269

MISCELLANEOUS APPLE PRODUCTS

Enhancer II $119

Dana Apple Fan $ 39

Sup R Mod $27.95

System Saver . $ 79

Videx Function Strip $ 69

NEC PERSONALCOMPUTER PRODUCTS

PC-8001A Keyboard and processor unit, including 32K Ram, 24KB N-Basic Rom, cassette tape recorder interface, parallel printer

interface, display interface $749

PC-8012A Modular expansion unit, including I/O bus extension, disketteadaptor, 32KB Ram, real-time clock, 8 priority interrupt levels,

6 slots for additional boards $479

PC-8023A Dot matrix printer—100 cps, bidirectional printing, proportional

printer $499

PC-8031A Dual diskette unit, including two 163K byte diskette drives,interface cable, enclosure and operating system .... $749

NEC General Accounting System $259

NEC Accounts Receivable System $259

NEC Inventory Control System $259

NEC Payroll System $259

NEC Job Cost System $259

NEC Benchmark Word Processing $329

NEC CP/M Operating System $125

NEC Report Manager $135

Data Base $459

We carry the entire line of NEC/BPI software for the personal computer.Please call or write for information.

ATARI Computer Products

ATARI 800 Computer

810 Disk Drives ....850 Interface Module830 Acoustic Modem16K Memory Module32K Memory ModulePaddle Controller (Pair)Joystick Controller (Pair)

$675 ATARI SOFTWARE

$459 Conversational French/German/

$189 Italian/Spanish, each module .... $ 49

$169 Touch Typing $19.95

$ 89 Asteroids $35.95

$ 99 Centipede $35.95

$ 19 Missile Command $35.95

$ 19 Pac-Man $35.95

Space Invaders $35.95

Star Raiders $39.95

Call for prices on

APPLE COMPUTERS

FRANKLIN ACE 1000

BASIS 108

Call for prices on Northstarand Texas Instruments products.

Please call or write for our catalog.

IN COLORADO (303) 279-2727 or (303) 279-2848

^ CALL "THE COMPUTER-LINE"™

1 "I OUU |™OfcO™ t O t i SHOWROOM: 1019 8TH STREET\ % * GOLDEN, CO 80401

H COMPUTERWORLD INTERNATIONAL, INC.

/ SUITE 133, P.O. BOX 81, WHEAT RIDGE, COLORADO, U.S.A. 80034-0081

^W TERMS: RETAIL/MAIL ORDER: ADD 1% SHIPPING (MINIMUM $2.50) - UPS GROUND.

W WE HONOR ALL MANUFACTURERS WARRANTIES AND EXCHANGE FAULTY GOODS IMMEDIATELY.SPECIALISTS IN APO AND INTERNATIONAL DELIVERIES. ALL PRICES REFLECT A 2.9% CASH DIS-COUNT. PURCHASE ORDERS FROM ORGANIZATIONS WITH GOOD CREDIT ACCEPTED.

Circle 98 on inquiry card.

wE

CO

1000

♦ LIBRARY PSSLtDISSPLA ! These three lines instruct the

1500*

I

9 1010

* LIBRARY DSSLI77.D053 ! Fortran-77 compiler to search

1510*

fxx*xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx*xx*xxxxxxx*xxx

8- 1020

* LIBRARY DSSL!Z7.R53 ' the specified files for the

1520*

X

X

s 1030

! necessary Displa and Zeta subroutines.

1530*

x Fornat of WORD when output!

X

S

S 1040

1540*

X

X

TO

2 1"50

PARAMETER <IHDIM=6000> ! Set the work area to 6000 words

1550*1560*

x 76543210 76543210 76543210 76543210

X

5*

| 10603> 1070

COMMON wORK(IwT>IM),X(41),Y<41),IPAK<100)

X +—-—————f——————+————+——————+

-«

DIMENSION BUFF(2)

1570*

* ! PXxY! XXXXXXX! YYYYYYY! !

*

1

| 1080

CALL PL0TINIT<'PL0T.35A')' Pass nane of file to collect

1580*

x + ^ + + +

*

2

| 1090

! plot vectors in to PLOT routine

1590*

jr AAAA A A

X

3

« 1100

CALL PAGE<8.5,11.0)

CALL BSHIFT(-0.2,-0.4) ! Shift plot coordinates

1600*161(1*

X '!'! ! !

w r, . i i i i l

X

^

-*

" 1110

* rPTl * .

*-•>

1120

CALL PROJCTCCONFORMAL CONIC)

1620*

x Add 128 to X —+'! ! !

X

3*

1130

CALL HEIGHT(8,5/191.*9,0)' Set character height

1630*

* Add 256 to X —+' ! !

X

1110

CALL TRIPLX ! Select fancy character set

1640*

* Add 128 to Y + ! !

X

1150

! for graph titles

1650*1660*

* X Coordinate + !

XX

8

1160

* T L-ooroinate ■■" '

m

1170

CALL BASALFI'L/CSTD') ! Use upper t lower case

1670*

X

X

•§

1180

CALL MIXALFf'STAND')

1680*

XXXXXXXXXXX*XXXXXXXX*X**X**XXXX*XX*****XX*»XXXXXXXXXXX

IS"

1

1190

CALL YAXANG'0,0) ! Make chart labels horiz.

1690*

1200

CALL NOMPCH

1700

INTEGER KONTROL,WORD

3.

•-*

1210

CALL TITLEC VI,' ',1,' ',1,5.0,5.0)

1710

INTEGER KOUNT/0/

1220

CALL HEADIN('(S)OUTHERN (R)EGIQN*',100,1.7,2)

1720

STRING FTLEOUT,S

TO3

1230

CALL HEADIN('(C)USTOM (A)PFLICATIONSt',100,1.0,2)

1730

LOGICAL INIT/.FALSE./

S'

1240

CALL BSHTFTf0.25,-0.5)

1740

IPEN=NPEN-2

•5

1250

CALL CARTOG ! Switch to sinple character set

1750*

o

a

1260

CALL HAPGRM05.,5.,-74.,25.,5.,40.)

1760*

X**XX*XXXXXXX**XX*XX*X***X*X**XX*X*X**X*X***X*X

1270

CALL FRAME

1770*

X x

2

1280

CALL MAPFILCUSAL') ! Select low resolution nap of US

1780*

x Hake sure that output file has x

2

1290

CALL STOA('LAND ',BUFF,D

1790*

x been opened with prior call to PLOTINIT x

1300

CALL LBLANK(BUFF,IHOIM) ! Blank, out grid lines

1800*

x x

1310

1 over land areas

1810*

x*xxxxx*x*xx*x*x*x**x**********x***xx*xx***x*x*

1320

CALL GRIDf2,2) !

1820*

1330

CALL PLOT(0.0,0.0,999) ! Terminate the plot

1830

IFdNIDGO TO 1830

1340

STOP 'Plot coMplete.'

1840

PRINT,'Subroutine PLOT not initialized.'

1350

END

1850 1490 PRINT,'Processing terminates.'

1360

SUBROUTINE PLOT(X,Y,NPEN)

1860

STOP

1370*

1870*

1380*

*x****x*x*****x***x*********xx**x**************

1880*

x*xxxxxxx*xxx*xxxxxx*xxxxxx*x*x*x***x*xx***xx*x*

1390*

X *

1890*

X X

1400*

x This subroutine replaces the standard *

1900*

x Open output file to save plot vectors on x

1410*

x Zeta subroutine 'PL0T(X,Y,IO' and *

1910*

x *

1420*

* captures all plot vectors generated, *

1920*

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx*xxx*xx*xxxxxxxxxxx********x

1430*

* The captured vectors are stored in the *

1930*

1440*

* file specified by the call to PLOTINIT. *

1940

ENTRY PLOTINTT(S)

1450*

x x

1950

FILEOUT=S

1460*

* x

1960 1600 OPEN(UNIT=01,FTLE=FILEnUT,FERM='W',FOR'M='UNFOR'MATTED',

1470*

xxxxxxxxxxx*xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx*x

1970

«STATUS='NEw',ERP=1640)

1480*

1980

INIT=.TRUE.

1490

% LIBRARY MEDL:F77SUB ' Pulls in subroutine IBST

1990

RETURN

Listing 2 continued on page 353

<OmPUTER WAREHOUSE

CALL TOLL FREE

ATARI

Special 32K 800 System

800 W/32K, recorder, Pac Man or Star

Raiders, joysticks Call

Above w/48K Call

Pac-Man Special

400 w/16K, 2 joysticks. Pac-Man

800 (16K)

400

810 Disk Drive850 Interface.410 Recorder .830 Modem

$655$285$440$170$75$155

16K Memory

32K Memory

80Column Board.

COMMODORE

VIC-20

Datacassette

Single disk drive..16K Memory

$60$90Call

$180$60

$320$95

Tl 99/4A HOME COMPUTER.

Call

99/4A Console.10" Color monitor.Disk controller. . .

Disk drive

32K Memory

Expansion box.

$355$220$360$290$185Expansion box disk controller. $185

Expansion box disk drive $290

Expansion box 32K memory. $220

DISK DRIVES

Lobe-Apple 1st Drive $400

Apple 2nd Drive $350

PercomAtari D/D Drives Call

MONITORS

Zenith

12" Green Screen

Amdek

Video 300

Color I

Color II

Color III

BMC

Comrex

13" RGB Color

NEC

JB 1201

JB 1260

$115

Call$310CallCallCall

$460

$155

$115

MODEMS

Hayes Smartmodem $215

Novation

CAT $140

D-CAT $155

Apple Cat II $349

Auto Cat $235

1-800-528-1054

SOFTWARE

CP/M

IBM

CP/M

IBM

Ashton-Tate

WordStar

MailMerge

SpellStar

Visi-Calc

Easywriter II

Spellguard

Call Call

Call Call

Call Call

Call Call

NA $195

NA $275

$225 $225

Sorcim SupercalcInnovative

Software T.I.M.CBasic

Microsoft Basic 80WordStar, MailMerge

SpellStar

$225 $225

$425 $350$100 NA$265 NA

$449 $449

PLEASE ADD $5 PER SOFTWARE ORDER FOR SHIPPING.

SPECIAL VISICALC SYSTEM

Franklin Ace 1000, Lobo 1st Drive,

Zenith Green Screen Monitor, Visicalc $1800

PRINTERS

Anadex Call

Anacom Call

C. lioh

F-10-Parallel $1375

F-10-Serial $1375

55CPS-Series Call

8510Parallel $425

Comrex

cr-1-s Call

cr-1-p Call

cr-1-q Call

Datasouth

DS180 $1260

Diablo

620 RO wo/Tractors $1150

630 RO wo/Tractors $2050

630KSR wo/Tractors $2435

Epson

mx-80 Call

MX-80F/T Call

MX-100 Call

NEC

PC-8023A Call

3510 $1375

3510 Ex $1645

7710 Call

7720 Call

Okidata

Microline80 $305

Microline82-A $400

Microline83-A $650

Microline84 Call

PMCDMP-85 $410

Smith-CoronaTP-1 $650

Tally

1805/1802 $1490

1605/1602 $1325

MT160 $625

MT180 Call

Texas Instruments810 Basic Call

VIDEO TERMINALS

AddsViewpoint $490

Televideo

910 $570

910 Plus $570

920 $735

925 $730

950 $915

Zenith

z-19 $680

zt-1 Call

COMPUTERS

Altos

ACS 8000-15 $3742

ACS 8000-2 w/CPM" $2650

Series 15D $2125

Series 5-5D $4240

Dynabyte Call

NEC

8001 $730

8012 $470

8031 $730

Northstar

Advantage Call

Horizon II64KQD $2625

SanyoMBC-1000 $1520

Televideo SystemsTS-802 Call

TS-802H Call

MOUNTAIN HARDWARE

All products Call

HOUSTON INSTRUMENTS

Hi-Plot

DMP-2 $825

DMP-7/8 $2025

Prices reflect 3% to 5% cash discount. Product shipped in factory cartons with manufacturers warranty.Please add $8.00 per order for shipping. Prices & availability subject to change without notice.Send cashier s check or money order all other checks will delay shipping two weeks.

COfTIPUTERWAREHOUSE

2222 E. Indian School Rd. •Order Line: 1-800-528-1054

Phoenix, Arizona 85016Other Information: 602-954-6109

Store Hours: Mon.-Fri. 10-5 MST Saturday 9-1 MST

Two convenienceoutlets.

Three RS-232 ports andone parallel port.

2.5 megabytes offloppy disk storage.

ms\

GAZELLE

&d0m*

Constant voltagepower supply.

Easy roil-about

casters.

Anatomy

of a

Gazelle.

hen you look inside SeattleComputer's new Gazelle™ 808616-Bit microcomputer you'll findits beauty is more than skin deep.

Quite simply the swift, sleekGazelle is engineered to include

the most-wanted features in a micro. And with

plenty of room to grow as your needs increase.8 MHz. 8086 CPU. Fast, reliable with a proven

production record.

128K of RAM. Enough memory for most any job.

The fast static memory lets our CPU go at full speed.Three serial, one parallel port. Provides I/O for

your terminal, printer, communications, and more at

up to 19,200 baud.Two 8-inch

floppy disk drives.

Double-sided,

double-density

for a total of 2.5

megabytes of

on-line storage.

The disk controller

is capable of

handling up to four drives.

Constant-voltage power supply. Provides clean,

constant power even under brown-out conditions.

And it promotes reliable operation in the noisiest

electrical environment.

Expandable. An 18-slot S-100 mother-board allows

your system to grow along with your needs. RAM

may be increased to 896K or you may choose from

a wide variety of options from Seattle Computer or

other S-100 manufacturers. There is even a mounting

location and power supply for an 8" Winchester

disk, which will soon be available as an option.

The Software is Here Now!

MS-DOS operating system. Friendly and easy touse. Includes complete assembly-language develop-ment system. Plus it is fully compatible with the

IBM PersonalComputer DOS.

Microsoft BASICinterpreter. A fast,16-bit version of theindustry standard. Itopens the door to awide range of existingapplication programs.Perfect Writer wordprocessor. The ultimate word processor, that hasbeen rated "excellent" by Infoworld (6-14-82).(Optional spelling checker available.)

Multi-Plan spread sheet. Not just another "Visi-Clone," but a truly superior planning tool. Cross-linking of separate spread sheets provides previouslyunheard of capability. (Optional.)

Complete language support with MicrosoftPascal, FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC Compilers avail-able. You can choose the right language for anyapplication. (Optional.)

Best of all, the Gazelle is priced to sell as quicklyas it runs. You can buy the fully tested Seattle

Computer Gazelle fromyour local dealer for $5995.Add a terminal and printerand you are ready to go.

Call toll free1-(800)-426-8936 formore information aboutthe world's best, andfastest, micro buy.

TPPI Civ

1114 Industry Drive, Seattle, WA 981RR

Circle 344 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982

351

GREAT IDEAS...Down to Earth

Products

Rw^OkKs^ES

mmnwasiMitvua

SIERRA DATA SCIENCES

(AVAILABLE SOON)

SDS-S100 CHASSIS

6 Slot Motherboard

Complete power supply

Utilize regular or Thinline drive

83*

SDS-MULTIPLEXER/DISPLAY

Three RS232C 1 to 2 Switches

Two Seven Segment Status Display

(Can be used as a line monitor for data

communications link)

(route RS232 to one ot two devices)

NEC-FLOPPY DISK DRIVE

Double Sided

Single Density/Double Density

Up to 2.4 Megabyte

SPECIAL PRICING

SDS-HARD DISK INTERFACE

Micropolis 1220 SeriesInterface Adapter

DS-SLAVE

SDS-ZSIO

SDS-SINGLE BOARD COMPUTERS

Z80A CPU 64K Bank Switch Memory

2 RS232 Channels 4 Timers IEEE 696 Buss

Interface

4 Parallel ports

NEC 765 FDC with PLL to all Shugart

compatable drives (SDS-Master only)

Circle 347 on inquiry card.

SIERRA DATA SCIEIMCES Fr"n° CA I Marketing Division, 21162 Lorain Ave.. Falrvlew Park, Ohio 44126

(216) 331-8500 Telex. 980133 WDMR

Circle 156 on Inquiry card.

Listing 2 continued:

2000 1M0

IF(INIT)THEN

2010

PRM,'Unable to open file '"+FILEOUT+""

2020

PRINT,'I/O error nunber'

,IERROR(0)

2030

GO TO 1490

2010

ELSE

2050

INIT=,TPUE.

2060

CALL ZETA53(53,0,-1)

2070

CALL SYSTEM'PURGE '+FILEOUT)

2080

GO TO 1600

2090

ENDIF

21001

211 Ox

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx*xxxxxx

2120*

X

X

2130x

x If IPEN is greater then one then x

2140*

x plotting is terminated arid the x

2150*

x output file saved.

X

21A0*

*

X

2170X

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

21801

2190 1830

IFdFEN.GT.DTHEN

2200

ENDFILE(Ol)

2210

CLO8E(01,STATUS='KEEP')

2220

PRINT,TRIM. (STRING1KOUHT

'(110)'))

2230

«+' Plot vectors written to file "'+FILEOUT+'".'

2240

NTIME=FL0AT(K0IINT)/9.8

2250

PRINT,'Plot nill require

approxinatly

2260

*'+TRIr1L(STRING(NTIHE,'(I10)'>H' seconds to display.'

2270

RETURN

2280

ENDTF

22901

2300*

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

231 Ox

X

X

2320x

x Beein nain data packing section x

2330*

X

X

2340*

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

2350*

2360

KONTPa=0

2370

WORD=0

2380

IFaPEN.E0.1)K0NTR0L=8

Set bit three

2390

NX=X/11.0*279.0+0.5

Normalize X coordinate to

2400

Apple screen

2410

NX=nTN0(NX,279>

2420

NV=r1AX0(NX,0)

2430

NY=Y/8.5x)91.0+0.5

Nornalize Y coordinate to

2440

Apple screen

2450

NY=nTN0<NY,m>

2460

NY=rlAX0(NY,0)

2470

IF(NY.GT.127)THEN

2480

NY=NY-128

2490

KONTRIX^'ONTRa+l

Set bit zero

2500

ENPIF

2510

IF(NX.GT.255)THEN

2520

NX=NX-256

2530

K0NT8Om<0W»l+2

Set bit one

2540

ENDIF

2550

TFCN*.GT.127)THEN

2560

NX=NX-128

2570

K0NTR0l.=K0NTR'0L+4

Set bit two

2580

ENOIF

2590

CAI.L IBSKWnRO.l.S.KONTROL)

Place control codes in first

2600

byte of WORD

2610

CALL IBST(UORD,10,8,NK>

Place X coordinate in second

2620

byte of WORD

2630

CAL! IBSTfU0R0.1S',8,NY)

Place Y coordinate in third

2640

byte of WORO

2650

wRTTE<01)UORP

2660

OTJNT=KOUNT+l

2670

RETURN

2680

END

TRANSITION......SOFTWARE

Mainframe.. .to Mini.. .to Micro

COST goes down, whileutility goes UP

Innovative memory management softwareallows programs once reserved for largemachines to run on your CP/M 56K to 64Ksystem. All offer GRAPHIC displays withextensive pictorial representation of yourdata on a variety of graphic devices includingCRTs, dot matrix printers, word processingprinters, and pen plotters.

(PARTIAL LIST)

SCIENTIFIC and ENGINEERING

PROJECT EVALUATION(similar to DELPHI)

$90*

LINEAR REGRESSION

$90*

3-D GRAPHICS

(user functions, enhancement,hidden line)

$90"

ENGINEERING FIGURE GENERATION

$90**

BASIC STATISTICS

$90*

CURVE FITTING (2 variables)(with smoothing, enhancement)

$90*

NETWORKING

(C.P.M., out-of-kilter, etc.)

$109*

OTHER CATEGORIES

STOCKS-INVESTMENT MODELING

$135*

WIRE LIST, PCB LAYOUT, withschematic generation, error list

$155*

DIGITIZING SUPPORT PACKAGE(includes GRAPHIC EDITING)

$155**

BUSINESS and DATA ENTRY FORMSDESIGN

$75**

DRAFTING SUBROUTINE SUPPORT("rel files," MICROSOFT format)

$50**

CONTOURING PACKAGE

$190"

(with gridding, Krigging, enhancement)

•GRAPHICS OUTPUT DEVICE WILL ENHANCE PACKAGE"GRAPHICS OUTPUT DEVICE REQUIRED

ORDER BY TITLE, INCLUDE $6 SHIPPING PERPACKAGE. WE ACCEPT CASH, CHECK, MC,VISA, C.O.D., APPROVED P.O., U.S. FUNDSONLY. 5 DAY RETURN PRIVILEGE—subject toconditions included in each package. Includediskette type in each order:

8in.SSSD CP/M5% in. NORTHSTAR5V4 in. OTHER (Inquire)

FULL BROCHURE AVAILABLE ON EACHPACKAGE-CALL US

THE ENERCOMP COMPANY

P.O. BOX 28014

LAKEWOOD, COLORADO 80228

(303) 988-1648

CP/M-TM OF DIGITAL RESEARCH CORP.

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 353

Southern Region

Custom Applications

105 VmnV. «-•

100'w 95\ 90^v 65'v 80"w 75'v

Photo 2: The Apple display of the map shown in figure 3.

VECTOR #2

VECTOR #1

VECTOR #5

Figure 5: The vectors required to draw an M.

tors, I need to explain the problem ofcharacter generation. Each characteris literally drawn when DISSPLA,which has a wide assortment ofcharacter sets, is used. The lowest-resolution character set, for example,takes 5 vectors or plot instructions todraw an M (see figure 5).

At the other extreme, DISSPLA'smost ornate character set, Gothic, re-quires approximately 256 vectors todraw an M . When you need smallcharacters, the Apple's relatively lowresolution eliminates the use of any ofDISSPLA's more ornate charactersets. Still, a significant number of thevectors necessary to display a typical

business graph are accounted for bydrawing characters. For example,simple mathematics show that ifyou want to draw a string such asAPPLE, and each character takes anaverage of 7 vectors, you would haveto transmit 21 bytes (3 bytes per vec-tor X 7 vectors per character = 21).The obvious solution to this prob-lem is to transmit the charactersdirectly and use the turtle graphicscharacter set shown in photo 3. Thedisadvantage to this solution is that,as written, the turtle graphics pack-age provides for drawing charactersonly in one size and in a horizontalformat. Whatever the limitations,

however, this method can result insignificant throughput savings. Thefollowing example illustrates the useof the turtle graphics approach.

The signal to the Apple to displaycharacters is a control-R (ASCII 18),followed by the number of charactersand finally the actual characters tobe displayed. To display the stringAPPLE with the lower left-hand cor-ner of the "A" starting at the last loca-tion plotted, you would transmit theinformation shown in figure 6. Whilethe first example involved transmit-ting 21 bytes, with this technique youneed to send only 7 bytes of data tothe Apple. This, of course, requires1/3 the time needed to draw thecharacters. The plot shown in photo 4was labeled using the turtle graphicscharacter set and required only 33seconds to transmit and display.

Now that you know how both vec-tors and characters are transmitted, Iwill return to the examination of thegraphics portion of the terminal pro-gram. Remember that when youswitched to graphics mode bytransmitting a control-D, KaseCon-trol was set to 7. When the next byteis received from the host, the pro-gram transfers to the logic beginningat line 472. If you transmitted a vec-tor, the first byte received will be thecontrol byte (see figure 6). Becauseonly the four least significant bits ofthat byte are used, its value cannotexceed 15. Therefore, the IF test atline 472 will fail, and the executionjumps to the logic beginning at line484. The logic in lines 484 through503 checks each of the four leastsignificant bits in the control byte anddetermines if the pen should be up ordown (light on or off). Additionally,any values to be added to the existingx and y values are established. Afterthe end of the CASE statement (line532), KaseControl is decremented to6, and the next byte transmitted fromGEISCO is picked up. This is the xcoordinate, which is saved at line504, and KaseControl is thendecremented to 5. Another byte, they coordinate, is captured, and execu-tion transfers to line 505. Here the ycoordinate is saved. KaseControl isthen reset to pick up the next plot in-struction, and lines 508 through 518

354 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

16 Bit 8086 Multi-User Microcomputer System

™MP/M^oc

iTM

$7595

FOUR

USER

SYSTEM

THE

• it

TEC 86M

ONLY

$1899

PERUSER

1/2 MEGABYTEOF MEMORY

TWO 8 INCH D.0.FLOPPY DISKS

I STANDARD FEATURES

16 BIT 8086 CPU - Processor performance is the most critical element in a Multi-User System. Speed, power and the increased

throughput of our 16 Bit 8086 CPU are just a few of the reasons why our TEC 86M Multi-User Systems really perform.1/2 MEGABYTE OF MEMORY - The second most important factor which affects system performance is available user memory. Our 1/2

Megabyte, four user system gives each user well over 100K Bytes of memory, eliminating program size compromises which

lead to poor Multi-User system performance.MP/M-86™ COMPATIBILITY - The TEC 86M includes a ROM Boot for MP/M-86™ and is designed to provide optimal support for

MP/M-86™. The MP/M-86™ Operating System is available separately from Tecmar for $600. See Software Options listed

below for important MP/M-86™ features.FULLY INTERRUPT DRIVEN - The TEC 86M provides terminal and disk I/O interrupts to MP/M-86™, allowing for maximum system

performance in Multi-User operation.TWO 8 INCH DOUBLE DENSITY FLOPPY DISK DRIVES - The two Double Density floppy disks total 1.2 Megabytes of storage. Options include

double sided floppy disk drives and Winchester drives.FOUR SERIAL USER PORTS - Four serial user ports are provided. Each port can be independently set for speeds from 50 to 19200 Baud.MULTIPLE PARALLEL PORTS - Parallel ports are provided for operating printers as well as other parallel devices.EASILY EXPANDABLE - The modular design of the Tec 86 and Tec 86M assures you of continued system expandibility. All options are

easily field installable. Available options include: Memory 64K and 256K, additional users, double sided floppy disks,

Winchester 31 Megabyte hard disk, terminals, and printers.ATTRACTIVE DESKTOP ENCLOSURE - Tecmar Single and Multi-User systems come in your choice of an attractive desk top enclosure with

wood grained side panels to blend nicely into your office surroundings, or an industrial quality cabinet for more hostile

environments. Rack mount enclosures are available as options.ONE YEAR WARRANTY - Tecmar Systems are fully assembled and thoroughly tested. All Tecmar Components carry a full One Year

Warranty.

SOFTWARE OPTIONS

MP/M-86™ - Multi-User interrupt driven Operating System for the 16 Bit 8086 TEC 86M Microcomputer System. FILE PASSWORDPROTECTION - Access to user files can be restricted to require proper passwords prior to access. CONCURRENT FILE ACCESS -Filesmay be accessed by multiple users, each reading and/or writing the same file, with protection provided at both the file and the recordlevel. FILE TIME AND DATE STAMPING - Files contain creation, and modification Times and Dates for ease and accuracy in determiningthe latest or most useful file versions. PRINT SPOOLER - Files may be submitted to the System Spool file for printing. This frees theuser terminal to continue operation during the independent printing function.

LANGUAGES - B AS IC-86™ FORTRAN-86™ PASCAL-86™ CBASIC/86™ CIS-COBOL™ PASCAL/M86™ FORTH

*NOT INCLUDING MP/M-86 and User Terminals.

OTHER FINE SIOO and APPLE PRODUCTS AVAILABLE, INCLUDING:

ANALOG to DIGITAL CONVERTERS (12,14,16 bit accuracy; 30,40,100,125 KHz Conversion rates; 16 to 256 Channels; programmablegain; timer/counters). DIGITAL to ANALOG CONVERTERS (12 bit accuracy, 3 microsecond conversion rate). 8086 CPU Board, I/O Boards64K/256K Memory Boards, Real-time Video Digitizer and Display. Complete Systems also available for Data Acquisition, VideoDigitization, and General Purpose Applications.

REQUEST OUR CATALOG FOR COMPLETE LISTING, AND SPECIFICATIONS ON THE ENTIRE TECMAR PRODUCT LINE.

EC RR

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

23600 Mercantile Rd. • Cleveland, OH 44122

TECMAR, INC.

(216)464-7410

Ef/M-IC ■■! MP.'M-K in ngitind tmknits if I(iM tiwt tt. B»St«, UMIN-K ind USUI US in uphill Mwita If Minuifl hi. MSUUMB is I npitrnd tndnut If SOB* CHISIt/16 a i iijislnid Intawt if Ciapifei Sjslms Inc CIS COM 11 npsutf mdmik if Minim ta

CANADA: Our Ontario Distributor is OCTANT COMPUTER SERVICES INC., 146 Front Street West, Suite 485, Toronto, Ontario M5J 2L7 (416) 598-1046

Circle 382 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982

355

012

0j ■

a i

638636042048054060066072©78084090096102108114128126

• 001 I/ 087 &

* 613 «

* 819 *£ 025 <si 831 i$ 837 %

* 843 +

0 049 16 055 7< 061 =B 067 CH 873 IN 079 0T 085 UZ 091 Cx 097 a■P 103 g

1 189 mr 115 sx 121 y" 127 I

082 ° 883

888 <r 889

814 •/ 815828 5 821826 i 827

032 833938 & 839044 , 045050 2 051056 8 057062 > 863068 D 869874 J 075088 P 881886 V 887892 \ 893898 b 899184 h 185118 n 111116 t 117122 z 123

© 884* 810« 816x 822I 828! 034' 040- 0463 0529 858? 864E 870K 076Q 082W 888D 894c 188i 186o 112u 118C 124

0 085 Z

* 811 *

# 817 ♦

♦ 823 *

1 829 1" 835 tt< 841 ). 847 /4 853 5: 859 :<2 865 ftF 871 6L 877 MR 883 SX 889 VA 895 _d 181 e

J 187 k

P 113 q

v 119 u

I 125 >

Photo 3: Turtle graphics character set (with decimal equivalents).

CHARACTER DISPLAY ESCAPE CODE-

CHARACTER COUNT

CHARACTERS TO DISPLAY

Figure 6: The character transmission required to display APPLE.

Photo 4: Sample plot using turtle graphics character set.

356 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

execute either the Move or Draw Linecommand. At the end of the CASEstatement, KaseControl isdecremented to 7 and is ready to ac-cept another plot vector.

If you want to display characterswithout having to send the vectors todraw them, the next byte receivedfrom GEISCO will be the CharacterDraw command, a control-R (ASCII18). What occurs when it reaches theIF test at line 472 is that KaseControlis set to 9 at line 476, execution fallsthrough to the end of the CASE state-ment, and KaseControl is decrement-ed to 8 at line 532. When the nextbyte is received, the character count(KharCount) is saved at line 469, andKaseControl is set so that there willbe a transfer to line 460 when the nextbyte is received. For the next "Khar-Count" bytes, the logic in lines 460through 467 will be executed. Thatlogic will use the turtle graphics pro-cedure WriteChar to display eachcharacter as it is received.

The logic I've just described willcontinue, drawing lines and display-ing characters, until a control-Y(ASCII 25) is detected at line 478.Upon receipt of a control-Y, thegraphics mode is exited. There is nocall to the turtle graphics procedureTextMode. This is because I used an80-column board with a simple hard-wired switch, which makes that callunnecessary. I simply flip a switch todisplay either graphics or text. If youdon't have an 80-column board, itshould be fairly trivial (everything inprogramming is trivial . . . onceyou've figured it out) to install a"software switch" in the program thatwould change displayed screens at thepress of a user-defined key (theEscape key would be a good choice).

Writing to the Printer

The final option in the current ver-sion of the intelligent terminal pro-gram is printing. Receipt of a control-F (ASCII 6) is intercepted at line 541as the signal to turn on the printer.Besides turning on the printer anddisplaying a message that this hashappened, the logic in lines 541through 547 sets the flag PrinterOn. Iflife were simple, the WriteChr pro-cedure (lines 100 through 109) would

The Software Machine

Powerful Fast Responsive

Performance, speed, control, ease of use. That'swhat you expect from a finely tuned machine. Andthat's what your data management software shoulddeliver too. The new FMS-80 Version 3 gives youthis and more-a fully integrated ApplicationsDevelopment System that makes even the mostcomplex application easy.

Almost everyone needs to manipulate information.With FMS Version 3 even a beginner can follow thesimple menu selections and be off and running inalmost no time. Customized screens and usermenus are easy to design. Powerful full-screen edit-ing makes entering, modifying, adding or deletingdata a snap.

FMS makes getting your information out easy too.Interactive QUERY and comprehensive SELECTcan extract the data you need almost instantly. Ourpowerful Report Generator can produce almost anyimaginable report with minimal effort. FMS takesyou by the hand each step of the way.

More Than Just a Database Manager.

If you've been around the track a few times already,FMS is for you too. Our enhanced Version 3 EFMprogramming language gives you total control. OurISAM-like multi-key data structure, access to 19open files, full string handling, alphanumeric vari-able, field and file names, 18 digit FP&BCDmath, structured programming constructsand other advanced features make EFMthe language of

choice for data management applications. FMS canmake you more productive and save you time andmoney, whether you're developing a simple mailinglist or a complex turn-key general accounting system.

The UNIX-inspired FMS Shell brings advancedcapabilities like command stream manipulationand dynamic input and output redirection to theCP/M world for unprecedented control of theoperating environment.

Don't Run Out of Gas.

FMS's capabilities go way beyond other datamanipulation programs. More fields per record,more open files, more variables, more everything.

FMS

dBASE

Condor

Maximum fields

per record

255

32

127

Maximum number

of variables

281

64

0

Maximum number of open

files in a program

19

2

2

Maximum number of open

files in a report

19

1

1

Maximum display pages

per record

255

3

1

Don't lock yourself into a system that can't handlethe big jobs!

A Proven WinnerFMS-80 has been leading the field since 1978.Now Version 3 sets new standards for thefuture. Contact your local dealer for a testdrive.

<$/f

DJR Associates, Inc.

303 S. Broadway • Tarrytown, N.Y. 10591(914) 631-6766- Telex 646792 DJR NTAR

Circle 430 on Inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 357

simply write to the printer as well asto the video display as long as thePrinterOn flag was true. Life is neversimple.

While the logic in the WriteChrprocedure appears to do exactly that,all is not as it seems. The Centronics737 is buffered, so it does no printinguntil a carriage return is received.When that happens, it prints the con-tents of its buffer (the last line re-ceived from the host). The problemwith this method is that it takes time.Since the Centronics 737 prints at 83cps (16.7 characters per inch withmono-spaced condensed characters),you have to transmit nulls from thehost until the line is printed. For ex-ample, an 80-character line would re-quire 29 nulls (80 characters/83cps X 30 cps = 29 nulls) to followits transmission. In practice, a fewmore nulls are required to allow timefor carriage returns and linefeeds.Because of these timing considera-tions, I couldn't use the various listcommands in GEISCO's timesharingsystem but had to write my own print

program that precedes each line byenough nulls to ensure that thepreviously transmitted line has timeto print.

Conclusion

Numerous extensions to the con-cepts presented in this program arepossible. It was a difficult decision toquit exploring long enough to sitdown and write this article. I havespent a great deal of time discussingthe design considerations, but I hopethat doesn't detract from the benefitsthat can result from the use of such asystem. The graphics are significantand allow a manager to quickly graspkey trends and points with a displaythat can be generated in approximate-ly the same time as a one-page reportwould require.

It's easy for those of us who havebeen exposed to the capabilities ofmicroprocessors to flamboyantlyproclaim the death of the mainframe.It is not going to happen. What willhappen is that interfaces to thoseleviathans will become friendlier,

more cost-effective, and tailored tothe needs of the user, not the needs ofthe machine. Today's timesharingsystems, both commercial and in-house, coupled with commerciallyavailable microprocessor-based per-sonal computers and intelligent ter-minals will lead that revolution. ■

References

1. Datacomm Owner's Manual, HayesMicrocomputer Products Inc., 1980.

2. Freidan, Alan. "A Two-Dimensional, Level2 Core System for the Apple II," Graphics,vol. 14(4), pp. 127-144.

3. Micromodem II for the Apple II PersonalComputing System, Hayes Micro-computer Products Inc., May 1979.

4. Robinson, Scott G. "Micromodem Sup-port in Apple Pascal," BYTE, July 1981,pp. 308-324.

5. Woteki, Thomas H. "A Pascal Library Unitfor the Micromodem II," BYTE, February1981, pp. 106-136.

The views presented in this article are thoseof the author and do not necessarily representthose of his employer, the General Electric In-formation Services Company.

Best Price • Good Quality • Swift Delivery • Export

COMPUTER

'The Best Graphic

Personal Computer" $

LNW 80 I Z80A, 65K, 480 x 192 1,395

II 1 25K. CPM compatible 2.100

RGB interface 125

•Multiuser Business/Engineer"CROMEMCO Best Price Anywhere

CS1 5% " floppy 2,956

CS1H W/5MBherdd 5,247

Z2H hard disk system 7,396

CS3 64K. 8" 5,177

CS1D2E 256K RAM. 68000 8. Z80

2 8" floppy 4,067

C10 64K sp w/12" monitor 950

DYNABYTE 5200 64K. 1MB, Z80A 3.300

5605 64K. 6MB hard d 6,550

ZENITH

NORTHSTAR

'Professional/Word Process"

Z90-80, 64K 2,050

Z90-82, 64K, 1 disk 2,350

Z89. 48K. 1 disk 2,050

Z37 1 2MB Drives 1,450

HORIZON, 1

quad drive, HD5 3.999

ADVANTAGE. 2

quad drives, 64K 2.999

CROMEMCO 64K, 12" monitor. 390Kfloppy, letter quality printer,CP/M type O.S. + word processing-f spreadsheet $2875

•16 bit CPU-

S150 1FS 1-user 7.520

256K RAM. CRT, 2 floppies

S150 WS 1-user 8,999

256K RAM, 10MB hard disk,960KB floppy CRT, OS + 1 language

SI 50-3 WS 3-users 10.800

same as S150 WS

S150-6 WS6-users 12,800

51 2K RAM same as S1 50 WS

Graphics 300 x400 900

8510A w/CRT 8,000

320 x 240, DD

8600 w/1 3" color 17,000

monitor, 640 x 480

ACS8600-10 500KB 8.350

RAM. 10MB hard disk. 500KB floppy

multiusers ACS8000-2 2-.850

64K. 1M, 8-bit

TERAK•LSI/11graphic •

ALTOS■8086*

DEC, SWTPC, TELEVIDEO Call

PRINTER

Integral Data System

NEC

ANADEX

OKIDATA

C.ITOH

DIABLOQUMEBROTHERNEC

1 50 cps. 80 col.. . .w/graphic 84 x 84 .W/color & graphic . . .

W/all options

132 col

w/graphics 84x84w/color & graphic

w/all options

MX80 w/Graftrax . . .MX80 F/T Graftrax.

MX100

PC-8023A

DP-9500

MICROLINE BO. . . .

84 sp

340cps. 144x144.

. . 740. .820. 1,120.1,2991,050. 1,1301,430.1,590. .499. .539. . 719. . 490. 1.300. .365. 1,2252.450

•Letter Quality*

Starwriter F-10 40 cps.Printmaster 55 cps....

630

9/35 R.O

HR 11 excellent

7710

. 1,3951,699

. 1,995

1,800

895

2,299

ZENITHAMDEK

SANYONECBMCElectrohome

12"

MONITOR

' green

COLOR II RGB 13".

COLORI13"

300 G 12" green. -

1 3" color

13" RGB

1 2" green

1 2" color

A 12" green

12EUN 20 MHz. . .RGB

. 114.759.350.179.445

905.170.330. 105. 179

725

ZENITH

HAZELTINEBEEHIVEIBMTELEVIDEO

TERMINAL

Z19

ZT 1 w/modem telecom

ESPRIT II

DM5 smart ter

3101-10

910

925

950

CROMEMCO Compatible

. . 635. .560. .625. .800. 1,195. .599. .795. .975.1,350

CORVUS, APPLE ACCESSORIES

SOFTWARE

databasedBASE II Ashton-Tate.CONDOR I

financial IAR. AP. Inventory etc.IAccounting Plus Software Dimension

Solid Software (job cost etc .)

other

VISICALC

MICROSOFT softcard

FORTRAN 80

BASIC 80

BASIC Compiler

SUPERCALC Sorcim

Micro Pro WORDSTAR

MAILMERG

SUPERSORT I

Digital Research CPM 2.2

CPM86

PASCAL MT & 86

IBM Personal Computer Software

S499.250.450. 850

450. Call

. 199.330

345

285.310

220.295. 105. 165. 139

275.450

Call

DIGITIZER/PLOTTER

HOUSTON INSTRUMENT

HI PAD DIGITIZER DT-11 11"

DT-11A w/APPLE Interface.

DT 1 1 4 4 controls

HIPLOT DMP-2 8'/." x 11".

725.750

875.920

MODEM

PRENTICE STAR RS232D.C. Hayes Smartmodem

. 175.220

CALL (212) 937-6363free consultation catalogue

Prices subject to change. American Express, Visa/Mastercard add 3%. F.O.B. point of shipment. 20% re-stocking fee for returned merchandise Personal checkstake 3 weeks to clear. COD on certified check only. N.Y.residents add sales tax. Manufacturers' warranty only.

Computer Channel TELEX:

21-5544thRoad 429418

Long Island City, NY 11101 CSTNY

358 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 85 on inquiry card.

AMERICAN

118 SO. MILL STPRYOR, OK 74761

(918) 82 > 4844

SmaLI

BUSJNESS

COMPUTERS

Circle 16 on Inquiry card.

PRICES ALREADY REFLECT A 3% CASH DISCOUNT. COD, CREDIT CARDS, ETC. ARE 3% MORE. PRICES, SPECIFICATIONS, AND AVAIL-ABILITY ARE SUBJECT TO CHANCE WITHOUT NOTICE. IBM AND IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER ARE TRADEMARKS OF INTERNATIONALBUSINESS MACHINES, INC.

DISCOUNT PRICES!!!

TRS-80MODEL III

16k

48K

48K, 1 DR.

48 K, 2 DR

RS-272

$829

$849

$1499

$1749

(INSTALLED) $92

PRINTERS

EPSON OKIDATA

MX-80 $429 ML-80 $790

MX-80FT $929 ML-82A $469MX-100 $689 ML-87A $719

ML-84 $1299

COMPLETE LINE OF EPSONACCESSORIES IN STOCK

C. ITOH PROWRITER

COMPLETE LINE OF OKIDATAACCESSORIES IN STOCK

(PARALLEL)

ONLY $499

American Small Business Computersis not an authorized Radio ShackDealer. We do not offer a RadioShack 90 Day Warranty on ourcomputers. Instead, we offer theAmerican Small Business Computers180 DAY WARRANTY. If you have aproblem with your computer, return itto us for about 48 hours. If we can'tfix it, we'll replace itl

IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER

IBM P.C. WITH 64K AND 2 INTERNAL DUAL SIDE DISK DRIVES

DISCOUNT PRICE!!! ONLY $2699"

90 DAY WARRANTY!

COLOR COMPUTERSOFTWARE

BY GREG ZUMWALT

OFFENDER (Cassette) $29.95

OFFENDER (Disk) $34.95

PACKETMAN (Cassette) $24.95

PACKETMAN (Disk) $29.95

MOONLANDER (Cassette) $14.95

MOONLANDER (Disk) $19.95

• ATTENTION IBM OWNERS * * NEWPRODUCTI! *

DISK DRIVES FOR THE IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER

40 TRACK, SINGLE SIDE $209 40 TRACK, DUAL SIDE $299

90 Day Warranty, Tandon Brand

AW...WHAT THE HECK

RAM MEMORY CHIPS FOR THE TRS-80

918-829-4844

It is the policy of AmericanBusiness Computers to offermerchandise at the lowestprice possible. Several

months back, we began sellingRAM Memory Chips for theTRS-80 for $22.00 per set.Someone else sold chips for$20.00 We sold them for$18.95 They sold them for

$17.95 So we say "AW

WHAT THE HECK1" Let'ssee the other guys beat thisprice I

NOWONLY

$15

95

These chips are brand new"4116's". These 200 nano-second chips are fully compati-ble with all TRS-80 products.Instructions for insertion areincluded; however, the dipshunts required for convertinga 4K Model I to a 16K Model Iare not included at this lowprice.

PER 16KSET

Product Description

Software Arts' TK Solver

Software Arts' new "toolkit" equation solver is thealgebraic equivalent of an electronic calculator.

Gregg WilliamsSenior Editor

TK Solver is an interesting pro-gram that does for equation-solvingwhat the pocket calculator does forarithmetic—replaces drudgery andthe possibility of error with speed andaccuracy. Unfortunately, it is not amagical device that will infallibly giveyou correct answers regardless ofhow you use it; rather, it is a tool thatyou must learn to use. The program isnoteworthy because it lets you con-centrate on a problem itself withoutbeing hindered by the tool (i.e., thecomputer and its program). Profes-sional people who know nothingabout microcomputers can easily useTK Solver. In fact, its simpler uses re-quire very little prior knowledge andwill work correctly without interpre-tation by the user.

Stated simply, TK Solver acceptsone or more equations from you(such as unitcost = totalcost/quan-tity) and values for some of thevariables. (By the way, "TK" standsfor "toolkit.") When you press the ac-tion key (the "!" key), it uses what-ever equations it thinks it needs tosolve for the unknown variables, or ittells you why it can't. TK Solver canactually do more than this, but itsequation-solving capabilities are thefoundation on which the entire pack-age rests. A simple concept? Ofcourse, but so is Visicalc (a highlysuccessful spreadsheet program alsowritten by Software Arts), and no

one had ever thought of it before,either. As for what people will dowith TK Solver, nobody, not even itsinventors at Software Arts, knowsfor sure. Users came up with applica-tions for Visicalc that no one had fore-seen; everyone expects the same thingto happen with TK Solver.

TK Solver will be available beforethe end of 1982 for the Apple II andthe IBM Personal Computer, and ver-sions for other machines will followsoon afterward. It will sell for $299.

What will people do

with TK Solver?Nobody, not even itsinventors at SoftwareArts, knows for sure.

Software Arts will also be selling ap-plication packages for various profes-sions; a package will contain docu-mentation and several predefinedmodels, each of which will includeequations that govern certain situa-tions. Software Arts has announcedpackages for mechanical engineering,financial analysis, high-schoolscience, and architectural design andconstruction, with other packages tofollow. No price had been set for thepackages at the time of this writing,

but Software Arts will probably sellthem for between $50 and $100 each.

Using the Rule andVariable Sheets

Most people don't understand Visi-calc until they see it in action. Let'stake a look at two examples of whatTK Solver can do: a simple, step-by-step one and a more complicated one.

Our first example is a ratherabstract one that emphasizes an inter-esting facet of TK Solver: the pro-gram actually deals with equations,not assignment statements. (We com-puter types have lived with the equalsign as an assignment statement for solong that we see all equations as as-signment statements.) The second ex-ample will use such equations ascost=price *amount, which can bemistaken for the kind of assignmentstatement most of us use in programs.However, the first example uses thesimple equation a + b=:c*d to showyou that TK Solver uses equationsand that they do not have to be in theform y=f(x).

When TK Solver starts up, thevideo display is blank except for twoheadings, Variable Sheet and RuleSheet. The active area, a wide in-verse video bar the length of thescreen, is just below the heading forthe Rule Sheet. In this example, wewill begin by typing in the equationa + b = c*d; the video display looks

360 October J982 © BYTE Publications Inc

UPMANSHIP.

We opened our doors with twobasic goals:

To distribute as many softwarepackages to as many dealersas possible.

And to make money doing so.

Our success on both counts is theresult of hard work, a positive busi-ness attitude and a recognition thatyou, as a retailer, have a right to betreated fairly and honestly by yourdistributor.

We're 1-up for threegood reasons:

1. We always offer a wide selectionof the latest and best microcom-puter software packages availableanywhere. (Why should you haveto hunt for what you need?)

2. Our dealer discounts start withquantities of 1. (Remember allthose times you just wanted oneor two to see how they'd sell?)

3. We don't play The BackOrderGame. (If we can't ship your orderwithin 48 hours we'll let you know,instead of hanging you out to dry.)

If there's anything else we can dofor you, just let us know. Becausewe're 1-up and we intend to staythat way.

Software Distributors, 9929Jefferson Blvd., Culver City,CA 90230. Telex 4990032 BVHL,ATT: SOFT

For our dealer info package, call(213) 559-9330.

SOFTWAREDISTRIBUTORS

We won't leave you holding the bag.

Circle 355 on inquiry card.

Listing 1: An elementary use of TK Solver. The Rule and Variable sheets are blank like listing la. (All the listings are ac-when TK Solver begins. When you type in the equation a + b=c*d (listing la), TK tually screen dumps to a printer fromSolver lists all the variables in that equation in the Variable Sheet (listing lb). When an [^M Personal Computer, whichinput values are given for a, b.andc and the ".'" key is pressed, TK Solver solves for the was used f or this articje ) y^^ weunknown variable>d (listing lc).IfTKSolver is.given a different set of inputs, it still ^ ^ Retum k TK SoJver

solves for the unknown variable (listing Id). We have omitted the Rule Sheet from , , . , ,. „ ,

listings lc and Id. analyzes the equation and lists all the

variable names it found on theVariable Sheet (see listing lb).

Now we will maneuver the cursor:============= into the Variable Sheet by hitting the

Comment ";" key (which means "change to other active window") ar\d then fill-ing in values of 3, 5, and — 2 for thevariables a, b, and c, respectively.When we hit the "!" key, the follow-ing things happen:

(la)

==================== VARIABLE SHEET

St Input Name Output Unit

================ RULE SHEET ===================

S Rule* a+b=c*d

(lb)

==== =====:

===========

VARIABLE SHEET

St Input

Name

abcd

Output Unit

Comment

S Rule

* a+b=c*d

(lc)

(3i> Input: -2

===========

==========

VARIABLE

St Input

Name

Output

3

a

5

b

-2

c

d

-4

SHEET ===============

Unit Comment

Listing 1 continued on page 364

• TK Solver sees that a, b, and c havevalues and that d does not.

• It knows that the "I" keypressmeans that it should solve for allunknown variables.

• It looks at all the equations it hasbeen given (here, only one) and solvesall relevant equations for the variabled (here, it transforms the only equa-tion it has into d = (a + b)/c).

• It then checks to see if the values ofall the variables on the right side ofthe equal sign are known.

• Because the values of a, b, and c areknown, TK Solver computes thevalue of d and displays the result,— 4, in the output column of theVariable Sheet.

The resulting video display is shownin listing lc.

The interesting thing about TKSolver is that it chooses and manipu-lates the equations it needs to get itsanswer. Therefore, your Rule Sheetcan contain equations in which vari-ables interrelate in several differentways—TK Solver chooses the correctalgorithm and manipulates it auto-matically, just as a calculator choosesthe correct arithmetic algorithm(based on which button you push)and manipulates the digits of anoperation to give you the finalanswer. In our simple example, if wegive TK Solver the values of a, c, andd, it automatically calculates thevalue of b (see listing Id).

When an equation is used for thefirst time, its success is noted by theabsence of an asterisk in the statuscolumn, the first column of the Rule

362 October 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Modems

Mmulicturtr

Novation

Novation

Novation

DC Hayes

DC Hayes

DC Hayes

Signalman

UDS

DOS

UDS

UDS

Monitors

Manufacturer

Amdek

Amdek

Amdek

Sanyo

Sanyo

Sanyo

Sanyo

Zenith

BMC

Terminals

Manufacturer

Ampex

Ampex

Televideo

Televideo

Televideo

Televideo

PRINTERS

CABINET AND

CAB5V

CAB5V/1Q

CAB8H

CAB8VCAB8VMS

CAB8H*1S

CAB8V=2S

CAB8H*2S

CAB8V-1M

CAB8H*1M

CAB8V*2M

CAB8H»2M

CAB8V1Q

CAB8H-1Q

CAB8V=2Q

CA88H*2Q

Model #■■■■

CAT

d-CAT

Auto-Cat

Smart Modem

Micro Modem II (Apple)

Micro Modem 100

Mark I

UDS 103 LP (300 Bd)

UDS 202 LP (1200 Bd)

UDS 2(2 LP (1200 Bd)

UDS 212 ALP (1200 Bd)

Model #100/12" B8,W3006/GreenColor-1/13"DM5109CX/9" Grn.DM 5012/12" B&WDM5112ex/12"Grn.DMC6013/13"ColorZVM-121/12"Grn.BM-12EN 12" Grn,:

Printers

SUBSYSTEMS

Single cabinet only

(vertical mounting) ,,

Single cabinet with

1 flume DT-5

Dual cabinet for 8"

(horizontal)

Cabinet for 8" (vertical) ..Dual cabinet with Shugart

801R (vertical!

Dual cabinet with Shugart

801R (horizontal)

Dual cabinet with twoShugart 801R (vertical)...Dual cabinet with twoShugart 801R (horizontal)Dual cabinet withMitsubishi 8'' (vertical) ...Dual cabinet withMitsubishi 8" (horizontal).Dual cabinet with twoMitsubishi 8" (vertical) ...Dual cabinet with twoMitsubishi 8" (horizontal).Dual cabinet with Qume

DT-8 (vertical)

Dual cabinet with Qume

DT-8 (horizontal)

Dual cabinet with twoQume DT 8 (vertical)Dual cabinet with two ;;Qume DT-8 (horizontal)...

Price

$159.00S17Q.00S229.00$235.00S320.00$320.00$89.005185.005245.00$495.00$650.00

Price

$11000$165.00$350.00$175.00$215.00$225.00$425.00$115.00S145.00

Price$780 00S885.005625 00$725 00$825 005990 00

.$ 75.00

.S 375.00

,S 260.00.S 275 00

,S 705.00

,$ 690.00

.51,080 00

,.S1.065.00

,S 680 00

.T 665.00

.51.140.00

.$1,125.00

.5 750.00

.$ 735.00

'.S1.235.00

.51.220 00

CABINET DIMENSIONS:

Horizontal - 6 H x 17' i"W X 22"L

Vertical - 9'V'H x 11'."W x 21"L

Alt cabinets come complete with power supply, fan andinternal cables.

DISK DRIVES

Qume DT-5Qume DT-8Shugart 801Shugart 850Mitsubishi

M2894-63Mitsubishi

M4853Mitsubishi

M4854

ANSI 5"i" compatibilityIBM compatibilityStandard floppyDouble-sided floppy8" double-sided, double-density5 -' 96TPI1MB5','-" double-sided.

15MB

Ail drives include manual

S295 00

;- $465.00

S390 00

$600 00

S435.00

S45000

Call for price

DISKETTES from ASAP

Verbatim 5V«"

Jiskettes

P«rt#

Sector

MD525-01MD525-10MD525-16

SoftHardHard

8" Diskettes

MEM 3060MEM 3090MEM 3102

1/Sgl1/Dbl2/Dbl

Scotch 3M 5%

" Diskettes

Part #744-0

744-10 Sf744-16 ■745-0

745-10 %745-16 ^

Side/Dens

1/Sgl

1/Sgl -1/Sgl2/Dbl 1.2/Dbl. 2/Dbl ,

Maxell 5%" Diskettes

Part ft

mdT

MD2D :MH1MH2D t

Side/Dens1/Sgl2/Dbl1/Sgl I

2/Dbl 'i

8" Diskettes

FD1-128FH1-32FD2-XD

1/Sgf1/Sgl2/Dbl

SoftSoftSoft

Sector

SottHard 10Ward 16SoftHard 10Hard 16

Sector

SoftSoftHard 16Hard 16

SoilSoft 32Sott

Elephant Memory Systems 5 V Diskettes

Part #

EMS1EMS 2EMS 3EMS 4EMS 5EMS 6EMS 7

Side/Oens

1/Sgl

1/Dbl

1/Dbl

1/0bl

2/Dbl

2/0bl

2/0bl

SectorSoftSoftHard 10Hard 16SoftHard 10Hard 16

SRW Media Storage Cases,P*rt# Size

SRW-5 5V

SRW-8 , 8"

Price

10/S27.5010/y7.5010/S27.50

10/S35.0O10/540 0010/S45.00

Price

10/530,0010/$30.00S0/$30.00

,i|)/$43.00

■/S4aoo

10/$43.00

PriceR/S32.00

;f)/$44.00|0/$39.00•10/550.00

10/541 0010/S41.0010/550.00

Price

10/525.0010/527.5010/527.5010/527.50:10/533.0010/$33,0010/533,00

Price

$2,50 ea,S3 25 ea

Connectors

DB25PDB25SDB25C

1-8

52.00S2.95SO 95

10-24

$190$2,75SO. 85

Components

4116s (200 nSj/5290-3

Apple. TRS-80. Heath

1-15 $1.50 each 50-99..

16-49 ;.. $140 each 100 up.

25 up

$17552.50SO 75

,. $1.30 each.. S1 20 each

ALL PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. CALLFOB BEST PRICE.

Ordering Information: name, aodress, phone: ship by. UPSor Mail Shipping charge add $2 90 up to 1 lb. (UPS blue).U.S. Mail add $1 50 (U S only! ($25 00 minimum order)Termi: We accept cash, check, money orders. Visa andMastet Charge (U.S funds only) Tax 6C.,- Catif res 6' 'L A County, COD's and terms available on approval(School PO's Accepted)

1198 E Willow St Signal Hill. CA 90806 (8001421-7701 • (2131595-6431«ASAP COMPUTER PRODUCTS LTD. 116 Viceroy Road. D-12 Concord. Toronto, Ontario 14K1A9 Canada

ATARI* COMPUTER 61

ATARI* 800'"

|I6K) Perionsi Butiness Computer Features:

• Computer console

• Atari* 8K basic

• 57 full stroke alpha-numeric keyboard -'with four function keys

• Operators manual

• RF modulator

• Power supply

• also available 32K & 48K systemCall lor pries

Software

Oetcrlplion Prtet

Atari*

Basketball S 27.00

Super Breakout , , S 33.00

Chess S 32.00

Video Easef S

Star Raiders $ 37.00

Asteroids $ 32.00

Music Composer , $44 00

Assembler/Editor $45.00

Telelmkl <■; $24.00

Space Invaders $33 00

Missle Command , $33.00

Graph It I $17.95

Mailing List $ 19.95

Touch Typing it $ 19.95

Stock Charting $ 22.95

Stock Analysis $ 19.95

Bond Analysis if, $22.95

Word Processor t $119,00

Personal Finance ...';' S 64.95

Microsoft BASIC ...,»,, $ 75.00

Pac-Man $35.00

Centipede $ 35.00

Caverns of Mars $32.00

Atari * Optional Accessories

Model* Description Price

410 Program Recorder $80,00

810 Disk Drive System 5470.00

822 40-Column Thermal Printer $299.00

825 80-Column Dot Matrix Printer 5645.00

830 Acoustic Modem $159.00

850 interface Module S175 00

CX30-04 Paddle Controls $17.95

CX40-O4 Joysticks (pair) ., 517.95

A16KA 16K RAM Board 545.00

A32KA 32K RAM Board ,. $ 79.95

Printers

Anadex 9501A $1,425.00

Citoh 8510AP Prownter (Parallel)

Citoh 8510ADC Prowriter

(Paialiel & Serial)Citoh F1040PU Printmaster

(Parallel)Citoh F1040PU Printmaster

(Serial)Citoh 1550 Prowriter II (Parallel)

Citoh 1550 Prowi itei II

(Parallel & Serial)Diablo 630 RO

Epson MX80 w/Graftrak Plus*

Epson MX80FT w/Graftrak Plus-

Epson MX100

OKIDATA 82A (Parallel & Serial)

OKIDATA 83A (Parallel & Serial)

OKIDATA 84AP (Parallel Only)

OKIDATA 84AS (Serial Only)

'Graftrak Plus Standard on all ModelsPrinter Interfaces

AEI-1 ,SEI-1EPI-1OKI-1

Printer Cables

AEC-1AEC-2RSC-1RSC-2TRSE-1 "

Parallel InterfacesSena! Interfaces for Epson2K Serial Buffer for Epson2K Serial Buffer forOkidata

Parallel Cable to AppleParallel Cable to Atari*RS232C CableOkidata/RS232C CableParallel Cable to TRS-80

S485 00

$665.00

CALL

CALL$740,00

S825.00

S 1.995.00

S480.00

S565.00

S720 00

CAU

CALL

CALL

CALL

540.00

$35.00

$65.00

$109.00

S 17.95-S19.95S19.95$25.00$18:95

(416)738-0500 (800)268-1996 products, inc

Circle 27 on Inquiry card.

(Id)

<4i

l) Input:

-4

=====

==========

nam

St

Input

N,

3

ab

-2

c

-4

d

Name

VARIABLE SHEETOutput Unit

Comment

Sheet. If the unknown variables can-not be legally derived, the offendingequations are marked with a "greaterthan" sign (denoting an error) and thetop line of the video display gives anexplanatory error message.

The Mileage Problem:the "Guess" Option

Listing 2a shows TK Solver loadedwith a more complicated set of equa-tions—four equations in which sevenvariables interrelate. Here, we havealso filled in the unit and commentcolumns of the Variable Sheet to help

document the model that is beingestablished.

At this point, I should describesomething that is apparent only whenyou are using TK Solver: each sheetor field as shown on the video displayis only a "window" onto a largersheet or field. For example, the vari-able distance is shown in the VariableSheet as "distanc". If, however, youactivate that field and move the cur-sor across it, the field scrolls horizon-tally to show you that the entire fieldis in fact stored there and that onlythe first seven characters are normal-

ly shown. Similarly, you can scrolldown in the Rule Sheet to see newequations (the Rule Sheet header andits subheadings remain in place) oryou can devote the entire screen tothe Rule Sheet. This feature lets youwork with large models regardless ofthe size of your video display.

In some cases, TK Solver cannotsolve for the unknown variablesdirectly. This is the case in listing 2a,in which we are given the value ofmileage and want to compute thevalue of the variable speed using thelast equation in the Rule Sheet. In thissituation you have to use your ownjudgment to interpret the answer TKSolver gives you. TK Solver has aninternal "guess" algorithm that usesnumerical analysis methods to find anapproximate solution to your prob-lem. If you place a "G" in the statuscolumn of the Variable Sheet entryfor that variable, TK Solver will use aproprietary algorithm to calculate aninitial guess (or it will use the user-specified input value, as is done inlisting 2a) and then an improved

PortaSys™byProtoSys

• A dedicated controller* A development system • Fast,easy programming with on-board tiny basic interpreter

• Large memory capacity up to 36K onboard-480K ex-pandable capacity'All memory selectable for 4K by 8RAM, 2716 EPROM (5V), or 2732 EPROM • All expansionlines available on gold plated edge connectors & buffered•3 onboard programmable I/O ports (24 I/O lines)

• RS-232 with baud rates switch selectable from 110-9600BPS • Low power consumption • Firmware controlledEPROM programming with optional Eprom Zapper™

MAINFRAME

• 3 card capacity • AC ope

• Optional battery available •

Z8 CPU Card (4 5 in x 6.75 in ) . . PR-1000 .... $195.00

Mainframe (8V*W / ZVM s 9V4D) PR-1001 $149.00

Eprom Zapper™ w/firmwa*rft^iP?R-1002 $ 79 00

Optional Zero Insertion SocketI5?$jgs|i $ 8 00

Calif, Res add 6.5% tax. and $5,00 shipping

P.O. Box 23698 • San Jose, CA 95123 • (408)226-2131

Apple"Computer

*TRS-80IVModel I & II

"

*mL

VISA'

'TPS-80 Remark of Tandy Corp.

364 October 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 318 on inquiry card.

Iff THE PRICE SLASHER! VJ

^H rOJIliKi IU M -^^h. a^MB Ar-r-crcrM-iicc- ^K.

FRANKLIN mf^mm

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

CALL

ATARI

400 Basic Computer (16K)

' 800 Home Computer (16K)

850 Interface

349

675

169

NEC

PC8001AZ80CPU

889.

8033A Dual Disk Drive

889

RANA SYSTEMS

OKIOATA

S379

469.

OKIGRAPH Option for 82A & 83A

EPSON

33.

ANADEX

C. ITOH

NEC

489.

QUME

IDS

PRISM 132, with sheet feed, sprint modeDIABLO

COLOR.1689

MANNESMANN TALLY PRINTERS

CALL

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

SANYO

ADDS

549.

HAZELTINE

BMC USA

329.

AMDEK

TELEVIDEO

NEC

169.

12" Color

325-

ACCESSORIES

EPSON

Apple Printer Interface Card S68

RS-232 Interface Board with 4K 131.

RS-232 Interface Board with 2K and Cur Loop 98.

IEEE-488 Interface Board 53.

TRS-80 Interface Cable 29.

Apple Parallel Interface Cable 43.

Roll Paper Holder for MX-80 21.

Graftrac II H.-Res for MX-80 69.

ORANGE MICRO

GRAPPLER Parallel Interface Card . .NEW 139.

TYMAC

TYMAC Parage* Board and Cable with Graphics 99.

AMDEK

DVM Interface Board for Apple II 145.

MPC PERIPHERALS

16K Memory Board for Apple II 75.

32K Memory Board for Apple II 139.

Parallel Printer Card for Apple II 69.

Upper and Lower Case ROM 19.

PROM-IT. Eprom for the Apple II 99.

Serial Input/Output Card for Apple II 99.

16/32K Expansion Memory Board 119.

M & R ENTERPRISES

SUP R TERMINAL 80 Column Video Board 316.

PRACTICAL PERIPHERALS

Microbuffer II 16K for Apple II 199.

Microbuffer II 32K for Apple II 239.

8K Serial Buffer for Epson Printer 129.

16K Parallel Interface for Epson Printer, 129.

MICROSOFT

Z 80 Softcard for Apple 269.

MOUNTAIN COMPUTER

CPS Multifunction for Apple 165.

The Clock for Apple 235.

Ramplus .. 119.

Ramplus 16K for Apple 135.

Ramplus 32K for Apple 152.

Music System for Apple 319.

Rom Writer for Apple 139.

ADVANCE LOGIC

Z CARD for Apple II 219-

KENSINGTON MICROWARE

System Saver Fan for Apple 75.

VERSA COMPUTING

Versawnter Graphics Tablet 239,

SEATTLE COMPUTER

64K RAM * for the IBM PC 385.

128K RAM * for the IBM PC 529.

256K RAM * for the IBM PC 789.

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Asynchronous Serial Interface 145.

VIDEX. INC.

Videoterm 249.

Softvideo Switch „ 29.

Keyboard Enhancer , 99.

Enhancer II 109.

SOFTWARE FOR CP/M

ASHTONTATE

dBase II S499

MICROPRO

Wordstar 289

Mailmerge 80.

Calcstar 139

Datastar 225.

Supersort ' 169.

Spellstar ■) 49

MICROSOFT

Fortran 80 369.

Macro 80 189.

Basic Compiler 319.

mu/MATH/mu/SIMP 80 219.

Cobol 80 595.

Basic 80 299.

Edit 80 96.

X Macro 80 240.

mu/LISP/mu/STAR 80 175.

M/Sort 156

SELECT INFORMATION SYSTEMS

TIM III Data Base Management System 408.

SOFTWARE DIMENSIONS. INC

Accounting Plus CALL

FOX & GELLER

Quickcode CALL

Crosstalk . . . MICROSTUF 1 39

Supercalc .. SORCIM 195.

The Word .. OASIS 65.

Spellbinder . LEXISOFT 249.

T/Maker II . LIFEBOAT 195.

Supervyze .. EPIC SOFTWARE 69.

Condor II ... CONDOR 449.

■Requires Z80 Card by Microsoft or Z Card by Innovative Software.Note: Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer. IncC/PM is a registered trademark of Digital Research

SOFTWARE FOR IBMSORCIM

Supercalc SI95

SuperWnter 259

Spellguard 229

SELECT INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Select Word Processor 359.

VISICORP

Visicalc 256K Version 185.

Visicalc 149.

Visitrend 214

Visidex 185.

Visifiie 185

Desktop Plan I 214

MICROPRO

Wordstar 289.

Mailmerge 99.

Datastar 225

Calcstar 189

INNOVATIVE SOFTWARE

TIM III Data Base Management System 408

I.U.S.

Easyspeller 139,

Easyfiler 269,

Easywnter II 289

INFOCOM

Deadline 40.

Zorkl 35.

Zork II 35.

SOFTWARE DIMENSIONS. INC.

Accounting Plus CALL

CONTINENTAL SOFTWARE

The Home Accountant Plus 119.

DENVER SOFTWARE

EASy (Executive Accounting System} 535

Write On DATAMOST 97

Condor II CONDOR 449.

Crosstalk MICROSTUF 139.

MathMagic ism 75.

The Tax Manager MICROLAB 175

SOFTWARE FOR APPLE

MICROSOFT

Typing Tutor II S18.

Adventure 25.

'Fortran 80 165.

AIDS 100.

" Basic Compiler 315.

mu/MATH/mu/SIMP 80 200.

Olympic Decathalon 25.

•Cobol 80 595

M/Sort 156.

TASC Compiler 159.

Softcard Premium System 599.

Time Manager ' 140.

SELECT INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Select Word Processor 359.

VISICORP

CCA Data Management System 79.

Visicalc 185.

Visiterm 75.

Visiplot 155.

Visidex 185.

Visitrend/Visiplot 225.

Visifile 185.

Visischedule 235

Visipack 549.

Desktop Plan II 185.

MICROPRO

'Calcstar 129

'Datastar 192.

"Supersort ■■ 125.

•Wordstar 195.

'Mailmerge 80.

•Spellstar 125,

SORCIM

Spellguard ,., 195.

SOUTHEASTERN SOFTWARE

Data Capture 4.0 49.

Step by Step (tape). PROGRAM DESIGN 59.

Dataf-ix LINK SYSTEMS 139

dBase II ASHTONTATE 4"

Supercalc SORCIM 196.

CALL FOR MORE APPLE SOFTWAREI!

MODEMS

HAYES MICROCOMPUTER PRODUCTS

Smartmodem *229.

Smartmodem 1200 599.

Micromodem II 279.

Micromodem 100 325.

Chronograph .199.

NOVATION

Cat 145.

D-Cat 155.

Auto Cat 209.

Apple Cat II 309.

Apple Cat II - 212 CALL.

comp

WE ACCEPT • MONEY ORDER • C 0 D

• PERSONAL CHECK (allow 10 days to clear! • CASHIERS or CERTIFIED CHECK

• VISA MASTERCARD (add 2%) • BANK WIRE TRANSFERSAdd 3% for shipping, handling & insurance (55 mm.) Calif

residents add 6% tax All equipment 15 new comes withmanufacturers guarantees. PLUS we guarantee K for 30 daysand pay shipping charges on any returns All equipment subjectto price change & availability without notice Check quantity discounts

8380 Miramar Road, Suite 200San Diego, CA 92126

California Call 714-578-1033Toll Free 800-752-1341

Circle 229 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 365

Listing 2: TK Solver and the "guess" option. When TK Solver can't solve for a variable directly, it is told to guess using a given startvalue (listing 2a). If it finds an accurate enough solution, the "C" is removed from the variable and the solution is listed in the outputcolumn (listing 2b). The equations in this model are used for illustration only.

(2a)

(4s) Status: Guess

St Input

Name

Output

Unit

Comment

30

mileage

mi/gal

gas mileage

distanc

mi les

distance traveled

amount

gal Ions

amount of gas consumed

G 20

speed

mi /hr

speed

time

hours

time taken

price

*/gal

gas price

cost

•

cost of trip

======= = ====

==========

RULE SHEET =======

========================

S Rule

* mileage=distance/amount

* speed=distance/time

* cost=price*amount

* mi 1eage=-l.27990+1.27259*speed-

,0120933*speedA2

(2b)

(4s) Status:

==================== VARIABLE SHEET ==

St Input Name Output Unit

30 mileage mi/gal

distanc miles

amount gallon:speed 39.130592 mi/hr

time hours

price */gal

cost *

Comment

gas mileage

distance traveled

amount of gas consumed

speed

time taken

gas price

cost of trip

S Rule

* mileage=distance/amount

* speed=distance/time

* cost=price*amount

mileage=-l.27990+1.27259*speed-.0120933*speed~2

answer. This process repeats untileither the calculated error is lowerthan a preset threshold value or untilthe number of iterations done exceedsa preset number. In the former case,the "G" disappears, indicating thatthe guessing process ended successful-ly (see listing 2b for an example ofthis). In the latter case, the "G" re-

mains, indicating that the answer onthe screen is not correct. If this hap-pens, you can type "I" again to doanother set of iterations; you mightalso change the error threshold to alarger value and try again.

Many results given by TK Solvercan be accepted without any interpre-tation by the user, but results given

by the guess option must be inter-preted with some knowledge ofnumerical analysis. For example, ifyou are solving a polynomial equa-tion of order 2 or higher (for example,3x3 + 1.5jc2- 19*+ 7.27 = 0), youshould know that the equation hasmore than one answer. You wouldthen use the guess option with dif-

366 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

u

HEADER in MAIL ORDER DISCOUNTS*]u Texas 817/274-5625

IBM Personal Computer

HARD DISK SYSTEM completefrom $1588Multi-computer network systems available

INTERNAL DISK KITStested and configured . . . {268 each

MONITORS

Green / hi resolution $149

Color I / low resolution (40 column) $298Color II / hi resolution ROB (80 col) $898

EXTERNAL floppy DISK DRIVESwith matching cabinet & ext. drive cable

80 TRACK (dual 40/320*) $349

180 TRACK (dual 80/640k) $469

ATARI

ATARI 800 COMPUTER

ATARI 810 DISK DRIVES

Percom Double Density EXT. DRIVES

ATARI 850 Interface and Cable

Compatible PRINTERS and Cables

TCS Accessory Kit tor IBM

SAVE over $1300 on your IBM SYSTEM

by buying TCS ACCESSORY KIT for IBM

IBM Kit Includes:

2 double sided 320KB DISK DRIVES

48k additional memory

Quadboard with additional 64k memory. 1

serial port. 1 parallel port. & calendar clock

MX80FT PRINTER 4 cable

Green hi resolution MONITOR

$1749

for the complete kit

APPLE

First DISK DRIVE w/controller. DOS 3.3,

cables and manual .... $419

Second DISK DRIVE with cable .... $319 |

APPLE to EPSON card and cable

TANDON DRIVES

BARE DRIVES ONLY

REGULAR 5 V*" DRIVES

40 track single sided $199

80 track (dual sided 40 track) $269

160 track (dual sided 80 track) $389

SLIMLINE 5 %" Drives ('/z size)

5 V." WINCHESTER HARD DISK DRIVES

SLIMLINE 8" DRIVES

1 DRIVE in Cabinet

40 track single sided $249

80 track (dual sided 40 track) $329

180 track (dual sided 80 track) $449

1 DRIVE/Double Cabinet

40 track single sided $289

80 track (dual sided 40 track) $369

160 track (dual sided 80 track) $499

2 DRIVES/Double Cabinet

40 track single sided $489

80 track (dual sided 40 tracks) $639

160 track (dual sided 80 tracks) $849

CORVUS HARD DISK

CORVUS HARD DISKS complete from $2695

Add 5, 10 or 20 megabytes of storage to your TRW80, Apple. Atari, Heath, Zenith,IBM, Intertec, S-too and many others. One or several computers can share a hard disk.Get simultaneous access to data for multiple users. Available now at SUPER SAVINGS

PRINTERS

TCS has the LOWEST PRICES on IN STOCK PRINTERS!

EPSON PRINTERS

MATRIX PRINTERS

STAR MICRONICS $449

NEC 8023A $495

C.ITOH 8510 / TEC $479

ANADEX 9501 w/2k buffer $1295

LINE PRINTER V (RS) $CALL

LINE PRINTER VI (RS) $968

LINE PRINTER VIII (RS) $649

CENTRONICS 352 (200 cps) $1795

CENTRONICS 353 (dual mode) . . . $2495

OKIDATA 82A $429

OKIDATA 82A w/tractor $479

OKIDATA 83A $685

OKIDATA 84A (serial) $1189

OKIDATA 84A (parallel) $1089

HI SPEED BAND PRINTERS

CENTRONICS 8080 (standard) ... $CALLCENTRONICS (quletlzed) $CALL

LETTER QUALITY PRINTERS

C.ITOH F-10 (40 cps) $1595

DAISY WHEEL II (RS) $1895

SMITH CORONA TP-1 $699

BROTHER / COMREX $829

NEC 7730 $2375

NEC 3530 . $1795

EPSON MX80 $449

EPSON MX80 FT $524

EPSON MX100 FT $685

GR APHTRAX PLUS comes free in EpsonsM

EPSON ACCESSORIES

GRAPHTRAX PLUS (bit Image) $79

MODEL I Interface $29

MODEL I interface/cable to keyboard $85

MODEL III cable $29

COLOR Computer Interface/cable .. $155

APPLE Interface/cable $89

ATARI cable (must have 850 Int) ... $36

IBM Personal Computer cable $45

OSBORNE cable $38

Serial RS232 2k buffered int card ... $109

EPSON PACK II

Screen oriented bit image graphics gener-ator for the Model III. Create your owncharacters, symbols, etc. Documentation.EPSON PACK II bought w/printer $24.95EPSON PACK II bought separately $34.95Update for EPSON PACK I $7.50

TEXAS COMPUTER SYSTEMS

P.O. Box 1327 Arlington, Texas 76004-1327

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE 817/274-9221

ORDER STATUS 817/277-1913

TELEX/TWX/Easylink ELN 62100790

800 433-5184

No tax out of state. Texana add 5%. Prices sub|ect to change at any time.

TRS-80

TCS MODEL III 48k 2 DISK

System com* wMh 1M day TCS MSed warranty.

$1695

With standard 40 track

double density drives.

Over 340.000 bytes

Includes TDOS

$1995

With 2 dual headed 40

track dbl.density drives.

Over 730.000 bytes.

includes TDOS.

Fully assembled and tested systems that are software compatible and functionallyidentical to Radio Shack units sold at computer stores for Shundreds more.• CONTROLLER BOARDS are high quality double sided epoxy boards with goldplated contacts.

■ POWER SUPPLY is the finest switching type available.

■ MOUNTING HARDWARE includes power and data cables.

■ DISK DRIVES are Tandon, the same ones used by Radio Shack ... 40 track, doubledensity, with a 5 millisecond stepping rate.

TCS MODEL III DISK EXPANSION KITS

1 Controller, Power Supply. Mounting Hardware A Instructions $379

2 Controller, Power Supply, Hardware A one 40 track Tandon drive 1577

3 Controller, Power Supply, Hardware, two 40 track Tandon drives. 32k memory

(everything you need for 2 drivs 44k upgrade i $790

3s Kit 3 but with two SO track drives (dual sided 40s) $999

3b Kit 3 but with two 160 track drives (dual sided 80s) $1189

MODEL III SYSTEMS

Original 90 day manufacturer's warranty.MODEL III 4k Level 1 $599

MODEL III 16k $818

MODEL III 32k $898

MODEL III 48k $988

MODEL III 48k 2Dr/RS232 $1944

TCS MODEL III Systems use original RShardware and quality TCS memory.180 day limited warranty.

TCS MODEL III 16k $799

TCS MODEL III 32k $818

TCS MODEL III 48k $848

COLOR COMPUTER

Original 90 day manufacturer's warranty.16k level 1 $308

16k Extended Basic $398

32k Extended Basic $CALL

Color Disk 0 $479 Disk 1 $349

TCS COLOR COMPUTERS use orlginslRS hardware & TCS memory.180 day warranty.

TCS 32k Extended Basic . $499

TCS 32k Memory Upgrade $79

TCS Color Disk Drive 0 $449

TCS Color Disk Drive 1/2/3 $249

Model II .. Model 16 .. Accessories .. $CALL

TCS is an authorized TRS-80 dealer F701 in Bradv. Texas

WIZARD'S TOUCH Regularly $199 Introductory offer

Program Development System tin 12/25/82.$99

BELIEVE IT OR NOT, YOU CAN DEVELOP YOUR OWN PROGRAM IN 15 MINUTESIMThe WIZARD'S TOUCH Program Development System is a superior programgenerator that can provide you with the program you3ve been looking tor. It comes withIt's own Disk Operating System, providing unlimited backups.

With WIZARD'S TOUCH, here's what you can do:

■ Custom design your own special form for maximum ease of entering your data. Youhave total control over defining the number of characters assigned to each field andany other entry restrictions.

■ Fully view arid edit all fields at all times. No need to retype an entire field when editing.Just type over the mistakes, or insert or delete them.

■ Create a BTREE structured file, allowing you to access your stored data rapidly andwithout sorting. Duplicate keys are allowed, as well as sub-keys

■ Enter data at full typing speed.

d Define your own special self-help or prompt Information that will be displayed for anygiven field, by just touching one key.

■ Expand your program to support up to 8 calculations for each data field. Results canbe diaplayed in any field or in any defined display area. Results can also be saved to diskalong with regular data fields. Data such as dates or prices can be formatted as desired.

■ Generate your own reports with the built-in pre-defined or custom defined reportgenerator. Just a few keystrokes can get you a report that can be alphabetized orordered by any field. And it's all automatic.

The WIZARD'S TOUCH is so fast and easy to use. It makes other developmentsystems of the market look like amateurs. No royalty necessary for resale ofprograms you develop on WIZARD'S TOUCH, it creates a stand-alons, fullycommented, BASIC program, which you can easily modify.

Your purchase includes a free subscription to our WIZARD'S TOUCH newsletter, aquarterly publication with free programs, ideas for applications, updates and more.Now available for MODEL l/lll Coming soon for MODEL II, IBM and APPLE.

Circle 386 on inquiry card.

Listing 3: Using list variables. To solve a system for several different input values of the same variable, you first mark the input andoutput variables of interest with a status of "L" (listing 3a). To save time when creating the input list variable speed, you can specifybeginning and ending values for the list (listing 3b) and let TK Solver fill in the intermediate values automatically (listing 3c).

(3a)

(6s) Status:

St

Input

Name

L

mileage

225

distancamount

L

lO

speedtime

1.239

price

L

cost

VARIABLE SHEET ==Output

Unit

Comment

mi/galmi les

gas mileagedistance travelled

galIonsmi /hrhours

amount o-f gas consumed

speed

time taken

*/gal*

gas pricecost of trip

(3b)

(3c)

(lOv) Value: lOOFill List: Y N

Comment:Display Unit:Storage Unit:Element Value

1 , 10

lO

100

(lOv) Value: lOO

Comment:

Display

Unit:

Storage

Unit:

Element

Value

1

lO

2

20

3

30

4

40

5

50

6

60

7

70

8

80

9

90

10

100

ferent initial values to try to find thethree different answers that are possi-ble.

The List, Table, and Plot Sheets

Continuing with the above exam-ple, suppose we want to see how driv-ing speed affects a car's mileage andthe total cost of the trip (given a con-stant distance to be covered). Youcould certainly type in various valuesfor the variable speed and write theanswers down, but that would beboth tedious and a waste of time. Ofcourse, TK Solver has an answer forthat: list variables.

Let's say we want to study the mile-age model for all the speeds from 10through 100 in 10-mile increments.You declare mileage, speed, and costas lists by putting an "L" in theirstatus fields in the Variable Sheet (seelisting 3a), which automaticallymakes these variables into lists. Youthen enter the List Sheet, locate thespeed variable, and instruct TKSolver to show you the detailed infor-mation on this list. The sheet forspeed is blank, so we fill in the firstand last table indexes and their values(listing 3b). Fortunately, we don'thave to key in all the intermediatevalues by hand; a Fill List commandwill do it for us automatically (listing3c).

Now that our input list has itsvalues, we invoke the TK Solver list-solver by typing "/LI". This solves

the system for unknown variablesmuch as "!" does, but it does so oncefor each value in the input list (orlists) and deposits the answer(s) intoeach variable declared as an outputlist. In this case, the list-solver solvesthe system 10 times, once for each ofthe 10 values of speed, placing theoutput values for mileage and cost intheir respective lists.

We can now look at the collecteddata in three ways. Looking at eachof the individual lists, the first way, isnot too useful, because you can seeonly one list at a time. A second wayof viewing the data is to use the TableSheet, which lets you create a hori-zontal or vertical table of the corre-sponding values of several lists; thetable can be printed or sent to thevideo display. If we do so for thethree lists of our example, we getlisting 4a. A third way to view thedata is via the Plot Sheet, which isused in the same way as the TableSheet. Instead of creating a table ofvalues, however, it treats one list asvalues for the *-axis and uses theother lists as y-axis values. Listing 4bshows mileage (plotted with "§" sym-bols) and cost (plotted with "*" sym-bols) plotted against speed; the samedata is represented in listing 4a.

The Unit, User Function,and Global Sheets

The two examples above covermost but not all of the major com-

368 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Marcey Inc. Introduces...

The High Performance Business Computer That IsHERE TODAY and HERE TOMORROW

The SYSTEM 2100 is a complete microcomputer system utilizing the latest in S-100technology. It is ready to use in your business TODAY - and can expand to fill yourneeds TOMORROW.

The SYSTEM 2100 includes:

• CP/M 80 & CP/M 86 Included

• Dual Processor8085A - 8 bit 7 MHz8088-16 bit 8 MHZ

• Meets IEEE 696/S-100 Specifications

• Dual 8" Double-Sided Double DensityFloppy Discs

2.2 Megabyte Capacity

• Terminal & Printer Included

• 100K Bytes Static Ram

• Real time Clock w/Battery Backup

• High Speed DMA Disk Controller

• Attractive Designer Desk

List Price $9995.00

Dealer Inquiries Invited Quantity Pricing Available

MARCEY INC.

5848 Sepulveda Blvd. Van Nuys, California 91411 (213) 994-2533

For Further Information Circle Reader Card # 231

BYTE October 1982 369

Listing 4: Displaying list variables. The Table Sheet can be used to display several listvariables in tabular form (listing 4a) or the Plot Sheet can be used to make a graph ofone or more list variables plotted against another variable (listing 4b); here, speedvalues (along the horizontal axis) are plotted against values for mileage ("§") and cost("*") along the vertical axis.

(4a)

speed

mileage

cost

io

IO.23667

27.2329771

20

19.33458

14.4184668

30

26.01383

IO.7164151

40

30.27442

9.20826890

50

32.11635

8.68015824

60

31.53962

8.83888265

70

28.54423

9.76642215

80

23.13018

12.0524354

90

15.29747

18.2236017

100

5.0461

55.2456352

Listing 4 continued on page 372

ponents of TK Solver. The remainingcomponents deserve mention.

The Unit Sheet, which you fill in,lets you use different sets of units invariables without having to makeunit conversions yourself (see listing 5for an example). If, in the VariableSheet, you fill in the units column ofeach variable (as has been done inlisting 2a), TK Solver will automati-cally make the conversions neededfor correct answers. For example,because listing 5 defines a conversionbetween miles per gallon (mi/gal) andkilometers per liter (km/l), if youchange the unit column of the vari-able mileage to km/l, both input and

maxell

Floppy Disks

LOWEST PRICESANYWHERE

Call collect for our prices.

(213) 896-2568

Dealer inquiries invited.,

C.O.D.'s accepted mSmmTHE FLOPPY DISKOUNTERP.O. Box 848 Arleta, CA 91331

Circle 164 on inquiry card.

PConnection

modem card for IBM PC

Plug your PC into the exciting worldof telecommunications with thePConnection, Micropenpherai'snew Bell I03/1I3 compatiplemodem card. This quality direct con-nect modem card fits inside the PCleaving your work area unclutteredby stacks of hardware Features melude autodialmg (Touch Tone orpulse), autoanswer, built-in speakerfor line monitoring, and an addi-tional RS-232 port Software selec-table protocol and modes $350Dealer inquiries welcome

the microperipheral corporation

2643 I SI st PI NE, Redmond, WA 980V(206) 88I-7544

IBM is a Registered Trademarkof International Business Machine. Corp

S-100 ULTRA-RES GRAPHICS

- N.E.C. UPD 7220 GRAPHICS PROCESSOR

- 1024 x 1024 PIXEL MEMORY PLANE

- 1 TO 8 VIDEO PLANES

- 8 COLORS USING RGB TTL INTERFACE

- HARDWARE ZOOM 1 TO 16 TIMES

- DIRECT DRIVE VIDEO OUTPUTS

- MULTI-GRAPHICS PROCESSORSSUPPORTED

- PROGRAMMABLE DISPLAY RESOLUTIONFROM 1024 h by 1024 v

- SOFTWARE DRIVERS

- GRAPHICS PROCESSOR,

1 MEG. PIXEL PLANE

$995.00

CSD INC.P. 0. BOX 253SUDBURY, MA. 01776(617) 443 - 2750

Circle 60 on Inquiry card.

Scotch 3M

diskettes

Scotch diskettes are testedand guaranteed error free and low abrasivity

Box of 10 5V«"

ss/sd $26 $27

ss/dd $30 $33

ds/dd $36 $43

Head cleaning kit $21 $21Specify sectoring; 0, 10, or 16

$2 Shipping per box

Check (2 wks. to clear)

Visa or MIC, Name,Card No.,

Expiration date

OREAD-TECH

8609 College Blvd

Overland Park. Ks.

66210

M

CLEARANCE SPECIAL

TERMINALS

DECVT-100 S1545

DECVT-101 $1195

DECVT-103 $1345

GTC 200/1 $795

GTC 200/1 (Unused) $395

MODEMS

UDS103LP(300BD) $'175

UDS 202 LP (1200 BD) $225

OMNITEC 701

(ACOUSTIC) $175

(714)973*4773

SOUTH COAST COMPUTER SYSTEMS. INC

1415 E McFoddenSanta Ana. CA 92705

|S>

I

I

P

I

■■(%

Circle 362 on inquiry card.

HOW TO REPAIRTHE APPLE*

NOVEMBER 15th RELEASE DATE.

A comprehensive guide to repairyour Apple II* or Apple II plus*computer.

With repair rates soaring and out-rageous repair bills being chargedfor even simple repairs, THISGUIDE CAN SAVE YOU MONEY!

ONLY S39.95

Note: If ordered prior torelease date, pay only

S34.95.

DATA-LINE (602) 820-00822961 S. LAS PALMASMESA, ARIZONA 85202

'Trademark ofAPPLE COMPUTER INC.

Circle 253 on inquiry card. Circle 35 on inquiry card.

Circle 125 on inquiry card.

THE COmPUTEH SPECIALISTS

Apple Disk Drive II with

Interface DOS 3.3, Apple

III, 12" Monitor and the

Apple Monitor Stand

All for Only *179900BONUS! Apple Writer II

Reg. M49°° Special! S49°°w/purchase of above package

BUSINESSMAN'SSPECIAL

Apple II plus 48K, Apple

Disk Drive w/interface

DOS 3.3, 12" Hi Res

Green Monitor, Visicalc

3.3, Planning & Financial

Forecasting Software

o„/y s197900

16K RAM Card *74Mw/purchase of above package

apple®

WORD PROCESSORSYSTEM

Apple II plus 48K, Apple

Disk Dr. w/interface DOS

3.3, 12" Hi Res Green

Monitor, OKIDATA

Microline 80 Printer,

Printer Interface Card &

Cable, Screenwriter II

Only S232500

K'Om HEWLETT"&JPACKAPD

HP«3A *114995

HP-85A $2099's

HP-87 «19249S

HP-125 *19819S

— Accessories —

82901 M 5>/„" Dual

OiscDme *16949s

82905A Serial Pmtrs6199s

HP-7470A Graphics plotter

also available in Serial for

use witn trie Apple" and

Franklin- Computers

Ho* Only* 1269"

FRANKLIN

®

DATA BASEMANAGER

Franklin ACE 1000 64K,

Micro-Sci Disk Drivew/interface, 12" Hi Res

Green Monitor,

Stoneware DB-Master

Data Base Manager

Call or Write

NEW! ACE 1000

THE PERSONAL

PROFESSIONAL COMPUTER

THAT'S HARDWARE AND

SOFTWARE COMPATIBLE

w/APPLE II PLUS™

64K RAM, Upper & Lower

Case, 12 Key Numeric

Keypad, Built-in Fan,

Typewriter Style Keyboard

Call or Write

BUSINESSMAN'SSPECIAL

ACE 1000 64K, Micro-Sci

Disk Drive w/controller,

12" Hi Res Green

Monitor, Visicalc 3.3

Call or Write

SOFTWARE & ACCESSORIES FOR APPLE® and FRANKLIN®

RANA

Elite 1 Disc Drive, with 15% more storagecapacity than Apples drive . . .Only s37950Controller Card Only 119.95

MICRO SCI

A-2 Disc Drive, the cost effective alternativeto the Disc II, with controller .Only S4699Swithout controller Only 369.95

KENSINGTON

System Saver Fan, with built-in surge protec-tor for Apple" II Only '74"

NOVATION

Apple Cat, direct line modem Only $29995

VOTRAX TYPE-N-TALK

Lets your computer talk to youOnly $30995

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

VISICORP PROGRAMS

Visicalc s184"5 Visifile s184"

Visiplot $23995 Visiterm s79"

Visidex s184" Visischedule.$239"5

Desktop Plan II *194"

ADDITIONAL "ADD-ONS"

DC HAYES Micromodem II s289"

VIDEX Keyboard Enhancer M19"

VIDEX Videoterm 80 Col. Board . . s259"

VIDEX Function Strip (for Enhancer II). . . *62"

TKC Numeric Keypad (Apple- only) . . . M34*5

ABT Numeric Keypad (Apple- omy) '99's

THUNDERCLOCK *119"

PKASO Parallel interface s134»5

MICROSOFT Z-80 CP/M Card $279"

MICROSOFT 16K Ram Card $129»s

TG Joystick s4750 TKC Joystick . s44"5

COMPUTER SPECIALS!

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

Tl 99 4/A with RF Modulator . . »299»5

MOO Mfg's Cash Rebate, Plus a FREE

offer from Tl CaH or Write for details!

COMMODORE

VIC-20 with RF Modulator . . . .s196"

RCA VP-3501 built-in modem .. s359»5

ATARI 400 s269»5

TIMEX Sinclair 1000 s99"5

SHARP (Handheld)PC-1500 . s214" PC-1211 . s99"»CE-150 M74" CE-122 s6995

NEW! APPLI CARDZ-80 Card with 64K RAM Only *36995

FORMAT II WORD PROCESSOR

with mail merge, user freindly Only s27995

MICROBUFFER by Practical Peripherals32K . . .Only s2499s 16K . . .Only s21495

MICROBUFFER for EPSON16K Parallel $13495 8K Serial .. s13495

MICROSOFT PREMIUM PACK

SPECIAL OFFER!

Z-80 CPM Card, VIDEX Videoterm 80 Col. board,

CPM user's guide & MICROSOFT RAM Card

All for only *59995Plus you receive a FREE Videx Soft Switch (a *30 Value!)

Franklin ACE is a trademark of Franklin Computer Co.

BUSINESSMAN'S SPECIAL

Atari 800 48K, Atari 810 Disk Driveand Visicalc 3.3 &4 «»««bs

/VowOr>/vS139995

WORD PROCESSOR

Atari 800 48K, Atari 810 Disk Dftve,

UK Word Processor. 850 Interface,

Okidala Microline 82A Printer with

Connecting Cable ... _ __„-

Now Only S1 999°°

DISKETTE SPECIALS!

MAXELL MD-1 (10 pk.) . . s3495Buy 5—10 packs and receivea FREE Maxell storage case!

VERBATIM 525-01 (10 pk.)$3195

MEMOREX (10 pk.) s2395

CONTROL DATA (12) . . . s2595

For quantity discount prices,please call or write!

EPSON

MX-80 III F/T 8Q-136 Column Dot Matrix,Tractor or Friction Feed, Bidirectional, 80

CPS. Graftrax Plus 549.95

MX-100IIIF/T 136-233 Column, Tractor orFriction Feed. Bidirectional, B0 CPS, Graf-trax Plus 674.95

OKIDATAMICROLINE 82A 120 CPS, Bidirectional,Parallel-Serial, 80/132 Columns, Friction &

Pin Feed 449.95

MICROLINE 83A F/T 120 CPS, Bidirectional, 136 Columns, Serial/Parallel, Fric-tion and Tractor 699.00

New.' MICROLINE 84A F/T 200 CPS,Bidirctional. 136 Column, Parallel, Friction

and Tractor 1149.00

Serial w/2K Buffer 1259.00

C.ITOH F-10 Daisy Wheel. Letter Quali-ty Printer. 40 CPS. Parallel . .. .1499.00

Hardware, software and accessories for most popular personal computers In Stock!

PRINTERS TO FIT EVERYNEED & BUDGET

ffffff SMITH-CORONA

TP-1 LETTER QUALITYELECTRONIC TEXT PRINTER

Low cost daisy wheel printer,Microprocessor electronics,Serial or parallel interface, 120words per minute

CABLES FOR MOST PERSONALCOMPUTERS IN STOCK!

Only

$649

F-10 Serial 1549.00

New! C.ITOH 1550 120 CPS. 136/232

Column, F/T Graph Parallel 769.00

Parallel and Serial 809.00

C.ITOH 8510 Pro Writer, 120 CPS, 136Col. Parallel/Serial, Bidirectional, F/T,Graphics 499.00

MONITORS

USI PI-2 12" High Resolution Green159.00USI PI 3 12" High Resolution Amber189.00

SANYO 12" Green 219 95

SANYO 13" Color 389 95

AMDEK 13" Color 369 00

AMDEK Color II RGB High Res. . 769.00AMDEK Color Interface Board f/RGB159 00

NEC JB 12" Green 179 95

NEC JC 12" Color 349 95

BMC-1200 12" Green 149 00

ELECTROHOME ECM-1302-113 RGB Monitor Lowers with NTSClnterface (Reg. 600.00) 420.00

A Division of

47st. Photo

CORPORATE ACCOUNTS WELCOME (212)260-4410

TOLL FREE OUT-OF-STATE

800-221-7774800-221-5858

67 West 47th Street, New York, N.Y. 10036Inc. iRSSIfg 115 West 45th Street, New York, NY. 10036

"_ MAIL ORDER ADDRESS: 36 E. 19th St. New York. N.Y. 10003

Items on sale for limited time only, and are subject to limited availability. Not responsible for typographical errors. This ad supersedes all other ads prior to Oct. 1982Prices effective as of Sept. 28,1982 . and are subject to change without notice. All orders subject to verification and acceptance. Minimum shipping and handling $4.95

Circle 1 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982

371

(4b)

54

1

05

42

10

30.

# # #

15 #* #

#

18.

# *19

* #

*# *****

6.241

8.224 20.07 31.91 43.75 55.59 67.43 79.28 91.12

#

Listing 5: The Unit Sheet. This sheet establishes the numeric relationship betweendifferent pairs of units.

(4a) Add Offset:

From

To

mi les

km

mi /hr

km/hr

mi/gal

km/1

gal Ions

1 iters

hours

min

*

cents

*/gal

*/l

UNIT SHEET ============

Multiply By Add Offset

1.609

1.609

.4251

3.785

60

lOO

.4251

Listing 6: An example of a user function. The function car mileage shows how func-tions can deal with text as well as numeric arguments.

(c) Comment:

==================== USER FUNCTION: car_mileage ===

Comment:

Domain List:

make

Range Lists

mileage

E1ement Domai n

Range

1 'alpha

32

2 'beta

17

3 'gamma

28. 1

4 'delta

23

output values on the Variable Sheetwill automatically change as needed.For example, in listing 2a the inputvalue of 30 for mi/gal would changeto 30 X 0.4251 = 12.7530 kilometersper liter. The Unit Sheet is a veryhelpful feature because it lets you useequations in the form that is mostfamiliar to you.

The User Function Sheet lets youuse empirical data to define functionsthat TK Solver will use. This is a veryimportant feature that many peoplewill need if they have input data thatcannot be expressed in equationform. User functions are defined bytwo lists of data taken as {x,y) pairsand interpreted in one of three ways:table lookup, linear interpolation, orstep function. Figure 1 shows how aset of data can be interpreted. Listing6 shows an example of a user function

called car mileage and illustrates

one way to use text information,which can be manipulated by TKSolver as well. This user function canbe used in equations such as

mileage= car mileage(make). Then a

user can specify the make of a car byname on the input sheet and still giveTK Solver numeric information onthe car's mileage. This kind of text/data manipulation can make TKSolver models more readable andeasier to use.

372 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

GREAT NEWS FOR EVERYONE

WITH A PERSONAL COMPUTER

AND SEVEN NUBIAN GOATS.

The High Performance

Printer That Delivers

Hard Copy At 200 cps.

If you think taking goats' milk to theexpanding, demanding gourmet mar-ket is duck soup, think again. It takeshundreds of lines of code, dozens ofprogram listings and hours of outputreview before all the needed reportsare dialed in right.

That's why Okidata's Microline 84 issuch great news. It gives you data pro-cessing and word processing. Fast. It

prints data at 200 cps. And it delivershigh resolution, letter quality printingplus graphics at 50 cps. Condensed orexpanded fonts, superscripts, sub-scripts and proportional spacing, allstandard. For the linguists among us,the 84 handles down line loadablecharacter sets.

The 84 is the fastest member of theMicroline series of printers by Oki-data. Each of them is built to last andlast, right down to the print headwhich is guaranteed for a full year.And each of them comes with a price

tag that won't, if you'll pardon the ex-pression, get your goat: from $449 to$1,495 suggested retail.

For more great news about theMicroline 84 and all the Okidata print-ers, see your computer dealer or call1-800OKIDATA. Okidata. Mt. Laurel,NJ 08054.

OKIDATA

A subsidiary of Oki Electric Industry Company Ltd.

Okidata printers are compatible with Apple, IBM, Tandy, Xerox, and almost every other personal computer you can name.

Circle 283 on Inquiry card.

Figure 1: Possible interpretations of data points by the User Function Sheet. The points that represent the function (shown in all threefigures) can be interpreted by table lookup (figure la), linear interpolation (figure lb), or stepping (figure 1c). Note that the tablelookup leaves intermediate points in the domain undefined, while linear interpolation and stepping give them values.

Where Credit Is Due

TK Solver was shaped by a largernumber of people than we normallyassociate with software design. Thefollowing people designed, docu-mented, or otherwise influenced theproduct:

Seth Steinberg, Bob Frankston, DanBricklin, Diane Curtis, Mike Kahl,Dena Feldstein, Tracy Licklider,Debbie Ruppert, Eliot Tarlin, DavidLevin, Frank Rubinsky, Bill Leigh,George Maydwell, Ray Ozzie, RobFrankland, Patrick Slaney, JimOdell, Sundaresan Jayaraman, P.J,Gardner, Tom Pears, DaveMcElfresh, Milos Konopasek,Evelynne Hammond, and BobHildebrand.

The Global Sheet is not of much in-terest to us here, although it containsmiscellaneous system parameters thattell TK Solver what kind of printer isattached, how many iterations willoccur automatically with the "guess"option, and other such information.If you change certain information onthis sheet, you will change thebehavior of TK Solver; make sureyou understand what the variables inthe Global Sheet do before you alterthem.

Background on TK Solverand Software Arts

In case you didn't know, SoftwareArts is the company that created Visi-calc, the extremely popular spread-sheet "what if?" program thatspawned countless imitations andmade the business world take micro-computers seriously. (The program

itself is distributed through Visicorp,formerly Personal Software.) Visicalcwas Software Arts' first program; infact, its coauthors, Dan Bricklin andBob Frankston, started the companyin 1979 just to develop Visicalc.

Things have changed since then.Software Arts has expanded to over50 people; a design and programmingteam of 24 people wrote TK Solver(see text box). The company now usestwo Prime 850 midiframe computersin-house. One of the reasons for thelong interval between the introduc-tions of Visicalc and TK Solver is thatthe company, being a rather vi-sionary one, has developed its owninternal computer language for usewith all future Software Arts prod-ucts. The language runs on one of thePrime 850 computers, where it isenhanced with debugging, perfor-mance evaluating, and other utilityprograms. Smaller versions of thelanguage can be created for any ma-chine on which a finished SoftwareArts program is to run.

The ability to use programs on awide variety of microcomputers hasan interesting implication withrespect to TK Solver and its prospec-tive market. One of the main reasonsfor the appearance of Visicalc imita-tions and enhancements is that Visi-calc itself was not available for manymachines. Software Arts plans tomaintain a very large share of themarket for TK-Solver-like softwareby making "the real thing" availablelong before imitations can be broughtto market.

There is another reason why therewill be fewer successful imitations orenhancements of TK Solver. Both the

concept of Visicalc and its implemen-tation are relatively straightforward;a good programmer who has usedVisicalc could easily write his or herversion of it. TK Solver, too, is a sim-ple concept, but its implementation isfar from easy. Software Arts hasspent several years developingartificial-intelligence and numerical-analysis algorithms using the talentsof professionals in those two fields.According to Dan Bricklin, TK Solverdoes a lot of things internally that arenot obvious from its external behavior;the end result, says Bricklin, is thatTK Solver imitations will probablyarrive at incorrect answers in anumber of situations.

TK Solver Versus Visicalc

Software Arts is very insistent in itsassertion that TK Solver and Visicalchave absolutely nothing in common.That may be, but it's revealing that,at Software Arts' introductory TKSolver press conference, most of theexamples of TK Solver at work usedthe List, Table, and Plot Sheets to cal-culate the effect of one variable onseveral others in Visicalc-like "whatif. . ." situations.

Certainly, TK Solver can be usedfor "what if. . ." problems, and inthose instances it compares favorablywith Visicalc in two respects. First,TK Solver is more accessible to un-sophisticated users than Visicalc.With Visicalc, you have to manuallysolve a formula for the variable of in-terest, then define a cell to be theright-hand side of that equation; withTK Solver, the computer does thesolving for you. Second, Visicalc lets

374 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES

THE LAST MEMORY™ is a high performance 64K memory module for 8 bit S100 systems. This board uses 16Kbyte-wide static RAM's which eliminate the timing and reliability problems associated with dynamic RAM boards.The 2K by 8 architecture of these RAM's allow high density and low power consumption, a characteristic not found inmost static memories. This architecture also allows the use of 2716 type EPRPOM's in place of RAM IC's with nomodification. As a result, this one board provides total system memory. THE LAST MEMORY™ is availablestarting at less than $100.00

LASTING MEMORY™ is a combination EEPROM (Electrically Eraseable PROM)/EPROM/RAM memory modulefor 8 bit S100 systems. This board includes an onboard EEPROM programmer which programs and erases 2816/2815type EEPROM's with normal memory write instructions - no special software is required. Erasing and writing may beperformed one byte at a time - no need to start over to make simple changes. Programming may be performed in anysocket - EEPROM's can be tested and used without moving them. EEPROM's, 2716 type EPROM's, or 16K byte-wide static RAM's may be located in any of the 16 memory sockets for a total of 32K bytes of memory. LASTINGMEMORY™ is available at $299.

The VIB1™ is an intelligent I/O mapped CRT controller for use within S100 BUS (IEEE 696) systems. It incorporatesall the video display capabilities of a stand-alone smart terminal. Some of its outstanding features include: 80characters x 24 lines with an independant 25th line; full ASCII character set including control characters; graphicscharacters set; six visual attributes which can be used in combination; extensive screen editing and screen readcapabilities. The VIB1™ will be available in the 4th quarter 1982 at less than $300.

ideaLink™ is a high speed FSK modem which plugs into the S100 BUS (IEEE 696) and connects to a standardtelephone in place of the handset. It is Bell 103/202 compatible offering both 300 Bps full duplex and 1200 Bps halfduplex. All signal processing is performed digitally for long term reliability. ideaLink™ will be available in the 4thquarter 1982 at less than $300.

0ns

static memory systems inc.

401 State Bank Center

Freeport, IL 61032 (815) 235-8713

9 A.M. to 4 P.M. Mon. - Fri.

MC VISA acceptedAll prices net, FOB Freeport, ILOEM discounts availableDealer inquiries invited.

Circle 368 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982

375

you see only one of several alter-native values at a time (unless youduplicate the model elsewhere on thepage and give copies different infor-mation); TK Solver lets you look attables or charts. Still, Visicalc willhardly become obsolete because ofTK Solver. Visicalc's spreadsheet gridprovides the visual structure neededfor many problems, and it issomehow a more exciting product towatch at work.

Visicalc can be used for problem-solving, though it is best at structuredcalculating. Conversely, TK Solvercan be used for structured calculat-ing, but it is best at problem-solving.I see it as a kind of algebraicequivalent of an electronic calculator:you feed it the information you know(equations and values, not just num-bers), tell it what you want (algebraicsolutions, not arithmetic operations),and it performs the necessary manip-ulations for you automatically. In theproblem-solving area, TK Solver cando things that Visicalc can't (exceptby trial and error). For example, TKSolver can backtrack from a finalanswer to its component inputs moreeasily than Visicalc can.

One final comparison betweenVisicalc and TK Solver is in order. Tomy mind, TK Solver is a far more in-tuitive piece of software than Visi-calc. This is not to criticize Visicalc;all spreadsheet programs take time tolearn how to use, though some (likeMicrosoft Consumer Products' Multi-plan) have more human engineeringin them than others. Still, once mostpeople are shown the mechanics ofVisicalc, it takes them a fair amountof time to understand how it will beuseful to them. I think that peoplewill understand and find practicaluses for TK Solver in a much shorterperiod of time.

Caveats

I based my description of TKSolver on about six hours of hands-on experience with a near-final ver-sion of TK Solver for the IBM Per-sonal Computer (Seth Steinberg,senior software engineer for SoftwareArts, said that the version I saw wasabout 90 percent complete). Still, I

want to point out that I did not havetime to do a more thorough test of thesoftware (as would be done in a fullreview). I also didn't get to look atanother major piece of the final TKSolver package, the documentation.However, I was shown rough draftsof parts of the documentation andtold about the tremendous effort be-ing put into designing its layout andcontents. (The documentation will in-clude introductory and tutorialmanuals, a reference book, and a ref-erence card.) My impression is thatSoftware Arts has a major commit-ment to making documentation thatis as well constructed and easy to use

TK Solver is a quantumstep toward softwarethat makes micro-computers useful topeople withoutintroducing theinconveniencenormally associatedwith using them.

as the software itself. Although I can-not comment on the quality of thedocumentation from direct experi-ence, I am sure it will be of the highestcaliber.

Limitations

The software has only two short-comings I can think of. The first con-cerns its speed. TK Solver does notwork as instantaneously as Visicalcdoes; the pause for even simple prob-lems is from a half-second to twoseconds (not bad), and more com-plicated tasks like iterative and listsolutions may take between five andtwenty seconds. These are certainlyriot objectionable delays, and thefinal product may be optimized forgreater speed. (The times reported areapproximate, and solution times willprobably be influenced greatly by themicrocomputer used. In particular,the delays will probably be longerthan reported for 8-bit microcom-puters like the Apple II; we cannot

say for sure, however, until someonetests a production copy of the soft-ware.)

TK Solver's second shortcoming isthe absence of some useful highermathematical operators like integra-tion and differentiation. One reasonfor this is quite obvious: these opera-tions are much harder to manipulatethan the simpler algebraic operations.Of course, TK Solver will be quiteuseful to many people as it is, butwithout the higher mathematicaloperations its use will be limited forsome. More inventive people will usestandard numerical integrationtechniques to get the computingpower they need.

You might complain about the$299 TK Solver price tag (the currentversion of Visicalc is $250), but it isnot an unreasonable one for a worldin which databases cost between $400and $800. Though I cannot vouch forthe quality of many products thatcost $200 and up, I can vouch for TKSolver's quality and support, whichmakes the $299 price tag seem morejustifiable. Still, low-cost businesssoftware is beginning to appear in themicrocomputer software market, andI think this is a trend that should beencouraged.

Conclusion

TK Solver is a quantum step in thedirection of software that makesmicrocomputers useful to peoplewithout introducing the inconve-nience normally associated with usingthem. The most likely candidates forTK Solver are people in the sciencesand in finance who work regularlywith equation-oriented problems.Even people who are more comfor-table with equation manipulat-ing—engineers and mathematicians,for example—may want to use TKSolver to save them work and ensureaccuracy.

The virtue of TK Solver is that itconnects the user directly to the prob-lem-solving algorithm. Because usersdo not have to know how to programto get the solution to a problem, it isunlikely that they will discard themicrocomputer because the softwareis too difficult to use.B

376 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 433 on inquiry card.

CAI Authoring System: Quotes from a Recent Review

Assisted Instructional Development System.

"The AIDS package, which includes both hardware and software, is a versatileeducation system which makes creating CAI lessons cost-effective. It... does awaywith the instructor's need for extensive programming experience."

George Wolfe, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807Quoted from BYTE "System Review" August, 1982.

Zweig AIDS Is the IMPROVED-ENHANCED version of the Norfolk System.Zwelg Associates, Division of Skillcorp, Is the SOLE distributor of AIDS.

REMEMBER THE REVIEW?

• "AIDS contain built-in word-pro-cessing functions that allow tea-chers to edit existing lessons easily..."

• "Changes in branching direction orperformance criteria for the next lessoncan also be made at any time."

• "Student records—including name,ID number, special assignments, les-sons completed, scores, and hours ofusage — can be added, deleted, orchanged without affecting the remain-ing data in the file."

THE IMPROVED AIDS INCLUDES:

• New programming and E-PROMcomponent enhance the speed of in-quiry, reducing the waiting time be-tween lesson segments.

• And now both low- and high-resolution graphics options have beenadded. Almost unlimited graphics arepossible in full color.

Zweig Associates, Inc.

1711 McGaw Avenue

Irvine CA 92714

Call |800| 854-8688/CA Res. |714) 549-3246

Zwelg Associates, Inc.

1711 McGaw Avenue

Irvine CA 92714

Call |800| 854-8688 CA Res. (714) 549-3246

ORDER AIDS TODAY! SAVE $50!List Price $395 BYTE price $345

D SAVE S50! Include this coupon with your order.

□ Have my Zweig Rep. call and derno.

□ Apple II Plus □ TRS-80Ship to:

I

CityBill to:

Zip

i Street

j oF~

Zp

GeneralSoftware

Mailing Address:

1454 S. 25th St.

Terre Haute, IN 47803

WE HONOR

VISA and MASTERCHARGE

TOLL FREE - Outside Indiana1-800-457-0517ORDER DESKS(812) 234-9421

Best Selection Best Service

Write for our famous CATALOG.Contains many items not in ad.Still only $1.00 (refund with pur-chase) Outside US add $10 plusAir Parcel Postage. Add $3.50postage and handling per eachitem. Indiana residents add 4%sales tax. Allow 2 weeks onchecks. COD add $3.00 per item.Prices subject to change withoutnotice. All items subject toavailability.

Disk Manualwith OnlyManual

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Dental (PAS-3) $849/40

Medical (PAS-3) $849/40

ASHTON-TATE

•dBASEII $525/50

BALCONES

The Boss Fin. Ace. System $1750

BYROM SOFTWARE

'BSTAM $149

•BSTMS $149

COMPUTER CONTROL

*Fabs(B-Tree) $159/35

Ultrasoft $159/35

CONDOR COMPUTER

Condor II $515/55

Condor II $795/55

DIGITAL RESEARCHCP/M

2.2 Intel MDS-800 $149/35

Northstat (Horizon) $149/35

Micropolis $169/35

TRS Model II $159/45

CB-80 $429/45

PL1-80 $429/50

CBasic2 $ 98/30

EPIC COMPUTER

"Supervyz $ 89/25

FAIRCOM"Micro B +

(Specify language) $229/30

FINANCIAL PLANNING

"Mini Model $429/50

FRIENDS

ACCESS 801 $249/50

ACCESS80II $429/50

FRONTIER SOFTWAREProfessional

Time Accounting $549/50

General Subroutine $269/50

Application Utilities $439/50

ISA

Spellguard $229/30

SP/Law , $109

PASCAL LANGUAGE

PascalZ $349/40

Pascal MT+ V5.5 $429/40

Compiler $316/25

SPPOnly $165/15

KEY BITS

Wordsearch $179/50

String 80 $ 84/25

String 80 (Source) $279

UNICORN

Final Word $255

LEXISOFT

"Spellbinder $349/55

MICRO AP

Selector IV $249/40

Selector V $449/50

SBasic $269/40

MICRO TAX

■Levell $249

"Level II $995

•Level III $749

•Combo II + III $1495

Microsoft 5.3 49

Run time moduleMICRO PRO*

Wordstar $295/60

Call for NEW LOW PRICESMICROSOFT

Basic-80 $298

Basic Compiler $329

Fortran-80 $349

Cobol-80 $629

M-Sod $124

Macro-80 $144

Edit-80 $ 84

MuSimp/muMath $224

MuLisp-80 $174

NORTHWEST ANALYTICAL

•Statpak $409/45

OASIS

•"TheWord" $ 75

ORGANIC SOFTWARE

•Textwriter III $111/25

•Datebook $269/25

• Milestone $269/30

PEACHTREE* SOFTWARE

General Ledger $399/60

Accounts Receivable $399/60

Accounts Payable $399/60

Payroll $399/60

Inventory 399/60

Mailing Address $399/60

forP8Version add$119

Series 6-Peachtree

CPA $799/60

Property Mgt $799/60

Passive Payroll $449/60

Series 7-Peachtree

Sales Tracker $3049/60

AR-Sales Analysis $1299/60

Inventory $799/40

Order Entry $699/40

REDDING GROUP

•Lynx $199/25

SORCIM

•Pascal/M280 $349/40

Pascal/M 86/88 $449/40

*Act65 $149/20

"Act 68'Act 69•Act 86/88 $149/25

•Trans 86 $119/25

"Supercalc $269

SOUTHERN COMPUTERSCall for our unbeatably low pricesSTRUCTURED SYSTEMS GROUP

GL.AR.AP.PR.OE $849/50

Call lor othersSUPERSOFT

• Diagnostic II $ 84/20

•Forth $149/30

•SSS Fortran $219/30

"Fortran w/RATFOR $289/35

"CCompiler $175/20

•Tiny Pascal $ 80/25

• Disk Doctor $ 84/20

•Term I $129/25

Term II $169/25

Z8000 Xassembler $449/35

Games & Others less 10%WHITESMITHS

CCompiler $700/40

Pascal (incl C) $900/45

IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER

Wordstar3.2 $309/60

Mailmerge $109/25

Supercalc $269/N A

Visicalc (256K) $229/N A

Optimizer $200/NA

Supersoft C - CP/M86 $500/NA

Peachtree

3PakGL.AP.AR $595

Final Word $265

Condor I. II, III CALL

Statpak $439

BSTAM $149

Move-It $129

Easy Writer II $315

Easy Speller $155

Easy Filer (dBase mgr.) $335

Spellbinder $355/49

APPLE II DOS

Word Handler II $155/49

Broderbund Software

General Ledger (w/A/P) $435

Payroll $325

Professional Easywnter $155

Mfg. Inventory and Control ProgramT1990, 300 Meg. storage requiredDistributed in Cobol object code

Call for Info $20000/NA

Write for catalog ($1.00) and other listings

■ Available for Apple wrth Softcard

Circle 434 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 377

Computer Exchange — The IBM-PC Supply Center

I

PERSONAL COMPUTED

HARDWARE

for theIBM-PC

LIST OUR

PRICE PRICE

AST RESEARCH. Combo Plus. 64K with one option. NEW! S 495 S379

Combo Plus. 256K »ith one option NEW! S1095 1729

OptKins Async Comtn. Port.. Para. Printer Port, Clock/Calender

Add 180 lor second option and $55 tor third

Parity Memory Card, 64K $ 395

256K $ 995

Note: All ol above cards are memory upgradeabie

$279$(59

$ 660$ 760

$ 80$ 50

$1995$ 299$ 799$ 350$ 525$ 875

SYAD INC . OSI. 780B lor CP/M

DS2, above with serial port (Sept)CORVUS. Hard Disk System. See Corvus Section This Page.CURTIS. PC Pedestal. •» (or Display on PC3 Foot Cable lor IBM Mono DisplayOAVONG. OS! 501 Hard Disk, 5 Meg64K RAM Card256K RAM Card

* MICROSOFT. 64K RAM Card * Parity, RAM Drive s\ Utility

128K RAM Card ./Parity. RAM Dnye 4 Utility256K RAM Card •/Parity, RAM Drive 8 Utility64K RAM Chips' « w/Parity, RAM Drive & Utility $ 175

* QUADRAM CORPORATION

Quadboard, 64K expandable to 256K, 4 function board

256K, four function boardMicrofazec or fnterfaaerTG PRODUCTS. JoystickTANDON, Disk Drives

TM100-1 Single Sided 160KTM1Q0-2 Double Sided 320ftVISTA COMPUTER. 576K MancirdXEOEX. Baby Blue. 64K plus CP/M operation

$570$660

$65

$ 39

Call

Call

Calf

$259

$395

$659

$129

$ 595

$449

$ 995

$689

Call

$ 65

$49

Call

Call

$1395

$1195

$ 600

$495

PRINTERS, Daisy Wheel

>V QUME. Sprint 9. 45 Cps ROSprint 5. 45 Cps RO

limited SPECIAL!Limited SPECIAL!

$2660$2995

$1660$1795

PRINTERS, Impact

EPSON. See Epson section below.IDS. Prism 132, Color w/Graphics

Prism 80, Color. w/Graphics4t Pager Tiger 445C. vr/Graphics & 2K

Microprism 480, near letter quality

OKIDATA, Microline 82A, 120 Cps. 80 Col. Para S Serial

$1995 $1549

$1795 $1450

Limited Special! $ 895 $495

$ 799 $699

$ 649

$495

EPSON PRINTERS & ACCESSORIES

MX80 x/Graftrax * (to be discontinued by Epson)

MX80 F/T w/Graftrax ♦

MX100 F/T w/Graftrai *

Cable, IBM PC to MXHO, SOFT or 100

$ 645 $445

$ 745 $525

$ 995 $695

$ 60 $ 45

Apple. Ann CP/M. IBM. VtMCatC. Wo'dStar, and Z80 »-eregis.t*i«J Irademarks of Apple Computer Inc Waine!Commumcataris Co Digital Research Inc. International Business Machines Corp.. VisiCorp Inc MicroProInternational Corp. and Zilog,Inc respectively MicroPro.MailMerge, SpellStar. DataStar. SuperSurt and CalcStarare trademarks ol MicroPro International Corp Insoft andData Design are trademarks ol in sort Inc RAMCardMtciosort MultipUn and MS are tradema'ks of MicrosoftCorpoi-JtHHi Videi and Videoletrti are trademarks olVidei. Inc VisiCorp. Vi»De». Visi Trend/Plot. VisiFile andDesktop Plan are trademarks ol VisiCorp, Inc, VIC20 is atrarjemari ol Commodore

SOFTWARE

for thai

IBM-PC

BUSINESS

LIST OUR

PRICE PRICE

ASHTONTATE. dBase II NEW1 Call on availability

COMSHARE TARGET, target Planner Calc $ 50 $ 39

OERVER SOFTWARE. Easy IE»ecutive Accounting System] $725 $545

INFORMATION UNLIMITED. Easyvvntei II la WPS) $ 350 $259

Easyspellei |88K Words) $175 $129

Easytiler |a DBMS) $ 400 $299

INNOVATIVE SOFTWARE. TIM III la D8MSI s 495 $369

* INSOFT. Data Design |a DBMS) NEW! $ 225 $169INNOVATIVE. Spell Guard $ 295 $220ISM. v.- v.. j 90 s 69MICRO LAB. tne Tai Manager $ 250 $119

♦ MICROPRO. WordStar* plus tree WordStar Training Manual $495 $249

MailMerge"" $ 150 $ 79

SpelSlar'» $ 250 $149

Special! All Three Above. WordPac $ 895 $459

WordStar Training Manual — $ 25

MICROSOFT. Mutt.plan (uses MSOOSI S 275 $199

PERFECT SOFTWARE. Perfect Writer •■" $ 389 $239

Perfect Speller'" $ 189 $119

Perfect Filer '" $ 289 $179

SELECT INFO Select (a WPS| $ 595 $375

SORCIM. SuoerCalc $ 295 $219

SuperWriter. call on availability $ 395 S29S

Spell Guard, call on availability Call

VISICORP. V.s<Catc*/256K $ 250 $119

VisiOe. $ 250 $199

Visilrend/Plot $ 300 $239

VisiFile $ 250 $199

Desktop Plan $ 300 $239

UTILITY

NAGY SYSTEM Copy/PC, Backup Copier and UtilitiesNORELL DATA. ™ System-8ackup, Bit Copier

$ 29

$ 39

HOME & EDUCATIONAL

ACORN. Lost Colony

AUTOMATED SIMULATIONS. Temple ot Apsha.

AVALON HILL. Galaxy

Midway Campaign

Computer Stocks and Bonds

Voyager

Draw PokerCONTINENTAL, tne Home Accountant PlusDAVIDSON. The Speed ReaderINFOCOM Deadline7orklZork IION-LINE SYSTEMS. FroggerSIRIUS Conquest

PRICE

PRICE

$ 30

$ 24

$ 40

$ 29

$ 25

$ 20

$ 21

$ 17

$ 25

$ 20

$ 25

$ 20

$ 21

$ 17

$ 90

$112

$ 75

$ 55

$ 50

$ 39

$ 40

$ 29

$ 40

$ 29

$ 35

S 26

$ 30

$ 23

**

CORVUS SYSTEMS

6 Meg Hard Disk11 Meg Hard Disk20 Meg Hard Disk

IBM PC Interlace (IBM DOS). Manual i Cable 5'

Mirror built-in for easy backup

Apple Interface, Manual & Cable 5'

Other Interfaces, Omni-Net. Constellation. Mirror. All in Stock.

LIST

OUR

PRICE

PRICE

$2995

$2495

$4795

$3995

$5795

$4795

$ 300

$239

$ 790

$649

$ 300

$239

MONITORS

NEC. 12" Green

12" Color, CompositeSANYO. 9" BSW«V 9" Green

12" BSW

12" Green

13" Color, Composite

13" Color RGB

Monitor StandZENITH. 12" GreenAMDEK. 12" Green #300

13" Color I, Composite

13" Color IIA, RGB. Hi Res. |Ap II. Ill & IBM PC)

13" Color III. RGB. Commercial, (Ap II. Ill)

DVM. Color II or ill to Apple II Interlace

Note: Color II and III come with cable tor IBM-PC.

LIST

OUR

PRICE

PRICE

$ 249

$159

$ 450

$349

$ 190

$149

$ 200

$119

$ 250

$199

$ 260

$199

$ 470

$349

$ 995

$795

$ 50

$ 39

$ 150

$119

$ 200

S159

$ 449

$359

$ 999

$799

$ 569

$469

$ 199

$175

OTHER CALLS(503) 772-3803

ORDER DESK I ULL rKtb

(800) 547-1289

OREGON ORDERS: 772-3256

Portland. OR. Cash ( Carry Outlet. 1150/-D SW Pacific Hwy TerraceShopping Center, Tigard. OR. over-the-counter sales only. On 99W be-tween Rte. 217 and Interstate 5. Call 245-1020.

0»a-0/ll BUS.NESS& DEVELOPMENTO trr/M SOFTWARE

ADVENTURE. Adventures »! to #12 inclusive, 8"ASHION-TATE. dBase II. 8"COMSHARE TARGET. Target PlannerCalc i

FOX ( GEILER. Quickcode tor dBase IIQuickscreen for dBase I!dUtll for dBase IIIRFOCOM.Oeadline. 8"Zork I. 8"JJsrkll, 8"-..,-INNOVATIVE. Spellguard. 8"ISM. MatheMagic

MICROCRAFT. Legal Billing 8 Time KeepingProf Billing & Time Keeping>V MICROPRO, WordStar* plus free WordStar Training ManualMailMerge t"SpellStar7"

Special! All Three Above, WordPacWordStar Training Mjii^a1

-: DataStar'"SuperSort'"CalcStar'*

Special! AN Three Above. DataPacMICROSOFT. Multipian (uses MSOOS)OASIS, Trie Word Plus (a WPS)MICROSOFT. Fortran 80. 8"

BASIC Compiler. 8": COBOL-80.8"BASIC-80. 8"PEACHTREE, Magic Wand, 8"

GL. A/ft. A/P oi Inventoiy. 8"PERFECT SOFTWARE. Perfect Writer'»Perfect SpellerTM: Peilec! Speller7"

DUALITY, GBS with 3 generators, (a DBMS)SELECT INFO.. Select (a WPS)SORCIM, SuperCalc

Super Writer, call on availabilitySpell Guard, call on availability

LIST

OUR

PRICE

PRICE

$ 129

$ 95

$ 700

$495

$ 50

S 39

$ 299

$249

$ 149

$129

$ 99

$ 75

$ 60

$ 45

$ 50

» 39

$ 50

$ 39

$ 295

$220

$ 100

$ 75

$ 750

$395

$ 750

$395

$ 495

$249

$ 150

$ 79

$ 250

$149

$ 895

$459

—

$ 25

$ 350

$199

S 250

$150

$ 350

$180

$ 695

$359

$ 275

S199

$ 150

Call

$ 500

$325

$ 395

$295

$ 750

$545

$ 350

$275

$ 500

$350

$ 750

$495

$ 389

$239

$ 189

$119

$ 289

$179

$ 700

$525

$ 595

$375

$ 295

$219

$ 395

$295

$ 295

Call

m

HEWLETTPACKARD

H/P 85A Microcomputer.

H/P 87A Microcomputer,;

H/P 125 Microcomputer

H/P 7225A Professional Plotter

H/P 8290B Serial Printer

H/P 7470* Graphics Plotter

H/P 41C Calculator

H/P 41CV Calculator with 2.2K Memory

H/P 41 Card Reader

H/P 41 Optical Wand

Wide variety of software and accessories available

n

LIST

OUR

PRICE

PRICE

Limited Special

$2750

$1699

Limited Special

$2495

$1599

Limited Special

$2750

$1699

Limited Special

$2750

$1699

Limited Special

$ 945

$599

New!

$1550

$1125

$ 250

1185.

$ 325

$245

$ 215

$175

able.

$ 125

$ 99

Call

Z commodore

VIC 20

Home Computer

Datasette VfC 1530 :,

DiskOtwVIC 1540 •

Super Expander VI0 121IA 3K with lots ol extras

3K Memory Expander Cartridge

8K Memory Expander Cartridge

16K Memafylxpafidef:Cartridge

ViC Modeis, Telephone^ntertace

Joystick

Game Paddle Pan

Software full line in stock. Call

$300

$229

$ 75

$ 59

$ 600

$479

$ 70

$ 56

$ 40

$ 29

$ 60

$ »8

$ 159

$115

$ 120

$ 96

$ 10

$ 1

$ 20

$ 15

DISKETTES

• Control Data Corporation 12 for 10 Special. Limited Time!CDC. 120 each. 5<« with ring. SS, SD (Apple. IBM, etc.)

12 each. Hi, with ring. SS, SD (Apple. IBM. etc I

12 each. 5Vi. with ring SS, DO (H/P, IBM. etc |

12 each 8", SS, SD

10 each, 5". with ring, DS, OD (IBM)VERBATIM. 10 each iHi with ring. SS. SD or SS. DDMAXELL. 10 each 514. SS. SDDYSAN. 10 each 5>i. SS, SD10 each 5. DS, DD

$

450

$195

s

40

S 22

s

51

$ 21

$

51

S 28

5

50

$ 39

s

50

S 28

5

55

$ 35

S

55

$ 39

J

6b

$ 49

ORDERING INFORMATION AND TERMS. WeshipimmediatelyonCashierChecksrMoneyOrders,FortuneIOOOCtiecks,andGovernmentCriecks.Personal Checks and Company Checks allow 20 days to clear. Add 3% for VISA or MC. Add 3% for shipping, insurance and handling (minimum $5). UPS ground is standard. Add 10% morefor US Postal. APO or FPO, Include telephone no No COD. Prices subiect to change and typographic errors, so call to verify All goods are new. include factory warranty, and are guaranteedfo work Due to our low prices all sales are final. Call before returning goods for repair or replacement ORDER DESK HOURS: 8to6PST,M-F. 10 to4 Sat. & Sun. 1 p.m. hereis4 p m. in NY

OUR RtlbK tNlsto. We have been a computer dealer sine*? 1978 and in mail order since 1980. Banks: Firstlnterstate Bank. (503) 776-5620 and Jefferson State Bank,(503) 773-5333. We belong to the Chamber of Commerce, (503) 772-6293, or call Dun & Btadstreet if you are a subscriber. Computer Exchange is a division of O'Tech Group. Inc.

ManufacturedExclusively for

- " •

BEll&HowEli by

LISTPRICE

OURPRICE

B&H Apple 11+

64K (48K +ALS16K)DISK II w/3.3 Cont.DISK II Only

M725 '1195

«645 «520

s525 '450

OR: SAVE OVER *350 on a pair of drivesBuy a pair of Micro-Sci A2 Drives.See opposite page.

apple ii/ii

supply center

The B&H Apple II+differs from theApple Apple IK only in that it is inblack hammertone color and itswarranty is longer.Warranty: Factory warranty is byBell and Howell {not by Apple) andis one year parts plus 90 day labor.Warranty service available at Belland Howell service centers orreturn to Computer Exchange.

HARDWARE

for Apple II/II +

LIST

OUR

PRICE

PRICE

MICRO SCI. Disk Drives, Plug/software compatible

to Apple. See Micro-Sci section.

RAM CARDS:

Microsoft. 16K RAM Card

S 195

S149

ALS. 16K ADDRam

S 149

S 59

Saturn Systems, 32K

S 249

1169

64K

$ 425

$319

128K

S 599

$459

VC Expand 40 or 80

$ 125

$ 75

Axlon. 320K RAM Disk system

J1395

S995

80 COLUMN VIDEO CARDS:

ALS, Smarterm

I 345

$245

Videx. Videoterm

$ 345

$249

See more ALS and Videx below

Vista. Vision 80

$ 249

$229

HSR Sup R term

J 375

S319

MISCELLANEOUS

ALS. Smarterm 80 Col Card Specia

J 345

(249

Z Card (Z-80I W/CPM Specia

J 269

$199

16K ADDRam Specia

S 149

$ 59

Synergizer Pack Specia

S 749

S450

Synergizer Pack includes above 3, + CP/M book

Note: Above is a limited time offer.

Apple Computer.

Silentype II Printer

$ 395

$335

Graphics Tablet

$ 795

$675

Joystick II

t 50

$ 39

Game Paddle

$ 30

$ 19

Numeric Keypad

$ 150

$119

. Axlon. 320K RAM Disk System

$1395

$995

CCS. Serial Interface 7710A

S 150

$139

Other CCS Cards in stock

Call

Call

Dan Paymar. Lower Case Chips

J 50

$ 39

Hayes, Micromodem II

* 379

$289

Smartmodem

$ 279

$229

- Keyboard Company.

Joystick II

S 50

$ 39

Game Paddle

$ 30

S 19

Numeric Keypad

J 150

$119

MSR. RF Modulator

$ 30

$ 25

Sup R fan

$ 50

$ 39

- Microsoft. Z80 Softcard

S 399

$269

16K RAM Card

J 195

$149

SoftcardPremiumPackS 775

$579

Mountain,

CPS Multifunction Card

$ 239

$209

Clock/Calendar

S 280

$245

Novation. Applecat Modem

J 389

$329

Orange Micro. Grappler

$ 165

$119

* Practical Peripherals, w/cable & Coon.)

MBS 8K Serial (Epson)

$ 159

$129

MBP 16K Para (Epson)

J 159

$129

Microbuffer II16K, (printer??)

$ 259

$209

Microbuffer II 32K, (printer ??) $ 299

$229

RH Electronics, Super Fan II

$ 75

$ 59

SSM.A10 Serial/Para Interface

$ 195

$159

TG Products: Game Paddies

$ 40

$ 29

Joystick

$ 60

$ 45

Select-A-Port

S 60

$ 45

• Videx. Videoterm 80 col

$ 345

$249

Soft Video Switch

J 35

$ 25

Enchancer II

J 149

$ 99

Enchancer(Rev6or 7+)

S 129

$ 99

Function Strip

S 79

$ 59

Full Videx Line. Call, up to 35% off.

SOFTWARE

on disk for Apple 11/11 +

OUR BEST SELLERS

BUSINESS

- CALL ON OTHERS

LIST

OUR

PRICE

PRICE

LIST

OUR

Apple Computer, Inc.

PRICE

PRICE

The Controller (Accounting)

$ 625

$499

Osborne/C.P. Soft.. (Disk and Book)

Apple Writer II

$ 150

$119

5gV Some Common Basic Programs.

Apple Pascal

$ 250

$199

75 Business, Statistics and Math

Apple Fortran

$ 200

$159

programs for the Apple II

$ 100

$ 49

DOS Tool Kit

$ 75

$ 59

)f Practical Basic Programs.

DOS 3.3 Upgrade Kit

$ 75

$ 59

40 more very valuable programs

Apple Pilot

$ 150

$119

beyond"SomeCom.BasicProg"$ 100

$ 49

DJ Portfolio Evaluator

$ 50

$ 45

Peachtree, GL, AR, AP, INV. or PR $ 400

$189

How to!

$ 50

$ 39

Kr Magic Wand (Specify board)

$ 500

$250

Microcourier

J 250

$199

Perfect, Perfect Writer

$ 389

$239

Micro Telegram

$ 250

$199

Perfect Speller

$ 189

$119

Time Manager

$ 150

$119

Perfect Filer

$ 289

$179

Apple Logo

$ 175

$139

Sensible, Sensible Speller

$ 125

$ 95

Applied Soft Tech.. Versa Form

$ 389

$289

Silcon Valley. Word Handler

$ 250

$119

Artsci. Magic Window

$ 100

$ 75

Sof/Sys, Executive Secretary

$ 250

$189

Ashion-tate. dBase II (CP/M)

$ 700

$479

Executive Speller

$ 75

$ 55

Beagle Bros.. Utility City

$ 30

$ 22

Solldus/Softech

DOSS Boss

$ 24

$ 18

it- Stockfile

$ 600

$350

Borderbund. G/L with A/P

$ 495

$369

Stockseller

$ 700

$450

A/R (call on avail.)

$ 495

$369

Software Publishing.

Payroll

$ 395

$295

PFS II

$ 125

$ 95

Continental. GL, AR, AP or PR, ea

$ 250

$189

Graph

$ 125

$ 95

1st Class Mail

$ 75

$ 59

Sorcim. SuperCalc, (CP/M)

$ 295

$219

Property Mngmt.

$ 495

$369

Southeastern,

dBase II for Apple II/II* CP/M

$ 700

$479

Data Capture 4.0, specify brd.

S 90

$ 69

Fox & Getter.

Stoneware. DB Master

$ 229

$179

Quickcode for dBase II

$ 295

$259

DB Utility 1 or II

$ 99

$ 75

Hayden, Pie Writer (Specify brd.l $ 170

$115

VistCorp/Personal Software,

High Tech.. Store Mgr.

$ 250

$189

Visicalc 3.3

$ 250

$189

4- Job Control Sys

$ 750

$350

VisiDex Special!

$ 250

$175

Info Master

$ 189

$119

VisiFile

$ 250

$199

Howard Soft.

Desktop Plan II or III Special!

$ 250

$175

Creative Financing

$ 195

$145

Visiplot

$ 200

$159

Real Estate Analyzer II

$ 195

$145

VisiSchedule New!

$ 300

$239

1982 Tax Preparer

$ 150

$115

VisiTrend & VisiPlot Special!

$ 300

$210

Info. Unlim.. Easywriter (PRO)

$ 175

$129

VisiTerm

$ 100

$ 79

4> Innovative. Spellguard (CP/M)

$ 295

$150

Zork

$ 40

$ 33

Insoft. Accountant (CP/M)For each GL, A/R, A/P or Payroll

$ 99

UTILITY & DEVELOPMENT

4- Micro Craft,

Beagle. Utility City

$ 30

$ 22

(CP/M) Professional Billkeepe

$ 750

$395

DOS Boss

$ 24

$ 18

Legal Billing & Timekeeping

$ 750

$395

Central Point Software:

Micro Lab. Data Factory ver 5.0

$ 300

$249

Filer, DOS Utility

$ 25

$ 18

Visifactory

$ 75

$ 56

Je> Copy II Plus (bit copier)

$ 40

$ 35

Invoice Factory

$ 200

$129

Epson, Graphics Dump

$ 15

$ 9

Tax Manager

$ 150

$ 95

Insoft.

Micro Pro, (all CP/M)

GraFORTH by Paul Lutus

$ 75

$ 59

*$. WordStar® ♦ Training Manual

$ 375

$199

ALD System II by Paul Lutus

$ 75

$ 59

MailMerge7"-

$ 125

$ 69

TransFORTH II by Paul Lutus

$ 125

$ 99

SpellStarT».

$ 200

$119

Electric Duet by Paul Lutus

$ 30

$ 25

SPECIAL! All 3 above

$ 700

$350

Microsoft.

Data Star7"

$ 295

$169

A.L.D.S.

$ 125

$ 75

CalcStar7"

$ 195

$119

BASIC Compiler

$ 395

$299

SuperSortTM-

$ 200

$119

Cobol 80

$ 750

$559

SPECIAL! All 3 above

$ 690

$345

Fortran 80

$ 195

$149

WordStar® Training Manual

—

$ 25

Olympic Decathlon

S 30

$ 24

Muse, Super Text II

$ 150

$113

TASC Compiler

$ 175

$159

Super Text 40/80

$ 175

$129

txr Omega. Locksmith (bit copier)

$ 100

$ 75

Form Letter

$ 100

$ 75

On-Line. Expediter II

$ 100

$ 75

On-Line. Expediter 11+

$ 136

$ 75

LISA 2.5

$ 80

$ 60

, Screenwriter II

$ 130

$ 95

Phoenix, Zoom Grafix

$ 40

$ 29

General Manager

$ 150

$115

Southwestern. ASCII Express

$ 80

$ 59

k. Jk A i*5

SPECIAL

B&H APPLE II* . -I, -64K STARTER SYSTEM "~WX^ $1,795r SAVE $ 765

• 48K B8H Apple II* i ,'.

• ALS 16K RAM Card

'.<• Bisk II with 3.3 DOS S Controltef

• Sanyo 9" Green Monitor

Save $832 total. Substitute a A2 flficre-Sei drive

for the Disk IIAdd another A2 drive and save a total of $888.

| FORTHEAPPLEH/HMUDIRECT SUBSTITUTESMICRO-SCI tor APPLE DRIVES

MiCrO-Sci A2 drives and/or controllers are direct plug

■:'.!'.■■ : : ' :-: - ':■■,■■ •■: : ::r:;^-:-

LIST OUR

For Apple II PRICE PRICE

A2. 5'V. 143K Disk Drive . $ 479 $369

Controller l i rive - $ 100 $ 79

848, 5'V, iSOK Disk Drue $ 449 $359

A70. 5 . . 286K Ll.sk Drrve $ 599 $479

roller lor A40 or A70 $ 100 $ 79

are $ 20 $ 15

IV Apple 111 HEW!

A3, 5>.«. 143K Drive $ 449 $959e.73, i'i 256K Drive $ 649 $529M43, 5'i, 572K Btive $ 799 $669

OVERSTOCK SPECIALFOR APPLE 11/11+

VIDEX. Videoterm, 80 column $ 345 $2*9

ALS 16K AddRAM Card $ 149 S 59

ALS ZCatd.280 CP/M Card $269 $199

ALS Smarterm 6(1 Co: Card $ 345 $245

ALS Synergaer Pack $ 749 $450

HOME & EDUCATION

Autom. Sim., Crush Crumb Chomp $ 30 $ 23

Broderbund.

Apple Panic $ 30 $ 21

Arcade Machine (call first) $ 45 $ 32

Star Blazer $ 32 $ 24

Many others Call

Budgeco, Raster Blaster $ 29 $ 22

Cavalier. Bug Attack $ 30 $ 23

Star Thief $ 30 $23

Continental. Home Accountant $ 75 $ 56

Home Money Minder $ 35 $ 26

Edu Ware Call Call

Hayden. Sargon II (Chess) $ 35 $29

Infocom, Deadline $ 50 $ 38

Zork I or II $ 40 $ 29

Insoft. Electric Duet by Lutus $ 30 $ 25

GraFORTH by Lutus $ 75 $ 59

Lightning, Mastertype $ 40 $ 29

Microsoft. Olympic Decathlon $ 30 $ 24

Typing Tutor $ 25 $ 19

Muse. Robot War $ 40 $ 29

Castle Wolfenstein $ 30 $ 23

On-line. Pegasus II $ 30 $ 22

Ultima II $ 55 $ 27

Threshold $ 40 $ 30

Cranston Manor $ 35 $ 26

Mystery House $ 25 $ 19

Softporn (X Rated) $ 30 $ 22

Ulysses I Golden Fleece $ 40 $22

Sentient. Oo-TOPOS $ 33 $ 25

Sirius, Gorgon $ 40 $ 29

Twerps $ 30 $ 22

Sir-Tec. Wizardry $ 50 $ 39

Sub Logic, Flight Simulator $ 34 $ 28

Pinball $ 30 $ 23

Strategic, Southern Command $60 $ 30

OTHER BRANDS IN STOCK. CALL.

ATARI

800 Computer 16K $ 899 $665

Uriel 48K $1099 $777

400 Computer 16K Special! $ 299 $225

810 Disk Or.ve > 600 !«<<

850 Interface $ 220 $159

SiO Recorder $ 100 $ 79

M $ 100 $ 85

3?K SAM $ 200 $109

Call for other software and actescries. .

NEC,

32K Computer $ 995 $739

:otdi Dual Drive PC803I $ 995 $739

l-l... . I ii un.rFT8012S Wi S4J5

■ other software and accecories

THE WORLD'S LARGEST COMPUTER MAIL ORDER FIRM

Computer Exchange

Circle 88 on inquiry card.

ALL MAIL: P.O. Box 1380, Jacksonville, OR 97530

WAREHOUSE AND OFFICES BY APPOINTMENT AT 6791 UPPER APPLEGATE ROAD.

• Means a BEST buy.A Division of

crmcHizma

Ad #939

Naming Your Software

Considerations Under the Trademark Laws

After months of work, you finallyhave completed your program. It'sdebugged. It runs. You are ready tohit the market with it. All it needs is aname.

But what should you call it? Thename should be distinctive and eye-catching so that your software willstand out among the thousands ofother programs advertised inmagazines and catalogs or displayedon shelves and racks in computerstores.

Naturally, you don't want thename to be too close to the names ofother programs currently on the mar-ket, and you want the name to beprotected against infringement byothers. The choice of the name foryour program is more significant thanyou might first think. A name, ortrademark as it is technically called,besides distinguishing your programfrom countless others, becomes yourcommercial signature, a symbol ofyour programming skill, and thefocus of the goodwill that you estab-lish. This goodwill can develop into a

About the Author

Stephen A. Becker, who has a master ofscience degree in electrical engineering, hasbeen granted two patents for his work in elec-tronic control systems while working as aresearch engineer. After obtaining a law degreein 1975, he entered the field of patent, trade-mark, and copyright law. Mr. Becker is now anattorney specializing in protection of intellec-tual property with particular emphasis on thefield of computers. He is a partner in the patentlaw firm of Lowe, King, Price & Becker.

Stephen A. Becker

Lowe, King, Price & Becker

Crystal Plaza 1, Suite 209

2001 Jefferson Davis Hwy.

Arlington, VA 22202

very valuable asset—one that can ex-pand your market. The commercialvalue of a well-known trademark isclear when you consider currentmarketing emphasis on "brand name"products; people tend to be willing topay substantially more for a brandname pair of jeans than for a plainpair.

Trademarks serve two differentfunctions. First, they provide protec-tion to the trademark owner againstinfringement by others. In otherwords, if you apply a trademark toyour software, the trademark willprevent a competitor from profitingfrom the goodwill that you havedeveloped in your business and inyour product. Second, the trademarkprovides protection to consumers byguaranteeing that the particular soft-ware being purchased is the same asthat selected based upon adver-tisements or reputation. Thetrademark will protect consumersagainst imitations of your software.

Common Law and Federal Law

Recognizing the commercial impor-tance of trademarks, a common lawof trademarks based upon principlesof unfair competition has beendeveloped. By common law, I meanlaw that has been developed bycourts through litigation, rather thandefined by statute. In addition, thefederal government has voted in afederal trademark statute known asthe Lanham Act of 1946.

Several aspects are shared by com-

mon law and the provisions of theLanham Act. (In many regards theLanham Act was modeled after thecommon law.) A basic principle oftrademark law is that no two prod-ucts may have names that are so closeas to cause a likelihood of confusionin the minds of consumers regardingthe products themselves or theirsource or origin. This language recursthroughout the common law of trade-marks and is the language used in theLanham Act.

But what constitutes likelihood ofconfusion? Factors generally con-sidered are similarities of the names insound and appearance, of the natureof the products, of the groups of con-sumers to which the products aredirected, and of the approach to mar-keting. These factors tend to becumulative. For example, the fic-titious mark DYNASOFT, designat-ing your word-processing software,might be considered confusinglysimilar to the mark DINSOFT onother word-processing software: thetwo products are the same in func-tion, are directed toward the sameconsumers, and tend to be marketedsimilarly (i.e., they may appear onthe same shelf or rack or in the samecatalog). The marks DYNASOFT forsoftware and DINSOFT for slippers,however, may not be considered con-fusingly similar because the products,the consumers, and the method ofmarketing are obviously quite dif-ferent. Thus purchasers would notlikely perceive the two products as

380 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

PERIPHERALVI SION

ii

1 F you don't see what you want, give us a call between 9 am & 5 pm (ET).Chances are we'll have what you need for your system at your price. Due to, production deadlines for advertising, prices in this ad are 2 months old, so weencourage you to call us for current prices and new product information.

FICPPY

PAYMENT POLICY - We accept Mastercard. VISA, American Express, personalchecks & MO We reserve the right to wait 10 working days for personal checksto clear your bank before we ship. All shipping standard UPS rates plusinsurance. NJ residents must add 5% sales tax.

C.N. 5212

PRINCETON, NJ 08540

PRICES & SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE

MOD l-ll-lll, CP/M are trademarks of Tandy and Digital Research respectively.

Circle 165 on inquiry card.

being related or as originating fromthe same source. As another example,do you think that the mark VERI-SOFT for word-processing softwareis confusingly similar to our hypo-thetical DYNASOFT? Probably not.Even though both marks have theterm "SOFT" as a suffix, the suffixwould be considered weak since it issuggestive of software in general andtherefore not distinctive to word-pro-cessing software.

What happens if two products arebeing sold under marks that are iden-tical to each other or at least too closeto avoid 'likelihood of confusion"?The general rule is that the first to usethe mark has the superior trademarkright; the later user infringes. How-ever, if the two trademark users aregeographically remote from eachother and have no knowledge of oneanother, it is possible for the twotrademarks to exist simultaneously.The rationale is that there would beno likelihood of confusion by the geo-graphically remote consumers;besides, the concurrent use occurredin good faith. It would be unfair,therefore, to force the later user, whois innocent, to drop the mark. Undercommon law (when there is no fed-eral registration), good faith and lackof knowledge are defenses for trade-mark infringement.

Advantages of Registration

When the trademark is registeredwith the Patent and Trademark Of-fice, however, the situation changes.Federal registration is considered toplace the entire country on notice thatthe registrant is the owner of thetrademark from the moment the reg-istration issues. For example, assumethat a person in California innocentlyadopts a trademark identical to onefederally registered by a user inFlorida. The California user infringeseven though he adopted the markwithout knowledge and in good faithbecause good faith and lack ofknowledge are not defenses for in-fringement of a federally registeredtrademark. The example illustratesthe primary advantage of obtaining afederal registration on yourtrademark: without federal registra-tion by the Florida user, the Cal-

ifornia trademark user is free to con-tinue use so long as he avoids enteringthe same geographic area as theFlorida user. With federal registra-tion, however, the registrant has na-tional trademark rights and can stopthe Californian by simply doing busi-ness or planning to do business inCalifornia.

Under common law,good faith and lack of

knowledge are

defenses for trademark

infringement.

Other advantages of obtainingfederal registration of your mark are:

• Federal registration lets you use thefederal court system. An out-of-stateparty to litigation is often better offtrying his or Jier case in a federalcourt rather than a state court. Also,there are some remedies available infederal courts that are not available instate courts.

• Federal registration of a trademarkserves as proof of ownership of themark; it is not necessary to make anindependent proof of ownership.

• After five years, the registrationbecomes "incontestable" and is verydifficult to defeat except possibly by aprior user.

• The registration may be used tostop importation into the UnitedStates of software bearing an infring-ing trademark.

Certain types of marks are not reg-istrable even if there is no likelihoodof confusion with other marks. Themark will not be registrable if it is im-moral, deceptive, or scandalous, if itfalsely suggests a connection with anypersons or institutions, or if it in-cludes the name of another individualwithout his consent. Your mark maynot include the American flag or theflag of any other country ormunicipality. You may not use yoursurname (family name) as the mark,nor may you use the name of a

geographical area, although you maybe able to register a surname or thename of a geographical area if themark has become well known to yourcustomers or those who buy similarproducts. You should also avoidmarks that are merely descriptive ofthe product (e.g., MATH PRO-GRAM) or are deceptively mis-descriptive (NONSOFT), although,again, it is possible to register marksthat have become well knownthrough advertising, etc. Finally, youdefinitely should not attempt toregister any marks that are generic(the common name of the productrather than the brand name) becauseregistration will certainly be refused.In fact, it is important to make surethat no one uses your mark in ageneric sense even after registrationoccurs because once the trademarkbecomes generic, you will lose themark. Examples of marks that havebecome generic and therefore havelost their trademark status arecellophane, thermos, and aspirin. Ifyou should refer to the TRS-80 com-puter in an advertisement or articlewithout acknowledging it as being aregistered trademark of the TandyCorporation, you will probablyreceive a letter from the Tandy Cor-poration's attorneys.

Registering

Software must be used in interstatecommerce to be eligible for federalregistration. The interstate commercerequirement is satisfied if there is asale or shipment of your softwareacross a state line or to a foreigncountry. Thus, all you need do toqualify for trademark registration isto make an interstate or internationalsale or shipment of your software car-rying the trademark sought to beregistered. The sale or shipment mayeven be a token one made only for thepurpose of satisfying the interstatecommerce requirement, as long asyou intend to continue using themark in interstate commerce.

Before you apply for the registra-tion, I recommend that you obtainclearance of the mark by having anattorney conduct a trademark searchat the Patent and Trademark Officeto determine whether the trademark

382 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

w -

IBM PersonalApple II* Computer**

3 Axis Space Tablet(software included)

$475.00

4 Axis Space Tablet(software included)

$595.00 $595.00

VISA, MasterCard and C.O.D.'s accepted.CT residents add 7.5% Sales Tax.

'Minimal Configuration:"Minimal Configuration:

48K, Applesoft, DOS 3.364K, Game paddle adapter,color/graphics adapter

Apple and Apple It are Trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc

in computer-aided graphic design.

Introducing The Space Tablet1"from Micro Control Systems. The firstthree-dimensional spatial digitizercompatible with Apple II" and IBMPersonal Computers.

The Space Tablet lets you inter-actively record x, y and z coordi-nates of any object-even one thatdoesn't really exist-then allowsyou to manipulate any or all of thosecoordinates with the push of a but-ton. A fast, practical way to play"what if?" in any design situation.

What's more, specially writtensoftware allows you to rotate andrescale drawings instantly-oreven compose one drawing fromseveral components. All at afraction of the price you'd expectto pay.

Applications for The SpaceTablet are truly unlimited. Design.Engineering. Architecture. Science.CAD/CAM. Graph reading. And somuch more. It can even be used asa two-dimensional digitizer.

Let us help you enter the thirddimension in graphic design. Call orwrite and we'll tell you how The SpaceTablet can work for you.Micro Control Systems,230 Hartford Turnpike, Vernon, CT06066,(203)872-0602.

MCS

Circle 242 on inquiry card.

is believed registrable or by employ-ing a trademark search service. If youhave an attorney do the work, youshould make sure that he or she is ex-perienced in trademark matters. Mostpatent attorneys are qualified to dotrademark work. You can probablyfind one of the trademark search ser-vices in the Yellow Pages under"Trademark Services."

After you receive clearance, youmust prepare and forward a trade-mark application to the Patent andTrademark Office along with a $35registration fee and five identicalspecimens showing how the trade-mark is applied to the software. It ispossible to prepare the trademark ap-plication yourself. You should con-tact the Patent and Trademark Officefor information by writing to theCommissioner of Patents and Trade-marks, Washington, DC 20231. Irecommend, however, that you re-tain an attorney to do the work foryou, because you may have difficultywith technicalities in preparing theapplication as well as in following theapplication through to issue.

After the Patent and TrademarkOffice receives the application, it isassigned to a trademark examinerwho makes an independent search ofthe trademark files. If he finds a priortrademark application or registrationthat he considers to be confusingly

similar to your trademark, he willissue a rejection. You then must arguethat the mark shown in the registra-tion or application is not confusinglysimilar to your mark. Assumingeither that the trademark examinerdoes not reject your application orthat you are able to argue around therejection, the mark is published in aweekly booklet entitled the OfficialGazette. The purpose of the publica-tion is to enable persons who believethat they have superior rights in themark, or who consider the mark to benonregistrable because it is descrip-tive or generic, to oppose your regis-tration. If there is no opposition oryou are able to overcome any opposi-tion, the application issues as a regis-tration, in effect for a term of twentyyears. The twenty-year term is re-newable any number of times as longas the mark is still in use. You mustfile a formal declaration between thefifth and sixth years followingregistration alleging continued use ofthe mark; otherwise, the registrationwill be automatically canceled. Oncethe declaration is filed, however, theregistration is considered "incon-testable" and is immune to attack ex-cept under special circumstances,such as fraud in obtaining theregistration, abandonment of themark, or the mark's becominggeneric.

Before your registration issues, youshould apply the symbol ™ to the up-per right-hand corner of your mark,e.g., DYNASOFT™. Although thesymbol ™ does not provide any sub-stantive trademark rights, it doesplace the public on notice that youbelieve you have trademark rightsunder common law. Following regis-tration, however, you should use thesymbol ® to identify the trademarkas being federally registered.

Conclusion and Caveat

In summary, there are substantialadvantages to selecting a distinctivetrademark for your software, pro-moting the software under the trade-mark, and obtaining a federal regis-tration. The registration can be a veryvaluable asset to your business, andthe cost of obtaining it is fairly low.

Although I have provided you withsome of the basics of trademark lawto make you at least aware of the ex-istence of the trademark laws and theimportance of registration, I haveomitted for simplicity many details,such as those concerned with litiga-tion. If you are actually going to mar-ket your software with a trademarkand especially if you are consideringan international market, I stronglyrecommend that you confer with anattorney who specializes in trade-mark law before you proceed. ■

Micro Mid West10205 West 69th TerraceMerriam, KS 66203Call: (913) 362-3462

Micro Frame

110 V 60 Hz CVT S-100 bus (IEEE-696) Microframes and disk enclosures. Constant Voltage Transformer (CVT) instantly regulates AC power ranging fromas low as 50VAC to as high as 140VAC (depending on the current load) to with ± 3%. TEI microframes gives you lots of good clean power. 90 day fac-tory warranty. With TEI you don't need an expensive voltage regulator; TEI isolates your boards and drives from spikes, voltage variations, noise andeven brownouts.

12 slot microframes ±8V @ 17A,22 slot microframes ±8V @ 30A,

:16V @ 2A: 16V @ 4A

8" disk drive enclosure with CVT holds two 8" Shugart 801R or 851R drives. +24V @ 1.5A, +5V @ 1.0A,

5V @ 0.24A. Power cables included.

size hard disks). +8V (S 17A.

The Combination is a S-100 bus and disk enclosure. Includes a 12 Slot plus 3 cutouts for 5V«" floppy disk drives (or5Vi± 16V @ 2A, + 12V @ 1.2A, Power cable included.

MCS-112 12 Slot Table Top Microframe

MCS-122 22 Slot Table Top Microframe

RM-12 12 Slot Rack Mount Microframe

RM-22 22 Slot Rack Mount Microframe

DFD-0 Table Top 8" Disk Enclosure

RFD-0 Rack Mount 8" Disk Enclosure

TF-12 Table Top Combination

RF-12 Rack Mount Combination

Inventory In Stock! Dealer inquiries invited: We are a TEI (Texas Electronic Instruments) Master Distributor.

Terms: COD accepted. 2% discount on Prepaid orders. Kansas Residents add 4% sales tax. All prices subject to change. We normally use UPS. Blue

Label or other fast shipment available.

List

Our Price

$755

$645

$910

785

$800

795

$965

850

$565

500

$725

625

$745

650

$855

750

384 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 246 on Inquiry card.

Book Reviews

PersonalDocumentationfor Professionals:Means andMethodsV. StibicNorth-HollandAmsterdam, 1980214 pages, hardcoverS29.95

Reviewed by

Dr. Michael Carter

Research School of Social

Sciences

The Australian National

University

POB4

Canberra, ACT 2600

Australia

Virtually everyone en-gaged in research, teaching,management and administra-tion, or in professions such asmedicine and law is subject toa flood of documents pouringinto the office and onto thedesk. These include external-ly generated documents suchas books, journal articles,research reports, and news-paper cuttings. But they alsoinclude internally generated

material such as personalworking papers, drafts, cal-culations, photocopies,memos, minutes, and so on.Because we tend to use onlythe information that we canmost readily locate (and mostof us are saddled with lessthan perfect memories), asystem for organizing, cata-loging, and storing docu-ments to facilitate futureretrieval can greatly enhanceyour productivity and effi-ciency. This is the function ofa personal-documentationsystem.

This book is directed pri-marily to professionals,whose foremost need is todocument written materialsof various kinds. But theprinciples of personal docu-mentation can apply equallyto the organization, storage,and retrieval of any collec-tion of objects—musicalrecordings, stamps, genea-logical records, inventories,financial records, and so on.Therefore, this book canprofitably be read by anyonewith a collection to be docu-mented or with a personalcomputer looking for a prac-tical use.

Chapter 2, Document De-scription, begins on familiarterritory by discussing theconventions for uniquelyidentifying a document andthe process of abstracting.The bulk of the chapter dealswith one of the most impor-tant choices that the designerof a personal-documentationsystem has to make—themethod of subject descrip-tion. The author presents thefour most common methods:

classification: as in thecatalog of a libraryfree indexing: the assignmentto the record of one or moredescriptive keywordscontrolled thesaurus: confin-ing the allowable keywordsto a carefully designedthesaurus appropriate to thesubject area

automatic indexing: allowingthe computer to select key-words from the title,abstract, and/or text

He describes these methods,illustrates them with ex-amples, and discusses theirrelative merits and limita-tions.

Chapter 3 is devoted toTechnical Means. After somerather superfluous discussionof means of storage, includ-ing photographs of filingcabinets and microfiche read-ers, the author discusses sim-ple, nonmechanized systemsof personal documentationsuch as the familiar card in-dex and optical coincidencecards. Next, he describes ahybrid system, computerizedindexes. With this system, acomputer is used to producea printed index to thepersonal-documentation sys-tem, which is then consultedto aid retrieval. Examples ofthis technique are KWIC(Key-Word-in-Context) in-dexes and the PERMUTERMindex of the Science CitationIndex.

Finally, the author dis-cusses on-line storage andretrieval systems. Unfor-tunately, the discussion inthis section is too superficial,with the exception of theflowchart of an algorithm ofsequential search. The readerhas to be content with briefdescriptions of Lockheed'sDialog and Phillips DIRECTsystems. In a book devoted

Micro MidWest - Systems Division

10205 West 69th Terrace

Merriam, KS 66203

Call: (913) 362-3462

Ann Arbor Terminals

These terminals give you a full page of display (60 lines by 80 columns), 15" screen, Detachable keyboard, display Zoom and scroll control (local andremote), 5 Graphic Renditions, 5 area qualifications, ANSI standard control sequences, (works with Wordstar and Dbase II). 48 programmable functionkeys. Supplied with an RS-232 connection for computer and modem, and one for a local printer. This is a real win if you want to view a whole page of pro-gram, or text. Cheaper than VT-100 but more features! Sturdy construction, on-off switch on front (not the back)

Ambassador D-case (Larger office-type version)

Ambassador E-case (Smaller portable version, same terminal, different packaging)

Ambassador 300 option. Emulates DEC VT-100, VT-52 and the Ambassador.

List

$1495

$1395

ADD $ 230

Our Price

$1399

$1299

$ 210

P-4 Blue Phosphor Option. (The normal version is green, The blue phosphor limits the

display to 30 lines, while retaining a 60 line "logical" screen) ADD $130 $120

Order before Sept. 30 to avoid $200.00 per unit price increase.

Terms: COD accepted. 2% Discount on prepaid orders. Dealer Inquiries invited. Prices subject to change. Normal shipment by UPS. Blue label or

other fast shipment available. Kansas Residents add 4% Sales Tax.

Circle 246 on inquiry card.

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 385

Book Reviews

to personal documentation, Iexpected greater emphasis onthe implementation ofsystems more appropriate toindividual needs andresources.

A valuable feature of thisbook is the four case studiespresented in succeeding chap-ters, which are based on ac-tual personal-documentationsystems. Case 1 involves anorthodox card-index system.Case 2 describes a computer-ized system used by membersof a work team active in com-puter science. Retrieval is bymeans of a KWIC index ontitles.

A microcomputer is thestar of Case 3. Indexing ismanual, using two types ofkeywords — descriptors(taken from a smallthesaurus) and free terms.These are compressed on in-put with a hashing procedureand stored separately in anindex file, which has pointers

to the document file. In-quiries consist of any numberof keywords connected byBoolean operators (AND,OR, NOT). A simple sequen-tial search of the index file isemployed. This gives reason-able performance, becausethe number of keywords perrecord is small and only theindex file needs to besearched. Searching speed isalso enhanced by the key-word hashing procedure.

By contrast, Case 4 relieson automatic indexing as themain retrieval tool. In addi-tion, author and title indexesare prepared periodically tofacilitate simple searches.This personal-documentationsystem is maintained on atimesharing system, with ac-cess by means of a terminallocated in the user's officeand connected by telephoneto the computer. The user inCase 4 is actually the Case 1user some years later, illus-

START YOUR OWNCOMPUTER CO.

HOW TO START YOUR OWN SYSTEMS HOUSE $36.

7th edition, November 1981

Written by the founder of a successful systems house, this fact-filled 220-pagemanual covers virtually all aspects of starting and operating a small systemscompany. It is abundant with useful, real-life samples: contracts, proposals,agreements and a complete business plan are included in full, and may be usedimmediately by the reader. Proven, field-tested solutions to the many problemsfacing small turnkey vendors are presented.

HOW TO BECOME A SUCCESSFUL COMPUTER CONSULTANT $28.

by Leslie Nelson. 4th revised edition, December 1981

Independent consultants are becoming a vitally important factor in the micro-computer field, filling the gap between the computer vendors and commercial/industrial users. The rewards of the consultant can be high: freedom, more satis-fying work and doubled or tripled income. This manual provides comprehensivebackground information and step-by-step directions for those interested to ex-plore this lucrative field.

HOW TO SELL YOUR MICRO SOFTWARE $19.95

by B.J. Korites. Ph.D. May 1982

The best practical guide for those with software to sell Detailed discussion of the

eight best marketing strategies. How to sell through distributors, brokers.

computer manufacturers. Advertising techniques. Pricing strategies Software

security.

HOW TO START YOUR OWN WORD PROCESSING SERVICE $48.

by Leslie Nelson. 2nd edition, October 1982

Turn a small investment into a steady, money making business that adds $10,000.$50,000 or $100,000 to your income. Detailed start-up, marketing and operationsplans are included.

Send check, money order, VISA, Master Charge or American Express # and exp.date. Publisher pays 4th class shipping. Add $1.00 per book for UPS shipping(USA) only). NJ residents add 5% sales tax For faster shipment on credit cardorders call (201) 783-6940.

ESSEX PUBLISHING CO. Dept 2285 Bloomfield Avenue • Caldwell, N.J. 07006

trating how personal-docu-mentation systems can evolveto take advantage of chang-ing technology.

The case studies are verysuccessful in demonstratingthe practical application ofthe tools and techniques dis-cussed previously and inhighlighting the advantagesand disadvantages of dif-ferent approaches.

The final chapter, FutureProspects, suffers the com-mon fate of all such prog-noses—it dates very rapidlyand tends to superficiality.The book concludes with aselective but still comprehen-sive bibliography organizedinto groups that correspondroughly with the chapters ofthe book. It also has a usefulindex.

Stibic writes clearly. Hesuccessfully avoids the trapof being excessively en-thusiastic or sophisticated.He recognizes that simpletools are often adequate andthat a personal-documenta-tion system is a means to anend—not an end in itself. Hisbook is well structured andits utility is enhanced by the

liberal use of diagrams, illus-trations, and examples.

Any reader who is inter-ested in using a microcom-puter for personal documen-tation will find a wealth of in-formation in this book. Fewwill wish to design their ownpersonal-documentation sys-tems and develop the neces-sary software. But even whenusing one of the increasinglyavailable database manage-ment systems, a number ofoptions have to be consideredto obtain the maximum ad-vantage of the system. Theseoptions include the scope ofthe system (what to include),how to describe the docu-ments, and techniques tofacilitate future retrieval. Inaddition, anyone who hasmastered the material in thisbook will be in a much betterposition to evaluate commer-cial systems and to make anintelligent and satisfying pur-chase. This is a book Ithoroughly recommend toanyone interested in using amicrocomputer for personaldocumentation, and that in-cludes us all, doesn't it?B

BYTEs Bits

CBBS Aids Evaluation Data Interchange

The National Bureau ofStandards in cooperationwith the Computer Perfor-mance Evaluation UsersGroup has set up a computer-ized bulletin-board system(CBBS) that's designed topromote the interchange ofinformation among practi-tioners of computer-perfor-mance evaluations. TheCBBS serves as a medium forexchanging messages con-cerning problem areas, tools,techniques, and new develop-ments in computer-perform-ance evaluation.

The system is accessible by

most terminals equipped witha 300-bit-per-second modem.To log on, dial (301) 948-5717.When the system comes on-line, press your return keyseveral times. It's self-instructional and requiresneither an external user guidenor a pre-established ac-count. For additional infor-mation, call Ken Moore atthe National Bureau of Stan-dards Institute for ComputerSciences and Technology,(301) 921-3485. ■

386 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 160 on Inquiry card.

Condor databaseobsoletcs compilers!

Condor relational databasemanagement system makesyour personal/businesscomputer for simpler to useand much more useful to ownfor less money...than other software.

Plain English, no computerese.

Condor relational database manage-ment is a complete developmentand operation system. It eliminatesBASIC, PL/1, COBOL, FORTRAN, orother compilers in almost everycase. It allows you to deal directlywith your information withoutcomplex code words. In plainEnglish, it lets you manage yourbusiness instead of your data.

I )mWTRANj

Save 90%. Because no complexprogramming is needed, Condorsaves up to 90% of the cost ofprogram writing and testing! Youalso eliminate costly and time-consuming programmer "talentsearches."

State-of-the-art relational format.

Condor makes traditionalprogramming approaches usingcompilers obsolete. Features suchas SORT, DEFINE, ENTER, POSTAND REORG permit rapid databasecreation, access, control, monitoringand manipulation. For instance (byusing the JOIN command), you cancombine the information containedin two large file cabinets—such as"Purchases" and "Labor Cost"—

into a single file—in one operation.To do the same task, ordinary soft-ware usually requires substantialreprog ramming.

Easiest to learn and use.

Independent evaluators rate Condormore "user-friendly" than any otherpersonal I businesscomputer databasesystem. After abrief study of themanual, you startbuilding a data-base within 15or 20 minutes.In fact, Condor hasallowed many hundreds of first-timeusers to produce and processtheir own management reports.

Only $295 for entry level.

Condor's multi-level modulardesign provides full upwardcompatability, up to the mostpowerful software of its kind in theindustry. The entry level Condor Ifeatures database file developmentand management; entry, update,

and posting; inquiry and report

writing capabilities;,

and complete

operations aids.

And as information

needs grow, you

can easily

upgrade to

Condor III for writing highly complex

reports and fast-query indexing.

Guaranteed to do more work, moreeasily for greater savings.Put Condor to the test. Experienceits power and versatilityfirsthand...how it puts you indirect touch with your data, whileeliminating complex programming.You must agree that Condorsaves you time, work andmoney...or return it within 30 daysfor a complete and prompt refund(at participating dealers only).

Questions? See Condor at your localsoftware dealer, write to P.O. Box8318, Ann Arbor, Ml 48107, or call

(313) 769-3988.

condor

COMPUTER CORPORATION

P.O. Box 8318, Ann Arbor, Ml 48107

The Industry Standard...Selected by Major Dealers,Distributors and Manufacturers.

Circle 103 on Inquiry card.

BYTE OctotKr 19U 387

Y)u have a computer program that's your

The newBell & HowellVCR interface

lets you add videotape toyour computer training oreducational programs. Thecard makes the com-puter trulyinteractivewith the VCRto emphasizepoints, review, andstimulate through sightand sound.

The VCR interface card

plugs rightinto your Bell& Howell orApple II Plus" micro-computer. Switch betweencomputer video or VCRvideo and between twoaudio inputs. Control allVCR control functions fromthe computer keyboard.

Ask us about other Bell &Howell products, too.

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

388 BYTE October 1982

This new VCR interface makes watching it a

Including 48K"micro-computers andsoftware packages foreducation and business.

Send us the coupon or call1-800-323-4338 (in AreaCode 312, call 673-3300).Well show you how to havepride and joy in yourcomputing. (VCR interfacefor Sony SLO-323 orPanasonic NV-8200 only.)

Circle 39 on Inquiry card.

Bell & Howell

Interactive Communications DivisionsATTN: Marketing Services Dept.

7100 N. McCormick Road, Chicago, IL 60645

□ Send information on the new VCR interface card.

NAME TITLE

SCHOOL

ADDRESS

CITY STATE ZIP

( )

AREA CODE PHONE

"Bell & Howell" is a trademark of Bell & Howell Company. ®1982 Bell & Howell Company. All rights reserved.

BYTE October 1982 389

Book Reviews

VlsICalc: Homeand OfficeCompanion

David M. Castlewitz,Lawrence J. Chisausky,Patricia Kronberg, and L.D. ChukmanOsborne/McGraw-HillBerkeley, CA, 1982183 pages, softcover$15.99

Reviewed byVern W. CimmeryPOB 1074Eagar, AZ 85925

According to the bookcover, "Experienced VisiCalcusers should find this book ahandy reference and inspira-tion." The 50 VisiCalc modelscontained in it are organizedin seven sections: Loans andInvestments, General Busi-ness, Inventory Control,Advertising and Sales, Per-sonnel and Departments, Per-sonal Finance, and House-hold Aids. Although themodels were created with theApple version of the VisiCalcprogram, the introductionstates that they should beeasily entered using otherversions of the program onmachines such as the IBMPersonal Computer, theRadio Shack TRS-80, and theCommodore PET and CBM.

The majority of the modelsin the book are related to in-vestment and business man-agement. Each model ispresented in a similar format.A brief narrative describesthe model itself. This includesinformation related tocalculations performed in themodel, possible applications,and suggestions for modifica-tions. Following the narrativeis the actual listing of themodel showing how it waskeyed in to generate the sam-

ple printout. This listing isordered by VisiCalc coor-dinates, i.e., grid location. Asample report from the modelis included to illustrate howthe model is organized. Thereport also shows the userwhat data and input are re-quired and which computa-tions are performed. Theparameters used to generatethe report, identifying theportion of the VisiCalcspreadsheet, are provided.

Model listings were pro-duced on an Epson MX-80dot-matrix printer usingregular type (10 charactersper inch). Sample printoutswere generated using the con-densed type (16.5 charactersper inch). Both listings andprintouts are easily inter-preted.

Each section of the bookcontains models pertinent toa particular theme. In theLoans and Investments sec-tion are models for analyzingbond and stock portfolios,organizing promissory notes,determining a maximum loanamount, calculating a rebate,and organizing rental proper-ty records.

The General Business sec-tion includes 11 models. Oneof them generates financialschedules for cost of goodssold, selling expenses, andgeneral and administrativeexpenses. Two other modelsbuild income statements andbalance sheets.

The Personal Finance sec-tion includes the followingmodels: Home Inventory andPersonal Possessions Evalua-tion, Net Worth Statement,Personal Finance and BudgetPlan, Collector's Values, Per-sonal Check Register, andPersonal Insurance Require-ments. Several of thesemodels could easily beadapted to business applica-tions.

The narrative and modelsare presented in a clear and

easy-to-follow format. Any-one who has even abeginner's knowledge of Visi-Calc should be able to under-stand and use the models.Because most of the modelsare small, they do not take asignificant amount of time toenter and memory require-ments are usually not enoughto cause concern. However,the Personal Finance andBudget Plan model will prob-ably require a 16K-byte ex-pansion card if VisiCalc 3.3for the Apple is used. Enter-ing the sample provided forthis model will deplete the18K bytes of availablememory on a 48K-byte AppleII Plus DOS 3.3, withVisiCalc loaded.

One deficiency in themodel listings is that they donot indicate when theVisiCalc replicate commandcan be used. Initially, thismay extend the amount oftime required to enter amodel. After entering severalmodels, however, the userwill undoubtedly be familiarenough with the model listingformat to implement the

replicate command when ap-propriate.

Another problem area islabel size. Many of the modellistings have label entries thatare wider than the defaultnine-column field, i.e., theyextend into a tenth oreleventh column. The adja-cent field or column wherethe label continues usuallybegins with the correct entryeven though the initial labelfield showed the label occu-pying more than the defaultnine columns. This minorproblem is easily correctedwhile entering the model.

This is a good first bookfor people who are just start-ing to use VisiCalc or whowant to learn more about theuse of various VisiCalc com-mands for addressing theirparticular modeling prob-lems. Small and largebusinesses could frequentlyuse many of these models aspart of their business-management package ofanalytical tools. VisiCalcowners, both new and ex-perienced, can learn from thisbook and its models.■

BYTE's Bugs

A reader of my article "LifeAfter Death" pointed out anomission. (See the July 1981BYTE, page 320.) Theheaders in line 0 of each ofthe APL programs containthe arguments S and P. Thesevariables are not defined inthe text and their meaningsare not easily inferred.

P represents an initial pat-tern of 0 and Is in a characterstring (e.g., '01011'). S rep-resents the number of genera-tions to be displayed and thewidth of the life line as a two-element integer vector (e.g.,15 16). Thus, 15 16 MIL'01011' will run for 15 genera-tions with a life line that is 16cells wide. It will display as a

15 by 16 matrix. I regret any

difficulty this may have

caused.

P. Macaluso

9 Church Court

White Plains, NY 10603

Gremlin StowedAway In Listing

Gremlins were at workagain, this time on the source-code listing of Joseph L.Dubner's "6809 Machine-Code Disassmbler" (FebruaryBYTE, page 340). The instruc-tion at location 03C3 hexa-decimal is superfluous andshould be eliminated. Ourthanks to Ken Bartlett forpointing this out to us. ■

390 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

For serious business microcomputing,

only one operating system

exactly fits.

Whether you're in business and domicrocomputing, or in computingand sell to business, you'll like OASIS*Not a hobby or scientific system warmed-over for business use, mmmmmmmmOASIS is the only operatingsystem designed from theground up for business.

SERIOUS BUSINESS

COMES IN ALL SIZES.

Whatever your businessneed, OASIS has the oper-ating system to match:8-bit or 16-, single-user orthe multi-user system thatprofessionals tell us makesmicros run like minis. Andthat's even truer now withnew OASIS-16.** (OASISexact business fit #1:choice.)

ANY SYSTEM IS ONLY

AS GOOD AS THE

BUSINESS

PROGRAMS IT RUNS.

9

♦ A ♦

available, type 'HELP' and the commandfunction title—OASIS displays thesyntax and options available.

And it's all in your language—notcomputerese. (OASISexact business fit #5:user-friendliness.)

HOBBY

SCIENCE

BUSINESS

AND, AND, AND..

Some of the best, mostextensive documentationin the industry; a packedApplication SoftwareDirectory; multi-level train-ing; direct telephone support;worldwide sales & service;options like CONTROLRelational Data BaseManagement System andMASTERPLAN Financial .Modeling Package; OASIShas it all. (OASIS exactbusiness fits #6 through #12.)

Now you know why there'sno reason to struggle trying

The acid test for any businessoperating system is the applicationsoftware available to run on it. There'splenty for OASIS —for nearly any job.

And it's top quality, too, because ourintegrated tools are top quality—andthere are more of them. Like a high-levelBASIC Interpreter/Compiler/Editor/Debugger; ISAM/Keyed/Direct/Sequential Files; a smart Print Spooler;Automatic Record Locking (OASISexcjusiyesj); plus COBOL & 'CLanguages. These tools are mandatoryfor high-quality business applicationprogram development—ask anydeveloper. (OASIS exact business fit #2:high-quality application software.)

PORTABILITY PROTECTS BUSINESSSOFTWARE INVESTMENTS.

OASIS is custom-fitted to manufac-turers' hardware so application softwaredeveloped to run on one OASISequipped machine can also run onothers—and is upwardly compatiblefrom 8-bit OASIS Single-User to Multi-User, on up to OASIS-16. This kind ofapplication software portability isexclusive with OASIS.

Device independence allows variousprinters and terminals to be used—with no modification to application

software: OASIS system software com-pensates for differences. (OASIS exactbusiness fit #3: portability.)

ACCURATE DATA & A SECURE

SYSTEM REDUCE BUSINESS RISKS.

Data integrity—a challenge for anymulti-user system—is insured by OASISFile & Automatic Record Locking. Withit, normally all users can view a recordat the same time. BUT, if the record isbeing updated by one user, other usersare automatically denied access untilthe update is complete. That meansdata is always accurate and up-to-date.And it's still another OASIS exclusive.

For system security, there's OASISLogon, Password & Privilege Level.User Accounting keeps track of who usedthe system, when. (OASIS exact businessfit #4: data integrity/system security.)

A FRIENDLY SYSTEM IS

GOOD BUSINESS.

For user-friendliness, OASIS sets newstandards. Example: the EXEC JobControl Language is so smart it walksusers through their applications—and around the operating system.

With our 'HELP' feature, if you areunsure of the functions and options

to put a square peg in around hole. For seriousbusiness microcomputing,there is one operating system thatexactly fits: OASIS. Call or write ustoday for details.

. For Z80... 8086/8088. Available soon tor 6800, 16000 and others.

■ STRICTLY BUSINESS^

PHASE ONE SYSTEMS, INC.

7700 Edgewaler Drive, Suite 830

Oakland, CA 94621-3051

Telephone 415/562-8085 TWX 910-366-7139

I'm serious about my business—please send me :

□ OASIS-16 Manual, $75

□ OASIS Manual, $60

□ Free Application Software Directoryand put me on your mailing list.

(Add $3 for shipping; California residents add sales tax.)

Name

St. (No Box#)_City

□ Check enclosed

□ VISA D Mastercharge

State Zip_

□ UPS COD.

Card No._Signature.

Exp. date.

BYTE October 1982 391

Hardware Review

Wyse Technology's WY-100 Terminal

Mark HaasManaging Editor

The Wyse Technology WY-100 is a microprocessor-based terminal with features not found on other terminalsthat cost several hundred dollars more. The unit has a12-inch (diagonal), nonglare, green-phosphor screen thatswivels and tilts; a detached, 105-key keyboard withcoiled cord; communications and printer ports; andseveral operating modes, all housed in a sturdy, cast-aluminum case. In operation, the WY-100 emulates aLear Siegler ADM-31.

Upon powering up, the WY-100 performs several self-tests. The terminal halts all further operation if a fault isdetected, and an error message pinpointing the fault isdisplayed. The sequence of tests covers the microproces-sor and all memory chips. In addition, a test is providedfor the communications and printer ports, and a test forproper keyboard and display operation is also performed.

Photo 1: The WY-100 terminal from Wyse Technology.

392 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

The Display Unit

The normal display is formatted as 24 lines of 80characters, plus 2 lines for local and host messages andfunction-key labeling. Characters are formed by an 8 by 10dot matrix in a 10 by 11 cell. The terminal can display 128characters plus a variety of graphics characters especiallysuited for forms work. The quality of the character forma-tion is very good (except for lowercase letters m and w), andthe display itself is free of annoying distortions and flicker,providing a clear, stable image. Contrast could be improvedwith the use of a screen filter, such as the one provided onthe IBM 3101, because ambient light tends to wash out thedisplay. This necessitates turning up the brightness which,in turn, degrades the character quality slightly. Also, on theunit reviewed it was necessary to tinker with the internalcontrol potentiometers on the video board to obtain the op-timum display quality.

The topmost line displays local and host messages; thenext 24 lines comprise the data-display area, and the bottomline can be used to display function-key labels. Normal,reverse, underscore, dim, blink, and blank attributes maybe assigned to any portion of the screen in any combinationon a line-by-line basis by entering an escape sequence thatincludes an attribute code. For example, ESC Alt creates areversed, half-intensity function-key labeling line. Actuallabels can be entered with another escape sequence: ESC z 3Del Char will enter Del Char into the label field for thefourth function key (keys are numbered 0 to 7). Attributesand text can be entered into the local and host message fieldsin a similar manner.

The main text area can be split either horizontally or ver-tically into two screens. Escape sequences initiate thesefeatures, too, and are also used to designate which of thetwo screens is active. For example, ESC x 1 + will split thescreen horizontally, with the lower screen starting at line 12(+ = 12).

The WY-100 is capable of implementing block-modetransmission. When in the block mode, the terminal iscapable of performing local error checking of data entered

CQMPJTRQNICS

N

• • EVERYTHING FOR YOUR TRS-80™ • ATARI™ • APPLE™ • PET™ • CP/M™ • XEROX™ • IBM™ • OSBORNE™ • •

" TRS-80 is a trademark of the Radio Shack Division of Tandy Corp ' ATARI is a trademark of Atan Inc. 'APPLE is a trademark of Apple Corp. * PET is a trademark of Commodore* CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research "XEROX is a trademark of Xerox Corp. * IBM is a trademark of IBM Corp. ■ * OSBORNE is a trademark of Osborne Corp,

BUSINESS PAC 100

c~«<lutfW"a4-HoU?V~/ \ * AH °rdermS0Pnre°yCback guarantee/ jA * 30-Day money

100 Ready-To-RunBusiness Programs

(ON CASSETTE OR DISKETTE) Includes 128 Page Users Manual

Inventory Control Payroll Bookkeeping System Stock Calculations.

Checkbook Maintenance Accounts Receivable Accounts Payable

BUSINESS

NAME

1 RULE78

2 ANNU1

3 DATE

4 DA WEAR

5 LEASEINT

6 BREAKEVN

7 DEPRSL

8 DEPRSY

9 DEPRDB

10 DEPRDDB

11 TAXDEP

12 CHECK2

13 CHECKBK1

14 MORTGAGE/A

15 MCILTMON

16 SALVAGE

17 RRVARIM

18 RRCOMST

19 EFFECT

20 FVAL

21 PVAL

22 LOANPAY

23 REGW1TH

24 SIMPDISK

25 DATEVAL

26 ANNUDEF

27 MARKUP

28 SINKFCIND

29 BOMDVAL

30 DEPLETE

31 BLACKSH

32 STOCVAL1

33 WARVAL

34 BONDVAL2

35 EPSEST

36 BETAALPH

37 SHARPE1

38 OPTWRrTE

39 RTVAL

40 EXPVAL

41 BAYES

42 VALPRINF

43 VALADINF

44 UTILITY

45 SIMPLEX

4b TRANS

47 EOQ

48 QUEUE 1

49 CVP

50 CONDPROF

51 OPTLOSS

52 FQUOQ

53 FQEOWSH

54 FQEOQPB

55 QUEUECB

56 NCFANAL

57 PROF1ND

58 CAP1

Circle 178 on inq

100 PROGRAM LIST

DESCRIPTION

Interest Apportionment by Rule of the 78s

Annuity computation program

Time between dates

Day of year a particular date falls on

Interest rate on lease

Breakeven analysis

StraightJine depreciation

Sum of the digits depreciation

Declining balance depreciation

Double declining balance depreciation

Cash flow vs. depreciation tables

Prints NEBS checks along with dairy register

Checkbook maintenance program

Mortgage amortization table

Computes time needed for money to double, triple,

Determines salvage value of an investment

Rate of return on investment with variable inflows

Rate of return on investment with constant inflows

Effective interest rate of a loan

Future value of an investment (compound interest)

Present value of a future amount

Amount of payment on a loan

Equal withdrawals from investment to leave 0 over

Simple discount analysis

Equivalent & nonequivalent dated values for oblig.

Present value of deferred annuities

% Markup analysis for items

Sinking fund amortization program

Value of a bond

Depletion analysis

Black Scholes options analysis

Expected return on stock via discounts dividends

Value of a warrant

Value of a bond

Estimate of future earnings per share for company

Computes alpha and beta variables for stock

Portfolio selection model-i.e. what stocks to hold

Option writing computations

Value of a right

Expected value analysis

Bayesian decisions

Value of perfect information

Value of additional information

Derives utility function

Linear programming solution by simplex method

Transportation method for linear programming

Economic order quantity inventory model

Single server queueing (waiting line) model

Cost volume-profit analysis

Conditional profit tables

Opportunity loss tables

Fixed quantity economic order quantity model

As above but with shortages permitted

As above but with quantity price breaks

Cost-benefit waiting line analysis

Net cashflow analysis for simple investment

Profitability index of a project

Cap. Asset Pr. Model analysis of project

59 WACC Weighted average cost of capital

60 COMPBAL True rate on loan with compensating bat. required

61 DISCBAL True rate on discounted loan

62 MERGANAL Merger analysis computations

63 FINRAT Financial ratios for a firm

64 NPV Net present value of project

65 PRINDLAS Laspeyres price index

66 PRINDPA Paasche price index

67 SEAS1ND Constructs seasonal quantity indices for company

68 T1METR Time series analysis linear trend

69 TIMEMOV Time series analysis moving average trend

70 FGPRINF Future price estimation with inflation

71 MAILPAC Mailing list system

72 LETWRT Letter writing system-links with MAILPAC

73 SORT3 Sorts list of names

74 LABEL 1 Shipping label maker

75 LABEL2 Name label maker

76 BCJSBCID DOME business bookkeeping system

77 TIMECLCK Computes weeks total hours from timeclock info.

78 ACCTPAY In memory accounts payable system storage permitted

79 INVOICE Generate invoice on screen and print on printer

80 INVENT2 In memory inventory control system

81 TELDIR Computerized telephone directory

82 TIMQSAN Time use analysis

83 ASSIGN Clse of assignment algorithm for optimal job assign.

84 ACCTREC In memory accounts receivable system storage ok

85 TERMSPAY Compares 3 methods of repayment of loans

86 PAYNET Computes gross pay required for given net

87 SELLPR Computes selling price for given after tax amount

88 ARBCOMP Arbitrage computations

89 DEPRSF Sinking fund depreciation

90 (JPSZONE Finds UPS zones from zip code

91 ENVELOPE Types envelope including return address

92 AUTOEXP Automobile expense analysis

93 INSFILE Insurance policy file

94 PAYROLL2 In memory payroll system

95 DILANAL Dilution analysis

96 LOANAFFD Loan amount a borrower can afford

97 RENTPRCH Purchase price for rental property

98 SALELEAS Sale-leaseback analysis

99 RRCONVBD Investors rate of return on convertible bond100 PORTVAL9 Stock market portfolio storage-valuation program

D TRS-80 Cassette Version $99.95

□ TRS-80 (Mod-I or III), Pet, Apple

or Atari Versions $99.95

D TRS-80 Mod-ll, IBM, Osborne

and CP/M Versions $149.95

ADD $3.00 FOR SHIPPING IN UPS AREAS

ADD $4 00 FOR COD. OR NON-UPS AREAS

ADD IS 00 TO CANADA AND MEXICO

ADD PROPER POSTAGE OUTSIDE OF U.S., CANADA AND MEXICO

•CQMPUTRQNICS;

"VlATV-e^lATCAl APRjCA'Om& •z&e^JXZt -

50 N. PASCACK ROADSPRING VALLEY, NEW YORK 10977

ASK FOR OUR 64-PAGE CATALOG

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

NBW TOLL cB

■"•"hour

OA ORDER$P\914) 425-1535

ALL PRICES » SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGEDELIVERY SUBJECT TO AVAILABILITY

BYTE October 1982 393

Circle 38 on inquiry card.

Model 953A EPROMPROGRAMMER

Programs 2508, 2758, 2516, 2716, 2532 and 2732 five volt EPROMS.

Complete - no personality modules to buy.

Intelligent - microprocessor based, programs and verifies any or all bytes.

RS-232 serial interface ■ use with computer or terminal.

Verify erasure command ■ verifies that EPROM is erased.

Extended diagnostics - error output distinguishes between a bad EPROM

and one which needs erasing.

May be used for extremely reliable data or program storage.

All power on programming socket under processor control. LED warning

light indicates when power is applied.

Complete with Textool zero insertion force socket.

High performance/cost ratio.

Standard DB-25 I/O connector.

PRICE $289

BAY TECHNICAL ASSOCIATES, inc.

HWY. 603, P.O. BOX 387

BAY ST. LOUIS, MISSISSIPPI 39520

(601)467-8231

YOU'VE JUST FOUND

THE MISSING LINK!

Computer Shopper is your link to individuals who buy, sell and trade computer

equipment and software among themselves nationwide. No other magazine fills

this void in the marketplace chain.

Thousands of cost-conscious computer enthusiasts save by shopping in Computer

Shopper every month through hundreds of classified ads. And new equipment

advertisers offer some of the lowest prices in the nation.

Computer Shopper's unbiased articles make for some unique reading among

magazines and there's a "help" column to answer difficult problems you may

have with interfacing, etc.

For a limited time you can subscribe to Computer Shopper with a 6 month trial

for only $6 or 12 months for only $10. MasterCard & VISA accepted.

6 month trial,$6 or 12 months for only $10

CamPUTBR SHOPPSR

P.O. Box F305» Titusville, FL 32780305-269-3211

At a Glance

Name

WY-IOO

Manufacturer

Wyse Technology2148 Bering Dr.San Jose, CA 95131|408) 946-3075

Price

$995 single unit; quantity discounts available

Dimensions

Keyboard: 2% inches high, 20'/i inches wide, and 7/,0 inchesdeep (6.60 by 52.07 by 18.03 cm)

Display: 12 'A inches high, 15 inches wide, and 12!/2 inches deep(31.75 by 38.1 by 31.75 cm)

Hardware

Separate keyboard and display units, microprocessor-controlled,one-page (1920-character) display arranged as 24 lines of 80characters, six display attributes, function key label line, local andhost message line, serial communications and printer ports.

Options

Second page display

Warranty

90-day full

on the keyboard. This function requires the second page op-tion and uses one 24 by 80 page as the data "form" and thesecond page to define the data-validation parameters, asfollows: A (alphabetic only), B (numeric only), and D(numeric with special characters, that is, + . * /, etc.).Local editing features include line insert and delete,character insert and delete, and automatic word wrapping.The rear panel of the display unit contains the serial com-munications port (computer to terminal) and a serial printerport. Both ports are programmed with DIP (dual-inlinepackage) switches located under the Wyse label on thekeyboard. Access to the switches is easy, and illustrations inthe documentation make setting the data rates, number ofdata and stop bits, and parity clear. Both ports may be pro-grammed from 50 to 9600 bits per second, 7 or 8 data bits, 1or 2 stop bits, and odd, mark, or space parity. The Print keyallows data on the screen to be sent out the printer port.

The Keyboard

The keyboard is divided into four sections: the main sec-tion (which is much like a typewriter keyboard), a cursor-control section, a numeric keypad that contains a conve-nient comma key, and a function-key section that includeseight programmable keys. Metal dividers separate the mainkeyboard, cursor section, and numeric keypad.

The "feel" of the keyboard is good, though there is no tac-tile feedback. Audible feedback is provided, however, andthis may be turned on or off from the keyboard by Shift-

394 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 93 on inquiry card.

PRICE:

CAPACITY:

EXPANSION:

NETWORK:

■ v ■ ■ ;. ■

■'-.<' ■.'■'■:;':.?:vi:'-'/::J:; ;>«; mix:ymawi-eamim::K-

yyit "rmm^".--\

WmmP%m£KiyS~mi:M

.-<■"■■:■::;■:'■:■■■■■■. '>»-:■■■:■■•■

\ ■ S»V

X

:'■■■.■■■:■:: S&;,.

2495.00 complete subsystem for Apple II or IBM-PC

14.4 megabytes unformatted 11.3 megabytes formatted

Total expansion capability to 57.6 megabytes using the same controllerand host interface.

Expansion capability to 18.8 megabytes by adding a second disk driveand using the same cabinet and power supply.

For Apple II only, Network capability is available at a cost of S200 perstation

GALLIUM SOFTWARE

For Apple II, the ROM resident software interfaces to DOS 3.3, CPM and PASCAL operatingsystems. All operating systems remain unmodified so there is no need to make any programchanges when using the Gallium. Any system can be booted directly from Gallium.

For IBM-PC, a connect program is provided which brings the Gallium-lO on line andbecomes accessible as Drives C and D.

APPLE

UTILITIES

Format Formats all Surfaces

Volume Initer Initializes With An "EMPTY"

File A Given Number of Volumes

in Single, Double or Triple

Size DOS 3.3 Volumes

File Finder Finds All Volumes On Which

Any Given File Is Resident

File Runner Finds & Runs The Given File

From the First Volume OnWhich It Is Resident

Partition Partitions The Disk For DOS 3.3,

CPM & PASCAL Allocating The

Required Number Of Sectors

For Each Given Operating System

Connect Connects Gallium To DOS

If Booted From Floppy Disk

IBM

UTILITIES

FDISK Formats All Surfaces, Once

Formatted Capacity is11.5 Megabytes

DSKLNK Connects Gallium to PC-DOS

CHKHRD Similar to PC-DOS CHKDSK

Utility, Reports Disk Usage

XitenSystems

16815 Hawthorne Blvd.

Lawndale, Ca 90260(213) 370-3966(800) 421-1947

Circle 96 on inquiry card.

Enter (nothing is sent to the computer). The keys are laidout in a logical manner, and all important keys are whereyou expect them to be. It is best to use this keyboard at nor-mal typing-table height, as there is no palm-rest area at thefront. If anything, this promotes good typing style.

When in the conversation mode (normally used with per-sonal computers), all of the editing keys become availablefor integration into your favorite word processor or otherprogram. Each key sends an escape code followed byanother character code. For example, the Line Delete keysends ESC R. Many of the keys send different codes in theshifted and unshifted positions. Thus, the unshifted Pagekey could mean scroll one page forward while Shift-Pagecould mean scroll one page backward. If your word pro-cessor won't allow direct use of these keys, it is not difficultunder CP/M to capture them in the BIOS (basic input/out-put system) and convert them there to codes your softwarewill understand.

The eight function keys are capable of producing 16 codesequences. When the terminal is powered up, these are set toCtrl-A @ to Ctrl-A O. These may be changed, however,under program control, by sending the terminal a series ofescape sequences. For example, ESC z A DIR B: CR DELwill program the F2 key to send DIR B: followed by a car-riage return. Each function key may be programmed withup to eight characters (16 with the second page option). In

keeping with the ability to display function-key labels on thebottom display line, the WY-100 provides great flexibilitywhen used with word processors such as Wordstar andother software.

Documentation

Only a preliminary manual was provided with the unitreviewed. It was easy to determine, however, that thedocumentation is complete, if a little disorganized. As withmany technical manuals, it can be difficult to find the infor-mation you want. Clear instructions are provided for initialinstallation, including placement of internal jumpers andkeyboard switch settings. All functions are explained andmany provide examples of usage. Several appendixes andtables help to provide the escape- and control-coding infor-mation in a compact form. Overall, the documentation issufficient and certainly no worse than that of other ter-minals reviewed.

Conclusions

A state-of-the-art terminal, the Wyse TechnologyWY-100 provides a flexible means of communicating withyour microcomputer. Modular construction and self-testand field-diagnostic features provide easy servicing. Goodkeyboard layout and a clear, easily readable display makethis terminal well suited for long sessions at the computer. ■

UV EPROM ERASER

$49.95

* Erases over 15 EPROMS -15 minutes erase time

* Element lite 7700 hours

* Intensity: 12Ws Vicm1 at 1"

* Erases all UV EPROMS (2716. 2732, 2516, 2532, etc.)

• HOBBY MODEL

INDUSTRIALMODEL

QUV-T8/2N

$68.95

WITH TIMER &SAFETY SWITCH

QUV-T8/2T

$97.50

ABOVE 220VAC50HZ

QUV-T8/2TE

$109.50

PRICE INCLUDES ALLPERSONALITY MODULES

STAND ALONE RS-232 ChQQ nn

INTELLIGENT PROGRAMMER $4o9.UU

PROGRAMS: 2508, 2516, 2532, 2716, 2732, 2732A, 2758, 8748, 8749

* STAND ALONE, CRT, OR COMPUTER CONTROL

* UPLOAD/DOWNLOAD IN MOTOROLA OR INTEL HEX FORMAT

* MICROPROCESSOR BASED * 4 K INTERNAL RAM

* 90 DAY PARTS & LABOR WARRANTY ON ALL PRODUCTS

* oE&4 2764

> Soon to be released

PHONE ORDERS (305) 776-5870

TWX: 510-955-9496 • WE ACCEPT VISA, MC, CHECKS, C.O.D., MONEY ORDER

LOGICAL DEVICES INC.

781 W. OAKLAND PARK BLVD. • FT. LAUDERDALE. FL 33311ADD: $4.00 SHIPPING $2.00 C.O.D. CHARGES

Reliable BusinessSoftware

DATASMITH software requires no previous computerexperience, so it can be used effectively by your presentoffice staff. The menu-driven systems feature extensiveerror detection and correction facilities, so they are"friendly" to the user.

• GENERAL LEDGER. Everything you need to keepthe books. Features easy-to-use data entry anderror correction, trial balance, fast post, and a vari-ety of comprehensive reports. Automatic errordetection keeps the books in balance. Writeschecks and makes journal entries in one operation.

• PAYROLL. A very flexible system that adapts to awide variety of needs. Features Federal, state, andlocal tax calculations, El credit, and special payand deduction amounts. Prints all necessaryreports, paychecks, and W-2 forms.

• DATA MANAGER. A powerful generalized datamanagement system that lets you define, enter, up-date, sort, select, and print reports from a databaseof your own design. Applicable to almost any jobwhere records must be kept, this system canreplace literally hundreds of programs.

Put your computer to work with these sophisticatedsystems now. Programs are available for 48K or largertwo-disk systems in your choice of code for MicrosoftBASIC-80® under CP/M®, IBM® Personal ComputerBASIC, or Micropolis® BASIC.

DflTRSKUTH

Box 8036, Shawnee Mission, KS 66208, (913) 381-9118

396 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 222 on inquiry card.

Circle 127 on inquiry card.

Get Omni qualityfor as little as $1.99...

even if all youwantisa10 pack.

Call toll-free for great savings on Omni'scomplete line of 5V4" premium disks. Each iscertified error-free at a minimum of twicethe error threshold of your system. Each israted for more than 12 million passes withoutdisk-related errors or significant wear.And each is precision fabricated to exceedall ANSI specifications with such standardfeatures as reinforced hub rings and Tyvecsleeves. Get same day shipment and anunconditional, no hassle money-back guarantee.

152 Boston Turnpike

Shrewsbury, MA 01545

(800) 343-0314; In Mass:(617) 756-2960

Canton

(800) 3430314

In Mass (617) 756-2960

□ Check

□cod

Card *

Call iif you're not sure which disk is compatible with yoursystem. Call for prices on 96 tpi and special formats. We offer anunconditional money-back warranty. We're here to help.Be sure to indicate system name and model * at right

# of Price Per Total

10 Packs 5W Disks 10 Pack Price

Single side/single density $19.90 $

Single side/double density $23.90 \

Double side/double density

Flip/Floppy reversible

Double side/double density Protective plastic library case

(in lieu of soft storage box)

Shipping and handling $ L.w

Add .40 per additional 10 pack $

5% sales tax (Mass. only) f

LJ Master Card

□visa

_ Esp

$39.90$39.90

$ 2.99

System and model #_

Name_

Address_

Circle 25 on inquiry card.

Tel..

OUR PRICES ARE OUR SUCCESS

MOST ECONOMICAL SOURCE TO BUY FLOPPY DRIVES — FROM ONE OF THE LARGEST

DEALERS IN THE WORLD! NOW YOU CAN BUY TANDON, QUME, TEAC, SHUGART,

MPI, SIEMENS, REMEX, YANKEE, APPLE, EPSON, DEC, CDC, CIPHER, NEC,

TALLY, ALTOS, ATARI, DATAPRODUCTS, IBM AND MORE . . .

... AT LOW COST!! IMMEDIATE SHIPPING!!

APPLE

100% Apple compatible; runsDOS 3.3, PASCAL, CP/M etc.

15% more storage by using enhancer diskette.

300% faster track-to-track speed.

S*

Nfc

*10 INTRODUCTORY $259

PRICESUGGESTED RETAIL PRICE$329.00

APPLE II + Complete System: APPLE II + Computer,disk drive and controller 12" monitorgreen screen $1599

APPLE II + compatible Winchester drives5 MB . . . $1795 10MB... $1995

Includes controller, cables, software for CP/M,DOS or PASCAL.

8" drive, controller, power supply, cables, cabinetand software $1595

APPLE Drive 5V*" 70/80 Track $389

Enhancer Diskette 35 TD 40 Tracks $389

APPLE II plus 64K, Z80 card, 80 column card,controller hardware diagnostic, DOS 3.3,disk drive 163K, green monitor — runs DOS 3.3,CP/M and PASCAL $1950

OTHER PRODUCTS FOR APPLE IIDescription Sale Price

VERSAcard-multifunction board $169

BSR Transducer $19

Applications/Demo Disk $25

Parallel Printer Card $69

PRT-1 with cable $75

PRT-1 with EPSON 80/100 screen graphics

dump with cable -Graffitti card- $99

PRT-1 with NEC8023 or C-10th

PROWRITER screen Dump Graphics $99

16K ram card $89

32K ram card $175

64K ram card including DOS 3.3

disk emulator $279

128K ram card including DOS 3.3

disk emulator $369

PASCAL disk emulator $39

DOS 3.3 disk emulator $39

Visicalc Expand Program $59

VERSAbox Spooler/buffer 16K

Centronics Input/Output $199

VERSAbox Spooler/buffer 16K

Centronics and RS232C $239

VERSAbox Real Time Clock/

Display option $129

16K Memory Modules for VERSAbox $39

Standard 6' Centronics Parallel Cablefor EPSON, C-ITOH, NEC, ANADEX,

and others $22

Standard 6' Paper Tiger or PrismPrinter cable. Parallel Centronics

Male DB25 $26

Miscellaneous cables for various printers.Please specify for Qume, Diable, Votrax

NEC Spinwriter or other $26

80 Column card $169

Z80 card (no CP/M software included) $149

Controller for Apple II including

hardware diagnostics $95

PC with 256K memory, disk driveI H ll/l controller' 2 drives and a greenIDIYI 12" monitor $2799

Floppy drive controller $189

Controller with one serial interface $249

Board with one parallel and two serial interface

(no controller) $249

Big Blue Card (multifunction card) $489

Single side single density drive 5V*" $195

Double side double density drive 5Vi" $249

Tandon TM 100-1 5V4" SS SD drive

250 KB capacity $208

Tandon TM 100-2 5%" DS DD drive

500 KB capacity $269

Tandon TM 100-4 5V*' 96 TPI drive

1MB capacity $379

MEMORY:

64K — $189 128K — $289256K — $499 512K — $799

a APPLE COMPATIBLE COMPUTERS iW BASIS & FRANKLIN AVAILABLE W

CompuShhck

398 BYTE October 1982

Circle 315 on inquiry card.

800 ATARI computer and disk

ATA P| drive S1099

ft 111 Ml 400 ATARI computer and disk

drive $799

Double side double density drive $649

Add on drive $399

VIC 20 $299

NEC computer PC8000 call

Xerox computer 820 call

DISK DRIVESTANDON:

TM 100-1 $208

TM 100-2 $269

TM 100-4 $379

TM 848-1 $399

TM 848-2 $499

TM 602 - 5 MB $899

TM 603-10 MB $1049

SHUGART:

SA400 $215

450 $281

800/801 $379

850 $535

SIEMENS:

FDD 100-5 $199

200-5 $259

100-8 $349

200-8 $449

QUME:

DT-5 $279

DT-8 474

TEAC:

FD50A $199

FD50B $299

FD50E $299

FD50F $399

CABINETS/POWER SUPPLY

Dual 8" disk drive cabinet with power supply $249Cabinet/power supply for single 8" drive .. $179Dual 5Vi" disk drive cabinet with power supply $99Single 5V*" disk drive cabinet with

power supply $69

2 single side double density 8" disk drives,

cabinet/power supply $895

MONITORS & PRINTERS

NEC 12" green . $169

BMC 12" green $95

BMC 12" green (high res.) $149

BMC 13" color monitor $289

C. ITOH Prowriter parallel $499

C. ITOH Prowriter serial $599

C. ITOH Prowriter 15" carriage ... Parallel . $699

Serial .. $799

F10 Daiseywheel letter quality $1495

OKIDATA

82A $459 83A $730

84AP $999 84AS $1099

EPSON MX-80 $469

MX-80 FT $539 MX-100 $699

BROTHER HR1 $799

SMITH CORONA TP1 $599

ATTACHE:

The 18-pound portable, compact turn key computersystem, by OTRONA contains: Z80A processor,DMA processor, 2 double size double densitydrives, high resolution graphics, built-indiagnostics, CP/M, Wordstar plus, Basic 80,Valet, and other items included. DC operator andbattery backup. Multifunction expansion(optional) $3999

Soon Opening Retail Stores Throughout U.S.A.FRANCISE INQUIRIES WELCOME

PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE

24-HOUR ORDERING SERVICE

TOLL-FREE TELEPHONE NUMBERS

Outside California: 800-854-8428

Inside California: (714) 730-7207 or (408) 973-1444

Telex: 18-3511 Answer Back CSMA

ALL FLOPPIES

REPAIRED QUICKLY

AT LOW COST

CompuShrck

Computers - Video Games

2630-H Walnut AvenueTustin, CA 92680

Circle 315 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 399

Software Review

Edu-Ware's Statistics 3.0

Brownlee Elliott

2694 Brady Dr.

Bloomfield Hills, MI 48013

It's almost routine now to hear that a company has up-graded a popular software package. All too often, how-ever, the package has been upgraded more in price thanin performance. But there are exceptions, and Edu-Ware'sStatistics 3.0 is one. Edu-Ware has changed what was amediocre package with a serious bug into a sophisticated,reliable, and useful tool.

To describe the improvements in Statistics 3.0, I willhave to use some statistical terms. However, I have in-

At a Glance

Name

Computer

Statistics 3.0

Apple II with 48K bytes and

Applesoft

Type

Statistical package

Documentation

6-page leaflet

Manufacturer

Edu-Ware Services Inc.

Audience

22222 Sherman Way

Primary: social science

Canoga Park. CA 91303

researchers using small data

(213) 346-6783

sets and a limited number of

statistical procedures

Price

Secondary: teachers and

$29.95

others needing a simple

statistical package for com-

Format

puting means, standard

5'/i-inch disk for both Apple

deviations, etc

DOS 3.2 and 3.3

Language

Applesoft BASIC

eluded a glossary for those who may be unfamiliar withthese terms (see text box). I will supplement the glossarywith occasional definitions and explanations as we go.

While Statistics 3.0 can't rival SPSS or SAS, thosegargantuan statistical packages for mainframe com-puters, this package for the Apple II is well worth its priceof $29.95. Statistics 3.0 has six statistical procedures, adata-editing procedure, and a disk-storage procedure.The whole package fits easily within the memory of a48K-byte Apple II with Applesoft BASIC. Despite limiteddocumentation, Statistics 3.0 is user-friendly. And best ofall, the whole package does what it's supposed todo—calculate statistics accurately.

People who have not had a college course in statisticswill have some trouble understanding such terms asmeasures of central tendencies, population (which has aspecial meaning in statistics), and sample (which also hasa special meaning).

But people untrained in statistics will probably want touse only one of the programs: the "Mean, Variance, andStandard Deviation" program. Even for this one programalone, the package is worth its price.

The Programs

A mean, in case you haven't taken a college statisticscourse yet, is an average—the typical score or whatever it

About the Author

Brownlee Elliott holds a doctorate in education from Wayne StateUniversity. While earning his degree, he also completed a minor instatistics.

400 October 1982 © BYTE Publication! Inc

Everybody's making moneyfling microcomputers.

sel

Somebody s going to make moneyservicing them.

New NRI Home Study Course ShowsYou How to Make Money Servicing,Repairing, and ProgrammingPersonal and SmallBusiness ComputersSeems like every time you turn around,somebody comes along with a new computer forhome or business use. And what's made it allpossible is the amazing microprocessor, the tinylittle chip that's a computer in itself.

Using this new technology, the industry isoffering compact, affordable computers that handlethings like payrolls, billing, inventory.jand other jobsfor businesses of every size.. .perform householdfunctions including budgeting, environmental sys-tems control, indexing recipes. And thousands ofhobbyists are already owners, experimenting anddeveloping their own programs.

Growing Demandfor Computer Technicians

This is only one of the growth factors influenc-ing the increasing opportunities for qualified com-puter technicians. The U.S. Department of Laborprojects over a 100% increase in job openings for thedecade through 1985. Most of them new jobs createdby the expanding world of the computer.

Learn at Home in Your Spare Time

NRI can train you for this exciting, rewardingfield. Train you at home to service not only micro-computers, but word processors and data terminals,too. Train you at your convenience, with clearlywritten "bite-size" lessons that you do evenings orweekends, without going to classes or quitting yourpresent job.

Your training is built around the latest modelof the world's most popular computer. It's the amaz-ing TRS-80™ Model III, with capabilities and fea-tures to perform a host of personal and businessfunctions. No other small computer has so muchsoftware available for it, no other is used and relied

(TRS-80 is a trademarkof the Radio Shackdivision of Tandy Corp.)

£

on by so many ^ £*

people. And it's yoursto keep for personal or busi-ness use. "^ '

You get plenty of practicalexperience. Using the NRI Discovery Lab® that alsocomes as part of your course, you build and studycircuits ranging from the simplest to the mostadvanced. You analyze and troubleshoot using theprofessional 4-function LCD digital multimeter youkeep to use later in your work. Then you use the laband meter to actually access the interior of yourcomputer... build special circuits and write pro-grams to control them. You "see" your computerat work and demonstrate its power.

Computer Assisted Instruction

Your TRS-80 even helps train you. You receive4 special lesson tapes in BASIC computer language.Using them in your microcomputer, you "talk" to itas you progress. Errors are explained, graphics andanimation drive home key points. Within a matter ofminutes, you'll be able to write simple programsyourself.

Become the Complete^ Computer Person

In addition to training inBASIC and advanced machine lan-guage, you gain hands-on experi-

ence in the operation and application of computersto business and personal jobs. You're trained tobecome the fully rounded, new breed of technicianwho can interface with the operational, program-ming and service facets of today's computers. You'reready to take your place in the new electronic age.

Other Opportunities

NRI has been giving ambitious people newelectronic skills since 1914. Today's offerings alsoinclude TV/Audio/Video Systems servicing withtraining on our exclusive Heath/Zenith computer-programmable 25" diagonal color TV... IndustrialElectronics, Design Technology... and other state-of-the-art courses.

Free Catalog...Mail CardNo Salesman will Call

Send the postage-paid card for our 100-pagecatalog showing all courses with equipment andcomplete lesson plans. There's no obligation otherthan to yourself. See how NRI can help you growwith the most exciting and important new field ofthe 80's. If card has been removed, please write to us.

NRI Schools

McGraw-Hill Continuing

Education Center3939 Wisconsin Ave.Washington, DC 20016

fin i

We'll give you tomorrow,

BYTE Oclobtr 1982

401

Statistical Glossary

Reduced to its simplest terms, statistics tries to do twothings: (1) summarize (or describe) a series of measurements;(2) give the probability that a Series of measurements turnedout the way they did simply by chance. In one way or an-other, most statistical terms can be defined in one of theseways.

The mean is the average of a group of measurements—themost typical. The mean is one of a number of measures ofcentral tendency, all of which try to show what a typical caseis like.

The variance and standard deviation indicate whethercases are grouped close to the mean or spread far apart. If thevariance and standard deviation are small, the cases aregrouped close together; if the two are large, the cases arespread far apart.

Grouped data is in this form: 5 cases were 42; 8 cases were43; 17 cases were 44; etc. It is an economical way of dealingwith raw data involving a large number of cases and arelatively small range of possible scores or measurements.

Ungrouped data is simply a list of all the actual scores ormeasurements presented case by case.

Paired measurements present two or more scores for eachcase. For example, an educational researcher might have areading score and an intelligence score for each student.

A contingency table presents a series of numbers in rowsand columns; the numbers are frequency counts of sometype. For example, a contingency table might show thenumber of students who answered a test question true and

the number who answered false; also, the numbers might bebroken down by sex. The results of BYTE's BOMB surveycould be presented in a contingency table (the rows could bethe ratings, the columns could be the articles).

A population is the total group being described in astatistical analysis. A sample is a part of that group; usually,a sample is chosen in some manner that makes it likely thatthe sample is similar to the total population.

The normal distribution is the mathematical distributionthat many measurements are likely to take in nature. Moststatistical probabilities are based on the normal distribution.

SPSS and SAS are statistical packages for mainframe com-puters; they contain dozens of programs and their documen-tation runs to several hundred pages.

A correlation coefficient shows the extent to which twosets of measures are "in step"; that is, as one measure getshigher, the other more or less consistently gets either higheror lower.

The Pearson Product Moment Correlation is a specificprocedure for calculating a correlation coefficient. (The coef-ficient is not in itself a probability figure; that would requirefurther calculations.)

Chi Square, t-test, F-ratio, and Analysis of Variance are allways of measuring the probability that a set of measurementscame out the way it did just by chance. Which of these fourways is best in a given situation depends on the mathematicalcharacteristics of the measurements or numbers.

is you're measuring. The variance and standard deviationare rough measures of whether the scores are clusteredclose together or spread far apart.

Users without statistical training will have two prob-lems with the "Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation"program; they must know whether they want populationor sample statistics and grouped or ungrouped data.

Unless you know for sure that you want samplestatistics, you should ask for population statistics. Thetwo methods produce slightly different variances andstandard deviations, but sample statistics have a precisetechnical use that needn't concern most users.

You have grouped data if it is in this form: "three peo-ple got a score of 39; five people got a score of 40; eightpeople got a score of 41; etc." You have ungrouped dataif all you have is a list of numbers. If three people got ascore of 39, that number will appear three separate timesin your list.

The other five statistical procedures in the Statistics 3.0package require specialized knowledge. They are PearsonProduct Moment Correlation, normal distribution, ChiSquare distribution, Chi Square test, and t-test. (All these

procedures are used to determine the probability that aparticular group of numbers came to be arranged the waythey are simply by chance. The normal distribution pro-cedure is also used to determine percentile scores, whichcan be used to compare an individual measurement orscore to the overall average.)

The correlation-coefficient program calculates thePearson Product Moment Correlation for two sets ofpaired measurements. Aside from misspelling the name"Pearson" in the documentation, this is a good program.Its output is the correlation coefficient and the number ofcases.

The normal distribution gives either the probability orthe percentile value for an input standard deviation andits mean. This distribution could be used to establishpercentile values for a set of scores or for an individualscore; it could also be used in procedures where a z scoreand its probability (or percentile value) are needed. (In anearlier version of Edu-Ware's Statistics, this program didnot work properly; in this version, the error has been cor-rected.)

The Chi Square distribution gives the probability for

402 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

The RAM67

Our RAM67 static RAM offers low power forcool operation and high reliability. It is thefirst SI00 memory of its size to offer batteryback up. The RAM67 will run without wait-states with any present SI00 bus CPU.

Advanced static RAM67 features:

□ Low power CMOS RAM

□ 100 ns access time

□ No wait states with our 10 MHzLightning One™

□ 8/16 bit operation

□ Phantom disable

D Battery back up optionIf you need high performance and high relia-bility at an affordable price, the RAM67 is thememory for you.

128K RAM $1495.00

Battery back-up option $100.00

The Lightning One

The Lightning One is the fastest S100 CPUboard presently available. The 8086 processorwith its two co-processors, the 8087 and 8089,provide exceptional data manipulation, nu-meric processing and I/O handling capability.

The Lightning One features:

D 8086 or 8088 16 bit processor

□ 4,5,8, or 10 MHz jumper selectableoperation

D Optional 8087 and 8089 co-processors

□ Onboard monitor with diagnostics

□ 9 vectored interrupts expandable to 65

When you need mini-computer performanceat micro-computer prices, the Lightning Oneshould be your choice. Benchmarks available.Prices start at $395.00

Other LDP Products

In addition to the RAM67 and Lightning One,Lomas Data Products offers the following fineproducts:

□ HAZITALL System Support

2 serial ports, 2 parallel ports, clock/calendar,9511 or 9512 math support (option), hard diskcontroller host interface A & T, $325.00

□ LDP72 Floppy Disk Controller

Single or double density operation, single ordouble sided disks, controls both 8" and 5Vt"floppy drives, digital data separator for adjust-ment free reliable operation

A & T, $274.95

For 16 bit computing on the S100 bus,come to the leader...

LDP

□ LDP128/256K Dynamic RAM

An advanced dynamic RAM with static likeperformance. An ideal choice for large mem-ory configurations where cost is an importantconsideration. No DMA, or reset restrictions A & T, 128K $795.00, 256K $1395.00

□ LDP88 8088 CPU Board

Ideal for inexpensive systems requiring the pro-cessing power of a 16 bit instruction set. TheLDP88 has up to 8K of on-board EPROM, IKbytes of RAM, 1 serial RS232 port, 9 vectoredinterrupts, 5 MHz operation. Useable as a singleboard 8088 processor A & T, $349.95

Software Available

□ CP/M-86*

Full track buffered BIOS, memory disk support,double density format $300.00

□ MP/M-86*

Full MP/M-86 implementation, hard disk andfloppy disk support, plus memory drive. I, 2 and5 user configurations.

□ MS-DOS"

The IBM Personal Computer operating system,includes macro assembler $250.00

□ Other software:

BASIC86, BASCOM86, FORTRAN86, C,FORTH.

'CP/M-86 & MP/M-86 trademark of Digital Research.*'MS-DOS trademark of Microsoft.Lightning One trademark of Lomas Data Products, Inc.

Dealer and O.E.M. inquiries invited.

LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS, INC.

729 Farm Road, Marlboro, Massachusetts 01752 □ Telephone: 617-481-2822

Circle 223 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 403

any Chi Square value with its associated degrees offreedom. But the user must first calculate Chi Square(and the degrees of freedom) from a contingency table.The Chi Square test program does this calculation. Itcalculates Chi Square and the degrees of freedom from aninput contingency table. The expected values for the con-tingency table are part of the output. The user cannotspecify expected values.

The t-test program gives the t value for the differencebetween two means or for a single mean compared to apredetermined value. In the comparison of two means,the user can specify either that the two standard devia-tions are equal or unequal. This is a minor flaw in theprogram; it would have been better to always use theunequal-standard-deviations formula because the resultsare unchanged if the standard deviations happen to beequal.

Features

Data for the various programs can be entered in eitherof two ways: from the keyboard or from a disk file. Dataentered from the keyboard can be saved in a disk file. Ineither case, data entry is virtually foolproof; in the key-board mode, the program will not accept anything butnumbers.

But users do have to discover for themselves the needfor a carriage return after each data entry. (Perhaps weshould assume that everyone knows this. Unfortunately,

CP/M

COMPUTER BASEDTRAINING

IS HERE AT LAST!

INTRODUCING

TbRRiceLLiacitboR

A new way to train personnel forindustry or students from gradeschool to college. No computerexperience is needed to write acourse with AUTHOR. The pro-gram will guide you step bystep. Many can now learn fromthe expertise of one.Features include:

• Built-in full screen editorusing WordStar™ com-mands for rapid on-screenediting and course genera-tion.

• Creation of courses for massdistribution is fully sup-ported. 20% royalties forcourses submitted for ourcourseware catalog.

Requires CP/M'"" 2.2, 48K, and24 x 80 CRT. Available on 8"(3740) Single Density Disk.Contact distributors for otherformats.

Package includes: TorricelliAuthor program, a linearpresentation program, com-plete documentation, twocourses of instruction anddescription of the entire educa-tional software line. C095

California residents add 6% tax.Visa/MasterCard accepted.

*CP/M is a trademark of

Digital Research.•WordStar is a trademark of

Micro Pro Int.

THE ANSWERIN COMPUTERS

6035 University Avenue, #7San Diego, CA 92115714-287-0795

however, assumptions like this are often behind theplethora of poor documentation for microcomputers.)

Data in the disk files can also be edited. Reading thedocumentation is necessary to discover how to do this.The commands are not part of the display menus.

Also, data can be saved only on the Edu-Ware diskitself. This can be a disadvantage for users withnumerous files because the disk is copy-protected so wellthat you can't even get a catalog of the programs.

This lack of the ability to run a "Catalog" command onthe disk has another disadvantage. Users are limited tousing Apple II's Silentype thermal printer for printouts. Icould discover no way to modify the print routine to getprintouts on my IDS 440 impact printer (and I wanted tomake some printouts to accompany this article).

The package does have an interesting error-trap rou-tine to catch hardware and disk problems. The routinelists the error (e.g., end of data) and gives the line numberand program name. It then explains the cause of the errorand what should be done to correct it.

Inadvertently, I fooled the error-trap routine with oneprocedure. I had covered the write notch on my disk sothat I would not accidentally alter the program as I triedto "trick" it with incorrect entries (like using letters in-stead of numbers for data). Then, forgetting about thewrite notch being covered, I tried to save a data file. In-stead of catching the problem, the program went into anendless loop.

Conclusions

Overall, this is a fine program for someone who wantssomething more than a programmable calculator, butsomething less than an IBM mainframe. Teachers coulduse it to quickly calculate average test scores. Socialstudies researchers could use it to calculate various kindsof probability statistics.

The documentation could be improved with a tutorialto teach novices how to run the program. In addition, thedocumentation should show sample runs for each pro-gram and give at least a simplified technical explanationfor the "Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation" pro-gram.

The package would also be improved if data files couldbe kept on separate disks. And the package should pro-vide some way to use printers other than the Silentype.

In addition, the package would be more complete if ithad an Analysis of Variance procedure, which has moreapplications (and fewer mathematical restrictions) thanthe t-test. Also, it would be nice if the program calculatedt-test and F-ratio (Analysis of Variance) probabilitiesalong with the normal distribution and Chi Square prob-abilities it now calculates.

But statisticians could probably find "one more thing"to add no matter how many procedures were in thepackage. I'm willing to keep this one—even withoutAnalysis of Variance. After all, there was a time not solong ago when I didn't know what variance was, muchless that it could be analyzed. ■

404

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 20 on inquiry card.

THE FOURTH SOURCE

TM

NEW FORTH PRODUCTS

□ Personal FORTH for the IBM-PC by FORTH Inc.Multitasking, full screen editor, floating point support, DOS

file handler, color monitor support, turnkey compiler. $300

D MULTI-TASKING FORTH CP/M, Northstar & Micropolis.A-FORTH by Shaw Labs, Ltd. can operate your micro likea mainframe. Print, sort, and inter-activly input, all at thesame time $395

□ FORTH TUTORIAL by Laxen & Harris. Two 8" CP/M diskswith documentation and a copy of "Starting FORTH" by

Brodie. The easy way to learn FORTH. $95

□ "And so FORTH" by Huang. An indepth how-to bookabout FORTH with a Z80 implementation. Follows the fig-FORTH model. $25

MORE FORTH DISKS

FORTH with editor, assembler, and manual. 'Source provided.

Specify disk size!

D APPLE 11/11 + by

D PET® by FSS

MicroMotion

$100

□ TRS-80/1® by Nautilus

□ APPLE II by Kuntze*

$90

Systems'

D ATARI'S by PNS

$90

D 6800 by Talbot

□ CP/M® by

$100

Microsystems

MicroMotion

D 6809 by Talbot

a CROMEMCO* by Inner

Microsystems

Access

$100

□ Z80 by Laboratory

D HP-85 by Lange*

$90

Microsystems

□ IBM-PC® by Laboratory

□ 8086/88 by Laboratory

Microsystems

$100

Microsystems

Enhanced FORTH with: F-FloatingS-Stand Alone, M-Math Chip SupportSpecify Disk Size!

□ APPLE 11/11 + MicroMotion,F. G, &79 $140

D CP/M by MicroMotion,

F&79 $140

□ H89/Z89 by Haydon,

T & S $250

□ H89/Z89 by Haydon, T $175

D PET by FSS, F&X $150

$90

$90

$100

$100

$50

$100

Point, G-Graphics, T-Tutorial,X-Other Extras, 79-FORTH-79.

D TRS-80/1 or III by MillerMicrocomputer Services,F, X, & 79 $130

□ 6809 by Talbot Micro-systems, T & X $250

D Z80 by Laboratory Micro-systems, F & M Each $100

D 8086/88 by LaboratoryMicrosystems,F & M Each $100

CROSS COMPILERS Allow extending, modifying and compiling forspeed and memory savings, can also produce ROMable code. 'RequiresFORTH disk.

□ CP/M $200 □ IBM* $300D H89/Z89 $200 D 8086* $300D TRS-80/I $200 Q Z80« $300

□ Northstar® $200 D 6809 $350

D flg-FORTH Programming Aids for decompiling, callfinding,

and translating. $150

flg-FORTH Model and Source, with printed Installation Manual andSource Listing.

□ APPLE II® ,51/4 □ 8080/Z80® , 8

D 8086/88, 8 D H89/Z89, 51/4 Each $65

MVP-F0RTH - A Public Domain Product

MVP-FORTH contains a kernal for transportability, the FORTH-79Standard Required Word Set, the vocabulary for the instruction book,STARTING FORTH, by Brodie, editor, assembler, many useful routines,and utilities.

MVP-FORTH PRODUCTS for CP/M® IBM-PC® and Apple®D MVP-FORTH Programmer's Kit including disk with

documentation, ALL ABOUT FORTH, and STARTING

FORTH. Assembly source listing versions. $100

D MVP-FORTH Disk with documentation. Assembly source

listing version. $75

D MVP-FORTH Cross Compiler with MVP-FORTH source in

FORTH. $300

□ MVP-FORTH Programming Aids for decompiling,callfinding, and translating. $150

D MVP-FORTH Assembly Source Printed listing. $20

□ ALL ABOUT FORTH by Haydon. $20• ••MVP-FORTH operates under a variety of CPU's,computers, and operating systems. Specify your computer andoperating system. • • •

FORTH MANUALS, GUIDES & DOCUMENTS

Q FORTH Encyclopedia by

Derick & Baker. A completeprogrammer's manual to fig-FORTH with FORTH-79references. Flow charted,

$25$25

$40

$25$25$25

$20

$12

$20

O Starting FORTH by Brodie.Best instructional manualavailable, (soft cover) $16

□ Starting FORTH (hardcover) $20

□ METAFORTH by Cassady.Cross compiler with 8080code $30

Q Systems Guide to fig-

FORTH $25

:_.: Caltech FORTH Manual $12

□ Invitation to FORTH $20

□ PDP-11 FORTH User'sManual $20

._ CP/M User's Manual,

MicroMotion $20

□ FORTH-79 Standard $15D FORTH-79 Standard

Conversion $10

D Tiny Pascal in

flg-FORTH $10

D Installation Manual for flg-FORTH, contains FORTH

model, glossary, memory map and instructions $15

Source Listings of flg-FORTH, for specific CPU's and computers. TheInstallation Manual is required for implementation. Each $15

D 1802 □ 6502 D 6800 D AlphaMicro

□ 8080 □ 8086/88 D 9900 □ APPLE II

D PACE G 6809 □ NOVA D PDP-11 /LSI-11

Ordering Information: Check, Money Order (payable to MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS,INC.), VISA, MasterCard or COD'S accepted. No billing or unpaid PO's. Californiaresidents add sales tax. Shipping costs in US included in price. Foreign orders, payin US funds on US bank, include for handling and shipping by Air: $5 for each itemunder $25, $10 for each item between $25 and $99 and $20 for each item over$100. Minimum order $10. All prices and products subject to change or withdrawalwithout notice. Single system and/or single user license agreement required onsome products.DEALER It AUTHOR INQUIRIES INVITED

2nd Ed.D 1980 FORML Proc.D 1981 FORML Proc.

2 Vol.D 1981 Rochester Univ.

Proc.

□ Using FORTHD A FORTH PrimerD Threaded Interpretive

LanguagesD AIM FORTH User's

ManualD APPLE User's Manual

MicroMotion

□ TRS-80 User's Manual,MMSFORTH $19

MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS, INC.

PO BOX 4656

MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040

(415)961-4103

Circle 262 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982

405

Program Your Own Text Editor

Part 2: Install the Video-Display-Oriented Text Editor on Your System

Richard Fobes

Creative Computer Services

POB 1327

Corvallis, OR 97339

Last month, we covered the concept of the VDO texteditor, a video-display-oriented text editor that avoidsthe common convention of embedding text-processingcommands in text. The VDO text editor uses a fast,refreshing video display to completely update thedisplayed text whenever a change is made. The result isan easy-to-use system that continually displays the cur-rent state of the text on the screen.

The major component of this concluding part is listing1, a heavily documented assembly-language programcompatible with both 8080 and Z80 microprocessors. The

comments contain the information necessary for install-ing the VDO text editor on virtually any Z80- or8080-based system with a fast parallel or memory-mapped display. (Changes to the program should also beeasy to make.)

As indicated by the label table at the end of listing 1,the system-dependent sections are placed at the beginning(variables and vectoring addresses) and the end (the keyassignments in the EDIT routine) of the program. Listing2 is the series of routines used on the author's DigitalGroup System, as mentioned in part l.B

Listing 1: Complete listing of the VDO text editor. Although the listing is in Zilog's Z80 assembly language, only those instructionsavailable to Intel's 8080 microprocessor have been used. Once assembled, this program will run on the 8080, 8085, or Z80.

t

••*

*••

••»

•**

••* •**

MM**********************************************

A Vidto Sisplay Orieated Tixt Editor< -V10- Text Editor )

*•*

Urittoa byi

Richard Fobet

Ctpyrlfht 1*7* I Iflt byi

Creative Conputer Strvicet». 0. lox 1327

Corvallit, OR 97330

ALL RI8HTS RESERVE!

NITICEl Reproduction in any for* of my pirt of this progranetcopt for portoaal (ftrictly non-conntrcill) i», it strictlyforbiddoa without the prior expreat urittoa consent ofCroativo Conputer Services, Corvollis, Oregon.(Anyone iatorostod ia distributioa rights thoeld wrlU toCroativo Coaputor Services at the above address.)

This text editor is detigttd to rake text editing mich sorecoavoaieat by keeplag the updated text visibla on the screenasd by aaktag chaagat ia the text at sooa as a ley is pressed.

This progra* it urittea for 8010 or Z80 aicroprocostor-basedcsaputors. It occupies loot thaa 2.2K bytet of nonory.The aaenoaici used hero are the staadard Zileg aneaonics

gives in the Z80 Techaical Naaual fro* Zilog, Inc. exceptthat tho Alt, Alt, and SIC instructions used hero do notiscludo the "A" register ia tho list of operands. AlthoughZI0 naonoalcs are used, oaly tho iastructions conmn to boththo 8080 aad ZS0 are used hero, all aunbort are expressedit decinal notation, all text striags aro in ASCII tilththe «o.t sigsiflcant bit sot. ]

C Indicate that the Machine code it to ttart tt address

153* decinal (1.SK) i 3ST 15348

[ Junp to tho ttart of the oditori 3

JP EDIT.

[ ««««»«»»»*»••••»»»«*»«•»•*•»**♦•»«•»♦•»•«*•»*«»»«•»«»«•»»•Victors to external input/output tubroutineti

RESET.

This subroutine nust initialize ill peripheral devices. It iscalled each tint the editor it entered either fron the initialstart-up or fron a hardware reset operation: 3

RESET. JP XXXXX

406 October 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Listing 1 continued on page 408

CMOS /jP seminars andworkshops (continued).

RCA helps you stay in step with current technology.

CMOS is the wave of the future insystems design. Now, RCA—thecompany that invented CMOS—isoffering one-day seminars and five-day intensive workshops to give youthe information you need to designthe products of the 80's.

Free seminars

Our comprehensive one-dayseminars will give you the informa-tion you need to design in the 1800series.

The seminar is from 8:30 to 12:30.From 1:30 to 3:30 there will be anoptional equipment demonstration.1. The microprocessor

• New product previews

• Architecture of 1802 and1805/1806

• Peripheral devices: RAM, ROM, I/O

• Register usage

• Memory addressing

2. Software

• Utilities, math packages, assem-blers, high-level languages

3. Systems support

• Development systems

• Micromonitor

• Microboard Computer Develop-ment System

4. Microboards

• Single-board computers

• Memory modules•Digital I/O modules

• Analog modules

• Accessories

5. Customer support

• Field technical specialists

• RCA representatives, distributors,sales offices

• Technical literature

• Repair and software update service

Reserve space now. Don't miss thisopportunity to prepare for yourfuture. Return the coupon today. Orcall toll-free 800-526-3862.

(In New Jersey call 201 -685-6533.)

Seminar schedule

Sept. 21Sept. 28Oct. 5

Boston, MA

Detroit, Ml

Milwaukee, Wl

Oct. 7

Oct 14

Pomona, CA

Ft. Lauderdale, FL

Oct. 19

Seattle, WA

Oct. 21

Cleveland, OH

Oct 26

Oklahoma City, OK

Oct. 28 ....Nov 4

Raleigh, NC

.... Newport Beach, CA

Nov. 9

Santa Clara, CA

Nov. 16

Philadelphia, PA

Watch for our 1983 seminarand workshop schedule.

Five-day workshops

Our intensive five-day workshopswill give you the knowledge you needto design CMOS microprocessor-based systems for any application.You'll see why we say CMOS is inyour future: it offers advantages noother technology can match.

This comprehensive workshopcosts only $950. The price includes:Microboard Computer DevelopmentSystem with both BASIC high-levellanguage and Assembler/Editor; andtwo cassette recorders. Total value is$849.

You'll get hands-on experience, using the newCMOS Microboard Computer DevelopmentSystem. (Terminal optional.)

When the work is over, theabove equipment is yours to keep.

If you bring your own develop-ment system, you pay only $300.

We'll also provide a terminal foryour use during the workshop. (Whichyou can purchase at the special priceof $375.)

Workshop schedule.

Sept. 13 to 17 New Orleans, LA

Sept. 27 to Oct. 1 Denver, CO

Oct.4to8 Boston, MA

Nov.8to12 Tampa, FL

RC/1

Microsystems Marketing, RCA Solid State Division

Route 202, Somerville, New Jersey 08876 '

D Please register me for the RCA CMOS Seminar or Workshop indicated below.□ Please send me more information on RCA CMOS Seminars and Workshops.

Name

Company.Address _

.Phone.

City/State/Zip

Seminar date/City _Workshop date/City.

BYTE October 1982

407

Listing 1 continued:

C

KEY.ST

******

Thi* subroutine gets tht status of the keyboard port. The Z

flag it tit if tht keyboard strobe is off, and it is cleared if

the keyboard strobe is on. If the strobe is on, the ASCII

code is placed in the seven least significant bits of register

A and the noit significant bit is set. If the strobe is off,

the contents of register A are unimportant. This subroutine is

used only for the automatic repeat feature. Registers HL, DE,

and BC nust iot be changed by this subroutine. 3

KEY.ST JP XXXXX

C

KEY.IN******

This subroutine getIt nuts for a keyIf a key is alreadyit waits for the kenext key to be presconfusion with thea different purposeplaced in registerRegisters HL, DE, 1subroutine. I

KEY.IH JP XXXXX

s the next ASCII code fron the keyboard.to be pressed and released before it returns,pressed when this subroutine is called,y to be released before waiting for thesed and released (to avoid possiblekey which was pressed earlier, probably for). The ASCII code for the pressed key isA with the nost significant bit set.nd BC nust not be changed by this

[

HP.LPT

******

this subroutine initializes tht video display such that the

next character to be displayed by the CH.OUT subroutine Mill

appear in the upper left corner of the screen. If the display

is of the nenory-napped type, this subroutine would sinply

initialize a variable to point to the first address of the

display area of nenory. For other video display types a

special codt is usually available to cause such an action to

occur. Registers HL, DE, and BC nust not be changed by this

subroutine. ]

UP.LPT JP XXXXX

iM.OUT

e * * * *«

This subroutine outputs one ASCII character to the displaydevice. No control codes are sent to the video display by thissubroutine. After each WIDTH nunber of characters have been■sent to the display by this subroutine, the next characterposition nust be tht first character position of the next line.If the display needs CR's (carriage returns) or Line Feeds tostart a new lint, this subroutint nust provide then uhen theappropriate nunber of characters have been sent. (See WIDTHvariable.) If tht display is of tht ntnory napptd type, thissubroutint uould gtt tht pointtr (variable) Mentioned in thtUP.LFT subroutint (abovt), it uould plact the indicated characterin that nenory position, and then incrtntnt the pointer. Thissubroutine can atsune that the character to be displayed itin register A with the nost significant bit set. RegistersHL, DE, and BC nust not be changed by this subroutine. 3

CH.OUT JP XXXXX

I

PR.OUT

This subroutint ttndt one ASCII character, carriage return orLint Fttd to tht printer. Tht ASCII codt to be printed is inregister A (in tht Itvtn least significant bits). If thestttlng of tht nost significant bit of the bytt is inportantto tht printtr, it should be taken care of by this subroutine.Registers HL, DE, and BC nust not be changtd by thissubroutint. 1

PR.OUT JP XXXXX

CHI.Ill

*****

This subroutine inputs text fron the nass storage device.

On input, HL contains the nenory address of the first (and

lowest) location in which to stort a byte, and BC contains thenaxinun nunber of byttt which can bt inputted by this subroutine.Upon return, HL nust contain the address of the last byte whichwas read in (unless an error occurred). If there was not enoughroon in nenory for tht ttxt to bt inserted, the Z flag nust beset. If an input error occurred (or if no text was foundfor insertion), tht Z flag nust be cleared and the carry flagnust bt stt. (If no trror occurred, both the Z flag and thecarry flag nust be cleared.) If an audio cassette is used asthe natt storage device, this subroutine sinply inputs a stringof 8-bit bytes into nenory either until a zero byte is reachedor until a longer than usual tine delay has expired since thelast byte was inputted. If a digital cassette tape, a floppydisk, or i hard disk it used as the nass storage nedia, thissubroutine nust request (fron the ustr) infornation as towhere tht ttxt it to cone fron (in tht forn of a filenant,a filt nunbtr, or tht first and last block nunbtrs whichcontain the text). Also, in all cases, this subroutinenust nake sure that tht nunbtr of bytts inputted dots notexceed tht naxinun bytt couat givtn in register BC. Ifthere are special codes which should be checked for (toavoid allowing then to be sent to the display device), orif a zero byte night get into the text via this subroutine,they should be checked for by this subroutine. Any of theregisters can be changed by this subroutine. 1

RS.IN JP XXXXX

[

MS.OUT

This subroutine outputs text to the nais storage device. Oninput, HL contains tht address of the first byte of nenory tobe outputted, and BC contains a count of the nunber of bytesto be outputted. (All the bytes are in contingous ascendingnenory locations.) If an output trror is encountered, the carryflag nust be stt upon rtturn. Tht carry flag nust be clearedif no trror occurs. If an audio casstttt is used as the nassstorage device, this subroutine sinply outputs BC nunber of8-bit bytes to the audio cassette interface (and a zero byteis added at tht tnd if it is needed by the MS.IN subroutine toindicate the end of the "file"). If a digital cassette tape,a floppy disk, or a hard disk is used as the nass storage nedia,this subroutine nust request (fron the user) infornation as towhere the text is to be saved (in the forn of a filenane, a filenunber, or the first and last block nunbers which will be usedto save the text). Of course this subroutint (or the operatingsytten) nust handle the recorded text in such a way that it canlater be read by tht US.IN subroutine. Any of the registerscan bt changtd by this subroutint. ]

AS.OUT JP XXXXX

I t«MMt*l*ttl«t«**l«l**t**(*>«**lt*t*4<» ****.«*• ********

Constants)*«*»•**••* ]

SPACE. EQU UODCR. EQU HID

t ASCII codt for a space (blank)with nost significant bit (MSB) ■ 1 3

t ASCII codt for a carriage returnwith MSB = 1 J

I •***•«»»»»<«•»«««••*«»**•**»*** **«**«*****»****«** ********

Partition pointers:*******************

The foilarea asconstantthe ttxtprogran.AFT.CU ctht un-uBEF.CU asptcifytext arenunbers

owing pointindicated., but they

area to beThe valuehange withsed portionnd AFT.CU (the use ofa enpty. T

3

ers Indicate the boundaries of the text

The values of BEG.TX and END.TX areare inplenented here as variables to allowchanged easily even after assembly of the(s) of BEF.CU, AFT.CU, or both BEF.CU andalnost every editing operation. Note thatof the text area is between the values ofthe "cursor gap"). The mmbers used herethe top UK of an 1BK systen, with thewo bytes are used to store each of these

BEG.TX DU 4097D

C Points to the first byte of the text(if there is text to the left of thecursor). A carriage return is locatedat (BEG.TX)-) . (The carriage returnis used to stop the CR.LFT subroutinewhen searching this far to the left ofthe cursor). (Hotes 4097 ■ 4KM> ]

408 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1 continued on page 410

I&V Oryx software

\J/ Quality Discount

GUARANTEED LOWESTPRICES! We will match anyadvertised price. Just show usthe ad.

Artsci

Magic Window S79

Magic Miliar 56

Magic Words 56

Magic Pack Combo (all abovs) 176

Beagle Bros.

Dos BOSS $22

Utility City 25

Apple Macbanic 25

Broderbund

Apple Panic $25

Chopllfler 26

Serpentina 26

Charles Mann

Basic Teacher $30

Teacher Plus 32

Medical II 879

Denver Software

Financial partner $219

Pascal Tutor 108

Pascal Programmer 108

Ellis Computing

Nevada Cobol $169

Nevada Pilot 129

Nevada Edit 99

Application pkg. ea 22

Hayden Software

Datagraph $39

Hlstograph 25

Applesoft Compiler 3.2 180

Apple pie Series ea 109

Howard Software

Heal Estate Analyzer $145

Tax preparer'82 127

Tax preparer state: CA. NY/NJ/IL 60

IUS

Datadex $115

Easywrltar 162

Easymover B8

Easypack (Combo) 225

Easymailer 162

Krell Co.

Logo $135

Logo w/o Frills 89

Microfocus

Cis Cobol Std $775

Forms? 175

Micropro

Wordstar $195

Mallmerge 85

Calcstar 145

Spellstar 145

Supersort 120

Word Pak (Special) 329

Data Pak (Special) 329

Microsoft

Basic Compiler $315

Cobol-80 599

Fortram-80 155

Time Manager 125

Games

Sargon II $25

Zork I or II 32

Deadline 42

Crossword Magic 18

Wizardry 39

Night of Diamonds 29

Misc.

Mathemagic $80

Spellguard 199

Edit 6502 82

Locksmith 79

Screen Writer II 95

A-stat79 140

Mailing list 48

Stoneware DB Master 179

Vlsicalc3.3 185

Visischedule 235

Visipack 499

PFS: Filing Report or Graph 88

Muse Software

Super Text II $125

Address book 43

Form letter 87

Data Plot 52

Peachtree

Series 40

G/L, A/R, A/Pea $399

Inventory, Payroll ea 399

•G/L + A/R + A/P (Special) 397

Series 9

Peachcalc 279

Telecommunications 279

Silicon Valley

Wordhandler $199

Sensible Speller 99

And Many More

Mark of Unicorn

Final Word $250

MicroPro

Wordstar $285

Mallmerge 95

Calcstar 199

Spellstar 160

Supersort I 170

Data pack (3 in One) 395

Word pack (3 in One) 395

Microsoft

Basic 80 $285

Basic Compiler 325

Fortran 80 345

Cobol 80 570

Macro 80 140

Peachtree

General Ledger $399

Accounts Receivables 399

Accounts Payables 399

Inventory 399

Payroll 399

Property Management 799

CPA Client Write-up 799

Series 8 Module 485

•Peachpak 4 (G/L, A/R, AP) 397

Peachtext 350

Star Computer System

G/L, A/R, A/P or Pay $350

Legal Times Billing 845

Property Management 845

Sorcim

Supercalc $225

Trans 86 115

Act 155

Supersoft

Diagnostic I $48

Diagnostic II 83

Disk Doctor 84

Fortran 215

C Compiler 175

Ashton ■ Tate

0 Base II $560

Byrom Software

BSTAM $160

BSTMS 160

CP Aids

Please Call

Digital Research

Pascal MT +

MAC $85

SID (8080 Debugger) 65

ZSID (Z80 Debugger) 90

CP/M2.2 149

C Basic 2 97

PL/1-80 449

Misc.

Oasis "The Word Plus" $120

Micro Ap Selector V 395

Lifeboat T/Makor II 225

Epic Supervyz 115

The Boss Financial Acctg 1800

The Boss Payroll System 750

The Boss Time Billing 1090

Fox and Geller Quick Screen 129

Games

Intocom Zork I $39

Zork II 39

Deadline 50

Yahoo Catchum 32

Adventure (#1-12) 99

And Many More

IBM PC

Wordstar $285

Mailmerge 95

Easiwrlter II 299

Easispeller 149

Crosstalk 129

DataBase Manager 170

Mailing List 85

Vedlt 165

CP/M 86 295

Write-on 110

Move It 125

Spellguard 247

Easy (Exec. Acctg. Sys.) 625

Easy Planner 145

Ashton-Tate D Base II 560

Lifetree Volkswrtter 175

Peachtree Accounting Module 399

'Special Peachpak (GL, AR & AP) 399

Ecosoft Microstat 257

Supersoft Optimizer 160

Statpak 397

The Final Word 250

Games

Last Colony $25

Temple of Apshai 33

Galaxy 22

Midway Campaign 20

Championship Blackjack 34

Frogger 30

The Warp Factor 35

Accessories/Hardware

Boards

Co Processors 88 card (Ap. II) $795

Softcard (ZB0 CP/M Ap. II) 298

CPS Multifunction 178

Mountain A/D + D/A 289

CCS 12K ROM/PROM B9

CCS A/D Converter 98

CCS Serial Asynch 149

Applescope (your Apple as an

Oscilloscope) 595

Vldex Enhancer I 149

KSrD Enhancer 115

Dan Paymar Lower case 27

ALS Smarts™ 379

ALS Z-card 269

Percom Doubler II 167

Bit 3 Full View 80 (AT800) 299

Bit 3 32K Memory (AT400/800) 159

BYAD DS-1 (64K, Z80, CPM

for IBM PC) 599

Datamac 64K (IBM PC) 399

Videx Micromodem Chip 25

Zedex Baby Blue (IBM PC) 550

Quadram Deluxe Board (IBM PC) 495

Ouadram 128K Ram (IBM PC) 495

Mlcrofazer 8K Printer Buffer 135

Versacard 160

Bit 3 Dual Comm-plus (Apple II) 209

16K Ram Wizard -16 (Apple II) 79

Echo II Speech Synthesizer 159

Symtec Light Pen (IBM PC) 140

Symtec Light Pen (APII/III) 200

Computers

Commodore/Atari/NEC/XeroxCall for Price Information

Monitors

Amdek Video 300 $217

Amdek RGB Color 699

NEC 12" Hires Green 175

Sanyo 12" Hires Green 220

TECOTM-12 GX Green 147

TEC0RGB13" 525

USIHi-RLS 12" Amber 199

Zenith ZVM 12" Green 115

Modems

Novation Apple-Cat II $325

Hayes Smartmodem 225

Hayes Smart Modem 1200 599

Micromodem II 319

Chronograph 199

Printers

Anadex 9500 Series $1,580

Epson SCail

C.itoh Starwriter 1450

C.itoh Prowriter 599

Diablo 630 2.200

NEC 3530 1,890

NEC 8023A 525

Okidata Microline 82A 460

Okidata Microline 83A 685

Prism 80 (w/ 4 options) Inc. color ...-, 1,399

Prism 132 (w/ 4 options) 1,547

Smith-Corona TP-1 675

Disk Drives

Rana Elite 1 (Ap. II) $339

Rana Controller (Ap. II) 110

Micro SciA35(Ap. II) 399

Micro Sci A40 (Ap. II) 385

Micro Sci A70 540

Micro Sci Controller (Ap. II) 90

Tandon TM-100-1 299

Tandon TM-100-2 389

And Many More

Write for our Free Catalog

Foreign - Please send $2.50for air mail.

ORDER TOLL FREE - Outside Wl - 1-800826-1589

Please: • Wisconsin residents - add 5% sales tax

• Add $3.50 for shipping per software and smalitems. Call regarding others.

• Foreign - add 15% handling & shipping forsmall items & software.

We welcome: • Visa, Mastercharge - (Add 4%)

• Checks (Allow 1-2 weeks for clearing)

• COD (Add $1.50 per shipment)

For technical information & in Wisconsin:

715-848-2322

Oryx Software • 205 scott st. • p.o. box 1961 • wausau, wi 54401

Circle 291 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982

409

Listing 1 continued:

IEF.CU DU 4096B

AFT.CU DU 184HD

END.TX DU 18415D

C Pointi to the character to the left of(before) the cur»or. However, if itpointt to <BEG.TX>-1, there is no textto the left of the cursor. 3

C Point* to the character to the right of(after) the cursor. However, if itpointt to (END.TX)M, there it no textto the right of the cursor. 3

C Points to the last byte of the text(if there it text to the right of thecurtor). The next LINES number ofbytes are used for storing carriagereturnt - which simplifies thedisplay of the text. (Note: 18415 •(18K-D-I4 , where 16 - LINES) 3

Constants inplenented as variables!

These constants do not change value, but they are inplenentedas variables to simplify changing then (as when a differentdisplay device it used). All of these constants occupy onlyone byte each. 1

WIDTH. DB 64D

LINES. DB 16D

CURSR. DB 154D

SEC.1 DB 2000

KC.HAX DB

t This value indicates the nunber ofcharacters per line for the displaydevice. (Not to exceed 127 deciital) 3

I This value indicates the nunber oflines for the display device.(Not to exceed 127) 3

C This value it the ASCII (or non-ASCII)code for the tynbol to be used as thecursor. Preferably it should be anarrow, but could be the "<" or ">"or "I" synbols, for exanple. Thenost significant bit nust be set.(The nunber 194 designates a rightarrow on a "Digital Group" display.) 3

C This value produces a one second delay(approxinately) for use by the RPT.KYsubroutine. It specifies the initialtine delay before the automatic repeatnode is started. This value is notnachine-dependent since the DY.SCLvalue is used to handle differencesin computer tining. 320D C This value is used as the initial

(naxinun) tine delay value for KY.CNT.It should be equal to the nunber ofrepetitions uhich occur in the fastrepeat node before reaching thenaxinun repetition speed. It is notnachine-dependent since the value ofDY.SCL allows for differences inconputer tining. 3100D I Thit value it uted to scale the tinedelay valuet above, such that theyresult in the proper delay tines forthe particular conputer being uted.A starting fast repetition rate ofabout 10 tines per second it good, butit should be chosen for individualpreference. The inalleit pernissiblevalue is 1 . (0 results in the longestdelay.) Its value should be deterninedby trying a value and then calculatingthe desired value based upon therepetition rate which the first valueproduced. The given value works forny Z-flO Digital Group nicroconputeroperating at 2.S KHZ. 3

i tlM<IMIMMMt>l»l<Mt>ltM4<*«>«>Mt*ll«M<l>«**)»t

Global variables:it****************

Iaitial values are given in each case, although the last twodo not need to be initialized. (DB indicates that one byte isreserved, and DU indicates that 2 bytet are reserved.) 3

H0RIZ. DB 1 I Indicates the horizontal position of the

curtor on the tcreen.

1 = left side of screen.

UIDTH > right side of screen. 3VERT. DB 1 I Indicates the vertical position of the

cursor on the tcreen. 1 ■ top line.

DY.SCL DB

HERE. DU 65535D

SAVE.A DB

ED.ERR DD

LINES ■ botton line. 3I This pointer points to the location inthe text defined by the "START HERE"operation. It is initialized here toan invalid value to ensure that it isnot used before it is defined. 3

C Thit location is used to temporarilystore the contents of the A registerwhen the PUSH AF inttruction cannot beuted - since that instruction altersthe flags. 3

C This value indicates the type of errorwhich occurred during the last editingoperation. The following codes are used:

0 - No error

1 - Insufficient nenory

2 - Invalid operation

3 - Input/Output error 3

I tt************************************************BIT7A.

This tubroutine tests the nost significant bit (» 7) of thecontents of register A without changing its contents. If thebit it a zero, the Z flag it tet. (Dtherwite the Z flag itcleared.) Thii tubroutine it equivalent to the "BIT 7,A"inttruction of the Z80 nicroprocettor, so if a Z80 is used,all of the calls to thit tubroutine can be replaced with thatinttruction. 1

BIT7A. LD (SAVE.A),A

AND 12BD

LD A,(SAVE.A)RET

[ *****»**t*****************»****************************BIT7H.

Thit tubroutine it tinilar to the one just above except thatit tettt the nott significant bit of the byte pointed to byregitter pair HL. It it equivalent to the "BIT 7,(HD"iastruction of the Z80, so calls to this subroutine can bereplaced with that inttruction if a ZB0 nicroprocettor isused. 3

BIT7H. LD

(SAVE.A),A

LD

A,(HL)

AND

128D

LD

A,(SAVE.A)

RET

[ titt**********************************************

STR.CR

*•»♦»»

Thit subroutine stores carriage returns at the ends of the

text. (One before the text, and LINES nunber of carriage

returns after the text). They are used to simplify the

editing subroutines but they are not considered to be part

of the text. 1

[ Put a carriage return before the first character position: 3STR.CR LD HL.(BEG.TX) [ Point to the beginning of the text 3DEC HL f. Point to the location before it 3

LD (HL),CR. C Store a carriage return there 3C Put LINES nunber of carriage returnt after the last characterposition: 3

[ Point to the end of the text 3[ Load the nunber of lines on the

display ... 3[ ... into register B 3C Point to the next address 3C Store a carriage return there 3C Decrement the counter in B 3I Repeat the loop if it is not zero 3

[ t*******************************************************

IK1T.H

Thit tubroutine initializet (relets) the value of HERE to avalue which nakes all uset of it illegal until it it defined. 1

LD

HL,(END.TX)

LD

A,(LINES.)

LD

B,A

LP1ST INC

HL

LD

(HL).CR.

DEC

B

JP

NZ.LP1ST

t All done:

3

RET

Listing 1 continued on page 412

410 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 350 on Inquiry card.

** S-100 **USED COMPUTERS AND PERIPHERALS

Black and White graphics board, 128 by 192 resolution, soft-ware included on 8-inch disk $55

Cromemco 8K Bytesaver EPROM programmer $125

IDS 88-Modem direct connect S-100 modem with DAA,110-600 baud, Autodialer, Originate or answer, Auto-answer & disconnect, FDX or HDX, and many other fea-tures $180

Wamco 8080 processor board $60

Cromemco 4FDC disk controller, 5- or 8-inch, extra serial

port, RDOS in-ROM $250

MEK 6800 computer with 8K, programmable through a

Hexadecimal keypad $125

Z8/BASIC Computer (designed by Ciarcia); 5-slot expansionrack (active termination) & power supply in cabinet; SYKES8-inch intelligent disk drive; Sweetalker speech-output

board All for $780

Western Digital Pascal Microengine w/UCSD Pascal and two

8" drives $2000

Shaffstall EDI7700 phototypesetter floppy disk interface foruse with Compugraphic Editwriter series typesetting equip-ment, with standard ASCII translation software. Excellent

condition $8500

Three SCION word processing subsystems complete withkeyboard, monitor, S-100 display board, and Wordsmithediting software $1200 ea. or 3/$3000

Documentation is available for equipment.

Prices are FOB Peterborough, NH

Call or write Jon Swanson, c/o BYTE, 70 Main Street, Peter-

borough, NH 03458 (603) 924-9281.

O.LJ F=M_ I TV

BUDGET 1 Cabinet 2-8" Drs LUXURY 2 CVT Cabinets 2-DS-8"

]L_L_Jl3ER

SYSTEMS ready to BOOT & RUN shipped asiound the uio/ii

110 and 220 Volt Systems avallatte {.on. expo/tt

Terminals/Printers/Custom length Cables

Diskettes & MOST SOFTWARE except Apple

mm™

LOMASEPSON

TeleVideo

n

WINNERS OF G0DB0UT 85/88'sChris O'Neal Newport News, VADavid Halco Streetsbero , OHWyatt Lewis Mechanicstown, OH

6MHz CPU Z,64K, Sys $27956MHz 85/88,64K, Sys 2795256K MPM 8-16 (tm) Sys 5295Teletek Z80A,64K,Sys 2195Slave Z80's avail for aboveLomas MPM86.256K, Sys 4350Lomas 10MHz 8086,128K 3195Seattle 8086,64K, 3095

borrow Micro Decision 949Godbout System A,B,C Call

odbout Disk II A&T 596

Interfacer 4 A&T 263

odbout RAM 21 128K 985-omas RAM 67 128K 1116

3att Bak up for above 85_omas Hazitall 260

borrow 65K Static ram 404Seattle 8086 Set MSD0S 671revevideo 925 715

1200 BAUD SMARTM0DEM 5255orcim SuperCalc 175

CPU, CPM S6, & MPM 86 are Trademarks of

P.O. BOX 951, Westminster,

6MHz CPU Z,64K System $3950

7/8MHz 85/88,64K, Sys 3995

256K MPM 8-16 System 6645

10MHz 8086 ,64K,CSC Sys 4650

Lomas 10MHz 8086,128K 3995

Lomas MPM86(tm)256K Sys 5150

Seattle Gazelle 4595

Seattle Sys II 128K 3135

Morrow Decision D2 2691

Godbout Disk Sub-system 3295

Godb.out Disk 1 A&T 371

Godbout 8086 CSC 10MHz 638

Godbout 6MHz 85/88 A&T 319

Lomas 128K Dynamic 8-16 636

LDP 72,CP/M(tm)86,MEM DR 415

C.Itoh F10 40 cps 1395

Morrow Multi 1/0 276

Seattle RAM+ IBM PC 192K 575

Prism 132 Color printer 1595

EPSON MX80FT & Graftrax+ 499

SPELLBINDER CPM or IBM 269

Dlnlt.U Research ALL IfllCES SUBJECT TO CHOICE

CA 92683-0951 (714) 895- 1746

BYTE Clearance Sale

The installation of new microcomputer systems at BYTE allows us to sell some of our old equipment. The items forsale have been used for varying lengths of time, but are all in working order (except as noted). All units are sold as is.Prices are FOB Peterborough, New Hampshire.

Three high-performance word-processing subsystems for use with a microcomputer, each consisting of a:

Sdon Screensplitter memory-mapped S-100-bus video-display board

Sdon parallel-port keyboard

Sdon Wordsmith text-editing software

Ball Corporation green-phosphor video monitor. The units are all in excellent condition.Price: SI200 each, S3000 takes all three.

Shaffstall EDI7700 phototypesetter floppy-disk interface for use with Compugraphic Editwriter-seriestypesetting equipment, including standard ASCII translation software. (This device reads and writes phototypesetterdisks with textual data transmitted or received through a serial RS-232C link.) Excellent condition.Price: $8500.

Pensee Pascal Microengine computer system, including UCSD Pascal version 3.0, 16-bitmicroprocessor, two Shugart 800R single-density 8-inch floppy-disk drives, and two RS-232C serial ports. Good condi-tion.Price: $2000.

For more information, contact

Jon Swanson at BYTE Publications Inc., 70 Main St.,

Peterborough, NH 03458.

BYTE October 1982

411

Listing 1 continued:

INIT.H LD HL,(END.TX)

INC HL

LD (HERE.>rHLRET

[ Point to END.TX

[ ... plus one ...

C ... with HERE 3

[ Return 3

SET.BC

Thit tubroutine i> used to itt up the count in BC so that thetao bytes (B t C) can bt decremented separately ehen countingthe repetitions for a loop. (Thit it don* because the DEC BCinstruction dots not affect tht zero or carry flags - whichflakes that instruction impractical for determining when thecount reaches zero.) This subroutine increnents B unless thevalue of C is zero. Registers HL, HE, and A are not affectedby this subroutine. 3

SET.BC INCDECRETINCRET

[ If C is zero, ... 3

C ... then set the Z flag 3

C Return (with no change) if 00 3

[ Increment B 3

[ Return 3

[ «*«««Mtete*«*«t*t«*e**e**»**e**«**t*4t**e**«*****»**«**

SUB.DP

Double precision subtraction. This subroutine subtracts the14 bit positive integer in register pair BC fron the 14 bitpositive integer in register pair HL and then adds one. Theresult is placed in BC, and the carry flag is set if the resultis less than or equal to zero. Registers A, BE t HL are notchanged by this subroutine. 3

SUB.DP

LD

(SAVE.A),A

LD

A,l

SUB

C

LD

C,«

LD

A,H

SBC

B

LB

B,A

INC

BC

LD

A,(SAVE.A)

RET

[ Save the contents of register A 1

C Put lou order byte in A 3

C Subtract low order byte X set

carry flag if negative result 3C Put lou order result in C 3I Put high order byte in A 3C Subtract high order byte uith

carry and set carry flag if the

result is less than zero ]t Put high order result in B 3C Adjust count to include both bytes

being pointed to ]t Restore the value of register A ][ Return, with carry flag still

set according to the "SBC"

instruction 1

[ I .<..l>.IIM.Ill.l.ll).l.ll.l.*M>.trl.lllM».Htl

B6.CNT I L.CNT

I6.CNT LD

HI.,(BE0.TX>

L.CNT LD

B,H

LD

C,L

LD '

HL.(BEF.CU)

JP

SUB.DP

This subroutine counts the bytes between the beginning ofthe text (or, if the L.CNT entry point it used, the positionindicated by HL) and the cursor. On output, BC equals them«ber of bytes (a conpressed-space-byte counts as one),inclusive, and the carry flag is set if there are no bytes.Registers DE S A are not changed by this subroutine. ]

C Point to the first byte of text 3C Nove value in HL... 3t ...to BC 3

C Point to byte before cursor 3C Junp to subroutine to calculateHL-BC+1 3

[ M.).|..<.i».....M.,t..MI(,t„l,...H.....l(U,.M.l.,.l

NB.CNT t R.CNT

This subroutine counts the bytes between the end of the text(or, if the R.CNT entry point is used, the position indicatedby HL) and the cursor. On output, BC equals the nunber ofbytes (a conpressed-space-byte counts as one), inclusive,and the carry flag it set if there are no bytet. Registers AS DE are not changed by this subroutine. 3

C Point to last byte of text 3

t Puth HL onto stack 3

C Put value of AFT.CU in HL 3

[ Hove that value to... 3

I ...register pair BC 3

C Restore HL 1

C Junp to subroutine to calculateHL-BC+1 3

t Mtl.><.<(.l<.I...UIlll>.I.Hl(ltl>llOtMM.I.l.t.l...M

GP.CNT

■****•*

Thit subroutine counts the nenory locations of the cursor

gap (which are available for inserting characters). On

output, BC equals the nunber of locations available, and the

carry flag is set if there are no locations available.

Registers A I DE are not changed by this subroutine. 3

6P.CNT LD HL,(BEF.CU> t Point to byte before cursor 3LD B,H [ Hove that value to... 3

LD C,L C ...register pair BC 3

Listing 1 continued on page 414

»

>.CNT

LD

HL,

(END

TX)

R

CNT

PUSH

HL

LD

HL,

(AFT

CU)

LD

B,H

LD

C,L

POP

HL

JP

SUB

.DP

EfTE

zback issues for sale

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

Jan.

$2.75

$3.25

$3.25

Feb.

$2.75

$2.75

$3.25

$3.25

$3.70

March

$2.75

$3.25

$3.25

$3.70

April

$2.75

$2.75

$3.25

$3.25

$3.70

May

$2.00

$2.75

$2.75

$3.25

$3.25

$3.70

June

S2.00

$2.75

$2.75

$3.25

$3.25

$3.70

Circle and send requests with payment to:BYTE Magazine

70 Main St, Peterborough, NH 03458Attn: Back Issues

The above prices include postage in the US. Please add $ 1.00 per copy forCanada and Mexico; and S2.00 per copy to foreign countries.

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

July

S.2.00

$2.00

$2.75

$2.75

$3.25

$3.25

$3.70

Aug.

$2.00

$2.75

$2.75

$3.25

$3.25

$3.70

Sept.

$2.75

$2.75

$2.75

$3.25

$3.25

$3.70

Oct.

$2.75

$2.75

$3.25

$3.25

Nov.

$2.75

$3.25

$3.25

$3.25

Dec.

$2.75

$2.75

$3.25

$3.25

$3.25

•Payments from foreign countries must be made in US funds payable at a US

bank.

•Please allow 4 weeks for domestic delivery and 8 weeks for foreign

delivery.

name

addresscity

.zip.

412 Octobtr 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

NEW FROM McGRAW-HIIJ.

For anyone thinking of a desk-top computer

who doesn't know where to beginor what to actually expect when it gets going.

McGraw-Hill's At-Home Seminar in selecting the right microcomputer for your

business or profession... and getting every benefit it has to offer quickly and trouble-free.

On cassettes, with text, workbooks, and computer simulator.

Now, you can gain a clear understanding ofwhether your business will actually benefit fromyour having a microcomputer, and how much.

You can learn what a microcomputer will reallydo, how it does it, andwhat's required to makeit happen within yourorganization.

You'll know the kindof computer that's bestfor you—in terms ofyour present needs andprobable future re-quirements. Withoutpaying too much for ex-cess capacity, unneces-sary functions, or thewrong peripherals; or,committing probably thegreater mistake of pay-ing too little for equip-ment inadequate to your needs. (There are morechoices available than anyone can investigate ontheir own.)

You'll be able to evaluate the big name brandsand the unfamiliar ones. Objectively and withouthaving to depend on the "expertise" of a salesman

Removes every mystery,helps you over every hurdle

In other words, with McGraw-Hill's at-homeseminar, quickly and inexpensively, through cas-settes by experts and vivid text, you'll be able todraw on the experiences of hundreds of others,become comfortable with the technical com-plexities (only a few are essential from the user'spoint of view), make knowledgeable, intelligentdecisions about entering the computer age.

You'll know what programming is all about.Not to do it yourself but to evaluate those pro-grams (software) that are available in terms ofyour own needs. As you'll see, the secret is notgetting the right programs, difficult enough initself, but programs that will work together so allyour functions are compatible, particularly asyour system develops and expands.

We take you through every step. Clearly andconcisely. Without technical jargon. Of course,since this is one seminar that you control, repeat-ing whatever's necessary is easy, while you can

quickly skip through anything you already know

or that's irrelevant to your purposes.

We show you exactly what to expect and what

has to be done to perform with speed and

efficiency the functionsyou have in mind already—inventory, generalledger, word processing,etc.

Then you'll see howyour computer can beused to perform tasks nomechanical system canduplicate or humanmind encompass. Con-trolling, coordinating,analyzing, forecasting... accessing informa-tion you never knewexisted.

The Third Stage

Actually, this is the third stage of the computerrevolution. From mainframes, which only the giantcorporations could afford, to minicomputers cost-ing $50 to $100,000 that brought computers to tensof thousands of companies, to the new generationof desk-top, micro/mini computers, ranging inprice from $3-$4,000 to about $10 or $12,000 (withsubstantial tax benefits cutting the cost even more)that are feasible even for

ing on a salesman or a company representativeto help you over the rough spots—could create anightmare, disrupt your operation for months andcost you more money than a computer can save inyears of operation.

If this seminar does no more than help youthrough the transition from mechanical to elec-tronic operations, it will be one of the best invest-ments of time and money you've ever made.

Get Free InformationWithout Risk or Obligation

But we're not asking you to accept this or anythingelse we've promised without thoroughly examiningwhat the program has to offer. Call toll free (orreturn the coupon below) and we'll send youcomplete and detailed information. Read itthrough, you'll see how thoroughly the subject iscovered, how professionally it's handled, andexactly what it includes to help meet your specificneeds.

If you decide to go ahead, the 12 sections can becovered quite quickly. Moreover, the cost is a frac-tion of what you'd probably spend at a one, two orthree day seminar. With an added bonus... sincemost of your material will be extremely helpful tothose who will actually be running and responsiblefor the computer in your office.

All it takes to enter the computer age is a phonecall to McGraw-Hill. Do it now.

one to two-people firms.

What is truly extraor-dinary about this is thatthese new, little, inex-pensive computers cando virtually everythingthose old giants could do—and in many waysmore, since they're moreflexible and can usepreexisting programs foralmost every function.

You don't have todelay or miss out on thisfor lack of understand-ing or fear you'll be get-ting in over your head.Conversely, plungingahead without adequatepreparation—depend-

Call Toll Free 1-800-323-1717

Ask for Operator 50 (In Illinois, phone 1-800-942-8881)Or Mail Coupon

lb: McGraw-Hill Continuing Education Center

Computer Science Division3939 Wisconsin Avenue, NWWashington, DC 20016

No Risk, No Obligation Reply Form

At-Home Seminar on Microcomputers with Cassettes

YES, I'm interested in finding out more about your microcomputer learning program.Please send me complete and detailed information. I understand this does not obligate mein any way and that no salesman will call.

Name

(Please Print)

Title

Organization

Street Address

City/State/Zip

3487-102

Listing 1 continued:

LD HL,(AFT.CU)

DEC HL

DEC HL

JP SUD.DP

[ Point to byte after the cursor ][ Adjust the lumbers... 3I ...to get the proper result 3[ Junp to subroutine to calculateHL-BC+1 3

[ ♦ ♦♦♦•♦•••a*********************'**********************

Lit*.

This subroutine copies DC nunber of bytes such that they canbe shifted towards the loner address end of nenory. The firstbyte noved is fron the address indicated by HL to the addressindicated by DE, and it is at the loner address end of theblock of bytes being shifted. This instruction is equivalentto the LDIR (LoaD, Increment, Repeat) instruction of the Z80Microprocessor, so if a ZBO is to be used, the calls to thissubroutine cpn be replaced with the LDIR instruction. RegisterA is not changed by this subroutine. 1

r Save the contents of register Ai J

LDIR. LD (SAVE.A),AC Adjust the contents of BC for use as a two-byte counter! 3

CALL SET.BC[ hove the next byte fron (HL> to (DE) and point to the nextpair of locations; 3LP1IR LD A,(HL)

LD (DE),A

INC HL

INC DEC Decrenent the byte counter and repeat the loop if not zero: 3

DEC C

JP NZ.LP1IR

DEC B

JP NZ.LPtIRC Restore the contents of register A and returnt 3

LD A,(SAVE.A)

RET

[ *»******•***«•*****«*:LDDR.*****

This subroutine is sinithat the bytes are copithe higher end of lienoraddress end of the blocfron the address indica(BC nunber of bytes areto the LBDR instructionsubroutine can be replais used. Register A is

*********************************

lar to the LDIR subroutine above excepted such that they can be shifted towardsy. The first byte noved is at the upperk of bytes being shifted, and it is novedted by HL to the address indicated by DE.noved.) This subroutine is equivalentof the 280, so the calls to thisced with the LDDR instruction if a ZBOnot changed by this subroutine. J

l This subroutine differs fron the LDIR subroutine only in thatHL and DE are decremented instead of incremented: 3

LDDR.

LPIDR

LD

(SAVE.A),A

CALL

SET.BC

LD

A,(HL)

LD

(DE),A

DEC

HL

DEC

DE

DEC

C

JP

NZ,LPIDR

DEC

B

JP

NZ,LPIDR

LB

A,(SAVE.A)

RET

[ • a********************************************•**•*#•**«

MOVE.L»••*••

This subroutine noves a block of characters such that theposition of the cursor gap noves to the left. On input, HLnust point to the character which is to becone the characterto the right of the cursor. Initially that character nuitbe to the left of the cursor. On output, the values ofvariables BEF.CU and AFT.CU are changed appropriately. J

C Count the nunber of bytes which need to be noved; return

if there are none:nOVE.L CALL L.CNT

]

[ Count the nunber of bytes (tothe left) which need to be noved;Result in BC. Set carry if none.RET C t Return if there are no bytes to

be noved 3I Hove bytes to the right, across the cursor gap: 3

LD HL.IAFT.CU) C Point to the destination... 3DEC HL [ ...of the first byte... 3

EX DE.HL I ...using register DE 1LD HL,(BEF.CU) C Point to the first byte to be

noved, using register HL 1CALL LDDR. t Block nove, decrenent node, of

BC nunber of bytes 3C Adjust the values of BEF.CU and AFT.CU to indicate the neucursor position: 3

LB (BEF.CU),HL [ HL already points to the byte

before the cursor 3EX DE.HL [ Hove DE to HL ]

INC HL C Point back to last byte noved..

LD (AFT.CU).HL I ...for the address of the byte

after the cursor 3t All done: 3RET

L J********************************************************HDVE.R

:»•*•**

This subroutine noves a block of characters such that thecursor noves to the right. On input, HL points to thecharacter which is to becone the character to the left ofthe cursor. Initially that character nust be to the rightof the cursor. On output, the values of the variablesBEF.CU and AFT.CU are changed appropriately. 1

C Count thethere are noHOVE.R CALL

nunber ofne: 3R.CNT

RET C

[ Hove bytes

to the 1

LD

HL,(BEF.

INC

HL

EX

DE,HL

LD

HL.IAFT.

CALL LDIR.

[ Adjust thecursor positLD

EX

DEC

LD

[ All done:RET

values oion: 3(AFT.CU)

DE,HLHL

(BEF.CU)

3

bytes which need to be noved; return if

t Count the bytes (to the right)which need to be noved; resultin BC. Set carry if none. 3[ Return if there are no bytesto be noved 3eft, across the cursor gap: 3CU) ( Point to the destination... 3t ...of the first byte... 3I ...using register DE 3CU) I Point to the first byte tobe noved 3C Block nove, increnent node,of BC nunber of bytes 3f BEF.CU and AFT.CU to indicate the new

,HL [ HL already points to the byte

after the cursor 3

[ Hove BE to HL 1

[ Point to the last byte noved...

,HL C ...for the address of the byte

before the cursor 3

[ *«•*<**•*****•*****•»*»**»*•**•**************************

SRCH.L*»«•*»

This subroutine searches to the left (toward lower addresses)for the first occurance of the byte which is in register A.On input, HL nust point to the first byte to be checked, andliC nust indicate the nunber of bytes to be checked. On output,the Z flag is set if, but only if, the byte is found - in whichcase HL points to the byte after the Matching byte. (Ie. HL»1is the address of the Hatching byte.) Also on output, a clearedcarry flag indicates that the last byte (of the BC bytes) wasreached (but the Z flag still indicates whether the last bytenatches or not). This subroutine is equivalent to the CPDR(ConPare, Becrenent, Repeat) instruction of the Z80 nicro-processor except that the carry flag is used instead of theparity flag. Therefore, if a ZBO is to be used, thefollowing code can be used to replace the given code:SRCH.L CPDR

SCFJPCCFSKP1SL RET

PE,SKP1SL

[ Adjust the contents of BC so that it can be used as adouble-byte counter: 3

SRCH.L CALL SET.BCC Conpare the byte in nenory with the contents of register A,and point to the next byte in nenory: 3

LP1SL CP (HL)

DE1: HL Listing 1 continued on page 416

414 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

CONSUMER

DISCOUNT

PRICES

BUY DIRECT

PURE RADIO SHACK EQUIPMENTLOW DISCOUNT PRICES

BUY DIRECT

SAVE

MONEY

Q^>

MICRO MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, INC.

Q^>

TRS-80 DISCOUNT PRICED FROM

COLOR COMPUTER $299

MODEL III $609

TRS-80 DISCOUNT PRICED FROM

MODEL II $2988

MODEL 16 *4158

We offer you the total package

-SATISFACTION thousands of satisfied customers since 1978!

-PRICE consistently offer the best value! Save money

-HONESTY no gimmicks, no worry - mail order ease!

-INVENTORY large, full line to assure fast delivery!

-RELIABLE PRODUCTS backed by major Name Brand manufacturers!

—ALL U.S.A. SHIPMENTS are fully insured against damage or loss!

-TOLL FREE PHONES doesn't cost you a penny to call us!

CALL US TOLL FREE FOR YOUR DISCOUNT PRICES!*WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG*

A ATARI

CEflTRDniCS

TRS-80

PERSONAL COMPUTERS

PRINTERS

SOFTWARE

smith-corona®

DAISY WHEEL

SONY.

FRANKLIN

Cs commodore

COMPUTER

MICRO MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, INC.

PARCEL DIVISION - DEPT. NO. 12803 Thomasville Road East • Cairo, Georgia 31728GA. & INFO 912-377-7120

All TRS-80 Equipment is Pure Radio Shack Factory Built. Free copy of Radio ShackWarranty available upon request, tm Tandy corporation

ORDER TOLL FREE 1 800-841-0860

Circle 245 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 415

DECJPDECJP

NOTFND LD

XOR

INC

LD

RET

Listing 1 continued:

[ If the bytet are the sane, skip ahead: 3

JP Z,FOUND[ Decrenent the loop counter and repeat the loop if it isnot zero: ]

C

NZ.LPISLB

NZ.LPISL

C No natch was found, so clear both the carry flag and the zeroflag and return: J

(SAVE.A),A C Save the contents of A ]A C Clear both the carry ... 3

A C ... and the Z flags 3

A,(SAVE.A) [ Restore A without changing flags J[ Return with NC * NZ status 3C A natch was found, so decrtnent the byte counter one lasttine and skip ahead if the counter is still not zero: ]FOUND DEC C

JP NZ,8KP2SLDEC B

JP NZ.SKP2SLC The natch was found on the last byte. Clear the carry flagand set the Z flag, then return: 3

LD (SAVE.A),A C Save the contents of A JXOR A C Clear carry flag, set Z flag ]

LD A, (SAVE.A) t Restore A without changing flags 3RET C Return with NC t Z status 1

[ The natch uas found before the count reached zero. Re-adjustthe byte counter to its original forn: 1SKP2SL INC C t If C is zero, ... J

DEC C [ ... then set the Z flag 1

JP Z.SKP3SL I If C is not zero, ... JDEC B [ ... then decrement E ]

C Set both the carry flag and the Z flag, then return: 1SKP3SL LD (SAVE.A),A [ Save the contents of A 1XOR A [ Set the Z flag )

SCF C Set the carry flag J

LD A,(SAVE.A) [ Restore A without changing flags 3RET [ Return with C 1 Z status 3

I *******************************************************SRCH.R

f This subroutine is sinilar to the SRCH.L subroutine aboveexcept that the search is performed in the opposite direction(to the right). It searches for a natch to the contents ofregister A starting at HL and searches BC bytes towards thehigher address end of nenory. The ouput conventions are thesane as for the SRCH.L subroutine except that if a natch isfound, the natching byte will be in the address indicated byHL-t . Since the endings are the sane as for SRCH.L, thissubroutine uses those endings. This subroutine is equivalentto the CPIR (ConPare, Increnent, Repeat) instruction of theZ80 except for the use of the carry flag instead of the parityflag. Therefore, the alternative Z80 code given for the SRCH.Lsubroutine can be used here by replacing CPDR with CPIR and byreplacing SRCH.L and SKP1SL with SRCH.R and SKP1SR(respectively). 3

C The connents are exactly the sane as for SRCH.L except asrioted: 1

SRCH.R CALL SET.BC

LP1SR CP (HL)

INC HL

C (This is the only instructionyhich is different ]

JP

Z,FOUND

DEC

C

JP

NZ.LP1SR

DEC

B

JP

NZ.LPISR

JP

NOTFND

[ *»••••••**•**•■*!*»**•**»**•:** i'***1***** ********* **************

CR.LFT******

This subroutine searches for the beginning of the <E-1)-thline to the left of the cursor, using carriage returns toindicate the end of each line. On input, register E nust equalthe nunber of carriage returns to be found, where the characterto the right of the last CR found is the desired character.(Note: If E-t, the beginning of the line containing the cursoris the location to be found.) (Note: E«0 is not allowed.)On output, there are four possible cases, indicated by the

status of the carry flag and the zero flag:

HL ■ Address of the byte to the right of theE-th carriage return (counting fron thecursor towards the left).

E « 0

HL • BEG.TX (Address of first byte of tent)E - Nunber of carriage returns not found.The beginning of the text was encounteredbefore reaching the desired line.

HL ■ Irrelevant

E * Unchanged

There are no bytes of text to the left of

the cursor.

HL ■ Irrelevant

E • 1 (Unchanged)

The beginning of the line containing the

cursor uas to be found, but the cursor

uas already at the beginning of the line. 3

I Deternine the total nunber of bytes of text to the left ofthe cursor: 1

CR.LFT CALL B6.CNT C Result in BC, carry flag set if BC=0 3

C If there are no bytes to the left of the cursor, return withthe carry flag set and the Z flag cleared (Case 13): ]

Case li NC t Z

Case 2: NC t NZ

Case 3: C I NZ

Case 4: C I Z

JP NC.SKP1LF

XOR A

SUB 1RET

SKPtLF LD

HL.(BEF.CU)

LD

A,(HL)

CP

CR.

JP

NZ.SKP2LF

LD

A,1

CP

E

JP

NZ.SKP2LF

t Carry inplies count is non-zero 3[ Set A to zero 1C Status of flags: C i NZ 3[ Return 3

C Check for special case M in which E=t and the byte to theleft of the cursor is a carriage return (ie. The cursor isat the beginning of the desired line). If this is not thecase, skip over the next section: 1

C Point to the left of the cursor 3C Load the byte ][ Is it a carriage return ? 3I If it is not, skip ahead 3C Load A with 1 )t Is E-t T 3[ If not, skip ahead 3C The cursor is already at the beginning of a line and E - 1,so indicate a Case II A by setting both the carry and Z flagsand returni 3

SCF C Status of flags: C I Z 3

RET [ Return 3

t Store the carriage return code in register Ai(Note: HL still points to the byte before the cursor) 3SKP2LF LD A,CR.[ Search for the next carriage return to the left: 3LP3LF CALL SRCH.L C Search operation, to the left,

starting at HL, repeats until CRfound or BC'O 1C If the beginning of the text has been reached, skip ahead: 3JP NC,SKP4LF C A cleared carry flag inpliesBC » 0 3I If nore carriage returns need to be found, repeat the loop:(Note: HL already points to the byte before the CR) 3DEC E [ Decrenent CR counter 3

JP NZ,LP3LF [ Repeat loop if not zero 3C Case HI: Enough carriage returns have been found, so pointto the byte following the last CR found, change the flags,and return: 3

HL [ Point to the last CR found 3

HL £ Point to the byte to the right

of it 3A [ Status of flags: NC, t Z 3

[ Return 3

I The beginning of the text has been reached, so set HL to theaddress of the first byte of text and clear the carry flag: 3SKP4LF INC HL C (Note: Does not affect zero flag) 3

SCF

CCF I Carry flag cleared 3

C If the first byte of the text is not a carriage return, adjustthe line count and return: 1

JP Z,SKP5LF C Zero flag still unchanged fronsearch operation; it indicateswhether the first byte is a CR 3t Decrenent line counter 3[ Return with the carry flagcleared and the zero flagdeternined by the results of thedecrenent E operation. (CaseII 1 or t 2 3I The first byte of the text is a carriage return; if this isenough CR's found, point to the next byte and return: 3SKP5LF INC HL ( Point to the second byte of text 3

Listing 1 continued on page 418

INCINC

XORRET

DECRET

416 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

EM PLOYM E\ T OPPORTUNITIES

ResearchAssociate III,

Robotics/Circuit Design

Design and implement analog and digital cir-cuits in support of robot research involvingcomputer interfaces, vision systems, varioussensors (for example, force, proximity), andlow power electronics. Work with technician;write and deliver oral reports on research re-sults. BSEE with at least 3 years work expe-rience. Familiarity with digital equipment,analog circuitry, instrumentation-type cir-cuitry. Competence with video signals. Submitresume to: Ann Y. Enloe, Employee RelationsOfficer, Research Associate III, Robotics/Cir-cuit Design position, Personnel Office.

University ofRhode Island

80 Lower College Road

Kingston, Rhode Island 02881

An affirmative action/equal

opportunity employer m/f

Let

McGraw-Hill'sClassifiedAds WorkFor You

Martin Marietta Aerospace, NASA's designated Contractor ior the Space Shuttle Ex-ternal Tank Program has the following immediate opportunities at their MichoudAssembly Facility in suburban East New Orleans:

Business Applications Programmers/Project Lead Experienced In:

•Engineering •Manufacturing *Shop Floor Control

•Scheduling •Inventory •Purchasing

UNIVAC DMS 1100 Data Base Or Other CODAS YL Data Base

Experience Utilizing The Data Manipulation Language With

COBOL Knowledge Of:

•DDL *SDDL 'TIP/CMS «DPS 1100 *DDS 1100

Specialist

•Network Controllers 'Operations Research

All interested and qualified candidates are urged to send their resume, completewith salary history and background to: Martin Marietta Aerospace, Dept. B, P. O.Box 29304, New Orleans, Louisiana 70189, Attn: Personnel Department. We are anequal opportunity employer, m/l/h.

mjhhtiiv iM\r*iEi~TA

For only...

$768

your recruitment ad in this4" space will reach 290,000qualified readers just likeyourself.

To place your ad call 212-997-2556, or send your copyto the address below.

GVTE

P.O. BOX 900, NY 10020

ELECTRONIC/COMPUTER ENGINEERS

CPU

ROM

"FORTRAN

I000000I^ DIGITAL /

YOU SPENT LONG HOURS STUDYING TO GET

YOUR DEGREE , BUT NOW YOU'RE PUZZLED

ABOUT WHERE YOU CAN GO TO BEST

USE THOSE SKILLS .

WARNER ROBINS AIR LOGISTICS CENTER

offers a civil service career as an engineer with a chance to

work with state-of-the-art technology to support the most

advanced defense weapons system in the world.

Warner Robins ALC will hire approx. 180 electronic/computer

engineers. For more info, call toil free

1-800-841-9193 or 1 -800-342-0570 (in Georgia)!

or write to: DPCSC—Employment office, Robins A.F.B., Georgia 31098

WARNER ROBINS AIR LOGISTICS CENTERROBINS A.F.B., GEORGIA 31098

U.S. CITIZENSHIP REQUIRED - AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER

Listing 1 continued:

BEC E C Becrenent lint counter 3

RET Z [ Return if all CR's found

status of flags: NC, i Z(Case » 1) 3C The beginning of one nore line can be found since the carriagereturn at the beginning of the text is the first (and only)byte of a line, so point back to it and decrement the linecounteri 3

DEC HL [ Point to the first byte of text 3

DEC E C Count another line found 1

RET [ Return with carry flag cleared,

and zero flag determined by theresult of the previousinstruction. (Case II or 12) 3

CR.RIT

This subroutine searches for the beginning of the E-th lineto the right of the cursor, using carriage returns to indicatethe end of each line. On input, register E Must equal thenunber of carriage returns to be found, where the character tothe right of the E-th carriage return (to the right of thecursor) it the desired character. (Notei E»0 is not allowed.)On output, there are four possible cites, indicated by thestatus of the carry flag and the zero flag:

CASE 1: NC t Z

CASE 2: NC t NZ

HL = Address of the byte after the E-thcarriage return to the right of thecursor.

E » 0

HL

E =

Address of the byte after the last

carriage return in the text. (But if

the last byte of text is a carriage

return, it will point to the byte

after the next-to-the-last carriage

return.)

Nunber of carriage returns not found

CASE 3: C t NZ

CASE 4| C I Z

HL ■ Irrelevant

E - Unchanged

There is to text to the right of the cursor.

HL * Irrelevant

E • Unchanged

The cursor is already on the last line of

text tie. no carriage returns were found,

not including the last byte of text). 1

C Determine the total nunber of bytes of text to the right ofthe curtori 1CR.RIT CALL ND.CNT C Result is in BC; carry flag is setif BC » 0. 3C If there is no text to the right of the cursor, return withthe carry flag set and the Z flag cleared (Case 13)i 3

JP NC,SKP1RI C Non-carry inplies non-zero count 3

XOR A t Set A to zero 1

SUB 1 C Status of flagsi C I NZ 3

RET t Return 3

t Store the initial value of E i> register D to allow for laterchecking the nunber of carriage returns encountered beforereaching the end of the text: 3

SKPtRI LB B,E[ Store the carriage return code in register A and point to thebyte to the right of the cursor: 3

LB A,CR. t Put carriage return code in A 3

LD HL.(AFT.CU) t point to byte after cursor 3[ Search for the next carriage return to the right: 3LP2RI CALL SRCH.R C Search operation, to the right,starting at HL, repeats until aCR is found, or BC counter =0.1r. If the end of the text has been reached, skip ahead: ]

JP NC,SKP3RI [ A cleared carry flag indicatesBC = 0 3t If nore carriage returns need to be found, repeat the loop:(Note: HL already points to the byte after the CR.) 3DEC E

JP NZ.LP2RIE Case 111 Enough carriage returns have been found, so clearthe carry flag and return. (Note: HL already points to thebyte after the carriage return and it does not go past theend of the text since BC is not equal to zero): 1SCF

CCF I Carry flag cleared 3

RET C Status of flags: NC, Z 3

r The e

nd of

the text h

returns

were

found, set

and return:

1

SKP3RI

LD

A,D

cr

E

JP

NZ,SKP4RI

SCF

RET

I Case

12:

At least on

last one (but without i

search)

: 3

SKP4RI

LD

HL,(END.TX

DEC

HL

LD

A,CR.

LB

BC.65535D

CALL

SRCH.L

INC

HL

INC

HL

: Clear

the

zero and ca

XOR

A

ADD

1

RET

as been reached, so if no carriageboth the carry and Z flags (Case H4)

C Hove the initial value of E to A 3[ Conpare it with the present value 3[ If different, skip ahead 3[ Status of flags: C I Z 3[ Return 3e carriage return was found, so find thencluding the last byte of text in the

) C Point to the next to the... 3

C ...last byte of the text 3

C Put a carriage return code in A 3

[ Set BC so it won't reach zero 3

[ Search node, towards the left ]

C Point to the carriage return 3

[ Point to the right of the CR 3

rry flags and return: 3

[ Set A to zero 3

I Status of flags ■ NC, NZ 3

C Return 3

[ *******t*****t*************t*****t************************Subroutines to change VERT and HORIZ:

**»**********************»»■**+■+*++* +

The following eight subroutines adjust the values of VERT andHORIZ such that the position of the cursor is noved eitherincrenentally up, down, left, or right or is noved to the topline, botton line, left side, or right side as desired(according to which subroutine is called). (Note: Thesesubroutines do not affect the position of the cursor in thetext.) Registers BC, BE, t HL are not changed by thesesubroutines. They use connon endings to save the new valuesin nenory. 3

[ Hove the cursor to the top line of the screen (VERT=I): 3TOP.V LB A,1

JP LOADV

C Hove the cursor to the next line up on the screen: 3

DEC." LD A,(VERT.)

CP 1

JP Z.LOADV

DEC A

JP LOADV

t Is it at the top of the screen T 3[ If so, skip to the ending without

changing VERT 3t Becrenent VERT 3

C Hove the cursor to the next line down on the screen: 3

INC.V

LB A,(VERT.)

PUSH HL

LD HL,LINES.

CP (HL)

POP HL

JP Z,LOADV

INC A

JP LOADV

[ Save the contents of HL 3

[ Point to the nunber of lines on

the screen 3C Set the zero flag if VERT - LINES 3C Restore HL without affecting flags 3C Skip ahead without changing VERT if

it is already at its naxinun value 1[ Increment VERT 3

[ Hove the cursor to the botton line of the screen (VERT=LINES>: 3BOT.V LB A,(LINES.)

[ This connon ending is used by all four above subroutines.Put the new value of VERT into nenory. 3

LOADV LD (VERT.),AC All done: 3RET

C Hove the cursor to the left side of the screen <HORIZ*1): 3LFT.H LD A,l

JP LOADH

t Hove the cursor left one position on the screen: 3DEC.H LD A,(HORIZ.)

DEC A C Decrenent HORIZ 3

RET Z t ...but not if it is off the screen 3

JP LOADH

E Hove the cursor right one position on the screen: 3INCH LB A,(HORIZ.)

PUSH HL C Save the contents of HL 3

LD HL,UIDTH. t Point to the nunber of charactersper line 3

Listing 1 continued on page 420

418 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

CP/MIBM

WORDSTAR™

$249

dBASE II™

$495

SuperCalc™

$189

PerfectWriter™

$249

For For

MICROPRO™ Apple cp/m

WordStar $199 $249*

Wordstar/MailMerge$259 $309*

MailMerge $ 69 $ 79*

CalcStar $119 $199

DataStar $169 $199

SpellStar $119 $169

Supersort $119 $169

PERFECT SOFTWARE™

Perfect Writer $249*

Perfect Speller $129*

Perfect Filer $189*

CHECK OUT ALL OUR INCREDIBLE BUSINESS CP/M® PRICES.

VISICORP

VisiCalc (256K)

TCS ACCOUNTING™

General LedgerAccounts PayableAccounts ReceivablePayroll

All four aboveInventory ManagementTRSDOSAccounting Package

ASHTONTATE™

dBASE II

$189**

$ 99*$ 99*$ 99*$ 99*$249*$ 99

$199

$495*

SORCIM™

SuperCalc

SPELLGUARD™

$189*$179*

THE 800-SOFTWARE PROMISE.

We are dedicated to providing the finest software at the lowestpossible price. Plus the personal service you expect and deserve.Count on us for:

□ The lowest prices anywhere. High volume selling makes itpossible.

□ Fast delivery. We process every order the same day we getit.

□ Giant inventory. Everything's in stock so you don't have towait.

□ Technical support. We back up what we sell.

□ Specialist expertise. We are the business CP/M* softwareexperts and can serve you better. Let us prove it.

SMARTERM™

$ 49

IUS™

Easywriter II

$269**

Easyspeller

$139**

CBASIC™

$ 99

SELECT™

"The Word Processor"

$395

MICROSOFT™

Softcard

$289

Videoterm (Videx™)Ram CardAll three aboveMBASIC

FOX AND GELLER™

Quickcode

CONDOR I™ (Data Base)THE WORD PLUS™

'These programs are alsoavailable for IBM"IPC."Only for 1BM*IPC.Price includes manualsOpen Saturdays

$279$169$579$279

$239$209$129

TO ORDER. CALL TOLL-FREE:

800-227-4587

In California 800-622-0678

CA residents add sales tax.

OR WRITE:

800-SOFTWARE, INC.

185 Berry Street, Suite 6820, San Francisco, CA 94107

□ Purchase orders accepted.

D Prompt UPS 3 day Blue Label service.

□ Call for shipping charges.

800-SOFTWARE

Circle 431 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 419

Circle 146 on inquiry card.

MICROSTAT® - Release 3.0

MICROSTAT® + baZic® = PERFORMANCE

The best just got better! MICROSTAT has been theleader in the statistics field for microcomputers since1979, and the new release 3.0 outperforms and isnoticeably faster than previous versions. Just a fewof the features include:

GREATER ACCURACY

BCD with up to 14 digit precision;

PROGRAM ENHANCEMENTS

Missing data capabilities and many more;

FASTER EXECUTION

Calculation time greatly reduced;

DYNAMIC FILE ALLOCATION

Data can be inserted, added, or deleted;

SPECIAL PRICE:

For a limited time get MICROSTAT plus baZiccomplete with program disk and documen-tation for each for $395.00, save $50.00!

The MICROSTAT - baZic version requires: a Z80 CPU,CP/M" and 48K of memory. Available formats: 8" SDdisk or 5V*" North Star only. Check with your dealer forother formats. Also available for: Microsoft's Basic-80'",North Star DOS and IBM. For more information, callor write:

ECOSOFT INC.

P.O. Box 68602

Indianapolis, IN 46268-0602

(317) 255-6476

MICROSTAT is a registered trademark of ECOSOFT. INC

baZic is a registered trademark of MICROMIKES. INC.

CP/M is a registered trademark of DIGITAL RESEARCH

Basic-80 is a registered trademark of MICROSOFT

Powerful Lab GraphicsFor Your Apple II + ® Computer

•Tii'][' lift*

A

SCIENTIFIC PLOTTER

CURVE FITTER

I*

2.,

1—

..Jin.

V

*JyL"l

1'

/

* V

e—•—.

*-f"

•i a A /A, » i

\J ■-'

*» J 1 1 1 of*

SCIENTIFIC PLOTTER 48K APPLE II+,$25

Draws professional-looking graphs of your data. EASIER, FASTER, NEATERand more ACCURATE than handplotting. You choose data format, length andposition of axes, 20 symbols, error bars, labels anywhere In 4 orientations, etc.Includes 5 DEMOS on disk with 30-PAGE MANUAL.

CURVE FITTER 48K APPLE II+,$35

Selects the best curve to tit your data. SCALE, TRANSFORM, AVERAGE,SMOOTH, INTERPOLATE (3 types), LEAST SQUARES FIT (3 types), EVALUATEUNKNOWNS from fitted curve. Includes 5 DEMOS on disk with 33-PAGEMANUAL.

VIDICHART™ 48K APPLE II +, $75

NEW tools for lab data management. FAST plots of A data sets with SCROLL-ING in 4 directions. ZOOM scaling on X and Y axes, 2 types of graphic CUR-SORS and on-screen STATUS REPORT. PLOTS A/D INPUT while sampling.ADD, SUBTRACT, MULTIPLY, DIVIDE, INTEGRATE, DIFFERENTIATE,AVERAGE or NORMALIZE data sets with SIMPLE COMMANDS. Ideal for spec-tra, chromatograms, rate curves, etc. Includes SAMPLE DATA on disk with28-PAGE MANUAL.

SPECIAL! All 3 programs on one disk, only $120. Since each program uses thesame data format on disk, data may be shared.

BUY THESE PROGRAMS AT YOUR LOCAL DEALER OR ORDERDIRECT. For more information, ask for FREE brochure or send $5 for anymanual ($12 for all 3), deductible with purchase. Add $1.50 shipping on allorders. For fastest service, call in your VISA or Master Card order.

INTERACTIVE MICROWARE, INC.

P.O. Box 771, Dept. B State College, PA 16801

CALL (814) 238-8294 for IMMEDIATE ACTION

luji

* Trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

Listing 1 continued:

CP (HL)

POP HL

RET Z

INC A

JP LOADH

C Set zero flag if H0RIZ ' WIDTH ]

C Restore HL without affecting flag; ]

I Return if HORIZ is already at its

naxinun value 3[ Increment HORIZ 1

t Hove the cursor to the right of the screen (HORIZ=UIDTH)t 3RIT.H LD A,(UIDTH.)

t This is the connon ending for the above four subroutines: 3

LOADH LI (HORIZ.),A [ Load the ntw value Into ntnory 3RET

C8PR8.

This subroutine conbines any conprttted-tpece-bytes which artadjacent to ono another. It it used to combine any tuch byteswhich *ay have boon split up by sone of the cursor Aovenentoperations. (Specifically, if the UP, B0UN, PABE FORWARD,PA6E BACKWARD, TOP or BOTTOH operations ere ueed when thecursor is between two ipacos, those conprested-spece-byteswill bt left split up, wasting neitory space.) This subroutinealto re-initializes the value of HERE tince this subroutinechanges the text tuch that it itay no longer point to tht sanelocation at when defined. Tht new value of HERE ttak.es alluttt of it invalid until it it rt-dtfintd. 3

r leltializt tht valut of HERE to END.TX + li 3

CHPR8. CALL IHIT.HC Count tht nunbir of bytet tt the left of the cursor, put thtresult in IC and skip ahtad to tht ttcond half of thtsubroutiat if it it ztroi 1

CALL BB.CNT I Count the 8 of bytet, put therttult in BC t set the carryflag if zero 3JP C.SKP7CH C Skip ahead if there art no bytesto the lift of tht cursor ]C Point to tht firtt bytt of ttxt with both register pairsDE t HLi }

LB HL,(BE6.TX)LB B,HLB E,LE Adjust tht conttntt of BC for use at a double-byte counter) 3

CALL 8ET.BCc Btgin outtr loopi 3

C Hove tht ntxt bytt fron (HL) to (DE), leaving a copy of itin register Ai 3LP1CH LB A,(HL)LB IDE),AC Btgin inntr loop: 3C Point to tht ntxt source location! 3

LP2CH INC HLr Decrement tht bytt counttr and if it it zero, skip ahtad totht tnd of this half of tht tubroutinti 3

BEC C I Becrentnt loner half of counter 3

JP NZ.SKP3CH C Continue if not zero 3BEC B C Btcrtnent upptr half of counter 3

JP Z.SKPtCH [ Exit fron this loop if done 3C If tht ntxt bytt to bt novtd cannot bt combined with tht oneJust novtd, skip over tht ntxt 2 ttctionti 3SKP3CH CALL BIT7A. C If MSB of last bytt ftoved it not

a ztro, it it an ASCII code 3JP NZ,SKPSCH t Skip ahtad if not t conpretsed-

tpace-byte 3CALL BIT7H. [ If the next bytt to bt Moved is

an ASCII code, clear zero flag 3JP NZ,SKP5CH C Skip ahtad if not a conpressed-

space-byte 3C Conbint tht two conpretsed-tpace-bytet, tnturing that thecount for tht rttultant nunbtr of tpactt it not too largei 3ABB (HL) C CoNbint counts 3

CALL BIT7A. C Count greater than 127 decinalT 1JP Z.8KP4CH [ If not, tkip over next

instruction 3LD A.I27D [ Load A with naxinun allowablecount 18KP4CM LB (BE),A C Stort the conbintd byte in nenory 3C Rtptat tht inntr loop tinct thtrt nay bt nore spicet in thenext byttt 3

JP LP2CHr Tht byttt cannot bt conbintd, so point to the text dtstinationand reptat tht nain loopi 38KPSCH INC BE I Point to ntxt destination 3

JP LP1CH I Reptat outer loop 3

Listing 1 continued on page 422

420 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 201 on inquiry card.

We're looking for answers from the:

(A) Earth

(B) Moon

(C) Stars

(D) All of the above...and then some!

If you picked "D", our minds aretuned to the same frequency.

Because at TRW Defense SystemsGroup (DSG), computer scientists,mathematicians and engineers searchfor answers to complex, challengingtasks, often long before an actualproblem arises.

On earth, for example, our InformationProcessing Division harnesses thecomputational power of more than adozen computer systems to developbusiness, scientific, general purposeand mini/micro applications.

At the same time, in space, ourImage Processing Division pioneersthe application of mini and microcomputer networks to the processingof all types of data and imagery. Infact, a team of TRW specialistsrectified and enhanced the images ofExplorer VI,'the satellite that providedus with the first TV picture fromspace in 1959.

By now you've probably guessed thatwe work on some pretty exciting,diverse projects. Exploring the earth,moon and stars. For answers whosequestions are yet to come.

But that's just scratching the surface.We're also into: electronic informationsystems, battlefield reconnaissance,tactical and strategic C3I, digitalavionics, naval EW systems, MXdevelopment, space operations anddefense, space transportation, lasersystems, and ballistic missile systemstechnology.

If you're a computer scientist,mathematician, or engineer whoenjoys working with abstract concepts,and turning them into high technologyapplications, let us know.

The earth, moon and stars couldeasily be your stomping ground. Ifyou do your thinking at TRW.

TRW is an Equal Opportunity Employeroffering excellent salaries, a FlexibleBenefits Plan that includes flexibleworking hours, a medical/dental/visionplan and 2 weeks vacation per yearplus a Christmas shutdown.

Investigate the opportunities awaitingyou at TRW. Submit your resume inconfidence to:

David G. DrugmanDefense Systems Group, BY-0One Space Park. Bldg. El/2035Redondo Beach. CA 90278

U.S. Citizenship RequiredEqual Opportunity Employer

Rh

I l\WW

Listing 1 continued:

t Updttt the value of BEF.CUi 3SKPoCH EX BE.HL

LD (BEF.CLD.HL

C Count the nunber of bytes to the right of the cursor, storethe result in BC, and return if inroi 3SKP7CH CALL ND.CNT t Count I of bytes, put remit in

BC I lot carry flag if ztro 3RET C C Return if no text to right of

curior 3C Point to tht lait byte of text with both BE t HI: 3LD HL,(ENB.TX)LD D,HLD E,Lt Adjust the content! of BC for tie* M a double-byte counter! 3

CALL 8ET.BC[ Begin outer loop: 3

I Hove the next byte fro* (HL) to (HE), leaving a copy of itin register At 1LP8CH LD fl,(HL)LD (BE),AC Begin inner loopi 3t Point to the next eource location! 3

LP9CH DEC HLC Bocrenent the byte counter end skip ahead to the ending if itif zeroi 3

DEC C [ Docrenent lower half of counter 3

JP HZ.SKPtOC [ Continue if not zero 3DEC B [ Docrenent upper half of counter 3

JP Z.SKP13C C Skip to ending if all done 1C If the next byte to be itovod cannot be combined with the onejuot xoved, skip over the next 2 sectionsi 3SKP10C CALL BIT7A. C If MSB of lait byte Moved Is

not a zero, it is an A8CII code 3JP HZ.SKP12C [ Skip ahead if not a eonpressed-

tpace-byte 3CALL BIT7H. C If the next byte to be Moved itan A8CII code, clear zero flag 3JP HZ,SKPt2C t Skip ahead if not a conpressed-space-byte 3C Conbine the tuo bytes, ensuring that the count for the nunberof spaces is not too largei 3

Model EP-2A-88

EPROM Programmer

* Easy to use

* Reliable

* Field proven

Fast as Jackrabbits . . . Well, almost!

In Australia, two rabbits can reproduce over 13 million offspring in three years ... At105 second for 2716's, the EP-2A-88 can reproduce 1,892,160 EPROMS in threeyears Single push control, the EP-2A-88 checks if EPROMS are erased, programsand verifies. Many features, including self test, diagnostics and audio prompt.

The EP-2A-88-1 will accept Copy (CM) modules for the 2758, and 2716 EPROMS.The EP-2A-88-2 will accept copy modules for the 2716, 2732 and 2532 EPROMS.The EP-2A88-3 accepts copy modules for the 2764, 2564, 27128 and 25128EPROMS. Power requirements are 115 VAC 50/60 Hertz at 15 watts.Part No. Description Price

EP-2A38-1 EPROM Programmer $510.00

EP-2A-88-2 EPROM Programmer 510.00

EP-2A-88-3 EPROM Programmer 525.00

CM-50 Copy Module for 2716,2516 25.00

CM-70 Copy Module for 2758,2508 25.00

CM-20 Copy Module for 2732 25.00

CM-20-A Copy Module for 2732A 33.00

CM-40 Copy Module for 2532 25.00

CM-642 Copy Module for 2564,25128 25.00

CM-643 Copy Module for 2764,25128 25.00

SE-64-2 Socket Expander for 2564,25128 88.00

SE-64-3 Socket Expander for 2764,27128 88.00

Optimal Technology, Inc.

Phone (804) 973-5482Blue Wood 127 Earlysville, Va 22936

ADD (HL) t Conbine counts 3

CALL DIT7A. C Count greater than 127 declnalT 3JP Z,SKP1tC C If not, skip over next step 3LD A,127D t Load A uith naxinun allowablecount ]8KP11C LD (BE),A [ Stori the conbined byte in nonory 3E Repeat the inner loop since there nay be nore spaces in thenext bytei 3

JP LP?CHC The bytes connot be conbined, so point to the next destinationand repeat the ealn loopi 3SKP12C DEC DE

JP LP8CHC Update the value of AFT.CUi 3SKPI3C EX BE,HL

LI (AFT.CU),HLC All donei 3RET

I IMUtin<t«l<<miM<UMIMIMIMI»IMIHIUIM,UM>l

SPACT.

This subroutine Hakes sure that there is roon to insert atleast one character into the text. If there it no roonavailable, the carry flag is set and the value of ED.ERR is setto 1 to indicate insufficient nenory. If the first count ofthe cursor gap size indicates there is no roon, an attenpt isnade to conbine any adjacent conpressed-spaco-bytes and the gapsize is re-checked before concluding that there is no roon.If there is roon available, the carry flag will be clearedCMC") and register BC will contain the nunber of locations inthe cursor gap. Register A is unchanged by this subroutine. 3

c Save the contents of register A in such a way that it canbe restored without changing the flagsi 38PACT. LB L,APUSH HLc Deternine the nunber of locations available and skip ahead ifthere is one or norei 3

CALL 8P.CNT C Count size of cursor gap 3

JP HC.SKPISP [ Carry flag set indicates nospaces available 3t. Attenpt to conbine any adjacent conpressed-space-bytesi 3

CALL CHPR8.C Check again for roon in the cursor gap with the contents ofthe carry flag indicating if there is nou sone room 3

CALL 6P.CNT [ Count size of cursor gap 3

I If there uas no roon, set ED.ERR to 1, leaving the carryflag seti 3SKPtSP JP NC,3KP2SP [ Skip ahead if roon 3LD A,I t Put a I ... 3

LB (ED.ERR),A [ ... into ED.ERR 3[ Restore the contents of register A without affecting theflagsi 3

HL

A,L

Return uith the carry flag indicating the status: 3

SKP2SP POPLDI All done.RET

InSRT.

This subroutine inserts one byte (contained in register A)to the left of the cursor. It is used by the I.CHAR, l.CR, andI.SPAC subroutines. A check is nade to deternine if there isroon to insert one byte, and if not, the carry flag is set andthe insertion is not nade. Also, if appropriate, the value ofED.ERR is set to t to indicate insufficient nenory. RegisterA is unchanged by this subroutine. 3

[ Hake sure there is roon touith the carry flag set. (ED.subroutine if there is no rooIH8RT. CALL SPACT.

RET C

t Insert the byte in registercursor) 1

LI HL.(BEF.CU)

IHC HL

LD (Hl),A

LD (BEF.CU),HLC Return uith the carry flaginsertion! 3

OR A

422 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 287 on inquiry card.

insert one byte. If not, returnERR is set to 1 by the SPAC?> I 3

[ Set the carry flag if there is

no roo* 3I Return if the carry flag is set 3A into the text to the left of the

[ Point to byte to left of cursor 3

[ Point to next location 3

C Store the contents of register A

there 3[ Update tht BEF.CU pointer 3cleared to indicate a successful

C Clear the carry flag 3

Listing 1 continued on page 424

How switching light bulbsin your company can savebarrels ana barrels of oil.

Save $2 to $80 per socket per year justby substituting one bulb for another.Or saveupto $328 per socket per yearwith a whole new lighting system.

If your company's using the same type oflight bulbs as before the energy crisis hit fiveyears ago, you're not only wasting energy,you're probably losing a pile of money.

For example, in the WestinghouseEcon-o-watt® family of lamps—available inincandescent, fluorescent and high intensitydischarge lamps, simple lamp substitutioncan show energy savings of up to 25%.

For example, are you still using thestandard 40 watt fluorescents in youroffices? Replacing them with the ingeniousWestinghouse Econ-o-watt® fluorescentlamp immediately saves up to 6 watts persocket—and you'd need a light meter tonotice the change in light level.

And where quality of light is as importantas energy savings, Westing houses revolu-tionary (Jltralume™ fluorescent lampscan provide up to 30% more light thandeluxe fluorescents.

If you want to really maximize your energysavings, a total system replacement withCeramalux-4™ lamps would be just theticket. Ceramalux-4 lamps save up to 80%of the energy of incandescents. And it is thefirst high pressure sodium lamp to produce alight quality equal to or better than coolwn ite fI uorescents.

Call or write for your free copy of"Substitute for Savings'.'

Any way you figure the energycrisis—by barrels of oil ordollars —there are realsavings to be had in cuttingyour energy costs. To getstarted, call for a copy of"Substitute for Savings!'Call toll-free: 800-631-1259.The brochure tells you in plainlanguage what you should knowabout lighting costs and what youcan do about them. You may not qualifyas a lighting engineer after reading it, butyou will have a sharper pencil.

© Westinghouse

>^ • Lamp Divisions

Bloomfield, Mew Jersey 07003Circle 412 on inquiry card.

A-9675

Listing 1 continued:RET

[ •«•»*••*••••••*«••••*«»«**•*••*•••••#••**«**•**••*••*•*•

TOP.

This tubroutine novel tht cunor to the beginning (top) of thetext (in front of tht fint character) and novei the cunorsyitbol to tht upper left corntr of tht tcretn. 3

C Point to the firtt character of ttxti ]

TOP. LD HL.IBEO.TX)I Hove that byte to the right of the cunor (nove cunor ltft)a*d adjuit the valuei of BEF.CU t AFT.CUl 3

CALL NOVE.Lt Novo the cunor lynbol to the upper left coraer of the tcrteni 3

CALL TOP.V [ Stt VERT • t J

CALL LFT.H C Set HORIZ < 1 3C All doaei J

RET

L *•»«»»*• •*•»««•»♦**•**»****««**♦*«•*»**•** »**»♦*»+*•**•

BOTOX.

Thii tubroutine novel the cunor to tht end of the text andnovel the cunor ivnbol to the lower right corner of thescreen. (Notei The BBP.TX tubroutine will adjust the valuei

of HORIZ and VERT if necenary.) J

t Point to the lait byte of texti 3

BOTON. LB HLr(EHB.TX>[ Nove that byte to the left of the cursor (eovt cunor toright) and adjutt tht valuei of BEF.CU t AFT.CUl 3

CALL HOVE.RC Nove the cunor to the lower right corner of tht tcrteni 3

CALL BOT.V t Set VERT • LINES 3

CALL RIT.H C Set HORIZ - UIBTH ][ All donei 1

RET

I •••»••••••••«**•«***•**••*••*•**•**•*••*••*••«•**••»•**•*

UP.

*••

ilui lubroutint novti tht cunor to tht beginning of either

the tane or the previout line. If the cunor it not at the

beginning of a lint, it ii novtd to the beginning of that line.

If the cunor ii at the beginning of a line, it is novtd to

the beginning of the previout line. 1

l Point to the beginning of the line containing the cunor: 1UP. LI E,1 t 1« • of CR'i to be found 3

CALL CR.LFT t Remit in HL 3[ If the cunor it not at the beginning of a line, skip aheadsince HL now point! to the byte to bt novtd to the right ofthe cunori 3

JP NC.SKP1UP C (Flag conditions let by CR.LFT) 1C If the cursor is at the beginning of the text, returni J

RET NZ[ The cursor is at the beginning of a line, so point to thebeginning of tht previous linei 1

LB E,2 C 2« I of CR't to be found 3

CALL CR.LFT C Retult in HL 1C Novo tht cursor up ont lint on tht screeni 3

CALL DEC.V C Bicrtnent VERT 3[ Nove the cunor to the left lidt of the tcrteni 3

SXP1UP CALL LFT.H C Set HORIZ to 1 3C Hove the cunor left (by noving the bytei across the cursorgap to the right side) and adjust the values of BEF.CU andAFT.CUl 3

CALL NOVE.L t Hotel HL polnti to the bytewhich is to becone the bytt totht right of tht cursor 1C All done: 1

RET

DOWN.

Thii lubroutint novts tht cunor to tht btginning of the nextline, but if it it already on the lait line, the cunor isnovtd to the end of the text. 1

[ Point to the beginning of the next line (after tht linecontaining tht the cursor)! JDOUH. LB E,1 [. 1= I of CR's to be found 3

CALL CR.RIT [ Result in HL if all goes OK 1

DEC HL £ Point to the carriage return at

the end of the present line 3[ If the beginning of tht next line was found, nove the positionof the cursor on the screen down one line and to the left side,then skip ahead: 3

JP C.SKPIDN C Carry flag set implies it was notfound 3

CALL INC.V C Increment VERT 1

CALL LFT.H t Set HORIZ") 3

JP SKPZDN C Slip ahead to nove tht cursor 1C If the cursor ii at the end of the text, returni 3

SKP10H RET NZ£ The cunor ii already on the last line, so point to the lastcharacter of tht ttxt and novt tht cursor to the right sideof the icretn: 3

LD HL.IEND.TX) C Point to end of text 3

CALL RIT.H t Set HORIZ<-UIDTH 3[ If the lait byte of text ii a carriage return, nove thecunor down one line: 3

LD A, (HL) C Put last byte in A 3

CP CR. t Ii it a CR ! 3

JP NZ,SKP2DH [ If not, skip aver next connand 3

CALL INC.V [ Nove cunor doun one line on screen 3[ Hove the cursor to the right (by noving bytes of text to theltft across the cursor gap), and adjust the values of BEF.CUand AFT.CUl ]SKP2DN CALL NOVE.R t Note: HL points to the byte whichis to becone the byte to the leftof the cunor 3£ All donei 3

RET

C IIMOXIIKMKVIlMKIIXttMllttKllUKtllll.lrtltlM

LEFT.

Thii tubroutine novel the cunor left one character position.If the cursor is already at tht btginning of the text, no changetaktt plact. If tht bytt to tht ltft of tht cursor is aconprttitd-ipact-byte, only ont of tht ipaces (rtprestnttd bytht byte) it novtd to tht other tidt of the cursor gap (thussplitting up a conprtsstd-space-byte if it rtprtsents nore thanone space). 1

r Hake sure there is at least one byte of nenory available

in case a conpressed-spact-bytt nttdi to bt expanded. If not,

return with tht valut of ED.ERR let to 1 to indicate

iiiuffidtnt ntnory: 3LEFT. CALL SPACT.RET C

C Nakt ture that there is at leait one character btfore the

cunor. Rtturn if thtrt itn'ti 1

CALL BG.CNT [ Stt carry flag if not at ltast one 3RET C C Return if the cursor ii already

at tht btginning of the text 3

E Oet the character to the left of the cunori 1

LD HL,(BEF.CU) C Point to character before cunor 3

LD A,(HL> C Stt tht byte 3I If the byte ii not a conpressed-space-byte, skip aheadi 3

CALL BIT7A. C HSB'O indicates conpressed-spact 3

JP HZ,SKP1LT C Skip ahtad if it it an ASCII code 3[ Put tht codt for ont spact in A and reduce the nunber of spacesin the byte to the left of the cursori 3

LD A,t [ 1 • code for ont spact 3

BEC (HL) C Btcrtntnt space count 3L If there are nore spaces renaming in the byte, skip the nextstctiom 1

JP NZ.SKP2LTC Erase the byte to the left of the cursor by changing thevalue of BEF.CUl 3SKP1LT BEC HL I Decrenent BEF.CU 3

LB (BEF.CU),HL C Store the new value in nenory 3t Point to the character after the cursori 3

SKP2LT LB HL,(AFT.CU)t Skip ahead unless two conpressed-space-bytet can be conbinedi 3

CP t ( Boet register A contain 1 tpace? 3

JP NZ.SKPJLT t Skip ahead if not 3

CALL BIT7N. [ It tht byte to tht right of the

cursor t conpreised-space-byteT 3

JP NZ.SKP3LT [ Skip ahead if it is an ASCII codt 3r. Conbint two conprttttd-ipact-byttt (whtrt tht one in registerA is a single space), and skip over the next section. However,

Listing 1 continued on page 426

424 October 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

The MICR0MINTZ8 BASKCOMPUTER/CONTROLLER board repre-sents a milestone in microcomputer price-performance. It is cheap enough to beprogrammed directly in a high level lan-guage, and efficient enough to be batteryoperated if required. The entire computeris 4" by 41/2" and includes a tiny BASICinterpreter, 4K bytes of program memory,one RS-232 serial port and two parallelports, plus a variety of other features. Us-ing a powerful Z8 microcomputer chip andZ6132 4K X 8 RAM, the Z8 BASICCOMPUTER/CONTROLLER board is com-pletely self-contained and optimized foruse as a dedicated controller. The unit isassembled and tested and comes withover 200 pages of documentation.The price, in single quantity, a tiny $195.*Optional power supply( + 5,+ 12 and-12V) $35.Please include $4 for shipping and handling.

•Call Micromint for quantity pricing

Z8 MICROCOMPUTER•On board tiny BASIC interpreter.

• Parallel and serial I/O ports.

• 6 interrupts.RS-232 CONNECTOR

• Just attach a CRT terminal and immediately writecontrol programs in BASIC.

4K BYTES OF RAM•Z6132 4K X 8 low power quasi-staticRAM. EPROM pin compatible.

SWITCH SELECTABLE BAUD RATES•110-9600 BPS.FULLY EXPANDABLE

• Data and address buses available for 124K memoryand I/O expansion.

• 2 onboard parallel ports.•7.3728MHZ crystal for fast control operations.

JUMPER SELECTABLE MEMORY OPTIONS•4K RAM, 2716 or 2732 EPROM operation.

LOW POWER•Consumes only 1V2 WATTS at +5, +12

and -12V (optional power supply available)

To Order:Call Toll Free1-800-645-3479

For Information Call1-516-374-6793

MICROMINT INC.917 MidwayWoodmere, N.Y. 11598

Micromint will put both a

computer development system

and an OEM dedicated controller

in the palm of your hand

for only $195.

\A

Circle 248 on Inquiry card.As featured in Byte Magazine, July, August, 1981.

Z8is a trademark of ZiSog Inc.

Listing 1 continued:

if the conbined count youending (effectively erasi

LD A,(HL>

CP 1270

JP Z.SKP4LT

INC (HL)

JP SKP4LTC Put the byte in registeqap and adjust the valueSKP3LT DEC HL

LD <HL),A

LD (AFT.CU1.HL[ If the character noveddown one line on the sere

CP CR.

JP NZ,SKP4LT

CALL RIT.H

CALL DEC.V

RET

[ Hove the cursor one plaSKP4LT CALL DEC.H

RET

Id cause an overflow, skip to theng the extra apace)) 1

[ Hove the (pace count to A J

C Is it at its naxinun value ? ]

C If to, skip to the ending 3

I Increment the nunber of spacesrepresented by the byte 3

t Skip over the next two sections }

A into the right end of the cursorof the AFT.CU pointer: 3

[ Point to the left of the byte tothe right of the cursor 3

C Put the byte there (fron register A) 3

[ Store the new value of AFT.CU 3was a carriage return, nove the cursoren and to the right side, and return: 3

C A ■ carriage return ? J

C Skip ahead if not 1

t Set HORIZ'UIDTH 3

t Decrement VERT 3

C Return 3ce to the left on the screen, S return: 3

[ Decrenent HORIZ 3

[ Return 1

f **********************************************************

RIGHT.

******

This subroutine noves the cursor right one character position.

If the cursor is already at the end of the text, no change

occurs. If the byte to the right of the cursor is a conpressed-

space-byte, only one of the spaces (represented by the byte) is

noved to the other side of the cursor gap <thus splitting upthe conpressed-space-byte). 3

C Hake sure there is at least one byte of nenory available incase a conpressed-space-byte needs to be expanded. If not,return with the value of ED.ERR set to 1 to indicateinsufficient nenory: 3RIGHT. CALL SPACT.RET C[ Hake sure there is at least one character after the cursor,and return if there isn't: 3

CALL HD.CHT t Set carry if not at least one 3RET C t Return if there is no place to

nove to 3[ Get the byte which is to the right of the cursor: 3

LD HL,(AFT.CU) C Point to byte after cursor 3LD A,(HL> C Bet the byte 3t If it is not a conpressed-space-byte, skip ahead: 3

CALL DIT7A. t HSD=1 indicates an ASCII byte 3JP NZ.SKP1RT C NZ inplies an ASCII byte 1is a conpressed-space-byte, so put the code for one spaceand reduce the nunber of spaces in the byte to the right

[ 1 • code for one space 3[ Decrenent space count 3renaining in the byte, skip the next

[ Itin Aof the cursor: 3

LD A,t

DEC (HL)t If there are nore spacessection: 3

JP NZ.SKP2RT[ Erase the byte to the right of the cursor by changing thevalue of AFT.CU: 3SKP1RT IRC HL C lncrenent AFT.CU 3

LD (AFT.CU).HL t Store the new value in nenory 3C Point to the byte to the left of the cursor: 3

SKP2RT LD HL,(SEF.CU)t Skip ahead unless two conpressed-space-bytes can be conbined: 3

CP 1 C Does register A contain 1 space? 3

JP NZ,SKP1RT C Skip ahead if not 3

CALL B1T7H. t Is the byte to the left of the

cursor a conpressed-space-byte? 3

JP HZ.SKP3RT I Skip ahead if not 3[ Conbine two conpressed-space-bytes (where one is a singlespace in register A) and skip over the next section. However,if the conbined space count would cause an overflow, justreturn (effectively erasing the extra space): 3

LD A,(HL) C Hove the space count into A 3

CP 127D [ Is it at its naxinun value ? 3

RET Z C If so, return 3

INC (HL) C Add one nore space to the byte

to the left of the cursor 1

JP SKP4RT C Skip over the next two sections 3C Put the byte in register A into the left end of the cursorgap and adjust the value of the BEF.CU pointer: 3SKP3RT INC HL I Point to the location to the

right of the byte to the leftof the cursor 3

426 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

LD (HL),A C Put the byte in register A there 3LD (BEF.CU),HL C Store the new value of BEF.CU 3C If the character noved was a carriage return, nove the cursordown one line on the screen and to the left side, then return: 3CP CR. [ A » carriage return T 1

JP NZ.SKP4RTCALL INC.VCALL LFT.HRET

E Skip ahead if not 3

: lncrenent VERT 3

C Set H0RIZ*1 3

t Return 3

C Nov* the cursor one place to the right on the screen S return:SKP4RT CALL INCH [ lncrenent HORIZ 3RET C Return 3

[ ********************************************************

PA6E.F******

This subroutine noves the location of the cursor to thebeginning of the line which follows the last line presentlydisplayed on the screen, and noves the cursor position tothe upper left corner of the screen. If the last byte oftext is already on the screen, the cursor is noved to theend of the text and the cursor synbol is noved to the lowerright corner of the screen (although it will probably benoved left by the DSP.TX subroutine). 3

t Calculate the I of carrget to the desired linePA6E.F LD A,(LINES.)

INC A

LD HL.vERT.SUB (HL)LD E,A[ Point to the E-th carriCALL CR.R1TDEC HL

C If the end of the textdesired line, junp to the

JP C.B0T0H.

JP NZ.BOTOH.C Hove the cursor there <

CALL HOVE.R

C Nove the cursor to the

CALL TOP.V

CALL LFT.H[ All done: 3

RET

iage returns to be skipped over to3

[ Load A with the nunber of lines

on the screen 3C Set A • LINES + 1 3[ Point to the variable VERT 1t A ■ LINES - VERT + 1 3[ Store result in E 3age return to the right of the cursor:[ Result in HL, if found 1[ Point to the carriage return(Does not affect flags) 3was encountered before reaching theB0T0N subroutine: 3

C CR's found only if status of...I ...flags are NC 8 2 ]t adjust BEF.CU ( AFT.CU): 3

C Note: HL points to the byte tobecone the byte to the left ofthe cursor 3upper left corner of the screen: 3[ Set VERT • I 3C Set HORIZ " I 3

r tt**************************************************•**»

PAGE.B******

This subroutine noves the location of the cursor such thatthe new botton line will be the line which is presentlyimmediately above the top line. If the first byte of textwill appear on the screen, the cursor is noved to thebeginning of the text. In either case, the cursor synbol isnoved to the upper left corner of the screen. 3C Calculate the nunber of carriage returns to be found (to theleft of the cursor) to get to the desired line: 3PAGE.B LD A,(VERT.) I Load A with the line nunber the

cursor is on 3

LD HL,LINES. C Point to the location containing

the nunber of lines on the screen 3

ADD (HL) I A • VERT » LINES 3

LD E,A t Hove result to E 3

I Point to the byte to the right of the E-th carriage return(to the left of the cursor): 3

CALL CR.LFT t Result in HL if found 1

E If the beginning of the text was encountered before reachingthe desired line, junp to the TOP subroutine: 1

JP C,T0P. t CR's found only if status of...3

JP HZ,TOP. C ...flags are HC I Z 3i Hove the cursor there (1 adjust BEF.CU I AFT.CU): 3

CALL HOVE.LC Hove the cursor to the upper left corner of the screen: 3

CALL TOP.V [ Set VERT * 1 3

CALL LFT.H I Set HORIZ = 1 3

r. All done: 3

RET

[ ************************************************************

Listing 1 continued on page 428

Collector Hdition

"E COVERS

The Byte covers shown below are available as beautiful Collector Edition Prints.Each full color print is 11 in. x 14 in., including a 11/2 in. border, and is part of anedition strictly limited to 500 prints. Each print is faithfully reproduced from theoriginal painting on museum quality acid-free paper, and is personally inspected,signed and numbered by the artist, Robert Tinney. A Certificate of Authenticityaccompanies each print attesting to its quality and limited number.

Collector Edition Prints are carefully packaged flat to avoid bending, and areshipped first class. The price of each print is $25, plus $3 per shipment for postageand handling ($8 overseas). The prints are also available as 4-print sets: Set 9-12,Set 13-16, and Set 17-20. Each set costs $80, plus postage and handling.

To order your own favorite Byte cover as a beautiful Collector Edition Print, usethe convenient coupon below. Visa or MasterCard orders may call 1-504-272-7266.

#17 Winter Computing $25 # 18 Seventeen Seventy-Six $25 gl #19 Crystal Ball $25 H; #20 Digital Arts $25

#14

31

Smalltalk $25

#15

Software

#16 Chip Building $25

#9 Software Piracy $25 #10 Programming Route $25 #11

Forth

$25 #12 Future Past $25

Please send me the following Prints ($25), or Sets ($80). □ I have enclosed check or money order.QTY. TITLE«PRINT NO. AMOUNT □ visa □ MasterCard $ Card No.

$ Exp. Date:

% SHIP MY PRINTS TO:

$ Name:

$ Address:

Mail this coupon to:

robert tinney graphics

1864 N. Pamela DriveBaton Rouge, LA70815

'VlSi

°*^

postage & handling $3.00 (Overseas $8.00) $_TOTAL $ _

City: .State:

C*lt

vrforj1*^

Oiore

_ Zip:.

JJ»im,

504

>nfo.

CAHD,

ra,3tl

*72

■'on

Bv^ng?266

Listing 1 continued:

I. CHAR*»»*»«

This subroutine inserts a character into the text to the leftof the cursor. The ASCII character to be inserted is containedin register A with the Most significant bit set. (Note thatcarriage returns are not inserted by this subroutine.) If thecharacter is a control code or a "DEL" byte (255 decinal),then set EI.ERR to 2 to indicate an invalid operation. Ifthere is no roon for the character to be inserted, then ED.ERRis set to 1 to indicate insufficient nenory. If either erroroccurs, the byte is not inserted. 1

C Hake sure that the character to be inserted is not a controlcode or a "DEL" byte. If it is, set ED.ERR to 2 and returns 3

I.CHAR CPJPCPJP

SKPtlC LDLDRET

SPACE.

C.SKP1IC

25SD

NZ.SKP2IC

A,2

(ED.ERR),A

3

1

C Is it a control code[ Skip ahead if so }[ Is it i "DEL" code[ Skip ahead if not 3[ Put a 2 ... 3[ ... into ED.ERR 1[ Return )

[ Insert the character into the text, including a check to nakesure there is rooH to insert it. However, if there is notenough roon, INSRT sets the carry flag and sets the value ofED.ERR to t (without having inserted the character)! 3

SKP2IC CALL INSRT.C If there Has not enough roon, return: 3

RET CC Hove the cursor one place to the right: 3

CALL INCH [ Increnent HORIZ 3C All dones 1RET

I.SPAC******This subroutine inserts one space to the left of the cursor. 1

r If the byte (if any) to the left of the cursor is not aconpressed-space-byte, skip over the next section: 3

I.SPAC CALL BG.CNT

JPLD

CSKP1ISHL,(BEF.CU)

CALL BIT7H.JP NZ.SKPIIS

CPRETINCJP

[ Is there a byte to the left of the

cursor ? (Clear carry flag if so) 3[ Skip ahead if not 1[ Point to the byte to the left of

the cursor 1C Is it a conpressed-blank-byte? )C Skip over next section if not 3I The byte to the left is a conpressed-space-byte, so add onenore space to it and skip ahead. Houever, if the conbined spacecount would cause an overflow, just return (effectively ignoringthe space to be inserted)! 1

LD A,(HL) I Put the space count into A 1127D [ Is it at the naxinun value ? ]Z C If so, return 3

(HL) I Increnent the spaces there 1SKP2IS [ Skip over the next section 1C Insert one space into the text to the left of the cursor.However, if there is not enough roon, INSRT sets the carryflag and sets the value of ED.ERR to t (without havinginserted the space): 1SKP1IS LD A,1 I 1 » code for one space ]

CALL INSRT. I Insert it into the text 3[ If there was not enough roon, return: 1

RET C[ Hove the cursor one place to the right, unless it would beoff the screen: 1

SKP2IS CALL INCH C Increnent HORIZ 3C All done: 1RET

i ************•****••**»** *•****:**++•*+»****+**************I.CR

•*•*

This subroutine inserts a carriage return into the text tothe left of the cursor. 1

[ Insert the CR into the text, Making sure there is roon forit. If there is not enough roon, IHSRT sets the carry flagand sets the value of ED.ERR to 1 (without having insertedthe carriage return): 1I.CR LD A,CR. C Put a carriage return code in A 1

CALL INSRT. t Insert it if roon 3I If there was not enough roon, return: 3

RET CI Hove the cursor synbol down one line and to the left side of

the screen: 1

CALL INCVCALL LFT.H

C All done: 1

RET

I Increnent VERT 3[ Set HORIZ = 1 3

I ************* t*:M«**:M*******:M4***:t *********************

E.CHAR

******

This subroutine erases the character to the right of thecursor: 3

[ If th

c ursor,E.CHAR

I Pointif it i

[ It is

spaces

renaini

C Erase

the val

SKP1EC

C All d

ere is not at

return: 3

CALL HD.CNT

RET C

to the bytes not a conpr

LD HL,(AFT

CALL BIT7H.

JP NZ,SKP1

a conpressedit representsng in the byt

DEC (HL)

RET NZ

the byte toue of AFT.CU:

INC HL

LD (AFT.CUone: 3

RET

least one character to the right of the

to besse.CU)

ECspa

and: 3

the3

),HL

C Set carry if not even one byte 3[ Return if no byte there to erase 1

e erased and skip over the next section

d-space-byte: 3

I Point to byte after cursor 3

C Is it a conpressed-space-byte? 3

[ Skip over next section if it is not

ce-byte, so decrement the nunber ofreturn if there are nore spaces

[ Reduce space count 3I If nore spaces there, return 3right of the cursor by increnenting

t Increnent AFT.CU 3

t Store the new value in nenory 3

LDLD

CPINC

HL.(END.TX)

A,(HL)

CR.

HL

[ *********************** ******+*************+***+****+****

F..LINE

******

This subroutine erases the renainder of the line which the

cursor is on. This includes erasing the carriage return at

the end of the line if the cursor is at the beginning of the

line, but the carriage return is retained if the cursor is

anywhere else on the line. 3

t Point to the beginning of the next line (after the linecontaining the cursor): 3E.LIHE LD E,1 [ IM of CR's to be found 3

CALL CR.R1T [ Result in HL if found 3L If the beginning of the next line was found, skip ahead: 3

JP NC.SKPIEL t (Note: Case H2 not possible sinceE=l on input) 31 If there are no bytes to the right of the cursor,return: 3

RET HZt The cursor is already on the last line of the text, so testwhether the last byte of text is a carriage return and pointto END.TX+1: 3

C Point to end of text 3C Put last byte into register A 3C Last byte = carriage return ? 3C HL = END.TX + 1 (Does not affectflags) 3I If the last byte is not a carriage return, there is no needto test whether the cursor is at the beginning of a line, soskip ahtidi 3

JP NZ,SKP2EL C If not a CR, ikip ahead 3C Point to the carriage return at the end of the line containingthe cursor (instead of to the byte after it): 3

SKPtEL DEC HLt If the cursor is at the beginning of a Una, indicate thatthe carriage return at the end of the Una is to be erasedtool 1

C Save content* of HL 3[ Point to byt* to left of cursor 3[ Put the byte in register A 3C Return pointer to HL 3C Is the byte a carriage return? 3C Skip ahead if it ia not a CR 3C Point to the byte after theother CR 3C HL points to the byte which 1* to becone the byt* to theright of the cursor, so store the addrti* in AFT.CU (Thiseffectively erases the approprate bytes): 3

SKP2EL LD (AFT.CU).HL[ All done: 3RET

t to****************************************************

PUSH

HL

LD

HL,(BEF.CU)

LD

A,(HL)

POP

HL

CP

CR.

JP

NZ,SKP2EL

INC

HL

428 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1 continued on page 430

Circle 116 on Inquiry card.

Circle 241 on inquiry card.

COMPUTER GEAR-WHOLESALE!

Purchase Your Hardware And Software Directly From An OEM/Systems In-tegrator. Take Advantage Of Our Buying Power!! We Stock Boards, Systems,Software, And Many Peripherals, For Almost Any Machine In Use Today. Call InYour Needs.

$$$$ Millions In Inventory—At Out Fingertips $$$$

Some Examples Of Our In-Stock Deals: ] MS MONTH SPECIALS »SHARDWARE

CP/M SOFTWARE

HARDWARE

HARDWARE

WORDSTARMAILMERGE

259 |

"MONITORS*'AMDEK-

SPELLSTAR

159

DATASTAR

209

CALCSTAR

199

| MBUICSO SSSS19J

MB-80COMP

275

FORTRAN 80

349

COBOL 80

575

MARCO 80

169

QUICKSCREEN

129

SUPERVYZ

79

GBTCP/M80

149

GBTCPOTI86

269

I dBASE II SS88SSS459 I

100*1 BBSS

| 300G JSJSIbSCOL 1 " 349

1 colii sain'

•SANYO"

L S"G» SO 159

| 12 BW S199 |

| 12"GR S209 |[ 13"C0»Tj389J

FMS80

DEMOCONDOR ICONDOR IICONDOR IIIACCTG PLUS

DEMOT/MAKERIISUPERCALCSPELLBINDERSPELLGUARDSPrLAWuCRAFTLEGBI

DEMOMICRONIX

W/PAS & CPAS&CCCOMPILER

229439709439225249225289219

99LL 545

85475949849675

| 13"RCB 1799'

"NEC-12' GR 175

121 COM 36912 RGB 995

•PRINTERS"8023A 509

MX70 399

MX80 479

MX80F/T 569

MX100 745

loKluM H gj I|0Klu«2A » 4W ]| OKI u83A » 719 [| OKIuMP 5 104B I|OKIu34S S 1149 JMSOfT'HARDWRE

IjonMHTzfti]

' MMURD 149 'I SlEMtrtS«- 375'

Z-80CPU8085/888086187DISK 1

fwsiil'

219

319

CALL

359

I R»M IE SSS499 ]

| MM 17 SSS429 |

RAM 20

299

RAM 21

1325

INTFACER1

189

INTFACER2

189

INTFA 3-5

445

INTFA J-8

525

t INTFA 4 BBS 269 1

| MP/M8-16 76911HARD DISKS-CALL

APPLE S OTHER FORMATS—CALL

WOW!

IS SPECIALS K GOOD THROUGHMONTH END, As supplies listRiinchccks may be given II powible. Cish Sales Only!!

TERMS Of SALE. COD-CASH OR CERTIFIED. GIVE YOUR VISA/MC NUMBERFOR OUR RECORDS FOR UPS REFUSALRETURN. ANY PREPAID ORDERS SAVECOD. CP/M-TM DIGITAL RESEARCH.

ENCLOESK 669

■MORROWDECISION 1 1399DJ8" SUBSVS 895DJDMAW/CP'M 439OJ2DW/CP/M 349MULT I/O 299

SWITCHBOAR021912 SLOT MOM 139

■SSM BOARDS"MB64KRAM 729MBlOA 16K 259

I VB3A I0i24 JS 399]

I/05 2S.2P1/08 BSERAPPLE PI/0APPLE Sl/OAPPP&SI/O 189MORf HDWR-CALL

285475

125

CUSTOM COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY

1 CRAFTSMAN COURT-BOX 4160

SEDONA, ARIZONA, 86340

1602) 282-6299

PRICES & AVAILABILITY SUBJECT TO CHANGE. ALL PRODUCTS NEW. ANO CARRY FULL MANUFACTURER'SWARRANTEES. CALL FOR CATALOG. FREE TECHNICAL HELP TO ANYONE. WE CAN CONFIGURE BOARDS &SOFTWARE FOR YOUR SYSTEM. PLUG-IN & GO. AZ RESIDENTS ADD APPLICABLE SALES TAX.

AUTHORIZED

SERVICE

Now you can get FACTORY AUTHOR-IZED service for your Commodore orAtari computer and peripherals at reason-able cost. Minimize your down timefrustration and expense. Extended war-ranty available for most products, too!

Micro ComputerService Center

CALL 717-327-1450

477 E. Third St., Williamsport, PA 17701

INDUSTRIES, INC.

In Texas Orders

Questions & Answers

1-713-392-0747

22511 Katy FreewayKaty (Houston) Texas 77450

To Order1-800-231-3680800-231-3681

SAVE BIG DOLLARS ON ALL TRS-80* HARDWARE & SOFTWARE

TRS-80* BY RADIO SHACK. Brand new in cartons delivered. Save state sales tax.Texas residents add only5% sales tax. Open Mon.-Fri. 9-6, Sat. 9-5. We pay freight and insurance. Come by and see us. Call us for areference in or near your city. Ref: Farmers State Bank, Brookshire, Texas.

WE OFFER ONREQUEST

Federal Express (Overnight Delivery)

Houston IntercontinentalAirport Delivery (Same Day)

U.P.S. BLUE (Every Day)

References from people who havebought computers from us probablyin your city

' TRS 80 is a Registered Trademark of Tandy Corp

ED McMANUS

00

00

In stock TRS-80 ModelII and III

No Tax on Out of Texas Shipments!

f^H^^B

10% 15%

OR MORE

Reserve Your Model 16 Today

Telex 77-4132 (Fleks Hou)

WE ALWAYSOFFER

0 NO extra charge for Master Cardor Visa.

0 We use Direct Freight Lines. Nolong waits.

0 We always pay the freight andinsurance

0 Toll free order number0 Our capability to go to the giantTRS 80 Computer warehouse 5hours away, in Ft. Worth, Texas,to keep you in stock.

JOE McMANUSmmm

VISA

Circle 232 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982

431

Listing 1 continued:

C Set HORIZ « WIDTH so that the BSP.TX subroutine can adjustHORIZ as needed: J

CALL RIT.H [ Set HORIZ » UIDTH ]

C All done: ]

RET

[ ************************t**t*********m************t***

E.ALL

*****

This subroutine erases the entire text by changing the valuesof BEF.CU and AFT.CU . Also, the pointer HERE is initializedsince its value uould no longer be valid. 3

C Set BEF.CU to BEG.TX -111

E.ALL LB HL,(BEG.TX)

BEC HL

LB <IEF.CU),HL

C Set AFT.CU to ENB.TX + 1 : ]

LB HL,(ENB.TX)

INC HL

LB <AFT.CU),HL

C Initialize HERE: 3

CALL INIT.HC All done: 1

RET

t *********»******************************+,**,»*,*+,**

H.POS

This variable is used to keep track of the horizontal positionof the hardware cursor. It is used only by the DS.6YT subroutineand is initialized (to UIBTH) by the CL.SCR subroutine. 1

H.POS BB 0

DS.BYT

$495.

SBC can be redundant!!

□ Z80A 4MHz, 64K RAM, 2K ROM

□ 2 serial, 2 parallel, 4 timer ports

D Bi-directional inter-processor channel

□ Multi-processor architecture capability

□ Redundant processor manipulationcapability

□ Matching double-density disc controllerwith SASI

□ Application note for system configurations

JC SYSTEMS (415)657-42151075 Hiawatha Ct. Fremont, CA 94538

This subroutine displays one byte of text on the screen. Bytesof text can be ASCII characters or ASCII carriage returns (MSB= 1), or conpressed-space-bytes (HSB ■ 0). It is used fordisplaying nessages on the screen, but it is not used fordisplaying the text being edited. Conpressed-space-bytes aredisplayed as the appropriate nunber of spaces, and carriagereturns cause the remainder of the line to be filled withspaces. If the end of a screen line is encountered, the valueof H.POS is reset to allow the reneinder of the line of textto be displayed on the next line. The H.POS counter is usedto keep track of the horizontal position of the hardwarecursor, so the screen should first be cleared using the CL.SCRsubroutine (since it initializes H.POS and resets the hardwarecursor) and only this subroutine should be used for displayingnessages. Note that there are no provisions for detectingthe botton of the screen. Also, the nunber of conpressedspaces in a single byte should not exceed the nunber ofcharacters per line since this condition is not checked for.Registers HL and BE are not changed by this subroutine. ]

C If the byte is a carriage return, skip ahead: 1IB.BYT CP CR.

JP Z.SKP1BBC If the byte is a conpressed-space-byte, skip ahead: 1

CALL BIT7A. C Check MSB of A ]

JP Z,SKP3BB [ Skip ahead if MSB = 0 3r The byte is a displayable ASCII character, so display it: 3

CALL CH.OUTC Becrenent the value of H.POS and return if it is non-zero: 3

LB A,(H.POS)

BEC A

LB (H.POS),A

RET NZ[ Reset the value of H.POS to UIDTH since a new line has beenstarted: 3

LB A,(UIBTH.)

LB (H.POS),Af. All done (if the character was an ASCII character: 1

RET

C The byte is a carriage return, so display H.POS nunber ofspaces: 1SKP1BB LB A,(H.POS) [ Put the value of H.POS ... 3

LB B,A t ... into register B 1

LP2BB LB A,SPACE. C Send an ASCII space ... 1

CALL CH.OUT C ... to the dispalay ]

BEC B [ Repeat the loop ...3

JP NZ.LP2DB t ... for nore spaces 3C Reset the value of H.POS to the value of UIDTH to indicatethe start of a new linet ]

LB A,(UIDTH.)

LD (H.POS),AC All done (for the case of a carriage return): 1

RET

C The byte is a conpressed-space-byte, so output the indicatednunber of spaces, keeping a copy of the count in register C: 1SKP3DB LD B,A [ Put the count in I 3

LB C,A C Save a copy in C 3

LP4B8 LB A,SPACE. C Send an ASCII space ... 3CALL CH.OUT [ ... to the display 3BEC B [ Repeat the loop ... 3

JP NZ.LP4DB C ... for all of the spaces 3C Subtract the space count fron H.POS: 3LD A,(H.POS)SUB CE If the result is negative or zero, add the result to UIBTH.Note: This next result is assuned to be positive - which isthe case if the nunber of conpressed spaces is not too large: 3

JP Z,SKPSBB [ If zero, skip the next instruction 3NC.SKPoBB t If positive, skip ahead 3C,A C Add ... 3

A,(UIBTH.) C ... UIDTH ... 3C [ ... to the previous result 3

C Put the result back into H.POS and return: 3SKPeBB LB (H.POS),ARET

[ ••*••••*•** ******************************************

CL.SCR******This subroutine clears the screen by filling it with spaces,

,md the hardware cursor is reset to start in the upper leftcorner of the screen. Also, it initializes the value if H.POSto the value of UIDTH. This subroutine is used beforedisplaying any nessages on the screen (including the "neiiu"). 3

Listing 1 continued on page 434

JPSKP5DB LBLBABB

432 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 208 on inquiry card.

Circle 337 on inquiry card.

Circle 392 on inquiry card.

I iiiiiiimirr YfiTaii

Boardsfor S-100 Bus

256KBDYNAMIC RAM

$795 with 256KB$625 with 128KB

features: Modal 256 KE call for current prices

• 8/16 bit data, 24B address • Unlimited DMA, immune to Rest Waits, halts. • Accesstime = 180 ns from PSYNC high. • Will run with 8086, 8088,8080,68000 to 8 mbi, Z80,Z8000 to 6 mhz clock, without wait states. • Interfaced with most of IEEE696 boards.

Z80B based CPU

$349 withmemory mapping

features: Model Z80 CPU

• 22 bit Address - accessible to 4Mbytes of memory. • 6, 4,2 mhz clock, SW selectable.

• Addressing is memory mapped in 16KB blocks, making addressable range of memorycompletely accessible (unlike bank select). • Jump on Reset in 1k increments. • Bankselectable 16KB or 32KB EPR0M capability with Phantom generation.

32KB Static Ram/Eprom

$369 with 32KB Cmos Ram, power-fail detect$169 with no ram, no power-fail detectfeatures: Modal 32KUSM

• 8/16 bit data, 16/24 bit address. • Bank Select by SW selectable port, bit in 32 K block.

• Battery backup (battery not supplied) with power-fail detect/automatic Ram disable. •Complete EPR0M (2716) capability with wart states (up to 3), phantom responding or generating.

AH boards conforms to IEEE696/S-100 specifications, comes Assembled, Tested, socketed,

legends, solder maskes. Gold contacts, and with 10 day return priviledge, One Fully Year

Guarantee.

Delivery: 3 to 5 days. Ordering: MC, Visa, or C.O.D. (add $6.00 for C.O.D.). Please refer to our

AGs in older issues of Byte for more of our products. Illinois residents add 5 Vi% sales tax.

DEALER OR O.E.M. PRICING AVAILABLE. „ „ „ „„_

P.O. Box 906

1240 N. Highland Ave., Suite 4

Aurora, Illinois 60506

C. DIGITAL INC.

Phone: (312) 897-7749

TERMINALS FROM TRANSNET

PURCHASE PUN • 12-24 MONTH FULL OWNERSHIP PLAN • 36 MONTH LEASE PLAN

PURCHASE PER MONTH

DESCRIPTION PRICE 1?MOS 74 MOS 36 MOS

LA34 DECwriter IV Forms Ctrl. .. S1,095 $105 $58 $40

LA100 Letter Printer R0 1.995 190 106 72

LA120 OECwriter Ml KSR 2.295 220 122 83

LAIZODECwriter III 2,095 200 112 75

LA12A Portable DECwriler 2,950 280 155 106

VT100 CRT DECscope 1,695 162 90 61

VT101 CRT DECscope 1.195 115 67 43

VT125 CRT Graphics 3,295 315 185 119

VT131 CRT DECscope 1,745 167 93 63

VT132 CRT DECscope 1.995 190 106 72

VT18XAC Personal Computer Option 2,395 230 128 86

TI745 Portable Terminal 1,595 153 85 58

TI765 Bubble Memory Terminal . 2.595 249 138 93

TI940CRT 1.795 173 96 65

TI785 Portable KSR, 120 CPS. . . 1.795 173 96 65

TI787 Portable KSR, 120 CPS 2.195 211 117 80

TI810 R0 Printer 1.695 162 90 61

TI620 KSR Printer 2.195 211 117 80

ADM3A CRT Terminal 595 57 34 22

ADM5 CRT Terminal 645 62 36 24

ADM32 CRT Terminal 1,165 112 65 42

CIT-101 CRT 1,525 147 82 55

CIT-161 Color CRT 2,675 257 143 97

CIT-427 Color Graphic CRT 3,095 297 165 112

910 CRT Terminal 650 62 36 24

925 CRT Terminal 850 82 46 31

950 CRT Terminal 1,075 103 57 39

Letter Quality, 7715 RO 2,695 259 144 98

Letter Duality, 7725 KSR 3.195 307 171 115

Id'ld-MIJI^HI-l'J 2030 KSR Printer 30 CPS 1,195 115 67 43

.■niHii.im^i.w o„n.; „„ 2196 ?n 117 80

_ MX-80 FT Printer 745 71 42 27

.■■■... -as** MX-100 Printer 895 86 48 32

E0400 4 Channel Stat Mux 1.525 147 82 55

E0800 8 Channel Stat Mux 2.050 197 110 74

DEC is the trademark of Digital Equipment Corporation

FULL OWNERSHIP AFTER 12 OR 24 MONTHS * 10% PURCHASE OPTION AFTER 36 MONTHS

*DEC

TEXASINSTRUMENTS

LEAR SIEGLER

TELEVIDEO

NEC SPIN WRITER

MICROCOMPUTERSAPPLE • COMMODORE • HP87 • DEC

ACCESSORIES AND PERIPHERAL EQUIPMENT

ACOUSTIC COUPLERS • MODEMS • THERMAL PAPER • RIBBONS • INTERFACE MODULES • FLOPPY DISK UNITS

R A NSJyE T corporation

1945 ROUTE 22 • UNION. N.J. 07083 • (201) 688-7800TWX 710-985-5485 800-526-4965 OUTSIDE N.J.

Now available from your computer store-the whole line of AJ couplers and modems.

Starting now you can buy AJ acoustic data couplers andmodems directly from your local computer store.

Not just selected models. Any models. Ranging from the0-450 bps A 242A, the world's most widely used acoustic datacoupler, to the revolutionary AJ 1259 triple modem thathandles 300 bps Bell 103,1200 bps Bell 212A, and 1200bps VA 3400 protocols.

Whether you need full or half duplex or both in one;originate or answer, auto answer; acoustic coupling, ordirect-connect—there's a model for you in the AJ line.

Starting now you don't have to settle for second best.

For the location of your localcomputer store handling the AJ line, call toll-free:

800/538-9721

California residents call 408/263-8520, Ext. 307.

ANDERSON

JACOBSON

Circle 19 on inquiry card.

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 433

Listing 1 continued:

[ Reset

CL.SCR

I Reset

to U1DTH

I OutputLPICS

C Reset

! I n 111 athe hard

L All do

the harCALL UPthe val: 3L Ii A,LD (N

LINES

LD A,

LD D,

LD A,

CALL DS

DEC D

JP NZ

the har

CALL UP

lize th

ware cu

LD A,

LD (H

Ml 1

RET

dware cursor to the upper left corner: JLFTue of the horizontal position counter (H.POS)

(UIDTH.)

.P0S),A

nunber of carriage returns:

]

1

(LINES.) t Put the nunber of lines

A C ... into register D 1

CR. [ Put a carriage return in « ]

BYT [ Fill one line with spaces JC Decrement the line count ]

LPICS C Repeat the loop for all linesdware cursor to the upper left corner again: 1

LFTe value of H.POS (to UIDTH) to indicate thatrsor is at the left side of the screen: 1(UIDTH.).P0S),A

r **•**************«*****«*************«*********+***+*

HSPLA.

******

This subroutine displays the text pointed to by HL. The textMust be in the standard fornat and nust be terminated by a zerobyte. On output, HL points to the location following thelocation of the null byte. (Note that H.POS is used to keeptrack of when the end of a line is reached.) ]

i: Load the first/next byte of text and point to the next byte: 3DSPLA. LD A,(HL)

INC HLC If it is a null byte, return: ]

OR A C Register A not affected ]

RET Z1 Display the character (which nay be a conpressed-space-byte)rind repeat the loop: ]

CALL DS.BYT

JP DSPLA.

[ ****************** ************************************

DSPL:.

******

This subroutine displays the text which follows the call to thissubroutine. The text nust be in the standard fornat and it mistbe terninated with a null (zero) byte (an otherwise illegalcharacter). This subroutine uses the H.POS pointer to indicatethe position of the next character on the line. Therefore,cither calls to display anything on the screen nust update thevalue of H.POS in order for the carriage returns to output theproper nunber of spaces. This subroutine returns to theinstructions which follow the null byte. ]

C Point to the first byte of text: 3

DSPL:. POP HL[ Display the text pointed to by HL until the null byte isreached, leaving HL pointing to the instruction which followsthe null byte: ]

CALL DSPLA.C Return to the instruction which follows the null byte: 1JP (HL)

[ «•»«**«**•********«**«*«**•**•**«**«**«**•*****«**•**•*

GET.NX

This subroutine gets the next ASCIIreturn) fron nenory. Conpressed-spaindividual ASCII spaces. By repeatecharacters of text are placed into rHowever, registers HL and C nust notsince they are used to keep track of(Register pair HL is used to point tand register C is used to keep trackrenain in a conpressed-space-byte.)this subroutine, register C should bpoint to the first character (or conaccessed. However, setting registerallows this subroutine to access texof a conpressed-space-byte. This suwhether the ASCII code returned in rreturn, by letting the Z flag if it

character (or carriagece-bytes are expanded intodly calling this subroutine,egister A, one at a tine.be changed between callswhich character is next,o the next byte of nenoryof whether nore spacesPrior to the first use ofe set to zero and HL nustpressed-space-byte) to beC to a non-zero valuet starting at the niddlebroutine also indicatesegister A is a carriageis a CR. (Note that this

subroutine does not check for reaching the boundaries of thetext.) Registers DE and B are not changed by this subroutine. 1

I If there are nore spaces renaming in a conpressed-space-byte,skip ahead and output the next space: 1SET.NX XOR A t Set A to zero 1

CP C C C-0 inplies that a conpressed-space-byte is not waiting to be furtherexpanded. ]JP NZ,SKP1GT C Skip ahead if another ipace is tobe outputted ]byte fron nenory: 3(HL) [ Load byte fron nenory J

[ Point to next byte of text ]a conprtsscd-space-byte, skip ahead: 1T7A. [ Conpressed-space-byte? 3,SKP2GT [ Skip ahead if not 3to register C (it equals the I of spaces

C Set the nextLD A,INC HL

C If it is notCALL BIJP NZ

C Nove the byte

represented)! ]LD C,

[ Decrenent the

load A with anSKP16T DEC CLD A,

[ Set the zero

return: 3

count for the nunber of spaces renaining andASCII space: 1

C Reduce count of spaces 1SPACE. C Load an ASCII space 1flag if the character is a carriage return and

SKP29T CPRET

CR.

C »•««»•»*»»»*«*«*****«**«***»*«*«**«*****•**»»*«*»•**•**

DS.CHR******

This subroutine displays a string of characters an the screenafter first skipping over a specified nunber of characters(indicated by register C). B nunber of characters are displayedunless a carriage return is encountered, in which case thecharacters up to, but not including, the carriage return aredisplayed. Conpressed-space-bytes are expanded if encountered.On input, HL nust point to the first byte of the characterstring, register B nust equal the naxinun nunber of charactersto be displayed, and register C nust indicate the nunber ofcharacters to be skipped over before starting to display thecharacters. (Note: B nust not be zero.) On output, HL will,either point to the byte which follows the last characterdisplayed, or to the byte which follows a carriage return (ifone is encountered). If a carriage return is encountered, thenthe nunber of characters renaining to be displayed (out of theinitial count in B) will be in register B. This subroutineis used for displaying the text which is being edited.Register E is not changed by this subroutine. 1

[ If the nunber of characters to be skipped over is zero (inregister C), skip ahead. (This is also the beginning of theloop to skip over C characters.): iDS.CHR LD A,C

OR A

JP Z.LP2DCC Put the first/next byte into register A and point to thenext byte: ]

LD A,(HL)

INC HLI If it is a carriage return, exit the subroutine: 1

CP CR.

RET ZC If the byte is not a conpressed-space-byte, decrenent C andrepeat the loop: 1

CALL BIT7A. t Check NSB of register A 3

JP Z.SKP1DC C Skip ahead if HSB * 0 :

DEC C t Decrenent the character count ]

JP DS.CHR [ Repeat the loop for the

next byte 1C The byte is a conpressed-space-byte, so subtract the nunberof spaces it represents fron the character count in C, andput a copy of the result in C: 1SKP1DC LD D,A C Put byte into D 3

LD A,C t Put count into A 1

SUB D I « = count - byte 1

LD C,A C Copy result into C 1

E If the result is positive or zero, repeat the loop (forthe next byte): 1

JP NC,DS.CHRC The result was negative, so set C to the negative of theresult, since that equals the nunber of spaces of theconpressed-space-byte which need to be displayed at thebeginning of the line: 1

CPL A C Set A ... 1

INC A I ... to ninus A 1

Listing 1 continued on page 436

434 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 299 on inquiry card.

Circle 415 on inquiry card.

TRS-80'S

FULL LINEand

HewlettPackard

85,87,125

WE PAY SHIPPING in the 48 continental states on prepaid

orders of $100.00 or more.NO TAXES are collected on out-of-state shipments.WE ACCEPT Visa, MasterCard and American Express, or

you can save additional money by paying cash.

TOLL FREE ORDER NUMBER 800/531-7466

Pan AmericanElectronics

1117 Conway • Dept. BMission, Texas 78572Phone 512/581-2766Telex Number 767339

FORT WORTH BRANCH

2912 N. MainFt. Worth, Texas 76106Phone 817/625-6333Telex Number 794836 oc oy -jog

fM — Trademark of Tandy Corporation

WINJERHALTER & ASSOCIATES, INC.

SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTERSOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTERSOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTERSOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTERSOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTERSOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTERSOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTERSOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTERSOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTERSOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTERSOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTERSOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTERSOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTERSOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTERSOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTERSOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTERSOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTERSOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTERSOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTERSOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTERSOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTERSOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTERSOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTERSOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTERSOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTERSOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTERSOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTERSOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER

Software for Your Microcomputer

373 N. First, Ann Arbor, Ml 48103 313-662-2002

WHAT'S

ECC (Error Correction Code) is a poly-nomial derivative which is used to detectand correct errors. In simpler terms, thismeans that the computer will detect andautomatically correct data errors sometimes generatedspuriously in the equipment.

ECC?

VR Data's HARD DISK III has this feature.If your system will abend or die during adata error or if you must always have thecorrect data for your functions, ECC is anecessity. This feature has filtered down from the largercomputer systems and is now used by manufacturers ofsuperior micro computer products.

Imagine a 5 meg Winchester Hard Disk with the following features:

FOR $1899. Complete

• ECC—onboard buffer

• FCC approval—Heavy Duty Power Supply

• Automatic power on with system

• Heavy duty linear power supply

• Gold plated contact on all connectors

• Heavy gauge aluminum chassis

• 115/230 VAC 60/50 HZ Standard

• State-of-the-art controller

• 2 pass forced air cooling system

Interfaces to: Radio Shack TRS 80 Model I • Radio Shack TRS 80Model III • IBM Personal Computer • Others to be announced

October 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc 435

ONLYFROM

MR

data

777 Henderson Boulevard N-S Folcrofr, PA 1903212151461-5300 18001 345-8102

Listing 1 continued:

ID C,A C Put the result in C 3

I The appropriate nunber of characters have been skipped over.HL points to the first byte to be displayed, unless C is non-zero - in which case the value of C represents the nunber ofspaces which need to be displayed before displaying the bytepointed to by HL: 3

C Get the first/next character to be displayed. If C is non-zero, it Indicates the nunber of spaces regaining in thepresent conpressed-space-byte. But if C is zero, HL pointsto the next byte to be displayedi ]

LP2DC CALL GET.NXC If the byte is a carriage return, return. (The Z flag itset by GET.NX if the byte is a carriage return.) (Note:Register B indicates the nunber of positions in the line whichare not yet filled.)i 1

RET ZC Display the ASCII character which is in register At 3

CALL CH.OUTC Decrenent the position count and repeat the loop if it isnon-zero: 1

DEC B

JP NZ,LP2DCC The line is full (B«0), to return: 3

RET

N.SKIP

•*•**«

This variable is used to store the nunber of characters to be

skipped at the beginning of each line (when displaying the

text). The value of N.SKIP is zero unless this would cause the

cursor to go off the right edge of the screen. 1

N.SKIP DB

DS.LNS S DS.LIN•a*************

This subroutine displays E full lines of characters startingwith the byte pointed to by HL. E=0 is not allowed. Uponreturn, HL Hill point to the byte which follows the lastcarriage return (at the end of the last line displayed). Ifthe DS.LIN entry point is used, register C Must be set to thenunber of characters to be skipped over at the beginning of thedisplayed text, and register B nust be set to the nunber (non-zero) of character positions available for the first lint(full or partial) of the text to be displayed. 1

C Indicate the naxinun nunber of characters which will fit on

one line by setting register B to U1DTH: 3DS.LNS LD A,(WIDTH.)LD B,A

I Place the nunber of characters to be skipped (already saved

in N.SKIP) into register C: ]LD A,(N.SKIP)LD C,A

C Display one line starting at the byte pointed to by HL.

Skip over the first C nunber of characters, and then display

no nore than B characters. If a carriage return is encountered,

stop prenaturely, leaving the nunber of unfilled positions in

register B. (HL will be pointing to the byte which follows a

carriage return (if found) or which follows the last byte

displayed.) : 1DS.LIN CALL DS.CHR

t If B is non-zero, fill the renainder of the line with

spaces: 1

LD A,B I If B equals ...3OR A I ... ztro, ... 3

JP Z,SKP2DL C ... then skip ahead 3LP1DL LD A,SPACE. t Send an ASCII space ... 3CALL CH.OUT C ... to the display 3DEC B t Decrenent the counter 3

JP NZ.LP1DL t Repeat the loop if the count isnon-zero 3

[ Search for the beginning of the next line: 3SKP2DL DEC HL C Point to the last byte handled by

the DS.CHR subroutine 3LD BC,45535D [ Set BC to the naxinun integer 3LD A,CR. t Put a carriage return in A 3CALL SRCH.R C Point (with HL) to the byte afterthe next carriage return 3

C If there are nore lines to be filled, repeat the subroutine.

Otherwise, return. 3DEC EJP NZ,DS.LNS

[ Decrenent the line counter 3I Repeat the subroutine if it is

RET

non-zero 3[ All done 3

[ ,|<:ltm|l|UllllllllllMIII:HI»>HHtlllllhtM>llt>«ltl

DSP.TX******

This subroutine displays the text on the screen (filling theentire screen). The position of the cursor synbol is determ-ined by the values of VERT I HORIZ. (VERT-1 for the top line,VERT'LINES for the botton line, HORIZ'1 for the left side,and HORIZ=UIDTH for the right side.) Although the bottonlines and the right tides of lines can be padded with blanksif there are no characters there, the top lines and the leftsides of lints are not allowed to be padded with blanks.Therefore, if the valuet of VERT or HORIZ conflict with thesertttrictiont, their values are adjusted to avoid such cases.The position of the cursor within the text is indicated bythe variables BEF.CU t AFT.CU . The locations of the ends ofthe text are indicated by the constants BE6.TX It END.TX. 3

I The following variable is used to save the address of thtfirst character of the line at the top of the screen: 3FRST.C DU 0 t Two bytes are reterved here 3

[ This portion of the subroutine nakesenough lines before the line with thecharacters to the left of the cursor (the present values of VERT and HORIZ.VERT and HORIZ are changed (to nake suneeded above or to the left of the texdeternination requires finding tht firline which appears at the top of the sthis character is saved in FRST.C fordisplaying the text. Also, this sectinunber of characters at the beginningneed to be skipped in ordtr to nake ththe petition indicated by the value ofvalue it ttored in N.SKIP). 3

sure that there arecursor and enoughon that line) to allow

If not, the values ofre that no padding ist). Since thisst character of thecreen, the address oflater use in actuallyon deternines theof each line whiche cursor appear in

HORIZ (and the

I Load register E with ththe cursor, plus one (whiDSP.TX LD A,(VERT.)

LD E,AC Point to the beginningscreen (the beginning offor later use: 3

CALL CR.LFT

LD (FRST.C),HLC If there are no bytes tif VERT « 1 and the cursothen set VERT to 1 (no ch

JP NC.SKP1DP

CALL TOP.V

JP SKP2DP[ If not enough lines werof the text, adjust tht vcharacter of text starts(Note: If enough lines w"adjusting" VERT.): 3SKP1DP LD A,(VERT.)

SUB E

LD (VERT.),A

e nunber of lines to be displayed above

ch equals VERT): 3

[ Put the value of VERT in A 1[ Hove line count to register E 3

of the first line to appear on the

a line E-1 lines away) and save it

[ Result is put in register pairHL if all goes well (flagsindicate status) 3I Save this address 3the left of the cursor (case 3), oris at the beginning of a line (case 4),ange for case 4) and skip ahead: 1

[ Skip ahead if case 1 or case 2 3I Set VERT'1 ]t Skip ahead 3e found before reaching the beginningalue of VERT such that the firston the top line of the screen.ere found, E=0 so there is no harn in

C Get the initial value 1C Adjust VERT (A=A-E) 3[ Store the new value 3

C Point to the first byte of the line containing the cursor: 1SKP2DP LD E,l [I'D of carriage returns to be

found 3

CALL CR.LFT [ Result in HL if found 3C If the cursor is at the beginning of a line, set HORIZ to 1,set N.SKIP to zero, and skip ahead to the display portion: 3

JP NC,SKP3DP C Carry inplies case 3 or case 4 3

CALL LFT.H [ Set H0RIZ=1 3

XOR A t Set A to zero 3

LD (N.SKIP),A [ Set N.SKIP to zero 3

JP SKP6DP I Skip ahead to the displayportion 31 Get ready to count the nunber of characters (not just bytes)between the beginning of the line and the cursor. The GET.NXsubroutine will be used, so set C-0 for initialization. Notethat HL still points to the beginnning of the line containingthe cursor. Set B to 0 to initialize the count: 3SKP3DP LD C,0

LD B,0C Get the next ASCII character (where spaces are un-conpressed)and increnent the count in register B: 3

Listing 1 continued on page 438

436 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 406 on Inquiry card.

Circle 89 on Inquiry card.

TELEPHONEVOICE RESPONSE

The V100 interactive voice synthesizer

with telephone interface is an Apple ll®or IBM Personal

Computer® compatible, low-cost, solution to remote

data base access arrangements.

$39500

vioo-a

• Direct telephone connection, auto-dial/answer

• Touch-tone® generation and detection

• Includes 300 word, LPC vocabulary

• Software for sentence/library construction

• Expandable with 1300 (M95) high quality LPC words

For a demonstration call toll free (800) 538-7002In California call (408) 942-1595

mmer

CORPORATION

2405 Qume Dr., San Jose, CA 95131 (408) 942-1037

f

N

ANNOUNCINGTHE C86™ C COMPILER—THE COMPILER THAT SPEAKSTHE LANGUAGE OF THE FUTURE!

Kernighan and Ritchie's book, The C Programming Language, is

the key source for C. Just as fundamental is the C86™ C

Compiler.

The C86 - C Compiler is especially designed for the IBM®

Personal, IBM - Display Writer, CP/M-86® and MS-DOS'

For further information on the C programming languageand the C86™ C Compiler, please contact:

Computer Innovations, Inc.

75 Pine Street

Llncroft, New Jersey 07738

Telephone: (201) 530-0995

. trademarks

of Computer Innovations, Inc.; CP'M-86 is aDigital Research; IBM ami MS-DOS ere registeredf international Business Machines, Inc

EXPAND YOUR APPLE® I!

VisiCalc®

Why buy a bigger computer? Youcan get up to 177K workspacememory on your Apple II! You caneven use 80-column display and/or ahard disk!

Our VC-Expand system lets youuse the entire displayed matrix. Youcan save files on more than onediskette. Our VC-Expand/80 is com-patible with several 80-columnboards, and VC-Expand/80 for Nestaruses the Cluster/One hard disk aswell. The new configuration dialogeliminates compatibility problemswith additional hardware enhance-ments.

Ask your computer dealer aboutVC-Expand and the Saturn RAMboards. See how much bigger andbetter your VisiCalc models canbecome.

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer,VisiCalc is a registered trademark of VisiCorp.CP'M is a registered trademark of Digital Research.

PASCAL

Are you tired of swapping diskettesall afternoon? Put your editor andfiler on the Saturn Pseudo-Disk! Stopwaiting for the real disk drive and letthe RAM on one of our plug-in boardsspeed up your operation. You canalso use the Pseudo-Disk to storeprograms, data, etc. - just like a realdisk, only much faster.

CP/M®

Is disk access time slowing youdown? Use the Saturn Pseudo-Diskfor CP/M! No moving parts, no hum,no hassle! The Pseudo-Disk consistsof one or more plug-in RAM boards,with accompanying software. Seeone today at your nearest computerstore.

BASIC

Is your computer too small for yourprograms? Expand your Apple'smemory and add an internal Pseudo-Disk! Our MOVEDOS program putsDOS into one of our plug-in memoryboards, adding 10K to your user pro-gramming space. RAMEXPANDallows chaining and overlaying withas much RAM as you wish to add.The PSEUDO-DISK for DOS worksjust like a disk drive, but much faster.The necessary software is includedwith each Saturn RAM board. Seeyour computer dealer today for theseexciting expansion systems.

P.O. 8050

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48107

(313)973-8422

Circle 341 on Inquiry card.

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 437

Listing 1 continued:

LP4JP CALL GET.NX

INC 6

r. Repeat the loop (to coun

beginning of the line andreached: 3

XOR A

CP c

JP NZ,LP4DP

C Put code in register A 3C Increment character counter 3t the nunber of characters betyeen thethe cursor) until the cursor jap is

[ Set A to zero 3[ OO ? 3

[ Repeat loop if there are woreconpressed-space-bytes in thesane byte 3PUSH HL C Save contents of HL ... 3

PUSH BC C ... t IC 3

CALL L.CHT C Subtract contents of HL fron(aer.cu ♦)) & set carry flagif negative or zero 3[ Restore contenti of BC ... 3C ... 1 HL 3

C Repeat loop until cursor 'japreached 3ers to the left of the cursor is lesser positions specified by the valuethe character count plus one. Also,aracters at the beginning of the1 lines) which mist be slipped (N.SKIP)or at the position specified by the

POP BCPOP HLJP NC.LPIDP

C If the number of charactthan the nunber of charactof HORIZ, adjust HORIZ tocalculate the nunber of chline (and therefore for alin order to place the cursnew value of HORIZ: 3

LB

LB

INC

LB

SUB

A,(HORIZ.)

C,A

B

A,B

C

t Load the value of HORIZ

3

C

into register C 3

t Add 1 to the character count 3

SKPSBP LB A,B

[ Put a copy of it in A 3

C Subtract HORIZ fron the character

count plus one, and set the

carry flag if negative 3JP C.SKP5BP t Skip the next 2 instructions

if negative 3LB (N.SKIP),A C Save the result as the nunber

of characters to be skipped 3JP SKP4BP I Skip the next A instructions

since the value of HORIZ does

not need to be updated 3C Put the character count plus

one ... 3

LB (HORIZ.),A [ ... into HORIZ IXOR A [ Put zero ... 3

LB (N.SKIP),A [ ... into N.SKIP 3

C This portion of the subroutine does the actual displaying ofthe text: 3

C Reset the display to start in the upper left corner of thescreen: 3

SKP4DP CALL UP.LFTC Point to the first character of the first line to be displayedwith register pair HL: 3

LD HL,(FRST.C)C Place the value of VERT - 1 into register A and, if it iszero, skip over the next section: 3

LB A,(VERT.) C Load the value of WERT ... 3

DEC A [ ... Minus one into register A 3

JP Z,SKP70P C Skip ahead if A - 0 3C Bisplay the lines above the line containing the cursor.Register A already contains the nunber of lines to bedisplayed ( • VERT - 1 ) and register pair HL already pointsto the first character of the first line to be displayed: 3LB E,A C Put the line count into E 3

CALL BS.LNS C Display E lines of text startingwith the byte pointed to by HL.Leave HL pointing to thebeginning of the line containingthe cursor. 3C Place the value of HORIZ - 1 into register A, and if it iszero, skip the next section: 3SKP7BP LD A,(HORIZ.)BEC A

JP Z,SKP8DPC Bisplay the characters at the beginning of the linecontaining the cursor, up to, but not including, the cursor.The nunber of characters to be displayed is in register A< ■ HORIZ - 1 ) and register HL already points to thebeginning of the line with the cursor: 3

LBLB

B,A

A,(N.SKIP)

LB C,ACALL DS.CHR

C Put the character count into B 3[ Put the count for the nunber of

characters to be skipped ... 3[ ... into register C 3[ Bisplay B characters startinguith the byte pointed to by HL,skipping over the first Cnunber of characters 3C Bisplay the cursor synbol: 3SKPSBP LB A,(CURSR.) C Load the code for the synbol 1CALL CH.OUT I Bisplay it 3C Place the value of UIDTH - HORIZ into register A, and if itis zero, skip the next section: 3

LB A,(UIDTH.) [ Place the value of UIDTH ... 1LD HL,HORIZ. t ... ninus HORIZ ... 3SUB (HL) t ... into register A 3

JP Z.SKP9BP t Skip ahead if A » 0 3C Bisplay the renainder of the line containing the cursor, thenskip over the next section. (Register A contains the nunberof characters to be displayed, which equals: UIDTH - HORIZ ): 3

LBLB

LDLD

B,AC,0

E,1HL,(AFT.CU)

CALL DS.LIN

t Put the character count in B 3

[ Indicate that no charactersare to be skipped over 3

[ Indicate that only one (partial)line is to be displayed 3

C Point to the byte after thecursor with register pair HL 3

C Display B characters startinguith the byte pointed to by HL,skipping over C characters. Ifa CR is encountered before Bcharacters are filled, fill therenainder of the line vithspaces. Leave HL pointing to

Scotch BRAND DISKETTES AT SUPER LOW PRICES

3M Scotch' BRAND DISKETTES AT PRICES NOT AVAILABLE TOYOU UNTIL NOW FROM TAYCO. ANY QUANTITY. WE WILLSHIPYOURORDER WITHIN 24 HOURS AND WE PAY THE SHIPPING CHARGES.

MASTERCARD AND VISA ACCEPTED

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

CALL TOLL FREE FOR PRICES AND INFORMATION

Ttiyco Business FormsComputer SuppliesPost Office Box 605Newbury Park, CA 91320

800-922-8193

(IN CALIF.) 800-468-1068

438 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 436 on inquiry card.

Listing 1 continued:

the byte following the CR atthe end of the line. 3JP SKP10D [ Skip over the next section 3

C The cursor is at the right side of the screen, so search for

the beginning of the next line of text (pointing to it with HL).If the cursor is already on the last line of the text, pointto the first of the LINES nunber of carriage returns uhichfollow the text - to fill the remainder of the screen withenpty lines: 1SKP9DP LD E,l C Indicate that 1 CR is to be

searched for 1CALL CR.RIT £ Point to the byte after the

next CR to the right IJP NC,SKP10D [ Skip over the next twoinstructions unless thecursor is on the last lineof text 3X) C Point to the CR's ... ]

[ ... which follow the text 3INES - VERT into register A, and if it istine (since the screen is already full): 3

LDINC1 Place the vzero, exit thSKP10D LDLDLDSUBRET

E Display thecursor). Regbe displayed,byte to be diLDCALL

C All done: 1RET

HL,(END.T

HL

alue of L

is subrou

A,(VERT.)

E,A

A,(LINES.

E

Z

botton 1ister A a

and HL asplayed:E,ADS.LNS

C Put the value of VERT ... 1

E ... into register E 3) t Put LINES into register A 1

E A * LINES - VERT ]

C Return if A is zero 3ines (the lines after the line with thelready contains the nunber of lines tolready contains the address of the first]

C Put the line count into E 3

[ Display E lines starting withthe byte pointed to by HL ]

I ****»*•*»•**«* . I ,, lllKimXtltMtlMXltllXtlttlltltK

LOAD.*****This subrnenory atcursor atenough Heset to 1been insevalue offor the pinput opeindepende

outine reads text fron the nass storage device intothe location indicated by the cursor, leaving thethe beginning of the text read in. If there is notnory space for the new text, the ED.ERR variable isto indicate insufficient nenory, and no text will haverted. If an input/output error is encountered, theED.ERR it set to 3. The HS.IN subroutine (writtenarticular computer systen) is used to do the actualration, whereas this subroutine handles the systen-nt aspects of this operation. 1

C Conbine any adjacent conpressed-space-bytes: 3

LOAD. CALL CNPRS.C Find out how nany locations are available for the new text.If there is no roon, skip ahead (to set ED.ERR to t andreturn). 3

CALL 6P.CNT [ Put the count in EC and set thecarry flag if zero 3

JP C.SKP1LD C Skip ahead if there is no roon 3C Point to the destination for the first byte to be loaded: I

LD HL,(BEF.CU) E Point to the byte which is

presently to the left of thecursor 3

INC HL [ Point to the next location 1

[ Input the text fron the nass storage device. The firstlocation to be filled is pointed to by HL and no nore than BCbytes can be read in. Upon return, HL mist point to the lastbyte read in (unless an error occurred). However, if therewas not enough roon in nenory for the new text, the I flagMust be set. Or, if the operation was unsuccessful due to atinput error, the Z flag nust be cleared and the carry flagMust be set. The result in the case of either type of erroris that no text will have been entered by this operation even•though the cursor gap locations nay have been filled with soneview text: ]

CALL HS.INf. If there was insufficient nenory available, set ED.ERR to1 and return: 3

JP NZ,SKP2LD [ Skip ahead if successful 1SKPtLD LD A,I [ Put a 1 ... 3

LD (ED.ERR),A [ ... into ED.ERR 3

RET [ Return )

T If there was an input error, set ED.ERR to 3 and return: 3SKP2LD JP NC,SKP3LD t Skip ahead if successful 3

LD A,3 [ Put a 3 ... 3

LD (ED.ERR),A [ ... into EH.ERR 3

RET [ Return 3

[ Save the original value of BEF.CU in DE, withoutdisturbing the value in HL: 3SKP3LD EX DE,HL

LD HL,(BEF.CU)EX DE,HLL Adjust the value of BEF.CU to include the nee text as partof the text (HL points to the last byte read in): 3

LD (BEF.CU),HL C Store the new value of BEF.CUin nenory 3E Hove the cursor to the beginning of the new text: 3

EX DE,HL [ Retreive the previous value of

BEF.CU (saved above) 3INC HL C Point to the first byte of text

which was loaded 3CALL HOVE.L t Hove the cursor such that the

first byte inputted becomes thebyte to the right of the cursorL All done: 3RET

|; t*****************************************««***:**«**«**

SAVE.

*****

This subroutine noves the cursor to the beginning of the text

and sends the contents of the entire text to the nass storage

device. The HS.OUT subroutine is used to do the actual output

operation, but this subroutine handles the device-independent

portion of the operation: 3

1 Hove the cursor to the beginning of the text and conbine anyadjacent conpressed-space-bytes: 3SAVE. CALL TOP. i

CALL CHPRS.E Count the nunber of bytes of text and return if it is zero: 3

[ Set carry flag if no bytes,

and put the count in BC 1E Return if no bytes 3

C Use HL as the pointer 3

CALL ND.CNT

RET CC Point to the first byte: ]

LD HL.(AFT.CU)I Output text to the nass storage device. Output BC bytesstarting at the location pointed to by HL. If any outputerrors are encountered, the carry flag will be set: 3

CALL HS.OUTC If no output errors were encountered, return: 3

RET NCr. An output error was encountered, so set ED.ERR to 3 andreturn: 3

LD A,3 C Put a 3 ... 3

LD (ED.ERR),A t ... into ED.ERR 3

RET [ Return 3

f. M»lll<IIUimMMII.lM»tHt>«tt:|l«|:|»ltl|:Mtl<tll»l

COPY.

*****

This

stora

where

(the

curso

left

opera

has b

2. I

is se

subroutine copies a portion of the text to the nassge device. The text to be copied is the text betweenthe cursor was when the POINT operation vas last usedaddress is in HERE) and the present location of the

However, if the cursor is now, or has been, to theof the location last defined by the POINT ('START HERE")tion, an invalid operation will be indicated (since HEREeen changed to an invalid address) by setting ED.ERR tof an output error is encountered, the value of ED.ERRt to 3. 3

[ Point to the first byte to be copied (address in HERE): 3COPY. LD HL,(HERE.)C Count the nunber of bytes to be copied: 1

CALL L.CNT [ Count bytes fron HL to BEF.CU

(inclusive), put count in BC,t set carry flag if negativeor zero. 3E If the count is negative or zero, set ED.ERR to 2 and return: 3JP NC,SKP1CP [ Skip ahead if positive nunber 3LD A,2 E Put a 2 ... 3

LD (ED.ERR),A E ... into ED.ERR ]RET E Return 3

C Point to the first byte to be copied: 3

SKP1CP LD HI,(HERE.)E Output BC bytes starting at the location pointed to by HL.If an output error occurs, the carry flag is set : 3CALL HS.OUT

Listing 1 continued on page 440

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 439

Listing 1 continued:

[ If no output errors wore encountered, return: JRET NC

r Set ED.ERR to 3 and return: ]

LD A,3 t Put a 3 ... 3

LD (ED.ERR),A C ... into ED.ERR 3

RET C Return 3

PRINT.

******

1 his subroutine outputs the text to the printer, with thei onpressed-space-bytes expanded to individu«il ASCII spaces,line Line Feed byte is added after each carriage return.(Ipon return, the cursor is at the beginning of the text.The PR.OUT subroutine is used to output the characters tothe printer interface. 3

sage: 3

[ Clear the screen JC Display the word ..

C ... "Printing" on 4-th line[ End of nessage 3

inning of the text and conbine

tes: 3

C Move to beginning of text 3[ Conpress adjacent spaces 3

es of text: 3

[ Set carry if no bytes 3C Return if no bytes ]text: 3

GET.NX subroutine: 3

t Put ASCII byte in A 3age return, skip ahead to SKP2PR: 3

C (Z flag nas set by GET.NX if thebyte vas a CR) 3o output it and then load A with a

C Output the CR to the printer 3[ Put an ASCII Line Feed in A 3

[ Output byte to printer 3re nore bytes to be outputted.e the last byte is a conpressed-

spaces regaining to be outputted,ress with the ending address: ][ Set A to zero ]C C = 0 ? 3C Repeat loop if More coMpressed-

space-bytes are in the sane byte 3[ Save the text pointer (m HL)

in DE ][ Point to the end of the text 3[ Restore the text pointer to HL

and put END.TX into DE 3t Put lower half of ENH.rX into A 1[ Subtract lower halves of the two

addresses ][ Put upper half of END.TX into A 3[ Subtract (with carry) the upper

halves of the addresses 3

C Repeat loop if nore charactersrenain to be outputted 3

C Return 3

[

Displ

ay th

e "PRINTING"

nes

PRINT.

CALLCALLN

nitpi

CL.SCR

DSPL:.

CR.

CR.

CR.

28D

n

'Printing'

it

0

I

Hove

the cursor to

the

beg

djacen

t conCALLCALL

uressed-TOP.CNPRS.

>paci

-by

[

Return if

;here are no

byt

CALL

ND.CNT

RET

C

c

Point

to the first

bytf

of

LD

HL,(AFT

CU)

C

Set C

= 0 to

initial

ze the

LD

C,0

c

Begin

the

lain loop: 1

c

Get the next ASCII

byte: 3

LP1PR

CALL

GET.NX

c

If th

e byt

b is not

a carri

JP

NZ,SKP2PR

lit is a carriage return,"Line Feed" byte: 3

CALL PR.OUT

LD A,138U1 Output the ASCII byte: 3

SKP2PR CALL PR.OUTt Repeat the loop if thereKirst, nake sure that in casspace-byte there are no norethen conpare the pointer add

XOR A

CP C

JP NZ,LP1PR

EX

BE,HL

LD

HL,(END.TX)

EX

re, hi

LD

A,E

SUB

L

LD

M

SBC

H

JP NC,LP1PR

C All done: 3RET

[ ««»«**»**•**«**•**•**»**•**»*•**•**•**•**•**•**•**DLT.KY

This subroutine ii used to check the statu* of the keyboardstrobe (which indicates whether • key it being pressed) whilewaiting for a tine delay to expire. The delay value isapproximately proportional to 1 tines C, but neither B nor Cshould be zero. The ASCII code for the key being pressed willbe returned in register A, with the nost significant bit set.If the keyboard strobe goes off during the delay lie. if thekey is released), the carry flag is set and the subroutine

returns. If the delay expires without the key being released,the carry flag is cleared. Registers HL S E are not changedby this subroutine. 3

I Save a copy of 1 in register D for use in resettng Bi 3

DLY.KY LD D,BC Begin the delay loop: 3C Reset the value of B: 3

LP1DK LD B,DC Put the ASCII code (of the key being pressed) into registerA but set the Z flag if the strobe is off: 3

LP2DK CALL KEY.STC If the strobe is off, return with the carry flag set: 1SCF C Set the carry flag without

changing the Z flag 3RET ZC Decrement the loop counters and repeat the loops if non-zero: 3

DEC B

JP NZ,LP2DKDEC C

JP NZ.LP1DKC The tine delay is done and the strobe is still on, soreturn with the carry flag cleared and with the ASCII codein A (with NSB set): 3

OR A C Clear the carry flag without

changing register A 3RET

I i* t ***********************■********■*■■¥* *****************KY.CNT

******

This variable indicates the length of the delay presentlyused for the automatic repeat feature. Uhen the repeatnode starts, this value is initialized to the value ofKC.NAX - its naxinun value. This variable is decrenented(by t) for each repetition of an operation in the fastrepeat node, causing the repetition rate to increase toits fastest speed (to where KY.CNT equals 1). 3

KY.CNT DB 0

[ tut**************************************************

PREV.B

******

This location it used to store the code of the character

which was found the previous tine the RPT.KY subroutine

was entered. It it uted to nake sure that the key being

pressed renains the tane while in the fast repetition

node. 3

PREv.B DB 0

C it****************************************************

RPT.KY******This tkeyboalongerit congoingper setine dnost sthis s

ubroutine is used to get the next ASCII code fron therd such that a key is repeated if it is held down forthan about one second. Once the repeat node is started,tinues to increase the speed of repetition until it isas fast as possible. The starting speed is about 10 tinescond. Uhen the subroutine returns (after the appropriateelay), the ASCII code is stored in register A with theignificant bit set to one. All registers are changed byubroutine. 3

C If a key is presently being pressed, skip ahead to the secondhalf of the subroutine: 3RPT.KY CALL KEY.ST I Set the Z flag if the strobe isoff (indicating that no key ispressed) 3JP NZ,SKP2RK [ Skip ahead if the key is pressed 3i Initialize the value of KY.CNT to its naxinun value: 3LD A,(KC.NAX)LD (KY.CNT),AC Uait for a key to be pressed and put the ASCII code inregister A with the NSB set: 3LP1RK CALL KEY.ST C Set the Z flag if the strobe isoff, and put code in A whethervalid or not 1JP Z,LP1RK C Repeat the loop until the strobegoes on 3C Save a copy of the ASCII code in PREV.B for future use, andreturn: 3

440 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1 continued:

LD (PREY.B),ARET

C This half of the subroutine applies if a key was pressed atthe tine this subroutine was entered: ]

[ Put the value of KY.CNT into register C. If it is not atits naxinun value, skip ahead: 3SKP2RK LD A,(KY.CNT) C Put the value of KY.CNT ... 1LD C,A C ... into C 1

LD A,(KC.HAX> I Put the initial (naxinun) valueinto A 3C [ Set the Z flag if they are equal 3

I. KY.CNJelay

Deereext tieing hf itSKP3RK

LoadThisSKP4RK

If thhen seits lo

Calleyboarelay tn C)he cararry flearedithoutegisteSKP5RK

If theginni

Hakene thayte in

r The kjhich:: onbine<e releLP6RK

CP

JPT isalue

LD

LDnentne theld ds air

LD

DEC

JP

LDthe salue

LD

LDe delt reswest

LD

DEC

JP

LDthe Dd strine (s donry fllag

carr

ther A):

CALL

str

ng of

JPsuret sta

regi

LD

CP

RETey prtarted cod

sed

CALL

JP

JP

NZ.SKP3RKat its nax<in regist

A,(SEC1)

C,Athe valueis subroutown). Moweady at 1

A,(KY.CNT

A

Z,SKP4RK

(KY.CNT),caling halcompensate

A,(DY.SCL

B,Aay valueister B (wvalue) for

A,C

A

NZ.SKP5RK

B,CLY.KY subrobe whileindicatede if the 5ag indicatndicates ty flag indstrobe goi

3

DLY.KYobe went 0

the subro

C.RPT.KYthat the krted the aster A is

HL.PREv.B

(HL)

Zesently bed the autoe fron norand then s

KEY.ST

NZ,LP6RK

RPT.KY

[ Skinun valueer C) to g[ PuC .of KY.CNTine is useever, nake(its ninin

C Pu[ DeC IfC ..of the dfor diff

>P

ivet th. vato pd (a

stirun vt thcren

it

s

elay

eren

head if they are unequal. 3

use SE0.1 as the tinea one second delay: 3e one second delay ... 3lite into register C 3rovide a shorter delay thessuning the key is stille that it is not reducedalue): 3

e counter value in A 3ent it 3

is non-zero ... 3ve the next value 3

count into register B.ces in conputer tiding): 3

n register C is 1 (its lowest value),hich presently contains DL.SCL) to 1the shortest possible delay tine: 3C Put the delay count into A 3C Set Z flag if it is 1 3[ Skip ahead if it is not 1 3t Set B to 1 3outine which will check the status of thedelaying. It will return before theby the contents in B tines the contentstrobe goes off (the key is released).es the results of the subroutine: a sethat the strobe has gone off, and aicates that the delay tine has expiredng off (and that the ASCII code is in

ff during the delay, jimp back to thlutine: 3

ey presently being pressed is the saneutonatic repeat node. If so, the ASCIIvalid, so return: 3

ing pressed is not the sane as the onenatic repeat node, and night be ae than one key, so wait for all keys totart the subroutine over again: 3

I i ********** o*;M ****** *:M *******+*+**+**+•**++*+* * ***

CASE.

*****

This subroutine is used to select and call a subroutine according

to the contents of the A register. The call to this subroutine

Must be followed by a specially fornatted list which associates

bytes with the addresses of subroutines. The fornat of the call

to this subroutine is as follows:

CALL CASE.

<The nunber of entries in this list, not counting thedefault address (occupies one byte) >

<The address to be called if no natch is found (thedefault address) (occupies two bytes) >

<First byte>

<Subroutine address associated with first byte (2 bytes) >

<Second byte>

Subroutine address associated with second byte>

<Last byte>

Subroutine address associated with last byte)(Instructions to be executed when the called subroutinereturns)

All registers are changed by this subroutine. 1

C Get the address of the beginning of the list: 3

CASE. POP HLE Load the nunber of entries into register B and point to thenext location: 3

LD B,(HL)

INC HLL Load the address of the subroutine to be called if there isno natch, and point to the next location: 3

LD E,(HL)

INC HL

LD D,(HL)

INC HL[ Begin the nain loop: 3

C Check for a natch, and point to the next location. Skip thenext section if there is no natcht 3LP1CA CP (HL) t Set the Z flag if the sane ]

INC HL

JP NZ.SKP2CAC The bytes natch, so load the associated addresss and skip thenext section: 3

LD E,(HL)

INC HL

LD D,(HL)

JP SKP3CAC The bytes did not natch, so point to the end of this entry: ]

SKP2CA INC HL[ Point to the next byte and repeat the loop for all the entrieseven if a natch has already been found (to leave the pointerat the correct address): 3SKP3CA INC HL

DEC B

JP NZ.LP1CA[ Store the return address (which points to the code whichfollows the fornatted list) on the stack, and junp to theappropriate subroutine: 3

EX DE,HL t Hove subroutine address to HL,and return address to DE 3

PUSH DE [ Push return address onto stack 3

JP (HL) I Junp to the selected subroutine 3

[ J*****************************************************

MENU.*****

This subroutine inplenents the "nenu" node and is called ifthe ESC key is pressed. It displays a list of options, waitsfor a key to be pressed, and calls the appropriate subroutineaccording to which key was pressed. After that subroutine isexecuted, or if the pressed key was not in the list, thissubroutine returns to the nornal editing node. The optionsappear on the screen as follows:

Options:T Top L Load

B Botton S Save

I Erase all P Print

H Start HereC Copy part* Erase part

[ Display th

e nenu on the screen: 3

NENU. CALL

CL.SCR

CALL

DSPL:.

DB

CR.

DB

CR.

DB

2SD

DB

'Options:'

DB

CR.

DB

CR.

DB

CR.

DB

5D

DB

"P

DB

2D

DB

'Top-'

DB

MS

BB

'f

DB

2D

DB

'Load-'

DB

13D

BB

'H''

DB

2D

DB

'Start Here'

DB

CR.

Listing 1 continued on page 442

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Ine 441

Listing 1 continued:

DB CR.

LD C,L [ ... 3

BB 5D

LB B,H C ... into BC 1

DB 'B'-

LD HL,(BEF.CU) t Put BEF.CU ... 3

DB 2D

INC HL t ... plus one into HL ]

DB 'Botton'

CALL SUB.DP [ Set carry flag if HL - BC is

DB 11D

less than zero 1

DB 'f

JP NC.SKP2ED [ Skip next instruction if result

DB 2D

is positive and non-zero 1

DB 'Save'

CALL INIT.H C Set HERE to an invalid value :

DB 13D

[ Display the text on the screen: 3

DB 'C

SKP2ED CALL DSP.TX

DB 2D

L" Get the next byte fron the keyboard. (Allows for automatic

BB "'Copy part-'

repeat function for fast repetitions): 1

DB CR.

CALL RPT.KY

DB CR.

C Look for a natch in the following list of bytes and call the

DB 45D

associated subroutine. Uhen the subroutine returns, it returns

DB '*'

to the instruction which follows the list. The bytes given

DB 2D

here ("DB" instructions) are the keyboard codes which initiate

DB 'Erase part'

the editing operations. The nost significant bit of each of

DB CR.

these codes nust be set to "1". ]

DB CR.

CALL CASE.

DB 5D

DB 12D C Indicate that there are 12

DB '!'

entries in this list, not including

DB 2D

the default entry ]

DB 'Erase all'

DU I.CHAR [ Default entry: INSERT CHARACTER 1

DB SD

BB 25SB E RIGHT ARROU key code 1

DB 'P'

DU RIGHT.

DB 2D

DB USB C LEFT ARROU key code 3

DB 'Print'

DU LEFT.

DB 0

DB 130D [ DOUN ARROU key code 1

C Uait for a key to be pressed and then released. If a key is

DU DOUN.

already being pressed when this subroutine is reached, the key

BB 134D [ UP ARROU key code ]

nust first be released before the next keypress is recognized

DU UP.

(to avoid confusing this keypress with a previous one). The

DB 132D [ PAGE FORUARD key code ]

ASCII code for the key is placed in register A. 1

DU PAGE.F

CALL KEY.IN

DB 137D C PAGE BACKUARD key code 3

C Choose the appropriate subroutine according to which key was

DU PAGE.B

pressed: ]

DB HOD C SPACE key code 3

CALL CASE.

DU I.SPAC

DB 9D C Indicate the nunber of choices,

DB 131D t CARRIAGE RETURN key code

not including the default case 3

(non-standard) 3

DU RETRN. C Default case; does nothing if

DU I.CR

no natch is found 1

DB 1280 [ ERASE CHARACTER key code 3

DB 'T'

DU E.CHAR

DU TOP. t Top 1

DB 133D I ERASE LINE key code 1

DB 'B'

DU E.LINE

DU BOTOH. [ Botton 1

DB 129D C SHIFT code (CTRL-A) 3

DB '!'

DU SHIFT.

DU E.ALL I Erase all :

DB 254D [ ESC key code (non-standard) 3

DB 'L'

DU MENU.

DU LOAD. 1 Load ]

C If no error occurred (due to insufficient nenory, an invalid

DB 'S'

operation, or an I/O error), then repeat the nain loop: 3

DU SAVE. C Save 3

LD A,(ED.ERR) i If ED.ERR ... 3

DB 'f

OR A [ ... equals zero ...3

DU PRINT. C Print ]

JP Z.LP1ED t ... then repeat the loop 3

DB 'H'

[ Display the beginning of the error nessage and put the error

DU POINT. [ Start Here ]

nunber back into register A: 3

DB 'C

CALL CL.SCR I Clear the screen 3

DU COPY. C Copy part 3

CALL DSPL:. C Send this text to the display: 3

BB '»'

DB CR. t Down 3 lines ... 3

BU E.PART [ Erase part ]

DB CR.

C All done: (This instruction is also used as a "subroutine"

DB CR.

if no natch is found.) i

DD 10D t Indent 10 spaces 3

RETRN. RET

DB 'Error:'

DB 2 [ 2 nore spaces 1

DB 0 [ End-of-text indicator 3

[ »«»»»»»«*»«»*»*»*»»»**«»«*»**»»*»♦*«'♦*»*»»**»*****•*»***

LD A,(ED.ERR) C Put error nunber in A 3

I If error nunber 1, display "Insufficient nenory": 3

EDIT.

CP 1 C Is it error nunber 1 T 3

*»»»»

JP NZ.SKP3ED [ Skip ahead if not 3

This is the tiain section of the text editor. Upon entering

CALL DSPL:. C Display text: 3

the editor, The carriage returns needed in the text area are

DB 'Insufficient nenory'

stored there. The nain loop of the progran follows, which does the

DB 0 t End-of-text indicator 3

following: display the text on the screen, get the next byte

JP SKP5ED C Skip ahead 3

fron the keyboard, deternine which subroutine is to be called,

[ If error nunber 2, display "Invalid operation": 3

and call the appropriate subroutine. 1

SKP3ED CP 2 [Is it error nunber 2 ? 3

JP NZ.SKP4ED I Skip ahead if not 3

[ Reset all of the peripheral devices: 1

CALL DSPL:. C Display text: 3

EDIT. CALL RESET.

DB 'Invalid operation'

C Store the needed carriage returns at the ends of the text

DB 0 C End of text 3

area: 1

JP SKP5ED [ Skip ahead 3

CALL STR.CR

C Otherwise (error II 3), display "Input/Output error": 3

[ Begin nain loop: 1

SKP4ED CALL DSPL:. C Display text: 3

C Reset the error indicator to 0 (to indicate no error): ]

DB 'Input/Output error"

LP1ED XOR A

DB 0 C End of text 3

LD (ED.ERR),A

C Finish the error nessage: 3

C If the cursor is to the left of the point indicated by the

SKPSED CALL DSPL:. C Display text: 1

HERE pointer, set the value of HERE such that uses of it will

DB CR. C Next line 3

be recognized as invalid: 1

DB CR. C Next line 3

LD HL,(HERE.) C Put the value of HERE ... 1

DB 10D [ Indent 10 spaces 3

442 Oclobtr 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1 continued:

DB 'Press any key to continue'

OA40

FE E1 D2 4A OA FE DB D2 4D OA EE 20 77 C3 35 09

DB 0 E End of text 3

OA50

CD F7 07 2A ID 06 23 22 2B 06 C9 2A 2B 06 CD 75

C M

t for a key (any key) to be pressed and released: ]

OA60

06 D2 6A OA 3E 02 32 2E 06 C9 2A 2D 06 2D 22 ID

CALL KEY.IN

OA70

06 CD FO 07 C9 2A IB 06 2B 22 ID 06 2A 21 06 23

C Rep

eat the nam loop for the next operation: 3

OA80

22 IF 06 CD 57 06 C9 00 FE 8D CA A5 OA CD 2F 06

JP LPIED

OA90OAAOOABO

CA B9 OA CD OF 06 3A 67 OA 3D 32 87 OA CO 3A 2306 32 87 OA C9 3A 87 OA 47 3E AO CD OF 06 05 C2A9 OA 3A 23 06 32 87 OA C9 47 4F 3E AO CD OF 06

C **t****»************t***t**t********t**t*t**t*****t***** i

OACO

05 C2 BB OA 3A 87 OA 91 CA CE OA D2 D3 OA 4F 3A

I HHHNWHWNMMWMNttNMtMMMWMHnfUMN ]

OADO

23 06 81 32 87 OA C9 CD OC 06 3A 23 06 32 87 OA

C End

of text editor program. 3

OAEOOAFO

3A 24 06 57 3E 8D CD 88 OA 15 C2 E4 OA CD OC 063A 23 06 32 87 OA C9 7E 23 B7 C8 CD 88 OA C3 F7

Hexadecinal Duiip of the Video Display Oriented Text Editor:

OBOO

OA El CD F7 OA E9 AF B9 C2 14 OB 7E 23 CD 2F 06

« ft********************** ******************4»*4*****4*******

OB10

C2 17 OB 4F OD 3E AO FE 8D C9 79 B7 CA 38 OB 7E

OB20

23 FE 8D CS CD 2F 06 CA 2E OB OD C3 1A OB 57 79

01 23454789ABCDEF

OB30OB40

92 4F D2 1A OB 2F 3C 4F CD 06 OB C8 CD OF 06 05C2 38 OB C9 00 3A 23 04 47 3A 44 OB 4F CD 1A OB

0400

C3 D8 0D C3 91 02 C3 OE 02 C3 13 02 C3 00 02 C3

OB50

78 B7 CA 5E OB 3E AO CB OF 06 05 C2 55 OB 2B 01

OA10

02 02 C3 25 02 C3 A3 02 C3 0C 03 01 10 00 10 FO

OB60

FF FF 3E 8D CD 2B 07 ID C2 45 OB C9 00 OO 3A 2A

O620

47 EF 47 40 10 9A CB 14 44 01 01 FF FF 00 OO 32

OB70

06 5F CD 3E 07 22 6C OB D2 81 OB CD AD 07 C3 88

MM

2D 04 E6 80 3A 2D 06 C9 32 2D 06 7E E6 80 3A 2D

0180

OB 3A 2A 06 93 32 2A 06 IE 01 CD 3E 07 D2 9A OB

O640

06 C9 2A IB 06 2B 36 8D 2A 21 06 3A 24 06 47 23

OB90

CD D5 07 AF 32 44 OB C3 C9 OB OE 00 04 00 CD 04

0450

36 8D 05 C2 4F 06 C9 2A 21 06 23 22 2B 06 C9 OC

OBAO

OB 04 AF B9 C2 9E OB E5 C5 CD 75 06 C1 El D2 9E

0440

OD C8 04 C9 32 2D 06 7D 91 4F 7C 98 47 03 3A 2D

OBBO

OB 3A 29 04 4F 04 78 91 DA CI OB 32 44 OB C3 C9

0470

06 C9 2A IB 06 44 4D 2A 1D 06 C3 64 06 2A 21 06

OBCO

OB 78 32 29 04 AF 32 44 OB CD OC 06 2A 6C OB 3A

0480

E5 2A IF 04 44 4D El C3 64 06 2A 1D 06 44 40 2A

OBDO

2A 06 3D CA DA OB 5F CD 45 OB 3A 29 06 3D CA E9

0490

IF 06 2B 2B C3 64 06 32 2D 06 CD SF 06 7E 12 23

OBEO

OB 47 3A 44 OB 4F CD 1A OB 3A 25 06 CD OF 04 3A

MM

13 OD C2 9D 06 05 C2 9D 06 3A 2D 06 C? 32 2D 06

OBFO

23 06 21 29 06 96 CA 07 OC 47 OE 00 IE 01 2A IF

MM

CD 5F 06 7E 12 2B IB OD C2 B3 06 05 C2 B3 06 3A

04C0

2D 06 C9 CD 75 06 DB 2A IF 06 2B EB 2A ID 06 CD

OCOO

06 CD 4D OB C3 13 OC IE 01 CD 77 07 H2 13 OC 2A

O6D0

AD 06 22 ID 06 EB 23 22 IF 06 C9 CD 80 06 D8 2A

0C10

21 06 23 3A 2A 06 5F 3A 24 06 93 C8 5F CD 45 OB

O4E0

ID 06 23 EB 2A IF 06 CD 97 06 22 IF 06 EB 2B 22

OC20

C9 CD F7 07 CD BA 06 DA 34 OC 2A ID 06 23 CD 15

O4F0

ID 04 C9 CD 5F 06 BE 2B CA OC 07 OD C2 F6 06 05

0C30OC40

06 C2 3A OC 3E 01 32 2E 06 C9 D2 43 OC 3E 03 322E 06 C9 EB 2A ID 06 EB 22 ID 06 EB 23 CD C3 06

0700

C2 F6 06 32 2D 06 AF 3C 3A 2D 06 C9 OD C2 1C 07

OC50

C9 CD 94 08 CD F7 07 CD 7D 06 DB 2A 1F 06 CD 16

0710

05 C2 1C 07 32 2D 06 AF 3A 2D 06 C? OC OD CA 22

OC60

06 00 3E 03 32 2E 06 C9 2A 2B 06 CD 75 06 D2 77

O720

07 05 32 2D 06 AF 37 3A 2D 06 C9 CD 5F 06 BE 23

OC70

OC 3E 02 32 2E 06 C9 2A 2B 06 CD 18 06 DO 3E 03

0730

CA OC 07 OD C2 2E 07 05 C2 2E 07 C3 03 07 CD 72

OC80

32 2E 06 C9 CD D7 OA CD 01 OB 8D 8D 8D 1C DO F2

O740

06 D2 48 07 AF D6 01 C9 2A ID 06 7E FE 8D C2 59

OC90

E9 EE F4 E9 EE E7 00 CD 94 08 CD F7 07 CD 7D 06

0750

07 3E 01 BB C2 59 07 37 C9 3E 8D CD F3 06 D2 69

MM

D8 2A IF 06 OE 00 CD 06 OB C2 B1 OC CD 12 06 3E

0740

07 ID C2 5B 07 23 23 AF C9 23 37 3F CA 71 07 ID

OCBO

8A CD 12 06 AF B9 C2 A6 OC EB 2A 21 06 EB 7B 95

0770

C9 23 1D CB 2B ID C9 CD 7D 06 D2 81 07 AF D6 01

OCCO

7A 9C D2 A6 OC C9 50 42 CD 06 06 37 C8 05 C2 C8

0760

C9 53 3E 8D 2A IF 06 CD 2B 07 D2 94 07 ID C2 87

OCDO

OC OD C2 C7 OC B7 C9 00 00 CD 06 06 C2 EF OC 3A

0790

07 37 3F C9 7A BB C2 9B 07 37 C9 2A 21 06 2B 3E

OCEO

27 06 32 D7 OC CD 06 06 CA E5 OC 32 D8 OC C9 3A

07AO

8D 01 FF FF CD F3 06 23 23 AF C6 01 C9 3E 01 C3

OCFO

D7 OC 4F 3A 27 06 B9 C2 FE OC 3A 26 06 4F 3A B7

07BO

D1 07 3A 2A 06 FE 01 CA D1 07 3D C3 Dl 07 3A 2A

07CO

06 E5 21 24 06 BE E1 CA Dl 07 3C C3 Dl 07 3A 24

OBOO

OC 3D CA 08 OD 32 D7 OC 3A 28 06 47 79 3D C2 12

07DO

06 32 2A 06 C9 3E 01 C3 F3 07 3A 29 06 3D C8 C3

OB10

OD 41 CD C6 OC DA D9 OC 21 D8 OC BE C8 CD 06 06

07EO

F3 07 3A 29 06 E5 21 23 06 BE El C8 3C C3 F3 07

OB20

C2 ID OD C3 D9 OC E1 46 23 5E 23 56 23 BE 23 C2

07FO

3A 23 06 32 29 06 C9 CD 57 06 CD 72 06 DA 34 08

OB30OB40

38 OD 5E 23 56 C3 39 OD 23 23 05 C2 2D OD EB D5E9 CD D7 OA CD 01 OB BD 8D 1C CF FO F4 E9 EF EE

0800

2A IB 06 54 5D CD SF 06 7E 12 23 OD C2 13 08 05

OD50

F3 BA 8D 8D 8D 05 D4 02 D4 EF FO OE CC 02 CC EF

OB10

CA 30 08 CD 2F 06 C2 2C 08 CD 38 06 C2 2C 08 86

OB60

El E4 OD C8 02 D3 F4 El F2 F4 AO C8 E5 F2 ES 8D

0820

CD 2F 06 CA 28 08 3E 7F 12 C3 OA 08 13 C3 08 08

OD70

8D 05 C2 02 C2 EF F4 F4 EF ED OB D3 02 D3 El F6

0830

EB 22 IB 06 CD 7D 06 D8 2A 21 06 54 5D CD 5F 06

OD80

E5 OD C3 02 C3 EF FO F9 AO FO El F2 F4 8D 8D 2D

OB40

7E 12 2B OD C2 4B 08 05 CA 68 08 CD 2F 06 C2 64

OD90

AA 02 C5 F2 El F3 E5 AO FO E1 F2 F4 8D 8D 05 A1

0850

08 CD 38 06 C2 64 08 B6 CD 2F 06 CA 60 08 3E 7F

OBAO

02 CS F2 El F3 ES AO El EC EC 08 DO 02 DO F2 E9

0840

12 C3 42 08 IB C3 40 08 EB 22 1F 06 C? 6F E5 CD

OBBO

EE F4 00 CD 09 06 CD 26 OD 09 D7 OD D4 94 OB C2

0870

8A 06 D2 7B 08 CD F7 07 CD 8A 06 D2 83 08 3E 01

OBCO

A1 08 At 75 OA CC 21 OC D3 51 OC DO 84 OC C8 50

0880

32 2E 06 El 7D C9 CD 6D 08 D8 2A 1D 06 23 77 22

OBDO

OA 03 68 OC AA SB OA C9 CD 03 06 CD 42 06 AF 32

0890

ID 06 B7 C9 2A IB 06 CD C3 06 CD AD 07 CD D5 07

ODEO

2E 06 2A 2B 06 4D 44 2A ID 06 23 CD 64 06 D2 F4

MM

C9 2A 21 06 CD DB 06 CD CE 07 CD FO 07 C? IE 01

ODFO

OD CD 57 06 CD 6E OB CD D9 OC CD 26 OD OC B4 09

08BO

CD 3E 07 D2 BF 08 CO IE 02 CD 3E 07 CD B2 07 CD

08CO

D5 07 CD C3 06 C9 IE 01 CD 77 07 2B DA DB 08 CD

OEOO

FF 35 09 8A EC 08 82 C6 08 88 AE 08 84 7C 09 89

O8D0

BE 07 CD D5 07 C3 EB 08 CO 2A 21 06 CD FO 07 7E

OE10

99 09 AO CC 09 83 ED 09 80 FA 09 85 OE OA 81 32

08EO

FE 8D C2 EB 06 CD BE 07 CD DB 06 C? CD 6D 08 D8

OE20

OA FE 41 OD 3A 2E 06 B7 CA DE OD CD D7 OA CD 01

08FO

CD 72 06 D8 2A ID 06 7E CD 2F 06 C2 04 09 3E 01

OE30OE40

OB 8D 8D 8D OA CS F2 F2 EF F2 BA 02 00 3A 2E 06FE 01 C2 5F OE CD 01 OB C9 EE F3 F5 E6 E6 E9 E3

0900

35 C2 06 09 2B 22 1D 06 2A IF 06 FE 01 C2 20 09

OE50

E9 E5 EE F4 AO EB E5 ED EF F2 F9 OO C3 92 OE FE

0910

CD 36 06 C2 20 09 7E FE 7F CA 31 09 34 C3 31 09

OE60

02 C2 7C OE CD 01 OB C9 EE F6 El EC E9 E4 AO EF

0920

2B 77 22 IF 06 FE 8D C2 31 09 CD FO 07 CD B2 07

OE70

FO E5 F2 El F4 E9 EF EE 00 C3 92 OE CD 01 OB C9

0930

C9 CD DA 07 C9 CD 6D OB DB CD 7D 06 D8 2A IF 06

OE80

EE FO F5 F4 AF CF F5 F4 FO F5 F4 AO E5 F2 F2 EF

0940

7E CD 2F 06 C2 4D 09 3E 01 35 C2 51 09 23 22 IF

OE90

F2 00 CD 01 OB 8D 8D OA DO F2 E5 F3 F3 AO E1 EE

0950

06 2A ID 06 FE 01 C2 67 09 CD 38 06 C2 67 09 7E

OEAO

F9 AO EB E5 F9 AO F4 EF AO E3 EF EE F4 E9 EE F5

0960

FE 7F C8 34 C3 78 09 23 77 22 ID 06 FE 8D C2 78

OEBO

E5 00 CD 09 06 C3 DE OD

0970

09 CD BE 07 CD D5 07 C9 CD E2 07 C9 3A 24 06 3C

0980

21 2A 06 96 5F CD 77 07 2B DA A1 08 C2 A1 08 CD

0990

DB 06 CD AD 07 CD D5 07 C9 3A 2A 06 21 24 06 B6

09A0

5F CD 3E 07 DA 94 08 C2 94 08 CD C3 06 CD AD 07

Label Tabli

09BO

CD D5 07 C9 FE AO DA BE 09 FE FF C2 C4 09 3E 02

•*«**•*•**»

O9C0

32 2E 06 C9 CD 86 08 D8 CD E2 07 C9 CD 72 06 DA

09DO

E3 09 2A ID 06 CD 36 06 C2 E3 09 7E FE 7F C8 34

These

are the addresses of the subroutines, vectors, and

09EO

C3 E9 09 3E 01 CD 66 08 D8 CD E2 07 C9 3E 8D CD

variables in the order in which they are given in the source

09FO

86 06 D8 CD BE 07 CD D5 07 C9 CD 7D 06 B8 2A IF

listi

19. Also included are the values of the two constants.

The asterisks (*) indicate the parts which are syslen-

0*00

06 CD 38 06 C2 09 OA 35 CO 23 22 1F 06 C9 IE 01

dependent and which therefore need to be changed for use on

0*10

CD 77 07 D2 21 OA CO 2A 21 06 7E FE 8D 23 C2 2E

your

ucroconputer. (In addition, the MENU subroutine will

0*20

OA 2B E5 2A 1D 06 7E El FE 8D C2 2E OA 23 22 IF

need

to be nodified if an operation to return to an "operating

0*30

06 C9 2A IF 06 7E FE CI DA 4D OA FE FB D2 4D OA

Listing 1 continued on pageOctober 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

444443

Circle 139 on inquiry card.

POWER-LINE

HUE

These filters protect any sensitive electronicequipment from power line transient damageand radio frequency interference. Bothmodels offer surge suppression torpower line "spikes". RF interference is suppressed usingboth inductive andcapacitive components.Ideal for computers,test equipment, or TV.

LF2-A duplex outlet, 120V, 8amps ...$39.95LF6—Three separately filtered duplex outlets,120V, total fused capacity 15 amps,power switch and indicator lamp $69.95

Add $2.50 shipping and handling per order.Send check with order and provide streetaddress for UPS shipment. Ohio residents addSales Tax. Charge card buyers may call toll-free

DRAKE

1-800-543-5612

In Ohio, or forinformation, call:1-513-866-2421

R.L.DRAKE COMPANY

540 Richard Street, Miamisburg, Ohio 45342

INSTITUTIONAL AND DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED I I

IBM'CP/M'faPPtaMORROW DESIGNS „

D Printers-Terminals-Monitors-Micro CDecision Computer-Call for Price*'

WordStar dBASEII SuperCalc

I

S

C

0

U

N

T

m

$240

ron apple

$479

SORCIN - SUPEBCALC . .

119

T.5_.£. - PiATHlWACIC . .

tt

DIGITAL. RESEARCH

PL/1-80

419

C BASIC 3

EPIC SuPERVTIf . . . .6*5Ts THI WORD . . . .

IE'xTSQPT SPELLBINDER .

nrrffwr t/haker n . .

reHfg>K-TATt dBASE II .

•EACMPAR ]. GENERAL LEDGER. ACCOUNTS RECE*I VABL*. ACCOUNTS PAYABLE

RETAIL WAS SI eOO . . .

J75

309479

9

$189

For cp/k

DATASTAR

KATKLXACIC

fOR IB"

PICKOSTur

I .U.S.R1T73PELLER

EASrWBITEfl

129

CONDOR III

PEACHTEXT ). WORD PROCESSOR. SPELLING PBCnr READER. HAILING LIST MANAGER

RETAIL MAS Si : ■"■ . . . N

•lit* In Appla, At.rl *nd TRS-BO C«

Ep«el»l Dapt. for govHal tad P.O. icctpud

- all •

unlvvralty ord

I p p '. r*q Cha r ■)• ■

- Call for Pr Ic

FOB, tl Tor

0F

TWAR

E

All fries* Art Subject To Chanqa

Peach tree

SoftwareIncorporated

Suite #186 • 25422 Trobuco Rd. #105 • 0 Toro. CA 92630(716) 7fifl — fl 1 1 4 c»/m '• • m*""« in*"** « won* Rwaic,

Listing 1 continued:

This tiblt wtt transcribed by hind ind is therefore subjectto hunan errer.

RESET.

KEY.ST

KEY.IN

UP.LFT

CH.OUT

PR.OUT

NS.IN

MS.OUT

SPACE.

CR.

BE6.TX

BEF.CU

AFT.CU

END.TX

WIDTH.

LINES.

CURSR.

SEC.1

KC.HAX

DY.SCL

H0RI2.

VERT.

HERE.

SAVE.A

ED.ERR

BIT7A.

BIT7H.

STR.CR

INIT.H

SET.SC

SUB.DP

BG.CNT

040304040409040C040F0412041S0418(■A0)(=8D)041B041D041F0421042304240425042404270428042?042A042B042D042E042F04380442045704SF04440472

L.CNT

0475

ND.CNT

047D

R.CNT

0480

GP.CNT

048A

LDIR.

0497

LDDR.

04AD

H0VE.L

04C3

N0VE.R

04DB

SRCH.L

04F3

SRCH.R

072B

CR.LFT

073E

CR.RIT

0777

T0P.V

07AD

DEC.V

07B2

INC.V

07BE

BOT.V

07CE

LFT.H

07D5

DECK

07DA

INCH

07E2

RIT.H

07F0

CHPRS.

07F7

spact.

084D

INSRT.

0884

TOP.

0894

B0T0H.

08A1

UP.

0BAE

D0UN.

08C4

LEFT.

08EC

RIGHT.

0935

PAGE.F

097C

PAGE.B

0999

I.CHAR

09B4

I.SPAC

09CC

I.CR

09ED

E.CHAR

09FA

E.LINE

0AOE

SHIFT.

0A32

POINT.

OASO

E.PART

0A5B

E.ALL

0A75

H.POS

0A87

BS.BYT

0A88

CL.SCR

0AB7

BSPLA.

0AF7

DSPLi.

OB01

SET. NX

0BO4

DS.CHR

OB1A

N.SKIP

0B44

DS.LNS

0B45

DS.LIN

OB4D

FRST.C

0B4C

DSP.TX

0B4E

LOAD.

0C21

SAVE.

OC51

COPY.

OC68

PRINT.

0C84

DLY.KY

0CC4

KY.CNT

0CII7

PREV.B

0CD8

RPT.KY

0CD9

CASE.

OD24

HENU.

0D41

EDIT.

0DD8

(END)

0EB7

Listing 2: These input/output subroutines are used in theauthor's version of the text-editor program. They are presentedas examples of the eight external subroutines that must be writ-ten to interface the text-editor program with your input/outputdevices. If your system uses an operating system, the MS. IN,MS.OUT, and PR.OUT subroutines would make use of the op-erating system for transferring data to or from the mass-storagedevice and the printer.

**• *»*

•*» 1/0 SUBROUTINES «**•*« •*«

***************************

The subroutine nanes used here natch the nanes of the vectorsused in the nain listing. Since the requirements of thesesubroutines are detailed in the nain listing, thosespecifications are not repeated here.

These subroutines are written for a Digital Groupnicroconputer (previously available fron Digital Group, Inc.).It uses a ZB0 nicroprocessor operating at 2.5 MHZ. TheDigital Group video display device handles 14 lines of 64characters each. The nass storage device it an audio cassettetape recorder connected to a Digital Group audio cassetteinterface. The keyboard uas constructed using the keyboardsnitches and the circuit board previously available fro*Radio Shack stores.

The instructions used here are not United to the "8080subset" of instructions. The IN and OUT nnenonics arenon-standard in that there are no parentheses around theport nunber. 1

r (.•t»»'«>«t«<IM<«.M<.<M«I..H>HHMWl>>r(>

UP.LFT

444 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 234 on inquiry card.

Listing 2 continued:

This subroutine supplies the special code used to restart thevideo display in the upper left comer of the screen. TheCH.OUT subroutine (which follows directly) sends the code tothe video display board. 1

UP.LFT LD A.127D

I J*************************************************CH.OUT

This subroutine sends the character in register A to the videodisplay board connected to output port 0 . 3

CH.OUT OUT 0,A

XOR A

OUT 0,ARET

[ Output the byte to port 0 3

[ Set A to zero 3

I Output a zero to port 0 3

[ Return 3

[ MM********************************************'*

KEY.ST

This subroutine gets the status of the keyboard fro* inputport 0. The nost significant bit is connected to thekeypressed-status (strobe) bit, and the other 7 bits areconnected to the ASCII code outputs. 1

KEY.ST IN A,0BIT 7,ARET

C Input all 8 bits into A 3

[ Test the most significant bit 3

[ Return 3

f_ ***************************************************

KEY.IN

******

This subroutine uses the KEY.ST subroutine to wait for a key

to be pressed and released (as described for the KEY.IN

vector in the nain listing). ]

[ Uait until no key is presently being pressed: 3KEY.IN CALL KEY.ST

JR NZ.KEY.INC Uait until a key is pressed: 3LP1KI CALL KEY.ST

JR Z.LP1KIC Save the ASCII code (uith HSB = 1) of the key beingpressed: 3

PUSH AFC Uait until the key is released: 3LP2KI CALL KEY.ST

JR NZ.LP2KIC Put the ASCII code into register A and return: 3

POP AF

RET

[ ************************************************PR.DLY

:»*•*•*

This subroutine provides a delay of 1/300-th of a second foruse by the PR.OUT subroutine. 3

C Save the contents of DE, and put the delay count in DE: 3PR.DLY PUSH DE

LD DE,001353L" Uaste tine until the count reaches zero: 3LP1DY PUSH HL

POP HL

DEC E

JP NZ.LPIDY

DEC D

JR NZ.LP1DYI Restore the value of DE and return: 3

POP DE

RET

[ *«♦»»•»***•*«*»**»**•********»**«*****»**«*+•**•

PR.OUT

*•••**

This subroutine sends one character, carriage return, or

line feed to the "printer". I don't have a printer so this

subroutine sends the ASCII code in serial forn (at 300 Baud)

to a noden (connected to the LSB + 1 bit of port 1) to be

recorded on an audio tape recorder. The recording is laterplayed back into an acoustic-coupled noden connected to aprinter. ]

[ Save the contents of register HLs 3PR.OUT PUSH HL

C Indicate that 9 bits uil1 be sent: 3LD H,?D

C Calculate the parity bit (for "even" parity), put it in the

MSB, and clear the carry flag for use as the start bit: 3

AND 127D C Clear MSB, clear carry, and

calculate parity flag 3JP PE,SKP1P0 C Skip next instruction if the

parity bit is ok 3OR 128D C Set parity bit 3

L" Shift the start bit into the LSB+1 bit position: 3SKP1P0 RLARLA

C Repeat this loop to output each bit in succession: 3LP2P0 PUSH AF t Save A and carry flag 3

AND 2 [ Mask off all unneeded bits 3

OR 253D [ Set other bits as needed 3

OUT 1,A C Output the byte to port 1 3

CALL PR.DLY C Uait for 1/3O0-th second 3

POP AF I Restore A and carry flag 3

RRA C Rotate next bit into LSB+1 3

DEC H C Decrenent the loop counter 3

JR NZ,LP2P0 [ Repeat loop until done 3

L" Output 2 stop bits: 3

LD A,255D I Stop bit ■ 1 3

OUT 1,A C Output stop bit 3

CALL PR.DLY C Uait 1/300-th second 3

CALL PR.DLY t Uait another 1/300-th sec 3

L" Restore the contents of HL and return: 3POP HLRET

[ ************** ****************** ****** ***********

BT.IN

*****

This subroutine inputs one byte fron the audio cassette

interface. A subroutine in RON is used for this operation.

It inputs the bits serially frott the LSB of input port 1.

(The subroutine averages the status of the input bit for

each bit of data, to reduce errors.) 3

C Save the contents of the HL, BE, S BC registers: 3BT.IN PUSH HL

PUSH DE

PUSH BCI Read one byte using the subroutine in RON: 3

CALL 000234C Restore the registers and return uith the byte in A: 3

POP BC

POP DE

POP HL

RET

I ********************* It********************* ***#.***

T.DLY

*****

This subroutine delays for 1 "bit tine" for use by the BT.OUI

subroutine. It is the one supplied with Digital Group

c.onputers for this purpose. ]

t This constant specifies the delay tine needed: 1DLY.TH DB 037

T.DLY PUSH AF C Save the A register ]

LD A,(DLY.TH) I Load the delay tine value 3

ADD A I Adjust it for use with ... 3

ADD A C ... this subroutine 3

LD B,A C Put delay count into B 3

PUSH HL [ Save HI. 3

LP1TD NOP L Da nothing 3

DJNZ LP1TD C Repeat loop until B'=0 3

POP HL I Restore HL 3

POP AF C Restore register A 3

RET [ Return 3

i; **************************************************

BT.0UT

******

This subroutine outputs one byte to the audio cassette

interface to be recorded. This is a nodifled version of the

Listing 2 continued on page 446October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 445

BT.OUT

PUSH

HL

PUSH

BC

LB

H,?D

SCF

CCF

RLS

LP1BO

OUT

1,A

CALL

T.DLY

RRA

DEC

H

JR

NZ,LP1BO

LD

A,255D

OUT

l,A

CALL

T.DLY

CALL

T.DLY

POP

BC

POP

HL

RET

Listing 2 continued:

subroutine supplied with Digital Group computers for thispurpose. 3

t Save registers HL ... ]

E ... and BC ]

[ Indicate 9 bits to be sent 3

E Clear the carjty flag ... T

t ... for use as the start bit ]

[ Rotate the start bit into the LSB 3

C Output the byte to port I ]

E Delay for I bit tine 3

[ Rotate the next bit into the LSB 3

E Decrement the bit counter 3

E Repeat the loop for all 9 bits ]

E Specify a stop bit in the LSB 1

E Output the stop bit to port 1 3

[ Delay for the first stop bit 3

[ Delay for the second stop bit 3

E Restore registers BC ... 3

t ... and HL 3

t Return 3

i ************** + + ** + + + *****+******** + *******:»:**++** +

KESET.******This subroutine resets the Machine stack pointer, and outputs

"stop bits" to the cassette interface and printer interface

on port 1. 3

RESET. POP HL C Save the return address 3

LD SP.512D E Reset the stack pointer 3

PUSH HL t Put back the return address 3

LD A.255D C Specify all bits on 3

OUT 1,A C Set all bits of port 1 3

RET C Return 3

t «*»*«»«**•*****»**•*•**«**«*««*«**•***:**»*:»***«****

MS.IN

*****

This subroutine reads a text file fron audio cassette. The

file includes a "V character at the beginning of the file

and it ends with a zero byte. (The DSPLA: and CL.SCR

subroutines used here are a part of the nain text editor

progran.) 3

C Save the contents of the HL, DE, and BC registers: 3MS.IN PUSH HL

PUSH DE

PUSH BCE Display the indicated nessage: 3

CALL CL.SCR

CALL DSPLi.

DB ■' Press key to start loading'

DD CE Uait for any key to be pressed: 3

CALL KEY.INE Display the indicated nessage: 3

CALL CL.SCR

CALL DSPL:.

DB ' Loading '

DD 0C Restore the HL, DE, and BC registers: 3

POP BC

POP DE

POP HLE Set up the value in BC for use as a double-byte counter.(It indicates the naxinun nunber of bytes which can be read. I.■ 3

INC C E Is lower byte ... 3

DEC C [ ... equal to zero ? 3

JP Z.LP1NI [ Skip ahead if so 3

INC B [ Adjust the upper byte 3

r. Mait until the "X" byte is found (to avoid false starts): 3LP1NI CALL BT.IN

CP '!•'

JR NZ.LPIHIE Display an exclanation point to indicate that a "%* has beenfound: 3

LD A,'!'

CALL CH.OUTE Get the next byte, but exit the loop if an illegal codeis encountered (which is used to indicate the end of thefile): 3LP2HI CALL BT.IN

CP 255D

JR Z.SKP3HI

CP 9

JR Z.SKP3HIC Store the byte in the next position (indicated by HL) andrepeat the loop unless there is no nore roan: 3

LD

INC

DEC

(HL),A

HL

C

JR

DEC

NZ,LP2HI

JR NZ.LP2HI

E Store the byte 3

C Point to the next location 3

[ Decrement the lower half of the

byte counter ]E Repeat loop if nore roon 3C Decrenent the upper half of the

byte counter 3[ Repeat loop if nore roon 3E Indicate that an error has occurred (there is no noreroon), and return: 3

XOR A [ Set the zero flag 3

RET [ Return 3

C Point to the last byte which was read in, and return withthe zero and carry flags cleared (to indicate no error): 3SKP3NI DEC HL [ Point to the last byte 3

XOR A E Clear the ... 3

ADD 1 C ... zero and carry flags 3

RET [ Return 3

[ ********* tt*******«***:M********t****«***t*:M**t**

MS.OUT

******

This subroutine outputs a file of text to the audio cassette

tape recorder (used as the Mass storage device). The first

byte recorded is a "X" and the last byte is a zero byte (as

required by the NS.IN subroutine). 3

C Send a stop bit to the cassette interface: 3US.OUT LD A,255D

OUT 1,AC Save the contents of the HL, DE, and BC registers: 3

PUSH HL

PUSH DE

PUSH BCC Display the indicated nessage: 3

CALL CL.SCR

CALL DSPL:.

DB ' Press key to start saving'

DB 0C Uait for any key to be pressed; 3

CALL KEY.INC Display the indicated nessage: 3

CALL CL.SCR

CALL DSPL:.

DB ' Saving-'

DB 0L Restore the contents of the HL, DE, and BC registers: 3

POP BC

POP DE

POP HLt Set up the value in BC for use as a double-byte counter(indicating the nutiber of bytes to be recorded): 3

INC C E Is the lower half ... 3

DEC C E ... equal to zero? 3

JR Z.SKPtNO E If so, skip the next instruction 3INC B E Adjust the upper half 3

C Output a "l" as the first byte: 3SKPtNO LD A,'X'CALL BT.OUTC Output the next byte, point to the following byte, andrepeat the loop until the byte count (in BC) reaches zero: 3

LP2H0

LD A,(HL)

CALL BT.OUT

INC HL

DEC C

E Output the ... 3

[ ... next byte 3

C Point to the next byte 3

E Decrenent the lower half of the

byte counter 3I Repeat the loop if there are

nore bytes 3C Decrenent the upper half of the

byte counter 3C Repeat the loop if there arenore bytes 3E Output a zero value as the last byte; 3

XOR A [ Set A to zero 3

CALL BT.OUT E Output a zero byte 3C Clear the carry flag (to indicate no error), and return: 1XOR A [ Clear the carry flag 3

RET [ Return 3

JRDEC

JR

NZ.LP2H0

NZ,LP2N0

End of Listing 2

446 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Software Review

Systems Plus: FMS-80

Jack L. Abbott

8525 North 104th Ave.

Peoria, AZ 85345

FMS-80 is defined by its distributor, Systems Plus ofPalo Alto, California, as a file-management system. Pro-grams that perform the functions of FMS-80 are usuallycalled relational DBMS (database-management systems).FMS-80 accepts data in the format you establish, andthen manipulates and presents it in the requiredreport format, whether it be tables, checks, or invoices.FMS-80 menus and documentation emphasize the file-handling aspects of the program, as opposed to the data-manipulation characteristics, but the applications are thesame as for a DBMS (see the November 1981 BYTE,which is devoted to database-management systems).Since DBMS is a commonly used term, I will use it inter-changeably with FMS.

FMS-80 requires at least 48K bytes of memory, isdistributed in machine language, must run on a

1 "

At a Glance

Name

Language

FMS-80 (file-management

8080, Z80 machine

system) version 2.21

language

Type

Computer

Database-management

8080 or Z80 with CP/M or

system

MP/M operating system;

80-column by 24-line

Distributor

display; two disk drives with

Systems Plus

300K total byte capacity; line

3975 East Bayshore

printer

Palo Alto. CA 94303

(415) 969-7047

Documentation

Approximately 200 pages.

Price

looseleaf

S995

Audience

Format

Everyone who nees a good

8-inch soft sector |IBM); most

database-management

5 Vi -inch disks except Apple

system

with Z80 or TRS-80

microcomputer that has an 8080, 8085, or Z80-type pro-cessor, and requires a printer. The display terminal needs80 columns of 24 lines, an erase-screen function, and anaddressable cursor. The program runs under the CP/M1.4 or 2.X operating system, or MP/M. Two disk driveswith a total capacity of at least 300K bytes of memory areneeded.

The program documentation is written in two sections.The first includes a description of the CP/M commandsused to run FMS-80 and tutorials that take you step bystep through various operating-program examples. Thesecond section is a description of the individual FMS-80commands. In general, the manual is well written, andthere is an extensive index, although a number of pro-gram operations should have been described in moredetail. The user can overcome this deficiency of detail bygoing through the examples included on the disks.

I used two methods to check out FMS-80. First, Ideveloped a mobile-home inventory example that wasfive records long. Each record contained informationabout one mobile home and had eight descriptive items ofinformation, called fields. The five records taken togethermade up a file. FMS-80 can handle a maximum of 65,000records per file and 255 fields per record. Field length islimited to 255 characters. Record length is limited by theamount of memory available and typically would bemore than 25K characters.

My mobile-home inventory example is a general ap-plication that someone with little computer experiencecould handle. In a moment I'll provide a brief descriptionof how I developed this FMS-80 program and whatcapability this or a similar program will provide.

For my second test, I developed a database with a fileof 2000 records of five fields each, for a total of 10,000data items. DBMS programs sometimes slow down con-siderably as the size of the database increases. (Later Iwill give you figures regarding data entry and retrievaltime for my database of 10,000 items.)

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 447

Listing 1: Printout of the definition of the input-data format forthe MOBINV inventory program created under FMS-80. Thedata type can be decimal (D), alphanumeric (A), or variable (V),The LEN column shows the length of each field in characters.The PICTURE column defines an input format by using X torepresent a decimal digit and a - to cause all subsequentcharacters, including leading zeros, to print.

08/2O/B1

—PROMPT/HEAD-

1. RECORD #

2. STOCK •

3. SUPPLIER

4. MODEL

5. DATE ORD.

6. DATE RECVD.

7. COST

S. SALES PRICE

COPPERSTATE MOBILE HOME SALESFILE GLOSSARY FOR MOBINV.FD

LEN

005015015OlO008008OlOOlO

X.XBXBRXXLXX/XX/XXXX/XX/XXtXX,XX"X.XX*XX, XX X.XX

Listing 2: The terminal-display input record format defined inlisting 1 for the MOBINV inventory program. The user canretrieve data by using a single designated key field, then, withthe UPDATE command, enter new data in the record.

RECORD *

STOCK »

SUPPLIER

MODEL

DATE ORD.

DATE RECVD.

COST

SALE PRICE

NOTE: As data are entered each field

displays dots For number oF characters or digits permitted, andadds characters For picture dis-play. Any Field can be edited.

ADD, CHANGE, INQUIRE, DELETE, OR X TO STOP

<ONE LETTER)

In Less Than 3 Minutes

Your IBM Model 50, 60, or 75

Electronic Typewriter

can be an RS232C PRINTER or TERMINAL

CALIFORNIA MICRO COMPUTER Models 5060 and5061 can be installed easily and require NO modificationsto the typewriter.

For additional information contact:

CALIFORNIA MICRO COMPUTER9323 Warbler Ave., Fountain Valley, CA.92708 (714)968-0890

The first step in developing the representative mobile-home inventory program, MOBINV, is to define theinput-data format. Listing 1 shows the input-data formatprintout for one record, named a file "glossary" byFMS-80. The field names are labeled PROMPT/HEAD.The field TYPE column can be decimal, alphanumeric(letters, numbers, or spaces), or variable. A variable fieldis made up of alphanumeric characters and can accept asfew as two or as many as 253 characters. You lose theQUERY/UPDATE command capability if you use avariable field. LEN is field length. The PICTURE featureis an outstanding capability. It lets you enter Xs where adecimal number will go during data entry. In line 4, theMODEL field, the picture entry is X.XBXBRXXL, whichrepresents each mobile home's number of baths, numberof bedrooms, and length. When you enter the correctdigits, the program puts in the letters and decimal point.For example, if a mobile home has 1.5 baths, 2 bedrooms,and is 40 feet long, you enter 15240 and the printout is1.5B2BR40L. The "A" character in the PICTURE for thefields for cost and sales price prints all characters afterthat symbol, including leading zeros. You establish theinput-record format easily by menu selection. FMS-80provides full editing capability to add to or change thefield definitions.

After designing the input-data format, and beforeentering data, you must define a CONTROL DEFINI-TION by menu selection and select a field for sorting. Inour example we use field 1, record #, and specify ascend-ing order (first 1, then 2, etc.). FMS-80 will index the fileon the selected field. Indexing permits you to search justone field of each record in a file to locate a specificrecord, which means you can locate any record in a file inseconds. Then you can enter data in the database byusing the UPDATE command. The display will appear asshown in listing 2.

Record data may also be input by means of a SCREEN-DEFINITION command. If the number of fields in arecord exceeds 21, you must use a screen definition. Thiscommand enters and /or lists data at specific locations onthe display, a valuable capability for data entry for formgeneration. Menu selection permits you to specify thelocation on the display for any data fields of a record.Data item locations are designated by entering one of 80columns and one of 22 lines (rows) as grid coordinates.Displayed data items can be literals (strings of descriptivecharacters [labels] you enter to identify what type of datato enter), collect (fields where data is to be entered fromthe display keyboard), or display (data previouslyentered will appear on the display, but not to bemodified).

After a file is indexed, you can use the QUERY/UP-DATE command to locate and display any record in a filein a few seconds. In the MOBINV example, field #1,"record #" was indexed. Assuming that the mobile inven-tory has 1000 records, you can ask QUERY/UPDATE tofind record #800, and FMS-80 will find and display it intwo or three seconds. You can then edit the record if you

448 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

wish. If you hit C/R (carriage return), record #801 will bedisplayed, another C/R, record #802, etc. You can go inreverse order through the file by pressing Control P anddisplaying record #799, etc. At any time you can go outof sequence and display in seconds another recordanywhere in the file. At present, additional records can-not be entered using the QUERY/UPDATE command.

FMS-80 has extensive report capabilities. The simplestof these is the PRINT FILE command, which prints all therecords in a file and produces a printout like that shownin listing 3.

FMS-80 does the formatting for PRINT FILE; the onlyoperator action required is typing in the command. Youcan develop a SELECT definition to excerpt selected fieldsof records from a master file and place them in a separatesubfile. You accomplish this by menu selection of logicalAND, OR, EQUALS, and NOT EQUAL combined withMIN and MAX values. In the mobile-home inventory ex-ample, you can select all field #3 SUPPLIER mobilehomes of LAYTON OR SKYLINE received between theperiod 01/01/81 and 08/01/81, or specify that fields 1, 3,7, and 8, or any other fields of each selected record, be in-cluded in the subfile. PRINT FILE can then be used toprint the subfile. This is a handy way to produce a report.

With little effort, the newcomer to computing candevelop programs that perform all the MOBINV-typefunctions covered up to this point. PRINT FILE does notdo arithmetic manipulation of field data or printing ofdata in a specified format, as is required for invoice orcheck writing. To perform these functions, you need toknow how to use the REPORT command (45 pages ofdetailed tutorials and several sample programs are pro-vided), but if you have a moderate amount of machineexperience, you will soon learn these functions. In theMOBINV example, I can use the REPORT command todevelop a full invoicing system. I can add seven morefields to the MOBINV data record input definition: (9)buyer's name, (10) phone #, (11) street address, (12) city,(13) state, (14) zip, (15) sold indicator. I would leavethese fields blank when I filled in the inventory data; thenwhen a mobile home sold, I would use the QUERY /UP-DATE command to fill in the buyer's name, phone #, andaddress, and put an "S" in the sold indicator field. At theend of the month, I would use the SELECT function topull out all MOBINV records that had an "S" in the soldindicator field. I would use a subset of the REPORT com-mand to print an invoice with the buyer's name, address,and billing information at the correct positions, andanother subset of the REPORT command to select thebuyer's name and address and to print mailing labels orenvelopes. To align data items on the right side of a form(right justify), at present you must use a printingcharacter like a dot or an asterisk between the data itemand the right edge of the paper. A nonprinting character,such as a space, should be used instead, and Systems Plusstates that the correction will be made in its next releaseof FMS-80.

You invoke all of the preceding functions by entering

Listing 3: Output produced by FMS-80's PRINT FILE command.The command lists all records in the file requested by the user.

08/29/81

COPPERSTATE MOBILE HOME

SALES

PAGE 1

FD:

MOBINV.FD

SELECT: (NONE)

FILE: MOBINV.DAT

RECORD *

STOCK •

SUPPLIER

MODEL

DATE ORD

DATE

COST

SALE

RECEIVED

PRICE

OOOOl

1234567XYZ

PALM HARBOR

3.0B2BR60L

1/05/81

2/20/81

«14,375.75

•18,000.00

00002

123456XYZ

NASHUA

1.5B1BR40L

3/01/81

4/06/81

♦12.7B9.00

♦16,000.00

00003

23456MNB

LAYTON

1.0B2BR40L

1/03/81

2/04/81

•14,000.00

•18,585.00

00OO4

234567ABCDE

AIRSTREAM

1-OB1BR32L

1/06/81

3/06/81

♦21,000.00

•24,000.00

00005

TRW14578

SKYLINE

1.OB2BR79L

4/03/81

5/OB/81

♦21,987.65

♦31,650.00

Listing 4: Definition of the input-data format for the2000-record file used to test FMS-80's performance. Testing with2000 records showed no degradation from the high level of per-formance achieved with a much shorter file.

09/15/81 BENCHMARK

DATA FILE

PAGE 1

FILE GLOSSARY FOR DATA.FD

1.

RE-ORDER FLAQ

D

OOl

2.

STOCK NUMBER

D

005

3.

TYPE

D

002

4.

QUANT ITY

D

004

BASE METAL

A

003

New update from Tarbell...

CP/M DATABASEfor only$ 100!

IMPROVED FEATURES

D 3 times faster than previous version □ CB80 language sourceand COM files included D improved query language G up to19 files open at once □ command file processor G no limit onrecord length or number of records

OTHER ADVANTAGES

G variable-length fields G field names of any length G fieldnames may include spaces G sequential or random files Goptional index files G also runs under CBASIC

INTERACTIVE PROGRAMS

Tarbell Database also includes these interactive programs:DBSORT, sorts random files; DBSETUP, creates a file; DBENTRYfor entering data; DBUPDATE for changing files; DBQUERY foraccessing data; DBLABEL for printing labels; DBLETTER forprinting letters; DBCOPY to change structure of a file.

TARBELL VALUE

Dollar for dollar, you can't get a better value than Tarbell's up-dated Database System. Ask your nearest Tarbell dealer for ademo.

950 Dovlen Place, Suite BCarson, CA 90746(213)538-4251

CP/M, CB80 and CBASIC are trademarks of Digital Research.

Circle 380 On inquiry Card. October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 449

individual commands. FMS-80 includes a programminglanguage and compiler as a part of the EFM (extended filemaintenance) function. Learning this programming lan-guage enables you to develop an EFM file. This file can beused to select individual commands from a menu andthen later conveniently invoke the whole sequence ofselected commands. You must, however, supply aneditor or word processor to build the EFM program file.

Here are some examples of functions that can be donewith EFM. After printing the MOBINV invoices andmailing labels as described earlier, you could do a globaledit (change field data in all the records in a file) bytesting each record to see if the "S" indicator was set, thenzeroing the indicator if it was set to start with a clean slatefor the coming month. An EFM file can do any repetitiveoperation of this type. When using a large database, youmight need to consolidate the buyers' names and ad-dresses in a separate file, named MAILIST, and read fromthat file and the MOBINV data file to make up the in-voices. EFM can read from 19 different files and use thedata to make up a single report. EFM also lets you callCP/M operating system commands without exitingFMS-80.

The examples I have given to this point have in mostcases used a five-record database. Earlier I mentionedthat I used a larger test database of 2000 records of fivefields each to find out if FMS-80's performance falls off asthe size of the data file increases. Tests with this database

PUT THE BYTE

ON YOUR COMPUTER

WITH 10 Mbyte STORAGEEVOLUTIONARY ELECTRONICS INC.

GIVES YOU WINCHESTER TECHNOLOGY

with a *M Shugart sa 600

HARD DISK DRIVE

10 Mbytes IN THE ROOMOF A 5 v4 in MINIFLOPPY"1"

AS A FALL SPECIAL

WE HAVE IN STOCKTHE SA600 FOR $1,695

OR THE NEW

LSI 801 8 inch DRIVESFOR $325

ALSO

4116 DYNAMICMEMORY CHIPS

KEY FEATURES

■ 10 Mbyte (unformaled)

storage capacities'Same mounting as Shugart

Minifloppy*™ drives' Electronic damping'Proprietary FasFlextm band

actuator'5.0 Mbits/second transfer

rate• Same DC voltages as

Shugart's Minifloppys,m

WE HAVE THE FULL LINE OF SHUGARTHARD AND FLOPPY DISK DRIVESCALL WEEKDAYS FROM 8a.m. - 8p.m.

1-503-289-3988EVOLUTIONARY 433 ne. Lombard

ELECTRONICS, INC. PORTLAND, ORE 97211

©

were limited in scope and run on only one machine, a64K Dynabyte 8/2-8/4 using 8-inch drives. The resultsshould not be considered definitive.

I will briefly describe how I developed the larger testfile, titled DATA. Listing 4 lists the input format(glossary).

I developed another program to generate simulateddata for the test database file. The file is indexed on thestock number and quantity fields. The stock numbers are2000 different randomly selected whole numbers (in-tegers) falling between 10,000 and 22,000. The quantityfield contains 2000 sequential whole numbers with valuesfrom 5000 to 6999. A real inventory list would not havesequential quantity values, but this configuration sim-plified testing because I used the simulated quantity valueas both a record number and a quantity.

Testing with this database revealed no degradation inFMS-80's performance when compared with theMOBINV example. Any time the QUERY/UPDATEcommand is used, there is a delay of approximately 30seconds at the start of record retrieval to reestablish theindex file. After this period, you can retrieve records intwo or three seconds. Using the UPDATE command, Ientered 50 new records and the program integrated andsorted all of them in less than four minutes. I checked allmajor program functions, including screen-definitiondata inputs, sorting files, and selection of individualrecords or groups of records from a file. All the functionsworked properly, with no apparent system problems.The REPORT command readily manipulated and sum-marized field data mathematically. Printer speed deter-mines the report output rate, so there was no change.

Conclusions

• FMS-80 is one of the new generation of relationalDBMS programs. All things considered, the system is fastand versatile. Even if you are new to microcomputers,FMS-80 will let you produce an acceptable applicationsprogram with a tabular report in a short time. You won'thave to learn a new programming language to produce asummarized formatted report, although a moderateamount of familiarization with the REPORT commandwill be necessary. If you learn the EFM programming lan-guage, then any DBMS application, no matter how com-plex, will be within your grasp.

• The documentation and accompanying program ex-amples are sufficient to teach most of the program func-tions. A lack of clarity and organization in some portionsof the manual makes it difficult to use all of the capa-bilities of this truly outstanding program.

• FMS-80 reports are printer oriented. A printer, prefer-ably one that is reasonably fast and has a 132-columnprint capability, is a necessity.

• FMS-80 can read files generated by other programs.

• For some applications, FMS-80's lack of provision fordata security may be a drawback.

In short, FMS-80 is a major contender among data-base-management systems for microcomputers. ■

450 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 161 on inquiry card.

Clubs and Newsletters

Office AutomationSociety Formed

SOAP (Society of OfficeAutomation Professionals) isa recently formed nonprofitorganization for individualsinvolved in office automa-tion. The society seeks topromote office automation asa profession, to encouragestandards of professional ex-cellence, to facilitate com-munications throughout theinternational office-automa-tion community, and to pro-mote relevant research, stan-dards, and public policy.

Some of the group's pro-jected activities include aperiodic newsletter, nationaland international confer-ences, and teleconferences.SOAP will also help toorganize and maintain com-munications between discus-sion groups. Individual duesare $50 per year. Corporatefees are $250 for five employ-ees; additional corporatemembers cost $40. Studentrate is $25 when sponsoredby a professor belonging toSOAP. For more informa-tion, contact the Society ofOffice Automation Profes-sionals, N. Dean Meyer, 233Mountain Rd., Ridgefield,CT 06877, (203) 431-0029.

ABE's Atari Fans

ABE's ACEs (Allentown,Bethlehem, Easton's AtariComputer Enthusiasts) pro-motes the exchange of knowl-edge for the benefit of Atariusers. The group meets onthe first Saturday of themonth at 2 p.m. at SaintsSimon and Jude's School inBethlehem, Pennsylvania. Asoftware library is beingformed. Annual dues are $10,with student and family dis-counts available. ContactABE's ACEs, POB 228,Whitehall, PA 18052.

PET Fans Gatherin Houston

CHUG (CommodoreHouston Users Group) is forowners, users, and anyoneinterested in CommodorePET, CBM, and VIC com-puters. The group meetsmonthly at various locationsin central Houston. It pro-duces a newsletter calledHardcopy. Call John Walker,(713) 999-3650, for informa-

interest in the Apple III andits software. The newsletterfeatures news, information,and reviews of supplemen-tary equipment and applica-tions software. It will also in-clude a program exchangethrough reader contribution,a question-and-answerforum, bug reports and fixes,etc. Subscriptions are $15 ayear which includes the ac-cess fee to a planned com-puter bulletin board. A sam-

First call for Clubs and Newsletters Directory

To be included in the fifth edition of the BYTE Clubs andNewsletters Directory, your club or publication must supplythe following information:

1. name of organization or publication

2. mailing address

3. contact person and telephone number

4. name of newsletter or publication

5. special interests

Send your information to Clubs and Newsletters Direc-tory, BYTE/McGraw-Hill. POB 372, Hancock, NH 03449.

tion on CHUG's PET andCBM sections. VIC ownerscan obtain details from PeterFarrow, (713) 466-4092. Allinterested parties can write toCHUG, 8738 Wildforest,Houston, TX 77088.

Apple Danish Club

The CCC (CopenhagenComputer Club) is composedof Apple II and III ownersand users. Members are in-terested in sharing informa-tion on system and applica-tions software. Contact CCCthrough George H. Buch,CCC, Buchan, Ravnsborg-gade 19, 2200 Copenhagen N,Denmark; Tel; (01) 39 15 31.

Apple III User'sNewsletter

The Apple Three newslet-ter is published quarterly forthose who share a common

pie issue is available for $2.50from Mediaworks, POB2757, San Francisco, CA94126.

Society for ComputerSimulation

SCS (Society for ComputerSimulation) is a technicalsociety devoted to the ad-vancement of simulation andallied computer arts in allfields, including science,mathematics, engineering,education, medicine, govern-ment, and social work. SCS'sgoal is to facilitate com-munication among profes-sionals. It organizes meetingsof regional councils andsponsors and assists with na-tional and international con-ferences. SCS produces amonthly journal, Simulation,and other supplementarypublications. SCS is amember of the American Fed-

eration of Information Pro-cessing Societies.

Membership in SCS is opento all who are or have beenengaged in computer simula-tion and who meet certain re-quirements. The cost is $35 ayear, which includes a sub-scription to Simulation. Stu-dent memberships are avail-able for $15. Institutional andlibrary subscriptions to Simu-lation and Simulation Pro-ceedings cost $42. For com-plete details, contact SCS,POB 2228, La Jolla, CA92038.

TACS Convenesin Edmonton

TACS (The Aurora Com-puter Society) is a nonprofitcomputer club that's notgeared toward any specificsystem or processor. Mem-bers come together to discussand gain an understanding ofthe uses of computers insociety. TACS meets at theHolyrood School, 7920-94thAve., Edmonton, Alberta, onthe second Wednesday of themonth at 7:30 p.m. A month-ly newsletter, Intercom '80,is produced. Membership isopen to anyone. Annual duesare $25 for an individual, $10for anyone under 18 years,and $35 for families. Write toThe Aurora Computer Socie-ty, POB 9558, South Edmon-ton, Alberta, T6E 5X2,Canada.

The Sourcefor Apples

The Source Apple UsersGroup is an organization ofApple II and III owners onThe Source. All communica-tions are by means of Sourcemail. For more information,contact Source account num-ber TCA265.B

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 451

Ask BYTE

Conducted by Steve Ciarcia

Letter-QualitySelectrics

Dear Steve,

I recently bought an AppleII Plus computer. Amongother things, I want to use itfor word processing, but Iwill need a letter-qualityprinter. It occurred to methat an IBM Selectric type-writer can be interfaced tomy computer, but I don'tknow how. I'd appreciate anyhelp you can offer.Matthew A. BrennerOxford, CT

An IBM Selectric Type-writer can be interfaced to anApple II or any other com-puter, but there are somethings that you must know:when a key is pressed on aSelectric, a series of rods(bails) are depressed. Theserods establish the tilt, rota-tion, and actuation of thetype ball for any character.Computer control of a Selec-tric is achieved through abank of solenoids that, whenactivated, pull the rods fromthe bottom of the typewriterin the same manner that thekey pushed them from thetop. A unique combination isestablished for each char-acter. This code is known asCorrespondence Code onnewer typewriters and BCDCode on the earlier Selectrics.

Additionally, the standardoffice Selectric has severalproblems:

•It does not contain the nec-essary solenoids to allowcomputer operation. Thesesolenoids are available aspart of a kit from IBM to con-vert Selectrics for computeroperation. The kit takes careof the tricky adjustments thatare necessary.

•If the solenoids are properlyinstalled, it is necessary totake the computer's TTL

(transistor-transistor logic)output and convert it into a30- or 48-volt (V) signal todrive the solenoids. Sometype of driver circuitry is re-quired.

»It's recommended that theSelectric be driven at a speedthat will allow the next char-acter to be typed before thecycle clutch disengages. Byminimizing the amount ofclutch engaging and disen-gaging, its life is greatly en-hanced.

•An 8-bit parallel port andthe necessary software driverare required.

Some of the earlier Selec-trics, known as I/O Selec-trics, were designed for com-puter interfacing. They weremore rugged in designbecause they were built forcontinuous operation. Theycame in many flavors: corres-pondence, BCD, and ASCII(American Standard Code forInformation Interchange)codes; serial and parallel in-terfaces; 30- and 48-Vsolenoids, etc. These are cur-rently available on the sur-plus market at relatively at-tractive prices. If you havethe technical expertise, one ofthese units can be convertedt> a fine letter-qualityprinter. If you don't have thisknowledge, it can be a night-mare. Escon Products (Suite240, 171 Mayhew Ave., Plea-sant Hill, CA 94523 (415)820-1256) makes an officeSelectric adapter kit that youmay like to check out.. . . Steve

Exceeding AddressLimits

Dear Steve,

I'm puzzled by the fact thatsome 6502 systems can ad-dress more than 64K bytes ofmemory. How is it possible

to exceed the 64K-byte limitwith a 16-bit address bus sys-tem?

Bert E. WilliamsGaithersburg, MD

The 6502 (or any otherprocessor with 16 addresslines) can address only 64Kbytes, but it doesn't carewhich 64K bytes are ad-dressed! That's the key toyour question. Multipleblocks of memory can be ad-dressed by a techniqueknown as bank selecting.Selection is made by an I/Oline or other decodingmethods. It's possible to havemany 64K-byte blocks ofmemory in the computer andaddress them one at a time byfirst sending a memory-selectsignal to the desired block.The processor then com-municates with the selectedblock as if it were the onlymemory in the system.

Multiple programs andutilities can thus be stored inthe computer and instantlyaccessed by first sending theappropriate bank-select sig-nal. . . . Steve

VideoSignals Hertz

Dear Steve,

I would like to purchase apersonal computer, but I livein Europe and move fre-quently, so I must cope witha variety of AC-power sys-tems. I would like to get anApple II with some peripher-als and a color video moni-tor. What equipment is sensi-tive to the 50-Hz power fre-quency here? Will I needsome kind of converter? Ineed a flexible system thatcan be used even if I return tothe U.S.R. SchreinerEssen, West Germany

/ have had several lettersconcerning the use of com-puters in countries where theline frequency is other than60 Hz. The differences forthose not familiar with theproblem are that the Euro-pean PAL or SECAM TVstandard is 625 lines perframe with a vertical framerate of 50 Hz, while theNTSC standard in the U.S. is525 lines per frame with a60-Hz vertical frame rate.The computer generates avideo-sweep frequency toproperly cover the screen.The power transformer forthe 50-Hz system has moreiron in the core to accom-modate the lower alternatingfrequency.

The Apple II computer hasa power supply that canoperate from either 50 Hz or60 Hz because it is a switch-ing-type power supply anddoes not use a conventionalpower transformer. Hence, ifyou buy the European AppleII and reduce the line voltagefrom 220 volts to 110 volts, itwill work in the U.S. If youbuy a monitor designed forthe European frequencies thatoperates on DC (direct cur-rent), then all that is needed isa 50-Hz power supply forproper operation. Some50-Hz monitors may work on60 Hz if the vertical sync isnot based on the line frequen-cy. .. . Steve

DisplacedDisk Drives

Dear Steve,

I've noticed that more andmore mircocomputers aresold with SVi-inch floppy-disk drives on them and thata great quantity of software issold on disks that size. In theuniversity where I teach, we

452 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

have an S-100-based systemwith two 8-inch floppy-diskdrives, so I'd like to know if5V4-inch disks are going todisplace the 8-inch ones. Willwe need to consider this forour next equipment expan-sion? At the same time,please let me know what thesoftware's version numbermeans (e.g., CP/M 2.2 orWordstar 3.0).Sergio Tejeda SchiavoniMexico City

Both 5V*- and 8-inchfloppy-disk drives have theiradvantages. The 5Vt-inchdisks cost less, but their data-storage capacity is not asgreat and their access time islonger. They are popularwith many of the personal-computer systems now on themarket and may give the im-pression that they are displac-ing the 8-inch drives.

For applications wherelarge amounts of data mustbe accessed, the 8-inch driveis preferred. Typical ex-amples include small-businesssystems where mailng lists,accounting data, and inven-tory records must be kept on-line for rapid access. Also,many development systemsuse the 8-inch drives becauseof their greater storage capa-city.

Look for hard-disk drivesto replace both 5Vt- and8-inch floppy-disk drives.Hard disks feature con-siderably more storage (i.e., 5to 10 megabytes), extremelyrapid access time, and aredropping in cost.

The version number on apiece of software is analogousto the revision number. Forexample, when revisionswere made to CP/M the ver-sion number changed from1.4 to 2.2. . . . Steve

ADM-3 LowercaseConversion

Dear Steve,

I own a Lear Siegler ADM-3A dumb terminal that dis-plays only uppercase letters. Iwould like to convert it to

show lowercase as well. LearSiegler offers a conversion kitfor $75, but I can't imaginethat the three integrated cir-cuits it contains cost thatmuch. Do you have any ideawhat the integrated circuitsare and where I can get themat a better price?Richard D. BucholzHamden, CT

Adding lowercase to yourLear Siegler ADM-3A ter-minal is relatively easy. Anarticle in the March 1979BYTE, "Adding LowercaseDisplay to the ADM-3 A," byA.W. Walker (see page 190),completely describes the nec-essary modification. Thecharacter generator used is alowercase RO-3-2513. It'savailable for $9.95 from Ac-tive Electronic Sales Corp.,POB 8000, Westboro, MA01581, (617) 366-0500.. . . Steve

VIC Cassette Adapter

Dear Steve,

I'm planning to buy a Com-modore VIC-20 microcom-puter. I would like to avoidbuying the VIC cassette-taperecorder, because I alreadyhave a Radio Shack one. Isthere some adapter I canbuild to connect my RadioShack recorder to a VIC-20?Timothy McllweeOrmond Beach, FL

The VIC-20 cassette re-corder is unique only becausethe computer supplies thepower for it. Any cassetterecorder can be connected tothe VIC as follows: looking atthe connector, the terminalsare numbered 1 through 6 onthe top and A through F onthe bottom. The pinouts arein pairs:

A-l ground (connect to

computer ground)B-2 +5 volts (not used)

C-3 cassette motor (useremote)

D-4 cassette read (ear-phone)

E-5 cassette write (micro-phone)

F-6 cassette switch (notused)

Getting an edge-card con-nector may be difficult be-cause of the VIC's odd size.You can write Commodoreor find a larger connector ofthe same spacing and cut it tosize. That's all there is to it.. . . Steve

Too Many Signals

Dear Steve,

I'm trying to use an S-100interface card to control acamera. My problem is that I

need to connect the S-100card to my Radio ShackTRS-80 Model I computer.The two systems seem tohave some common signals,but what do I do with theS-100 signals called SIN,SOUT, PWR, PDB, andPRDY? I know that there is abook on the subject, but Ican't find it.Merton CarterJamaica, NY

Interfacing the TRS-80Model I to the S-100 bus iscomparatively easy to do.Most S-100 signals have acorresponding TRS-80 signal,except that some are "activelow" instead of "active high."Also, the TRS-80 data busmust be split into Data Out(DO0 through D07) andData In (DIO through DI7)lines.

Interfaces up to 8 onebyte portsAccepts 16K RAM10 $99

DADDA

2-channelsA/D(0-5V)2-channels D/A(0-5V, 20mA)ADDA $97

C Beeper (Clock/Switch)m sec to years, three 16-bit counters,(reads on fly), 32KHz crystal,optically isolated input; programmablefrequency tone generator...BCS $89

$5 handling chargeon all orders

ORDERTOLL FREE:

800-227-1617

operator 641(CA, 800-772-3545operator 641)

Box 1140

2000 Center Streetm|Cf O Berkeley. CA 94704

developments

Circle 243 on Inquiry card.

Octobtr 1982 © BYTE Publicaeions Inc 453

If You Have A Printer

You need our PRINTER OPTIMIZER. We havetwo gripes with computer printers: one, no matterhow fast they print they're much slower than acomputer. So here you are with all this processingspeed, sitting there waiting for your printer tofinish. Two, almost all printers offer a bunch offeatures like various type sizes, forms control,graphics, enlarged character sets, etc. - but howare you supposed to access these features? Ohsure, the printer manual says: "print an ESCcharacter followed by a CONTROL "K" followed bya three digit value equal to the desired pagelength...", but how do you do this in the middle ofyour spreadsheet program? And how do you accessall those extra symbols and graphics with a punyhalf-ASCII keyboard?

Before Mediamixgrew into AppliedCreative Technology Inc. ,the idea people there decided to develop theCuisinarf*of the computer industry - a "magic box"that features 64,000 to 256,000 characters ofspooling printer buffer, total character retrans-lation capability including macros, a keyboard thatlets you directly select complete printer controlsequences with the ease of a pushbutton car radio,adapts serial printers to parallel computers andvisa versa, plus many more imaginative features.So many useful features that regardless of theprinter you own - our PRINTER OPTIMIZER willbring your printer "up to speed" with the rest ofyour system and let you take full advantage of it.

If You Need A LetterQuality Printer

Consider our affordable alternative. For thoseof you who did not see the review of our product inthe July issue of BYTE, we produce a little whitebox that converts an IBM Electronic Typewriterinto a high quality Serial or Parallel computerprinter. And now ourETI2 (Electronic TypewriterIntelligent Interface) attaches to other brands ofelectronic typewriters. There are a number ofarguments in favor of choosing this route over amere computer printer and we have a brochure onthe subject that you should read.

We apply technology creatively, and you'll findthat not only can we communicate the results toyou, but each product is better than anything elselike it on the market. Call 1-800-433-5373 and we'llsend you more information about our company andour products.

APPLIEDCREATIVETECHNOLOGY, INC.

2723 Avenue E East, Suite 717Arlington, Texas 76011[817]^261-6905[800J-433-5373

Ask BYTE

This is all explained in abook entitled The S-100 andOther Micro Buses by ElmerC. Poe and James C. Good-win. It is published byHoward W. Sams & Com-pany (4000 West 62nd St.,POB 7092, Indianapolis, IN46206, (800) 428-3696; in In-diana (317) 298-5400) and isavailable at many electronicsdealers, computer stores, andmail-order houses. It costsonly $7.95 and, if you areplanning to interface otherS-100 boards to the TRS-80bus, it is an excellent invest-ment. . . .Steve

Making Musicon the ZX81

Dear Steve,

I want to find informationthat will let me interface theSinclair ZX81 computer withthe S-100 Sound ComputerBoard made by DigitalResearch Computers ofGarland, Texas. My goal is toproduce a low-cost, 6-voice,computer-driven music syn-thesizer. Can you help melocate the necessary informa-tion, or determine whetherthis task is possible?Donald Allan GravesMount Laurel, NJ

The Sinclair ZX81 has allits address, data, and controlbuses brought out to a rearconnector, so interfacing toan S-100-type system isrelatively easy. The S-100and Other Micro Buses byElmer C. Poe and fames C.Goodwin, published byHoward W. Sams & Com-pany (see address above),gives a complete definition ofthe S-100's signals and ex-plains how various micro-computers may be interfaced.Many of the Sinclair signalswill be identical to RadioShack's TRS-80, and methodsof obtaining the others are ex-plained. It is mainly a matterof buffering the address anddata lines of the ZX81 (to pre-vent overloading), and gating

some of the control signals.The biggest problem is find-ing an edge-card connectorthat is compatible with theZX81. The leads can besoldered directly to the pins ifa connector cannot be found.. . . Steve ■

In "Ask BYTE," Steve Garciaanswers questions on any areaof microcomputing. The mostrepresentative questions re-ceived each month will be an-swered and published. Do youhave a nagging problem? Sendyour inquiry to:

Ask BYTE

c/o Steve Ciarcia

POB 582

Glastonbury CT 06033If you are a subscriber to TheSource, chat with Steve,Tr:C3l7) directly Due to thehigh volume of inquiries, per-sonal replies cannot be given.Be sure to include "Ask BYTE"in the address.

BYTE's Bits

MailgramsVia The Source

Subscribers to The Sourcecan now compose and sendMailgram messages to anystate directly from their per-sonal computers. The servicelets subscribers send a Mail-gram to a single address, or itpermits the user to send thesame or different messagesto multiple addresses. Dis-count rates apply to quantitymailings of the same message,and no limit has been im-posed on the number of mes-sages that can be sent. Otherfeatures of this service in-clude the ability to receive aconfirmation or duplicatecopy of the Mailgram andthe ability to save the mes-sage in a personal file on TheSource. Users of this serviceare billed monthly along withother Source charges. Forcomplete details, contactSource Telecomputing Corp.,1616 Anderson Rd., McLean,VA 22102, (703) 734-7500. ■

454 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

BYTELINES

News and Speculation about Personal Computing

Conducted by Sol Libes

R

andom Rumors:

Osborne Computer Corpora-tion is said to be working onan 80-column-wide videodisplay for its portable com-puter. Although Osborne haspioneered the portable-computer marketplace, thecompany now has a largenumber of competitors. . . .Hewlett-Packard (HP) is ex-pected to introduce a CP/M-based system with 64K bytesof memory and a 9-inch or12-inch video display; theprice may be under $1800.. . . You can expect at leastone company to unveil aread/write videodisc systemfor mass data storage beforeyear-end. . . . Rumors sug-gest a possible joint venturebetween IBM Japan and Mat-sushita Electric to make alow-cost personal com-puter. . . . B. Dalton Book-seller and Waldenbooks, thetwo largest national chains ofbookstores, are reportedlyplanning to carry software.They are expected to sellmostly games initially and tobring in more serious pack-ages later. . . . Word has itthat Sord of Japan is readyingan 8088- or 8086-based por-table computer with a flat-panel display. . . . It's report-ed that the manager of Com-modore in the United King-dom, upon learning the lowprice (equivalent to about$194) of the new Sinclair ZXSpectrum computer (see theSeptember 1982 BYTELINES)threatened to bring the priceof the VIC-20 down to $180.. . . Microsoft is rumored tobe working on a version ofXenix (a Unix look-alike) forthe Radio Shack Model 16computer. . . . Texas Instru-ments (Tl) is expected to in-

troduce shortly an 8-bit por-table computer with a 1-lineby 40-character display; theanticipated list price is $250and a compatible 4-colorprinter will also be available.. . . Ford Motor Company issaid to be working on a"cockpit" computer, withvideo display, to conrol func-tions in Ford vehicles. It willhave a navigation system tiedto a communications satelliteand will display a map withthe vehicle's location pin-pointed on it. . . . Motorolais reportedly ready to startshipping versions of its 68000microprocessor that will op-erate with a 15-megahertzclock.

R

landom News Bits:

Morrow Designs, Richmond,California, will soon in-troduce its Micro Decisionsystem, a $1195 CP/M-basedsystem that will include$2000 worth of software(such as Micropro's Word-star, Calcstar, Mailmerge,and Spellstar; DigitalResearch's CP/M; and Micro-soft's MBasic). . . . LoboDrives, Coleta, California,has a new, low-priced CP/M-based system; it lists for $800and includes 64K bytes ofmemory, a calendar/clock, akeyboard, and three I/O (in-put/output) ports with aninterface connector. A $150video display and variousdisk drives are optional.. . . Acorn Computers,United Kingdom, has an-nounced that it will offer a16032 option to its 6502-based BBC Micro (the 16032is National Semiconductor'snew 32-bit microprocessor).The firm also stated that next

year it expects to introduce a16032-based system, with ahard disk, priced at $3500.. . . Whitesmiths Ltd., a soft-ware house in Iselin, NewJersey, plans to release 16032versions of its Idris operatingsystem, its C compiler, and itsPascal language. . . . Whilethe micro-mouse contests formaze-solving mobile robotsseem to be passe here in theU. S., they flourish in Europe.Trials were held at severalEuropean shows and thefinals were held in Israel.. . . Fujitsu expects to beginshipping 256K by 1-bitdynamic memory devices inlarge quantities before year-end and 512K by 1-bit unitsnext year. . . . Both Tl andAtari reportedly expect toship 1.5 million units thisyear. . . . Syquest Technol-ogy, Fremont, California, hasintroduced the first hard disksmaller than 5V4 inches. Thedisk itself is 3.9 inches indiameter and can be re-moved from the drive. Onedisk stores 6.38 megabytes,and two complete drives canbe mounted in the space of astandard 5Vt -inch floppy-diskdrive. . . . Independent com-puter professionals (con-sultants, freelance program-mers, etc.) might be inter-ested in checking out Com-puter Consultant magazine.Battery Lane Publications,Box 30214, Bethesda, MD20814, CompuServe ID70001,655) Computer-land is expected to start fran-chising stores in Japan start-ing next year. The companynow has 274 stores in 15countries and is openingstores at a rate of 12 permonth. . . . Digital Equip-ment Corporation (DEC) has

introduced the PDP-11/23system, which can supportup to 8 users. Prices begin at$9200 for a 256K-byte systemwith a 10.8-megabyte Win-chester hard-disk drive thatruns standard DEC software.Multiuser system prices arecertainly dropping.

l/ual-Procesjor Sys-tems: The Compupro divi-sion of Godbout Electronicswas the first to introduce adual-processor microcom-puter system (with both 8-and 16-bit microprocessors)almost two years ago. Nowdual processors are all therage. Just look at the firms in-volved: Radio Shack, DEC,Vector Graphic, Zenith, andCromemco; doubtless therewill be more to come. Theprimary reason for using dualprocessors is that the 8-bitunit is expected to sustain thecustomer until applicationssoftware appears for the16-bit units.

Pell's New Baby: The

government has clearedaway all the red tape for theBell System's reorganization.The result is that a new com-pany has been formed toallow AT&T (AmericanTelephone and TelegraphCompany) to enter the com-puter business. The companywill be called American Bell.This company will capitalizeon much of the computer re-search and development thathas been done at Bell Labora-tories over the years; itshould be interesting to seewhat will become of the lat-ter now.

The 19 Bell Laboratories

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 455

BYTELINES,

sites, spread over 9 states,have a total yearly operatingbudget of $2 billion andemploy approximately22,600 workers. Of theseemployees, 8000 hold ad-vanced degrees. A staff of 72patent attorneys handles themore than 500 patents BellLaboratories produces eachyear. American Bell will startwith an initial capitalizationof $687 million, 1000 em-ployees, and 50 sales offices.Its first offering with be theAIS/Net1 packet data-com-munication service {pre-viously described in the May1982 BYTELINES under thedesignation "AdvancedCommunication Service").This service will competeagainst existing services pro-vided by Telenet and Tym-net, neither of which hasbeen doing well financially.

I

BM Happenings: No

one's perfect—not even IBM,apparently. Softalk magazine,in a recent issue, listed over30 software and hardwarebugs in the original design ofthe IBM Personal Computersystem. IBM has fixed most ofthese bugs in later versions ofthe software and hardware.One of the biggest problemshas been the Easywriterword-processor program(which many users havedubbed "Not so Easy-writer"). IBM has indicatedthat it will furnish Easywriterowners with copies of a new,improved version of the pro-gram. That's a tall order; esti-mates are that well over100,000 copies of the pro-gram have been sold to date.I'm still looking for some-one who uses the cassette in-terface for the IBM PersonalComputer. I'm not sure whythat feature was included inthe system. Did IBM seriouslythink its system would com-pete with the VIC-20 andZX81 ? Those users interestedin running Unix on their IBMPersonal Computer systems

should check out Coherentfrom Mark Williams Co.,Chicago, Illinois, and Qunixfrom Quantum SoftwareSystems, San Jose, California.IBM has introduced a com-puter using a 68000 micro-processor. It's from the firm'sDanbury, Connecticut, sub-sidiary and is intended as amultitasking system for use ina laboratory; its price is$5700. But if you want to adda 68000 processor to yourIBM Personal Computer,Tecmar Inc., Cleveland,Ohio, is rumored to be work-ing on a 68000 processorcard.

IBM has disclosed that ithas started a pilot productionfacility for manufacturingJosephson-junction devices.It is expected that thesedevices will be used in IBM'snext generation of ultrafastcomputers due out in aboutfive years. Bell Laboratorieshas disclosed that it isdeveloping systems usingthese devices.

e^mpple News: AppleComputer Inc. has droppedthe price on its Apple IIsystem from $2604 to under$2000 (this configuration in-cludes 48K bytes of memory,one disk drive and controller,a video display, a peripheralstand, and word-processingsoftware). The price reduc-tion may be meant to helpdealers clear out stock prior tointroduction of an LSI (large-scale integration) enhancedversion of the Apple II earlynext year. Apple has beenshowing the new computer(rumored to be called theApple ll-E) to selected originalequipment manufacturersand is taking large-quantityorders. The firm is also placingthe unit with softwaredevelopers. The ll-E is ex-pected to have more than 64Kbytes of memory, a full key-board with upper- and lower-case keys, 80-column display,and to use substantially

fewer integrated circuits, per-haps as few as 11.

Apple and Xerox havesevered their ties —Xerox's 47stores will no longer carryApple products. The breakbetween Apple and Xerox re-peated the same pattern ofevents that occurred be-tween Apple and Computer-land (see the August 1982BYTELINES, page 446). Appleinsisted on site-selectionprivileges for all future Xeroxstores that carry the AppleNow Xerox will be sellingonly its own 820 system andthe Osborne computer.

I had reported earlier thatApple was suing FranklinComputer Corp. for copy-right infringement, citing theApple-like Franklin computer(September 1982 BYTELINES,page 490). Franklin Com-puter Corp. is now counter-suing, claiming antitrustviolations and asking for over$150 million in damages. Ifthe firm wins, it may profitmore through legal actionthan it will from selling com-puters.

Apple has been successfulin stopping the importationof Apple II look-alikes madein the Far East, but imitationshave appeared in Europe,Canada, and the U. S. It islikely that Apple may have togo to trial in an attempt tostop these systems from ap-pearing in the U. S. One suchimitation, the Basis 108,made in Europe and compati-ble with Apple II softwareand peripherals, will soon beavailable in the U. S. fromBasic Inc., Scotts Valley,California.

R.

, adlo Shack News:

Tandy, pressured by com-petition (particularly that ofthe new 16-bit desktop com-puters), is also dropping itsprices. The price for theTRS-80 Model III with onefloppy-disk drive wasdropped from $1995 to$1849; the cost for the same

unit with two drives wentfrom $2495 to $2295. Thismatches similar cuts made byApple, Zenith, and IBM.

It is reported that software-development problems havedelayed the introduction ofRadio Shack's ARCNET localnetworking system. Althoughit was announced early thisyear, ARCNET may not beavailable until year-end, atthe earliest. Radio Shack alsoappears to have run into soft-ware problems with its newdual-processor (Z80 and68000) system. As yet theonly software available issingle-user Z80-based soft-ware. Rumor has it thatMicrosoft is preparing athree-user version of its Xenixoperating system.

'us Standard NearsAdoption: The I LEE-696(S-100) bus standard was ap-proved by the working com-mittee in May and by the IEEEMicroprocessor StandardsCommittee in June. It willnow be s u bm itted to the IE E EComputer Standards Boardfor its approval. It must thenbe approved by the IEEEStandards Board to becomean official standard. If all goeswell, the proposed standardshould become official byearly next year.

The S-100 bus is currentlythe most widely used micro-computer bus system. Thereare about 100 manufacturersof S-100 systems and plug-inboards. The S-100 bus ac-commodates the newer16-bit processors by directlyaddressing up to 16 mega-bytes of memory, 64K I/Oports, 10 vectored interrupts,16 bus masters, and 23 plug-in slots. It has a data transferrate of up to 10 megahertzand is processor indepen-dent. Most new develop-ments in the microcomputerfield (e.g., 16-bit micro-processors, dual processors,DMS (direct memory access),CP/M, MS-DOS, cache mem-

456 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

ory, hard disks, multi-proces-sors, etc.) first appeared onS-100 systems.

Ergonomics: Some timeago NIOSH (the National In-stitute for Occupational Safe-ty and Health) released astudy reporting that video-display users are subject tomore job-related stress thanany other employee group inthe country. Also, Europeantrade unions in Germany andSweden have establishedergonomic standards forvideo-display terminals tomake them less tiring to use.Manufacturers are respond-ing to this pressure by in-troducing products that ap-proach or meet these ergo-nomic standards.

For example, the Germanstandard requires that thehome row of keys on a key-board be no more than 1inch above the work surfaceand that the keyboard befully detachable, have a non-glare finish, and have colorsthat do not contrast. The dis-play itself must have a non-glare screen. Very few cur-rent American-built terminalsmeet these standards; how-ever, you can expect theU. S. manufacturers to re-spond quickly to thesechanges.

Icro-f loppy Stan-dards: Three different"micro-floppy" disks arealready in use, all from Japan.Canon has a 3.8-inch disk,Sony has a 3Vi-inch disk, andMatsushita, Hitachi, andMaxell have jointly intro-duced a 3-inch disk. Theremay soon be more —Ameri-can disk makers want to getinto the micro-floppy market,too. The question is, whichstandard should they use? Inthe past, de facto standardswere the norm — one com-pany's product would set themarket trend (e.g., the IBM8-inch and the Shugart

5VS-inch). Sony seems tohave an early lead, but it maynot be enough. Canon doesnot appear to be in the run-ning to set a standard. Theresult is that Shugart, Dysan,Tabor, and Verbatim (all ofwhich have products for thismarket ready) have joinedtogether in the hope of set-ting an ANSI standard formicro-floppies. IBM, which isalso developing a micro-floppy, may even join in theeffort.

u lat-Panel Displays:

The flat-panel display is final-ly here. Grid Computershowed its new portablecomputer at the NationalComputer Conference inJune, and Teleram Commun-ications, White Plains, NewYork, showed its portablecomputer at Comdex later inthe month. Both units arelightweight, about the size ofa large notebook, and fit easi-ly inside a briefcase withroom to spare. The Teleramhas a 4-line by 80-characterliquid-crystal display, whilethe Grid unit has an electro-luminescent display made bySharp, with 320- by 240-pixelresolution. Both containbubble-memory storage sys-tems and built-in modems.The Grid unit uses an Intel8086/8087 combination forprocessing while the Teleramuses the Zilog Z80. TheTeleram uses CP/M, whilethe Grid has a proprietary op-erating system. TheTeleram's base price is under$2800 while the Grid is$8200.

Siemens, Munich, WestGermany, claims to havedeveloped a 2%-inch-thick,28-line by 80-characterplasma display. Tl and IBMhave also shown large flat-panel displays but are not ex-pected to introduce com-puters using these displays inthe near future. Epson,Sanyo, and Sord have allshown liquid-crystal displays,

and Toshiba has shown a Z80computer with a 6-line by40-character display. Also,Sony has demonstrated a gas-plasma display with 1024- by524-pixel resolution; the firmis expected to use it in aproduct to be introducednext year. Apple ComputerInc. is also known to beworking on a flat-paneldisplay. There is little doubtthat next year will see the in-troduction of a large numberof truly portable personalcomputers with large flat-panel displays.

Vomputer DiscussionGroups: Several times aweek, many users of theCompuServe timesharing sys-tem have a computer confer-ence. Participants can readwhat the other users have tosay and can enter their ownremarks. If they wish, theycan save any part of the con-versation on their own sys-tems, then later edit it, print itout, or send copies via tele-phone and modem to some-one else. This is all part of theelectronic mail system thatexists on CompuServe. TheSource also plans to intro-duce this feature.

Actually, such systemshave existed on a muchsmaller scale on manybulletin-board systems. Onsome systems participantscan adopt pen names and saythings they might be afraid toexpress otherwise. Newcom-ers joining a discussion canbring themselves up to datequickly by reading the recordof previous entries. Memberscan vote and even branch in-to subconferences to whichonly certain participants areallowed access. Businessusers are also latching on tothe idea of computer con-ferences. Many companies,such as IBM, have their ownin-house systems for this use,and there are companies sell-ing software specifically forthis purpose

Speech Input Im-proves: In Japan NipponElectric Company (NEC) hasintroduced a voice-input pro-cessor, with a 120-word vo-cabulary, for its personalcomputer. It sells for theequivalent of $500 and is ex-pected to be introduced herelater this year.

Manufacturers anticipatethat speech-recognition ca-pability will be the primaryfeature of the next generationof workstations. Currentlythe major shortcoming ofthese systems is their highprice. Developers are work-ing to reduce the number ofcomponents in a speech-rec-ognition preprocessor circuitdown to one VLSIC (very-large-scale integrated circuit)that contains both the analogand digital circuitry. At thepresent time circuits are be-ing manufactured that useonly two or three ICs in thepreprocessor. These circuitsare used in conjunction with16- and 32-bit processors tomake speech-recognition sys-tems that offer fairly respect-able performance.

The industry is still search-ing for an accurate contin-uous-speech-recognition al-gorithm. At present, contin-uous-speech recognition re-quires very large 32- and64-bit high-speed machines.Current commercial systemscan recognize a limitednumber of isolated wordsand are being used in com-mercial applications wherecommands are given or in-ventory is taken. The officeenvironment, however, willrequire the recognition ofcontinuous speech, largevocabularies, high accuracy,and speaker independence(the device's ability torecognize speech regardlessof who has spoken).

Over the next two years itis expected that some con-tinuous-speech systems willbe introduced with vocabu-laries of up to 500 words.

October 1962 © BYTE Publications Inc 457

BYTELINES.

Within five years thesesystems' vocabularies shouldincrease to 1500 words.Speaker independence is ex-pected to be more than fiveyears off.

C rasable Optical Discs:

Two different techniques arebeing researched for erasableoptical-videodisc memory:magneto-optics and phase re-versal. The magneto-opticsystem uses a laser beam anda magnetic field. The beamheats a spot on the disc whilea local magnetic field is ap-plied, causing a flux reversal.Xerox and several Japanesecompanies are currently re-searching this technique. Thephase-reversal system uses abit-cell material having twostable states (amorphous andcrystalline) separated by apotential-energy barrier.Thermal energy is used toreverse the cell's state, caus-ing a reflectivity change. Thelaser beam is used to providethe thermal energy EnergyConversion Devices of Troy,Michigan, and RCA are re-searching this technique.

Both of these erasabletechniques are still far frombeing marketable; however,write-once (nonerasable) op-tical videodiscs are expectedon the market late next year.This is similar to the earlydays of ROMs (read-onlymemories). Toshiba America

Corp., Tustin, California, pre-dicts that it will have its write-once system out next year.IBM, Shugart Associates,Storage Technology, Philips,and Thomson-CSF are alsoknown to be working onsuch systems. Storage den-sities of 10,000 megabytesare expected on these write-once videodiscs.

\iAO Targets Com-puter Abuse: The U S.

government's General Ac-counting Office (CAO) hasissued a report stating thatgovernment employees aremisusing the government'scomputer network, often forillegal purposes. The GAOsaid that the multimillion-dollar network is inadequate-ly protected and that somepeople who have access tothe computers and to confi-dential information are usingthe systems for fraud andtheft.

The report cited at least 30Agriculture Department em-ployees who obtained secretdata from the system andeither sold the inside infor-mation or used it while serv-ing as investment consul-tants The report also citedcases of a government clerkwho stole more than$800,000 from the Depart-ment of Transportation, IRSofficials who caused unde-served tax refunds to be

mailed to them, and othergovernment employees whoredirected Social Securitydisability payments.

H

I ome Computer Mar-ket Gets Competitive:

Prices of home computers(t|iose with base prices ofunder $500) are dropping fastas competition mounts.Many units are selling forwell under $300 and typicalprices under $200 are likelyearly next year. Sinclair, thetrend setter, is selling its ZX81by mail-order for just under$100. The color systems arestill well over $200. How-ever, the CommodoreVIC-20, which lists at $299,often sells for under $250.

Radio Shack has reducedthe cost of its basic ColorComputer from $399 to$299, and Tl has establishednew dealer prices that permitits unit to be sold for under$300. Tl, Commodore, andAtari are competing for largeorders from retailers such asJ.C. Penney, Sears Roebuckand Company, MontgomeryWard, K-Mart, Toys-R-Us,and other such mass-mer-chandising organizations.

As yet, the Japanese havenot moved into this market;however, Panasonic has in-troduced a $300 machine(the JR-200) that it will beginshipping early next year. NEChas been marketing itsPC-6000 in Japan for six

months and is expected tointroduce the system, whichresembles the Panasonicunit, early next year; it is ex-pected to be priced at lessthan $450. Sinclair is ex-pected to introduce its Spec-trum color computer herearound year-end with a priceunder $200. When these sys-tems make their appearancesnext year, Commodore, Tl,and Atari will most likely stepup competition by droppingtheir prices further and offer-ing models with more mem-ory at the current prices.They are also expected to in-troduce units between thebasic models and their morepowerful systems in capabili-ty. For example, Atari will in-troduce the Atari 600 —basi-cally an Atari 400 with stan-dard keyboard.

WCuote of the Month:

The "personal computer in-dustry will soon outsell theauto industry."George GilderWall Street Journal22 April 1982

MAIL: I receive a largenumbe" of letters each monthas a result of this column. If youwrite to me and wish aresponse, please include a self-addressed, stamped envelope.

Sol Llbes

POB 1192

Mountainside, NJ 07092 ■

'Store Source Modules

'Modules to 100 Text Lines

*To 16,000 Modules Library

*To 8 Megabytes/Library

'Spooler

*Fast 8080 Code

Manual Program $195.00

Foreign Orders add $5.00 shipping

THESOFTWARE DATABASE

The Softuuarehou/e

1542 W. Pepper

Mesa, Arizona 85201

(602) 969-1430

*Full Page Editor*Many Support Routines*User Friendly*Any Language* Modules StoredRandom Access

*Goof Proof

*Oops Key to Back-up

458 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 358 on inquiry card.

Event Queue

October 1982

October

Systematic Software Engi-neering Workshops, varioussites throughout the U.S.This series of workshops isdesigned for executives seek-ing to purchase or understandsmall-business computers.The courses offered are"BASIC for Executives," "De-veloping a Business Data-base," and "Selection andProcurement of Small-Busi-ness Computers." Fees rangefrom $200 to $450. For fulldetails, contact EduteachInc., Suite 907, 162 NorthState St., Chicago, II 60601,(312) 641-1370.

October-DecemberCourses from Don WhiteConsultants, various sitesthroughout the U.S. andCanada. Among the coursesbeing offered are "Interfer-ence Control: An Introductionto Electromagnetic Interfer-ence/Radio Frequency Inter-ference/ElectromagneticCompatibility," "Tempest-Design, Control, andTesting," and "MIL-STD462/462B and System-LevelEMI Testing and Procedures."Course fees range from $675to $945. For complete details,contact Don White Consul-tants Inc., State Route 625,Gainesville, VA 22065, (703)347-0030.

October-December

Courses from Fairchild Cam-era and Instrument Corpora-tion Microprocessor Division,Santa Clara, CA. Among thecourses being offered are"F9445 Family Introduction,""FS-1," "Pascal for Micropro-cessors," and "F680X Micro-processor Family." For moreinformation, contact FairchildCamera and Instrument Corp.,Education Center, 3420 Cen-tral Expressway, Santa Clara,CA 95051, (408) 773-2161.

October-December

IEEE Computer Society Con-ferences and Meetings, vari-ous sites throughout theU.S., Europe, and Asia.Among the events scheduledare "The Symposium onMedical Image and PatternAnalysis," "The AnnualWorkshop on Computing toAid the Handicapped," and'The 1982 Real-Time SystemsSymposium." For a completelisting of conferences andmeetings, contact the Execu-tive Secretary, IEEE Com-puter Society, POB 639,Silver Spring, MD 20901,(301) 589-3386.

October-December

Information Managementand Technology Seminars,

various sites throughout theU.S. Among the wide varietyof seminars offered by Data-mation Institute are "Distri-buted Systems: Concepts andManagement Overview,""Management of SoftwareEngineering: Lowering Costs,Foosting Productivity," and"Data-Processing Conceptsfor Management and Users."Registration fees range from$595 to $795, dependingupon duration and the topiccovered. For details, contactMs. Joan Merrick, Datama-tion Institute Seminar Coor-dination Office, Suite 415,850 Boylston St., ChestnutHill, MA 02167, (617) 738-5020. For information on in-house presentations, contactArt Gutmann, DatamationInstitute for InformationManagement and Technol-ogy, Seminar CoordinationOffice, Suite 803, 331Madison Ave., New York,NY 10017, (212) 697-2361.

October-December

Intensive Seminars for Pro-fessional Development, Wor-cester Polytechnic Institutecampus and various sites inthe New York City and Bos-ton metropolitan areas. Some

of the topics to be presentedare "Project Management,""Leadership Skills and Man-agement Tools for High-Technology Professionals,"and "Microprocessors: Hard-ware, Software, and Applica-tions." Fees range from $495to $990. Complete details areavailable from Ms. GinnyBazarian, Office of Continu-ing Education, HigginsHouse, Worcester Polytech-nic Institute, Worcester, MA01609, (617) 793-5517. For in-formation on in-house semi-nars, call Robert J. Hall at(617) 793-5574.

October-December

Seminars of Interest toWomen Professionals, vari-ous sites around Boston, MA.This series of one- and two-day seminars is presented byBoston University Metro-politan College. Among thetopics on the agenda are"Managing Word Processingto Increase Productivity andProfitability," "A Manager'sIntroduction to Computersand BASIC," and "Data Pro-cessing Fundamentals for Ac-counting and Financial Man-agers." The seminar fees are$325 and $495, depending onduration. For registration in-formation, contact Ms. JoanMerrick, University SeminarCenter, Suite 415, 850Boylston St., Chestnut Hill,MA 02167, (617) 738-5020.

October 10-14

Association of RecordsManagers and Adminis-trators (ARMA) AnnualConference and Exposition,Atlanta, GA. This is ARMA'stwenty-seventh annual meet-ing. Word processing, datacommunication, and otheraspects of information stor-age and retrieval will be ex-amined. Additional informa-tion can be obtained fromNational Trade ProductionsInc., 9418 Annapolis Rd.,

Lanham, MD 20706, (301)459-8383.

October 10-14

Issue '82 Conference, Monte-leone Hotel, New Orleans,LA. This is the sixth annualconference of Issue, an in-dependent nonprofit organ-ization of SPSS Inc. softwareusers and coordinators.Papers will address suchtopics as data analysis, re-search training, computergraphics, and training ma-terials and documentation.Contact the Executive Coor-dinator of Issue Inc., POB11385, Chicago, IL 60611,(312) 329-2400.

October 10-15

Data Processing TrainingManagers' Workshop, OakBrook Marriott Hotel, OakBrook, IL. This workshop isdesigned for people with lessthan 18 months' experience incoordinating data-processingtraining programs. Partici-pants learn how to establishin-house education programsthat will meet managements'objectives and ensure a highreturn on their organizations'investment in training. The feeis $850. Full details are avail-able from Linda Hubacek,Deltak Inc., 1220 KensingtonRd., Oak Brook, IL 60521,(312) 920-0700.

October 11-12

Personal Computer Peripher-als Market Analysis, the

Anatole, Dallas, TX. The feefor this seminar is $495. Fur-ther details are available fromFuture Computing Inc., 900Canyon Creek Square, Rich-ardson, TX 75080, (214)783-9375.

October 11-14

Info 82, Coliseum, New York,NY. More than 70 softwarecompanies and 45 hardwaremanufacturers are expected todisplay information-manage-ment-related equipment and

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 459

Event Queue

software. Highlighting thisevent will be a SoftwareCenter featuring demonstra-tions and a consultation deskfor visitors. Complete showdetails are available fromClapp & Poliak Inc., 708Third Ave., New York, NY10017, (800) 223-1956; in NewYork, (212) 661-8410.

October 12-13

The Future: Home, NewYork, NY. For details, contactThe Yankee Group, POB 43,Harvard Square, Cambridge,MA 02138, (617) 542-0100.

October 12-15

Distributed Processing, Mini-and Microcomputer Imple-mentations, New York, NY.This course will cover distri-buted processing concepts andtechniques suitable for micro-processor applications. Othertopics include design require-ments of distributed systems,

how to partition system tasksand hardware, and how toimplement data links and pro-tocols. The fee is $845. Con-tact Ruth Dordick, IntegratedComputer Systems, 3304 PicoBlvd., POB 5339, SantaMonica, CA 90405, (800)421-8166; in California, call(213) 450-2060.

October 13-15

Advanced Electronic DataProcessing Auditing Con-cepts, Los Angeles, CA. Thiscourse is designed for experi-enced computer auditors.Topics to be studied includeadvanced computer systemscontrol concepts andmethods of evaluating con-trols and techniques fortesting integrity and applica-tion controls for on-line sys-tems, database-managementsystems, and distributed-processing networks. Thiscourse is presented by

Coopers & Lybrand. Infor-mation is available fromMarge Umlor, EDP AuditorsFoundation, 373 SouthSchmale Rd., Carol Stream,IL 60187, (312) 682-1200.

October 14-15

Man Machine Interface, Co-lumbia Inn, Columbia, MD.For information, contact theContinuing Education In-stitute, Oliver's CarriageHouse, 5410 Leaf TreaderWay, Columbia, MD 21044,(301) 596-0111.

October 15-17

The Second Annual Sympo-sium on Small Computers inthe Arts, Philadelphia, PA.Papers, tutorials, workshops,a gallery display of com-puter-generated prints andplots, films and video tapes,and computer-generatedmusic performances are partsof this event. Topics of in-

terest include computergraphics and animation,computer-automated sculp-ture, choreography, anddesigns. The Annual Phila-delphia Computer MusicConcert is the featured attrac-tion of this symposium. Ad-dress inquiries to the Sympo-sium on Small Computers inthe Arts, POB 1954, Philadel-phia, PA 19105.

October 15-19

Vidcom '82: InternationalTelematics and Data BanksMarket, Palais des Festivals,Cannes, France. The eighthannual Vidcom is expected toattract more than 7000 video-communications and tele-matics professionals. Ex-hibitors from more than 60countries will show productsdesigned for the publication,transmission, reception, andcreation of telematics ser-vices, including terminals,

IT'S A

COMPLETE

128K RAM

COMPUTER

THAT CAN

SUPPORT TWO

TIMESHARED

USERS

S-100SLAVENET128™128K 9-bit paritychecking RAM• 4 MHz Z-80ACPU • Supportedby IBS PASCAL forUCSD PASCAL™ andTURBODOS™ for full CP/M™compatibility • Softwareselectable baud rates andbank switch bound. • 2K or4K invisible EPROM • 2 ind.serial ports • Full synch, orasynch. protocol

INDEPENDENT

BUSINESS

SYSTEMS

5915 Graham Ct., Livermore, CA 94550(415) 443-3131

From Computer Plus to YOU...

PLUS PLUS PLUS

ModeM612SK

1 Drive $4199

2 Drive $4799

Color Computer 16K $305w/16KExt. Basic $399W/32K Ext. Basic $499

I.. f \^

Model IIM6K $799

Model (II48K

2 Disk &RS232 C$1899

Okidata B2A $425

Smith Corona IPI~~Daisy Wheel $599

BUY DIRECT

Here are just a few of our fine offers .call TOLL FREE tor full information.

MODEMS

Lynx Direct Connect Ml/MillHayes Smart Modem IITelephone Interface IIR.S. Modem I D.C.R.S. Modem II D.C.PRINTERSDaisy Wheel IIDWP-410

Smith Corona TPI Daisy WheelEpson MX80Epson MX8Q FTEpson MX100CGP-115DMP-100DMP-200DMP-400DMP-500Microline 80Microline82AMicroline 83AMicroline 64 ParallelP. C. Plotter Printer

We have the lowest possibleFully Warranteed Prices A NDa full complement of Radio ShackSoftware.

Prices subiect to change without noticeNot responsible tor typographical errors.

TRS-S0 It a registered trademark of Tandy Corp

COMPUTERS

Model ill 4K LEVIMODEL III 16KMODEL Mi 32K

■MODEL 111 32KMODEL III 48K

■MODEL III48KModel III 48K2 Disk 8> RS232 cColor Computer 16KColor Computer 16Kwextenaed basicColor Computer 32Kw'extended baste

tColor Computer 32K-64Kw extended basicPocket Computer 2Model 16 1DR128KModel 16 2DR128KDT-1 Data Terminal

S599799

856.50

831.50

914

864

1899305

499

510230

41994799599

DISK DRIVESR.S Model 1111 ST DriveTandon40TrackMI

Color Computer Drive 1Color Computer Drive 0Primary Hard Disk MilPrimary Hard Disk MillETC.CCP-81 recorderCC Joysticks

16K RAM NEC. 200 N.S. chips64K Ram ChipsColor Computer Flex D.O.S.Brand Name Soltware •

Send tor listing.R.S. Software 10% off list

'Computer Plus New Equipment.

with NEC fiAM installed

1 SO Day Computer Plus Warranty(Color Computer 64K requires

Duk Dana fie. DOB

TOLL FREE1-800-343-8124

67928931547039991999

computer

P.O. Box 926 fjlU^fc

480 King Street Mm ■ ■ "■Littleton, MA 01460 ■ writ* tor yow617-486-3193 ''••catalog

460 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 92 on inquiry card.

composition equipment, andcommunications software.Conference sessions will ex-plore techniques, production,and distribution costs forvideotext data banks; publicand professional applica-tions; and videotext as a newadvertising medium. Furtherdetails are available fromVidcom Information, 179Avenue Victor Hugo, 75116Paris, France; Tel: 505.14.03;Telex: 630.547 MIDORG.

October 17-21

The Thirty-first Annual DataProcessing Management As-sociation (DPMA) Interna-tional Conference and Expo-sition, Chicago MarriottHotel, Chicago, IL. This willbe the largest show inDPMA's history. More than85 companies will exhibit of-fice automation technologiesand data- and word-process-ing equipment. A full confer-ence program is planned.Contact National Trade Pro-ductions Inc., 9418 An-napolis Rd., Lanham, MD20706, (301) 459-8383.

October 18-20

Program/Project Manage-ment: Manufacturing Indus-tries, Sheraton Poste Inn,Cherry Hill, NJ. This seminarwill be led by Russell D.Archibald, author of Manag-ing High-Technology Pro-grams and Projects. Contactthe Continuing Education In-stitute, Oliver's CarriageHouse, 5410 Leaf TreaderWay, Columbia, MD 21044,(301) 596-0111; in California,call (213) 824-9545.

October 18-22

Auditing in the Contem-porary Computer Environ-ment, Tulsa, OK. This courseis designed for internalauditors and financial anddata-processing profes-sionals. A comprehensiveauditing approach forcomputer-based systems willbe presented. Topics on the

agenda include how to eval-uate controls, how to preparean audit report, and how todesign a program of tests us-ing questionnaires, check-lists, software tools, andflowcharts. Contact MargeUmlor, EDP Auditors Foun-dation, 373 South SchmaleRd., Carol Stream, IL 60187.

October 18-22

Maintainability and Avail-ability Engineering of Equip-ment and Systems, Universi-ty of California, Los Angeles.This short course is forupper-level and productmanagers, designers, sales-people, field-service person-nel, and for those involved inthe management, conception,design, operation, and main-tenance of equipment. Topicsto be covered include distri-bution of times-to-repaircomponents and times-to-re-store equipment, the equip-ment mean-time-to-restore,and optimum preventivemaintenance schedules forminimum total corrective andpreventive maintenance cost.The fee is $825, which in-cludes notes. A completecourse outline is availablefrom Continuing Educationin Engineering and Mathe-matics, UCLA Extension,POB 24901, Los Angeles, CA90024, (213) 825-4100.

October 19-20

The Future: Home, PaloAlto, CA. For information,contact The Yankee Group,POB 43, Harvard Square,Cambridge, MA 02138, (617)542-0100.

October 19-21

Local Area Networks, Pine-hurst, NC. This workshop issponsored by the IEEE Com-munications Society, Com-munications Terminals andCommunications DisciplinesCommittees. Topics to becovered include user needs,local-area networking archi-tecture, protocols, system or

network control, security, in-stallation problems, and faultdetection and monitoring. Ifyou are interested in par-ticipating, you must submit astatement that expresses yourinterest, describes your back-ground and areas of exper-tise, and indicates whichworkshops you are interestedin. Attendance will be limitedto 100 persons, and each at-tendee is expected to be anactive member of the group.Complete details can be ob-tained from Claude A. R.Kagan, Western Electric Co.Inc., POB 900, Princeton, NJ08540.

October 21-24

EdCOM '82—The NationalComputer Conference andExpo for Educators, Los

Angeles Convention Center,Los Angeles, CA. More than200 seminars, workshops,demonstrations, and exhibits

are planned. In-depth tuto-rials and hands-on sessionswill be held. Topics of inter-est include computer-aidedinstruction, administrativeuses of microcomputers,classroom management, pro-gramming, research applica-tions, computer literacy, andauthoring languages. Infor-mation is available fromJayne LaFountain, EdCOM'82, 2629 North ScottsdaleRd., Scottsdale, AZ 85257.

October 24-26

Texas Association for Educa-tional Data Systems(TAEDS) Eighteenth AnnualConvention, Villa CapriHotel, Austin, TX. The con-ference theme is "ComputerLiteracy for Education, In-dustry, and the Community."Contact Dr. Terry Bishop,Austin ISD, 6100 GuadalupeSt., Austin, TX 78752.

OCTOBER SPECIALS

Novation Auto-Cat modem 179.00S-100's own 8" dual drive box w/all internal

cabling A & T 349.00

Verbatim 5'A" diskettes DSDD 550-01 per 10 38.00Seattle Computer 64K Static RAM tor the IBM

personal computer A & T 329.00

Godbout 6 slot motherboard A & T 105.00

Calif. Comp. Systems Z-80 A & T 259.00

North Star ADVANTAGE A & T 2629.00

Tarbell DO disk controller A & T 396.00

Morrow Designs 65K static RAM A & T 399.00

TEI 12 slot rack mount maintrame A & T 599.00

Custom made flat ribbon cables Call

We are an authorized C0MPU-PR0 Systems CenterCall for our special system pricing

VISIT OUR SHOWROOM - Hrs. - 9:00 A.M. - 5:30 P.M. M-F

Subject to Available Quantities • Prices Quoted Include Cash Discounts.Shipping & Insurance Extra.We carry products (rom all Major Manufacturers

S-JDD inc

4425 North 79th Street, Suite BScottsdale. Arizona 85260Sales 800-528-3138

Technical 602-991-7870

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 461

Event Queue

October 24-29

Data Processing TrainingManagers' Workshop, HyattRegency Hotel, Tampa, FL.For details, see October10-15.

October 25-26

The First Annual PacificNorthwest Computer Graph-ics Conference, Eugene Con-ference Center, Hilton HotelComplex, Eugene, OR. Thisconference, sponsored by theUniversity of Oregon, willprovide a multidisciplinaryview of computer graphics.Presentations addressing re-search and development ap-plications, exhibits of pre-pared works, and vendor dis-plays are planned. Amongthe disciplines and profes-sions to be represented arelandscape architecture,medicine, business, graphicsdesign, and education.Details are available from theFirst Annual Pacific North-west Computer GraphicsConference, Office ofUniversity Relations, 111Susan Campbell Hall, Uni-versity of Oregon, Eugene,OR 97403, (503) 686-5555.

October 25-27

Advanced Electronic DataProcessing Auditing Con-cepts, Tulsa, OK. See Oc-tober 13-15 for details.

October 25-27

The 1982 ACM (Associationfor Computing Machinery)Annual Conference, ACM'82, Dallas Hilton Hotel,Dallas, TX. Among the topicsto be addressed are program-ming languages, artificial in-telligence, office automation,networks, graphics, com-puters and the handicapped,and operating, database, anddistributed systems. Generalconference information isavailable from WilliamBurns, ACM '82 Chairman,E-Systems Inc., POB 226118,Dallas, TX 75266, (214)272-0515, ext. 3916.

October 26-28

The First IEEE ComputerSociety International Sympo-sium on Medical Imaging andImage Interpretation, ISMII'82, International CongressCenter, Berlin, West Ger-many. This symposium issponsored by the IEEE (In-stitute of Electrical and Elec-tronics Engineers) ComputerSociety's Technical Commit-tee on Computational Medi-cine. It will provide a trans-disciplinary forum for bio-medical and computer scien-tists, engineers, medicalphysicists, and physiciansfrom universities, medicalcenters, industry, and gov-ernment. Papers and paneldiscussions will examine avariety of topics, includingmicroscope imaging, medicalcomputer graphics, medicaldevice regulation, computer-aided diagnosis, and image-analysis systems. Equipmentwill be displayed. A thoroughdescription of ISMII '82 isavailable from the IEEE Com-puter Society, POB 639,Silver Spring, MD 20901,(301) 589-3386.

October 26-29

Computer Graphics, Boston,MA. This course is designedto provide a comprehensiveoverview of state-of-the-artcomputer-graphics softwareand hardware and to presentan integrated approach to im-plementation of graphics ap-plications. Topics to be ad-dressed include technologyfundamentals, software andhardware availability andselection criteria, and rasterscan, vector and color tech-niques. Participants receive atake-home graphics softwarepackage. The course fee is$845. Information can be ob-tained from Ruth Dordick,Integrated Computer Sys-tems, 3304 Pico Blvd., POB5339, Santa Monica; • CA90405, (800) 421-8166; inCalifornia, call (213)450-2060.

October 26-29

Distributed Processing, Mini-and Microcomputer Imple-mentations, San Diego, CA.See details under October12-15.

October 26-31

The Fourth International Of-fice Trade Fair, Orgatechnik

'82, Cologne, West Germany.More than 1300 companiesfrom 25 countries will exhibitthe complete spectrum of of-fice and information systemproducts. Among the concur-rent events planned are theKTV —Congress for TextProcessing, Dafta '82 —DataProtection Conference, andTelecom '82 Germany — Con-gress for Telecommunica-tions in Business and In-dustry. For further informa-tion, contact Messe-undAusstellungs-Ges.m.b.HKoln, POB 21 07 60, D-5000Cologne 21, West Germany;Telex: 8 873 426 a mua d.

October 27-29

Program/Project Manage-ment: Manufacturing Indus-tries, Hyatt Regency, Austin,TX. For details, see October18-20.

October 28-31

Mid-Atlantic ComputerShow and Office EquipmentExposition, Armory/Star-plex, Washington, DC. Thisshow is produced by Com-puter Expositions Inc., POB3315, Annapolis, MD 21403(800) 368-2066; in Maryland,(301) 263-8044.

October 28-31

Applefest, Civic Center,Houston, TX. Applefest is aconference convention andexposition featuring Applecomputers and Apple-relatedproducts such as software,peripherals, accessories, andpublications. The admissionfee is $5. Contact NortheastExpositions, 822 BoylstonSt., Chestnut Hill, MA02167, (617) 739-2000.

October 30-November 2

The Sixth Annual Sympo-sium on Computer Applica-tions in Medical Care

(SCAMC), Sheraton Wash-ington Hotel, Washington,DC. Topics to be addressedinclude medical informatics,health-care administration,information systems in healthcare, and artificial intelli-gence in medicine. Panel dis-cussions, workshops, appli-cations and methods demon-strations, and commercial ex-hibits are on the agenda.Highlighting this show will bethe final round of the studentpaper competition. Informa-tion is available from Bruce I.Blum, SCAMC-Office ofContinuing Medical Educa-tion, George WashingtonUniversity Medical Center,2300 K St. NW, Washington,DC 20037, (202) 676-4285.

November 1982

November-January 1983

Courses from Q.E.D. Infor-mation Sciences Inc., varioussites throughout the U.S.Among the courses offeredare "Database Concepts andSystems," "Human Factors inOffice Automation," and"Screen Design." Completecourse outlines are availablefrom Priscilla Goudreault,Education Coordinator,Q.E.D. Information SciencesInc., Q.E.D. Plaza, 180 Lin-den St., POB 181, Wellesley,MA 02181, (800) 343-4848; inMassachusetts (617) 237-5656.

November 1-3

Online '82, Atlanta HiltonHotel, Atlanta, GA. Micro-computers and information-related software will domi-nate this fourth annual con-ference and exhibition forusers of online databases.More than 75 exhibitionbooths will display and

462 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

demonstrate databases, on-line systems, terminals,microcomputers, and soft-ware. Eighty speakers arescheduled to address the con-ference on such topics as op-tical disk-storage media, elec-tronic communications, andoffice automation's impact onthe on-line professional. Forfurther information, contactJean-Paul Emard, Online Inc.,11 Tannery Lane, Weston,CT 06883, (203) 227-8466.

November 1-3

Hands-on Pascal Workshop,

New York, NY. This coursewill provide the opportunityto learn Pascal throughhands-on experience onApple II Pascal systems.Topics to be addressed in-clude coding the language,using structured program-ming techniques, developingportable and maintainablesoftware, and implementingreal-time software suitablefor microcomputer and mini-computer applications. Thecourse fee is $695. For infor-mation, contact Ruth Dor-dick, Integrated ComputerSystems, 3304 Pico Blvd.,POB 5339, Santa Monica,CA 90405, (800) 421-8166; inCalifornia, (213) 450-2060.

November 1-5

Digital Modal Analysis, Co-lumbia Inn, Columbia, MD.Particulars are available fromthe Continuing Education In-stitute, Oliver's CarriageHouse, 5410 Leaf TreaderWay, Columbia, MD 21044,(301) 596-0111.

November 5-7

Electronica, Arlington Park,Chicago, IL. This show willfeature a wide variety of per-sonal electronics equipmentincluding computers, elec-tronic games, ham radios,and projection TV. For moreinformation, contact North-east Expositions Inc., 824Boylston St., Chestnut Hill,MA 02167, (617) 739-2000.

November 7-9

The Seventeenth Annual Con-ference of the New York StateAssociation of EducationalData Systems (NYSAEDS),Americana Hotel, Albany,NY. The theme for this con-ference is "Moving Aheadwith Instructional Com-puting." This conference willaddress the administrativeuses of microcomputers andcurricular issues such as com-puter modifications for thedisabled. Hardware analysesand presentations on Logoand Pascal are planned. Theconference fee is around$200, which includes registra-tion, two nights' lodging,banquets, and a luncheon.For more information, con-tact Gary Bruce, ProgramChairperson, 55 School St.,Delevan, NY 14042.

November 7-12

Advanced Data ProcessingTraining Management Work-shop, Marriott Inn North,Dallas, TX. This seminar isintended for managers With aminimum of one year's expe-rience, after completing theData Processing TrainingManagers' Workshop (seeOctober 10-15), or the equiv-alent in on-the-job experi-ence. The fee is $850. Regis-tration information is avail-able from Linda Hubacek,Deltak Inc., 1220 KensingtonRd., Oak Brook, IL 60521,(312) 920-0700.

November 8-10

COMDEX/Europe, RAI Ex-hibition Center, Amsterdam,Holland. This show is ex-pected to attract more than500 exhibitors of systems, pe-ripherals, software, media,supplies, and services. Detailsare available from The Inter-face Group, 160 Speen St.,POB 927, Framingham, MA01701, (800) 225-4620; inMassachusetts, (617) 879-4502.

November 8-10

Hands-on Pascal Workshop,

Boston, MA. For details, seeNovember 1-3.

November 8-12

Personal Microcomputer In-terfacing and Scientific In-strumentation Automation,

Virginia Polytechnic Instituteand State University, Blacks-burg, VA. This is a hands-onworkshop where the partici-pant designs and tests con-cepts with the actual hard-ware. The fee is $595. Con-tact Dr. Linda Leffel, C.E.C,Virginia Polytechnic Instituteand State University, Blacks-burg, VA 24061, (703)961-4848.

November 9-11

The Government-IndustryData Exchange Program-GIDEP, McCormick Inn,Chicago, IL. This annualworkshop is open to anyoneinterested in the exchange oftechnical information relatingto engineering, failure ex-perience, reliability andmaintainability, and metrolo-gy. For more information,contact the Officer-in-Charge, GIDEP OperationsCenter, Corona, CA 91720.

November 9-12

Computer Graphics, NewYork, NY. For details, seeOctober 26-29.

November 9-12

Distributed Processing, Mini-and Microcomputer Imple-mentations, Boston, MA. SeeOctober 12-15.

November 10-12

Accounting and InformationSystems Expo '82, MGMGrand Hotel, Reno, NV. Thisexposition is designed to ex-pand on recent legal, tech-nological, and methodologi-cal advances in accountingand computer-related fields.Among the 27 seminarsplanned are "ComputerizedBudgeting," "Auditing Com-puterized Systems," and"Stress Management."Seminar fees range from $125

for one day to $350 for threedays. For complete details,contact Shirley Beck, Divisionof Continuing Education,University of Nevada, Reno,NV 89557, (702) 784-4801.

November 11-14

The Fourth Annual North-east Computer Show and Of-fice Equipment Exposition,

Hynes Auditorium, Boston,MA. This show will featuremicrocomputers, businesssystems, peripherals, acces-sories, and supplies. Admis-sion is $5. Contact NortheastExpositions, 822 BoylstonSt., Chestnut Hill, MA02167, (617) 739-2000.

November 14-19

Data Processing TrainingManagers' Workshop, West-in Bay Shore Inn, Van-couver, British Columbia,Canada. For details, see Oc-tober 10-15.

November 15

Knowledge Engineering in the1980s, San Francisco, CA.This executive briefing pro-vides an overview of thepower and potential of ar-tificial intelligence. It isdesigned to introduce execu-tives and senior technical per-sonnel to the concepts ofknowledge engineering andknowledge systems. Topicsto be covered will assist parti-cipants in assessing the utilityof knowledge engineering,pinpointing areas of impact,and outlining costs andstrategies for initiating know-ledge-engineering projects.The fee is $750, which in-cludes materials, luncheon,and a reception. For furtherinformation, contact DinaBarr, Director of EducationalServices, Teknowledge, 151University Ave., Palo Alto,CA 94301, (415) 327-6600.

November 15-17

Microcomputer Interfacing,Design and Programming Us-ing the Z80/8085/8080,Virginia Polytechnic Institute

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 463

Event Queue

and State University, Blacks-burg, VA. This is a hands-onworkshop with the partici-pant designing and testingconcepts with the actualhardware. The fee is $395.Contact Dr. Linda Leffel,C.E.C, Virginia PolytechnicInstitute and State Universi-ty, Blacksburg, VA 24061,(703) 961-4848.

November 15-19

The IX Latin American Con-gress on Banking Automa-tion, ATLAPA ConventionCenter, Panama City, Repub-

lic of Panama. This con-ference is sponsored by theLatin American Federation ofBanks, the Latin AmericanCenter for Banking Auto-mation, and the PanamaBanking Association. Semi-nars, conferences, and lec-tures will be complementedby exhibits of automaticdata-processing and telecom-munications equipmentrelated to banking opera-tions. For details, contactAsociacion Bancaria dePanama, Apartado 4554 —Panama 5, Republic de

Panama; Tel: 25-1863.November 16-19

Computer Graphics, San

Francisco, CA. For details,see October 26-29.

November 18-21

Applefest, Brooks Hall, SanFrancisco, CA. See October28-31 for details.

November 18-19

The Sixth Western Educa-tional Computing Confer-ence, Kona Kai Club, SanDiego, CA. This conference

is presented by the CaliforniaEducational Computing Con-sortium. It's intended for in-structors and administrativepersonnel at the college oruniversity level. The theme is"Bringing the InformationAge to the Campus." Paperswill address such topics asstudent involvement in data-base design, administrativecomputing in continuing edu-cation, the educational soft-ware dilemma, and learningeconomics with a microcom-puter. Contact ProfessorFrances Grant, Center for In-

<&# SUPER™ ttISA's DATABASE

The only DBMS with all these features:

■k PROVEN in one year of test marketing

• TOUGH, reliable file structure

• MENU driven for simplicity and easy use

• ARITHMETIC with stored calculations

• FAST set-up and report formating

• CLEAR user-oriented documentation

• PRINTS totals & subtotals - mail labels

• REFORMATS and merges data files

• MULTI-DISK files: Up to 128K records

• SORTS full disks on up to 40 fields

• PRODUCTION input of repetitive data

• USE existing data files

■*• COUPLES to word processors

• POSTS transactions to master file

• SEARCH by strings, ranges, comparisons

• DATA COMPRESSION: Over twice asmany labels as the other system

For TRS-80' Models I, II, III, & 16 - 250.00CP/Mt - 29S.00

Ask your Dealer or Write:

Institute for Scientific Analysis, Inc.

P. O. Box 7186, Dept. B 2

Wilmington, DE 19803 (215)358-3735

t T.M. Digital Research

*T.M. Tandy Corp.

"ELF"interface^Converts YourTypewriter Into Printer

• Finest print quality • Low cost

• Easy Installation • Quick delivery

• Fits IBM Selectrlc and ElectronicTypewriters

• Models for all popular computers

• call or write for more Information,today!

we export to all countries -

■ •J INTERNATIONAL INC.

t JL 5115 Douglas Fir Rd.

Calabasas, CA 91302 U.S.A.

Tel: I21J) 710-1444 TLX/TWX: 910 494 2100 .

TeleVidecf USERS!

Enhance your TeleVideo computer

capabilities with

OUR exclusive software!

COGITATE Fast Dump/Restore System for TS802H, 806 &1602H

• Back-up files twice as fast as PIP.

• Double the storage, up to 600K/diskette, withmultiple diskette capability S90.00

COGITATE Keyboard BuffertorTS 800.802 &802H

• Never lose a keystroke.

• Interrupt driven 64 byte buffer

• Compatible with CP/M" operating

system $40.00

COGITATE 2780/3780 Communications System

• Communicates with most IBM systems.

• Many features for remote job

entry $700.00

CP/M" is registered trademark of Digital Research, Irtc

COGITATE, Inc.

SPECIALISTS IN UNIQUE TELEVIDEO SOFTWARE

24000 Telegraph Road, Southfield, Ml 48034

(313)352-2345

VISA/MASTER CARD Accepted

Circle 194 on inquiry card.

Circle 204 on inquiry card.

Circle 71 on inquiry card.

MEMOREXFlexible Discs

SAVE 40% »r;.T.c:

51/l " Specify eolt, Price/10

f* 10 or 16 sector

1 Side, double density $24.70

2 Sides, double density 36.40

1 Side, 80 track, double density 32.50

2 Sides, 80 track, double density 44.20

(All 5 V." have Hub-rings)

8"specl(y softor 32 sector

1 Side, single density 23.40

1 Side, double density 30.60

2 Sides, double density 35.80

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

27204 Harper Ave.

St. Clair Shores, Ml 480B1

64 K

DYNAMIC RAMS and EPR0MS

TOSHIBA

HITACHI

FUJITSU

NEC

OKI

MITSUBISHI

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL

Monarchy Engineering Inc.

380 Swift Avenue, Unit 21

So. San Francisco, CA 94080

Phone (4I5) 873-3055

WRITE OR CALL FOR OURLATEST INVENTORY LIST.

Circle 224 on inquiry card.

464 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 260 on inquiry card.

Circle 349 on inquiry card.

formation and Communica-tions Studies, CaliforniaState University, Chico, CA95929.

November 19-21

Electronica, Civic Center,Houston, TX. See November5-7 for details.

November 30-December 2

Midcon/82, High-TechnologyElectronics Exhibition andConvention, Dallas Conven-tion Center, Dallas, TX. Con-tact Electronic ConventionsInc., 999 North SepulvedaBlvd., El Segundo, CA90245, (800) 421-6816; inCalifornia, (213) 772-2965.

November 30-December 2

The 1982 Autofact 4 Confer-ence and Exposition, CivicCenter, Philadelphia, PA.This show is sponsored bythe Computer and Auto-mated Systems Associationof the Society of Manufactur-ing Engineers (CASA/SME).The focus will be on com-puter-aided design and manu-facturing (CAD/CAM) andthe expanding technologies ofcomputer-integrated manu-facturing (CIM) and the auto-mated, integrated factory.Tutorials and sessions willaddress analysis and simula-tion, robotics, assembly,quality assurance, sched-uling, material handling, andother related topics. Addi-tional information is avail-able from CASA/SME PublicRelations, One SME Dr.,POB 930, Dearborn, MI48128, (313) 271-0777.

November 30-December 3

Computer Graphics, Wash-ington, DC. See October26-29 for details.

November 30-December 3

Digital Modal Analysis,

Marina International Hotel,Marina del Rey, CA. Contactthe Continuing Education In-stitute, Oliver's CarriageHouse, 5410 Leaf Treader

Way, Columbia, MD 21044,(301) 596-0111.

December 1982

December 1-2

MECC '82, Educational Com-puting Conference, Min-neapolis, MN. The theme forthis conference is "Sharing aDecade of Experience." Pre-and post-conference trainingsessions on implementingcomputing and developingcourseware are planned.Practical sessions and discus-sions will highlight this con-ference. For complete details,contact MECC '82, 2520Broadway Dr., St. Paul, MN55113, (612) 376-1131.

December 1-3

Software Information Inter-national, Wembley Con-ference Centre, London,England. Particulars areavailable from Software/ex-po, Suite 400, 222 WestAdams St., Chicago, IL60606, (312) 263-3131.

December 3-5

Electronica, Moscone Hall,San Francisco, CA. See Nov-ember 5-7 for further details.

December 5-10

Data Processing TrainingManagers' Workshop, Sher-aton Universal Hotel, LosAngeles, CA. For details, seeOctober 10-15.

December 6-8

Hands-on Pascal Workshop,

Los Angeles, CA. See Nov-ember 1-3 for particulars.

December 6-9

Computers in Science, Con-rad Hilton, Chicago, IL. Thisconference seeks to provideinformation on how changingcomputational technologieswill influence future scientificresearch. Sessions, lectures,and presentations will coversuch topics as "Products ofthe Technical Revolution:

Building Blocks of FutureComputer Systems," "Com-putational Systems: Man/Machine Synergism and theConduct of Scientific Re-search," and "Scientific Com-munication and Collabora-tion: Conducting Research inthe New Computational En-vironment." In addition, pre-conference tutorials on hard-ware, software, and com-munication technology areplanned. This conference issponsored by Sciencemagazine and Scherago Asso-ciates. Contact Scherago As-sociates Inc., 1515 Broad-way, New York, NY 10036,(212) 730-1050.

December 7-8

Plenary Technology, NewYork, NY. Details are avail-able from The Yankee Group,POB 43, Harvard Square,Cambridge, MA 02138, (617)542-0100.

December 7-10

Distributed Processing, Mini-and Microcomputer Imple-mentations, Washington,DC. See October 12-15 fordetails.

December 9-12

Southeast Computer Showand Office Equipment Expo-sition, Civic Center, Atlanta,GA. For details, contactComputer Expositions Inc.,POB 3315, Annapolis, MD

21403, (800) 368-2066; inMaryland, (301) 263-8044.

December 13-15

Office Automation for Man-agement Productivity, Shore-ham Hotel, Washington, DC.Conference sections willfocus on better methods toevaluate productivity, toselect equipment or pro-cedures, to integrate equip-ment or procedures into anorganization, and to get peo-ple to work effectively in achanging environment. Forfurther details, contact theInformation Exchange, Suite334, 4500 South Four MileRun Dr., Arlington, VA22204, (703) 820-5720.

December 13-17

Digital Continuous-SystemSimulation, University ofMaryland University Col-lege, Adelphi, MD. The feefor this short course is $975.For details, contact MarcRosenberg, UCLA Extension,Continuing Education inEngineering and Mathe-matics, 6266 Boelter Hall, LosAngeles, CA 90024, (213)825-1047.

December 14-15

Plenary Technology, PaloAlto, CA. Details are avail-able from The YankeeGroup, POB 43, HarvardSquare, Cambridge, MA02138, (617) 542-0100. ■

In order to gain optimal coverage of your organization's com-puter conferences, seminars, workshops, courses, etc, noticeshould reach our office at least three months in advance of thedate of the event. Entries should be sent to: Event Queue, BYTEPublications, POB 372, Hancock NH 03449. Each month wepublish the current contents of the queue for the month of thecover date and the two following calendar months. Thus a givenevent may appear as many as three times in this section if it is sentto us far enough in advance.

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 465

_L

Advanced Cobol, A. S.Philippakis and LeonardJ. Kazmier. New York:McGraw-Hill, 1982; 611pages, 16.7 by 24.3 cm, hard-cover, ISBN 0-07-049806-7,$24.95.

Atari BASIC Learning byUsing, Thomas E. Rowley.Pomona, CA: Ing. W. Ho-facker (53 Redrock Lane),1981; 73 pages, 14 by 14 cm,softcover, ISBN 3-92-1682-86-X, $7.95.

BASIC MicrocomputerModels in Biology, James D.Spain. Reading, MA: Ad-dison-Wesley, 1982; 354pages, 22 by 28.5 cm, hard-cover, ISBN 0-201-10678-7,$23.50.

Calculator Tips & RoutinesEspecially for the HP-41C/41CV, John Dearing, ed. Cor-vallis, OR: Corvallis SoftwareInc. (POB 1412), 1981; 130pages, 21.6 by 27.9 cm, spiral

binder, ISBN 0-942358-00-7,$15.

Computers and Data Pro-cessing, H. L. Capron andB. K. Williams. Menlo Park,CA: Benjamin/CummingsPublishing, 1982; 515 pages,20.5 by 26 cm, hardcover,ISBN 0-8053-2201-9, $21.95.

Computing in the Human-ities, Peter C. Patton andRenee A. Holoien. Lexington,MA: Lexington Books, 1981;404 pages, 16.5 by 23.5 cm,hardcover, ISBN 0-669-03397-9, $29.95.

Data Processing: Systemsand Concepts, Robert J.Verzello and John Reutter III.New York: McGraw-Hill,1982; 539 pages, 21.5 by 24cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-07-067325-X, $19.95.

Experiments in Digital Prin-ciples, 2nd edition, Donald P.Leach. New York: Gregg/McGraw-Hill, 1981; 188

MULTI-PROGRAMMER

matures SYSTEM-10

Features: SYS

Dedicated keys and largedisplay vocabulary for ease of use.I/O - 6 baud rates, 13 formats includingIntellec, Textronix and Motorola.EPROMs, E2PROMs and bipolars.Gang option - programs eight at once.Remote control option.

$1,295

PROGRAMSOVER 250

DEVICE TYPES

FUNCTIONS:

DISPLAY DEVICE DATA L

EDIT RAM DATA (

DEVICE PROGRAM I

TYPE SELECTION bi.

'■:■■■■■■■■ ' .■ ;■:

pages, 21.5 by 28 cm, soft-cover, ISBN 0-07-036916-X,$14.95.

Formal Methods of Pro-gram Verification and Speci-fication, H. K. Berg, W. E.Boebert, W. R. Franta, andT. G. Moher. EnglewoodCliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982;207 pages, 15.5 by 23.5 cm,hardcover, ISBN 0-13-328807-2, $21.95.

HP-41/HP-IL System Dic-tionary, Cary E. Reinstein.Corvallis, OR: Corvallis Soft-ware Inc. (POB 1412), 1982;91 pages, 21.5 by 28 cm, soft-cover, ISBN 0-942358-01-5,$12.

Industrial Design withMicrocomputers, Steven K.Roberts. Englewood Cliffs,NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982; 382pages, 18 by 24.3 cm, hard-cover, ISBN 0-13-459461-4,$28.95.

The Intelligent Microcom-puter, Roy W. Goody.Chicago, IL: Science ResearchAssociates, 1982; 344 pages,21.5 by 28.3 cm, hardcover,ISBN 0-574-21560-3, $19.16.

International Directory ofSoftware 1982-83. Pottstown,PA: Computing Publications(First Federal Building), 1982;1360 pages, 20.1 by 28.5 cm,hardcover, ISBN 0-902908-14-6, $145.

Introduction to Microcom-puting. Sydney B. Newell.New York: Harper and Row,1982; 615 pages, 19 by 24.5cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-06-044802-4, $18.50.

Master Memory Map forAtari 400/800 Computers. So-quel, CA: Santa Cruz Educa-

tional Software (5425 JiggerDr.), 1981; 24 pages, 21.5 by28 cm, softcover, ISBN-none,$6.95.

Microsoft BASIC Decoded& Other Mysteries, James Far-vour. Upland, CA: IJG Com-puter Services (1260 WestFoothill Blvd.), 1981; 310pages, 21 by 27.5 cm, soft-cover, ISBN 0-936200-01-4,$29.95.

Simple BASIC Programsfor Business Applications,J. R. F. Alonso. EnglewoodCliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1981;297 pages, 22 by 29 cm, hard-cover, ISBN 0-13-809897-2,$15.95.

Theory and Practice ofMicroprocessors, K. G.Nichols and E. J. Zaluska.New York: Crane, Russak andCompany, 1982; 297 pages,hardcover, ISBN 0-8448-1384-2, $36.50.

TRS-80 Disk and OtherMysteries, H. C. Pennington.Upland, CA: IJG ComputerServices (1260 West FoothillBlvd.), 1981; 128 pages, 21 by27.5 cm, softcover, ISBN0-936200-00-6, $22.50.

Visual Masters for TeachingBASIC Programming, 2ndedition, Donald D. Spencer.Ormond Beach, FL: CamelotPublishing, 1982; 64 pages,21.5 by 28 cm, softcover,ISBN 0-89218-049-8, $9.95.

Word Processing and OfficeAutomation: A SupervisoryPerspective, Gilbert J. Konkeland Phyllis J. Peck. Stamford,CT: Office Publications (POB12131), 1982; 168 pages, 17.5by 25.5 cm, softcover, ISBN0-911054-05-7, $12.50.■

This is a list of books received at BYTE Publications during thispast month. Although the list is not meant to be exhaustive, itspurpose is to acquaint.BYTE readers with recently published titlesin computer science and related fields. We regret that we cannotreview or comment on all the books we receive; instead, this list ismeant to be a monthly acknowledgment of these books and thepublishers who sent them.

466 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 57 on inquiry card.

Software Received

Apple

Amort, a financial-analysispackage. Calculates amorti-zation schedules, compoundand present value of an an-nuity, present and compoundvalue of a loan, and performsa loan analysis. For the AppleII Plus; floppy disk, $22.95.Garbo Software, 211 WestFiesta #25, Carlsbad, NM88220.

Apple Fallout Predictionand Shelter Sizing, a softwaredesign tool. This programhelps you to predict falloutfor a user-selected bomb size,compute wall and roof thick-ness for shelter design, andradiation dosage per ex-posure time. For the Apple IIPlus; floppy disk, $13. South-west Technical Software,POB 2251, Mission Viejo,CA 92690.

Apple Tree Genealogy Sys-tem, a genealogy record-keeping system. This pro-gram is designed to maintaina cross-indexed record offamily relationships. Up to1000 names can be entered.For the Apple II Plus; floppydisk, $69.95. J. Fiske Soft-ware Systems Inc., OneUniversity Place, New York,NY 10003.

basic', a structured exten-sion to the BASIC language.Program logic is easy tounderstand because of for-matted listings. Control state-ments include IF, ELSE andFOR, and REPEAT UNTIL.For the Apple II Plus; floppydisk, $129. Delta MicroSystems Inc., 1022Yi Har-mony St., New Orleans, LA70175.

Business Plus, a small-busi-ness accounting system thatuses a set of interactive pro-grams to record the accountsof up to 80 customers and asmany as 2200 transactions.For the Apple II; floppy disk,$399. Advanced OperatingSystems, Suite 792, 450 St.John Rd., Michigan City, IN46360.

Congo, an arcade-typegame. Miles from civiliza-tion, you must navigate theCongo River, pick up sur-vivors of a stranded expedi-tion, and avoid the perils thatthe river has to offer the un-wary. For the Apple II or IIPlus; floppy disk, $34.95.Sentient Software, POB4929, Aspen, CO 81612.

Easyform, a business-formprocessor. You can programyour computer to fill outstandardized forms and per-form numerical calculationson the data to be entered.Several printers are sup-ported. For the Apple II Plus;floppy disk, $39. Garbo Soft-ware (see address above).

I Discover, a personalizedchildren's book system. Usingmaterials purchased from themanufacturer, you can startyour own personalizedchildren's book publishingcompany. For the Apple II orIII; floppy disk, $395.Creative Concepts Corp.,POB 170, Andover, MA01810.

Metatext, a text-processingsystem. Provides all standardtext-processing features withan 80-character by 24-linefull-screen display withouthardware modifications. Usercan define uppercase andlowercase character fonts.For the Apple II; floppy disk,$79. Metaresearch Inc., 1100Southeast Woodward St.,Portland, OR 97202.

The Turbocharger, a set ofDOS (disk operating system)utility programs. Includedare a disk copy, file dating,and DOS command changeutilities. Other utility pro-grams increase the operatingspeed of most DOS com-mands. For the Apple II;floppy disk, $29.95. SiliconValley Systems, 1625 ElCamino Real #4, Belmont,CA 94002.

CP/M

CPNIX, a CP/M-based ter-

minal program for communi-cations with Unix-based com-puters. This program facili-tates the transfer of data andprograms files between thetwo systems. For CP/M; flop-py disk, $49.90. ANSCO,POB 24069, Minneapolis, MN55424.

Computer Chef, a cook-book- and recipe-file pro-gram. Recipes can be savedand retrieved according totitle, main ingredient, or key-word. An automatic scalingfeature to adjust serving sizesis provided. For CP/M; flop-py disk, $29.95. The SoftwareToolworks, 14478 GloriettaDr., Sherman Oaks, CA91423.

MCdisplay, a screen-formatting utility program.Screen displays, defined in ad-vance, include all text,prompts, and data-entry fieldformats. Display informationis stored as a file. For CP/M;floppy disk, $175. Master-computing Inc., POB 17442,Greenville, SC 29606.

Priorities, a system forkeeping track of appointmentsand tasks. Tasks can be time-dated or priority-oriented. Anupdated daily list of tasks andappointments can be created.For CP/M; floppy disk,$99.50. Big Island ComputerSystems Inc., POB 777,Pahala, HI 96777.

Quickcode, a database-management program genera-tor. This program works withthe Ashton-Tate dBASE IIdatabase-management pro-gram to produce a customizeddatabase. It can be used withthe Wordstar and Mailmergeprograms. For CP/M; floppydisk, $295. Fox & Geller, POB1053, Teaneck, NJ 07666.

Superfile, a text-orienteddatabase-management pro-gram. Text entries, createdwith a word-processing pro-gram, can be retrieved withkeywords, sorted, merged,renamed, and edited. ForCP/M or MP/M; 5V4- and

8-inch floppy-disk formats,$195. FYI Inc., POB 10998#615, Austin, TX 78766.

Zip, a screen-formattingutility program. You designthe input and output forms,and this program will writethe coding for MB ASIC,CBASIC, or dBASE II. Thescreen can be up to 88 lineslong. For CP/M; 5Vt- and8-inch floppy-disk formats,$160. Nexus, Suite 802, 5455Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles,CA 90036.

IBM Personal ComputerChampionship Blackjack,

a computerized blackjackgame. This program is de-signed for all levels of play,from beginner to experiencedgambler. You can choose theversion and strategy youprefer for the game. For theIBM Personal Computer;floppy disk, $34.95. PC Soft-ware, 4155 Cleveland Ave.,San Diego, CA 92103.

Midway Campaign, asimulation of the World WarII naval battle. You controlthe American forces and thecomputer controls the Japa-nese Imperial fleet. Gamefeatures full-screen displayand detailed instructions. Forthe IBM Personal Computer;floppy disk, $21. Avalon-HillGame Co., 4517 HarfordRd., Baltimore, MD 21214.

Polycube, a simulation ofthe Rubik's Cube puzzle. Thisprogram provides a full-colordisplay of the Cube's sevenlevels. You can create,scramble, and unscramble aCube as large as 7 by 7 by 7.For the IBM Personal Com-puter; floppy disk, $26.95.Linear Aesthetic Systems,POB 23, West Cornwall, CT06796.

TRS-80

Alcor Pascal, an imple-mentation of the Pascal lan-guage. This package featuresextended string routines, a

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 467

Software Received

linking loader, full-screeneditor, and a nonoverlaycompiler. For the TRS-80Models I and III; floppy disk,$199. Alcor Systems, Suite100, 800 West Garland Ave.,Garland, TX 75040.

APL Plus/80, an imple-mentation of the APL pro-gramming language. Thispackage includes a completeprogram-development sys-tem with an introductorymanual and APL charactergenerator in read-only mem-ory. For the TRS-80 ModelIII; floppy disk, $295. STSCInc., 2115 East Jefferson St.,Rockville, MD 20852.

Copy Art, a word andgraphics processor. This pro-gram functions as a wordprocessor that can incor-porate graphics into the text.Graphics can be designed onthe screen and saved with thetext. For the TRS-80 Models Iand III; floppy disk, $149.95.Simutek Computer ProductsInc., 4897 East SpeedwayBlvd., Tucson, AZ 85712.

Kriegspiel and PhantomChess, variants of the gameof chess. This program acts asa referee for two playersbecause neither can see theother's moves unless at-tacked. It provides promptsand tracks all moves. For theTRS-80 Models I and III;cassette, $19.95. CreativeComputing Software, 39 EastHanover Ave., Morristown,NJ 07950.

Log, The Electronic Note-book, a simple database-

management program. Itdivides a disk file into pages,and each page is one screenfulof text plus an identifyingheader. Screens can be ac-cessed randomly or sequen-tially. For the TRS-80 ModelsI and III; floppy disk, $49.95.KSoft, 318 Lakeside Dr.,Brandon, MS 39042.

Runcalc, a utility programfor long-distance runners.This program will calculate arunning pace, compute aplanned elapsed time per dis-tance, and help determine theamount of calories used perrun. For the TRS-80 ColorComputer; cassette, $12.95.Home Run Computer Prod-ucts, POB 511, Dale, IN47523.

Other Computers

The Assembler, an editorand assembler package.Made up of an editor, assem-bler, and loader, this systemallows you to write 6502 as-sembly-language programs.Printer output is supported.For the Commodore VIC-20;cassette, $24.95. French Silk,POB 207, Cannon Falls, MN55009.

Concordium, a strategyand tactics game. You controlthe Concordium, a politicalunit of five planets. To winthe game, you must fight theTerran Empire by buildingships and capturing planets.For the TI 99/4; floppy disk,$18. Data Systems, 2214West Iowa, Chicago, IL60622.

This is a list of software packages that have been received byBYTE Publications during the past month. The list is correct to thebest of our knowledge, but it is not meant to be a full descriptionof the product or the forms in which the product is available. Inparticular, some packages may be sold for several machines or inboth cassette and floppy-disk format; the product listed here isthe version received by BYTE Publications.

This is an all-inclusive list that makes no comment on the qualityor usefulness of the software listed. We regret that we cannotreview every software package we receive. Instead, this list ismeant to be a monthly acknowledgment of these packages andthe companies that sent them. All software received is consideredto be on loan to BYTE and is returned to the manufacturer after aset period of time. Companies sending software packages shouldbe sure to include the list price of the packages and (where appro-priate) the alternate forms in which they are available.

Starbattle, a Star Trek-type game. You command astarship patrolling a 20 by 20grid. The object of the gameis to destroy the three enemyships in the area whileavoiding the destruction ofyour vessel. For the 16K-byteZX81; cassette, $7.95. BarryHoggard, POB 161, Para-gould, AR 72450.

Star Trek Colossus, said to

be the most detailed StarTrek game ever produced,this program comes on threedisks and includes detailedmaps and game aids for theFederation and Klingon com-manders. For the North StarHorizon II; floppy disk,$69.99. Star Trek Colossus,8080 South Main #18,Houston, TX 77025.■

BYTE's Bits

8-Blt BottleneckIn 8088

When I was writing theproduct review of the IBMPersonal Computer (see 'ACloser Look at the IBM Per-sonal Computer," January1982 BYTE, page 36), I foundthat it was only a moderatecompetitor to its 8-bitcounterparts (at least whenrunning BASIC), althoughheavily promoted as a 16-bitcomputer. In the article, Istated that "it is obvious thatthe IBM microcomputer doesnot gain a speed advantagefrom its memory access—the8088 microprocessor has toget memory one byte at atime, like the 8-bit 6502 andZ80."

Some time later, RichardShuford, Curt Feigel (twoother editors at BYTE), and Irealized that it would not betoo difficult to see how the8-bit data bus of the Intel8088 microprocessor (the oneused in the IBM PersonalComputer and, now, severalnewer machines) compareswith its equivalent-architec-ture 16-bit counterpart, theIntel 8086. All we had to dowas run the same 808.6assembly-language bench-mark program on 8086- and8088-based machines. (Wemade certain, of course, thatthe 8086 system had 16-bit-

wide memory and thatneither system's memoryslowed the microprocessor.)

As this is written, we areabout to run extensive testson equivalent 8086- and8088-based systems; theresults will be published in afuture issue of BYTE. ButRichard Lomas, whose com-pany (Lomas Data ProductsInc., Marlboro, Massachu-setts) is lending us the neededhardware, has sent us theresults of a single benchmarkprogram that he has run. Theprogram is an 8086 imple-mentation of the Sieve ofEratosthenes prime-numbergenerating program, firstpublished in Interface Age.

Preliminary timings of thisprogram indicate that an8088-based system runs thesame program between 35and 45% slower than anequivalent 8086-based sys-tem. Further testing will giveus more accurate and com-prehensive results, but onething is certain: we shouldput into perspective manu-facturers' claims about thesuperiority of an 8088-basedcomputer because of its"16-bit architecture.". . . Gregg Williams, SeniorEditorB

468 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 449 on inquiry card.

Your Computer can

Communicatethrough "MOVE-IT"

The MOVE-IT program enables all small com-puters, including IBM/PC, to transfer programs withanyothercomputerrunningCPM,MP/MII, CP/M86or MS/DOS, even if the two computers use differ-ent disk formats. The user can get and send files,display local and remote directories, send mess-ages to remote consoles. You can even transfer filesto an unattended computer. MOVE-IT can act likea dumb terminal for connection to timesharing andbulletin board systems, such as The Source andCompu-Serve. Even the most inexperienced usercan set-up MOVE-IT by answering simple ques-tions from the console. Employing sophisticatederror checking and recovery techniques, MOVE-ITinsures the integrity of data even over phone lines."One of the few packages that actually works asadvertised," says Interface Age.

MOVE-IT program and manual for CPM $100, forCP/M86 or MS/DOS $150. Add $2.00 for postageand handling. Specify disk format and operatingsystem when ordering. Dealer inquiries invited.

fW

WOOLF SOFTWARE SYSTEMS

Dept. B, 23842 Archwood StreetCanoga Park, CA 91307 • Phone (213) 703-8112

Low-Cost! Floppy Disk Subsystem

* Vista's PopularV-1000 Dual Floppy Disk Enclosurewith Modular Power Supply, Fan and Internal Case

* (2) Siemens FDD100-8 8" Floppy Disks. These areShugart 801 compatible and shipped separatelyready to simply install in the V-1000 enclosure.

$«

New Low Price only"*999

Contact your local dealer or Vista Hot Line Now!(714) 953-0523 (800) 854-8017

00

onw liter

Pomp

DISCOUNT I™

DISCOUNT* PRODUCTS

OKIDATA

MICROLINEMICROLINE 82AMICROLINE 83AMICROLINE 84

349449699

SCALL

EPSON

MX 80 F/T III

MX 80 III SCALL

MX100 III SCALL

APPLE INTERFACE 89

ATARI CABLE 25

IBM PC CABLEMX 80 RIBBONSBuffered Interface

499

40

10

SCALL

APPLE

APPLE lit, 48KAPPLE DISK II w/cntrlrAPPLE DISK II w/oHAYES MICR0M0DEM IIKEYBOARD CO. Numeric keypadKEYBOARD CO. JoystickKEYBOARD CO. PaddlesLOBO 5'A" Drive w/cntrlrLOBO 5V<" Drive w/oMICROSOFT SOFTCARDM&R RF ModulatorM&R Sup-R-Term 80 columnMTN Computer CPSMTN Computer Ramplus

1099

529

449

289

125

45

30

479

379

249

28

279

169

139

MTN Computer (All Products) {CALL

SATURN 64K Ram Card 355

SATURN 128K Ram Card 500

TG Joystick 40

VIDEX 80 Column 279

VIDEX Enhancer II 129

VIDEX Function Strip 69

VIDEX Softswitch 30

VISTA Vision 80 269

VISTA Type-Ahead-Buffer 35

VISTA GB75 IBM Typewriter I/O 169

A ATARI

MODEL 800 |16K|MODEL 400 |16K|I6K Memory Expansion

649

299

55

SOFTWARE

We carry all software advertisedin this magazine, and we willbeat any price.

VISICALC (IBM or Apple) 179

WORDSTAR 8" CP/M 269

WORDSTAR (Apple) 219

DB MASTER (Apple) 178

PRO EASY WRITER (Apple) 135

EASY WRITER (IBM) 279

APPLE WRITER II 99

BPI 295

SMITH-CORONA TPIDAISY WHEEL ££OKPRINTER WOO

We will beat any advertised price

MONITORS

BASIS 108

Apple Compatible Computer

Call for lowest price.

BMC 12" Green 12AUBMC 12" Green 12EUNEC 12" GreenNEC ColorAmdek Color

99129179335SCALL

VERBATIM

5'/4" 10-2595 100-23986

8" 10-$CALL 100-$CALL

Computer

DISCOUNT MPROOUCTs"

860 S, Winchester Blvd.

San Jose, CA 95128

Retail Store Hours:

Mon-Fri 8-5 Sat 10-4

Mail and Pftone Orders Welcome CA residentsadd 6 1 _ lax. Pr.ce* eject hangs Ailitem's FOB san lose VrSA Mi" AMEX M0

i-i' : ' ■••■;■■

jii <»\ ?wks tor process, >

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

(408)985-0400

16k

RAM CARD

FOR APPLE

$59

2YR.WARRANTY

Circle 437 on inquiry card.

Circle 86 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982

469

Powerful. •.

because it's Relational

The new RL-1 Database® from ABW Corporation gives you the power of a sophisticated relationaldatabase management system for your IBM Personal Computer*, Cromemco*, or CP/M* computer.

Why a Data Base Management System?

Whether your business is accounting, engineering,or production your main use of a computer is tomaintain and process information. A Data BaseManagement System allows that information to bemaintained independent of a particular application.Different programs can easily process the same datawithout modification or data re-entry.

Why Relational?

The relational model presents data in simple, easy touse tables. The simplicity and power of this tabularform allows the user to answer complicated ques-tions by learning only three operations: Selection,Projection, and Join.

The RL-1 System Includes:

Relational Data Base

A complete implementation of a relational data base.

Query Language

An interactive high level query language, similar to SQL.This query language uses simple English phrases for theoperations selection, projection, and join. Thus, even thenovice user can easily ask sophisticated questions.

Relational Editor

A screen oriented editor to create, delete, and update yourdata files.

Program Interface

Allows you to access the data base through high levellanguage programs.

File Transfer Programs

Utility programs to assist the user in transferring to/fromexisting programs and other machines.

These five packages allow you to create and maintain a sophisticated data base system for many diverse applications.

Application Packs

To assist the user several application packages will soon be available for use with the RL-1 system.

Report Generator

Automatically formats data from multiple files for reportgeneration.

Input Processor

Allows user to input data via custom designed "forms" foreasy operator entry.

General Ledger

Includes General Journal, Posting to Accounts, TrialBalance, Balance Sheet, and Income Statement.

Accounts Receivable

Generates invoices and statements. Handles aging ofaccounts receivable.

Accounts Payable

Handles checks, check register, vouchers, and vendor files.

Payroll

Processes 940, 941, and W-2 forms. Maintains employeefiles and payroll register.

Inventory and Production Control

Maintains inventory status and current price lists. Gener-ates reorder report, bill of materials, etc.

Executive Planner

Assists in the generation of business plans and projec-tions. Allows for optimization of key parameters.

Graphics Processor

Allows data to be displayed graphically. Compatible driversfor the IBM Personal Computer, Cromemco SDI, Tektronix*4010, Houston Instruments DMP* plotters, and manyothers.

RL-1 is available for IBM DOS, Cromix, CDOS, and CP/M system for only $495.t Application Packs at additional costs.

Copynght 1982 py ABW Cotporatton

•IBM Personal Computer is a registered trademark ofnternattonai Business MachinesSDI Cfomix. CDOS. and Cromemco areregistered trademarks ol Cromemco, IncCP'M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. InTektronix is a registered trademark ol Tektronu, IncOMP is a registered trademark of Houston Instrument

tMfgr's suggested tetail price

(R)

ATIONAL^. DATA BASE

RELATIONAL

For further information contact:ABW CorporationP.O. Box M1047Ann Arbor, Ml 48106(313)971-9364

CORPORATION

470

BYTE October 1982

Circle 5 on inquiry card.

What's New?

Computersin Business

Priorities TracksTasks for 10

Big Island ComputerSystems' Priorities softwareschedules tasks and pro-vides individual dailyreports for as many as 10professionals. Each dailyreport is organized for aworkload mix of appoint-ments and prioritized tasksand divided into sectionsfor appointments for theday, tasks for the day, andhigh-priority, upcomingtasks. According to themanufacturer, tasks arenever dropped from thedaily report until they aremarked as completed orrescheduled. The systemfeatures input screens thathelp users enter date, ap-pointment time, task priori-ty, and estimated hours.Other screen aids such as60 characters for describ-ing a task or appointment,20 characters of detail,and the day, week, month,or year are provided. Atthe user's discretion, newappointments may over-lap existing engagementsand tasks can be assignednumerical priorities.

Designed to operate on64K-byte CP/M systems,Priorities is available on asingle-density 8-inch flop-py disk for $99.50. Amanual and a "diskbank"container complement theprogram package. Con-tact Big Island ComputerSystems Inc., POB 777,Pahala, HI 96777, (808)935-2985.Circle 500 on inquiry card.

Alpha OffersIBM Software Line

Alpha Software Cor-poration has introduced aline of programs for theIBM Personal Computer.For business applications,Alpha offers the Data BaseManager and Mailing Listprograms. Data Base Man-ager can hold 1400 clientsper disk under PC DOS 1.0or up to 2800 with DOS1.1. It comes with Soundexphonetic search, automaticreport layout, and multi-level and keyword searchfeatures. Mailing List cansort entries by zip code andsupports up to 900 namesper disk under DOS 1.0and as many as 1500under 1.1.

Type Faces, a word-pro-cessing program, is IBMDOS text-file- and Word-star-compatible. It's pro-vided with 15 type styles, atext editor, and more than100 special symbols.Alpha's communicationpackage, the Apple-IBMConnection, transfers anyfile under computer controland checks for transmis-sion errors. Rounding offthe product line is Ques-tion, a game in which thePC tries to guess the nameof a famous person, ani-mal, or city that you havein mind.

Each Alpha programcomes with a cassette ofspoken instructions ex-plaining its capabilities. Theline ranges in price from$45 to $185. Complete in-formation is available fromAlpha Software Corp., 6New England ExecutivePark, Burlington, MA01803, (617) 229-2924.Circle 501 on inquiry card.

Project-SchedulingSoftware

The Prosched project-scheduling software wasdeveloped by Micro Asso-ciates as a tool to assistengineers and contractorsin job scheduling andmanpower allocation. Thissystem can handle up to100 projects, and eachproject can contain asmany as 200 activities. Ac-tivities are defined and en-tered with start and com-pletion dates, estimatedmanhours, and responsi-ble job discipline. With thisinformation, Prosched cangenerate reports that in-clude a bar-chart schedule,a weekly manpower-allo-cation schedule, and acombined summary ofboth charts.

Prosched reguires theCP/M operating systemand Microsoft BASIC. Itcosts $250 and is availablefrom Micro Associates Inc.,2300 Highway 365, Box131, Nederland, TX77627, (713) 724-6583.Circle 502 on inquiry card.

AgriculturalSoftware

Modular Turnkey Sys-tems' Agri-Corn softwareseries is designed forfarmers and ranchers. Theseries is composed of appli-cations programs forseven major agriculturalenterprises: farms andranches, dairy operations,poultry operations, swineoperations, row crop oper-ations, truck farms, and or-chards and vineyards.

A subscription to the

Agri-Comments newslet-ter is provided with thepurchase of Agri-Cornsoftware. The newsletterfeatures software tips, ar-ticles of interest to farmersand ranchers, and agricul-tural-computing updates.Supplementing a dealer'sedition are sales tips andother information. For fulldetails, contact ModularTurnkey Systems Inc.,Fountain Lake Center,Route 18, Box 149, HotSprings, AR 71901.

Loan-AnalysisProgram

Loan-Master is a com-prehensive loan-analysisprogram from GenericSoftware. It uses a "forms"mode for data entry, andall user input is syntax- andrange-checked to mini-mize errors during amor-tization processing. Loan-Master can analyze mostloans and solve for un-known loan parameters. Ithas the ability to outputloan-payment schedulesto your printer, terminal,or disk files. Paymentschedules can be based onmonths, years, or daysand either periodic or an-nual amortization sched-ules can be produced. Theannual schedule providesinformation on theamount of interest paidyearly. Loan-Master iswritten in a compiled lan-guage for fast executionspeeds.

Loan-Master will run on48K-byte 8080- or Z80-based computers outfittedwith CP/M version 2.2

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 471

What's New?

and one 8-inch disk drive.It uses Heath/Zenith H-19/Z19 terminal escapecodes. The program is sup-plied on an 8-inch stan-dard CP/M-format disk. Auser's manual with fourexamples is provided.Loan-Master costs $31.95and can be purchased fac-tory-direct from GenericSoftware, POB 1 154,Troy, Ml 48099, (313)879-6903. Enclose $2 forshipping and handling.Circle 503 on inquiry card.

Atari Markets

Telecommunications

Kits

Atari's Telelink II car-tridge stores and automati-cally dials your two mostfrequently called informa-tion service numbers andcorresponding accesscodes. Telelink II lets youdial numbers from thecomputer's keyboard orfrom the telephone. Avail-able in kit form, Telelink IIhas a suggested retail priceof $79.95.

Also in kit form, theCommunicator II uses theTelelink II and Atari's 835direct-connect modem toconnect your 400 or 800microcomputer with infor-mation services and othercomputers. Communica-tor II has a suggested retailprice of $279.95, includinga manual and one freehour on the CompuServeInformation Service, theDow Jones News/Retriev-al Service, and The Source.The 835 modem connectsdirectly to your telephonelines and is available onlywith the Communicator II.

For further details on theseproducts, contact AtariInc., 1265 Borregas Ave.,POB 427, Sunnyvale, CA94086, (800) 538-8547; inCalifornia, (408) 745-2230.Circle 504 on inquiry card.

Professional Tax-Preparation Package

Microcomputer Taxsys-tems' Micro-Tax softwarefamily is designed for pro-fessional tax-preparers. Itruns on CP/M, MP/M, andIBM Personal ComputerDOSes (disk operating sys-tems) and handles federal,state, partnership, andcorporate returns. Micro-Tax computes and printsmore than 30 scheduesand forms for multipleclients and it can computedepreciation by individualitems or groups. Standardfeatures include incomeaveraging, the ability tohandle accelerated cost-recovery systems, andautomatic computation ofunderpayment penalties,self-employment taxes,minimum and alternativeminimum and maximumtaxes. Yearly updates canbe produced.

A demonstration pack-age of the 1981 Micro-TaxFederal Professional Level2 system is available for$50, plus shipping andhandling. For full detailson Micro-Tax, contactMicrocomputer Taxsys-tems Inc., Suite E, 22458Ventura Blvd., WoodlandHills, CA 91364, (213)704-7800.Circle 505 on inquiry card.

RATS in YourField Service

RATS (remote accesstroubleshooting) lets yourfield personnel servicelogic-level electronicswithout the need for ahighly trained technicianto be present at the scene.Developed primarily forthe seismic industry, RATSequipment requires little orno technical expertise be-cause personnel are guidedthrough the trouble-shooting sequence bymeans of a telephone link-up with your technicians.After the probes are posi-tioned, the technician atyour home office receivesthe oscilloscope display asif he were at the instru-ment in question. For fulldetails, contact MountainSystems Service, 6477 East58th Ave., MDS#423,Commerce City, CO80022, (303) 289-5614.Circle 506 on inquiry card.

Stock-MarketAnalyst

Kate's Komputers de-signed its Analyst stock-market graphics packagefor most S-l 00 bus com-puters equipped with agraphics card, the Apple II,and the North Star Advan-tage. Analyst lets you plotstock, bond, commodity,and opening prices using avariety of formats, in-cluding bar charts, pointand figure, and loga-rithms. Up to 20 years ofpast market history can bestored and analyzed witha range of technicalmethods, such as moving

averages on price andvolume, trend lines, andmoving and weightedmoving averages. Thisprogram will work witheither hard-disk or floppy-disk systems.

Optionally, the Analystcan be purchased withrelative strength and over-bought and oversold in-dicators. Custom modulescan be created. Analystcosts $595; volume dis-counts are available. Con-tact Kate's Komputers,POB 1675, Sausalito, CA94965, (415) 332-9434.Circle 507 on inquiry card.

PERIPHERALS

Multifunction UtilityBoard for the H-89

FBE Research Companyhas unveiled the H89UTImultifunction utility boardfor Heath H-89, ZenithZ89/Z90, and MagnoliaMicrosystems Z89 sys-tems. The board, whichreplaces the standard serialI/O board, comes with

472 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

complementary HDOSand CP/M operating-sys-tem support software ondisk. The H89UTI has areal-time clock, a parallelinterface, two standardH-89 RS-232C serial ports,battery backup, and high-speed mathematics capa-bilities. Its guartz-con-trolled clock/calendar pro-vides time (even in millisec-onds) and date and is pro-grammable to interrupt atseven rates or at presettimes and dates.

The H89UTI's 8-bit par-allel I/O interface usesIEEE-488 3-wire hand-shaking and can be usedfor onboard expansion oras a Centronics-compat-ible printer port. A printercable and driver softwareare available as options.

The board's batterybackup provides protec-tion against data losswhen the power to thecomputer is off. FBE Re-search offers a choice ofthree batteries: alkalinepencells for approximatelyone year of service, re-chargeable nicad batteriesfor indefinite life, or a5-year lithium primary cell.

High-speed mathematicscapabilities are providedby Intel's i823IA or Ad-vanced Micro Devices'Am951 1A arithmetic pro-cessors. Both chips pro-vide high-speed perfor-mance for fixed- orfloating-point operations,as well as a variety offloating-point trigonometricand mathematics functions.

For ordering information,write to FBE Research Co.Inc.. POB 68234, Seattle,WA 98168.Circle 508 on inquiry card.

Mean Green Monitor

Mean Green, a 12-inchgreen monitor fromLeading Edge Products,was designed with thevery small business andhome user in mind. It fea-tures a composite-video in-put and a display format of1920 characters (80 char-acters by 24 lines). MeanGreen stands approxi-mately 1 I V2 inches (28.5cm) tall and is \SVi (40cm) wide and 12'/2 inches

[32 cm) deep. Should theunit fail. Leading EdgeProducts claims that MeanGreen has a one-year, noguestions asked, return orreplacement plan. Theprice is S99. ContactLeading Edge Products,225 Turnpike St., Canton,MA 0202], (800) 343-6833; in Massachusetts,(617) 828-8150.Circle 509 on inquiry card.

Softpedal Your Wayto Fitness

Softpedal from PracticalApplications of Californiais a series of programs anda transducer pickup sys-tem that converts your bi-cycle or an exercise bicycleinto a computer-aidedtraining and exercise ma-chine. Softpedal displays asimulated race course onyour color television orvideo monitor and allowsyou to pace yourself orrace a clock or anothercompetitor. The en-hanced-graphics programsdisplay your average andcurrent speed in miles per

hour, elapsed time, anddistance traveled.

Available options in-clude a stand with an inte-gral wind-load mechanismthat simulates actual roadconditions at any speed.The Softpedal runs on theCommodore VIC-20 andthe Radio Shack TRS-80Color Computer. Com-plete with a stand, Soft-pedal costs S145 fromPractical Applications ofCalifornia, POB 255768,Sacramento, CA 95825,(800) 835-2246.Circle 510 on inquiry card.

Amber VideoMonitor

The Computer ProductsDivision of USI Interna-tional is offering a high-resolution amber-screenvideo-display monitor thatworks with most popularcomputers. The Pi-3 hasthe same amber displaylegislated standard in anumber of European coun-tries, a 20-MHz bandwidth,and an 80-character by24-line format. The hori-zontal resolution is 1000lines at the center of thescreen. Pi-3 comes withfront controls that includean LED (light-emitting di-ode) power indicator, dis-play brightness and con-trast, power on and off,and vertical and horizontalhold.

Styled to complementthe physical appearance ofthe Apple, IBM, and othercomputers, Pi-3 has a sug-gested list price of S289.It's available from USI Inter-national, Computer Prod-ucts Division, 71 ParkLane, Brisbane, CA94005, (415) 468-4900.Circle 511 on inquiry card.

HayesSmartmodem 1200

The Stack Smartmodem1200 from Hayes Micro-computer Products is a Bell212A-compatible modemthat lets RS-232C-compat-ible computers or terminalscommunicate over tele-phone lines at data rates of1200 bps (bits per second).Approved by the FederalCommunications Commis-sion for direct connection

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 473

What's New?

to any U.S. telephone sys-tem for both pulse andTouch-Tone dialing,Smartmodem connects di-rectly to the telephone lineand an RS-232C port. Anintelligent system that ex-ecutes your commandsand responds with eitherdecimal or English-wordresult codes, Smartmodemcan also operate in the 0to 300 bps data range.Standard features includecircuitry for auto-dial andauto-answer and indicatorlights for visual checks onoperational status.Optionally, Smart-

modem can be equippedwith full- or half-duplexoperation, enable auto-answer, and result-codetype. Smartmodem comeswith a power pack, amodular cable for hookingup with the telephone, auser's manual, and alimited two-year warranty.The suggested retail priceis S699. Additional oper-ating details can be obtain-ed from Hayes Microcom-puter Products Inc., 5835Peachtree Corners E, Nor-cross, GA 30092, (404)449-8791.Circle 512 on inquiry card.

Micro-Floppy Driveand Cartridge System

Amdek's Micro-Floppy-disk dual-disk drive and3-inch cartridge system of-fers as much as 1 mega-byte of storage capacity.The drive unit is plug-compatible with standard5/4-inch floppy-disk drivesand capable of accommo-dating two 3-inch car-tridges. It features a built-inpower supply and a hingedhead cover that automa-tically flips open when acartridge is inserted andprotects your disk car-tridges from dust, scratches,and fingerprints. Eachdrive is double-sided,

double-density with astorage capacity of 500Kbytes, for a total of 1megabyte. Also, a "write-protect" mechanism isavailable to assure "read-only" status for datarecorded on the Micro-Floppy disk.

The Micro-Floppy-diskdrive unit costs $899. Forcomplete specifications,contact Amdek Corp.,Marketing Dept., Suite E,2420 East Oakton St., Ar-lington Heights, IL 60005,(312) 364-1 180.Circle 513 on inquiry card.

Dot-Matrix andDaisy-Wheel Printer

Metaframe ComputerCorporation's Dotsy isboth a dot-matrix and adaisy-wheel printer. It pro-duces draft-quality print-outs at 150 cps (charactersper second) and letter-qual-ity outputs at 20 cps. Dotsyhas interchangeable dot-matrix and daisy-wheelprint heads and, when inthe daisy-wheel mode, usesQume/Diablo print wheels.Its 9 by 7 matrix outputhas true descenders.

Dotsy can be purchasedin either a standard desk-top model or in the Cab-Tek Printer Center en-closure, which features acover and paper compart-ment. The suggested retailprice is less than $ 1500.Complete specificationsare available from Meta-

frame Computer Corp.,Riverside St., Nashua, NH03062, (603) 880-3005.Circle 514 on inquiry card.

CP/M for the IBM

Byad's DS series of plug-in circuit boards and soft-ware packages gives yourIBM Personal ComputerCP/M 2.2 operating sys-tem power. The seriescontains 64K bytes of pari-ty RAM (random-accessread/write memory) and aZ80B microprocessor. TheModel DS2 has an IBM-compatible serial port withthe added capability ofdriving both RS-422 andRS-423 lines. The soft-ware, supplied on twofloppy disks and designedto work on a single-disk

474 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

drive IBM, includes CP/M,Byad's utilities, and utilitiessuch as SUBMIT, PIP, andSTAT.

Under normal IBM PCoperation, the Model DS2gives you an additional64K bytes of RAM and anoptional serial port. Whenthe software is booted,CP/M takes over as youroperating system. The twoprocessors, the Z80B andthe IBM's 8088, then runas a distributed processingsystem, with the Z80Bfunctioning as the centralprocessor and the 8088 asan intelligent I/O con-troller.

The Model DS2 expan-sion circuit with a serialport and the softwarepackage costs S760. Amodel without the serialport, the DS1, is availablefor $660. For futher de-tails, contact Byad Inc.,5345 North Kedzie Ave.,Chicago, IL 60625, (312)539-4922.Circle 515 on inquiry card.

Communications

Controller Boards for

the IBM

Single- and dual-channelasynchronous communi-cations controller boardsfor the IBM Personal Com-puter are available fromPersonal Systems Tech-nology. The boards have arotating jumper plug thatswitches the transmit andreceive signals in the con-

nector, programmable datarates from 50 to 19,200bps (bits per second), fullmodem support, false start-bit and line-break detec-tion, and line generation.An interrupt system con-trols transmit, receive, er-ror, and modem status-change interrupts, whilethe IBM's diagnostic capa-bilities take advantage ofloopback functions fortransmit or receive and I/Osignals. Full-duplex opera-tion is supported, anddouble buffering is pro-vided, which eliminates theneed for precise synchroni-zation. Other features in-clude support of 5-, 6-, 7-,or 8-bit characters with 1,1 Vt, or 2 stop bits andeven, odd, or no parity bitgeneration and detection.The single-channel asyn-chronous communicationsboard costs $130. Thedual-channel model lists for$195. Quantity discountsare available. For more in-formation, contact Per-sonal Systems TechnologyInc., 22957 La Cadena,Laguna Hills, CA 92653,(714) 859-8871.Circle 516 on inquiry card.

PUBLICATIONS

Free Newsletteron Interact

RAM Pages is a free12-page monthly newslet-ter for fans of the Interactpersonal computer. It hasarticles on converting pro-grams for operation on theInteract, hints on hard-ware, letters to the editor,

and programming tips.

RAM Pages is availableupon reguest from MicroVideo, 305 North First St.,POB 7357, Ann Arbor, Ml48107, (313) 996-0626.Circle 517 on inquiry card.

Survey of Computer

Retailers Depicts

1981 Market

Future Computing hasreleased the results of itssurvey of computer re-tailers and dealers. Thesurvey included Appledealers, Computerlands,Zenith dealers, consumerelectronics and computerstores, systems houses,and office productsdealers. The publishedresults contain data on the1981 computer market-place as furnished by 341respondees. Informationprovided shows computersales by brand, computersno longer carried andwhy, computers to beadded, printers and disksby brands, software salesby brand, sales mix amongtypes of products, cus-tomer types, initial pur-chase value versus first-year and second-year add-on value, future productinterest, and more. Addi-tionally, local networksand multiuser systems arecovered.

The complete survey re-sults can be purchased for$ 1 195. For further details,contact Future ComputingInc., 900 Canyon CreekSguare, Richardson, TX75080, (214) 783-9375.Circle 518 on inquiry card.

Atari Antics

Antic—The Atari Re-source is a bimonthlymagazine for Atari ownersand users. It has articles onhardware and softwarefor the Atari, programmingtricks, comparisons of peri-pheral eguipment, andlistings of public-domainsoftware. User groups areentitled to one free sub-scription to Antic in ex-change for a subscriptionto their club's newsletter.Individual subscriptions toAntic are $ 15 for 6 issuesand $27 for 12 issues.Foreign rates differ. Con-tact Antic Publishing, 297Missouri St., San Francisco,CA 94107, (415) 864-0886.Circle 519 on inquiry card.

Seminar Guide

for Data-Processing

Professionals

The SIS Workbook-EDP Edition organizesand condenses the infor-mation found in brochuresfrom seminar groups. Thetri-sectioned guide, pro-duced by Seminar Informa-tion Service, describesvarious data-processingcourses offered both pub-licly and on an in-housebasis. Its first section listsand briefly describes morethan 400 data-processingseminars. In the secondpart of the guide, you'llfind the names and ad-dresses for more than 60seminar groups and or-ganizations, plus a catalogdetailing each group's of-ferings. The final section

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 475

What's New?

lists upcoming seminars bycity and date.

The current SIS Work-book-EDP Edition, re-leased last month, coversOctober 1982 to March1983 dates. The price forthe guide is S49.50. Bian-

nual updates will be avail-able for $10. ContactSeminar Information Ser-vice, Suite 3141, 175 FifthAve., New York, NY10010, (212) 229-5561.Circle 520 on inquiry card.

Commodity

TGI Distributors hasdevised a 50-page com-modity data record for per-sonal data collection forcommodity traders. Eachpage in the record hasspace for a full month'sworth of daily contract-price activity and columns

Data Record

for volume, open interest,and buy or sell signals. Forfurther information aboutthe commodity data rec-ord and a sample ledgersheet, write to TGI Distri-butors, 301 West GalenaBlvd., Aurora, IL 60506.Circle 521 on inquiry card.

Window

On Educational

Software

Window is an educa-tional computer magazinefor children and adults alike.Produced on an Apple II-compatible SV*-inch flop-py disk, each Windowhas a feature article, a fea-ture program, and soft-ware reviews and pre-views. Unlike a magazine,you interact with Win-

dow because it asks gues-tions and has you insertdata and write programs.The premiere issue ofWindow costs S 19.95.The charter subscriptionprice is S95 (five issues).Complete details are avail-able from Window, 469Pleasant St., Watertown,MA 02172, (617) 923-9147.Circle 522 on inquiry card.

SYSTEMS

68 Magnum

Mounted on Single

Board

Intellimac's MC68000-based 16- and 32-bit single-board computer, calledthe 68 Magnum, featuresa 6-MHz operating speedand 128K bytes of 200-nanosecond RAM (ran-dom-access read/writememory). Magnum comeswith 16K bytes of oper-ating system EPROM(erasable programmableread-only memory), 16Kbytes of user EPROM, twoRS-232C serial ports withselectable data rates, aCentronics-compatibleparallel port (16 lines plushandshake), and an audio-cassette serial I/O port. Itsresident firmware, the In-Mon operating system,provides you with a vari-

ety of functions such asmonitor and debug, trace,assembly and disassembly,program entry and execu-tion, and communicationscontrol. Other standardfeatures include three16-bit timers and reset andabort switches. Theboard's dimensions are 9'/5by 63/0 by 1 inch.

An 8-MHz 68000 pro-cessor, an EPROM-resi-dent extended BASIC,256K-bit RAM chips, andthe Pascal language areavailable as options. The68 Magnum is shippedwith an RS-232C interfacecable and a manual forS745. Order from Intelli-mac Inc., Sixth Floor, 6001Montrose Rd., Rockville,MD 20852, (301) 984-8000.Circle 523 on inquiry card.

System SupportsFive Z80s

The SB-80/4 is amultiuser, multitasking,single-board computerfrom Colonial Data Ser-vices Corporation. Thesystem comes with fiveseparate Z80s and 320Kbytes of memory. OneZ80 and 64K bytes of RAM(random-access read/writememory) run the AMX I/Osupervisory system for diskaccess. Standard featuresinclude 1.2 megabytes ofdisk storage, four paralleland six serial ports, an in-terface for 5 to 104 mega-bytes of Winchester diskstorage, and a 4K-byteEPROM (erasable pro-

grammable read-onlymemory) for bootstraploading, monitoring, anddiagnostics. In a CP/M-compatible configuration,the system supports up tofour users with eachhaving a dedicated Z80Aprocessor and 64K bytesof RAM to work with.

Dealer and OEM (origi-nal equipment manufac-turer) pricing for a single-user SB-80/4, upgradableto multituser capabilities,starts at $3800. Full par-ticulars are available fromColonial Data ServicesCorp., 105 Sanford St.,Hamden, CT06514, {203)288-2524.Circle 524 on inquiry card.

476 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

Portable HPComputer

Hewlett-Packard's HP-75C portable computermeasures 10 inches by 5inches, weighs 26 ounces,runs on batteries, and re-tains programs and datawhen switched off. Stan-dard features include a48K-byte ROM-basedoperating system, the HPInterface Loop for commu-nicating with peripheralsand other computers, and169 instructions, including147 BASIC commands,statements, and functions.Its central processing unitis a low-battery-drain,CMOS (complementarymetal-oxide semiconduc-tor) version of the 8-bitprocessor found in the HPSeries 80 personal com-puters. The HP-75C has a32-character LCD (liquid-crystal display) that servesas a movable window ona 96-character line, a type-writer-style keyboard, and16K bytes of RAM (ran-dom-access read/writememory), expandable to24K bytes. The unit's threesoftware-module plug-inports accept either 8K- or16K-byte ROM modules,and a hand-pulled mag-netic-card reader that can

read or write up to 1.3Kbytes per card is integratedinto the system.

A battery-operated ther-mal printer/plotter, a digi-tal-cassette drive, and avariety of software pack-ages are available as op-tions. The HP-75C has asuggested retail price ofS995. The 8K-byte ROMmodule costs SI95. Con-tact your local Hewlett-Packard dealer for fulldetails.Circle 525 on inquiry card.

PortableBusiness Computer

Hyperion, a portablebusiness computer fromDynalogic Info-Tech, isbuilt around Intel's 16-bit8088 processor. It has256K bytes of user RAM(random-access read/writememory) with parity, 20Kbytes of display RAM, andan 8K-byte ROM (read-onlymemory) that supports au-tomatic power-up diag-nostics, machine initializa-

tion, and general I/O rou-tines. Hyperion's double-sided floppy-disk drivegives you 320K bytes ofstorage capacity and canread and write IBM Per-sonal Computer (PC)5/4-inch single-sided disks.Compatible with the PC'slayout, the detached key-board has 84 keys, in-cluding 10 function keysand numeric keypad, andit stows away in the mainunit when not in use. The7-inch amber display fea-tures a 25-line by 80-char-acter alphanumeric-screenformat, characters formedby a 6- by 7-dot matrix inan 8 by 10 box with 2-dotdescenders, and soft-keylabels on the twenty-fifthline for the 10 functionkeys. Other standard fea-tures include a time anddate clock with batterybackup, a 4.77-MHz clockrate, a programmablesound system, a Cen-tronics-compatible parallelport, a composite-videooutputjack, asynchronousand synchronous RS-232Cand RS-423 serial portsthat meet all standards,and a built-in 300-bit-per-second direct-connectmodem with auto-answerand auto-dial capabilities.Supplied software is madeup of a telephone-man-agement system, a texteditor and electronic-mailsystem, Microsoft's MS-DOS release 2, theMultiplan spreadsheet,and Advanced BASIC.

Software options forHyperion include a BASICcompiler, COBOL, andPascal. An 8087 floating-point processor for mathe-matics, acoustic cups, and

an expansion chassis witha 10-megabyte Winches-ter-cartridge drive and fourIBM-compatible I/O slotsare available. Prices beginat S4995. Address in-quiries to Dynalogic Info-Tech Corp., 141 BentleyAve., Ottawa, Ontario,K2E 6T7, Canada, (613)226-1383.Circle 526 on inquiry card.

Z100Desktop Computers

Zenith Data Systems'Zl 00 series desktop com-puters are equipped withboth 8- and 16-bit proces-sors. Standard features in-clude a five-slot S-l 00 ex-pansion chassis, a built-in320K-byte 5/4-inch floppy-disk drive, 128K bytes ofRAM (random-access read/write memory), colorgraphics, and a keyboard.An optional system soft-ware package composedof 8-bit CP/M and 16-bitZ-DOS (developed byMicrosoft under the nameMS-DOS) operating sys-tems, the Multiplan elec-tronic spreadsheet, BASIC,and Z-BASIC is availablefor $500.

The basic Z100 com-puter has a suggested re-tail price of $3249. An in-tegral Zl00 computer thatincludes a display and dualdisk drives costs $4099.For full details, contactZenith Data Systems, 1000Milwaukee Ave., Glen-view, IL 60025, (312)391-8860.Circle 527 on inquiry card.

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 477

What's New?

DEC Unveils Modular Computer Series

Digital Equipment Cor-poration is marketing aseries of modular personalcomputers, each of whichis equipped with a low-profile 103-key keyboard,a 12-inch monochromedisplay, and a system boxthat contains the pro-cessor, power supply, anddual 5'/4-inch floppy-diskdrives capable of storing800K bytes of unformattedstorage. Three models arecurrently available: theProfessional 350 and 325,the DECmate II, and theRainbow 100.

The Professional seriesfeatures the PDP-1 1/23central processor, 256Kbytes of memory, andmultitasking operation.The Professional 350 hasprovisions for a 5-mega-byte Winchester-typehard-disk drive. The DEC-mate II is supplied with theDECmate word processorand has an optional CP/Mcapability. Outfitted withtwo microprocessors and64K bytes of RAM (ran-dom-access read/writememory), the Rainbow100 can run both 8-bitCP/M and 16-bit CP/M-86

programs. Additionally, itsinternal memory is ex-pandable to 256K bytes.

The Rainbow 100 costsS3495. The DECmate II isavailable for S3795, in-cluding 96K bytes of mem-ory. With a memory com-plement of 256K bytes, theProfessional 325's baseprice is S3995, and the350 sells for S4995. Con-tact Digital EquipmentCorp., Maynard, MA01754.Circle 528 on inquiry card.

System AutomatesAnalytic Instruments

The IBM Instruments9000 computer system isdesigned for automatinganalytical instruments andgeneral laboratory use.The 9000 can be used forinstrument control, dataacquisition and analysis,graphics, multicolor plot-ting, and general pro-gramming. This 68000-based system comes with16-megabyte addressing,an 8-MHz clock rate, up to

128K bytes of operating-system and diagnosticROM (read-only memory),128K bytes of RAM (ran-dom-access read/writememory) for programsand data, a high-resolu-tion display with program-mable soft keys, and afunction keypad with 57user-definable keys and sixLEDs (light-emitting di-odes). Also supplied arethree 16-bit timers, a real-time clock with a batterybackup, three RS-232Cserial ports, IEEE-488 and8-bit parallel I/O ports, andreal-time multitaskingoperation.

Optional equipment forthe 9000 includes a mem-ory-expansion card with256K bytes of RAM, 5'A-and 8-inch floppy-diskdrives, a hard-disk con-troller, and 5- and10-megabyte hard disks.The BASIC language andoperating system exten-sions, such as macro as-sembly language and atext editor, are available assoftware options. Pricesbegin at S5695. ContactIBM Instruments Inc., Or-chard Park, POB 332,Danbury, CT 06810.Circle 529 on inquiry card.

SOFTWARE

PET/VIC-20File System

File is a general-purpose,cassette-based file systemfor Commodore PET,CBM, and VIC-20 comput-ers. Produced by KineticDesigns in Jacksonville,Florida, File lets you con-

struct, sort, maintain, andprint a variety of data,such as mailing lists, ac-counts, and book lists. Itpermits you to definerecord formats, limited on-ly by available memory.File automatically expandsinto available memory.Among the commandsprovided are LOAD,DUMP, PRINT, CHANGE,and REMOVE.

File runs on 8K-byte PETand CBM systems or onVIC-20s equipped withthe 3K-byte expansion car-tridge. It comes with com-plete documentation andcosts $9.95. For purchas-ing information, contactKinetic Designs, 401 Mon-ument Rd. #171, Jackson-ville, FL 3221 1.Circle 530 on inquiry card.

Accounting Packagefor Olivetti M-20

The Big Four account-ing package for the Olivet-ti M-20 Personal Com-puter is a TCS Softwareproduct. Big Four com-prises general ledger, ac-counts receivable, ac-counts payable, and pay-roll programs. Standardfeatures include completeaudit trail on all transac-tions, automatic promptsfor creating disk backups,master file-recovery pro-grams for correcting hard-ware or operator errors,and comprehensive self-teaching manuals.

The Big Four package isavailable at most com-puter stores. Its price isdetermined by dealer in-

478 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

stallation, training, andsupport fees. However,sample data for trainingand demonstration pur-poses is provided witheach program. For full Big

Four details, contact TCSSoftware Inc., 3209 Fon-dren Rd., Houston, TX77063, (713) 977-7505.Circle 531 on inquiry card.

A LOCKED DOOR. A DEAD MAN.

And 12 Hours to solve the murder.

Murder

Deadline is a murder-mystery game created PyInfocom, developer of thegame Zork. Deadline castsyou in the role of a detec-tive challenged to solve amurder within a 12-hourdeadline. To help you napthe culprit. Deadlinecomes with a dossier filledwith evidence critical toyour assignment: lapreports, physical evidencediscovered near the victim,fingerprints, interviewswith suspects, an 8-Py-10photo of the scene of thecrime, and a detective'smanual. Deadline uses anEnglish-based vocabularyof more than 600 wordsfor a conversational in-teraction between youand the computer. Actualplaying time may run 20or more hours, accordingto the company.

Mystery

Deadline costs S49.95and will run on a variety ofcomputers, including theApple, the IBM PersonalComputer, and the NECPC-8000. A version forCP/M-based systems andthe PDP-I I costs S59.95.Deadline is manufacturedby Infocom Inc., 55Wheeler St., Cambridge,MA 02138, (617) 492-1031.Circle 532 on inquiry card.

Sinclair Markets Lineof ZX8I Software

Sinclair Research ismarketing a line of cas-sette-based software for itsZX81 computer. For busi-ness applications, VU-Calcconstructs, generates, andcalculates large tables for

analysis, budget sheets,and projections. Anotherbusiness program, VU-File, handles general-purpose filing and infor-mation-retrieval tasks.Game programs availableinclude backgammon,Spaces Raiders andBombers, a six-level chessprogram, and an arcade-type game called FantasyGames.

Sinclair's line of cassette-based programs for theZX81 requires the add-on16K-byte RAM (random-access read/write memory)Pak. The price range isfrom S8.95 to $17.95. Fordetails, contact SinclairResearch Ltd., 3 SinclairPlaza, Nashua, NH 03061.Circle 533 on inquiry card.

EnhancedPILOT Language

Nevada PILOT (Pro-grammed Inquiry, Learn-ing, or Teaching) is a dia-logue language designedfor interactive applicationssuch as data entry, pro-grammed instruction, anddrill and testing. Distri-buted by Ellis Computing,Nevada PILOT is pur-ported to have a simpleformat and vocabularythat makes developingdialogue programs easyfor nonprogrammers. Thisversion has Peen enhancedto include an integratedfull-screen editor and aninterface for video-tape re-corders and voice-re-sponse units. All PILOT-73standards are met.

Nevada PILOT comeson a floppy disk contain-

ing the interpreter and 1 1sample programs. A pro-grammer's reference man-ual is provided. It will runon most CP/M-based sys-tems with a minimum of32K bytes of RAM (ran-dom-access read/writememory) and a disk drive.Full details are availablefrom Ellis Computing, 60041st Ave., San Francisco,CA 94121.Circle 534 on inquiry card.

Oriental IdeographicsSystem

The Asiagraphics systemis a phonetic-input methodfor the communication andprocessing of Chinese andJapanese ideographiccharacters. The system, ahardware and softwarecombination, gives you ameans of making a specificchoice during initial char-acter entry. It is useful forword- and data-processingapplications. Telex trans-missions, typesetting, andtypewriting. According tothe manufacturer, by usingan Asiagraphic descriptoras the input character, youcan achieve more than90% accuracy in your se-lection of Chinese charac-ters and approximately85% in Japanese. Asia-graphics has more than6600 characters in memoryand associated graphicsdata to draw and displayanother 4800. Both thephonetic and graphic in-ventory can be expandedto include more than15,000 characters.

The complete Asia-

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 479

What's New?

graphics hardware andsoftware system is basedon the Hewlett-PackardHP-85 computer with asso-ciated disk drives and op-tional printers. The soft-ware is available separate-ly. For further information,write to Asiagraphics, 141Mt. Sinai Ave., Mt. Sinai,NY 1 1766.

Jobstream CP/MDesigned for TRS-80

Aton International'sJobstream CP/M 2.2 oper-ating system is designedfor data-communicationsand business data-pro-cessing applications. Ac-cording to the manufac-turer, Jobstream can in-crease the average speedof disk operations by asmuch as five times be-cause it buffers several disktracks in RAM (random-ac-cess read/write memory).Currently produced forRadio Shack TRS-80Models II and 16, Job-stream automatically per-forms readback checks ondisk-write operations forimproved data reliability.Jobstream can handleuser programs as large as62K bytes and has usablefile-storage capacities ofmore than 580K bytes ona single-sided floppy diskor more than 1.2 mega-bytes on a double-sideddouble-density floppy disk.

Two versions of Job-stream CP/M 2.2 are pre-sently marketed: Level I forsystems with 64K bytes of

RAM and Level II for96K-byte systems. The re-spective prices are S179and S235. Order fromAton International Inc.,260 Brooklyn Ave., SanJose,' CA 95128, (408)286-4078.Circle 535 on inquiry card.

AppleBusiness Programs

Micro Business Solutionsoffers a range of businessprograms for small busi-nesses, associations, andtaxpayers. For the AppleIII, the company has itsMicro GL (General Ledger)III system. It can be usedwith floppy- or hard-disksystems to provide up to1000 accounts and 9000transactions. A double-entry system. Micro GL IIIcatches out-of-balancetransactions for correction.

The CPA Partner, de-signed for the Apple II, is aclient write-up and billingsystem that can manage500 clients, 300 general-ledger accounts, and 99departments, with inte-grated billing. It also sup-ports 30 professionals withutilization analysis, invoiceand statement prepara-tion, and complete billingreporting.

Also engineered for theApple II is a professionaltime and billing systemcalled Pro Partner. Cap-able of managing 30 pro-fessionals and 500 clients,Pro Partner provides utili-zation analysis, invoicepreparation, and discount

and value billing. In addi-tion, it can hold in-processcharges for billing at a laterdate.

For full details, contactyour local dealer or MicroBusiness Solutions Inc.,622 Plymouth Lane, Fos-ter City, CA 94404, (415)573-5556.Circle 536 on inquiry card.

CP/M- and MP/M-CompatibleWorksheet

The Wedge is a CP/M-and MP/M-compatibleelectronic worksheet fromSystems Plus that can beinterfaced with most wordprocessors. It supports 52columns and 400 rows,split-screen formatting, in-sertion of rows and col-umns, format changes,and worksheet scrolling.Wedge's built-in calculatorlets you enter formulas us-ing simple arithmetic sym-bols. Each formula can beup to 60 characters long,and formulas can combinenumbers with multiplereferences. Extensive Helproutines are standard, andWedge can use the ad-vanced features of manyword processors.

Wedge comes withquick reference and lessoncards, installation manual,and an 80-page applica-tions manual. The sug-gested retail price is S295.Contact Systems Plus Inc.,1 120 San Antonio Rd„Palo Alto, CA 94303,(415) 969-7047.Circle 537 on inquiry card.

MISCELLANEOUS

Hm&

Intelligent LanguageController

Controlex Corporationhas introduced an intel-ligent high-level languagecontroller known as theCS105. Intended forindustrial- and process-control applications, theCS105 has ROM-residentFORTH that consumes70% less time to write anddebug than the averageassembly-language pro-gram. In the "host" mode,the CS105 serves as itsown development system.

All CS105 hardware iscontained in small plug-gable modules enclosed ina metal chassis. Its controlmodule contains a printerinterface, real-time clock,and a host/target switch.Other CS105 modulesavailable include a centralprocessing unit, 16K-bytememory units, a universalI/O, analog-to-digital anddigital-to-analog conver-ters, and a display and an-nunciator. System memoryis configured as a "solidstate disk" that's set upunder the FORTH conven-tion as 40 screens.

The standard CS105configuration is suppliedwith a 5/2 -inch-high EIA(Electronic IndustriesAssociation) rack-mountcard cage, backplane and

480 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

DECADES OF SERVICE

Washington Computer Services

97 Spring StreetNew York, New York 10012TO ORDER: CALL OUR TOLL-FREE NUMBER: (800)221-5416In N.Y. State and for technical information: (212) 226-2121HOURS: 9 AM-5:30 PM (EST) Monday-Friday

anaffiliateof «t^^™?») est. 1912

CUSTOM COMPUTER ROOM WIRING SINCE 1960

TELEX: 12-5606 CABLE: WASHC0MP NYK

FULLY CONFIGURED BUSINESS SYSTEMS

The following are some examples of the fully assembled and tested business andscientific computer systems which we offer:

The Premier Multi-User Computer System18000 SX, multi-user, multi-processor, turbo DOS SCALL

CPM 2.2. FULL 2 YEAR WARRANTY!5000IS, S-100 desk top mainframe

On-Site Service Contracts Available

HARD DISK SPECIALS

CORVUSPRINTERS

MORROWDESIGNS

INTERNATIONAL

f y_Y > Teletype 40. 300 LPM-typerwriter quality, RS-232'*»"■ interface. This quality printer is available in manyconfigurations including forms access, quietized case, etc.Teletype 43

from Only$3200

NEC

APC

' 8086,16 bit processor.2-8" DSDD disk drives.! 128K RAM (to 256K).115" screen\ 1024x1024 graphics.(CP/M-86, MS-DOS.^ Green or color.

ANADEX

CENTRONICS

C. IT0H

DATA PRODUCTS

DIGITAL EQUIP. CORP.

INTERGRAL DATA SYS.

DIABLO

EPSON

FACIT

OKI DATA

OLIVETTI

QANTEX

8" DISK DRIVE SALE

This new state-of-the-art work station

out-performs all others

near its price range. $QCfV\ OO

Prices start below OOUUiSEC PC-8000 Personal Computer

The Professional's Work Station„ NEC on N.Y.S. Contract #P-07220

i^ORVUS Concept-68000, 32 bit. 256k. network. 15" 120x56+ HiRes screen, W.P. software, CP/M Emulator from less than $5000

JfiTSl

from $995MANNESMANN TALLYNEC AMERICAQUME

SMITH CORONATELETYPE

TEXAS INSTRUMENTSNOW!

8"SHUGARTSA801R $385 8 "SHUGART SA851R $540 2for $1025

QUME DATATRACK 8 $550 2 for $1050

Enclosure, power supply for 2 8" drives A & T $350

MORROW DISCUS 2D + CP/M® MICROSOFT BASIC, C0NT. $950

TERMINALS pmmi modem $359

AMPEX DIALOGUE 30, 80, 81 Lowest Prices $CALL

Zenith ZT-1, 80x24, autodial modem, VT-52 compatible $669

TELETYPE ADDS IBM 3101

TELEVIDE0 ANN ARBOR DIGITAL EQUIP. CORP.

LEAR SIEGLER VISUAL HAZELTINE

68000 16 bit multi-user, S-100. UNIX V. 7

TER

8086 16 bit, 128K RAM, S-100. Syst. #2

SCALL

$3499

Croup|

CaliforniaComputerSystems

ODufeD%vssfeQDDS NorthStar

XEROX.

MORROWOESIENS

ALTOS

ADVANTAGE& HORIZON

SCION MicroAngelo Hi Res Graphics Systems SCALL

Similar savings on SSM, DELTA, DYNABYTE, TELEVIDEO, DIGIAC, ZENITH, ADDS,DEC. DATA GEN.. ATARI. TECMAR AND MANY OTHERS

SOFTWARE

DBASE II

$525

WORDSTAR

$300

MBASIC-80

$275

MAILMERGE

$110

MBASIC COMPILER

$316

DATASTAR

$230

F0RTRAN-80

$349

CONDOR III

$716

C0B0L-80

$574

MILESTONE

$235

PL/1-80

$425

SUPERCALC

$221

PASCAL MT+V5.5

$398

FMS-80

$649

WHITESMITH'S C

$660

SELECTOR V

$396

CB-80

$420

SPELLGUARD

$236

PEARL(LEVEL3)

$549

SUPERSOFT

SCALL

LIFEBOAT SOFTWARE

SCALL

AMERICAN BUS. SYST.

SCALL

PEACHTREE

SCALL

ACCOUNTING PLUS

SCALL

GRAHAM-DORIAN

SCALL

BSTAM,BSTMS

$200

STRUCTURED SYST.

SCALL

VANDATA/OSBORNE

$500

8"SDSS:

Call For Other Formats

PI FA^FI Do not confuse us witn mail order dealers. We are arLLnOC. fulJ service distributor serving the data processing &installation needs of business & industry from micros to mainframes.System houses, Educational institutions & governmental agencies givenspecial consideration. Leasing available.

N.Y. State agencies, municipali-ties, and schools — call us forinformation on our O.G.S. termcontracts on hardware & software.

DEALER and INTERNATIONAL INQUIRIES WELCOME

For fast delivery, send certified check, money order or call to arrange direct bank wire transfer. Personal or company checks require two to three weeksto clear. Prices subject to change without notice; call for latest prices. Prices include 3% cash discount. N.Y. residents add sales tax. Qantex is a trade-mark of North Atlantic industries, Inc. Accounting Plus is a trademark of Software Dimensions. CP/M® is a trademark of Digital Research. All salessubject to our standard sale conditions (available on request). Call for shipping charges. Above prices do not include customization or installation.

Circle 408 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982

481

What's New?

control, central processor,and two memory mod-ules, expandable to four.The single unit price isS2995. including FORTHand documentation. OEM(original equipment manu-

facturer) configurationsand prices available uponrequest. Contact Con-trolex Corp., 16005 Sher-man Way, Van Nuys, CA91406, (213) 780-8877.Circle 538 on inquiry card.

.? ; ;;n. , . ; _ . .; ;/: . .

16-Bit Processorfrom Intel

Intel Corporation hasreleased its 16-bit iAPX186 (80186) single-chipprocessor. The device con-tains a 16-bit central pro-cessing unit and functionsnormally found in single-chip processor subsys-tems. Housed in a 68-pinchip carrier, the device cantake the place of 15 to 20integrated circuits at alower cost, according toIntel. It's compatible withexisting 8086 and 8088software and is said tohave twice the perfor-mance of the standard

5-MHz 8086 processor.Other iAPX 186 featuresinclude 10 new instruc-tions and onboard hard-ware that increases thespeed of multiplicationand division operationsfive times.

The iAPX 186 has an in-troductory price of S50each, in quantities of 100.Full applications informa-tion and technical specifi-cations are available fromIntel Corp., 2625 WalshAve., Santa Clara, CA95051, (408) 987-5084.Circle 539 on inquiry card.

Dot-Matrix PlasmaDisplays

The PC 1700 series ofdot-matrix graphics plasma-display modules is basedon a thin, DC gas dis-charge panel with associ-ated X and Y drive sectionsand a control circuit. Pro-duced by Photo ChemicalProducts of California, themodules are useful for ap-plications that require fullgraphics capabilities, multi-ple languages, and sym-bols in a variable-size for-mat. Standard features in-clude a neon-orangescreen color, an 8-bitmultifunction I/O port, in-dividual random-dot ad-dressing, two-step bright-ness and blanking soft-ware control, a flat-paneldesign, and your choice of1-bit serial or 4-bit parallelwriting-in modes. Powerrequirements are + 5 voltsDC and + 185 volts DC.

Three models are cur-rently offered: 64 by 256dots, 96 by 240 dots, and128 by 256 dots. Pricesrange from S564 to S792.Full purchasing and tech-nical information is avail-

able from Photo ChemicalProducts of California,18031 SusanaRd., RanchoDominguez, CA 90221,(213) 603-0400.Circle 543 on inquiry card.

MX-80Ribbon Cartridges

Continuous-loop ribboncartridges for EpsonMX-80 and IBM PersonalComputer printers areavailable from Data Sys-tems. Each cartridge con-tains 20 yards of nylon rib-bon formed into a loopthat permits use of bothsides. A single cartridgecosts S8.95, a dozen arepriced at S7.95 each, and,in lots of 1000, the cost isS5.13. Prices include ship-ping. Contact Data Sys-tems, POB 99, Fern Park,Fl_ 32730, (305) 788-2145.Circle 544 on inquiry card.

Where Do New Products Items Come From?

The information printed in the new products pages of BYTE isobtained from "new product" or "press release" copy sent by thepromoters of new products. If in our judgment the informationmight be of interest to the personal computing experimenters andhomebrewers who read BYTE, we print it in some form. Weopenly solicit releases and photos from manufacturers and sup-pliers to this marketplace. The information is printed more or lessas a first-in first-out queue, subject to occasional priority modifica-tions. While we would not knowingly print untrue or inaccuratedata, or data from unreliable companies, our capacity to evaluatethe products and companies appearing in the "What's New?"feature is necessarily limited. We therefore cannot be responsiblefor product quality or company performance.

482

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

AD CONVERTER

6522 APPLE II INTERFACE

SPEECH SYNTHESIZERS

JBEs 16 channel A-D Converter plugs in-to your Apple II computer. It uses anADC0817 which incorporates a 16 chan-nel multiplexer and an 8 bit A-D Con-verter. The 16 inputs are high impedanceand the voltage range is 0 to 5.12 volts.Conversion time is < 100>sec. Theresolution is 8 bits or 256 steps, linearityis ± 1/2 step. Two 16 pin DIP sockets areused for input, GND & reference voltageconnections. There are 3 single bit TTLinputs. Doc. includes sample program.81-132AAssm. $89.95

81-132B Bare Board $29.95

EPROM EXPANSION CARD

J BE EPROM Expander for the Apple IIholds six 5V 2716s for a total of 12Kbytes of EPROM. This board takes theplace of the on board ROM in the Apple.It is software switchable by the sametechnique used by the Apple II firmwarecard. Solder jumpers are for reset to theApple ROM or EPROM Expansion Card.Use J BE EPROM Programmer andParallel I/O to program your EPROMs.EPROMs sold separately.81-085AAssm. $59.95

81-085B Bare Board $39.95

EXTENDER $12.95

The J BE 6522 Parallel Interface for theApple II Computer, plugs directly intoany slot 1 through 7 in the Apple. Thiscard has 2 6522 VIA's that provide:

• Four 8 bit bi-directional I/O ports

• Four 16 bit programmable timer/counters

• Serial shift registers Bfc^^-.

• Handshaking

A 74LS05 is for timing. Four 16 pinsockets provide easy connections toother peripheral devices. (Dip jumperswith ribbon cables are also availablefrom JBE.) The 6522 Parallel I/Ocard interfaces to the JBE EPROM pro-grammer.

Understanding of machine language re-quired to use this board. Inputs and out-puts are TTL compatible.79-295AAssm. $69.95

79-295B Bare Board $29.95

SPEECH SYNTHESIZERS

JBEs Speech Synthesizers use theVotrax SC-01 Phoneme Synthesizerchip. The SC-01 phonetically syn-thesizes continuous speech ofunlimited vocabulary. The SC-01 con-tains 64 different phonemes and 4levels of inflection accessed by an 8 bitcode. It requires 10 Bytes per secondfor continuous speech. Both boardshave an audio amp for direct connec-tion to an 8 ohm speaker.

Documentation includes basic userprograms, a phoneme chart and listingof coded words to help you get started.Documentation for the AppleII® Speech Synthesizer includes a diskwith text to speech program.81 -088 Apple II Speech

Synthesizer $129.95

81-120 Parallel Input Speech

Synthesizer $149.95

Prices include the SC-01 ChipSC-01 sold separately for $39.95

EPROM PROGRAMMER

DISPLAY BOARD

JBE's EPROM Programmer is de-signed to program 5V 2516's, 2532's &2716's. It interfaces to the JBE ParallelI/O card using four ribbon cables. AnLED indicates when the EPROM is be-ing programmed. A textool zero inser-tion force socket is used for theEPROM. Comes with completedocumentation for writing and readingEPROM's in the Apple II or Apple IIPlus. Cables available separately.80-244A Assm. $49.95

80-244B Bare Board $29.95

4 Jumpers $17.00

This handy little (3x7") board is idealfor teaching and troubleshooting. Ithas a run—stop, single step switchwhich makes identification of shortedlines between address or data-bitseasy and shows single steps forteaching computer logic. The displayboard has 16 Address LEDS, 8 DataLEDS & 1 RDY LED. All lines are buf-fered.

80-144A Assm.80-144B Bare Board

$49.95$39.95

•Johiv Bell Eivgiiveeriivg, live,

MC

ALL PRODUCTS ARE AVAILABLE FROM JOHN BELL ENGINEERING, INC. • 1014 CENTER ST, SAN CARLOS, CA 94070ADD SALES TAX IN CALIFORNIA • ADD 5% SHIPPING & HANDLING 3% FOR ORDERS OVER $100

SEND $1.00 FOR CATALOG (415)592-8411

WILL CALL HOURS: 9am - 4pm

ADD $1.50 FOR C.O.D.

VISA

BYTE October 1982

483

FEEL TRAPPED

BETWEENCAPACITY AND^COST?

Processor Interface introduces the Cartridge Disk Con-troller tor the S -100 bus. Configurable for 12 sector2315 and 5440 type disk drives (1.25-10 Mbytes perdrive) Complete with CPM* CBIOS, disk formatterdiagnostics and technical manual low cost $495.00

m

Manual only $25.00The performanceyou need ata cost you canafford

Processor Interfaces, Inc. P 0-Box 154A Elm Grove. Wl 53122414-785-1245

Circle 314 on inquiry card.

I8085 - Z80

Structured Assembler

Get the benifits of high levelprogramming with the efficiencyof assembly language

Features:

PASCAL-LIKE STATEMENTSAUTOMATIC INDENTINGRELOCATABLE ASSEMBLERLINKER GENERATED LISTINGS

Available for:

CP/M $149

TRS-80 $149

ISIS $329

Specify disk size/density - CPU make/mode!Check - Money Order - Master Card - Visa

BLACKBEARD ASSOCIATES13534 PRESTON ROADSUITE 443DALLAS, TX 75240(214) 255-9347

C compilers_ andCross compilers

Available for:PDP-11 RT-11/RSX-116809 SDOS/FLEX

8080 CP/M

8085 CP/MZ80 CP/M

8086 CP/M868088 MSDOS CP/M86

OTHERS PENDING

The full C language, as described in "The

C Programming Language" by Kernighan

and Ritchie.

UNIX version 7 compatible.

Starting at $200.00

UNIX Is a trademark of Ball Labs. AT1 1/RSX11 are trademarks of Digital Equip-ment Corp. SDOS is a trademark of Soft-ware Dynamics. CP/M Is a trademark ofDigital Research. FLEX is a trademark ofTechnical Systems Consultants

TELECON SYSTEMS

90 E. Gish Road, Suite 25

San Jose, California 95112

408-275-1659

Circle 383 on inquiry card.

\ferbatim

flexible disks

Call Free (800) 235-4137 for

prices and information. Dealerinquiries invited. C.O.D. andcharge cards accepted.

visa-

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.San Luis Obispo, CA93401. In Cal. call(800) 592-5935 or(805) 543-1037.

Now...You Can Monitor

7 Most ImportantRS-232 Interface Lines

VVVt*M^

»

Made in AmericaRS-232-INTERFACE TESTER

connects in series with any RS-232 interface LED'sclearly display status of 7 functions: transmit data, re-ceive data, request to send, clear to send, data setready, earner detect, data terminal ready, Requires nopower; may be left in permanently Satisfactionguaranteed ORDER NOW! Only $39.95 ppd (IL resadd 5% sales tax); we accept MC, Visa. FREE; illus-trated catalog of problem detecting equipment Phone815/539-5827. Make checks payable to:

electronics

Box 475-B; MENDOTA, IL 61342

Circle 34 on inquiry card.

LOOK TO THE FUTURE...

EPROM-32

The only EPROM programmer you need!

•IEEE-696 (S-100) EPROM programmer for single supply(+5V)EPROMs,

• Programs current 1K through 16K (byte) EPROMs plus future32K EPROMs.

• EPROM can be verified through a port or located in memoryspace tor verification and use.

• Personality Modules adapt board to different EPROM types:PM-1 -2508, 2758 PM-3-2732, 2732A PM-6-68764

2516,2716 PM-4-2564 PM-7-2528

PM-2-2532 PM-5-2764 PM-8-27128

• Single zero-tnsertion-pressure socket accommodates both 24-pin and 28-pin EPROM packages.

• On-boarrJ DC-to-DC converter with adjustable regulator for pro-gramming voltage.

• Double-sided PC board with solder masks, silkscreen andgold-plated contact fingers.

• 8080/Z80 control software includes commands for program-ming, verification, disk I/O and editing,

■ Comprehensive user's manual contains source listing of con-trol software.

MicroDynomics

S269.95

(assembled & tested)Corporation Price includes EPROM-32, documen-Pfl Rm M^n ,3I'0n and **° Personality ModulesMrTmnhk TN VI117 Ispecity) Additional Modules-*7.95.,nJR ,ti \i,r, Comro1 software on 6 inch single densi-(9Ul)-755-0619 ty CP/M-compatible diskette—$9.95.

MasterCard 8 Visa

TN residents add 6% sales tax.

Circle 49 on inquiry card.

Circle 293 on inquiry card.

Circle 428 on inquiry card.

Get Serious About

Computing

PROFESSIONAL KEYBOARD. Makes your ZX81 easier touse. Enter programs quickly and error-free. Plugsstraight into your ZX81 without any soldering. Has 47keys and a lull space bar. $85.00

32K RAM. Expand the memory capacity ol your ZX81with this direct-plug-in module. Fully compatible withSinclair's 16K RAM (to give your ZX81 system a full48K). $99.95

64K RAM. Expand your ZX81 memory capacity to itsmaximum Plugs in directly to your ZX81. $149.95

Software on Cassette

MULTIFILE PLUS.

Data storage system for 16K to64K systems Fle-.ibie. user-defined setup Includes pro-gram tape, Detailed instructionmanual. 3 data tapes, storagecase

GAMES

MAZOSS

A maze-adventureINVADERS

10 levels of playSTAR TREK

Zap the KlingonsDICTATOR

S9.95$9.95$9,95

Call (716) 874-5510 for Visa, MC Orders.

GL3DSTOHE

Mail order to 1585 Kenmore Ave,. Buffalo NY. 14217Checks or money orders. No CODs Add shipping.

Circle 173 on inquiry can

PC/FORTH

Complete FORTH program development systemsfor the IBM® Personal Computer. Packagesinclude interpreter/compiler with virtual memorymanagement, line editor, custom screen editor,assembler, decompiler, utilities, file and recordaccess modules, and many demonstration pro-grams. 100 page user manual .... $100.00

Floating point arithmetic extensions and crosscompiler available at additional cost.

Ready to run under PC-DOS or CP/M-86®Standalone version available soon. 64 kbytesRAM and two disk drives recommended. (IBMis a registered trademark of InternationalBusiness Machines Corp. CP/M is a registeredtrademark of Digital Research, Inc.)

Laboratory Microsystems

4147 Beethoven Street

Los Angeles, CA 90066

(213) 306-7412

rrpn®

{jGJlD / ippioo

Lrrogrammable/

OUrray / pal takes the bus

fa?

d| /

/if ~^~

/U o a

L

QO

//MICRO

/ CAD

ITS 231c

1 EMULATOR ' '

DIGITAL

I MEDIA

INTRODUCING IPPIOO

SIMPLICITY OF T

E FROM DIGITAL M

AVAILABLE PHICE

ORCAL.L 213/670-108S STANLEY FIALA

Circle 218 on inquiry card.

Circle 135 on inquiry card.

"THE BIG BOARD"

^C$\ OEM - INDUSTRIAL - BUSINESS - SCIENTIFIC

JINGLE BOARD COMPUTER KIT!

Z-80 CPU! 64K RAM!

*«*»

•o

o-

c

O

TO .

u.

C<*>

Z

- 1

LU

n '

OC

F. "

o

£

11

H

II

Q u

_ CO

3

Z<

u.

THE BIG BOARD PROJECT: Three years in the works, and maybe too good to be true. A tribute to hard headed,no compromise, high performance, American engineering! The Big Board gives you all the most neededcomputing features on one board at a very reasonable cost. The Big Board was designed from scratch to run thelatest version of CP/M*. Just imagine all the off-the-shell software that can be run on the Big Board without anymodifications needed! Take a Big Board, add a couple of 8 inch disc drives, power supply, an enclosure. C.R.T.,and you have a total Business System for about 1/3 the cost you might expect to pay.

$399

00 (64K KITYY BASIC I/O)

FULLY SOCKETED!

FEATURES: (Remember, all this on one board!)

SIZE: 8V: x

13V. IN.

SAME AS AN 8 IN.

DRIVE.

REQUIRES

: -5V @ 3 AMPS

- - 12V @

5 AMPS

64K RAM

24 x 80 CHARACTER VIDEO

Uses Industry standard 4116 RAM'S. All 64K is available to the user, our VIDEOand EPROM sections do not make holes in system RAM. Also, very special carewas taken in the RAM array PC layout to eliminate potential noise and glitches.

With a crisp, flicker-free display that looks extremely sharp even on smallmonitors. Hardware scroll and full cursor control- Composite video or split videoand sync. Character set is supplied on a 2716 style ROM, making customizedfonts easy Sync pulses can be any desired length or polarity Video may beinverted or true. 5x7 Matrix - Upper & Lower Case

Z-80 CPU

Running at 2.5 MHZ. Handles all 4116 RAM refresh and supports Mode 2INTERUPTS. Fully buffered and runs 8080 software.

FLOPPY DISC CONTROLLER

SERIAL I/O (OPTIONAL)

Full 2 channels using the Z80 SIO and the SMC 8116 Baud Rate Generator. FULLRS232! For synchronous or asynchronous communication. In synchronousmode, the clocks can be transmitted or received by a modem. Both channels canbe set up for either data-communication or data-terminals. Supports mode 2 Int.Price for all parts and connectors: $49

Uses WD1771 controller chip with a TTL Data Separator for enhancedreliability. IBM 3740 compatible. Supports up to four 8 inch disc drives. Directlycompatible with standard Shugart drives such as the SA800 or SA801. Drives canbe configured for remote AC off-on. Runs CP/M* 2.2.

TWO PORT PARALLEL I/O (OPTIONAL),

Uses Z-80 PIO. Full 16 bits, fully buffered, bi-directional. User selectable handshake polarity. Set of all parts and connectors for parallel I/O: $19-95

BASIC I/O

Consists of a separate parallel port (Z80 PIO) tor use with an ASCII encodedkeyboard for input. Output would be on the 80 x 24 Video Display.

REAL TIME CLOCK (OPTIONAL)

Uses Z-80 CTC. Can be configured as a Counter on Real Time Clock. Set of allparts: $9.95

BLANK PC BOARD — $149

The blank Big Board PC Board comes complete with full documentation(including schematics), the character ROM, the PFM 3.3 MONITOR ROM,and a diskette with the source of our BIOS, BOOT, and PFM 3.3MONITOR.

CP/M* 2.2 FOR BIG BOARD

The popular CP/M* D.O.S. to run on Big Board isavailable tor $159.00.

PRICE CUT!

PFM 3.3 2K SYSTEM MONITOR

The real power o( the Big Board lies in Its PFM 3.3 on board monitor. PFM commands include: Dump Memory, Boot CP/M*, Copy, Examine, Fill Memory, Test Memory, GoTo,Read and Write I/O Ports, Disc Read (Drive Track. Sector), and Search. PFM occupies one ol the tour 2716 EPROM locations provided.Z-80 is a Trademark ot Zilog.

Digital Research Computers

** (OF TEXAS) ■

P.O. BOX 401565 • GARLAND, TEXAS 75040 • (214) 271-3538

TERMS: Shipments will be made approximately 3 to 6 weeks after we

receive your order, VISA, MC, cash accepted. We will accept COD's (for the

Big Board only) with a $75 deposit. Balance UPS COD. Add $4.00 shipping.

USA AND CANADA ONLY

•TRADEMARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH.

NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DIGITAL RESEARCH OF CALIFORNIA, THE ORIGINATORS OF CPM SOFTWARE**1 TO 4 PIECE DOMESTIC USA PRICE.

5V4" Floppy Disk Drives

(Direct IBM® Plug-in)

TANDON Model TM 100-1 $199* ea.TANDON Model TM 100-2 $269* ea.12" Green Phospher Zenith Monitor S109" ea.

Also available - TM 602S, 603S. and603E Winchester Drives.

For info or orders

Call —316-683-9225or 316-685-9445

MC / VISA or COD. with certified checkor money order. Kansas residents add3% sales tax.

' Plus shipping.

co«Nf>u£«*

G-H Computer Systems, Inc.

923 Longfellow StreetWichita. KS 67207

EDGE-86

AN INDUSTRIAL QUALITY8086 OEM SYSTEM

• HARDWARE

— A Multibus" COMPATIBLE 8086 CPU BOARDWITH DMA FLOPPY CONTROLLER, INTERRUPTCONTROLLER, PROGRAMMABLE TIMERS, 3SERIAL PORTS, TWO PARALLEL I/O PORTS, AND8K BYTES OF PROM WITH BOOT STRAPLOADER FOR CPM/86™.

— 128K BYTES DYNAMIC RAM BOARD.

— 4-SLOT MULTIBUS CARD CAGE, WITH COM-PLETE DOCUMENTATION AND SCHEMATICS;ALL FOR $1250.

• SOFTWARE

— CPM/860.S. WITH COMPLETE UTILITIES. .$250.

—OFF THE SHELF DELIVERY—

3XE MICRO SYSTEMS

195 W. EL CAMINO REAL, SUNNYVALE, CA 94086

TELEPHONE: 408-738-4729

■ Mulnbus TM of Intel. ™CPM/B6 TM oi Digital Research

\ferbatim"

Floppy Discs

save 40% ^szz.

51/ " Specify soft. Price/10W 10 or 16 sector

M0525 1 side/dbldens $27.30

MD550 2 sides/dbl dens 40.30

MDS77 1 side/77 track 37.10

MD557 2 sides/77 track 47.50

8i i Critically CertifiedSoft sector

FD34-9000 1 side/sgldens 33.80

FD34-8000 1 side/dbldens 39.00

FD34 4001 2 side/dbl dans 46.20

CHECKS - VISA - MC - C.O.D.13131 777-7780 ADD $2 SHIPPING

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

27204 Harper Ave.

St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081

Circle 172 on inquiry card.

Circle 147 on inquiry card.

Circle 225 on inquiry card.

A J mm UIIHI. ,li»M

800(16K) S649.00

400 16K 279.00

400 YOURS to 32K or 48K CALL

410 RECORDER 79.00

810 DISK DRIVE 449.00

850 INTERFACE 165.00

830 MODEM 149.00

825 PRINTER 575.00

481 ENTERTAINER KIT 79.00

484 COMMUNICATOR KIT 309.00

PRINTERS — Atari. Epson, Smith Corona CALL

Prices subject to change without notice.Shipping extra. No tax out of state.Ca. residents add appropriate taxes.

WE ARE AN AUTHORIZED ATARI SALES AND^^^ SERVICE CENTER

I COMPUTERTIME, INC.

^^^ P.O. Box 216

Kentfield, CA 94914CALL TOLL-FREE 800-227-2520

In California 800-772-4064

For product and price list: send S2.00 for shipping.

Circle 97 on inquiry card.

AN ALOC W DIG IT ALDIGITAL** ANALOG

CONVERSION MODULES

SOFTWARECAIN CONTROL

I. board test S-100 - 2 to IS khzmixable high and low inputs gainfrom 1 to 1024 12 bit iornpte ond Hold amplifier- ■ hfrerentiol 16-channsl - onoJog to digital

high accuracy - programmable gain instrumentationamplifier custom boord tesl - S-100- 2 to IS khzconversion time nij ■■"■■■ i high nnd loiu mps 'hc. gomhorn i tv 10; i 12-bit sample and hold amplifier8-channel differential - 16-charmel analog to digitalhigh accuracy proqrommable goin instrumentationn board i S-100

For additional details about the ad-100-a and otherfine California Data Corporation 100% individuallytested, high reliability products, circle the readerservice card number below or for faster responsewrite or call us.

CALIFORNIA DATACORPORATION

3475 Old Conejo Road, Suite C-10Newbury Park. CA 91320

(805) 498-3651

NOT 5 MEGABYTESBUT 10 !!!S-100 $1995 APPLETRS-80

5V 10 MB HARD DISK DRIVE

SMART CONTROLLER

S-100, APPLE OR TRS-80

COMPUTER INTERFACE

POWER SUPPLY - ENCLOSURE - FAN

ALL CABLING

COMPLETELY ASSEMBLED

AND TESTED

ASC W10 CURRENTLY RUNSON THE FOLLOWING DISKOPERATING SYSTEMS: CP/M2.2, APPLE DOS, TRS-80LDOS

Ihsc ^

1 AuodatM

P.O. Box 615

Lexington Park, ND 20653(301) 863-6784

LDOS is a trademark of Logical Systems IncTRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corp.

Circle 28 on inquiry card.

*ADDS*

VIEWPOINT TERMINALS$495

In addition EP1 carries printers DEC &DG compatible terminals and modems.Items in stock are shipped within 24 hours.ALL orders shipped COD. All items arenew and in factory cartons with manufac-turers warranties.

ECONOMYPERIPHERALS INC.

(404)952-0213

HeathUsers

Double Your5'/," disk storagecapacity without adding a drive.

Get twice as much from your H88 orH89 microcomputer. Our FDC-880Hfloppy disk controller, in conjunctionwith your 5%" drives, for example,expands memory capacity from 256bytes to 512 bytes per sector.

And it handles single and double-sided, single and double-density, 8" and5Vt" drives — simultaneously.

Call 714/275-1272 todayor write for details.

OI

C.D.R. Systems Inc.

Controlled Data Recording Systems. Inc.7210 Clairmont & Mesa Blvd.San Diego, CA 92111

Circle 63 on inquiry card.

SGOLD DISKS

CP/M® Compatible

Z-80 Software

Z-80 DISASSEMBLERAn easy to us*program to createsourc* (.ASM) filesfrom executable(.COM) files ppQ

EZ-TEXT WORDPROCESSOREZ-TEXT will format*your text file th*way you want It

5-8" SO/DD PPDl

Bower-Stewart

Si Associates

POST OFFICE BOX 1389HAWTHORNE. CALIFORNIA 90250

■■"213-532-1237

MBLER

175

?PD

iSSOR

75

Trademark Digital Research

Circle 61 on Inquiry card.

Circle 145 on inquiry card.

Circle 52 on inquiry card.

WE WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLD

SOFTWARE

APPLE SOFTWARE

COMPUTERS

MICROPRO

Wordstar

Mailmerge

Customization Notes

Spellstar

Datastar

Calcstar

MICROSOFT

Basic Interpreter

Basic Compiler

Fortran 80

Cobol80

DATA BASE

FMS80

dBase II

$239.0089.00

$359.00$239.00$199.00$199.00

$349.00$389.00$499.00$695.00

$595.00$599.00

NEW! IBM PC SOFTWARE NEW!

INFORMATION UNLIMITED

Easy Writer $289.00

Easy Speller $149.00

Easy Filer $319.00

VISICORP

Vlsicalc 256K $199.00

VisiDex $199.00

VisiFile $229.00

VisiTrend/VisiPlot $229.00

MICROPRO

Wordstar $239.00

MISCELLANEOUS

Supercalc by Sorcim $229.00

Superwriter by Sorcim $289.00

Home Accountant Plus $139.00

ENTERTAINMENT

Deadline $39.00

Temple of Apshai $29.00

Curse of Ra $15.99

Call For More IBM Software And Accessories

DISK DRIVES

CCI 100 for the TRS-80 Model 1

5'A 40 track $299.00"CCI 189 for the Zenith Z-89

5'A 40 track $379.00

CORVUS 5M with Mirror $3089.00

CORVUS 10M with Mirror $4489.00

CORVUS 20M with Mirror $5389.00

CORVUS Interfaces CALLRANA SYSTEMS add-on Disc Drive for the Apple II

Elite One 40 Track CALL

Elite Controller CALL

Elite Two 80 Track CALL

Elite Three 80 Track double-sided CALL

DISKETTES

Maxell 5'A single sideMaxell 8 single sideMaxell 5'A double sideMaxell 8 double sideBASF 5'ABASF 8Verbatim 5'AVerbatim 8Wabash 5'AWabash 8

$39.00$49.00$45.00$55.00$26.95$36.00$26.95$36.00$24.95$29.95

IBM PC ACCESSORIES

64K Card by Microsoft

Joystick by T & G

128K Card

192K Card

256K Card

Combo Card by Apparat

Call for more IBM PC add-ons

$435.00$49.00$579.00$629.00$699.00$249.00

For fast delivery, send certified checks, moneyorders, or call to arrange direct bank wiretransfers. Personal or company checks requireone to three weeks to clear. All prices aremail order only and are subject to changewithout notice. Call for shipping charges.

MICROPRO

Wordstar

MailMerge

Spellstar

DataStar

Calcstar

Supersort I

VISICORP

VisiCalc

VisiTerm

VisiDex

VisiPlot

VisiFile

VisiSchedule

VisiTrend/Plot

VisiPac

MISCELLANEOUS

Micro Courier

Screen Director

Executive Briefing System

Supercalc

Personal Filing System

PFS Report Writer

Word Handler

CP/M Power

ENTERTAINMENT

Wizard and Princess

Twerps

Beer Run

Zork I, II

Deadline

Chop Lifter

Pinball

Cannonball Blitz

Knights of Diamonds

Midnight Magic

Wizardry

Time Zone

Tuesday Morning Quarterback

Crush, Crumble & Chomp

Datestones of Ryn

Morloc's Tower

Star Warrior

Snack Attack

Star Blazer

Kabul Spy

Cyclod

16K Ram Kit for Apple II; TRS80200 nano seconds, 4116 chips

$199.00$89.00$149.00$199.00$189.00$159.00

$199.00$79.00$199.00$169.00$199.00$259.00$239.00$539.00

$219.00$129.00$169.00$!99.00$115.00

$75.00$169.00

$59.00

$29.00$28.00$28.00$26.95$39$24.95$24.95$29.95$29.95$32.00$45.00$79.00$24.95$24.95$15.99$15.99$31.99$23.95$24.95$29.95$23.95

APPLE ACCESORIES

ADVANCED LOGIC

Add-Ram 16K Card

$99.00

Z-Card CP/M for the Apple II

$225.00

Smarterm 80 Column Board w/Softswitch

$249.00

The Synergizer

All of the above plus 'The CP/M Handbook"

$545.00

Z-80 Card by Microsoft

$319.00

16K Card by Microsoft

$159.00

32K Card by Saturn

$199.00

Keyboard Enhancer II by Videx

$125.00

Videoterm by Videx

$259.00

Game Paddles by TG

$49.00

Joystick by TG

$49.00

Numeric Keypad by Keyboard Co.

$139.00

ALF 9 Voice Board

$159.00

ALF 3 Voice Board

$229.00

System Saver by Kensington

$75.00

Versacard by Prometheus

$229.00

8088 Card by Coprocessor

$789.00

Microbuffer II 16K w/graphics

$259.00

Microbuffer II 32K w/graphics

$299.00

APPLE INTERFACE CARDS BY CCS

Serial Asynch. #7710

$139.00

Serial Synch.#7712

$149.00

Call for other CCS cards

RAM

$17.50

$485.00$265.00$569.00$359.00

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEM

Mainframe 2200a

Z-80 CPU 2810a

64K RAM 2065

Floppy Controller 2422a

ZENITH

Z-89 48K CALL

Z-90 64K CALL

Call For Prices On The Complete Zenith Line

CASIO FX702P Pocket Computer $179.00

Sanyo MBC 1000 64K CALL

Call For Prices On Complete Sanyo Computer Line

PRINTERS

NEC 7710 Serial

NEC 7720 KSR

NEC 7730 Parallel

NEC 3510 Serial

NEC 3530 Parallel

NEC 8023 Dot Matrix 100cps

Olivetti DY211 Letter Quality

Daisy Wheel Printer

Parallel OnlyEpson MX-80Epson MX-80FTEpson MX-100IDS 560IDS Prism 80IDS Prism 132Okidata Microline 80Okidata Microline 82AOkidata Microline 83AOkidata Microline 84Centronics 739Datasouth 180 cpsZenith Z-25 150 cps

$2395.00$2749.00$2395.00$1850.00$1850.00$539.00

$1095.00$995.00CALLCALLCALLCALLCALLCALLCALLCALLCALLCALL$675.00CALLCALL

MONITORS

Amdek 12" B & WAmdek 13" ColorSayno 9" B&WSanyo 9" GreenSayno 12" B&WSayno 12" GreenSanyo 13" ColorZenith 12" GreenZenith 13" ColorElectrohome 13" HI-RES

Color MonitorElectrohome 13" ColorElectrohome 12" B&WElectrohome 12" GreenElectrohome 9" B&WElectrohome 9" Green

$109.00$329.00$135.00$140.00$179.00$189.00$359.00$95.00$339.00

$829.00$349.00$179.00$189.00$149.00$159.00

SPECIAL OF THE MONTHRANA SYSTEMSadd-on disk drive for Apple IIElite One 40 track CALL

TERMINALS

ADDS ViewpointZenith Z-19Televideo910Televideo 925Televideo 950

$495.00$679.00$595.00$779.00$969.00

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Prentice Star ModemNovation Cat ModemNovation D-CATNovation AUTO-CATNovation APPLE CATHayes Smart ModemHayes Micro-ModemHayes Chronograph

$129.00$139.00$149.00$199.00$299.00$249.00$295.00$225.00

The CPU Sh

• I

TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE 1 -800-343-6522 m

420-438 Rutherford Ave., Dept. BY10 , Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129

VISA*

y

Hours 9 AM - 9 PM (EST) Mon.-Fri. (Sat. till 6)

Technical information call 617/242-3361Circle 109 on inquiry card.

TWX- 710-348-1796

Massachusetts Residents call 617/242-3361Massachusetts Residents add 5% Sales Tax

BYTE October 1982 487

GRAPHIC SOFTWARE ON CP/M FORENGINEERING & BUSINESS SYSTEMS

PRINTERS

J ■ j

s*J2 <"

PLOTUflRE-Z

TRY IT OUT AND BUYFROM YOUR DEALER. OR CALLTHE ENERCOMP COMPPNY

P.O. BOX 38014

lhkemood.cq. Bosae[303)968 - 1846

PLOTHHRE-Z GIVES YOU MAXIMUM RESOLUTION GRAPHICS,

NOT fi "BLOCKY' MEMORY MAPPED 0RHH1NG HITH BOXES[INTERACTIVE. MENU DRIVEN, .DOT MATH 1X: EPSON. IDS. E TC.OR ASCII DISK FILES. OH. iPLOTTEfi:HIPLOT. OTHERS..COMPILER i.REL FILES I iCRTS:TEKTRONIX. SCION.ETC.

EASY USER INTERFACE iM.P. PHINTERS:QUKE.DIABLO

SOFTWARE UPWARDS COMPATIBLE ICRLCONP. DISSPLH. PL0T10 )iHRRDMARE UPWARDS COMPATIBLE IPDP1I. PEHK1N ELNER, IBN I

DRAFTING QUALITY CHAAfiCTER SET [SHOKM HERE 1 OR COMPLEX.

SCRIPT. [TALLIES, GOTHIC. ARABIC. OR 'HANE-YOUR-OHN' H

S399 COMPLETE. $35 (MANUAL ONLY J. VISA. H.C.

THIS AO DRAWN TOTALLY BY PLOTWBRE-Z UN HIPLOT QHP- 4

ELIZA IS HERE!

AT LAST! A FULL IMPLEMENTATION of the original ELIZAprogram is now available to run on your microcomputer!

Created al MIT in 1966, ELIZA has become the world's mostcelebrated artificial intelligence demonstration program. ELIZA isa non-directive psychotherapist who analyzes each statement asyou type it in and then responds with her own comment or question— and her remarks are often startltngly appropriate!

Oesigned to run on a large mainframe. ELIZA has hitherto beenunavailable to personal computer users except in greatly strippeddown versions lacking the sophistication which made the originalprogram so fascinating.

Now, our new microcomputer version possessing the FULL powerand range of expression of the original is being offered at theintroductory price of only $25. And if you want to find out how shedoes it (or teach her to do more) we will include the completeSource Program for only $20 additional.

Order your copy of ELIZA today and you'll never again wonder howto respond when you hear someone say "Okay, let's see what thiscomputer of yours can actually do!"

ELIZA IS AVAILABLE IN THE FOLLOWING DISK FORMATS:

5'/. inch CP/M for Apple II equipped with Z-80 SoftCarcJ

$25 lor ELIZA COM - aad $20 lor Microsoft BASIC-80 Source

SU inch for 48K Apple II with Applesoft ROM and DOS 3.3

$25 for Protected File - add $20 lor Applesoft Source

5'i inch for 64K IBM Personal Computer

$25 tor Protected File - add $20 lor ISM Disk BASIC Source

5W inch for Osborne I Microcomputer

$25 for Protected File - add S20 for Microsoft BASIC-80 Sourct

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH GROUP

921 NORTH LA JOLLA AVENUE■MM LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90046 jgBhVSA' (213) 656-7368 (213) 654-2214 DD MC. VISA and CHECKS ACCEPTEO

MEMOREX

FLEXIBLE DISCS

WE WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLDfl Call Free (800)2354137

for prices and information. Dealerinquiries invited and CO.D.'saccepted.

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.San Luis Obispo, CA93401. InCal. call(800)592-5935 or.(805)543-1037

Circle 157 on Inquiry card.

Circle 26 on inquiry card.

Circle 293 on inquiry card.

CH1PS&

DALE

THE INFLATION FlGHTERSl♦ ♦♦SPECIAL***

4116 250ns 8/S9.50 100* Sl,05ea.

4116 200ns 8/» 11.00 100+ S 1.1 Sea.

4116 150ns 8/S 14.50 100* 81.50 ea.

4116 120ns 8/S 16.50 100+ 11.80 ea.

2114L 300ns 8/812.00

2114L 200ns 8/813.00*4164 200ns 86.45 100+ 85.95 ea.•4164 150ns 87.50 ea. 100+ CALL•6116 150ns 86.35 100+ CALL•6116 200ns 85.00 100+ CALL

•1791 Disk Controller 816.50•Z60A CPU S3.00 ea.

8251A 84.00 ea.

2716-1 (5V)350ns 8/85.50 ea. 86.25 ea.

2716 (5V)450ns 6/83.35 ea. 84.00 ea.•2732 (5V)450ns 8/85.95 ea.86.95 ea.

2532 (5V)450ns 8/85.95 ea.86.95 ea.

27645V 300ns 28 pin 8 18.00 ea.

Allow up to 3 wks. for personal checks to clear. Please includephone number. Prices subject to change without notice. Shipping &Handling for Chips $3.50. FOB Bellevue. WA. for all else Washresidents add 6.5% Sales Tax,

CHIPS & DALE

10655 ME. 4th St.. Suite 400

Bellevue, WA 98004

1-206-451-9770

Master ChargeVisa accepted

BASF

FkxyDisks

5 V

Specify soft.10 or 16 sector

Price<10 PricenOQ

1 side/double density

2 sided/double density

S20.0034.50

$185.00325.00

8

n

Specify softor 32 sector

Priceno Price/100

1 side/single density S21.00 $195.00

1 side/double density 29.50 275.00

2 sided/double density 34.50 325.00Certified Check - Money Order - Personal CheckAllow up to 2 weeks for personal checks to clear.Add si .50 to each order lor UPS. shipping charges.

NJ Residents add 5% NJ Sales Tai

280 Dukes Parkway, P.O. Box 85Somerville, N.J. 08876 • (201) 725-6680

Dealer Inquiries Invited

CONTROL DATA

DISKETTES

5 -|/4" SPECIFY SOFT. 10 or 16 SECTORSPfttCE'10 PRICE'50 PRCE/100

SSSD S23.00 $112 00 $215.00

SSDD 26.00 12600 235.00

DSDD 3200 15600 295.00

8" SPECIFY SOFT or 32 SECTORS

PfflCE'10 PfllCE/50 PRICE/100

SSSD _ $25.00 $122.00 $223.00

SSDD 30.00 145 00 263.00

DSDD 34.80 165.00 303.00

I[CALL TOLL FREE - ORDERS ONLY

800-824-7888 all states except ca800-852-7777 for ca residentsask FOR OPERATOR #906

CHECKS MO. VISA. MC ADD S2.00 SHIPPINGCA RESIDENTS ADO 6% SALES TAX

P.O Box 3304. Saratoga. CA 95070-1304

Circle 67 on inquiry card.

Circle 119 on inquiry card.

Circle 112 on inquiry card.

NEW! M-MOOO

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER

HtnM'

rtATURCi,

UMMolorDbMOOOtPi;ofHr>ii1niA10MHi.20Kbyti>ofonlHw<lfaM«la(icRAM.HK bylet or on board I 1'lrt) M ipace, 7 level, of prlo titled lutovectored Interrupts,1 memory expansion butn (up lo ZMK). I terUI communication porl* (RS-232C),I fc-bn bldirtclionai parallel port. 6800 peripheral accomodation bin. Si 16-bit counter/timers with vectored interrupt*, on board real time clock, wftware compatible withMotorola MKX6SKDM board.PfUCEi

Bare board with documentation S99.95

MEXUKDM compatible monitor in 2764 EPROM'i M20.00

M6IM0 (PI £ nun,., map PROM JIIS.W

Shipping and handling (Domestic) S3-M

MBA

EMS:

P 0 BOX 16115 IBVINL d

714-553-0133

Circle 148 on inquiry card

^

tit

MEGA

COMPATIBLE MEMORY BOARD

FEATURES:

On Board Memor* expansion from 64k to IM Bylt

Memory Write Protect ( ommind

Program Controlled Banking ( apability in 128k or 51ZK Blocks

Memory Error Detection

Heftible Memory Boundary Selection

On Board Two MDOS Supported Asynchronous RS-232-f Ports

Price Starts al S445.00

P.O. BOX 16115, IRVINE, CA 92713(714)553-0133 (714)727-0202

Circle 149 on inquiry ca

NEW! s-ioo BUS COMPATIBLE

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER WITH VIDEO OUTPUT

oS 100 intelligent vidm

■iMH;..V.*.iA\u|ii.-,NKr,iU>it()M.'.ip!..-IK-.l..ik RAM. rwu 8 BIT input pom. one 8 BIToulpul port, one 8 BIT 5t-m* input pun with interrupt, compost! video oulpul (80x24).

vid.'ii ;| tributes (reverie i/lrteo. underline. nlmkiiKj). ■ir.iplnt cupabililists

Bare beard with documenwnn M9.9S

Monitor ^rid video terminal softwatelin tPROMI 1*500

Source tiitiwjs (with Mon.iorpurchaw) S1S.0Q

Hard to find Pans Kil (crystal and (use link PROM's) 115.00

EMS- '"r~~

714-553-0133

Circle 150 on inquiry card.

SPECIALS on INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

6502

745

10/6.95 50/6.55

100/6.15

6502A/6512A

8.40

10/795 50/7.35

100/6.90

6520 PIA

5.15

10/4.90 50/4.45

100/4.15

6522 VIA

6.45

10/6.10 50/5.75

100/5.45

6532

7 90

10/7.40 50/7.00

100/6.60

2114-L200

245 25/2.30

100/215

2114-L300

225 25/2.10

100/2 00

2716 EPROM

4.90 5/4.50

10/4.00

2532 EPROM

8.90 5/8.45

10/7 90

6116 Hitachi 2KX8 CMOS RAM 8 90 5/8.45

10/7.90

4116-200 ns RAM

8 tor 15

Zero Insertion Force 24 pir

Socket

2.00

S-100 Wire Wrap Socket

2.40

A P Products 15% OFF [

22

A P Hobby-Blox

15% OFF |

ii

Anchor Automation Signalman Modems

All Signalman Modems are Direct Connect, and include cables

to connect to your computer and to the telephone. Signalman

Modems provide the best price-performance values, and start

at less than $100 Dealer and OEM inquiries Invited.

Mark I RS232

Mark II lor Atari 850

Mark III tor TI99/4A

Mark IV for CBM/PET with software

Mark V for Osborne (software available)

Mark VI for IBM Personal Computer

Mark VII Auto Dial/Auto Answer

Mark VIII Bell 212 Auto Dial/Answer

DC HAYES SmirtmodemRS232 MODEM - AccousticRS232 MODEM - CCITT frequencies

229119175

We carry Apple 11+ fromBell & Howell

16K RAM Cart X^f**^ \w Apple

65

Apple LOGO

150

Video Recorder Interface

545

Super Serial Card

149

Thunderclock Plus

119

Z80 Softcard and CP/M

295

Parallel Printer Interface/Cable

85

Integer BASIC Card

150

Grappler Interface

139

Apple Paddle Pair

29

T G Products Joystick tor Apple

48

T G Paddles

32

DC Hayes Micromodem II

299

Videx 80 Column Card

259

fullFORTH+ for Apple (fig-Forth)

69

Silentype Printer and Card

310

Graphics Tablet and Card

645

Apple PASCAL Language

195

Apple FORTRAN

160

We stock EDUWARE Software

GENIS 1 Courseware Development System

185

Unicom Grade Reporting

250

Unicom School Inventory (resource mgmt)

250

Executive Briefing System with fonts

225

Apple Dumpling (Microtek) Printer interface

IIS

Apple Dumpling with 16K Butter

160

H commodore

We stock the complete line. See us for

Personal, Business, and Educational

requirements.

Educational Discounts Available

PET SCAN i $345 base price.

Allows you to connect up to 35 CBM/PET Computers toshared disk drives and printers. Completely transparent to theuser Perfect for schools or multiple word processing config-urations. Base configuration supports 3 computers.

VIC 20 229 VIC Sargon II Chess 3*2

VIC 1515 Printer 335 VIC GORF 32

VIC 3K RAM 32 Meteor Run (UMI) 39

VIC 8K RAM 53 VIC Radar Ratrace 24

VIC16KRAM 99 Amok (UMI) 20

VIC Disk Drive 465 Snakman 15

VIC Pinball 32 Rubik's Cube 13

VIC Omega Race 32 Programmers Reference 15

Spiders of Mars (UMI) 39 Renaissance (UMI) 39

VIC Draw Poker 24 VIC Superslot 23

VICTORY Software for VIC

Street Sweepers 12 Maze in 3-D

Night Rider 11 Cosmic Debris

Treasurers of Bat Cave 17 Grave Robbers Adventure 11

Games Pack I 12 Games Pack II 12

1212

TNW 488/103 with DAA 450

Computed First Book of PET/CBM 11

WordPro 3+ - 32K CBM, disk, printer 195

WordPro 4+ - 8032, disk, printer 300

SPELLMASTER spelling checker for WordPro 170

VISICALC for PET, ATARI, or Apple 190

SM-KIT enhanced PET/CBM ROM Utilities 40

Programmers Toolkit - PET ROM Utilities 35

PET Spacemaker II ROM Switch 36

2 Meter PET to IEEE or IEEE to IEEE Cable 40

Dust Cover for PET or CBM 8

IEEE-Parallel Printer Interface for PET 110

IEEE-RS232 Printer Interface for PET 120

The PET Revealed 17

Library of PET Subroutines 12

SADI Intelligent IEEE-RS232 or parallel 235

Programming the PET/CBM (Compute!) - R. West 20

Compute! First Book of VIC 11

Whole PET Catalog (Midnight Gazette) 8

4 Part Harmony Music System lor PET 60

Color Chart Video Board for PET 125

PET Fun and Games (Cursor) 11

USi Video Monitors - Green or AMBER 20 MHz hi-resDealer and OEM inquiries invited.

FlexFile for PET/CBM " $80

Database, Report Writer with calculations, Mailing lists.

raifHterPET full m model - Cargwiey $50

Metacompiler lor FORTH for independent object code 30

KMMM PASCAL lor PET/CBM

EARL lor PET/CBM Disk-based ASSEMBLER

8565

Super Graphics - BASIC Language Extensions 45

Fast machine language graphics routines for PET/CBM.

RAM/ROM for PET/CBM

4K $75 8K $90

DISKSPECIALS

SCOTCH (3M) 5" 10/2 45 50/2.35 100/2 30

SCOTCH (3M) 8" 10/2.60 50/2.45 100/2.40

We stock VERBATIM DISKS

Write for Dealer and OEM prices.

BASF 5" or 8" 10/2.00 20/1.95 100/1.85

Wabash 5" 10/1.80 50/1.75 100/1.70

Wabash 8" 10/2.25 50/2.20 100/2.10

We stock MAXELL DISKS

Write for dealer and OEM prices.

Disk Storage Pages 10 for $4 Hub Rings 50 for $6Disk Library Cases 8" - $3.00 5" - 2.25

CASSETTES—AGFAPE-611 PREMIUM

High output, low noise, 5 screw housings.

C-10 10/56 50/50 100/48

C-30 10/73 50/68 100/66

^specials"

EPSON MX-80 Printer with Gnftnx+EPSON MX-80 F/T Printer with Gnftnx+EPSON MX-100 Printer with Gnftnx+

Zenith ZVM-121 Green Phosphor MonitorOkidata and Prowriter printers availableSTARWRITER Daisy Wheel Printer F10We Stock AMDEK MonitorsWatanabe Intelligent Plotter 990

Staticide anti-static spraydBASE II

109

1445

6-Pen 1240

6

445

ALL BOOK and SOFTWARE PRICES DISCOUNTED

Synertek SYM-1 Microcomputer SALE 189

KTM-2/80 Synertek Video and Keyboard 349

KTM-3/80 Synertek Tubeless Terminal 385

£± Alspa Computer, Inc.

The price-performance leader. Includes Z80A, 1 or 2 full 8"drives (double density, double sided), 3 serial and 1 parallelport, and Winchester port. Prices start at less than $2000DEALER and OEM inquiries invited.

YfNiTH I data

I systems

Z90-80 64K 1995

Z90-82 64K, 1 double dens, drive 2245

Z37 1.3 Megabyte Dual Drive 1355

Z19 Video Terminal (VT-52 compatible) 695All Zenith Hardware and Software Discounted.

ZT-1 Intelligent Communications Terminal 550

l\ 00 16-blt/8-bit System CALL

ATARI*

SPECIALS

800 Computer400-16K810 Disk Drive825 Printer850 InterfaceInside Atari DOSJoysticks or Paddles16K RAM (Microtek)32K RAM (Microtek)PilotSuper Breakout

675

269

440

625

170

18

19

69

99

65

29

Microsoft BASICMISSILE COMMANDASTEROIDSSTAR RAIDERSSpace InvadersMusic ComposerCaverns of MarsPAC-MANCENTIPEDEFirst Book of AtariAnchor Modem - Atari

72292934

29353336361185

Write for prices on other Atari items.

252 Bethlehem Pike

Colmar. PA 18915 215-822-7727

Circle 4 on inquiry card.

A B Computers

WRITE FOR CATALOG

Add $1 25 per order for shipping We pay balance of UPS surfacecharges on all prepaid orders Prices listed are on cash discountbasis Regular prices slightly higher Prices subject to change

HY TYPE 1 & 11 • QUME

INTELLIGENT PRINTER INTERFACE

16,000 BYTE BUFFER / STAND ALONEPARALLEL / SERIAL INPUT (BAUD RATES 50 to 19,2001OPTIONS INCLUDE: GRAPHICS • REVERSE PRINT • BOLD PRINTUNDER SCORE • REPRINT OF BUFFERADJUSTMENT OF LINES PER INCHCHARACTERS PER-INCH SELECTIONDOUBLE LINECUSTOM OPTIONS ALSO AVAILABLE

A & T FROM 4450.00 BARE BOARD $125.00

MASTER CARD & VISA ACCEPTED

WARN ELECTRONICS, LTD.

I PO bT7 ™ KNI[iHTCIAL^r^7545l9J9n^9

Circle 407 on inquiry card.

Get more out of your

Apple with the MICRO

on the Apple Series

Vols. 1,2, & 3

$24.95 <

+ $2.00 shipping each volumeEach book includes morethan 30 programs —

ail on DISKETTE

Machine Language AidsI/O EnhancementsRuntime UtilitiesGraphics & GamesHardware & ReferenceInformationTo order toll free:

1-800-345-8112In PA 1-800-662-2444

MICRO INK, Inc.P.O. Box 6502Chelmsford, MA 01824

Circle 244 on inquiry card.

Convert your TRS-80 into a

DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM

Z-80 In-Circuitemulation andEPROM/EEPROMprogramming ina single compactunit.

Debug stand-alone

systems with

program in

TRS-80 RAM,

then copy working program into PROM.

Only $329 including personality modulefor2716,2516,2758,2508,2532,2816,2808, 48016. (2732A,2764PM's$15ea.)

ORION INSTRUMENTS

172 Otis Ave, Woodside, CA 94062(415)851-1172

TIREDOF CHANGINGCABLES AND TURNINGKNOBS?

ASCI SWITCH

• Computer Controlled or Manual

• Command Code User Selectable

• Select one of two Peripherals

• Select one of two Computers

• Asynchronous to 19200 Baud

• No External Power Needed

Call or write

ADVANCED SYSTEMS CONCEPTS, INC.

P.O.BOX Q, ALTADENA, CA. 91001

(213) 684-5461 or 794-2308

Circle 9 on inquiry card.

MICBOA«GEV°*So«*ap€

GRAPH-PAK

Fortran compatible interactive plottingpackage based on CALCOMP standardsOutput is to MicroAngelo or to pen

plotter S270.00

(CP/M and Microsoft Fortran-80 required.)

SPRINT

Hardcopy program for MicroAngelo

Output is to IDS. or EPSON graphics

printers. CP/M compatible $125.00

Laboratory Computer Systems, Inc.

139 Main Street, Cambridge. MA 02142(617) 547-4738

• Trademark ol SCION Corp

Circle 217 on inquiry card.

FORECASTING

EASI/ARIMA - The first and only microcom-puter program to develop and run ARIMA(Box-Jenkins) models...all automatically. De-signed for the stock or commodity trader.Create a database or read Compu Trac filesdirectly. Requires no knowledge of statistics.$300.

TWG/ARIMA — The statistician's version ofEASI/ARIMA. Complete control and more op-tions, such as seasional models and Box-Coxtransformations. $300.

ELF is our general purpose statisticalpackage. $200.

All are for the Apple II* with 48K ofmemory, Applesoft* and DOS 3.3.

Visa and MasterCard accepted.

Call or write:

74c TVOtdtHdaH tytaufc3907 Lakota RoadP.O. Box 10114Alexandria, VA 22310(703) 960-2587

"Trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc.

CP/M COMPATIBLE-CP/M EFFICIENT

• 4 MHz Z-80A CPU • Two banks of 64K RAM

• Two RS-232 serial ports • Full Centronicsprinter port • True hard disk interlace • Exter-nal DMA I/O • Compatible with 5 inch and8 inch drives, single/double density • Redltime clock* 5 volts only at 1.5 amps • Com-pact size • Source Listings are included

YfliW ftO^- INSIGHT ENTERPRISES, CORPORATION

Q{AN 373 N Western Ave. Suite 12.

Los Angeles, CA 90004,(213) 461-3262

Dealer, OEM, International Inquiries Welcome

Circle 193 on inquiry card.

Scotch'

DISKETTES

Write for our

Price/10

SAVE 40% complete list

51/11 Specify soft,/4 10 or 16 sector

#744 1 side/sgl dens $26.70

#7440 1 side/dbl dens 31.20

#745 2 sides/dbl dens 38.40

811 Specify softor 32 sector

#740 1 side/sgl dens 27.30

#741 1 side/dbl dens 35.80

#743 2 sides/dbl dens 43.60

CHECKS - VISA - MC - C.O.D.(313) 777-7780 ADD $2 SHIPPING

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

27204 Harper Ave.

St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081

Authorized Distributorinformation Processing Products

Circle 226 on inquiry card.

'MtlltiY

BASF-DPS

WORLD STANDARD TAPE

- . MONEY BACK*V-<3bV GUARANTEE

COMPUTER GRADEBLANK CASSETTES

..*. mon»ored «r «££ "JtSffiSL

"""" ' Snouts roU9noU. the tapelutefy no dropouts <nrous»ace PapadopoulosBeaverton, OR

ITEM

1 OOZ.

2 OOZ.

C-05

D 7 50

Q 13 50

C-10

Q 800

Q 14.40

C-?0

□ 10 00

□ 18.00

Har3 Hoi

Q 2.50

D 400

SOtt Box

D 200

□ 3.40

Calit residenis add 6% sales Ian

Shipping 1 <3oz. S2, 2 doz $3 50

3 doz. S4.50 Each additional doz.

$.50.

Wrilf o. till 'or QUANTITY DISCOUNTS

i IMMEDIATE fSHIPMEMt di

CiMil C*«

Call: 213/710-1430

Circle 290 on inquiry card.

Circle 413 on inquiry card.

VORK lOComputerujore

24573 Kiltridge St.. B-5 Canoga Park. CA 91307

Circle 439 on inquiry card.

Why use their flexible discs:

BASF, Control Data, Dysan, IBM, Kybe, Maxell,Nashua, Scotch, Syncom, Verbatim or Wabash

when you could be using

MEMOREX

high quality error free discs?

Product Description8" SSSD IBM Compatible (128 B/S, 26 Sectors)8" SSSD Shugart Compatible, 32 Hard Sector8" SSSD CPT 8000 Compatible, Soft Sector8" SSDD IBM Compatible (128 B/S, 26 Sectors)8" DSDD Soft Sector (Unformatted)8" DSDD Soft Sector (128 B/S, 26 Sectors)8" DSDD Soft Sector (256 B/S, 26 Sectors)8" DSDD Soft Sector (512 B/S, 15 Sectors)8" DSDD Soft Sector (1024 B/S, 8 Sectors)51A" SSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring51A" SSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring51/4" SSDD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring51/4" DSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring51A" DSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring51A" DSDD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring51A" SSQD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring (96 TPI)51/4" DSQD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring (96 TPI)

SSSD = Single Sided Single Density; SSDD = Single Sided Double Density; DSDI- Single Sided Quad Density; DSQD = Double Sided Quad Density; 1

SSQD-

Part*

CE quant.

100 price

per disc ($)

3062

2.09

3015

2.09

3045

2.99

3090

2.74

3102

3.34

3115

3.34

3103

3.34

3114

3.34

3104

3.34

3481

2.34

3483

2.34

3485

2.34

3491

3.09

3493

3.09

3495

3.09

3504

2.99

3501

3.99

3 = Double Sided Double DensityTracks per inch

New... Free Disc Offer on Memorex Flexible Discs!

Special Offer #1 - Get 20% free discs!

If you're selling or using other brands of flexiblediscs, we would like you to try Memorex branddiscs. As an incentive to get you to buy Memorexdiscs, we now have a special offer until October31, 1982, for anybody selling floppy discs. Forevery case of 100 Memorex mini-discs you buyfrom CE for resale, you'll get 20 free Memorex3481 mini-discs, directly from us. There is no limitto the number of discs you can purchase on thisspecial offer. This deal effectively gives you newlower pricing on Memorex mini-discs. For example,purchase 100 Memorex 3481 discs for resalefrom CE. The cost is $234.00. You'll also get 20Memorex 3481's free (a $46.80 value). $234.00divided by 120 discs equals $1.95 per disc! Mini-mum order on this offer is 100 discs, but the moreyou order, the more you save. To qualify for thisresale bonus, simply teli us you're going to resellthese discs when you order.Special Offer # 2 - Get 10% more free discs!If you're a Memorex mini-disc user, you get 10%free discs. Every carton of 10 Memorex 5V4 inchmini-discs sold by CE has a coupon good for afree Memorex mini-disc. For every case of 100Memorex mini-discs you buy from CE, you'll get10 free mini-discs directly from Memorex. Thereis no limit to the number of discs you can purchaseon this special offer. Offer # 2 ends on December31, 1982. This offer can reduce your cost evenmore. From the previous example, when you buy100 Memorex 3481's from CE, with the 20%resale bonus, your cost was only $1.95 each.With the 10% user bonus, your cost for 100Memorex 3481's would be $195.00 divided by110 discs which equals $1.77 per disc. That'salmost a $57.00 savings per hundred discs fromour every day low price. As before, the more youorder, the more you save. All Memorex discs soldby Communications Electronics are of the highestquality, certified 100% error free and backed by afull one year factory warranty.

Quantity Discounts Available

Memorex Flexible Discs are packed 10 discs to a cartonand 10 cartons to a case. Please order only in incrementsof 100 units for quantity 10° Dricing. We are also willing toaccommodate your smaller o.ders. Quantities less than100 units are available in increments of 10 units at a 10%surcharge. Quantity discounts are also available. Order500 or more discs at the same time and deduct 1 %; 1,000or more saves you 2%; 2,000 or more saves you 3%; 5,000or more saves you 4%; 10,000 or more saves you 5%:25,000 or more saves you 6%; 50,000 or more saves you7% and 100,000 or more discs earns you an 8% discountoff our super low quantity 100 price. Almost all MemorexFlexible Discs are immediately available from CE. Ourwarehouse facilities are equipped to help us get you thequality product you need, when you need it. If you needfurther assistance to find the flexible disc that's right foryou, call the Memorex compatibility hotline. Dial toll-free800-538-8080 and ask for the flexible disc hotline extension0997. In California dial 800-672-3525 extension 0997.Outside the U.S.A. dial 408-987-0997.Buy with Confidence

To get the fastest delivery from CE of your MemorexFlexible Discs, send or phone your order directly to ourComputer Products Division. Be sure to calculate yourprice using the CE prices in this ad. Michigan residentsplease add 4% sales tax. Written purchase orders areaccepted from approved government agencies and mostwell rated firms at a 30% surcharge for net 30 billing. Allsales are subject to availability, acceptance and verification.All sales are final. Prices, terms and specifications aresubject to change without notice. Out of stock items will beplaced on backorder automatically unless CE is instructeddifferently. Minimum prepaid order $50.00. Minimumpurchase order $200.00. Internationa! orders are invitedwith a $20.00 surcharge for special handling in addition toshipping charges. All shipments are F.O.B. Ann Arbor,Michigan. No COD's please. Non-certified and foreignchecks require bank clearance.

Mail orders to: Communications Electronics, Box 1002,Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A. Add $8.00 per case orpartial-case of 100 8-inch discs or $6.00 per case or partialcase of 100 5V4-inch mini-discs for U.P.S. ground shipping andhandling in the continental U.S.A. If you have a Master Card orVisa card, you may call anytime and place a credit card order.Order toll-free in the U.S. Dial 800-521-4414. If you areoutside the U.S. or in Michigan, dial 313-994-4444. Order yourhigh quality, error free Memorex discs today.

Copyright'1982 Communications Electronics" AtJ #072182

Free disc offerSave 20%/10%

X

Order Toll-Free!(800) 521 -4414

In Michigan (313) 994-4444

For Data Reliability—Memorex Flexible Discs

COMMUNICATIONSELECTRONICS™Computer Products Division

854 Phoenix □ Box 1002 D Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A.

Call TOLL-FREE (800) 521-4414 or Outside U.S.A. (313) 9944444

Circle 78 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982

491

ANNOUNCING THEFOX & GELLER

dBASEIIPROGRAMGENERATOR!QUICKCODE

Now, without any programming,you can create these in seconds:

• MAILING LABELS

• WORDSTAR FORM LETTERS

• DATA ENTRY/RETRIEVAL PGMS.

• dBASE FILES

$995

INTRODUCING dUTIL™The dBASEII utility program.Automatically improves and commentsyour programs. Many other features.

$99

Fox & Geller Teaneck, NJ 07666

P.O. Box 1053 (201) 837-0142

dBASEII TM AshtonTateWordstar TM Micropro Int'l

Circle 168 on inquiry card.

O Dysan

^CORPORATION

Solve your due umbfcira, buy 100% surfacetoted Dyaan duilrettn AD ordera ahippedhm stock, wattn 24 hour. Call toll HIEE(800) 235-4137 for price, and kuormaoon.Vfcjaand Maater Card accepted.

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.San Luis Obispo. CA93401 (InCal call(805) 543-1037.)

RGB

Hi Resolution ColorRGB Displays

• High Commi Black-Strip* Tub«

• 15.7 KHz, 50-60 Hi Sync.

• Full Documantitlon

• 110/220 VAC, SOw.

• 90 Day Warranty

• Analog Input*

13" ■ $35900

420 pixels x 525/625 Unas. 32 lbs

19" ■ $389°°

640 pixels ■ 525/625 lines, 48 lbs.

IBM Cable - $49°°

Active Circuit displays 16 Colors

Bezels 13" - $17"

WH 19" ■ $24M

Note: Enclosed Models Now Available

-APPLE-

16K RAM DISK DRIVE

$59.95 $289.00

Fully Tested & GuaranteedJust Plug 'N Run

Drill in' Electronics

Circle 130 on inquiry card.

DISK DRIVES

SANYO EXTERNAL

$320

IBM INTERNAL

$270

TRS 80 DRIVESBare $205

Complete $250

ORDERS ONLY: 1-800-327-6590

Voice: 305-877-2830 DATA: 305-877-2829

638S. Dillard St.

•ill West Orange Shppg.Cntr.

jMfyStemS Winter Garden,

:ls>Quua»r»uraray FL 32787-091 5

ANNOUNCING. . .

An affordable, commercial-qualitySignature Analyzer.

Signature analysis is an exacting micropro-cessor troubleshooting tool. The fiTWOO pro-vides industry-compatible signatures at a thirdof the price.

The N.W.S. Inc. /iTlOOO will perform Signature

Analysis on most microprocessor-based systems

and projects. Stable signatures at up to 8 MHz,

more than sufficient for all 8 and most 16 bit

microprocessors.

Also available, Implementing Signature Analysis, a

technical manual providing all the details

necessary to implement Signature Analysis on

any microprocessor-based design.

Manual provided with each /iT1000, or available

separately.

pTWOO $279.00

Implementing S.A $10.00

N.W.S. Inc.

P.O. Box 62

Westminster, MD 21557

(301) 875-4054

(301) 848-4828

Circle 268 on Inquiry card.

_

MEMOREX

Flexible Discs

LOWEST PRICES

IN THEUNITED STATES

Call collect for our prices.

(213)896-2568

Dealer inquiries invited. -98C.O.D.'s accepted uafu.

THE FLOPPY DISKOUNTER

P.O. Box 848 Arleta, CA 91331

Circle 293 on inquiry card.

Circle 163 on inquiry card.

t&

M

Sfflfe

.-JM'.Ml.i'Vi!

%

I

k

FALLCLEARANCE SPECIAL

PERTEC TAPE DRIVES

T6860-9-25

New $1595

Used $795

T6848-9-25

New $1495

Used S°05

WANGCO TAPE DRIVES

MODEL 812

New S995

Used $495

(714) 973-4773

SOUTH COAST COMPUTER SYSTEMS. INC.

1415 E. McFaddenSanta Ana. CA 92705

mmmswsmmmm

1

I

I

H

S

H

is

E

A

Sprint 68Microcomputer

CONTROL COMPUTERDEVELOPMENT SYSTEM

6800 MPU. serial I/O. 48K RAM. dual 8"drives. WIZRD multitasking DOS. editor,assembler, 16K BASIC, all (or $3949

OPTIONS

C. PL/W, PASCAL, FORTRAN. EROM pro-grammer, analog I/O. parallel I/O. 488GPIB interface, CMOS RAM/battery, powertail detect/power on reset

Circle 361 on Inquiry can

wimi i:

Circle 414 on inquiry card.

1801 South anLafayette. IN 47904I 317 742 8428

RAM

For ATARI

48K RAM BOARD FOR THE 400with Lifetime Warranty

■ Highest quality available

• Reduces power consumption

• Reduces heat

48K Board wo) $24032K Board uoo/sooi $100

FREE SHIPPING ANYWHERE IN U.S.A.

Intec

PeripheralsCorp

906 E. Highland Ave.

San Bernardino, CA 92404

(714)881-1533

ATARI, 400, 800 an Tr»d«mirk» of ATARI.

Circle 196 on Inquiry card.

QoKQU Computer

Products,

VISIT OUR RETAIL STOREAND RECEIVE A 5% DISCOUNT'

3250 KELLER STREET, #9 • SANTA CLARA, CA 95050

EPROMS

1702 (Ins) 3.00

2708 (45ns) 2.99

2716 (5v 450ns) 3.95

2716-1 (5v 350ns) 8.50

2532 (5v 450ns) 8.95

2732 f5v 450ns) 8.95

2764 (5v 450ns) Call

DYNAMIC RAMS

4027 (250ns) 2.00

4116 (200ns) 1.37

4116 (150ns) 1.75

4164 (200ns) Call

STATIC RAMS

2101

21L02

2111

2114

2114L-3

2114L-2

TMM2016

TMM2016

HM6116

HM6116

HM6116

(450ns)

(250ns LP)

(450ns)

(450ns)

(300ns LP)

(200ns LP)

(200ns)

(150ns)

(200ns)

(150ns)

120ns

1.851.552.491.952.252.309.0011.00CallCallCall

LP = Low Power

8000

8035

8039

8080A

8085A

8088

8155

8156

8185

8741

8748

8755

8202

8205

8212

8214

8216

8224

8226

8228

8237

8238

16.00

19.00

3.90

8.50

39.00

11.00

11.00

29.00

39.00

29.00

44.00

44.00

3.45

1.80

3.75

1.75

2.45

1.80

4.50

19.00

4.75

8239

8243

8250

8251

8253

8253-5

8255

8255-5

8257

8259

8272

8275

8279

8279-5

8282

8283

8284

8286

8287

8288

8289

4.75

4.75

14.90

4.50

8.75

9.75

4.50

5.20

8.50

6.85

39.00

29.00

9.25

10.25

6.50

6.50

5.50

6.50

6.50

25.00

49.00

16K APPLERAM CARD

Upgrade your 48K Apple IIto full 64K

BARE BOARD 24.00

KIT 49.00

ASSEMBLED & TESTED 69.00

LEDS

Jumbo RedJumbo GreenJumbo Yellow

10/1.006/1.006/1.00

CONNECTORS

RS 232RS 232RS 232

Male

Female

Hood

3.003.501.20

74LS00 SERIES

74LS00

74LS01

74LS02

74LS03

74LS04

74LS05

74LS08

74LS10

74 LSI 1

74LS12

74 LSI 3

74LS14

74LS15

74LS20

74LS21

74LS22

74LS26

74LS27

74LS28

74LS30

74LS32

74LS33

74LS37

74LS38

74LS40

74LS42

74LS47

74LS48

74LS49

74 LS51

74LS54

74LS55

74LS63

74LS73

74LS74

74LS75

74LS76

74LS78

74LS83

74LS85

74LS86

74LS90

74LS91

74LS92

74LS93

74LS95

74LS96

74LS107

74LS109

74 LSI 12

74LS113

74LS114

74 LSI 22

.24.24.24.24.24.24.24.24.30.30.40.89.30.24.30.24.30.24.30.24.36.55.55.35.30.49.75.75.75.30.35.351.20.39.44.49.39.49.75.95.39.65.79.65.59.79.79.39.39.39.39.49.45

74 LSI 2374 LSI 2474 LSI 2574LS12674LS13274LS13674LS13774LS13874LS13974LS14574LS14774LS14874LS15174LS15374LS15474LS15574LS15674LS15774LS15874LS16074LS16174LS16274LS16374LS16474LS16574LS16674LS16874LS16974 LSI 7074LS17374 LSI7474 LSI 7574LS18174LS18974 LSI 9074LS19174LS19274LS19374 LSI 9474 LSI 9574 LSI 9674LS19774LS22174LS24074LS24174LS24274LS24374LS24474LS24574LS24774LS24874LS24974LS251

.95

2.90

.95

.79

.75

.49

.95

.75

.75

1.10

2.20

1.20

.75

.75

1.75

.89

.89

.75

.75

.95

.95

.95

.95

.95

.95

1.95

1.69

1.69

1.69

.75

.89

.89

1.99

9.50

.89

.89

.89

.89

.89

.89

.79

.79

1.10

.95

.95

1.79

1.79

.95

1.89

.79

1.20

.89

1.25

74LS25374LS25774LS25874LS25974LS26074LS26674LS27374LS27574LS27974LS28074LS28374LS29074LS29374LS29574LS29874LS32474LS35274LS35374LS36374LS36474LS36574LS36674LS36774LS36874LS37374LS37474LS37774LS37874LS37974LS38574LS38674LS39074LS39374LS39574LS39974LS42474LS44774LS49074LS66874LS66974LS67074LS67474LS6 8274LS68374LS68474LS68574LS68874LS689

81LS9581LS9681LS9781LS98

.80

.80

.80

2.80

.60

.49

1.60

3.25

.49

1.95

.95

1.20

1.79

.99

.99

1.75

1.49

1.49

1.49

1.95

.89

.89

.69

.69

.99

1.69

1.40

1.15

1.35

1.89

.59

1.79

1.79

1.59

1.59

2.89

.75

1.89

1.65

1.85

2.10

9.50

2.99

2.39

2.39

2.39

2.39

2.39

1.651.651.651.65

Z80

Z80 A CPU 5.45Z80 A PIO 5.45

Z80 A CTC 7.00

Call for Complete List

MICROPROCESSOR

REAL-TIME CLOCK

MSM 5832

6.90

6500

6502

6502A

6504

6505

6507

6520

6522

6532

6551

6.909.456.907.659.904.359.9013.9511.75

6800

6800

6802

6808

6809

6809E

6810

6820

6821

5.658.658.4524.0029.003.503.50

6828683468406843684568476850

3.50 6852

14.9016.90

7.9541.9516.9015.90

3.50

6860686268756880

68B00

68B21

10.90

11.90

6.90

1.80

10.0012.00

3.50 68B50 12.00

UPGRADEYOURAPPLE

orTRS-80

4116 200ns8/10.95

WE WILL BEAT ANYCOMPETITORS PRICES!

Call Dokay before you buy!

MISC.Disc Controller

1771

18.95

(BOO) 538-8800

ALL MERCHANDISE IS 100% GUARANTEED

1791 M-95

1793 34.95

1797 49.95

Uarts

AY3-1014

5.85

AY5-1013

3.90

AY5-2376

12.00

TR 1602

4.25

Interface

8T26

1.65

8T28

1.95

8T95

.95

8T96

.95

8T97

.95

8T98

.95

DM8131

2.90

DS8836

1.25

DISKETTES554"

ATHANA

SSSDSoft 2

WABASH

SS SO SoftVERBATIMSS DD Soft

23.95

28.95

IC Sockets ST W/W

8 PIN14 PIN16 PIN18 PIN20 PIN22 PIN24 PIN28 PIN40 PIN

.10.12.15.20.25.25.25.35.40

.49

.50

.57

.85

.99

1.30

1.40

1.50

1.80

ST =W/W

Soldertall• Wirewrap

LINEAR

LM301

LM308

LM309K

LM311

LM317T

LM317K

LM318

LM323K

LM324

LM337K

LM339

LM377

LM380

LM386

LM555

LM556

LM565

LM566

LM567

LM723

LM733

.32

.75

1.25

.64

1.65

1.70

1.49

4.75

.59

3.90

.79

2.25

1.25

1.00

.38

.65

.95

1.45

.99

.49

.95

LM741

LM747

LM748

LM1310

MC1330

MC1350

MC1358

LM1414

LM1458

LM1488

LM1489

LM1800

LM1889

LM3900

LM3909

LM3914

LM3915

LM3916

75451

75452

75453

CMOS

4000

.25

4071

.30

4001

.30

4072

.30

4002

.30

4073

.30

4006

.90

4075

.30

4007

.25

4076

.90

4008

.90

4078

.30

4009

.45

4081

.30

4010

.45

4082

.30

4011

.30

4085

.90

4012

.30

4086

.90

'4013

.45

4093

.90

4014

.90

4098

2.49

4015

.90

4099

1.90

4016

.45

4502

.90

4017

1.15

4503

.60

4018

.90

4508

1.90

4019

.45

4510

.90

4020

.90

4511

.90

4021

.90

4512

.90

4022

1.10

4514

1.20

4023

.35

4515

2.20

4024

.75

4516

1.50

4025

.35

4518

1.20

4026

1.60

4519

1.20

4027

.60

4520

1.20

4028

.75

4522

1.20

4029

.90

4526

1.20

4030

.45

4527

1.90

4034

2.90

4528

1.20

4035

.85

4531

.90

4040

.90

4532

1.90

4041

1.20

4538

1.90

4042

.75

4539

1.90

4043

.75

4543

2.70

4044

.75

4555

.90

4046

.90

4556

.90

4047

.90

4581

1.90

4049

.50

4582

1.90

4050

.50

4584

.90

4015

.90

4585

.90

4053

.90

4060

1.39

80C07

.90

4066

.75

80C95

.90

4068

.39

80C96

.90

4069

.30

80C97

.90

4070

.35

80C98

1.15

DoKau

/ IXVAVJ Computer Products, Inc.

3250 Keller Street, #9

Santa Clara, CA 95050

(800) 538-8800

Calif. Residents (408) 988 0697

STORE HOURS:

MON FRI 8:30 A.M.-6:00 P.M

SAT 10:00 A.M.-3.00 P M

BANKAMERICARD I

VISA

I

master charge

.29

.75

.49

2.45

1.69

1.25

1.69

1.49

.55

.95

.95

2.45

2.45

.59

.95

3.70

3.70

3.70

.35

.35

.35

TERMS: For shipping include $2.00 for UPSGround. $3.00 for UPS Blue Label Air. $10.00minimum order. Bay Area residents add 6V?% SalesTax. California residents add 6% Sales Tax. Wereserve the right to limit quantities and substitutemanufacturer. Prices subject to change withoutnotice. Send SASE for complete list.

Circle 138 on inquiry card.

8086/8088

FIRMWARE DESIGNERS

SYSTEMS

PROGRAMMERS

Use the alternative to PL/M andassembler:

c-systemsC COMPILER

• IBM PC (MSDOS).

• Outputs assembler source code.

• All byte and integer operators.

• PL/M compatibility mode.

• Supports far calls and 32 bit pointers.

• Embedded shell/debug trace.

• Price $195.

Contact:

c-systems Fullerton, CA 92631

221 N. Berkeley Ave. 714-879-1123

FORTH-32

IBM PC

Now you can program using the entire IBM " PCmemory The FORTH-32 SEGMENT SENSING languagemakes segment boundaries transparent to the pro-grammer

The FORTH-32"1' DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM legtures inter-mixed 16 and 32 bit addressing modes with tig- FORTHcompatibility. DOS interface, full screen editor, assembler.disassembler, graphics and debug The powerful GUESTCASE statement with single, multiple and range labelingis also included

In addihon to FORTH-32"" you will receive the QUESTPACKAGE BUILDER UTILITY which transforms user de-veloped programs into marketable sottware packagesby building on disk a condensed executable image withonly those FORTH words needed

'Jser oriented sell-teaching documentation! All sottware istully backed and updated lor one year

SlOO FORTH-32 (SPECIFY PC-DOS. OR CP/M-KOSSO FLOATING POINT LIBRARY (SOFTWARE OR 808?)

QUEST RESEARCH, INC. Call Toll Free

P.O. BOX 2553 Stoma°Ca

HUNTSVILLE, AL 35804 <7Q5) 533 o^OS

NORTH

STAR

USERS

UNITE!

* Get the information you need from the user's

point of view

* Over 150 pages of members newsletter articles

last year

* Dos and cp/m disk library for members

* Solve problems

+ Get assistance

Membership dues $20

International North Star Users AssociationP.O. Box 2789 H Fairfield, CA 94533

Circle 59 on inquiry card.

Circle 326 on inquiry card.

Circle 195 on inquiry card.

a BASF "«y".

Disks ®

save 40% sz&&.

51/ " Specify soft, Price/10/4 10 or 16 sector

1 side/single density $26.70

1 side/double density 31.90

2 sides/double density 37.10

8r i Specify softor 32 sector1 side/singie density 26.70

1 side/double density 31.90

2 sides/double density 41.60

CHECKS - VISA - MC - C.O.D.(3131 777-7780 ADD $2 SHIPPING

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

27204 Harper Ave.

St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081

RELATIONAL DBMSIN CB-80 SOURCE

FOR SYSTEM INTEGRATORS

• CB-80 & RMAC Source & REL Files for easydevelopmenl of Turnkey Systems

• Separate overlays perform: RETRIEVE, STOREOPEN, DELETE, REPLACE & MODIFY opera-tions, leaving more memory for applicationprograms

• RETRIEVE dynamically joins rnore than onerelation and sorts the results; no secondarylinks to reconstruct after storing data

• Numeric data is maintained in Binary formatproviding more capacity and flexibility thantypical afT-ASCI I systems

• 24 BIT internal record numbers allow up to16 MILLION DBMS records per relation

CB-80 Trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

Basic System & Administration Pkg - $350Query & Aggregation Languages - $150Manual for All Software - $25 (refundable)Telephone for Complete Brochure

Applied Business Concepts, Inc.

PO Box 22664 / Rochester, NY 14692

(716) 262-3999

Wh Scotch'

DISKETTES

Call Toil-Free1-800-328-DISC for prices and infor-mation. Dealer inquiries invited.C.O.D. and charge cards accepted.All orders shipped from stock, within 24hours. Call toll FREE

w

North Hills Corporation

3564 Rolling View Dr.

White Bear Lake, MN 55110

1-800-328-DISC

MN Call Collect 1-612-770-0485

Circle 227 on inquiry card.

Circle 24 on inquiry card.

Circle 277 on inquiry card.

TUHllTITllllTTTntllllllT

ATARI#% 1 A\lml

• 800 COMPUTER (16K) S629.00

800 COMPUTER (48K) $718.00

400 COMPUTER {16K} S265.00

410 PROGRAM RECORDER ... $74.00810 DISK DRIVE S429.00

• NEC 8023A-C PRINTER $475.00

AXIOM GP-1Q0PTR $299.95 AXIOM IMP-4PTR $489 95

ENTERTAINER S66.95 32K RAM (INTEC) $89 95

EDUCATOR

PROGRAMMER .COMMUNICATORBOOKKEEPER (KIT) S169.95

95 32KRAM(MICR0TEKj $99 95

"" 32K RAM (MOSAIC) $118.95

S299.00 48K RAM (INTEC} $189 95

" 128KRAM0ISK .. $425 00

ChopJifFroggerT" >

SUPER DISCOUNT SOFTWARE

- DISK

j9(C/D> ...

$22.95 Protector (CO)$24.95 Zorkl(D)

:(D) .

I = ROM (CARTt-COL'

12- 95

*?(-■ 3b

J2B95I2C95120 95

»!' 3*1

123 35

i7? 95

$176 95

COSMIC

FREE CATALOG:INDICATE APPLE OR ATARI

COMPUTERS ssisussr.°.riK .

228 N. PROSPECTORS R0. ^■'- ' '

DIAMOND BAR, CA. 91765 "** r" -'■■■''-'■■

MS^^y (714) 861 1265

Circle 108 on inquiry card.

$100 BOARDS. PROVEN IN INDUSTRIAL OEMMARKET. NOW AVAILABLE TO END USERS.

32K RAM/PROM Board $299.00

16K RAM/PROM Board $229.00

32K or 16K of RAM/PROM using 6116/2716's • 6 MHztiming • Any RAM/PROM address configuration

32K PROM Board $165.00

32K of PROM using 2716's • 4 MHz timing • Individualchip selection/deselection

Parallel/Serial I/O Controller Board . . $240.008 Bit user programmable parallel I/O port • 2independent, programmable, fuli-duplex serial I/Ochannels • 4 channel vectored interrupt controller • 6counter/timer channels ■ no external interrupt logicrequired.

CRT Controller Board $225.00

MK3807 user programmable CRT controller • memorymapped video • reverse video

RS232 to RS232/20MA Converter Board $85.00Standard DB25 connectors ■ RS232 signal switchability

ALL BOARDS: Completely assembled & tested • doublesided, solder masked • gold plated contacts • IEEE 696signal compatible ■ full Schmidt trigger buffering on allbus lines. MANY EXTRAS.

Phone or Write for Full Specification SheetCOMPUTROL INC.

P.O. Box 9068 Livonia, Ml 48150 (313) 535-4644

Circle 442 on inquiry card

Valuable FORTRAN Enhancements

withSTRPAK™

STRPAK is a collection of 135 sub-routines and functions specificallydesigned to enhance FORTRAN-80with:

• String processing routines.

• Character processing routines.

• Directional character and number I/O.

• CP/M system calls and file controls.

STRPAK source code

(in RATFOR and MACRO-80):. .$225.

RATFOR preprocessor for

FORTRAN-80: $ 55.

Computer Company

DIVISION OF Sea Data Corporation

One Bridge Street, Newton, MA 02158TEL. (617) 244-8190 TLX: 951107

Circle 55 on inquiry card.

1. Plus in NatronKnypiid/OiapUiy

2. Add Uwil B l<i cSI 00

3. Add 4k RAM

""^ 4. Pluji fit Uve) E hen:: <ir- ■r:fjpls Microsoft BASIC orgHex Ed/lr>r/A.wr?mhlcr in ROM P.1. Add hvr> S1GO bwirds

nrl lo fi. Add you oivo custom cir-gcuds (pminlyping arvm) B7, Conmjcl hrrminul ■

a CRT monitor or a TV set (if you have an RF modulator)□ Hex Keypad/Display kil S69.95 plus $2 P&l*

C FASTERM - 64 TERMINAL KIT - Featuring a 56 keyASCII Keyboard, 128 character sel upper and lower case.75 ohm output, 8 baud rales' 150 to 19,200 (switch selectable), RS232/C or 20 MA output, 32 or 64 character by 1line formats, complete wDeluxe Steel Cabinet aPower Supply -.- 5199.95 jplus $3 P&l.*

□ RF Modulalor kit (allows you to use your TV set a

monitor). . . S8.95 postpaid.

D 12" Video Monitor (10MHz bandwidth) . , , $139

plus S5 P&I.*

D Deluxe Steel Cabinet for the m

Explorer/85 . . $49.95 pin;

P&l.*

n Fan for cabinet .plus $1.50 P&I,'

$15.0

ORDER A SPECIAL-PRICE

EXPLORER/85 PAK—THERE'S

ONE FOR EVERY NEED.

FOR ONLY $129.95 Learn Computing :From The Ground

Build a Computer kit that growswith you, and can expand to 64kRAM, Microsoft BASIC, lext Edi-tor/Assembler, Word Processor,Floppy Disks and more.

EXPLORER/85

Here's the low cost way to learn the fundamentals of com-puting, the all-important basics you'll need more andmore as you advance in computer skills. For just $129.95you get the advanced-design Explorer/B5 motherboard,with all the features you need to learn how to write anduse programs. And it can grow into a system that is amatch for any personal computer on the market. Look atthese features: 8085 Central Processing Unit, themicroprocessor "heart" of the Explorer/85. (loin themillions who will buy and use the 8080/8085 this yearalone!). . . Four fl-hi'l plus one 6-bit input/output ports fromwhich you can input and output your programs, as well ascontrol exterior switches, relays, lights, etc, a cassetteinterface that lets you store and reload programs you'velearned to write deluxe 2,000 byte operatingsystem/monitor makes it easy to learn computing inseveral important ways: • It allows simpler, faster writ-ing and entering of programs • It permits access by youto all parts of the system so you can check on the status ofany point in the program • It allows tracing each pro-gram step by step, with provision for displaying all thecontents of the CPU (registers, flags, etc.) » ... and itdoes much more!

You get all this in the starting level (Level A) of theExplorer/85 for only $129.95. Incredible! To use. justplug in your 8VDC power supply and terminal orkeyboard /display — if you don't have them, see ourspecial offers below.

D Level A computer kit (Terminal Version) . $129.95plus $3 P&I.'

D Level A kit [Hex Keypad/Display Version) $129.95plus $3 P&I.*

LEVEL B — This "building block' converts the mother-board into a two-slot SlOO bus (industry standard) com-puter Now you can plug in any of the hundreds of SlOOcards available.

D Level B kit.. $49.95 plus $2 P&I 'D SlOO bus connectors (two required) $4.85 each,postpaid.

LEVEL C — Add still morecomputing power, this "build-ing block" mounts directly onthe motherboard and expandsthe SlOO bus to six slotsO Level C kit. $39.98 plus $2P&I.'

D SlOO bus connectors (fiverequired) . . $4.85 each,postpaid.

LEVEL D— When you reach the point in learning that re-quires more memory, we off it rwo choices: either add 4kof a memory directly on the motherboard, or add 16k to64k of memory by means of a single SlOO card, our famous"JAWS."

Level D kit: (CHECK ONE). D 4k onboard $49.95plus $2 P&IV □ 16k SlOO "JAWS": $149.95 plus $2P&IVO 32k SlOO'lAWS",.. $199.95 plus S2P&I';D 48kSlOO "IAWS" . $249.95 plus $2 P&l*: D 64k SlOO

|AWS $299.95 plus S2 P&l*.

LEVEL E — An important "building block:" it activatesthe 8k ROM/EPROM space on the motherboard Now justplug in our 8k Microsoft BASIC or your own customprograms.

Q Level E kit $5.95 plus SOt PAL*, Microsofl BASIC — It's the language that allows you totalk English to your computer! It is available three ways:Q 8k cassette version of Microsofl BASIC: (requires LevelB and 12k of RAM minimum: we suggest a 16k SlOO

|AWS —see above) . $64.95 postpaidD 8k ROM version of Microsoft BASIC: (requires Level B& Level E and 4k RAM; just plug into your Level E sockets.We suggest either the 4k L*vel D RAM expansion or a 16kSlOO "|AWS. ). . , $99.95 plus $2 P&I.'D Disk version of Microsoft BASIC: (requires Level B.32k of RAM, floppy disk controller, fi" floppy disk drive)$325 postpaid

TEXT EDITOR/ASSEMBLER — The editor/assembleris a software tool (a program) designed to simplify the taskof writing programs. As your programs become longerand more complex, the assembler can save you manyhours of programming lime This software includes aneditor program thai enlers Ihe programs you write, makeschanges, and saves the programs on cassettes. The assem-bler performs Ihe clerical task of translating symboliccode into the computer-readable object code. The editor/assembler program is available either in cassette or aROM version.

O Editor/Assembler (Cassette version: requires Level"B" and Bk (min.) of RAM — we suggest 16k'|AWS" —see above) $39.95 plus $2 P&l.*

□ Editor/Assembler (ROM version supplied on an SlOOcard; requires Level B and 4k RAM (mm ) — we suggesteither Level Dor 16k "JAWS"') $99.95 plus $2 P&l *8" FLOPPY DISK — A remarkable huilding block"Add our fi" floppy disk when you need faster operation,more convenient program storage perhaps a business ap-plication, and access to the literally thousands of programsand program languages available today. You simply plugthem into your Explorer/ft1) disk system — it accepts allIBM-formatted CP/MyogramsD 8" Floppy Disk Drive $499.95 plus $12 P&I.*

□ Floppy Controller Card $199.95 plus $2 P&l.*D Disk Drive Cabinet & Power Supply

S3 p»i*

D Drive Cables (set up for two drives) . . $25.00 plus$1 50 P&l "

D CP/M 2.2 Disk Operating System; includes TextEd it or/Assembler, dynamic debugger, and other featuresthat give your Explorer/85 access lo thousands of existingCP/M-based programs $150 00 postpaid.NEED A POWER SUPPLY? Consider our AP-1. It cansupply all the power you need for a fully expanded Ex-plorer/85 (note: disk drives have their own power supply)Plus Ihe AP-1 fits neatly into Ihe attractive Explorer steelcabinet (see below).

O AP-1 Power Supply kil (8V @ 5 amps) in deluxe steelcabinet . . $39.96 plus $2 P&l.'NEED A TERMINAL? Weoffer you choices: the least expensive one is our HexKeypad/Display kit that dis-plays the information on acalculator-type screen Theother choice is our ASCIIKey board/Computer Terminal

5 phu

a Beginner P«k (Save $26.00) — You get Level A (Ter-minal Version) with Monitor Source Listing ($25 value)AP-1. 5-amp. power supply, Intel 8085 Users Manual. . .(Reg. $199 95) SPECIAL $169.95 plus $4 PAL*

G Experimenter Pak (Save $53,40) — You get Level A(Hex Keypad/Display Version) with Hex Keypad/Display. Intel 8085 User Manual. Level A Hex MonitorSource Listing, and API ,5-amp power supply . (Reg.$279.95) SPECIAL $219.95 plus $6 P&l.'D Special Microsoft BASIC Pak (Save $103.00)— You getLevels A (Terminal Version), B. D (4k RAM), E. BkMicrosoft in ROM, Intel 8085 User Manual, Level A Moni-tor Source Listing, and AP-1, 5-amp. power supply . . .(Reg. $439.70) SPECIAL $329.95 plus $7 P&l.*

□ Add a Rom-Version Text Editor/Assembler (Requireslevels Band Dor SlOO Memory) $99.95 plus $2 P&J*Starter 8" Diak System - Includes Level A. B floppy diskcontroller, one CDC 8" disk-drive, two-drive cable, twoSlOO connectors; just add your own power supplies,cabinets and hardware ... a (Reg. $1065.001 SPECIAL$999.95 plus $13 P&l." . . .□ 32k Starter System, $1045.95plus $13 PAL* D 4Hk Slarter System. $1095.95 plus $13P&L* □ 64k Starter System, $1145.95 plus $13 P&l.*

D Add to any of above Explorer steel cabinet, AP-1 fiveamp power supply. Level C with two SlOO connectors,disk drive cabinet and power supply, two sub-D connec-tors for connecting your printer and terminal , . . (Reg.$225.95) SPECIAL $199.95 plus $13 P&I.'D Complete 64K Syitem Wired A Tested $1650.00

plus $26 PAL*

G Special! Complete Business Software Pak (SaveS625.00) — Includes CP/M 2.2 Microsoft BASIC. GeneralLedger, Accounts Receivable. Accounts Payable, PayrollPackage . . . (Reg. $1325) SPECIAL $699.95 postpaid.

*P&I Stands for "postage fi- insurance." For Canadian or-ders, doable this amount.

Continental Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut:

TO ORDER

Call Toll Free:

800-243-7428

To Order From Connecticut,

or For Technical Assistance,

Call (203) 354-9375

CP/M is a reg. trademark of Digital Research^^ (Clip and moil entire tidj'^lf

SEND ME THE ITEMS CHECKED ABOVE

Total Enclosed (Conn. Residenls add sales tax): $Paid by:

□ Personal Check D Cashier's Check/Money Order jD VISA □ MASTER CARD (Bank No .] |

kil. that can be used with either

^ETRONICS Research&DevelopmentLtd.:

Rl«33.3 Litchiield Road, New Milford, CT 06776

|S£

ANNOUNCING TWONEW TERMINALS

Smart* Fast • Graphics • Matching Modem and $295 Printer

Neuronics announces a state of the artbreakthrough in terminals. Now at prices youcan afford, you can go on-line with data-bankand computer phone-line services. It's allyours: "electronic newspapers," educationalservices, Dow-Jones stock reports, games,recipes, personal computing with any levellanguage, program exchanges, electronic bul-letin boards ... and more every day!!!

Netronics offers two new terminals, bothfeature a full 56 key/128 character typewriter-style keyboard, baud rates to 19.2 kilobaud, arugged steel cabinet and power supply. Thesimplest one, FASTERM-64, is a 16 line by 64 or 32 character per line unit, with a serialprinter port for making hard copy of all incoming data, and optional provisions for block andspecial character graphics. The "smart" version, SMARTERM-80, features either 24 line by 80characters per line or 16 by 40 characters per line, it otters on-screen editing with page-at-a-time printing, 12,000 pixel graphics, line graphics, absolute cursor addressing, underlining,reverse video, one-half intensity and much more . .. simply plug them into your computer orour phone modem and be on-line instantly. Use your TV set (RF modulator required) or ourdelux green-phosphor monitor pictured above. For hard copy just add our matched printer.

Price breakthrough!!! Own the FASTERM-64, a complete terminal kit, ready to plug in forjust $199.95 or order the SMARTERM-80 kit for just $299.95, (both available wired and tested.)Be on-line with the million-dollar computers and data services today ... we even supply thenecessary subscription forms.

inals are available separately (see

More good news: All the components in our terrcoupon), so you buy only what you need!!!

FASTERM-64 . . . DISPLAY FORMAT: 64 or 32 characters/line by 16 lines ... 96 displayableASCII characters (upper & lower case)... 8 baud rates: 150, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600,19, 200, (switch sel.) . . . LINE OUTPUT: RS232/C or 20 ma current loop . . . VIDEO OUTPUT: 1VPIP (tIA RS-170) ... CURSOR MODES: home & clear screen, erase to end of line, erase cursorline, cursor up & down, auto carriage return/line feed at end of line & auto scrolling .. .REVERSE VIDEO . . . BLINKING CURSOR . . . PARITY: off, even or odd . . . STOP BITS: 1, 1.5,2 ... DATA BITS PER CHARACTER: 5, 6, 7 or 8 . . . CHARACTER OUTPUT: 5 by 7 dot matrixin a 7 by 12 cell . . . PRINTER OUTPUT: prints all incoming data . . . 1K ON BOARD RAM . . .2K ON BOARD ROM . . . CRYSTAL CONTROLLED . . . COMPLETE WITH POWER SUPPLY . . .OPTIONAL GRAPHICS MODE: includes 34 Greek & math characters plus 30 special graphicscharacters . . . ASCII ENCODED KEYBOARD: 56 key/128 characters.

SMARTERM-80 . . . DISPLAY FORMAT: 80 characters by 24 lines or 40 characters by 16 lines128 displayable ASCII characters (upper & lower case) 8 baud rates: 110, 300, 600, 1200, 2400,4800, 9600, 19, 200 .. . LINE OUTPUT: RS232/C or 20 ma current loop . . . VIDEO OUTPUT: 1Vpp (EIA RS-170).. . EDITING FEATURES: insert/delete line, insert/delete character, for-ward/back tab . . . LINE OR PAGE TRANSMIT . . . PAGE PRINT FUNCTION . . . CURSOR POSI-TIONING: up, down, right, left, plus absolute cursor positioning with read back ... VISUALATTRIBUTES: underline, blink, reverse video, half intensity, & blank .. . GRAPHICS: 12,000pixel resolution block plus line graphics . . . ON-SCREEN PARITY INDICATOR . . . PARITY: off,even or odd . . STOP BITS: 110 baud 2, all others 1 .., CHAR. OUTPUT: 7 by 11 character ina 9 by 12 block . . . PRINTER OUTPUT ... 60 OR 50 Hz VERTICAL REFRESH . . . BLINKINGBLOCK CURSOR . . . CRYSTAL CONTROLLED . . . 2K ON BOARD RAM . . . ASCII ENCODEDKEYBOARD: 56 key/128 character . . . 4K ON BOARD ROM . . . COMPLETE WITH POWERSUPPLY.

TELEPHONE MODEM 103 O/A . FULL DUPLEX, FCC APPROVED . . . DATA RATE: 300 baud. . , INTERFACE: RS232/C and TTY . . . CONTROLS: talk/data switch (no need to connect anddisconnect phone), originate/answer switch on rear panel . . . NO POWER SUPPLY RE-QUIRED.

ASCII KEYBOARD ASCII-3 ... 56 KEY/128 CHARACTER ASCIIENCODED . . . UPPER & LOWER CASE . . . FULLY DEBOUNCED .2 KEY ROLLOVER . . POS OR NEG LOGIC WITH POS STROBE .REQUIRES + 5 & -12V DC (SUPPLIED FROM VIDEO BOARDS)PRINTER COMET I . . . SERIAL I/O TO 9600 BAUD ... 80CHARACTER COLUMN (132 COMPRESSED) . . . 10" TRACTOR FEED *. . . UPPER/LOWER CASE . . . INDUSTRY STANDARD RIBBONS . . .4 CHARACTER SIZES ... 9 BY 7 DOT MATRIX . . . BI-DIRECTIONALPRINTING

Continental U.S.A. Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut

CALL TOLL FREE 800-243-7428

To Order From Connecticut Or For Tech. Assist. Call (203) 354-9375

NETRONICS R&D LTD. o.Pt.

333 Litchfield Road, New Milford, CT 06776

Please send the items checked below:

□ COMPLETE FASTERM-64 TERMINAL (includes FASTVID-64 video boardASCII-3 Keyboard, steel cabinet and power supply) ... kit $199.95 plus S3 P&l... wired & tested $249.95 plus $3 P&l ... graphics option: add $19.95 toeach of above

□ COMPLETE SMARTERM-80 TERMINAL (includes SMARTVID-80 videoboard, ASCII-3 keyboard, steel cabinet and power supply) ... kit $299.95 plus$3 P&l ... wired and tested $369.95 plus $3 P&l

D FASTVID-64 VIDEO BOARD (requires +5 & -12V DC) . . . kit $99.95 plus $3

P&l ... graphics option add $19.95 ... wired & tested $129.95 plus $3 P&l ...

graphics option add $19.95

D SMARTVID-80 VIDEO BOARD (requires +5 & +/-12V DC) . . . kit $199.95

plus $3 P&l ... wired & tested $249.95 plus $3 P&l

D DELUXE STEEL TERMINAL CABINET . . . $19.95 plus $3 P&l

a ASCII-3 KEYBOARD (requires +5 & -12VDC)... kit $69.95 plus $3 P&l ...

wired and tested $89.95 plus $3 P&l

□ POWER SUPPLY (powers ASCII-3 keyboard & video boards)... kit only$19.95 plus $2 P&l

□ ZENITH VIDEO MONITOR (high resolution green phosphor) ... wired &tested $149.95 plus $6 P&l

□ TELEPHONE MODEM MODEL 103 O/A . . . wired & tested $189.95 plus $3P&l

□ DOT MATRIX PRINTER Comet I ... wired & tested $299.95 plus $10 P&lD RF MODULATOR MOD RF-1 ... kit only $8.95 plus $1 P&l

□ 3FT-25 LEAD MODEMrTERMINAL OR PRINTER/TERMINAL CONNECTORCABLE . . . $14.95 ea plus $2 P&l

For Canadian orders, double the postage . Conn. res. add sales tax.

Total Enclosed $

□ Personal Check □ Cashier's Check/Money Order

0 VISA □ MasterCard (Bank No )

Acct. No Exp. Date

Signature

Print Name

Address

City

State

Zip

BYTE October 1982

495

5'A" Tandon Drives

TM 100-1

S209

(single sided, 40 TRK. single

Free

or double density)

Shipping

TM 100-2

S289

Idouble sided. 40 TRK/side

Free

single or double density]

Shipping

TM 100-4 S359

(double sided. 80 TRK/side Free

96 TPI, double densityl Shipping

ORDER - TOLL FREE-

n

-800-531-5255 (If outside of Texas]1-800-252-9146 (If in Texas|

ask for extension 811.For info call 1-512-250-1523

Master Card/Visa or check.Texas Residents add 5% sales tax.

Compu Add Corp.

13010 Research Blvd - #207Austin, Texas 78750

n

TELEVIDEO 950 & 800

SERIES

USERS

Make YourTelevideoWorkFor You

TV-Setup provides a user-friendly menufor setting up the terminal features andprogramming the function keys. Theentire setup - including function keys - isthen saved in a file for easy reprogram-ming each time you start up your system.You can have one setup for Wordstar. "another for dBase II,» another forSuperCalc-™... as many different setupsas you want.

Price: Only $75.00 (visa, mc accepted)NEW GENERATION SYSTEMS

2153 Golf Course Drive, Reston, VA 22091

Phone:703/476-9143

ORDER LINE (800) 368-3359

maxEll

Floppy Disks

DIRECT DEALERSALES ONLY

Call collect for our special dealerprogram (213) 896-2485C.O.D.'s accepted.

U.S. EXCHANGE

9391 Remick Ave.Pacoima, CA 91331

Circle 80 on inquiry card.

Circle 441 on inquiry card.

Circle 399 on inquiry card.

■R0GHAr1*FPPLEgu™E ^

ft mi** - (An extensive variety of interes

ll-fAP

NF\Afll The APPle users group*^™ " •• software library bonanzaat truly affordable prices. For the first timeenjoy your Apple to its fullest capacityusing specially packed disks with over 80outstanding programs each. Not availablefrom any other source!

• Applesoft • 3.3 DOS

Business

Games

Utilities

offersextensive variety of interesting,useful and entertaining programs^dispensable to the serious computenstncludlng:

Educational • Graphics

Music • Science

Data Base • Finance

Library disks 1, 2 & 3 are mixed categories and newdisks 4 (Games), 5 (Utilities), 6 (Graphics) & 7 (Integerat $59.95 each. Why pay more?

Order direct from this ad and Save up to $136.Buy disk library package 1,2 & 3 and get aspecial bonus disk FREE — over 260 programsfor $179.95+ shipping. For best value, getall 8 disks for $349, postage prepaid, for over530 of our best programs at 65c each!Call now toll free: 1-800-327-8664Florida: 1-305-987-86656400 Hayes St.Hollywood, FL 33024

wabasH

When it comes to

Flexible Disks, nobody

does it better than

Wabash.

MasterCard. Visa Accepted.Call Free: (800)235-4137

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill BlvdSan Luis Obispo CA93401 (In Cal call(805) 543-1037 1

YOU'VE JUSTFOUND

THE MISSING LINK!

Computer Shopper Is your link to indivi-duals who buy, sell and trade computerequipment and software among themselvesnationwide. No other magazine fills this voidin the marketplace chain.

Thousands of cost-conscious computer en-thusiasts use Computer Shopper every monththrough hundreds of classified ads. And newequipment advertisers offer some of thelowest prices in the nation.

Subscribe to Computer Shopper with a

6 month trial for $6 or 12 months

for only $10. MasterCard & VISA accepted.

COmPUTBR 5HDPP5R

P.O. Box F311 • Tituswille, FL 32780

305-269-3211

Circle 23 on inquiry card.

Circle 293 on inquiry card.

Circle 94 on inquiry card.

MaxellDiskettes

The floppy disks that meetor exceed every standardof quality. Dealer inquiriesinvited.

Call Toll Free ^1-800-237-8931.

In Florida, call813-577-2794. J

V

Tech • Data Corporation

3251 Tech Drive NorthSt. Petersburg, FL 33702

\feibatim*

Floppy Discs

CALL NOW-TOLL FREE

1-800-328-DISC

Dealer inquiries invited andC.O.D.'s accepted.All orders shipped from stock,within 24 hours. Call toll FREE.

m

North Hills Corporation

3S64 Rolling View Dr.

White Bear Lake, MN 5S110

1-800-328-DISC

MNCall Collect 1-612-770-0485

m

R«

CLEARANCE SPECIAL

SHUGART DRIVES

850/1 $395

SUBSYSTEMS(COMPLETE)

SINGLE $645

DUAL $995

(714) 973-4773

SOUTH COAST COMPUTER SYSTEMS. INC.

1415 E. McFaddenSanta Ana. CA 92705

1

iI

Circle 443 on Inquiry card.

Circle 278 on Inquiry card.

Circle 363 on inquiry card.

No nonsense

Just Great Savings

TRS-80* Model I, Model III Floppy Disk Drives

For the Model III: complete first-drive system includes 4-drive controllerand DOSPLUS*. Prices begin at only $479.

■k ••'""lnii For the Model I: Drives from only $275. PercomDOUBLER II* with DOSPLUS* only $179.95.DOSPLUS* just $49.95 with drive purchase.

• Single- and dual-head drives

• Burned-in 48 hours, 100% tested

• Double- or single-density operation

• 15-day free trial period

Atari Double-Density Floppy Disk Drives!

• Store twice as much as single density

• First drive has 4-drive controller

• First drive connects to computer or Atari 810* drive

• Single- or dual-head drives

• Faster and quieter than the 810 drive

• 15-day free trial period

First-drive system includes drive, controller, power supplyand 2-byte patch for Atari DOS 2.0. Add-on drives connectthrough a first-drive system.

First-Drive System only $699 Add-On Drives only $399 Data Separator for Atari 810 drive $24.95

CALL OR WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG OF ACCESSORIES, SOFTWARE AND SUPPLIES.

■rm i cpk ORDER NO. 1-800-527-3475*

Access Hard Disk Drives

From$1795!

How to order — Order by calling Access Unlimited toll-free on1-800-527-3475. Or order by mail. Orders may be charged to a VISAor Master Card account, or paid by cashier's check, certified checkor money order. Sorry, we cannot accept personal checks. We payfreight (surface only) and insurance charges for shipments in U.S.on orders over $1,000.00. Add approximate insurance and shippingcharges for orders under $1,000.00. If in doubt about these charges,ask when you call in your order. Texas residents include 5% salestax. Minimum mail order $20.00. Allow 2 to 4 weeks for delivery.

PRICES AND SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUTNOTICE.

* TRS 80 is a trademark ol Tandy Radio Shack CorporationDoubler II is a trademark of Percom Data Company, inc.Atari 810 is a trademark of Atari, Inc.DOSPLUS is a trademark of Micro Systems Software, Inc.

t Technical and Texas: 214/340-5366

• For Radio Shack Models II and III, IBM PC andApple computers

• 5-, 10-, 15- and 30-megabyte drive units

• Controller handles up to 4 drives

• Works along with existing floppy disk drives

• Includes host system support software

• 15-day free trial period

Circle 6 on inquiry card.

ACCESS UNLIMITED

401 N. Central Expressway #600

Richardson, Texas 75080

(214) 340-5366

BYTE October 1982 497

Maxell Floppy Disks

The Mini-Diskswith maximum quality.

Dealer inquiriesinvited. C.QD'saccepted CallFREE (800) 235-4137.

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.. San LuisSan Luis Obispo. CA 93401.In Cal. call (800) 592-5935 or(805)543-1037.

Circle 293 on inquiry card.

Got a computer?

.; ^*A\^WC*SN^V

>}«K!SN««««SS*^

Get a Giltronix SelectorSwitch.

Eliminate unplugging and re-plugging your CPU's,peripherals, and modems. Eliminate expensiveduplication of interconnection hardware. Connectthree components to Giltronix Selector Switch#S8AB. Then select your connection with a simpleturn of the dial. Only $79 in OEM quantities.Monitoring options available. Full 5 year warrantyon all Giltronix units.SWITCH TO GILTROIMX.

IVEHSAL INTERFACE PRODUCTS

970 San Antonio Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94303

SMITH-CORONA TP-1DAISY WHEEL PRINTER

• Serial RS232 /Parallel Centronics

' Ask about ourdiscount catalog

$575

MICRO TECHNOLOGY

7817 Ivanhoe Ave.. San Diego, CA 92037

(714) 457-2149

Circle 250 on inquiry card.

$ Trade Commodities $

with a ProfessionalBefore Investing a Dime

Rouse Woodstock Inc. is an internationalcommodities firm, with combined exper-ience of over 195 years! We are a member ofa Mercantile Group, one of the world's mostsuccessful financial corporations with 41offices in 14 different countries which col-lectively handle funds exceeding 60 billiondollars per day. Our unique commodity pro-gram, designed for the beginner as well asthe experienced investor can limit your riskand maximize your profit potential.

We don't want you to invest before youdecide your suitability for commodityspeculation. To help make your decision wewill "paper trade" with you and let you seethe commodities we are recommending soyou can determine our expertise before youinvest a dime!

Send now for a free booklet or call our tollfree number 1-800-221-2917, in N.Y. Call(212) 227-5208.

Rouse Woodstock Inc.

90 West Street, Suite 1906

New York, NY 10006

SOFTSPOOL®

The Software Spooler Program for the IBM PC*

• Spools data to printer in background whileexecuting any program

• MSDOS 1.0 and 1.1 compatible

• Easy to use—(can be invoked automaticallyat power-up)

• Operation transparent to user

• Program execution no longer linked toprinter speed

• Spool buffer sizes user modifiable

• Requires minimum 48K w/disk

• Greatly increases productivity

• Ideal for business or software development

• Requires NO additional hardware

• 30 Day money back guarantee

Price: $49.95** (includes disk & documentation)Dealer and Distributor Prices on RequestFOR ORDERS CALL—(617) 662-0856

OR SEND CHECK TO:RickerdataP.O. BOX 288Burlington, MA 01803

'■ Registered Trademark Rickerdata

* Registered Trademark IBM

** Mass. Residents add 5% Sales Tax

MC and VISAaccepted

Circle 446 on inquiry card.

68000DISASSEMBLER

An easy to use program to cre-ate source files from MotorolaS-format files

The DISASSEMBLER runs on:EXORmacs under VERSAdos

and IDRISVAX under VMS

and UNIXNORD under SINTRAN

8" SD diskette $200

Pascal source on request

NorSoft Consultants

Veungsdalsveten 13600 KongsbergNorway

Circle 176 on inquiry card.

Circle 336 on inquiry card.

Circle 444 on inquiry card.

SIGMATEK INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION

327 Clarkin.Ct., Walnut Creek, CA 94598

(415)938-5097

MICROPROCESSOR CRYSTALS (MHz)

1 000 1 22B8

1 6896. 1 8432

4.00 each

2 000. 2 097152

2 4576

3.00 each

3 2768. 3 579545

4 000, 4194304, 4 433619

2.00 each

4 9152. 5 000

5 0688. 5 185 5 7143

2.00 each

6 000, 6 144

6 400, 6 5536. 7 000

ZOO each

7 3728. 8.000.

10000 11000. 12000

2.00 each

14 31818. 15.575.

18.000 18 432

ZOO each

19 6608. 20 000.

22 1184. 32 000. 48 000

2.50 each

TUNING FORK CRYSTALS (3 x 8 Minaturel

32 768 KHz

1.50 eacft

30 KHz to 50 KHz

Inquire

EPROMS

253215V 450 ns

8 00 each

2732 (5V 450 ns)

7 50 each

2764 15V. 450 ns>

14 DO each

DYNAMIC RAMS

4164 (150 ns)

10 00 each

BOOKS PUBLISHED BY HAYDEN. DSBORNE/MCGRAW-HILL.SAMS. SYBEX

15% off list price Please add SI 00 for each hook for 4th class deliveryMinimum order S10 00 For shipping include S2 00 for UPS ground S3.01for UPS Blue Label Air California residents add sales tax

Circle 348 on inquiry card.

Diagnostics andTreatment

for yourCP/M* Computer

TINYDOC™ 29.95 p.p.

[S"/5W CP/M Disk)

Tests and diagnoses I/O, Memory, Disk-System, CPU;reads file parameters and mends files under software con-trol; pinpoints bad chips, etc. (If 5V4 disk, specify)

MICRO SERVICE GUIDE I

"CP/M Computer System Servicing" 7.95 p.p.

MICRO SERVICE GUIDE II

"SA800/801 Disk Drive Servicing" 9.95 p.p.

MICRO SERVICE GUIDE books are written for anyonewith basic electronic knowledge and ability to use screw-drivers. The appendix provides detailed repair techniquesfor people with soldering iron and an oscilloscope.

US Funds only. Foreign orders add $8.00. Personal checkstake 3-4 weeks. California residents add 6% tax. All ordersare confirmed by mail. Write for technical details.

jR. F. & ASSOCIATES

1930 Purdue Ave.

Los Angeles, California 90025

(213) 477-8310

"Trademark of Digital Research

NEW NAME, SAME PRi i

Edit your ■"" lmsr "''Text with:

E/T

VERSION 1.2

E/T is a new editor for CP/M'systems withmemory mapped video or video terminals.

• Immediate view of changes

• Assignable function keys

• Block move, copy, delete

• Re-definable CRT format

• Automatic BACKUP feature

• 8" SS SD CP/M compatible disk

• Width or length to 255 chrs

PRICE

S95 - E/T, the definition routine and manual.

S15 - manual only

(refunded if software purchased)

w-,.e SOFTWEST PRODUCTS

7046 Park Mesa Way

Suite 36

San Diego, CA 92111Or phone (714} 571-3217CHECK - MONEY ORDER - CO.D. Calif res add 6% (ax

Circle 445 on inquiry card.

ircle 447 on inquiry card.

JJCf

(ELECTRONICS

FULL LINE ALL PARTS & COMPUTER PRODUCTS

P.O. Box 4430XSanta Clara, CA 95054'Will calls: 2322 Walsh Ave.(408) 988-1640

Same day shipment. First line parts only. Factory tested. Guaranteedmoney back. Quality IC's and other components at factory prices.

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Phone orders only (800) 538-8196

74O0TTL

7400N

74Q2N

74D4N

7409N

7420N7430N7442N7445N7447N744BN7474N747SN7485N7489N7490N7495N

7415DN74151N74154N74157N74161N74I62N74163N74174N74175N

rtmn

74192N74I93N74221N74298N74365NM366N74367N

74LS00N .»

74LS02N 2Z

74LS04N 26

74LS0SN 25

74LS08N .35

74LS10N 25

74LS13N 45

74LS14N 99

74LS20N .25

74LS22N .25

74LS28N 35

74LS30N 25

74LS33N 55

74LS38N 35

74LS74N 45

74LS75N 50

74LS90N 60

74LS93N 65

74LS95N .85

74LS107N .40

74LS112N 45

74LS113N 45

74LS132N .75

74LS136N 49

74LS151N 75

74LS155N 79

74LS157N 75

74LS162N 95

74LS163N 95

74LS174N .95

74LS190N 1 00

74LS221N 119

74LS258N 69

74LS367N 69

LINEAR

CA3045 90

CA3046 1.10

CA30B1 1.80

CA3082 190

CA3089 3 40LM301AN/AH 34

LM305H 87

LM307N 35

LM308N 98

LM309K I 25

LM311M/N .64

LM317T 1 65

LM317K 3 75

LM318 149

LM320K-5 1 35

LM320K-12 1.35

LM320K-15 1.35

LM320T-5 85

LM320I-8 85

LM320T-12 85

LM320T-15 B5

LM323K-5 4 95

LM324N .59

LM339N 99

LM340KS 135

LM340K-8 1 35

LM340K-12 1 35

LM340K-15 135

LM340K-24 1 35

LM340T-5 75

LM340T-8 75

LM340T-12 75

LM340T-15 .75

LM340T-1S 75

LM340T-24 .75LM3S0

2.29

LM377

LM380N

LM381

LM382

LM709H

LM723H/N

LM733N

LM741CH

LM741N

LM747H.'N

LM748N

LM1303N

LM1304

LM1305

LM1307

LM131Q

LM1458

LM1B12

LM18B9

LM2111

LM2902

LM3900N

LM3905

LM3909N

MC145BV

NE550N

NE555V

NE556A

NE565A

NE566V

NE567V

NE570B

78L05

7BL0B

7BM05

75108

75491CN

75492CN

75494CN

A to D CONVERTER

B03BB 4.50

B7D0CJ 13.958701 CN 22 008750CJ 13.9594D0CJWF 7.40ICL7103 950ICL7I07 14.25

CMOS

CD4000CD4001CQ4002CD4006CD4007C04008C04009CD4010CD4011CD40I2CO4013CD4Q14CD4015CD4016CD4017C04018

CD4019

CD4020

CD4021

CD4022

CD4023

CD4024

CD4025

CD4026

CD4027

CD402B

CD4029

CD4O30

CD4035

CD4040

CO4042

C04043

C04044

CD4046

CD4049

CD4050

CD4051

CD4060

CD4Q66

CD4068

CD4069

CD4070

CD4071

CD4072

CD4073

CD4075

CD4076

CD4078

CD4081

CD4082

CD4116

CD4490

CD4507

CD4508

CD4510

CD4511

CD4515

CD4516

CD4518

CU4520

CD4527

C04528

CD4553

CD4566

CD4563

C04585

CD40192

74C00

74C04

74C10

74C14

74C20

74C30

74C48

74C74

74C76

74C90

74C93

74C154

2102-1

2102AL-4

2102AN-2L

2104A-4

2107B-4

■ -m*.

BESS

3 95 DA15P5 AY5-1014A/1612 6.95 DA15S

1.25 3341

lit PH0«

125 ma a

SS 2632I 22 2™8

\ IS2716TI

H* 2716 5*112|S 8/2716 5 Voll

6 95 Complete Set

2114L450ns

4116 200ns

8/4116 200ns

8/4116 150ns 18.50 H74S

MM5280

f-K N82S23fg* NB2S1238f5 NB2S1261 50 N82S129350 N82S1310-00 N82S136111 NB2S137III DM85770 95 0716-1

39.9529.9631 95

50 Digital Cluck Kit 19 75H RESISTORS V. watt 5% "95 10 per type .05jc 100 per lype .015qc 1000 pet type 0122 5000 pet lype 0OB5350 piece pack.5 per lype

MM5330P5101L

4200A93684100416

TMM2016HM6116P3HM6116LP34164 200nsMK4816

CLOCKS

MM5311

MM5312

MM5314

MM5369

MM5B41

MM5B65

CT7010

CT7015

MM5375AA/N 3.90 f,

MM5375AG/N 4.90 16

6 95 MONITORS5% per lype 05 1|',^H95 DIP SWITCHES 12" B7W

89534 50 CONNECTORS30 pin edge44 pin edge

2.502.75

Metal Enclo-

9.95

4 45 IC SOCKETS

1 95 Solder Tin Low Profile

895 PIN 1UP PIN 1UP

LEDS

3 95 Red T018

4 95 Green. Yellow T018

Jumoo fled

Green. Orange. Yellow Jumtj

Cllnllte LED Mrjonling Clips

(spec: red, amber green, yellow clear

CONTINENTAL SPECIALTIES

Complete line o! breadboard ii

SO

16 50 187.50 20 .29 40

40

74C16.74C17574C19274C22174C90574C91474C92274C92374C92574C92674C927INTERFACE

6850B080AB085A280A

' ZBOAP10I Z80CTCZ80ACTC280 DARTZ80A DARTZ80 DMAZBOA DMA280 S10280AS10Z80S10/1Z80A S10/1Z80 S10:'2ZBOA S

2 MHi4 MHz

, 5MHi10 MH;

1 IB MHz20 MHi32 MHi

' 32768 Hz1.8432 MHi3 5795 MHz2 01OO MHz2.097152 MHz

2 4576 MHz

3 2768 MHz

SPECIAL PRODUCTS2.5 MHz Freq. Counter Ki93 30 MHz Freq Counter Kit1.00

159 AC TRANSFORMERSFRAME6V 500 ma6.3V CT 600 m,50 12V 250 malli l2 6VCT6Q0m3 95 12.6V CT 2 amp3 95 12-6VCT

3.953.90

S4.00 10V 2 amp S

4 60 12V 250 ma1 95 t2VCT250ma4.95 12V 500 ma

5 95 12V 1 amp, B.60 12V2amp

2.6V CT 8 amp 10 80 6 9 12 VDC24VCT1O0rna 3 95 300 ma24V CT 600 ma 4 95 9VDC 500 ma

BCTC

3.95 OISPLAY LEOS

395 MAN72/74

3 95 DL7M

3-95 DL707/DL707R

HI DL727/728

395 OL747/750

3 95 FN0359

3 95 FND500/507

3 95 FND503/510

3 95 FNDBO0/8O7

KEYBOARD ENCODERS &£&, ?•**11.95

5.165 MHz

5 7143 MHz

6 5536 MHz14 31818 MHz18 432 MHz22.1184 MHz

CA/CA .300

CC .300 1

CA 300 1

CA,'CC .500 1

CA.CC .600 1

CC .357

CC/CA 500

CC'CA 500

CDC A .BOO 2

BT258T26BT2B8T978T98

, 8216

, 8224

. 8228

, 8251

8253

8255

8257

8259

15 50 AY5-36OOPR0

15 50 74C922

t.BS 74C923

375 HQ0165-5

?5?0Clair(

1.95

l"i.Jii

DB25PDB25SDE9PCover

MAN4740MAN6640MAN6710

H)

9 Ml

CA .40

<W

CC .40

1 Wl

CA .40

H*l

CC .40

1 211

CC .56

.99

s5 ijkcepo. i3|5 4116 200ns Dynamic RAM 8/S13.75

go 1802E plas 17 95 ^^^^^^^b^h^^^^^^^^^^^^

Apple Peripheral Kits

SERIAL I/O INTERFACE 0 to 30.000 baud,D.T.R., Inputs, output from monitor or basic, oruseApple as intelligent terminal, Bdonly (P/N 2)$14.95, Kit (P/N 2A) $51.25, Assembled (P/N20 $62.95.

PROTOTYPING BOARD (P/N 7907) $21.95.PARALLEL TRIAC OUTPUT BOARD 8 triacs,each can switch 110V, 6A loads, Bd only (P/N210) $19.20, Kit (P/N 210A) $119.55.APPLE II GAME PADDLESAdam and Eve $38.00.Interlace Kits

SERIAL/PARALLEL INTERFACE Bidirectional,Baud rates trom 110 to 19.2K, sw selectablepolarity of input and output strobe. 5 to 8 databits, 1 or 2 stop bits, parity odd or even or none,all characters contain a start bit, +5 & -12Vrequired.Bd only (P/N 101) $11.95, Kit (P/N101 A) $42.89.

RS-232/TTL INTERFACE Bidirectional, re-quires ±12V, Kit (P/N 232A) $9.95.RS-232/20mA INTERFACE Bidirectional, 2passive opto-isolated circuits, Kit (P/N 7901A)$14.95.

PROM Eraser

Will erase 25 PROMs in 15 minutes. Ultraviolet,assembled. 25 PROM capacity $37.50 (withtimer $69.50). 6 PROM capacity OSHA/UL ver-sion $83.00 (with timer $119.00).

Z80 MicroProfessor $149.00

Single board computer. Learning, teaching, pro-totyping. 2K RAM, keyboard, displays; cassettenterface. Tiny BASIC $19.00. All fullyassembled.

Z80 Microcomputer Kit $69.00

16 bit I/O, 2 MHz clock, 2K RAM, ROM Bread-board space. Excellent tor control. Bare Board$28.50. Full Kit $79.00. Monitor $20.00. PowerSupply Kit $35.00. Tiny Basic $30.00.

Modem Kit $60.00

State of the art, orig., answer. No tuning neces-sary. 103 compatible 300 baud. Inexpensiveacoustic coupler plans included. Bd. only$17.00. Article in June, July. Aug. RadioElectronics. 1981.

60 Hz Crystal Time Base Kit $4.40

Converts digital clocks from AC line frequency tocrystal time base. Outstanding accuracy.

Video Modulator Kit $9.95

Convert TV set into a high quality monitor w/oaffecting usage. Comp. kit w/full instruc.

Multi-volt Computer Power Supply

8v 5 amp, ±18v .5 amp, 5v 1.5 amp, -5v.5 amp, 12v .5 amp, -12v option. ±5v, ±12vare regulated. Basic Kit $35.95. Kit with chassisand all hardware $51.95. Add $5.00 shipping. Kitof hardware $16.00. Woodgrain case $10.00.$1.50 shipping.

Type-N-Talk by Votrax

Text to speech synthesizer with unlimited vocabu-lary, built-in text to speech algorithm, 70 to 100bits per second speech synthesizer, RS232Cinterface $359.00. Speech IC $72.00.

Direct Connect Modem $99.00

Fully assembled in case with RS232 cable.Orig/answer, 103 compatible, 9V battery orwallplug.

INTRODUCING A BRAND NEW MICROCOMPUTER

VENTURE is a singleboard computer that is anadventure for the hobbyist. Itis a learning, training com-puter as well as just plain funfor anyone who wants to getinto a state-of-the-art com-puter at reasonable cost.

VENTURE comes in kitform or fully assembled andtested. You can get it in itsminimum configuration foras little as $195.00 or take it all the way to floppydisks and voice. It can be expanded as a kit or fullyassembled, at your own pace and choice.

VENTURE is a 16" by 20" main board withseparate ASCII and HEX keyboards. It runs fast,almost 4 MHz, and has the capability of puttingalmost 1 megabyte of RAM and ROM on the boardalong with a variety of inexpensive options,

A 16-channel analog-to-digital converter allowsuse of joysticks, control functions, instrumenta-tion, temperature sensing, etc. T1 soundgenerator, software controlled music, Votraxvoice synthesizer and real time clock calendar addto its versatility.

A standard 60-pin bus with 5 slots, parallelports and 2 serial ports with full handshaking (75to 9600 BAUD) allow expansion into floppy disks,color.EPROM programmer, printer, modem of yourchoice. Later expansion will add a light pen, auniversal user programmable music sound board,General Purpose Instrument Bus, and a highresolution color/grayscale pixel mapped videoboard,

VENTURE connects directly to a monitor or toyour TV set through an RF modulator. And now forthe heart of VENTURE ... its video display. VEN-TURE has a high resolution programmable videodisplay with up to 4096 user-defined characters,alphanumeric symbols, special graphics or ob-jects, such as space ships, etc. Each character is8 pixels wide by 15 pixels high, with 2 grayscale

WUeniure

maps; it has 64 levels ofgrayscale plus video in-vert/compliment and hiddenscreen update for a "snow"free display. The display is512 x 512 pixel mapped with2 planes of video RAM perdisplay. VENTURE video is inshort. . . astounding!

VENTURE has completesoftware support with fullBASIC, 3 ROM monitors,disassembler/assembler/editor. It will run real-time video games, all RCA chip 8 programs and allcurrent Quest 1802 software. VENTURE DOS willaccommodate up to three 5V double densityfloppies. A complete 1802 programming book isavailable. All versions of VENTURE are shippedwith a set of manuals written to be understood bythe inexperienced as well as experienced user.On-Board Options

16 channel A to D; 5 slot 60 pin bus, 2 serialports, parallel ports; 3 video options, 48K RAM,Votrax voice synthesizer, sound generator,EPROM; full BASIC dissassembler, editor, assem-bler; metal cabinet, additional power supply,ASCII keyboard real time clock calendar.Expansion Options

Floppy disk, EPROM programmer, light pen,universal user programmable music, sound boardhigh resolution color/grayscale pixel mappedvideo board, General Purpose Instrument Bus.Minimum VENTURE System $195.00Kit includes CPU and control with 4K of RAM, 1Kof scratchpad, 2K monitor, 1861 video graphics,cassette interface and separate HEX keyboardwith LED displays for address and output. Powersupply is included along with 2 game cassettes.The main board is 16" x 20" and includes space forall of the previously discussed on-board options.Full on-board expansion can be completed forunder $1000.00. Call for further details, optionprices, etc.

RCA Cosmac 1802 Super Elf Computer $106.95

The Super Elf is a tremendous value as it combinesvideo, digital displays, LED displays, and music,all on a single board for $106.95.The Super Elf expansion capability is virtually un-limited and you can do it inexpensively one step ata time. Expansion includes casstte interface, addi-tional memory, color video, Basic, ASCII key-board, printer, floppy, S-100 bus, RS232, etc.The Super Elf comes complete with power supplyand detailed 127 page instruction manual whichincludes over 40 pages of software, including aseries of lessons to help get you started and amusic program and graphics target game. Manyschools and universities are using the Super Elf asa course of study. OEM's use it for training and

R&D. A monthly newsletter. Questdata is devotedexclusively to software for the Super Elf and thereare many software books available at low cost.The Super Elf computer system is now available asa series of bare boards as well as full kits andassembled.

Bare Boards; Super Elf $35.00. Super Expansion$35.00. Power Supply $10.00. S-100 Color$35.00. Dynamic RAM $40.00. Manuals $10.00.Super Basic $45.00.

Free 14 Page Brochure

Send or call for a free brochure on alldetails and pricing of the Super Elf and itsexpansion. We will get it right out to you!

Voltage Mate $18.50

$1.25 shipping. Switching regulator kit withadjustable AC/DC voltage conversion 3 modesof operation; step up, step down, inversion.Jumper selectable modes of operation. Inputvoltage 5-15 VDC, output voltage - 24 to + 30VDC, current draw 30-250 ma.

UHF Preamplifier Kit S34.95

$2.00 shipping Improves uhf reception dra-matically, 25 db gain assem. version $57.50.Articles Radio Elect Mar, May, 1981.

Rockwell AIM 65 Computer

6502 based single board with full ASCII key-board and 20 column thermal printer. 20 char,alphanumeric display ROM monitor; fully ex-pandable. $439.00. 4K version $454.00. 4KAssembler $35.00, 8K Basic Interpreter $65.00.

Special small power supply 5V 2A 24V ,5Aassem. in frame $59.00. Molded plastic enclo-sure to fit both AIM 65 and power supply$52.50. AIM 65 1K in cabinet with power sup-ply, switch, fuse, cord assem. $571.00. 4K$586.00. A65/40-5000 AIM 65/40 W/16K RAMand monitor $1295.00. RAM Board Kit (16K$195) (32K, $215). VD640 Video Interface Kit$119.00. A&T $149.00. Complete AIM 65 inthin briefcase with power supply $532.00.Special Package Price: 4K AIM, 8K Basic, powersupply, cabinet $615.00.

AIM 65/KIM/SYM/Super Elf 44 pin expan-sion board; board with 3 connectors $22.95.'Send tor complete list of all AIM products.

Elf II Adapter Kit $24.95

Plugs into Elf II providing Super Elf 44 and 50 pinplus S-100 bus expansion. (With Super Ex-pansion). High and low address displays, stateand mode LED's optional $18.00.

Super Color S-100 Video Kit $99.00

Expandable to 256 x 192 high resolution colorgraphics. 6847 with all display modes computercontrolled. Memory mapped. IK RAM expand-able to 6K. S-100 bus 1802, 8080, 8085, Z80,etc. Dealers: Send lor excellent pricing, marginprogram

TERMS: $5.00 min. order U.S. Funds. Calif, residents add 6% tax.

$10.00 min. VISA and MasterCard accepted. $1.00 insurance optional.Shipping: Add 5%; orders under $25.00—10%.

Prices

subject

to change

FREE: Send for your copy of our NEW 1982QUEST CATALOG. Include 88c stamp.

Circle 325 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982

499

Circle 395 on inquiry card.

i;.r

W Hf 8C2F MICROf I. til. S^£S

DISK DRIVES

SA801R 395.00ea Two for 388.00ea

SA851R 575.00ea Two for 563.00ea

QUMEDT-8 ... 540.00ea Twofor529.00eaTandon848-1 425.00ea Twofor395.00eaTandon 848-2.. 525.00ea Two for 495.00ea

We carry a full Line of 5'A" Drives andSubsystems — CALL FOR PRICES!

DUAL DRIVE SUBSYSTEMS

HORIZONTAL

VERTICAL

w/two Shugart 801R SS/DD 995.00

w/two Shugart 851R DS/DD 1 295.00

w/two Qume DT-8 DS/DD 1 250.00

w/two Tandon 848-1 SS/DD 995.00

w/two Tandon 848-2 DS/DD 1195.00

Cabinet A & T w/Power Supply and Aces.. 235.00Cabinet Top and Bottom 69.50

XOR POWER SUPPLYS

Universal Power Supply 69.95

Disk Drive Power Supply 59.95

S-100 Power Supply 89.50

CaliforniaComputerSystems

• 2810 CPU Only—255.00

• 2422 Disk Controller Only—330.00

• 2065C 64K Only—320.00

• 2200A Mainframe Only—475.00

• CCS Apple Boards Call for prices

SOFTWARE

BASIC 80 $290.00

BASIC COMPILER 320.00

C BASIC 118.00

C COMPLIER 175.00

COBOL 80 600.00

DATA STAR 265.00

DISK DOCTOR 85.00

FORTH 170.00

FORTRAN 80 400.00

MACRO 80 165.00

MACRO ASSEMBLER 90.00

MAILMERGE 11 5.00

PASCAL/M 320.00

SPELLSTAR 190.00

SUPERCALC 235.00

SUPERSORT I 190.00

SSS FORTRAN 215.00

WORDSTAR 275.00

PRINTERS

ANADEX 9000A $1 250.00

ANADEX9001A 1275.00

ANADEX 9500A 1350.00

ANADEX 9501A 1375.00

EPSON MX-80 470.00

EPSON MX-80FT ... 580.00EPSON MX-100 .... 735.00

OKIDATA82A 465.00

OKIDATA83A 750.00

'^CALLFOR QUANTITYp^ic£S! Jfr

TERMINALS

ADDS VIEWPOINT $495.00

Green Screen, Detachable Keyboard

ADDS REGENT 20 569.00

ADDS REGENT 25 745.00

ZENITH Z-19 745.00

TELEVIDEO

• THE NEW 910+ $575.00

Green Screen, Block Mode Terminal and 10

Preprogrammed Function Codes.

• THE NEW 925 $739.00

With 22 Function Keys, Green Screen and

Detachable Keyboard.

• Time of Day • Self Test • And More! •

SUNNY

LOW LOW COST

POWER SUPPLIES

(LINEAR & SWITCHING)FOR S-100, DISK DRIVES

KIT 1, 2 & 3 For S-100 R3For3x8" (or 51/4") Disks S3 For S-100 & Two Disks

S-100 & DISK POWER SUPPLY "S3" OPEN FRAME, ASSY. & TESTED, 6 OUTPUTS. SIZE: 10" (W) x 6" (D) x 5" (H) 102.95

REGUL OUTPUTS FOR DISKS: +5V @ 5A OVP, -5V @ 1A, +24V (OR +12V) @ 5A-7A PEAK. ADJUSTABLE ANDUNREGUL. OUTPUTS FOR S-100: +8V @ 14A, ± 16V @ 3A. FUSES PROTECT ALL REGUL. OUTPUTS.

IDEAL FOR THE MAINFRAME WITH 12 SLOTS & 2 x 8" or 5'/4" FLOPPY (OR 1x FLOPPY & 1x HARD DISK).

DISK POWER SUPPLIES: open frame, assy. & tested, regulated, adjustable & fuses protect.

ITEM IDEAL FOR +5V0VP -5V(or-12V) +24V(or-H2V) +8VUnreg. SIZE W x D x H PRICE

Ro

Ri

R2F»3

2 x 8" SLIMLINE2 x 8" or 2 x 5'/4" DISK[3x8" (or 5V4") FLOPPY][or 1x Floppy & 1x HardJ

2.5A3A6A6A

1A

1A(or2.5A)

1A

2.5A - 5A Peak3A - 5A Peak6A - 8A Peak6A - 8A Peak

2A

5" x 4" x 4" 49.95

8" x 4" X 3%" 54.95

1. 8V2" x 5" x 4H" or 2.10" x 4%" x 3Vt" 69.95

1. 9" X 6V4" X 4%" or 2. 9" x 5'/4" x 5V4" 69.95

OPTION: ±12V @ 1A CAN BE ADDED TO ITEM "R3" SIZE 1. ONLY, COSTS $12.00 MORE.

S-100 POWER SUPPLY KITS (open frame with base plate, 3 hrs. assy, time)

(IDEAL FOR) +8V -8V

ITEMKIT1KIT 2KIT 3

15 CARDS

20 CARDS

DISK SYSTEM

+8V15A25A15A

1A

+ 16V2.5A3A3A

-16V +28V2.5A

3A

3A 5A

SIZE: WxDxH

12" x 5" x 4%"

12" x 5" X 4%"

13y2"x5"x47/a"

PRICE54.9561.9569.95

POWER TRANSFORMERS (with mounting brackets)

ITEM PRIMARY SECONDARY #1 SECONDARY #2 SECONDARY #3 SIZE WxDxH

PRICE

T1T2T3T4T5

110/120110/120110/120110/120110/120

2x8 Vac, 15A2x8 Vac, 25A2x8 Vac, 15A2x8 Vac, 6A16 Vac, CT, 3A

28 Vac, CT, 2.5A28 Vac, CT, 3.5A

28 Vac, CT, 3A28 Vac, CT. 1.5A

28 Vac, CT, 2A

48 Vac, CT, 2.5A

48 Vac, CT, 3A

(48 Vac, if specified)

3%" x 3%" x 3</e"3y4" x 4%" x 3Ve"3%" x 4%" x 3Vb"3%" X 3%" x 3Vs"3" x 3" x 2y2"

22.9528.9530.9523.9515.95

SHIPPING FOR EA. PWR SUPPLY:$5.50 IN CALIF; $8.00 IN OTHER STATES;$18.00 IN CANADA. FOR EA. TRANS-FORMER: $5.00 IN ALL STATES; $12.00IN CANADA. CALIF. RESIDENTS ADD6% SALES TAX.

ATTENTION O.E.M.'SYOUR SPECIAL NEEDS ORDESIGNS OF TRANSFORMER,LINEAR & SWITCHING PWRSUPPLY WILL BE MADE TOORDER AT SUNNY LOW LOWCOST & FASTEST DELIVERY.

MAILING ADDRESS:P.O. BOX 4296TORRANCE, CA 90510

TELEX 182558

SUNNY INTERNATIONAL

(TRANSFORMERS MANUFACTURER)

(213) 328-2425 MON-SAT 9-6

SHIPPING ADDRESS:221291'2 S. VERMONT AVE [TORRANCE. CA 90502

500 BYTE October 1982

Circle 370 on inquiry card.

Gi

' TJW® [L®©§]GD®[n)§ ft® ©©[fw® ^©00

jK$, £• E/AST Coasf Ca// (815) 485-4002

B 6 WESTCoastCall(714)891-2677

A ©\&®\i\& TT@LL MIII8

L. *

1 u - s©@ - $m%-m%T

y »r 83* MICRO

If I. ill- S>4I£S

TE RMS: We accept VISA/MC, prepay, check or money order. Please allow personal check twoweeks to clear before shipment. S5.00 handling charge on all orders under $50 00. All ordersshipped via UPS. unless otherwise specified. -kOur products carry a full 6 months parts andlabor warranty excluding drives, printers and terminals which carry the full OM.M. factory warranty.

• EAST • 11 Edison Drive, New Lenox, Illinois 60451

• WEST* 15381 Chemical Lane, Huntington Beach, CA 92649

•H

byXO

BSD?

*#

+8V @ 30A±16V @ 6A

For test or systems applications!Complete S-100 12 Slot Main-frame with Disk Drive Power Supplyfor 4 Drives.

SPECIFICATIONS

ReaulatedUnregulated +{0 @ 5A

+24V @3A-5V @ 1A$225.00 Kit with 12 S-100 Bus Connectors$255.00 Assem. and Tested with 12 Bus Connectors

$15.00 AC/DC Drive Cable Set for 2 DrivesDimensions 6" x 10" x 18" — Shipping Weight 25 lbs.

CoolingPower

AVs"

Low VelocityWhisper* Fans0n/y$18.00ea.Finger Guards$2.50 each.

XOR

S-100 MOD

■H®(M

$1695.00

* 4 Slot S-100 Bus

* Two Separate Power Supplys

* XOR S-100 Brd Set (above)

• Inculdes CP/M" 2 2 and Manl

• All Cables Provided

• Dimensions only 9"x9'x18'/2"

S-100-4 System Complete with:

2-Tandon Th.in.line 8" (Model TM-848-1 SS/DD)Part#S-1000-40 $1695.00

2-Tandon Thinline 8" (Model TM-848-2 DS/DD)Part#S-1000-39 $1950.00

"BARE BONES" PRICES

S-100-4 System - Includes Two Power Supplys,Two Transformers, 4 Slot S-100 Bus, Card Cage,

Chassis and Cabinet• Kit Only $299.00 • A & T $385.00 •

ZENITH DATA SYSTEMS

CALL FOR PRICES

Controller Board for 8" and 5" Drives for the Z-89, Z-90 or H-89 Computers....Comes w/CP/fvr 2.2 on 8" and 5" media

Only $550.00

- i in i

Circle 396 on inquiry card.

XOR Z-80 CPU

• Two Full RS-232 Serial Ports

• Three 8-Bit Parrallel Ports (8255)

• Powerful 2K Prom Monitor (2716)

• Extended Addressing

• On Board CTC CapabilityAssembled and Tested $255.00

Order Part* B-4000-03

XOR DISK CONTROLLER

• Full 4MHZ Operation

• Multi-Sector Operation■*• Mixed Density Operation

• Runs Both 8" and 5V4" Drives!

• Utilizes Western Digital's 1395 Chip Set

Assembled and Tested $275.00

Order Part* B-4000-05

XOR 64K RAM

• 4116 200NS Dynamic Ram Chips

• Four 16K Banks - Selectable

• 4MHZ Z-80 Operation

• Reset Enable/Disable of Each 16K Bank

• No Analog or R/C Networks Tied to TTL

Assembled and Tested $259.00

Order Part* B-4000-06

^callforQUANTlTYPRICES! 2

$1795.00

TERMINAL

• Feather Touch Capacitance Kybrd. • 60 Key Standard ASCII•SOROC Type Screen Attribute Set • 8 Special Function Keys

• Half Intensity • 20 Screen Editing Keys

COMPUTER

• XOR S-100 Board Set (Above) * Includes CP/M* 2.2

• Programmable Keyboard Set * 8 Slot S-100 Bus

S-100-8 System Complete With:

Shugart 801R Subsystem* (#S-1000-13).. $2695.00Shugart 851R Subsystem* (#S-1000-02).. 2995.00

Qume DT-8 Subsystem* (#S-1000-03) 2950.00

ShugartSA400 Minis(#S-1000-04) 2350.00

Complete System ,No Drives (#S-1000-01). 1795.00*Available in Horizontal or Vertical Cabinet

\ /*

CCS SYSTEM 2410 .. $2100.00

• Includes CP/H/P 2.2 • 2-Serial/1-Parallel Port

■*■ DMA Disk Controller * Hardware Vectored Interupts

• 2-Real Time Clocks * Supports CP/M^.MP/M^OASIS

CCS 2200 System, A&T. 1625.00

• SPECIALOFTHE MONTH •

Now available — The S-100-1 2 Hard Disk

System featuring the S-100-1 2 System

below PLUS:

• Shugart SA1002 5.33 Megabyte Hard Disk

• Shugart DTC1403 Hard Disk Controller

• XOR S-100 Hard Disk Interface Board

• Qume DT-8 DS/DD Floppy Disk

• CP/M® w/Hard Disk Drivers, I/O and Format

• Fully Assembled and Tested - with Manuals

This is A One Time Offer

$3750.00 Complete!

Part* S-1000-41

Cannot be shipped UPS - Must ship via Air or Truck

Shipping weight 80 lbs.

$1350.00

* With the XOR S-100 MOD * XOR S-100 Brd Set(above)

* 12 Slot Motherboard and * Includes CP/M* 2 2 SoftwareCard Cage and Manual

* +8V @ 30A • ±16V (3 6A * All Cables Provided

* DC Power to Run up to 4 Drives * Complete Manual Set

S-100-12 System Complete With:

2-Shugart 801R (#S-1000-30) $ 2250.00

2-Shugart 851R (#S-1000-31 2500.00

2-Qume DT-8 (#S-1000-32) 2450.00

S-100-12 No Drives or CP/MS(#S-1000-29) 1 350.00Cabinet only - Includes Switches, Fan & AC/DC Wiring

(#S-1000-28) 250.00

Dimensions 11" x 21" x 22"CP/M® is a trademark of Digital Research

Apple 8" Disk Controller Card $395.oo

ZVX4 Dual Density, Single & Double Sided - Auto BootDisk 2-1-2 Single Density Single or Dual SidedySVA) 300.00

Complete line of add on drives for Apple CALL FOR PRICES

BYTE October 1982 501

QT Products Division - Golden West Computers, Inc.

60 North 300 West Provo, Utah 84601

MF+MD

MF+DD

MF+

SVa" mainframe

• Provisions for any 5'A" Drive

• 7 eaDB25 Cutout

• Available with 6, 8, or 12 slot Motherboard

• Fused Power • EMI Filter

• Power Supply(+8V16A/+16V3A/+12V3A)

QTC-MF+MD (no Motherbd) $450.00

QTC-MF+MD6 6 slot MB $500.00

QTC-MF+MD8 8 slot MB $550.00

QTC-MF+MD12 12 slot MB $600.00

S-100 CARD CAGES

QTC-CC+4 Card Cage only $20.00QTC-CC+4-1 with 4 slot Motherbd

and Card Guides $75.00

QTC-CC+6 Card Cage only $25.00QTC-CC+6-1 with 6 slot Motherbd and

Card Guides $90.00

QTC-CC+6-2 with 6 slot Motherbd and

Card Guides &4" Fan $115.00

QTC-CC+8 Card Cage only $35.00

QTC-CC+8-1 with 8 slot Motherbd and

Card Guides $100.00

QTC-CC+8-2 with 8 slot Motherboard,

Card Guides and 4" Fan $135.00

QTC-CC+12 Card Cage only $60.00

QTC-CC+12-1 with 12 slot Motherbd and

Card Guides $135.00

QTC-CC+12-2 with 22 slot Motherbd,

Card Guides and 4" Fan $200.00

QTC-CC+12-3 with 12 slot Motherbd,

Card Guides &2-4" Fans $225.00

i/o+

• 2 serial sync/async ports

• 4 - 8 bit parallel ports

• 3 -16 bit prog, timers

• On board clock

• Wire wrap area

QTC-I/O+BB Bare Board $85.00

QTC-I/O+K Kit $250.00

QTC-I/O+A A&T $425.00

APPLE CLOCK/CALENDAR

Same features as S-100 Clock

QTC-CCA-BB Bare Board $40.00

QTC-CCA-K Kit $100.00

QTC-CCA-A A&T $150.00

S-100 Extender Board

QTC-EXT+BB Bare Board $21.95

QTC-EXT+K Kit $27.95

QTC-EXT+A Kit $40.00

8" MAINFRAME

• Power supply will accommodate HardDisk + 1 ea floppy or 2 ea 8" floppy.(+8V16A/+16V3A/+5V5A/+24 V5 A)

• Available with 6, 8,12 slot Mother Boards

• EMI Filter for noise suppression tcVSI^

• 2 ea AC outlets on back panel r*l*"

• 15 ea DB25 Cut-Outs • 2 ea 50 Pin Cut-Outs

QTC-MF+DD Bare Cabinet $250.00

QTC-MF+DD6 w/6 slot Motherbd .. $725.00

QTC-MF+DD8 w/8 slot MB $795.00

QTC-MF+DD12 w/12 slot MB $895.00

MOTHERBOARDS

• Quietest on market

• Built-in ground shield network .

• LED power indicator T^YlV "

• IEEE 696

• Available in 4, 6, 8,12, or 18 slots

• Connector for easy power access on all but4&18

4 Slot MotherboardsQTC-MB4 BB .. $20.00QTC-MB4 K ... $35.00QTC-MB4 A ... $45.00

8 Slot MotherboardQTC-MB8BB .. $35.00QTC-MB8K ... $65.00QTC-MB8A ...$95.00

18 Slot MotherboardsQTC-MB18BB . $65.00QTC-MB18K . $135.00QTC-MB18A . $185.00

6 Slot MotherboardQTC-MB6BB .. $30.00QTC-MB6K ... $50.00QTC-MB6A ...$65.00

12 Slot MotherboardsQTC-MB12BB .$40.00QTC-MB12K .. $95.00QTC-MB12A .$135.00

Kit allows quickconnection on M/B

QTC-CON-K.$3.20ea

DISK DRIVE CABINETS

rtSVtt "All in One"

>*v- Vertical Disk Drive Cabinet

For: 1. 2 ea or 4 ea TANDON THINLINE 8"

2. 2 ea STANDARD 8" DRIVES

3. 1 ea HARD DISK & 1 ea FLOPPY 8"

• Power supply - 5V (alA/+5V@6A/+24V@6A

• EMI filter

• Interface cable for AC allows use of any 8" diskdrive

• 2 ea 50 pin & 2 ea DB 25 Connector Cutout

QTC-DDC+88V18 leaStdS'DD $360.00

QTC-DDC+88V28 (for 2 ea Std) 8" DD

orlHD+ IStdS" $395.00

QTC-DDC+88V2T (For 2 ea Tandon

Thinline Drives) $360.00

QTC-DDC+88V1T (For 1 ea Tandon

Thinline Drives) $340.00

Horizontal Disk Drive Cabinet

For: 2 ea 8" Floppy Disk Drive

• Power Supply +5V6A/ + 24V6A

• Interface cable for Ac allows use of any disk drive

QTC-DDC+88H $360.00

STANDARD MAINFRAME

(Plain Front Panel)

• Available with 6, 8, 12, or 18 slotMotherboard

• 7 ea DB25 Cutout

• Fused Power • EMI Filter

• Power Supply - (+8V16A/+16V3A)

QTC-MF+6 6 slot MB $425.00

QTC-MF+8 8 slot MB $450.00

QTC-MF+12 22 slot MB $500.00

QTC-MF+18 18 slot MB $550.00

S-100 CLOCK/CALENDAR

• Time in hours, minutes, seconds.

• Program selectable 24 hour military format or 12hour AM/PM format.

• Date in month, day, year, day of week, and leapyear recognition.

• Fast time and date setting.

• + — 30 second adjust.

• 4 hard interrupts, 1024 Hz (approx. 1millisecond) 1 Hz, 1 minute, 1 hour.

• Crystal controlled time base.

• Latched input and output ports.

• On board batter backup power.

• Automatic power off sensing.

• Simple programming interface.

• Works with 8080 or Z80 CPU.

QTC-CCSBB Bare Board $60.00

QTC-CCSK Kit $115.00

QTC-CCSA A&T $165.00

Featured in March 1982Micro Computer Magazine

DISK DRIVES

5V4" Disk Drives

B-51 MPI sgl side/dbl den $265.00

B-52 MPI dbl side/dbl den $350.00

DT-5 Qume dbl side/dbl den $350.00

SA4001 Shugart sgl side/dbl den $265.00

TM-100-1A Tandon sgl side/dbl den . $250.00

8" Disk Drives

801R Shugart sgl side/dbl den $390.00

851R Shugart dbl side/dbl den $495.00

DT-8 Qume dbl side/dbl den $495.00

M-2894 Misubishi dbl side/dbl den .. $495.00

Discount 5% off these prices with purchaseof cabinet or mainframe

CLOSE-OUT CPU

QT-Z+80 Bare Board w/manual $28.00

Teletek FDC-14MHZ-dbl den cont -

2 serial -2 par $525.00

QUICK & TIMELY

PRODUCTDIVISION

GOLDEN WESTCOMPUTERS, INC.

Circle 450 on inquiry card.

Dealers & OEMS Call:

1-800-238-3100

(Continental U.S. only)

(Except Utah)

Technical & Customer Service

1-801-373-1467

Stocking Retail Outlets Include-Priori ty One1-800-423-5922

Call for your local dealer

NEW QT CATALOGNOW AVAILABLE

electronic components

One-Stop Component Center ®

This is a partial listing of over 600 items available

SMiiUMsmma

7400 2/.85

7402 2/.85

7404 2/.85

7406 2/1.19

7407 2/1.19

7408 2A89

7410 2/.85

7414 . 99

7417 2/1.10

7420 2/.85

7447 1.19

7474 69

7475 79

7476 69

7485 1.19

7486 2/1.19

7489 2.99

TTL

74907493

.85.85

74100 2.25

74109 2/1.19

74121 69

74123 99

74150 1.95

74154 1.95

74157 99

74161 1.19

74164 1.59

74174 1.59

74175 1.49

74192 1.19

74193 1.19

74367 99

74393 1.95

POTENTIOMETERS

2 Watt @ 70°C

7/8" Slotted Shaft

Linear Taper

1K. SK. 10K. 25K 50K.

100K. 1 Meg

CMU $2.95

3/4 Watt @ 70°C

15 Turn Pot.

Linear Taper

100 Ohm, 500 Ohm.

IK, 5K, 10K, 50K,

100K. 500K. 1Meg

830P $1.79

DATA BOOKS jpra jim-Pak7400/74LS ttl $3.95

_^A JPCML Jim-P3k CMOS/Linear 4 49

JM W^ JPMPD Jim-Pak Micro./Display 3.95

^ 30001 National CMOS 6.95

|& 30003 National Linear 9.95

H 30005 National TTL Logic 9.95

iH V'30009 lnlersil 79S

' - ' 11)400 Intel Component 10.95

*W* CMOS *"^

400040014002400640094010401140134016401740184020402340244027

.55

.55

.59

1.49

.79

.79

.55

.79

.79

1.39

1.39

1.39

.49

1.19

.79

403040404044404640474049405040514066406940704071408140934511

CONNECTORS

11,Jl. .-.j:.

DB25P D-Subminiature Plug 3.95

DB25S D-Submlniature Socket 4.95

DB51226 Cover for DB25P/S 2.25

22/44SE P.C. Edge 2.95

UG88/U BNC Plug 2.19

UG89/U BNC Jack 3.95

UG175/U UHF Adapter .59

S0239 UHF Panel Recp. 1.49

PL258 UHF Adapter 1.95

PL259 UHF Plug 1.95

UG260/U BNC Plug 2.39

UG1094/U BNC Bulkhead Recp. 1.49

^W LINEAR ^W

LM301N.

LM305H.

LM307N.

LM308N.

LM309K.

LM310N.

LM3UN.

LM317T .

LM318N.

LM319N.

LM320K-5

LM7905T

LM7912T

LM7915T

LM323K.

LM324N.

LM337T .

LM339N.

.591.39

.751.192.252.691.492.292.952.952.251.751.751.755.951.292.291.29

LM7805T .

LM7812T .

LM7815T .

LM380N. .

LM384N. .

LM555N. .

LM556N. .

LM565N. .

LM566N. .

LMS67N. .

LM723N. .

LM741N. .

LM1310N .

LM1458N .

LM1488N .

LM1489N .

LM1800N .

76477N. . .

1.751.751.751.492.49

.691.491.951.951.79

.79

.652.95

.991.591.594.493.95

mi.a«frii«»iMui*iTi(»jT^

DIP JUMPERS AND CABLE ASSEMBLIES

DJ-14-1 14-Pin 1-Foot Single-End (Dip Jumper) $2.95

DJ-16-1 16-Pin 1-Foot Single-End (Dip Juniper) 3.25

DJ-24-1 24-Pin 1-Foot Single-End (Dip Jumper) 3.95

DJ-40-1 40-Pin 1-Foot Single-End (Dip Jumper) 7.95

DJ-14-1-14 14-Pin 1-Foot Double-End (Dip Jumper) 4.25

DJ-16-1 16 16-Pin 1-Foot Double-End (Dip Jumper) 4.95

DJ-24-1-24 24-Pin 1-Foot Double-End (Dip Jumper) 5.95

DJ-40-1-40 40-Pin 1-Foot Double-End (Dip Jumper) 11.95

DJ-14-3-14 14-Pin 3-Foot Double-End (Dip Jumper) 5.49

DJ-16-3-16 16-Pin 3-Foot Double-End (Dip Jumper) 5.95

DB25P-4-P DB25P - 4 Foot - DB25P (Cable Assembly) 16.95

DB25P-4-S DB25P - 4 Fool - DB25S (Cable Assembly) 17.95

DB25S-4-S DB25S - 4 Foot - DB25S (Cable Assembly) 18.95

JE215 AdjustableDual Power Supply

General Description: The JE215 is a Dual PowerSupply with independent adjustable positive and nega-tive output voltages. A separate adjustment for eachof the supplies providesthe user unlimited applicationsfor IC current voltage requirements. The supply canalso be used as a general all-purpose variable power

Supply. FEATURES:

• Adjustable regulated power supplies,pos. and neg. 1.2VDC to 15VDC.

-^ -* • Power Output (each supply):

5VDC @> 500mA, lOVDCCS) 750mA,12VDC<a 500mA, and15VDC6? 175mA.•Two, 3-terminal adj. IC regulatorswith thermal overload protection.

• Heat sink regulator cooling

• LED "on" indicator

• Printed Board Construction

• 120VAC input

• Size: 3-l/2"w x 5-1/16"L x 2"H

JE215 Adj. Dual Power Supply Kit (as shown) . . $24.95

CSfQi

JIM-PAKKITS

JE730 JE701

JE200 5V1 Amp Regulated Power Supply Kit $14.95

JE205 Multi-Voltage Board Kit (Adapts to JE200) 12.95

JE210 5-15V/.5-1 5 Amp Regulated Power Supply Kit 19.95

JE212 Neg.12VDCAdapterBoardKit(forJE610) 9.95

JE215 Adjustable Power Supply Kit (Pictured above center) 24.95

JE300 Digital Thermometer Kit 39.95

JE305 Solar Cell Panel Kit 39.95

JE600 Hexadecimal Encoder Kit 59.95

JE610 ASCII Encoded Keyboard Kit 79.95

JE701 6-0igit (.300") Clock Kit (Pictured above right) 19.95

JE730 4-Digit (.357") Clock Kit (Pictured above left) 14.95

JE747 6-Digit(.630") Clock Kit 29.95

JE2206B Function Generator Kit (Pictured below right) 19.95

GRAB BAGS

GB100 Ceramic Disc. Capacitors (100) $2.95

GB101 Mylar Capacitors (60) 4.95

GB102 Electrolytic Capacitors (60) 4.95

GB103 Tantalum Capacitors (40) 4.95

GB107 Silicon Diodes (1N914/1N4148) (100) 2.95

GB108 TTL Series Integrated Circuits (50) 4.95

GB109 Linear Integrated Circuits (30) 4.95

GB110 AssortedlEDs (100) 5.95

GB113 Miniature Trimmer Pots (30) 4.95

GB116 1/4 Watt Resistor Assortment (200) 2.95

GB117 1/2 Watt Resistor Assortment (200) 2.95

GB120 Miniature Slide Switches (25) 3.95

GB123 Heat Sinks Assortment (30) 3.95

GB127 Transistors Plastic/Power (100) 3.95

GB137 Chokes. Coils and Inductors (50) 3.95

GB139 3-8 Terminal Solder/Screw Type (40) 3.95

GB140 Spacers, Standoffs, Insulators (150) 2.95

GB141 Washers and Spacers (200) 2.95

GB145 Lugs, CrlmpOn (100) 2.95

GB147 Hardware Mix - Nuts, Screws, etc (500) 5.95

GB154 1 & 2 Watt Resistor Assortment (100) 2.95

GB162 7-Segment Displays (50) 5.95

GB165 Toggle, Rocker, Push Button Switches (40) 10.95

GB173 U Test & Sort 3/8" Potentiometers (100) 5.95

GB175 1 & 3 Amp Silicon Rectifiers (Oiodes) (100) 3.95

GB177 Shrink Tubing-Assorted 1" pieces (200) 3.95

74LS00.74LS02.74LS04.74LS08.74LS10.

74LS14 1

74LS30.74LS32.74LS38.

74LS42 1

74LS47 1

74LS48 1

74LS73.74LS74.74LS75.

74LS85 1

74LS90.

LS Schottky WF

.55.55

.69.55

.55.09

5569.69.29,29.79.75.69.75.49.89

74LS109 .74LS123 .74LS138 .74LS139 .74LS154 .74LS157 .74LS161 .74LS174 .74LS175 .74LS192 .74LS193 .74LS221 .74LS244 .74LS245 .74LS367 .74LS374 .81LS97. .

. .751.491.291.291.951.191.291.191.191.491.491.491.893.49.891.952.29

SOCKETS

Low Profile

8 pin LP14 pin LP .16 pin LP .18 pin LP .20 pin LP .22 pin LP.24 pin LP .28 pin LP .36 pin LP .40 pin LP .

2/.59. 2/.69. 2/. 79. 2/. 89. 2/.99.2/1.09. .79. .82. .99. 1.19

75

Wire Wrap14 pin WW tin .7514 pin WW gold 1.0916 pin WW tin .7916 pin WW gold 1.1924 pin WW gold 1.6940 pin WW gold 2.7514 p. plug/cover 1.2916 p. plug/cover 1.3924 p. plug/cover 1.95Also,The MolexLine

DIODES & TRANSISTORS

IN751 2/.59 2N2219A. . . .2/1.19

IN757 2/.59 2N2222A. . . . 2/.89

IN1188 2.69 2N2907A. . . . 2/.89

IN3600 5/.99 2N3055 99

IN4001 4/.59 2N3772 2.25

IN4004 4/.69 2N3904 2/.69

IN4007 4/.79 2N3906 2/.69

IN4148 10/. 99 2N4401 2/. 79

IN4733 2/.69 2N4403 2/. 79

IN4734 2/.69 2N5129 2/.69

IN4735 2/.69 2N5139 2/.69

IN5401 3/1.19 TIP29A 89

IN5408 3/1.99 TIP31A 99

CAPACITORS

Dipped Tantalum ELECTROLYTIC

3/.69

2/.59

2/. 69

2/.79

2/.89

.59

.69

1.19

1.39

lmfd@35V.47mfd@35Vlmfd@35V2.2mfd@25V3.3mfd@25V4.7mfd@25V10mfd@25V33mfd@25V

2/.89

2/.89

2/.89

2/1.09

2/1.19

2/1.39

1.19

3.95

100V MYLAR

.001-.01mfd

.022mfd

.047mfd

.lmfd

.22mfd

4/. 794/.894/.994/1.194/1.29

lmfd @ 50V

4.7mfd@50V

10mfd@50V

22mfd@50V

47mfd@50V

100mfd@50V

220mfd@50V

1000mfd(S>25V

2200mfd@16V

50V CERAMIC10pf-.022mfd 4/.59.047mfd 4/.69

.lmfd 4/.79

MICROPROCESSORS

Z80A CPU (4MHz) 13.95

1173AN-1 30Tune Musical MPU Chip 8.95

8080A CPU 6.95

8212 8 Bit I/O Port 3.95

8216 Bi-Directional Bus Driver 4.49

2513/2140 Character Generator 12.95

8T97 Tri-State Hex Buffer 2.25

AY-5-1013 30K Baud UART 6.95

AY-5-2376 88-Key Keyboard Encoder 11.95

2114-2 4K Static RAM (200ns) 3.95

MK4116 16K Dynamic RAM (250ns) 3.95

2708 8K EPROM 5.95

2716 16K EPROM (+5V) 9.95

Function Generator Kit

Provides 3 basicwaveforms: sine,triangle and squarewave. Freq. rangefrom 1 Hz to 100KHz. Output ampli-tude from O voltsto over 6 volts(peak to peak).Uses a 12V supplyor a ±6V split sup-ply. Includes chip,P.C. Board, com-ponents & instruc-tions.

JE2206B $19.95

Circle 214 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982

503

Circle 181 on inquiry card.

HARDWARE PRODUCTS

Systems 6502 CPU

Basis 1 08 (see Franklin Cards). . $ 1500.00Commodore VIC-20 $240.00

VIC 20 Independent Options

Commodore 64 $534.00

Franklin 1000

(Apple Compatible) $1082.00

Ac]war Video

Advanced Logic Systems

Apparat

BIT3

California Computers

Compex

Coprocessors Inc.turns Franklin intoIBM Imulator $899.00

Interactive Structures Inc.

John Bell Engineering

Kensington Microware

Micromint

Micro Peripheral

Microsoft

Microtek

MPC

Mountain Computers Inc.

Passport Designs

Prometheus16KRAM. .

Racware

RH Electronics

Saturn Systems Inc.

Soft works

SSM Microcomputer Products

Stellation Two

Symtec

Tech Designs, Inc.

Tecmar

TG Products

Thunderware Inc.

Tymac

US Module Inc.Chrono ModAudit Trail Time Piecew/2K RAM in 4 pages .

Versa ComputingVidexVistaVotraxJohn Bell Engineering

HEWITTS COMPUTER SHOP

2821 GIRARD N.E

ALBUQ., NM 87107

ORDER HOTLINE: 1-800 821 9287

TECHNICAL INFO. (505) 883-0984

Systems 8080-8088 CPU

SSM Products (IEEE-696,John Bell EngineeringSeattle Computers (IEEE 696)Tecmar (IEEE 696)IBM Accessories

Systems Z-80 CPU

Astrovision (by Bally) $270.00

Altos

California Computer Systems

Dynabyte

Interec Data

John Bell Engineering

LNW

NEC

Sanyo

Tarbell

Televideo

IRS 80 Model I & III.

Mod III 48K 2dr $1700.00

Xerox

Systems 68000CPU

Dual SystemsEMS

Terminals

Adds Viewpoint

C. ttoh

Data Media Corp.

DEC

Televideo

Monitors

Amdek

BMC

ComrexElectrohome

NEC $166.00

SanyoUSI

Modems

Anchor Automation $82.00

Anderson Jacobson

Hayes

Lexicon

Livermore

Lynx

Micromint

Micro Peripheral Corp. (Micro Connection)

Navation

Racal Vadic

Telnet Communications Software

Universal Data

Ventel

Prentice

Disk Drives

5%" Apple from $330.00

TRS-80 Model III from $246.00

5% " Complete

MPI (from Trak)

Tandon (from A.M. Electronics)

Teac (from A.M. Electronics)

Traxx8" Complete

Trak

TraxxHard Disk Systems

Omninet

Corvus

Targa

VR Data (TRS-80)Bare Drives

MPI

Shuggart

Sieman

Tandon $216.00

TeacCabinet W/Power Supplies

TrakCables

Trak

Printers

Text Quality

Anacom

Anadex

Centronics

C. Itoh Pro $460.00

Data South

DEC

Hazeltine

Integral Data Systems

Mannesman Tally

MPI

NEC

Okidata 82A $462.00

Pnntek

Texas InstrumentLetter Quality

C.ltohStarwriter $1375.00

Diablo

NEC

Qume

Smith Corona $600.00

Olivetti

Power Strips & Supressors

Electronic Protective Devices $46.00

Gould (Uninterruptible Power Supplies)

SGL Waber

Topez

SUPPLY PRODUCTS

Covers

Compucover

Disk Supplies

Eichner Systems, Inc.Elephant Memory SystemsScotchVerbatim

Paper

California Stock Tab

BEAD AMERICA'S jiiNUMBEB 1 NON-SELLER.

Consumer l

1 Information |

Catalog

\V '^W*

W?<

Not for sale in anybookstore! Not available atany price! The new ConsumerInformation Catalog!

It's the free bookletthat lists over 200 helpfulFederal publications; morethan half, free. On topics likehome repairs. Money man-agement. Nutrition. Informa-

tion that could help you to a

better way of life.

To get your free

copy, just write:

CONSUMER INFORMATION

CENTER,

DEPT.E

PUEBLO, COLORADO

81009

«;sbv

General Services Administration

504 BYTE October 1982

256K Card for IBM $299.^*

Printers on Sale

NEW EPSONS with GRAFTRAX-plus

MX-80FT with GRAFTRAX-plus same as MX-BO with

friction feed and pin feed.

PRM-28082 MX-80FT w/GRAFTRAX-plus $539.95

MX-100 with GRAFTRAX-plus 132/232 column,correspondence quality, up to 15" paper, friction feed &' adjustable pin feed, 18 x 18 dot matrix, 80 CPS.PRM-28100 MX-100 w/GRAFTRAX-plus $729.95

PRA-27084 Serial interface $54.95

PRA-27088 Serial intf S 2K buffer $99.95

PRA-27081 Apple card $39.95

PRA-27082 Apple cable $19.95

PR A-27086 IEEE 488 card $59.95

PRA-27087 TRS-80 cable $24.95

PRA-27097 GRAFTRAX-plus 80 $59.95

PRA-27197 GRAFTRAX-plus 100 $64.95

PRA-27090 MX-80, FT print head $44.95

PRA-27190 MX-100 print head $49.95

PRA-27083 MX-80 ribbon cart $13.95

PRA-27101 MX-100 ribbon only $9.95

BETTER THAN EPSON ! - Okidata

Mlcrollne 82A 80/132 column. 120 CPS, 9 x 9 dot matrix,friction feed, pin feed, adjustable tractor feed (optional),handles 4 part forms up to 9.5" wide, rear & bottom feed,paper tear bar, 100% duty cycle/200.000,000 character printhead, bi-directional/logic seeking, both serial & parallelInterlaces Included, front panel switch & program control of10 different form lengths, uses inexpensive spool typeribbons, double width & condensed characters, true lowercase descenders & graphicsPRM-43082 Friction S pin feed $479.95

Mlcrollne 83A 132/232 column, 120 CPS, forms up to 15"wide, removable tractor, plus all the features of the 82A.PRM-43083 with FREE tractor $699.95

Mlcrollne 84 1321232 column. Hi-speed 200 CPS, lull dotgraphics built in. plus all the features of the 83A.

PRM-43084 Centronics parallel $1099.95

PRM-43085 Serial with 2K buffer $1149.95

PRA-27081 Apple card $39.95

PRA-27082 Apple cable $19.95

PRA-27087 TRS-80 cable $24.95

PRA-43081 2K hi speed serial card $99.95

PRA-43082 Hi-res graphics ROMs 82A $49.95

PRA-43083 Hi-graphics ROMs 83A $49.95

PRA-43088 Tractor option for 82A $49.95

PRA-43080 Extra ribbons pkg. of 2 $9.95

8023 DOT MATRIX - NEC

100 CPS, proportional spacing, hi-resolution graphics,correspondence quality printing, bi-directional tractor &friction feed.

NEC-8023A 8023 parallel $499.95

NEC-8023-01 8023 ribbon $11.95

TP-1 LETTER QUALITY - SCM

12 CPS daisy wheel printer from Smith Corona.

PRD-45101 Centronics parallel $648.95

PRD-45102 RS-232C serial $648.95

LETTER QUALITY PRINTER - Jade

Uses standard daisy wheels and ribbon cartridges, 16 CPSbi-directional printing, semi-automatic paper loader (singlesheet or fan fold), 10/12/15 pitch, up to 16" paper, built-innoise suppression cover,

PRD-11001 Centronics parallel $899.95

PRD-11002 RS-232C serial model $969.95

PRA-11000 Tractor Option $169.95

KSR DAISY WHEEL - Anderson-Jacobson

Letter quality communications terminal/printer with fulltypewriter keyboard, 30 CPS Diablo print mechanism, RS-232 interface, includes free printer stand with deluxe casters,print wheel, ribbon, friction feed standard (tractor feedoptional), factory refurbished with 30 day warranty, shippedfreight collect.

PRD-99100 AJ KSR printer $995.00

PRA-99200 Tractor option $150.00

PRINTER PALS - F.M.J. Inc.

Desk top printer stand and continuous form paper holder.PRA-99080 for MX-80. MX-80FT. Oki 82A. NEC .. $29.95

PRA-99100 for MX-100. Oki 83A & 84 $34.95

PRA-99700 tor letter quality printers $49.95

Circle 209 on Inquiry card.

51/4" Disk Drives

Tendon TM100-1 single-sided double-density 48 TPIMSM-551001 $219 95 ea 2 for $199.95 ea

Shugart SA400L single-sided double-density 40 trackMSM-104000 $234 95 ea 2 for $224.95 ea

Shugart SA4SS half-size double-sided 48 TPIMSM-104550 $349.95 ea 2 for $329.95 ea

Shugart SA46S half-size doule-sided 96 TPIMSM-104650 $399 95 ea 2 for $379.95 ea

Tandon TM100-2 double-sided double-density 48 TPIMSM-551002 $294.95 ea 2 for $269.95 ea

Shugart SA450 double'sided double-density 35 trackMSM-104500 $349 95 ea 2 for $329.95 ea

Tandon TM100-3 single-sided double-density 96 TPIMSM-551003 $294 95 ea 2 for $269.95 ea

Tandon TM100-4 double-sided double-density 96 TPIMSM-551004 $394 95 ea 2 for $374.95 ea

MPI B-51 single-sided double-density 40 trackMSM-155100 $234 95 ea 2 for $224.95 ea

MPI B-S2 double-sided double-density 40 trackMSM-155200 $344.95 ea 2 for $334.95 ea

MPI B-91 single-sided double-density 77 trackMSM-155300 $369 95 ea 2 for $359.95 ea

MPI fl-92 double-sided double-density 77 trackMSM-155400 $469 95 ea 2 for $459.95 ea

51/4" Cabinets with Power Supply

ENO-000216 Single cab w I power supply $69.95

END-000226 Dual cab w/power supply $94.95

8" Disk Drives

Shugart SA810 hall-size single-sided double-densityMSF-108100 $424.95 ea 2 for $394.95 ea

Shugart SA860 hall-size double-sided double-densityMSF-108600 $574 95 ea 2 for $549.95 ea

Shugart SA801R single-sided double-densityMSF-10801R $394.95 ea 2 for $389.95 ea

Shugart SA8S1R double-sided double-densityMSF-10851R $554 95 ea 2 for $529.95 ea

Tandon TM848-1 single-sided double-den thin-lineMSF-558481 $379 95 ea 2 for $369.95 ea

Tandon TM848-2 double-sided double-den thin-line

MSF-558482 $494.95 ea 2 for $484.95 ea

Qume DT-8 double-sided double-densityMSF-750080 $524 95 ea 2 for $498.95 ea

Mitsubishi M2894-63 double-sided double-densityMSF-289463 $494.95 ea 2 for $474.95 ea

Siemens FDD 100-8 single-sided double-densityMSF-201120 $384 95 ea 2 for $349.95 ea

Dual Disk Sub-Systems

Disk Sub-Systems - Jade

Handsome metal cabinet with proportionally balanced airflow system, rugged dual drive power supply, power cablekit. power switch, line cord, fuse holder, cooling fan, never-mar rubber feet, all necessary hardware to mount 2-8" diskdrives, power supply, and fan. does not include signal cable.

Dual 8" Sub-Assembly Cabinet

END-000420 Bare cabinet $59.95

END-000421 Cabinet kit $225.00

END-000431 A & T $359.95

8" Sub-Systems - Single Sided, Double Density

END-000423 Kit w/2 FD100-8DS $975.00

END-000424 A & T w/2 FDIOOSDs $1175.00

END-000433 Kit w/2 SA-801RS $999.95

END-000434 A & T w/2 SA-801RS $1195.00

8" Sub-Systems - Double Sided, Double Density

END-000426 Kit w/2 DT-8s $1224.95

END-000427 A S, T w/2 DT-Bs $1424.95

END-000436 Kit w/2 SA-8S1RS $1274.95

ENO-000437 A & T w/2 SA-851RS $1474.95

Prices may be slightly higher at our retail locations. Pleasecontact the store In your area for exact pricing.

IBM PC Accessories

512K PC/RAM STACK - Hammond

A high quality, high density memory expansion board foryour PC, cool-quiet-reliable operation, full parity checking,unique stacking sockets, expandable from 256K to 512K,MDRIVE high speed RAMdisk software only $25.00 with256K or 512K board purchase.

MEX-25600A 256K assembled & tested $795.00

MEX-51200A 512K assembled & tested $999.95

MEX-25600S MDRIVE disk emulator $25.00

256K PC/RAM - Hammond Engineering

* User expandable from 64K to 256K, same high qualitystandards as the RAM Stack above, designed for mediummemory expansion requirements.

* MEX-64000A 64K assembled & tested $299.95

MEX-128000A 128K assembled & tested $399.95

MEX-192000A 192K assembled & tested $499.95

MEX-256000A 256K assembled & tested $569.95

PC/SASI RAM - Hammond Engineering

Three boards in one, 256K of RAM, RS-232 asynchronousserial interface, and a SASI (Shugart Assoc StandardInterface) hard disk interface.IOX-6000A PC/SASI RAM $1095.00

PC EXTENDER CARD - Compute!

High quality extender card with free connectors for IBM PC

bus.

TSX-300A A & T with connectors $42.95

WIRE WRAP BOARD - Computet

Highest quality, extremely versatile proto typing board with

gold plated card edge for IBM PC.

TSX-310A Proto board $59.95

Jade Bus Probe

THE BUS PROBE - Jade

Inexpensive S-100 Diagnostic Analyzer

So your computer is down. And you don't have anoscilloscope. And you don't have a front panel... You're notalone - most computers have their occasional bad days. Butwithout diagnostic equipment such as an oscilloscope(expensive!) or a front panel (expensive!), it can be verydifficult to pinpoint the problem. Even if you have anextender board with a superfast logic probe, you can't seemore than one signal at a time. You're stuck, right?

Not anymore: Jade is proud to offer our cost-effectivesolution to the problems mentioned above: THE BUSPROBE.

Whether you're a hobbyist with a cantankerous kluge or afield technician with an anxious computer owner breathingdown your neck, you'll find THE BUS PROBE speeds yourrepair time remarkably. Just plug in THE BUS PROBE andyou'll be able to see all the IEEE S-100 signals in action. THEBUS PROBE allows you to see inputs, outputs, memoryreads and writes, instruction letches, DMA channels.vectored interrupts, 8 or 16 bit wide data transfers, plus thethree bus supply voltages

An on-board pulse generator can provide repetitive resets.interrupts, or wait states, for trouble shooting.

TSX-200B Bare board $59.95

TSX-200K Kit $119.95

TSX-200A A&T $149.95

■ Place Orders Toll Freem

Continental U.S. Inside California

800-421-5500 800-262-1710

■ For Technical Inquires or Customer Service call:

213-973-7707

■ JADE ■

Computer Products

I 4901 W. Rosecrans, Hawthorne, CA 90250 m

■ We accept cash, checks, credit cards, or Purchase Orders Jfrom qualified firms & institutions. Minimum prepaid order $15 H_ California residents add 6'/2% tax. Export customers outside the HH US or Canada please add 10% to all prices. Price* and avalllbJIIty HJ subject to change without notice. Shipping & handling charges flI via UPS Ground 50C/lb UPS Air $1 00/lb minimum charge $3.00 |

Disk Drive for Apple $289.95

Modems

Single User System Single Board Computer

SIGNALMAN - Anchor

Direct-connect automatic answer/originate selection, 300Baud lull duplex. Bell 103, includes RS-232 cableIOM-5600A Signalman $89.95

SMARTMODEM - Hayes

Sophisticated direct-connect auto-answer/auto-dialmodem, touch-tone or pulse dialing, RS-232C interface,programmable

IOM-5400A Smartmodem $224.95

IOK-1500A Hayes Chronograph $218.95

IOM-2010A Micromodem II $328.95

IOM-2012A Terminal program lor MMII $89.95

IOM-1100A Micromodem 100 $368.95

APPLE-CAT - Novation

Software selectable 1200 or 300 Baud, direct connect, auto-answer/auto-dial,touch & pulse dialing, auxiliary 3-wire RS-232C serial port for printerIOM-5232A Save $50.00 $324.95

1200 BAUD SMARTMODEM - Hayes

1200 and 300 baud, all the features of the standard

Smartmodem plus 1200 baud, 212 compatible, full or half

duplex.

IOM-5500A Smartmodem 1200 $599.95

1200 BAUD AUTO CAT - Novation

212 Auto Cat. 1200& 300 baud, auto dial/answer/disconnect,LED readout displays mode, analog/digital loop-back selftests, usable with multi-line phones.IOM-5231A 212 Auto Cat $649.95

Video Monitors

HI-RES 12" GREEN - Zenith

15 MHz bandwith 700 lines/inch, P31 green phosphor,switchable 40 or 80 columns, small, light-weight & portableVDM-201201 ClSt price $189 95 $129.95

12" GREEN SCREEN - NEC

20 MHz bandwidth, P31 phosphor ultra-high resolutionvideo monitor with audio.

VDM-651200 Deluxe model $199.95

VDM-651260 Economy model $149.95

12" COLOR MONITOR - NEC

High resolution color monitor with audio.

VDC-651212 Color monitor $389.95

NEC-1202D RGB color monitor $999.95

13" COLOR MONITORS - BMC

18 MHz RGB & composite video color monitors.

VDC-421320 13" RGB Color $329.95

VDC-421310 13" Composite video $299.95

VOX-420090 RGB card lor Apple $149.95

COLOR MONITORS - Amdek

Reasonably priced color video monitors.

VDC-80130 13" Color I $379.95

VDC-801320 13" Color II $894.95

IOV-2300A DVM board lor Apple $199.95

AMBER or GREEN MONITORS - Jade

High resolution 18 MHz compact video monitors.

VDM-751210 12" Amber phosphor $149.95

VDM-751220 12" Green phosphor $139.95

VDM-750910 9" Amber phosphor $149.95

VDM-750920 9" Green phosphor $139.95

EPROM Erasers

ULTRA-VIOLET EPROM ERASERS

Inexpensive erasers for industry or home.

XME-3100A Spectronics w/o timer $69.50

XME-3101A Spectronics with timer $94.50

XME-3200A Economy model $39.95

THREE BOARD SET - SD Systems

4MHZZ-80A CPU. 64K RAM (optional 256K). serial 110port,parallel I/O port, double density disk controller, CP/M 2.2 8,manual set. system monitor, control & diagnostic software.Includes SBC-200. 64K ExpandoRAM II, Versatloppy II. &CP/M 2.2 - all boards are assembled & tested.

Board set with 64K of RAM $1095.00

Board set with 256K of RAM $1295.00

Apple II Accessories

APPLE DISK DRIVE - Fourth Dimension

Totally Apple compatible. 143.360 bytes per drive on DOS3.3, half-track capability - reads all Apple software, plugsright in to Apple controller as second drive. DOS 3.3, 3.2.1.Pascal. & CP/M compatible.

MSM-123200 40 Track add on Apple drive $289.95MSM-123200 Controller with free DOS 3.3 $99.95

16K RAM CARD - for Apple II

Expand your Apple II to 64K. use as language card, full 1 year

warranty. Why spend $175.00 ?

MEX-16700A Save over $100.00 $69.95

Z-80 CPU CARD - for Apple II

Two computers in one. Z-80 & 6502. more than doubles thepower and potential of your Apple. Includes Z-80 CPU cardCP/M and complete manual set.CPX-62800A A & T with software $249.95

APPLE-CAT - Novation

Software selectable 1200 or 300 baud, direct connect, auto-answer/auto-dial, auxiliary 3-wire RS232C serial port forprinter.IOM-5232A Save $50.0011! $325.95

8" DISK CONTROLLER - Vista

New from Vista Computer, single or double sided, single ordouble density, compatible with DOS 3.2/3.3, Pascal. &CP/M 2.2. Shugart & Qume compatibleIOD-2700A A & T $499.95

2 MEGABYTES for Apple II

Complete package includes: Two 8" double-density disk

drives. Vista double-density 8" disk controller, cabinet,

power supply. & cables. DOS 3.2/3.3. CP/M 2.2. 8 Pascr1

compatible.

1 MegaByte Package Kit $1495.00

1 MegaByte Package A S. T $1695.00

2 MegaByte Package Kit $1795.00

2 MegaByte Package A & T $1995.95

VISION 80 - Vista Computer

80 column x 24 line video card for Apple II. 128 ASCIIcharacters, upper and lower case. 9 x 10 dot matrix with 3 dotdescenders, standard data media terminal control codes.CP/M Pascal 8, Fortran compatible. 50/60 HzIOV-2400A Vista Vision 80 $299.95

CPS MULTICARD - Mtn. Computer

Three cards in one! Real time clock/calendar, serialInterlace. & parallel interface - all on one card.IOX-2300A A 8, T $179.95

HI-RES GRAPHICS CARD - Genie

Intelligent printer interface and control card allows full highresolution graphics and screen dumps.

IOP-2405A Genie for Epson $119.95

IOP-2410A Genie lor Okidata $119.95

IOP-2415A Genie tor NEC'C. Itoh $119.95

Power Strips

ISOBAR - GSC

Isolates & protects your valuable equipment from highvoltage spikes & AC line noise. Inductive isolated ground. 15amp circuit breaker. U.L. listed

EME-115103 3 socket $39.50

EME-115105 4 socket $49.50

EME-115100 8 socket $54.50

EME-115110 9 socket rackmount $74.50

Prices may be slightly higher at our retail locations. Please call the store nearest

SUPERQUAD - Adv. Micro Digital

Single board, standard size S-100 computer system. 4 MHzZ-80A, single or double density disk controller lor 5'/4" or 8"drives. 64K RAM. extended addressing, up to 4K of EPROM.2 serial & 2 parallel I/O ports, real lime interrupt clock. CP/Mcompatible.

CPC-30800A A 8, T $724.95

IOX-4232A Serial I/O adapter $29.95

Z-80 STARTER KIT - SD Systems

Complete Z-80 microcomputer with RAM. ROM, I/O.keyboard, display, kludge area, manual. 8, workbook.

CPS-30100K Kit with workbook $299.95

CPS-30100A A & T with workbook $469.95

AIM-65 - Rockwell International

Complete 6502 microcomputer with alphanumeric display,printer, keyboard. & instruction manual.

CPK-50165A IK AIM-65 $424.95

CPK-50465A 4K AIM-65 $474.95

SFK-74600008E 8K Basic ROM $64.95

SFK-64600004E 4K assembler ROM $43.95

SFK-74600020E PL/65 ROM $84.95

SFK-74600010E Forth ROM $64.95

SFK-74600030E Instant Pascal $99.95

PSX-030A Power supply $64.95

ENX-000002 Enclosure $54.95

SPECIAL PACKAGE

4K AIM-65. 8K Basic, power supply. & enclosureSpecial Package Price $649.95

S-100 EPROM Boards

PROM-100 - SD Systems

2708, 2716. 2732 EPROM programmer with software.

MEM-99520K Kit with software $189.95

MEM-99520A A & T with software $249.95

PB-1 - SSM Microcomputer

2708. 2716 EPROM board with on-board programmer.

MEM-99510K Kit with manual $154.95

MEM-99510A AST with manual $219.95

EPROM BOARD - Jade

16K or 32K uses 2708 or 2716 EPROMs. 1K boundary.

MEM-16230K Kit w/o EPROMs $79.95

MEM-16230A A 8, T w/o EPROMs $119.95

S-100 Video Boards

SPECTRUM COLOR - CompuPro

Full-function color graphics board, up to 8 colors. 256 x 192graphics, parallel I/O port, 8K RAM.

IOV-1870A A & T $348.95

IOV-1870C CSC $398.95

MICROANGELO - Scion

Ultra-high-resolution 512 x 480, 256 color or black & whites

100 video board

IOV-1500A A & T $799.95

S-100 MotherBoards

ISO-BUS - Jade

Silent, simple, and on sale - a better motherboard6 S/o( IS'/," ir 8*/,")

MBS-061B Bare board $22.95

MBS-061K Kit $39.95

MBS 061A A & T $69.95

12 Slot ffl," * «*/.";

MBS-121B Bare board $34.95

MBS 121K Kit $69.95

MBS-121A A 8, T $109.95

18 Slot (14%' x W)

MBS-181B Bare board $54.95

MBS-181K Kit $99.95

MBS-181A A 8, T $149.95

ACTIVE TERMINATOR - CompuPro

A true mother's helper,TSX-100A A & T , $59.45

you for local price and availability.

rtirrlo OiCi nn Innnirv rarri

64K Static RAM *299.95

S-100 CPU Boards

S-100 Memory Boards

S-100 I/O Boards

8086/8087 - CompuPro

16 bit, 8 or 10 MHz 8086 CPU with provisions lor 8087 S80130.

CPU-70520A 8 MHz 8086 AST $624.95

CPU-70520C 8 MHz 8086 CSC $764.95

CPU-70530A with 8087 AST $1224.95

CPU-70530C with 8087 CSC $1455.95

8085/8086 - CompuPro

Both 8 S 16 bit CPUs, standard 8 bit S-100 bus. up to 8 MHz,accesses 16 Megabytes of memory

CPU-20510A 6 MHz AST $398.95

CPU-20510C 6/8 MHz CSC $497.95

CPU-Z - CompuPro

2/4 MHz Z80A CPU. 24 bit addressing.

CPU-30500A 2/4 MHz A S T $279.95

CPU-30500C 3/6 MHz CSC $374.95

SBC-200 - SO Systems

4 MHz Z-80A CPU with serial S parallel I/O. 1K RAM, 8K

ROM space, monitor PROM included.

CPC-30200A AS T $399.95

THE BIG Z - Jade

2 or 4 MHz switchable Z-80 CPU board with serial I/O.accomodates 2708. 2716. or 2732 EPROM. baud rates from75 to 9600

CPU-30201B Bare board w/manual $35.00

CPU-30201K Kit with manual $149.95

CPU-30210A AST with manual $199.95

CB-2 - SSM Microcomputer

2 or 4 MHz Z-80 CPU board with provision lor up to 8K olROM or 4K ol RAM on board, extended addressing. IEEE S-100, front panel compatible

CPU-30300K Kit with manual $229.95

CPU-30300A AST with manual $274.95

2810 Z-80 CPU - CCS.

2 or 4 MHZ Z-80 CPU with serial I/O port S on-board monitor

PROM, front panel compatible

CPU-30400A AST with PROM $289.95

2820 Z-80 DMA CPU - CCS.

4 MHz Z-80 CPU board with 2 serial I/O ports S Centronicsparallel l?0 port, separate data S status ports. DMA daisychain compatible.CPU-30420A AST with manual $569.95

S-100 Disk Controllers

DISK 1 - CompuPro

8" or 5%" DMA disk controller, single or double density,single or double sided, 10 MHz.

IOO-1810A A S T $449.95

IOO-1810C CSC $554.95

SFC-52506580F 8" CP/M 2.2 tor Z-80 $174.95

SFC-52S06586F 8" CP/M 2 2 tor 8086 $299.95

SFO-54158000F Oasis single user $499.95

SFO-54158002F Oasis multi-user $849.95

VERSAFLOPPY II - SD Systems

Double density disk controller for any combination of 5'/4"and 8" single or double sided, analog phase-locked loopdata separator, vectored interrupts. CP/M 2.2 & Oasiscompatible, control/diagnostic software PROM included.

IOD-1160A A & T with PROM $359.95

SFC-55009047F CP/M 2.2 with VF II $99.95

2242 DISK CONTROLLER - CCS.

5%" or 8" double density disk controller with on-board boot

loader ROM. free CP/M 2 2 S manual set.

IOD-1300A AST with CP/M 2.2 $399.95

DOUBLE D - Jade

High reliablity double density disk controller with on-boardZ-80A. auxiliary printer port. IEEE S-100. can function inmulti-user interrupt driven bus.

IOO-1200B Bare board S hdwr man $59.95

IOD-1200K Kit w/hdwr S sftwr man $299.95

IOD-1200A AST w/hdwr S sftwr man $325.95

SFC-59002001F CP/M 2.2 with Double D $99.95

See page 505 for ordering information

256K RAMDISK - SD Systems

ExpandoRAM III expandable Irom 64K to 2S6K using 64K x 1RAM chips, compatible with CP/M, MP/M, Oasis,Cromemco, S most other Z-80 based systems, functions asultra-high speed disk drive when used with optionalRAMDISK software.

MEM-65064A 64K AST $474.95

MEM-6S128A 128K AST $574.95

MEM-65192A 192K A S T $674.95

MEM-65256A 256K AST $774.95

SFC-55009000F RAMDISK sltwr CP/M 2.2 $44.95

SFC-55009000F RAMDISK with EXRAM III $24.95

128K RAM 21 - CompuPro

J28K x 8 bit or64K x 16 bit static RAM board, 12 MHz, 24 bitaddressing.

MEM-12810A AST $1609.95

MEM-12810C CSC $1794.95

64K RAM 17 - CompuPro

64K CMOS static RAM board, 10 MHz, low power less than 4watts. DMA compatible, 24 bit addressing.

MEM-64180A 64K AST $549.95

MEM-64180C 64K CSC $698.95

64K RAM 16 - CompuPro

32K x 16 bit or 64K x 8 bit low power static RAM board. 10MHz, 24 bit addressing.

MEM-32180A RAM WAST $598.95

MEM-32180C RAM 76 CSC $698.95

64K STATIC RAM - SSM

IEEE696/S-100standard. upto6MHz/8Bit, 12MHz/16Bit.24Bit extended addressing, disable-able in 2K incrementsMEM-64300A AST $499.95

64K STATIC RAM - Mem Merchant

64K static S-100 RAM card, 4 to 16K banks up to 8 MHz.MEM-64400A 64K A S T $499.95

64K STATIC RAM - Jade

Uses new 2K x 8 static RAMs, fully supports IEEE 696 24 bitextended addressing, 200ns RAMs, lower 32K or entireboard phantomable, 2716 EPROMs may be subbed lorRAMs, any 2K segment of upper 8K may be disabled, lowpower typically less than 500ma.

MEM-99152B Bare board $49.95

MEM-99152K Kit less RAM $99.95

MEM-32152K 32K kit $199.95

MEM-56152K S6K kit $289.95

MEM-64152K 64K kit $299.95

Assembled A Tested add $50.00

2066 64K RAM - CCS.

64K RAM board with bank and block select switchinglunctions lor Cromemeco Cromix & Alpha Micro.MEM-64566A 64K A S T $424.95

64K EXPANDORAM II - SO Systems

Expandable RAM board from 16K to 64K using 4116 RAMchips.

MEM-16630A 16K A & T $344.95

MEM-32631A 32K AST $364.95

MEM-48632A 48K A S T $384.95

MEM-64633A 64K A S T $399.95

MEMORY BANK - Jade

4 MHz S-100 bank selectable expandable to 64K.

MEM-99730B Bare board w/manual $49.95

MEM-99730K Kit with no RAM $179.95

MEM 32731K 32K kit $199.95

MEM-64733K 64K kit $249.95

Assembled & Tested add $50.00

16K STATIC RAM - Mem Merchant

4MHz lo-power static RAM board, IEEE S-100, bankselectable, addressable in 4K blocks, disable-able in 1Ksegments extended addressing.MEM-16171A 16K A S T $149.95

Circle 210 on Inquiry card.

SYSTEM SUPPORT 1 - CompuPro

Real time clock, three 16 bit interval timers, dual interruptcontrollers!15 levels), up to 4K EPROMIRAM. RS-232Cserial channel, provision tor 9511 A/9512 math chip.

IOX-1850A SS1 A S T $359.95

IOX-1850C SSI CSC $459.95

I0X-1855A with 9511 A S T $554.95

IOX-1855C IWtfl 9511 CSC $654.95

IOX-1860A with 9512 AST $554.95

IOX-1860C with 9512 CSC $654.95

INTERFACER 1 - CompuPro

2 serial I/O ports 50-19.2K baud.

IOI-1810A AST $218.95

IOI-1810C CSC $288.95

INTERFACER 2 - CompuPro

3 parallel, 1 serial, S interrupt timer.

IOI-1820A AST $218.95

IOI-1820C CSC $288.95

INTERFACER 3 - CompuPro

5 or 8 channel serial I/O board for interrupt driven multi-usersystems up to 250K baud.

I0I-1835A 5 port AST $558.95

IOI-1835C 5 port CSC $628.95

I0I-1838A 8 port AST $628.95

IOI-1838C 8 port CSC $749.95

INTERFACER 4 - CompuPro

3 serial, 1 parallel, 1 Centronics parallel.

IOI-1840A AST $314.95

IOI-1840C CSC $414.95

MPX - CompuPro

Multi-user I/O multiplexer S interrupt controller with on-board 8085A-2 CPU S 4K or 16K ol RAM.

IOI-1875A 4K MPX AST $444.95

I0I-1875C 4K MPX CSC $534.95

IOI-1880A 16K MPX AST $584.95

IOI-1880C 16K MPX CSC $674.95

1/0-8 - SSM Microcomputer

Eight software programmable serial I/O ports. 110 -19.2K

Baud, ideal for multi-user systems

IOI-1018A AST $469.95

l/O-S - SSM Microcomputer

Two serial S 3 parallel I/O ports, 110-19.2K BaudIOI-1015A AST $289.95

MPC-4 - SD Systems

Intelligent 4-port serial I/O card, on-board Z-80A, 2K RAM,4K PROM area, on-board tirmware, lully buffered, vectoredinterrupts, tour CTC channels, add to SD Board set forpowerful multi-user systemIOI-1504A AST w/software $495.00

I/0-4 - SSM Microcomputer

2 serial I/O ports plus 2 parallel I/O ports.

IOI-1010B Bare board w/manual $35.00

IOI-1010K Kit with manual $179.95

IOI-1010A AST with manual $249.95

2830 6 PORT SERIAL - CCS.

Six asynchronous RS-232C serial I/O ports with

programmable baud rates.

IOI-1040A AST with manual $529.95

2710 4 PORT SERIAL - CCS.

Four RS-232C serial I/O ports with full handshaking.IOI-1060A AST with manual $319.95

2719 2 SER & 2 PAR - CCS.

Two RS-232C serial t/O ports plus two 8 bit parallel I/O ports.IOI-1080A AST with manual $349.95

Computer Products

4901 WRfl.tttr.rana Hau/llin™ f* r\nncr

LAEWVNCED

COMPUTER•ODUCTS

MICROPROCESSORS

16K Apple™ Ramcard

LIST 195ACP

$6995

» Full 1 year warrantyTop quality — gold fingers• Expand Apple II 48K to 64KCompatible with Z-80 Softoard"• Allows system to run with CP/M", PASCAL,DOS3.3,COBAL,Visicalc, etc.Supplied with extra 16K RAM & has (2) LED's

32 K STATIC RAM

2 or 4 MHzExpandable

Unt21141'j

16K4MHzKit $159.95

16K4MHZAST -.-___ 217,9532K 4 MHz Kit $199-95-28»9&.> 32K 4 MHz A&T • 339.00

BARE BOARD 39.95

BareBdw/aHparlslessmem. 9995

BARE BOARDS

S-100 Sound Board8080ACPU32K Static RAM (2114)8K EPROM (2708)2708/2716 EPROMACP Proto BoardVector 8800 ProtoVector 8803 11 slot MBACP Extender with connector13 Slot Mother Board (WMC)9 Slot Mother Board (WMC)8 Slot Mother Bd (Expandable)Floppy PCB (8" SHUGART)S100(A Y5-8910) Sound BoardApple Sound Board

$34.9534.9534.9524.9534.9522.9522.2029.95ia9532.9529.9534.9539.9534.9524.95

Model S-52T

"EPROM"

ERASER

ModelUVs-11 E$79.95

Holds 4 EPROM'Sat a time.$325.00

16K MemoryExpansion Kits

for Apple/TRS-80

8pcs4116 16K

200/250nS <f>-« O QC

Specify computer ^ I 4C.v7vJ

CALL FOR VOLUME PRICING

0" SUB CONNECTORS

or

Unreal price. DB37male, DB25 female.Gold PC mount withmounting holes.Mtg. AMP.Specify 25 or 37 pins.

'$2.50 DB25$1.95

Astec RF Modulator

P/N1082 Channel 3

1200 BAUD MODEM IC

^^^■w Features:

^fHf^fllrW • 1200 Baud^■MfflmP1' • 40 Pin^nrtll*" • 5VolU Only

SL1200 $129.00

64K CMOS RAM

S100(200nS)

Uses2716's JQ/Q00or6116's 0*+&

Assembled S Tested $399.00

MOSTEKaJSs

V Same as I

200,000 pieces in

stock — priced to move.

Same as MK4027 except ImS

refresh. MK4015 4Kx1 RAM.

PMI "Super Beta"LOW POWERAMPLIFIER

INTERNALLY

COMPENSATED

P/N OP1 2GJ

Voftset = 1.0 mV

list , _ -. A

$6 95 'bias = 5.0mA

ACP Gain = 40V/mV

$1.95 {quantity limited)

4K STATIC RAMELL-OFF

10/S9.90

Same as TMS4044but designed specificallyfor Z-80 based systems. Thisis a full-spec 4Kx1 RAM, 450nS.Order P/N Zilog61044 while supply lasts.

Zilog

Z8CPU

withTINYBASICDebug prog.

Plus 6132 companionquasi-static RAM 29.95

l4?

.rag. $49.95

Stepper Motor

***

USED IN

DATA

PRODUCTS

PRINTER$19.95ea

CONNECTORS

DB25P(RS232)

0B25S Female

Hood

Set with Hood, Sale

22/44 S/T, KIM

43/86 S/T, MOT

50/100 S-100 Connector W/W

50/100 S-100 Connector S/T

$3.253.751.257.502.956.504.953.95

PARALLEL ALPHA NUMERICPRINTER

9JP> 1 g Column Printer prints 16 numerical columns plus 3^^^^■^^^ columns which have math, alpha and other notations.^^^^ Each wheel has 12 positions with position 12 blank.

Position 11 on numerical columns have decimal point or #. Utilizes 2.75"wide adding machine tape and a dual color ink ribbon. Input data parallelwithfourbitBCDcomparatorcircuit (schematicprovided). Print rate, 3 linesper second. Operating voltage 22-28VDC with typical cycle time of340mS. Size6Vi"Wx3VHx5WDp. New. $17.50 ea. 3/$45

Z80 9.95

Z80A 11.95F-a (3850) 16.95

2650 16.95

1802 975

8080A 4.75

8085 14.95

8008-1 $14.95

2901 9.90

2901A 1495

9900JL 4995

6502 9.95

6502 A 16.95

IM6100 29.95

6800 11.75

6B00B 19.95

6116/2016S7.95

8264-64K 8.50

4116-2 1.994116-2 8/12.95

2101 3.99

2102 .7921L02-2 1.4921L02-4 1.29

2111 3.49

2112 3.492114 1.992114L-2 3.252114L-4 2.292125 6.99

8155 $9.95

8156 9.958202 29.958205 2.698212 2.758214 4.958216 2.758224 2.958226 2.958228 3.958243 9.50

8250 14.95

8251 6.508253 11.958255 4.508257 9.50

414 4.69

1101 .99

1103 99

4027 4.69

4044 3.99

4050 469

4060 4.69

4096 3.99

4115 1.49

4200 7.95

6B02P 14.95

8035 14,95

8039 12.95

8073N 34.95

8755 49.95

8748 49.95

6809 30.00

8066 49.95

68000 129.95

5290 $1.995298 1.496508 4.506518 6.796561 3.79

6604 3.99

6605 7.999130 8.999140 8.9993415 6.9993425 6.99

8259 $8.958275 19.958279 9.506810 4.75

6820 6.50

6821 6.506828 10.506834 16.956845 22.956847 27.956850 5.256852 5.256860 10.956862 10.956875 5956880 2.49

66047 $22.95

68488 19.95

46505 22.95

6520 695

6522 9.95

6530-X 24.95

6532 17.95

6551 19.95

Z80-PIO 6.50

Z80A-PIO 9.50

Z80-CTC 6.50

Z80A-CTC 9.50

Z80-DMA 1995

Z80A-DMA 27.95

Z80-SIO 24.95

Z80A-SIO 29.95

MOS PROMS

2764 (8Kx8> TS2732 (4Kx8) TS2716/2516; 5V(2Kx8) TSTMS2716,5V. 12V2758, 5V. <450nS)

2708(450nS) $5.752708(650nS) 5.251702A 5.75

MM5203AQ 14.50MM5204Q 9.95

BBB3

36.95

2513-001 |5V) Upper $9502513-005 <SV) Lower 10.952513-ADM3(5V) Lower 14.95MCM667I0 ASCII Shrfto012.95MCM66740 Math Symbol 1395MCM66750 Alpha Control 13451771-01 8" & Minifloppy 24 951781 Dual Floppy 2995

1791-01 Dual Floppy1791-02 Dual Floppy1793 DD. OS Floppy1797 OD, OS Floppy1691 Data Separator2143 Clock Generator

8700 8 Bit Binary

8701 10 bit Binary8703 8 brt TS9400 Volt to Freti Conv.8750 3'".' Digit BCD1408L66 t»t1408L8BM

$995

DAC08

OAC100 9.95

8038 Function Generator 4.50

MC4024 VCO 2.95

LM566VC0 1.95XR2206 Function Generator 5 25

TB1602B(5V,12V) 3.95

AY51013(5V,12V) 495

AY51014A/1612{S-14V) 6.95

AY51015A/1863(5V) 6.95

IM6402 7.95

54 95

OAC01 DtoA

IM6403

18.95 2350 USRT

18.95 18718Astros

13.50 MC1441I

22.00 4702

13.50 WD1941

7.25 COM5018

1395 INSB250

3.95 AY5-2376

5.95 AY5-3800

5.95 MMS740AAC

122253

m

LOW PROFILESOCKETS (TIN)

8 pin LP .16 .15

14 pin LP .20 .19

16 pin LP .22 .21

18 pin LP .29 .28

20 pin LP .34 .32

22 pin LP 29 .27

24 pin LP .38 .37

28 pin LP .45 .44

40 pin LP 60 .59

3L WIREWRAPSOCKETS (GOLD)

1-24 25-49

Spin10 pin14 pin16 pin18 pin20 pin22 pin24 pin28 pin40 pin

WW

WW (Tin)

WW

WW

WW

WW

WW

WW

WW

WW

1.151.451.35

1.351.261.53

1.231.14

1.38

78H05K

78M06

78M.G.

LM108AH

LM300H

LM301CN

LM304H

LM305H

LM306H

LM307CN

LM308CN

LM309K

LM310CN

LM311D/CN

LM312H

LM317T

LM318CN

LM319N/H

LM320K-XX*

LM320T-XX"

LM320H-XX*

LM323K

LM324N

LM337K

LM338K

LM339N

LM340K-XX"

LM340T-XX"

LM340H-XX*

LM344H

LM348N

LM350K

LM358CN

LM360N

LM372N

LM376N

LM377N

LM380CN/N

LM381N

LM383T

LM386N

LM387N

LM390N

NE531V/T

NE555V

NE556N

NE561T

NE565N/H

NE566H/V

NE567V/H

NE592N

LM702H

LM709N/H

LM710N/H

LM711N/H

LM715N

LM723N/H

LM733N/H

LM739N

LM741CN/H

LM741CN-14

LM747N/H

LM748N/H

LM760CN

LM1310N

MC1330

MC1350

MC1358

74S00$ .39

74502 .43

74503 .45

74504 .52

74505 .52

74508 .49

74509 .49

74510 .42

74511 .4274S15 .4274S20 .4274S22 4274S30 .4274S32 .4974S38 1.1974S40 .4974S51 .42

74564 46

74565 .4674S74 .6974S86 .72

745112 .72

745113 .72

745114 .72

1.751.701.49

1.251.36

1.391.254.95

1.751.251.251.951.205.60

3.752.751.251.791.951.251.401.953.75.39.9819.951.251.751.502.751.99.29

1.951.75

LM1414N

LM1458CN/N

MC1488N

MC1489N

LM1496N

LM1556N

LM1820N

LM1850N

LM1889N

LM2111N

LM2900N

LM2901N

LM2917N

CA3013T

CA3018T

CA3021T

CA3023T

CA3035T

CA3039T

CA3046N

LM3053N

CA3059N

CA3060N

CA3062N

LM3065N

CA3080T

CA3061N

CA3082N

CA3083N

CA3086N

CA3089N

CA3096N

CA3097N

CA3130T

CA3140T

CA3146N

CA3160T

CA3190N

CA3410N

MC3423N

MC3460N

SG3524N

CA3600N

LM3900N

LM3905N

LM3909N

LM3914N

LM3915N

LM3916N

RC4131IM

RC4136N

RC4151N

RC4194TK

RC4195TK

ULN2001

ULN2003

SN75450N

SN75451N

SN75452N

SN75453N

SN75454N

SN75491 N

SN75492N

SN75493N

SN75494N

TL494CN

TL496CP

3.101.75

992.502.95

3.492.992.751.29

1.29

2.491.191.95.591.493.953.953.39

3.753.953.752.951.103.704.955.401.251.50.59

74S12474S13374S13474S13574S13674S13874S13974S14074S15174S15374S15774S15874S16074S17474S17574S18874S19474S19574S19674S24074S24174S24274S243

74S244 $2.99

74S251 1.35

74S253 1.35

745257 1.29

745258 1.2974S260 .7574S280 2.79

745287 2.99

745288 2.55

745373 3.10

745374 3.1074S387 2.75

745471 7.95

745472 7.95

745473 7.95

745474 9.95

745475 9.95

745570 5.75

745571 5.75

745572 895

745573 8.95

745940 2.90

745941 290

DIPSWITCHES

2 Position $ .99

4 Position 1.19

5 Position 1.29

6 Position 1.35

7 Position $1.39

8 Position 1.49

9 Position 1.8510 Position 1.69

MUFFIN® FAN

z$m

The dependable, lowcost, largest selling tanfor commercial coolingapplications.

• 105cfm free air delivery

• 4.68" sq. x 1.50" deep.Weight -17 oz.

SPECIAL PURCHASE

*«* $9.50

ea.

SUPER IC CLOSEOUT SPECIALS

ULN2003 2/$1.99

74LS668 3/1.99

74LS377 2/1.99

74LS241 2/1.99

8259 6.95

6561 RAM 2.95

LM733CN 3/1.99

MC1414 3/1.99

2N6121 3/$1.00

SIG 2652 3,95

74S287 1.95

2758 EPROM 2.95

74173/8T10 5/1.99

Z80A CPU 4.95

6522 6.95

6502 CPU 5.95

8080A CPU 2.95

2102 RAM .75

4060 RAM 1.49

8X300 CPU 14.95

74S387 1.96

2708 EPROM 8/29.95

74LS93 3/1.00

2114 8/14,50

5027 CRT $9.95

11C24 6.95

95H03 2.89MM53209131 RAM

EMM4402 1.99

1103RAM 3/1.50

8700A/D 2/1695

5.99

B trademark of Aople Co

TOLL FREE

7400$ .19

7401 .22

7402 .22

7403 .22

7404 .22

7405 .23

7406 .35

7407 .35

7408 26

7409 .23

7410 22

7411 .29

7412 .29

7413 .39

7414 .59

7416 .29

7417 .29

7420 .22

7421 .35

7422 .29

7423 .29

7425 .29

7426 .29

7427 .25

7429 .45

7430 .237432 .29

7437 .25

7438 .29

7439 .29

7440 .19

7441 .79

7442 .57

7443 .95

7444 .95

7445 .79

7446 .79

7447 .65

7448 .79

7450 19

7451 .19

7453 .19

7454 .19

7459 .25

7460 237470 .29

7472 .29

7473 .34

7474 .34

74LSO0$ .26

74LS01 .28

74LS02 .28

74LS03 .28

74LS04 .35

74LS05 .28

74LS08 .28

74LS09 .35

74LS10 .28

74LS11 .39

74LS12 .3374LS1374LS1474LS1574LS2074LS2174LS2274LS2674LS2774LS2874LS30

74LS32 .33

74LS33 .55

74LS37 .45

74LS38 .39

74LS40 .26

74LS42 .79

74LS47 .79

74LS48 .95

74LS51 .26

74LS54 .29

74LS55 .29

74LS73 .45

74LS74 .42

74LS75 .59

74LS76 .45

74LS78 .45

74LS83A .79

74LS85 1.19

74LS86 .45

74LS90 .57

74LS92 75

74LS93 .75

74LS95 .88

74LS96 .98

74LS107 .45

74LS109 .45

74LS112 .43

95

.33

4009 .45

4010 .45

4011 .35

4012 .25

4013 .45

4014 1.39

4015 1.15

4016 .59

4017 1.19

4018 .89

4019 .45

4020 1.10

4021 1.19

4024 .75

4025 .25

4027 .65

4028 .85

4029 1.29

4030 .45

4031 3.25

4032 2.15

4034 3.25

4035 95

7475 $ .38

7476 .34

7479 4.60

7480 49

7482 95

7483 .55

7485 .65

7486 .35

7489 1.75

7490 .39

7491 .57

7492 .45

7493 .45

7494 69

7497 2.90

74100 2.9074107 .3274109 .37

74116 195

74121 .29

74122 .39

74123 .59

74125 .39

74126 .4474128 .5974132 .6974136 .7574139 .95

74141 .79

74142 2.95

74143 2.95

74144 2.95

74145 .62

74147 195

74148 1.2074150 1.C741517415274153

74154 1.19

74155 .78

74156 .78

74157 .69

74158 1.65

74159 2.49

74160 .88

.67

74LS113S74LS11474LS12274LS123 174LS124 174LS12574LS12674LS13274LS13674LS13874LS13974LS145 174LS148 174LS15174LS15374LS154 174LS155 174LS15674LS15774LS15874LS160 174LS161 174LS162 174LS163 174LS164 174LS16574LS166 2.74LS168 174LS169 174LS170 174LS17374LS17474LS17574LS181 2.74LS190 1.74LS191 174LS19274LS19374LS194 174LS19574LS19674LS19774LS221 174LS240 174LS242 174LS243 174LS244 1

78

74161 $ .88

74162

74163

74164

74165

74166 1.20

74167 1.9574170 1.6974172 4.75741737417474175741767417774179 1.347418074181 1.7574182

74184 2.25

74185 2.25

74186 9.9574188 3.90

74190 1.1

74191 1.1741927419374194741957419674197

85

7419

1.5

74199 1.3974221 174251 .9574273 1.0574276 1 .e74279 .7

74283 1.40

74284 3.90

74285 3.9074290 1742987436574366743677436874390 14574393 1.9074490 1.90

4041 1.25

4042 95

4043 .85

4044 854046 1.75

40474048

404940504051

1.25

43 74LS245S2.20

.43 74LS247 1.10

.55 74LS248 1.10

19 74LS249 1.19

35 74LS251 1.40

89 74LS253 140

52 74LS257

79 74LS258

.49 74LS259 2.95

85 74LS260 .65

85 74LS261 2.49

25 74LS266

.49 74LS273 1.75

.79 74LS275 4.40

.79 74LS279 .59

.70 74LS283

19 74LS290 .99.99 74LS293.85 74LS295 1.75 74LS298 1.19.05 74LS324 1

15 74LS347 1.95

.05 74LS348 1.95

.05 74LS352 1

.19 74LS353 1.19

.89 74LS363 1.4

48 74LS365 .6915 74LS366 .6915 74LS367 .6999 74LS368 .6989 74LS373 1.8989 74LS374 1.8989 74LS375 .69

20 74LS377 1.9515 74LS385 1.9515 74LS38698 74LS390 1.95.98 74LS393 1.9515 74LS395 195 74LS399 2.3589 74LS424 2.9589 74LS668 1.7515 74LS670 2.2969 81LS95 1.669 81LS96 M69 81LS97 1.£

49 81LS98 1.CVOLUME PRICING

CALLTOLL FREE

4089 $2.95

4093 .99

4094 2.95

4098 2.29

4099 2.25

14408 12.95

14409 12.95

14410 12.9514412 12.9514415 £

4055 3.95

4056 2.95

4059 9.25

4060 1.394066 .75

4069 .35

4070 .49

4071 .35

4072 .35

4073 .35

4075 .35

4076 1.29

4077 .35

4078 .35

4081 .35

4082 .354085 195

4502450345054506450745084510451145124515451645184520455545564566

1.191.392.75

800-854-8230

TWX

910-595-1565

Mailorder P.O. Box 17329 Irvine, CA 92713

Retail: 131 OR E. Edinger. Santa Ana CA 92705(714) 558-8813542 W. Trimble. San Jnse. CA 95131(408) 948-7010

TERMS: MO. Cashier's Check. Sank Wire Personalchecks allow 2 weeks tor processing. Include DriwiLicense and credit card *s Visa, AMEX CB add 3%service charge. Add 3% shipping S handling or S2.50,whichever is greater. Add 10% lor foreign orders orUS Parcel Post. Include Telephone number NOCODsPrices subject lo change without notice. Some ilemssubject to prior sale. We reserve the right to substitutemanufacturer. Retail prices may vary.

Circle 7 on inquiry card.

> Zr=-CQMPUTER^A/TOCMXJCTSbEHss

Vista

Vision 80

"^ as reviewed inMay BYTE pg. 266

This is the widely discussedCadillac 80 columncard for theApple II. The Vision 80 responds to more Apple text screen commands thanany other board. It supports PASCAL, Microsofts Z80 Sottcard and can beused as an intelligent terminal.

List Price.... $395.00 Special Low Price $269.00

The Vision 80 can also be used in conjunction with the Vision 40 (allowsenhanced character sets) and the Vision 20 for lower case.

° UNBEATABLE

• memory ADD-ON PRICESI

VISTA 576K Expandable In 64K Increments

• W/256K populated only S999

• w/512K populated only 1599

• W/576K populated only 1799

VISTA/SUPERCALC/SUPERCACHE"

• 192K with IBM SUPERCALC 799

MICROSOFT RAMCARO

• 64K w/RAMDRIVE (expandable) 419

• 256K w/RAMDRIVE 899

AST MEMORY CARD

• 64K EXPANDABLE 499

• 256K w/PARITY 899

AST "COMBO CARD"

• MEMORY, ASYNCH COMM, PARALLEL

• 64K SP 525

• 256K SP 1049

• INTERFACE CARDS

AST ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS

• 2 RS232 PORTS 269

• BABY BLUE Z80 CARD 550

• PROTOTYPE CARD 69

• EXTENDERCARD 29

• DISK DRIVES-ADD-IN (Compatible) 239

• EPSON ADD-ON PRINTER 429

• SUPR'MOD V RF MODULATOR 49

• EPSON TO IBM CABLE 49

Mxeo $429.00

MX80FT 529.00

MX100FT 725.00

Apple I/O w/cable 54.95

Serial I/O w/cable 95.00

Serial I/O w/2k & cable 129.00

Qrapf Tax 89.0O

Printer Pal (P80) 29.95

Printer Pal (P100) 39.95

C.ltoh

STARWRITER F-10

40 CPS Daisy Wheel .PRO-WRITER 8510A

DIABLO 630

Letter quality Daisy Wheel Typewriter in-terlaces to Apple, Atari, NEC. TRS80 andRS232 Serial ports.

LISTESIOOROComp Print $1690ES100 Typewriter Print 1195GO 10 Apple I/O card 349GQ11 Other l/O's 349I/O Cable 49

ACP

$1395

1050

169

299

29

OKI DATA

Diablo 630RO$2095

IDS PAPER TIGER

Dot Resolution Grap-hics* 9-wire stag.»A printhead

• Lowercasedecenders• Over I50cps• Bi-directional,logic seeking* 8character sizes* 30-132 col. • Hi-resdot graphics* Proportional spacing• Text justification. L|Sy p

Prism 80 $899 S 699

IDS Paper Tiger 560G 1395 1099Prism 132 (color) 1995 1875

• 120cpsf • Logic

M seeking* • Doublewidthscondensedprint* Fontseletion, char-acter pitch & line spacing program cont-rollable* Bi-directional printing

82A 120 cps w/tractor $499.00

83A 120cps 136columns... 740.00

84A-P200cpS 136 col 999.00

84A-S Serial w/2K Buffer 1199.00

Apple Card 49.95

Apple Cable , 19.95

Serial Card w/2K 129.95

Graphics ROM (82A/83A) 75.00

• 144 x 160 dots/inch* Proportional spac-ing • Lower case descenders* Nx9 dotmatrix*8 char, sizes* 5 unique alphabets

• Greek character set* Graphic symbols

• 100 cps*Bi-direc!ional logic seeking

• Adjustable tractors* Single-sheet frictionfeed* Vertical & horizontal tabbing

NEC 8023 List $795 ACP $549

• Truly Portable 18 lbs.

• Includes: OP/M"",Wordstar-plus1" Basic 80,Valet S. Charton.

• Includes: (2) Doublewi Density, Double Sided thiny drives. • 3B0K Bytes each

acp PRICE $3595.00

m KAYCOMPII

• Full 9" Green Screen

• CP/M Based

• Portable BusinessComputer

• Complete w/CP/M 2.2 M BASIC, Magic Work-sheet. Selec Word Processing, and Teach.

ACP Price only $1795

Apple II

CompatibleDisk Drive

Totally compatible to Apple Drives.

299'

AATAR

- 128K

MODEL

800 with 16K800 with 48K800 with 32K ■+810 Disk Drive825 Printer830 Acoustic Modem850 Interface ModuleAtari VisicalcAtari PAC-MANMicrotek 16K RAMMicrotek 32K RAMAxalonl28KRAM400 with 16K

LIST ACP

$1080.00 $689.95

1280.00 789.95

1295.00

469.95

699.95

159.95

189.95

169.00

CALL

75.00

149.00

CALL

329.95

600.00

999.00199.00219.95200.00

5V4" DISK DRIVES

TM100-1 SSDD. $219.95

SA400 SSDD 249.95

TM100-2 DSDD 298.95

TM10O-3 SSDD 298.95

TM100-4 DSDD 419.95

B-51 SSDD 224.95

B-52 DSDD 334.95

B-91 SSDD 359.95

B-92 DSDD 459.95

5V«" Cabinets with Power Supply

Single cabinet w/power supply $69.95

Dual cabinet w/powersupply 94.95

SA801 R SSDD. $395.00

SA851 R DSDD 549.00

TM848-1 SSDD 425.00

TM848-2 DSDD 575.00

DT-8 DSDD 525.00

FDD10O-8 SSDD 299.00

FDD20O-8 DSDD 399.00

V1000 Case/Power Supply 375.00

Dual 8" Power Suppty $99.OX)

APPLE System Saver FAN

Surge Suppressor Fan.Double Outlet Receptacle.

^SANYO

□

os\

FCC CLASS 2 APPROVED

MODEL LIST ACP

4509 9"B/W

5109CX 9" Green

8012C12"B7W

8012CX 12" Green

6013 13" Color

6113 13" RGB 995 889

NEW Down S Dirty

2012 12"B/W 145 139

211212MGreen 169 155

$210$169220 179250 219260 229470 422

USI Computer Products

SANYOEQUIVALENT

MODEL LIST ACP

Pi I 9" Green $199 $159Pill 12" Green 199 149Pi III 12" Orange 249 199

□

TERMINALS

TELEVIDEO

910C $599

920C 7M

925C 749

950 989

SOROC

IQ120 $695

IQ130 595

IQ 140 999

Controller $99.00

Just plug in and run.

MB '■ Computer Company

Add 8" Disk DrivesTo Your Apple II

Up To 2.4 Megabyte!

Now "TRIMLINE V1100" withTandon Thinline DS DD Drives.

Tandon Dual DS DD $1995.00

Qume Dual DSDD 1895.00

Shugart Dual 801R 1495.00

tfcippkz computer

^0"- Authorized Dealer

ON DISK FOR APPLE

SAVE UP TO 40% OFF

ACP

visicalc 3.3 $189

Supercalc 189

Visi Trend/Visi Plot 235

Visi Dex 199

Visi File 199

Visi Plot 159

Desk top Plan ll/lll 199

Visi Schedule 239

Visi Term 89

Zork 34

Versa Form 287

dBase II Ashton-Tate 489

Wordstar 235

Mail Merge 82

Spell Star 159

Oata Star 189

Calc Star 189

Super Sort 132

Spellguard 219

DB Master (new) 178

DB Utility 72

PFS ll/lll 69

Report ll/lll 69

Locksmith 4,0 74

Accounting Plus 1195

Microcourier 229

Microtelegraph 229

1

r

HEWLETTPACKARD

HP85A Computer $1985

HP87 Computer 1945

• 82907A 32K Model 239

• 82908A 64K Model 349

• 82909A 128K Model 599

• 82900A CP/M with 64K 425

HP125 Computer 1985

7470 Low Cost Plotter 1265

9895A 8" Dual Floppy 5135

What HEWLETT

%LHM PACKARD

CALCULATORS

HP41C Prog. Scientific $189

HP41CV W/2.2K Memory 256

HP41 Memory Module 26

HP41 Quad RAM 83

HP41 Card Reader 169

HP41 Printer 292

HP41 Optical Wand 99

HP-IL Interface Loop 119

HP11C Advanced Scientific 119

HP12C Financial 129

HP34C Prog. Scientific 112

HP38C Prog. Business 116

TOLL FREE

Mailorder P.O. Box 17321 Irvine. CA 92713

Apple II Pius w/48KApple II PILSW/64KApple II System Special w/64K,

Z80 Card, Vision 80 2519.00

Apple III w/128K 3495.00

Apple III W/256K 4295.00

ProFile Hard Disk Drive 3499.00

Vista Apple III Timecard 195.00

UST ACP

$1530.00 $1099.00

1729.00 1199.00

1775.00

2895.00

3495.00

2899.00

169.00

"Apple Products Available In-store Only"

APPLE HARDWARE

Apple II Disk II w/Control'r $645.00 $529.00 |

[ Apple II Disk II w/o

525.00

449.00

I Apple Family SystemPrototype Card

2495.0024.00

1995.0C

21.95

IEEE-488 Interface

450.00225.00

375.00199.00

Super Serial Card

195.00

1 74.95

Language Card

195.00

169.95

Graphic Tablet w/IO

795.00

695.00

"Available In-store Only"

MORE HARDWARE

MICROSOFT

LIST

ACP

Z80 Softcard

$395.00

$256.00

16KRamcard

195.00

1 29.00

The Premium Package

899.00

579.00

SSM

AIO-II4 Function Serial/

Parallel

225.00

179.00

AIO Serial/Parallel

195.00

165.00

KEYBOARD COMPANY

Numeric Keypad

149.95

124.95

Apple li Joystick

49.95

44.50

Apple II Handcontroiters

29.95

25.95

PROMETHEUS

VERSA box Spool/Bufr

249.00

199.00

VERSAcard FouHn-1

199.00

1 66.00

AUTO-DOC diagnostics

99.00

82.00

VISTA COMPUTER CO.

Vision 80 80x24 Card

395.00

269.00

Vision 40 40 col.

enhance

199.00

1 49.00

Vision 20 Lo case ROM

?9.95

25.00

A800 &' DS, DD

Conttjoller

595.00

499.00

PROM Development Bd

595.00

399.00

GB75 IBM typewriter I/O

195.00

169.00

40 Char Type-ahead

Butler

49.95

35.00

VIDEX

Videoterm 80x24 Card

345.00

279.00

Keyboard Enhancer II

149.00

1 29.00

Soft Switch

35.00

30.0O

Function Strip Keys

79.00

69.00

PRACTICAL PERIPHERALS

16KMicrobutfer

259.00

220.00

32K Microbufter

299.00

253.00

Snapshot Option

69.00

59.00

VOTRAX

Type n' Talk Speech

375.00

339.00

SCOTT INSTRUMENTS

Voice Hecognit'n Vb 1 80

799.00

675.00

CORVUS

5 Mb Hard Disk

3750.00

2995.00

10 Mb Hard Disk

5350.00

4325. OO

20 Mb Hard Disk

6450.00

5240.00

ORANGE MICRO

The Grappler I/O

195.00

135.00

SATURN SYSTEMS

32K RAM Card

239.00

189.00

64K RAM Card

425.00

355.00

128K RAM Card

599.00

505.00

NOVATION

Apple-Cat II

389.00

329.00

HAYES MICROCOMPUTER

Hayes Chronograph

249.00

229.00

Micromodem II

349.00

289.00

Smartmodem

299.00

229.00

MOUNTAIN COMPUTER

CPS Multifunction

239.00

RAM Plus

189.00

139.00

Expansion Chassis

750.00

699.00

Music System100,000 Day Clock

395.00375.00

335. OO

325.OO

The Clock

280.00

249.00

A/D plus D/A

350.00

299.00

Supertalker

199.00

169.00

Intro! X-10 Controller

200.00

175.00

ROM Plus

155.00

129.00

Keyboard Filter ROM

55.00

44.00

Copy ROM

55.00

44.OO

ROM Writer

175.00

159.00

M&R ENTERPRISES

Sup'rterm 80x24 Card

395.00

279.00

Sup'rSwitcher 6 Amp

Power Supply

295.00

239.00

Sup'rMod II RF

Modulator

35.00

28.OO

Apple Fan

55.00

43.00

ALS

The "Z" Card Z80 card

295.00

219.00

Smarterm 80x24 Card

349.00

279.0O

The Synergizer Package

699.00

549.00

16K RAM CARD

^ Apple II16K

*^^^ Compatible with

Z80 Softcard ... PASCAL CP/M"

Full 1 year Warranty. Top Quality by COEX

69

95

NEW *LOW •>

PRICE

Also from COEX NEW EPSON

Parallel Interface for Apple.

With cable $54.95

800-854-8230 " :,3,0BE"'^r5v(i:,8a8r38CA9"05

mux

910-595-1565

542 W. Trimble. San Jose. CA 95131(408) 946-7010

TERMS'. MO. Cashiers Check. Bankwire. Personalchecks allow 2 weeks tor processing Include DriversLicense and credil card *S Visa. AMEX. CB add 3%service charge. Add 3% shipping & Handling or $2.50.whichever is greater. Add 10% for foreign orders orUS Parcel Post. Include Telephone number NO CODs.Prices sub|eel to change without notice Some itesubject to prior sale We reserve the right to su bstilmanufacturer Retail prices may vary.

Circle 7 on Inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982

509

PAlOMAft TAKES A BIG

But you still get expert technical advice,

in-house service repairs and

EPSON

Feature disposable print heads andthe new GRAPHTRAX PLUS. Allmodels print bidirectionally and 80CPS. Mx-80F/T and Mx-100 both havefriction and tractor feed. Unsurpasseddot placement accuracy.

MX-80 (80 col.) CALL

MX-80 F/T (80 col.) CALL

MX-100 (136 col.) CALL

Interface Cards .'. CALL

Cables CALL

C. ITOH

Pro-Writer

Offers 8 character sizes, 5 different alphabets,proportional spacing, bidirectional, vert andhoriz. tabs, high resolution graphics, nx9matrix, 100 CPS 136, col. max. Friction andtractor feed.

8510 Serial $645.

8510 Parallel 495.

'Special of1the Month'

NOVEL

Image 800

Take advantage of the rock bottom price onthis rugged 9x9 dot matrix printer now.150 CPS, bidirectional tractor feed, 6 or 8lines per inch. 10,13.6 16.5 CPI. Serial orparallel interface. 80, 136, 224, cot. to awide 15". 12 different printing modes. Im-pressive print head life of 200 million char.11 VFCI channels for forms flexibility. Frontor bottom feed. Hurry! Priced to sell quickly.IMAGE 800 $995.

PREMIUM PRINTERS

COMRITER

CR-l Daisy Wheel

Typewriter quality printing for your wordprocessing computer system. Wide 16.5"paper width, serial or parallel interface Fullcontrol panel MTBF 2,500 hours. Designedwith few mechanical parts so high reliability.17 CPS, 10, 12 and 15 CPI. Bidirectional 132,158, 198 col. Incredibly low priced.CR-l -C List $ 1195 CALL

C. ITOH

F10 Daisy Wheel

Letter quality printer. Friction feed orbidirectional tractor. 40 or 55 CPS. 136, 163and variable col.F10 List $1795 CALL

ADLER

Printer Typewriter

11 or 17.5 CPS, 10, 12, 15 CPI andproportional spacing. 2 line correctingmemory, interchangeable print wheels.

SE 1010 Ust $1295 $995.

Interface Card ADD 350.

OLYMPIA

Printer Typewriter

Letter quality daisy wheel interfaces to Apple,Atari NEC, TRS80 and RS232 Serial ports.17.5 CPS.. 10, 12 CPI.ES 100KRO Computer printer

Llst$1690 $1150.

ES 100 Typewriter Only

List $1195 $895.

Interface Card Only $250.

(specify serial or parallel)I/O Cable (specify serial or parallel) .... 25.Apple Serial Card $99.

SMITH-CORONA

TP-l Daisy Wheel

Letter quality price breakthrough! Serial orparallel data interface, 12 CPS, 10 or 12 CPI.Smith-Corona TP-l List $895 $695

NEC

Spinwriters

Letter quality printers: 7700 serial print 55CPS, 3500 series print 33 CPS. Both seriesoffer up to 128 char., take paper up to 16 in.wide. 7700 series: 136 col. at 10 CPI, 163 col.at 12 CPI. Same for 3500 series plus 204 col.at 15 CPU

7710/7730 RO w/tractor $2475.

7720 KSR w/tractor 2850.

3510/3530 RO 1695.

Bidirectional tractor 200.

Push tractor 350.

New at Palomar!

STARMICRONICS

DP-8480FT

This new, high powered dot-matrix printer ispacked with features to give youunbelievable flexibility, yet Idok at the lowcost! 80 CPS, bidirectional printing, 10, 12,16.5 CPI, 6, 8, 12 lines per inch. Frictionfeed and tractor feed. Printing options in-clude block graphics, block and double-width printing and 80, 96, 132 col. Parallelor serial interface. Long life print head: 100million char, life expectancy.DP-848FT List $465 CALL

I II

MPI

88G99G150G

High resolution dot-addressable graphics forApple. Enhanced "correspondence quality"printing. Tractor and friction feed. Serial andparallel input Bidirectional printing. 88G,99Ghave 10, 12, 16.5CPI. 150Chas 10, 12 17CPI. 88G: 100 CPS, 80. 96, 132 col. 99G: 100CPS, 80, 96, 136 col. 150G: 150 CPS, 136,163, 226 col, 16" wide.

88G Ust $749 $519.

99G List $849 569.

150G Ust $ 1095 995.

Apple parallel I/O Card/Cable/Disk

with Graphics Prom (Ap-Pak) 145.

IEEE I/O Card 55.

Single Sheet Feeder 25.

QT Cover 30.

NEC

8023-A Matrix

High resolution dot graphics. Proportionalspacing. Correspondent quality printing.Bidirectional tractor and friction feed. 80,136 col. Greek and math symbols, 100 CPSmatrix printer.8023A Parallel Ust $780 $499.

OKIDATA

Microline 82A—80/132 col., 120 CPS, 9x9dot matrix, friction, pin feed or tractor feed(optional) rear and bottom feed. Includesbidirectional/logic seeking and serialparallel or IEEE interfaces. Double width andcondensed characters, true lower casedescenders and graphics.

82A..... $519.

Microline 83A—132/232 col., 120 CPS,handles forms up to 15 inc. wide, plus all thefeatures of the 82A.

83A $745.

Microline 84SP—132/232 col., 200 CPS withfull dot graphics built-in. Takes forms up to15 in. wide, plus all the features of the 83A84SP $ 1150.

■ #k PALOMAR

WRITE OR CALL (800) 237-3333IN CALIFORNIA CALL (800) 338-5555

910-105 W. San Marcos Blvd., Dept. 10B, San Marcos, CA 92069

_ w Computer Products

iiFllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll

510 BYTE October 1982

Circle 298 on inquiry card.

BYTE OUT OF PRICES

fast response on orders,guaranteed satisfaction

APPLE

AND ACCESSORIES

Apple II Plus &48K. . .CALLDisk II

Wcontrol. DOS33. .CALL

Disk AddOn CALL

ZBOSoftcard $299.

16K RAMcard 99.

Par. Printer Card 39.

Serial Card 109.

Clock Calendar Card. . . .99.EEE Card 249.

A-DCard $99.

ROM Plus 129.

Keyboard Filter ROM. . . .49.CPS Multifunction Card. 179.Paymar L/C Adapt. . . 19/32

Videx Videoterm 299.

Dana Fan 39.

TG Game Paddles 32

TG Joystick 47.

Select A Port 47.

APPLE SOFTWARE

BUSINESS

Financial Partner $191.

PascalTutor 97.

Pro Easy Writer 137.

Easy Writer 4C Col 7a

Word Star (Req. SQ. . . .220.Super Sort (Req. SQ. ... 118

Mail Merger 75.

Data Star (Req. SQ. . . . 170.Spell Star (Req. SQ. . . . 115.

Calc Star (Req. SQ 115.

Super Text II 117.

The Address Book 38.

Form Letter Module. . . .78

Visfflle 229.

Desktop Plan II 275.

Desktop Plan II 229.

Visipbt 185.

Visitrend / Visipbt 275.

VTsidex 229.

Visiterm 89.

Visicalc 33 229.

Infotory 198.

SuperspeU (Req. SQ. ... 435.Word Processor (Req. SQ255.

PERSONAL/HOME

Typing Tutor $19.

Elementary Math 31.

Personal Filing System... 74.Personal Report System. . 74.

Algebra 1 31.

Compu-Math: Arith. Skill.39.Compu-Math: Fractions. .31.CompoMath: Decimals. .31.CompuSpells: (Req. DataDisk) 23.

MBCApplesoft Compiler. . . $144.

Basic Computer 27.

Apple-Doc 41.

D.B. Master 189.

D.B. IMiry Pack 81.

EZ Draw 33 40.

Pascal Graph. Ed 79.

GAMES

Raster Blaster $24.

Air Traffic Controller 9.

Temple of Apshai 31.

Datestones of Ryn 15.

Motloc's Tower 15.

Rescue at Rigel 23.

Hell Fire Warrior 31.

Crash, Crumble & Chomp. 23.Upper Reaches of Apshai. 15.The Keys to Acheron. ... 15.

Snack Attack 23.

The Prisoner 23.

Zonkl 31.

Zonk II 31.

Robot Wars 31.

Three Mile Island 31.

ABM 19.

Castle Worfenstein 23.

Wizard and Princes 25.

Missile Defense 23.

Cranston Manor 27.

Waip Destroyer 23.

Cyber Strike 31.

Star Warrior 31.

Phantoms Five. ...... $24.

Space Eggs 24.

PubarH 24.

Autobahn 24.

Orbitron 24.

Gamma Goblins 24.

Gorgon 32

Sneakers 32

Epoch 28

Cops and Robbers 28.

Outpost 24.

Dark Forest 24.

Beer Run 24.

Hadron 28.

Twerps 24.

Snake Byte 24.

Borg 24.

Computer Foosball 24.

Minotaur 28.

Kabul Spy 28.

Cydod 24.

Jellyfish 24.

Bandits 28

Lemmings 24.

Fry Wars 24.

ATARI SOFTWARE

Adventure "1.2.3(D) .. $32.

Adventure "4.5.6(D) 32.

Adventure •7.8.9(D) ... .32.Adventure "10.11.12(D) 32.

Atari Mailing List(D) 19.

Text Wizard 79.

Comrxi-Math/FractD) ...32.Compu-Math/Frac.tC) .. .24.

Compu-Math/Dec.(D) 32.

CompuMath/D«:.(C) 24.

Utter Perfect(D) 119.

Mail Merger/UtDity(D) ... .24.

APPLE

GRAPHICS

CARD

Better Than Grappler!

• Dump Screen 1 or 2

• Double size • Emphasize

• Inverse or normal • Rotate

• Set left margin or center image.

This improved intelligent printer interface

card enables you to print either of the Apple's

hres. screens with just a few keystrokes.

Compatible with Epson, Nee, C. Itoh

Anadex, Centronics, Okidata, IDS. 15

commands.

Genie Interface Card 99.

NEC

PC-8000 SeriesMicrocomputer £

• Z-80A CPCI 4 MHz

• 5 user programmable function keys

• 82 keys with numeric keypad

• 160 x 100 resolution

• 80 character screen

PC-800 1A Microcomputer w/32KRAM $750.

PC-8012A I/O Unit with 32K RAMExpansion slots 480.

PC-8031A Dual Mini-Disk Drive Unit.. 750.

MODEMS

CIDS, HAYESNOVATION CAT

(IDS 103 LP, direct $ 169.

103 JLP Auto Answer 209.

202 LP 1200 BAUD 259.

NOVATION CAT, acoustic 145.

D-Cat, direct 155.

Auto Cat 219.

Apple Cat 275.

HAYES SI00 Micromodem 349.

Apple Micromodem 299.

Smart Modem 245.

ANCHOR

AutomationSignalman Mark 1

RS232 300 BAUD, Bell 103 compatible,

Automatic selection of originate or answer

modes.

Signalman Mark 1 $99.

RIBBONS

NEC7700 $77/Doz.

Qume 45/Doz.

Diablo 66/Doz.

Anadex 135/6 ea.

Tritel 95/Doz.

TI/DEC/TTY 45/Doz.

Epson 80/FT 12.99

MPI/Axiom/Base 2 13.95/ea.

only

$99.

CENTRONICS AND I

OSBORNE CABLES

Centronics to Osborne 6ft $30. I

Centronics to Centronics 6ft 30. j

CENTRONICS ANDIBM CABLES I

Centronics to IBM 10 ft $30. (

RS232 CABLES

4 wire male-male 10 ft $25. i

9 wire male-male 10 ft 30. |

4 wire male-female 10 ft 25. i

9 wire male-female 10ft 30. I

RS-232 SWITCH BOX

RS232 Switch Box (Use 2 terminals orprinters from one output port)... 109. <

VIDEO TERMS, MONITQRS

COMREX

CR-5500—Monochrome Display Monitor—12" green screen, 80 char, wide x 24 rows.

CR-5500 List $179 5129.

CR-6500 Color Display Monitor— 13" in-linecolor. Hi-Resolution 260H x 300V.CR-6500 List $445 $339.

CR-6600 Color Display Monitor—13" in-linecolor with RGB signal for higher resolutiongraphics. 380H x 240V.CR-6600 List $619 $439.

Ampex Dialog 80 $995.

Ampex Dialog 30 795.

Televideo 920C 845.

Televideo 950 995.

SOROC IQ 120 499.

Zenith 12" Green 119.

NEC 12" Green.... 169.

^"Just arrived^"

Just arrived

TAXAN Video Monitors

KG-12N— Monochrome Display Monitor— 12"green screen, 2000 char, display. 800 linehorizontal resolution. Better than 18 MHz band-width.KG-12N. List $169 CALL

RGB Visbn 1 — Color Display Monitor — 12"screen 380 lines horizontal resolution, 2000 char,display. 16 cobrs for Apple 111 and IBM, no inter-face modules needed Compatible with Apple IIusing Taxan RGB-ll card. 18MHz bandwidth.RGB Vision 1 List $399 CALL

FAN FOLD PAPER

(Prices F.O.B. S.P.)9'/2xl l-20*Bond White (2700 ct.).147/exl l-20*Bond White (2400 ct.)147/sxl l-20*Bond 1/2" Green Bar(2400 ct.) 37

$29..37.

PALOMAft m 5

Computer Products ^^^^^ —

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll

TERMS OF SALE: Cash, check, money order, bank wire transfer, creditcard or purchase orders from qualified firms and institutions. Please in-clude telephone number with order and expiration date on credit cardorders. California residents add 6% sales tax. Advertised prices are forprepaid orders F.O.B. shipping point. Add 3% or $3 minimum for ship-ping in U.S. Pricing and availability subject to change without notice.

WE CARRY

LOTS MORE THAN

LISTED HERE!

INQUIRIES WELCOME.

Circle 298 on Inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982

511

/i'l (\A 64K DYNAMICT" I Ut 200 NS

ALL MERCHANDISE 100% GUARANTEED!

TMM2016

2KX8 STATIC200 NS

CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES

STATIC RAMS

I

mI

2101

5101

2102-1

2102L-4

2102L-2

2111

2112

2114

2114L-4

2114L-3

2114L-2

2147

TMS4044-4

TMS4044-3

TMS4044-2

MK4118

TMM2016-200

TMM2016-150

TMM2016-100

HM6116-4

HM6116-3

HM6116-2

HM6116LP-4

HM6116LP-3

HM6116LP-2

Z-6132

256 x 4256 X 41024 X 11024 X 11024 X 1256 x 4256x41024 x 41024 X 41024 X 41024 x44096 x 14096 x 14096 x 14096 x 11024 x 82048 X 82048 x 82048 x 82048 X 82048 x 82048 x 82048 x 82048 X 82048 x 84096 x 8

(450ns)(450ns)(450ns)(450ns)(250ns)(450ns)(450ns)(450ns)(450ns)(300ns)(200ns)(55ns)(450ns)(300ns)(200ns)(250ns)(200ns)(150ns)(100ns)(200ns)(150ns)(120ns)(200ns)(150ns)(120ns)(300ns)

(cmos)

(LP)(LP)

(LP)(LP)(LP)

(cmos)

(cmos)

(cmos)

(cmos)(LP)

(cmos)(LP)

(cmos)(LP)

(Oslal)

1.95

3.95

.89

1.29

1.69

2.99

2.99

8/14.95

8/15.25

8/15.45

8/15.95

4.95

3.49

3.99 1

4.49

9.95

4 15

4.95 I

6.15

4.95

5.95

8.95

6.95 I

8 95 I

10.95 I

34.95 I

DISCCONTROLLERS

LP Low Power

Qstat Quasi-Static

DYNAMIC RAMS

TMS4027 4096 X 1

(250ns)

1.99

MK4108 8192 x 1

(200ns)

1.95

MM5298 8192 X 1

(250ns)

1.85

4116-300 16384x1

(300ns)

8/11.75

4116-250 16384x1

(250ns)

8/11.95

4116-200 16384x1

(200ns)

8/13.95

4116-150 16384x1

(150ns)

8/15.95

4116-120 16384x1

(120ns)

8/29.95

2118 16384x1

(150ns) (5v)

4.95

MK4816 2048x8

(300ns)(5v)

24.95

4164-200 65536x1

(200ns)(5v)

6.25

4164-150 65536x1

(150ns)(5v)

7.25

5V : single 5 volt supply

EPROMS

1702

2708

2758

2716

2716-1

TMS2716

TMS2532

2732

2732-250

2732-200

2764

2764-250

2764-200

TMS2564

MC68764

256

10241024204820482048409640964096409681928192819281928192

5v

x8 (1us)

x 8 (450ns)

x 8 (450ns)(5v)

x8 (450ns) (5v)

x8 (350ns) (5v)

x 8 (450ns)

x 8 (450ns)(5v)

x 8 (450ns) (Sv)

X 8 (250ns)(5v)

x8 (200ns) (5v)

x 8 (450ns)(5v)

x8 (250ns) (5v)

x 8 (200ns)(5v)

X 8 (450ns) (5v)

x 8 (450ns) (5v)(24 pin)

Single 5 Vott Supply

4.503.955.953.956.257.957.954.9512.9516.9516.9518.9519.9524.95call

EPROM ERASERS

Capacity

Intensity

Timer

Chip

(uW/Cm>)

PE-14

6

5,200

83.00

PE-14T

X

6

5,200

119.00

PE-24T

X

9

6,700

175.00

PL-265T

X

20

6,700

255.00

PR-125T

X

16

15,000

349.00

PR-320

X

32

15,000

595.00

1771

1791

1793

1795

1797

6843

8272

UPD765

1691

2143

16.9529.9538.9554.9554.9534.9539.9539.9518.9518.95

INTERFACE

8T26 1.69

8T28 2.49

8T95 .99

8T96 .99

8T97 .99

8T98 .99

DM8131 2.95

DP8304 2.29

DS8835 1.99

DS8836 .99

MISC.

3242 7.95

3341 4.95

MC3470 4.95

MC3480 9.00

11C90 13.95

95H90 7.95

2513-001 UP 9.95

2513-002 LOW 9.95

SOUND CHIPS

76477 3.95

76489 8.95

AY3-8910 12.95

MC3340 1.49

CRTCONTROLLERS

6845 14.95

68B45 35 95

HD46505SP 15.95

6847 12.25

68047 24.95

8275 29.95

7220 99.95

CRT5027 39.95

CRT5037 49.95

DP8350 49.95

BIT-RATEGENERATORS

MC14411 11.95

BR1941 11.95

4702 12.95

COM5016 16.95

COM8116 10.95

MM5307 10.95

UARTS

AY3-1014 6.95

AY5-1013 3.95

PT1472 9.95

TR1602 3.95

2350 9.95

I 2651 8.95

| TMS6011 5.95

IM6402 7.95

IM6403 8.95

j INS8250 14.95

KEYBOARDCHIPS

| AY5-2376 11.95

AY5-3600 11.95

74C922 See 74C0074C923 Series Prices

CLOCKCIRCUITS

MM5314 4.95

MM5369 3.95

MM5375 4.95

MM58167 8.95

MM58174 11.95

LMSM5832 6.95

Z-80

2.5 Mhz

Z80-CPU 3.95

Z80-CTC 5.95

Z80-DART 15.25

Z80-DMA 17.50

Z80-PIO 5.75

Z80-SIO/0 18.50

Z80-SIO/1 18.50

Z80-SIO/2 18.50

Z80-SIO/9 16.95

4.0 Mhz

Z80A-CPU 6.00

Z80A-CTC 8.65

Z80A-DART 18.75

Z80A-DMA 27.50

Z80A-PIO 6.00

Z80A-SIO/0 22.50

Z80A-SIO/1 22.50

Z80A-SIO/2 22.50

Z80A-SIO/9 19.95

6.0 Mhz

Z80B-CPU 17.95

Z80B-CTC 15.50

Z80B-PIO 15.50

ZILOG

Z6132 34.95

. Z8671 39.95;

CRYSTALS

8000

32.768 khz

1.95

1.0 mhz

4.95

1.8432

4.95

2.0

3.95

2.097152

3.95

2.4576

3.95

3.2766

3.95

3.579535

3.95

4.0

3.95

5.0

3.95

5.0688

3.95

5.185

3.95

5.7143

3.95

6.0

3.95

6.144

3.95

6.5536

3.95

8.0

3.95

10.7836

3.95

14.31818

3.95

15.0

3.95

16.0

3.95

18.0

3.95

18.432

3.95

20.0

3.95

22.1184

3.95

32.0

3.95

DATA

ACQUISITION

ADC0800

15.55

ADC0804

3.49

ADC0809

4.49

ADC0817

9.95

DAC0800

4.95

DAC0806

1.95

DAC0808

2.95

DAC1020

8.25

DAC1022

5.95

MC1408L6

1.95

MC1408L8

2.95

8035 5.95

8039 6.95

INS-8060 17.95

INS-8073 24.95

8080 3.95

8085 5.958085A-2 11.95

8086 29.95

8087 CALL

8088 39.95

8089 89.95

8155 7.95

8156 8.958185 29 958185-2 39958741 39.958748 29.95

.8755 32.00,

6800

8200

8202

29.95

8203

39.95

8205

3.50

8212

1.80

8214

3.85

8216

1.75

8224

2.25

8226

1.80

8228

3.49

8237

19.95

8238

4.49

8243

4.45

8250

10.95

8251

4.49

8253

6.95

8253-5

7.95

8255

4.49

8255-5

5.25

8257

7.95

8257-5

8.95

8259

6.90

8259-5

7.50

8272

39.95

8275

29.95

8279

8.95

8279-5

10.00

8282

6.50

8283

6.50

8284

5.50

8286

6.50

8287

6.50

8288

25.00

8289

49.95

FUNCTION

GENERATORS

MC4024

3.95

LM566

1.49

XR2206

3.75

8038

3.95

INTERSIL

ICL7103 9.50

ICL7106 9.95

ICL7107 12.95

ICL8038 3.95

ICM7107A 5.59

ICM7208 15.95

68000 99.95

6800 4.95

6802 7.95

6808 13.906809E 19.95

6809 12.95

6810 2.95

6820 4 95

6821 3.256828 14.956840 12.95

6843 34.95

6844 25.95

6845 14.956847 12.256850 3.456852 5.756860 9.956862 11.956875 6.956880 2.256883 24.9568047 24.9568488 19.95

6800 1MHZ

68B00

10.95

68B02

22.25

68B09E

29.95

68B09

29.95

68B10

7.95

68B21

12.95

68B45

35.95

68B50

12.95

68BO0

2 MHZ

6500

1

MHZ

6502

5.95

6504

6.95

6505

8.95

6507

9.95

6520

4.35

6522

8.75

6532

11.25

6545

22.50

6551

11.85

2 MHZ

6502A

9.95

6522A

11.70

6532A

12.40

6545A

28.50

6551A

12.95

EXAR

XR 2206XR 2207XR 2208XR 2211XR 2240

9000 SERIES

93169334936894019601960296S02

JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

1224 S. Bascom Avenue

San Jose, CA 95128

800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA)

(408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110

c. 1982 JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

VISIT OUR -NSWwHF°9R5S"

RETAIL STORE T-Th.,9-9 Sat. 11-3

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING

TERMS: For shipping include $2 lor UPS Ground or S3 tor UPS BlueLabel Air. Items over 5 pounds require additional shipping charges.Foreign orders, include sufficient amount lor shipping. There is a $10minimum order. Bay Area and Los Angeles Counties add 6 Vo SalesTax. Other California residents add 6% Sales Tax. We reserve theright to substitute manufacturer. Not responsible for typographicalerrors. Prices are subject to change without notice. We will match orbeat any competitor's price provided it is not below our cost.

BYTE October 1982

Circle 212 on inquiry card.

2716

16K EPROMS

EACH

2732

ALL MERCHANDISE 100% GUARANTEED!

£- f JL 32K EPROMS

CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES

74LS00

74LS00

.24

74LS86

.39

74LS169

1.75

74LS323

2.75

74LS01

.25

74LS90

.55

74LS170

1.49

74LS324

1.75

74LS02

.25

74LS91

.89

74LS173

.69

74LS352

1.29

74LS03

.25

74LS92

.55

74LS174

.55

74LS353

1.29

74LS04

.24

74LS93

.55

74LS175

.55

74LS363

1.35

74LS05

.25

74LS95

.75

74LS181

2.15

74LS364

1.95

74LS08

.28

74LS96

.89

74LS189

8.95

74LS365

.49

74LS09

.29

74LS107

.39

74LS19.0

.89

74LS366

.49

74LS10

.25

74LS109

.39

74LS191

.89

74LS367

.45

74LS11

.35

74LS112

.39

74LS192

.79

74LS368

.45

74LS12

.35

74LS113

.39

74LS193

.79

74LS373

.99

74LS13

.45

74LS114

.39

74LS194

.69

74LS374

.99

74LS14

.59

74LS122

.45

74LS195

.69

74LS377

1.39

74LS15

.35

74LS123

.79

74LS196

.79

74LS378

1.18

74LS20

.25

74LS124

2.90

74LS197

.79

74LS379

1.35

74LS21

.29

74LS125

.49

74LS221

.89

74LS385

1.90

74LS22

.25

74LS126

.49

74LS240

.95

74LS386

.45

74LS26

.29

74LS132

.59

74LS241

.99

74LS390

1.19

74LS27

.29

74LS133

.59

74LS242

.99

74LS393

1.19

74LS28

.35

74LS136

.39

74LS243

.99

74LS395

1.19

74LS30

.25

74LS137

.99

74LS244

.99

74LS399

1.49

74LS32

.29

74LS138

.55

74LS245

1.49

74LS424

2.95

74LS33

.55

74LS139

.55

74LS247

.75

74LS447

.37

74LS37

.35

74LS145

1.20

74LS248

.99

74LS490

1.95

74LS38

.35

74LS147

2.49

74LS249

99

74LS624

3.99

74LS40

.25

74LS148

1.35

74LS251

.59

74LS668

1.69

74LS42

.49

74LS151

.55

74LS253

.59

74LS669

1.89

74LS47

.75

74LS153

.55

74LS257

.59

74LS670

1.49

74LS48

.75

74LS154

1.90

74LS258

.59

74LS674

9.65

74LS49

.75

74LS155

.69

74LS259

2.75

74LS682

3.20

74LS51

.25

74LS156

69

74LS260

.59

74LS683

3.20

74LS54

.29

74LS157

.65

74LS266

.55

74LS684

3.20

74LS55

.29

74LS158

.59

74LS273

1.49

74LS685

3.20

74LS63

1.25

74LS160

.69

74LS275

3.35

74LS688

2.40

74LS73

.39

74LS161

.65

74LS279

.49

74LS689

3.20

74LS74

.35

74LS162

.69

74LS280

1.98

74LS783

24.95

74LS75

.39

74LS163

.65

74LS283

.69

81LS95

1.49

74LS76

39

74LS164

.69

74LS290

.89

81LS96

1.49

74LS78

.49

74LS165

.95

74LS293

.89

81LS97

1.49

74LS83

.60

74LS166

1.95

74LS295

.99

81LS98

1.49

74LS85

69

74LS168

1.75

74LS298

.89

25LS252125LS2569

2.804.25

IC SOCKETS

7400

8 pin ST14 pin ST16 pin ST18 pin ST20 pin ST22 pin ST24 pin ST28 pin ST40 pin ST

1-99.13.15.17.20.29.30.30.40.49

.12.13.16.27.27.27.32.39

ST SOLDERTAIL8 pin WW .59 .49

14 pin WW16 pin WW18 pin WW20 pin WW22 pin WW24 pin WW28 pin WW40 pin WW

.69.69.991.091.391.491.691.99

.52.58.90.981.281.351.491.80

WW WIREWRAP

16pinZIF 6.75 call

24pinZIF 9.95 call

ZIF TEXTOOL(Zero Insertion Force)

CONNECTORS

2.95 I3.50

RS232 MALERS232 FEMALERS232 FEMALE

RIGHT ANGLERS232 HOODS-100 STS-100 WW

5.251.253.954.95 ,

DIP SWITCHES

4 POSITION 85

5 POSITION .90

6 POSITION .90

7 POSITION 95

8 POSITION .95 J

Prices Slashed!74S00

74S00

74S02

74S03

74S04

74S05

74S08

74S09

74S10

74S11

74S15

74S20

74S22

74S30

74S32

74S37

74S38

74S40

74S51

74S64

74S65

74S74

74S85

74S86

74S112

74S113

74S114

74S124

74S132

74S133

74S134

74S135

74S138

74S139

74S140

74S151

74S153

74S157

74S158

74S161

74S162

.32.35.35.35.35.35.40.35.35.35.35.35.35.40.88.8535.35.40.40.501.99.50.50.50.552.751.24.45.50.89.85.85.55.95.95.95.951.951.95

74S16374S16874S16974S17474S17574S18174S18274S18874S18974S19474S19574S19674S19774S20174S22574S24074S24174S24474S25174S25374S25774S25874S26074S27474S27574S28074S28774S28874S28974S30174S37374S37474S38174S38774S41274S47174S47274S47474S48274S57074S571

1.95

3.95

3.95

.95

.95

3.95

2.95

1.95

6.95

1.49

1.49

1.49

1.49

6.95

7.95

2.20

2.20

2.20

.95

.95

.95

.95

.79

19.95

19.95

1.95

1.90

1.90

6.89

6.95

2.45

2.45

7.95

1.95

2.98

4.95

4.95

4.95

15.25

2.95

2.95

MasterCard

ORDER TOLL FREE

800-538-5000800-662-6279

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)

IF YOU CAN FIND A PRICE LOWER

ELSEWHERE, LET US KNOW AND

WELL MEET OR BE A T THEIR PRICE1

iSEE TERMS BELOW,

* Computer managed inventory-virtually no back orders!

* Very competitive prices!

* Friendly staff!

* Fast service — most ordersshipped within 24 hours!

LED DISPLAYS

HP 5082-7760MAN 72MAN 74FND-357 (359)FND-500 (503). FND-507 (510)

.6".3".3".375

.5".5"

CCCACCCC

CC

CA

1.29.99.99.75.99.99

LED LAMPS1

1-99 100-up

Jumbo

RedJumbo

GreenJumbo

Yellow

7400

7401

7402

7403

7404

7405

7406

7407

7408

7409

7410

7411

7412

7413

7414

7416

7417

7420

7421

7422

7423

7425

7426

7427

7428

7430

7432

7433

7437

7438

7440

7442

7443

7444

7445

7446

7447

7448

7450

7451

7453

7454

7460

7470

7472

7473

7474

7475

7476

7480

7481

7482

7483

7485

7486

7489

7490

7491

7492

7493

7494

7495

7496

7497

74100

74107

74109

74110

74111

74116

74120

74121

74122

74123

74125

74126

74128

.19

.19.1919.19.25.29.29.24.19.19.25.30.35.49.25.25.19.35.35.29.29.29.29.45.19.29.45.29.29.19.49.65.69.69.69.69.69.19.23.23.23.23.35.29.34.33.45.35.591.10.95.50.59.352.15.35.40.50.35.65.55.702.751.75.30.45.45.551.551.20.29.45.49.45.45.55

74132

74136

74141

74142

74143

74145

74147

74148

74150

74151

74152

74153

74154

74155

74156

74157

74159

74160

74161

74162

74163

74164

74165

74166

74167

74170

74172

74173

74174

74175

74176

74177

74178

74179

74180

74181

74182

74184

74185

74186

74190

74191

74192

74193

74194

74195

74196

74197

74198

74199

74221

74246

74247

74248

74249

74251

74259

74265

74273

74276

74279

74283

74284

74285

74290

74293

74298

74351

74365

74366

74367

74368

74376

74390

74393

74425

74426

74490

.45

.50

.65

2.95

2.95

.60

1.75

1.20

1.35

.55

.65

.55

1.25

.75

.65

.55

1.65

.85

.69

.85

.69

.85

.85

1.00

2.95

1.65

5.95

.75

.89

.89

.89

.751.151.75

.752.25

.752.002.0018.501.151.15

.79

.79

.85

.85

.79

.751.351.351.351.351.251.851.95

.752.251.351.951.25

.752.003.753.75

.95

.75

.852.25

.65

.65

.65

.652.201.751.353.15

.852.55 .

CMOS

1

4000

29

4528

1.19

4001

.25

4531

.95

4002

.25

4532

1.95

4006

.89

4538

1.95

4007

.29

4539

1.95

4008

.95

4543

1.19

4009

.39

4555

.95

4010

.45

4556

.95

4011

.25

4581

1.95

4012

.25

4582

1.95

4013

.38

4584

.75

4014

.79

4585

.75

4015

.39

4702

12.95

4016

.39

74C00

.35

4017

.69

74C02

.35

4018

.79

74C04

.35

4019

.39

74C08

.35

4020

.75

74C10

.35

4021

.79

74C14

.59

4022

.79

74C20

.35

4023

.29

74C30

.35

4024

.65

74C32

.39

4025

.29

74C42

1.29

4026

1.65

74C48

1.99

4027

.45

74C73

.65

4028

.69

74C74

.65

4029

.79

74C76

.80

4030

.39

74C83

1.95

4034

1.95

74C85

1.95

4035

85

74C86

.39

4040

.75

74C89

4.50

4041

.75

74C90

1.19

4042

.69

74C93

1.75

4043

.85

74C95

.99

4044

.79

74C107

.89

4046

.85

74C150

5.75

4047

.95

74C151

2.25

4049

.35

74C154

3.25

4050

.35

74C157

1.75

4051

.79

74C160

1.19

4053

.79

74C161

1.19

4060

.89

74C162

1.19

4066

.39

74C163

1.19

4068

.39

74C164

1.39

4069

.29

74C165

2.00

4070

.35

74C173

.79

4071

.29

74C174

1.19

4072

.29

74C175

1.19

4073

.29

74C192

1.49

4075

.29

74C193

1.49

4076

.79

74C195

1.39

4078

.29

74C200

5.75

4081

.29

74C221

1.75

4082

.29

74C373

2.45

4085

.95

74C374

2.45

4086

.95

74C901

.39

4093

.49

74C902

.85

4098

2.49

74C903

.85

4099

1.95

74C905

10.95

14409

12.95

74C906

.95

14410

12.95

74C907

1.00

14411

11.95

74C908

2.00

14412

12.95

74C909

2.75

14419

7.95

74C910

9.95

4502

.95

74C911

8.95

4503

.65

74C912

8.95

4508

1.95

74C914

1.95

4510

.85

74C915

1.19

4511

.85

74C918

2.75

4512

.85

74C920

17.95

4514

1.25

74C921

15.95

4515

1.79

74C922

4.49

4516

1.55

74C923

4.95

4518

89

74C925

5.95

4519

.39

74C926

7.95

4520

.79

74C927

7.95

4522

1.25

74C928

7.95

4526

1.25

74C929

19.95

4527

1.95

74C930

19.95

TRANSISTORS DIODES

PN2222

PN2907

2N2222

2N2907

2N3055

3055T

2N3904

2N3906

IN4148 (IN914)

IN4004

NPN SWITCHPNP SWITCHNPN SWITCHPNP SWITCHNPN POWERNPN POWERNPN SWITCHNPN SWITCHSWITCHINGRECTIFIER

TO-92

TO-92

TO-18

TO-18

TO-3

TO-220

TO-92

TO-92

10/1.00

10/1.25

.25

.25

.79

.69

10/1.00

10/1.00

25/1.00

10/1.00

100/8.99

100/10.99

50/10.99

50/10.99

10/6.99

10/5.99

100/8.99

100/8.99

1000/35.00

100/8.99

Circle 212 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982 513

' ■•■' '■'■'"•■'

LINEAR

RCA

VOLTAGE

LM301

LM301H

LM307

LM308

LM308H

LM309H

LM309K

LM310

LM311

LM311H

LM312H

LM317K

LM317T

LM318

LM31SH

LM319H

LM319

LM320(se

LM322

LM323K

LM324

LM329

LM331

LM334

LM335

LM336

LM337K

LM337T

LM338K

LM339

.34

.79

.45

.69

1.15

1.95

1.25

1.75

.64

.89

1.75

3.95

1.19

1.49

1.59

1.25

1.25

7900)

1.65

4.95

.59

.65

3.95

1.19

1.40

1.75

3.95

1.95

6.95

.99

LM340(see

LM348

LM350K

LM350T

LM358

LM359

LM376

LM377

LM378

LM379

LM380

LM380N-8

LM381

LM382

LM383

LM384

LM386

LM387

LM389

LM390

LM392

LM394H

LM399H

NE531

NE536

NE555

NE556

NE558

NE555

NE556

7800)

.99

4.95

4.60

.69

1.79

3.75

1.95

2.50

4.50

.89

1.10

1.60

1.60

1.95

1.95

.89

1.40

1.35

1.95

.69

4.60

5.00

2.95

6.00

.34

.65

1.50

.34

.65

NE5S8

NE561

NE564

LM565

LM566

LM567

NE570

NE571

NE592

LM703

LM709

LM710

LM711

LM723

LM723H

LM733

LM741N-I

LM741N-

LM741H

LM747

LM748

LM1014

LM1303

LM1310

MC1330

MC1349

MC1350

MC1358

I M1414

LM1458

LM1488

1.50

19.95

2.95

.99

1.49

.89

3.95

2.95

2.75

.89

.59

.75

.79

.49

.55

.98

.35

4 .35

.40

.69

.59

1.19

1.95

1.49

1.69

1.89

1.19

1.69

1.59

.59

.69

LM1489

LM1496

LM1558H

LM1800

LM1812

LM1830

LM1871

LM1872

LM1877

LM1889

LM1896

LM2877

LM2878

LM2900

LM2901

LM3900

LM3905

LM3909

LM3911

LM3914

LM3915

LM3916

MC4024

MC4044

RC4136

RC4151

LM4250

LM4500

LM13080

LM13600

LM13700

69

.853.102.378.253.505.495.493.251.951.752.052.25

.851.00

.591.25

.982.253.953.953.953.954.501.253.951.753.251.291.491.49

CA 3023CA 3039

2.751.29

CA 3082CA 3083

1.65 ■1.55 ■

REGULATORS

CA 3046CA 3059

1.252.90

CA 3086CA 3089

.80 ■2.99 ■

7805T

.89

7905T

.99

CA 3060

2.90

CA 3096

3.49 ■

7808T

.89

7908T

.99

CA 3065

1.75

CA3130

1.30 ■

7812T

.89

7912T

.99

CA 3080

1.10

CA 3140

1.15 ■

7815T

.89

7915T

.99

CA 3081

1.65

CA3146

185 ■

7824T

.89

7924T

.99

7805K

1.39

7905K

1.49

7812K

1.39

7912K

t.49

7815K

1.39

7915K

1.49

Tl

7824K

1.39

7924K

1.49

TL494

4.20

75365

1.95 1

78L05

.69

79L05

.79

TL496

1.65

75450

.59 ■

78L12

.69

79L12

.79

TL497

3.25

75451

.39 ■

78L15

.69

79L15

.79

75107

1.49

75452

.39 ■

75110

1.95

75453

.39 ■

78H05K

9.95

LM323K

4.95

75150

1.95

75454

.39 ■

78H12K

9.95

UA78S40

1.95

75154

1.95

75491

.79 ■

T

TO-220

K = TO-3

75188

1.25

75492

.79 ^M

L =

TO-92

75189

1.25

7549375494

.89 ■

.89 ■

Bl FET

TL071TL072TL074TL081TL082TL083

.791.192.19

.791.191.19

H = TO-S CAN

T = TO-220

TL084LF347LF351LF353LF355LF356LF357

2.192.19.601.001.101.101.40

BEST SELLING

BOOKS

OSBORNE/MC GRAW-HILL

Apple II User's Guide

68000 Assembly Language

14.956 99

16.99

CBASIC User Guide

15.00

SYBEX

Your Your First Computer

8.9514.95

The PASCAL Handbook

Microprocessor InterfacingTechniques

18.9517.95^

VISIT OURRETAIL STORE

• NEW HOURS •

NOW OPEN

TUESDAY& THURSDAY

EVENINGS TILL 9:00 P.M.

a

JDR SUPER SPECIALS"

RAM

HM6116-4 2KX8CMOS

TMM2016-200 2kx8nmos2oons4164-200NS

$495$415

$025

EPROM

2732 45ons $495

2764 450ns $1695

2564 450NS $2495

CAPS

.01 uf Disc 100/$600

.1 uf Disc 100/$800

.1 uf Monolithic 100/s1500

51/V' DISK DRIVES

TANDON

ITM100-1 (FOR IBM) 229.00

|TM100-2 (FOR IBM) 295.00

SHUGART

I SA 400L (40 TRACK) 199.95

|SA400 (35 TRACK) 189.95

CABINET FOR 5%"DISK DRIVE

I * COLOR MATCHES APPLEI* FITS SHUGART

SPECIAL — $29.95

MICROCOMPUTERHARDWARE HANDBOOK

FROM ELCOMP — $14.95I Over 800 pages of manufacturers datasheets on most commonly used IC's.Includes:TTL — 74/74LS and 74FCMOS

Voltage RegulatorsMemory — RAM, ROM, EPROMCPU's — 6800, 6500, Z80, 8080,8085, 8086/8

MPU support & interface — 6800.6500, Z80, 8200, etc.

WE NOW STOCK A

COMPLETE LINE OF

DISC, ELECTROLYTIC,

MONOLITHIC AND

TANTALUM CAPACITORS

RESISTORS

V* WATT 5% CARBON FILM ALL

STANDARD VALUES

FROM 1 OHM TO 10 MEG OHM

50 PCS. SAME VALUE .025

100 PCS. SAME VALUE .02

■ 1000 PCS. SAME VALUE .015J

JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

1224 S. Bascom Avenue

San Jose, CA 95128

800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA)

(408) 995-5430* Telex 171-110

61982 JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

VISIT OUR -N^HF°r,S"

RETAIL STORE T-Th.,9-9 Sat. 11-3

PLEASE USE YOUR CUS TOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING

TERMS: For shipping include $2 for UPS Ground or S3 lor UPS BUeLabel Air Hems over S pounds require additional shipping chargesForeign orders, include sufficient amount lor shipping There is a $10minimum order Bay Area and Los Angeles Counties add 6' ->"•■ SalesTai. Other California residents add 6 Sales Tan We reserve theright to substitute manufacturer Not responsible for typographicalerrors. Prices are subject to change without notice We will match orbeat any competitor s price provided it is not below our cost.

514 BYTE October 1982

Circle 213 on Inquiry card.

THE ULTIMATE APPLE

COOLING FAN $6995'

• Easy Installation

• No modification of Applerequired.

• Color matches Apple.

• Switch on front controls fan,computer and monitor.

• Ultra-quiet, reliable fan.

• Completely eliminatesproblems caused byoverheating

MONITORS

BLACK & WHITENECJB1201M $16900

ZENITH zuM-121 $11900

COLOR

AMDEK color.*33500NECjci2oiM $32900

SA400 35 TRACKDISK DRIVE

CLEARANCE

PRICE REDUCED

16K RAM CARD

• Upgrade your 48K Apple II to full 64K of RAM.

• Fully software and hardware compatible with the Applelanguage card and microsoft Z80 card.Eliminates the need for the Applesoft or Integer BasicROM card when used in conjunction with DOS 3.3.Allows you to run Apple Fortran or Pascal with nodifficulty.

• Available as bare board, kit, or assembled and testedboard.

ASSEMBLED & TESTED $49.95

BARE CARD $14.95 KIT $44.95,

rDISK DRIVE $29995

I* Includes metal cabinet

* Color matches Apple

* 35 Tracks/single side

* Includes cableI* Use with Apple II

Controller

ORDER TOLL FREE

800-538-5000800-662-6279

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)

IF YOU CAN FIND A PRICE LOWER

ELSEWHERE, LET US KNOW AND

WELL MEET OR BEA T THEIR PRICE!

(SEE TERMS BELOW)

* Computer managed inventory—virtually no back orders!

* Very competitive prices!

* Friendly staff!

* Fast service — most ordersshipped within 24 hours!

PRINTERS

MX-80

MX-80FT

MX-800

CALL FOR PRICE

WE HAVE APPLE AND TRS-80INTERFACE CARDS AND CABLES ,

• VERY LIMITED SUPPLY

• MODIFY FOR USE INAPPLE

• PRE-REVISION "L" MODEL

• THEY WONT LAST LONG

MasterCard

VISA

$189

95

IffiPt '^^'^^ i2&i35V:'".?»ri*,"A tsNj&j

51/4" DISKETTES]

ATHANA ss sd soft 24.95

MEMOREXsssdsoft .... 26.95

VERBATIM sssdsoft .... 29.95

^VERBATIM 10 section hard 29.95j

1982 JDH MICRODEVICES. INC.

Circle 213 on inquiry card.

BYTE Octobtr 1982

California DiqiTAl

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503

FREE PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE INCLUDED WITHTHE PURCHASE OF EVERY BOX OFDISKETTES

$

24?s

labaled for California Digital by one ofi respected producers of magnetic media,I Each diskette is certified double density at 40I tracks. To insure ewended media life each dis-I kette is manufactured with a reinforced hun-hoie,I And of course, a plastic library case is includedI with every box of diskettes. MMD-CD5(01)(10)I Please specify computer or required sectors.

I Ten boxes 22.75 One hundred boxes '21.50

MEMORY

2716EPR0M

4.50

450 ns

64K DYNAMIC

6.95

4164 200ns

16K STATIC

7.00

6116 200ns

16K DYNAMIC

1.95

4116 200ns

5»/4" DISKETTES

WITH LIBRARY CASE

26.50

Your Choice

SCOTCHMEMOREXVERBATIM

Single Side Double DensitySoft Sector 10 Sector 16 Sector

SCOTCH

744D-0

744D-10

744D-16

26.50

MEMOREX

3481

3483

3485

26.50

VERBATIM

525-01

525-10

NA

26.50

MAXELL

MD1

MM-10

MM-16

29.85

DYSAN

104/1D

107/1D

NA

45.00

Double Side Double Density

SCOTCH

VERBATIM

MAXELL

DYSAN

DYSAN 96

7450

550-01

MD2-D

104/2D

204/2D

745-10

550-10

MH2-10D

107/2D

NA

745-16

NA

MH2-16D

NA

NA

42.50

42.50

45.00

49.50

59.50

EIC

HT INCH DISKETTES

Single Side Single Density

Single Side Double Density

SCOTCH

740-0

29.50

SCOTCH

741-0

39.00

MEMOREX

3060

29.50

MEMOREX

3090

35.00

DYSAN

3740/1

39.50

DYSAN

3740/0

57.50

Thirty Two Sector

Double side Double Density

SCOTCH 1740-32 129.50

SCOTCH

743-0

47.50

Scolcb Held Cleaning KNi S'A * 8" -24.95PttlK Library Clin ■» 11" 2 95

MEMOREX

3114

39.50

Otiktrte Up TunOisHette Ftp Tut

MtytteJteties IS"

[inv diskettes B

DYSAN

3740/20

65.00

AVERY

LABELS!

2732 EPROM

SALE $6.95

DYNAMIC MEMORY

4116-150ns 16k

4116-20Ons 16k

4164-150ns 64k Japan 128 refresh

4164-150ns 64k Texas Inst 2S6 relresh

4164-200ns 64k Japan 128 relresh

41256-200 256K dynamic memory

STATIC MEMORY

21L02-200ns Ik

21L02-450ns 1k

2112-450ns2k

214-300ns 4k

2I14-450ns4k

4044-250ns 4k

4044-450ns 4k

5257-3O0tis 4 k

6116-P3 150ns 16k 24 pin

6116-P4 200ns 16k 24 pin

6167 / 2167 100ns 16k 20 pin

6.95 825

7.00 665

850 7.75

call (or pricing

1702450ns 2K2708-450ns 8k2716450ns 16k

2716TMS-450ns 16k Iri-voltaqe

2S16-450ns 16k

2732-350ns 16k

2732-450ns 16k

2532-450ns 16k

2764-450ns 64k

27128-4501

EPROMS

ASTEC SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY

Output; -t-5v. 3A; +12v .9A; -12v .075A.Suitable for Apple look-a-like. ATC-1298

SWITCHES

[A!

CONNECTORS

FLIP & FILE

i (standard)

22/44 Kim Eyelet 2.SO

38/72 Digital Group S/T 5,85

36/72 Digital Group W/W 6.60

43/86 Motorola 6800 SIV 6.60

43/86 Motrj. 6800 W/W 7.00 6.1

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT SOCKETSL'>w Profile Wire Wrapeach 1C0* each 100+Spin $.10 S.00 $.46 S.41

RIBBON CAliLE CONNECTORS17/34 S'^disk 4.8S 4.15 3.S20/40 TRS-80 5.S5 M3 *.12?>/dO a" disk 5.90 MS 4.S

VISA

up|

OLIVETTI 801 $

Eight Inch Disk Drive

ONE

TWO

TEN

• OLIVETTI 801

single

'319

309

295

• OLIVETTI 802/851

double

425

419

410

SHUGART 801 /R

single

395

385

375

SHUGART851/R

double

525

495

475

QUME DATA TRACK 8

double

525

495

475

* The 8" Olivetti drives are aprox. W wider than the Shugarts.

Five Inch Disk Drives

OLIVETTI 501 /400

single

199

185

175

OLIVETTI 502/451

double

235

225

215

Upon request, all drives are supplied with powerconnectors and one manual per order.

230 volt 50Hz. 8" add $50.00 per drive.

Eight Inch Subsystem

Two Olivetti 8D1 disk drives with power supply, 4" exhaust fancomplete in dual enclosure with all necessary power cables.Documentation included. SO Lbs. CAL 2801Signal cable add '35.00 WCA-650D

Stiugart801RShugart851R

MSD2801

MSD2851

Same ass1195

1450

above but with:

Olivetti 802Qume DT8

CAL280ZMS08DT

'12501450

WinchesterHard Disk Drive

TANDON * — — _,TM-603SE ^QQK14 Megabyte ****W

SEAGATE

ST-5066 Megabyte

759

APPLE/IBM

Winchester Subsystem

*1895

9 of a

-;i^t: I-

Apple or fliM ',;rsonal computer.System includes Tandem 60H hard disk drWinchester controller and host interface.All for onlv $1HHS. (Apple) CAL-AIDIBM) CAL-PC10 ly lbs. Removable fivimegabyte Winchester backup cartridge

5195.00 a

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

tJftTttzXiTflfi

CAlifoRNJA DiqiTAl

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503

er Buy $259

SIEMENS

FDD 100-88" DISK DRIVE

10 Drives s225

100 Drives s209

California Digital has recently participated in the purchase of several thousand Siemens FDD 100-8 floppy diskdrives. These units are electronically and physically similar to that of theShugart 801R disk drive. Any applicationthat will accept an 801R will work with the Siemens FDD 100-8 drive.

All units are new and shipped in factory sealed boxes. Because of the extremely low price we expect a quick sellout. Please reserve your units early. SEA-F1008 17 lbs. Manual and connectors supplied free upon request. Alsoavailable: Two drive subsystem supplied in steel enclosure with power supply and fan. $750.00 CAL-2F1008

Diskettes

19.95

FREE

PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE

We have purchased the entire excess inventory of 5%" Scotch brand diskettes form Digital EquipmentCorporation. The diskettes are all single sided double density Available in soft, ten and sixteen sectors. Like alldiskettes purchased from California Digital, these are supplied in polypropylene library storage cases.Take advantage of this one time offer and stock up for the winter. Prime Scotch diskettes priced below dealer cost.(Soft sector for Apple & IBM) MMM-SD7440 (ten sector) MMM—SD74410 (sixteen) MMM-SD74416 2 lbs

PRINTERS

459 00695 001.079.001.219.00419.00

539.00

MATRIX PRINTERS

Okidala 82A serial & parallel 9 5 paper 0KI-82AOkidata 83A serial & parallel 15" paper 0KI-83AOkidala 84A parallel only 15 paper 0KI-84APOkidala 84A serial & parallel 15" paper 0KI-84ASEpson MXBO with graphics and tractor teed EPS-MX80Epson MX80FT with graphics friction A tractor feed

EPS-MX80FTEpson MX100 with graphics 15" paper EPS-MX100NEC 8023A parallel 95" paper, graphics MEC-8C23AAnadex 9500A high speed dot matrix printer 15"

ADX-9500AAnadex 9501A 15' paper with graphics ADX-9501ATexas Instruments 810 seiial 15' upper 8 lower case

TEX-B10LDatasouth OS180 high speed 180 char/sec 15 OSI-180Prownter 8510 parallel 9 5 PR0-8S10PProwuter 8510 senal 9 5" PR0-8510SPrownler II 15 paper PRO 2PPriniiomx P300 high speed printer 300 lines/mm

PTX-P300Printronix P600 high speed printer 600 lines/min

P1X-P600IDS prism 80 column giaphics. (non-color! IDS-P80GIDS prism 132 COLOR with graphics 15" paper

1DS-P132CGMannesmann Tallv 1805 200 cps serial MAN-1B05

WORD PROCESSING PRINTERSNEC7710 55 char'sec thimble, serial only NEC-7710NEC7730 same as above parallel ontv NEC-7730NEC3510 serial IS" NEC-3510Diablo 620H101 25 cps serial DBL-620Diablo 630 40 cps serial OBL-630Smith Corona TP-1 daisy wheel parallel SCMTPlPSmith Corona TP-1 daisy wheel serial SCM-TP1SBrother HR11 daisy wheel printer parallel BTH-HR1PBrother HR11 serial interlace BTH-HR1SDiablo 630 DBL-630 2.095.00

Starwriter F10 serial PRO-F10S 1.475 00

Starwriter F10 parallel PH0-F1QP 1,475 00

MONITORS

Zenith 2121 green phosphor 12" 40/80 column switch ZTH-Z121 115.00

BMC 12A green phosphor 15 Mb? composit video BMC-12A 88.00

BMC 12EN green phosphor 20 Mhz. high resolution 8MC-12EN 13900

NEC JS1201 green phosphor 18 Mhz composit video NFCJ81201 169.00

N€C JB1260 green phosphor commercial grade composit NEC-1260 12900

Motorola 23" open trame blk/white composit video M0T-BW23 15900

Motorola 12" open dame blk/while regires nor; sync & pow M0T-BW12 69 00

Comae 9" open trame requires horz sync & power supply CQN-BW9 59.00ICOLOHI

NEC JC1201 composit color NEC-JC1201 32500

NEC RGB monitor NEC-1202DM 87500

BMC 13" Composit video BMC-1400CI 273 00

BMC 13" RGB color monitor BMC-1401RGB 32900

BMC tniertace card lor Apple II lor above RGB BMC-81RG8 14900

Comrex/Hitachi 13" RGB high res monitor COM-6600 539 00

Comrex/Hitachi 13 Composit color monitor COM-6500 395 00

Amdek color 11 compost! video AMD-100 349 00

Amdek color #2 high res RGB color monitor AMD-200 73900

Amdek pfljoi #3 commercial grade color RGB AMD-300 475 00

2.37900

2 379 00

1.775 00

1.270.00

2 250.00

65900

659 00

85500

Direct Connect

MODEMS

Hayes Miaomodem 100 S-100 modem HVS-100Hayes Smart Model RS232 HYS-232Hayes Micromodem II Apple rflreel connect HVS-MM2Hayes Chronograph time S date HVS-CHR232Novation Cat acoustic connect N0V-CATNovation D Cal direct connect via handset NOV-DCATNovalion 212 Autocat Bell 212A N0V-212Novation Auto Cat 103 N0V-AUT0Universal 103LP direct connect, line powered UDS-103LPUniversal 103LPJ direct connect, auto answer UDS-103LPJUniversal 20? direct connect 1200 baud, halt duplex UDS-202LPc Universal 212LP direct connect 1200 baud, lull duplex U0S-212LP.Signalman Mark I direct connect with terminal cable SGL-MKl

229 0027900199.00

TERMINALS

Wyse

Ampex Dialogue 80 green screen two page, lunclion keys APX-D80C

Ampex Dialogue 80 amber screen, two page, function keys APX-D80A

Ampex Dialogue 80 gteen screen. Selectnc keyboard APX-D81G

Ampex Dialogue 81 amber screen, Selectric keyboard APX-DB1A

Ampex Touch Term screen command for dala entry APX-T80

Wyse horz & vert split screen, metal case, delatch keybd WYS-1Q0

Televideo910C emulator TVI-910C

Televideo 910 Plus block mode TVI-910P

Televideo 925C detatehable keyboard. 22 lunction keys TVI-925

Televideo 950 graphic char., split screen. 22 functions TVI-950

IBM 3101-10 detatehable keyboard, green IBM-3101

Zenith Z-19 detalchable keyboard ZTH-Z19

Adds Viewpoint A1 detalchable keyboard ADD-VP1

Adds Viewpoint A2 xy cursor green screen ADD-VP2

Adds Viewpoint A3 emulator. ADD-VP3

825 00595 00595 00795 00985 00195 00765 00498 00595 00575 00

APPLE

48K Plus

*1195

APPLE BRAND PRODUCTS

APL-48P Apple Plus 48K RAM

APL-DSK1 Apple disk with controller card

APL-DSK2 Apple disk without controller card

XTN-G10 Xiteo 10 Megabyte Gallium hard disk

XTN-16K 16K RAM card for Apple II

RANA SYSTEMS

RAN-APL1 Apple add on disk drive with controller

RAN-APL2 Apple add on drive without controller

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS

CCS-7710 Asynchronous Serial Interlace

CCS-7728 Centronics Parallel Interface

CCS-7720 Apple Parallel Interlace

CCS-7114 12K Rom/Prom Module

CCS-7424 Calendar/Clock Module

CCS-7440 Programmable Timer

CCS-7S11B Arithmetic Processor (or Apple II plus

MOUNTAIN COMPUTERS, INC.

MTN-CPS CPS Multifunction Card

MTN-TCLK Clock/Calendar

MTN-STLK Supertalker S0200

MTN-R0MF Rem Plus with Keyboard filter

MTN-R0MRTR Rom Writer with Eprom socket

MTN-AODA A-D/D-A Converter

MTN-BSR X-10 Control Card for BSR system

MICRO SOFT

MSF-SFTCRD Microsoft Z-80 CPU card

MSF-16KRAM Microsoft 16K RAM card

VISTAVSA-A80G Vista 8" controller card

VSA-VIS80 Vista Vision 80

MCI-CNTRL Micro Sci disk drive controller

FOURTH DIMENSION

FDN-SPRDRV Super Drive-35 track Apple add on

SORRENTO VALLEY ASSOC

SVA-221 Single sided, single density controller

SVA-222 Double sided single density controller

SVA-223 Single or double sided, double density

ADVANCED BUSINESS TECH

ABT-13KEYN 13-Key pad lor new Apple

1995.0069 00

149.00169.00145 00

360 00360 00475 00

S-lOOBOARDS

16 BIT MICROPROCESSORS

STATIC MEMORY BOARDS

GBT8687

Godboul B0B6/S087 Microprocessor boarc!

49500

CAL-S64

Caiiiivma D«tital Sialic 64 8/16 bit

GBT-S687

Godboul B088/B085 dual a Bit

16167)

595 00

microprocessor

35900

GBT-R16

GodBout Ram 16 64K memory 8; 16 Bit

760 00

SEA-80B6

Seattle Computet 15 bit micro two

GBT-R17

GodCmut Ram 17 64K memory 8 bit

669 CO

24 bit add

39500

TEC80B6

Tecmai Compuier 16 bit microprocessor

595 00

GBT-B20

Godboul Ram 20 32k static memory 4K

L0M-B0B6

Lamas Dala Systems Lighting Ore

375 00

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTERS

GBT-R21

Godboul Ram 21 128K B/t6 bit static

995 00

wav-blti

Wavemate Bullet 1 with floppy ?56K

CCS-S116

Calilornra Comuter 2116 16K static

loot S-1MI

79500

memory

33500

AMD-zeo

TEL-F0C1

Advanced Micio Digital (loppy & 64KTeletekFDCl Single board NEC765

750 DO

DYNAMIC MEMORY BOARDS

controller

67500

CAL-D356

( ,H'l;..ri',i Digital 2S6K dynamic memory

4950079500

8 BIT MICROPROCESSORS

SDS-EX3

SO Systems Eipandoram III 256K dynamic

GBT-ZB0

Godbout ZB0 8 bit CPU 24 bit blended

CCS-2065

Calilomia Compuiers 2C65 MK dynamic

39500

add:ess

25000

MSM-DMB64 Measurement Systems OMBMOD Wpl

CCS-2810

California Compute' Z-80 mi coprocessor

27500

59500

SDS-SBC200 SD Systems SBC-200 7.-80

MSM-Z80

Measurement System 160 2810

27500

INTERFACE BOARDS

microprocessor

42500

MDS-SW1

Morrow Designs SwilcttboarO 2 serial/

8TAR-Z&0

Tarbell Electronics Z-80 with two RS232

239 DO

395 00

MDS-MTL1

Morrow Designs Multiboard 3 serial'

1 FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLERS

G8T-133A

2 parallelGodbout Inleriacer 1 2 serial ports

275 0019900

FGBT0SK1

Godboul Disk One double density NEC 765

39500

GBT-150A

Godboul interlace! II 1 senal/3 parallel

19900

" MDS-DJ2

Morrow Designs Disk jockey II wiihCPM

35000

G8T-135A

Godboul Intetlacer ill with b serial ports

■195 00

MDS-DJ1

Morrow Designs Disk Jockey 1 single

GBM3SA

GedbOUl Interlace! Ill with 8 serial ports

585 00

22500

GBT-187A

Godbout Inleriacer IV 3 seiiat'2 parallel

29500

CCS-24K

California Computer 2422 wiiri CPM

33900

CCS-2710

California Computer 4 port serial interlace

29500

TAR-DOC

Tarbell Electronics double density

CCS-2720

California Computer 2 serial / 2 parallel

295 00

41900

CCS-2720

California Computer 4 pott parallel

21900

TAR-SOC

Tar bell Electronics single densitycontroller

27900

CPM OPERATING SYSTEM

G8T CPM23 Godbout CPM 2 2 lor OiSk One 8 bit

16000

SPECIAL FUNCTION BOARDS

KYS-M100 DC Hayes Micrgmodem S-100 FCCapproved

32500

G8T-CPM66D Godboul CPM 86 tor Disk One lor use

DBS-HMO

Ackerman Digital Noise maker withVortra* module

119 OO

GBT-CPMBf

wilhSOSeGodboul CPM 86 lor operation with8086 board

265 00

0TC-CC100

SCN-M100

0! Computer clock calendar boardScion Microangelo graphicsmonochrome

13500965 00

HARD DISK CONTROLLER

69500

GBT-SPCtTEC-AD212

Godbout Spectrum 100 color video boardTecmar A/D 12 bn accuracy 16 cnannei

399.00485.00

GBT-DSK2GBT-DSK3

Godboul Uisk ii nam flisn comroiierGodboul Disk III hard disk controller

G8TSVS1G8T-

Godbout System support board

35000

M0S-W506

Monow Desinns Winchester forSeagate 506

49500

SYS9511

Godboul Syslem Support with 8231/9511 malh chip

539 00

WOI-1000

Western Digital WD-1000 (rrat S-1001

49500

MULTB1

Mullms eitenaer board with test probe

7900

MUL-ICB10

MuKins Opto-lsolaiw controls 8 channels

17900

EPROM BOARDS

ADS-KG100

Ackerman Digital Kluge pioiotyge board

14900

ADS-PetOO

Ackerman Digital Prom Blaster 100

27500

I0T-W100

I/O Technology wire wrap prototype

S0S-P100

SD Systerns Piom-1CO programmer

260 00

4900

SSM-PB1

SSM Prom prijcammei up 10 2716

19500

ART-WWIOt

Artec Electronics Wire wrap prolrj board

2500

DGR-P32

Digital Research 32K Eprom read only

ART-GP1D0

Artec Eleclionics General purpose solder

2500

board

tosoo

CAL-MB18

California Digital 18 slot motherooard

3500

23"

APPLEMONITOR

*159

Ideal monitor for classroom demonstrations.

Ever try gathering a classroom of students arounri a 12" monitor? Here is your opportunity

to purchase a 23" high resolution monochrome monitor.

These units accept standard composite video signals generated by most personal computers

including the Apple and IBM Attatch it to your computer and in seconds your shooting do\

Klingons in wide screen video.

MCU"-BW23 SS lbs. Units are open frame and for safety should be enclosed. Walnut

grained enclosure for above S2S.0O additional. CAL-ENC23 15 lbs.

All merchandise sold by California Digital is premium gradeShipping: First five pounds $3,00. Each additional $.50.Foreign orders: 10% shipping. Excess will be refunded.California residents add 6)% sales tax. COD's discouraged.Open accounts extended to state supported educational instittiand companies with a "strong" Dun & Bradstreet.

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

JE600HexadecimalEncoder Kit

FULL 8-BITLATCHED OUTPUT19-KEY KEYBOARD

flu

The JE600 Encoder Keyboard Kit provides two separatehexadecimal digits produced from sequential key entriesto allow direct programming tor 8-bit microprocessoror 8-bit memory circuits. Three additional keys are pro-vided lor user operations with one having a bistableoutput available. The outputs are latched and monitoredwith 9 LEO readouts. Also included is a key entry strobe.Features; Full 8-bit latched output for microprocessoruse. Three user-define keys with one being bistableoperation. Oebounce circuit provided for all 19 keys.9 LED readouts to verify entries. Easy interfacing withstandard 16-pin IC connector. Only +5VDC requiredfor operation, Size: 3!4"H x 8'/«"W x B%"D

JE600/DTE-HK ^I'L'l""^ ....$99.95

K19 19-Key Keyboard (Keyboard only) .... $14.95DTE-HK (case only -3fe"Hx8V»1,wx8%"D) $44.95

16V'Lx5V."Wx1V'

63/4"L x 5Vi"W x IV

23"Lx5V."Wx1-3/8p,l

JE610 ASCII Encoded Keyboard Kit

c

The JE610 ASCII Keyboard Kit can be interfaced intomost any computer system. The kit comes completewith an industrial grade keyboard switch assembly(62-keys), IC's, sockets, connector, electronic compo-nents and a double-sided printed wiring board. Thekeyboard assembly requires +5V @> 150mA and —12V@ 10 mA for operation. Features: 60 keys generate the126 characters, upper and lower case ASCII set. Fullybuffered. Two user-define keys provided for customapplications. Caps lock for uppercase-only alpha charac-ters. Utilizes a 2376 (40-pin) encoder read-only memorychip. Outputs directly compatible with TTL/DTL orMOS logic arrays. Easy interfacing with a 16-pin dip or18-pin edge connector. Size: 3Vi"H x 14'/, "W * 8V«"D

K62 62-Key Keyboard (Keyboard only) . . .$ 34.95DTE-AK (case only — 3V«"Hxll"Wx8*."D)$ 49.95

JE212 - Negative 12VDC Adapter Board Kit

for JE610ASCII KEYBOARD KIT Kit/

Provides -12VDC from incoming SV DC . $9.95

JE215 Adjustable Dual Power Supply

General Description: The JE215 is a Dual PowerSupply with independent adjustable positive and nega-tive output voltages. A separate adjustment for eachof the supplies providesthe user unlimited applicationsfor IC current voltage requirements. The supply canalso be used as a general all-purpose variable power

Supply. FEATURES;

• Adjustable regulated power supplies,pos. and neg. 1.2VDC to 15VDC.

• Power Output (each supply):5VDC @ 500mA, 10VDC® 750mA,12VDC@500mA, and15VDC® 175mA.

• Two, 3-terminal adj. IC regulatorswith thermal overload protection.

• Heat sink regulator cooling

• LED "on" indicator

• Printed Board Construction

• 120VAC input

• Size: 3 1/2"w x 5 1/16"L x 2"H

JE215Ad|. Dual PowerSupplyKil (as shown) . . $24.95

KEYBOARDS — POWER SUPPLIES

ALPS 26-KEY CALCULATOR KEYBOARD

Featurts: 7 Position, 3 Position and 2 Position Switches (OK/OFF). These ire from Olivetti's Tap olthe Line. Mechanical SPST Switching: 27-pin Edge Card Connection

Part No. KB26 $1.95 each or 2/S3.49

MICRO SWITCH 69-KEY KEYBOARD

Old Entry Keyboard, Encoded Output: B-blt Parallel EBC QIC. Switching: Hail Effect. 24-pln Edge

Card Connection Complete with Pin Connection

Part No. KB69SD12-2 (Fits Into DTE-20 Enclosure) S19.95 each

OATANETICS 74-KEY KEYBOARD

ASCII Encoded Keyboard, Output: Even Parity ASCII. Supply voltage +5, -12 volt Switching:

Mechanical SPST — 50-pin Connection. Complete with Pin Connection.

Part No. KB354 (Fits Into DTF 20 Enclosure) $29.95 each

MICRO SWITCH 65-KEY KEYBOARD

Word Processing Keyboard, 26 Pin Edge Card Connection. Supply Voltage +SVDC. Main KeyboardIs QWERTY. Additional Key Pads tor Cursor and word proceuing function!.PartNo.85S018-1 $29.95 each

MICRO SWITCH 88-KEY KEYBOARD (PARALLEL ASCII)

Dili Entry Keyboard used in a Diablo 1640 Terminal. Supply Voltage: + SV, -12V. Switching: HallElfecl - 10-pin Edge Card Connection Schematic included Uses 8048 Encoder Chip.

Part No. 88SD22 (Fits into OTE-20 Enclosure) $69.95 each

POWER SUPPLY - 5VDC @ 1 AMP REGULATED Transaction Tech

Output +5V0C @ 1 imp (also + 30VDC) reg. Input 115VAC 6DHz Two-tone (black/beige) sell-enclosed case 6 Ft.. 3 cond black power cord. Size 6'A"W < 7"0 » 2VH wt. 3 Ibt.

Part No. PS51194 $19.95 each

POWER SUPPLY - 5VDC @ 1 AMP REGULATED B industries

Output +5VDC#1 amp, +36-42VDCadj. 400mA or less, 30VAC (UK.) <u 1.5 amp. lnpuM15VAC60Hz. Clrc. brkr. re-set button. Blk. soll-encl, case w/4 rubber feet Eft., 3 cond. blk. pow. cord.On/etl switch. GV.'W > 7VD x 3-7/8"H - wt. 7 Ibt.

Part No. PS407D $24.95 each

POWER SUPPLY - 5VDC @ 7.5 AMP, 12VDC @ 1.5 AMP SWITCHING

Input: 115VAC, 50-60H; Q 3 amp/230VAC. 50Hz @ 1 6 amp. Fan volt/power supply select swit-ches f115/230VAC). Output: 5VDC(s 7.6 amp. 12VDC «> 1.6 amp. I It. blk pow cord. 11V,"W<tmAliM"tVM.*lki.Part No. PS94V0 $49.95 each

POWER PAC — Heavy Duty Mulli-Voltage Power Supply - 5VDC. 12VDC 24VDCOutput: +5VDC ft 30A, +12VDC A 2A, -12V0C ft 4A & +24VDC @ 3A. Input: 115VAC. 7A,220VAC. 3.5A. Reg.: ± .15% line & load comb. Hippie: IDMV peak to peak |3MV RMS). Overvolt.prated.: 5V, +1ZV. -12V. Overcui. protect, incl. 15V»"L I 6"H x 11-7/8'D. Wt 40 lbs.

Part No. 285-016 $89.95 each

SOftENSEN Regulated Power Supplies

Sorensen's open construction (SOC) power supplies are series-regulated solid-state systems, designed to provide reg. DCvoltages at 6 levels (2-28 v/range). These units are open-framedon sturdy black anodized aluminum for excellent mounting.

FEATURES: 115/208/230VAC Input fl 50-63Hz Low Ripple: 1.5mVrms, 5nW P-P maximum. Ad-justable current limit. Voltage adjustment control. All schematics and specifications supplied with unit.Series A.B.C.E have three mounting surfaces (Series F. bottom mounting only).

BfS|»

f&itmtm fay amps ia.

:_.

I'ejjq. * ■>:-. j n;:

iiooj^Bs- rj|

Powertec Sub-Modular DC Power Supplies

SM Series power supplies include rectifying, filtering,regulating, overload and overvoltage protection functions. Youneed only connect the sub-module to the appropriate secondarytransformer tap and bolt the unit to a heatsink.

REGULATION: LINE; .10% lor a Change from -10S to +10% input voltage LOAD: .15% lor a 0-100%load change (units below 5V output maintain SV regulation). OUTPUT RIPPLE: tmV HMS. 3mV P-Ptypical 5mV P-P maximum. INPUT CHARACTERISTICS: Requires km-ktvel AC Input. Derate outputcurrent 15% for operations it 50Hz.

I.7A

2.5A

15-120V AC

I15-120VAC

17VAC.5AnoCT

1 15-UOVAC-120V AC120 V AC

-iTovac

ii Adjustment Hinge — Currant ratings

22VAC .3A w/CT

2BVAC2.5A w/CT16VACJAw/CT48V AC 3A w/CT28VAC 1QA w/CT16V AC 24A w/CT

3.00 » 7.00 x 3.30 2 It

24.95 '24.95 j24.95 !

(PiCtur.no

shown but

similar in construction to above)

JE200 Reg.

»ower Supply Kit (5VDC, lamp) . . $14.95

JE205 Adapter Brd. (to JE200M5.19& 112V. . $12.95

JE210Var.

»wr. Splv.K

t.5 15VDC.tol.5amp. , $19.95

^

HP-Display Sale-National

w

5082 Series — 0.43 Inch — 7-Segment

Part

Number

Color

Description

1-3

Price

SALE

PRICE

5082-7650

Hi EH Red

CA - LHD

.99

4/S2.49

5082-7651

Hi Eff Red

CA • RHD

.99

4/S2.49

5082-7653

Hi EH Red

CC - RHO

.99

4/$2,49

5082-7656

Hi Ell Red

Overflow±1RHD

.99

4/SZ.49

5082-7660

Yellow

CA - LHD

.99

4/12.49

5082-7661

Yellow

CA - RHD

.99

4/S2.49

5082-7663

Yellow

CC - RHD

.99

4/S2.49

5082-7670

Green

CA - LHD

.99

4/S2.49

5082-7671

Green

CA - RHD

.99

4/$2.49

5082-7673

Green

CC - RHD

.99

4/S2.49

5082-7676

Green

Over1low±1RHD

.99

4/$2.49

5082-7750

Red

CA - LHD

.99

4/J2.49

5082-7751

Red

CA • RHD

.99

4/$2.49

5082-7756

Red

0verllow±1RHD

.99

4/S2.49

5082-7760

Red

CC - RHD

.99

4/$2.49

CA-Comm. Ano

de CC-Comm

Cathode LHD'RHDLelUrlght hand dec.

I Mini Stereo>^WlVAM/FM JC£0$xReceiver %&Utt

WITH HEADPHONES ^MaA /UVfl?MBm For Joggers. Cyclists, I/UmTv

™ Skaters & Sports Events

FEATURES: Lightweight headphones. Left/rightbalance control. Full fidelity stereo sound. Addi-tional black soft carrying case & shoulder strap. Beltclip (hands free). Operates on 3 AA cell batteries (notincl.). Compact size: 3V x 4%" x 1". Wt. 6 oz.

Model 2830 $29.95

• SHIPMENT IN 24 HOURS •«V 7:00AM to 5:00PM (PST) ^*V"$^ Call: (415) 592-8097 %^T

JUMPER AND CABLE ASSEMBLIES

STANDARD DIP JUMPERS

pins tor r

peared disconn

jctap

jlicaticii-.s

DJ141

974102 12

14.

> n<|le .■■■:■:

11.79

B24102 24

tingle end

24-

M"

1 924106 12

330

£."'"

J 924106-24

14

doub!!.m

36"

3.49

, 92411212

1.S5

OJtS-2

2.19

OJ16-3

' 924712 36

DJ16-1 16

92411612

3.35

OJ16-2-16

< 924116 24

3.69

924116 36

Id

36"

4.05

OJ24-1

92412212

2,69

OJ24-2

j 924122-24

24

3.39

0J3«-3

924122-36

M

395

DJ2412A

924126 12■ 924126 24

M

1Zw f!

24"

HI

DJM-1 1 9211J2 12

40

imge end

12"

5.89

OJ40-2 ' 92413224

40

24"

DJ40-3 | 92413236

40

36"

OJ40 1 40 92413612

40

DJ402 40 924136 24

40

24"

OJ40340 | 924136-36

to

'""'" '

..II,

12 79

STANDARD DB25 SERIES CABLES

Now you can order DB25 P or S connectors with thecable necessary to lit your application Choose fromstandard flat cable in 4.foot ler>«ths. Call today. STANDARD CABLES

Part No. Cable Length

Connectors

DB25P4DBZ5S-4DB25P-4 PDB25P-4-SDB25S4-S

1 DB25P1 DB2SS2-DB2SP1 D82SP/1-DB25S2-D825S

S10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds OnlyCalifornia Residents Add 6"? % Sales TaxPostage — Add S% plus $1.50 insuranceSend S.A.S.E. tor Monthly Sales Flyer!

Spec Sheets — 30c eachSend S1.00 Postage for yourFREE 1983 JAMECO CATALOGPrices Subject to Change

Hi

ameco

ELECTRONICS

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002PHONE ORDERS WELCOME — (415) 592 8097

5Va" Mini-Floppy Disc Drive

FOR TRS-eo MODEL I, III (Industry Standard)

Features single or double density, Recordingmode: FM single, MFM double densityPower: + 12VDC (±0.6V) 1.6 amps max.,5VDC (± 0.25V) 0.8 amps max. Unit as pic-tured at lelt (does not incl. case, power supplyor cables). 30-page data book includea.Weighs 3'/i pounds. Si2e: 5V."W x 8"D x

Part No. u™™ Q»*»t<W Pftce

FD200 $179.95

Single-sided, 40 tracks. 250K bytes capacity

FD250 $199.95

Double-sided, 35 tracks. 43SK bytes capacity

EXPAND YOUR TRS-80

to 16K, 3ZK. or 48K••Model 1 = From 4K to 16K Requires (1) One KitModel 3 > From 4K to 48K Requires (3| Three KitsColor ■ From 4K to 16K Requires (1) One Kit

"Modal 1 squippad with Expansion Board op to 48K Two Kin Roqolrod- One Kit Heqolrafl lot oaoh 1SK ot Expansion -

TRS-80 16K Conversion Kit

Kit comes complete with 8 each MM5290 (UPD416/4116) 16KDynamic RAM (*ns) and documentation (or conversion,

THS-16K2 *150ns $16.95

TRS-16K3 *200ltt $14.95

TRS-16K4 *250ns $10.95

Kit comes complete with 8 ea. 4164-2 (200ns). 64KDyn. RAMs& conversion documentation. Converts TRS-80 color computerswith E-Revision Boards from 16K to 32K.TRS-64K2 <2oans) $69.95

Universal —^ Computer Keyboard Enclosure

"OTE" Blank Desk-Top Enclosuresare designed for easy modifica-tion. High strength epoxy moldedend pieces in mocha Drown finishjF Sliding rear/bottom panel for service/component access. Top/bott. panels 080"thick atom alodine lype 1200 finish (gold tint:ta) for best paint adhesion after modification.■^ - Vented top & bottom panels for cooling efficiencyDTE-20 Panel width 20" $39.95

DPee Wee Boxer Fan• 36ctm free air delivery•3.125" sq. x 1.665" depth• 10 yrs. cont. duty at 20 °C• 115V 50/60HZ• For Apple usersPWS2107US,',«1.m, ... I 7.95 ea. PWS2107F K.w $12.95 ea.

Muffin* Fan

• 105cfm free air delivery

• 4.68" sq. x 1.50" depth.

• 10 yrs. cont. duty at 20°C

• Impedance protected,:.: ip ambients to 70 DC

'tK Ii. • 115V 50/60HZ 14W Wt 17 oz

*** ' MU2A1U gj'jyj.j.d, $ 7-95 •••

MU2A1N Now $12.95 ea.

JOYSTICKS

■e qi/ 5K Linear

■"'" Taper Pots $5.25

l<t mnir 100K Linear

, Ji"1°1"' Taper Pots $4.95

aanK ' l^ mnir 150K Linear

| '^M* 5°" Taper Pols $4.75

JVC 40 40K I2' VidM c<m-lured) troller in Case $4.95

UV-EPROM Eraser

8 Chips — 51 Minutes

^X.

1 Chip — 37 Minutes

Erases 2708. 2716, 2732, 2764, 2516, 2532. 2564. Erases up to 8 chipswithin 51 minutes {1 chip in 37 minutes). Maintains constant exposure

I distance ot one inch. Special conductive foam liner eliminates staticbuild-up. Built-in safety lock to prevent UV exposure. Compact — only

| 9.00" x 3.70" x 2.60". Complete with holding tray for 8 chips.

UVS-11 EL Replacement Bulb M6.95

DE-4 UV-EPROM Eraser .. . S79-95

Wall TransformersAC and DC Types

AC 250 (above)

AC 500

AC 1000

AC1700

AC9004

DC 800

DC6912

DV5490

DC900

OC120O

117V/60H7117VI60HZ117V/60HZ117V760HZ117VJ60HZ120V/60HZ120V/6OHZ117V'60Hz120V760HZ120V760HZ

P£ic_e

2VAC 250mA2VAC 500mA12VAC 1 amp9VAC1 7 amp9.2VAC2.5amp8VDC 400mA6,9,12VDC 300mA9.5VDC 275mA9VDC 500mA12VDC 3O0mA

J3.D5

S4.S5

$5.95

$3.95

S2.95 or 2/S4.95

$2.49 or 2/S3.95

S3.95

12.95 or 2JS4.9S

(ki\MOTOROi-A. AM/FM StereoKZy Push Button Car Radio

Cats*

FOR VOLKSWAGEN SCIROCCO, RABBIT. AUDI 5000 AND FOX

(with minor adjustments, can be used in any automobile)

Includes bezel trim & everything pictured. Two ea. 4x6 speakers & grille

(1 •'," deep). All cables & leads for hook-up. Incl. all Instruction Manuals

for easy installation. Cut-out dim.: 7"W x 1W "H x 8V. *L

Model 5VW3901 $49.95 J

518 BYTE October 1982

Circle 211 on inquiry card.

16 256x1

22 256x4

16 1024x1

16 1024x1

18 256x4

16 256x4

28 B192x8 (450ns)

MICROPROCESSOR CHIPS

40 CPU(MK3880N!(2MHz)

Z80A (780-1) 40 CPU (MK3880N-4] (4MHi) ...

Z80B 40 CPU (MK3B80N-6>(6KIHz) .. ..

CDP1802 40 CPU

2650 40 MPU

I0M2901ADC 40 CPU-4-bit slice (Com Temp. Gr.

MCS6502 40 MPU w/Clock (65K bytes mem.).

" 40 MPU-8-blt (6MHz)

40 CPU-Sgl.cHip8-bii(128bis.Ram)

40 CPU (256 bytes RAM)

40 CPU (64 bytes RAM)

40 CPU w/Basic Micro Interpreter.

STATIC RAMS

Price^

..2.95

(650ns). . .(450ns) 8101

(350ns]

(450ns) L.P.

(450ns)3111

(450ns) MOS .

024x4 (450ns .8.85-8/14.95

024x4 (450ns) L.P..8.49 -8/16.95

1024x4 200ns) 8.48-8/1B.B5

1024x4 (200ns) L.P. .8.95- 9/19.95

3.95

4.95

(70ns

B.95

450ns) 3.95

(450ns) 3,95

450ns) CMOS 4,95

.... (450ns) 4044 4.95

2048x8 (200ns CMOS 7.B5

2048x8 (2D0ns) L.P. CMOS B.9B

(50ns)3101 2.25

(250ns) CMOS [6551) 3.95

(250ns) CMOS 3.95

(250ns) CMOS (6501) 3,95

(250ns) CMOS (6518) 3.95

(35ns) 93405 1.95

(80ns)934l0 3.95

60ns)93411 3.95

(35ns)3101 2.25

(50ns) O.C. (93415) 3.95

16 ib>4 (50ns)O.C.(74S289) 2.25

EPROMS

24 356x8 (1bS) 4,95

24 1024x8 (450ns) 3.95

24 1024x8 (550ns) SM00246 E.B5

24 2048x8 (450ns) 2716 9.95

24 4096x8 (450ns) NMC2532 B.95

28 B192x8 (450ns) 84.95

24 2048x8 (450ns) 3 voltage 7.95

24 2048x8 (450ns) 5.95

24 4096x8 (450ns) 9.95

024x8 (450ns)singlt ""

19.95

MICROPROCESSOR MANUALS

User Manual 7.50

User Manual 7.50

User Manual 5.00

6800/6800 SUPPORT DEVICES

40 MPU 4.95

40 MPU with clock and RAM 7.95

24 128xBStaticRAM 3.95

40 Peripheral Inter Adapt (MC6S20). .. .4.95

24 Priority Interrupt Controller 15.95

24 t024xB-bltR0M(MC66A30-8) 10.95

24 Asynchronous Comm. Adapter 4.95

24 Synchronous Serial Data Adapter .. . .5.75

24 0-600bps Digital MODEM 9.95

24 2400bps Modulator 12.95

16 Quad 3-state Bus. trans. (MC8T26) . .2.258080/8080A SUPPORT DEVICES

3.95

■Directional Bus Driver 2.25

16 Clock Generator/Driver 2.25

16 BusDriver 2.25

28 System Controller/Bus Driver 3.49

28 System Controller 4,49

24 I/O Expander for 48 Series 5.95

40 Asynchronous Comm. Element ... .10.95

28 Prog. Comm. I/O (USART) 4.49

24 Prog interval Timer ., 6.95

40 Prog. Peripheral I/O (PPI) 4.49

40 Prog. DMA Control .7.95

ZB Prog. Interrupt Control . 6.95

40 Prog. CRT Controller .

20 System Timing Element.

20 8-blt Si-Directional Receiver 2.'

20 8-blt Bi-Directional Receiver tJ

ZO 8-bit BI-Directlonal Receiver 2.'

20 Octal Latched Peripheral Driver... t, .4.?

20 Octal Latched Peripheral Oriver 4.5

DYNAMIC RAMS

Pan Wo. "Pins Price

1103 18 1024x1 (300ns) 99

4027 16 4096x1 (250ns) 2.49

4116N-2 16 16,384x1 (150ns) ....8.85-9/19.95

4116N-3 16 16.384x1 (200ns) .. .1.99-8/14.98

4116N-4 16 16,384x1 (250ns) ..1.48-8/10.95

4164N-2 16 65.536x1 (200ns) . .. .9.95-9/88.95

MM5261 18 1024x1 (300ns) .49-9/1.95

MM5262 22 204Bx1 (365ns .4B- 9/1.95

MM5270 1B 4096x1 (250ns) MK4096 4.95

MM5280 22 4096x1 (200ns) 2107 3,95

MM5290-2 16 16,384x1 (150ns) .8.85-8/18.95MM5290-3 16 16.384x1 (200ns) . .1.95-8/14.95MM5290-4 16 16,384x1 (250ns) ... 1.4B - 9/10.95

MM5298-3 16 8192x1 (200ns) 1.69

PROMS

74S1B8 16 32x8 PROM O.C. (6330-1) ... .1.48

745287 16 256x4 PROM T.S. (6301-1) ..1.95

745288 16 32x8 PROM T.S. (6331-1) .... 1.9974S387 16 256x4 PROM O.C. (6300-1) ... .1.BS

745471 20 256x8 PROMT S. (6309-1) .. .5.85

745472 20 512x8 PROM T.S (6349-1) ... .4.95

745473 20 5!2xB PROM O.C. (6348) 4.95

745474 24 512x8 PROM T.S. (DM87S296N) 4.95

745475 24 512x8 PROM O.C (6340) 4.95

74S478 24 1024x8 PROM T.S. (TBP28S86) .8.95

745570 16 512x4 PROM O.C. (6305) 8.85

745571 16 512x4 PROM T.S. (6306) 8.85

745572 IB 1024x4 PROM O.C. (6352) 4.95

74S5/3 18 1024x4 PROM T.S. (82S137) .4.95

82S23 16 32x8 PROM O.C. (27S1B) 8.95

82S115 24 512x8 PROM T S (27S15) .... 9.85

82S123 16 32x8 PROM T.S. (27S19) 8.99

82S126 16 256x4 PROM O.C. (27S20) 3.85

82S129 16 256x4 PROM T.S. i27S21: .3.95

B?51i0 16 '}:y?.tA P«:0MC C i2?$-?.\ 5.95

82S1B5 IB 2048x4 PROM T.S. (TBP24S81) .9.95

DMB7S18QN 24 1024x8 PROM O.C. (82S180i .9.95

DM87S181N 24 1024x8 PROM T.S. (82S181) ... .9.85

DM87S184N 18 2048x4 PROM O.C. (82S1B4) . . .9.95

0M87S185N 18 2048x4 PROM T.S. (82S185) ... .9.95

DM87S190N 24 2048x4 PROM O.C. (82S190). . .19.98

DM87S191N 24 2048x8 PHOM T.S. (82S191).. .19.95

ROM'S2513 (2140) 24 Character Generator (Upper Case)... .9.952513 (3021) 24 Character Generator (Lower Case).. ..9.95

NMOS READ ONLY MEMORIESMCM66710P 24 128x9x7 ASCII Shitted w/Greek ... 13.50MCM66740P 24 128x9x7 Math Symbol & Pictures ... 13.50MCM66750P 24 128x9x7 Alpha. Control Char. Gen... 13.50

DATA ACQUISITIONDC10 Mostek DC/DC Convert. +5Vto-9V., .2.95

MC3470P IB Floppy Disk Read AMP System 4.95

MC1408L7 16 7-bit D/A Converter (DAC0807LCN) .... 2.49MC1408L8 16 8-bit D/A Converter (DAC0808LCN) ....2.95

AF10O-1CN 16 Universal Active Filter 2,5% 5.93

AF121-1CJ 24 Touch Tone Low Band Filter 19.95

AF122-1CJ 24 Touch Tone High Band Filter 19.95

LM308CH Super Gain Op Amp 1.15

LM3342 Constant Current Source 1.30

LM335Z Temperature Transducer ,. .1.49

LF356N B JFET Input Op Amp 1.10

LF398N 8 Sample & Hold Amplifiers 3-95

LM399H Temp.Comp.Prec.Re1.( 5ppm/C) ... .5.00

ADC0804 20 6-bitA/DConverter(USBJ 3.49

DAC0806 16 8-bit D/A Converter (0.78% Lin. | 1,95

ADC0809 28 8-bit A/DConverter (8-Ch Multi.) 4.49

ADC0817 40 8-brtA/DConverter(16-Ch Multi.) ....9.95DAC1000 24 10-bitD/AConv. Micro.Comp. (0.05%) 13.95DAC1008 20 10-bltD/AConv Micro Comp.(0.20%) .7.95

DAC1020 16 10-blt D/A Converter (0.05% Lin.) 8.49

DAC1022 16 10-bit D/A Converter (0.20% Lin.) 5.95

DAC1222 18 12-DitD/AConverter(0.20%Un.) 6.95

CD4051N 16 8-Channel Multiplexer..' 79

AY-5-1013A 40 30K BAUD UART ITR1602I 3.95

SPECIAL FUNCTION

DS0025CN 8 Dual MOS Clock Driver (5M2) 2.49

DSG026CN B Dual MOS Clock Driver (5MZ) 1.95

INS1771N-1 40 Floppy Disk Controller. 16.95

INS2651N 2B Communication Chip B.95

MM58167N 24 Microprocessor Real Time Clock 8.95

MM58174N 16 Micro. Compaticle Time Clock.. 7.95

COP402N 40 Microcontroller w/64-digit HAM 5.95

and Direct LED DriveC0P4Q2MN 40 Micraprocewu- w ,fA elicit HAM 5,95

& Direct LED Drive w/N Buss Int.COP470N 20 32-seg.VACFIitor.Drvr.(20-pinpkg.) ...,3.25

TELEPHONE/KEYBOARD CHIPS

AV-5-9100 18 Push Button Telephone Dialer 14.95

AY-5-9200 16 Repertory Dialer 14.95

AY-5-9500 14 CMOS Clock Generator 4,95

AY-5-2376 40 Keyboard Encoder (88 keys) 9.95

Mi:.;)!u:-, U k;:7i.:.:r:.: ijvxiir- ::f-.^ 9 Js

74C922 18 Keyboard Encoder (16 keys) 4,49

74C923 20 Keyboard Encoder (20 keys) 4.95

MM53130N 18 Touch Tone Dialer 5.95

MM53190N 20 Push Button Pulse Dialer 4,49

Kits

Part No. "I

704SIPI

7045EV/Kit*

7106CPL

7106EV/Kit*

7107CPL

7107EV/Kif

7116CPL

7117CPL

7201IUS

7205IPG

7205EV/Kit*

7206CJPE

7206CEWKit*

7207AIPD

7207AEV/Kif

72081PI

7209IPA

7215IPG

7215EV/KII*

7216AIJI

7216CUI

7216DIPI

7217IJI

7217AIPI

72-24! PL

7226AIJL

7226AEV/Ki!"

7240UE

7242IJA

7250IJE

7260IJE

7555IPA

7556IPD

7611BCPA

7612BCPA

7621BCPA

7631CCPE

7641CCPD

7642CCPD

7660CPA

8038CCPD

6048CCPE

OMIIf^ulL

COS Precision Timer

Stopwatch Chip, XTL

3V? Digit A/D (LCD Drive)

IC. Circuit Board, Display

3ft Digit A/D (LED Drive)

IC, Circuit Board. Display

3Vj Digit A/D LCD Dis. HLD

Vh Digit A/D LED DIs. HLD. .. .

Low Battery Volt Indicator

CMOS LED Stopwatch/Timer

Stopwatch Chip, XTL

Tone Generator

Tone Generator Chip, XTL

Oscillator Controller

Freq Counter Chip, XTL ,

Seven Decade Counter

Clock Generator

4 Func. CMOS Stopwatch CKT

4 Func. Stopwatch Chip, XTL

8 Digit Univ. Counter C.A

8 Digit Freq. Counter C.A

3 Digit Freq. Counter C.C

4 Digit LED Up/Down Counter C.A

4 Digit LED Up/Down Counter C.C.

LCD 4ft Digit Up Counter DRI

8 Digit Univ. Counter

5 Function Counter Chip. XTI

CMOS Bin Prog. Timer/Counter .CMOS Divide-oy-256 RC Timer ...,

CMOS BCD Prog Timer/Counter

CMOSBCDProg.Timer/Counter. .

CMOS 555 Timer

CMOS 556 Timer

CMOS Op Amp Comparator

CMOS Op Amp Ext. Cmvr

CMOS Dual Op Amp Comp

CMOS Tri Op Amp Comp

CMOS Quad Op Amp Comp

CMOS Quad Op Amp Comp

Voltage Converter ,

Waveiorm Generator

Monolithic Logarithmic Amp

50ppm Band-GAPVolt Ret. Diode

Volt Ret/Indicator

Volt Ret/Indicator .

'rice 1

..29.95..16.95.15.95

.15.95.3,95.13.95

.,29.95.24.95.19.95,.10.95.14,95

5.25

1.45

2.20

5MV 2.255MV 2.95,.5MV 3.9510MV 5.3510MV 7.5010MV 7.50

2.95.3.95

NATIONAL EPROM-RAM SALE

24 1024x8 (550ns) EPROM (SM00Z46I

24 2048»8(550ns)EPROM

24 1024<8 (450ns) EPROM Single +5V

24 4096x8(550ns) EPROM

28 8192x8(450ns)EPROM

16 65,536x1 (200ns) Dynamic RAM .

16 16,384x1 (250ns) Dynamic RAM

52.95 each

3.95 each

2.95 each

6.95 each

19.95 each

8/69.95 or 9.95 each8/10.95 0t1.49 each

CONNECTORS-

25 Pin — D Submrniature (meets RS232)

Part No. Description

DB25P PLUGIRS232)

0B25S SOCKET (RS232)

0B25PF-179 PLUG (RS232) Wire Wrap style

DB51226-1 CABLE COVER tor DB25PorD825S

PLUG - Right Angle - PC Mount

SOCKET - Right Angle - PC Mount

Screw Lock far DB25 Series Connectors

(Locks connector to panel)

Solder Eyelet/Wire Wrap Edge Card

Part No. I Contacts I Sp. I Description | Price

15/30SE

18/36SE

22/44SE

22/44PC

50/100SE

22/ 44 WW

67031-5

RG81-1

R6B1-2

15/3018/3622/4422/4450/10022/4422/4450/10050/100

Solder Eyelet

Solder Eyelet

Solder Eyelet

PC type [no mtg. ears)

Solder EyeletWire Wrap - Level 3WW (Pns.0625> 03* /:;■!Wire Wrap - Level 3Wire Wrap - Level 3

ms ic sockets

TTnTrT For Socket Required, See Column After The IC Part No.LOW PROFILE (TIN) SOCKETS , WIRE WRAP (GOLD) SOCKETS

LEVEL #3 1-24 25-49 50-100

8 pin LP14 pin LP16 pin LP

22 pin LP

24 pin LP

28 pin LP

36 pin LP

Soidertail Standard Tin & Gold Also Available -

8 pin WW10 pin WW14 pin WW16 pin WW18 pin WW20 pin WW

22 p

A/W

24 pin WW28 pin WW36 pin WW40 pin WW

$10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds OnlyCalifornia Residents Add 61/z% Sales TaxPostage — Add 5% plus $1.50 InsuranceSend S.A.S.E. for Monthly Sales Flyer!

Spec Sheets — 30c eachSend $1.00 Postage for yourFREE 1983 JAMECO CATALOGPrices Subject to Change

74C0U74C0274C0474C0874C1074C1474C2074C3074C3274C4274C4874C7374C7474C8574C8674C8974C9074C93

Knama

14

74CR'!

H

' .39

74C107

14

74C151

IN

2.49

74C154

74

3.49

74C157

If)

V 2S

74C160

IK

1 W

74C161

IB

1 19

74C162

IK

1.19

74C163

1ft

1 14

74C164

14

1.49

74C173

IN

n

74C174

IB

1.19

74C175

111

1 14

74C192

ID

' .'9

74CI93

Ml

1 IW

74CI95

16

1.39

74C22174C24074C24474C37374C37474C90174C90374C90B74C91174C91274C91574C91774C92274C92374C92574C92680C958CC97

16

LH0002CN 10

LM10CLH

LM11CLH

LH00700H

TL071CP 8

TL072CP B

TL074CN 14

TL081CP 8

TL082CP 8

TL084CN 14

LM300H

LM301CN B

LM301CH

LM302H

LM304H

LM305H

LM307CK 8

LM308CN B

LM309H

LM309K

LM310CN 8

LM311CN 8

LM312H

LM317MP

LM317T

LM317K

LM318CN B

LM319N 14

LM320K-5

LM320K-12

LM320K-15

LM320T-5

LM320T-12

LM320T-15

LM323K

LM324N 14

LM329DZ

LM331N 8

LM334Z

LM3352

LM336Z

LM337T

LM337MP

LM338K

LM339N 14

LM340K-5

LM340K-12

LM340K-15

LM340T-5

LM34QT-12

LM34QT-15

LM341P-5

LM341P-12

LM341P-15

LM342P-5

LM342P-12

LM342P-15

LM34BN 1

LM350K

LF35IN

LF353N

LF355N

LF356N

LM358N

LM359N

LM370N

LM373N

LM377

LM380N

LM381N

LM382N

LM384N

LM386N-3

LM387N

LM389N

LM392N

LF398N

LM399H

TL494CN

TL496CP

NE510A

NE529A

NE531V

NE536H

NE540H

NE544N

NE550A

NE555V

LM556N

NE564N

LM565N

LM566CN

LM567V

NE570N

NE571N 16 ;

LM703CN B '

LM709N 14

LM710N 14

LM711N 14

LM723N 14

LM733N 14

LM739N 14 '

LM741CN 8MC1741SCG !

LM747N 14

LM748N B

LM1014^ 10

LM1310 14

LM1458CN 8

LM1488N 14

LM1489N 14

LM1496N 14

LM1556V fl

LM16O0N 16

LM1871N IB

LM1872N 18LM1B77N-9 14

LM1B89N 18

LM1896N 14LM2002TLM2877PLM2878PLM2896P-1

LU3189N 16

LM390ON 14

LM3905CN 8

LM3909N 8

LM3914N IB

LM3915N IB

LU3915N IB

RC4136N 14

RC4151NB BRC4194TKRC4195TK

LM4500A 16

ICL8038B 14

LM13080M B

LM13600N 16

75138N 16

75450M 14

75451CN B

75492 14

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002PHONE ORDERSWELCOME — (415) 592-8097

CAPACITOR CORNER

50 VOLT CERAMIC DISC CAPACI

Value

1-9

10-99

100+

Value

1-9

10-99

tffiH

10 pf

.08

.06

.05

-OOl^F

.08

.06

.05

.08

.06

.05

.0047/uF

.08

47 pf

.08

.06

■OS

.01/jF

.06

.08

.06

.05

-022m F

220 pf

.08

.06

.05

.047AIF

470 pf

.08

.06

.05

Ifif

100 VOLT MYLAR FILM CAPACITORS

.001mf .12 .10 .07 I .022mf .13 .11 .08

,0022mf .12 .10 .07 ,047mf .21 .17 .13

,0O47mf .12 .10 .07 .lmf .27 .23 .17

,01mf .12 .10 .07 I -22mf .33 -27 .22

+20% DIPPED TANTALUMS (Solid) CAPACITORS

.1/35V

.39

.34

.29

1.5/35V

.41

.37

.29

.15/35V

.39

.34

.29

2.2/35V

.39

.34

.29

3.3/25V

.33/35V

.38

.34

.29

4.7/25V

.47/35V

.39

.34

■ 29

6.8/25V

.68/35 V

.39

.34

.29

15/25V

1.0/35V

.39

.34

.29

22/6V

MINI. A

-UtVU

SJUM

ELEC

rROLYTIC CAPACITORS

1-99

100-499

500+

Radial

1-99

100-499

500+

.47/50V

.16

.14

.10

-47/25V

.15

.13

.12

.19

.16

.12

.47/50V

3.3/50V

.17

.15

.11

1.0/16V

.IB

.15

.11

.18

.15

.11

1.0/50V

10/50V

.19

.16

.12

4.7/16V

.19

.16

.12

.24

.20

.18

4.7/50V

.21

.19

10/16 V

47/50V

.29

.25

.23

10/25V

100/25V

.28

.24

.22

100/50V

.41

.37

.34

.39

.34

.33

.49

.45

.41

100/25V

470/25V

.54

.49

.45

100/50V

.79

.69

■61

2200/16V

.89

.79

.69

470/25V

A*

Circle 211 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1982

519

mm

THERE ARE NOTHERE ARE NO

BOARDS-PRICES!

ompuPro from

SYSTEMS

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

CPU BOARDSCO-PROCESSOR 8086/8087

(6 Oil 8 or 10 MHz 8086 CPU with socketstor 8087 and 80130

Part No. Description List Price Our Price

BJ6BTIB6A A&T 8MHz 8086 only $695.00 $ 495.00BJGBT186C CSC 10MHz 8086 only $850.00 $765 00

BJGBTH6A87 A&T with 8087 option $995.00 $795.00BJ6BTI86C87 CSC with 8087 option' $1150.00 81065.00'8087 Limits clock speed to 5MHz

SAVE $200.00!!

DUAL PROCESSOR 8085-8088

6 or 8 MHz Provides true 16 Bit Power with a standard

8 bit S-100 bus

BJGBT1612A A&T 6Mhz $425 00 $325.00

BJGBT16I2C CSC 6/8 MHz $525.00 $425.00

SAVE $100.00!!

CPUZ - Z80B CPU NOW 6MHz!

3/6 MHz Z80B CPU with 24 Bit Addressing.

FASTEST Z80 CPU AVAILABLE!

BJGBTI60A 3/6 MHz AST $295.00 $225.00

BJGBT160C 3/6 MHz CSC $395.00 $375.00

DISK CONTROLLERS

DISK 1 FLOPPY CONTROLLER

Fast DMA, Sott Sector. Controls 8" or 5'A" Single or

Double Density. OUR BEST!

BJPDBTI71ACP* A&T W/CP/M2.2 & BJOS $670.00 $450.00

BJPDBI71ACPM CSC $595.00 $555.00

BJGBTCPHrBO' CP/M 2.2 tor Z80/808S with $175.00

manuals & BIOS 8" S/D diskBJGBTCPM86 CP/M for 8086 with manuals & $300.00

BJOS 8" S/D disk

SAVE $220.00!!

DISK 2/SELECTOR CHANNELHARD DISK CONTROLLER

Fast DMA 2 board set.Controls 4 Shugart 4000 series

or Fujitsu 2300 type drives. Includes CP/M 2.2*

BJGBT177A Assembled & Tested $795.00 $595.00

BJBBTI77C CSC $895.00 $850.00

SAVE $200.00!!

CMOS RAM SALE!

RAM 17 - 64K CMOS STATIC RAM

RAM 17,12 MHz. 2 Watt, DMA Compatible 24 Bit Addressing

Description

List Price Our Price

BJBBT175A64BJGBTI7SC64

64KA&T64 K CSC

$599.00 $399.00$750.00 $699.00

SAVE $200.00!!

RAM 16 • 32K x 16 BIT CMOS STATIC RAM

8 and/or 16 Bit

816 RAM 16 12 MHz, 32K x 16 or 64Kx8

IEEE/696 16 Bit 2 Watt. 24 Bit Addressing

BJGBT180A 64KA&T $650.00 $598.00

BJGBT180C 64KCSC $750.00 $690.00

SAVE $52.00!

NEW! RAM 21 - 128K STATIC RAM

8T6 RAM 21 12MHz. 128K x 8 or64Kx 16

IEEE/696 8 or 16 Bit 1.2 Amps, 24 Bit Addressing

BJGBTI90A 128KA&T $1695.00 $ 995.00

BJGBT190C 128KCSC $1895.00 $1705.00

SAVE $700.00!!!

M-DRIVE SOUD STATE DISK DRIVE,3500% FASTER!

No! Really, But the Next Best Thing to CompuPro 8085/88 Users Call l»

Detail on M-DriveM-Drive requires a 6MHz CPU 8085/88 dual processor. Disk 1 DMA disk

controller and System Suport 1 Multifunction BoardBJGBTnl0128«A 128K 0! AST memory 8 M-DnveSoftware $1118.00

BJEBTM01Z8KC l28KotCSCmemory&M-Drive Software $1398.00

BJGBTMD256KA 256K of A&T memory & M-DnveSottware $2395.00

BJGBTMD256KC 256Kol CSC memory SM-Dnve Software $2795.00

STATIC MEMORY BOARDS

RAM 20 - 32K STATIC RAM

RAM 20 10 MHz. 4K byte block disable, bank selector 24 bit addressing available 8. 16, 24 or 32K

$210.00 $190.00

$28000 $260.00

$285.00 $260.00

$355.00 $325.00

S355.00 $325.00

S425.00 $385.00

$425.00 $295.00$495.00 $450.00

8JGBT164AA8 SK A&TBJGBT164AC8 8K CSCBJGBTI64AA16 16KA&TBJGBT164AC16 16KCSCBJGBT164AA24 24KA&TBJGBTI64AC24 24 K CSCBJGB7164AA32 32K A&TBJGBTI64AC32 32K CSC

S-lOO MAINFRAME

110V 60Hz CVT Mainframe uses famous 20 slot

COMPUPRO Motherboard. (55 lbs.)

BJGBTENC20HM 20 Slot Rackmount $895.00 $760.00

BJGBTENC20DH 20 Slot Desk Top $825.00 $699.00

BOARDS

SYSTEM SUPPORT 1 MULTIFUNCTION BOARD

Serial port (software prog, baud), 4K EPROM or RAM

provision, 15 levels of interrupt, real time clock.

optional math processor

Part No.

Description

list Price

r Price

BJGBT162A

BJGBTI62C

BJGBT823I

BJ6BT8232

BJGBT162AMI

BJG1TI62CM1

BJGBTI62AM2

BJGBT162CM2

Assembled & Tested

CSC

Math Chip

Math Chip

A& T with 8231 Math Chip

CSC w/8231 Math Chip

A&T w/8232 Math Chip

CSC w/8232 Math Chip

$399.00$495.00

$295.00

$460.00$195.00$195.00

$490.00$655.00

$490.00$655.00

SAVE $100.00!!

MPX CHANNEL BOARD

I/O Multiplexer, using 8085A-2 CPU on board with 4KRAMBJGBTI66A4 Assembled & Tested $495.00 $395.00

BJGBT166C4 CSC $595.00 $475.00

BJGBT166AI6BJGBTI66C16

With 16K.RAMAssembled & TestedCSC

$649.00$749.00

$525.00$649.00

BJGBT133ABJ6BT133C

INTERFACER 1

Two Serial I/OAssembled & TestedCSC

$249.00$324.00

$199.95

$208.00

INTERFACER 2

Three parallel, one serial I/O board

BJG6T150A Assembled & Tested $249.00 $199.95

BJGBTI50C CSC $324.00 $289.00

INTERFACER 3

Eight channel multi-use serial I/O board

BJGBT1748A Assembled & Tested $699.00 $469.00

BJGBT1748C CSC 200 hr. 8 Port $849.00 $750.00

BJGBT1745A Assembled & Tested $599.00 $399.00

BJGBT1745C CSC 200hr. 5 port $699.00 $629.00

INTERFACER 4

Three Serial, 1 Parallel, 1 Centronics Parallel

BJGBTI87A Assembled & Tested $350.00 $315.00

BJGBT187C CSC $450.00 $415.00

SPECTRUM COLOR GRAPHICS

Color Graphics board with Parallel I/O

BJGBT144A Assembled & Tested $399.00 $249.00

BJ68T144C CSC $449.00 $339.00

BJGBT20 Sublogic Universal $35.00

Graphics interpreter Software

SAVE $150.00!

BJGBTI53ABJGBT153CBJGBT154ABJGBT154C

BJGBT155A8JGBT155C

SAVE!

S-lOO MOTHERBOARDS

Active termination, 6-12-20 Slot

A&T 6 slot, 2 lbs.

CSC 6 slot, 2 lbs.

A&T 12 slot. 3 lbs.

CSC 12 slot, 3 lbs.

A&T20 slot. 4 lbs.

CSC 20 slot, 4 lbs.

$140.00 $125.00

$190.00 $175.00

$/75.00 $155.00

$240.00 S220.00

$26500 $235.00

$340.00 $310.00

Circle 310 on inquiry card.

&B$SffifMI'¥W iii^fe' ^L^7fi@iiJ£S

CPU BOARDS

2810 Z80 SBC CPU

2/4 MHz Z80A CPU with RS232C Serial I/O Port complete

with Monitor PROM lor 2422 Disk ControllerPart No. Description Lilt Price Our Price

BJCCS28I0A Assembled & Tested $300 00 $289.00

2820 Z80 DMA CPU

4MHz Z80 with 2 RS232C Serial Ports, Centronics Parallel

Port, separate data and status ports and

DMA Daisy Chain Capability

BJCCS2B20 Assembled & Tested S595 00 $569.00

I/O BOARDS

2830- 6 PORT SERIAL

Six Asynchronous RS232C Ports using three Z-80 DARTS

Programmable baud rates.BJCCS2830 Assembled 8, Tested $550.00 $525.00

2710 4 PORT SERIAL

4 Full handshaking RS232 ports and optional 2K ROMBJCCS27I00I Assembled & Tested S325 OO$3t9.00

271 9 2 SERIAL & 2 PARALLEL

2 RS232C ports. 2 8 bit parallel ports & optional 2K ROMBJCCS27190I Assembled & Tested S360 00 $349.00

2720 4 PORT PARALLEL

4 8 bit parallel ports and optional 2K ROMBJCCS27200I Assembled S Tested $275.00 $260.00

2422 FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER

I/O Mapped, controls 8 '. single or 5'A" double density

AiT with CPM'2.2 8" SO.

BJCCS2422A Assembled 8, Tested $425.00 $395.00

MEMORY BOARDS

2065 64K DYNAMIC MEMORY BOARD

64K 4MHz. Z80 or 8080 compatible, bank select tor

memory expansion to 512K. DMA compatible

BJCCS2055 Assembled S. Tested $375.00 $249.00

S*\S-

SOFTWARE Sto*

DIGITAL RESEARCH '

BJDIRCPM CP/M' 2.2 Control Program/Microcomputers

BJ0IBMAC

MAC Macro Assembler

% 90.00

MHMMt

RMAC" Relocating MAC

$200.00

BJDIBSID

SID* Symbolic Instruction Debugger

$100.00

BJDIBTEX

TEX* Text Formatter

$10000

Ml MCI

DESPOOL* Background Print Utility

$ 50.00

BJDIRCB80

C8ASIC* Programming Language

$150.00

ItftKM

CBASIC-86* Programming Language'Trademark o' Digital Research

$325.00

MICROPRO INTERNATIONAL

BJMDSW0STR Wordstar Version' 3.0

$24900

BJMDSMLMRG Mail Merge'

$10000

UMunii

Spell Star'

$150 00

BJM0SCAISTI Calc Star'

$200.00

BJMOSOtTSTR Data Star-

$200.00

BJMDSSUPSET Supersorf

$150.00

•

Trademark ot MicroPro International

SORCIM

MHMMt

SUPERCALC a Superior ElectronicWorksheet

$229.00

BJSORACTI

ACT 1* 8080/Z80 Assembler

$175.00

BJS0BACTII

ACT II' 8086/8088 Assembler

$175.00

BJSORTRNS

TRANS' 8086/8088 Translator

$125.00

BJSORPMBO

PASCAL/M' REL4 8080/8085/Z-80

$395.00

BJS0RPM9S

PASCAL/M' 8086

'Trademark ot Sorcim

MICROSOFT

$49500

BJMDSBASIO

BASIC-80' Version 5.X ExtendedDisk Basic

$30000

BJMCPBASC

BASIC Compiler Version 5.X

$395.00

BJMDSMFT

FORTRAN-80'

$500.00

■•■ -t.r* m« PrnHurtS

/ tOV 60Hz CVT Mainframes, the best money can buy!

12 Slot±8V 17±16V @2A

22 Slot±8V §• 30A± 16V (s> 4A

LISTPRICE

SALE

BJTEIMCS1IZ 12 Slot Desk

$755.00

$620.00

BJTEIMCSI22 22 Slot Desk

$910.00

$745.00

BJTEIRM12 12 Slot Rackmount

$80000

$655.00

BJTEIRM22 22 Slot Rackmount

$96500

$790.00

Shipping Weight: On 12 Slot Maintrames: 45 lbs.On 22 Slot Maintrames: 55 lbs

S 100 MAINFRAME WITH 12 SLOT MOTHERBOARDAND CUTOUTS FOR 3 - 5'A" FLOPPY DISK DRIVES

+8V@ 17A±16V@ 2A+12V Q 1.2A Internal Power Cable

BJTEITF12 12 Slot desk $745 00 $605.00

BJTEIRF12 12 Slot Rackmount $85500 $695.00Shipping Weight: On 12 Slot Desk: 40 lbs.

On 12 Slot Rackmount: 45 /OS

DUAL 8 DISK DRIVE CHASSIS

For two Shugart 801R or two Qume DT-8 size driveswith internal power cables provided+24V ® 1.5A +5V 9 1.0A ■ 5V @ 25A

BJTEI0F00 Desk Top S565 00 $480.00

BJTEIRFDO Rackmount $725 00 $650.00

Shipping Weight: On Desk Top: 40 lbs.

On Rackmount: 45 lbs.PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS is a master distributor tor TEt DealersS OEM'scall lor quantity pricing

GDHayes

SMARTMODEM

M0r

• Auto Answer Auto Dial, Full or Hall-Duplex. Loop Back Serial binary andasynchronous data tormats with 7 or 8 data bits: 1 or 2 stop bits. odd. even orno parity • 0-300; 1200 baud • RS232C interlace • ZB0 Microproces-sor with 2Kb control program • 40 character command butier • Size1 5" x 5 5" x9 6"

BJDCH0200P Smartmodem (S*L Wt 6 lbs.) $27900 $225.00BJDCH0400P Smartmodem 1200 baud {6 lbs I $699 00 $649.00BJ0CHO3OOP Chronograph |Sh Wt 3 lbs) $249 00 $205.00BJOCH0100P Micromodem 100 (Sh Wt 4 Ibsl $39900 $325.00BJ0CH290ID CP/M" 8" Terminal Program lor above $ 25.00

BJOCHOO00P Micromodem II $379 00 $299.00

ft TeteVided

WORLD'S DEST SELLING TERMINAL!

Extra Memory Pages

FREE!!

BJPDBTIV9252P* $749.00

•TeleVideo 925 w/free 2nd page

memory kit, a $95 00 value!BJPDBIU9504P- $949.00

•TeleVideo 950 w/free 2nd. 3rd S4th page memory kit, $285 00 valueBJTLH910 $609.00

With emulations & foreign languages6JTLV9I0BLK $609 00

Black mode version of above(Shipping Weight 37 lbs.)

BEST BUYS!

SEND $1.00 TODAYFOR THE NEW, FULL COLORSPRING 1982 ENGINEERING

SELECTION GUIDEI

^PRIORITY

SBC MASTER PROCESSOR

This is absolutely the most complete single board computer available;

NO EXTERNAL INTERFACE BOARDS ARE NEEDEDI• 280ACPU • 64KBankSwitchableMemory • 4KEPR0M • AutoBoot • NEC 765 FDC with PLL interlace to all Shugart compatibledrives (5'A" or 8") • 2 RS-232C Serial ports (Z80ASIO. up to 19 2KBaud) • 2 Parallel Ports (Z80APIO) • 4 Timers (Z80ACTC) • IEEE696/S-100 Compatible • CP/M« and TURB0D0S* compatible •Full One Year WarrantyBJPDBSBCCPM A&Tw/BIOSS CP/M'22 $1095.00 $895.00

SBC SLAVE PROCESSORSimilar to above with 16K EPROM. X-Buss Expansion Interlace, andoptional on board EPR0M burnerBJS0SSBCS Assembled & Tested $795 00 $790.00

SDS MICROPOLIS HARDDISK INTERFACE

Micropolis 1220/1250 MICRODISK series interlace adapter with soft-ware drivers, cabling, and mounting hardware,BJSDSNDI Assembled 8, Tested $150.00

MICROPOLIS 12631 45MB 8 WINCHESTER

DISK8" 3 platter MICRODISK with 36Mb formatted capacity Drive is shockmounted in attractive Micropolis desk top enclosure with power supplyBJMCP12B3I Assembled & Tested $538400 $3905.00

SIERRA/MICROPOLIS SBC PACKAGE

Sierra SBC, CP/M', Micropolis Interlace, and Micropolis 12631

MICRODISK.

BJPDBSBCSYS1 Assembled & Tested $6629 00 $4495.00

ssm

80 >

$41900$ 39 00

VIDEO AND I/O

VB 3 - HIGH RESOLUTION VIDEO

: 25 or 50 character video display Memory Mapped.Parallel Keyboard port8JSSMVB3A24 80 X 24 AST $499 00

BJSSKVB30P 80 x 50 Line Upgrade

I/O 4

Two serial I/O. two parallel I/OBJSSMI04A Assembled & Tested $290 00 $260.00

I/O 5

Serial. 3 parallel Including 1 CentronicsII Assembled & Tested $329.00 $289.00

1/0 8

8 Port Serial I/O with TimerAssembled & Tested $550.00 $469.00

***

BJSSMI0SA

CPU, RAM & PROM

CB2 Z80 CPU

2/4 MHz will accept 2716. or 2732. or RAMBJSS*C82A Assembled S. Tested $299.00 $269.00

BJSSMZ80M SSM Z80 Monitor $ 89.00

MB10A16/8K8/16 BJT STATIC RAM

16K byte /8K word. 24 bit extended, addressing, "M write,"

Phantom disable, addressable in 4K blocksBJSSMMBIOA/lssemb/ed & Tested $299.00 $275.00

MB8A 1 K/16K EPROM BOARD

1K/16K2708 EPROM board, disable in IK incrementsBJSSMMB8AA/tssembfcd & Tested $179.00 $159.00

PB1 PROM PROGRAMMER

Programs 2708 or2716's. operates as a

4K/8K EPROM BOARD AS WELL

BJSSMPBIA Assembled S. Tested $265.00 $219.00

Circle 310 on Inquiry card

ELECTRONICS

CHATSWORTH, CA 9

9161 DEERINGAVEORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5922 - CA, AK, HI CALL (213) 709-5464

Terms US VISA. MC. BAC. Check. Money Order US Funds Only CA residents add 6'/;% Sales Tax MINIMUM PREPAID ORDER$f500 Include MINIMUNSHIPPINGS HANDLING ol $3 00 for the first 3 lbs. plus 40C for each additional pound Orders over 50 lbs sent freight collect Just in case, please include volphone number Prices subject to change without notice We will do our best to maintain prices through October. 1982 Credit Card orders will be chargeappropriate freight If you haven't received your Spring 82 Engineering Selection Guide, send $1 00 for your copy today! Sale prices are for prepaid orders onl

APPLE DISK DRIVES

Give your APPLE II* a Fourth Dimension — the totally compatiOle 5V«"drive that takes your system farther, taster. With read/write electronicsso advanced that reading errors are virtually eliminated. With a trackzero microswitch that keeps boot and track access smooth and quietWith the ability to read halt-track software and up to 143,360 bytes onDOS 3.3*. With similar performance on DOS 3.2.1*. Pascal' or CP/M'operating systems. And, the disk enclosure mates perfectly with APPLE

cabine^ EXTENDED WARRANTY NEW"

Fourth Dimension offers a 12 month parts and labor warranty at nocost to you! (Gee this really looks good1)BJFOS40A List Price: $419,00 SALE: $319.00

2 or More, only $299.00 eachShugart InterchangeableBJFDS40AC* APPLE II* Disk Drive Controller $115.00

*Sold only with purchase of Fourth Dimension Drive

SAVE 20%

S-100 MAINFRAMES FOR DUAL 8

HARD AND FLOPPY DISKS

The Q.T. MFD series mainframe is designed to oe the most versatile and themost compact system enclosure on the market today In addition to a 6,8, or1.2 slot S-100 card cage, the mainframe is designed to support two 8" (loppyor hard disk drives, it is ideal for the new generation of Single BoardComputers and highly density RAM cards that do not require many slots Nowyou can have a complete dual floppy or hard disk system in one convenientenclosure at a remarkably low priceFEATURES:

• Accommodates any combination of standard 8" floppy or hard disk drive(801R. DT8. Fuiitsu hard disk, etc.)

• IEEE S-100 Silence+ 6. 8. or 12 slot motherboard available for quietoperation with high speed processors

• Keyed power Switch

• Reset Switch on Front Panel

• Anodized 6, 8. or 12 slot card cages

• Quiet fan with filter provides cool clean systems operating featuringpositive ait pressure

• Detachable line cord plugs directly into EMI noise filter for electrical noisesuppression

• Two AC convenience outlets on rear panel tor peripherals

• 15-DB25 cut outs for mounting I/O connectors

• 2-50 pin plug cut outs

• Dimensions 9V k 17" x 21" (HxWxD) fSh Wt. 48 lbs.}

• Power Supply +15(p>7A. + 24V0 7A. +8(Pt8A. ±16@3A.-5fpJlAPirt No. Description List Price SALE Price

BJQTCMFDD without Motherboard

BJQTCMFODS with 6 slot Motherboard

tUQTCMFDDS with 8 slot Motherboard

BJQTCMF0012 with 12 slot Motherboard

«8J

$600 00 $4(0.00

$67500 $840.00

$700 00 $560.00

$750 00 $600.00

FCC CLASS 2APPROVED

DATA DISPLAYMONITORS

IFICATI0NS:

p»

IB Screen

12" diagonal, 75 square inches

DM2112 P31 phosphor

i Syttem

525 lines; 60 fields/second; overscan

■1 Resolution

600 lines, center

Ml

1.0 volt p-p composite video, 75 ohms

BJSY0DM2112

r. $i6ooo SALE: $119.00

HER SANTO MONITORS ON SALE TOON

Description

tilt Price SALE

9'B&WP4, 10MHz(15 lbs) $19000 $140.00

9"Green. P31. 10MHz (15 lbs) $200 00 $150.00

12-B&WP4, 18MH2I24 lbs) $25000 $105.00

12-GReen. P31, 18MHz (24 lbs I $260 00 $101.00

13"Color. 16x64(35 lbs) $47000 $375.00

13 RGB Color (35 lbs.) $895 00 $705.00hd with IBM PC

MICRO PERIPHERALS INC.

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS is proud to announce theirappointment as Franchisee! MPI distributors. To celebrate,we are selling all drives, regardless of quantity at the 100-piece price!

5V4 DISK DRIVES

LIST

SALE

BJMPI51-

smgle-sirJed double-density 48 IPI

$330 00

$220.00

BJMPI52-

double-sided double-density 48 IPI

$430 00

$305.00

BJMPIOt*

single-sided double density 96 IPI

$42500

$325.00

BJMPIIOf

single-sided double-density 100 IPI

$430 00

$330.00

8JMPI102"

double-sided double-density 100 TPI

$530 00

$420.00

'Replace "*" when ordering, with '"$" for Shugart style bezel.

" for MPI style bezel, or

2 HIGH 8 DISK DRIVES

The First 2" high 8" disk drive allows >or mounting under

the keyboard on CRT, etc.

NO AC Required +5V +24VDC only

FAST 3 msec track to track!

BJMPI4I single-sided double density $535 00 $415.00

BJMPI42 double-sided double-density $59500 $475.00

8JMPIBZL462 4 62 "Shugart size bezels lor 1 drive SI2 50

0JMPIB7.L2462 4 62' Shugart size bezels lor 2 drives $12.50

Applied Digital Data Systems Inc.

SALE!Green Screen

$525.00Black & White

$479.00

VIEWPOINT - ADDS

Detachable keyboard. RS232 interface and auxiliary port.

80 x 24 display, tillable screen

BJADDVWPR ADOS 3A. P31 Green Phosphor $699 00 $525.00

BJAODVWPRBW P4 Black & While $699 00 $479.00

IShiping Weight 30 lbs.)

VISUAL 50

(See page 287 tor more information!

• Low profile detachedkeyboard features sculpturedkeys with matte finish

• Screen tilts and swivels

• 80 x 24 display with 25th statusline

• 7 x 9"dot matrix with lull decenders

• RS-232 Serial interface w/auxi!laryRS-232 port

• 128 Character ASCII set and 31character line drawing set

INTRODUCTORY OFFER!!

BJIS150BW Non glare Black t. White $69500 $650.00

BJVSL50SR P31 green display $75000 $685.00

(Shipping Weight 37 lbs.)

V-100 VISTADISK CABINET

• Desk or rack mountable • Internal power anddata cables • Drives pull out for easy serviceand maintenance

BJVISV100 Disk Drive Cabinet $449.00

List Price $495.00 iSh wt. 43 lbs.)

BJVISV100 W/purchase of two $399.00

8" Disk Drives

.PRIORITY TONE

v/o^-

A MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

L

$475.00 each!!Better Than

QUMEI

Better Than

SHUGART!

WOW!!

8 ' Double-sided, double-density, interchangeable with OUME 8 ShugarlBJMITM230403 Sft Weight 16 lbs. $475.00

BJMITK209463 M Manual

2 or More Only $435.00 each

S 10.00

landon

Tandon TM-800 Thinline isexactly half the sizeof conventional 8"floppy disk drives ^

Exactly one-halt the height of any other model.Proprietary, high-resolution, read-write heads patented

by TandonD.C. only operation ■ no AC. requiredIndustry standard interface.

Three millisecond track-to-track access time (9 lbs.)

BJTNDTM04S1 Single Sided $300.00 2 or more $370.00

BJTNDTM402 Double Sided $405.00 2 or more $405.00

TANDON 5'A DRIVESBJTN0TMI00I* Single Sided, 2SOKB IS lbs.)

2 or Mora $180.00

BJTHDTM1002* Double Sided, 500KB

2 or Mora $270.00

BJTNDTMI003 Single Sided. 500KB

2 or More $270.00

0JTHDTMI004 Double Sided. 1000KB2 or Mora $375.00

$ 105.00 ll$205.00 ta.$205.00 at.$305.00 11

'As used In the IBM P.C.

^=0-Shugart soir

Single sided, double density - most popular 8" driveDJSHUB0IH S394 OO ea.or2 or more (16 lbs) tor $389.00BJSHUSA801RM Manual tor 801R drives $ 10.01

m

INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTATION. INC

OUR BEST!!

UNIVERSAL DISK ENCLOSURES

• Accepts any combination of 8" drives (QUME/Shugart801R type or Va size Tandon type) • Also accepts harddisks • Positive pressure • Optional Disk environmentmonitor shows supply voltage and internal cabinet temp-erature • Internal power and data cables provided.ONIVERSAL DRIVE CABINET complete with power supply, fan and filter, andall internal cables lor attachment of two 8" floppy drivesBJIIIODE004 Dual Drive Cabinet (Sh. Wt 40 IDs) $49500 S450.00BJIIIODE004 With purchase ol two 8" Disk Drives $399.00

BJIIIUDE0D4EM w/Environmental Monitor installed $584 95 $535.00BJIIIUDE004EM With purchase ol two 8 Disk Drives $485.00

DJIIIUOE004AUS Dual Drive cabinet with Aug- $733 00 $050.00

mentation power supply module to increase 5Vsupply from 6 amps (o 9 amps lor use with twohard disks or 4 Tandon drives Also includesDisk Environment Monitor (45 lbs.)BJIIIUDERCK 19" Rack Mount kit UDE004 $00.05

THIN THREE DRIVE CADINET complete with power supply, and all internalcables tor attachment ol three thin 8" floppy drives (Tankdon type) One ACpower connector is also provided tor use with full size driveBJIIIUDETT Three Drive Cabinet ISh Wt 35 lbs) $495 00 $450.00BJIIIUOETTTEM with Environmental Monitor installed $584 95 SS35.005 CABINETS - VISTA

BJVISOS0I

BJKIS1802

Single 5" with PSDual 5" with PS.

ELECTRONICS

CHATSWORTH. CA 913

9161 DEERING AVE •ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5922 • CA, AK, HI CALL (213) 709-5464

Terms US VISA, MC. BAC. Check. Money Order U S funds Only CA residents add Vh% Sales Tax MINIMUM PREPAID ORDER $1500 Include MINIMUMSHIPPING & HANDLING ol $3 00 for the tirst 3 lbs, plus 25« lor each additional pound Orders over 50 lbs sent freight collect Just in case, please include yourphone number Prices subject to change without notice We will do our best to maintain prices through October. 1982 Credit Card orders will be charged appro-priate freight If you haven't received your Spring '82 Engineering Selection Guide, send $1 00 for your copy today! Sale prices are tor prepaid orders only

ClmlB HI »n lr,~..i-.. '

41

California g.-, QQ STARTER SYSTEM

ComputerSystems

We've bundled our most popular 3 board combination to form a complete S-100 Systemjust add mainframe, peripherals and cables! BJPDBCCSSP1

CCS2810 4MHzZ80CPU m ^ ' j-B

2/4 MHz CPU OCflC r^rl^lp

OMl

• On board RS-232 Serial Port

• On board Monitor

$695.00

/ i<zt PRir.p- $11 or nn

CCS2422 DISK CONTROLLER

LIST PRICE: $1125.00

SAVE $430.00!!

• Controls 4, 8" or 51/4" drives

• IBM 3740 Standard

• Supports single or double density

• Supports single or double sided

• Plug compatible with Shugart, Mitsubishi, MPI, Qume, Tandon, and Siemens

(Shipping Weight 8 lbs.l

*With the purchase of two disk drives$750.00 if purchased separately!

FREE CP/M 2.2

CCS2065 64K 4MHz RAM

• 4116 Low power dynamic RAMs

• Supports DMA

• Bank Select up to 512K

• Fail Safe refresh circuitry

ALL BOARDS ASSEMBLED & TESTEDPLUG & RUN!!

(om pu Pro

The days of "Out of Memory" are gone at last! CompuPro has intro-duced the largest static S-100-IEEE/696 RAM board ever to beproduced.

The RAM 21 is arranged either as a 128 K x 8 bit wide or 64 K x 16 bitwide board, using a high speed, ultra low low power proprietary staticRAM CompuPro has also included 24 bit addressing for up to 16 mega-byte capability and power consumption so low your mainframe willnever know it's there.

• Meetsor exceeds all IEEE696/S-100 specifications • Fully staticdesign uses less power than dynamics (12 amps typical) • 24 bitextended addressing • 8 bit (128K) or 16 bit (64K) operation • Ad-dressable as one block • 16K window deselect, dip switch selectable

• Switch selectable PHANTOM disable • 12 MHz CPU operation •16K x 1 static RAM • Thorough bypassing of all supply lines •Capable of DMA processing • 128K Static, 1.2 amps.

RAM 21 12 MHz W

128K STATIC S-100 MEMORY

BJGBT190A

LIST PRICE $1695.00SALE PRICE

$995.00

SAVE $700.00!!

5Mb S-100 HARD DISK SUB-SYSTEM $1595.005Mb S-100 HARD DISK BACK-UP $1195.00

MORROW OE5IGNS

Winchester speed. 5 Mb capacity and reliability tor only$1495.00' The DISCUS M5 <rom Morrow Designs includes a5Mb Seagate ST506 Winchester drive installed in a cabinetwith cables and power supply, a DMA hard disk controller.CP/M" 2.2 operating system and Microsoft's BASIC pro-gramming language. Sounds to good to be true? There'smore ... a 5Mb add-on drive for additional storage or back-up is only $1100.00. It's faster and more reliable than tapeand costs less!KEY FEATURES:

• Storage capacity of 6.38Mb unformatted; 5.0Mb formatted

• Band actuator and stepper motor head positioning

• 5 0 megabit/second transfer rate

• Same track capacity as a double density 8 inch floppy

• 170 millisecond random average access time, reduceable to 95 ms via asimple software algorithm

• The only single S-100 DMA Hard disk controller board on the market today

• Fully compatible with high speed 6MHz and 8MHz CPUs of today andtomorow

• DMA bus arbitration as outlined by the IEEE 696 standard

• Controls 1 to 4 soft sectored Winchester drives

• ST506 or SA 1000 interface compatible

• Variable sector length (256,512,1024, or 2048 byte sectors)

• Automatic CRC generation and checking

• Addresses 1 to 16 heads

• Addresses an infinite number of tracks

• Contains its own on-board microprocessor — Signetics 8X300

• 24-bit address burst DMA transfers

• Channel Onven for enhanced speed

• All disk driver routines resident on the controller

• Variable format

• No buffering required

• Maximum transfer rate 5.000,000 bits per second

• Due to this high transfer rate, a minimum CPU speed of 2 5MHz is required

n

The DMAHDC has been designed for expansion One to four drivescan be attached directly and controlled One to sixteen drive heads maybe addressed. Any number of tracks may be specified during the seekroutine by specifying one to two hundred and f itty-six tracks one or moretimes. Each of the expansion abilities prepair the user to upgrade hissystem as technology advances to additional platters and tracks.

DISCUS MS WITH DMA HARD DISK CONTROLLER

BJMDSDMAM5 Software supplied on 8" IBM3740 disk withblank I/O and INSTALL program

BJMDSDMAM52B Software configured for Morrow DJ/2B controllerand Mult I/O as console

BJMDSDMAMSDMA Software configured for Morrow DJ/DMA con-troller and Mult I/O as consoie

BJMQS0MAM55S Software supplied on 5'A" soft sector (IBM/Cro-memco disk w/blank I/O and INSTALL program

BJM0SDMAM5NS Software supplied on 5W 10 sector North Stardisk with blank I/O and INSTALL program

DISCUS M5 5Mb Subsystem List Price $2195.00

SALE PRICE $1595.00

(order by part numbers listed above; shipping weight 17 lbs.)

DISCUS M5 ADD-ON DRIVE

BJMDSADM5 5Mb Add-On Drive List Price $1845.00

SALE PRICE $1195.00*

'With purchase of above M5 subsystem or with previouspurchase of M5 subsystem from Priority One Electronics.Proof of prior M5 purchase required with order.

/ SIEMANS FDD100-6

' TRUCKLOAD PURCHASE!

WE'VE CAPTURED THE 8" FLOPPY DRIVE MARKETWITH A HUGE FACTORY DIRECT PURCHASE!!

See Previous PagesFor More Great Deals!!

DUAL 8 SUBSYSTEM

BJCCS2422A Controller w/CP/M 2.2BJSIEFDD1008 8" DriveIN A DUAL HORIZONTAL CABINETWITH POWER SUPPLY

AND DATA CABLE

SAVE $380.00

SINGLE-SIDED

DOUDLE DENSITY

90 DAY WARRANTY

SHUGART 801R COMPATIBLE

$995

(Include $30.00 for shippings)

Same as above, with CCS2810 Z80

4MHz CPU and CCS 2065 64K Dynamic RAM:

$1450.00

BJPDBSIESUB2

ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5922 - CA, AK, HI CALL (210) 709-5464 Circle 312 on inquiry card

Terms. U.S. VISA, MC.BAC, Check, Money Order, U.S. Funds Only. CA residents add6Vs% Sales Tax MINIMUMIPREPAlDORDER$15.00.lncludeMINIMUM SHIPPING* HANDLING of $3.00 lor the first3lbs, plus 25« tor eachadditional pound. Orders over 50 lbs. sent freight collect. Just in case, please include your phone number. Prices subject to change without notice. We will do our best to maintain prices through October, 1982. Credit Card orders will befhamoH annmnriato rroinht if unn haven't rorsiunri unnr Snrinn 'fl? Fnniniwrinn RfilBrtion Ruirifi send S1 00 fnr vnur coov todav! Sale orices are for prepaid orders onlv.

Unclassified Ads

WANTED: Listing of Pirate's Adventure that has been con-verted to Applesoft BASIC. Would also like to trade other gamelistings for the Apple (especially Adventure-type games). JerryAmancio, I Shay St., Windsor, CT 06095, (203) 688-8175,

FOR SALE: KJM-I; $ 100. Computenst 8K static RAM board;$120. Computenst AJM/SYM/KIM motherboard and card cage;S60. Sanyo 9-inch monitor; $120. Electronic Systems stand-alone 7VT [32 by 32] plus George Risk keyboard and serial in-terface; SI50. Power-One supply, 5 V @ 6 A. ±I2V or± 15 V @ 1.7 A or 1,5 A; S 50. All items in perfect condition;prices negotiable. Programs and documentation included. EricEdstam, 16715 Northeast 89th, Redmond, WA 98052, (206)885-4629.

WANTED: Apple II programs to swap: games, home, andbusiness programs. Send tape, disk, or listing with your nameand address. Also, looking for people interested in forming anApple Club of West Virginia. Mark Adams, POB 26, McCon-nell, WV 25633.

FOR SALE: Teletype Model 40, prints 300 ipm. up to 9600bps with IK buffer. Best offer. 100 opto relays Sigma 226.10/S 25 or S 200 for all. SSM VB1 -C video board. 64 by 16, neverused; S175. R. Dale Mosher, 21-51 45th Ave., Long Island City,NY I I 101. (212) 937-6283.

WANTED: Ohio Scientific boards and literature. Specifically.the 300. 400. 420C. 440B. 510. 525. 527, 5602. or otherboards. Literature, catalogs, and applications notes neededalso. Edward H. Carlson, 3872 Raleigh Dr.. Okemos, Ml 48864,(517) 349-1219.

FOR SALE: OSI Superboard in steel case. Upgraded to I6K.Switch-selectable 300 and 600 bps, two ports (one wired forCentronics printer interface) with extra RAMs, and several pro-grams; S350. Paul Peck, 84 Propose Rd„ Shirley, NY I 1967.(516) 399-2316.

WANTED: The code to trigger the Reset key in the Apple IIcomputer on and off, I am willing to trade any other informa-tion on the Apple ii for this code. Please send the code for theReset key along with the information you would like from me.The code can be in either machine-language or BASIC form.Jeff Miller. 1171 Barnes St.. Franklin Square, NY 11010.

FOR SALE: DECwriter IV (LA-34) terminal in perfect condi-tion, fitted fabric cover, and manual. I will accept the best offer.Al Vazquez, 2 Soldiers Field Park 507, Boston. MA 02163.

FOR SALE: IBM Selectnc typewriter Model 1980-9 with7441 IBM interface. (See December 1981 80 Microcomputingpage 268 for description.) Fully operational. S 150 plus shippingcharges T. G. Lareau, RR Aux 4 Box 127-A, Edgar, Wl 54426,(715) 352-3247.

WANTED: KCACR cassette-interface board for Altair 680Also, 4K or 8K memory for the same. Please specify price andterms of shipment. Greenbank Science Club, 168 GreenbankRd., Nepean, Ontario, K2H 5V2 Canada.

FOR SALE: SOROC IQ-130 display terminal. Most of theIQ-I35 functions at the price of the IO-I20. Manual and BDSC-compatible code listings included. S600. Frank A. Braman. 64Lafayette St., St. Johnsbury. VT 05819, (802) 748-5051 days,748-9639 evenings.

FREE: I have an interesting and fun game free for the askinglDesigned for the TRS-80 Model l/lll. (Specify model and media.)Just send SASE. Seth Strattan, 701 Watterson Trail, Louisville.KY 40243.

FOR SALE: 32K PET upgraded from 8K with new ROMs,new character set. two keyboards, cassette. CB2 sound,4-channel analog sound synthesizer with driver software, andmore than 80 tapes, including several Epyx games, five or sixadventures (including the original one), arcade-type games,utilities, and many original programs. Asking S800, plus ship-ping. Mits Hadeishi, 16110 South Western Ave., Gardena, CA90247, (213) 532-1654.

FOR SALE: RCA VIP 7II with 4K static RAM. RF modulator,three manuals, power supply, many game programs, hexa-decimal keypad entry, and CHIP-8 language (easy to learn).Paid S 200 three months ago; will sell for S140 or best offer. TimDeJong. 2800 Northwest 91st St., Vancouver, WA 98665.

FOR SALE: NCR 399 computer, as new, with paper andmagnetic tape, BASIC. FORTRAN, software packages, andmaintenance agreement contmuable with new owner. An ab-solute steal at $7000. Sally Dugan, POB 305, Faucett, MO64448, (816) 238-4346.

WANTED: 4K S-l 00 memory board to fill a hole in my ad-dress space. IMSAI preferred. Need not be faster than 450 ns.Scott Gavin. 728 Mildred Lane SE, Salem. OR 97306, (503)363-4262 evenings.

FOR SALE: A brand-new 32K Commodore PET 2001 withexternal cassette and about 300 games and educational pro-grams, including Word Pro One. All manuals and instructionsare included, with a copy of the PET transactor. Asking $ 1300or will trade for a comparable Apple II system. Send a SASE.Rickey Tom, 158 Mary St., Hamilton. Ontario, L8L 4V8Canada,

WANTED: TRS-80 graphics and arcade-style games writtenin Level II BASIC to swap. Send a game on cassette with yourname and address and I'll return two different games on yourcassette. Bruce Nagata. 8902 Ravenna Ave. NE. Seattle, WA98115.

FOR SALE: 8-mch 32-hole hard-sector disks, practicallynew, for S2.50 each. Beth Boston, POB 518. Cedarville, OH45314. (513) 766-5000.

FOR SALE: Intertube If video terminal. Battery used to main-tain power to memory holding terminal characteristics such asdata rate and parity is bad. However, parameters can be setmanually. Asking $300. Kenneth Borroum, I 5 Arsdale Terrace,East Orange, NJ 07018.

FOR SALE: Interdata 7/16 16-bit TTL minicomputer with fulldocumentation, 32K magnetic core memory, hardwaremult/div, I/O: video display and teletypewriter, high-speedcassette drives, front panel, relay rack, and power supply.Emulates IBM 360/370 op codes. S2200. Bob Dittnch. 5601Neosho. St. Louis. MO 63109. (314) 351-3854 evenings.

FOR SALE: More than 40 issues of BYTE (1976-1979). Bestoffer. Will sell three weeks after this ad is published or first $ 100takes all. George Cofman, (617) 879-4031, 872-9087.

FOR SALE: ELF II 1802 microprocessor, expansion board,and much more, M. Garascia, 6608 Sylva Beach Rd., Caseville,Ml 48725.

FOR SALE: Tektronix 475 oscilloscope; S2500. Tektronix549 storage oscilloscope; $850. Sound Technology I700Adistortion-measurement system; $1000. Barry Klein, I5657GPasadena Ave., Tustin, CA 92680. (714) 838-7559,

WANTED: I am a high school student interested in com-puter construction and experimentation. Due to limited funds, Iwould like information concerning used or discarded equip-ment and/or parts. If you have such, please send me your nameand address with a list of the equipment. Bob Olson, 5309Larkspur, Lisle, IL 60532.

FOR SALE: S-100 boards. ZPU 280 processor; S80. SMBII 2Kmonitor ROM/RAM serial/parallel; SI20. Three 16K RAM; SI55each, TDL 80 by 24 video with 2K memory and keyboard;$145. Tarbell disk interface and CP/M; S145. 2708-16 PROMand programmer; $65. Serial/parallel I/O. IK RAM, and 3KROM; $45. Two 8-inch Siemens disk drives; S285 each. S-100mainframe with 8-inch cutouts and 15-A supply for bus anddrives; SI45. Jon A. Batcheller, (408) 662-2758.

FOR SALE: NRI digital-computer electronics course withModel 832 digital-electronic computer completed and workingwith expanded memory, schematics, extra boards and parts.TVOM. 63 texts, and 11 training kits. Self-study program withtests and answers designed to teach a service technician withno prior experience the fundamentals of integrated circuitry,programming, and tracing signals through a computer. I havecompleted the course. Cost $980; will sell for $400. MichaelKazigian, 101 Highland St.. Park Ridge. NJ 07656, (20!)391-2952.

FOR SALE: DEC 11/40 computer, 48K core, paper-tapereader/punch, and CR-1 1 card reader. All with manuals. Also,dual-cabinet UDC system, unibus cables and connectors,modules, and manuals. Everything or part. L. King, R.R. 1 Box45AA, Seaford, DE 19973. (302) 629-6026.

WANTED: TRS-80 Model I Level II programs to swap ortrade: games, home, and utilities, Send listing of your programsalong with name and address. Kurt Plowman, 918 TaliaferroDr., Harrisonburg, VA 22801.

NEC MONITORS: Canceled experiment—must sell twonew NEC monitors in factory cartons. 12-inch color composite(NTSC). List $490; will accept S300. 12-inch high-resolutionRGB monitor. List SI095; will accept S650. Great value. WillU.P.S. to you if necessary. Mel Malmowski. 920 Los RoblesAve.. Palo Alto, CA 94306. (4 I 5) 493-5374.

WANTED: Apple II or III or peripherals and software forsame. Need modem, EPROM programmer. ROMPLUS. colormonitor, Ramcard, Softcard. letter-quality printer, keypad,Votrax Type 'N Talk, or whatever. Software accepted only iforiginal with complete original documentation. Am offering intrade a Panasonic PV1500 programmable video recorder withlow hours. VCR works fine; so should whatever you offer.Warren Michelsen, POB 2633, Page, AZ 86040, (602)645-2141.

FOR SALE: 4K Level I TRS-80 Model I. Includes Space SaverSystem Desk, Games Pack I, BASIC Instruction Course, and fiveother game programs on cassette. Also included are TRS-80Graphics Book and Introduction to Digital Electronics, System is inexcellent condition. Also included is BYTE from May 1981-February 1982. S600 or best offer Sankyo Magnetic CardTransport; S75. Frank J. Marchese, 37 Crescent Dr.. Fairfield,NJ 07006, (201) 227-4319.

FOR SALE: Advanced Micro Devices AmSYS-8/8 microcom-puter with 64K dynamic RAM. two 256K disk drives, powersupply, cabinet, serial port for CRT. two parallel ports for printer,and four expansion slots. Software includes AmDOS8 (CP/M-compatible) operating system, utilities, editor, debugger,MACROS Assembler, Linker, Library Manager, AmSYS BASIC,and AmSYS FORTRAN. Brand new and unused. Three-monthwarranty. $4500 or best offer. John .Ehrman, Schola Can-torum. POB 845, Cupertino, CA 95014. (408) 996-8292.

FOR SALE: Cashier—Apple's retail-store-management soft-ware. Unused, with warranty. $175 or best offer. DavidStodolsky, 504 South Fourth St. #5, DeKalb, IL 60115, (815)756-7443.

UNCLASSIFIED POLICY: Readers who have computer equipment to buy, sell, ortrade or who are requesting or giving advice may send a notice to BYTE for inclusion in theUnclassified Ads section. To be considered for publication, an advertisement must be non-commercial (individuals or bona fide computer clubs only), typed double-spaced on plainwhite paper, contain 75 words or fewer, and include complete name and address. This ser-vice is free of charge; notices are printed once only as space permits. Your confirmation ofplacement is appearance in an issue of BYTE as we engage in no correspondence. Pleaseallow at least three months for your ad to appear. Send your notices to Unclassified Ads,BYTE/McGraw-Hill, POB 372. Hancock, NH 03449.

October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 525

Unclassified Ads

FOR SALE or TRADE: Tektronix 434 storageoscilloscope. 25 MHz dual trace with split-screen bistable stor-age. New cost S4400; sell for $2800. Trade for CP/M-based sys-tem including disk drives, terminal, and small printer, or a ter-minal with modem and a word-processing-type printer. JohnSonewald, 1302 Elm St., Rolla. MO 65401, (314) 364-4360,

FOR SALE: Altair 8800b computer system. 18-slot main-frame, heavy-duty power supply, 64K static, two disk-controllercards, dual 8-inch drive, printer-interface card, Qume Sprintprinter (letter-quality 132-column), MITS turnkey module, LearSiegler video-display terminal, software, and disks. S3850. TedGrose, (904) 377-5228 days, 376-5709 evenings.

FOR SALE: Peachtree business software for VectorGraphic. S5000 value for SI000. MAGSAM III for Micropolis;S60. Formfeed tractor for Qume Sprint 3; S60. David Paden,5737 1 1th Ave. S, Birmingham. AL 35222, (205| 595-6792,

FOR SALE: Texas Instruments Silent 735 portable terminalwith modem. Excellent condition. Manual included. S575.Prefer local. Graham Barker, 16-11 Berdan Ave., Fair Lawn, NJ07410, (201) 797-8953 evenings.

FOR SALE: Heath H-8 with 32K memory, H-8-2 three-portparallel interface, H-8-5 cassettes, BASIC, and other cassettes,S400. Also, Microsoft CP/M operating system for the Apple IIPlus with MicroPro's Wordstar, S450. Michael Bronisz, 4595Shisler Rd., Clarence. NY 14031.

WANTED: Any information and/or manuals on the DuraBusiness Machine's MACH-IO computer typewriter. KenAndersen, 2074 U.S. Hwy. 12, Ethel, WA 98542.

WILL SWAP: Software for the TRS-80 Model III. Model I. orColor Computer. Donald Russell, POB 253, Mansfield, MA02048,

FOR SALE: The first 16 issues of BYTE bound in two hand-some volumes. A true collector's item. S 125. shipping included.Stephen Kleinlein, 2076 Brewer Ave., Salt Lake City, UT 84121.

FOR SALE: SDK-85 System Design Kit using the 8085microprocessor. Kit is assembled, tested, and includes 5 V, 2 Apower supply. Complete documentation, including lab manual.$300 Bob Schreiber, 341 2 Farthing Dr., Wheaton, MD 20906,(301) 622-2121.

FOR SALE: Texas Instruments personal-computer thermalprinter PHP 1900. Brand new, used one roll of paper. S250 in-cludes shipping. Mark Wilson, POB 23, West Cornwall, CT06796.

SOL OWNERS: Do you have any programs or informationto trade? I have 50 programs to offer. Robert W. Heerdmk, 500Redbud Dr., Forney, TX 75126.

FOR SALE: ECT TT-I00 S-100 system with 8080 processorand Processor Technology development system, includingVDM, 3P + S, CUTS I6KRA, and GPM with ALS-8, SYM-1,TEXT-2, and CUTER ROMs. Also includes 24K static memory,keyboard, monitor, two cassette recorders. Extended BASIC,and all documentation. S 1500 or best offer for complete systemonly. Don Shoeman. 294 Pool Rd„ Biddeford, ME 04005.

FOR SALE: I am selling all my surplus parts and eguipment.including Z80, PIO, CTC, Shugart 800s, S-100 boards, andmany more. They are either new or in good working condition.Please write for more information. J. Young, 1120 East Algon-quin Rd. 2C, Schaumburg, IL 60195

FOR SALE: OSI Superboard II with 4.5-A power supply,Radio Shack RF modulator, and enclosure. S250. Steve Gruel,535 Elmhurst Ave. Apt. 3, Delavan, Wl 53115, |414|728-9626,

^^—

BOMB

BYTE's Ongoing Monitor Box

Article #

Page

1

29

2

40

3

68

4

80

5

96

6

128

7

146

8

176

9

210

10

224

11

254

12

13

291

315

14

360

15

380

16

392

17

400

18

406

19

447

Article Author{s|

Beyond the Peaks of Visicalc Bishop

Build the Microvox Text-to-Speech

Synthesizer, Part 2: Software Garcia

What Makes Business Programming Hard? Woodward

Adapting Microcomputers to Wall Street Franz

Putting Real-World Interfaces to Work Barden

The State of Industrial Robotics Callahan

Marketplace Dickinson

Ringquest Mills

The Case of the Purloined Object Code: Can

It Be Solved? Part 2: Approaches to Software

Protection Stern

Radio Shack Compiler BASIC Archer

User's Column: A BASIC and Pascal

Benchmark, Elegance, Apologies, and FORTH Pournelle

An Introduction to the Human Applications

Standard Computer Interface, Part 1: Theory

and Principles Rutkowskt

The Personal Computer as an Interface to a

Corporate Management Information System McBurney

Software Arts' TK Solver Williams

Naming Your Software Becker

Wyse Technology's WY-100 Terminal Haas

Edu-Ware's Statistics 3.0 Elliott

Program Your Own Text Editor, Part 2: Install

the Video-Display-Oriented Text Editor on

Your System Fobes

Systems Plus: FMS-80 Abbott

FOR SALE: Mini-Term Merlin with Superdense graphics;$225. Morrow Discus 2D controller (brand new); S250, TwoIMSAI 4K RAM boards with software wrire-protect (4 MHz); S65each. 6-slot IMSAI S-100 motherboard with connectors; S17.4-slot same; S I 1. Nick Kollat, 405 Idlewood Rd.. Youngstown,OH 44515, (216) 799-1017 evenings.

NEEDED: Circuit-board cards for LA-30 DECwnter. I willpay any reasonable cost for circuit cards. Robert Perlstein, 142Dumas Rd.. Cherry Hill, NJ 08003, (609) 428-7282

FOR SALE: Altair Model 8800A computer with 16Kmemory plus many extras, including software. Send SASE formore information. Lear Siegler Model ADM 3A video terminal;$700. Centronics Model 730-3 printer; $850. Completepackage for S2000. Cynthia S. White, 26 Boswell Rd., Reading,MA 01867, |617) 944-0443

WANTED: Used Shugart 801R disk drives and used CRTSiegfried Seiffert, 100 Seaview Ave, Monmouth Beach, NJ07750.

FOR SALE: Complete NEC PC-8000 computer system forless than half price. Includes 4 MHz Z80A processor, I/O expan-sion unit with 64K RAM plus 32K PROM, dual floppy-disk unit,video character display, letter-quality Spinwriter printer (neverused), software, all cables, and many supplies. Rare bargain atS3800 Shawn Spilman, 262 Eliot St.. Natick, MA 01 760.

FOR SALE: Heath H-14 printer fully assembled and opera-tional; S350. Michael Richardson, 10-03 Pheasant Hollow,Plainsboro, NJ 08536, |609) 799-8087 after 6 p.m.

FOR SALE: BYTE January 1978 to May 1982; S100 U.S.funds or S120 Canadian. Kilobaud Microcomputing January1977 (#1) to April 1982|except#l4|; $125 U.S. or $ I 50 Cana-dian. onComputmg first four issues (1979-80), S8.50 U.S. or$10 Canadian. All in mint condition and you pay shippingcharges. Jacques Blais, 1698 9e Ave., Charny, Quebec,G6W 4H2 Canada.

FOR SALE: Zenith/Heath H-89 32K RAM; $1700. H-l I16-bit 32K DEC KD1 I-HA processor, DEC PDP-I 1/03 compati-ble up to 60K. line clock, parallel interface, serial interface,arithmetic cnip. and H-27 dual 8-inch floppy-disk drive; S4000.H-1 9 video terminal. $900. TI-810 150 cps bidirectional printerplus stand; S 1900 Includes manufacturer's software, CP/M forH-89. and manuals. Henry Lee, I 290 6th Ave,, New York, NY10104, |212) 581-8725 days.

Pournelle Wins BOMB

Our ever popular industry criticJerry Pournelle has walked awaywith the first place prize in theBOMB results for July. His User'sColumn entitled "Ada, MINCE,CP/M Utilities, Overpriced Docu-mentation, and Analiza II" hasnetted Jerry the $100 bounty. PhilLemmons and Roger Taylor sharethe second place award of S50 forthe second part of their two-partarticle, "Upward Migration, Part 2:A Comparison of CP/M-86 and MS-DOS." Third place this month goesto Steve Leibson for the sixth andfinal part of his series, "TheInput/Output Primer, Part 6: Inter-rupts, Buffers, Grounds, and SignalDegradation."

526 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Reader Service

Inquiry No. Page No.

Inquiry No. Page No.

Inqu

iry No. Page No.

Inquiry No. Page No.

1

47th STREET PHOTO 371

83

COMPUSERVE 255

177

GTEK INC. 204

260

MONARCHY ENG.INC. 464

2

800 SOFTWARE 259

315

COMPUSHACK 398, 399

178

H&E COMPUTRONICS 393

261

MORROW DESIGNS 172, 173

431

800 SOFTWARE 419

84

COMPUTER AGE 306

179

HAYES MICROCOMP.PROD. 59

262

MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS 405

3

A.S.T.RESEARCH 89

85

COMPUTER CHANNEL 358

180

HEATH COMPANY 328, 329

263

MPC PERIPHERALS 161

4

AB COMPUTERS 489

86

COMPUTER DISCOUNT PROD. 469

181

HEWITTS COMPUTER SHOP 504

264

MPI 15

5

ABW CORP. 470

87

COMPUTER DYNAMICS 282

182

HEWLETT-PACKARD 232, 233

265

MTI SYSTEMS CORP. 123

6

ACCESS UNLIMITED 497

88

COMPUTER EXCHANGE 378, 379

183

HEWLETT-PACKARD 232, 233

266

MULLEN COMP. PROD. 101

7

ADV.COMPPROD. 508, 509

89

COMPUTER INNOVATIONS 437

184

HEWLETT-PACKARD 232, 233

267

MUSYS 284

8

ADV.MICRO DIGITAL CORP. 28

90

COMP. LEARNING TREE 238

185

HEWLETT-PACKARD 232, 233

268

N.W.S. INC. 492

9

ADV.SYS CONCEPTS 490

91

COMPUTER MAIL ORDER 188, 189

186

HEWLETT-PACKARD 232, 233

269

NAP CONSUMER ELECTRCORP 283

10

AEGIS SYSTEMS 274

92

COMPUTER PLUS 460

*

HILTON HOTEL CORP. 331

270

NARRAGANSETT SFTW. 282

ALF PRODUCTS, INC. 56

93

COMPUTER SHOPPER 394

187

I.B.C. 19

271

NAT'L.INTEGRATED SFTW. 86

•

ALL SYSTEMS GO 492

94

COMPUTER SHOPPER 496

188

I.B.C. 19

*

NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY 105

11

ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD. 44, 45

95

COMPUTER SPCLTIES. 228, 229

189

IBM 144, 145

273

NEBS 429

12

ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD. 261

•

COMPUTER WRHSE. 349

190

IMS INTERNATIONAL 53

274

NEC INFORMATION SYS. 21

13

ALSPA COMP.SYS. 49

97

COMPUTERTIME INC. 486

191

IMSAI 266

275

NEC INFORMATION SYS. 249

14

ALTOS COMP.SYS. 78, 79

98

COMPUTERWORLD INTL. 346, 347

•

INDEPENDENT BUS.SYS. INC 460

•

NETRONICS 152, 495

15

AMDEK CORP. 334, 335

99

COMPUTING 236

193

INSIGHT ENTERPRISES 490

276

NETWORK CONSULTING CORP. 104

16

AMER.SMALL BUSN.COMP 359

442

COMPUTROL INC. 494

194

INSTITUTE-SCITF.ANALYSIS 464

440

NEW GENERATION SYS. 154

17

AMER.SQUARE COMP. 205

101

COMPUVIEW PROD.INC. 63

195

INT'L.NORTH STAR USERS 494

441

NEW GENERATION SYS. 496

18

AMERICAN MOTOR CORP. 327

102

CONCURRENT CORP. 222

196

INTEC 492

444

NORSOFT CONSULT. 498

19

ANDERSON JACOBSON 433

103

CONDOR COMP.CORP. 387

197

INTEGRAL DATA SYS. 301

277

NORTH HILLS CORP. 494

20

ANSWER IN COMPUTERS. THE 404

104

CONSUMER COMP. 180, 181

198

INTEGRAND 242

278

NORTH HILLS CORP. 496

21

APPARAT INC. 190

105

CONTEXT MANGMNT.SYS. 10

199

INTELLIGENT ARTEFACTS 429

279

NORTH STAR COMPUTERS 72

22

APPLE COMPUTER INC. 115

106

CONTEXT MANGMNT.SYS. 11

200

INTELLIGENT ARTEFACTS 429

280

NOVATION 321

23

APPLEWARE, INC. 496

107

CONTROL DATA 143

201

INTERACTIVE MICROWRE. 420

*

NRI SCHOOLS ELECTR. DIV. 401

24

APPLIED BUSN.CONCEPTS 494

108

COSMIC COMP.UNLTD. 494

202

INTERACTIVE STRUCT. 185

282

OASIS SYSTEMS 290

*

APPLIED CREATIVE TECH. 454

109

CPU SHOP, THE 487

203

INTERTEC DATA SYS. 27

283

OKIDATA CORP. 373

25

ARCHIVE 397

112

CREATIVITY UNLTD. 488

*

INTEX SYSTEMS 62

285

OMEGA SALES 340, 341

26

ARTIFICIAL INT'LRESRCH. 488

114

CROMEMCO CM, 1

204

IPEX INTL. 464

286

OMNI RESOURCES 165

27

ASAP COMPPROD.INC. 363

115

CROMEMCO 2

205

ISA CO.LTD. 277

287

OPTIMAL TECHNOLOGY 422

28

ASC ASSOCIATES 486

116

CUSTOM COMP.TECH. 431

206

ISE 141

288

ORANGE MICRO 225

29

ASHTONTATE 200, 201

•

CYBERNETICS INC. 99

207

ITHACA INTERSYSTEMS 8

289

ORANGE MICRO 276 i

•

ASPEN SFTW.CO. 100

119

DATA EXCHANGE 488

208

J.C.SYSTEMS 432

35

OREAD TECH 370

30

ATARI 183

120

DATA GENERAL CS 203

209

JADE COMP.PROD. 505

290

ORION INSTRUMENTS 490

AUDIO-UGHT 267

200

DATA MAIL 429

210

JADE COMP.PROD. 506, 507

291

ORYX SOFTWARE 409

31

AUTOMATED EQUPMNT. 84

121

DATA SOURCE SYS.CORP. 275

211

JAMECO ELECTR. 518, 519

"

OWENS ASSOC. 70, 71, 196

33

AVOCET 122

122

DATA SYSTEMS MRKTG. 307

212

JDR MICRODEVICES 512, 513

292

PACIFIC COMP BRK. 216

424

AV.T ELECTRONICS 117

123

DATA TECH INDUSTRIES 271

213

JDR MICORDEVICES 514, 515

293

PACIFIC EXCHANGES 484, 488,

34

B&B ELECTR. 484

124

DATA-ED 227

214

JIM-PAK 503

492, 496, 498

432

BASF 345

125

DATA-LINE 370

215

JRT SYSTEMS 69

298

PALOMAR COMP.EQUIP. 510, 511

36

BAUSCH & LOMB INSTR.SYS. 113

126

DATA-RITE INDUSTRIES 294

216

KENSINGTON MICROWARE 163

299

PAN AMERICAN ELEC INC. 435

37

BAUSCH & LOMB INSTR.SYS. 113

127

DATASMITH 396

*

KNOWLOGY 160

300

PANASONIC 94, 95

38

BAY TECHNICAL ASSOC. 394

128

DATASOUTH COMP.CORP. 88

217

LABORATORY COMP.SYS. 490

422

PC 112

39

BELL & HOWELL 388, 389

129

DATASOUTH COMP.CORP. 303

218

LABORATORY MICROSYS. 484

301

PEACHTREE SOFTWARE 272, 273

*

BELL, JOHN ENGR. 483

130

DEALIN' ELECTR. 492

219

LANIER BUSN.PROD. 81

*

PERCOM DATA 7

41

BISON PROD INC. 337

131

DELTA PRODUCTS 342

220

LEADING EDGE PROD. Clll

302

PERIPHERALS UNLTD. 187

42

BISON PROD INC. 337

133

DIGITAL DIMENSIONS 258

221

LNW RESEARCH 149

303

PERIPHEX INC. 82

43

BISON PROD INC. 337

134

DIGITAL MARKETING 6

222

LOGICAL DEVICES 396

304

PERSONAL SYS.TECHN. 251

44

BISON PROD INC. 337

135

DIGITAL MEDIA 484

223

LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS 403

*

PHASE ONE SYS.INC. 391

45

BISON PROD INC. 337

136

DIGITAL RESEARCH 119

224

LYBEN COMP.SYS. 464

305

PICKLES & TROUT 338

47

BIT 3 COMP.CORP. 14

*

DIGITAL RESRCH. COMP. 485

225

LYBEN COMP.SYS. 486

306

PION INC. 430

48

BIZCOMP 76

137

DISCOUNT SOFTWARE 252, 253

226

LYBEN COMP.SYS. 490

*

POPULAR COMPUTING 289

49

BLACKBEARD ASSOC. 484

•

DISK SUPPLY CO. 192

227

LYBEN COMP.SYS. 494

307

PRACTICAL PERIPH. 16, 17

50

BMC INTERNATIONAL 339

430

DJR ASSOC. 357

228

MACROTECH INT'L 73

308

PRINCETON GRAPHIC SYS. 159

51

BORLAND LTD. 333

138

DOKAY COMP.PROD.INC. 493

229

MAILCOMP INC. 365

309

PRIORITY ONE 61

BOTTOM LINE, THE 195

139

DRAKE, R.L. CO. 444

230

MANNESMANN TALLY 279

310

PRIORITY ONE 520, 521

52

BOWER-STEWART 486

140

DUAL SYS.CONTROL CORP. 54

231

MARCEY.INC. 369

311

PRIORITY ONE 522, 523

53

BPI SYSTEMS 91

141

DYMARC IND. 429

*

MARTIN MARIETTA CORP. 417

312

PRIORITY ONE 524

54

BRIDGE COMPUTER 269

142

DYSAN CORP. 296, 297

232

MARYMAC INDUSTRIES 431

313

PRO MICRO SYS. 282

55

BRIDGE COMPUTER 494

144

E&L INSTRUMENTS 214

234

MC NEILL 444

314

PROCESSOR INTERFACES INC. 484

427

BYTE BOOKS 241

145

ECONOMY PERIPHERALS 486

*

MCGRAW-HILL CONTN.EDU.CTR 413

316

PROGRAMMERS SFTWRE EX. 178

BYTE BACK ISSUES 412

146

ECOSOFT 420

*

MCGRAW-HILL CLASSIFIED 417

317

PROMPTDOC, INC. 97

*

BYTE PUBL INC. 267

147

EDGE MICROSYSTEMS 486

235

MEDIA DISTRIBUTING 262

*

PROMPTDOC, INC. 121

57

BYTEK COMP. SYS. 466

148

EDUCATIONAL MICROCOMP. 488

237

MEMOREX MEDIA PROD. 257

318

PROTOSYS 364

58

BYTEWRITER 50

149

EDUCATIONAL MICROCOMP 488

238

MEMORY MERCHANT 311

319

PURCHASING AGENT.THE 58

59

C-SYSTEMS 494

150

EDUCATIONAL MICROCOMP. 488

■

MEMOTECH 170

450

QT/GOLDEN WEST 502

60

C.S.D.INC. 370

151

ELCOMP PUBLISHING INC. 245

170

MERIDIAN 270

320

QUADRAM CORP. 285

61

CALIF. DATA CORP. 486

153

ELECTRONIC SYS.FURN. 120

426

MFJ ENTERPRISES INC 308

321

QUADRAM CORP. 322, 323

*

CALIF. DIGITAL 516, 517

154

ELLIS COMPUTING 162

239

MICRO AGE COMP.STORE 231

322

QUALITY SOFTWARE 219

CALIF.MICRO COMP. 448

155

EMERGING TECH.CONSLT. 106

240

MICRO BUSINESS WORLD 343

323

QUANTECKNA 213

63

CDR SYSTEMS 486

•

EMPIRICAL RESRCH GRP. 102

241

MICRO COMP.SERV.CTR. 431

324

QUASAR COMPANY 57

64

CENTENNIAL SOFTWARE 154

156

ENERCOMP 353

242

MICRO CONTROL SYS. 383

425

QUENTIN RESEARCH INC. 317

65

CHECK-MATE 204

157

ENERCOMP488

243

MICRO DEVELOPMENTS 453

325

QUEST ELECTR. 499

66

CHECKS-TO-GO 212

158

EPSON AMERICA 65, 66, 67

244

MICRO INK 490

326

QUEST RESEARCH INC. 494

67

CHIPS & DALE 488

160

ESSEX PUBLISHING 386

245

MICRO MANAGEMENT SYS. 415

327

QUICK TAX 90

68

CHRISLIN INDUSTRIES 108

161

EVOLUTIONARY ELECTR.INC. 450

246

MICRO MIDWEST 384, 385

•

R.T.I. RESEARCH TECH. 309

69

CMC.INT'L. 174

162

EXPOTEK 98

248

MICRO MINT 425

329

R.W.ELECTRONICS 278

70

CMCJNT'L 298

163

FLOPPY DISKOUNTER 492

249

MICRO SCI 43

330

RACET COMPUTES 191

71

COGITATE 464

164

FLOPPY DISKOUNTER 370

250

MICRO TECHNOLOGY 498

331

RADIO SHACK CIV

72

COLONIAL DATA SERV. 314

165

FLOPPY DISK SERV.INC. 381

*

MICRO WEST 302

332

RANA SYSTEMS 24, 25

73

COLUMBIA DATA PROD. 83

166

FORMULA INTL. 293

251

MICRO WORKS, THE 130

333

RANDOM HOUSE 148

74

COMDEC INC. 156

167

FOURTH DIMENSION 182

233

MICROCOMP.BUSN.IND. 223

*

RCA SOLID STATE 407

75

COMMODORE BUSN.MACH. 51

168

FOX & GELLER INC. 492

428

MICRODYNAMICS 484

334

RCE 300

76

COMMUNICAL, INC. 142

169

FRANKLIN COMP.CORP. 280, 281

429

MICROHOUSE 12, 13

335

RED BARON COMP.PROD. 220, 221

77

COMMUNICATION RESEARCH 295

445

FUJITA, RICHARD & ASSOC. 498

252

MICROMAIL 198

446

RICKER DATA 498

78

COMMUNICATIONS ELECTR. 491

171

G&G ENGINEERING 197

253

MICROPERIPH.CORPJHE 370

336

ROUSE-WOODSTOCK 498

79

COMPONENTS EXPRESS 286

172

G-H COMPUTER SYS. 486

254

MICROSOFT (CPD) 264, 265

337

S C DIGITAL 433

80

COM PUADD 496

434

GENERAL SOFTWARE 377

255

MICROSOFT (CPD) 215

*

S-100 INC. 461

421

COMPUCART 87

174

GENIE COMPUTER CORP. 75

256

MICROSTUF, INC. 103

338

SAFT PORTABLE BATTERY 85

81

COMPULINK CORP. 60

175

GENSTAR REI SALES CO. 282

257

MICROTECH EXPORTS 260

339

SAGE COMP. TECH. 325

82

COMPUPRO/GODBOUT 124, 125

176

GILTRONIX.INC. 498

258

MILLER MICROCOMP.SERV. 234

341

SATURN SYSTEMS INC. 437

82

COMPUPRO/GODBOUT 126, 127

173

GLADSTONE ELECTRONICS 484

259

MINI COMP.SUPPLIERS 202

342343

SAVVY MARKTG.INT'L. 207SCION CORP. 5SCOTTSDALE SYSTEMS 268SEATTLE COMP PRODS 350, 351SEIKOSHA CORP. 199SENECA ELECTRONICS 206

To get further information on

the products advertised in BYTE, fill

out th

e reader service card with I

344345346

yc

ur name and address. Then c

rcle the appropriate numbers for the

' adve

rtisers you select from the I

347348

SIERRA DATA SCIENCES 352

SIGMATEK 498

SINCLAIR RESEARCH 167, 168, 169

lis

t. Add a 20-cent stamp to the

card, then drop it in the mail. Not or

tly do

you gain information, but 1

Ol

ir advertisers are encouraged t

d use the marketplace provided by BY

TE. Th

s helps us bring you a big- 1

349

350351

SINGLE SOURCE SOLUTIONS 464

SLUDER 411

SOFTECH MICROSYS. 107

ger BYTE. The index is provided

as an additional service by the publis

her, who assumes no liability for |

errors or omissions. *Correspon

1 directly with company.

352353354

SOFTECH MICROSYS. 109SOFTECH MICROSYS. 110SOFTECH MICROSYS. 111

982 © BYTE Publications Inc 527

c

ctober ]

Inquiry No. Page No.

Inquiry No. Page No.

Inquiry No. Page No.

Inquiry No. Page No.

355 SOFTWARE DISTR. 361

374 SUPERSOFT 133

392 TRANSNET CORP.

433

406 VYNET CORP. 437

356 SOFTWARE STORE 282

375 SUPERSOFT 135

393 TRISTAR DATA SYS. 292

407 WARN ELECTRONICS 490

357 SOFTWARE TOOLWORKS 430

376 SYBEX 157

' TRW DEFENSE SYS. 421

* WARNER ROBINS AFB 417

358 SOFTWAREHOUSE, THE 458

377 SYNCOM SYSTEMS 26

394 TSK ELECTR.CORP. 55

408 WASHINGTON COMP.SERV. 481

447 SOFTWEST PROD. 498

380 TARBELL ELECTR. 449

398 U.S. EXCHANGE 282

409 WEST STAR MICRO 256

• SOLID STATE SALES 92

436 TAYC0 438

399 U.S. EXCHANGE 496

411 WESTICO INC. 235

359 SONICS MICRO SYS. 217

443 TECH DATA 496

395 U.S. MICRO SALES 500

412 WESTINGHOUSE/UGHTING DIV. 423

360 SONY CORP.OF AMERICA 239

381 TECMAR INC. 247

396 U.S. MICRO SALES 501

' WHITESMITHS LTD. 243

362 SOUTHCOAST COMP.SYS. 370

382 TECMAR INC. 355

397 U.S. ROBOTICS 140

413 WINCHENDON GRP.JHE 490

361 SOUTHCOAST COMP.SYS. 492

* TEKTRONIX INC. 47

400 UNITED SFTW.CO.

THE 179

414 WINTEK CORP. 492

363 SOUTHCOAST COMP.SYS. 496

383 TELECON SYSTEMS 484

• UNIV OF RHODE ISLAND 417

415 WINTERHALTER & ASSOC. 435

365 SPRINGER-VERLAG 74

384 TELETEK93

420 VECTRIX46

449 WOOLF SOFTWARE 469

366 SSM MICRO COMP. PROD. 230

385 TELEVIDEO INC. 208, 209

401 VERBATIM CORP.

23

416 WRITE WRITER.INC. 175

367 STANDARD SFTW.CORP. 211

387 TERMINALS TERRIFIC 194

402 VICTOR BUSN.MACH. 263

417 WW COMPONENT SUPPLY 153

368 STATIC MEMORY SYS. 375

388 TEXAS COMP.SYS. 367

403 VIDEX 9

96 XITEN 395

369 STROBE 151

389 TEXAS INSTRUMENTS 155

• VISICORP INC. 304

, 305

439 YORK 10 COMPUTERWARE 490

370 SUNNY INT'L. 500

390 TEXAS INSTRUMENTS 319

437 VISTA 469

433 ZWEIG ASSOC. 377

371 SUNTRONICS 288

438 THINKERS SOFT 92

404 VISTA COMPUTER CO. 77

372 SUPERSOFT 129

391 THREE M COMPANY 193

405 VISUAL TECH,INC.

287

373 SUPERSOFT 131

• TINNEY.RBT.GRAPHICS427

* VR DATA 435

'Correspond directly with company.

National Advertising Sales Representatives:

Northeast (617) 444-3946 Southeast (305) 628-3525

Northwest (415) 964-0706

ME, NH, VT, MA, CT, Rl, DE, MD, NC, SC, GA, FL, AL, MS, TN,

AK, HI, WA, OR, ID, MT, WY,

VA, WV, OK, TX, Upstate NY, KY, LA

Northern California, Nevada Except

Eastern Canada „ , _

Hajar Associates

Las Vegas, Western Canada

Halar Associates Diplomat Bldg.

280 Hillside Ave. 5400 Diplomat Circle

Hajar Associates

1000 Elwell Ct.

Needham Heights, MA 02194 Suite 205

Suite 124

Orlando, FL 32810

Palo Alto, CA 94303

Mid Atlantic (201) 741-7744

NY NYC, NJ, PA Midwest (312) 966-0160

Southwest (714) 540-3554

MN, Wl, Ml, IA, IL, IN, OH,

UT, CO, AZ, NM, Las Vegas,

Hajar Associates MO- NE> KS- ND- SD- AR

Southern California

321 Broad St. Hajar AssoClates

Hajar Associates

Red Bank, NJ 07701 5225 old orchard Rd.

3303 Harbor Blvd.

Suite 50

Suite H-4A

Skokle, IL 60076

Costa Mesa, CA 92626

European Advertising Sales Representatives:

Mr. Simon Smith Mr. Fritz Krusebecker

Mr. Elio Gonzaga

McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.

McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.

34 Dover St. Liebigstrasse 27C

Via Baracchini 1

London W1X 3RA D-6000 Frankfurt/Main 1

20123 Milan, Italy

England West Germany

86 90 617

01 493 1451 72 01 81

Mrs. Gurit Gepner

Mr. Andrew Karnig Mr. Michael Sales

McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.

Andrew Karnig & Associates McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.

115 Yosephtal St.

Kungsholmsgatan 10 17 rue Georges Bizet

Bat Yam, Israel

112 27 Stockholm, Sweden F 75116 Paris

866 561

08 51 68 70 France

720 33 42

Mrs. Maria Sarmiento

Mr. Hans Csokor

Pedro Teixeira 8, Off. 320

Publfmedia

Iberia Mart 1

Reisnerstrasse 61

Madrid 4, Spain

A-1037 Vienna, Austria

45 52 891

528 October 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

THE LEADING EDGE IN PRINTERS

ONE GREAT LINE. ONE GREAT WARRANTY

Finally, there's one full family of printers that covers every business or word processing application-all from C. Itoh, a company known for packing more product into less price; and all distributedw/u u US1Vdy by Leadin§ EdSe- a company known for searching out and providing that very thingWhich means that one call to one source can get you any printer, any time you need it, for any purposeAll backed by a full years' warranty from Leading Edge. (Try that on any other line of printers)

THE PRO'S.

The Prowriters: business printers-and more. The "more" is a dot-matrix process with more dots It gives vou denser

Prowriter: 120 cps. 80 columns dot matrix compressable to 136.10" carriage. Parallel or serial interfaceProwriter 2: Same as Prowriter, except 15" carriage allows full 136 columns in normal print mode. '

Parallel or serial interface.

PROWRITER2

PROWRITER

THE STAR.

.. ,„. ^.wCisely, in a sleek 6 high, bu-puunu unit/, it gives you more

-except bulk and noise-than any other printer in its price range. It's a 40 cps letter-,with a bunch of built-in functions to simplify and speed up word processingIt plugs into almost any micro on the market, serial or parallel.

SIARWRTTKF-IO

THE MASTER.

The Pnntmaster F-10. Does all the same good stuff as the Starwriter except, at 55 cps, the Master does it faster.

PRINTMASTERF-IO

Distributed Exclusively by Leading Edge ft„

Call: toll-free 1-800-343-6833; or in Massachusetts call colle

Circle 220 on inquiry card.

Radio Shack Presents Two New PrintersWith Great Graphics At Breakthrough Prices

NEW 399°°

DMP-100 Dot-Matrix Printer

Unmatched Versatility and Value

These new Radio Shack printers give you qualityprinting and impressive graphics. They're ideal forhome or business use. And because each has bothserial and parallel interfaces, you can use them withvirtually any desktop computer!

Print Dot-Addressable Graphics Fast!

The DMP-100 Dot-Matrix Printer has a bit-image modefor high-density graphics. You can even get black andwhite hard copy of TRS-80® Color Computer screendisplays (with our optional screen print program). TheDMP-100 prints 50 characters per second—fasterthan ever at this low price. You get 80 (or 40double-width) upper and lower case 5x7 dot-matrixalphanumerics on an 8" line, with underline capability.

KSCoJD© o 0D£]©ljS

The biggest name in little computers™

A DIVISION OF TANDY CORPORATIONCircle 331 on inquir

Color Graphics at an Unprecedented Price!

The CGP-115 Color Graphics Printer measures only215/i6x81/4x81/2"—yet it's a "full-size" performer.You can create beautiful graphics (from charts tocomputer-generated "doodles") in four colors—red,blue, green and black—plus print alphanumerics.Special built-in commands simplify drawing andplotting. Print 40 or 80 characters per line at 12characters per second. And you can print from one to80 characters per line in the graphics mode in any size.

See Them Today!

Stop by your nearest Radio Shack store, ComputerCenter or participating dealer—where you can find acomplete selection of dot-matrix and letter-qualityprinters and multi-pen plotters.

I 1

Send me your free TRS-80 Computer Catalog

Mail To: Radio Shack, Dept. 83-A-157

300 One Tandy Center, Fort Worth, TX 76102

ADDRESS.CITY

. STATE .

Retail prices may vary at individual stores and dealers.